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40493	https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gur%C9%93acewa	Gurɓacewa	Gurbacewa ita ce shigar da gurbataccen abu a cikin yanayin yanayi wanda ke haifar da mummunan canji. Gurbacewa na iya daukar nau'in kowane abu (solid, ruwa, ko gas) ko makamashi (kamar rediyo, zafi, sauti, ko haske). Masu gurbatawa, abubuwan da ke tattare da gurbatawa, na iya zama ko dai abubuwa/makamashi na waje ko gurbataccen yanayi. Ko da yake ana iya haifar da gurbacewar muhalli ta abubuwan da suka faru na yanayi, kalmar gurbatawa gabadaya tana nuna cewa gurbataccen abu yana da tushen dan adam-wato tushen da ayyukan dan Adam suka kirkira. Ana lasafta gurbataccen abu a matsayin tushen wuri ko gurbataccen tushe. A shekara ta 2015, gurbataccen yanayi ya kashe mutane miliyan 9 a duniya. Nau'ikan gurbataccen yanayi sun hada da gurbataccen iska, gurbataccen haske, datti, gurbataccen hayaniya, gurbataccen filastik, gurbataccen kasa, gurbataccen radiyo, gurbataccen yanayi, gurbacewar gani, da gurbacewar ruwa. Siffofin gurbatar yanayi An jera manyan nau'ikan gurbatawa a kasa tare da takamaiman gurbatattun abubuwan da suka dace da kowannensu: Gurbacewar iska: sakin sinadarai da barbashi cikin yanayi. Abubuwan gurbataccen iskar gas na yau da kullun sun hada da carbon monoxide, sulfur dioxide, chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs) da nitrogen oxides wadanda masana'antu da motocin ke samarwa. Photochemical ozone da smog an halicce su yayin da nitrogen oxides da hydrocarbons ke amsawa ga hasken rana. Kakkarfan kwayoyin halitta, ko kura mai laushi yana da alamar girman su na micrometer PM 10 zuwa PM 2.5. Electromagnetic pollution da yawa daga electromagnetic radiation a cikin wadanda ba ionizing siffar, kamar rediyo waves, da dai sauransu, cewa mutane kullum fallasa su, musamman a manyan birane. Har yanzu ba a san ko wadancan nau'ikan radiation suna da wani tasiri ga lafiyar dan adam ba ko a'a. Lalacewar haske: ya hada da keta haske, yawan haske da tsangwama a sararin samaniya. Littering: mai laifi jefa abubuwan da ba su dace da mutum ba, ba a cire su ba, kan kadarorin jama'a da na sirri. Gurbacewar amo: wanda ya kunshi hayaniyar hanya, hayaniyar jirgin sama, hayaniyar masana'antu gami da karar sonar. Gurbacewar filastik: ya hada da tarin samfuran filastik da microplastics a cikin mahallin da ke cutar da namun daji, mazaunin namun daji, ko mutane. Gurbataccen kasa yana faruwa ne lokacin da aka fitar da sinadarai ta hanyar zubewa ko zubar da ƙasa. Daga cikin mafi mahimmancin gurbataccen kasa akwai hydrocarbons, ƙarfe masu nauyi, MTBE, herbicides, magungunan kashe qwari da chlorinated hydrocarbons. Gurbataccen rediyo, wanda ya samo asali daga ayyukan karni na 20 a cikin ilimin kimiyyar atomatik, kamar samar da makamashin nukiliya da binciken makaman nukiliya, kira da turawa. (Dubi alpha emitters da actinides a cikin muhalli.) Gurbacewar yanayi, shine canjin zafin jiki a jikin ruwa na halitta wanda tasirin ɗan adam ke haifarwa, kamar amfani da ruwa azaman sanyaya a cikin tashar wutar lantarki. Gurbacewar gani, wanda zai iya nuni ga kasancewar layukan wutar lantarki na sama, allunan talla na babbar hanya, tarkacen filayen kasa (kamar daga ma'adinan tsiri budadden ajiyar shara, kakkarfan sharar gida ko tarkacen sararin samaniya. Gurbacewar ruwa, ta hanyar fitar da ruwan sha na masana'antu daga sharar kasuwanci da masana'antu (da gangan ko ta zube) cikin ruwan saman; fitar da najasa da ba a kula da su ba, da gurbatattun sinadarai, irin su chlorine, daga najasar da aka yi da ita; sakin sharar gida da gurɓataccen abu a cikin ruwan sama da ke kwarara zuwa saman ruwa (ciki har da ɓarkewar birane da na noma, wadanda za su iya gunshi takin sinadari da magungunan kashe qwari; gami da najasar dan adam daga bayan gida a bude har yanzu babbar matsala ce a yawancin kasashe masu tasowa); gurbatar ruwan karkashin kasa daga zubar da sharar gida da zubewa cikin kasa, ciki har da daga latrine na rami da tankunan ruwa; eutrophication da sharar gida. Masu gurbatawa Gurbataccen abu ne da ke lalata iska, ruwa, ko kasa. Abubuwa uku ne ke tabbatar da tsananin gurbataccen abu: yanayin sinadaransa, yawan tattarawa, wurin da abin ya shafa da kuma dagewa. Sources da Sanadin Gurbacewar iska ta fito daga tushe na halitta da na dan adam (anthropogenic). Koyaya, gurbataccen gurbataccen yanayi a duniya daga konewa, gine-gine, hakar ma'adinai, noma da yaki suna kara yin tasiri a cikin ma'aunin gurbataccen iska. Fitar da ababen hawa na daya daga cikin abubuwan da ke haddasa gurbatar iska. China, Amurka, Rasha, Indiya Mexico, da Japan sune jagororin duniya wajen fitar da hayaki mai gurbata iska. Babban tushen gurɓataccen gurbataccen abu sun hada da tsire-tsire masu guba, masana'antar wutar lantarki ta kwal, matatun mai, tsire-tsire na petrochemical, aikin zubar da sharar nukiliya, incinerators, manyan gonakin dabbobi (sanan kiwo, aladu, kiwon kaji, da sauransu.), masana'antun PVC, masana'antar samar da karafa, masana'antar filastik, da sauran masana'antu masu nauyi. Gurbacewar iska ta noma ta fito ne daga al'adun zamani wadanda suka hada da saran sarewa da kona ciyayi da kuma fesa magungunan kashe qwari da maganin ciyawa Kimanin metric ton miliyan 400 na sharar gida masu hadari ana samarwa kowace shekara. Amurka kadai tana samar da kusan tan miliyan 250. Amirkawa sun kunshikasa da kashi 5% na yawan mutanen duniya, amma suna samar da kusan kashi 25% na CO na duniya, kuma suna samar da kusan kashi 30% na sharar duniya. A cikin 2007, China ta mamaye Amurka a matsayin babbar mai samar da CO, yayin da har yanzu ta yi nisa a baya bisa la'akari da gurbatar muhalli (wanda ke matsayi na 78 a cikin al'ummomin duniya). Wasu daga cikin mafi yawan gurbataccen kasa sune chlorinated hydrocarbons (CFH), karfe masu nauyi (kamar chromium, cadmium-samuwa a cikin batura masu caji, da gubar-ana samun su a cikin fenti na gubar, man jirgin sama da har yanzu a wasu kasashe, man fetur), MTBE, zinc, arsenic da benzene. A shekara ta 2001 jerin rahotannin manema labaru da suka kare a cikin wani littafi mai suna Fateful Harvest sun bayyana wata al'ada da ta yadu ta hanyar sake sarrafa kayayyakin masana'antu zuwa taki, wanda ya haifar da gurbata kasa da karafa daban-daban. Wuraren shara na yau da kullun na birni sune tushen yawancin abubuwan sinadarai da ke shiga cikin kasa (kuma galibi ruwan kasa), wadanda ke fitowa daga nau'ikan kima iri-iri, musamman abubuwan da aka jefar da su ba bisa ka'ida ba a can, ko kuma daga wuraren da ake zubar da kasa kafin 1970 wadanda watakila ba su da iko sosai a ciki. Amurka ko EU. Hakanan an sami wasu abubuwan da ba a saba gani ba na dibenzodioxins na polychlorinated, wadanda aka fi sani da dioxins don sauki, kamar TCDD. Gurbacewar yanayi kuma na iya zama sakamakon bala'i. Misali, guguwa sau da yawa kan hada da gurbacewar ruwa daga najasa, da zubewar sinadarin petrochemical daga fashewar jiragen ruwa ko motoci. Babban ma'auni da lalacewar muhalli ba bakon abu ba ne lokacin da ake hada ma'aikatan man fetur ko matatun mai a bakin teku. Wasu hanyoyin gurbatawa, kamar tashoshin makamashin nukiliya ko tankunan mai, na iya haifar da yaɗuwa da yuwuwar sakin hadari lokacin da hatsari suka faru. A cikin yanayin gurbatar amo babban tushen ajin shine abin hawa, wanda ke samar da kusan kashi casa'in na duk hayaniya maras so a duniya. Fitar da iskar gas Carbon dioxide, yayin da yake da muhimmanci ga photosynthesis, wani lokaci ana kiransa gurbatacce, saboda yawan iskar gas a cikin yanayi yana shafar yanayin duniya. Rushewar muhalli kuma na iya nuna alaqar da ke tsakanin wuraren gurbacewar muhalli waɗanda galibi za a kebe su daban, kamar na ruwa da iska. Nazarin kwanan nan sun bincika yuwuwar hadakar matakan hadakar carbon dioxide na yanayi na dogon lokaci don haifar da dandano kadan amma hadaka mai mahimmanci a cikin acidity na ruwan teku, da yuwuwar tasirin wannan akan yanayin yanayin ruwa. A cikin watan Fabrairun 2007, wani rahoto da Hukumar Kula da Canjin Yanayi (IPCC) ta yi, wanda ke wakiltar aikin masana kimiyya, masana tattalin arziki, da masu tsara manufofi 2,500 daga kasashe fiye da 120, ya tabbatar da cewa mutane ne suka zama sanadin dumamar yanayi tun shekara ta 1950. Wani babban rahoton yanayi ya kammala, mutane suna da hanyoyin da za su rage hayaki mai gurbata yanayi da kuma guje wa illar dumamar yanayi. Amma don sauya yanayin, sauyin yanayi daga albarkatun mai kamar kwal da mai na bukatar faruwa cikin shekaru da dama, bisa ga rahoton karshe na wannan shekara daga kwamitin sulhu na MDD kan sauyin yanayi (IPCC). Tasiri Lafiyar dan Adam Rashin ingancin iska na iya kashe kwayoyin halitta da yawa, gami da mutane. Gurbacewar Ozone na iya haifar da cututtukan numfashi, cututtukan zuciya, kumburin makogwaro, ciwon kirji, da cunkoso Gurbacewar ruwa na janyo mutuwar mutane kusan 14,000 a kowace rana, akasari saboda gurbatar ruwan sha ta hanyar najasa da ba a kula da su ba a kasashe masu tasowa. Kimanin Indiyawa miliyan 500 ba su da damar shiga bandaki mai kyau, Sama da mutane miliyan goma a Indiya sun kamu da rashin lafiya ta ruwa a cikin 2013, kuma mutane 1,535 suka mutu, yawancinsu yara. Kusan Sinawa miliyan 500 ba su da tsaftataccen ruwan sha. Wani bincike da aka gudanar a shekara ta 2010 ya nuna cewa mutane miliyan 1.2 ne ke mutuwa da wuri kowace shekara a kasar Sin saboda gurbacewar iska. Yawan hayakin da kasar Sin ta dade tana fuskanta na iya yin illa ga jikin fararen hula tare da haifar da cututtuka daban-daban. Hukumar ta WHO ta yi kiyasin a shekara ta 2007 cewa gurbacewar iska na janyo mutuwar rabin miliyan a kowace shekara a Indiya. Bincike ya yi kiyasin cewa adadin mutanen da ake kashewa kowace shekara a Amurka zai iya wuce 50,000. Zubewar mai na iya haifar da haushin fata da rashes. Gurbacewar amo yana haifar da asarar ji, hawan jini, damuwa, da tashin hankali barci. An danganta Mercury da raunin ci gaba a cikin yara da alamun cututtukan neurologic. Tsofaffi sun fi kamuwa da cututtuka da gurbacewar iska ke haifarwa. Wadanda ke da cututtukan zuciya ko huhu suna cikin karin hadari. Yara da jarirai kuma suna cikin hadari mai tsanani. An nuna gubar da sauran karafa masu nauyi na haifar da matsalolin jijiyoyin jiki. Abubuwan sinadarai da rediyoaktif na iya haifar da ciwon daji da kuma lahani na haihuwa. Wani bincike da hukumar Lancet ta gudanar a watan Oktobar 2017 da hukumar kula da gurbatar yanayi da lafiya ta gudanar ya gano cewa gurbacewar yanayi a duniya, musamman iska mai guba, ruwa, kasa da wuraren aiki, na kashe mutane miliyan tara a duk shekara, wanda ya ninka adadin mace-macen da cutar AIDS, tarin fuka da zazzabin cizon sauro ke haddasawa a hade, da kuma Sau 15 ya fi yawan mace-macen da yaƙe-yaƙe ke haifarwa da sauran nau'ikan tashin hankalin dan adam. Binciken ya kammala da cewa "gurbata yanayi na daya daga cikin manyan kalubalen da ake fuskanta a zamanin Anthropocene. Gurbacewar yanayi na barazana ga zaman lafiyar tsarin tallafi na duniya kuma yana barazana ga ci gaba da rayuwar al'ummomin bil'adama." Muhalli An gano gurbataccen abu a cikin muhalli. Akwai illoli da dama na wannan: Biomagnification yana kwatanta yanayi inda gubobi (kamar karfe mai nauyi na iya wucewa ta matakan trophic, ya zama mai da hankali sosai a cikin tsari. Fitar da iskar carbon dioxide yana haifar da acidification na teku, raguwar ci gaba a cikin pH na tekunan Duniya yayin da CO ke narkewa. Fitar da iskar iskar gas na haifar da dumamar yanayi wanda ke shafar yanayin halittu ta hanyoyi da dama. Nau'in cin zarafi na iya ketare nau'ikan 'yan kasa da rage bambancin halittu. Tsire-tsire masu cin zarafi na iya ba da gudummawar tarkace da kwayoyin halittu allelopathy wadanda za su iya canza ƙasa da abubuwan hadin sinadarai na yanayi, galibi suna rage gasa ga nau'in 'yan asalin. Ana cire sinadarin Nitrogen oxides daga iska ta ruwan sama da kuma takin ƙasa wanda zai iya canza nau'in halittun halittu. Smog da hazo na iya rage yawan hasken rana da tsire-tsire ke karɓa don aiwatar da photosynthesis kuma yana haifar da samar da ozone mai zafi mai zafi wanda ke lalata tsire-tsire. Kasa na iya zama marar haihuwa kuma ba ta dace da tsire-tsire ba. Wannan zai shafi sauran kwayoyin halitta a cikin gidan yanar gizon abinci. Sulfur dioxide da nitrogen oxides na iya haifar da ruwan sama na acid wanda ke rage darajar pH na ƙasa. Gurbacewar yanayi na magudanan ruwa na iya rage matakan iskar oxygen da rage bambancin nau'in. Wani bincike na 2022 da aka buga a Kimiyyar Muhalli & Fasaha ya gano cewa matakan gurɓatar sinadarai na ɗan adam sun wuce iyakokin duniya kuma yanzu suna yin barazana ga duk yanayin halittu a duniya. Bayanan lafiyar muhalli Shirin Toxicology and Environmental Health Information Programme (TEHIP) a Cibiyar Nazarin Magunguna ta Amurka (NLM) tana kula da cikakkiyar ilimin guba da gidan yanar gizon lafiyar muhalli wanda ya haɗa da samun damar samun albarkatun da TEHIP ke samarwa da kuma wasu hukumomi da kungiyoyi na gwamnati. Wannan rukunin yanar gizon ya kunshi hanyoyin hadin yanar gizo zuwa bayanan bayanai, litattafai, koyawa, da sauran albarkatun kimiyya da mabukaci. TEHIP kuma ita ce ke da alhakin Cibiyar Bayanan Toxicology (TOXNET) tsarin hadin gwiwar toxicology da bayanan lafiyar muhalli wadanda ke samuwa kyauta akan gidan yanar gizon. TOXMAP shine Tsarin Bayanan Kasa (GIS) wanda ke cikin TOXNET. TOXMAP yana amfani da taswirori na Amurka don taimakawa masu amfani su gano bayanai na gani daga Hukumar Kariyar Muhalli ta Amurka (EPA) Abubuwan Sakin Guba da Shirye-shiryen Bincike na Musamman na Superfund. Laifi Wani bincike na 2021 ya gano cewa fallasa gurɓata yanayi yana haifar da haɓakar laifukan tashin hankali. Sakamakon makaranta Wata takarda ta 2019 ta danganta gurbacewar yanayi da sakamako mara kyau ga yara. Yawan aiki na ma'aikata Yawancin bincike sun nuna cewa gurbatar yanayi yana da mummunar tasiri akan yawan aiki na ma'aikata na cikin gida da waje. Ka'ida da saka idanu Domin kare muhalli daga illar gurbacewar yanayi, kasashe da dama a duniya sun kafa doka don daidaita nau'o'in gurbatar yanayi tare da rage illar gurbatar yanayi. Kula da gurbataccen yanayi Kula da gurbata yanayi kalma ce da ake amfani da ita wajen sarrafa muhalli. Yana nufin sarrafa fitar da hayaki da magudanar ruwa a cikin iska, ruwa ko kasa. Idan ba tare da kula da gurbata yanayi ba, abubuwan sharar gida daga cunkoson jama'a, dumama, noma, ma'adinai, masana'antu, sufuri da sauran ayyukan dan adam, ko sun taru ko kuma sun watse, za su lalata muhalli. A cikin tsarin sarrafawa, rigakafin gurbatawa da rage sharar gida sun fi sha'awa fiye da sarrafa gurɓatawa. A fannin raya kasa, samar da karamin tasiri, irin wannan dabara ce ta rigakafin kwararar ruwa a birane. Ayyuka Sake yin amfani da su Sake amfani da shi Rage sharar gida Ragewa Rigakafin gurbatawa Takin Na'urorin sarrafa gurbatar yanayi Kula da gurbataccen iska Thermal oxidizer Tsarin tarin kura Baghouses Cyclones Electrostatic precipitators Masu gogewa Baffle goge goge Cyclonic sprayer Ejector venturi scrubber Taimakon injin goge goge Hasumiyar fesa Mai goge goge Maganin najasa Sedimentation (maganin farko) Ayyukan sludge biotreaters (jiyya na biyu; kuma ana amfani da shi don ruwan sharar masana'antu) Ruwan iska Gina dausayi (kuma ana amfani dashi don zubar da ruwa a birane) Maganin sharar gida na masana'antu API mai raba ruwa-ruwa Biofilters Narkar da iska (DAF) Maganin carbon da aka kunna foda Ultrafiltration Tsarin dawo da tururi Phytoremediation Kudin gurbatar yanayi Gurbacewa yana da tsada. Ayyukan masana'antu da ke haifar da gurɓataccen iska yana ɗaukar nauyin lafiya da tsaftacewa ga dukkanin al'umma. Ayyukan masana'antu wanda ke haifar da gurbataccen iska shine misali na mummunan waje a cikin samarwa. Wani mummunan waje a cikin samarwa yana faruwa "lokacin da samar da kamfani ya rage jin dadin wasu waɗanda kamfanin bai biya su ba." Misali, idan kamfanin wanki yana kusa da kamfanin kera karafa masu gurbata muhalli, za a kara farashin kamfanin wanki saboda datti da hayakin da kamfanin kera karafa ke samarwa. Idan farashin waje ya wanzu, kamar waɗanda kazanta suka kirkira, masana'anta za su zabi samar da karin samfuran fiye da yadda za a kera idan ana buƙatar masana'anta su biya duk farashin muhalli da ke da alaqa. Domin alhaki ko sakamakon aikin kai-kai ya ta'allaka wani bangare a wajen kai, wani bangare na waje yana shiga. Idan akwai fa'idodin waje, kamar a cikin amincin jama'a, ƙasan mai kyau na iya samarwa fiye da yadda lamarin zai kasance idan mai samarwa ya karɓi biyan kuɗi don fa'idodin waje ga wasu. Koyaya, kayayyaki da sabis waɗanda ke haɗa abubuwan waje mara kyau a cikin samarwa, kamar waɗanda ke samar da gurɓataccen gurɓataccen abu, galibi ana yin su da yawa kuma ba su da tsada tunda ba a saka farashin waje a kasuwa. Gurbacewar yanayi na iya haifar da farashi ga kamfanonin da ke samar da gurbatar yanayi. Wani lokaci kamfanoni suna zaɓar, ko kuma an tilasta musu su ta hanyar ƙa'ida, don rage yawan gurɓacewar da suke samarwa. Haɗin kuɗin yin wannan ana kiran kuɗaɗen ragewa, ko ƙimar ragewa ta gefe idan an auna ta kowane ƙarin raka'a. A shekara ta 2005 yawan kashe-kashen kashe-kashe na gurɓacewar muhalli da kuma farashin aiki a Amurka ya kai kusan dala biliyan 27. Al'umma da al'adu Yawancin masana'antu masu gurbata muhalli The Pure Earth, wata kungiya ce ta kasa da kasa mai zaman kanta da ta sadaukar da kai don kawar da gurbacewar rayuwa a kasashe masu tasowa, ta fitar da jerin sunayen wasu masana'antu mafi gurbata muhalli a duniya. A ƙasa akwai jerin abubuwan 2016: Manazarta Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba
50727	https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Claudia%20Dreifus%20asalin	Claudia Dreifus asalin	Claudia Dreifus 'yar jarida ce ta Amurka, malama da malama mai shirya fasalin mako-mako "Tattaunawa tare da na Sashen Kimiyya na New York Times, kuma an santa da tambayoyin da ta yi da manyan mutane a siyasar duniya da kimiyya.Ita ce mataimakiyar farfesa a harkokin kasa da kasa da kuma kafofin watsa labarai a Makarantar International da Harkokin Jama'a (SIPA) na Jami'ar Columbia. Kuruciya Claudia Dreifus an haife ta a birnin New York ga Marianne da Henry Dreifus, 'yan gudun hijirar Jamus-Yahudu. Henry Dreifus makanike ne a cikin sojojin Amurka a lokacin da aka haife ta kuma daga baya ta shiga harkokin siyasa na cikin gida. Claudia Dreifus ta sami digirin farko na kimiyya a fannin zane-zane daga Jami'ar New York. Ta kasance mai aiki a cikin harkokin siyasa na dalibai a matsayin jagorar Students for a Democratic Society (SDS) da Students for Democratic Reform (SDR). Bayan kammala karatun,ta yi aiki a matsayin mai tsara aiki na ma'aikatan asibiti,Local 1199.A wannan lokacin,ta kuma fara aiki a matsayin 'yar jarida mai zaman kanta. Aiki Aikin Jarida Dreifus ta fara aiki a matsayin 'yar jarida a tsakiyar shekarun 1960.Tana da ginshiƙi na yau da kullun a cikin jaridar ƙarƙashin ƙasa The East Village Other kuma ta ba da gudummawa ga wasu ƙananan latsawa.A cikin shekarun 1970s,ta yi hira da ƴan mata da suka haɗa da masu fasaha Goldie Hawn da Loretta Lynn da 'yan majalisa Patsy Mink da Eleanor Holmes Norton.Ta kuma buga sharhin marubutan mata Germaine Greer da Florynce Kennedy. A cikin shekarun 1980,ta yi suna saboda hirar da ta yi da manyan mutane a siyasa da al'adu. A wannan lokacin,ta yi hira da Harry Belafonte (1982), Gabriel Garcia Marquez Playboy, 1983), da Daniel Ortega Playboy, 1987). A cikin 1990s, Dreifus ta ƙara ɗaukar tambayoyin da suka shafi manyan ƴan siyasa.Ta yi hira da Benazir Bhutto (1994) da Aung San Suu Kyi don The New York Times (1996). Ta kuma ci gaba da aikin da aka kafa a matsayin mai yin tambayoyi ga manyan mashahuran mutane,irin su Toni Morrison, Bette Midler da Samuel L. Jackson. A cikin tsawon lokacin aikinta, tambayoyin Dreifus da kuma labaran da suka dade sun bayyana a Ms. Post, Newsday, Parade, Penthouse, Present Tense, Redbook,da sauransu. A cikin 1999, Dreifus tya fara rubuta "Tattaunawa tare da na yau da kullum na Sashen Kimiyya na Talata na New York Tiess Masu tambayoyin sun haɗa da Abraham Loeb 2012 Eric R Kandel da Ruslan M. Medzhitov a cikin 2011 George DysonjJack W. Szostak, Daniel Lieberman, Stephen Hawking, Janet Rowley, a cikin 2010 Jane Goodall, David Weatherall, Diana Reiss Vanessa Woods Elaine Fuchs Jeffrey L. BadaSSean M Carroll, Peter Pronovost, Samuel Wang, a cikin 2009 Frank A. Wilczek, Laurence Steinberg, Brian J. Druker Carol W. Greider, Martin Chalfie, Paul Root Wolpe Ta wannan aikin na Sashen Kimiyya na Talata New York Times, Dreifus ta ƙara shiga cikin rubuce-rubuce game da rayuwa da aikin masana kimiyya. Ayyukanta sun bayyana a cikin mujallu daban-daban ciki har da The New York Times Magazine, Newsweek, Smithsonian, AARP Mujallar, da kuma Scientific American. A shekara ta 2006,an nada Dreifus a matsayin mamba mai daraja ta Sigma Xi saboda yadda ta iya haskaka aikin masana kimiyya ga jama'a. Malamar jami'a A cikin 1990s, Dreifus ta yi aiki a matsayin malama a Sashen Graduate na Turanci a Jami'ar City na New York. Tun game da 2004,ta kasance mataimakiyar farfesa a harkokin kasa da kasa da kuma kafofin watsa labarai a Makarantar International and Public Affairs (SIPA) na Jami'ar Columbia. Marubuciya Dreifus ta rubuta,gyara, ko haɗin gwiwar littattafai takwas,kuma aikinta ya bayyana a cikin fiye da goma. A cikin littafinsu na 2010 Higher Education Yadda Kwalejoji ke Wasting Our Money and Failing Our Kids-kuma Abin da Za Mu Iya Yi Game da Shi, Andrew Hacker da Claudia Dreifus sun yi nazari sosai kan tsarin ilimin kimiyya wanda ke ba da ilimi mafi girma,da kuma tambayar abubuwan da ke haifar da karatun.biyan kuɗi,kashe kuɗi da saka hannun jari a cikin ilimi. Girmamawa, kyaututtuka da alaƙa Daga cikin girmamawa da alaƙa daban-daban, Dreifus babban ɗan'uwan Cibiyar Siyasa ta Duniya. A cikin 2006, an ba ta lambar yabo ta Sigma Xi, kuma a cikin 2007 an ba ta lambar yabo ta Nasarar Ma'aikata daga Ƙungiyar 'Yan Jarida da Marubuta ta Amurka. A cikin 1977 Dreifus ta zama abokiyar Cibiyar Mata don 'Yancin Jarida (WIFP). Tun da farko kyaututtuka ga Dreifus sun haɗa da, a cikin 1980, Kyauta ta Musamman don Sabis ga Mata daga New York YWCA kuma ta sami lambobin yabo uku a cikin 1987: Kyautar Mujallar Fita daga Ƙungiyar 'Yan Jarida da Marubuta don Gidan Tafiya na Ƙarshe na Rodrigo, lambar yabo ta Amurka.Ga Yadda Matar Karkara Ke Ceton Gidan Gonar Iyali,da lambar yabo ta Ƙungiyar Jarida ta Yahudawa ta Amurka ta Simon Rockower don Babban Sharhi don Me yasa Na Rubuta.An zaɓe ta don lambar yabo ta Mujallar Ƙasa ta 1992 ta Jagoran TV na TVs Censor daga Tupelo, wani rahoton bincike kan censorship. A cikin 2000 an jera ta a cikin Wanene wane a Amurka da Wanene Wane A Duniya, duka biyun Marquis Wanene Wane Labarai Littattafai marubuci ko marubuciya) Andrew Hacker, Claudia Dreifus: Ilimi mafi girma Ta yaya Kwalejoji ke Batar da Kuɗin Mu da Kasawa Yaranmu-da Abin da Za Mu Iya Yi Game da Shi, Henry Holt Co., 2010, Andrew Hacker, Claudia Dreifus: The Athletics Incubus: Ta yaya Wasannin Kwaleji ke Rasa Ilimin Kwalejin, Henry Holt da Co., 2011 (wanda aka buga a baya a matsayin wani ɓangare na Ilimi mafi girma? Andrew Hacker, Claudia Dreifus: Dozin Zinare: Shin Ivy League Ya cancanci Dala?, 2011 (da aka buga a matsayin wani ɓangare na Higher Education? Claudia Dreifus: Tattaunawar Kimiyya: Tambayoyi akan Kimiyya daga The New York Times'', Times Books, 2002, Claudia Dreifus: Tambayoyi, Latsa Labarai Bakwai, 1999, tare da gaba ta Clyde Haberman Claudia Dreifus: Ƙaddamar mace: raps daga ƙungiyar haɓaka fahimtar mata, Bantam Books, 1973 Claudia Dreifus: Rayuwar Radical, Littattafan Lancer, 1971 taƙaice Edita da/ko mai ba da gudummawa Claudia Dreifus, ed.: Kame jikinmu: Siyasar lafiyar mata, Littattafai na Vintage, 1977, Dreifus, Claudia. Gaba." Shari'ar Likita game da Kwaya Barbara Seaman, ed. Buga na Shekaru 25. Alameda, CA: Gidan Hunter, 1995. Strainchamps, Ethel R. Rooms ba tare da Ra'ayi ba: Jagorar Mace ga Duniyar Namiji na Media Harper da Row, 1974. (Kungiyar Matan Kafafen Yada Labarai ta haɗa ta ba tare da bayyana sunanta ba). Anthologies ciki har da aikin Dreifus Kabaldi, Nicholas. Shige da Fice: Tattaunawar Batutuwa Amherst, NY: Littattafan Prometheus, 1997. (Ya haɗa da hira da Doris Meissner "Aiki mafi muni a duniya?" Denard, Carolyn C. Toni Morrison: Tattaunawa Jackson: Jami'ar Jami'ar Mississippi, 2008. (Ya haɗa da hira "Chloe Wofford yayi magana game da Toni Morrison") Funk, Robert, Linda S. Coleman, da Susan Day. Dabarun Rubutun Kwalejin: Mai Karatun Rubutu Upper Saddle River, NJ: Prentice Hall, 2003. García, Márquez G., da Gene H. Bell-Villada. Tattaunawa tare da Gabriel García Márquez Jackson: Jami'ar Jami'ar Mississippi, 2006. (Ya hada da hirar Playboy) Gartner, Alan, Colin Greer, da Frank Riessman.Abin da Nixon ke yi mana New York: Harper Row, 1973. (Babin "Mata: Bayan Kowane Mutum") Jaggar, Alison M, da Paula S. Rothenberg. Tsarin Mata: Madadin Ƙididdiga na Ka'idar Dangantakar Mata da Maza New York: McGraw-Hill, 1984. Katzman, Allen. Zamanin Mu: Anthology na Tattaunawa Daga Ƙauyen Gabas Sauran New York: Dial Press, 1972. Polner, Murray, da Stefan Merken. Aminci, Adalci, da Yahudawa: Maido da Al'adunmu New York: Bunim Bannigan, 2007. ("Labarun Berlin" na Claudia Dreifus) Farashin, Barbara R, da Natalie J. Sokoloff. Tsarin Shari'a na Laifuka da Mata: Masu Laifin Mata, Wadanda aka Zalunta, Ma'aikata New York, NY: Clark Boardman, 1982. Schulder, Diane, da kuma Florynce Kennedy. Zubar da ciki Rap New York: McGraw-Hill, 1971. Stambler, Sooki. 'Yancin Mata: Tsari don Gaba New York: Littafin Ace, 1970. ("Babban Tutar Zubar da ciki") Winburn, Janice. Maganar Kasuwanci da Labarun Yaki: 'Yan Jarida na Amurka Sun Yi Nazarin Sana'ar Su'' Boston: Bedford/St. Martin, 2003. ("Shiri, sunadarai, da hira a matsayin aikin lalata" na Claudia Dreifus. Magana Gidan yanar gizon Claudia Dreifus na hukuma Bio na Dreifus daga Cibiyar Siyasa ta Duniya a Sabuwar Makaranta don Nazarin zamantakewa Bugawa daga Claudia Dreifus a WorldCat Kauyen Gabas Wani Juzu'i na 4, lamba 24. Misalin aikin farko na Dreifus, duba shafi na 6 ("Crusade na Mata"). Rayayyun mutane Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba
25310	https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/AFA	AFA	Afa ko AFA na iya nufin to: Tarihi da addini Afa (mythology), a cikin tarihin Polynesian na Samoa Afá, addinin Afirka ta Yamma, wanda kuma ake kira Ifá a wasu yaruka Gwamnati Agence française anticorruption, Hukumar Yaki da Cin Hanci da Rashawa ta Faransa Afa, Corse-du-Sud, wani taro a Corsica Afghani (kudin), kudin Afghanistan Gidauniyar Alberta don Fasaha, ƙungiyar tallafawa fasaha ta Alberta, Kanada Hukumar Kula da Kuɗi ta Andorran, mai kula da kuɗin Andorra Adadin wasanni Afa i, Sr. (an haifi 1942), ƙwararren kokawar Afa i Jr. (an haife shi a 1984), ƙwararren kokawar Nishaɗi American Family Association, wata kungiya mai zaman kanta ta Kirista Anime Festival Asia, taron ACG na shekara -shekara a ƙasashen kudu maso gabashin Asiya ARY Film Awards, bikin karrama Fina -finan Pakistan Anthology Film Archives, taskar fina -finai da gidan wasan kwaikwayo Ƙungiyoyi Argentina Hukumar Kwallon Kafa ta Argentina Ostiraliya Ƙungiyar Abokan Aborigine Gidauniyar Atheist ta Ostiraliya Ƙungiyar Iyalan Australiya Austria Dandalin Ilimi na Harkokin Waje Hukumar Kwallon Kafa ta Austriya Jamus Wakili don Arbeit Antifaschistische Aktion Accumulatoren-Fabrik AFA Sweden Taiwan Hukumar Noma da Abinci Ƙasar Ingila Amateur Fencing Association, tsohon sunan British Fencing Association Amateur Football Alliance, tsohon Amateur Football Association Ayyukan Anti-Fascist Ƙungiyar Fibrillation Atrial Mataimakin Babban Akawu na Ƙididdiga a Cibiyar Akawu ta Kuɗi Ƙungiyar Franchise da aka amince da ita, ɗaya daga cikin ƙungiyoyin kasuwanci guda uku don masana'antar ba da ikon mallakar ikon Burtaniya. Amurka Soja Admiral Farragut Academy Air Force Academy (Amurka) Ƙungiyar Sojojin Sama Air Force Academy, Colorado, yankin da Cibiyar Sojan Sama ta Amurka ta mamaye Ba soja ba Ƙungiyar Talla ta Amurka Kwalejin Ad Fontes Ƙungiyar Iyali ta Amirka Ƙungiyar Farrier ta Amirka Ƙungiyar Fasaha ta Amurka Ƙungiyar Masu Taurarin Ƙasar Amirka Ƙungiyar Kudi ta Amirka American Flyers Airline Ƙungiyar ƙwallon ƙafa ta Amurka (1884–1924), ƙungiya ta farko don ƙwallon ƙafa a Amurka Associationungiyar Kwallon Kafa ta Amurka (1978 83), ƙaramin ƙwararren ƙwararren ƙwararren ƙwallon ƙafa gridiron American Forensics Association Ƙungiyar gandun daji ta Amurka Agenda 'Yancin Amurka Ƙungiyar Ƙwararrun Ƙwararrun Amurka Makarantar Wuta ta Arkansas Asatru Folk Assembly, tsohon Asatru Free Assembly Ƙungiyar Ma'aikatan Jirgin Sama A wasu ƙasashe Ƙungiyar Manoma ta Asiya don Ci gaban Karkara Sauran amfani AFA (mota), motar Mutanen Espanya Makarantar sojojin sama Lambar IATA na Filin jirgin saman San Rafael (Argentina) Canjin atomatik na atomatik, a kimiyyar kwamfuta Anti-Foundation Axiom, axiom na lissafi Harsunan Afro-Asiya (lambar ISO 639-3) Aphanizomenon flos-aquae, algae mai launin shuɗi-kore Kyautar Fina -Finan Asiya, lambar yabo ta Hong Kong ta shekara -shekara Cibiyar Sojojin Sama ta Brazil (Fotigal: Kwalejin Sojan Sama ta Fotigal (Fotigal: Amfonelic acid, mai kara kuzari da hallucinogen Afa, raguwa daga sunan farko mace ta Rasha Aviafa AFA, madaidaicin walƙiya a cikin
14012	https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ba%20wa%20Juna%20Tazara	Ba wa Juna Tazara	A ƙarnin da ya wuce, annoba iri iri masu alaƙa da mashaƙo sun bijiro sun gallabi duniya. Waɗannan annoba suna da titstsige daga ƙwayoyin cututtuka da ke jikin dabbobi da tsuntsaye, akan samu wani lokaci suna shiga jikin ɗan adam suna haddasa masa ciwo. Daga nan kuma sai su cigaba da yaɗuwa daga mutum zuwa mutum. Ana kiransu 'zoonotic' cikin harshen Ingilishi saboda cututtukan sun samo asali ne daga dabbobi. Yin tazara da juna shi ne ɗaya daga manyan hanyoyin daƙile yaɗuwar irin waɗannan cututtuka musamman Kwabid-19. Ba wa juna tazara na nufin nisantar gwamutsuwa da juna ta yadda za a samu sasari tsakanin al'umma ba tare da cakuɗuwa ba. Dakta Jeff Kwong, wanda yake ƙwararre ne a fannin nazarin cututtuka masu yaɗuwa na Jami'ar Toronto, ya bayyana ma'anar ba da tazara akan cewa dukkan abubuwan da mutane za su aikata domin daƙile yaɗuwar cututtuka tsakaninsu. Wannan kuwa ya haɗa har da zaman killace kai. Domin mu fahimci yadda ba wa juna tazara ke gudana, za mu yi la'akari da wani tsarin da ƙwararru a fannin cututtuka masu yaɗuwa suka samar. Bari mu ɗauki wannan tsari bisa la'akari da annobar Kwabid-19 ta shekara 2019/2020 da bayanan da aka samu daga kasar China inda cutar ta fara sannan za mu duba yadda tsarin yake a ƙasar Afrika ta Kudu. Wannan kuma zai ba mu damar mu dubi irin tasirin da ba wa juna tazara ke da shi wajen daƙile yaɗuwar cutar Kwabid-19. A ƙarshen wannan muƙala mun yi duba da yadda za a magance matsalolin da zaman tazara ka iya haifarwa. Taswirar yadda tsarin yaɗuwar annobar yake Mafi yawancin cututtuka masu yaɗuwa suna bazuwa ne bisa doron matakai uku. Waɗannan matakan su ne kamar yadda aka kawo su cikin zanen da ke ƙasa. Ƙwararru masu nazarin cututtuka masu yaɗuwa sun bayyana matakai uku kamar yadda aka nuna a zanen da ke sama. Zanen ya nuna adadin mutanen da aka tabbatar sun kamu da kuma yanayin yaɗuwar tasu. (a) Mataki na farko: Shi ne wanda aka nuna a tsarin farko na taswirar. Idan alal misali muka ɗauki yadda Kwabid-19 ke yaɗuwa, za mu ɗauke shi a matsayin mataki na farko. Anan ne akan samu masu ɗauke da cutar 'yan ƙalilan. (b) Mataki na biyu: Taswirar na nuna yadda cutar ta kutsa kai cikin al'umma. Anan ana nuna yadda cutar ta bunƙasa take shiga cikin al'umma. A wannan mataki, cutar na bunƙasa da hanzari a kullum wanda yake da wahala a iya bin ƙididdigar ta. Hukumomi da dama sun hana zirga-zirga da tafiye-tafiye tsakanin garuruwa kamar yadda tsarin gudanrwar lafiya na duniya ya gindaya. Tsarin gudanarwar Lafiya na Duniya shi ne wani daftari da Hukumar lafiya ta Duniya (WHO) ta samar domin kariya da magance haɗarin lafiya da ke yaɗuwa tsakanin ƙasashen duniya. Waɗannan matakan suna ƙunshe cikin tsarin Ba da Tazara (kamar yadda bayani zai gabata). An tsara su domin rage tozon wannan taswira wanda kuma zai rage yaɗuwar cututtukan. An yi nuni da wannan fikira cikin wannnan zane da ke ƙasa: (c) Mataki na uku: Mataki na uku na taswirar na nuna yadda aka samu nasarar shawo kan yaɗuwar cutar har ma ya kasance babu sabon mai kamuwa da ita. A wannan waiwaye mun fahimci cewar wannan cutar ta Kwabid-19 na yaɗuwa da hanzari a tsakanin al'umma. Mafi yawa tana bazuwa daga cuɗanyar mutane. Yin tazara tsakanin mutane shi ne babban matakin da za a ɗauka wajen daƙile cigaba da yaɗuwar wannan cutar. Ba da tazara ta sarari Ba da tazara ta sarari ta kasance ɗaya daga matakan kiyaye lafiya ta yadda mai ɗauke da ita mai yaɗuwa ba zai shafawa mai lafiya ba. Wannan kuwa ya ƙunshi babban mataki na kulle ƙasa da garuruwa domin taƙaita cakuɗuwar mutane a wuraren haɗuwar su. Irin wannan babban matakin yawanci mahukunta ne ƙaƙaba shi. Misalin irin wannan mataki shi ne irin wanda gwamnatin ƙasar Afrika ta Kudu ta saka shi daga tsakar daren 26 ga Maris, zuwa tsakar daren 16 ga Afrilu, 2020. Bayan wannan kuma aka tsawaita dokar da kwana 14. An yi amfani da sashi na 27(2) na Dokar Kiyaye Bala'o'i ne wajen aiwatar da wannan kullen. Haka kuma an sanya taƙaita wasu ayyukan domin hana cakuɗuwar mutane. Daga cikin sauran abubuwan da aka yi, bisa la'akari da sashi na 11B sun haɗa da; Mutane kowa ya zauna a gida babu fita sai da ƙwaƙwaran dalili ko kuwa waɗanda ke aiwatar da muhimman aiki. An haramta duk wani taron jama'a sai dai jana'iza kaɗai (wadda bata wuce mutane 50 ba). Hana tafiye tafiye a tsakanin jihohi. An haramta zirga-zirga tsakanin garuruwa da ƙananan hukumomi. Hana kowanne irin kasuwanci sai na kayan masarufi. An bar kantunan sayar da kayan masarufi su buɗe amma wajibi ne su ɗauki matakin ba da tazara mita ɗaya tsakanin kwastomomi. Sannan su bi dukkan matakan lafiya da aka tanada (Kamar samar da sinadarin wanke hannu) domin daƙile yaɗuwar cutar nan ta Kwabid-19. Haka kuma wannan tanadi ya ƙunshi: An haramta tafiye-tafiye cikin jiragen ruwa da na sama. An haramta sayar da giya da sigari. A taƙaita gudanar da sufuri. Haka kuma tanadi ya ba wa hukumomin tarayya da na jihohi dama su killace mutane. Matakin killacewa ya haɗa da taƙaita zirga-zirgar mutanen da aka tabbatar sun kamu da Kwarona Bairus zuwa wani lokaci. Wannan tsari na killacewa yana taka rawa wajen keɓe waɗanda suka kamu da cutar daga lafiyayyu. Afrika ta Kudu daki-daki Duk waɗannan matakai da aka ambata a sama sun yi tasiri wajen hana yaɗuwar cutar Kwabid-19 kuma Afrika ta Kudu ta kasance kan gaba wajen ƙoƙarin daƙile ta. [x] Kasancewar Afrika ta Kudu ba ta hau taswirar yaɗuwar cutar ba, shi ya sa yanzu haka har ta haye matakai biyu tunda ba a taɓa samun ta bunƙasa yadda ta yi a wasu a ƙasashe ba. Maimakon haka yanzu ana iya ganin samun nasarar taƙaitar masu ɗauke da ita daga 42% zuwa 4% bayan an gudanar da dokar zama a gida. Ƙasar ta ɗauki jami’an duba-gari masu yawa da suke bi gida-gida suna yi wa mutane gwaji. A wani jawabi da ya gabatarwa ‘yan ƙasa ranar 9 ga Afrilu, 2020, Shugaba Cyril Ramaphosa ya danganta nasarar da aka samu da irin yadda jama’a suka bayar da haɗin kai a matakin kullen da aka ɗauka. “Kun yi biyayya ga dokar kulle ta zama a gida, kuma kun yi aiki da shawarwarin ƙwararru. Kun rungumi duk irin tarnaƙi da wahalhalun da ke cikin dokar hana zirga-zirga sannan mun hana ku mafi yawan ‘yancin walwalar ku a ayyukan ku na yau da kullum.” Duk da kasancewar ƙwararru sun yi gargaɗin cewar har yanzu akwai yiwuwar cigaba da yaɗuwar wannan cuta, amma kuma ƙoƙarin da gwamnati ta yi ya daƙile ta, har yanzu muna da lokacin cigaba da yaƙar ta.” Saboda haka, za a soma sassauta dokar zama a gida sannu a hankali a mataki mataki. Kammalawa Cutar Kwabid-19 ta kasance mai hanzarin yaɗuwa a faɗin duniya tun bayan da aka farga da ɓullar ta a birnin Wuhan na ƙasar China a ƙarshen shekara ta 2019. Ƙwararrun likitocin ƙasar China sun bayyana matakai biyu da za a iya yaƙi da wannan annoba mai barazana ga kiwon lafiya: (1) Sarrafawa da Rigakafin cutar (2) Binciken masana kimiyya. Waɗannan ƙwararru na ƙasar China sun bada gudunmawa ƙwarai wajen gano cutar a farko-farkon bayyanar ta. Sannan Hukumar Lafiya ta Duniya (WHO) ta kasance mai matuƙar muhimmanci a duniya dangane da yaƙi da annobar wacce ta ɓulla a cikin shekara ta 2020. Ba wa juna tazara ya kasance wata babbar hanyar daƙile yaɗuwar annobar kamar yadda muka gani a Afrika ta Kudu a zahiri. Cibiyar nazarin cututtuka da magance su tana bayar da shawarwarin cewar, “yana da matuƙar muhimmanci a kasance ana tuntuɓar iyalai da abokai da ba kwa tare a gida ɗaya ta hanyar kiran waya, tattaunawa ta intanet da sauran kafafen Soshiyal Midiya. Kowa da irin yadda yake fuskantar ƙalubale, don haka yin nesa da wanda kake so abu ne mai wahala.” Yawanci ana samun ƙalubalen ne saboda tsoro, damuwa da kuma fargaba da ta cika zuƙatan mutane sakamakon wannan annoba da ta zama ruwan dare mai gama duniya. Ƙwararru na bayar da shawarar a maida hankali ga hanyoyin da za a magance waɗannan matsaloli na fargaba da rashin kwanciyar hankali musamman da tsarin ba wa juna tazara zai haifar.
20978	https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sojan%20Canada	Sojan Canada	Umurnin Kanada CANCOM, ya kasan ce yana ɗaya daga cikin umarnin aiki huɗu na Canadianan Kanada daga shekara ta 2006 zuwa shekara ta 2012, waɗanda ke da alhakin ayyukan gida da na nahiyoyi na yau da kullun, kamar bincike da ceto, sintiri na ikon mallaka, daidaitawar tsaro na ƙasa da tsara shirin. A matsayin tsari na aiki, Umurnin Kanada yayi amfani da albarkatun da aka samo daga umarnin muhalli guda uku na Sojojin Kanada: Royal Canadian Navy, da Canadian Army da Royal Canadian Air Force Umurnin ya kasance cikin Commandungiyar Hadin Kan Kanada a cikin Oktoban shekara ta 2012. Matsayi da tsari Babban aikin Kwamandan Kanada shine "hanawa, hanawa, gabatarwa, da kayar da barazanar da ƙeta akan Kanada". A karshen wannan, rundunar tana da alhakin tantancewa da haɓaka shirye-shiryen mayar da martani na ƙasa don amsawa cikin sauri bisa buƙatar Gwamnatin Kanada. Ya raba albarkatu tare da Supportungiyar Taimako na Aiki na Kanada (wanda aka haɗe yanzu), Canadianungiyar Specialarfafawar Specialarfafawa ta Musamman ta Kanada kuma zuwa eran ƙarami tare da Forcearfin Forcearfin pedarfafawa na Kanad (kuma haɗe), ya ba da lamba guda ɗaya don tuntuɓar hukumomin farar hula, hukumomin tilasta doka da abokan tsaro, kuma sun kulla kyakkyawar dangantaka da Kwamitin Arewacin Amurka da Kwamitin Tsaron Aerospace na Arewacin Amurka. An kasa umurnin zuwa kungiyoyi goma da ke karkashinta: rundunar hadin gwiwa guda shida (JTFs), yankuna bincike da ceto guda uku (SRRs), da kuma kwamandan bangaren iska guda (CFACC) da ke da alhakin raba kadarorin iska ga JTF. A matakin kasa da yanki, Kwamandan Kanada ya tsara don abubuwan da ke faruwa, ya ba da albarkatu don ayyukan gida da na nahiyoyi na yau da kullun, da kuma kiyaye karfin tura kaddarorin soja don taimakawa ga hukumomin farar hula. Kwamandan Kanada ya ba da rahoto kai tsaye ga Babban Jami'in Tsaro kuma yana ƙarƙashin jagorancin Laftanar-Janar Walter Semianiw, CMM MSC CD da babban memba da ba kwamishina a cikin su shi ne Chief Warrant Officer Michel JY Ouellet, MMM CD Ayyukan gida Bala'i ko bala'in tsaro a Kanada gabaɗaya alhakin ƙananan hukumomi ne da na larduna, waɗanda ke iya zuwa don neman taimakon gwamnatin tarayya. A irin waɗannan halaye, da kuma a bayyane ga bukatar Ministan Tsaron Jama'a, Kwamandan Kanada zai iya ba da kayan aikin soja don taimaka wa hukumomin farar hula a cikin ikon agaji, kuma idan Dokar Gaggawa ta fara aiki, a cikin ikon aiwatar da zaman lafiya. Hakanan za'a iya kiran kwamandan don daidaita kayan sojoji don tallafawa jami'an tsaro da hukumomin tarayya a zaman wani bangare na Hadakar Tsaro a yayin manyan taruka. Wannan haka lamarin ya kasance yayin gasar Olympics ta Vancouver a shekara ta 2010, taron kolin G-8 Huntsville na 2010 da kuma taron kolin G-20 na Toronto a shekara ta 2010 Ayyuka na yau da kullun da Kwamitin Kanada ya gudanar sun haɗa da tura abubuwan tallafi ga ayyukan Royal Canadian Mounted Police da yawa, Masunta da ceasashen Kanada masu tsaron Kanada a cikin teku da sintiri na bakin teku da yaƙi da ƙwayoyi a cikin Caribbean, da Parks Kanada a cikin aiwatar da tsaro da zubar dusar kankara. Umurnin shi ne kuma babban mai gudanarwa na atisayen hadin gwiwa, kamar su Operation Nanook na shekara-shekara, da kuma yawan atisaye da motsa jiki. Kulawa da daidaituwa da kayan aikin soja da aka sanya ƙarƙashin Dokar Kanada an ɗauka ne a matakin ƙasa kuma ta hanyar ƙungiyoyi masu aiki shida na yanki: Hadin gwiwar Task Force (Arewa), wanda ke zaune a Yellowknife, Yankunan Arewa maso Yamma, ya hada da dukkan yankuna Kanada a arewa na 60th layi daya: Yukon, Yankin Arewa maso Yamma, da Nunavut Hadin gwiwar Task Force (Pacific), wanda ke CFB Esquimalt naval na sojan ruwa a British Columbia kuma kwamanda na Maritime Forces Pacific ya ba da umarnin, ya hada da British Columbia, da gabar tekun ta da kuma hanyoyin ruwan Pacific; Hadin gwiwar Task Force (Yamma), wanda yake a sansanin sojoji na CFB Edmonton a Alberta kuma kwamandan Land Force Western Area ya ba da umarni, ya hada da lardunan Alberta, Saskatchewan da Manitoba Hadin gwiwar Task Force (Tsakiya), wanda ke zaune a Toronto, Ontario kuma kwamandan Land Force Central Area ya ba da umarni, ke da alhakin lardin Ontario; Hadin gwiwar Task Force (Gabas), wanda ke zaune a Montreal, Quebec kuma kwamanda na Land Force Quebec ya ba da umarni, yana da alhakin lardin na Quebec; Hadin gwiwar Task Force (Atlantic), wanda ke CFB Halifax na sojan ruwa a Nova Scotia kuma kwamandan rundunar Maritime Forces Atlantic ya ba da umarnin, ya hada da lardunan New Brunswick, tsibirin Prince Edward, Nova Scotia, Newfoundland da Labrador, da yankin da ke kusa da yankin Kwamandan Kwamandan Jirgin Sama (CFACC), wanda ke tushen CFB Winnipeg air base a Manitoba, shine ke da alhakin abubuwan tallafi na iska da aka sanya su a karkashin umarni ta hanyar Abubuwan Hannun Jagororin Yanki (RACE) da kuma sanya kadarori ga Canadian NORAD Yankin (CANR) ta cikin Canadianungiyar Sojan Sama ta Kanada ta 1 Kanad Air Division Bincika da ceto Bincike da ceto na tarayya (SAR) a Kanada ana gudanar da shi ne ta Ma'aikatar Tsaro ta'asa mai cikakken iko da Sakatariyar Sakatariya tare da haɗin gwiwar wasu hukumomi, daga cikinsu Forcesan Kanada. Amfani da kadarorin da Royal Canadian Air Force da farar hula na Canadian Coast Guard suka kula da su, Kwamandan Kanada ya ɗauki ikon sarrafa manyan masu ba da amsa ta SAR ta Yankuna uku na Yankin Bincike da Ceto (SRRs) da cibiyoyin haɗin gwiwar da ke haɗarsu: JRCC Victoria, wanda yake a CFB Esquimalt naval base in British Columbia, shine ke da alhakin yankin Victoria Search and Rescue Region, wanda ya kunshi British Columbia, Yukon da sama da murabba'in kilomita 560,000 a Tekun Pacific. JRCC Trenton, wanda ke zaune a tashar jirgin sama ta CFB Trenton a Ontario, yana da alhakin Trenton Search and Rescue Region, wanda ya mamaye murabba'in kilomita 10,000,000 daga garin Quebec zuwa Dutsen Rocky da kuma daga iyakar Kanada da Amurka zuwa Pole ta Arewa JRCC Trenton, wanda ke aiki tare da Cibiyar Kula da Ofishin Jakadancin na Kanada, shi ma ke da alhakin gudanar da aikin ƙasar Kanada na tsarin gano faɗakarwar damuwa game da tauraron dan adam mai suna Cospas-Sarsat. JRCC Halifax, wanda ke tushen sansanin sojan ruwa na CFB Halifax a cikin Nova Scotia, shine ke da alhakin Yankin Bincike da Ceto na Halifax, wanda ya rufe fiye da murabba'in kilomita 4,700,000 daga Birnin Quebec zuwa Gabashin Arctic, gami da dukkan lardunan Atlantic huɗu. Tarihi An ƙirƙiri Umurnin Kanada a ranar 1 ga watan Fabrairu shekara ta 2006 a matsayin wani ɓangare na sake fasalin Canadianan Kanada. Kafin kafa wannan kwamandan, aiyukan kasa da ayyukan yau da kullun sun kasance kai tsaye ne daga masu kula da muhalli guda uku (Navy, Army, Air Force). Guguwar kankara ta Arewacin Amurka ta shekara ta 1998 da hare-haren 11 ga watan Satumba sun nuna bukatar a samu ingantacciyar kungiya mai saukakakke don daidaita albarkatun soja da hukumomin farar hula da Amurka. Tun lokacin da aka kirkireshi, Kwamandan Kanada ya gudanar da ayyukan jin kai a Newfoundland, Quebec, Ontario da Manitoba, wajen yakar ambaliyar ruwa, gyara muhimman kayan more rayuwa, dawo da direbobin da suka makale a cikin guguwar hunturu mai tsanani, da kuma gudanar da kwashe mutanen da ke cikin barazanar. A watan Mayu shekara ta 2012, a cikin babban sake fasalin Canadianan Kanada, Canadaungiyar Kanada ta haɗu da Canadianarfin pedarfin Canadianan Kanada da kuma Commandarfin Taimakon Canadianan Kanada don samar da Commandungiyar Hadin Kan Kanada
6310	https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kalaba	Kalaba	Kalaba ko Callabar, Calabari, Calbari,Calabar) itace babban birnin jihar Cross River, Nijeriya. A da ana kiranta da Akwa Akpa, daga harshen Efik. Birnin na daura da rafin Calabar da kuma rafin Great Kwa River da kuma creek na jihar Cross Rivers. Bisa ga ƙidayar jama'a a shekara ta 2006, akwai jimillar mutane 371,022 a jihar sannan garin na da fadin 406kmsq (157 sq mi). An gina birnin Calabar a karni na sha shida. A gwamnatance, an raba garin zuwa akashi biyu; Calabar Municipal da kuma karamar hukumar Calabar ta kudu. Tarihi Calabar suna ne da mutanen Portugal suka baiwa wannan wurin a karni na a loacin da suka iso wannan yankin. Sai izuwa karni na 18 mutanen Efik da Ibibiyo sukayo hijira daga yankunan kogin Niger suka dawo gabar rafin Calabar. A ranar 10 ga watan Satumban shekara ta 1884 ne Sarauniya Victoria ta rattaba hannu a wata yarjejeniya don kare yankin da turawa suka sani a lokacin da tsohuwar Kalaba. Wannan dalilin ya bawa gwamnati daman gudanar da harkokinta har a yankunan kusa da ita wanda suka hada da Bakassi. Kalaba ta kasance hedikwatan gudanarwa na turawa har zuwa shekara ta 1906, lokacin da kejerar mulki ta koma Lagos. A yau Kalaba babban birni ne da birane kamar su Akim, Ikot Ansa, Ikot Ishie, Kasuk, Duke Town, Henshaw Town, Cobham Town, Ikot Omin da kuma Obutong. Tashar Jiragen ruwa Tun a karni na 16 kuma, Kalaba ta kasance babban tashar jiragen ruwa na kasashe (International Seaport), tana jigilar kaya zuwa kasashen waje kamar man-ja. Kalaba ta kasance kafar jigilar bayi a lokacin cinkayyar bayi na "Atlantic slave trade". Inyamurai suka kasance mafi akasarin mutanen da aka fi saidawa a matsayin bayi duk da sun kasance tsiraru a wancan lokacin. A tsakanin shekara ta 725 har zuwa 1750, akalla mutanen Afurka 17,000 aka saida a matsayin bayi daga Calabar zuwa kasashen Turai. Yanayi A kasafin yanayi na Koppen's Climatic Classfication, Calabar tana da tropical monsoon climate (Köppen: Am) da damuna mai tsawo na kusan watanni goma (10) da gajeren lokacin rani dake da watanni biyu kacal. Akwai karanci na lokacin sanyi a garin. Yanayi na zafi/sanyi baida bambamci sosai, da akasarin sanyi da zafi kimanin 25 to 28 degrees Celsius. Sannan kuma bambamcin yanayi na zafi/sanyi baida bambamci sosai a tsakanin dare da kuma wuni kasancewa ragin degrees kadan ne da dare. Matsakaicin ruwan sama a Calabar yana tsakanin millimita 3,000 (120 in) Siyasa Calabar tana da marautu uku masu karfi, Masarautar Qua Kingdom na Ejagham (Ekoi)/asalin Bantu, Masarautar Efut da kuma Masarautar Efik. Masarautar Qua tana da sarautar Ndidem, Masarautar Efut kuma sarautar Muri munene, shi kuma sarautar Efik ana kiransa da Obong. Sarautar Gargajiya Kafin zuwan turawan mulkin mallaka, Calabar wanda a da anfi saninta da Akwa Akpa masarauta ce mai zaman kanta tare da birnin Kalaba a matsayin gwamnatin garin. Calabar tana da sarakuna guda uku. Masarautar Obong na Efik (Obong of Calabar) wacce keda kungiyar asiri ta Ekpe a matsayin kujerar sarkin Obong ke zama. Sai kuma kujerar Ndidem wacce aka fi sanida Ndidem of Calabar wanda shine sarkin Qua a matsayin sarauta mafi daraja na birnin Calabar. Sai kuma sarautar Muri munene na Efut wanda shine sarkin Efut kuma sarauta mafi daraja a kudancin Kalaba. Mutanen Kalaba Mutanen Kalaba sun kasance mutane ne daga tshohuwar gundumar Calaba ta kudu, babban birnin Calabar, Akpabuyo, Bakassi, Biase, Odukpani da kuma Akamkpa. Amma a yadda akafi amfani da kalmar, kalmar "Mutanen Kalaba" na iya nufin asalin mutanen Kalaba na yankin Kudu-maso-Gabacin jihar da watau wanda suke a yau a jihohin Akwa Ibom State da Cross River State. Sojin-ruwan Najeriya Kalaba itace hedikwatan sojojin ruwa na Eastern Naval Command. Akwai makarantun horar yara na Nigerian Navy Secondary School, wanda ke nan a Akpabuyo, wanda tafiyar minti goma ne daga Tashar jirgin sama. Wannan makaranta yana dauke da sashin Nigerian Navy Primary School da kuma Naval Officers Wives Association Primary School, wanda duka suna nan a Kot-Ansa, Calabar. Hotuna Kara Dubawa a Banknotes of Scotland Kalabari tribe Efik people Manazarta Biranen
30026	https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fafutukar%20ha%C6%99%C6%99in%20na%C6%99asasu	Fafutukar haƙƙin naƙasasu	Ƙungiyar haƙƙin nakasassu ƙungiya ce ta duniya wacce ke neman tabbatar da daidaitattun dama da daidaitattuwan haƙƙin ga duk mutanen da ke da nakasa Yana da ƙungiyoyi na masu fafutuka na nakasa, wanda kuma aka sani da masu ba da shawara na nakasa, a duk duniya suna aiki tare da irin wannan manufa da buƙatun, kamar: samun dama da aminci a cikin gine-gine, sufuri, da yanayin jiki; daidaitattun dama a rayuwa mai zaman kanta, daidaiton aikin yi, ilimi, da gidaje da 'yanci daga wariya, cin zarafi, sakaci, da sauran take hakki. Masu fafutuka da nakasa suna aiki don karya shingen hukumomi, na jiki, da na zamantakewa waɗanda ke hana nakasassu rayuwa kamar sauran ƴan ƙasa. Haƙƙoƙin naƙasa yana da sarƙaƙiya saboda akwai hanyoyi da yawa waɗanda mai nakasa zai iya samun tauye haƙƙoƙinsa a cikin yanayi daban-daban na zamantakewa da siyasa, al'adu, da shari'a. Alal misali, a zamanin yau, shingen gama gari da masu naƙasa ke fuskanta ya shafi aikin yi. To Musamman ma, masu daukan ma'aikata galibi ba sa son ko ba su iya samar da matsuguni masu dacewa don baiwa masu nakasa damar gudanar da ayyukansu yadda ya kamata. Lokacin da ake tattaunawa game da bukatun nakasassu, masu fafutuka na nakasa suna lura cewa mafita sun haɗa da nakasassu a matsayin masu shiga tsakani, aƙalla. Akwai tsare-tsare na yanzu waɗanda suka haɗa da sa hannun ɓangare na uku, kamar gyaran tunani da ba da shawarar doka, amma kaɗan daga cikin waɗannan hanyoyin sun haɗa da ƙarfafa wannan ƙungiyar don dogaro da kai. Tarihi Amurka Hakkokin nakasa na ƙasar Amurka sun samo asali sosai a cikin karnin da ya gabata. Kafin yunƙurin haƙƙin nakasassu, ƙin yarda da Shugaba Franklin Delano Roosevelt na a bayyana shi a matsayin rashin lahani da aka nuna kuma ya nuna alamar rashin jin daɗi da ke tattare da nakasa. Yayin yakin neman zabe, ba da jawabai, ko aiki a matsayin jama'a, ya boye nakasarsa. Wannan ya dawwamar da akidar cewa "nakasa tana daidaita da rauni". Ana kallon nakasa a Amurka a matsayin wani lamari na sirri, kuma ba ƙungiyoyin siyasa ko na gwamnati da yawa da suka wanzu don tallafawa mutane a cikin waɗannan ƙungiyoyin. A cikin shekarata 1950s, an sami canji zuwa ayyukan sa kai da ƙungiyoyin iyaye, kamar Maris na Dimes Yayin da wannan ne farkon fafutuka da neman tallafi ga wadannan kungiyoyi, yaran da ke da nakasa iyayensu sun boye da yawa saboda tsoron tilasta musu gyara. Lokacin da ƙungiyoyin kare haƙƙin jama'a suka tashi a cikin shekarar 1960s, masu fafutukar naƙasassun sun shiga cikinta da ƙungiyoyin 'yancin mata don haɓaka daidaito daidai da ƙalubalantar ra'ayi. A wannan lokacin ne fafutukar kare hakkin nakasa ta fara samun mai da hankali kan nakasa. Mutanen da ke da nakasa iri-iri (nakasassu ta jiki da ta hankali, tare da nakasar gani da ji) da buƙatu daban-daban sun taru don yaƙi don manufa ɗaya. Sai a shekarata 1990 ne aka zartar da Dokar Nakasa ta Amurkawa (ADA), bisa doka ta haramta wariya saboda nakasa, da kuma ba da izinin shiga nakasa a duk gine-gine da wuraren jama'a. ADA tana da mahimmanci a tarihi saboda ta ayyana ma'anar matsuguni mai ma'ana don kare ma'aikata da ma'aikata. A yau, masu fafutukar kare hakkin nakasa suna ci gaba da ba da kariya ga waɗanda ake nuna musu wariya, kuma suna aiki kan wasu batutuwa masu mahimmanci kamar tilasta doka da kula da nakasassu. A ma'auni na duniya, Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ta kafa Yarjejeniya kan 'Yancin Mutanen da ke da Nakasa, musamman game da mutanen da ke da nakasa (Lockwood 146). Shingayen nakasa Misalin zamantakewa na nakasa yana nuna nakasa yana faruwa ne ta hanyar tsarin al'umma, maimakon tawayar mutum. Wannan samfurin yana nuna shinge a cikin al'umma an halicce su ta hanyar iyawa To Lokacin da aka cire shinge, masu nakasa za su iya zama masu zaman kansu kuma daidai suke a cikin al'umma. Akwai manyan katanga guda uku: Matsalolin ɗabi'a: mutanen da suke ganin nakasa ne kawai ke ƙirƙira su yayin cuɗanya da nakasassu ta wata hanya. Ana iya ganin waɗannan shingen ɗabi'a ta hanyar zalunci, wariya, da tsoro. Waɗannan shingen sun haɗa da ƙarancin tsammanin mutanen da ke da nakasa. Waɗannan shingen suna ba da gudummawa ga duk sauran shingen. Halayen nakasassu a ƙasashe masu ƙanƙanta da matsakaita na iya zama ma wuce gona da iri. Matsalolin muhalli: wuraren da ba za a iya shiga ba, na halitta ko ginanne, suna haifar da nakasu ta hanyar ƙirƙirar shingen haɗawa. Shingayen cibiyoyi: sun haɗa da dokoki da yawa, manufofi, ayyuka, ko dabarun nuna wariya ga nakasassu. Misali, wani bincike da aka yi a wasu kasashe biyar na kudu maso gabashin Asiya, ya nuna cewa, dokokin zabe ba sa kare hakkin nakasassu na musamman na siyasa, yayin da “wasu bankunan ba sa barin nakasassu su bude asusu, kuma cibiyoyin gwajin cutar kanjamau kan kin karbar yaren kurame. masu fassara saboda manufofin sirri". Akwai dokoki masu taƙaitawa a wasu ƙasashe, musamman suna shafar mutanen da ke da nakasu na hankali ko na zamantakewa. Sauran shingen sun haɗa da: shingen cikin gida (ƙananan tsammanin mutanen da ke da nakasa na iya lalata kwarin gwiwa da burinsu), rashin isassun bayanai da ƙididdiga, rashin shiga daga tuntuɓar nakasassu. Batutuwa Mutanen da ke da nakasa Samun shiga wuraren jama'a kamar titunan birni, gine-ginen jama'a, da dakunan wanka na daga cikin sauye-sauyen da aka fi gani da aka samu a cikin 'yan shekarun nan don kawar da shinge na zahiri. Babban canji a wasu sassan duniya shine shigar da lif, Kuma kofofi na atomatik, ƙofofi masu fadi da hanyoyi, jigilar kaya, gyare-gyaren keken hannu, yanke shinge, da kuma kawar da matakan da ba dole ba inda ramps da lif ba su samuwa, ba da damar mutane a cikin keken hannu tare da sauran nakasassun motsi don amfani da hanyoyin jama'a da jigilar jama'a cikin sauƙi da aminci. Mutanen da ke da nakasar gani Mutanen da ke da ƙarancin hangen nesa a kai a kai suna fuskantar tsangwama ga wariya saboda rashin iya bambance wasu launuka. Farfesa Miguel Neiva na Jami'ar Minho, Portugal ne ya ƙera wani tsarin alamomin alamomin geometrically da aka sani da Coloradd a cikin shekarata 2010 don nuna launuka ga mutanen da ke da wahalar fahimtar su. Mutanen da ke da nakasar ci gaba Masu fafutukar kare haƙƙin mutanen da ke da nakasa suna mai da hankali kan ƙoƙarinsu don samun karɓuwa a cikin ma'aikata da kuma ayyukan yau da kullun da abubuwan da wataƙila an cire su a baya. Ba kamar da yawa daga cikin jagorori a cikin al'ummar kare haƙƙin nakasassu ta jiki ba, Sai dai ba da shawarar kai ya yi jinkirin haɓakawa ga mutanen da ke da nakasa. Sakamakon haka, yawancin ayyukan da Ƙungiyar Haƙƙin Nakasa ta yi an kammala su ta hanyar abokan tarayya, ko waɗanda ba su da nakasa amma suna da alaka mai karfi da nakasa. Iyaye, abokai, da ƴan'uwa sun yi yaƙi don neman ilimi da karɓuwa lokacin da 'yan uwansu da ke da nakasar fahimta ta kasa. Sanin jama'a game da ƙungiyoyin yancin ɗan adam na wannan yawan ya kasance mai iyaka, kuma ra'ayin mutanen da ke da nakasa a matsayin ƴan ƙasa marasa ba da gudummawa waɗanda suka dogara ga wasu ya kasance gama gari. A yau, harkar ta fi mayar da hankali kan zamantakewa don kara wayar da kan jama'a, kamar yadda yakin "R-Word" ya tabbatar, inda suke kokarin kawar da amfani da kalmar "retard". Kungiyar kare hakkin Autism Ƙungiyar haƙƙin zamantakewa ne wanda ke jaddada manufar neurodiversity, kallon nau'in nau'i na autism sakamakon bambancin yanayi a cikin kwakwalwar ɗan adam maimakon rashin lafiya da za a warke. Ƙungiyar haƙƙin autism tana ba da shawarwari ga manufofi da yawa, gami da babban yarda da halayen autistic; hanyoyin kwantar da hankali waɗanda ke mayar da hankali kan ƙwarewar magancewa maimakon yin koyi da halayen takwarorinsu na neurotypical ƙirƙirar cibiyoyin sadarwar jama'a da abubuwan da ke ba da damar mutanen autistic su yi hulɗa da kansu; da kuma amincewa da al'ummar autistic a cikin matsayin 'yan tsiraru Haƙƙin Autism ko masu ba da ra'ayin bambance-bambancen jijiyoyi sun yi imanin cewa bakan Autism na asali ne na asali kuma yakamata a yarda da shi azaman yanayin yanayin halittar ɗan adam Wannan hangen nesa ya bambanta da wasu ra'ayoyi guda biyu (2): hangen nesa na likitanci, cewa Autism yana haifar da lahani na kwayoyin halitta kuma yakamata a magance shi ta hanyar niyya ga kwayoyin Autism (s), da ka'idojin da ke tattare da cewa autism yana haifar da abubuwan muhalli kamar alluran rigakafi Wannan yunkuri yana da sabani. Sukar da aka saba yi wa masu fafutuka autistic shine cewa yawancinsu suna da masu aiki sosai ko kuma suna da ciwon Asperger kuma ba sa wakiltar ra'ayoyin marasa aiki masu fama da cutar. Mutanen da ke da matsalar rashin lafiyar kwakwalwa Masu fafutukar kare haƙƙin mutanen da ke da nakasa tabin hankali sun fi mayar da hankali ne kan yunƙurin kai, da kuma ikon mutum na rayuwa da kansa. Haƙƙin samun rayuwa mai zaman kanta, ta yin amfani da kulawar mataimakiyar biya maimakon kasancewa mai zaman kanta, idan mutum yana so, shine babban burin ƙungiyar haƙƙin nakasa, kuma shine babban burin irin wannan ƙungiyoyi masu zaman kansu da masu ba da shawara, Duk waɗanda suke mafi tsananin alaƙa da mutanen da ke da nakasa hankali da kuma rashin lafiyar hankali. Waɗannan ƙungiyoyi sun tallafa wa nakasassu don su rayu a matsayin ƙarin masu shiga cikin al'umma. Samun ilimi da aiki Samun ilimi da aikin yi su ma sun kasance babban abin da ƙungiyoyin kare hakkin nakasa suka mayar da hankali a kai. Fasahar daidaitawa, baiwa mutane damar yin ayyukan da ba za su iya samu a baya ba, suna taimakawa wajen samar da damar samun ayyukan yi da 'yancin kai na tattalin arziki. To Amman Samun shiga cikin aji ya taimaka inganta damar ilimi da 'yancin kai ga mutanen da ke da nakasa. 'Yanci daga wariya da cin zarafi 'Yanci daga cin zarafi, sakaci, da take haƙƙin mutum suma mahimman manufofin ƙungiyar kare haƙƙin nakasassu ne. Cin zarafi da sakaci sun haɗa da keɓantawa da kamewa da bai dace ba, yin amfani da ƙarfi da bai dace ba ta ma’aikata da/ko masu bayarwa, barazana, cin zarafi da/ko ramawa daga ma’aikata ko masu samarwa, gazawar samar da isasshen abinci mai gina jiki, sutura, da/ko likita da kula da lafiyar hankali, da kuma /ko gazawar samar da muhalli mai tsafta da aminci, da kuma wasu batutuwan da ke haifar da babbar barazana ga lafiyar jiki da tunani na mutumin da ke da nakasa. Tauye haƙƙin marasa lafiya sun haɗa da rashin samun cikakken izini don magani, gazawar kiyaye sirrin bayanan jiyya, da ƙuntatawa mara dacewa na haƙƙin sadarwa da haɗin gwiwa tare da wasu, to Amman da sauran haƙƙoƙin haƙƙin. Sakamakon aikin da aka yi ta hanyar ƙungiyoyin haƙƙin nakasassu, an zartar da manyan dokokin haƙƙin nakasa a cikin shekarar 1970s zuwa 1990s a cikin Amurka Manyan abubuwan da suka faru Kanada Lardi mafi girma na Kanada, Ontario, ya ƙirƙira doka, Samun dama ga Dokar nakasa ta Ontario, 2005, tare da burin samun damar zuwa Shekarar 2025. A cikin Shekarata 2019, Dokokin Kanada Mai Samun damar zama doka. Wannan ita ce dokar Kanada ta farko ta ƙasa kan samun dama da ke shafar duk sassan gwamnati da hukumomin tarayya. Indiya Dokar Haƙƙin nakasassu, shekarar 2016 ita ce dokar tawaya da Majalisar Indiya ta zartar don cika wajibcinta ga Yarjejeniyar Majalisar Dinkin Duniya kan haƙƙin nakasassu, wanda Indiya ta amince da shi a cikin shekarata 2007. Dokar ta maye gurbin data kasance Masu Nakasa (Dama Daidai, Kare Hakkoki da Cikakkun Shiga) Dokar, 1995 Ya fara aiki a ranar 28 ga Disamba, shekarar 2016. Wannan doka ta amince da nakasassu 21. Ƙasar Ingila A cikin Ƙasar Ingila, biyo bayan faɗuwar yunƙurin da mutanen da ke da nakasa suka yi sama da shekaru da dama, an zartar da Dokar Wariya ta Nakasa ta shekarar 1995 (DDA 1995). Hakan dai ya haramta wa nakasassu wariya a Birtaniyya dangane da ayyukan yi, samar da kayayyaki da ayyuka, ilimi da sufuri. Hukumar daidaito da kare hakkin dan Adam ta ba da goyon baya ga wannan Dokar. Akwai irin wannan doka a Ireland ta Arewa, wacce Hukumar Daidaito ta Arewacin Ireland ta aiwatar da ita Bayan gabatar da harajin Bedroom (a hukumance hukuncin rashin zama a hukumance) a cikin dokar sake fasalin walwala ta shekarata 2012, masu fafutukar nakasa sun taka muhimmiyar rawa wajen bunkasa zanga-zangar Harajin Bedroom An kiyasta sauye-sauyen fa'ida da yawa suna shafar nakasassu daidai gwargwado da kuma tauye hakkin nakasassu na rayuwa mai zaman kansa. Dokar Down Syndrome za ta ba da izini na doka ga mutanen da ke zaune tare da Down syndrome Amurka A cikin shekarata 1948, ruwan sha don motsi shine tabbacin wanzuwar shinge na jiki da na shirye-shirye. An ba da tabbacin a matsayin ƙayyadaddun ƙayyadaddun wuraren da za a iya amfani da shi kyauta ga mutanen da ke da nakasa. Ƙayyadaddun ƙayyadaddun ƙayyadaddun ƙayyadaddun bayanai sun ba da mafi ƙarancin buƙatu don shamaki kyauta ta jiki da damar shirin. Misalin shingen shine; samar da matakai kawai don shiga gine-gine; rashin kula da hanyoyin tafiya; wuraren da ba a haɗa su da jigilar jama'a; rashin hanyoyin sadarwa na gani da ji yana kawo wariya ga nakasassu daga masu zaman kansu, shiga, da dama. Ƙididdigar Kyauta na ANSI (Kalmar da Dr. Timothy Nugent ya tsara, mai binciken jagoran) mai suna "ANSI A117.1, Yin Gine-gine Masu Samun Dama da Amfani da Nakasassun Jiki", yana ba da tabbacin da ba za a iya jayayya ba cewa shingen ya wanzu. Ma'auni shine sakamakon masana ilimin motsa jiki, injiniyoyin injiniyoyi, da daidaikun mutane masu nakasa waɗanda suka haɓaka kuma suka shiga cikin sama da shekaru 40 na bincike. Ma'auni yana ba da ma'auni don gyare-gyaren shirye-shirye da kuma wurin jiki don samar da 'yancin kai. An kwaikwayi ma'aunin a duk duniya tun lokacin da aka gabatar da shi a Turai, Asiya, Japan, Ostiraliya, da Kanada, a farkon shekarata 1960s. Ɗaya daga cikin muhimman ci gaba na ƙungiyoyin kare hakkin nakasa shine haɓakar motsin rayuwa mai zaman kansa, wanda ya fito a California a cikin shekarata 1960s ta hanyar ƙoƙarin Edward Roberts da sauran mutane masu amfani da keken hannu. Wannan yunkuri, wani bangare na kungiyar kare hakkin nakasassu, ya bayyana cewa nakasassu sune kwararrun kwararru kan bukatunsu, don haka dole ne su tashi tsaye, a daidaiku da kuma a dunkule, wajen tsarawa da inganta ingantattun hanyoyin warware matsalar, kuma dole ne su tsara kansu don samun damar siyasa. Bayan ɓata sana'a da wakilcin kai, akidar ƙungiyoyin masu zaman kansu sun haɗa da kawar da nakasassu, kawar da cibiyoyi da nakasa (watau shigar cikin ƙungiyoyin rayuwa mai zaman kanta ba tare da la'akari da bincike ba). Hakazalika, an zartar da dokar hana shingen gine-gine a 1968, wanda ke ba da umarni cewa gine-ginen da aka gina ta tarayya da nakasassu. Gabaɗaya ana ɗaukar wannan dokar a matsayin dokar haƙƙin nakasa ta tarayya ta farko. Abin baƙin ciki ga waɗanda ke da nakasar fahimi, nakasarsu ta sa ya zama mafi wahala su zama ƙwararrun ƙwararrun bukatunsu, tare da hana su ikon ba da shawarar kansu kamar yadda takwarorinsu masu amfani da keken hannu za su iya. Gabatar da kai ya fi wuya ga waɗanda ba za su iya bayyana tunaninsu ba, wanda ya kai ga dogaro da wasu don ci gaba da wannan motsi. A cikin shekarata 1973 Dokar Gyara (Amurka) ta zama doka; Sashe na 501, 503, da 504 sun haramta wariya a shirye-shiryen da ayyuka na tarayya da duk wasu shirye-shirye ko ayyuka da ke karɓar kuɗin tarayya. Mahimmin harshe a cikin Dokar Gyara, wanda aka samo a Sashe na 504, ya ce "Babu wani ƙwararren nakasassu [sic] a cikin Amurka, da za a cire shi kawai saboda rashin lafiyarsa sic], daga shiga, zama hana fa'idodin, ko kuma a nuna musu wariya a ƙarƙashin kowane shiri ko aiki da ke samun tallafin kuɗi na tarayya." Dokar ta kuma bayyana kudaden da za a iya warewa don taimakawa nakasassu samun horo ga ma'aikata tare da taimakawa wajen tabbatar da cewa za su iya isa wurin aiki ba tare da fuskantar matsalolin rashin isa ba. Wannan ita ce dokar haƙƙin ɗan adam ta farko da ke ba da tabbacin dama daidai ga mutanen da ke da nakasa. Wani muhimmin juzu'i mai mahimmanci shine 504 Sit-in a cikin shekarata 1977 na gine-ginen gwamnati wanda Ma'aikatar Lafiya, Ilimi, da Jindadin Amurka (HEW) ke gudanarwa, wanda Frank Bowe ya ɗauka kuma Ƙungiyar Ƙungiyar Jama'a ta Amurka ta shirya, wanda ya haifar da fitar da ka'idoji bisa ga Sashe na 504 na Dokar Gyara ta shekarar 1973. A ranar 5 ga Afrilu, 1977, masu fafutuka sun fara zanga-zanga kuma wasu sun zauna a cikin ofisoshin da aka samu a yankuna goma na tarayya ciki har da New York City, Los Angeles, Boston, Denver, Chicago, Philadelphia, da Atlanta. Daya daga cikin manyan zanga-zangar ta faru ne a San Francisco. Masu zanga-zangar sun bukaci sanya hannu kan ka'idoji na sashe na 504 na Dokar Gyara ta a shekarar 1973. Judith Heumann ce ta jagoranci zaman da aka yi nasara. Ranar farko ta zanga-zangar ita ce ta farko ta zaman dirshan na kwanaki 25. Kusan masu fafutuka na nakasassu 120 da masu zanga-zangar sun mamaye ginin HEW, kuma Sakatare Joseph Califano a ƙarshe ya sanya hannu a ranar 28 ga Afrilu, shekarata 1977. Wannan zanga-zangar ta kasance mai mahimmanci ba kawai don an cimma manufarta ba, har ma saboda ita ce babban yunƙuri na haɗin gwiwa tsakanin mutanen nakasassu daban-daban da suka taru don goyon bayan dokar da ta shafi yawan nakasassu gabaɗaya, maimakon takamaiman ƙungiyoyi. A cikin shekarata 1978 masu fafutukar kare haƙƙin nakasassu a Denver, Colorado, waɗanda Atlantis Community suka shirya, sun gudanar da zama tare da toshe bas ɗin Hukumar Canja wurin Yankin Denver a cikin 1978. Suna nuna rashin amincewarsu da cewa tsarin zirga-zirgar ababen hawa na birnin gaba daya ba ya isa ga nakasassu. Wannan aikin ya zama na farko a cikin jerin zanga-zangar rashin biyayya da aka yi na tsawon shekara guda har zuwa lokacin da Hukumar Kula da Canjin Wuta ta Denver ta sayi motocin bas sanye da kayan hawan keken guragu. A cikin 1983, Amurkawa nakasassu don Samun Samun Jama'a (ADAPT) shine ke da alhakin wani yaƙin neman zaɓe na farar hula shima a Denver wanda ya kwashe shekaru bakwai. Sun kai hari kan Ƙungiyar Sufuri na Jama'a na Amirka don nuna rashin amincewa da jigilar jama'a; Wannan yaƙin neman zaɓe ya ƙare a cikin shekarata 1990 lokacin da dokar nakasassu ta Amurka ta buƙaci tayar da bas ga mutanen da ke amfani da keken hannu a duk faɗin ƙasar. Wata babbar zanga-zangar da ke da alaƙa da haƙƙin nakasa ita ce Kurame Yanzu zanga-zangar da ɗaliban Jami'ar Gallaudet suka yi a Washington, DC, a cikin Maris Na shekarar 1988. Muzaharar ta kwanaki 8 (Maris 6 Maris 13) zanga-zangar da kuma aiki da kullewa daga makarantar ta fara ne lokacin da Hukumar Amintattu ta nada sabon Shugabar sauraren karar, Elisabeth Zinser, sama da ’yan takara Kurame biyu. Koke-koken daliban na farko shi ne yadda jami’ar da ta sadaukar da kai wajen karantar da kurame, ba ta taba samun shugaba kurame ba, wanda zai wakilce su. Daga cikin bukatu hudu da masu zanga-zangar suka gabatar, babba ita ce murabus din shugaban kasar da kuma nada kurame. Muzaharar ta ƙunshi ɗalibai kusan 2,000 da waɗanda ba ɗalibi ba. An gudanar da zanga-zangar ne a harabar jami’ar, a cikin gine-ginen gwamnati, da kuma a kan tituna. A karshe dai an biya dukkan bukatun daliban sannan aka nada I. Sarki Jordan a matsayin shugaban kurma na farko na jami'a. A cikin shekarata 1990, Dokar nakasassu ta Amurka ta zama doka, kuma ta ba da cikakkiyar kariyar haƙƙin ɗan adam ga mutanen da ke da nakasa. An ƙirƙira shi sosai bayan Dokar 'Yancin Bil'adama da Sashe na 504, dokar ita ce mafi girman dokokin haƙƙin nakasa a tarihin Amurka. Ya ba da umarnin cewa gwamnatocin ƙananan hukumomi, jihohi, da tarayya da shirye-shirye su kasance masu isa, cewa masu daukan ma'aikata tare da ma'aikata sama da 15 su yi madaidaicin masauki ga ma'aikatan da ke da nakasa kuma kada su nuna bambanci ga wasu ƙwararrun ma'aikatan da ke da nakasa, da kuma wuraren zama na jama'a kamar gidajen abinci da shaguna. ba nuna bambanci ga nakasassu ba kuma suna yin gyare-gyare masu dacewa don tabbatar da samun dama ga nakasassun jama'a. Har ila yau, dokar ta ba da izinin shiga cikin jama'a, sadarwa, da sauran fannonin rayuwar jama'a. An gudanar da Maris Pride na nakasa na farko a Amurka a Boston a cikin shekarata 1990. An gudanar da Maris na Tawaya ta biyu a Boston a cikin 1991. Babu wani naƙasasshiyar Pride Pride Marises/Pades na shekaru da yawa, har zuwa Chicago ranar Lahadi, Yuli 18, 2004. An ba da kuɗin dalar Amurka 10,000 a cikin kuɗin iri wanda Sarah Triano ta samu a cikin shekarata 2003 a matsayin wani ɓangare na lambar yabo ta Paul G. Hearne jagoranci daga Ƙungiyar Ƙungiyar Jama'a ta Amirka A cewar Triano, mutane 1,500 ne suka halarci faretin. Yoshiko Dart shi ne jagoran fareti. nune-nunen da tarin yawa Don bikin cika shekaru 10 na Dokar nakasassu na Amurkawa, Cibiyar Tarihi ta Smithsonian Institute National Museum of History ta buɗe wani nune-nunen da ya yi nazari kan tarihin fafutuka ta nakasassu, abokansu, da iyalai don tabbatar da yancin ɗan adam da aka lamunce ga duk Amurkawa. Abubuwan da ake gani sun haɗa da alƙalami da Shugaba George HW Bush ya yi amfani da shi wajen sanya hannu kan dokar da ɗaya daga cikin kujerun guragu na farko. An tsara nunin don isa ga iyakar isa. Kiosks na gidan yanar gizo samfura don sigar da za ta kasance a ƙarshe ga gidajen tarihi da sauran cibiyoyin al'adu an samar da wasu nau'i na daban don dandana nunin. An buɗe baje kolin daga Yuli 6, shekarata 2000, zuwa Yuli 23, 2001. Muhawara da hanyoyi Muhimmiyar muhawara a cikin ƙungiyoyin haƙƙin nakasassu shine tsakanin tabbataccen mataki ga nakasassu tare da yin gwagwarmaya don samun daidaito. A cewar wata ƙungiyar zaɓe ta shekarar 1992, mutane da yawa suna fargabar cewa haɗa naƙasassu cikin wuraren aiki na iya shafar martabar kamfaninsu, ko kuma yana iya haifar da raguwar yawan aiki. Wannan ya zo daidai da shekarata 1992 na majalisar dokoki game da Dokar Daidaita Ma'aikata, wanda ya bayyana cewa masu daukan ma'aikata su duba don aiwatar da daidaito ba tare da samun tsarin ƙididdiga na hukuma ba. Wannan ya kasance muhawara mai gudana. Wani ƙarin muhawara shine tsakanin ƙaddamar da nakasassu tare da tallafa musu a gidajensu. A cikin shekarata 1963 lokacin shugabancin John F. Kennedy, ya canza ra'ayin ƙasa game da lafiyar hankali ta hanyar haɓaka kudade don shirye-shiryen tushen al'umma da tsara dokoki don kula da lafiyar hankali. Ya kuma ƙirƙiri Kwamitin Shugaban Ƙasa kan Rage Hakuri, wanda ya samar da shawarwari ga sababbin shirye-shirye da gwamnatoci za su iya aiwatarwa a matakin jiha, don haka suna nisantar da "cibiyoyin tsare". Wannan sauyi daga kafa hukumomi ya haifar da tsangwama ga cibiyoyin kula da lafiyar kwakwalwa, wanda shine dalilin da ya sa a cikin siyasa sau da yawa ba a samun isasshen kuɗi don wannan ra'ayi. A cewar shari'ar Kotun Kolin Amurka Humphrey v. Cady, dokokin alƙawarin jama'a da cancantar shiga tsakani suna wanzu ne kawai a cikin misali lokacin da aka yanke wa mutum haɗari cikin gaggawa ga kansa ko wasu. Wahalhalun tabbatar da "haɗari nan da nan" ya haifar da sakamakon da ba zato ba tsammani cewa yana da wuya a kai masu tabin hankali zuwa asibiti da sauƙin tura su kurkuku. A cewar Ƙungiyar Ƙungiyar Ƙwararrun Maza da 30% na Mata suna da wani nau'i mai tsanani na tabin hankali wanda ya rage ba a kula da shi ba. Wata muhawarar da ke ci gaba da gudana ita ce yadda za a bunkasa dogaro da kai ga nakasassu. Mataki na 1 na Yarjejeniya ta Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ya tabbatar da cewa "Dukkanin al'umma suna da 'yancin cin gashin kansu" tare da 'yancin zabi. Domin wannan yana bayyana manufar zaɓe na 'yanci da cin gashin kansa, hujja ɗaya ita ce, duk wani tsoma bakin gwamnati yana hana 'yancin kai, don haka ya bar wa nakasassu su nemi duk wani taimako da suke buƙata daga ƙungiyoyin agaji da masu zaman kansu. Ƙungiyoyin agaji irin su majami'u sun yi imani da taimaka wa nakasassu ba tare da komai ba. A gefe guda, wata hanyar ita ce haɗin kai, alaƙar dabi'a, wanda ya haɗa da hanyoyin kamar haɓaka ƙwararru da tanadin albarkatu. Musamman ma, hanya ɗaya ita ce ba da damar nakasassu su bayyana bukatunsu da kansu da kuma samar da nasu mafita da nazari. Maimakon shiga tsakani, wanda shine shiga ta hanyar gaya musu abin da za a yi ko abin da aka yi, wannan hanya ta ba da shawara don ba da damar wannan ƙungiya ta zama mai dogaro da kanta kuma ta yanke shawara. Abubuwan da ke tattare da wannan sun haɗa da ayyana wanene mai dogaro da kansa da naƙasa, yana kewayawa zuwa ga ra'ayin ƙaddamar da kai. Duba wasu abubuwan Kararraki Shiga Yanzu v. Jirgin saman Southwest Mills vs. Hukumar Ilimi na Gundumar Columbia Hanyoyin haɗi na waje Albarkatun Rayuwa Mai Zaman Kanta Ƙungiyar Ƙasa akan Nakasa Ƙungiyar Nazarin Nakasa Rayayyar Wurin Rayuwa don Lens Mai Zaman Kai akan PBS Ƙungiyar Haƙƙin Nakasa Nunin kan layi daga Gidan Tarihi na Ƙasar Amirka Ci gaba da karatu Bagenstos, Samuel. Doka da Saɓani na Ƙungiyar Haƙƙin nakasa (Yale University Press, 2009). Barnartt, Sharon N. da Scotch, Richard. Zanga-zangar Nakasa: Siyasa Mai Ciki 1970-1999 (Jaridar Jami'ar Gallaudet, 2001) Colker, Ruth da Milani, Adam. Doka ta yau da kullun don daidaikun mutane masu nakasa (Mawallafin Paradigm, 2005). ISBN 978-1-59451-145-5 Fleischer, Doris Zames da Zames, Frieda. Ƙungiyar Haƙƙin nakasassu: Daga Sadaka zuwa Haɗuwa (Jaridar Jami'ar Temple, 2nd Edition, 2011). ISBN 978-1-4399-0743-6 Johnson, Mary da Ragged Edge Online Community. Sanin Nakasa yi daidai! Yadda za a jagorance ku gaba ɗaya (The Advocado Press, 2006). ISBN 978-0-9721189-1-0 Johnson, Roberta Ann. "Tallakar da nakasassu." A cikin Social Movements of the Sixties and Seventies, edited by Jo Freeman (Longman, 1983), shafi na. 82–100; An sake bugawa a cikin Waves of Protest: Ƙungiyoyin Jama'a Tun daga Sittin da Jo Freeman da Victoria Johnson suka gyara (Rowman da Littlefield, 1999), shafi na 1999. 25-45. ISBN 978-0-8476-8748-0 Longmore, Paul, K. da Umansky, Laurie, masu gyara, Sabon Tarihin Nakasa: Ra'ayin Amurka (Jami'ar New York, 2001). ISBN 978-0-8147-8564-5 Ruth O'Brien asalin Gurguwar Adalci: Tarihin Manufofin Nakasa na Zamani a Wajen Aiki (Jami'ar Chicago Press, 2001). ISBN 978-0-226-61659-9 Kaka, Fred. Abokin ABC Clio zuwa Ƙungiyar Haƙƙin Nakasa (ABC-Clio, 1997). ISBN 978-0-87436-834-5 Kaka, Fred. Abin da Muka Yi: Tarihin Baka na Ƙungiyar Haƙƙin Nakasa (Amherst, Boston MA: Jami'ar Massachusetts Press 2012). ISBN 978-1-55849-919-5 Regents na Jami'ar California. Haƙƙin nakasassu da Ƙungiyar Rayuwa mai zaman kanta (Berkeley, CA: Jami'ar California Berkeley, 2001). Yanar Gizo. Haƙƙin mallaka 2007 Masu Mulki na Jami'ar California. An kiyaye duk haƙƙoƙi. Takaddun da aka kiyaye akan sabar: www.lib.berkeley.edu/ na Bancroft Library. www.bancroft.berkeley.edu/collections/drilm/aboutus/project.html Shapiro, Joseph P. Babu Tausayi: Mutanen da ke da Nakasa Ƙaddamar da Sabon Ƙungiyoyin 'Yancin Bil'adama (Littattafan Times, 1993). ISBN 978-0-8129-2412-1 Stroman, Duane. Ƙungiyar Haƙƙin nakasassu: Daga Ƙaddamarwa zuwa Ƙaddamar da Kai (Jami'ar Jarida ta Amurka, 2003). ISBN 978-0-7618-2480-0 Manazarta Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba
39783	https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quentin%20Oliver%20Lee	Quentin Oliver Lee	Quentin Oliver Lee (Janairu 28, 1988 Disamba 1, shekarar 2022) ɗan wasan kwaikwayo ne na Amurka kuma ɗan wasan opera. An san shi sosai a rawar da yake takawa a cikin shirin Andrew Lloyd Webber 's The Phantom of the Opera. Ya kasance cikin ƙungiyar da ta ci lambar yabo ta Grammy 2021 don Mafi kyawun rikodin Opera a cikin Yariman Broadway da Gershwin's Porgy da Bess. Rayuwar farko da ilimi An haifi Lee a San Bernardino, California kuma ya koma Arizona don yin jami'a, daga baya kuma ya koma New York City bayan ya kammala karatunsa a Jami'ar Arewacin Arizona (NAU) a shekarar 2012 inda ya sami digiri na farko a cikin rawar murya. Yayin da yake NAU, Lee ya koyar a Makarantar Kiɗa ta Flagstaff kuma ya kasance memba na Cardinal Key Honor Society. Ya kuma kasance memba na Phi Mu Alpha Sinfonia kuma mawaƙin soloist kuma memba na ƙungiyar mawaƙa na Shrine of the Ages kuma ya yi tare da su a Afirka ta Kudu, zauren Carnegie na New York, da kuma a yawancin tarukan ACDA. Tashe Matsayin farko na NAU Opera sun haɗa da rawar take a Puccini's Gianni Schicchi, Sid in Britten's Albert Herring, da Belcore a cikin Donizetti's L'elisir D'amore. Bayan ya koma New York, ya yi wasa a tashoshin jirgin karkashin kasa don samun biyan buƙata, sau da yawa a matsayin wani bangare na The Opera Collective for Music karkashin NY. A can ne wakilin Gershwin's Porgy da Bess ya hango shi yana waƙa kuma ya ƙarfafa shi don yin wasan kwaikwayo. Bayan nasarar da aka samu, ya sami rawar da ya taka kuma ya ci gaba da yin wasan kwaikwayo a Broadway. A cikin 2017, an nuna Lee a cikin samar da Broadway na Prince of Broadway kuma ya fito a cikin gajeren fim ɗin Race, wanda Daniel Barnhill ya jagoranci. Sauran ayyukan sun haɗa da bikin King Lion a Hong Kong, da Encores! A cikin 2018, ya nuna halin take a cikin The Phantom of the Opera 's yawon shakatawa na kasa a 2018. Game da sauyawa daga yin a cikin hanyoyin ƙarƙashin ƙasa zuwa Broadway, Lee ya ce a cikin wata hira: "Don tafiya daga (waƙa a cikin jirgin ƙarƙashin ƙasa) zuwa (shekaru biyar bayan haka) tsayawa tsayin daka a cikin mafi girman matsayi a tarihin Broadway yana da tawali'u Duk lokacin da Na ka yi tunani a kan haka, na yi matukar mamaki." A cikin wasan opera, Lee ya nuna Antonio a cikin Mozart's Le nozze di Figaro, Pandolfe a cikin Massenet's Cendrillon, Giuseppe a cikin Gondoliers, Raimondo a cikin Donizetti's Lucia di Lammermoor, Schaunard a cikin Puccini's La bohème a cikin Carmen, da Escamillo domin New York Lyric Opera Theatre. Ya kuma bayyana a cikin Ni Am Harvey Milk a Avery Fisher Hall. Ya yi a matsayin Ben a cikin Wayar Wayar Menotti a Bikin bazara na Lyric Opera na New York a 2014. A cikin 2019, The New York Times ta kira shi "mafi kyau" a matsayin Kilian, babban ɗan birni mai harbi a cikin aikin Heartbeat Opera na samar da Weber's Der Freischütz a Baruch Performing Arts Center a Manhattan. A cikin 2020, yayin bala'in COVID-19, ya nuna Macbeth a cikin Heartbeat Opera's Lady M, wani samarwa akan layi akan Macbeth na Verdi tare da Felicia Moore a cikin taken taken. Playbill ya lura cewa an san shi da "muryar baritone mai yawan gaske." A matsayin mawaƙin soloist, Lee ya yi a Handel's Messiah, Sedona Opera Saloons, bikin Martin Luther King Jr. Day a Jax Beach, Florida da Ofishin Jakadancin Romania a New York. Ƙarin ayyuka masu daraja sune Caroline, ko Canji (a cikin 2021) da The Golden Apple Ayyukansa na ƙarshe shine Off-Broadway, a cikin Heather Christian 's Oratorio Don Abubuwan Rayuwa a cikin Maris 2022. Rayuwa ta sirri An haife shi kuma ya girma a San Bernardino, California, Lee yana zaune a Utah a lokacin mutuwarsa kuma yana neman aiki na biyu a ƙirar UX Ya sadu da matarsa ta gaba, Angie Graham, lokacin da dukansu suke zaune a birnin New York. Sun haɗu a Harlem matashin balagaggu balagaggu na Cocin Yesu Kristi na Waliyyan Ƙarshe, wanda Lee ya shiga cikin 2010. Mutuwa Lee ya mutu sakamakon ciwon daji na hanji a ranar 1 ga Disamba, 2022. An gano yana ɗauke da cutar watanni shida kafin rasuwarsa. Matar Lee da ƴarsu, Samantha, suna gefensa. Matarsa ta ce a cikin wata sanarwa: “Shi mutum ne mai ban mamaki, miji, uba, ɗa, ɗan’uwa, abokinsa, mawaƙa, ɗan wasan kwaikwayo, kuma almajirin Kristi tare da babban bangaskiya ga Ubansa na Sama. A ce ‘za a yi kewarsa sosai’ ba ya nuna fa’idar al’umma da al’ummar da ya halitta kuma ya taba.” Kamfanin da ake kira Phantom na Opera ya fitar da wata sanarwa game da rasuwarsa, yana mai cewa: “Iyalan Phantom sun yi baƙin ciki da jin rasuwar Quentin Oliver Lee. Quentin ya jagoranci rangadin Arewacin Amurka a cikin 2018. Zuciyarmu tana tare da dangin Quentin da abokansa." Kyaututtuka da karramawa Lee ya sanya shi zuwa jerin ƙarshe na Ƙididdigar Majalisar Ƙasa ta Metropolitan Opera kuma ya sami lambar yabo ta Ƙungiyar Malamai ta Mawaƙa ta Ƙasa. Nassoshi Hanyoyin haɗi na waje Shafin hukuma Quentin Oliver Lee Quentin Oliver Lee Mutuwan 2022 Haihuwan 1988 Mutanen Amurka Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba
41275	https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hari%20a%20Jihar%20Borno%2C%20Yuni%202014	Hari a Jihar Borno, Yuni 2014	Daga ranar 20 zuwa 23 ga watan Yunin 2014 an kai wasu hare-hare a jihar Bornon Najeriya. An yi garkuwa da mata da yara 91 a hare-haren kuma an kashe fiye da mutane 70. Wai-wa-ye Kungiyar Boko Haram dai ƙungiyar ta'addanci ce mai adawa da abin da ta dauka a matsayin Turawan mulkin mallaka na Najeriya, wanda a cewarsu shi ne musabbabin aikata laifuka a ƙasar. Dubban mutane ne aka kashe a hare-haren da ƙungiyar ta kai, kuma gwamnatin tarayya ta kafa dokar ta ɓaci a watan Mayun 2013 a jihar Borno a yaƙin da take yi da ƴan tada ƙayar baya. Sakamakon murƙushe ƴan ta’addan, ya kasa daidaita ƙasar mai yawan al'umma fiye da miliyan 200. Hare-haren Boko Haram sun kara tsananta a shekarar 2014. A watan Fabrairu, ƙungiyar ta kashe Kiristoci fiye da 100 a ƙauyukan Doron Baga da Izghe. Haka kuma a cikin watan Fabrairu, an kashe yara maza 59 a harin da aka kai a Kwalejin Gwamnatin Tarayya a Jihar Yobe. A tsakiyar watan Afrilu, an zargi ƙungiyar Boko Haram da haddasa mutuwar mutane kusan 4,000 a shekarar 2014. Daga nan ne ƴan bindiga suka kai hari wata makaranta suka yi garkuwa da ƴan mata 276, waɗanda 57 daga cikinsu suka tsere a garin Chibok. Lamarin ya jawo hankalin duniya kan halin da ake ciki a Najeriya, kuma kasashen yammacin duniya sun yi alƙawarin taimakawa wajen yaƙar Boko Haram. An gudanar da shawarwarin cinikin 'yan matan ga mayakan da aka kama, amma tattaunawar ta ci tura, kuma shugaba Goodluck Jonathan ya sanar da cewa gwamnati ba za ta yi la'akari da kasuwanci ba. Ya zuwa watan Yuni, har yanzu ba a san inda ƴan matan suke ba. Rundunar sojin Najeriya ta ce tana sane da inda ake tsare da ƴan matan, amma suna tsoron yin amfani da ƙarfi saboda fargabar cewa Boko Haram za su kashe 'yan matan idan aka kai musu hari. Ƙungiyoyin ƴan banga sun kafa shinge ko’ina a Arewa, tare da samun nasarar daƙile hare-hare. Sai dai an ci gaba da kai hare-hare. A ranar 20 ga watan Mayu mutane 118 ne suka mutu a wani harin bam da aka kai a birnin Jos. Washegari, an kashe mutane goma sha biyu a wani samame da aka kai wani ƙauye. A ranar 1 ga watan Yuni, an kashe mutane 40 a wani harin bam a Mubi. A ranar 2 ga watan Yuni, 2014, a wani lamari da ake kira kisan kiyashi a Gwoza, "An ce an kashe mutane aƙalla 300 a ƙauyukan da ke kusa da ƙaramar hukumar Gwoza ta jihar Borno". Satar mutane A cikin kwanaki da dama, a ƙarshen mako na 21-22 ga watan Yuni, wasu da ake zargin 'yan Boko Haram ne sun kai hari a ƙauyen Kummabza da kan wasu mutane uku a gundumar Damboa ta jihar Borno, kamar yadda shaidun gani da ido suka bayyana. Maharan sun kama mata da ƴan mata 60, da kuma maza 31 a harin. Wasu daga cikin matan sun yi aure kuma yaran sun kai shekaru uku. Shugaban ƴan banga, Aji Khalil ya ce an harbe wasu mutanen ƙauyen huɗu da suka yi ƙoƙarin tserewa harin maharan. Wani ganau ya ce an kashe mutane kusan 30 a harin. Bayan nan Bayan harin, tsofaffin mutanen ƙauyen sun yi tafiya don bayar da rahoton harin da neman taimako. Gwamnan Borno Kashim Shettima ya bayar da umarnin gudanar da bincike a hukumance, amma da labarin ya fito, gwamnatin ƙasar ta musanta cewa an yi garkuwa da mutane. Wani mai magana da yawun gwamnati ya ce babu wani abu a ƙasa da zai tabbatar da cewa an yi garkuwa da shi kuma Shettima ya tabbatar da cewa matan da suka bata sun koma wani ƙauye ne kawai. Wani ɗan siyasa a yankin da kuma shaidun gani da ido da dama, sun tabbatar da rahoton sacewa ga Kamfanin Dillancin Labarai na Faransa. Wani jami'in leken asiri na ma'aikatar harkokin wajen Najeriya da ya buƙaci a sakaya sunan sa, ya tabbatarwa kamfanin dillancin labaran Associated Press cewa an kai wani hari. Sai dai ya ruwaito cewa an yi garkuwa da mutanen ne mako guda kafin nan, tsakanin ranakun 13 zuwa 15 ga watan Yuni. Bama-bamai da harbe-harbe A ranakun 21 da 22 ga watan Yuni, wasu da ake zargin mayakan Boko Haram ne sun kai hari ƙauyukan Chuha A, Chuha B, da Korongilim da ke kusa da Chibok. Maharan sun fuskanci turjiya daga sojoji da ƴan banga. An ruguza garuruwan kuma an kashe mutanen ƙauyuka aƙalla 40 a faɗan. An kuma kashe ƴan banga shida gami da ƴan ta’adda kusan ashirin da biyar a hare-haren. Wani jami’in gwamnati ya bayyana abin da ya faru: “Gawarwakin mutanen da abin ya shafa;... sun lalata ƙauyuka uku." A ranar 23 ga watan Yuni, wani bam da ya tashi a wata kwaleji a Kano ya kashe mutane 8 tare da jikkata wasu kimanin 20. A daren ranar 28 ga watan Yuni ne wani bam ya tashi a gidan karuwai a Bauchi, wanda yayi sanadiyar mutuwar mutane 11 tare da jikkata wasu 28. Bincike Wani manazarci Jacob Zenn ya ce sabbin hare-haren sun nuna cewa yunƙurin da kasashen duniya ke yi na ƙaddamar da yaki da Boko Haram ya ci tura. Wani mai sharhi kan harkokin tsaro, Ryan Cumming, ya ce sabbin sace-sacen na iya kasancewa wani hari ne na kai tsaye daga sace-sacen da aka yi a Chibok, da kuma ƙara matsa lamba kan ƙulla yarjejeniyar yin garkuwa da mutane da su ƴan ta'adan suka sace. Bayan haka A ranar 7 ga watan Yulin 2014 ne aka bayyana cewa sama da mutane 60 daga cikin matan da aka sace sun kuɓuto daga hannun mayaƙan Boko Haram. Manazarta 2014 Kashe-kashe a Najeriya Boko Haram Garkuwa da mutane a Najeriya Jihar
39285	https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jon%20Santacana%20Maiztegui	Jon Santacana Maiztegui	Jon Santacana Maiztegui (an haife shi a ranar 1ga watan Nuwamba a shekara ta 1980) ɗan wasan B2 classified ne na wasan zamiya na naƙasassu na para-alpine dan kasar Sifaniya. Mai jagorancinsa wajen wasan ski na makafi shine Miguel Galindo Garces. Santacana ya fafata a gasar cin kofin duniya ta IPC Alpine Skiing, a gasar cin kofin nahiyar Turai da na IPC Alpine Skiing World Cup, da kuma gasar kasar Spain. Ya wakilci Spain a wasannin nakasassu na lokacin sanyi na shekarar 2002, na nakasassu na lokacin sanyi na shekarar 2006 da na nakasassu na lokacin sanyi na shekarar 2010, inda ya sami lambar zinare da lambobin azurfa biyu a wasannin na shekarar 2010. Rayuwa ta sirri An haifi Santacana a ranar 1 ga Nuwamba a shekara ta, 1980 a San Sebestian, Guipúzcoa, a yankin Basque na Spain. Tun daga shekara ta, 2012, yana zaune a Getxo, Vizcaya, Spain kuma dalibi ne na INEF. Santacana yana da matsalar hangen nesa, wanda shine sakamakon matsalar kwayoyin halitta da ta bayyana kanta a lokacin yana dan shekara takwas. Gudun kankara Santacana skier ne mai rauni na gani na B2. Miguel Galindo Garces ne jagoransa. Santacana ya sami lambar zinare a Switzerland wanda ya karbi bakuncin gasar shekara ta, 2000 IPC Alpine Skiing World Championship. A shekara ta 2005, yayin da yake yin gudun hijira a La Molina, Spain, ya faɗi ya ji wa kansa rauni sosai kuma ya kasa yin gudun hijira har sai da kusan farkon wasannin nakasassu na lokacin sanyi na shekarar, 2006. Santacana ya sami lam bar zinare don gaba ɗaya kakar shekara ta, 2006 zuwa 2007 na gasar cin kofin Turai. Ya gama gasar cin kofin duniya na shekarar, 2006 zuwa 2007 IPC Alpine Skiing a matsayi na biyu. A zagayen karshe na gasar cin kofin Turai a watan Maris na shekarar, 2008, wani taron da aka gudanar a La Molina, yana daya daga cikin 'yan wasan gudun hijira na Spain da suka fafata. Ya kammala gasar cin kofin Turai na shekarar, 2007 zuwa 2008 a matsayi na biyu bayan abubuwan gwaji guda biyar. Galindo shine jagoransa na kakar wasa. Ya kammala gasar cin kofin duniya ta shekarar, 2007 zuwa 2008 a matsayi na uku. A karshen gasar cin kofin duniya na farko a kakar shekara ta, 2008 zuwa 2009, ya zauna a matsayi na farko a gasar cin kofin duniya. Wannan ne karo na takwas da ya buga wasan gasar cin kofin duniya. Ya sami lambar zinare da lambobin azurfa biyu a gasar cin kofin duniya ta shekarar, 2009 a Koriya ta Kudu. Zinarensa na farko ya zo a gasar Super Combined. Ya kasance ɗaya daga cikin ƴan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa shida da jagorori huɗu waɗanda suka kafa ƙungiyar Mutanen Espanya a Gasar Cin Kofin Duniya. A Gasar Cin Kofin Duniya na shekarar, 2010 Alpine Skiing for Disabled a Abtenau, Austria, Santacana da jagoransa sun sami tagulla a cikin katafaren taron slalom bayan gudu na farko da suka yi a matsayi na biyar da na biyu inda suka zo na biyu. Bai samu damar shiga gasar Super Combined ba saboda an soke shi. Sannan ya fafata a zagaye na uku na gasar cin kofin nahiyar Turai a watan Janairu a La Molina. Ya kare na biyar a taron slalom. A taron karshe na gasar cin kofin duniya na shekarar, 2009 zuwa 2010, wani taron da aka gudanar a watan Maris a shekara ta, 2010 a Aspen, Colorado, ya sami lambar zinare a wani taron tare da jagoran Galindo. Wannan shi ne babban taron na ƙarshe kafin Wasannin shekarar, 2010. Ya kuma sami lambar tagulla a gasar Giant Slalom, yayin da ya kare na shida a cikin Super Combined. Ya zo gasar cin kofin duniya na Aspen tare da maki 625 na gasar cin kofin duniya. Santacana ya halarci gasa ta watan Afrilu a shekara ta, 2010 Vancouver wanda Federación Española de Deportes de Personas con Discapacidad Física (FEDDF), Federación Española de Deportes para Paralíticos Cerebrales (FEDPC) da Federación Española Deportes para Ciegos (FEDC) suka shirya. Ya fafata a gasar tseren kankara na watan Nuwamba a shekara ta, 2010 a Landgraaf, Netherlands inda ya sami lambar zinare a gasar kasa da kasa. A gasar cin kofin duniya ta farko a kakar wasa ta shekarar, 2010 zuwa 2011, wadda aka gudanar a birnin Arta Terme na kasar Italiya, Santacana da Galindo sun kare a matsayi na biyu a farkon wasanni hudu da aka gudanar. A gasar cin kofin duniya na shekarar, 2011 da aka gudanar a Sestriere, Italiya, ya zo na daya a gasar Super-G. Ya halarci wasan a shekara ta, 2012 Campeonatos de España de Esquí da aka gudanar a Valle de Arán, inda aka fafata a gasar Slalom, Giant Slalom da Super G. Ya lashe zinari a cikin dukkan abubuwan guda uku. Kusa da ƙarshen lokacin ski na shekarar, 2011 zuwa 2012, ya halarci gasar cin kofin duniya a Italiya inda ya gama na farko a gasar slalom mai girma a cikin ƙungiyar masu fama da hangen nesa. A cikin watan Satumba na shekarar, 2012, ya yage Achilles tendon. A watan Janairun shekara ta, 2013 gasar cin kofin duniya da aka yi a Switzerland, inda ya yi gudun hijira tare da Galindo, ya samu lambar zinare a babbar gasar slalom. Duk da yake bai samu lambar yabo ba a wasu abubuwan da suka faru a gasar, ya ci gaba da rike matsayinsa a saman shugaban hukumar gasar cin kofin duniya na kakar wasa. Ya lashe lambobin zinare uku a gasar IPC Alpine Skiing World Championships. A Gasar Cin Kofin Duniya ta shekarar, 2017 Santacana ta lashe lambobin azurfa biyu a cikin tudu, da slalom, lambar tagulla a cikin giant slalom, da kamun kifi na huɗu a cikin babban haɗe. Paralympics Santacana ya sami lambar zinare da tagulla biyu a wasannin nakasassu na lokacin sanyi na shekarar, 2002. A cikin watan Nuwamba shekara ta, 2009, Santacana ya halarci wani taron a Madrid wanda Shirin Babban Ayyuka na Paralympic (Shirin ARPA) ya shirya a matsayin wani ɓangare na shirye-shiryen Wasannin Vancouver. Kafin ya tashi zuwa Vancouver, ya halarci bikin tashi wanda Sakataren Jiha na Wasanni Jaime Lissavetzky, babban sakatare na manufofin zamantakewa Francisco Moza, shugaban kwamitin wasannin nakasassu na Spain Miguel Carballeda, da kuma manajan daraktan kwamitin wasannin nakasassu na Spain Alberto Jofre suka halarta. Dukan tawagar Spain sun isa Whistler gabanin wasannin shekarar, 2010 nan da 7 ga watan Fabrairu. Jagoransa don wasannin nakasassu na lokacin sanyi na 2010 shine Galindo. Fog a Vancouver ya haifar da canji a cikin jadawalin abubuwan da ya faru na ski. Ma'auratan sun sami lambar zinare a gasar hangen nesa ta maza. Kambun zinare da ya samu shi ne zinare na farko da dan kasar Spain ya ci a gasar. Shiga Vancouver, ya kasance a matsayi na biyu a duniya a cikin ƙasa. Ya kasance na biyu a cikin gudu na farko da na biyu na hangen nesa na maza wanda ya raunana Giant Slalom taron. Ya kare a matsayi na biyar a babban taron da aka yi a Wasanni. Ya kammala wasannin na shekarar, 2010 da lambar zinare daya da lambobin azurfa biyu. Bayan wasannin, tawagar 'yan wasan nakasassu ta Spain sun halarci bikin maraba da dawowa gidauniyar ONCE wadda ita ma Infanta Elena, Duchess na Lugo ya halarta. Manazarta Rayayyun mutane Haihuwan
32818	https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louise%20Bours	Louise Bours	Louise Boors (an haife ta 23 Disamba 1968), kuma anfi saninta da Louise van de Boors, tsohuwar memba ce a Majalisar Tarayyar Turai (MEP) na yankin Arewa maso Yammacin Ingila An zabe ta a zaɓen shekara ta 2014 a matsayin ‘yar takarar jam’iyyar Independence Party ta Burtaniya amma ta yi murabus daga jam’iyyar a 2018, kuma ta zauna a matsayin mai cin gashin kanta har sai da ta tsaya takara a zaben 2019 Asali Mahaifin Bours 'yar kasar Holland ne. Ta sami horo a matsayin 'yar wasan kwaikwayo kuma mawaƙa a Dutsen View Academy of Theater Arts Ta kasance memba na Kamfanin D'Oyly Carte Opera daga shekara ta 2000, kuma mazaunin gidan wasan kwaikwayo na Savoy a London. Ta ci gaba da fitowa a Brookside, Peak Practice da Band of Gold da mawaƙa da kide-kide da manyan makada na 1940s. Koyaya, Bours ta ce ta "yi ritaya daga kasuwancin show" don ta mai da hankali kan siyasa. Bours uwa ce daya ga yara biyu. Louise Bours ta yi amfani da sunan mahaifinta "van de Bours" har zuwa watan Agustan 2013, a cikin bayanin martabarta na LinkedIn yana tattauna aikinta na kiɗa, amma daga baya ta bar "van de" kuma ta bayyana a matsayin "Louise Boors" akan jerin jam'iyyar UKIP ta MEP a 2013. A tussenvoegsel a cikin sunanta da aka zargin fiye da wani mataki sunan fiye da doka sunan, a cewar Huffington Post Siyasa A baya Bours ta yi aiki a matsayin kansila mai ra'ayin mazan jiya a gundumar Congleton da majalisun gari kuma an zabe ta matsayin magajin gari a 2006. A cikin Janairu 2015, an kori Bours a matsayin memba na majalisar garin Congleton bayan fiye da watanni shida na rashin halarta. Duk da karbar albashin fam 80,000 daga Tarayyar Turai bayan zaben raba gardama na Brexit, yawan kuri'un da Bours ya samu a majalisar dokokin EU ya ragu da kashi 22.6% zuwa kashi 43.09 kawai. Wakilin UKIP MEP Paul Nuttall da wasu MEPs guda uku ne kawai ke da ƙarancin fitowar jama'a a duk Majalisar Turai A shekara ta 2012, ta tsaya a matsayin 'yar takarar UKIP a zaben 'yan sanda da kwamishinan laifuka na Cheshire Constabulary, ta zo ta biyar da kashi 7.86% na kuri'un. A matsayinta na MEP ta yi aiki a matsayin mai magana da yawun UKIP a karkokin kiwon lafiya, kuma ta yi adawa da tsohon shugaba Nigel Farage kan harkokin kiwon lafiya; musamman Boors yana goyan bayan ka'idar NHS kyauta, dokar hana shan taba ta Ingilishi da fakitin taba sigari, sabanin Farage. Duk da haka, Boors ya yi adawa da karuwar harajin EU akan sigari na lantarki, yana kwatanta shawarwari a matsayin "aikin wauta". Har ila yau, Bours tana nuna adawa da Harkokin Ciniki da Zuba Jari na Transatlantic saboda tasirin da zai yi a kan NHS, yana cewa a cikin 2014 cewa: "TTIP yana can don amfanin abu ɗaya kawai babban kasuwanci. Ina da sako ga Len McCluskey da Unite UKIP za ta yi yaƙi tare da ku don tabbatar da cewa an cire NHS daga wannan yarjejeniya." Bours ta bayyana a Lokacin Tambaya tana tattaunawa game da matsayinta na mai magana a fannin harkokin kiwon lafiya. A watan Nuwamba 2018, Boors ta yi murabus daga UKIP. Ta zauna a matsayin MEP mai zaman kanta a cikin ƙungiyar 'Yanci da Dimokuradiyya kai tsaye ta Turai, har zuwa zaben 2019 EU Zabe A baya Bours tayi aiki a matsayin kansila na gundumar Congleton da kansilolin gari kuma an zabe shi magajin gari a 2006. Zaɓen Majalisar Tarayyar Turai 2014 A ranar 25 ga Mayu 2014, an zaɓi Bours a matsayin MEP na Arewacin Yammacin Ingila, wanda ta maye gurbin shugaban jam'iyyar Biritaniya Nick Griffin Ta ce tana so ta "girgiza jam'iyyar BNP a cikin wani abu mai ban tsoro", don UKIP kuma an yi iƙirarin cewa ta haɗa kai da MEP na UKIP Paul Nuttall a arewa maso yamma, wanda ta kasance "abun fushi" a cikin. jam'iyyar a cewar tsoffin 'yan UKIP, wadanda suka zarge su da kafa wani bangare na "karya mai dadi". Babban zaben 2015 A babban zabe na shekara ta 2015, ta tsaya takarar majalisa ga mazabar Knowsley Boors ta zo ta biyu, ta ajiye ajiyar ta. Duba kuma Ƙaƙƙarfan ƙayatarwa Manazarta Rayayyun mutane Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba
52987	https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sarah%20Mardini	Sarah Mardini	Sarah Mardini (Arabic; an haife ta a shekara ta 1995) tsohuwar 'yar wasan motsa jiki ce ta Siriya, mai tsaron rai kuma mai fafutukar kare hakkin dan adam. Da suke tserewa daga kasarsu a shekarar 2015 a lokacin yakin basasar Siriya tare da 'yar'uwarta, mai iyo na Olympics Yusra Mardini, sun ja jirgin su tare da wasu 'yan gudun hijira zuwa gabar Bahar Rum ta Girka, suna ceton kansu da sauran fasinjoji. Ci gaba da tafiyarsu a fadin Balkans, sun isa Berlin, Jamus, a wannan shekarar. An kira ta daya daga cikin mutane 100 mafi tasiri a duniya ta mujallar Time a 2023, tare da 'yar'uwarta. Bayan an ba 'yan'uwa mata mafaka ta siyasa a Jamus, Sarah Mardini ta shiga wata kungiya mai zaman kanta don taimakawa' yan gudun hijira a tsibirin Lesbos na Girka. Tare da mai fafutukar kare hakkin dan adam Seán Binder, an kama ta a shekarar 2018 kuma hukumomin Girka sun zarge ta da leken asiri, taimakawa shige da fice ba bisa ka'ida ba kuma tana cikin kungiyar masu aikata laifuka. Kungiyoyin kare hakkin dan adam kamar su Amnesty International sun karyata waɗannan zarge-zargen, suna sukar zarge-cargen da aka yi wa Mardini da sauran ma'aikatan jin kai da kuma kare ayyukansu a matsayin ayyukan shari'a. Rayuwa ta farko da tashi Sarah Mardini ta girma ne a Darayya, wani yanki na Damascus, tare da iyayenta da 'yan uwanta mata biyu, Yusra da Shahed Yayinda suke yara, duka Sarah da Yusra sun karfafa su kuma sun horar da su don gasa ta yin iyo daga mahaifinsu, ƙwararren kocin kuma tsohon mai yin iyo da kansa. Daga baya, sun shiga kungiyoyin yin iyo a Siriya da kuma kungiyar yin iyo ta Siriya. Lokacin da aka lalata gidansu a yakin basasar Siriya, Sarah da Yusra sun yanke shawarar tserewa daga Siriya a watan Agusta 2015. Sun isa Lebanon, sannan Turkiyya. Sun shirya a shigo da su zuwa tsibirin Girka ta jirgin ruwa tare da wasu baƙi 18 a cikin jirgin da aka tsara don mutane 6 ko 7. Bayan motar ta daina aiki kuma jirgin ya fara ɗaukar ruwa a cikin Tekun Aegean, Yusra, Sarah, da wasu mutane biyu, waɗanda suka iya yin iyo, sun yi tsalle cikin ruwa. Sun ja jirgin cikin ruwa sama da sa'o'i uku, har sai kungiyar ta kai tsibirin Lesbos. Bayan wannan, sun yi tafiya da ƙafa, ta bas da jirgin kasa ta hanyar Girka, Balkans, Hungary da Austria zuwa Jamus, inda suka zauna a Berlin a watan Satumbar 2015. Iyayensu da ƙanwarsu daga baya sun tsere daga Siriya kuma an ba su mafaka ta siyasa a Jamus. A shekara ta 2017, Mardini ya zama dalibi a Kwalejin Bard ta Berlin bayan an ba shi cikakken tallafin karatu daga Shirin Kwalejin Ilimi na Duniya da Canjin Jama'a. Yunkurin 'yan gudun hijira da zarge-zargen shari'a Da yake ba da shawara ga 'yan gudun hijira, ita da' yar'uwarta Yusra sun yi magana a gaban Babban Taron Majalisar Dinkin Duniya a New York da kuma masu sauraro a Jamus, Faransa, Belgium, Jamhuriyar Czech da Bulgaria. A cikin kaka na 2016, Sarah Mardini mai shekaru 21 ta koma Lesbos don aiki a matsayin mai ba da gudummawa tare da Cibiyar Amsa ta Gaggawa ta Duniya (ERCI), wata kungiya mai zaman kanta ta Girka don 'yan gudun hijira wacce ta yi aiki tare da Frontex da hukumomin iyakar Girka. ERCI tana aiki da cibiyar kiwon lafiya a sansanin 'yan gudun hijira na Moria, wanda Human Rights Watch da sauran kungiyoyi suka bayyana a matsayin "kotu mai budewa". Bayan ya taimaka wa 'yan gudun hijira a matsayin mai fassara a wannan sansanin na watanni shida, Mardini ya ce: "Ina magana da su ta hanyarsa. Ina gaya musu, 'Na san yadda kuke ji, saboda na kasance cikinta. Na rayu, kuma na tsira, kuma suna jin daɗi, saboda ni ɗan gudun hijira ne kamar su. An kama Mardini a filin jirgin saman Lesbos a ranar 21 ga watan Agusta 2018, lokacin da ta yi niyyar komawa Jamus don farkon shekara ta biyu a kwaleji a Berlin. A wannan rana, Seán Binder, mai horar da masu ceto kuma mai sa kai ga wannan NGO, ya tafi ofishin 'yan sanda don saduwa da Sarah Mardini kuma an kama shi da kansa. An kama memba na uku na kungiyar ba da agaji, Nassos Karakitsos jim kadan bayan haka. A cewar wani rahoto a cikin The Guardian, an tsare su da wasu 'yan kungiyar ba da agaji guda biyu a tsare-tsaren da aka yi kafin a yi musu shari'a na kwanaki 106, "tare da Mardini da aka tsare a gidan yarin Korydallos na Athens". Bayan fiye da watanni uku a kurkuku, an saki Binder da Mardini a kan beli na Yuro 5,000 kuma suna iya barin Girka. Mardini, Binder da sauran masu fafutukar Girka ga 'yan gudun hijira an zarge su da kasancewa mambobi ne na kungiyar masu aikata laifuka, fataucin mutane, karkatar da kudi da zamba daga hukumomin Girka. Ci gaba da zaman kotu Lauyoyin wadanda ake tuhuma sun ce hukumomin Girka sun kasa samar da tabbacin shaida don tallafawa zarge-zargen. Idan a ƙarshe aka yanke masa hukunci, ana iya yanke wa wanda ake tuhuma hukuncin shekaru 25 a kurkuku. Baya ga tsoffin mambobi 24 na ERCI, wasu ma'aikatan jin kai da yawa suna fuskantar tuhuma a Girka, kamar abin da ya faru a Italiya, inda aka kuma aikata laifuka don ba da taimako ga baƙi. A ranar 18 ga watan Nuwamba 2021, wata kotun da ke Lesbos ta dakatar da shari'ar da aka yi wa mambobi 24 na ERCI, ciki har da Mardini da Binder, "saboda rashin ikon kotun" kuma ta tura karar zuwa babbar kotun. A ranar 18 ga watan Nuwamba 2022, Binder, Mardini da abokin hamayyar Girka Nassos Karakitsos sun halarci taron kotun su a kotun farko, kuma sun bayyana cewa ba su da wani abu da za su kara da maganganun da suka gabata. An shirya fara shari'arsu a ranar 10 ga watan Janairun 2023, tare da wadanda ake tuhuma da ke fuskantar tuhumar da aka rarraba a matsayin laifuka masu laifi, yayin da ba a kammala tuhumar laifin ba. Bayan fiye da shekaru hudu na tsawo na shari'a da hukumomin Girka suka yi da kuma damuwa da rashin tabbas ga wadanda ake tuhuma bayan kamawa na farko, an fara shari'ar masu ceto 24 a ranar 10 ga watan Janairun 2023. A ranar 13 ga watan Janairu, kotun ta yanke hukuncin cewa tuhumar leken asiri a kan Mardini da sauran wadanda ake tuhuma aƙalla ba za a yarda da su ba, don haka biyo bayan rashin amincewar lauyoyin su. Daga cikin sauran ƙin yarda, waɗannan su ne gazawar farko ta kotun don fassara takardu ga waɗanda ake tuhuma a kasashen waje zuwa yaren da za su iya fahimta da kuma takardun da ba daidai ba na wasu zarge-zargen. Koyaya, tuhumar fataucin mutane ta kasance kuma waɗanda ake tuhuma dole ne su jira shari'a ta biyu. A cewar wani rahoto a cikin jaridar Die Zeit ta Jamus, hukuncin ba cikakkiyar wankewa ba ne ga Mardini, Binder da sauran wadanda ake tuhuma, amma aƙalla nasara ce ta tsakiya, da kuma siginar siyasa a cikin hanyar da wani rahoto daga Majalisar Tarayyar Turai ta kira 'mafi girman shari'ar aikata laifuka a Turai'. Bayan hukuncin, Seán Binder ya yi sharhi ga 'yan jarida a waje da kotun: Manazarta Haɗin waje Bidiyo game da zarge-zargen da aka yi wa Binder, Mardini da sauran mambobin ERCI ta Amnesty International Bidiyo 'Ba mai safarar mutane ba ne' tare da Sarah Mardini a BBC News Bidiyo "Yadda aka kama ni saboda ba da bargo ga 'yan gudun hijira" tare da Sarah Mardini a TEDxLondonWomen Rahoton 2020 game da matakan ƙuntatawa, takunkumi da azabtarwa na Turai akan mutanen da ke kare haƙƙin 'yan gudun hijira da' yan gudun hijira. ta Amnesty International Trailer don shirin Sara Mardini: Gegen den Strom (A kan halin yanzu), Jamus 2023, wanda Charly Wai Feldman ya jagoranta a YouTube (Turanci tare da subtitles na Jamusanci) Rayayyun mutane Haihuwan
51775	https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orji%20Uzor%20Kalu	Orji Uzor Kalu	Orji Uzor Kalu (an haife shi a ranar 21 ga watan Afrilu shekarar ta 1960) ɗan siyasan Najeriya ne kuma ɗan kasuwa wanda shine Sanata mai wakiltar Abia ta Arewa Sanata, kuma yana aiki a matsayin Babban Mai Shari'a na Majalisar Dattawa Ya yi Gwamnan Jihar Abia daga ranar 29 ga watan Mayu na shekarar 1999 zuwa 29 ga Mayu shekarar 2007. Kalu shi ne shugaban SLOK Holding da jaridun Daily Sun da New Telegraph a Najeriya. Kafin zabensa, ya taba rike mukamin shugaban hukumar ruwa ta Jihar Borno da kuma shugaban bankin Cooperative and Commerce Limited. Kalu ya kasance mamba a Karkashin jam’iyyar PDP da Progressive Peoples Alliance (PPA) da kuma shugaban kwamitin amintattu na PPA. Ya kasance dan takarar shugaban kasa na jam'iyyar a zaben watan Afrilu na 2007 A halin yanzu dai mamba ne a jam’iyyar APC mai mulki bayan ya bayyana murabus dinsa a hukumance a matsayin shugaban PPA BOT. Orji Uzor Kalu ya tsaya takara a zaben Najeriya na shekarar ta 2019 don wakiltar al'ummar Abia ta Arewa a majalisar dattawa, inda ya tsaya a karkashin tutar jam'iyyar All Progressives Congress Ya doke Sanata mai ci Mao Ohuabunwa da kuri’u sama da dubu goma 10,000. Fage An haifi Orji Kalu ga dangin Mista Johnson Uzor Nesiegbe Kalu da Mrs Eunice Kalu. Dala 35 kacal da sunan sa da ya aro daga mahaifiyarsa, Kalu ya fara cinikin dabino, inda ya fara sayan man daga yankunan gabacin Nijeriya Najeriya, sannan ya sayar da shi a yankunan arewacin kasar. Daga nan sai ya fara saye da sake sayar da kayan daki a sikeli maaii yawa. A karshe Orji Kalu ya kafa SLOK Holding, kamfani wanda zai kunshi kamfanoni da dama da suka samu nasara, wadanda suka hada da Ojialex Furniture kamfanin finiture SLOK Nigeria Limited, SLOK United Kingdom Limited, Adamawa Publishers Limited, SLOK Vegetable Oil, Aba, SLOK Paper Factory, Aba, SLOK United States Incorporated, SLOK Ghana, Togo, Cotonou, Guinea, Afirka ta Kudu, Laberiya, Botswana, SLOK Korea, Supreme Oil Limited, SLOK Airlines, Sun Publishing Limited, da First International Bank Limited. Orji Kalu ya zama dan Najeriya mafi karancin shekaru da ya samu lambar yabo ta kasa daga shugaban kasa Ibrahim Babangida, yana da shekaru 26 a duniya a shekarar ta1986. An zabe shi a matsayin gwarzon masana'antu na kungiyar 'yan kasuwa ta Najeriya, kuma ya ba shi lambar yabo ta jin kai na jami'ar Najeriya, kungiyar agaji ta Nsukka, lambar yabo ta kungiyar sa kai ta duniya, lambar yabo ta kasa, lambar yabo ta musamman ta EU a Brussels, da kuma lambar yabo ta daga Bankin Duniya Leon Sullivan Ilimi Orji Kalu Ya halarci Christ the King School Aba da Government College Umuahia Bayan ya yi karatu a Barewa College, Zaria, ya shiga Jami'ar Maiduguri inda ya karanta kimiyyar siyasa. A lokacin da yake jami'a, Orji Kalu ya zama dan gwagwarmayar dalibai, kuma ya halarci tarzomar "Ali Must Go" a kan ministan ilimi. Shigarsa ya haifar da dakatar da shi. Yayin da 'yan uwansa dalibai daga baya suka kai karar hukumar makarantar, Orji Kalu ya bar makaranta don gina nasa kasuwanci. Orji Kalu ya yi digiri a Jami’ar Jihar Abia, da takardar shaidar gudanar da harkokin kasuwanci daga Jami’ar Harvard da kuma digiri na girmamawa daga jami’o’in jihar Maiduguri da Jihar Abia Asalin kamfani da siyasa Orji Kalu ya shugabanci First International Bank Limited yana da shekaru 33. Ya kuma kula da huldar kasuwancin Najeriya da kamfanin SinoPacific Shipbuilding na kasar Sin, wato China a lokacin da yake rike da mukamin shugaban SLOK Holding. A ranar 11 ga watan Yuli, Shekarar ta 2007, Hukumar Yaki da yi wa Tattalin Arzikin Kasa Ta’annati da Yiwa Tattalin Arzikin Kasa Ta’annati Ta Kama Kalu bisa zargin almundahana a lokacin da yake gwamnan jihar Abia. Daga baya an bayar da belinsa, kuma ya zargi gwamnatin Obasanjo da tsananta masa a lokacin da yake mulki da kuma bayansa, zargin da tsohon Jakadan Amurka a Najeriya John Campbell ya ambata a cikin littafinsa mai suna "Nigeria: Dancing on the Brink." Orji Kalu ya kasance mai goyon bayan shugaban kasa Muhammadu Buhari, "aboki kuma uba, wanda ya cancanci duk goyon baya don ganin Kasar Najeriya ta inganta." Jaridu Orji Kalu shine shugaban jaridar Daily Sun, jaridar Daily Nigerian da aka kafa kuma aka buga a Ikeja, Lagos, Nigeria. Jaridar ta kasance tana rarraba kwafin 130,000 na yau da kullun kamar na Shekarar ta 2011, da 135,000 don taken karshen mako, tare da matsakaicin tallace-tallace 80%. Jaridar Daily Sun ita ce ta fi kowace jarida siyar a Najeriya https://www.newspapers-list.com/nigeria/the-sun-nigeria.php An kafa jaridar Daily Sun a ranar 29 ga watan Maris shekarar ta 2001, kuma ta fara samarwa a matsayin Jarida ta mako-mako a ranar 18 ga watan Janairu shekarar ta 2003, kuma a matsayin jaridar yau da kullun a ranar 16 ga watan Yuni shekarar ta 2003. Jaridar tana kama da tsari da <i id="mwbw">The Sun</i> a Burtaniya Orji Kalu kuma shine shugaban kamfanin New Telegraph, tare da rarraba kwafin 100,000 kowace rana. Jaridar ta kai hari ga masu karatu na cikin gida da na waje a cikin manyan cibiyoyin birane a duk faɗin ƙasar kuma tana ba da cikakken labarin batutuwan siyasa, zamantakewa, zamantakewa da al'adu. Njiko Igbo Movement Orji Kalu yana da hannu tare da Njiko Igbo Movement, wanda manufarta ita ce ta taimaka wajen tabbatar da kujerar shugaban kasa ga dan Najeriya Nijeriya dan asalin Igbo; dan kabilar Ibo ya rike mukamin shugaban kasa na tsawon watanni shida kacal tun bayan samun ‘yancin kai. Wannan yunkuri yana da rassa da kungiyoyin tallafi a duk fadin kasashen waje. Orji Kalu ya kaddamar da kungiyar ne tare da tsohon dan majalisar dattawan Najeriya Emmanuel Onwe, mai kare hakkin dan adam Human Rights kuma lauya Ne tun da farko a kasar Burtaniya. Hukunci A ranar Alhamis, 5 ga watan Disamba na shekarar ta 2019, babbar kotun tarayya da ke Legas ta yanke wa Kalu hukuncin zaman gidan yari na shekaru 12 a kan N7.65. biliyan zamba. An same shi da laifin damfarar gwamnatin jihar Abia inda ya yi gwamna na tsawon shekaru 8 yana amfani da kamfanin sa na Slok Nijeriya Limited. Kwanaki bayan da kotu ta bayar da umarnin kwace kamfanin, hukumar da ke yaki da cin hanci da rashawa ta Najeriya, Hukumar Yaki da yi wa Tattalin Arzikin Kasa Ta’annati, EFCC ta fara aikin rusa kamfanin Slok Nigeria Limited ciki har da The Sun Publishing Ltd wanda ba ya cikin tuhume-tuhumen. Don haka, Kamfanin The Sun Publishing Ltd ya garzaya wata babbar kotu da ke Legas domin ta yi masa fassarar hukuncin da aka yanke wa Orji Kalu da Slok Nigeria Limited da laifin neman kotu ta tilasta wa EFCC ta nisanta daga kamfanin The Sun Publishing Ltd tun da ba ta cikin shari’ar kotu. An tsare shi a gidan yarin Ikoyi da ke Legas. A watan Disamba ne Kalu ya shigar da kara a wata babbar kotu a Legas kafin a yanke hukuncin daukaka kara kan hukuncin da aka yanke masa. A ranar 23 ga Disamba shekarar ta 2019 kotu ta yi watsi da bukatar belinsa saboda rashin cancanta. A ranar Juma’a 8 ga watan Mayun shekarar ta 2020 ne kotun kolin Najeriya ta yanke hukuncin cewa an gudanar da shari’arsa ba bisa ka’ida ba kuma ta sake shi daga gidan yari yayin da ta bayar da umarnin sake shari’ar. A safiyar Juma’a ne kotun kolin ta dauki hukuncin da aka yanke wa Mista Orji Kalu bai dace ba, ta kuma ba da umarnin a sake ci gaba da shari’ar, kamar yadda kafafen yada labarai da dama suka fito daga aga kotun. Wani kwamitin mutane bakwai na kotun kolin, a wani hukunci na bai daya da mai shari’a Ejembi Eko, ya yanke, ya bayyana cewa hukuncin ba shi da tushe balle makama, kamar yadda gidan talabijin na Channels ta ruwaito a ranar Juma’a. A cewar rahoton, Mai shari’a Eko ya bayyana cewa mai shari’a Mohammed Idris, wanda ya samu Mista Kalu da laifi, ya riga ya zama mai shari’a na kotun daukaka kara, a lokacin da ya yanke hukunci tare da yankewa Mista orjii Orji kaku Kalu da wanda ake tuhuma a matsayin alkali mai shari’a. Ya ci gaba da cewa mai shari’a na kotun daukaka kara ba zai iya aiki a matsayin alkali na babbar kotun tarayya ba, don haka ya umurci babban alkalin kotun tarayya da ya sake dage shari’ar. An saki Kalu daga hannun Hukumar Kula da Gyaran Najeriya Kuje a ranar Laraba ranar 3 ga Watan Yuni 2shekarar 2020. Rayuwa ta sirri Orji Kalu ya auri Madam Ifeoma Ada Menakaya a watan Disambar na shekarar ta1989, kuma sun yi aure a mahaifarsa ta Igbere, jihar Abia. Yana da ‘ya’ya hudu: Neya Uzor Kalu, Michael Uzor Kalu, Olivia Uzor Kalu da Nicole Uzor Kalu. Tsarin lokaci 1999: An zabe shi a matsayin Gwamnan Jihar Abia a Jam’iyyar PDP. 20shekarar03: An sake zabe shi a matsayin Gwamna. 2006: Ya bar jam’iyyar People’s Democratic Party (PDP) ya kuma kafa jam’iyyar Progressive People’s Alliance (PPA). 2007: Ya yi takarar kujerar shugaban kasa a dandalin PPA. 20shekarar07: An fara shari’ar cin hanci da rashawa kuma Hukumar Yaki da yi wa Tattalin Arziki Tu’annati (EFFC) ta kama shi a shekarar 2007. 2011: Ya tsaya takarar Sanatan Abia ta Arewa a dandalin PPA. 2012: Ya koma jam’iyyar PDP. A shekarar2015: Daga baya ya koma jam’iyyar Progressive People’s Alliance (PPA) don tsayawa takarar Sanata. 2016: Kotun koli ta ce ya kamata a gurfanar da shi a gaban kuliya, shekara tara kenan bayan yakar sa da EFCC. 2016: Ya koma jam’iyyar siyasa ta All Progressives Congress (APC). 2018: Sarkin Daura ya ba shi lakabi: Danbaiwan-Hausa (Gifted Son of Hausa Kingdom) a mahaifar shugaban kasa Muhammadu Buhari. 2019: Ya tsaya takarar Sanatan jihar Abia kuma ya yi nasara. A shekarar2019: An yanke masa hukunci kuma an daure shi na tsawon shekaru 12 saboda cin hanci da rashawa a watan Disamba 2019. 2020: Kotun koli ta yanke hukunci a ranar Juma'a, 8 ga Mayu cewa an sake shi daga kurkuku. Kotun kolin kasar ta ba da umarnin sake shari'a. Duba kuma Jerin Gwamnonin Jihar Abia Manazarta https://www.premiumtimesng.com/news/headlines/391951-breaking-orji-kalu-released-from-prison.html Hanyoyin haɗi na waje Gidan yanar gizon yakin neman zaben shugaban kasa Jerin sunayen Sanatocin Najeriya da aka zaba a 2019 Rayayyun mutane Haihuwan
52547	https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Murtabak	Murtabak	Martabak" da "Mutabbaq" suna turawa nan. Don shinkafa da tasa kifi, duba Mutabbaq samak. Motabbaq MartabakTelur.JPG Mutabbak, pancake omelette mai yaji cike da guntun kayan lambu da niƙaƙƙen nama Madadin sunayen Motabbaq, matabbak, muttabak, metabbak, mutabbaq, mataba, martabak Rubuta Flatbread, Pancake Course Starter Wurin asalin Yemen Yanki ko jihar Larabawa, yankin Indiya, da kudu maso gabashin Asiya Balarabe ne ya kirkireshi Yin hidimar zafin jiki mai zafi ko dumi Mai jarida: Motabbaq Norriture terreste dans un restaurant libanais, quartie des Grottes à Genêve (cropped).jpg Sashe na jerin kan Abincin Larabawa nuna Abincin yanki nuna Sinadaran nuna Gurasa nuna Abin sha nuna Salati nuna Cukuda nuna Jita-jita nuna Appetizers nuna Hutu da bukukuwa ikon Portal abinci vte Motabbaq (Larabci: pancake ne da aka soyayye ko biredi da aka soya wanda aka fi samunsa a cikin Larabawa Larabawa da kudu maso gabashin Asiya, musamman a Saudi Arabia, Yemen, Indonesia, Malaysia, Singapore, Brunei, Kudancin Thailand da Bangladesh (Mughlai paratha) Ya danganta da wurin, sunan da kayan aikin na iya bambanta sosai. Sunan mutabbaq a Larabci yana nufin "nanne". Shahararren abincin titi ne a Yemen, Indonesia, Malaysia, Thailand da Singapore.[1][2] Ana bayyana Murtabak sau da yawa azaman pancake na omelette mai naɗewa tare da ɗanɗano kayan lambu.[3] Mafi yawan nau'in murtabak ana yin su ne daga soyayyen ƙullun da aka soya, yawanci ana cusa su da ƙwai da aka tsiya, da yankakken leek, da chives, ko koren albasa (scallions) da niƙaƙƙen nama, sai a ninke a yanka a murabba'i[1][4]. A Indonesiya, murtabak yana daya daga cikin shahararrun abincin titi kuma ana kiransa da martabak. Murtabaks masu cin ganyayyaki da sauran nau'ikan murtabaks tare da kaza da sauran kayan abinci suna wanzu kuma ana iya samun su a yawancin Yamaniya, gidajen cin abinci na musulmin Indiya a Singapore, gami da yankin karamar Indiya da Titin Arab.[5][6] A kasar Malesiya, an fara sayar da murtabak a gidajen cin abinci da rumfuna na musulmin Indiya, kuma yawanci yakan hada da nikakken nama (naman sa ko kaza, wani lokacin naman akuya, naman naman nama) tare da tafarnuwa, kwai da albasa, ana ci da curry ko miya, yankakken cucumber, syrup. -yankakken albasa ko tumatir miya. Ana sayar da abincin a duk faɗin ƙasar, tare da nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan siyar da kayan abinci da salon girki''''' 'yan kasuwan musulmin kasar Malay suma sun karbe wannan tasa. A Yemen, murtabak kuma yakan hada da naman akuya ko na naman naman. A Indonesiya, Martabak sanannen abincin titi ne wanda ke zuwa iri biyu: Martabak Manis da Martabak telur. Martabak Manis ko Terang Bulan asalinsa pancake ne mai kauri kuma mai daɗi wanda galibi ana toshe shi da kayan abinci iri-iri da suka haɗa da cakulan, cuku, gyada, madara mai kauri, tsaban sesame da margarine. A yau, toppings na Martabak sun ƙunshi abubuwan jin daɗi na duniya kamar Skippy gyada man shanu, Ovomaltine, Toblerone, Lotus Biscoff da Durian Spread. Martabak Manis shima kwanan nan ya zo a cikin sirara mai kauri, wanda aka sani da Martabak Tipis Kering (Tipker).[7] Martabak Telur, nau'in mai daɗin ƙanshi, pancakes ne masu ɗanɗano wanda ya ƙunshi ƙwai, kaza ko naman naman sa da ƙwanƙwasa.[8] Motabbaq pancake ne da aka soyayye ko kuma biredi da aka soya wanda aka fi samunsa a yankin Larabawa da kudu maso gabashin Asiya, musamman a Saudi Arabiya, Yemen, Indonesia, Malaysia, Singapore, Brunei, Southern Thailand da Bangladesh Mughlai paratha Ya danganta da wurin, suna da abubuwan sinadaran zasu iya bambanta sosai. Sunan mutabbaq a Larabci yana nufin "nanne". Shahararren abincin titi ne a Yemen, Indonesia, Malaysia, Thailand da Singapore Tarihi Kalmar mutabbaq a Larabci tana nufin "nanne". Wannan yana nuna cewa Murtabak na iya samo asali daga Yemen, wanda ke da yawan al'ummar Indiyawa; ta hannun ‘yan kasuwan Indiya ta bazu zuwa kasashensu na asali. Duk da haka, akwai wani kantin sayar da kayan zaki mai suna Zalatimo Brothers a Jordan wanda ke ikirarin ya kirkiro muttabaq a 1890. Siffar su ita ce kullun filo mai niƙaƙƙen takarda cike da farin cuku na gida. ‘Yan kasuwa Musulmin Tamil ne suka kawo Murtabak Kudu maso Gabashin Asiya. Tasa da ake kira murtabak pancake ne mai launi da yawa wanda ya samo asali a cikin jihar Kerala inda mutanen da ake kira "mamaks" ("mama" na nufin "kawun" a Tamil ƙanƙara daga. Kalmar "mutabar" ita ce asalin sunan tasa musamman da ake magana a kai a wasu harsuna da yare kamar "murtabak." "Mutabar" shine amalgam na kalmomi guda biyu, "muta" (kasancewar kalmar Keralite don kwai, wani muhimmin sashi na tasa) da "bar," wani nau'i na kalmar barota, ko "bratha roti" (gurasa) Gurasar burodi ko pancake da ake yada shi a cikin Hindi ana kiransa "pratha roti" ko "pratha" ko "parantha" Ban da wannan, "murtabak" kuma an san shi da wani nau'i na Mughlai paratha sananne a cikin Kolkata, India. Akwai irin wannan nau'in burodin a wurare kamar Yemen da sauran yankuna na duniyar Larabawa da Farisa. Dukkanin wadannan wurare a Gabas ta Tsakiya ‘yan kasuwar Indiya ne suka ziyarce su a shekaru aru-aru da suka wuce kuma ba zai zama sabon abu ba a gare su su koyi da juna ko kuma sun rungumi dabi’ar cin abinci da dabi’ar juna. Duk da haka, kalmar "mutabar" ita ce asalin sunan kwai, chili, da albasa mai ɗanɗanon pancake mai laushi mai laushi. A Indonesiya, Martabak Manis ya samo asali ne daga tsibirin Bangka Belitung, ta zuriyar Sinawa Hokkien da Khek kuma an sanya masa suna "Hok Lo Pan" wanda ke fassara zuwa "cake na kabilar Hok Lo." Tushensa na gargajiya ya haɗa da sukari da tsaba na sesame. Martabak Manis yana da sunaye daban-daban a yankuna daban-daban. A Yammacin Borneo, ana kiranta Apam Pinang, kama da Apam Balik na Malaysia. A tsakiyar Java, Martabak Manis ana kiransa "Kue Bandung" wanda ke nufin kek na Bandung Asalin Kue Bandung ya fara ne lokacin da wani mutum daga Bangka Belitung, ya buɗe rumfar Martabak Manis kusa da rumfar “Bandung Noodle”. A kasashen da martabak ke da yawa, ya zama ruwan dare gama gari ya zama abincin yau da kullun. Ana yin wannan jita-jita ba kawai a gida ba, amma galibi ana samun su a cikin menus ɗin sabis na abinci marasa tsada waɗanda ke ƙware a cikin abinci na gargajiya, wanda shine dalilin da ya sa yana da sunan abincin titi. Wani lokaci martabak musamman mai daɗi ci gaba da siyarwa a cikin shagunan da aka riga aka gama. Bambance-bambance Savory Akwai nau'ikan martabak da yawa. Misali, a Brunei, galibin martaba ba sa cushe, amma an yi su ne da kullu (wanda ake kira martabak kosong mai kama da paratha Indiya. Martabak kosong yana kunshe da kullu mai kama da burodi wanda aka ƙwanƙwasa kuma ana shirya shi daidai da pancake ko wasu martabak ta hanyar jefa shi cikin iska, kuma a yi amfani da bututu mai zafi tare da miya mai daɗin curry. A Singapore da Malesiya (inda ake kira murtabak), ana cika murtabak da naman sa mai yaji, kaza ko naman naman nama kuma a yi amfani da su tare da miya mai curry, albasa mai zaƙi ko kokwamba a cikin ketchup. Wani bambance-bambancen a Malaysia da Singapore shine cuku murtabak wanda ke amfani da cukuwar mozzarella azaman ƙarin cikawa. Johorean (Malaysia) da murtabak ɗan Singapore suna amfani da niƙaƙƙen nama fiye da yawancin murtabak na Malaysia. Abubuwan da aka saba amfani da su na kwai martabak na Indonesiya, baya ga kullu, ana samun naman ƙasa (naman sa, kaza ko naman naman naman naman naman), yankakken albasa kore, wasu ganye (na zaɓi), ƙwan agwagi, gishiri, da dankali. Wasu masu siyar da titi suna hada naman sa da kayan yaji. A Indonesiya, kayan yaji na gama gari don yin naman ƙasa mai ɗorewa sune shallots, tafarnuwa, ginger, cumin, coriander, turmeric, wasu gishiri, wani lokacin kadan na monosodium glutamate Ana niƙa dukkan kayan kamshin ko kuma a niƙa su kuma a soya su gaba ɗaya. Wasu masu yin martabak suna ƙara ƙarin kayan abinci da sauran nau'ikan don sanya martabak ɗin su na musamman, amma duk suna raba babban kullu ɗaya. Don soya martabak, mai dafa abinci yana amfani da babban kwanon frying mai lebur ko gasasshen ƙarfe Yawancin lokaci suna amfani da man kayan lambu don soya, amma ba kasafai ake amfani da ghee ko man shanu ba. Kafin yin hidima, martabak yawanci ana yanke zuwa kashi. Wani lokaci ana cin shi da soya mai zaki da gishiri da barkono. Savory versions na martabak a Indonesiya da Malaysia yawanci ana ba da su da acar ko kayan yaji wanda ya ƙunshi kokwamba diced, yankakken karas, shallots, da yankakken chili a cikin vinegar mai zaki yayin da a cikin Singapore, abincin ya ƙunshi yankakken cucumbers a cikin ketchup na tumatir. A Malaysia, Singapore da wasu yankuna a Sumatra, ana ba da martabak tare da kari curry A Palembang, wani iri-iri na martabak shine kwai-martabak (kwai da aka jefa a cikin kullu mai laushi kafin a ninka yayin da ake soya) wanda aka yi amfani da shi a cikin curry (yawanci diced dankali a cikin naman sa naman sa) kuma a saka shi da chili a cikin soya mai tsami mai tsami mai suna Martabak Haji Abdul Rozak, ko kuma wanda aka fi sani da Martabak HAR, wanda wani Ba’indiye dan Indonesiya mai suna Haji Abdul Rozak ya yi. Akwai kuma sanannen bambancin martabak daga Padang, West Sumatra da ake kira Martabak Kubang, wanda aka yi amfani da shi tare da curry mai haske azaman tsoma miya. Wani iri-iri na martabak, musamman a Malaysia da Sumatra (kamar a cikin Jambi, Palembang, da Lampung shine wanda ake kira martabak kentang (mai dankalin turawa mai dankalin turawa). Akan yi amfani da kullu mai kama da sauran martabak, amma ana cusa shi da cakuda dankalin da aka yanka, da ƙwai, da yankakken koren albasa, da kayan kamshi maimakon kwai da niƙa. Ana cinye shi ta hanyar tsoma shi a cikin miya mai zaƙi mai zafi ko curry sauce. Akwai nau'ikan Martabak iri-iri, musamman a Indonesiya, inda ake ƙara nau'ikan toppings iri-iri don haɓaka tasa. Abubuwan da ake amfani da su don maye gurbin naman sune niƙaƙƙen naman da aka yayyafa baƙar fata, tuna mai yaji, shredded naman sa Rendang, gasasshen kifi da naman nan take Shahararrun topping ɗin noodles na yau da kullun da ake amfani da su sune Indomie da Samyang na yaji Ana yayyafa cukuwar Mozzarella a wajen soyayyen Martabak sannan a kunna wuta don samun daidaito. Wani iri-iri na martabak ana kiransa martabak manis (mai dadi martabak), wanda kuma aka sani da sunan Terang Bulan ko Martabak Bangka Wannan suna duk da haka, yana aiki ne kawai a Indonesiya, tun da irin wannan nau'in pancake mai kauri ana kiransa apam balik maimakon a Malaysia. Duk da raba suna iri ɗaya (saboda duka biyun suna naɗe), hanyar dafa abinci, kullu (wanda ke amfani da yisti da baking soda da kayan abinci (yawanci ana ƙara cirewar vanilla a matsayin ainihin) sun bambanta da kwai martabak, suna ba shi daidaito sosai. kamar kumbura Yayin da ake toya shi a kwanon rufi, ana yada martabak mai dadi da man shanu ko margarine, sukari, dakakken gyada, yayyafa cakulan, cuku ko wasu kayan kwalliya. Kafin yin hidima, ana naɗewa martabak a cikin rabi, don haka abubuwan da aka sanya su shiga tsakiyar martabak. A sassan Indonesia, ana iya kiran kwai martabak Martabak Malabar don bambanta shi da martabak mai dadi. Akwai sabbin nau'ikan martabak manis da yawa, gami da ƙari na koren shayi foda matcha cuku mai tsami, Oreo, da alewar cakulan irin su Kit Kat, Ovomaltine, Toblerone da Nutella Baya ga haka, ana amfani da 'ya'yan itacen durian sau da yawa azaman topping. Lokacin yin odar Martabak Manis, wasu rumfuna suna ba da zaɓi na margarine guda biyu: Blue Band margarine ko man shanu Wijsman. Man shanu na Wijsman ya fi tsada idan aka kwatanta da margarine na Blueband kamar yadda Wijsman ke yin kitsen madarar saniya 100%. Duba kuma Saudi Arabian abinci Abincin Yemen Abincin Malaysia Abincin Singapore Indonesiya abinci Abincin Indiya Jerin pancakes Jerin cushe jita-jita Mamak rumfar Okonomiyaki Roti canai Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba
33509	https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kungiyar%20Kwallon%20Kafa%20ta%20Mata%20ta%20Laberiya	Kungiyar Kwallon Kafa ta Mata ta Laberiya	Kungiyar kwallon kafa ta mata ta Laberiya, tana wakiltar Laberiya a wasan kwallon kafa na mata na kasa da kasa Hukumar kula da wasan kwallon kafa ta Laberiya ce ke tafiyar da ita Ya buga wasanni biyar da FIFA ta amince da ita. Tarihi Fage da ci gaba Farkon cigaban wasan mata a lokacin da turawan mulkin mallaka suka kawo wasan kwallon kafa a nahiyar ya takaita ne yayin da masu mulkin mallaka a yankin suka yi kokarin daukar tunanin iyayen kasa da shigar mata cikin wasanni tare da su zuwa ga al'adun gida wadanda suke da irin wannan tunani a cikin su. Rashin samun ci gaba daga baya na ƙungiyar ƙasa a matakin ƙasa da ƙasa na alamomin dukkan ƙungiyoyin Afirka ne sakamakon abubuwa da yawa, waɗanda suka haɗa da ƙarancin damar samun ilimi, talauci tsakanin mata a cikin al'umma, da rashin daidaito na asali a cikin al'umma wanda ke ba da izini lokaci-lokaci. ga takamaiman mata na take hakkin ɗan adam. Lokacin da aka haɓaka ƙwararrun ƴan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa mata, sun kan tafi don samun damammaki a ƙasashen waje. Nahiyar gabaɗaya, ba da kuɗi kuma batu ne, tare da mafi yawan kuɗin ci gaba daga FIFA, ba ƙungiyar ƙwallon ƙafa ta ƙasa ba. Nan gaba, nasarar wasan kwallon kafa na mata a Afirka ya dogara ne da ingantattun kayan aiki da samun damar mata zuwa wadannan wuraren. Kokarin tallata wasan da kuma sanya shi yin kasuwanci ba shine mafita ba, kamar yadda ake nunawa a halin yanzu da damammakin kungiyoyin kwallon kafa na matasa da na mata da ake gudanarwa a fadin nahiyar. An kafa hukumar kwallon kafa ta Laberiya a shekara ta 1936. Ya zama alaƙar FIFA a cikin shekarar 1962. Kwallon kafa ta mata tana wakilci a cikin kwamitin ta takamaiman umarnin tsarin mulki. A cikin shekarar 2009, ƙungiyar ba ta da wasu ma'aikata na cikakken lokaci da aka keɓe musamman don taimakawa mata ƙwallon ƙafa. Kit ɗinsu ya haɗa da jajayen riga, farar wando da jajayen safa. Wasan kwallon kafa shi ne wasan da mata suka fi shahara a kasar. Hukumar kula da kwallon kafa ta kasa ce ta fara shirya wasan kwallon kafa na mata a kasar a shekarar 1988. A shekara ta 2000, akwai mata su 264 da suka yi rajista a ƙasar. A cikin shekarar 2006, akwai 'yan wasa 277. A cikin shekarar 2006, akwai ƙungiyoyi biyu na mata kawai waɗanda mata za su yi wasa a ciki yayin da akwai ƙungiyoyi 43 na maza da za su yi wasa. A shekara ta 2009, an kafa gasar ƙwallon ƙafa ta mata na yanki da na ƙasa, amma ba a shirya gasa ga UL ko makarantu ba. Ƙungiyar watsa labarai ta Afirka ce ta saye haƙƙoƙin watsa gasar cin kofin duniya ta mata na shekarar 2011 a ƙasar. Jamesetta Howard] ya yi aiki a matsayin Ministan Matasa da Wasanni na kasar. Shugaban kungiyar kwallon kafa ta kasa Izetta Sombo Wesley Shugabar kasar ita ce Ellen Johnson-Sirleaf Dukkansu mata ne kuma duk sun goyi bayan tawagar mata ta kasa. A cikin shekarar 2007, an nada Izetta Wesley mamba a kwamitin kula da kwallon kafa na mata na FIFA da kuma na gasar cin kofin duniya ta mata ta FIFA, inda wa'adinta ya fara a shekarar 2008. Ta kuma yi aiki a matsayin Kwamishiniyar Match na CAF da FIFA, kuma mataimakiyar shugabar kungiyar kwallon kafa ta yammacin Afirka (WAFU). Tawagar A cikin shekarar 1985, kusan babu wata ƙasa a duniya da ke da ƙungiyar ƙwallon ƙafa ta mata, ciki har da Laberiya waɗanda ba su buga wasan farko da FIFA ta amince da su ba har sai Satan Fabrairu Na shekarar 2007 ko da yake ƙungiyar ta buga wasanni uku ba tare da amincewa ba a shekarar 2006. An buga wasannin tawagar kasar a filin wasa na Antoinette Tubman A ranar 18 ga watan Fabrairun shekarar 2007 a wasan da aka buga a Monrovia, Laberiya ta sha kashi a hannun kungiyar kwallon kafa ta mata ta Habasha da ci 0-3 bayan da aka tashi 0-1. A ranar 10 ga Satan Maris a wani wasa a Addis Abeba, Liberiya ta sha kashi a hannun Habasha da ci 0-2 bayan da aka tashi 0-1. A shekarar 2010, kasar ba ta da tawagar da za ta fafata a gasar cin kofin mata ta Afirka. Kasar dai ba ta da tawagar da za ta fafata a gasar ta Afirka ta 2011. A ranar 13 ga Fabrairun 2011 a Monrovia, Liberiya ta sha kashi a hannun Ghana da ci 0-4. A ranar 27 ga watan Fabrairu a wasan da aka buga a Accra, Liberiya ta sha kashi a hannun Ghana da ci 0-7. Matsayin duniya na Laberiya ya inganta a ƙarshen 2000 kafin ya faɗi a farkon 2010s: a cikin 2007, tana matsayi na 144; a cikin 2008, 117; a shekarar 2009, 92; a cikin 2010, 128; a shekarar 2011, 136; kuma a cikin 2012, 130, yayin da yake riƙe matsayi na 35 a Afirka. Hoton kungiya Sauran kungiyoyin kasa Tawagar U17 A cikin 2006, babu wata ƙungiyar matasa ta FIFA da ta amince da ita. Sun halarci gasar cin kofin mata ta Afirka ta Mata U-17 a shekarar 2008. A zagayen farko dai ya kamata su buga da Benin amma Benin ta fice daga gasar. A zagayen farko ya kamata su buga da Najeriya amma sun fice daga gasar. U19/U20 tawagar A cikin 2006, babu wata ƙungiyar matasa ta FIFA da ta amince da ita. Tsakanin 2002-2010 a gasar cin kofin duniya ta mata U19/U20, taron U19 har zuwa 2006 lokacin da ya zama U20, kasar ta shiga gasar neman cancantar. Kasar ta halarci gasar cin kofin mata na mata 'yan kasa da shekaru 20 na Afirka a shekarar 2006. Ya kamata su kara da Guinea a zagaye na farko amma Guinea ta fice daga gasar. A zagaye na biyu, sun buga wasansu na farko a Algeria, inda suka ci 3-2. Algeria dai ta fice daga gasar kafin ta buga wasan na biyu a Laberiya. Sun kara da Najeriya a wasan daf da na kusa da na karshe, inda suka tashi kunnen doki 1-1 a wasa daya, kafin a tashi wasa 1-9 a karo na biyu. Tawagar gasar cin kofin duniya marasa gida A shekara ta 2008, tawagar kasar ta wakilci kasar a gasar cin kofin duniya na marasa gida A zagayen farko na zagaye na biyu inda ta zo na biyu, ta doke Kamaru da ci 16-1, ta doke Colombia da ci 8-5, ta sha kashi a hannun Zambia da ci 1-4, ta doke Paraguay da ci 4-1, ta doke Uganda da ci 7-2, ta doke Kyrgyzstan da ci 7-3, da kuma ta doke Australia da ci 14-3. A wasan daf da na kusa da na karshe, sun yi kunnen doki ne da Colombia da ci 1-1, kuma ta ci 1-0 a bugun fenariti. Sun sha kashi a hannun Zambia da ci 1-7 a wasan karshe. Kungiyar kwallon kafa ta Amputee Tawagar mata daga kasar ta fafata a gasar cin kofin nahiyar Afirka na shekarar 2011 na kwallon kafa. A waccan shekarar sun buga wasan sada zumunci da Ghana a Monrovia na kasar Laberiya a kan gaba a gasar. Sakamako da gyare-gyare Mai zuwa shine jerin sakamakon wasa a cikin watanni 12 da suka gabata, da kuma duk wasu wasannin gaba da aka tsara. An yi zane na farko a cikin 2014. Manazarta Hanyoyin haɗi na waje Bayanan martaba na FIFA Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba
60614	https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jadav%20Payeng	Jadav Payeng	Jadav Molai Payeng (an haife shi 31 Oktoba 1959) ɗan gwagwarmayar muhalli ne kuma ma'aikacin gandun daji daga Majuli, wanda aka fi sani da mutumin daji na Indiya A cikin shekaru da dama da suka wuce, ya shuka da kuma kula da bishiyoyi a kan wani yashi na kogin Brahmaputra yana mai da shi wurin ajiyar gandun daji. Dajin, wanda ake kira dajin Molai a bayansa, yana kusa da Kokilamukh na Jorhat, Assam, Indiya kuma ya ƙunshi fili kimanin eka 1,360 hekta 550. A cikin 2015, an karrama shi da Padma Shri, lambar yabo ta huɗu mafi girma ta farar hula a Indiya. An haife shi a cikin ƙabilar Bace na Assam. Sana'a A shekarar 1979, Payeng, ɗan shekara 19, yaci karo da dimbin macizai da suka mutu saboda tsananin zafi bayan da ambaliyar ruwa ta wanke su akan sandar yashi mara bishiya. Wato lokacin da ya dasa tsire-tsire na bamboo kusan 20 akan sandar yashi. Ba wai kawai ya kula da tsire-tsire ba, amma ya ci gaba da dasa bishiyoyi da kansa, a kokarinsa na mayar da yankin daji. Dajin, wanda aka fi sani da dajin Molai, yanzu yana da damisa na Bengal, rhinoceros na Indiya, da barewa da zomaye sama da 100. Dajin Molai kuma yana da gida ga birai da nau'in tsuntsaye iri-iri, gami da yawan ungulu. Akwai bishiyoyi dubu da yawa, ciki har da valcol, arjun (Terminalia arjuna), ejar (Lagerstroemia speciosa), goldmohur (Delonix regia), koroi (Albizia procera moj (Archidendron bigeminum) da himolu (Bombax ceiba). Bamboo ya mamaye fili fiye da hekta 300. Garken giwaye kusan 100 na ziyartar daji akai akai a kowace shekara kuma galibi suna zama na kusan watanni shida. Sun haifi makiya guda 10 acikin dajin a shekarun baya-bayan nan. Yunkurin nasa ya bayyana ne ga hukuma a shekarar 2008, lokacin da jami’an sashen gandun daji suka je yankin domin neman giwaye 115 da suka koma cikin dajin bayan da suka lalata kadarori a ƙauyen Aruna Chapori mai kimanin kimanin 1.5. km daga dajin. Jami’an sunyi mamakin ganin irin wannan katafaren dajin mai yawa kuma tun daga lokacin sashen ke ziyartar wurin. A shekara ta 2013, mafarauta sunyi ƙoƙarin kashe karkandan da ke dajin amma suka kasa kokarinsu saboda Molai wanda ya sanar da jami’an sashen. Nan take jami’ai suka kama wasu kasidu da mafarauta ke amfani da su wajen damke dabbobin. Molai a shirye yake ya tafiyar da dajin ta hanya mai kyau da kuma zuwa wasu yankunan jihar domin fara irin wannan harkar. Yanzu manufarsa ita ce yada dajinsa zuwa wani shingen yashi acikin Brahmaputra. Rayuwa ta sirri Jadav Payeng na kabilar Bace ne a Assam, Indiya. Shi da matarsa da ’ya’ya 3 (’ya’ya 1 da ’ya’ya 2) sun kasance a gidan da ya gina acikin dajinsa. A cikin 2012, Jadav ya gina gida a No. 1 Mishing Gaon kusa da Kokilmukh Ghat kuma ya koma wannan gidan tare da danginsa. Tun daga nan suke zaune a gidan nan. Jadav, duk da haka, yana tafiya kullun zuwa dajinsa don kula da tsire-tsire da bishiyoyi. Yana da shanu da bawo a gonarsa, yana sayar da nonon don rayuwarsa, wadda ita ce kawai hanyar samun Kuɗin shiga. A wata hira da akayi da shi a shekara ta 2012, ya bayyana cewa yayi asarar shanun sa da ɓauna kusan 100 ga damisa a cikin dajin, amma ya zargi mutanen da ke aikata manyan laifuka da lalata dazuzzuka a matsayin musabbabin halin da namun daji ke ciki Girmamawa Jadav Payeng ya sami karramawa a wani taron jama'a da Makarantar Kimiyyar Muhalli ta shirya, Jami'ar Jawaharlal Nehru akan 22 Afrilu 2012 don nasararsa. Ya raba kwarewarsa na ƙirƙirar gandun daji a cikin taron tattaunawa, inda wanda ya lashe kyautar Magsaysay Award Rajendra Singh da mataimakin shugaban jam'iyyar JNU Sudhir Kumar Sopory suka halarta. Sopory mai suna Jadav Payeng a matsayin "Mutumin daji na Indiya". Acikin watan Oktoba na 2013, an karrama shi a Cibiyar Kula da gandun daji ta Indiya yayin taron Coalescence na shekara-shekara. Acikin 2015, an karrama shi da Padma Shri, lambar yabo ta huɗu mafi girma ta farar hula a Indiya. Ya samu digirin girmamawa na digirin digirgir daga Jami’ar Aikin Gona ta Assam da Jami’ar Kaziranga bisa gudunmawar da ya bayar. A cikin shahararrun al'adu Payeng ya kasance batun batutuwa da dama acikin 'yan shekarun nan. Halinsa shine tushen fim ɗin ƙagaggen da wani darakta na Tamil Prabhu solaman ya yi yayin da ya shirya Rana Daggubati wanda aka saki a Tamil, Telugu, Hindi as Kaadan, Aranya and Haathi Mere Saathi (2018 film). Fim ɗin shirin fim na gida, wanda Jitu Kalita ya shirya a cikin 2012, Dajin Molai, an nuna shi a Jami'ar Jawaharlal Nehru. Jitu Kalita, wanda ke zaune kusa da gidan Payeng, shi ma an nuna shi kuma an ba shi karramawa don kyakkyawan rahoto ta hanyar tsara rayuwar Payeng ta cikin shirinsa na gaskiya. Labarin fim na 2013 Rayuwar daji, wanda mai shirya fina-finai na Indiya Aarti Shrivastava ya jagoranta, yana murna da rayuwa da aikin Jadav Payeng a cikin dajin Molai. Waɗannan su ne kuma abin da William Douglas McMaster ya mayar da hankali kan shirin fim ɗin 2013 na Forest Man. Tare da dalar Amurka 8,327 da akayi alƙawarin a kan yaƙin neman zaɓe na Kickstarter, fim ɗin ya ƙare kuma an ɗauke shi zuwa wasu bukukuwan fina-finai. An ba shi kyautar Kyauta mafi kyawun Takardun Takardun Takaddun shaida a Fim ɗin Fina-Finan Fina-Finan da ke fitowa acikin Rukunin Amurka a 2014 Cannes Film Festival. Payeng shine batun littafin yara The Boy Who Grow A Forest: Gaskiyar Labari na Jadav Payeng, wanda Sophia Gholz ya rubuta kuma Kayla Harren ya kwatanta. Buga ta Sleeping Bear Press, littafin ya lashe lambar yabo ta Crystal Kite, lambar yabo ta Sigurd F. Olson Nature Writing Award (SONWA) daga Kwalejin Northland, da lambar yabo ta Jihar Florida. An fassara shi zuwa Jamusanci da Faransanci, kuma an daidaita shi don mataki. Payeng kuma shine batun littafin yara na Jadav and the Tree-Place, wanda Vinayak Varma ya rubuta kuma ya kwatanta. Budaddiyar hanyar dandali na wallafe- wallafen yara StoryWeaver, ne suka buga littafin kuma an sami tallafin samar da shi ta hanyar tallafi daga Ƙaddamarwa ta Oracle Giving Initiative. Duba kuma Dake dazuzzuka Tahir Qureshi Njattyela Sreedharan Manazarta Hanyoyin haɗi na waje Man creates forest on Brahmaputra sand bar Rayayyun mutane Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba
29997	https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dokokin%20Makamashi	Dokokin Makamashi	Dokokin makamashi suna sarrafa amfani da harajin makamashi, duka masu sabuntawa da waɗanda ba za a iya sabuntawa ba Waɗannan dokokin sune manyan hukumomi (kamar shari'ar shari'a, ƙa'idodi da ƙa'idodi masu alaƙa da makamashi. Sabanin haka, manufar makamashi tana nufin manufofin da siyasar makamashi. Dokar makamashi ta haɗa da tanadin doka don mai, mai, da "harajin cirewa." Ayyukan dokar makamashi sun haɗa da kwangiloli don wurin zama, hakar, lasisi don saye da haƙƙin mallaka a cikin mai da gas duka a ƙarƙashin ƙasa kafin ganowa da bayan kama shi, da yanke hukunci game da waɗannan haƙƙoƙin. Dokokin kasa da kasa Akwai karuwar sha'awar ilimi game da dokar makamashi ta duniya, gami da ci gaba da tarurrukan ilimin shari'a, rubuce-rubucen, bita na shari'a, da darussan karatun digiri. A sa'i daya kuma, an samu karuwar sha'awa kan batutuwan da suka shafi makamashi da dangantakarsu da cinikayyar ƙasa da ƙasa da ƙungiyoyi masu alaƙa kamar ƙungiyar ciniki ta duniya. Afirka Ma'aikatar Wutar Lantarki da Sabunta Makamashi ta Masar ce ke kula da Makamashi na Masar a Masar wacce ita ce ma'aikatar gwamnati mai kula da sarrafawa da tsara yadda ake samarwa da watsawa da rarraba wutar lantarki a Masar Hedkwatarsa tana Alkahira Ministan na yanzu kamar na shekara ta 2020 shine Mohamed Shaker An kafa ma’aikatar ne a shekara ta 1964 tare da dokar shugaban kasa mai lamba 147. na Aswan, wanda ke samar da wutar lantarki, mallakar gwamnati ne kuma ta tsara shi; Gine-ginensa ya buƙaci cire haikalin Abu Simbel da Haikali na Dendur. Ghana tana da hukuma mai kula da makamashi, Hukumar Makamashi Gwamnatin Najeriya ce ta mallaki Kamfanin Mai na Kasa Uganda ta amince da sabuwar dokar makamashin nukiliya, wadda take fatan "zata bunƙasa hadin gwiwar fasaha tsakanin kasar da hukumar kula da makamashin nukiliya ta kasa da kasa a cewar babban jami'in hukumar daga wannan kasa ta Afirka. Ostiraliya Makamashi babban kasuwanci ne a Ostiraliya. Ƙungiyar Haɓaka Man Fetur da Haɓaka Man Fetur ta Australiya tana wakiltar kashi 98% na masu samar da mai da iskar gas a Ostiraliya Kanada Kanada tana da babbar dokar makamashi, ta hanyar tarayya da larduna, musamman Alberta Waɗannan sun haɗa da: Madadin Dokar Fuels (1995, c. 20) Dokar Makamashi Haɗin Kai (1980-81-82-83, c. 108) Dokar Gudanar da Makamashi (RS, 1985, c. E-6) Dokar Kula da Makamashi (RS, 1985, c. E-8) Dokar Makamashin Nukiliya (RS, 1985, c. A-16) Dokar Ayyukan Man Fetur da Gas na Kanada (RS, 1985, c. O-7) Dokar Albarkatun Man Fetur ta Kanada (1985, c. 36 (Supp. Dokar Hukumar Makamashi ta Kasa (RS, 1985, c. N-7) Dokar Binciken Wutar Lantarki da Gas (RS, 1985, c. E-4) Akwai wasu sha'awar ilimi a cikin dokar makamashi ta Kanada, tare da sabis na lokaci-lokaci looseleaf, monographs, da shawarwari tare da lauyoyin da suka kware a wannan aikin, akwai. Kotun kolin Kanada ta fitar da wasu dokar shari'ar makamashi ta Kanada. Dokokin makamashi na Kanada suna da yawa kuma suna da rikitarwa a babban bangare saboda albarkatun makamashi na gwamnati: Kanada da lardin Quebec suma sun mallaki manyan wuraren samar da wutar lantarki na madatsar ruwa, wadanda suka haifar da ba kawai wutar lantarki ba, har ma da cece-kuce. China Tarayyar Turai Dokar makamashi ta Turai ta mai da hankali kan hanyoyin doka don gudanar da cikas na ɗan gajeren lokaci ga wadatar makamashin nahiyar, kamar dokar Jamus ta 1974 don tabbatar da samar da makamashi. Haɗin gwiwar aikin hydrogen na Turai aikin ƙungiyar Tarayyar Turai ne don haɗa ƙa'idodin Hukumar Tattalin Arziƙi ta Majalisar Dinkin Duniya (ECE) da ƙirƙirar tushen tsarin ECE na motocin hydrogen da mahimman abubuwan more rayuwa waɗanda ke maye gurbin dokokin ƙasa da ƙa'idodi Manufar wannan aikin shine inganta amincin motocin hydrogen da daidaita tsarin ba su lasisi da amincewa. Ƙasashe biyar ne suka ƙirƙiro ƙungiyar makamashi ta EurObserv'ER EU ta kuma ƙirƙiri Ƙungiyar Makamashi don faɗaɗa manufofin su zuwa kudu maso gabashin Turai. Austuraiu yana karɓar bakuncin Ranakun Makamashi Mai Dorewa na Duniya na shekara. Jamus Dokar sabunta makamashin Jamus ta tanadi yin amfani da makamashin da ake iya sabuntawa ta hanyar haraji da harajinta Yana haɓaka haɓaka hanyoyin samar da makamashi mai sabuntawa ta hanyar tsarin kuɗin abinci. Yana daidaita adadin kuzarin da mai samarwa ke samarwa da kuma nau'in tushen makamashi mai sabuntawa. Hakanan yana haifar da abin ƙarfafawa don ƙarfafa ci gaban fasaha da farashi. Sakamakon ya kasance mai ban mamaki: a ranar 6 ga Yuni na shekara ta 2014, fiye da rabin makamashin al'umma da aka yi amfani da su a wannan ranar sun fito ne daga hasken rana. Duk da matakan da aka tsara suna ƙara ƙarin makamashi mai sabuntawa zuwa ga haɗawar makamashi, grid ɗin lantarki na Jamus ya zama abin dogaro, ba ƙasa ba. Gwamnatin Jamus ta ba da shawarar yin watsi da shirinta na kawar da makamashin nukiliya don taimakawa wajen farfado da hauhawar farashin wutar lantarki da kuma kare muhalli, a cewar shawarwarin da wata tawagar makamashi ƙarƙashin ministan tattalin arziki Michael Glos ta tsara." Jam'iyyar Green Party ta Jamus ta yi adawa da makamashin nukiliya, da kuma karfin kasuwa na kayan aikin Jamus, tana mai cewa "karancin makamashi" an halicce shi ta hanyar wucin gadi. Akwai gagarumin sha'awar ilimi a cikin dokar makamashi ta Jamus. Akwai ginshiƙi mai taƙaita dokokin makamashi na Jamus. Italiya Italiya tana da albarkatun ƙasa kaɗan. rashin isasshen ma'adinan ƙarfe, gawayi, ko mai Tabbataccen tanadin iskar gas, galibi a cikin kwarin Po da Adriatic na teku, sun zama mafi mahimmancin albarkatun ma'adinai na ƙasar. Fiye da kashi 80% na albarkatun makamashin kasar ana shigo da su ne daga kasashen waje. Bangaren makamashi ya dogara sosai kan shigo da kayayyaki daga ketare: a shekara ta 2006 kasar ta shigo da sama da kashi 86% na yawan makamashin da take amfani da shi. A cikin shekaru goma da suka gabata, Italiya ta zama ɗaya daga cikin manyan masu samar da makamashi mai sabuntawa a duniya, matsayi a matsayin mai samar da makamashin hasken rana mafi girma na biyar a cikin 2009 kuma na shida mafi girma na samar da wutar lantarki a cikin shekara ta 2008. A cikin shekara taikin 1987, bayan bala'in Chernobyl, yawancin 'yan Italiya sun amince da kuri'ar raba gardama na neman kawar da makamashin nukiliya. Gwamnati ta mayar da martani ta hanyar rufe tashoshin nukiliyar da ake da su tare da dakatar da shirin nukiliyar kasa gaba daya. Italiya kuma tana shigo da kusan kashi 16% na bukatar wutar lantarki daga Faransa akan 6.5 GWe, wanda ya sa ta zama babbar mai shigo da wutar lantarki a duniya. Saboda dogaro da tsadar albarkatun mai da shigo da kaya, Italiyanci suna biyan kusan kashi 45% fiye da matsakaicin EU na wutar lantarki A shekara ta 2004, sabuwar dokar makamashi ta kawo yuwuwar hada gwiwa da kamfanonin kasashen waje don gina tashoshin nukiliya da shigo da wutar lantarki. A cikin 2005, kamfanin samar da wutar lantarki na Italiya, ENEL ya yi yarjejeniya da Electricite de France akan MWe 200 daga injin nukiliya a Faransa da yuwuwar ƙarin MWe 1,000 daga sabon gini. A matsayin wani ɓangare na yarjejeniyar, ENEL ta sami kashi 12.5% a cikin aikin da kuma shiga kai tsaye a cikin ƙira, gine-gine, da kuma sarrafa tsire-tsire. A wani yunƙurin kuma, ENEL ta kuma sayi kashi 66% na wutar lantarki ta Slovak da ke sarrafa injinan nukiliya guda shida. A wani bangare na wannan yarjejeniya, ENEL za ta biya gwamnatin Slovakia Yuro biliyan 1.6 don kammala tashar samar da makamashin nukiliya a Mochovce, wanda ke da babban adadin 942 MW Tare da wadannan yarjejeniyoyi, Italiya ta yi nasarar samun damar yin amfani da makamashin nukiliya ba tare da sanya matatun mai a yankin Italiya ba. Lithuania Ƙasar Lithuania tana da dokar makamashi, Energetikos teisė. A cikin Ukraine, ayyukan makamashi masu sabuntawa suna tallafawa ta hanyar tsarin jadawalin kuɗin fito Dokar Ukraine "A kan madadin hanyoyin samar da makamashi" tana nufin madadin hanyoyin makamashi: hasken rana, iska, geothermal, hydrothermal, marine da hydrokinetic energy, hydroelectricity, biomass, landfill biogas da sauransu. Hukumar Kula da Makamashi da Makamashi ta Kasa ta Ukrainian da Hukumar Kula da Makamashi ta Jiha kan Inganta Makamashi da Ajiye Makamashi na Ukraine sune manyan hukumomin daidaita makamashin da ake sabunta su. Gwamnatin Ukraine ta yi gyare-gyare a madadin makamashi. Akwai buƙatar sabis na tanadin makamashi a cikin Ukraine. Ƙimar sa ya kai kusan Yuro biliyan 5 kawai a cikin gine-gine mallakar gwamnati. Ukraine In Ukraine, renewable energy projects are supported by a feed-in tariff system. The law of Ukraine "On alternative sources of energy" Ukraine tana da wata hukuma ta daban don gudanar da Yankin Keɓewa na Chernobyl Sauran kasashen Turai Albaniya na da kafa Cibiyar Man Fetur da Gas ta Albaniya. Akwai gagarumin ikon geothermal a Iceland kusan kashi 80% na makamashin da al'ummar kasar ke bukata, ana samun su ne ta hanyar samar da makamashin kasa, wanda duk mallakar gwamnati ne, ko kuma ta tsara su. Indiya Iraki A fasahance, Iraki ba ta da dokar makamashi, amma ana shirin aiwatar da dokar kusan shekaru biyar a farkon shekara ta 2012. Ma'aikatar mai ta Iraqi tana ba da kwangila ga kamfanoni kaɗan ne kawai Ya zuwa watan Yulin shekara ta 2014, akwai kamfanonin mai guda 23 da aka kafa, amma kamfanonin banki guda 17 ne kawai a Iraki. Isra'ila Dokar Tushen Makamashi na Isra'ila, 5750-1989 ("Dokar Makamashi"), ta bayyana abin da ake ɗauka a matsayin "makamashi" da "tushen makamashi" kuma manufarsa ita ce tsara yadda ake amfani da makamashi yayin da ake tabbatar da ingantaccen amfani da shi. A karkashin dokar makamashi, majalisar dokokin Isra'ila ta gabatar da wasu hanyoyin auna ma'auni don daidaita ingancin amfani da makamashin. Bugu da ƙari, wace ƙungiya ce za ta cancanci bi da amfani da irin waɗannan hanyoyin. Bugu da ƙari kuma, a cikin Isra'ila akwai wasu ƙarin dokoki da suka shafi amfani da makamashi, kamar Dokar Bangaren Gas, 5762-2002 wanda ya ba da sharuɗɗan haɓakar yanayin iskar gas a Isra'ila, da kuma Wutar Lantarki. Dokar Sashin, 5756-1996, wacce ta kafa "Hukumar Amfani da Jama'a Wutar Lantarki" wacce ke buga umarni da ka'idoji don amfani da sabbin hanyoyin wutar lantarki, gami da makamashin hasken rana da makamashin ruwa. Japan Kafin girgizar kasa da tsunami na Maris 2011, da bala'o'in nukiliya da suka haifar da ita, Japan ta samar da kashi 30% na wutar lantarki daga injinan nukiliya kuma ta yi niyya don haɓaka wannan kaso zuwa 40%. Makamashin nukiliya shine fifikon dabarun ƙasa a Japan, amma an yi damuwa game da ƙarfin makaman nukiliya na Japan don jure ayyukan girgizar ƙasa. An rufe tashar nukiliyar Kashiwazaki-Kariwa gaba daya na tsawon watanni 21 bayan girgizar kasa a 2007. Girgizar kasa da tsunami na 2011 sun haifar da gazawar tsarin sanyaya a tashar makamashin nukiliya ta Fukushima I a ranar 11 ga Maris kuma an ayyana gaggawar nukiliya. An kwashe mazauna 140,000. Ba a fayyace adadin adadin kayan aikin rediyo da aka saki ba, yayin da rikicin ke ci gaba da gudana. A ranar 6 ga Mayun 2011, Firayim Minista Naoto Kan ya ba da umarnin rufe tashar nukiliyar Hamaoka saboda girgizar kasa mai karfin awo 8.0 ko sama da haka na iya afkuwa a yankin cikin shekaru 30 masu zuwa. Matsalolin daidaita tashar nukiliya ta Fukushima I sun taurare halayen makamashin nukiliya. Tun daga watan Yuni 2011, "fiye da kashi 80 na Jafanawa yanzu sun ce su ne anti-nukiliya da rashin amincewa da bayanan gwamnati game da radiation Ya zuwa watan Oktoba na 2011, an sami karancin wutar lantarki, amma Japan ta tsira daga lokacin bazara ba tare da an samu bakar duhu da aka yi hasashe ba. Wata takarda mai farar fata ta makamashi, wadda Majalisar Ministocin Japan ta amince da ita a watan Oktoban 2011, ta ce "amincin da jama'a ke da shi kan amincin makamashin nukiliyar ya lalace sosai" sakamakon bala'in Fukushima, tare da yin kira da a rage dogaro da al'ummar kasar kan makamashin nukiliya. An rufe da yawa daga cikin tashoshin nukiliya na Japan, ko kuma an dakatar da ayyukansu don duba lafiyarsu. Na ƙarshe na 54 reactors na Japan Tomari-3 ya tafi layi don kulawa a ranar 5 ga Mayu, 2012., ya bar Japan gaba ɗaya ba tare da samar da wutar lantarki ta nukiliya ba a karon farko tun 1970. Duk da zanga-zangar, a ranar 1 ga Yuli, 2012 an sake kunna raka'a 3 na Kamfanin Wutar Nukiliya ta Ōi. Tun daga watan Satumbar 2012, raka'a na 3 da 4 ne kawai tashoshin makamashin nukiliyar Japan da ke aiki da su, duk da cewa birnin da lardin Osaka sun bukaci a rufe su. Shirin Haɗin gwiwar Makamashin Nukiliya na Amurka da Japan, yarjejeniya ce ta haɗin gwiwa da ke da nufin tsara tsarin bincike na haɗin gwiwa da haɓaka fasahar makamashin nukiliya, wanda aka rattaba hannu kan Afrilu 18, 2007. An yi imanin cewa yarjejeniyar ita ce ta farko da Amurka ta rattaba hannu don bunkasa fasahohin makamashin nukiliya tare da wata kasa, ko da yake Japan na da yarjejeniya da Australia, Canada, China, Faransa, da kuma Birtaniya A karkashin shirin, Amurka da Japan kowannensu zai gudanar da bincike kan fasahar reactor mai sauri, fasahar zagayowar man fetur, na'urar kwamfyuta ta zamani da ƙirar ƙira, ƙanana da matsakaita reactors, kariya da kariya ta jiki; da sarrafa sharar nukiliya, wanda kwamitin hadin gwiwa zai gudanar da shi. Ci gaban yerjejeniyar ya kasance cikin rudani tun lokacin da Fukushima I ta yi hatsarin nukiliya. Kamfanin Japan Oil, Gas and Metals National Corporation (JOGMEC) kamfani ne na gwamnati wanda ke da hannu wajen binciken makamashin burbushin mai, da dai sauransu. A cikin 2013, ma'aikatanta na kamfanoni sun fara fitar da Methane clathrate daga ma'ajin ajiyar teku. l Malaysia Malaysia tana sarrafa sashin makamashinta sosai. Daga shekara ta 1982 zuwa shekara ta 1992, Gwamnatin Sabah ta mallaki masana'antar iskar gas ta Sabah don gudanar da ayyukan albarkatun iskar gas na Sabah, wanda ke Labuan, Malaysia, wanda aka sanya don zama mai zaman kansa An sayar da shukar methanol ga Petronas kuma tana aiki a yau azaman Petronas Methanol (Labuan) Sdn Bhd An sayar da tashar wutar lantarki ga Sabah Electricity Saudi Arabia Saudi Arabiya tana da wasu dokoki game da makamashi, musamman dokar mai da iskar gas. Saudiyya ita ce ƙasar da ta fi kowacce ƙasa samar da mai a duniya don haka dokarta ta makamashi na da matukar tasiri a kan samar da makamashi a duniya baki ɗaya. A karkashin dokar kasar Saudiyya, duk arzikinta na mai da iskar gas na gwamnati ne: “Dukkanin dukiyar da Allah Ya yi wa kasala, ko ta kasa ko ta kasa ko ta ruwa na ƙasa, a cikin ƙasa ko na ruwa da ke ƙarƙashin ikon gwamnati., sune dukiyar ƙasa kamar yadda doka ta ayyana. Shari’a ta bayyana hanyoyin da ake amfani da su, da kariya, da bunƙasa irin wannan dukiya domin amfanin ƙasa, tsaronta, da tattalin arzikinta.” Har ila yau, ana ba da izinin harajin makamashi musamman; Sashe na 20 na dokar asali ya ce, “Ana sanya haraji da kudade ne bisa adalci kuma sai lokacin da bukatar hakan ta taso. Ƙaddamarwa, gyara, sokewa, da keɓancewa kawai doka ta halatta." Ma'aikatu biyu na Masarautar Saudiyya ne ke da alhakin bangaren makamashi: Ma'aikatar Man Fetur da na Ruwa da Wutar Lantarki. Dokokin kasar kuma sun kafa wasu hukumomin da ke da wasu hurumin doka, amma ba su da ka'ida. Wadannan sun haɗa da Saudi Aramco, asali na hadin gwiwa tsakanin Masarautar da California-Arabian Standard Oil, amma yanzu gaba daya mallakar Masarautar, da Saudi Consolidated Electricity Companies. Najeriya Najeriya ce ƙasa mafi yawan arzikin man fetur a nahiyar Afirka kuma ita ce ta 11 a duniya wajen samar da man fetur. Dokar makamashi a ƙasar ta shafi man fetur da iskar gas, da sauran hanyoyin samar da wutar lantarki. Har ila yau, tana da doka da siyasa mai karfi a cikin makamashin da ake sabunta shi na samar da wutar lantarki a ƙasar. Haka kuma aikin samar da wutar lantarki a yankunan karkara ya samu gindin zama a dokar makamashi a ƙasar. Singapore Tsohuwar Dokar Man Fetur ta Turkiyya ta shafe shekaru 70 tana aiki har zuwa shekarar 2013, inda ta kafa sabuwar dokar man fetur mai lamba 6491. Daga cikin wasu tanade-tanade, yana tsawaita shekarun da aka halatta na izinin hakowa, da rage farashi, da kuma kawar da mulkin mallaka na jiha. Ƙasar Ingila Ƙasar Ingila ta fara shirin barin al'ummar Turai tun daga watan Janairun 2020. Amurka Wannan sashe ya shafi dokar Amurka, da kuma jihohin da suka fi yawan jama'a ko mafi yawan samar da makamashi. A cikin Amurka, ana sarrafa makamashi da yawa ta hanyar Ma'aikatar Makamashi ta Amurka, da kuma hukumomin gudanarwa na jihohi. Kowace jiha, Gwamnatin Tarayya, da Gundumar Columbia suna karɓar wasu harajin harajin abin hawa Musamman, waɗannan harajin haraji ne akan man fetur, man dizal, da mai Yayin da yawancin jihohi a yammacin Amurka suka dogara ga haraji mai yawa (haraji akan hakar ma'adinai), yawancin jihohi suna samun ɗan ƙaramin adadin kudaden shiga daga irin waɗannan hanyoyin. Duba kuma Sakamakon rikicin makamashi na 2000s Gabaɗayan batutuwan makamashi Tsarin makamashi Kiyaye makamashi Tattalin arzikin makamashi Kasuwannin makamashi da abubuwan haɓaka makamashi Karyawar ruwa Seismicity da aka jawo Jerin batutuwan makamashi Albarkatun makamashi na duniya da amfani Tarihin kasuwar mai ta duniya daga 2003 Musamman dokoki da manufofi Atomic Energy Basic Law Koyarwar hakkoki Cuius est solum eius est usque ad coelum et ad inferos Sauƙi Dokokin keken lantarki Manufar makamashi na Tarayyar Turai Yarjejeniyar Yarjejeniyar Makamashi Tauraron Makamashi Tsaron makamashi Tariff ɗin ciyarwa Amfanin man fetur da dizal da farashi Jerin hukumomin kula da makamashi Jerin kararrakin muhalli Manufar makamashin nukiliya Petrobangla Bangladesh State Energy Corporation Tankunan tunani da ƙungiyoyi na ilimi Alliance don Ajiye Makamashi Cibiyar Makamashi, Man Fetur da Dokokin Ma'adinai Cibiyar Nazarin Muhalli Sabunta Makamashi da Haɗin gwiwar Haɓaka Ƙarfafa Makamashi RETSscreen Cibiyar Makamashi da Albarkatu Jami'ar Laval Jami'ar Wyoming Sabuntawa da madadin hanyoyin makamashi Madadin motsawa Tsabtace Makamashi Trends Tsabtace Tech Nation Ƙarfafa ƙarfin hasken rana Ingantacciyar amfani da makamashi Abin hawa lantarki Ƙarfin geothermal dumamar yanayi Green banki Hydro One Tushen wutar lantarki mai ɗan lokaci Taron Taro na Kasa da Kasa Kan Mai Jerin batutuwan makamashi masu sabuntawa ta ƙasa makamashin teku Tsarin ginin hasken rana mai wucewa Plug-in matasan Kasuwancin makamashi mai sabuntawa Zafi mai sabuntawa Hasken rana Zane mai dorewa The Clean Tech Revolution V2G Kyaututtuka da ma'auni Ashden Awards ISO 14001 Jagoranci a Makamashi da Tsarin Muhalli (LEED) Manazarta Ci gaba da karatu Klause Bosselmann, Ƙa'idar Dorewa (Burlington, VT: Ashland 2008) GT Goodman, WD Rowe, Gudanar da Hadarin Makamashi (New York: Academic Press 1979) An samo a Biblio Hanyoyin haɗi na waje Yanar Gizon Hukumar Kula da Makamashi ta Amurka Cibiyar Cibiyar Harkokin Makamashi ta yanar gizo Sashen Muhalli, Makamashi, da Albarkatun gidan yanar gizon Ƙungiyar Lauyoyin Amurka Dokar makamashi a gidan yanar gizon Cornell Law School LLM a cikin Dokar Makamashi a Makarantar Law ta Vermont Jaridar Dokar Makamashi Journal of World Energy Law Business, da takwarori-bita, da hukuma jarida na Association of International Petroleum Negotiators, buga ta Oxford University Press. Energy Law Net, gidan yanar gizo mai hulɗa don lauyoyin makamashi Yanar Gizo na Jami'ar Pace Energy Climate Center Dokar makamashi ta Amurka, daga gidan yanar gizon FindLaw.com Jerin masana'antun makamashi na Amurka, daga gidan yanar gizon FindLaw.com Yanar Gizo na Masana'antar Makamashi a Yau Haƙƙin Ɗan Adam Haƙƙoƙi Haƙƙoƙin Mata Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba
54930	https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/David%20Mackay%20%28mai%20wasan%20%C6%99wallon%20%C6%99afa%29	David Mackay (mai wasan ƙwallon ƙafa)	David Mackay (an haife shi a ranar 25 ga watan Yulin shekara ta 1988) ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ne mai ritaya na Australiya wanda ya buga wa kungiyar ƙwallon ƙwallon kafa ta Adelaide a cikin Kungiyar ƙwallon Kafa ta Australiya (AFL). Kungiyar ta tsara shi a karɓar 48 a cikin Draft na Kasa na 2006 kuma ya kasance tare da tawagar har sai da ya yi ritaya a ƙarshen kakar 2021. Ya buga wasanni 248 ga Adelaide kuma ya kasance daga cikin tawagar su a wasan karshe na AFL na 2017. Ayyukan kafin AFL Mackay ya fito ne daga bangaren Melbourne, Oakleigh Chargers kuma ya bayyana a cikin 2006 Victorian U/18 Metro inda ya kasance mai ban sha'awa a babban karshe. Ya halarci makarantar Trinity Grammar School, wanda aka sani da samar da 'yan wasan kwallon kafa ciki har da Wayne Schwass da Luke Power, kuma ya kasance Kyaftin House na Hindley House na makarantar. Fellow 2006 draft pick Todd Goldstein ya kasance mataimakin kyaftin na wannan gidan. Ayyukan AFL Bayan da aka lalata shi a shekara ta 2007 ta hanyar raunin da ya faru a baya, Mackay ya fara bugawa Adelaide wasa a zagaye na 1 na kakar AFL ta 2008, a cikin asarar da aka yi wa Western Bulldogs. Ya buga wasanni 19 a kakar, ya rasa hudu kawai, kuma ya zira kwallaye na farko na AFL a zagaye na 17 a kan Sydney. Ya sake kasancewa na yau da kullun a cikin 2009, yana buga wasanni 20, kuma a wannan farkon matakin aikinsa an kiyasta shi wani muhimmin bangare na matasan tsakiya na Crows. Ya buga wasanni 16 a shekara ta 2010. A zagaye na farko na shekara ta 2011, Mackay ya ji rauni a kafada kuma an yi masa tiyata wanda ya hana shi fita na watanni uku. Ya dawo a ƙarshen kakar kuma ya nuna kyakkyawan tsari, yana burgewa da tserensa da matsin tsaronsa. Mackay ya amfana daga ingantaccen ƙarfi da juriya a kakar wasa mai zuwa, yana buga wasanni 23 kuma yana da matsakaicin kayan 17 da hudu a kowane wasa, yayin da yake wasa a tsakiyar filin wasa da kuma fadin rabin baya. A ƙarshen shekara ya sanya hannu kan karin kwangilar shekaru uku. Kamar yadda tawagar gaba ɗaya, Mackay ya yi gwagwarmaya don daidaito a cikin 2013. Ya sake dawo da mafi kyawun yanayinsa a shekarar 2014, yana buga wasanni 19, yana da matsakaicin 18 kuma yana buga kwallaye 11 mafi kyau a shekarar. Ya sanya hannu kan karin kwangilar shekaru hudu a tsakiyar kakar. Mackay ya fara 2015 a cikin kyakkyawan tsari, ya shimfiɗa mafi kyawun aiki 13 tare da zubar da 23 a kan Melbourne a cikin yanayin rigar a zagaye na 3. Koyaya, tsohuwar rashin daidaituwa ta sake bayyana wanda ya haifar da sauke shi a ƙarshen shekara. Ya koma gefe don yin wasa a wasan karshe biyu na Adelaide. A ƙarshen shekara ta 2016 an sanya shi memba na rayuwar kulob din kwallon kafa na Adelaide A matsayin wani ɓangare na shirye-shiryensa don kakar 2017, Mackay ya shafe lokaci mai yawa a cikin baya a kan farkon kakar kamar yadda ya yi a tsakiyar filin saboda jaddadawar kocin Don Pyke akan sassauci. A kan Hawthorn a zagaye na 2, Mackay ya kalubalanci Paul Puopolo zuwa ƙasa a kwata na uku. Kodayake takalmin ya bayyana daidai, 'yan wasan biyu sun ci gaba da juyawa, sun ƙare tare da Mackay yana kwance a bayan Puopolo kuma an biya kyauta a kan Mackay don turawa a baya. An ga kullun kyauta a matsayin abin tambaya kuma ya haifar da rabuwa a kafofin sada zumunta. A cikin Showdown a mako mai zuwa, ya kori daya daga cikin burin aikinsa, ya tsallake daga layin iyaka, ya dawo da Crows a cikin burin Port Adelaide a wani lokaci mai mahimmanci na wasan. An sauke Mackay daga wasanni da yawa a duk lokacin kakar kuma ya buga wa masu ajiya a cikin SANFL, inda aka gaya masa ya yi aiki a kan ƙarfinsa a gasar. Lokacin da ya dawo gefen AFL, sakamakon shi ne ya kara yawan tackles da ya yi a kowane wasa daga uku zuwa biyar. Lokacin da abokin aikinsa Brodie Smith ya ji rauni a jikinsa na baya, Mackay ya sauya daga matsayinsa na yau da kullun a kan reshe zuwa rabin baya don maye gurbin tsohon All-Australian a wasan karshe. Mackay ya ƙare yana wasa a wasan karshe na farko na Adelaide tun 1998, wanda suka rasa Richmond da maki 48. A watan Yunin 2021, an tura Mackay zuwa Kotun AFL saboda haɗari da dan wasan St Kilda Hunter Clark Mackay da Clark sun yi karo yayin da suke fafatawa don kwallon a ƙasa. Clark ya sha wahala a kan karyewar jaw sakamakon haɗari kuma an yi masa tiyata a kan karayewar jaw da yawa a cikin mako mai zuwa. Raunin ya nuna cewa ba a sa ran Clark zai iya yin wasa aƙalla makonni shida ba. Mackay ba a bayar da rahoton lamarin ba daga masu yanke hukunci, amma jami'in bita na AFL, Michael Christian, ya tura lamarin kai tsaye ga kotun. Wannan ya saba wa abin da aka kafa a baya a kakar inda irin waɗannan abubuwan da suka faru, wanda ya haifar da raunin kai, ba a tura su kotun ba saboda 'yan wasan da ke da hannu suna fafatawa da kwallon. Kirista bai sanya darajar lamarin a kan teburin laifuka ba, ma'ana lamarin ya zama shari'ar gwaji ga abubuwan da suka faru a nan gaba. AFL ta yi jayayya cewa Mackay ya kasance mara hankali kuma mara hankali a cikin halinsa, wanda ya haifar da raunin Clark, yayin da lauyan Mackay ya yi jayayya da cewa haɗari ne kuma Mackay ya aikata abin da yake bukata don kare kansa. Kotun ta yanke hukuncin cewa Mackay ba shi da laifi. Mackay ya yi ritaya daga kwallon kafa a ƙarshen kakar 2021, bayan ya buga wasanni 248 na AFL. A lokacin, wannan shine wasanni na tara mafi yawa na kowane dan wasa na Adelaide Crows. Kididdiga Kididdigar daidai ne har zuwa ƙarshen kakar 2021 ta AFL. Rayayyun mutane Haihuwan
54323	https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clarence%20Peters	Clarence Peters	Clarence Abiodun Peters (an haife shi A ranar 20 ga watan Disamba shekarar 1983), darektan bidiyo ne na kiɗan Najeriya, mai shirya fim kuma mai daukar hoto. Shi ne wanda ya kafa kuma Shugaba na Capital Dream Pictures, kamfanin samar da kayayyaki wanda ya ƙware a fagen wasan kwaikwayo, fim da bidiyo. Shi ne kuma wanda ya kafa kuma Shugaba na Capital Hill Records, lakabin rikodin gida zuwa Chidinma, Tha Suspect da Illbliss Ya kasance a matsayi na 2 a jerin Channel O na Manyan Daraktocin Bidiyo na Waƙoƙi guda 10. A cikin shekarar 1998, Peters ya shiga cikin bidiyon kiɗan da Mobil ya ɗauki nauyin shirya shirin kan AIDS. Ya jagoranci sassan 40 na jerin talabijin na Jama'a Kullum Peters ya jagoranci bidiyon kiɗa don yin rikodin masu fasaha a cikin nau'o'in nau'o'i da tsararraki, ciki har da Darey, Durella, da Wizkid A cikin shekarar ta 2012, ya ɗauki bidiyon kiɗa don taken taken <i id="mwLA">Shuga</i>, wanda Boneye daga P-Unit, Banky W., Wizkid da L-Tido suka rubuta. Peters kuma ya harba ɗimbin shirye-shiryen bidiyo, tallace-tallacen TV, gajerun fina-finai, da fasalin TV. A cikin watan Afrilu, shekara ta 2014, Absolut Vodka ya girmama shi don ƙirƙirarsa. A watan Satumba, na shekarar 2015, Peters ya sanar da shirye-shiryen kaddamar da fim dinsa mai ban tsoro na 25 na Hex An fito da tirelar farko na hukuma a ranar 28 ga watan Satumba, shekara ta 2015. Rayuwa da aiki Peters da ne ga Sir Shina Peters, mawaƙi, da Clarion Chukwura, yar wasan kwaikwayo daga jihar Anambra, Nigeria A wata hira da aka buga a shafin yanar gizon Daily Times na Najeriya, mahaifiyarsa ta bayyana cewa tana son zubar da cikinta ne a lokacin da yake cikinta, amma ta sauya ra'ayinta saboda imaninta cewa Peters shine reincarnation na mahaifinta wanda ta rasa lokacin da take ciki. shekara 11. Lokacin girma, Peters dan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ne. Ya yi makarantar firamare ta Beehive sannan ya yi makarantar Government College Ikorodu Bayan kammala makarantar sakandare, ya yi aiki a Alpha Visions na tsawon shekaru uku. Ya yi karatun Cinematography a City Varsity, makarantar fim a Cape Town, Afirka ta Kudu. Bayan dawowarsa Najeriya, Peters ya hada kai da gungun masu shirya fina-finai don kafa kamfanin shirya fina-finai na Alliance, wanda a yanzu ake kira da Allied Film Company. Peters ya yi aiki tare da kamfanin na tsawon shekara guda kuma daga ƙarshe ya fara kamfanin samar da nasa. Peters ya ambaci Steven Spielberg, Hype Williams, DJ Tee, Akin Alabi, Wudi Awa, HG2films, Director dove Kemi Adetiba, Sesan, Aje, and AK 1 a matsayin mutanen da yake sha'awar. Waƙar Capital Hill Yayin da yake makarantar sakandare, Peters ya sadu da Tha Suspect, mai tsara rikodin kuma mai yin rikodi. Su biyun sun fara rukuni bayan sun saba da juna. An kafa Capital Hill Records bayan da Peters ya dawo Najeriya daga Afirka ta Kudu. Shi da Suspect sun yanke shawarar nemo wata mace mai fasaha da za ta iya yin rap da rera waƙa. A kwanan baya, Peters ya sanya hannu kan Kel zuwa lakabin rikodin sa bayan da Terry tha Rapman ya gabatar da ita. A cikin Satumba 2010, Kel ya sami rashin fahimta tare da Peters, wanda ya kai ga ƙarshen kwangilar rikodin ta. Mawaƙin ya yi nasarar sakin kundi na studio na farko, The Investment, yayin da aka sanya hannu kan lakabin. Daga bisani, alamar ta ha] a hannu da Kamfanin Goretti, kamfanin gudanarwa na Illbliss. Rigima A cikin watan Janairun shekarar 2014, an yi wa Peters keta haƙƙin mallaka bayan fitar da bidiyon Eminado na Tiwa Savage An yi zargin cewa ya saci yanayin da ake amfani da shi na bidiyon "Asinamali", wanda Tumi da Volume suka fitar don girmama ayyukan fasaha na Seydou Keïta Tumi ya yi wa Peters kazafi a shafinsa na Twitter sannan ya bukaci magoya bayansa da su haskaka kan lamarin. Tsohon manajan Savage kuma tsohon mijin, Tunji "Tee Billz" Balogun, ya yi karin haske kan takaddamar. Ya ce ba su taba sanin cewa an dauko ra’ayin bidiyon ne daga wani faifan bidiyo ba, kuma sun yi mamaki kamar kowa. Bayan fitar da bidiyon kiɗan Ice Prince 's VIP a ranar 21 ga watan Yuni, shekara ta 2013, an zarge Peters da yin lalata da al'amuran da suka fito daga bidiyon My Life na Slaughterhouse tare da haɗa su cikin bidiyon "VIP". A cikin watan Fabrairun shekara ta 2014, Ice Prince ya kare ayyukan Peters kuma ya ce ya gaya masa ra'ayoyin don harbi. Ya kuma ce duk wanda ya samu matsala a lamarin to su dora shi da alhakinsa. Kyaututtuka da zaɓe Bidiyo Videography Nassoshi Haihuwan 1978 Rayayyun
42261	https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gerd%20muller	Gerd muller	Gerhard Gerd Müller German pronunciation; 3 ga watan Nuwamba shekara ta, 1945 zuwa 1915 ga watan Agusta shekara ta 2021) ƙwararren ɗan ƙwallon ƙafa ne a kasar Jamus. Dan wasan da ya yi suna saboda kammala aikin sa na asibiti, musamman a ciki da wajen akwatin yadi shida, ana daukarsa a matsayin daya daga cikin manyan ‘yan wasan da suka zura kwallaye a tarihin wasanni. Tare da nasara a matakin kulob da na duniya, yana daya daga cikin 'yan wasa tara da suka lashe gasar cin kofin duniya na FIFA, UEFA Champions League da Ballon d'Or A matakin kasa da kasa da yammacin kasar Jamus, ya zira kwallaye 68 a raga da kuma wasanni 62, kuma a matakin kulob din, a cikin shekaru 15 tare da Bayern Munich, inda ya zira kwallaye 365 a wasanni 427 na Bundesliga, ya zama kuma har yanzu yana mai rike da wannan kasar A wasanni 74 na kungiyoyin Turai ya zura kwallaye 65. Matsakaicin burin da ya ci a wasa tare da Jamus ta Yamma, Müller ya kasance, tun daga ranar 11 ga watan Yuli shekara ta, 2021, 21st a jerin masu cin kwallaye na duniya a duk lokacin, duk da wasa kaɗan fiye da kowane ɗan wasa a saman 48. Daga cikin manyan masu zura kwallaye, yana da matsayi na uku mafi girma-zuwa wasa. Ya kuma sami mafi girman rabo na 0.97 a raga a kowane wasa a gasar cin kofin Turai, inda ya zira kwallaye 34 a wasanni 35. Wanda ake yi wa lakabi da Bomber der Nation ("Dan Bomber na kasar") ko kuma kawai Der Bomber Müller ya kasance gwarzon dan kwallon kafa naTurai a shekara ta, 1970. Bayan nasarar kakar wasa a Bayern Munich, ya zira kwallaye goma a gasar cin kofin duniya na FIFA na shakara ta, 1970 na Jamus ta Yamma inda ya karbi kyautar Golden Boot a matsayin dan wasa wanda ya fi zira kwallaye, kafin ya lashe Ballon d'Or na 1970 A shekara ta, 1972, ya lashe gasar cin kofin Turai ta UEFA kuma ya kasance mafi yawan kwallaye, inda ya zira kwallaye biyu a wasan karshe Bayan shekaru biyu, ya zira kwallaye hudu a gasar cin kofin duniya na shekara ta, 1974, ciki har da burin da ya ci nasara a wasan karshe Müller ya rike tarihin zura kwallo a raga a gasar cin kofin duniya inda ya zura kwallaye 14 tsawon shekaru 32. A shekara ta 1999, Müller ya kasance a matsayi na tara a cikin 'yan wasan Turai na zaɓen Ƙarni da Hukumar Kula da Tarihin Kwallon Kafa ta Duniya (IFFHS) ta gudanar, kuma an zabe shi a matsayi na 13 a zaɓen IFFHS'Dan wasan Duniya na ƙarni A cikin shekara ta, 2004, Pelé ya sanya sunan Müller a cikin jerin sunayen manyan 'yan wasa na duniya na FIFA 100 Aikin kulob Bayern Munich Müller wanda ya samu damar jefa kwallo a raga, shi ma ya zama dan wasan Jamus na farko da ya fi zira kwallaye sau bakwai kuma ya fi zura kwallaye a Turai sau biyu. Müller ya zira kwallaye 365 a wasanni 427 na gasar cin kofin Bundesliga a Bayern Munich, kwallaye 53 a kan dan wasan da ya fi cin nasara a gasar Bundesliga, Robert Lewandowski Ya rike tarihin Bundesliga na kakar wasa daya da kwallaye 40 a kakar wasa ta shekarar, 1971 zuwa 1972, rikodin da za a yi har sai Lewandowski ya zira kwallaye 41 a kakar shekara ta, 2020 zuwa 2021 Müller ya zura kwallaye a wasa daya ko mafi kyau a wasanni bakwai cikin 14 da ya yi. Ya zura kwallaye 68 a wasanni 62 na kasar Jamus. Ya rike rikodin mafi yawan kwallayen da aka zira a cikin shekara ta kalanda, inda ya zira kwallaye 85 a cikin shekara ta, 1972, har sai jimlar sa ta wuce shekaru 40 daga baya a shekara ta, 2012 ta Lionel Messi Sunan Kulob din Gerd Muller Yakoma Fort Lauderdale Strikers Bayan aikinsa a Bundesliga Müller ya tafi Amurka, inda ya shiga Fort Lauderdale Strikers (wanda ke a yankin Miami na Arewacin Amurka Soccer League (NASL) a shekara ta, 1979. Ya buga wasanni uku tare da wannan ƙungiyar, inda ya zira kwallaye 38 a raka, kuma ya kai, amma ya sha kashi, wasan karshe a gasar a shekara ta, 1980. Ayyukan kasa da kasa Müller ya zura kwallaye 68 a wasanni 62 a yammacin Jamus Ya kasance dan wasan da ya fi kowa zura kwallo a ragar Jamus kusan shekaru 40 har sai da Miroslav Klose ya zarce a shekarar 2014, kodayake Klose ya bukaci fiye da yawan wasannin da ya buga don yin hakan, inda ya ci kwallo ta 69 a wasansa na 132. Müller ya fara buga wasan kasa da kasa ne a shekarar ta, 1966 kuma ya kare a ranar 7 ga watan Yulin shekara ta, 1974 tare da nasara a gasar cin kofin duniya ta shekarar, 1974 a filin wasa na gida a Munich. Ya zura kwallon da ta yi nasara a wasan da suka doke Johan Cruyff ta Netherlands da ci 2-1 a wasan karshe Kwallaye hudu da ya ci a wannan gasa da kuma kwallaye goma da ya ci a gasar cin kofin duniya a shekarar, 1970 sun hada da ya zama dan wasan da ya fi zira kwallaye a gasar cin kofin duniya a lokacin da kwallaye 14. Rikodinsa ya tsaya har zuwa gasar shekara ta, 2006, da aka yi a Jamus, lokacin da dan wasan Brazil Ronaldo ya karye, wanda kuma ya bukaci karin matches fiye da Müller don cimma burinsa. Müller kuma ya halarci gasar cin kofin Turai ta shekara ta, 1972, inda ya zama babban mai zura kwallo a raga da kwallaye hudu (ciki har da biyu a wasan karshe kuma ya lashe gasar tare da tawagar Jamus ta Yamma. Müller ya daina bugawa kasar Jamus ta Yamma bayan nasarar lashe kofin duniya a shekarar ta, 1974 bayan takaddama da hukumar kwallon kafa ta kasar Jamus a wajen bikin bayan gasar, inda aka ba matan jami'ai damar halarta amma matan 'yan wasa ba su samu ba. Rayuwa bayan kwallon kafa Bayan Müller ya ƙare aikinsa a shekara ta, 1982, ya fada cikin wani mawuyacin hali kuma ya sha wahala daga shaye-shaye Duk da haka, tsohon sahabbai a Bayern Munich shawo shi ya tafi ta hanyar barasa gyara Lokacin da ya fito, sun ba shi aiki a matsayin koci a kulob din na Bayern Munich II Ya rike mukamin daga shekarar, 1992 har zuwa lokacin da yayi ritaya a shekarar, 2014 saboda matsalolin lafiya. Akwai kuma tarin tufafin da ’yan wasa Adidas suka fitar a karkashin sunan Gerd Müller. Yana daga cikin jerin asali na Adidas. A cikin watan Yuli shekara ta, 2008, Rieser Sportpark, a Nördlingen, inda Müller ya fara aikinsa, an sake masa suna Gerd-Müller-Stadion don girmama shi. A ranar 6 ga watan Oktoba shekara ta, 2015, an sanar da cewa Müller yana fama da cutar Alzheimer Ya mutu a ranar 15 ga watan Agusta shekara ta, 2021 a gidan kula da tsofaffi a Wolfratshausen, yana da shekara 75 a duniya. Salon wasa A cikin littafinsa, Brilliant Orange: The Neurotic Genius of Dutch Football, marubucin David Winner ya rubuta, "Müller ya kasance gajere, squat, mai ban sha'awa kuma ba mai sauri ba; bai taba dacewa da ra'ayin al'adu na babban dan wasan kwallon kafa ba, amma yana da hanzari na mutuwa. kan gajeriyar tazara, wasan ban mamaki na iska, da ilhami na zura kwallo a raga. Ƙafafunsa gajere sun ba shi ƙananan tsakiya na nauyi, don haka zai iya juyawa da sauri kuma tare da cikakkiyar ma'auni a cikin sarari da kuma gudu wanda zai sa sauran 'yan wasa su fadi. Ya kuma kasance yana da gwanintar zura kwallo a cikin abubuwan da ba za su iya yiwuwa ba.” Müller ya yi amfani da matsananciyar hanzari da sauye-sauye na yaudara don fara kwance ƙwallo, da ketare masu tsaron gida. Abokin wasansa Franz Beckenbauer ya jaddada saurin da ba a saba gani ba na Müller: “Tafin sa ya yi ban mamaki. A horo na yi wasa da shi kuma ban taba samun dama ba.” <ref name=guardianobituary> <ref name="FIFA Muller"> <ref name=guardianobituary> Kididdigar sana'a Kulob Kwallaye da aka zura a raga sun nuna cewa Müller ne ya fi zura kwallaye a gasar ta jamus a wannan kakar. Ƙasashen Duniya Müller ya ci wa kasar Jamus ta Yamma kwallaye 68 a wasanni 62. Kwallaye 14 da ya ci a gasar cin kofin duniya na FIFA ya kasance tarihi tsakanin shekara ta, 1974 da shekara ta, 2006. A shekarar, 2006 Ronaldo na Brazil ne ya ci wannan kwallo, sai kuma bayan shekaru takwas Bajamushe Miroslav Klose, wanda shi ma Müller ya kafa tarihin zura kwallo a ragar Jamus. Sai dai Müller ya samu nasarar zura kwallaye takwas a wasansa na kasa da kasa. Girmamawa Bayern Munich Bundesliga 1968–69, 1971–72, 1972–73, 1973–74 DFB-Pokal 1965–66, 1966–67, 1968–69, 1970–71 Regionalliga Sud 1964-65 Kofin Turai 1973–74, 1974–75, 1975–76 Gasar Cin Kofin Turai 1966–67 Intercontinental Cup 1976 Jamus ta Yamma FIFA World Cup 1974 Gasar Cin Kofin Turai 1972 Mutum daya Ballon d'Or 1970 mai gudu: 1972 Wuri na uku: 1969, 1973 Gwarzon Dan Wasan Kwallon Kafa (Jamus) 1967, 1969 An Zabi Mafi kyawun Dan Wasa Shekaru 40 Bundesliga 1963–2003 Kicker Bundesliga Team of the Season: 1968–69, 1969–70, 1971–72, 1972–73 Eric Batty's World XI 1969, 1971, 1972, 1973, 1974, 1976, 1977, 1978 Babban Mawaƙin Bundesliga (Kicker-Torjägerkanone) 1967, 1969, 1970, 1972, 1973, 1974, 1978 Takalmin Zinare na Turai 1969–70, 1971–72 Kofin Zinare na Duniya na FIFA 1970 Kungiyar Kwallon Kafa ta Duniya ta FIFA 1970 FIFA Zaben Duniya XI: 1971, 1972, 1973 Mafi Girma a Duniya: 1970, 1972 Babban wanda ya zira kwallaye a gasar cin kofin Turai: 1972 Ƙungiyar Gasar Cin Kofin Turai ta UEFA 1972 Babban wanda ya zira kwallaye a gasar cin kofin Turai 1973, 1974, 1975, 1977 Ranar ƙarshe 1976 Hukumar FIFA 1998 FIFA 100 2004 Golden Foot 2007, a matsayin tarihin ƙwallon ƙafa Bravo Otto Kyautar Zinariya: 1973, 1974; Kyautar Azurfa: 1975; Kyautar Bronze: 1972, 1976 Tatsuniyoyi na IFFHS Bayern Munich Mafi Girma XI IFFHS Mafarkin Mafarki na Duk lokaci 2021 IFFHS Ko da yaushe Turai Ƙungiyar Mafarkin Mafarki: 2021 Nassoshi 'Yan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ta ƙasar Jamus Matattun 2021 Haifaffun 1945
49294	https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint%20Helena%20laban	Saint Helena laban	Fam na Saint Helena kudin tsibiran Atlantika na Saint Helena da hawan hawan Yesu zuwa sama, wadanda ke cikin sassan Biritaniya na ketare na Saint Helena, Hawan Yesu zuwa sama da Tristan da Cunha An daidaita shi daidai da sitiriyo, don haka ana karɓar kuɗin kuɗaɗen duka kuma ana yaduwa a cikin Saint Helena. An raba shi zuwa pence 100 Tristan da Cunha, kashi na uku na yankin, a hukumance ya karɓi Sterling Duk da haka, a wasu lokatai ana haƙa tsabar kuɗi na tunawa don tsibirin. Tarihi Da farko, tsabar kudin Sterling ta yadu a kan Saint Helena, a cikin raka'a na fam zuwa shillings 20, kowanne daga pence 12 Wannan an ƙara shi da al'amuran gida na lokaci-lokaci na kudaden takarda. An buga tsabar kuɗi ɗaya, rabin penny tagulla, a cikin 1821, musamman don amfani da su a cikin tsibiran, kuma an haɗa shi da tsabar kuɗi mai tsada. An ƙididdige takardun kuɗin kuɗin fam da shillings, kuma an kimanta su daidai da Sterling. Kafin Fabrairun 1961, Fam Afirka ta Kudu, wanda a lokacin ya yi daidai da darajar Sterling, an kuma karɓi shi a tsibirin, amma hakan ya ƙare tare da ƙaddamar da sabon Rand na Afirka ta Kudu decimal, inda rand ɗaya ya kai shillings 10 kacal. Har zuwa shekara ta 1976, St. Helena ta yi amfani da kuɗi mai kyau, amma a cikin Fabrairu na wannan shekarar, Gwamnatin St. Helena ta kafa Hukumar Kula da Kuɗi kuma ta fara ba da sababbin takardun kuɗi na adadi daidai da sitila don amfani a tsibirin. An gabatar da tsabar kudi da aka yi nufin zagayawa akan St. Helena da hawan Yesu zuwa sama a cikin 1984. An ƙaddamar da amfani da waɗannan tsabar kudi da bayanan kula zuwa Tsibirin Ascension, daga baya kuma zuwa Tristan da Cunha. Ganin cewa ana buga sulalla masu yawo da "Saint Helena Hawan Yesu zuwa sama", takardun banki kawai suna cewa "Gwamnatin St. Helena". Don ƙarin cikakken tarihin kuɗi a yankin Kudancin Atlantic, duba kuɗin Burtaniya a Kudancin Atlantic da Antarctic Tsabar kudi An ba da kuɗin rabin kuɗin tagulla da aka gabatar a cikin 1821 don Saint Helena ta Kamfanin Kasuwancin Indiya ta Gabas, kuma an yi amfani da shi don yawancin lokacin da kamfanin ke shiga cikin yankin. A lokacin, an yi amfani da tsibirin a matsayin wurin hukunta manyan fursunonin siyasa, ciki har da Napoleon Bonaparte Ba a sake fitar da tsabar kuɗin da aka keɓe don St. Helena ba har tsawon shekaru 163, a cikin 1984. Kafin 1984, duka Saint Helena da Tsibirin Hawan Hawan Hawan Hawan Sama sun ba da tsabar kuɗi marasa zagayawa, amma a hukumance sun yi amfani da daidaitattun tsabar kudi Takardun kuɗin da aka bayar na St. Helena an rarraba su tare da tsabar kudi na Biritaniya da takardun banki. A cikin 1984, an fara gabatar da tsabar kuɗi a cikin sunayen St. Helena da Hawan Yesu zuwa sama, a cikin ƙungiyoyin 1, 2, 5, 10, da 50 pence da £1. An tsara jerin tsabar kudin ta hanyar zana kuma mai tsara tsabar kudi Michael Hibbit. Duk tsabar tsabar girman girman da abun da ke ciki iri ɗaya ne kamar tsabar tsabar Biritaniya masu dacewa kuma suna da ƙima ɗaya. Kowane tsabar kudin yana kwatanta flora da fauna na musamman ga tsibiran. Ana amfani da tsabar kudi da bayanin kula na St. Helena da hawan Yesu zuwa sama a tsibirin Tristan Da Cunha, tare da tsabar kudi na Biritaniya da bayanin kula. Tristan da Cunha ba a haɗa shi a cikin jerin sunayen da sunan ba saboda asalin tsibirin ba a haɗa shi da siyasa a cikin St. Helena da Hawan Yesu Colony a lokacin da aka fitar da kuɗin a hukumance. Har yanzu batutuwan da suka biyo baya basu haɗa da sunan Tristan da Cunha a matsayin yankin da aka haɗa ba. Tristan da Cunha har yanzu yana ɗaukar Sterling a matsayin kudin sa na hukuma. Ana ba da abubuwan tunawa da ba a zagaya ba da tsabar kudi na hukuma daban a ƙarƙashin sunan Tristan da Cunha da tsibirin Gough wanda ba a zaune ba, amma ba a san ƙa'idar doka ba. An sake fasalin fasalin Sarauniya Elizabeth akan yawancin darikokin a 1991, sauran kuma a 1998. Hakanan an fara ƙaddamar da tsabar kuɗi pence 20 mai gefe bakwai a cikin 1998 kuma, a cikin wannan shekarar, tsofaffin tsabar kudi 5- da 10-pence an maye gurbinsu da wasu batutuwa masu raguwa waɗanda ke nuna sabbin ƙirar dabbobi. Duk da haka, tsabar kuɗin pence 50 bai ragu ba har sai 2003. Har zuwa wannan lokacin, ainihin, tsabar kudin pence 50 mafi girma ta ci gaba da yaduwa. A cikin 2002, an gabatar da tsabar nickel-brass £1 don maye gurbin bayanin kula, kuma an gabatar da tsabar bimetallic 2 zuwa tsibiran a shekara mai zuwa. Rubutun gefen tsabar tsabar £2 sune (a cikin manyan) "Anniversary 500th" na tsabar kudin 2002, da "Mai aminci da Aminci" na tsabar kudin 2003. All circulating tsabar kudi suna a kan hoto na shugaban Sarauniya Elizabeth II a kan obverse gefen, tare da rubutu: "Sarauniya Elizabeth II", "St. Helena Hawan Yesu zuwa sama" da kuma shekara. Duk da haka, yawancin tsabar kuɗin tunawa a cikin shekaru kawai an rubuta su "St. Helena" ko "Tsibirin Hawan Hawan Sama". Wasu daga cikin ƙirar tsabar kudin sun canza tun 1984. Guda 5-pence da aka bayar kafin 1998 ya nuna Saint Helena plover (wirebird, wanda shine tsuntsu na St Helena na kasa yayin da tsabar kudi pence 10 da aka bayar kafin 1998 ya nuna orchids Tebur mai zuwa yana nuna ƙirar yanzu: Takardun kuɗi Musamman idan aka kwatanta da sauran yankunan Birtaniyya, St. Helena na da dadadden tarihi na fitar da kudadenta, wadanda suka zo kuma suka wuce a lokuta daban-daban na tattalin arziki. Daga 1716, Gwamna da Majalisar na tsibirin St Helena ta ba da bayanin kula don 2/6 da 5/- da £1 da £2, waɗanda aka bayar har zuwa ƙarshen ƙarni na 18. Batu na gaba na bayanin kula ya faru wani lokaci bayan 1917. An samar da shi ta hanyar St Helena Currency Board a cikin ƙungiyoyin 5/-, 20/- da 40/-. A cikin 1976, hukumar kuɗi ta Gwamnatin Saint Helena ta fara ba da bayanan kuɗi £1 da £5, sannan 50p da £10 bayanin kula a 1979. An cire bayanan 50p da £1 kuma an maye gurbinsu da tsabar kudi a cikin 1984, kuma an fara gabatar da bayanan £20 a cikin 1986. An gabatar da sake fasalin bayanin kula na £5 a cikin 1988. A cikin 2004, an gabatar da sabon jerin fam 10 da fam 20, wanda De La Rue Banknote da Kamfanin Engraving suka samar, wanda ke nuna sake fasalin da sabbin fasalolin tsaro. Tare da gabatarwar sabon jerin, an dakatar da bayanin 1 kuma an cire shi daga wurare dabam dabam. Kuɗin asusun banki Babban banki akan Saint Helena da hawan Yesu zuwa sama shine Bankin Saint Helena Duk asusun da ke cikin wannan banki suna amfani da fam a matsayin kuɗi, wanda za a iya la'akari da fam na Saint Helena saboda ana ba da takardun banki na SHP akan cirewa. Dole ne a yi duk canja wuri na ƙasa da ƙasa a cikin Sterling, Yuro, Rand na Afirka ta Kudu, ko dalar Amurka Amfani da katin kiredit na baƙi a tsibirin zai kasance da kyau a matsayin kuɗi. Wannan yana nufin cewa SHP ba ya wanzu a matsayin kudin canja wuri a wajen tsibiran. Farashin musayar Bankin St Helena tana buga farashin musanya don canjin kuɗin ta. Matsakaicin musaya na laban Saint Helena akan Sterling shine 1:1, kodayake ana iya jawo musanya ko kuɗin canja wuri. Nassoshi Bayanan kula Sources Hanyoyin haɗi na waje Bayanan banki na Numismondo St Helena (na tarihi da na yanzu) Kudade Kudi Kuɗi Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba
13072	https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inyamurai	Inyamurai	Inyamurai Turanci: i b oʊ EE -boh, kuma US ɪ ɡ b oʊ Kuma tattaɓa kalma Ibo da kuma da har ila yau Iboe, Ebo, Eboe, Eboans, Heebo ƙasa bò] ne a meta-ƙabilanci da 'yan qasar zuwa ba-rana kudu-tsakiya da kuma kudu maso gabashin Najeriya. Ana samun yawancin kabilun Ibo a Kamaru, Gabon, da Equatorial Guinea, har ma da wajen Afirka. An yi ta ce-ce-ku-ce sosai game da asalin kabilar Ibo, kasancewar ba a san takamaiman yadda ƙungiyar ta fara ba. A yanayin kasa, ƙasar Igbo ta kasu zuwa ɓangarori biyu da ba daidai ba a gefen Kogin Neja gabas (wacce ta fi girma daga su biyun) da kuma ɓangaren yamma. Kabilar Ibo na daga cikin manyan ƙabilun Afirka. Harshen Igbo wani ɓangare ne na dangin harsunan Nijar-Congo Ya kasu kashi zuwa yaruka da yawa na yanki kuma ana iya fahimtar juna tare da babbar ƙungiyar "Igboid". Ƙasar Ibo ta ratsa ƙananan Kogin Neja, gabas da kudu na ƙungiyoyin Edoid da Idomoid, da yamma na ƙungiyar Ibibioid (Cross River). Kafin zamanin Turawan mulkin mallaka na Biritaniya a karni na 20, ƙabilar Ibo kungiyar siyasa ce da ta wargaje, tare da wasu manyan sarakuna kamar Nri, Aro Confederacy, Agbor da Onitsha Frederick Lugard ya gabatar da tsarin Eze na "shugabanni masu bada umarni". Ba tare da yakin Fulani ba da yaɗuwar addinin Musulunci a Najeriya a cikin karni na 19, suka zama Krista da yawa a karkashin mulkin mallaka. Dangane da mamayar mulkin mallaka, Ibo sun sami karfi na nuna bambancin kabila. A lokacin yakin basasar Najeriya na shekarar 1967-1970, yankunan Ibo suka balle a matsayin Jamhuriyar Biafra wacce ba ta daɗe ba. Kungiyar 'Movement for Actualization of the Sovereign State of Biafra', ƙungiyar 'yan ɗarikar da aka kafa a shekarar 1999, na ci gaba da gwagwarmaya ba tashin hankali don neman kasar Igbo mai cin gashin kanta. Ma'ana da karamin rukuni "Igbo" a matsayin asalin kabilanci ya bunƙasa kwatankwacin kwanan nan, a cikin tsarin mulkin mallaka da kuma Yaƙin basasar Najeriya. Al’ummomin da ke magana da Kuma harshen Ibo daban-daban sun kasu kashi biyu bisa tarihi kuma an rarraba su; a ra'ayin marubucin littattafan nan na Chinua Achebe, ya kuma kamata a sanya asalin Ibo a wani wuri tsakanin "kabila" da "ƙasa". Tun lokacin da aka kayar da Jamhuriyyar Biafra a shekarar 1970, wani lokacin ana yiwa ƙabilar Igbo kallon kasa mara kasa Tarihi Tarihi Harsunan Igboid suna da tarin a cikin Volta Niger phylum, mai yuwuwa an hada su da Yoruboid da Edoid Babban bambanci tsakanin kungiyar Igboid shine tsakanin Ekpeye da sauran. Williamson (2002) yayi iƙirarin cewa bisa ga wannan tsarin, ƙaura zuwa Igbo-ƙaura zai sauko da Nijer daga wani yankin arewa mai nisa a cikin savannah kuma ya fara zama kusa da yankin Delta, tare da cibiyar sakandare ta Igbo mafi dacewa zuwa arewa, a yankin Awka Nazarin kwayar halitta ya nuna Igbo su kasance cikin kusanci da sauran mutanen da ke magana da yaren Nijar-Congo. Babban haplogroup na Y-chromosmoal shine E1b1a1-M2 An samo tukwane tun daga kusan 3,000-2,500 BC wanda ke nuna kamanceceniya da aikin Igbo daga baya aka samo shi a yankin Nsukka da Afikpo na Igboland a shekarun 1970s, tare da tukwane da kayan aiki a Ibagwa da ke kusa; al'adun dangin Umueri suna da asalin kwarin Anambara A cikin shekarun 1970s bangarorin Owerri, Okigwe, Orlu, Awgu, Udi da Awka sun ƙudurta zama "Igboasar Ibo" daga shaidar harshe da al'adu. A yankin Nsukka na ƙassr Igbo, an tono shaidar narkewar baƙin ƙarfe da wuri, wanda ya fara zuwa shekara ta 750 kafin haihuwar Yesu a wurin Opi da 2,000 BC a wurin Lejja Masarautar Nri Mutanen Nri na ƙasar Ibo suna da tatsuniyoyin ƙirƙira halitta wanda ɗayan ɗayan tatsuniyoyin kirkirar halittu ne da ake samu a sassa daban-daban na ƙasar Igbo. Mutanen Nri da Aguleri suna cikin yankin ƙabilar Umueri waɗanda suka gano asalinsu daga asalin sarki mai martaba Eri Asalin Eri bashi da tabbas, kodayake an bayyana shi da "sama" wanda Chukwu (Allah) ya aiko. Ya kasance mutum ne wanda ya fara ba da umarnin jama'a ga mutanen Anambra Masanin tarihi Elizabeth Allo Isichei ya ce "Nri da Aguleri kuma wasu daga cikin dangin Umueri, [ƙungiya ce] ta ƙungiyoyin ƙauyukan Ibo waɗanda suka samo asalinsu zuwa sama da ake kira Eri." Shaidun archaeological sun nuna cewa tasirin Nri a cikin Igboland na iya komawa har zuwa ƙarni na 9, kuma an binne kabarin masarauta akalla zuwa ƙarni na 10. Eri, mai kama da allahn wanda ya kafa Nri, an yi imanin cewa ya daidaita yankin a kusan 948 tare da wasu al'adun Ibo masu alaƙa da shi bayan ƙarni na 13. Eze Nri na farko (Sarkin Nri) Ìfikuánim ya bi shi kai tsaye. Bisa ga al'adar gargajiya ta Ibo, mulkinsa ya fara ne a shekarar 1043. Aƙalla wani masanin tarihi ya sanya mulkin Ìfikuánim daga baya, kusan 1225 AD. Kowane sarki yana gano asalinsa ne tun daga kakannin da suka kafa, Eri. Kowane sarki al'ada ce ta Eri. Tsarin farawa na sabon sarki ya nuna cewa tsarin al'ada na zama Ezenri (Nri firist-king) yana bin hanyar da jarumi ya bi a cikin kafa masarautar Nri. E. Elochukwu Uzukwu Masarautar Nri ta kasance mai bin addini da addini, wani nau'in tsarin mulki, wanda ya bunkasa a tsakiyar yankin yankin Ibo. Nri yana da nau'ikan taboo guda bakwai waɗanda suka haɗa da mutum (kamar haihuwar tagwaye dabba (kamar kisan ko cin abincin alloli), abu, na ɗan lokaci, na ɗabi'a, magana da wurin taboos. Anyi amfani da dokoki game da waɗannan abubuwan koyarwar don ilimantar da kuma sarrafa batutuwan Nri. Wannan yana nufin cewa, yayin da wasu Igbo zasu iya zama a karkashin mulki daban daban, duk masu bin addinin Ibo dole suyi biyayya ga dokokin imani kuma suyi biyayya ga wakilin ta a duniya, Eze Nri. Al'adun gargajiya Ƙungiyar siyasa ta gargajiya ta Ibo ta ginu ne bisa tsarin jamhuriya irin ta dimokiradiyya. A cikin al'ummomin da ke da haɗin kai, wannan tsarin ya ba da tabbaci ga 'yan ƙasa daidaito, sabanin tsarin fandarewa tare da sarki mai sarauta kan batutuwa. Wannan tsarin mulkin ya sami halarta daga Turawan Fotigal wadanda suka fara zuwa suka hadu da mutanen Ibo a karni na 15. Ban da wasu sanannun garuruwan Ibo kamar Onitsha, wanda ke da sarakuna da ake kira Obi da wurare kamar Masarautar Nri da Arochukwu, waɗanda ke da sarakuna firistoci; Ƙungiyoyin Ibo da gwamnatocin yanki sun sami rinjaye ta hanyar majalisar tuntuba ta jamhuriya ta talakawa. Usuallyungiyoyin galibi galibi majalisar dattawa ce ke iko da su. Kodayake ana girmama masu riƙe da muƙami saboda nasarorinsu da iyawarsu, ba a girmama su a matsayin sarakuna amma galibi suna yin ayyuka na musamman da irin waɗannan majalisun suka ba su. Wannan hanyar mulkin ta bambanta da yawancin al'ummomin Yammacin Afirka kuma Ewe ne kawai na Ghana ke raba su. Umunna wani nau'i ne na kakannin uba wanda Igbo suka kula dashi. Doka tana farawa ne da Umunna wacce ita ce layin maza daga asalin kakanni (wanda a wasu lokuta ake kiran layin da sunan) tare da rukunin mahaɗan da ke ƙunshe da dangin da ke kusa da juna wanda babban ɗan dangi ke jagoranta. Ana iya ganin Umunna a matsayin babbar ginshiƙan al'ummar Ibo. Hakanan al'ada ce wacce aka sake gina jinsi kuma aka aiwatar da ita bisa larurar zamantakewa, “inda jinsi da jima'i ba su dace ba. Maimakon haka, jinsi ya kasance mai sassauci kuma mai ruwa, yana ba mata damar zama maza kuma maza su zama mata Lissafi a cikin 'yan asalin Ibo na bayyane a cikin kalandar su, tsarin banki da kuma wasan caca da ake kira Okwe. A cikin kalandar asalinsu, mako guda yana da kwana huɗu, wata yana da makonni bakwai, kuma ana yin watanni 13 a shekara. A cikin watan da ya gabata, an kara ranar. Wannan kalandar har yanzu ana amfani da ita a ƙauyuka da ƙauyuka na ƙabilar Ibo don ƙayyade ranakun kasuwa. Sun sasanta al'amuran doka ta hanyar masu shiga tsakani, kuma tsarin bankin su na lamuni da tanadi, wanda ake kira Isusu, ana amfani dashi har yanzu. Sabuwar shekarar Igbo, farawa da watan Igbo yana faruwa a mako na uku na Fabrairu, kodayake farkon gargaɗin shekara ga yawancin al'ummomin Ibo yana kusa da lokacin bazara a Áarshi (Yuni). Amfani da matsayin bukukuwan rubutun da sirrin jama'a, da Igbo da wani 'yan asalin bayanin kimiyyar sa na alamomin kira Nsibidi, yana da asali daga makwabciyar Ejagham mutane. Mutanen Ibo sun samar da tagulla tun daga farkon karni na 9, wasu daga cikinsu an same su a garin Igbo Ukwu, Jihar Anambra Tsarin bautar mara izini ya kasance tsakanin Ibo kafin da bayan gamuwa da Turawa. Olaudah Equiano ne ya bayyana ayyukan cikin gida a yankunan Igbo a cikin tarihin sa Ya bayyana yanayin bayi a yankinsa na Essaka kuma ya nuna bambanci tsakanin yadda ake kula da bayi a ƙarƙashin Igbo a Essaka da wadanda ke hannun Turawa a Yammacin Indiya:... amma yaya yanayinsu ya bambanta da na bayi a Yammacin Indiya! Tare da mu, ba sa yin aiki kamar sauran membobin al'umma, har ma da maigidansu; (sai dai ba a ba su izinin cin abinci tare da wadancan haihuwar ba;) kuma akwai karancin wani bambanci tsakanin su ga cikin waɗannan bayi suna da bayi a karkashin su a matsayin dukiyoyin su don amfanin su. Kogin Neja ya zama yankin da ake hulɗa tsakanin 'yan kasuwar Afirka da Turai a 1434. Mutanen Fotigal ne suka fara yin hulɗa da mutanen Ibo. A wannan lokacin a cikin tarihi, an fi mai da hankali kan kasuwanci sabanin ginin daula; saboda haka, Turawan Fotigal sun tsunduma cikin fataucin bayin Igbo. Daga nan sai Yaren mutanen Hollan suka shigo cikin hoton, kuma daga karshe Turawan Ingila Cinikin bayi ya ƙare a shekara ta 1807, don haka turawan suka fara karkata akalar su daga kasuwanci zuwa masana'antu. Musamman Turawan ingila, sun nemi faɗaɗa ikonsu na mulkin mallaka zuwa ƙasar Igbo. Kafin tuntuɓar Bature, hanyoyin cinikin Ibo sun miƙe har zuwa Makka, Madina da Jeddah a nahiyar. Cinikin bayi na gida da kuma ƙasashen waje Chambers (2002) yayi ikirarin cewa yawancin bayin da aka karɓo daga Bight of Biafra a fadin hanyar wucewa sun kasance Igbo. Waɗannan bayin galibi kungiyar ta Confederacy ce ke sayar da su ga Turawan, wadanda suka sace ko suka sayi bayi daga kauyukan Igbo da ke yankin na bayan kasa. Mayila bayin Ibo ba su sha wahala daga yaƙe-yaƙen ɓarnatar da bayi ko balaguro ba amma wataƙila bashi ko kuma 'yan kabilar Ibo da suka aikata laifuka a cikin al'ummominsu. Tare da burin neman 'yanci, bautar Igbo mutane da aka sani zuwa Turai planters matsayin kasancewa m da ciwon high kudi na kunar bakin wake a kubuta bauta. Akwai shaidar cewa yan kasuwa sun nemi matan Igbo. An haɗu da matan Ibo tare da maza na Coromantee Akan don su rinjayi maza saboda imanin cewa matan suna ɗaure ne zuwa asalin 'ya'yansu na fari. An yi zargin cewa an ba da labarin dillalan bayi na Turai game da kabilun Afirka da yawa, abin da ya haifar da masu bautar da wasu 'yan kabilun da masu gonakin suka fi so. Saboda haka wasu ƙabilun da ake so saboda haka suka zama masu karko sosai a wasu sassa na Amurka. An warwatsa Igbo zuwa yankuna kamar Jamaica, Cuba, Saint-Domingue, Barbados, Amurka ta Mulkin Mallaka, Belize da Trinidad da Tobago, da sauransu. Fitattun Inyamurai Manazarta Kabila Al'ummomin Nijeriya Al'ummomi Al'umma Al'adun
30124	https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sakamakon%20sauyin%20yanayi%20a%20Hong%20Kong	Sakamakon sauyin yanayi a Hong Kong	Sakamakon sauyin yanayi ya fi shafan yanayin muhallin Hong Kong. Yanayin Hong Kong yanayi ne na yanayi saboda canjin yanayin iska tsakanin lokacin sanyi da bazara. Hong Kong tana da kwanciyar hankali a yanayin ƙasa tsawon miliyoyin shekaru. Flora da fauna a Hong Kong suna canzawa ta canjin yanayi, canjin yanayin teku, da tasirin ɗan adam. Yanayi Yanayin Hong Kong yana da yanayi mai zafi amma rabin shekara yana da zafi. Yankin yana Kudu da wurare masu zafi na Cancer wanda yayi daidai da Hawaii a latitude. To Sai dai A lokacin sanyi, iska mai ƙarfi da sanyi takan tashi daga Arewa zuwa Hong Kong; a lokacin rani, iska tana jujjuya alkibla kuma tana kawo iska mai dumi da ɗanɗano daga Kudu. Wannan yanayin zai tallafa wa gandun daji na wurare masu zafi Abubuwan wadata a Hong Kong Ana ɗaukar Hong Kong mai wadatar nau'ikan nau'ikan iri. Yawan nau'in tsuntsayen da ke Hong Kong ya kai kashi uku bisa uku na na kasar Sin yayin da adadin nau'in malam buɗe ido shi ma ya kasance kashi shida (6) na jimillar nau'in malam buɗe ido a kasar Sin bisa ga binciken da aka yi. Tsarin muhalli a Hong Kong Mangroves Mangroves mazauninsu ne na rufin laka mai ruɗe tare da rage tasirin igiyoyin ruwa, kusa da tushen ruwa mai daɗi. Sannan Kuma Shahararrun wuraren zama na mangrove a Hong Kong suna kusa da Deep Bay, irin su Pak Nai da Tsim Bei Tsui, inda gishiri ya yi ƙasa da ƙasa a ƙarƙashin tasirin ruwan da aka yi daga kogin Pearl, da kuma tare da wasu fakitin laka inda aka saukar da salinity ta kogunan da ke kewaye. irin su Fathoms Cove da Ting Kok Bishiyoyin da ke zaune a wannan wurin ana kiran bishiyar mangrove. Waɗannan su ne wuraren wuraren mangroves a Hong Kong: Deep Bay Tolo Harbor Hoi Ha Wan Long Harbor Hebe Haven Tai O Tung Chung Tai Tam Harbor Pui O Kei Ling Ha Gashi mai duwatsu Nisan tekun Hong Kong yana da kusan mita 2.5 kuma rarraba nau'in nau'in da ke cikin wannan yanki dole ne ya kasance mai jurewa ga yanayin biyu cewa gabar tekun suna rufe da ruwan teku a lokacin da ake yawan ruwa da kuma bakin tekun suna fuskantar iska kai tsaye a lokacin ƙananan igiyar ruwa, domin awanni ko kwanaki. Wasu daga cikin Nau'o'in da suka dace da waɗannan yanayi daban-daban an kwatanta su da ƙwararru don samun nasarar yin amfani da ƴan ƴan ƴan wurare a tsaye a bakin gaɓar dutse Nau'in da ke zaune a gaɓar dutsen Hong Kong sun bambanta daidai da faɗuwar tasirin igiyar ruwa daga teku. Kwayoyin ciyar da matattara na sessile suna zaune a bakin tekun da aka fallasa. Suna iya haɗawa a saman dutsen kuma suna cire barbashin abinci a cikin ruwa mai ruɗani yayin da tsire-tsire masu tsire-tsire da namun daji ke zaune a cikin gaɓar matsuguni. Kuma Ire-iren halittun su ma sun sha bamban da na yanayi, musamman a Hong Kong inda magudanar ruwa ke canjawa da yanayi: kadan ne ake samun tsayayyen foliose macro-algae a lokacin rani saboda suna iya fama da zafi mai zafi; Yawancin foliose algae ana samun su a bakin teku a lokacin hunturu. Waɗannan su ne wuraren rairayin bakin teku masu a Hong Kong: Luk Ken Kei Ling Ha Lo Wai Cape D'Aguilar Marine Reserve Rafukan ruwa Akwai nau'ikan wuraren zama na ruwa guda biyu: ruwan lenti, kamar tafkuna, tafkuna, ramuka, da ruwan magarya, kamar koguna, koguna. Sannan Rafuffuka misali ne na wurin zama na Hong Kong. Akwai manyan abubuwa guda uku don bambance wuraren zama a Hong Kong: bambancin halin yanzu, adadin detritus da madaidaicin abun ciki na oxygen. Wadannan abubuwan suna ba da gudummawa don sa dabbobi su daidaita ta hanyoyi daban-daban. Kuma Dole ne su haɗa kansu zuwa saman, zama masu ciyarwa na detritus galibi kuma suna da hanyar samun matsakaicin iskar oxygen. Ga jerin koguna a Hong Kong: Wa Mei Shan Lam Tsuen River Shing Mun River Yashi bakin teku Abubuwan da ke biyo baya sune wurin bakin tekun yashi a Hong Kong: Starfish Bay Matsaloli Gurbacewa Gabaɗaya A cikin Shekarata 1989, gwamnatin Hong Kong ta fahimci cewa Hong Kong na cikin haɗarin zama babban birni mai yawan jama'a. Sakamakon bunkasuwar tattalin arziki da sassan kasuwanci, ruwa, sharar gida da gurbacewar iska na haifar da illa ga ma'aunin muhalli a Hong Kong. Masana'antu, gonaki da gidajen cin abinci a cikin Sabon Territories suna zubar da najasa mai yawa har ma da sharar da ba a kula da su ba cikin rafuka da teku. Yana sa kogunan Sabbin Yankuna su kasance 'ba su fi buɗaɗɗen magudanun ruwa' ba. Wannan mummunan barna ba zai iya jurewa ba kuma halittun da ke cikin teku su ne wadanda abin ya shafa kai tsaye. Dolphin ruwan hoda na daya daga cikin wadanda abin ya shafa. A karkashin barazana daga gurbataccen sinadarai, karuwar zirga-zirgar teku da kuma lalata galibin bakin tekun don farfado da kasa, adadin dolphins masu ruwan hoda ya ragu matuka yayin da birnin ke ci gaba da bunkasa. Wurin ajiyar yanayi da tsuntsaye a Mai Po Marsh su ne sauran wadanda abin ya shafa. Ana barazanar ambaliyar ruwan alade da kuma karuwar gurbatar yanayi daga Shenzhen To Amma duk da haka bisa ga Asusun World Wide Fund for Nature Hong Kong adadin masu baƙar fata cokali na hunturu a Mai Po ya karu daga kusan 35 a ƙarshen shekarar 1980 zuwa 152 bayan shekaru 10. Kimanin 400 ana hange bayan shekarata 2000 Ƙididdiga kan yawan waɗannan tsuntsayen da suka rage a cikin daji ya bambanta daga 2,000 zuwa 1,000. An lalata gonakin kawa ta hanyar gurɓata yanayi da gasa daga noman kawa mai rahusa a kan iyakar China. Gurbacewar iska Gurbacewar iska wata babbar matsala ce. Kamfanonin hayaki da ke kashe hayaki, gine-ginen da ba a daina aiki da kuma manyan motocin dizal sun yi wa matakan haɗari na ƙwayoyin cuta da nitrogen dioxide Sannan Kuma Ba kawai flora da fauna abin ya shafa ba har ma da mutane. Al’amura na asma da cututtuka na burowa sun karu a cikin ‘yan shekarun nan, kuma likitoci sun dora laifin a kan rashin ingancin iska. Gurbacewar yanayi A cewar wani binciken Jami'ar Baptist, matsakaicin matsakaicin matsakaicin yau da kullun ya karu da digiri 0.02 (Celsius) a kowace shekara tsakanin shekarar 1965 zuwa 2003, saboda "kumburi na kankara" wanda ke kama zafi da rana kuma ya sake shi da dare. Matsakaicin matsakaicin yanayin zafi na yau da kullun ya faɗi da digiri 0.014 kowace shekara, saboda gurɓataccen iska yana toshe hasken rana. Sakamakon karuwar lokacin sanyi yanayin yanayi ya sa iyalai su yi amfani da na'urar sanyaya iska a cikin gida, wanda ke daɗa haɗa matsalar. Bincike ya nuna cewa yanayin zafi a cikin birane na iya zama wasu 5 °C sama da wuraren da ba a gina su ba. Jami'ar Kimiyya da Fasaha ta Hong Kong ta umurci NASA da ta dauki hoto mai tsananin zafi na birnin Hong Kong ta tauraron dan adam da karfe 22:40 ranar 4 ga Agusta, Na shekarata 2007, wanda ya nuna akalla bambancin digiri 4 tsakanin wurare mafi sanyi da tsibirin zafi na birni Bambance-bambancen suna da alaƙa ga mafi girman ɗaukar kayan da mutum ya yi, da yawan gini wanda ke hana kwararar iska. Tsibirin zafi na birni ya faɗaɗa zuwa Hung Hom tun watan Janairu, lokacin da aka ɗauki hoton farko. "Tasirin bango" An sami karuwar damuwa tun shekarar 2006 game da "tasirin bango" da ke haifar da haɓakar haɓakar haɓakar ɗaiɗaikun ɗaiɗaikun ɗabi'a waɗanda ke yin illa ga yanayin iska. Saboda yawan jama'ar Hong Kong da kuma tattalin arzikin da ya kai girman ci gaban jama'a, akwai ra'ayi na sabbin gine-ginen hasumiya masu zaman kansu tare da hasumiyai 10 zuwa sama da 100, masu tsayi daga cikin 30 zuwa 70 masu tsayi. Masu haɓaka gine-ginen gidaje suna da ƙwarin gwiwar kuɗi don haɓaka ra'ayi, tare da kashe kwararar iska kyauta. Yawancin gidaje masu kama da bango da ke gefen ruwa galibi ana yin su. Ƙananan ƙwararrun masu haɓakawa waɗanda ke da ƙarancin jari za su yi abubuwan cigaba a cikin cikawa. Waɗannan za su kasance ƙarami a cikin sikelin, kuma ƙasa da ƙasa ga tasirin bango. Kungiyar kare muhalli ta Green Sense ta bayyana damuwa cewa binciken da suka yi kan gidaje 155 ya gano 104 suna da tsarin 'kamar bango'. Ya buga kadarori a cikin Tai Kok Tsui da Tseung Kwan O a matsayin "mafi kyawun misalai". A watan Mayun shekarata 2007, da yake ambaton abubuwan da ke faruwa a yammacin Kowloon, da kuma kusa da Tai Wai da Yuen Dogon tashoshin jiragen kasa, wasu 'yan majalisar sun yi kira da a kafa dokar hana masu gine-gine gina dogayen gine-gine da ke yin illa ga zirga-zirgar iska a wuraren da jama'a ke da yawa, amma yunkurin ya ci tura. A shekara ta 2007, mazauna birnin Tai Kok Tsui, sun kara fahimtar matsalar, sun yi ta fafutukar ganin an ci gaba da yaduwa irin wadannan manyan tudu a yankinsu wanda ke yin barazana ga titin jirgin sama na karshe. Barazana ga flora da fauna Lalacewar muhalli Shigar da bel ɗin kore Tasirin Levy na Gine-gine Farautar nau'ikan ba bisa ka'ida ba ta kasar Sin Tare da karuwar wadatar Sinanci, wasu daga cikinsu sun zama masu jin daɗin wasu ciyayi da namun daji, kamar Podocarpus macrophyllus Cantonese: lo hon chung) da Cuora trifasciata Cantonese: kam chin kwai). Wasu nau'ikan kayan alatu suna ƙara zama da wuya a Kudancin China saboda karuwar farauta, kuma mafarauta suna komawa Hong Kong. Gabatarwar nau'ikan da ba na asali ba Yawancin nau'ikan da aka gabatar ba su cutar da yanayin Hong Kong ba. Koyaya, wasu nau'ikan suna mamayewa kuma suna haifar da babbar illa ga muhalli da/ko tattalin arzikin Hong Kong. Alal misali, pinewood nematode daga Arewacin ƙasar Amirka da pine-allura sikelin kwari daga Taiwan, wanda tare kusan kawar da Pinus massoniana na asali a cikin shekarar 1970s da 1980s. Gallery Duba wasu abubuwan Geography na Hong Kong Kiyayewa a Hong Kong Muhalli na kasar Sin Hong Kong-Zhuhai-Macau Bridge Jerin nau'ikan kariya a Hong Kong An fara gano nau'ikan a Hong Kong Jerin dabbobi masu shayarwa na Hong Kong Jerin tsuntsayen Hong Kong Jerin masu amphibians na Hong Kong Hong Kong Dolphin Conservation Society Hong Kong Bird Watching Society Manazarta Hanyoyin haɗi na waje Asusun namun daji na duniya (WWF) a Hong Kong Sashen Kare Muhalli HKNature.net HKWildlife.net forum HK-Ecosite Waterfalls a Hong Kong Hong Kong yadda ake numfashi cikin sauki Share Air Hong Kong Hong Kong Bird-Watching Society Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba
32835	https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patricia%20Rawlings%2C%20Baroness%20Rawlings	Patricia Rawlings, Baroness Rawlings	Patricia Elizabeth Rawlings, Baroness Rawlings An Haife ta a 27 ga wata Janairun 1939, yar siyasa ce ta Jam'iyyar Conservative kuma tsohuwar gaba a cikin House of Lords. Ta kuma kasance memba a Majalisar Tarayyar Turai (MEP) daga 1989 zuwa 1994. Ta kasance Shugabar Kwalejin King na London daga 1998 zuwa 2007, kuma an mai da ita Fellow of King's College (FKC) a 2003. Ta kasance Shugabar Majalisar Kasa ta Ƙungiyoyin Sa-kai daga 2002 zuwa 2007, kuma Shugabar Ƙungiyar Dillalan Kayan gargajiya ta Biritaniya 2005-2013. Ita kuma mataimakiyar Chevening Estate ce. Ilimi Rawlings ta yi karatu a Burtaniya da Switzerland. Ta sami horo a matsayin ma'aikaciyar jinya a Asibitin Westminster kuma memba ce mai himma a kungiyar Red Cross ta Burtaniya (An ba ta lambar girmamawa ta Red Cross ta Biritaniya a cikin 1987). Ta kasance balagagge dalibi a Jami'ar College London kuma ta yi karatun digiri na biyu a dangantakar kasa da kasa daga Makarantar Tattalin Arziki ta London An ba ta Hon DLitt daga Jami'ar Buckingham a 1998. Sana'ar siyasa Bayan fafatawan Sheffield Central a 1983 da Doncaster Central a 1987, an zabi Rawlings a zaben 1989 na Turai a matsayin MEP na Essex South West. An soke wannan mazabar don zaben 1994 na Turai lokacin da Hugh Kerr na Labour ya doke ta a sabuwar mazabar Essex West da Hertfordshire East. An ƙirƙira ta abokiyar rayuwa tare da taken Baroness Rawlings, na Burnham Westgate a cikin gundumar Norfolk a ranar 5 ga Oktoba 1994 kuma ta shiga gidan iyayengiji inda ta riƙe mukamai na gaba da yawa. Ta yi aiki a matsayin Whip na adawa (1997 1998), Kakakin Al’adu, Watsa Labarai da Wasanni (1997 1998), Harkokin Waje da Commonwealth (1998 2010) da Ci gaban Ƙasashen Duniya (1998 2010). Bayan babban zaɓe na 2010, ta yi aiki a matsayin mai magana da yawun Gwamnati tare da alhakin Al'adu, Media da Wasanni da kuma Scotland. Baroness Rawlings ya yi ritaya daga gwamnati a ranar 25 ga Yuni 2012. Rigima A cikin 2002 Baroness Rawlings ta shiga cikin takaddama kan wani yanki mai girman eka 1.8 (7,300 m2), mallakin Kwalejin King London, kuma mallakar asibitin St Thomas a da. King's ya umurci Jones Lang LaSalle ya kimanta rukunin yanar gizon, wanda ya haifar da ƙimar £10 miliyan. An ba filin har zuwa fam miliyan 24 ba zato ba tsammani daga Cibiyar Ci gaban Aga Khan, wanda ya haifar da adawa daga St Thomas'. An yi jita-jita cewa Baroness Rawlings ce ta kirkiro tayin da ba a nema ba wanda ta musanta da gaske, tana mai cewa a matsayinta na Shugabar Kwalejin King London ba ta san komai ba game da irin wannan neman dage cewa wani yanki ne mai kima na estate na King's College London kuma ya kamata a sayar da shi ga mafi girman kasuwa a kasuwa. Daga karshe Kwalejin ta yanke shawarar rike kadarorin. Rayuwa ta sirri Patricia Rawlings ta yi aure a 1962 ga ɗan kasuwa David Wolfson, daga baya Baron Wolfson na Sunningdale (1935-2021), amma ta sake shi a 1967; dukkan abokan tarayya sun rike mukamai masu daraja a nasu dama. Ita ce Sakatariyar Daraja ta gidan cin abinci na Grillion, kuma memba na Alhazai Society. Tana zaune a Burnham Westgate Hall, wani gidan da aka tsara na Sir John Soane a Kasuwar Burnham, Norfolk, tare da filin shakatawa sama da kadada 30, wanda aka sanya kayan don siyarwa a cikin 2019 tare da farashin jagora na 3.8M. A baya Baroness Rawlings ne ya siyar da gidan, a cikin 2011, tare da farashin £7M; Johnny Depp, dan wasan kwaikwayo na fim, an ce yana so ya sayi kadarorin a lokacin, amma ba a sayar da shi ba. Umurnin waje da kayan ado A cikin 1991 Patricia Rawlings ita ce mace ta farko ta Burtaniya da aka ba ta lambar yabo ta Rose (Azurfa), wanda Shugaba Zhelyu Zhelev na Bulgaria ya ba ta, don nuna sha'awarta ga Bulgaria. An ba Rawlings damar sanya kayan ado a duk lokacin da ta ziyarci Bulgaria ko kuma ta je ofishin jakadancin Bulgaria. Don hidima ga dangantakar Anglo-Brazil, an ba ta Babban Jami'in, Order of the Southern Cross daga Jamhuriyar Brazil a 1998. Manazarta Hanyoyin haɗi na waje Patricia Rawlings Conservatives.com Tarihin Baroness Rawlings www.parliament.uk Bulgarian Order na Rose (Azurfa) Rayayyun mutane Mata yan
58516	https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Faransa%20Equatorial%20Afirka	Faransa Equatorial Afirka	Faransa Equatorial Afirka ,ko AEF )tarayyar turawan mulkin mallaka ne ta Faransa a Equatorial Africa wadda ta ƙunshi Gabon,Faransa Kongo,Ubangi-Shari, da Chadi .Ya kasance daga 1910 zuwa 1958 kuma an kafa gwamnatinsa a Brazzaville Tarihi An kafa shi a cikin 1910,Tarayyar ta ƙunshi kayan mulkin mallaka guda huɗu (daga baya biyar tare da Kamaru):Faransa Gabon,Faransa Kongo, Ubangi-Shari da Faransa Chadi .Babban Gwamna ya kasance a Brazzaville tare da wakilai a kowane yanki. A shekara ta 1911,Faransa ta mika wasu sassan yankin ga Jamus Kamerun sakamakon rikicin Agadir An mayar da yankin ne bayan da Jamus ta sha kashi a Yaƙin Duniya na ɗaya,yayin da mafi yawan Kamarun suka zama Ƙungiyar Ƙungiyoyin Ƙungiyoyin Ƙasa ta Faransa ba ta shiga cikin AEF ba. Faransa Equatorial Africa,musamman yankin Ubangi-Shari,yana da tsarin sassaucin ra'ayi irin na Jamhuriyar Kwango da kuma irin wannan ta'asa a can.Marubuci André Gide ya yi tattaki zuwa Ubangi-Shari kuma mazauna garin sun gaya musu irin ta’asar da suka haɗa da yankan jiki,yanke jiki,kisa,kona yara,da kuma mutanen ƙauye da aka daure su da ƙarfi a kan manyan katako kuma ana sa su tafiya har sai sun faɗo daga gajiya da ƙishirwa.Littafin Gide Travels in the Congo,wanda aka buga a shekara ta 1927,ya yi kakkausar suka ga tsarin kamfanoni masu rangwame a Faransa Equatorial Africa.Littafin ya yi tasiri mai mahimmanci ga gwagwarmayar adawa da mulkin mallaka a Faransa. Har yanzu dai ba a san adadin wadanda aka kashe a karkashin tsarin bayar da sassaucin ra'ayi na Faransa a Ubangi-Shari da sauran sassan Afirka Equatorial na Faransa ba.Adam Hochschild ya yi kiyasin raguwar yawan jama'a da rabi a Kongo da Gabon,kwatankwacin kiyasinsa na raguwar yawan jama'a a cikin 'Yancin Kwango During the late 1920s and early 1930s an anti-colonial movement Société Amicale des Originaires de l'A.E.F. was established by André Matsoua, seeking French citizenship for the territory's inhabitants. A lokacin yakin duniya na biyu,Faransa Cameroun da AEF sun hada kai da Sojojin Faransa 'Yanci a watan Agustan 1940 banda Gabon ta ci gaba da biyayya ga Vichy Faransa har zuwa 12 ga Nuwamba 1940 lokacin da gwamnatin Vichy ta mamaye bayan yakin Gabon.Tarayyar ta zama cibiyar dabarun ayyukan Faransanci a Afirka.An nada Félix Eboué a matsayin Gwamna-Janar na AEF. An kafa wani tsarin gudanarwa na daban a ƙarƙashin inuwar ƙungiyar Faransanci ta Afirka ta 'Yanci da ta haɗa duka AEF da Cameroun. Karkashin Jamhuriyya ta Hudu (1946-58),an wakilci tarayya a majalisar dokokin Faransa.Lokacin da yankunan suka kada kuri'a a zaben raba gardama na Satumba 1958 don zama masu cin gashin kansu a cikin al'ummar Faransa,an rushe tarayyar.A shekarar 1959 sabuwar jamhuriyar ta kafa wata kungiya ta wucin gadi da ake kira Union of Central African Republic,kafin ta samu cikakken 'yancin kai a watan Agustan 1960. Gudanarwa Faransa Equatorial Afirka ta fara ne da manufar haɗin gwiwa,wacce aka aiwatar ta hanyar yarjejeniyoyin da suka yi alkawarin ba da kariya ga Faransa daga mai binciken Italiya-Faransa Pierre Savorgnan de Brazza a tsakiyar shekarun 1800,wanda ya shawo kan al'ummomin ƴan asalin ƙasar don ba da haɗin kai tare da Faransanci don musanya manyan damar kasuwanci.Wannan ƙungiya daga ƙarshe ta haifar da mulkin kai tsaye na Faransa a yankin.Sai dai yunkurin Faransa na neman mulkin kai tsaye ya fuskanci turjiya daga shugabannin yankin. Faransa ta ɗauki AEF a matsayin mulkin mallaka mara tsayayye.Don haka,Faransa ta baiwa kamfanoni masu zaman kansu kwangiloli don cin moriyar albarkatun kasa kamar hauren giwa da roba,maimakon zuba jari mai dorewa. Kamfanoni masu zaman kansu sun aiwatar da haraji mai yawa ba tare da biyan kuɗi kaɗan ba da kuma musgunawa ma'aikata da al'ummomin yankin. A cikin 1908 Faransa Equatorial Afirka ta rabu gida hudu da fatan karfafa ikon Faransa a yankin. Har zuwa 1934,Faransa Equatorial Afirka ta kasance tarayya ce ta mulkin mallaka na Faransa kamar Faransanci yammacin Afirka .A waccan shekarar,duk da haka,AEF ta zama ƙungiya ta haɗin kai, yankunan da ke cikinta sun zama sanannun yankuna,kuma daga baya sun zama yanki a cikin 1937.Akwai kasafin kuɗi guda ɗaya don haɗin kan mulkin mallaka;kafin haɗewar,kowane memba yana da kuɗin kansa. Tun daga 1942,wani gwamna-Janar ne ke gudanar da AEF,wanda ke da "mafi koli na dukkan ayyuka, na farar hula da na soja." Koyaya, bambancin lambobi tsakanin masu gudanarwa da jama'ar yankin ya sa Faransawa da wahala su iya yin amfani da iko a wajen hedkwatarsu ba tare da haɗin kai na son rai ko na 'yan asalin ƙasar ba.Bugu da kari,an iyakance ikon gwamna-janar a aikace ta hanyar mayar da mulkin mallaka na Faransa."An kafa doka mafi mahimmanci a birnin Paris," in ji marubutan littafin leken asirin sojojin ruwa na Burtaniya na 1942 don mulkin mallaka,"yayin da babban gwamna ya cika cikakkun bayanai da hukunci."Majalisar tuntuba (Conseil d'Administration )ce ta taimaka wa gwamnan-janar din wanda ya kunshi muhimman jami'an cikin gida da wasu mambobi na kasashen Afirka da na Turai,wadanda aka zaba a fakaice.Gwamnatin Faransa ce ta nada dukkan manyan mukamai na gwamnati kuma ba su da alhaki ga jami'an da al'ummar Afirka suka zaba.Bugu da ƙari,Faransa ta kasance mai cikakken iko akan diflomasiyya,tsaro,da
19784	https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bello%20Bala%20Shagari	Bello Bala Shagari	Bello Bala Shagari (an haife shi a ranar 26 ga watan Afrilun, shekarar 1988) ɗan gwagwarmaya ne kuma mai shirya fim na tarihi. Shi ne Manajan Darakta na Royal African Young Leadership Forum (RAYLF), An nada shi jim kadan da yin murabus a matsayin Shugaban Kungiyar Matasan Kasa ta Kasa (NYCN). Bayan Fage Bello sanannen jikan tsohon shugaban kasar Najeriya ne Alhaji Shehu Shagari wanda ke da hannu a harkar Rajin Matasa. Ya sanar da mutuwar kakansa a ranar 28 ga watan Disamba shekara ta 2018. Mahaifinsa shi ne babban dan shugaban, Malam Muhammad Bala Shagari na Shagari, Jihar Sakkwato Ya yi karatun sa na farko a Sakkwato sannan daga baya ya yi SSCE a makarantar sakandaren ‘yan sanda da ke Minna, jihar Neja. A makarantar sakandare, ya yi aiki a matsayin Babban Kwamandan Cadet na Makarantun Cadet Club. Ya kammala karatun digiri na Kasuwancin Bayanai na Kasuwancin Fasahar Sadarwa daga Jami'ar Middlesex a London Jim kadan da kammala karatunsa a shekara ta 2012, ya yi aikin koyarwa a takaice a matsayin malami a Makarantun Firamare da Sakandare a garinsu na Shagari. Ya riqe da Masarautu suna da Yarima na Shagari. Ayyuka Bello Shagari ya kafa kamfanin Barcode Multimedia ne a shekara ta 2012. Ya samar da labarai da abubuwan da suka kunsa kan siyasa, tarihi da kuma shawarwari. Aya daga cikin irin waɗannan shirye-shiryen "Nationaya daga cikin Destayatacciyar Destayatacciyar projectasa" wanda aka fara shi a cikin shekarar 2013, shirin tarihin tarihin Nijeriya wanda ke mai da hankali kan abubuwan da Shugaba Shehu Shagari ya yi tun bayan samun 'yancin kai har zuwa lokacin da ya zama shugaban zartarwa na farko a Nijeriya a shekara ta 1979. Dangane da haka, yayin gudanar da bincike da tattaunawa, Bello ya ci karo da manyan mashahuran 'yan siyasa, jami'an diflomasiyya, masana tarihi da shugabannin da yawa. Wasu daga cikin ganawarsa sun hada da Shugabannin Jihohin da suka gabata da na yanzu kamar su Yakubu Gowon, Olusegun Obasanjo, Gen. Muhammadu Buhari, Ibrahim Badamasi Babangida, Abdulsalami Abubakar da Goodluck Ebele Jonathan Ya kuma yi hira da manyan mutane kamar su Prof. Jean Herskovits, masanin tarihin Jami'ar Jiha ta New York, jakadan Amurka kuma jami'in diflomasiyya Thomas Pickering, da Clifford May, wani tsohon dan jaridar New York Times dan rahoto kuma shugaban gidauniyar kare demokradiyya, da sauransu. A matsayinsa na dan gwagwarmayar matasa, an nada Bello a matsayin shugaban kungiyar Matasan Kasa ta Kasa reshen jihar Sakkwato a shekara ta 2017 bayan zanga-zanga da maye gurbin wani mutum dan shekaru 52 wanda ya kasance shugaban. Yunkurinsa ya kara karfi kuma ya tsaya takarar shugaban majalisar matasa ta kasa a taron hadin kai na shekarar 2018 wanda aka gudanar a garin Gombe wanda ya samu nasara a zaben fidda gwani wanda ya kawo shi ga martabar Kasa a shekarar 2018. A matsayinsa na Shugaban NYCN reshen Jihar Sakkwato, ya yi hadin gwiwa da wasu Gwamnati da Kungiyoyi masu zaman kansu don fara wani shiri da aka fi sani da RRTE a cikin Jihar Sakkwato don magance rashin aikin yi, shan miyagun kwayoyi da tashin hankalin al’umma. Shugabancin NYCN An zabi Shagari a matsayin shugaban Majalisar Matasan Kasa ta Kasa a wajen taron Unity Congress da ke Jihar Gombe a ranar 25 ga watan Yulin shekara ta 2018. Shagari ya samu kuri'u 249 yayin da abokin karawarsa, AlMustapha Asuku Abdullahi ya samu kuri'u 234. Sakamakon haka ya fito a matsayin shugaban kasa. Kafin bayyanarsa a matsayin Shugaban Majalisar Matasa ta Kasa, Shagari ya kasance Shugaban kungiyar NYCN reshen Jihar Sakkwato. A taron matasa na Afro-Arab karo na 3 da aka gudanar a Khartoum, Sudan, Shagari ya zama Kodinetan yammacin Afirka, na Majalisar Matasan Afro-Arab. Jim kadan da zama shugaban NYCN, Shagari ya samar da damar karfafawa ga matasa na Najeriya 3,700. NYCN a karkashin Shagari ya zama sananne ne saboda tallan da ya kirkiro wa kungiyar ta kafafen yada labarai da kafofin sada zumunta. Ya kasance mai yawan magana a kan batutuwan da suka shafi shigar da matasa musamman a lokacin babban zaben shekarar 2019 inda masu sukarsa suka zarge shi da yi wa jam’iyyar adawa aiki tunda ya ki amincewa da jam’iyya mai mulki a bainar jama’a. Amma daga baya, ya yi nasara a zauren taro wanda ya haifar da kirkirar ma'aikatar ci gaban matasa da wasanni a Kano tare da nada Shugaban Jiha Kwamishina ta Gwamna Abdullahi Umar Ganduje Ya ga dawowar kungiyar ga shiga ayyukan kasa da kasa musamman a fadin Afirka. Koyaya, yawancin shirye-shiryensa a gida sun gaza sakamakon rikice-rikicen da ke faruwa a NYCN a lokacinsa. An lasafta shi a cikin matasa masu matuƙar tasiri a Nijeriya kusan watanni shida a kan karagar mulki kuma an saka shi cikin ƙungiyar Crans Montana Sabbin Shugabannin gobe na shekara ta 2019. Rikice-rikice sun dabaibaye Majalisar Matasa ta Kasa tun daga shekara ta 2014, bayan da aka gudanar da zabe mai cike da cece-kuce wanda ya kai ga cire Ministan ci gaban Matasa Wasanni a lokacin. Koyaya, kokarin sulhu ya haifar da sabbin zababbun shuwagabannin da Shagari ya jagoranta a jihar Gombe kamar yadda Ma'aikatar Matasa da Wasanni ta Tarayya ta kula. Jim kadan bayan zaben, adawa ta fara sake bayyana a tsakanin mambobin kwamitin amintattu na NYCN. Wani bangare ya fito fili bayan watanni uku a Fatakwal. Wannan hade da adawa daga wasu jami'an gwamnati sun yi amfani da karfi don murkushe Shagari ya jagoranci NYCN wanda ya zama ba shi da farin jini a wurin wasu masu ruwa da tsaki. Duk da haka, duk kokarin cire Shagari daga mukamin ya ci tura gami da yunkurin kada kuri’ar rashin amincewa da shi. Daga baya, shuwagabannin sa suka sami nasarar jefa kuri'ar amincewa da shi. Kamar yadda rikice-rikicen suka kawo tsaiko ga ayyukan majalisar ta hanyar samar da wasu bangarori 3, Shagari ya yi murabus ne bisa radin kansa a ranar 9 ga watan Maris shekara ta 2020 domin a samu zaman lafiya. Shagari shi ne Shugaban NYCN na farko da ya yi murabus bisa radin kansa. An yabe shi sosai saboda ayyukansa da kuma matakin da ya dauka. Kyaututtuka Alamar Matasa ta Shekarar 2018 ta Nationalungiyar ofasa ta Organiungiyoyin Matasan sa kai. Kyautar Kyauta ta Cibiyar Abdulsalami Abubakar don Aminci da Ci gaba mai dorewa Kyautar Kawancen Girmamawa ta Majalisar Gudanarwa na Tsaro da Nazarin Tsaro a Nijeriya Matasa Mafi Tasiri Na Najeriya 2018 Jagoranci da Civungiyar Jama'a Crans Montana Sabbin Shugabannin Gobe, Dakhla, Morocco, 2019 Kyautar lambar yabo ta Royal African Medal da kuma Amincewa da Shugabanci Shugabanci ta Royal African Young Leadership Forum RAYLF 2020. Manazarta Rayayyun mutane Pages with unreviewed translations Mutane daga Jihar
21295	https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kwanton%20Bauna%20Abagana	Kwanton Bauna Abagana	Kwanton Baunar Abagana (31 ga Maris, din shekarar 1968) ya kasance kwanton bauna ne daga sojojin kungiyar masu rajin kafa Biafra karkashin jagorancin Manjo Jonathan Uchendu inda suka rusa runduna ta 2 ta Najeriya. Daga cikin sojojin Najeriya 6,000 da suka yi wa kwanton bauna, kadan ne kawai suka tsira, ciki har da kwamandan runduna ta biyu, Janar Murtala Muhammed Bayan Fage A ranar 4 ga Oktoban shekarar 1967, runduna ta 2 ta Najeriya ta fara ruwan bama-bamai kan Onitsha kuma ta ci gaba da kai mata hari har tsawon kwanaki takwas, kafin jirgin ruwan armada 10 ya tsallaka Kogin Neja zuwa cikin gari. 'Yan Najeriya da ke mamaya ba su bi sojojin Biafran da suka dawo ba sai suka gwammace wawashewa da kona kasuwar Onitsha a kasa. Bataliyar Biyafara ta 11 da ta 18 karkashin Manjo Joseph Achuzie da Col. Assam Nsudoh kafa pincer da farmaki Onitsha daga biyu kwatance, kamawa da kuma kashe mafi sojojin Najeriya da. A watan Disamban shekarata 1967 runduna ta 2 ta Najeriya da bataliya ta 6 suka tsallaka Kogin Neja a Idah suka fara hanyarsu zuwa Onitsha, a ƙarshe suka kame garin bayan ƙoƙari da yawa. Sojojin Najeriya yanzu haka sun yi niyyar hada Runduna ta daya a Enugu da ta 2 a Onitsha. A karshen wannan ne runduna ta 2 ta Nijeriya ta tashi zuwa Enugu, a cikin wata ayarin motoci masu dauke da motoci masu sulke, a ranar 31 ga Maris 1968. Kwanton Bauna A 31 Maris din shekarar 1968, a jerin gwanon kunshi 106 motocin na zuwa Nijeriya rumfuna ta 2 shari 6,000 sojoji, kazalika da makamai daga Onitsha zuwa Enugu aka kwanton bauna da decimated a garin Abagana da wani kananan naúrar na Biafran sojoji karkashin jagorancin Manjo Jonathan Uchendu 'Yan Biafra sun harba rokoki na gida mai suna Ogbunigwe ne a cikin wata motar dakon mai dauke da fetur wanda ya haifar da wani mummunan fashewa da ya lalata da yawa daga motocin sulke na ayarin tare da kashe adadi mai yawa na sojojin Najeriya. Sojojin Biafra sun lalata ko kuma sun kama tan 350 na kayan aikin Sojojin Najeriya. Bayan harin na roka sai sojojin Biafran suka bude wuta kan ayarin tare da kananan bindigogi suka kashe karin sojojin Najeriya da yawa. Bayan haka Samun nasarar kwanton baunar da aka yi a Abagana ya baiwa sojojin Biafran da farar hula fata a yakin tare da dakatar da ci gaban Najeriya na wani lokaci zuwa yankin Biyafara. Janar Murtala Muhammed ya sami sauki daga umarnin sa kuma bai sake ba da umarnin ballewa ba. A nasa kalaman, Uchendu ya ce ganin ayarin motocin ya kusan shanye sojojin nasa. Yaransa sun yi matukar damuwa don fara harbe-harbe, fiye da fargaba fiye da komai. Ya roke su da su kwantar da hankulansu har sai ya ba da umarnin. Ya bar yawancin ayarin sojojin Najeriya na 2 suka wuce. Yaransa sun yi mamakin dalilin da zai ba su izinin shiga yankin Biafra da aka kame. Sun kasance masu tsoro da shakku, duk da haka sun aminta da aikin soja kuma don haka suna jiran sanin dabarun sa. Ya ce sun gama cewa yakin ya kare, amma a matsayinsu na jarumawa sojoji, dole ne su yi fada har zuwa karshe! Yayin da yake jagorantar sojan tare da harba roket kan abin da zai yi wa ayarin da ke shigowa da kuma lokacin da ya fi dacewa ya buge, sojan ba da daɗewa ba ya danna harbin, yana barin rokar. Yayi sa'a, ya buge tankar mai. Tankar ta fashe kuma ta jefa abubuwan da ke ciki a kan dako dauke da makamai kusa da wurin wanda ya cinna wuta komai, ya haifar da fashe-fashe da yawa. A cikin firgici, sojojin da tuni suka tsallaka layin Biafra sun gudu zuwa wurare daban daban cikin rudani. Sojojin Biafra sun kai hari. Sun yi magana da sojoji na yau da kullun kuma sun shiga cikin harin. Lokacin da Uchendu ya samu labarin cewa Muritala Muhammed yana tare da ayarin kuma a wani wuri a Nawfia, sai ya tashi da sauri don kamo shi amma ya makara kasancewar ana ganin Muritala yana tashi da jirgi mai saukar ungulu. Bayanan kula Though John de St. Jorre mentions Colonel Joseph Achuzie as commander of the operation, Major-General Alexander Madiebo (General Officer Commanding the Biafran Army) credits Major Uchendu. Chinua Achebe and others also credit Uchendu. From all indications, Achuzie was the commanding officer of Uchendu`s division and strategically planned the operation, while Uchendu led the actual ambush. International journalists present in Biafra at the time like Frederick Forsyth, Gilles Caron and other authors give the strength of the ambushed Nigerian troops as 6000 men supported by armor, of which almost all were lost. Chinua Achebe gives the much lower figure of about 500 Nigerian troops. All sources state that the convoy was about 100 vehicles long including troop transport, ammunition transport, tankers and armored cars. Manazarta de St. Jorre, John (2012). The Brothers' War: Biafra and Nigeria. Faber and Faber. ISBN 9780571287376. Oyewẹsọ, Syan (1992). The post-Gowon Nigerian accounts of the Civil War, 1975 1990: a preliminary review. Africa Peace Research Institute, Lagos. p. 17. Achebe, Chinua (2012). There was a country. Penguin. ISBN 9780141973678. Osuji, Steve (23 October 2012). "'There was a country': Ogbunigwe, Abagana ambush; Achebe, Okigbo and Ifeajuna". The Nation Online. Archived from the original on 28 December 2015. Forsyth, Frederick (1971). The Biafra Story: The Making of an African Legend. ISBN 1848846061. Caron, Gilles (1968). La Mort du Biafra: Photographies du Gilles Caron. Presentation de F. de Bonneville, Paris Solar. Baxter, Peter (2014). Biafra The Nigerian Civil War 1967-1970. Helion Co Ltd. pp. 31–50. ISBN 9781909982369. Alabi-Isama, Godwin. The Tragedy of Victory: On-the-spot Account of the Nigeria-Biafra War in the Atlantic Theatre. Spectrum Books Limited, Ibadan. ISBN 9789789260393. Appiah, Kwame Anthony; Gates, Henry Louis (2005). Africana (2ème éd. ed.). Oxford: Oxford University Press. p. 453. ISBN 9780195170559. Nwadike, Jerome (2010). A BIAFRAN SOLDIER’S SURVIVAL FROM THE JAWS OF DEATH: NIGERIAN BIAFRAN CIVIL WAR. p. 57. ISBN 9781453513811 Rikici Afirka
25284	https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sallar%20Nafila	Sallar Nafila	A cikin addinin musulunci, sallar Nafila (Larabci: ṣalāt al-nafl) ko sallar nafila, wanda kuma ake kira da Sallar Nawafil (jam'in nafil), nau’i ne na sallolin Musulmin da ake so (ibada ta yau da kullum). Kamar yadda ake yin sallar sunnah, ba a ɗauke su a matsayin wajibi ba amma ana tunanin za su ba da ƙarin fa'ida ga mai yin su. Misali shi ne sadakar raka'a hudu na "nafl" kafin sallar Asuhur na wajibi. Dangane da Hadisi mai zuwa, "nafl" ba kawai yana kusantar da 'yanci zuwa ga Allah ba har ma yana taimaka wa mutum samun kyakkyawar nasara a lahira wato Jannah (Aljanna). Tahiyatul Wudu Tahiyatul wudu ita ce sallar nafila bayan yin alwala. Abu Hureyrah ya ruwaito cewa da zarar annabin musulunci Muhammad ya tambayi Bilal a Fajr salah: Bilal ya amsa: Abu Hureyrah ya ruwaito cewa Annabi Muhammad ya ce wa Bilal Bilal yace: Bayan kammala alwala, sallar (raka'a) raka'a biyu cike take da albarka (sawāb). Kada a yi ta a lokacin da bai dace ba (makruh); idan rana ta fito, lokacin da take zenith da lokacin faduwarta. Masallacin Tahiyyatul (Sallar Nafila lokacin shiga Masallaci) Abu Qatada ya ruwaito cewa Annabi Muhammad ya ce: “Idan dayanku ya shiga masallaci, sai ya yi raka’a biyu kafin ya zauna.” Bukhari da Muslim suka ruwaito shi. Wannan shi ne sallar Nafl Rak'ah 2 wanda ya kamata mutum ya yi yayin shiga Masallaci kuma a kan lokutan da suka dace. Sallar Ishraq Lokacin sallar Ishraq yana farawa da mintuna goma sha biyar zuwa ashirin bayan fitowar rana kuma ya kunshi Raka'ah guda biyu. Ana ganin yin ishraq yana ba da lada mafi girma fiye da yin karamar Umrah bisa ga wasu hadisai. A cewar mafi yawan malaman Hadisi da na Fiqhu, Sallar Duha da Sallar Al-Ishraq duk sunaye ne na sallar guda (sallar farilla). Addu'a ce da aka ba da ita ba tare da takamaiman adadin raka'ah ba, kuma lokacinta ya dace yana farawa kusan mintuna goma sha biyar bayan fitowar rana kuma yana ƙaruwa har zuwa lokacin faɗuwar rana daga meridian. Sallar Dhuha ko Chasht Sallar Dhuha tana farawa bayan fitowar rana kuma ta ƙare a meridian, kuma galibi ana tunanin ya haɗa da raka'ah biyu, ko da yake a wasu hadisai adadin huɗu ne ko ma goma sha biyu. A cewar tunanin Ahlus -Sunnah, yin wannan addu'ar ana ganin tana da tasiri wajen neman gafarar zunuban mutum. Ana yin sallar Ishraq ko Chasht ko Duha lokacin da rana ta fito da kwata na safe, kuma tana ƙarewa kafin lokacin sallar Azahar (wato sallar farilla). An ce wanda ya yi nafilfili, yana da ladar gidan Zinariya 1 a cikin Aljanna. watau sallar Chasht 1 gidan zinare 1. Fatima ta kasance tana yawan yin wannan sallar nafila. An ruwaito sallar asuba ta nafila dagadaga Annabi Muhammad, ta hanyoyin da suka kai ga yawan ruwayoyi-daga sahabbai 19 zuwa sama da 30-a cewar Imam al-Tabari, al-`Ayni a cikin 'Umdat al-Qari, al-Haytami, al -Munawi, da al-Qari a Sharh al-Shama'il, Ibn Hajar a Fath al-Bari, al-Kattani a Nazm al-Mutanathir, kuma kamar yadda al-Hakim da al-Suyuti gami da Karatun Abu Zur`a al-'Iraqi a Tarh al-Tathrib, Ibn al-Qayyim a Zad al-Ma`ad, da al-Shawkani a Nayl al-Awtar. A cewar mafi yawan Malamai na Salaf da Khalaf sallar mustahabbi ce da mustahabbi. Tahajjud Awabeen Salat al-Awwabin- ita ce "addu'ar mai dawowa" kamar yadda Annabi Muhammadu ya kayyade kuma ana yin ta tsakanin sallar Magriba da sallar Isha. Haka kuma malamai da yawa sun ce babu hadisan sahihu da ke tabbatar da cewa za a yi Sallar Awwabin tsakanin sallar Magriba da Isha kuma shin suna da ra'ayin cewa a zahiri addu’a ɗaya ce da ta Duha. Rak’ah Sunnah hudu na Zuhur An ruwaito cewa Annabi Muhammadu ya ce duk wanda ya yi raka'a hudu kafin ko bayan sallar Zuhr tare da dawwama, Allah ya haramta masa wutar Jahannama. [Mishkat, (Hasan-Sarkar) p. 104; Tirmizi, Abu Da'ud, Nisai 1814, Ibn Majah] An ruwaito cewa Amma Muhammad ya ce bayan mai ibada yayi sallah raka'a hudu na Zuhur, ana bude kofofin sama, watau sallar ta zama karbabbu a wurin Allah, kuma dalilin karbarsa yana sauka akan mai ibada a matsayin hasken rahama. [Mishkat, shafi. 104] Rak’ah Sunnah hudu ta Asr Muhammadu ya ce: "Allah ya yi rahama ga wanda ya yi hudu (raka'ah) kafin sallar Asr." (Abu Dawud) Rak'ah Sunnah biyu na Magriba Rak'ah Sunnah hudu ta Isha Sunaye Sallar safiya ta nafila tana da sunaye da yawa. Tsakanin su: Salat al-Duha ko Sibhat al-Duha-Sibha yana nufin sallar nafila a dunkule kuma Duha yana nufin safiya, tsakiyar safiya, ko sanyin safiya. Wannan shine sunan da ya fi yawa a cikin ruwayoyi. Ita ce sallar asuba lokacin da rana ta yi zafi sosai. Dalilin wannan suna shine mutum ya bar duniya a lokacin don komawa ga Allah kuma ya rama sallar Dare da ya rasa. Don haka Salatul-Duha ta fi damuwa ga waɗanda suka rasa tahajjud kuma shine musanya ta. Salat al -Ishraq shine "sallar fitowar rana" ko sallar da aka yi jim kaɗan bayan fitowar rana. Salat al-Fath-ita ce "sallar nasara" kamar yadda aka tabbatar cewa Muhammadu ya yi ta da safe da ya shiga Makka (a cikin Bukhari da Muslim) kuma wannan ya zama Sunan shugabannin sojoji bayan shiga sabon yankin da aka ci.
46067	https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C6%98ungiyar%20Lauyoyin%20Duniya	Ƙungiyar Lauyoyin Duniya	Ƙungiyar Lauyoyin Duniya IBA wadda aka kafa a shekarar 1947, ita ce Ƙungiyar bar association ta ma'aikatan shari'a na duniya, ƙungiyoyin lauyoyi da ma ƙungiyoyin doka. A halin yanzu IBA tana da membobin lauyoyi sama da dubu 80,000 da ƙungiyoyin lauyoyi 190 da ma ƙungiyoyin doka. Hedkwatarta ta a duniya tana a birnin London, Ingila, kuma tana da ofisoshin a biranen Washington, DC, Amurka, Seoul, Koriya ta Kudu da São Paulo, Brazil. Tarihin IBA Wakilan ƙungiyoyin lauyoyi 34 na ƙasa sun hallara a birnin New York, New York a ranar 17 ga watan Fabrairu 1947 don ƙirƙirar ko assasa ƙungiyar da ake takaita sunan da; IBA-(International Bar Association). Kasancewar tsarin farko ya iyakance ga ƙungiyoyin lauyoyi da ƙungiyoyin doka, amma a cikin shekara ta 1970, an bada dama wa membobin IBA ga kowane lauyoyi. Membobin sana'ar shari'a da suka haɗa da lauyoyi, lauyoyi, lauyoyi, membobin shari'a, lauyoyi na cikin gida, lauyoyin gwamnati, malamai da ɗaliban shari'a sun ƙunshi membobin IBA. Dangantaka da sauran kungiyoyin ƙasa da ƙasa IBA ta gudanar da matsayi na musamman a gaban babban taron Majalisar Dinkin Duniya da Majalisar Tattalin Arziki da Zamantakewar Majalisar Dinkin Duniya (ECOSOC) tun daga 1947. A ranar 9 ga watan Oktoba 2012, IBA ta sanya hannu kan yarjejeniyar fahimtar juna tare da Kungiyar Hadin gwiwar Tattalin Arziki da Ci Gaba (OECD). Har ila yau, IBA tayi haɗin gwiwa tare da OECD da Ofishin Majalisar Dinkin Duniya kan Muggan kwayoyi da Laifuka (UNODC) a cikin Dabarun Yaki da Cin Hanci da Rashawa don Sana'ar Shari'a, wani shiri na yaki da cin hanci da rashawa ga lauyoyi. IBA kuma ta haɗu tare da wasu ƙungiyoyi da suka haɗa har da International Federation of Accountants (IFAC) da Ƙungiyar Ma'aikata (IOE). Tsarin IBA IBA ta kasu kashi biyu Sashen Ayyukan Shari'a (LPD) da Ƙungiyar Jama'a da Muradun Ƙwararru (PPID). Kowace Sashe tana ba da kwamitoci daban-daban da kuma dandalin tattaunawa waɗanda aka keɓe ga takamaiman wuraren aiki. Waɗannan kwamitoci suna fitar da wallafe-wallafe na yau da kullun waɗanda ke mai da hankali kan ayyukan shari'a na ƙasa da ƙasa. PPID tana dauke da Hukumar Ba da Lamuni (BIC) da Cibiyar Kare Hakkokin Dan Adam (IBAHRI). An kafa BIC a cikin 2004 kuma ta ƙunshi wakilai daga ƙungiyoyin lauyoyi da ƙungiyoyin doka a duniya. An kafa IBAHRI a shekarar 1995 a ƙarƙashin jagorancin mai girma, Nelson Mandela. Babban Daraktan IBA na yanzu shine Mark Ellis. Cibiyar Kare Hakkokin Dan Adam (IBAHRI) An kafa Cibiyar Kare Haƙƙin Dan Adam ta Ƙungiyar Lauyoyi ta Duniya (IBAHRI) a cikin shekarar 1995 a ƙarƙashin shugabancin Nelson Mandela. Bayanin manufa na IBAHRI shine "ingantawa, kare da kuma aiwatar da hakkokin bil'adama a ƙarƙashin ingantacciyar doka". IBAHRI na gudanar da ayyuka iri-iri a fagen kare hakkin ɗan Adam da bin doka da oda, musamman ma fannin da ya shafi ƴancin kai na ɓangaren shari’a da haƙƙin shari’a. Lambobi da jagoranci kan aikin shari'a IBA tana ba da lambobi sirri, da jagoranci kan ayyukan shari'a na duniya. Dokokin IBA akan Ɗaukar Hujjoji a Hukuncin Ƙasashen Duniya, waɗanda aka karɓa a cikin 1999 kuma aka sake sabuntawa a cikin 2010, ƙungiyoyi suna amfani da su a cikin sasantawa na kasuwanci na duniya. Har ila yau, IBA ta fitar da: Jagoran IBA kan rikice-rikice masu sha'awar shiga tsakani na ƙasa da ƙasa, jagororin IBA don tsara sharuddan sasantawa na kasa da kasa, da ka'idojin IBA kan Halayyar Sana'ar Shari'a (2011). Ƙungiyoyin ayyuka da ƙungiyoyi masu gudanarwa Rukunin Ayyukan Doka Rukunin masu sa'ido akan Rikicin Kuɗi Rukunin masu sa ido akan Ta'addanci Duniya Kyautar Lauyan Mata ta Duniya IBA Hukumar ta IBA tana da lambar yabo da ake baiwa fitacciyar lauya mace da aka yi la'akari da cewa ta fi cancantar wannan karramawa. Ana bayar da ita a kowace shekara kuma LexisNexis ne ke ɗaukar nauyin shirin bada kyautar. Kyautar ta haɗa da gudummawar dalar Amurka 5,000 ga ƙungiyar agaji don fitar da wanda zai yi nasara. Waɗanda suka karɓi kyautar a baya sun haɗa da: Helvi Sipilä na Finland a 2001 Navi Pillay ta Afirka ta Kudu a cikin 2003 Dianna Kempe ta Bermuda a cikin 2006 Anne-Marie Hutchinson ta Ingila a 2010 Olufolake Solanke na Najeriya a 2012 Tukiya Kankasa-Mabula of Zambia in 2014 Carol Xueref na Faransa a cikin 2016 Eloísa Machado de Almeida na Brazil a cikin 2018 Shugabannin IBA na baya-bayan nan 2018–2019: Horacio Bernardes Neto, 2017–2018: Martin Šolc, CZE 2015–2017: David W. Rivkin, USA 2013–2014: Michael Reynolds, GBR 2011–2012: Akira Kawamura, JAP 2009–2010: Fernando Pelaez-Pier, VEN 2007–2008: Fernando Pombo, ESP 2005–2006: Francis Neate, GBR 2003–2004: Emilio Cardenas, 2001–2002: Dianna Kempe, BER 1999–2000: Klaus Böhlhoff, 1997–1998: Desmond Fernando, LKA Manazarta Hanyoyin haɗi na waje Ƙungiyar Bar Association ta ƙasa da ƙasa ta yanar gizo Kungiyar Duniya Kungiyar
16203	https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nkeiruka%20Onyejeocha	Nkeiruka Onyejeocha	Nkeiruka Chidubem Onyejocha (an haife ta a ranar 23 Nuwamba shekarar 1969) yar siyasan Nijeriya ce kuma babban mai zartarwa a Majalisar Wakilan Tarayyar Najeriya. Tana wakiltar Mazabar Tarayyar Isuikwuato Umunneochi ta jihar Abia.Onyejocha memba ce mai aiki a majalisar tarayyar Najeriya kuma galibi tana bayar da gudummawa sosai ga muhawarori da suka shafi mahimman batutuwan ƙasa a majalisa. Ta dauki nauyin tsare-tsare da dama tare da kawo yunkuri wadanda suka inganta rayuwar talakawan kasa da kuma taimakawa wajen kare hakkinsu. A cikin shekarar 2017 ta dauki nauyin wani kudiri wanda ya sanya jinyar gaggawa ga wadanda aka harba da bindiga ya zama tilas ga asibitoci ba tare da neman ko jinkirta jinya wai don jiran bayanai daga ‘yan sanda kafin a fara magani a yanayin gaggawa. An fara zaben Onyejocha ne a shekara ta 2007 a karkashin jam'iyyar Peoples Democratic Party, PDP jam'iyya mai mulki na lokacin. Ta sauya sheka zuwa jam'iyyar All Progressive Congress, APC a shekarar 2018 bayan ta fuskanci matsin lamba daga tsaffin shugabannin jam’iyyar don ta dakatar da kudirin ta na komawa majalisa. A shekarar 2019, ta sake lashe zaben fidda gwani na karo na hudu a Majalisar dokoki na Najeriya. Tana daya daga cikin mafiya dadewa a majalisa. A cikin shekara ta 2019, Onyejocha ta tsaya takarar matsayin Speaker na Majalisa Wakilai a kasa da maza suka mamaye mukamai, tare da abokin adawa Femi Gbajabiamila daga Jihar Legas wanda ƙungiya jama'iyyar adawa ta APC, APC ta tsaida. Babban matasalar zaben Onyejocha shi ne ta kasance a matsayin mai magana da yawun shiyyar ta na yankin kudu maso gabashin Najeriya domin daidaita manyan ikon tarayya a tsakanin shiyyoyin siyasa shida na kasar. Amma ta ajiye takarar tsakanin awanni 24 zuwa zaben. Onyejocha ya kasance Shugaban rikon kwarya na Karamar Hukumar Umunneochi ta Jihar Abia a shekarar 2002. A shekara ta 2003 tayi aiki a majalisar zartarwa ta jihar Abia a matsayin kwamishina kan kula da albarkatu da cigaban ma'aikata. Rayuwar farko, ilimi da aiki Onyejocha diya ce ga Eze Bob Ogbonna ne a garin Isuochi na karamar hukumar Umunneochi ta jihar Abia. Ta rasa mahaifiyarta tun tana karama. Onyejocha ta halarci Makarantar Firamare ta Isuochi Central da kuma Ovim Girls School, Isuochi. A cikin shekara ta 1988 ta kammala karatun digiri daga jami'ar Najeriya, Nnsuka, UNN tare da difloma a fannin Social Work/Community Development. A shekarar 1993 ta kammala karatun digiri na farko a fannin Bachelor of Art tare da sakamakon second class upper (a Daraja) daga Jami'ar Najeriya, Nsukka. Onyejocha ta yi Digiri na biyu a kan Harkokin Kasa da Kasa da diflomasiyya (International Affairs and Diplomacy) daga Jami’ar Jihar Imo a shekarar (2005) da kuma Digiri na Biyu a hada-hadan jiragen ruwa daga Jami’ar Fasaha ta Ladoke Akintola University of Technology, Jihar Oyo. A lokacin da take karatun ta na digiri a jami'a, Onyejocha ta kasance mai himma a harkokin dalibai da siyasa. Ta rike mukamai daban-daban na shugabanci a gwamnatin kungiyar dalibai ta jami’ar Najeriya, Nnsuka, UNN. Onyejocha ta yi aiki a ofishin ladabtarwa na gwamnan jihar Osun a yayin da take hidimar bautar kasa na shekara daya a shekarar 1993. An ce ra'ayinta na siyasa ya samo asali ne daga nan. Ta kasance Manajan Darakta na Nikkings da Kingzol International Ltd da ke kula da jarirai da kayayyakin gida. An yaba wa shugabancin ta saboda daga darajar kamfanin zuwa matakin kasuwanci na kasa da kasa. Kamfanin mallakin mijinta ne, Sir Kingsley Onyejocha. Harkar siyasa Shugaban Karamar Hukuma kuma Kwamishina Siyasar Onyejocha ta fara ne da nadin ta a shekarar 2002 zuwa majalisar zartarwa ta jihar Abia a matsayin kwamishina na da Gudanar da Albarkatun Kasa da Bunkasa ayyukan jama'a wato (Resource Management and Manpower Development) na Gwamna Orji Uzor Kalu. Ana tuna ta da kafa cibiyoyin koyon ayyukan hannu a duk faɗin jihar Abia. A shekarar 2003 ta kasance Shugabar rikon kwarya na karamar hukumar Umunneochi ta jihar Abia. A lokacin da take kan karagar mulki, ta aiwatar da ayyukan shawo kan zaizayar kasa, da inganta tsaro a tsakanin al'umma, da aiwatar da gyaran hanyoyi. Saboda jin dadin aikinta, Majalisar Sarakunan Gargajiya Umunneochi ta ba ta sarauta ta Adaejiagamba- (yar jakadiya). Ita ce ta fara karbar wannan taken. Zabe a majalisar wakilan tarayyar Najeriya An fara zaben Onyejocha a majalisar wakilai ta tarayyar Najeriya a 2007 a karkashin jam'iyyar PDP. Manufofin ta na siyasa sun mai da hankali kan samar da dokoki don bunkasa rayuwar mata da yara; matasa da masu karamin karfi; inganta ilimi, kiwon lafiya da samar da kayan more rayuwa A yayin taron majalisar karo na bakwai an ba ta mace mafi kwazo a majalisar dokoki a Najeriya daga Kungiyar Ma’aikatan Majalissar Dokokin Najeriya (PASSAN). Onyejocha ita ce shugabar mata ta farko a kwamitin majalisar wanda aka kirkiro yayin taro na shida tsakanin 2007 da 2011. Ta jagoranci mata ‘yan majalisu a kokarin shawo kan matsalar rashin daidaito tsakanin maza da mata da inganta yanayin rayuwar yara da kuma marasa karfi. A shekarar 2011 an nada ta shugaban kwamiti na harkokin jiragen sama wanda a lokacin ana fama da al'amuran tsaro. Ayyukan ta na hangen nesa sun haifar da inganta filayen jiragen saman Najeriya zuwa matakin filayen jiragen sama na duniya. Aikin ta a Kwamitin na harkokin jiragen sama ya kasance mara cikas kuma mai tasiri wanda hakan ya zama abin ishara ga sauran kwamitocin na majalisa. A cikin shekara ta 2013 ne ta yi kira don cikakken bincike da kuma gurfanar da jami'an, wanda duk yake da hannu a wajen kawo tasgwaro ga lafiyar jirgin sama ya wanda ya jawo hadarin jirgi dauke da fasinjoji wato Dana Air Flight 992 a kan hanya daga babban birnin Najeriya Abuja zuwa Lagos a ranar 3 Yuni 2012. Dukkanin mutane 153 da ke cikin jirgin da kuma mutane 6 da ke kasa sun mutu. A shekarar 2013 Onyejocha ta sanya fifikon kasa a kan son zuciya yayin da ta yi kira da a bincike akan Stella Oduah, ministar jirgin sama wacce ta fada cikin zargin rashawa bayan da aka ruwaito ta sayi motoci biyu BMW da darajarsu ta kai naira miliyan 250 ga ma'aikatar jirgin sama ba tare da amincewa ba. Onyejocha ya sha suka a bainar jama'a daga dangin ta saboda a fili ta nemi a binciki Stella Oduah. Financialarfin ikon ƙananan hukumomi Tsarin mulkin Jamhuriyar Tarayyar Najeriya, (Canji na Hudu) Dokar, Mai lamba 5, 2017 (Rarraba Ruwan Baza): Dukkanin majalisun dokokin kasar sun amince da kudirin amma yana jiran amincewar majalisun dokokin jihohi. Manazarta Hanyoyin haɗin waje Dokar Cibiyar Tsofaffi ta Kasa, 2017 Kulawa da Kulawa da Kulawa ga Wadanda Aka Sami Dokar Gunshot, 2017 Dokar Anti-azabtarwa, 2017 </br>Kudirin Gyara Kundin Tsarin Mulki da 8th ya Amince da shi Majalisar Dokokin Najeriya Ƴan siyasan Najeriya Mata Ƴan Najeriya Pages with unreviewed
50567	https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sabrina%20Erdely	Sabrina Erdely	Sabrina Rubin Erdely wata tsohuwar 'yar jarida ce kuma mai ba da rahoto na mujallar, wacce a cikin 2014 ta rubuta labarin batanci a cikin Rolling Stone da ke kwatanta zargin fyade da wasu 'yan'uwa da yawa suka yi wa wata dalibar Jami'ar Virginia. Labarin mai taken Wani Fyade A Harabar Jami'ar", daga baya ya sha kaye. Mujallar ta janye labarin bayan nazarin Makarantar Jarida ta Jami'ar Columbia wanda ya kammala da cewa Erdely da Rolling Stone sun kasa shiga "na asali, har ma da aikin jarida na yau da kullum". Sakamakon haka, an ambaci sunan Erdely a cikin kararraki uku tare da bukatar sama da dala miliyan 32 a hade domin samun diyya sakamakon buga labarin. Wani wanda ya kammala karatun digiri a Jami'ar Pennsylvania, Erdely ya rubuta game da fyade da cin zarafi. Kafin labarin Rolling Stone, aikinta ya bayyana a GQ, Self, New Yorker, Uwar Jones,Glamour, Lafiyar maza da Philadelphia. In November 2016, a federal court jury found Erdely was liable for defamation with actual malice in a lawsuit brought by University of Virginia administrator Nicole Eramo, and Erdely was found personally responsible for $2 million in damages. Ilimi da farkon rayuwa An haifi Erdely a New York. Ta kammala karatunta daga Jami'ar Pennsylvania a 1994. A cewar Erdely, ta kasance da farko a pre-med dalibi amma ya zama Turanci babba yayinda yake aiki a kan ma'aikatan 34th Street, mujallu sakawa ga Daily Pennsylvanian, harabar jaridar A lokacin da take aiki a titin 34th, abokin aikinta Stephen Glass "ya jefi dacewa mai kyau" bayan ita da abokin aikinta "sun shirya wani labari mai ban dariya kuma a bayyane yake" ga mujallar Daga baya, a cikin wata kasida da ta rubuta wa mujallar tsofaffin ɗalibai na Jami'ar Pennsylvania, ta kira Glass a "sociopathic creep" saboda, in ji ta, ya ƙirƙira labarun da aka buga a matsayin aikin jarida na gaskiya a cikin New Republic. Sana'a Bayan yamujallnn, Erdely ya tafi aiki don Philadelphia kafin ya ci gaba da aiki a matsayin marubucin mujallar mai zaman kansa. Rubutun mujallu Labarin Erdely na 1996 na Philadelphia, game da wata mace da ta yi zargin cewa likitan mata ya yi mata fyade, an zabi shi don lambar yabo ta kasa. Wani labari na 2012 don Rolling Stone, ke zargin cin zarafi na daliban gayu a Minnesota, an zabe shi kamar haka kuma ya sami lambar yabo ta GLAAD Media Award for Outstanding Magazine Articl. A cikin 2003 Erdely a rubuta wani labari mai ban sha'awa a cikin GQ game da sanannen con man Steve Comisar. Labari na Rolling Stone na Erdely na 2013, "The Rape of Petty Officer Blumer," ya ba da labarin zargin yin amfani da kwayoyi da fyade ga wata karamar jami'ar sojan ruwa ta Amurka da wasu sojojin Amurka uku suka yi. Labarin Rolling Stone:"Faylolin Laifukan Jima'i na Cocin Katolika" A cikin 2011, Erdely ya ba da labarin wani labari na Rolling Stone game da cin zarafin yara a cikin Cocin Roman Katolika a Philadelphia.(An yi bincike a cocin a birane da yawa tun lokacin da The Boston Globe fallasa a cikin 02 a kariyar cocin na firistoci masu farauta.) Labarin Erdely ya kwatanta wani yaro mai daraja na biyar na bagadi da ake kira "Billy Doe" wanda "mummunan hare-haren ya juya Billy Doe ya kasance babba lokacin da ya gabatar da zarge-zargen nasa, wanda ya haifar da tuhumar laifukan da ya kai ga daure wasu ma'aikatan coci uku. Doe ya kuma shigar da babbar kara a kan cocin. Ralph Cipriano ya rubuta a cikin Newsweek cewa "Erdely bai sani ba ko kuma ya damu don ganowa cocicewa Billy ya riga ya ba da labarinsa ga babban coci, 'yan sanda, da kuma babban uri, kuma daga bisani zai sake ba da shi ga wasu alkalai guda biyu daban-daban a cikin masu laifi iyu. louta. Kuma a duk lokacin da ya ba da labarnsa, bayanan sun yi ta canjawa.” A karo na farko na fyaden Billy Doe ya yi iƙirarin jimrewa, an buga shi a ume, an tubeshi, an ɗaure shi da bagadin coci da sahes, kuma an yi masa fyade a kan bagadi na tsawon sa'o'i byar. Abubuwan da suka biyo baya na fyaden da Doe ya yi ba su da ban maaki; wani juzu'i na ƙarshe ya tsallake fyaden tsuliya na awa biyar na baadi. Madadin haka, Billy Doe ya bayana, an tilasta masa shiga cikin al'aurar.na Cipriano ya soki Erdely saboda kasa haɗa bayanai game da bayanan Billy Doe wanda zai iya lalata amincinsa;Alal misali,an kama shi sau shida,sau ɗaya yayin da yake fataucin buhunan tabar heroin 56. Lauyan Doe Slade McLaughlin,da David Clohessy,shugaban SNAP,sun lura a cikin mayar da martani cewa shan miyagun ƙwayoyi abu ne na yau da kullum ga cin zarafin yara. Rolling Stone article: "The Rape of Petty Officer Blumer" Labarin Rolling Stone "Wani Fyade A Harabar Jami'a" An buga labarin Erdely na Rolling Stone,mai suna "Rape on Campus",a cikin fitowar Disamba 2014 na waccan mujallar.An yi zargin cewa mutane bakwai na Phi Kappa Psi a Jami'ar Virginia sun yi wa wata daliba fyade a gidan 'yan uwanta a ranar 28 ga Satumba,2012. Tambayoyi daban-daban na Phi Kappa Psi da The Washington Post sun nuna manyan kurakurai da sabani a cikin rahoton.Labarin Erdely ya fuskanci suka a kafafen yada labarai da tambayoyi game da gaskiyar sa. Jaridar Washington Post da Boston Herald duk sun yi kira ga ma'aikatan mujallar da ke da hannu a cikin rahoton da a kori.11 Natasha Vargas-Cooper,marubuci a The Interceptya ce labarin Erdely ya nuna "mummunan ra'ayi mai ban tsoro,ɓoye,"yayin da edita a cikin Wall Street Journal ya yi zargin cewa "Ms.Erdely ba ta gina wani labari ba bisa ga gaskiya,amma ta tafi neman don hujjojin da suka dace da ka'idarta."Yayin da ake ci gaba da sukar labarin, Erdely ta bace daga idon jama'a,inda kafofin watsa labarai daban-daban suka kwatanta ta da "MIA" da "kashe grid." Rolling Stone daga baya ya ba da uzuri uku game da labarin.A ranar 10 ga Disamba,2014, The Washington Post ta buga wani sabon lissafi na bincikenta game da labarin Rolling Stone.Da yake taƙaita wannan rahoton,Slate ya lura cewa "yana da ƙarfi,ba tare da faɗin haka ba,cewa za a iya ƙirƙira ƙungiyar fyade a tsakiyar labarin Sabrina Rubin Erdely." Manazarta Rayayyun
17324	https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ibrahim%20Dasuki	Ibrahim Dasuki	Ibrahim Dasuki shine wanda ya kasan ce Sarkin Musulmi na 18, wanda aka hamɓarar a shekarar 1996 a lokacin gwamnatin soja ta Sani Abacha Kafin ya zama Sarki. San nan ya riƙe sarautar Baraden jihar Sokoto. Dasuki shine Sarki na farko daga layin Buhari na gidan Dan Fodiyo Ya kasance babban aminin Ahmadu Bello, aminin Abubakar Gumi kuma yana da tasiri a kafuwar Jama'atu Nasril Islam. Rayuwar farko da aikin gwamnati An haifi Dasuki a Dogon Daji, jihar Sokoto Shi ɗa ne ga Haliru Ibn Barau wanda ya riƙe sarautan Sarkin Yamma kuma shi ne hakimin Dogon Daji. Ya fara karatun Alkur'ani a shekarar 1928. San nan a shekarar 1931, yayi makarantar firamare ta Dogondaji kafin ya zarce zuwa makarantar Midil ta Sakkwato a shekarar 1935. Ya kammala karatunsa na sakandare a Kwalejin Barewa a kan daukar nauyi daga Hukumar Abinci ta Sakkwato. Bayan kammala makarantar sakandare a shekarar 1943, ya yi aiki a matsayin magatakarda a ofishin baitul na Hukumar 'Yan Asalin Sakkwato kasancewar al'ada ce a Arewacin Najeriya masu karbar tallafi su yi aiki wa wadanda suka dauki nauyinsu, wato Hukumomin Yankin su. Duk da haka, a cikin shekara ta 1945, ya fara aiki da kamfanin Gaskiya Corporation, gidan buga takardu da ke buga jaridar Hausa ta kullum, Gaskiya Ta Fi Kwabo. A shekarar 1953, saboda jin kiran da Ahmadu Bello ya yi wa 'yan Arewacin Najeriya na karbar mukami a ma'aikatun farar hula na yankin, ya shiga aikin ne a matsayin babban jami'i. Bayan shekara guda sai ya zama sakataren sirri na Ahmadu Bello. A shekarar 1957, ya cika mukamin mataimakin sakataren zartarwa na yanki zartarwa kuma shekara guda bayan haka aka tura shi Jeddah a matsayin jami'in aikin hajji na Najeriya. Tsakanin shekarar 1960 da shekarar 1961, ya yi aiki a ofishin jakadancin Najeriya a Khartoum, Sudan sannan daga baya Ahmadu Bello ya dawo da shi Najeriya ya yi aiki a matsayin mazaunin Jos, daga baya, ya zama sakatare na dindindin a Ma’aikatar Karamar Hukumar. Daga baya Dasuki ya sauya sheƙa zuwa Ma'aikatar Kasuwanci a shekarar 1965 a matsayin babban sakatare. Aiki daga baya Ayyukan kasuwanci Daga shekarar 1965 har zuwa lokacin da aka naɗa shi Sarkin Musulmi, Dasuki ya fi mayar da hankali kan kasuwancinsa. A shekarar 1966, ya kuma kasance shugaban kungiyar masu fataucin kayan masarufi ta Arewacin Najeriya, wata kungiya mai hada- hadar kasuwanci tare da tallata fitar da gyada da kuma rarraba iri da sinadarai Daga shekarar 1967 zuwa shekarar 1977, ya zama darakta sannan daga baya ya zama shugaban kamfanin jirgin kasa na Najeriya Daga shekarar 1979 zuwa shekarar 1989, ya kasance tare da kafa kuma shugaban reshen Nijeriya na BCCI Ya kuma kasance abokin tarayya na Nessim Gaon a APROFIM, kamfanin ya shiga cikin saka hannun jari, samar da kayayyaki, ayyukan saye da fitar da kayayyaki. Ayyukan siyasa A shekarar 1984, an naɗa shi shugaban tsawon shekaru 15 na Kwamitin sake bitar gudanar da harkokin kananan hukumomi a Najeriya. An dora wa gwamnati aikin ne da nufin ba da shawarwari kan yadda za a dakile makircin gwamnatocin jihohi a cikin harkokin kananan hukumomi da kuma yadda kananan hukumomi za su karfafa ci gaban karkara. Daya daga cikin manyan shawarwarin da kwamitin ya bayar shine kafa kwamitin karamar hukumar. Duk da haka, gwamnatin ta ƙi shawarar. Dasuki ya kuma kasance mai fada a ji a Majalisar Dokoki ta 1988, ya kasance dan majalisar da aka zaba kuma ana ganinsa a matsayin wurin hada kan yankin arewa. Ya samar da kwarin gwiwa ga wata kungiyar sassauci da aka sani da kungiyar masu ra'ayin 'yan dimokiradiyya a Majalisar Kundin Tsarin Mulki amma lokacin da Shehu Musa Yar'adua mai goyon baya mai karfi ya fice daga kungiyar, kungiyar ta yi rauni. Sultan Bayan rasuwar Abubakar Siddique, Sarkin Musulmi na 17 a ranar 1 ga watan Nuwamba shekarar 1988, Dasuki yana cikin manyan masu gwagwarmaya don zama sabon Sarkin Musulmi. Wasu daga cikin abokan hamayyarsa sun hada da Shehu Malami da Sarkin Musulmi na gaba, Muhammadu Maccido Maccido dan Abubakar Siddique ne, duk da haka, Dasuki na kusa da gwamnatin Janar Ibrahim [[Babangida] kuma zabin sarakunan Sakkwato A ranar 6 ga watan Disamban shekarar 1988, aka sanar da shi a matsayin sabon Sarkin Musulmi wanda hakan ya bata ran wasu. Sokoto. Sanarwar ta haifar da tarzoma ta kwanaki biyar inda mutane 10 suka mutu. An kuma ɗauke shi a matsayin mai ra'ayin zamani ba tare da son zuciyar wasu da ke son ɗan takara mai ra'ayin gargajiya, Maccido ba. A matsayinsa na Sultan, Dasuki yayi ƙoƙarin ganin ya sami masoya jama'ar Sokoto. Ya gina makarantun Quaranic 10 a shekarar 1990 kuma ya kafa ajin karatun manya. Ya kuma jagoranci gina Masallacin Ƙasa na Abuja da sauransu. Dasuki kuma ƙoƙarin haɗa kan Al'ummar Musulmi ta cikin ƙungiyar A shekarar 1996, aka kira Dasuki zuwa ofishin mai kula da mulkin soja na Sokoto, Yakubu Muazu kuma aka gaya masa an sauke shi daga matsayin Sarkin Musulmi. An wuce dashi zuwa Yola sannan aka tafi dashi Jalingo inda aka saka shi gudun hijira. Muazu ya ba da wasu dalilai na korar kamar Dasuki wanda ya kasance mai zamani da son kai, ya yi biris da umarnin gwamnati kuma ya yi tafiya a wajen yankinsa ba tare da amincewa ko sanarwa daga gwamnati ba. Koyaya, wasu na ganin an tsige shi ne saboda wasu matsaloli na kashin kansa tsakanin sa da Janar Sani Abacha. Surukin Dasuki, Aliyu Dasuki abokin karatun Sani Abacha ne sannan kuma abokin kasuwancin sa. Aliyu ya mutu a shekarar 1992 kuma Ibrahim Dasuki ya kula da lamuran sa kamar yadda dokokin addinin Islama suka umarci Abacha da ya gabatar da kwararan shaidu bayan mutuwarsa don biyan duk wani ikirari. Abacha bai gamsu da wannan ba kuma daga baya ya zama mai tsananin kiyayya ga Dasuki. Ya mutu a ranar Litinin 14 ga watan Nuwamban shekarar 2016 a asibitin Turkish da ke Abuja bayan fama da rashin lafiya. Ya rasu ya bar matansa da yaransa fitattu a cikinsu Col. Sambo Dasuki tsohon mai bai wa tsohon shugaban kasa Goodluck Jonathan shawara kan harkokin tsaro (NSA). Manazarta Sarakunan
16005	https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Idara%20Victor	Idara Victor	Idara Victor ƴar fim ce mai asali da ƙasashen Najeriya da Amurika, kuma ƴar fim ce wacce aka fi sani da rawar da take takawa a fim ɗin Rizzoli & Isles da kuma Turn: Washington's Spy. Rayuwa da aiki Idara Victor an haife ta ne a Brooklyn, New York, ga iyayenta Barbara da Stan Victor, dukansu daga jihar Akwa Ibom da ke kudancin Najeriya, kuma ita ce ɗiyar tsakiya ta ƴan mata uku, waɗanda suka girma a Brooklyn da Long Island. Idara "ance ita ce mafi yawan surutu a cikin ƴan uwan ta", kuma ta fara rawa da kidan piano tana 'yar shekara takwas, hakan ya kuma sa ta fara waka opera aria a karon farko tana' yar shekara 15 a gasar da baje kolin jihar. Tana 'yar shekara 13 ta lashe gasar Miss New York Junior Teen. Wani wakili ne ya gano ta a bikin nuna kayan kwalliya, kuma ta tura shi zuwa ga sana'ar kirkira, amma ta yi niyyar neman aiki ne. Sakamakon nasarorin karatun da ta samu, an sanya ta a cikin shirin karatun sakandare na Wharton School of Business a Jami'ar Pennsylvania, inda ta karanci yadda ake kasuwanci da kasuwanci. Tare da kawayenta ta yi wasanni a wuraren shakatawa a kusa da Philadelphia kuma ta yi karatun wasan kwaikwayo a ɓoye, ta je wasu ƙwararrun ƙwararrun masu sauraro da kuma yin rajista yayin da take gida a New York a lokacin hutun bazara. Gidan wasan kwaikwayo, rawa da kiɗa A UPENN har yanzu tana yin karatun Shakespeare kuma tana rawa tare da shahararriyar rawa salon African Rhythms West African ballet da kuma rawar Afro-Cuba a lokacin hutu. Lokacin da Victor ta kammala karatu, sai ta bar tayin aiki a mujallar InStyle, ta fara yin ƙade-kaɗe da ƙawarta Mike "Double-O" Kidz In The Hall kuma ta fara samun horo a Lee Strasberg Theater Institute, wani rukunin makarantar Tisch na makarantar Arts Ta haɓaka jama'arta masu fasaha tare da abokai da yawa daga shirin NYU, kuma ƙawarta Hyun Kim ta haɗa ta da 'yar fim ɗin Ba-Amurke Adepero Oduye don tallafawa jagoranci. Domin ciyar da karatun nata, Idara ta samar da wani shagon sayar da tufafi na yanar gizo mai suna Girled-Out, sannan kuma ana horar dashi kullun tare da 'yan wasan kwaikwayo daga ko'ina cikin duniya. Yayin da take kallon Cate Blanchett a cikin fim, "gaskiya za ta kama ni, zan yi tunani, Ina mutuwa na 2013; Tabbas zuciyata ta tsaya, kuma idan ban tashi zuwa can ba kuma nima in aikata shi, zan iya ma kiyaye shi har abada. "Yanzu a cikin New York City, John Caird ya gabatar da ita a cikin gidan wasan kwaikwayo na New York kai tsaye daga kwaleji, yana ɗaukar Victor don wasanninta na fara "abin ban mamaki da na koya shi ne lokacin da na ci gaba as Cosette, Ni ce mace Ba-Amurkiya ta farko da ta taba taka rawa a wasan kwaikwayon na tsawon shekaru 20 Idara Victor ya ci gaba da horo da aiki a New York, kuma ba da daɗewa ba ya kama aiki a cikin shekaru biyu masu zuwa a The Theater na Jama'a The Bacchae Lincoln Center Farin Ciki da Roundabout Theater Company The Tin Pan Alley Rag don yin aiki tare da darektoci Susan Stroman, Joanne Akalaitis, James Lapine, Stafford Arima da Tina Landau Idara Victor soprano ne na wasan kwaikwayo na dabi'a, shima ya rera wakar wasan kwaikwayo na Joplin Treemonisha, kuma yayi a bikin karramawa na 85th Academy Awards Talabijan da fim Yayinda take cikin karatunta, Idara Victor ta fara fitowa a fuska a fim ɗin indie "Not Just Yet" matsayinta na farko a talabijin shine a cikin TV TV Starved, tana wasa da Sterling K. Brown A lokacin zamanta a Les Misérables, ta kuma taka rawar maimaituwa a kan Guiding light mai shiryarwa kuma ta fito a tallan talabijin Low and Order, Doka da oda: SVU, Duk Yarana da Yadda ake yin sa a Amurka Bayan komawa zuwa Los Angeles, ta fito a cikin manyan rawar a cikin jerin shirye-shiryen talabijin ciki har da Mad Men, Private Practice, Grey Anatomy, da Castle Ta kuma taka rawa a maimaitawa da jagoranci a cikin shirye-shiryen talabijin daban-daban, daga cikinsu akwai The young and the Restless, Shirye-shiryen Unicorn-It, Vegas (lokuta uku a cikin 2013) da Issa Rae 's Choir (zanguna 8 a 2013). Game da wasan kwaikwayo na talabijin kai tsaye, farkonta ya kasance a NY a cikin 2008, lokacin da ta yi a cikin tallan tallan da aka nuna a cikin Camelot tare da New York Philharmonic. A cikin 2013, ta yi wasan kwaikwayo a cikin Oscars (85th Academy Awards), wanda Seth MacFarlane ya shirya, tare da jagorancin fim din 2012 Les Misérables Daga watan Agusta 2014 zuwa Satumba 2016, mai yiwuwa sanannen sananniyar rawarta ita ce hali Nina Holiday, mai sharhi game da lamuran aikata laifi da fasahar IT ta Sashen 'Yan Sanda na Boston, a cikin jerin laifuka na Amurka Rizzoli & Isles Idara Victor ya zama memba na castan wasa na yau da kullun na kakar 6, maye gurbin marigayi Lee Thompson Young Baya ga matsayinta na Nina Holiday, Victor yana da rawar sakewa a wasan kwaikwayo na AMC Turn: Washington Spies, daga 2014-2017, kuma ya bayyana a cikin shirye-shiryen 2016 Pure Genius da An American Girls Story Ta shiga cikin sabon fim din Alita: Battle Angel daga marubuci kuma furodusa James Cameron da darakta Robert Rodriguez, suna wasa da Christoph Waltz An saki fim din a watan Fabrairun 2019. Finafinai Manazarta Ƴan fim Mata da suka kafa kamfani Mata a
15999	https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anthony%20Enahoro	Anthony Enahoro	Cif Anthony Eromosele Enahoro (22 ga watan Yuli shekara ta alif 1923 A.c- ya mutu 15 ga watan Disamba 2010) yana daya daga cikin fitattun ‘yan rajin kare mulkin mallaka da masu rajin kare dimokiradiyya a Najeriya. An haife shi ɗan fari a cikin yara goma a Uromi a cikin Jihar Edo ta yanzu ta Nijeriya. Iyayensa Esan sune Anastasius Okotako Enahoro (1900-1968) da Fidelia Victoria Inibokun née Ogbidi Okojie (1906-1969). Enahoro ya daɗe yana da fice a fagen aikin jarida, siyasa, da ma'aikatan gwamnati da kuma gwagwarmayar dimokiradiyya. Enahoro ya yi karatu a Makarantar Gwamnati ta Uromi, da Makarantar Gwamnati Owo da Kwalejin King, da ke Legas, Enahoro ya zama editan jaridar Nnamdi Azikiwe, mai kare Kudancin Najeriya, Ibadan, a 1944 yana da shekara 21, don haka ya zama edita mafi karancin shekaru a Najeriya. Daga baya ya zama editan gidan wakafi na Zik, Kano, 1945–49, mataimakin edita na West African Pilot, Lagos, kuma babban editan jaridar Morning Star daga shekarar 1950 zuwa 1953. Tarihin Rayuwa A cikin 1953, Enahoro ya zama na farko da ya gabatar da kudirin neman ‘yancin Nijeriya wanda a karshe aka ba shi a cikin 1960 bayan koma bayan siyasa da yawa da shan kaye a majalisar. Enahoro ya sami ɗaukaka daga masana da yawancin Nigeriansan Najeriya a matsayin "Uban Kasar Najeriya". Koyaya, kudirinsa na neman ‘Yancin kan Najeriyar ya gamu da koma baya a majalisar a lokuta da dama tare da‘ yan majalisun arewacin kasar da suka shirya wani yajin aiki sakamakon abin da aka gabatar. Ba tare da shan kaye a majalisa ba, an fara wani yunkuri na musamman saboda wannan kudirin kuma yanzu an matsa lamba kan adawa da mulkin mallaka kuma akwai masu neman 'yanci ga Najeriya, ko kuma akalla mulkin kai. SL Akintola ya yi yunkurin sake duba kudirin neman ‘yancin Najeriya a shekarar 1957 kuma duk da cewa majalisar ta zartar da kudirin nasa amma hukumomin mulkin mallaka na Burtaniya ba su amince da shi ba saboda haka ya gaza. A watan Agusta 1958, Remi Fani-Kayode ya sake duba kudirin Enahoro kuma majalisar ta sake zartar da kudirin amma Burtaniya ba ta amince da ranar ba. Kudirin Fani-Kayode ya bukaci a baiwa Najeriya 'yanci a ranar 2 ga Afrilun 1960. An ba Nijeriya ‘yancin kai a ranar 1 ga Oktoba, 1960. A cigaba da gabatar da kudirin na Enahoro, Sir Tafawa Balewa ya gabatar da kara gaban majalisar a 1959 kuma aka zartar. Sakamakon matsin lambar, gwamnan mulkin mallaka ya sanar da shawarar da gwamnatin Birtaniyya ta yanke na ba da 'yanci a 1960. Rayuwar farko An haife shi ɗan fari a cikin yara goma a ƙauyen Onewa, Uromi, a cikin jihar Edo ta Nijeriya a yanzu. Wasu daga cikin ‘yan’uwansa sun hada da Ambasada Edward, shahararren dan Jarida Peter (Peter Pan), Farfesa Henry, fitaccen mai yada labarai na Mike Enahoro Ace na gidan talabijin na NTA, Ben, Dan, Bess, Chris, da Emmanuel. Iyayensa Esan sune Anastasius Asuelinmen "Okotako" Enahoro (d. 1968) da Fidelia Inibokun née Ogbidi Okojie (d. 1969). Enahoro ya daɗe yana da fice a fagen aikin jarida, siyasa, da ma'aikatan gwamnati da kuma gwagwarmayar dimokiradiyya. Enahoro ya yi karatu a Makarantar Gwamnati ta Uromi, da Makarantar Gwamnati Owo da Kwalejin King, da ke Legas, ya zama editan jaridar Nnamdi Azikiwe, mai kare Kudancin Najeriya, Ibadan, a 1944 yana da shekara 21. A matsayinsa na dalibi a Kwalejin Sarakuna, Enahoro ya shiga cikin gwagwarmayar neman 'yanci na Najeriya da aka yi wa mulkin mallaka a farkon shekarun 1940, wanda ya haifar da tayar da dalibai a kwalejin a Legas inda ya kasance shugaban daliban. Ya shahara a fagen siyasa a lokacin canji mai saurin gaske. An yi masa daurin talala har sau biyu daga gwamnatin mulkin mallaka, saboda wani labarin da ya yi izgili da wani tsohon gwamna, sannan ga wani jawabi da ya ce ya tunzura sojojin Najeriya da ke aiki a cikin sojojin Ingila. Turawan Ingila sun nuna shi a matsayin gobarar wuta, amma duk da cewa an daure shi a karo na uku, ya fara sake duba matsayinsa. Siyasa A cikin 1950 shi da Arthur Perst suka kafa Midungiyar Mid-West Enahoro ya riga ya fara Mid-West Press kuma ya buga jaridar Najeriya daga 1950 zuwa 1953. Midungiyar Mid-West ta zama ɓangare na Groupungiyar Action a cikin 1951. A lokacin rikicin Najeriya da ya biyo bayan juyin mulkin 1966, Enahoro shi ne shugaban tawagar Mid-West na wancan lokacin zuwa Taron Tsarin Mulki na Ad Hoc a Legas. Daga baya ya zama Kwamishinan Tarayya (Ministan) na Watsa Labarai da Kwadago a karkashin Gwamnatin Soja ta Janar Yakubu Gowon, 1967-77; Kwamishinan Tarayya na Ayyuka na Musamman, 1975. Daga baya ya zama memba na National Party of Nigeria, NPN, 1978–83. Ya kasance shugaban kasa, Bikin Duniya na Fasaha da Al'adu na Duniya, 1972-75. Enahoro ya kasance shugaban National Democratic hadin gwiwa (NADECO), a pro-dimokuradiyya kungiyar cewa ya yi yaƙi fir'auna Sani Abacha har Abacha ta mutuwa. Enahoro an ba shi lambar girmamawa ta kasa ta Kwamanda, Order of the Federal Republic, CFR, a 1982, kuma shi ne shugaban kungiyar Movement for Reformation National, MNR; kazalika da Pro-National Conference Organisation, PRONACO Jami'ar Benin ta bashi lambar girmamawa ta DSC a shekarar 1972. Littattafan nasa sun hada da rubutun Fugitive Offender Enahoro ya yi wasan golf kuma ya bi kiriket da wasa. Enahoro wakili ne ga yawancin tarurrukan tsarin mulki da suka jagoranci samun 'yancin kan Najeriya a shekarar 1960. Rikici a Yammacin Najeriya A lokacin rikicin 1962 a tsohuwar yankin Yamma, an tsare shi tare da sauran mambobin kungiyar Action An zargi Enahoro da cin amanar kasa yayin shari’ar juyin mulki da ake zargin Awolowo da aikatawa, Enahoro ya tsere ta kasar Ghana zuwa Ingila a shekarar 1963, Najeriya ta bukaci a mika Enahoro a karkashin Dokar Gudanar da Laifukan Masu Laifi na 1881, ta hana shi neman mafakar siyasa. A farkon 1963, sabon shugaban jam'iyyar Labour, Harold Wilson, ya gano abin kunyar da kama Enahoro da ɗaurin kurkukun ya haifar. Ma'aikata sun ci gaba da kai hari a cikin House of Commons, tare da tallafi daga wasu Tories, tare da goyan bayan kafofin watsa labarai. Ya kasance ɗayan sanannun Nigeriansan Najeriya a Biritaniya. Shi "mai laifi ne mai tsere" wanda ya haifar da muhawara ta kwanaki a cikin majalisar ta Commons a cikin 1963 yayin da yake gwagwarmaya da mika shi. "Al'amarin na Enahoro" ya zama batun 'yancin ɗan adam tare da babban burin gwamnati na kada ta fusata Najeriya, kuma ya sanya firayim minista Tory, Harold Macmillan, da sakataren gidansa, Henry Brooke, cikin tsaka mai wuya. An dawo da shi daga Burtaniya kuma an daure shi saboda cin amanar ƙasa. A 1966, Gwamnatin Soja ta sake shi. Wasanni Enahoro ya fito ne daga asalin wasanni. Ya yi fice a wasanni a Kwalejin King kuma an yaba masa da kasancewa dan Najeriya na farko da ya samu shiga kungiyar wasan golf a Najeriya. Ya sami nasarar kawo nakasasshensa zuwa mutum-mutumi guda daya yayin da yake aikin golf. Hakanan shi ne ya jagoranci kawo FESTAC zuwa Nijeriya a cikin shekarun 1970s, a lokacin ne kuma Muhammad Ali da Pele suka ziyarci ƙasar don yabawa sosai. Duk 'ya'yansa sun yi fice a wasanni yayin karatunsu da shekarun Jami'a, suna wasa Kwallan kafa, Rugby, Golf da Tennis. Kenneth (1953-2017) da Eugene gwanaye ne masu son wasan golf kuma sun kafa membobin kungiyar Asabar a Benin Golf Club. Annabella tana yin aikin Pilates kuma Gabriel mai son keke ne. Legacy A shekarar 1953, Anthony Enahoro ya gabatar da kudirin neman mulkin kai a Majalisar Dokoki ta Yamma, wanda a karshe ya haifar da samun ‘yancin kan Najeriya a ranar 1 ga Oktoba, 1960. Iyali Enahoro ya bar matarsa Helen [née Ediae] (1933-2012), yaransu biyar, jikoki da jikoki da dama. Littattafai Mai laifi mai gudu: labarin fursunonin siyasa Manazarta Hanyoyin haɗin waje Anthony Enahoro: Tabbacin Cutar Anthony Enahoro: Gwajin Siyasa a Tarihi: Daga Tsoho zuwa Yau Pages with unreviewed
25722	https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malinda%20Williams	Malinda Williams	Malinda Williams (an haife ta ranar 24 ga watan Satumba, 1970). yar wasan kwaikwayo ce kuma Ba'amurkiya Ce, Ta fara aikinta a talabijin, kafin ta fito a cikin fina -finai A Thin Line Tsakanin Soyayya da Ƙiyayya (1996), High School High (1996), da The Wood (1999). Daga 2000 zuwa 2004, Williams taza taurarowa a matsayin Tracy "Bird" Van Adams a cikin jerin wasan kwaikwayo na Showtime Soul Food, wanda ta karɓi lambar yabo ta NAACP guda uku don Fitacciyar Jarumar a cikin zaɓin Series. Bayan rawar da ta taka a cikin jerin wasan kwaikwayo na NBC na ɗan gajeren lokaci Windfall, Williams ya dawo fim yana wasa matsayin tallafi a Idlewild (2006), Daddy's Little Girls (2007), Lahadi na farko (2008), da Kwanaki 2 a New York (2012). Sana'ar fim Williams ta fara fitowa a talabijin a cikin wani shiri na The Cosby Show a cikin 1987.Ta baƙon tauraro a kan Miami Vice, Roc, Rayuwa ta da ake kira, Sister, Sister, Moesha, da NYPD Blue. A cikin fim, ta fara fitowa a cikin 1996 baƙar fata mai ban dariya-romancin fim A Thin Line Tsakanin Ƙauna da ƙiyayya. Daga baya waccan shekarar, ta haɗu da tauraro a Sunset Park da High School High School. Daga 1997 zuwa 1998, ta yi rawar gani a cikin The WB sitcom Nick Freno: Malami mai lasisi. A cikin 1999, ta fito a cikin fim ɗin ban dariya mai ban dariya The Wood da kuma shekara mai zuwa a cikin baƙon da ba a gayyace shi ba. An fi sanin Williams saboda rawar da ta taka a matsayin Bird a cikin jerin wasan kwaikwayo na Showtime Soul Food, ci gaban fim ɗin 1997 mai nasara mai suna iri ɗaya. [1] Ya kuma yi tauraro Nicole Ari Parker da Vanessa Estelle Williams Don wasan kwaikwayonta, Williams ta sami lambar yabo ta NAACP guda uku don ƙwararrun 'yar wasan kwaikwayo a cikin jerin sunayen wasan kwaikwayo.[ana buƙatar hujja] Jerin ya fito daga 2000 zuwa 2004. [[Soul Food ya ci gaba da zama wasan kwaikwayo mafi dadewa mai gudana tare da ɗimbin ɗimbin baƙar fata a tarihin talabijin na farkon lokacin Amurka. Daga baya ta fito a shirin Law Order: Special Victims Unit: Sashin Wadanda aka kama da Laifuka na Musamman, kuma ta kasance memba na yau da kullun akan jerin wasan kwaikwayo na NBC Windfall na gajeren lokaci a cikin 2006. A cikin 2006, Williams ta fito a cikin fim ɗin kiɗan Idlewild. A shekara mai zuwa, ta haɗu da tauraro a cikin wasan kwaikwayo na soyayya na Tyler Perry na Baba's Little Girls. A cikin 2008, ta bayyana a ranar Lahadi ta farko a gaban Ice Cube. Sannan ta fito a fina-finai masu zaman kansu da dama. A cikin 2012, Williams ta haɗa kai a matsayin 'yar'uwar Chris Rock a cikin fim ɗin ban dariya na 2 Days in New York. Tsakanin 2013 da 2015, ta taka muhimmiyar rawa a cikin fim ɗin talabijin a shirin Marry Me for Christmas, Marry Us for Christmas da kuma A Baby for Christmas. A cikin 2013, ta fara karbar bakuncin tashar talabijin ta Aspire a shirin Exhale. Ta kuma fito a cikin shirin fina-finai biyu mallakin tashar TV One Girlfriends' Getaway da Girlfriends' a cikin 2014 da 2015, tare da Garcelle Beauvais, Terri J. Vaughn da Essence Atkins. A cikin 2015, Williams ta bada gudunmawa a fim ɗin barkwancin Accidental Love'' na David O. Russell. Fina-finai Fim Telebijin Music videos "Many Styles" by Audio Two "Someone to Love You" by Ruff Endz "Back at you" by Mobb Deep "Shorty Wanna Ride" by Young Buck "What Could've Been" by Ginuwine "Until It's Gone" by Monica "Self Destruction" by Boogie Down Productions Rayuwar Aure Williams ta auri jarumi Mekhi Phifer daga shekarar 1999 zuwa 2003; suna da ɗa Omikaye. A watan Agustan 2008, ta auri D-Nice; wanda suka rabu a watan Agustan 2009 bayan auren ya mutu a watan Fabrairu 2010;. Manazarta Hanyoyin haɗi na waje Rayayyun mutane Haifaffun
8197	https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mansa%20Musa	Mansa Musa	Musa Na c. c. ko Mansa Musa, shi ne Mansa na goma (wanda ake fassarawa "sultan", "mai nasara" ko "sarki" na Daular Mali, kasar musulman ta Afirka ta yamma. A lokacin da Musa ya hau kan karagar mulki, Mali a bangare dayawa ta kunshi yankin tsohuwar daular Ghana wacce kasar Mali ta ci galaba a kanta. Masarautar Mali ta kuma ƙunshi ƙasa wanda yanzu wani ɓangare ne na Mauritania da kuma jihar ta Mali ta zamani. A zamanin mulkinsa, Musa ya rike mukamai da yawa, kamar "Sarkin Melle", "Ubangijin ma'adinan Wangara", kuma "Mai nasara akan Ghanata". Musa ya ci birane guda 24, tare da garuruwansu. A zamanin mulkin Musa, wataƙila Mali ce ta kasance mai samar da zinari mafi girma a duniya, kuma ana ɗaukar Musa ɗaya daga mutane mafi arziki a tarihi. Koyaya, masu sharhi na zamani irin su mujallar Time sun kammala cewa babu ingantacciyar hanyar da za ta ƙayyade arzikin Musa. Musa gaba daya ana kiransa ne da "Mansa Musa" a cikin rubuce-rubucen yamma da adabi. Sunansa kuma ya bayyana a matsayin "Kankou Musa", "Kankan Musa", Kanku Musa Sauran sunayen da Musa ya yi amfani da su sun hada da "Mali-Koy Kankan Musa", "Gonga Musa", da "Zakin Mali". Zuri'a da kuma kaiwa ga kujeran mulki Abin da aka sani game da sarakunan masarautar ta Mali an karɓa daga rubuce-rubucen malaman larabawa, waɗanda suka hada da Al-Umari, Abu-sa'id Uthman ad-Dukkali, Ibn Khaldun, da Ibn Battuta Dangane da cikakken tarihin Ibn-Khaldun na sarakunan Mali, kakan Mansa Musa shi ne Abu-Bakr Keita (larabci dai-dai yake da Bakari ko Bogari, sunan asalin da ba'a sani ba ba sahabiyy Abu Bakr ba, dan dan Sundiata Keita ne, wanda ya kafa Masarautar Mali kamar yadda aka rubuta ta hanyar labarun baka. Abu-Bakr bai hau gadon sarauta ba, kuma dansa, mahaifin Musa, Faga Laye, ba shi da wata mahimmanci a Tarihin Mali. Mansa Musa ya hau gadon sarautar ne ta hanyar aiwatar da nadin mataimakin lokacin da wani sarki ya tafi aikin hajjin sa zuwa Makka ko kuma wani kokarin nasa, daga baya ya nada mataimakin a matsayin magaji. A cewar majiyar farko, an nada Musa mataimakin mataimakin Abubakari Keita II, sarkin da ke gabansa, wanda ya ba da rahoton yawon shakatawa don gano iyakokin Tekun Atlantika, kuma bai dawo ba. Masanin Larabawa-Masarautar Al-Umari ya nakalto Mansa Musa kamar haka: Mai mulkin da ya gabace ni bai yi imani da cewa ba zai yiwu a iya kaiwa ga iyakar tekun da ya mamaye duniya (yana nufin Atlantic), kuma yana so ya kai ga ƙarshen, kuma ya ci gaba da nacewa cikin ƙira. Don haka ya wadatar da jiragen ruwa ɗari biyu cike da mutane, kamar yadda sauran da yawa ke cike da zinari, ruwa da abinci isasshen da zai isa shekaru da yawa. Ya umurci shugaban (mai martaba) da kar ya dawo har sai sun kai ƙarshen tekun, ko kuma idan sun ƙosar da abubuwan abinci da ruwan. Sun tashi. Kasancewar ba su tsawan lokaci mai tsawo, kuma, a karshe, jirgin ruwa daya ne ya dawo. A yayin tambayarmu, kyaftin din ya ce: 'Yarima, mun daɗe mun yi ta bincike, har sai da muka gani a tsakiyar teku kamar babban kogi yana guduna da ƙarfi. Jirgin jirgi na shine na karshe; wasu kuma suna gabana. Da zaran wani daga cikinsu ya isa wannan wuri, sai ya nutsar da shi cikin iskar guguwa kuma bai taɓa fitowa ba. Na yi tafiya da baya don tserewa wannan halin. Amma Sarkin Musulmi ba zai yarda da shi ba. Ya ba da umarnin a samar musu da jiragen ruwa dubu biyu domin shi da mutanensa, da kuma karin dubu daya domin ruwa da abinci. Sannan ya ba ni labarin gaskiya a lokacin rashi, kuma ya tafi tare da mutanensa a kan balaguron jirgin ruwa, ba zai dawo ba kuma ba alamar rayuwa. An kuma nada dan Musa magaji, Mansa Magha Keita a matsayin mataimaki a lokacin aikin hajjin Musa. Musulunci da aikin hajji zuwa Makka Musa cikakken Musulmi ne mai ibada, hajjinsa zuwa Makka ya sanya shi sananne a duk faɗin arewacin Afirka da Gabas ta Tsakiya A wurin Musa, Islama ta kasance "shigowa cikin al'adun duniyar ta gabashin Bahar Rum". Zai yi amfani da lokaci mai yawa don inganta ci gaban addini a cikin daular sa. Musa yayi hajjinsa tsakanin 1324 zuwa 1325. Ya procession rahoto hada 60,000 maza, duk saka kauri da kuma Persian siliki, ciki har da 12,000 bayi, wanda kowane kwashe na sandunan zinare, da kuma masu shelanda suna sanye da siliki, wadanda suke ɗaukar sandar zinare, da shirya dawakai, da jakunkuna. Musa ya samar da dukkan abubuwan bukata domin taron, ya ciyar da jama'a gaba daya maza da dabbobi. Waɗannan dabbobin sun haɗa da raƙuma 80 waɗanda kowannensu ya ɗauki ƙurar ƙura. Musa ya ba talakawa zinarin da ya haɗu da su ta hanyar sa. Musa ba kawai ya ba wa biranen da ya bi ta kan hanyar zuwa Makka ba, ciki har da Alkahira da Madina, har ma ya yi ciniki da zinare don kyautatuwa. An ruwaito cewa ya gina masallaci a kowace Juma'a. Shaidun gani da ido da yawa sun tabbatar da tafiyar Musa, yayin da suke kan hanyarsa, waɗanda ke tsoron arzikinsa da tarin yawa, kuma akwai bayanai a wurare da yawa, gami da mujallu, bayanan baka, da kuma tarihai. Musa ya ziyarci Mamluk sultan na Masar, Al-Nasir Muhammad, a Yuli 1324. Duk da irin yanayin da yake bayarwa, dumbin kudaden da Musa ya bayar da gudummawa da yalwa ya janyo da koma baya na zinare tsawon shekaru goma. A cikin biranen Alkahira, Madina, da Makka, kwararar zinare ta bazata ta lalata darajar karfe sosai. Farashin kayayyaki ya yawaita. Wannan kuskuren ya bayyana ga Musa kuma a hanyarsa ta dawowa daga Makka, ya karɓi zinaren da zai iya ɗauka daga masu sayarwa amatsayin bashi da zai biya nan gaba da daraja sosai. Wannan ne kawai lokacin a cikin tarihi cewa mutum ɗaya kai tsaye ya iya sarrafa farashin gwal a cikin Meditareniya Wasu masana tarihi sun yarda cewa aikin hajji ba shi da wata ma'ana ga addini fiye da mai da hankalin duniya zuwa ga halin da ake ciki a Mali. Irƙirar koma bayan wannan girman yana da ma'ana. Bayan haka, Alkahira shine babbar kasuwar gwal a lokacin (inda mutane suka je siyan dumbin zinare). Don mayar da waɗannan kasuwannin zuwa Timbuktu ko Gao, Musa da farko ya shafi tattalin arzikin zinare na Alkahira. Duk da yake wannan da'awar yana zama mai shimfiɗa, Musa sanya wata babbar batu na nuna a kashe ya al'umma dũkiya. Manufar sa shine ya kirkiro wani abu kuma yayi nasara sosai a cikin wannan, har ya sanya kansa da Mali a cikin Atlas na Catalan na 1375. Hakanan yana samun ziyarar daga sananniyar matafiyin duniyar Musulmi, Ibn Battuta Mulki daga baya {{quote box\|width=25%\|quote=Whenever a hero adds to the list of his exploits from conquest, Mansa Musa gives them a pair of wide trousers...The greater the number of a Dogari's exploits, the bigger the size of his trousers.\|source=–Al-Dukhari, observation of the court of Mansa Musa in Timbuktu}} A cikin dogon dawowar sa daga Makka a 1325, Musa ya ji labari cewa rundunarsa ta kama Gao Sagmandia, daya daga cikin janarorinsa ne ya jagoranci kokarin. Garin Gao yana cikin daular tun kafin mulkin Sakura kuma ya kasance muhimmi kodayake galibi yan tawaye ne cibiyar kasuwanci. Musa ya yi shirin ba da agaji ya ziyarci garin da ya karɓi baƙi, 'ya'yan Gao guda biyu, Ali Kolon da Suleiman Nar. Ya koma Niani tare da yaran nan biyu kuma daga baya ya karantar dasu a kotu. Lokacin da Mansa Musa ya dawo, ya dawo da yawancin masanan larabawa da masu gine-gine. Gine-gine a ƙasar Mali Musa ya fara wani babban shiri na gini, yana inganta masallatai da madrasas a Timbuktu da Gao. Mafi mahimmanci, an gina tsohuwar cibiyar koyan Sankore Madrasah (ko Jami'ar Sankore) lokacin mulkinsa. A Niani, Musa ya gina zauren sauraron ra'ayoyi, wanda yake sadarwa ta ƙofar ciki ta zuwa gidan sarki. Shi ne "mai m Monument", surmounted da wani Dome kuma qawata da arabesques na daukan hankali launuka. Filin katako na katako daga saman bene aka dalaye shi da tsare; na ƙananan bene tare da zinariya. Kamar Babban Masallaci, wani tsayayyen tsari da tsari a Timbuktu, an gina Hall din da dutse ne. A wannan lokacin, an sami ci gaba na rayuwar birni a cikin manyan cibiyoyin Mali. Sergio Domian, wani masanin kimiyyar zane-zane na Italiya, ya rubuta game da wannan lokacin: "Ta haka aka kafa harsashin wayewar gari. A lokacin da ƙarfinsa ya kasance, Mali tana da aƙalla birane 400, kuma yankin na Niger Delta yana da jama'a sosai. Tattalin arziki da ilimi An rubuta cewa Mansa Musa ya ratsa garuruwan Timbuktu da Gao a kan hanyarsa ta zuwa Makka, kuma ya sanya su zama cikin daularsa lokacin da ya dawo a shekara ta 1325. Ya kawo masu zanen kaya daga Andalusia, yanki a Spain, da Alkahira don gina babban fadarsa a Timbuktu da kuma Babban Masallacin Djinguereber da har yanzu yake a yau. Ba da daɗewa ba Timbuktu ya zama cibiyar kasuwanci, al'adu, da Musulunci; kasuwannin da aka shigo da su daga kasashen Hausaland, Egypt, da sauran masarautun Afirka, an kafa jami'a a cikin gari (haka kuma a garuruwan Mali na Djenné da Ségou sannan kuma addinin musulunci ya yadu ta kasuwanni da jami'a, wanda ke sanya Timbuktu wani sabon yanki domin karatuttukan musulinci. Labarin birnin arziki na daular Maliki har ma ya ratsa tekun Bahar Rum zuwa Kudancin Turai, inda ba da daɗewa ba yan kasuwa daga Venice, Granada, da Genoa sun kara da Timbuktu zuwa taswirar su don siyayya da kayayyaki na zinare. Jami'ar Sankore da ke Timbuktu ta kasance ta hannun Musa tare da masana kimiya, da masanan kimiyyar lissafi, da lissafi. Jami'ar ta zama cibiyar koyo da al'adu, tare da jawo hankalin musulmai daga ko'ina cikin Afirka da Gabas ta Tsakiya zuwa Timbuktu. A shekara ta 1330, masarautar Mossi ta mamaye ta kuma ci birnin Timbuktu. Janar Gao ya riga ya kama Gao, kuma Musa ya hanzarta sake daukar Timbuktu, ya gina shinge da katangar dutse, sannan ya sanya runduna ta tsaro don kare garin daga mamayewa nan gaba. Yayin da fadar Musa tun daga lokacin da ta shuɗe, har yanzu jami’ar da masallacin suna tsaye a Timbuktu. A karshen mulkin Mansa Musa, an canza Sankoré jami'ar zuwa cikakken jami'a wanda ke da mafi yawan tarin littattafai a Afirka tun daga dakin karatu na Alexandria Jami'ar Sankoré ta iya ɗaliban ɗaliban 25,000 kuma suna da ɗaya daga cikin manyan ɗakunan karatu na duniya tare da rubutun kusan 1,000,000. Mutuwa Ranar mutuwar Mansa Musa an yi muhawara sosai tsakanin masana tarihi da masana Larabawa waɗanda suka rubuta tarihin ƙasar Mali. Idan aka kwatanta da zamanin magajinsa, dan Mansa Maghan (hukuncin da aka rubuta daga 1337 zuwa 1341) da babban dan'uwan Mansa Suleyman (dokar da aka rubuta daga 1341 zuwa 1360), da kuma tarihin Musa na shekaru 25, ranar da aka kirkiri mutuwarsa 1337. Wasu bayanan sun ce Musa ya yi niyyar kaurace wa dan nasa kursiyin, amma ya mutu ba da daɗewa ba bayan ya dawo daga Makka a 1325. A wani labarin da Ibn-Khaldun ya ruwaito, Mansa Musa yana da rai lokacin da aka ci birnin Tlemcen na Aljeriya a shekarar 1337, yayin da ya aiki wakili zuwa Algeria don taya murna ga masu nasara. Manazarta Bibliography Bell, Nawal Morcos (1972), "The age of Mansa Musa of Mali: Problems in succession and chronology", Jaridar International Journal of African Tarihi, 5 221-223, JSTOR 217515 De Villiers, Marq, da Sheila Hirtle. Timbuktu: Birnin gwal na Sahara'' Walker da Kamfanin: New York. 2007. Goodwin, A. J .H. (1957), "The Medieval Empire of Ghana", Bulletin na Afirka Ta Kudu, 12 108-1, JSTOR 3886971 Hunwick, John O. (1999), Timbuktu da Daular Songhay: Al-Sadi ta Tarikh al-Sudan har zuwa 1613 da sauran takardu na zamani, Leiden: Brill, ISBN Hunwick, John O. Levtzion, Nehemia (1963), "Sarakunan Mali na goma sha uku da goma sha huɗu", Journal of Tarihin Afirka, 4 341–353, doi 10.1017 s002185370000428x, JSTOR 180027 Levtzion, Nehemia (1973), Tsohuwar Ghana da Mali, London: Methuen, ISBN Levtzion, Nehemia (1973), Levtzion, Nehemia; John F. P. Hopkins, eds. (2000), Corpus na farkon Larabci tushe don Yammacin Afirka, New York, NY: Marcus Weiner Press, ISBN Levtzion, Nehemia; John F. P. Hopkins, eds. (2000), Aka fara bugawa a 1981. Haɗin waje Encyclopedia Tarihin Tarihi Mansa Musa I Tashar Tarihi: Mansa Moussa: Hajji na Zinare a archive.org Vwararrun Zinare, gmentsungiyoyi a Lokacin: Art, Al'adu, da musayar a tsakanin Saharan Afirka Tarihin Mali Pages with unreviewed
51422	https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/FirstRand	FirstRand	FirstRand Limited, wanda kuma ake kira FirstRand Group shine kamfanin riƙe Bankin FirstRand, kuma mai ba da sabis na kuɗi ne a Afirka ta Kudu. Yana daya daga cikin masu ba da sabis na kuɗi da Bankin Tsaro na Afirka ta Kudu, mai kula da banki na ƙasa ya ba da lasisi. Bayani na gaba ɗaya An lissafa shi a kan JSE da Kasuwancin Kasuwancin Namibian, FirstRand Limited yana ɗaya daga cikin manyan cibiyoyin kuɗi a Afirka ta Kudu, kuma yana ba da banki, inshora da samfuran saka hannun jari da sabis ga masu siyarwa, kasuwanci, kamfanoni da abokan ciniki na jama'a. Baya ga Afirka ta Kudu, kungiyar tana aiki a manyan kasashe takwas na Afirka, wato, Botswana, Namibia, Swaziland, Lesotho, Zambia, Mozambique, Tanzania, Ghana da Najeriya. Bankin FirstRand yana da rassa a London, Guernsey da Indiya. FirstRand yana aiwatar da dabarun ta ta hanyar fayil na manyan kamfanonin sabis na kuɗi; Rand Merchant Bank (RMB), bankin kamfanoni da saka hannun jari; First National Bank (FNB), bankin tallace-tallace da kasuwanci; WesBank, mai ba da kuɗi; da Ashburton Investments, kasuwancin kula da kadarorin kungiyar. Kungiyar tana da hedikwatar ta a Johannesburg, Afirka ta Kudu. FirstRand na ɗaya daga cikin manyan rukunin banki guda biyar a Afirka ta Kudu da Afirka ta Kudu. Tarihi Tarihin kungiyar FirstRand ya koma shekarun 1970s a matsayin bankin saka hannun jari. Kungiyar kamar yadda aka kafa a halin yanzu a ranar 1 ga Afrilu 1998, ta hanyar haɗuwa da ayyukan kuɗi na Anglo American Corporation of South Africa Limited (yanzu Anglo American plc) da RMB Holdings (RMBH) don cimma burin haɗin gwiwar sabis na kuɗi. Wadannan ayyukan kudi sun kasance Bankin Kasa na Farko, Momentum Life Assurers Limited ("Momentum" yanzu wani ɓangare na MMI Holdings) da Southern Life Association Limited ("Southern Life") dukansu an jera su a kan JSE. An kafa FNB da Southern Life a matsayin cikakkun rassa na Momentum wanda shine abin hawa don shafar haɗuwa. Momentum ya canza sunansa zuwa FirstRand Limited kuma an jera shi a kan Kasuwancin Kasuwancin Johannesburg a ranar 25 ga Mayu 1998 tare da Anglo American da RMB Holdings da ke riƙe da 20.43% da 25.03% na babban birnin da aka ba da izini na FirstRand bi da bi. Anglo American tun daga lokacin ya zubar da dukkan hannun jarinsa. Bayan abubuwan da suka faru sun ga haɗuwa da Bankin Rand Merchant da FNB don samar da Bankin FirstRand Limited, tare da raka'a biyu da suka rage don kasuwanci a matsayin bangarori na Bankin FirstLand Limited da kuma canja wurin kasuwancin inshora na Momentum zuwa na Southern Life, don samar da FirstRand Insurance Limited. FirstRand an jera shi a matsayin "banki mai sarrafawa" ta Bankin Tsaro na Afirka ta Kudu, mai kula da banki na kasa. Kungiyar tana da rassa a Afirka ta Kudu da kuma kasashen Botswana, Mozambique, Namibia, Lesotho, Tanzania, Ghana, Zambia, Najeriya da Burtaniya. A watan Nuwamba na shekara ta 2012, Babban Bankin Najeriya ya ba da lasisin banki na farko a cikin sama da shekaru goma ga RMB Najeriya da wani kamfani na gida. Kamfanoni membobin Kungiyar FirstRand tana riƙe da saka hannun jari ta hanyar manyan rassa biyar. Wadannan rassa da rassa don haka mambobi ne na FirstRand Group sun hada da, amma ba a iyakance su ga masu zuwa ba: FirstRand Bank Limited Afirka ta Kudu yana ba da cikakken kewayon dillalai, kasuwanci, kamfanoni da ayyukan banki na saka hannun jari a Afirka ta Kudu kuma yana ba da samfuran ƙima a wasu kasuwannin duniya. FirstRand Bank yana da manyan sassa guda uku waɗanda aka yi musu alama daban, watau: Bankin Kasa na Farko FNB shine sashin dillali da bankin kasuwanci na FirstRand Bank. Rand Merchant Bank RMB shine sashin kamfanoni da saka hannun jari na Bankin FirstRand. WesBank Shine sashin kuɗin kuɗi na FirstRand Bank. WesBank shi ne babban mai ba da lamuni na motoci a Afirka ta Kudu. Baya ga sassan uku, FirstRand Bank yana da rassa a London, Indiya da Guernsey, da ofisoshin wakilai a Kenya, Angola, Dubai da Shanghai. FirstRand Investment Holdings Proprietary Limited (FREMA) 100% Shareholding Afirka ta Kudu Kamfanin riko da kamfanonin sabis na kudi na FirstRand Group a sauran Afirka da sauran kasuwanni masu tasowa. Ƙungiyoyin da aka gudanar ta hanyar FREMA sun haɗa da: FirstRand International (Mauritius) Raba hannun jari 100% Mauritius Kamfani mai riƙe da hannun jari na Afirka. First National Bank Botswana Limited 69% Raba hannun jari Botswana Bankin kasuwanci wanda ke samar da dillalai da banki na kamfanoni. An jera bankin a kan musayar hannun jarin Botswana First National Bank of Ghana Limited 100% Shareholding Ghana Bankin kasuwanci wanda ke ba da tallace-tallace da banki na kamfanoni. First National Bank Lesotho Limited 100% Raba hannun jari Lesotho Bankin kasuwanci wanda ke ba da dillali da banki na kamfani. First National Bank Mozambique Limited 90% Raba hannun jari Mozambique Bankin kasuwanci wanda ke ba da dillali da banki na kamfanoni. First National Bank Namibia Limited 58% Shareholding Namibia Bankin kasuwanci wanda ke samar da dillalai da banki na kamfanoni. An jera bankin a kan Namibia Stock Exchange OUTsurance Namibia 51% Shareholding Namibia Kamfanin inshora a Namibia. An gudanar da shi ta hannun bankin First National Bank Namibiya yana bawa ƙungiyar gabaɗayan iko da kashi 30%. OUTsurance Holdings yana riƙe da 49% na kamfani. First National Bank Swaziland Limited 100% Shareholding Swaziland Bankin kasuwanci wanda ke samar da dillalai da banki na kamfanoni. First National Bank Tanzaniya Limited 100% Raba hannun jari Tanzaniya Bankin kasuwanci wanda ke ba da dillali da banki na kamfani. First National Bank Zambia Limited 100% Shareholding Zambia Bankin kasuwanci wanda ke ba da dillalai da banki na kamfanoni. Rand Merchant Bank Nigeria 100% Shareholding Nigeria Bankin kamfanoni da zuba jari a Najeriya. FirstRand International Limited (Guernsey) 100% Raba hannun jari kamfani mai riƙe don kasuwancin banki na Burtaniya: Aldermore Bank Plc 100% Raba hannun jari Bankin ƙwararrun Burtaniya FirstRand Investment Holdings Proprietary Limited (FRIHL) 100% Shareholding Afirka ta Kudu Kamfanin mallakar FirstRand Group na sauran ayyukan da ba na banki ba. Ƙungiyoyin da aka gudanar ta hanyar FRIHL sun haɗa da: Direct Axis SA (Pty) Ltd 100% Raba hannun jari Afirka ta Kudu ƙwararrun sabis na kuɗi RMB Private Equity Holdings (Pty) Ltd Kashi 96% Raba hannun jari Afirka ta Kudu RMB Private Equity (Pty) Ltd Kashi 93% Raba hannun jari Afirka ta Kudu RMB Securities (Pty) Ltd Raba hannun jari 100% Afirka ta Kudu RMB Morgan Stanley (Pty) Ltd 50% Raba hannun jari Afirka ta Kudu Haɗin gwiwa tare da Morgan Stanley RMB Australia Holdings Limited 100% Raba hannun jari Ostiraliya Bankin saka hannun jari a Ostiraliya. FirstRand Investment Management Holdings Limited 100% Raba hannun jari Afirka ta Kudu Wannan shine kamfani mai riƙe da ayyukan sarrafa kadarorin ƙungiyar. Ashburton Fund Managers (Pty) Limited Raba hannun jari 100% Afirka ta Kudu Ashburton Investor Services (Pty) Limited Raba hannun jari 100% Afirka ta Kudu Kamfanin Gudanarwa na Ashburton (Pty) Limited Raba hannun jari 100% Afirka ta Kudu Ashburton Investments International Holdings Limited 100% hannun jari Afirka ta Kudu Kamfanin Gudanarwa na RMB CIS (Pty) Limited 100% Raba hannun jari Afirka ta Kudu FirstRand Insurance Holdings (Pty) Ltd 100% Raba hannun jari Afirka ta Kudu Wannan shine kamfani mai riƙe da kasuwancin inshora na FirstRand. Ƙungiyoyin da aka gudanar ta hannun FirstRand Insurance Holdings sun haɗa da: Tabbacin Rayuwa na FirstRand Raba 100% Afirka ta Kudu FirstRand Short-Term Insurance Limited 100% Raba hannun jari Afirka ta Kudu Kamfanin Sabis na Assurance na FirstRand (FRISCOL) Raba hannun jari 100% Afirka ta Kudu Mallaka An jera FirstRand a kan Kasuwancin Kasuwancin Johannesburg da Kasuwancin Namibian. Manyan masu hannun jari sun hada da: 1→ RMB Holdings manyan masu hannun jari sun hada da Daraktoci da gudanarwa na RMBH tare da 10.4%, Remgro tare da 28.2% hannun jari a RMBH da Royal Bafokeng Holdings tare da 15% hannun jari a cikin RMBH. 2→ Dangane da hannun jari kai tsaye da kai tsaye a cikin FirstRand, tasirin Remgro na kungiyar shine 13.36% Kyaututtuka Mafi kyawun Mai Yin Bankin, Afirka ta Kudu a cikin 2016 ta Global Brands Magazine Award. Bayanan da aka yi amfani da su Haɗin waje Bankuna Bankuna a Najeriya Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba
28262	https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-Balad%2C%20Jeddah	Al-Balad, Jeddah	Al-Balad (Larabci: yanki ne na tarihi a Jeddah, birni na biyu mafi girma a Saudiyya. Ana iya fassara Balad a zahiri da "Garin." Balad cibiyar tarihi ce ta birnin Jeddah. An kafa Al-Balad a karni na 7 kuma a tarihi ya zama cibiyar Jeddah. An ruguje katangar tsaron Al-Balad a shekarun 1940. A cikin shekarun 1970 zuwa 1980, lokacin da Jeddah ta fara samun arziqi sakamakon habar man fetur, da dama daga cikin mutanen Jiddawi sun koma arewa, nesa da Al-Balad, domin ya tuna musu da zamanin da ba su da wadata. Al-Balad ba shi da isasshen filin ajiye motoci na manyan motoci. Shagunan sa ba su sayar da tufafi masu tsada masu tsada ba. Talakawa baƙi sun ƙaura a madadin al'ummar Saudiyya. Gundumar Jeddah ta fara ƙoƙarin adana tarihi a cikin 1970s. A cikin 1991 Municipality na Jeddah ya kafa Jeddah Historical Preservation Society don adana tarihin gine-gine da al'adun Al-Balad. A cikin 2002, an ware dalar Amurka miliyan 4 don jama'ar kiyayewa. A shekara ta 2009, Hukumar Kula da Yawon shakatawa da kayayyakin tarihi ta Saudiyya ta zabi Al-Balad don saka shi cikin jerin abubuwan tarihi na UNESCO, kuma an amince da shi a cikin 2014. Domin kiyaye tsoffin gine-ginen da ke cikin Al-Balad, an kafa Sashen Kiyaye Tarihi a cikin 1990, tare da fatan taimakawa wajen haɓaka yawon shakatawa na al'adu a cikin ƙasar. Yarima mai jiran gado na Saudiyya, Muhammad bin Salman, ya yi alkawarin dala miliyan 13.33 don dawo da tsohon birnin Jeddah saboda akwai gine-gine 56 da ke bukatar gyara cikin gaggawa. Yawancin Jeddawis sun ƙaura daga Al-Balad a shekara ta 2007; har yanzu titunan birnin Balad sun cika makil da jama'a a cikin watan Ramadan. A wannan shekarar ne aka kafa kamfanin raya biranen Jeddah domin maido da Al-Balad. Matsugunan tarihi An raba Al-Balad galibi zuwa gundumomi daban-daban: Unguwar Al-Mazloum: An sanya wa wannan unguwa sunan Abdulkarim al-Barzanji, wanda gwamnatin Ottoman ta kashe kuma tana yankin arewa maso gabas da ke arewacin titin Al-Alawi, tare da Dar Al-Qabal, Al-Shafi'i. Masallaci da Suk Al-Jama'a. Unguwar Al-Sham: Tana a arewacin Al-Balad wanda ya hada da wannan unguwar Dar al-Sarti da Dar al-Zahid. Unguwar Al-Yemen: Tana a kudancin Al-Balad kudu da titin Al-Alawi kuma ta samu suna zuwa kasar Yemen, ta hada da Dar Al-Nassif, Dar Al-Jumjum, Dar Al-Shaarawi da Dar Al- Abdul-Samad. Unguwar Al-Bahr: Tana yankin kudu maso yammacin Jeddah, tana kallon teku da gidan Dar Al-Radwan, wanda aka fi sani da Radwan na Teku a lokacin. Gidajen tarihi Daga cikin shahararrun kuma tsofaffin gine-gine har zuwa yau akwai gidan Al Nassif da gidan Al Jamjoom da ke unguwar Yemen, gidan Al Baeshen, Masallacin Al Qabal, Masallacin Al Shafi'i da ke Al Mazloum, Dar Al Banaja da gidajen Al Zahed a cikin Al Sham. unguwa. Wasu daga cikin wadannan gine-gine sun haura sama da mita 30. Gine-ginen nasu yana cikin yanayi mai kyau bayan shekaru da yawa. Tsohon birnin Jeddah gida ne na gine-ginen da suka shafe shekaru 500 da suka wuce wanda a yanzu za a sake gyarawa yayin da yarima mai jiran gado na Saudiyya Muhammad bin Salman ya yi alkawarin ba da kudi dala miliyan 13.3 don gyara gine-gine 56. Ma'aikatar Al'adu za ta aiwatar da aikin maido da shi. Manufar wannan aiki dai ita ce bunkasa al'adun fasaha a kasar Saudiyya. Makabartar wadanda ba Musulmi ba Makabartar wadanda ba musulmi ba (wanda aka fi sani da makabartar kiristoci) tana kan titin King Fahd Branch a garin Al-Balad. An boye makabartar daga bango da manyan bishiyoyi. Kula da wurin aikin ne na karamin ofishin jakadancin kasashen yamma a Jeddah. Makabartar ta ƙunshi fiye da kaburbura 400, gami da sarcophagus da aka sadaukar ga mai binciken Faransa Charles Huber da dutsen kabari guda ɗaya na Hukumar Kaburbura na Yaƙin Commonwealth ga wani sojan Burtaniya na Yaƙin Duniya na biyu. Anan kuma an binne Cyril Ousman, mataimakin karamin jakadan Burtaniya na Jeddah wanda Yarima Mishari bin Abdulaziz Al Saud ya harbe har lahira. Jana'izar na baya-bayan nan ba kasafai ba ne kuma ba kasafai ake samun su ba, kuma galibin yaran Indiyawa ne da na Philippines. Makabartar ta wanzu tun karni na 16 lokacin da aka yi amfani da ita don binne mutanen Portugal wadanda suka mutu sakamakon yakin Ottoman-Portuguese. Mai yiyuwa ne Muhammad Ali na Masar ya gina katangar makabartar bayan yakin Ottoman da Saudiyya na shekarun 1810. An lalata makabartar ne bayan yakin Jeddah a shekarar 1925. Hotuna himma na "Misk Historic Jeddah" Biki ne na shekara-shekara da ke gudana a yankin tarihi na Jeddah. Babban makasudin taron dai shi ne bayyana mahimman tarihi da al'adu na AL-Balad. A yayin taron, baƙi suna tafiya ta cikin tsoffin tituna da lunguna. Bugu da ƙari, yunƙurin yana tsara yawancin ayyukan nishaɗi na gargajiya don yara da manya. Kasancewar wani bangare na bukin yawon bude ido na Jeddah 2019, AL-Balad ya dauki nauyin bukukuwa da dama, wadanda aka shirya su karkashin taken "Kanz Al-Balad". Kanz AL-Balad farautar ɓarna ce inda ake tambayar mahalarta su nemo wurare ko abubuwa na musamman. Tare da wasan, mahalarta zasu iya jin daɗin halartar fiye da nunin 41 da wasanni a yankin. Manazarta Bayanan kula Bradley, John R. Saudi Arabia Exposed: Inside a Kingdom in Crisis. Palgrave Macmillan.
29638	https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yaki%20da%20kuma%20Dokar%20Muhalli	Yaki da kuma Dokar Muhalli	Yaki na iya yin illa sosai ga muhalli, kuma kasashen da ke fada da juna sukan sanya bukatun aiki a gaban matsalolin muhalli na tsawon lokacin yakin. An tsara wasu dokokin ƙasa da ƙasa don iyakance wannan cutarwar muhalli. Yaki da ayyukan soji suna da tasirin illa ga muhalli. Makamai, motsin sojoji, nakiyoyin ƙasa, ƙirƙira da lalata gine-gine, lalata dazuzzuka ta hanyar lalata ko amfani da sojoji gabaɗaya, guba daga tushen ruwa, harbin dabbobi don yin aiki, cinye nau'ikan da ke cikin haɗari saboda rashin bege da sauransu, wasu ne kawai. daga cikin misalan yadda ayyukan soji na yaƙi da lokacin zaman lafiya (kamar horo, ginin tushe, da safarar makamai) ke cutar da muhalli. Ƙasa mai ƙasƙanci da guba rijiya misalai ne na gargajiya na irin wannan tasirin. Misalai na baya-bayan nan sun hada da zubar da mai da wutar da Iraki ta yi a Kuwait 1990/1991, da karancin amfani da Uraniyom a Kosovo 1999, iskar gas da ake amfani da su a Afghanistan tun a shekarar 2101. Daga mahangar shari'a, kare muhalli a lokutan yaƙi da ayyukan soja ana magana da su a wani bangare ta dokar muhalli ta ƙasa da ƙasa. Ana kuma samun ƙarin tushe a fannonin doka kamar dokokin ƙasa da ƙasa gabaɗaya, dokokin yaƙi, dokokin haƙƙin ɗan adam da dokokin gida na kowace ƙasa da abin ya shafa. Sai dai wannan labarin ya fi mayar da hankali ne kan muhalli kuma da zaran kasashen biyu ke fafatawa da shi, lamarin ya zama wani abin da ya shafi kasashen duniya. Don haka, dokokin muhalli na kasa da kasa da Kwamitin Tsaro na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ke aiwatarwa shine abin da aka fi mayar da hankali a nan. Dokar tashe-tashen hankula ba ta da kyau sosai idan aka kwatanta da sauran sassan dokokin duniya. Kwamitin Sulhu na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ne kadai ke da iko da hurumin tsara ci gabansa da aiwatar da shi, ko kuma sanya ido kan yadda ake kiyaye shi. Tushen dokoki Dokokin kasa da kasa na al'ada da kuma doka mai sauki/laushi Dokokin kasa da kasa na al'ada da takaddun doka masu sauki sun yi magana game da kare muhalli a lokutan rikici na makamai da ayyukan soja. Hukumar Shari'a ta Duniya (ILC) ta tsara Dokar Laifin bisa kan Zaman Lafiya da Tsaro na Dan Adam (1954). “Dole ne a kiyaye dan Adam da muhallinsa daga illar makamin nukiliya da sauran hanyoyin lalata jama’a. Dole ne jihohi su yi ƙoƙari don cimma yarjejeniya cikin gaggawa, a cikin sassan duniya da suka dace, game da kawar da kuma lalata su gaba ɗaya Ƙa'ida ta 26 sanarwar Stockholm 1972 Babi na 11 na Rahoton Brundtland: Aminci, Tsaro, Ci gaba, da Muhalli. Yarjejeniya Ta Duniya ta shekarar 1982 "Za a kiyaye yanayi daga lalacewa ta hanyar yaƙi ko wasu ayyukan maƙiya." “Yaki a zahiri yana lalata ci gaba mai dorewa. Don haka kasashe za su mutunta dokokin kasa da kasa da ke ba da kariya ga muhalli a lokutan rikice-rikicen makamai da kuma hada kai wajen ci gabanta, kamar yadda ya dace" Ka'ida ta 24 1992 Sanarwar Rio sakin layi na 39.6 na Ajanda 21: "Ya kuma kamata a yi la'akari da matakan da suka dace da dokokin ƙasa da ƙasa. don magance, a lokutan rikice-rikice na makamai, lalata muhalli mai yawa wanda ba za a iya tabbatar da shi ba a karkashin dokokin kasa da kasa". Kudirin Majalisar Ɗinkin Duniya mai lamba 47/37 (1992) ya tanadi: gina muhalli, ba a tabbatar da larura ta soja ba, kuma a aiwatar da shi ba bisa ƙa'ida ba, a fili ya saba wa dokokin duniya da ake da su." Dokar yarjejeniya Yarjejeniyar Majalisar Dinkin Duniya da dama, ciki har da Yarjejeniyar Geneva ta hudu, Yarjejeniyar Tarihi ta Duniya ta 1972 da Yarjejeniyar Gyaran Muhalli ta 1977 suna da tanadi don iyakance tasirin muhalli na yaƙi ko ayyukan soja. Iraki ta kasance abin dogaro a karkashin dokar kasa da kasa don lalacewar muhalli da lalata albarkatun ƙasa sakamakon mamayewa da mamaye Kuwait ba bisa ka'ida ba:Kwamitin Tsaro na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya kuduri na 687 (1991). "Lalacewar yanayi, ba a tabbatar da larura ta soja ba, kuma ana aiwatar da ita ba kawai ba, ya saba wa dokokin kasa da kasa da ake da su." Kudurin Majalisar Dinkin Duniya 47/37 (1992). A Shekarar 1977 Yarjejeniyar Gyaran Muhalli Yarjejeniyar Gyaran Muhalli yarjejeniya ce ta ƙasa da ƙasa da ke hana sojoji ko wasu amfani da dabarun gyara muhalli da ke da tartsatsi, mai dorewa ko mai tsanani. Yarjejeniyar ta haramta yakin yanayi, wanda shine amfani da dabarun gyara yanayi don dalilai na haifar da lalacewa ko lalacewa. Wannan yerjejeniyar tana aiki kuma an amince da ita (karɓar da ita a matsayin ɗaure) ta hanyar jagorancin ikon soja. Yarjejeniyar tana da iyakance iyaka kawai. Ya haramtawa ɓangarorin shiga cikin 'soja ko duk wani amfani da dabarun gyara muhalli da ke da tartsatsi, dogon lokaci ko mummunan tasiri a matsayin hanyar lalata, lalacewa ko rauni' ga kowace ƙungiya Agent Orange amfani a Vietnam. Sauran yarjejeniyoyin da suka dace 1925 Geneva Gas Protocol 1949 Geneva Yarjejeniyar ta hudu art. 53 (4) Dokokin Hague art. 23(g): haramcin lalacewa ta hanyar mamaye iko sai cikakkiyar buƙatun soji 1972 Yarjejeniyar Makamai Na Halittu Yarjejeniyar 1980 akan Wasu Makamai na Al'ada da ka'idoji guda 5: Protocol III (makamai masu ƙonewa) art. 2 (4) (rufin daji da shuka); 2003 Protocol V (clearance of explosive remnants) 1997 Anti-Personnel Mines Convention (Ottawa Treaty) 2008 Yarjejeniya kan Ƙungiyoyin Ƙungiyoyi 1972 Yarjejeniyar Tarihi ta Duniya 1993 Yarjejeniyar Makamai Masu Guba Ba rufe maganin herbicides ko tasiri akan flora ba. Aiwatar da doka Dokokin kasa da kasa na yaki da rikice-rikicen makami da dokokin kare muhalli gaba daya Mafarin farawa shine cewa yanayin yanayi abu ne na farar hula a karkashin dokar jin kai ta duniya. Sai dai in ba haka ba, mazauna da mayaƙan suna "ƙarƙashin kariya da tsarin ka'idodin dokokin al'ummai, saboda sun samo asali ne daga amfani da aka kafa tsakanin al'ummomi masu wayewa, daga dokokin bil'adama da kuma ra'ayin jama'a": Martens Sashe Preamble, 1907 Hague Convention 4 mutunta Dokoki da Kwastam na Yaƙi akan Ƙasa). Art. 22 ta iyakance haƙƙin mayaƙan yin amfani da hanyoyin cutar da abokan gaba. Fasaha. 35 (3) (haramcin hanyoyin) da 55 (ayyukan kulawa) na 1977 Ƙarin Yarjejeniyar i zuwa Yarjejeniyar Geneva (fadi amma ba yarda da duniya ba) suna ba da ƙarin kariya ga muhalli. "A haɗe, waɗannan tanade-tanaden sun ƙunshi babban wajibi don kare yanayin yanayi daga lalacewa, dogon lokaci da kuma mummunar lalacewar muhalli haramcin hanyoyi da hanyoyin yaki waɗanda aka yi niyya, ko kuma ana iya sa ran, don haifar da irin wannan lalacewa; da kuma haramcin kai hare-hare a kan mahalli ta hanyar ramuwar gayya para 31, Ra'ayin Shawarar ICJ kan Makaman Nukiliya 1996; duba kuma aikace-aikacen ICJ Yugoslavia v UK 1999, DR Congo da Rwanda 2002. "Uganda, ta hanyar ayyukan kwasar ganima, wawashewa da kuma amfani da albarkatun kasa na Kongo da sojojin Uganda suka aikata a cikin Jamhuriyar Dimokaradiyyar Kwongo, da kuma rashin cika nauyin da ya rataya a wuyanta a matsayinta na mamaya a gundumar Ituri. hana ayyukan wawashewa, wawashewa da almubazzaranci da albarkatun kasa na Kongo, keta hakkin da ake bin Jamhuriyar Dimokaradiyyar Kwango a karkashin dokokin kasa da kasa": Hukuncin ICJ DR Congo da Uganda (Ayyukan Armed Akan Yankin Kongo) 2005. “Ayyuka ko na’urorin da ke dauke da dakaru masu hadari, wato madatsun ruwa, dike da tashoshin samar da wutar lantarki na nukiliya, ba za a mayar da su abin kai hari ba, ko da kuwa wadannan abubuwa ne na soji, idan irin wannan harin na iya haifar da sakin dakarun da ke da hatsari da kuma asara mai tsanani a tsakanin su. farar hula." art. 15 na shekarar 1977 Ƙarin Yarjejeniya ta 2 (rikicin makami na duniya, wanda ba a yarda da shi ba fiye da AP I); makamancin haka art. 56(1) na shekarar 1977 Ƙarin Ƙa'idar I don rikice-rikice na makamai na duniya. “Da gangan kaddamar da hari da sanin cewa irin wannan harin zai haifar da hasarar rayuka ko jikkata ga farar hula ko lahani ga farar hula ko kuma yaduwa, na dogon lokaci da kuma mummunar illa ga muhallin da zai wuce gona da iri a fili dangane da siminti kuma kai tsaye gabaɗayan fa'idar soji da ake tsammani" laifi ne na yaƙi, kasancewar "mummunan keta dokoki da al'adun da ake aiwatarwa a cikin rikice-rikicen makami na ƙasa da ƙasa, a cikin tsarin dokokin ƙasa da ƙasa" art. 8 (2) (b) (iv) Dokar Rome ta Kotun Hukunta Manyan Laifuka ta Duniya. A taƙaice: “Ƙa'idodin gama gari kan gudanar da yaƙi sun shafi yanayin yanayi: A. Ba wani ɓangare na yanayin da za a iya kai hari ba, sai dai idan manufar soja ce. B. An haramta lalata kowane yanki na yanayin yanayi, sai dai idan an buƙata ta hanyar larura ta soja. C. Kaddamar da wani hari a kan manufar soji wanda ana iya sa ran zai haifar da lahani ga muhalli wanda zai wuce gona da iri dangane da siminti da fa'idar soja kai tsaye da ake tsammani an haramta" ICRC Customary IHL Rule 43 (Aikace-aikacen Babban Ka'idoji akan Gudanar da Yaki ga Muhallin Halitta). Wasu jihohi sun dage irin waɗannan ƙa'idodin (gami da. Ƙarin Protocol I) kawai ya shafi makamai na al'ada kuma ba su shafi makaman nukiliya ba. Duba kuma Dokoki 44 (saboda la'akari) da 45 (lalacewa mai tsanani). Ka'idojin daftarin ILC game da kare muhalli dangane da rikice-rikicen makamai Wakiliya ta musamman Marie G. Jacobsson ta yi la'akari daga shekarar 2013 zuwa 2015 wajibai kafin, lokacin, da kuma bayan rikicin makami da kuma gabatar da daftarin jus 5 a cikin ka'idodin bello (daidaitacce, bambanci, taka tsantsan, kiyayewa). babu ramuwa, yankunan kariya) da sauransu. Mai ba da rahoto na musamman Marja Lehto ya ci gaba a cikin shekarar 2018 tare da wasu daftarin ka'idoji guda 21 da suka shafi dukkan matakai 3 da kuma sana'a. Ya zuwa tsakiyar shekarata 2019, wasu ka'idoji 28 (ciki har da 'yan wasan da ba na jiha ba) kwamitin da aka zayyana ya amince da shi na ɗan lokaci tare da sassa masu zuwa: Gabatarwa Ka'idodin aikace-aikacen gabaɗaya Ka'idodin da suka dace yayin rikicin makami Ka'idodin da suka dace a yanayin ma'aikata Ka’idojin da ake amfani da su bayan rikicin makami. Dokokin muhalli na duniya a lokacin yaƙi da rikice-rikicen makamai Wasu yarjejeniyoyin muhalli sun bayyana tanadi game da sojoji da rikice-rikice; Wasu suna buƙatar dogara ga rebus sic stantibus (art. 62 VCLT) don fassarawa a lokacin yaƙi 2011 ILC Draft Articles on the Effects of Armed Conflict on Treaties Muhalli yarjejeniyoyin ci gaba sai dai idan an bayyana wani tanadi. Yakin makamin kare dangi (Thermonuclear war) Ra'ayi mai ba da shawara na Kotun Duniya kan Halaccin Barazana ko Amfani da Makaman Nukiliya ya ɗauki yanayi a matsayin ƙaramin batu game da halaccin yakin makamin nuclear amma ba ta ga an haramta duk wani yaƙin makamin nuclear ba. "Kotu ba ta yi la'akari da cewa yarjejeniyar da ake magana a kai na da nufin hana wata kasa yin amfani da 'yancinta na kare kai a karkashin dokokin kasa da kasa saboda wajibcinta na kare muhalli. Duk da haka kuma, dole ne jihohi su yi la'akari da yanayin muhalli yayin da suke tantance abin da ya dace da kuma daidai da abin da ya dace wajen neman halaltattun manufofin soji. Mutunta yanayi yana ɗaya daga cikin abubuwan da ke zuwa tantance ko wani aiki ya dace da ka'idodin larura da daidaituwa para 30, Ra'ayin Shawarar ICJ akan Makaman Nukiliya 1996 Ƙungiyoyi Ƙungiyoyin ƙasa da ƙasa da ke da haƙƙin muhalli ana iya yin kira a lokacin rikicin makami don taimakawa wajen sasantawa ko magance barnar da rikicin makami ya haifar, misali. Shirin Muhalli na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya, Hukumar Lafiya ta Duniya, Hukumar Kula da Sufurin Jiragen Sama ta Duniya, Hukumar Kula da Jiragen Ruwa ta Duniya, da Kwamitin Kasa da Kasa na Red Cross. Kwamitin Sulhu na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ya kuma nuna damuwa game da muhalli a shawarwari kan rikice-rikice na baya-bayan nan, alal misali, a lokacin yakin Gulf na shekarar 1991. UNEP da IMO suma sun shiga cikin wannan rikici, suna ƙoƙarin magance mafi munin illolin muhalli. Manazarta Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba
35430	https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/TT%20pistol	TT pistol	TT-30, wanda aka fi sani da Tokarev, bindiga ce mai sarrafa kanta ta Soviet da ba ta samarwa ba. Fedor Tokarev ne ya haɓaka shi a cikin 1930 a matsayin bindigar sabis ga sojojin Soviet don maye gurbin Nagant M1895 revolver da aka yi amfani da shi tun daular Rasha, kodayake ta ƙare ana amfani da ita tare da, maimakon maye gurbin M1895. Ya yi aiki har zuwa 1952, lokacin da aka maye gurbinsa da bindigar Makarov. Ci gaba A cikin 1930, Majalisar Sojan Juyin Juyi ta amince da wani kuduri na gwada sabbin kananan makamai don maye gurbin tsofaffin 'yan tawayen Nagant M1895 A lokacin waɗannan gwaje-gwaje, a ranar 7 ga Janairu, 1931, an lura da yuwuwar bindigar da Fedor Tokarev ya tsara. Bayan 'yan makonni, an ba da umarnin 1,000 TT-30 don gwajin sojoji, kuma an karɓi bindigar don hidima a cikin Red Army. An kera TT-30 tsakanin 1930 zuwa 1936, inda aka kera kusan 93,000. Ko da yayin da aka sanya TT-30 a cikin samarwa, an yi canje-canjen ƙira don sauƙaƙe masana'antu. An aiwatar da ƙananan canje-canje ga ganga, mai cire haɗin, faɗakarwa da firam ɗin, mafi shaharar su shine tsallake taron guduma mai cirewa da kuma canje-canje zuwa gaɗaɗɗen kulle-kulle. Wannan bindigar da aka sake fasalin ita ce TT-33 Yawancin TT-33 an ba da su ga manyan jami'an. Sojojin Soviet sun yi amfani da TT-33 sosai a lokacin yakin duniya na biyu, amma bai maye gurbin Nagant gaba daya ba. Daga 1931-1945, an samar da Tokarevs 1,330,000 a cikin Tarayyar Soviet. Cikakkun bayanai A waje, TT-33 yayi kama da bugun baya na John Browning mai sarrafa FN Model 1903 semiautomatic pistol, kuma a ciki yana amfani da gajeriyar tsarin karkatar da ganga na Browning daga bindigar M1911. A wasu wurare TT-33 ya bambanta da ƙirar Browning yana ɗaukar guduma mai sauƙi taro mai sauƙi fiye da M1911. Ana iya cire wannan taron daga bindigar a matsayin naúrar kayan aiki kuma ya haɗa da injina na ciyar da leɓuna na mujallu, yana hana ɓata lokaci lokacin da aka loda wata mujalla da ta lalace cikin rijiyar mujallar. Injiniyoyin Soviet sun yi gyare-gyare da yawa don sauƙaƙe na'urar samarwa da kulawa, musamman sauƙaƙan maƙallan kulle ganga, yana ba da ƙarancin matakan injin. Wasu samfura suna amfani da maɓuɓɓugar ruwa mai ɗorewa da aka tsare a sandar jagora, wanda ya dogara da ganga mai tsinke don riƙe ta cikin tashin hankali. TT-33 an yi shi ne don harsashi na Tokarev na 7.62 25mm, wanda ita kanta ta dogara ne akan kwatankwacin 7.63 25mm Mauser cartridge wanda aka yi amfani da shi a cikin bindigar Mauser C96. Harsashin 7.62 25mm yana da ƙarfi, yana da yanayi mai faɗi sosai, kuma yana da ikon shiga cikin tufa mai kauri da sulke na jiki. Saboda amincin su, an samar da adadi mai yawa na TT-33 a lokacin yakin duniya na biyu da kuma cikin shekarun 1950. A cikin zamani na zamani, an canza TT-33 mai ƙarfi zuwa harsashi masu ƙarfi da yawa ciki har da .38 Super da 9 23mm Winchester. TT-33 ya tsallake wani kama mai aminci ban da rabin zakara, wanda ya sa abin ya zama ba zai iya aiki ba har sai an ja da guduma zuwa cikakken zakara sannan aka saukar da shi da hannu zuwa rabin zakara. Yawancin bambance-bambancen da aka shigo da su cikin Amurka suna da ƙarin aminci na hannu, waɗanda suka bambanta sosai a cikin jeri da aiki. Bambance-bambance Wehrmacht ya kama TT-33s kuma ya ba da su ga raka'a a ƙarƙashin sunan Pistole 615 (r). Wannan ya yiwu saboda gaskiyar cewa harsashi na 7.62 mm Model 1930 Nau'in P na Rasha sun kusan yi kama da na Jamusanci 7.63 25mm Mauser cartridge, kodayake a cikin sabis ɗin Jamusanci zagaye na Parabellum 9 19mm ya fi kowa. Saboda matsanancin matsin lamba, yin amfani da harsashi na Rasha a cikin bindigogin Mauser na Jamus na iya haifar da lalacewa, kuma ana shawarce su da ƙi.. Interarms sun sayar da yakin duniya na biyu-ragi na Tokarevs na Rasha a Turai da Amurka a matsayin Phoenix. Suna da sabbin riko na katako tare da zane na phoenix kuma an lika masa hatimin INTERARMS akan ganga. Daga baya dokokin bindiga sun hana sayar da su saboda rashin tsaro. [abubuwan da ake bukata] A cikin 1949, an samar da bambance-bambancen shiru. Na musamman, mai yin shiru yana haɗe da ganga maimakon ganga da kanta. Haɗin nauyin mai kashewa tare da nunin faifai yana hana hawan keken motsa jiki na aikin, yana tilasta mai amfani ya sake zagayowar shi da hannu kamar yadda makaman aikin famfo suke. Daga baya za a maye gurbinsa da bindigar PB a 1967. Harkokin waje An maye gurbin TT-33 da bindiga mai lamba 8, 9 18mm Makarov PM a 1952. Samar da TT-33 a Rasha ya ƙare a 1954, amma kofe (lasisi ko akasin haka) wasu ƙasashe ma sun yi. A wani lokaci ko wani, mafi yawan 'yan gurguzu ko na Tarayyar Soviet sun yi bambancin bindigar TT-33. China An kwafi bindigar TT a China a matsayin nau'in 51, nau'in 54, M20, da TU-90 Norinco, Jama'ar 'Yancin Army ta jihar makamai masana'anta a kasar Sin, kerarre wani kasuwanci bambance-bambancen na Tokarev bindiga chambered a cikin mafi kowa 9 19mm Parabellum zagaye, da aka sani da Tokarev Model 213, kazalika a cikin asali 7.62×25mm caliber caliber. Samfurin 9mm ya ƙunshi kama mai aminci, wanda ba ya nan akan bindigogin hannu na TT-33 da Rasha ke samarwa. Bugu da ƙari, Model 213 yana fasalta ƙwanƙolin ƙwanƙwasa na bakin ciki, sabanin ainihin nau'ikan fa'ida na Rasha. An nuna samfurin 9mm tare da toshe rijiyar mujallar da aka ɗora a bayan mujallar da kyau don karɓar nau'in mujallu na 9mm ba tare da gyaran firam ba. Samfurin Norinco a cikin samarwa na yanzu ba ya samuwa don siyarwa a Amurka saboda haramcin shigo da bindigogi na kasar Sin, kodayake tsofaffin bindigogin hannu na Model 213 da aka shigo da su a shekarun 1980 da 1990 sun zama ruwan dare gama gari. Norinco yanzu yana yin NP-17, wanda aka sabunta, bambancin sautuna biyu akan Model 213. 7.62×25mm ammo shima ba shi da tsada kuma ana samarwa a cikin gida ko shigo da shi daga China, wanda Norinco ya yi. Hungary Hungary ta mayar da TT don harba 9 19mm Parabellum a matsayin M48, da kuma wani nau'in fitarwa na Masar wanda aka sani da Tokagypt 58 wanda 'yan sanda ke amfani da shi sosai a can. Tokagypts sun bambanta da ainihin Tokarevs ta hanyar lever aminci na waje wanda za'a iya tsunduma cikin yin ado da aminci tare da matsayar guduma. Ta hanyar canza ganga da mujallu zuwa sassa na TT na asali, ana iya yin tsarin canjin caliber cikin sauƙi (bayan harbi-hujja a cikin ƙasashen da ke da alaƙa da CIP Masar, duk da haka, ta soke yawancin odar Tokagypt da bindigogi masu kama da PP da aka kera a Hungary; wadanda a lokacin ake sayar da su a kasashen Yamma, kamar Tarayyar Jamus ta wancan lokacin, inda Hege ke shigo da ita. Koriya ta Arewa Koriya ta Arewa ta kera su a matsayin Nau'in 68 ko M68 Pakistan Har yanzu ana kera bindigogin TT na doka da ba bisa ka'ida ba a masana'antun Khyber Pass na Pakistan daban-daban. Poland Poland ta samar da nasu kwafin kamar yadda PW wz.33, kerarre daga 1947 zuwa 1959. A tsakiyar 50s wani nau'in horo na PW wz. 33 da aka halitta, chambered a .22lr kira TT Sportowy Duk waɗannan bindigogin an canza su ne tsakanin 1954 zuwa 1958 daga bambance-bambancen 7.62mm ta hanyar canza ganga da cire kullun kulle daga zamewa. Bugu da ƙari, an ƙirƙiri Radom M48 a cikin Radom, Poland a matsayin wani ɗan ƙaramin kwafin TT33 da aka gyara. Romania Romania ta samar da kwafin TT-33 a matsayin TTC, ko Tokarev Cugir da kyau a cikin 1950s. Waɗannan an yi su don siyarwar kasuwanci da yawa a cikin 'yan shekarun nan. Koyaya, don a shigo da shi cikin Amurka, an ƙara tsaro mai toshewa. Vietnam K54 kwafin TT-33 ne. An sabunta sigar da aka fi sani da K14-VN Factory Z111 ce ta yi, kuma tana da ƙarin ƙarfin zagaye 13, tare da riko mai faɗi don haɗa mujallu mai tarin yawa An fara bincike da haɓakawa a cikin 2001. K14-VN ya fara ganin sabis tare da sojojin PAVN a ranar 10 ga Mayu, 2014. Sunan masana'antar don K54 na yau da kullun da K14-VN ana kiransa SN7M da SN7TD Yugoslavia (Serbiya) Zastava yana samar da ingantacciyar sigar TT-33 da aka tsara M57 M57 yana da tsayin riko kuma yana da tsayin mujalla mai zagaye 9 (a kan zagaye 8 a TT). Hakanan ana yin sigar 9 19mm ta Zastava wanda aka keɓe M70A da kuma ƙaramin sigar <i id="mwxg">M88</i> Zastava ke kera karamar bindigar M70 (aka Pčelica ("kananan kudan zuma") ya dogara da ƙirar TT a cikin 7,65mm Browning .32 ACP ko 9mm Kratak .380 ACP Tun daga 2012, M57A, M70A da M88A an riga an shigo da su cikin Amurka ta Century International Arms, amma Zastava Amurka ta maye gurbinsu. Amfani Jirgin TT-33 yana ci gaba da aiki a cikin sojojin Bangladesh da Koriya ta Arewa a yau, yayin da 'yan sanda a Pakistan har yanzu suna amfani da bindigar TT a matsayin hannun riga, ko da yake ba a hukumance ba, saboda ana maye gurbinta da 9 na zamani. mm Beretta da SIG Sauer bindigogi. A kasar Sin, bindigar TT-33 kuma a wasu lokuta ana ba da ita ga rundunar 'yan sanda masu dauke da makamai da sojojin yantar da jama'a da sunan Nau'i 54. Tokarev, da kuma bambance-bambancensa a cikin 9mm, sun shahara saboda sauƙi, ƙarfi da daidaito. Masu amfani Duba kuma Jerin makaman Rasha Teburin bindigar hannu da harsashin bindiga Manazarta Hanyoyin haɗi na waje Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba
57996	https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jerin%20gwamnonin%20mulkin%20mallaka%20na%20Saint-Domingue	Jerin gwamnonin mulkin mallaka na Saint-Domingue	Tun 1659,Saint-Domingue (yanzu Jumhuriyar Haiti ),ta kasance ƙasar Faransa,wanda Spain ta gane a ranar 20 ga Satumba,1697. Daga 20 ga Satumba,1793,zuwa Oktoba 1798 sassan tsibirin sun kasance karkashin mulkin mallaka na Birtaniya. Gwamnoni (1691-1714) Oktoba 1,1691 Yuli 1700 Jean du Casse Yuli 1700 Disamba 16,1703 Joseph d'Honon de Gallifet (mai aiki) Disamba 16,1703 Oktoba 13,1705 Charles Auger Oktoba 13,1705 Disamba 28,1707 Jean-Pierre de Charit (mai aiki) Disamba 28,1707 1710 François-Joseph, comte de Choiseul-Beaupré 1710 Fabrairu 7,1711 Jean-Pierre de Charit (lokaci na biyu) Fabrairu 7,1711 Mayu 24,1711 Laurent de Valernod. Mayu 24,1711 Agusta 29, 1712 Nicolas de Gabaret Agusta 29,1712 1713 Paul-François de La Grange, comte d'Arquian 1713 1714 Louis de Courbon, comte de Blénac Gwamnoni-Janar (1714-1803) 1714 11 Jan 1717 Louis de Courbon, comte de Blénac Janairu 11, 1717 Yuli 10, 1719 Charles Joubert de La Bastide, Marquis de Châteaumorand 10 Yuli 1719 6 Dec 1723 Léon de Sorel Disamba 6, 1723 Oktoba 8, 1731 Gaspard-Charles de Goussé, chevalier de La Rochalar Oktoba 8, 1731 Fabrairu 4, 1732 Antoine-Gabriel, Marquis de Vienne de Busserolles Fabrairu 4, 1732 Oktoba 8, 1732 Étienne Cochard de Chastenoye (mai aiki) Oktoba 8, 1732 Yuli 1737 Pierre, Marquis de Fayet Yuli 1737 Nuwamba 11, 1737 Étienne Cochard de Chastenoye (lokaci na biyu) (mai aiki) Nuwamba 11, 1737 Nuwamba, 1746 Charles de Brunier, Marquis de Larnage Nuwamba 19, 1746 Agusta 12, 1748 Étienne Cochard de Chastenoye (lokaci na uku) (mai aiki) Agusta 12, 1748 Maris 29, 1751 Hubert de Brienne-Conflans, comte de Conflans Maris 29, 1751 Mayu 31, 1753 Emmanuel-Auguste de Cahideux du Bois de Lamothe Mayu 31 Maris 24, 1757 Joseph-Hyacinthe de Rigaud, Marquis de Vaudreuil. Maris 24, 1757 Yuli 30, 1762 Philippe-François Bart Yuli 30, 1762 Maris 7, 1763 Gabriel de Bory de Saint-Vincent Maris 7, 1763 Agusta 4, 1763 Armand, vicomte de Belzunce Agusta 4, 1763 Afrilu 23, 1764 Pierre-André de Gohin, comte de Montreuil (mai aiki) Afrilu 23, 1764 Yuli 1, 1766 Charles Henri Hector d'Estaing Yuli 1, 1766 Fabrairu 10, 1769 Louis-Armand-Constantin de Rohan, yarima de Montbazon Fabrairu 10, 1769 Janairu 15, 1772 Pierre Gédéon de Nolivos Janairu 15, 1772 Afrilu 30, 1772 De la Ferronay (mai aiki) Afrilu 30, 1772 Afrilu 15, 1775 Louis-Florent de Vallière Mayu 12, 1775 Agusta 16, 1775 Jean-François, comte de Reynaud de Villeverd (mai aiki) Agusta 16, 1775 Disamba 13, 1776 Victor-Thérèse Charpentier Disamba 28, 1776 Mayu 22, 1777 Jean-Baptiste de Taste de Lilancour (aiki) Mayu 22, 1777 Maris 7, 1780 Robert, comte d'Argout Maris 7, 1780 Afrilu 25, 1780 Jean-Baptiste de Taste de Lilancour (lokaci na biyu) (mai aiki) Afrilu 25, 1780 Yuli 28, 1781 Jean-François, comte de Reynaud de Villeverd (lokaci na biyu) 28 ga Yuli, 1781 Fabrairu 14, 1782 Jean-Baptiste de Taste de Lilancour (lokaci na uku) (aiki) Fabrairu 14, 1782 Yuli 3, 1785 Guillaume de Bellecombe Yuli 3, 1785 Afrilu 27, 1786 Gui-Pierre de Coustard (mai aiki) Afrilu 27, 1786 Nuwamba 1787 César Henri, comte de La Luzerne Nuwamba 1787 Disamba 22, 1788 Alexandre de Vincent de Mazade (mai aiki) Disamba 22, 1788 1789 Marie-Charles du Chilleau 1789 Agusta 19, 1789 Alexandre de Vincent de Mazade (lokaci na biyu) (aiki) Agusta 19, 1789 Nuwamba 1790 Antoine de Thomassin de Peynier Nuwamba 9, 1790 1792 Philibert François Rouxel de Blanchelande 1792 Jun 1792 Adrien-Nicolas, Marquis de la Salle, comte d'Offémont Yuni 1792 Oktoba 21, 1792 Jean-Jacques d'Esparbes Oktoba 21, 1792 Janairu 2, 1793 Martin Louis Beaulieu Janairu 2, 1793 Yuni 19, 1793 Léger-Félicité Sonthonax (kwamishina) Yuni 19, 1793 Oktoba 1793 François-Thomas Galbaud du Fort Oktoba 1793 Mayu 11, 1796 Étienne Maynaud de Bizefranc de Laveaux Mayu 11, 1796 Agusta 24, 1797 Léger-Félicité Sonthonax (lokaci na biyu) (kwamishina) Afrilu 1, 1797 Mayu 5, 1802 Toussaint Louverture Maris 27, 1798 Oktoba 23, 1798 Gabriel-Marie-Théodore-Joseph Hédouville (kwamishina) Fabrairu 5, 1802 Nuwamba 2, 1802 Charles Leclerc Nuwamba 2, 1802 Nuwamba 30, 1803 Donatien-Marie-Joseph de Vimeur, vicomte de Rochambeau (lokaci na biyu) Nuwamba 30, 1803 Disamba 31, 1803 Jean-Jacques
40892	https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicolaus%20Copernicus	Nicolaus Copernicus	Nicolaus r nɪkəs,_ku-/; Polish; Middle Low German, German; 19 Fabrairu 1473 24 May 1543) wani masanin ilimin kimiyya ne na Renaissance, mai aiki a matsayin masanin lissafi, astronomer, da canon Katolika, wanda ya tsara model of the universe wanda ya sanya the sun rather than earth a tsakiyarta. Bisa ga dukkan alamu, Copernicus ya kirkiro samfurinsa ba tare da Aristachus na Samos ba, tsohon masanin falaki na Girka wanda ya tsara irin wannan samfurin kimanin ƙarni goma sha takwas a baya. [lower-alpha 5] Publication na samfurin Copernicus a cikin littafinsa (On the Revolutions of the Celestial Spheres), kafin mutuwarsa a shekara ta 1543, wani babban lamari ne a tarihin kimiyya, wanda ya haifar da Copernican Revolution da kuma ba da gudummawa ta farko ga Revolution na kimiyya. An haifi Copernicus kuma ya mutu a Royal Prussia, yanki da ke cikin Masarautar Poland tun 1466. Polyglot da polymath, ya sami digiri na uku a cikin dokokin canon kuma ƙwararren masani ne, masanin sararin samaniya, likita, ƙwararren masani, mai fassara, gwamna, jami'in diflomasiyya, kuma masanin tattalin arziki. Daga 1497 ya kasance babi na Cathedral na Warmian. A shekara ta 1517 ya samo ƙa’idar kuɗi—wani mahimmin ra’ayi a fannin tattalin arziki—kuma a shekara ta 1519 ya tsara ƙa’idar tattalin arziki wadda daga baya aka kira dokar Gresham. Rayuwa An haifi Nicolaus Copernicus a ranar 19 ga watan Fabrairu 1473 a birnin Toruń (Thorn), a lardin Royal Prussia, a cikin Crown na Masarautar Poland. Mahaifinsa ɗan kasuwa ne daga Kraków kuma mahaifiyarsa ɗiyar wani hamshaƙin ɗan kasuwa ne na Toruń. Nicolaus shine auta a cikin yara huɗu. Ɗan uwansa Andreas (Andrew) ya zama Canon Augustinian a Frombork (Frauenburg). 'Yar'uwarsa Barbara, mai suna bayan mahaifiyarta, ta zama zuriyar Benedictine kuma, a cikin shekarunta na ƙarshe, mai kula da gidan zuhudu a Chełmno (Kulm); ta rasu bayan shekara ta 1517. 'Yar'uwarsa Katharina ta auri ɗan kasuwan kuma ɗan majalisar birnin Toruń Barthel Gertner kuma ta bar 'ya'ya biyar, waɗanda Copernicus ya kula da su har zuwa ƙarshen rayuwarsa. Copernicus bai taba yin aure ba kuma ba a san ya haifi ’ya’ya ba, amma daga akalla 1531 zuwa 1539 dangantakarsa da Anna Schilling, wata ma’aikaciyar gida ce, abin kunya ne daga wasu bishop biyu na Warmia wadanda suka bukace shi tsawon shekaru da ya yanke dangantaka. tare da "farka". Father's family Ana iya gano dangin mahaifin Copernicus zuwa ƙauye a Silesia tsakanin Nysa (Neiße) da Prudnik Neustadt). An rubuta sunan ƙauyen daban-daban Kopernik, Copernik, Copernic, Kopernic, Coprirnik, da kuma yau Koperniki. A cikin ƙarni na 14, membobin iyali sun fara ƙaura zuwa wasu biranen Silesiya dabam dabam, zuwa babban birnin Poland, Kraków (1367), da Toruń (1400). Uban, Mikołaj Dattijo, mai yiwuwa ɗan Jan, ya fito ne daga layin Kraków. An kira sunan Nicolaus bayan mahaifinsa, wanda ya bayyana a cikin bayanan a karon farko a matsayin dan kasuwa mai kyau wanda ya yi ciniki da tagulla, yana sayar da shi mafi yawa a Danzig (Gdańsk). Ya ƙaura daga Kraków zuwa Toruń wajen 1458. Toruń, dake kan kogin Vistula, a wancan lokacin ya shiga cikin yakin shekaru goma sha uku, wanda Masarautar Poland da Prussian Confederation, kawancen biranen Prussian, gentry da limaman coci, sun yi yaƙi da Dokar Teutonic a kan ikon yankin. A cikin wannan yakin, biranen Hanseatic kamar Danzig da Toruń, garin Nicolaus Copernicus, ya zaɓi ya goyi bayan Sarkin Poland, Casimir IV Jagiellon, wanda ya yi alkawarin girmama manyan biranen 'yancin kai na al'ada, wanda Dokar Teutonic ta kalubalanci. Mahaifin Nicolaus ya tsunduma cikin harkokin siyasa na lokacin kuma ya goyi bayan Poland da biranen da suka saba wa Dokar Teutonic. A cikin 1454 ya shiga tsakani a tattaunawar tsakanin Cardinal Zbigniew Oleśnicki na Poland da kuma biranen Prussian don biyan lamunin yaƙi. A cikin Aminci na Biyu na Thorn (1466), Dokar Teutonic ta ba da izini ga duk abin da ake zargi ga lardin yammacinta, wanda a matsayin Royal Prussia ya kasance yanki na Crown na Masarautar Poland har zuwa Farko (1772) da na biyu (1793) sassan Poland. Mahaifin Copernicus ya auri Barbara Watzenrode, mahaifiyar masanin sararin samaniya, tsakanin 1461 zuwa 1464. Ya rasu kimanin shekara ta 1483. Mother's family Mahaifiyar Nicolaus, Barbara Watzenrode, 'yar wani mai arziki Toruń patrician ne kuma dan majalisar birni, Lucas Watzenrode dattijo (mace 1462), da Katarzyna (gwauruwa na Jan Peckau), da aka ambata a wasu kafofin kamar Katarzyna Rüdiger gente Modlibóg (mace 1476). Modlibógs fitattun dangin Poland ne waɗanda suka shahara a tarihin Poland tun 1271. Iyalin Watzenrode, kamar dangin Kopernik, sun fito daga Silesia daga kusa da Świdnica (Schweidnitz), kuma bayan 1360 sun zauna a Toruń. Ba da daɗewa ba suka zama ɗaya daga cikin mafi arziƙi kuma mafi tasiri iyalan patrician. Ta hanyar dangantakar dangi mai yawa ta Watzenrodes ta aure, Copernicus yana da alaƙa da iyalai masu arziki na Toruń (Thorn), Gdańsk (Danzig) da Elbląg (Elbing), da kuma manyan dangin Poland masu daraja na Prussia: Czapskis, Działyńskis, Konopackis da Konopackis. Lucas da Katherine suna da 'ya'ya uku: Lucas Watzenrode ƙaramin (1447-1512), wanda zai zama Bishop na Warmia da majibincin Copernicus; Barbara, mahaifiyar masanin taurari (ta rasu bayan 1495); da Christina (wanda ya rasu kafin 1502), wanda a cikin 1459 ya auri dan kasuwa na Toruń kuma magajin gari, Tiedeman von Allen. Lucas Watzenrode the Elder, hamshakin dan kasuwa kuma a cikin 1439–62 shugaban kotun shari'a, ya yanke shawarar abokin hamayyar Teutonic Knights. A cikin 1453 shi ne wakili daga Toruń a taron Grudziądz (Graudenz) wanda ya shirya tayar da su. A lokacin yakin shekaru goma sha uku da ya biyo baya, ya kasance mai goyon bayan yakin basasa na biranen Prussian tare da tallafin kudi mai yawa (kawai wani ɓangare na wanda ya sake yin iƙirarin), tare da ayyukan siyasa a Toruń da Danzig, da kuma ta hanyar yaki da kansa a cikin yaƙe-yaƙe a Łasin. Lessen) da Malbork (Marienburg). Ya rasu a shekara ta 1462. Manazarta 'Yan falsafan Jamus Articles with hAudio microformats Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba
14465	https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Madatsar%20ruwan%20Akosombo	Madatsar ruwan Akosombo	Madatsar ruwan Akosombo, wanda kuma aka fi sani da Madatsar ruwan Volta (da Turanci Akosombo Dam ko Volta Dam), madatsar ruwa ce da ke kan Kogin Volta da ke kudu maso gabashin Ghana a cikin kwazazzabar Akosombo da wani bangare na hukumar Kogin Volta. Gina madatsar ruwan ya mamaye wani ɓangare na Kogin Volta, kuma ya haifar da ƙirƙirar Tafkin Volta mai zuwa. Ambaliyar da ta haifar da tafkin Volta ya raba mutane da dama da muhallansu kuma ya yi matukar tasiri ga yanayin yankin. Tafkin Volta shine babban tafki da mutum yayi a duniya ta hanyar yanki. Tana ɗaukar wanda shine 3.6% na yankin ƙasar Ghana. Tare da girman kilomita dubu dari da arba'in da takwas, Tafkin Volta shine tafki na uku mafi girma a duniya da mutum yayi da girma, mafi girma shine Tafkin Kariba wanda yake tsakanin Zimbabwe da Zambiya a Kudancin Afirka kuma yana da ruwa mai tsawon cubic kilomita 185. Manufa ta farko na Akosombo Dam ya zuwa samar da wutar lantarki ga aluminum masana'antu. An kira Dam din Akosombo "mafi girman jari guda cikin tsare-tsaren bunkasa tattalin arzikin Ghana." Dam din yana da mahimmanci don samar da yawancin wutar lantarki ta Togo da Benin, duk da cewa gina Dam din Adjarala na fatan rage dogaro da wadannan kasashe kan wutar lantarki da ake shigowa da su. Asalin wutar lantarki da madatsar ta samu ya kai wanda aka inganta zuwa a cikin aikin retrofit wanda aka kammala a 2006. Tarihi Masanin kimiyya Albert Ernest Kitson ne ya ɗauki dam ɗin a cikin 1915, amma ba a shirya wani shiri ba har zuwa 1940s. An gabatar da cigaban Kogin na Volta a cikin 1949, amma saboda kudaden basu isa ba, kamfanin Amurka Volta Aluminium Company (Valco) ya ba Ghana rance don a gina madatsar ruwan. Kwame Nkrumah ya amince da aikin samar da wutar lantarki daga Kogin Volta. A karshe tsari kayyade ginin wani aluminum smelter a Tema, a dam gina a Akosombo iko da smelter, da kuma wani cibiyar sadarwa na ikon Lines shigar ta kudancin kasar Ghana. Daga baya ana tsammanin mai narkar da karafa na aluminium zai samar da kudaden shigar da suka dace don kafa hakar ma'adanin bauxite da tace shi, wanda zai ba da damar samar da aluminium ba tare da shigo da alumina ta waje ba. Bunkasar masana'antar aluminium a cikin Ghana ya dogara ne akan samarda wutar lantarki. Kamfanin ba'amurke mai suna Kaiser Aluminium ne ya sa ido kan aikin narkar da narkon alminium din, kuma kamfanin na Valco ne ke kula da shi. Mai narkar da karafan ya sami jarinsa na kudi daga hannun masu hannun jari na Valco, tare da tallafi daga Bankin Export-Import na Washington, DC. Koyaya, Valco bai saka hannun jari ba tare da farko ya buƙaci inshora daga gwamnatin Ghana ba, kamar keɓewar kamfanoni daga haraji akan kasuwanci da ragin siyan wutar lantarki. Kimanin kudin aikin, gabaɗaya, an kiyasta dala 258 miliyan. A watan Mayu 1960, gwamnatin Ghana ta yi kira da a bayar da tayin takara don gina madatsar ruwan. A cikin 1961, wani kamfanin Italia, Impregilo wanda ya kammala Dam din Kariba, ya sami kwangilar. Sun gudanar da aikin hako gadon kogin da kuma lalata tashar, kuma suka kammala madatsar wata daya kafin lokacin da aka tsara duk da ambaliyar kogin Volta a 1963 wanda ya jinkirta aiki sama da watanni uku. Tsakanin 1961 da 1966, ma'aikatan Impregilo 28 suka mutu yayin gina madatsar ruwan. Tunawa da tunawa a garin Akosombo da St. Barbara Cocin Katolika an sanya su don girmama su. A cikin 1961, Majalisar Dokokin Ghana ta kafa Hukumar Kogin Volta (VRA) ta hanyar zartar da Dokar Bunkasa Kogin Volta. Sabbin ayyukan VRA mambobi shida ne suka tsara kuma Kwame Nkrumah a matsayin shugaba. Babban aikin VRA shine gudanar da bunkasar Kogin Volta, wanda ya hada da ginawa da kuma lura da madatsar ruwan, tashar wuta da kuma hanyar sadarwar wutar. Kungiyar VRA ce ke da alhakin tafkin da madatsar ruwan ta mamaye, kamun kifi a cikin tabkin, safarar tabki da sadarwa, da jin dadin wadanda ke kewaye da tabkin. An gina madatsar ruwan ne tsakanin 1961 da 1965. Gwamnatin Ghana ce ta aiwatar da ci gabanta kuma ta biya kuɗaɗen 25% daga Bankin Duniya don sake ginawa da haɓaka Bankin Duniya, Amurka, da Ingila Gina madatsar ruwan na Akosombo ya haifar da ambaliyar wani ɓangare na Kogin Volta da filayen da ke gefen ta, da kuma ƙirƙirar Tafkin Volta wanda ya rufe kashi 3.6% na ƙasar Ghana baki ɗaya. An kirkiro Lake Volta tsakanin 1962 da 1966, kuma ya zama dole a canza wurin kusan 80,000 mutane, waɗanda suka wakilci 1% na yawan jama'a. Mutanen 700 kauyuka sun koma cikin 52 kauyukan sake tsugunar da shekaru biyu kafin cikar tafkin; shirin sake matsuguni yana karkashin jagorancin VRA. Kashi biyu cikin ɗari na mutanen da aka sake tsugunar da su masunta ne kuma galibi manoma ne da ke cin abinci. Yankin Gabashin Ghana da yawan mutanen da aka haɗu a cikin gundumominta, sun kasance mafi yawan tasirin aikin. A farkon shekara ta 2007, an nuna damuwa kan wutar lantarki da ake samu daga madatsar saboda ƙarancin ruwa a tafkin Volta. Wasu majiyoyi sun ce hakan ya samo asali ne daga matsaloli na fari wadanda sakamakon dumamar yanayi ya haifar. A ƙarshen rabin shekarar 2007, yawancin wannan damuwar sun ragu lokacin da ruwan sama mai karfi ya faɗo a yankin ruwan Kogin Volta. A cikin 2010, an rubuta matakin ruwa mafi girma a madatsar ruwan. Wannan ya haifar da buɗe ƙofofin ambaliyar a tsaunukan tafki na kuma tsawon makonni da yawa, ruwa ya malala daga tabkin, wanda ya haifar da wasu ambaliyar zuwa can kasa. Zane Dam din doguwa kuma mai girma, wanda ya ƙunshi babban dam mai cike dutsen. Tana da fadin tushe na da kuma tsarin tsari na Ruwan da madatsar ruwa ta kirkira, tafkin Volta, yana da damar da kuma fadin fili na Tekun dogo Matsakaicin tafki shine kuma mafi ƙarancin shine A gefen gabashin madatsar ruwan akwai wasu magudanan ruwa guda biyu wadanda zasu iya sauke kimanin na ruwa Kowace kwararar ruwa ta ƙunshi shida -a ko'ina kuma -kullun karfen ambaliyar karfe. Tashar wutar lantarki ta Akosombo Cibiyar samar da wutar ta madatsar ruwan ta ƙunshi shida na Francis. Ana kawo kowace turbine da ruwa ta hanyar tsayi da pencil tare da matsakaicin na kan mai karfin ruwa. Rarraba wutar lantarki Dam din ya samar da wutar lantarki ga Ghana da makwabtan ta na kasashen Afirka ta Yamma, ciki har da Togo da Benin. Da farko an samar da kashi 20% na wutar lantarki ta Akosombo Dam (wanda yakai kashi 70% na bukatar kasa) ga 'yan Ghana ta hanyar wutar lantarki, sauran kashi 80% an samar dasu ne ga Kamfanin Volta Aluminium na Volta (VALCO) mallakar Amurka. An tilasta Gwamnatin Gana, ta hanyar kwangila, ta biya sama da kashi 50% na kudin ginin Akosombo, amma an yarda da kasar ne kawai 20% na wutar da aka samar. Wasu masu sharhi suna da damuwa cewa wannan misali ne na mulkin mallaka. A cikin 'yan shekarun nan samarwa daga kamfanin VALCO ya ragu tare da mafi yawan ƙarin ƙarfin aiki a cikin Akosombo wanda aka yi amfani da shi don haɓaka buƙatun cikin gida. Tasiri Dam din Akosombo ya sami fa'idodin wasu masana'antu da tattalin arziki daga ƙari na safarar tafki, ƙarar kamun kifi, sabbin ayyukan noma a gabar teku, da yawon buɗe ido. wutar da aka samar ya samar da buƙatu na farko a cikin Ghana, yayin da ya samar da wutar ga ƙasashe maƙwabta na Togo da Benin. Haɓaka masana'antu da tattalin arziƙin Ghana ya haifar da buƙatar buƙata mai ƙarfi, fiye da ƙarfin tashar wutar lantarki ta Akosombo. Zuwa 1981, an gina ƙaramar madatsar ruwa a garin Kpong, daga ƙasan Akosombo kuma ƙarin haɓakawa zuwa Akosombo ya zama dole don kiyaye samar da wutar lantarki. Da farko, karfin samar da wutar dam din ya wuce ainihin bukatun; yayin da, bukatar tunda aka fara madatsar ta haifar da noman samar da wutar lantarki sau biyu. Demandsara yawan buƙata don iko ya wuce abin da za a iya bayarwa ta hanyoyin yau da kullun. Bukatun wutar lantarki, tare da yanayin muhalli da ba a zata ba, sun haifar da juyawa da manyan katsewar wutar lantarki. An lura da yanayin yanayin ƙananan tafkin gaba ɗaya, wani lokacin ƙasa da abin da ake buƙata don aikin Dam Akosombo. Mahalli mazauninsu A lokacin da aka gina madatsar ruwan a Akosombo, an sami raguwar cigaba a yawan amfanin gona a gefen tabkin da kuma rarar. Kasar da ke kewaye da Tafkin Volta ba ta da dausayi kamar yadda ƙasar da take noman da take zaune a ƙasan tafkin, kuma aikin noma mai yawa ya riga ya gajiyar da ƙarancin ƙasa. Tsarin aikin gona na kasa yana rasa wadatar kasa ba tare da ambaliyar lokaci-lokaci da ke kawo abinci mai gina jiki ga kasar ba kafin ambaliyar ruwan ta dakatar da ita. Bunkasar aikin noma mai karfin gaske ya haifar da hauhawar takin zamani da ke guduwa cikin kogi. Wannan, tare da gudu daga hannayen shanu da ke kusa da gurɓatar ruwan najasa, sun haifar da eutrophication na ruwan kogin. Ingantaccen abinci mai gina jiki, a haɗe da ƙarancin motsi na ruwa, ya ba da izinin mamaye ciyawar ruwa (Ceratophyllum). Wadannan ciyawar sun zama babban kalubale ga zirga-zirgar ruwa da sufuri. Lafiyar Jama'a Kasancewar ciyawar cikin ruwa a bakin tafki da kuma cikin rafuka ya haifar da ma illa ga lafiyar ɗan adam na gari. Ciyawar tana samar da mazaunin da ya dace don ƙwarin baƙi, sauro da katantanwa, waɗanda sune magudanar cututtukan da ake ɗauka ta ruwa kamar su bilharzia, makantar kogi da malaria. Tun da aka sanya dam din, wadannan cututtukan sun karu sosai. Musamman, kauyukan sake tsugunne sun nuna karuwar yaduwar cututtuka tun bayan kafuwar tafkin Volta, kuma yiwuwar kamuwa da cuta ya yi daidai da kusancin ta da tabkin. Yara da masunta sun kasance cikin mawuyacin hali sakamakon wannan kamuwa da cutar. Bugu da kari, lalatar da yanayin ruwa ya haifar da raguwar yawan jatan lande da na clam. Lafiyar jikin al'ummomin gida ta ragu daga wannan asarar da aka yi na yawan kifin kifin, kamar yadda suka samar da tushen asalin furotin na abinci. Hakanan, tattalin arziƙin ƙauyuka da na masana'antu sun sami asarar kuɗaɗe da ke tattare da lalata noman rafin kogi. Tattalin arziki Rashin ƙasar da mutane 80,000 suka fuskanta ta hanyar tilasta musu matsuguni ya zama sanadin asarar ayyukan tattalin arzikinsu na farko daga kamun kifi da noma, asarar gidajensu, asarar wuraren kabarin danginsu, rashin kwanciyar hankali a cikin al'umma, da kuma rasa muhimman dabi'u na zamantakewar al'umma. Shirin sake matsugunin ya nuna irin rikitarwa da zamantakewar da ke tattare da kafa al'ummomin "masu zaman tare da hadewa". Rashin isasshen tsari ya haifar da ƙaurar al'ummomin zuwa yankunan da ba su da ikon wadatar da rayuwarsu da al'adunsu na da. Rashin ƙasa mai dausayi a ƙasan Tafkin Volta da gaske ya haifar da asarar ayyukan noman gargajiya. Yanayin talaucin rayuwa da aka bayar a cikin ƙauyukan matsuguni ya nuna ta hanyar rage yawan jama'a tun lokacin sake matsuguni. Daga cikin ƙauyukan tsugunar musamman sun sami raguwar yawan mutane sama da 50% a cikin shekaru 23 bayan ƙaura. Akasarin haɗarin tattalin arziki da ƙwarewar talauci suna haɗuwa da waɗancan al'ummomin da cigaban Kogin Volta ya fi shafa. Yawan ƙaurawar ɗan adam da lalacewar albarkatun ƙasa a cikin yankin yankin Volta-basin, sune kayan talauci hade da matsin lamba. Cuta Yawan ƙaura na 'yan adam a cikin yankin ya haifar da talauci da yanayin sake tsugunar da marasa kyau. Wannan ƙaura ya ba da damar rage ƙwayar cutar ta HIV kuma tun daga lokacin ya haifar da ƙaruwa sosai tsakanin al'ummomin Basin na Volta. Gundumomin Manya Krobo da Yilo Krobo, waɗanda ke tsakanin kudu maso yammacin yankin Volta Basin, galibi 'yan asalin al'ummomin ne da suka sami yaduwar kwayar cutar HIV. Halin da ake ciki ya nuna ƙarfin abubuwan cikin gida akan waɗannan gundumomin. An kafa aikin yin jima'i ta hanyar mayar da martani ga dubban ma'aikata maza waɗanda ke yankin don gina madatsar. Kashi goma na mata masu haihuwa daga wadannan gundumomi biyu sun yi ƙaura daga gundumominsu a wannan lokacin. A 1986, "90% na wadanda ke fama da cutar kanjamau a Ghana mata ne, kuma kashi 96% daga cikinsu ba su dade da zama a wajen kasar ba". Dam din Akosombo da sauran madatsun ruwa na Volta River Hydro Development Project sun karu sosai da yaduwar cututtukan schistosomiasis. Yanayi na zahiri An yi rikodin girgizar kasa da ke haifar da tafki saboda gyare-gyaren ɓawon daga ƙarin ruwan da ke cikin tafkin Volta. Akwai canjin gabas na bakin kogin daga canje-canjen zuwa yankin kogin kuma wannan ya haifar da cigaba da zaizayar bakin ruwa. Canje-canjen da aka samu a cikin kogin hydrology sun canza kasafin kudin zafi na cikin gida wanda ya haifar da sauyin yanayin sauyin yanayi kamar rage ruwan sama da matsakaicin yanayi na wata-wata. Duk waɗannan tasirin tasirin muhalli mafi girma duka zasu ƙara haɓaka matsalolin da ke tattare da rikice-rikice ga ayyukan tattalin arziƙin cikin gida da alaƙa, mawuyacin yanayin jin daɗin ɗan adam. Wani bincike na harka da Kungiyar Malaman Kasa da Kasa ta nuna cewa madatsar ruwan ta yi tasiri matuka kan zaizayar gabar tekun da ke raba shingen Keta da teku. Dokta Isaac Boateng ya kirga raguwar danshi mai gudana kamar daga miliyan 71 m3/a zuwa kadan kamar miliyan 7 m3/a. Duba kuma Gadar Adomi Bui Dam Bayani
53534	https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kanye%20West	Kanye West	Kanye Omari West njeɪ/ KAHN-yay; 8 ga Yunin Shekarar 1977) ɗan Amurka ne, mawaƙi, marubucin waƙa, mai tsara rikodin, kuma mai tsara kayan ado. An haife shi a Atlanta kuma ya girma a Birnin Chicago, West ya sami karbuwa a matsayin mai gabatarwa ga Roc-A-Fella Records a farkon 2000s, yana samar da mutane ga masu fasaha da yawa da haɓaka salon samfurin "chipmunk". Yana sa ko Yana amfani da salon sa a matakin da yake a matsayin raffa, ya saki sabon album na sitediyo nasan, The College Dropout (2004), in da yasami nasara a abubuwa masu hadarin da Kuma na kudi. Ya kafa lakabin rikodin Mai kyau na waka daga baya a wannan shekarar. Yammacin ya binciki abubuwa daban-daban na kiɗa kamar ƙungiyar mawaƙa, masu haɗawa, da autotune a kan kundin lattin rijista na biyan kudin makaranta (2005), kamnala karatu(2007), da 808s karya zuciya ko cin amana(2008). Kundin sa na biyar da na shida kyakkyawar bakar Mai kyau Mai kyau(2010) da Yeezus (2013) sun kuma sadu da gagarumin nasara da cinikayya. Yammacin ya ci gaba da rarraba salon kiɗa a kan rayuwar Pablo (2016) da Ye (2018) kuma ya bincika waƙoƙin Kirista da bishara a kan Yesu Sarki ne (2019). An saki kundi na goma Donda (2021) don ci gaba da cin nasarar kasuwanci amma ya haɗu da karɓar karɓuwa mai mahimmanci. Har ila yau, kudanci ta discography ya haɗa da cikakkun kundin haɗin gwiwa guda biyu Watch the Throne (2011) tare da Jay-Z da Kids See Ghosts (2018) tare da Kid Cudi Ɗaya daga cikin masu fasahar kiɗa mafi kyawun duniya, tare da sayar da rikodin sama da miliyan 160, kudan ci ya lashe kyautar Grammy 24 da gabatarwa 75, haɗin gwiwar goma mafi yawan lokaci, da kuma kyautar Grammy mafi yawan haɗin gwiwar kowane rapper tare da Jay-Z. Daga cikin sauran lambobin yabo akwai lambar yabo ta Billboard Artist Achievement Award, haɗin gwiwar Brit Awards guda uku don Mafi kyawun Maza na Duniya da Michael Jackson Video Vanguard Award. Shida daga cikin kundin West an haɗa su a cikin jerin Rolling Stone na 2020 500 Mafi Girma na Duk Lokaci tare da wannan littafin da ske kiransa daya daga cikin 100 Mafi Girma mawaka marubuta Yana riƙe da rikodin hadin gwiwa (tare da Bob Dylan) don mafi yawan kundin (4) wanda ya fi dacewa da zaben shekara-shekara na Pazz Jop. Lokaci ya sanya shi zama daya daga cikin mutane 100 mafi tasiri a duniya a 2005 da 2015. A matsayinsa na mai tsara kayan ado, ya yi aiki tare da Nike, Louis Vuitton, Gap, da A.P.C. a kan tufafi da takalma kuma ya jagoranci haɗin gwiwar Yeezy tare da Adidas. Shi ne kuma wanda ya kafa kuma shugaban kamfanin abun ciki na Donda. Ra'ayoyin West sun sami mahimman bayanai na kafofin watsa labarai; ya kasance tushen rikice-rikice akai-akai saboda halinsa a kan kafofin sada zumunta da kuma a shirye-shiryen kyaututtuka da saitunan jama'a, da kuma maganganunsa game da masana'antun kiɗa da kayan ado, siyasar Amurka, tseren, da bautar. Bangaskiyarsa ta Kirista, auren da ya yi da Kim Kardashian, da lafiyar kwakwalwa suma batutuwa ne na kulawar kafofin watsa labarai. A cikin 2020, Yammacin Turai ta kaddamar da kamfen din shugaban kasa mai zaman kansa wanda bai yi nasara ba wanda ya fi ba da shawara ga ɗabi'ar rayuwa mai ɗorewa. A cikin 2022, an hukunta shi sosai kuma ya rasa masu tallafawa da haɗin gwiwa da yawa gami da haɗin gwiwar da ya yi da Adidas, Gap, da Balenciaga bayan ya yi jerin maganganun adawa da Yahudawa. Yamma daga baya ya yaba wa Adolf Hitler a bainar jama'a, ya musanta Holocaust, kuma ya bayyana shi a matsayin Nazi.
53626	https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arthur%20Kopit	Arthur Kopit	Articles with hCards Arthur Lee Kopit né Koeni Mayu 10, 1937 Afrilu 2, 2021) marubucin wasan kwaikwayo Ba'amurke ne. Ya kasance dan wasan karshe na Pulitzer Prize na Indiyawa da Wings An kuma ba shi lambar yabo ta Tony uku: Mafi kyawun Wasa ga Indiyawa (1970) da Wings (1979), da kuma Mafi kyawun Littafin Kiɗa na Nine (1982). Ya lashe lambar yabo ta Vernon Rice Award (yanzu ana kiranta da lambar yabo ta Drama) a cikin 1962 don Oh Dad, Poor Dad, Mamma's Hung You in the Closet kuma Ina Jin Bakin Ciki kuma an zaɓe shi don wani lambar yabo ta Drama Desk a 1979 don Wings Rayuwar farko An haifi Kopit Arthur Lee Koenig a Manhattan a ranar 10 ga Mayu, 1937. Iyalinsa zuriyar Yahudawa ne. Mahaifinsa, Henry, ya yi aiki a matsayin mai sayar da tallace-tallace; Mahaifiyarsa, Maxine (Dubin), wani samfurin millinery ne. Sun rabu yana dan shekara biyu. Sakamakon haka ya karɓi sunan ubansa, George Kopit, bayan mahaifiyarsa ta sake yin aure. Kopit ya girma a Lawrence, Nassau County, kuma ya halarci makarantar sakandare ta Lawrence Ya karanta aikin injiniya a Jami'ar Harvard, inda ya kammala a 1959. Duk da cewa ya yi niyyar shiga kimiyya ko kasuwanci, sha'awarsa ta wasan kwaikwayo ta taso ne lokacin da ya shiga wani taron bitar wasan kwaikwayo na zamani. Ya fara tsara gajerun wasan kwaikwayo masu ɗauke da taken ''fita''' da dogon iska, waɗanda aka shirya su tun yana digiri na farko. Ya yi karatu tare da ɗan wasan kwaikwayo Robert Chapman, wanda shine darektan Cibiyar wasan kwaikwayo ta Loeb ta Harvard. Sana'a Ayyukan farko Bayan kammala karatunsa daga Harvard, Kopit ya ɗauki nauyin karatun digiri a Turai. A wannan lokacin ne ya samu labarin wata gasar wasan kwaikwayo da jami’ar ta shirya, wanda hakan ya sa ya sanya hannu a kai. Ya rubuta wasan kwaikwayo mai suna Oh Baba, Baba talaka, Mama ta rataye ka a cikin kati kuma ina jin bakin ciki a Turai kuma ya kammala shi a cikin kwanaki biyar. A karshe ya lashe gasar da kyautar $250, duk da cewa ya yi watsi da karfin kasuwancin wasan. Oh Dad ya ci gaba da gudu daga-Broadway ta Jerome Robbins sama da shekara guda, yana yawon shakatawa na makonni 11, kuma ya ƙare a cikin mako shida na gudu a Broadway a 1963. Har ila yau, ya fara haɗin gwiwa na dogon lokaci tare da Roger L. Stevens, wanda ya shiga cikin samar da duk ayyukan Kopit har zuwa 1984, tare da kawai na tara An bai wa Kopit lambar yabo ta Vernon Rice da lambar yabo ta Outer Critics Circle Award don Mafi kyawun Sabon Wasa a cikin 1962. Kopit ya ci gaba da nasararsa tare da jerin wasan kwaikwayo guda ɗaya kamar ranar da karuwai suka fito don yin wasan tennis, da kuma aikin uku akan Runway na Rayuwa, Ba ku taɓa sanin abin da ke zuwa gaba ba An yi masa wahayi don rubuta Indiyawa (1969) bayan ya karanta labarin jarida na wani harbi da ya faru a Saigon Wasan ya fara buɗewa a Landan don yin bita mai gauraya, kafin ya ƙaura zuwa Broadway. Yayin da Clive Barnes ya bayyana fitowar ta ƙarshe a cikin The New York Times a matsayin "nasara mai laushi" kuma ya yaba wa Kopit saboda ƙoƙarin "almara mai yawa", abokin aikinsa Walter Kerr ya kwatanta shi da "mummunan ɓarna". John Lahr ya ɗauki Indiyawa a matsayin "mafi yawan bincike kuma mafi girman wasan kwaikwayo na Broadway na wannan shekaru goma". An zabi wasan don lambar yabo ta Tony uku (ciki har da mafi kyawun wasa), ban da lambar yabo ta Pulitzer don nadin wasan kwaikwayo, amma ya gudana don wasanni 96 kawai. Kopit ya karɓi $250,000 don haƙƙin fim Wings da Tara Kopit ya koma Vermont a farkon 1970s. Ya himmatu wajen haɗa abubuwan wasan kwaikwayo na avant-garde a cikin shekaru goma da suka gabata cikin wasan kwaikwayo. Ya ci gaba da koyarwa a Jami'ar Wesleyan a kusa da 1975. A can, ya rubuta wani shafi na ingantawa wanda zai kasance tsawon yini guda don Amurka Bicentennial mai suna Lewis da Clark: Lost and Found Sai dai kuma abin ya ci tura bayan da furodusa ya kasa tara kudaden da ake bukata. A wannan lokacin, Kopit kuma ya ƙirƙiri wasan zagayowar farawa da "Ganowar Amurka". Abokansa sun dauki wannan a matsayin "aikinsa mafi hazaka". Bayan dakatarwar shekaru tara daga rubuce-rubucen wasan kwaikwayo, Kopit ya samar da Wings (1978). Ya samu kwarin gwuiwa daga yanayin murmurewa na ubansa, wanda ya yi fama da bugun jini a 1976 wanda ya sa ya kasa magana. An fara wasan kwaikwayo a gidan wasan kwaikwayo na Jama'a, kafin ya koma Broadway a shekara mai zuwa, inda ya gudana tsawon watanni uku. Ya sami nadin Tony guda uku, tare da Constance Cummings (wanda ya taka rawar gani) ya lashe mafi kyawun 'yar wasan kwaikwayo Ta kuma ci lambar yabo ta Desk Award ga Fitacciyar Jaruma a Wasa da Kyautar Obie saboda rawar da ta taka. Wasan ya kasance dan wasan karshe na Pulitzer Prize, wanda ke nuna a karo na biyu da aka zabi aikin Kopit don kyautar. Matattun 2021 Haifaffun
23886	https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wurare%20masu%20zafi%20%28Tropics%29	Wurare masu zafi (Tropics)	Yankuna masu zafi wato Tropics sune yankin Duniya da ke kewaye da tsakiyar duniya Equator. Tropic of Cancer a Arewacin Hemisphere yana iyakance su a cikin latitude 23°26′11.3″ (ko kuma 23.43649 N da Tropic na Capricorn a Kudancin Hemisphere a 23°26′11.3″ (ko kuma 23.43649 S; waɗannan latitude sun yi daidai da karkatar da duniya. Har ila yau ana kiran wurare masu zafi da wurare masu zafi da yankin torrid (duba yankin ƙasa Yankunan zafi sun haɗa da ko'ina a Duniya wanda ke ƙarƙashin ƙasa Rana tana saman kai tsaye aƙalla sau ɗaya a cikin shekarar hasken rana Don haka matsakaicin latitudes na wurare masu zafi suna da ƙima iri ɗaya mai kyau da mara kyau. Hakanan, suna kimantawa, saboda ƙasa ba cikakkiyar madaidaiciya ba ce, “kusurwar” karkatacciyar ƙasa Ita kanta "kusurwar" ba a daidaita ta musamman saboda tasirin wata, amma iyakokin wurare masu zafi shine babban taron ƙasa, kasancewa matsakaicin tsari, kuma bambancin ƙarami ne. Dangane da yanayi na klimate, wurare masu zafi suna samun hasken rana wanda ya fi sauran Duniya kai tsaye kuma galibi suna da zafi da ɗumi. Kalmar "wurare masu zafi" wani lokaci tana nufin irin wannan yanayi fiye da yankin yanki. Yankin na wurare masu zafi ya haɗa da hamada da duwatsu masu dusar ƙanƙara, waɗanda ba na wurare masu zafi ba a yanayin yanayin. An rarrabe wurare masu zafi daga sauran yankuna na yanayi da yanayin halittu na Duniya, waɗanda sune tsakiyar latitudes da yankunan polar a kowane ɓangaren yankin daidaitawa. Yankuna masu zafi na troops suna da kashi 40% na sararin duniya kuma sun ƙunshi kashi 36% na ƙasa yankin ya kasance gida ga 40% na yawan mutanen duniya, sannan kuma an yi hasashen wannan adadi zai kai kashi 50% nan da 2050. Asalin Kalma Kalmar "tropic" ta fito ne daga tsohuwar yaren Girkanci tropē ma'ana "juyawa" ko "canza shugabanci" kaka da yanayin klamet Akanyi amfani da "Tropical" a cikin ma'ana gaba ɗaya don yanayin yanayi na wurare masu zafi don nufin ɗumi zuwa ɗumi da danshi shekara-shekara, galibi tare da ma'anar ciyayi mai ɗumi. Yankuna da yawa na wurare masu zafi suna da lokacin rani da damina. A rigar kakar, damana, ko kore kakar ne lokaci na shekara, kama daga daya ko fiye watanni, a lokacin da mafi yawan talakawan shekara-shekara ruwan sama a wani yankin da dama. Areas tare da rigar yanayi ne ya watsa a fadin rabo daga cikin tropics da subtropics A ƙarƙashin rarrabuwa na yanayin Köppen, don yanayin yanayin zafi, an bayyana watan damina a matsayin watan da matsakaicin hazo yake ko fiye. Wasu yankunan da ake samun lokacin damina na ganin hutu a cikin ruwan sama a tsakiyar lokacin bazara lokacin da yankin haɗin kai na tsaka-tsaki ko ramin damuna ke motsawa kusa da wurin da suke yayin tsakiyar lokacin zafi; ciyawar ciyawa ta al'ada a cikin waɗannan yankuna ta fito ne daga gandun daji na yanayi mai zafi zuwa savannah Lokacin da damina ke faruwa a lokacin zafi, ko lokacin bazara, hazo yana sauka musamman a lokacin maraice da farkon sa'o'in maraice. Lokacin damina shine lokacin da ingancin iska ke inganta, ingancin ruwa mai kyau yana inganta kuma ciyayi na tsawo sosai, wanda ke haifar da amfanin gona a ƙarshen kakar. Ambaliyar ruwa na sa koguna su cika kogunansu, wasu dabbobin kuma su koma kan tudu. Abubuwan gina jiki na ƙasa suna raguwa kuma yashewar yana ƙaruwa. Yawan kamuwa da cutar zazzabin cizon sauro a yankunan da damina ta zo daidai da yanayin zafi. Dabbobi suna da dabarun karbuwa da rayuwa don tsarin jiyya. Lokacin noman rani na baya yana haifar da karancin abinci zuwa lokacin damina, saboda amfanin gona bai gama girma ba. Duk da haka, yankuna a cikin wurare masu zafi na iya ba da yanayin yanayin zafi. A ƙarƙashin rarrabuwa na yanayin yanayi na Köppen, yawancin yankin da ke cikin yanayin yanayin ƙasa ana rarrabasu ba a matsayin "na wurare masu zafi" amma a matsayin "bushe" m ko rabin-m gami da hamadar Sahara, Desert Atacama da Outback Australia Hakanan, akwai tundra mai tsayi da dusar ƙanƙara, waɗanda suka haɗa da Mauna Kea, Dutsen Kilimanjaro, Puncak Jaya da Andes har zuwa kudu har zuwa arewacin arewacin Chile da Perú Tsarin halittu Shuke -shuke na yankuna masu zafi da dabbobi na wurare masu zafi sune waɗancan nau'in na asalin ƙasashe masu zafi. Tsarin halittu na wurare masu zafi na iya ƙunsar gandun daji na wurare masu zafi, dazuzzukan yanayi na yanayi, busassun (galibi gandun daji), gandun daji, hamada da sauran nau'ikan mazaunin. Akwai sau da yawa gagarumin yankunan rabe-raben, da kuma nau'in endemism ba, musamman a rainforests da kuma yanayi gandun daji. Wasu misalai na muhimman abubuwan halittu masu rai da ɗimbin ɗimbin halittu sune El Yunque National Forest a Puerto Rico, Costa Rican da Nicaraguan gandun daji, Amazon Rainforest yankuna na ƙasashen Kudancin Amurka da yawa, Madagascar busassun gandun daji, Waterberg Biosphere na Afirka ta Kudu, da gabashin gandun daji na Madagascar. Sau da yawa kasa na gandun daji na wurare masu zafi ba su da ƙoshin abinci mai gina jiki, yana mai sa su zama masu saurin kamuwa da dabarun sare itatuwa, wanda a wasu lokutan wani sashi ne na canza tsarin aikin noma. A cikin tarihin labarin halittu, an rarrabe wurare masu zafi zuwa Paleotropics (Afirka, Asiya da Ostiraliya) da Neotropics (Caribbean, Amurka ta Tsakiya, da Kudancin Amurka). Tare, wani lokacin ana kiran su Pantropic. Tsarin daular halittu ya bambanta kaɗan; da Neotropical daula hada da duka da Neotropics da temperate kudancin Amurka, da kuma Paleotropics dace da Afrotropical, Indomalayan, Oceanian, da kuma wurare masu zafi Australasian sammai Yanayi na zafi Tropicality yana nufin hoton da mutanen da ke hasashe daga wajen wurare masu zafi suke da shi na yankin, daga mai mahimmanci har zuwa yin magana akan tayi. Tunanin yanayin wurare masu zafi ya sake samun sha'awa a cikin zancen ƙasa lokacin da masanin tarihin ƙasar Faransa Pierre Gourou ya buga Les Pays Tropicaux The Tropical World in English), a ƙarshen 1940s. Kalmar Tropicality ya ƙunshi sifofi biyu. Oneaya, shine cewa tsibiran suna wakiltar 'Aljannar Adnin', sama a Duniya, ƙasar da ke da ɗimbin ɗimbin halittu aka aljanna na wurare masu zafi. Madadin shi ne cewa wurare masu zafi sun ƙunshi daji, yanayin da ba za a iya cin nasara ba. Sau da yawa an tattauna ra'ayi na baya a cikin tsohon adabin Yammacin Turai fiye da na farko. Shaidu suna ba da shawara a kan lokaci cewa ra'ayi na wurare masu zafi kamar irin wannan a cikin sanannun adabi an maye gurbinsa da ingantattun fassarori masu inganci. Mashahuran Malaman Yammacin Turai sun yi ƙoƙarin tsara dalilai game da dalilin daya sa wurare masu zafi ba su dace da wayewar ɗan adam ba fiye da waɗanda ke cikin yankuna masu sanyi na Arewacin Hemisphere. Shahararriyar bayani ta mai da hankali kan bambancin yanayi. Dazuzzuka masu zafi da gandun daji suna da yanayin zafi da zafi fiye da sanyi da bushewar yanayin Arewacin Duniya. Wannan jigon ya sa wasu masana suka ba da shawarar cewa yanayin zafi mai zafi yana da alaƙa da yawan mutane da ba su da iko akan yanayi misali 'gandun daji na Amazon'. Duba kuma Yankin Hardiness Subtropics Muhallin Tropical Tropical marine yanayi Shekara mai zafi Nassoshi Kakar Wurare masu zafi (Trofics) Pages with unreviewed
30875	https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wanjiru%20Kamau-Rutenberg	Wanjiru Kamau-Rutenberg	Wanjiru Kamau-Rutenberg ita ce Babban Darakta na Rise, haɗin gwiwa na Schmidt Futures da Rhodes Trust. Kafin haka ta kasance Daraktar Cibiyar Nazarin Harkokin Noma ta Mata ta Afirka (AWARD). Wanjiru ita ce kuma wanda ta kafa kuma tsohon Darakta na Akili Dada, mai ba da jagoranci ga 'yan matan Afirka da mata matasa kuma tsohon Mataimakin Farfesa a Harkokin Siyasa a Jami'ar San Francisco. Ilimi Kamau-Rutenberg ta samu digirin a fannin kimiyyar siyasa daga Jami'ar Minnesota ta Minneapolis, inda ta mai da hankali kan huldar kasa da kasa, nazarin jinsi da tarihin Afirka. Kundin karatunta na shekarar, 2008 kan Impact of Ethnic Politics on Women’s Rights legislation during Kenya’s Democratic Transition tsokaci game da cudanya tsakanin jinsi, (sake) samar da asalin kabilanci da tsarin dimokaradiyya a cikin kasashe masu tasowa. Rubuce-rubucenta ta yin amfani da ruwan tabarau na jinsi don gano kaciyar da aka tilasta wa maza a lokacin rikicin ƙabilanci na Kenya na shekarar, 2007 zuwa 2008 Bayan Zaɓe na ɗaya daga cikin irinsa na farko don amfani da abubuwan da maza na Afirka suka fuskanta na tashin hankalin siyasa a matsayin hanyar tashi don yin la'akari da tsaka-tsakin jinsi da siyasa kuma an buga shi a cikin Jadawalin Aiki na Takardun Adalci na Jami'ar Oxford. An kuma ba ta lambar yabo ta Doctorate of Humane Letters (Honoris Causa) ta Kwalejin Whitman, Washington.Wannan Doctorate na Daraja ta gane aikinta na ilimi da himma ga daidaiton jinsi musamman a Afirka. Ta gabatar da jawabin farawa ga daliban da suka kammala karatun digiri na shekarar, 2017 a matsayin wani bangare na bikin karramawar. Kamau-Rutenberg kuma tana da digiri na biyu a fannin fasaha a Kimiyyar Siyasa daga Jami'ar Minnesota, Minneapolis da aka bayar a shekarar, 2005, da Bachelor of Arts a cikin Politics daga Kwalejin Whitman, Walla Walla, Washington da aka bayar a cikin shekara, 2001. Aiki A cikin Shekarar, 2005, Kamau-Rutenberg ta kafa Akili Dada, mai ba da jagoranci ga 'yan mata da mata matasa da ke Nairobi, Kenya don magance rashin wakilcin mata a matsayin jagoranci a Afirka. Kamau-Rutenberg kuma ta yi aiki a matsayin Mataimakin Farfesa a Jami'ar San Francisco, San Francisco, California, daga Agusta shekara ta, 2008 zuwa Maris 2014.A lokacin aikinta na ilimi ta mayar da hankali kan siyasar taimakon agaji da ci gaban kasa da kasa, Siyasar Tallafin Duniya, Siyasar Afirka, Hulda da Kasa da Kasa, Siyasar Kabilanci da Kabilanci. Kamau-Rutenberg ta kuma yi aiki a matsayin malami a fannin hulda da kasa da kasa a Kwalejin Jami'ar Hekima, Kwalejin Mazabu ta Jami'ar Katolika ta Gabashin Afirka, Nairobi, Kenya, daga Agusta shekara ta, 2013 zuwa Janairu 2014. A watan Maris na shekarar, 2014 aka nada ta a matsayin darektan Cibiyar Nazarin Aikin Noma ta Mata ta Afirka (AWARD) wadda Cibiyar Noma ta Duniya (ICRAF) ke da hedkwata a Nairobi, Kenya. AWARD tana saka hannun jari a masana kimiyyar noma, cibiyoyin bincike, da kasuwancin noma, suna ƙarfafa ikonsu na isar da sabbin abubuwan aikin gona mai dacewa da jinsi don wadatar da aikin noma a duk faɗin Afirka. A cikin shekarar, 2017 AWARD ta sanar da Ƙungiyar Planet One, $20M, shirin shekara 5 don saka hannun jari a cikin ayyukan masana kimiyya 600 da ke aiki don bincike don taimaka wa ƙananan manoman Afirka su dace da yanayin canjin yanayi. Matsayin hukumar Wanjiru tana da, kuma tana ci gaba da aiki a Hukumomi da yawa. A cikin Shekarar, 2021 an nada ta zuwa Hukumar Landesa, babbar kungiyar kare hakkin filaye ta duniya, da Hukumar Gidauniyar Syngenta. Har ila yau, tana aiki a Kwamitin Zaɓar Kyautar Abinci na Afirka, Hukumar Gidauniyar Wangari Maathai, da Kwamitin Ba da Shawarar Shugaban na Kwalejin Whitman. Har ila yau, tana zama a Majalisar Dokokin Gidauniyar Climate Foundation da Cibiyar Nazarin Ci gaba a Jami'ar Bonn. Ita memba ce ta Malabo Montpellier Panel, wani babban kwamiti na kwararru masu zaman kansu da ke tallafawa gwamnatocin Afirka da kungiyoyin farar hula gano da aiwatar da manufofin da ke inganta aikin noma, abinci da abinci mai gina jiki a duk fadin nahiyar. Tana kuma hidima a Hukumar Twaweza, Babban dandalin tattaunawa tsakanin jama'a da siyasa a gabashin Afirka. Kyaututtuka da karramawa 2003: MacArthur Doctoral Fellow], Shirin Tsare-tsare kan Canjin Duniya, Dorewa da Adalci, Fellowship Research Fellowship, Jami'ar Minnesota 2010: Mai nasara, Kasuwar Ra'ayoyin, Ƙungiyar Haɗin Kan Jama'a ta Majalisar Dinkin Duniya, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil 2011: Kyautar Thomas I. Yamashita, Cibiyar Nazarin Canjin Jama'a, Jami'ar California a Berkeley 2012: 100 Mafi Tasiri a Afirka, Sabuwar Mujallar Afirka 2012: Champion of Democracy a cikin East Africa, Ford Foundation 2012: White House Champion of Change, United States White House da United States Department of State 2013: Mafi Tasirin Matan Afirka a Kasuwanci da Gwamnati, Nasara, Rukunin Ƙungiyoyin Jama'a, Nairobi. 2014: Manyan mata 40 da ke ƙasa da shekara 40, Business Daily, Nairobi, Kenya. 2016: Africa's Most Influential Women, New African Magazine, London, U.K 2017: Doctor na Haruffa na Humane (Honoris Causa), Kwalejin Whitman, WA Amurka 2018: Archbishop Desmond Tutu Leadership Fellow, Cibiyar Shugabancin Afirka, Jami'ar Oxford, Cape Town, Afirka ta Kudu 2018: 20 Fuskokin Kimiyya, Makon Kimiyyar Afirka, Kenya 2021: Matan Afirka 100 Mafi Tasiri, Avance Media 2021: 27 Ƙarfafa Mata Masu Sake Tsarin Abinci 2021: 100 Mafi Tasirin Mata a Siyasar Jinsi, Siyasa
61176	https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bouzid%20Boushaki	Bouzid Boushaki	Bouzid Boushaki Bouzid ibn Mahamed al-Boushaki) (1935 CE 2023 CE) wani sojan Aljeriya ne kuma dan siyasa wanda ya halarci yakin neman 'yancin kai na Aljeriya, sannan kuma ya kasance shugaban kungiyar gamayyar kungiyar ma'aikata ta Aljeriya kuma babban manajan kamfanonin jama'a na kasar Aljeriya. Iyali An haifi Bouzid Boushaki a shekara ta 1935 a garin Ménerville (yanzu Thenia) da Faransa ta yi wa mulkin mallaka, kudu maso gabashin garin Boumerdès na Kabylia na yanzu, kimanin kilomita 50 gabas da babban birnin Algiers da kuma iyakar gabashin filin Mitidja. da danginsa masu daraja na cikin rukunin zamantakewa na Chorfas Morabitone, wanda ya fito daga malamin tauhidin musulmi na Malikite Sidi Boushaki (1394-1453), wanda ya kafa Zawiya na Sidi Boushaki a 1442 a cikin karni na 15. Mahaifinsa, Mahamed Boushaki (1907-1995), an haife shi a ƙauyen kakanni na Soumâa, kudu da Ménerville, kuma ya zama ɗan kasuwa mai arziƙi a sashin Algiers, mahaifiyarsa Fatma Stambouli (1912-1938), asalinta daga kauyen Talilt (Aïth Si Ali) a cikin gundumar Beni Amrane na yanzu, kudu da lardin Boumerdès, kuma Mahamed ya zauna tare da mahaifinsa, dan siyasa Mohamed Seghir Boushaki (1869-1959), a tsakiyar birnin Ménerville. Inda ya gudanar tare da 'yan uwansa biyu Ali da Mohamed a Moorish cafe (wanda aka sani da Café Bouzid) kusa da kantin sayar da magunguna na Jérôme Zévaco, wanda aka dade ana zaba ko nada magajin garin Ménerville. Bouzid shi ne ɗa na biyu a cikin iyali bayan babban ɗan'uwansa Boualem Boushaki (1931-2003), kuma dukansu an haife su a cikin gidan iyali, wani babban gidan da ke Rue Verdun (yanzu Rue Hocine Koubi) a cikin Cité Siegwald, kusa da na tashar jirgin kasa ta birnin, daga cikin gidajen Faransa pied-noirs. A gaskiya ma, kabilar Boushaki Berber ta taka muhimmiyar rawa wajen tsayin daka da Faransanci tun ranar 5 ga Yuli, 1830 a lokacin da Faransa ta mamaye Aljeriya da kuma mamaye Kasbah na Algiers, kuma Sheikh Ali Boushaki (1809-1846) ya kasance wani yanki ne na Faransa. Acolyte na Emir Abdelkader da Sheikh Mohamed ben Zamoum a cikin 'yan gwagwarmayar 'yan mulkin mallaka har zuwa mutuwarsa a shekara ta 1846 a yakin da suke da sojojin mulkin mallaka na sojojin Afirka a yankin Col des Beni Aïcha (Tizi Naïth Aïcha). Kisan gillar da Faransa ta yi wa mutanen Kabyle da ke kusa da Ménerville, daga balaguron 1837 zuwa tawayen Mokrani a 1871, ya bar abin da ya biyo baya a cikin tunawa da 'yan asalin da suka tsira, kuma Bouzid Boushaki ya zana abin tunawa daga wannan labari na baka wanda ke ba da labarin zuwan mutanen. Faransanci ga kagara da ƙirjin kakanninsa da kisan kakansa Sheikh Ali Boushaki a cikin 1846 a tsakiyar yaƙi, da sake lalata Zauía na Sidi Boushaki da sojojin Faransa suka yi, haka nan a matsayin kwace daruruwan kadada na gonakin noma da rangwame ga manoma a yankin Faransa. Ilimi Bouzid Boushaki ya shiga shekarar farko na karatun firamare a watan Satumba na shekarar 1942 a makarantar maza ta Ménerville tare da wasu 'yan kasar Aljeriya da dama daga cikin yaran Faransa da dama na mazauna birnin neuralgic. Abokin karatunsa shi ne dan uwan mahaifinsa Rabah Boushaki, dan Ali Boushaki da Fatma Bouchou, da kuma mabiya addinin Musulunci Omar Rahmoune, Chakir Tadjer, Noureddine Mokhtari, Mohamed Bourenane, Ali Bouhaddi, Mohamed Belaïd da Ali Laoufi. An riga an fayyace hanyar karatunsu, tunda ’yan asalin ƙasar ba sai sun wuce zagayowar firamare ba, kuma an shiryar da su a lokacin gajeriyar karatunsu don rama jahilcinsu kawai a cikin harshen Faransanci, wanda aka yi niyya don shirya su su zama ƙwararrun masu aiki tare da rashin hankali. ayyuka a cikin mulkin mallaka. Hakika, an kori kanensa Boualem Boushaki daga shekara ta hudu a makarantar firamare a watan Yunin 1942 don samun karamin aiki a cikin birni tare da masu fafutuka, amma mahaifinsa Mahamed Boushaki da sauri ya dora shi kan hanyar zuwa karatun Alkur'ani a cikin Zawía na yankin Alma (a halin yanzu Boudouaou), wanda ake kira Zawía na Sidi Salem. Tun daga farkon shekara ta 1942, kuma a tsakiyar Operation Torch a lokacin yakin duniya na biyu da ya lalata nahiyar Turai, Boushaki ya fara ficewa a cikin wadannan karatun firamare inda ya fara wata gasa mai tsauri da abokin hamayyarsa na Faransa André Ferrer, duk da cewa ya samu nasara. Gaskiyar cewa Mai zama Alfred-Henri de Sulauze, magajin garin Ménerville a lokacin, ya yi aiki da yawa don ci gaba da samun nasarar ilimi wanda Faransawa kaɗai ke morewa. Daga nan Bouzid ya dage kan karatunsa na makaranta, kuma dan uwansa Boualem ya bukace shi da kada ya yi watsi da zaouia, kuma a karshen yakin duniya na biyu ya dawo magajin garin Jérôme Zévaco, wanda aka kora daga aikinsa a shekara ta 1939, kuma wannan ya dawo Bayan haka. kisan kiyashin da aka yi a ranar 8 ga watan Mayun 1945, ya kasance tare da manufar natsuwa da natsuwa da ke son samun tausayin 'yan kasar ta hanyar makaranta da aiki. Duk da nauyi da danniya da tsarin mulkin mallaka na Faransa, daga karshe Boushaki ya ci jarrabawar makarantar firamare ta shekaru shida da cancanta a ranar 6 ga Yuli, 1948, a gaban sauran abokin aikinsa, Yvon Rocamora, da 'yan jarida. Jaridun Aljeriya sun yada wadannan. sakamako a lokuta da yawa, a wannan yanayin jaridun Alger Républicain da L'Écho d'Alger. Yakin 'Yanci Daga ranar 1 ga watan Nuwamban shekarar 1954 zuwa washegarin bullar juyin juya halin 'yancin kai na Aljeriya a lokacin yana dan shekaru 19 kacal, ya kasance yana da cikakken shiri ta fuskar ilimi da siyasa da kuma ta zahiri wajen hada kai da goyon bayan 'yan tawaye masu kishin kasa na Aljeriya a kan sojojin makiya na mulkin mallaka da nufin yakar sojojin makiya. na kakkabewa da kifar da tsarin mulkin mallaka na Faransa daga kasar Aljeriya. Amma tare da hauhawa da kuma girma na mummunan matakin yaki da Faransawa masu dauke da makamai da kuma mazaunan pied-noir jim kadan kafin gudanar da taron Soummam a ranar 20 ga Agusta, 1956 da tsarin juyin juya hali na kasar Aljeriya, hare-haren makamai masu linzami da kuma juyin mulki. An damka wa Bouzid Boushaki zagon kasa a garin Ménerville da ke mulkin mallaka don sauke nauyin ramuwar gayya da Faransa ta yi kan yankunan tsaunuka da yankunan karkara. Wannan zagon kasa zai shafi rukunin juyin juya hali da Boushaki ke jagoranta a birnin, wanda ya kunshi 'yan bindiga goma sha biyu. Wadannan 'yan ta'addar za su samu gindin zama na tada kayar baya tare da ci gaba da kai hare-hare ta hanyar kai hari ga muradun Faransawa mazauna wannan birni mai mahimmanci na Ménerville (a halin yanzu Thénia), wanda ke da nisan kilomita 3 a arewacin ƙauyen Boushaki na asali da ake kira Soumâa. Babban yayansa, Boualem Boushaki, wanda ya yi aiki a matsayin ma’aikacin jinya a asibitin Ménerville, shi ne ya kula da aikin tare da ba shi bayanan da suka wajaba don shirya yadda aka sanya bam a harabar gidan waya da ke gaban hedkwatar kwamandan birnin da kuma kai dauki. Dole ne a yi waɗannan abubuwan fashewa kafin daren ranar 14 ga Yuli, 1956, daidai da bukukuwan Faransawa masu alaƙa da wannan muhimmin lokaci na shekara-shekara. Fashewar bam din ya yi ta kanun labarai da jaridun Aljeriya da na Paris, musamman daga wannan ofishin P.T.T. An ajiye shi a gaban Brigade na Jandarma na Faransa wanda ya ba da tabbacin tabbatar da zaman lafiya a birnin da kuma wargaza hanyoyin sadarwa na juyin juya hali na Aljeriya don ramawa da kuma tinkarar ayyukan zagon kasa iri-iri da suka shafi kadarorin noma na mulkin mallaka a kusa da wannan babbar hanya ta birnin. 'Yan uwan Bouzid, irin su jagoran juyin juya hali Yahia Boushaki (1935-1960) da kuma mayaƙin gwagwarmaya Mohamed Rahmoune (1940-2022), sun yi ta yawo a cikin matsugunan da ke kewaye da Ménerville suna kai farmaki kan muradun noma da soja na mazauna Faransa, da kuma ra'ayin jama'a. Dole ne birnin ya kasance cikin tashin hankali da tashin hankali, ko da kuwa wadannan ayyuka na juyin juya hali sun kare da mutuwar shahidai (shahid) a fagen girmamawa, kuma haka ne Bouzid Boushaki da kungiyarsa ta zagon kasa da suka yi kwanton bauna a cikin birnin, dole ne su goyi bayan kokarin da sojojin kasar suka yi. Jarumai. na National Liberation Army (ALN) a sashinta na tawaye da ke Ménerville, a tsakiyar gundumar yaki na uku, a yankin farko na 'yancin kai, gabashin wilaya na hudu mai tarihi. Kurkuku An kama Bouzid Boushaki a ranar 4 ga Yuli, 1956 a hannun 'yan sandan Faransa da sojojin Faransa a gidan danginsa da ke garin Ménerville, a Siegwald, kuma an kama Bouzid Boushaki da wuri ne biyo bayan bayanan sirri da ya harzuka ofishin gidan waya. Harin bama-bamai ya karkata kuma ya gaza, don haka kusan dukkanin ’yan tawayen birnin an yi garkuwa da su tare da azabtar da su kafin a kashe su ko a daure su. An yi babban azabtarwa kan Boushaki da abokan aikinsa a sansanin azabtarwa da cin zarafi na Ferme Gauthier da ke arewacin birnin Souk El Had. Daga nan sai Bouzid ya sha azaba mai tsanani da girgizar wutar lantarki daga Gégène kuma ya fuskanci mummunan rauni yayin da kuma aka binne shi tare da dan uwansa Mohamed Rahmoune a cikin ramukan ruwan inabi na wannan gidan inabin da aka canza, a tsakanin sauran wuraren noma, da masu aiwatar da hukuncin kisa Scarfo da Mathieu suka yi a sansanonin taro. da kuma kawar da jiki ba bisa ka'ida ba. Yawancin fursunonin da ake tsare da su a cikin wannan muguwar wuri mai banƙyama na azabtarwa da lalata da ƙazanta sun shiga cikin kunci, firgita, zafi da musgunawa da suka sha. Don haka, an boye gawarwakinsu da gawarwakinsu a cikin rijiyoyi ko kuma a jefa su cikin ruwan kogin Isser, kuma shugabannin 'yan tawayen biyu, Bouzid Boushaki da Mohamed Rahmoune, sun yi sa'a ta hanyar mu'ujiza, bayan wasu 'yan makonni na azabtarwa, zuwa gidan yarin Serkadji a kasar. da Kasbah na Algiers tare da shugabannin gida na juyin juya halin da za a yi hukunci. Mutuwa Bouzid Boushaki ya mutu a shekarar 2023 a gidansa da ke kan titin Ali Anou, kusa da kauyukan Soumâa, Gueddara da Meraldene. Daga nan aka binne shi kusa da mahaifinsa, Si Mahamed Boushaki (1907-1995), da kuma kusa da kakansa Mohamed Seghir Boushaki (1869-1959), da ɗan'uwansa Boualem Boushaki (1931-2003), a makabartar musulmi ta Thénia da ake kira Djebbana Ghorba. Littafi Mai Tsarki Duba kuma Malikiyya Sufiyya Zawiyet Sidi Boushaki Zawiyet Sidi Boumerdassi Zawiyet Sidi Amar Cherif Hanyoyin haɗin waje Shafin Bouzid Boushaki na Facebook Shafin Bouzid Boushaki na Google Knowledge Shafin Bouzid Boushaki na Familysearch Shafin Bouzid Boushaki na Findagrave Shafin Bouzid Boushaki na Geni Shafin Bouzid Boushaki na Rodovid Shafin Bouzid Boushaki na Werelate Shafin Bouzid Boushaki na Wikitree Manazarta Haihuwan 1935 Mutuwan 2023 Iyalin Boushaki Musulunci Musulmai Rahmaniyya Sufiyya 'Yan siyasa Pages with unreviewed
38880	https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vanessa%20Nakate	Vanessa Nakate	Articles with hCards Vanessa Nakate (an Haife ta ranar 15 ga watan Nuwamba ta shekara ta alif dari tara da casa'in da shida 1996,yar gwagwarmayar ce sannan tana kwatanta Adalci a yankin Yuganda. ta girma a yankin Kampala, kuma ta zama shahararriyar a watan Disamba na shekarata ta duba biyu da sha takwas 2018. bayan ta damu da yanayin zafi da ba'a saba ganin ta ba. Rayuwar farko Nakate ta girma ne a babban birnin Uganda wato kampala.Nakate ta kammala karatun digiri tare ta na farko a fannin kasuwanci,a cikin digiri na talla daga Makarantar Kasuwancin Jami'ar Makerere Ayyuka don yanayin Greta Thunberg ta yi wahayi zuwa ga fara motsin yanayi nata a Uganda, Nakate ta kuma fara yajin aikin kadaici kan rashin daukar mataki kan rikicin yanayi a cikin Janairu 2019. Tsawon watanni da dama ita kadai ce mai zanga-zanga a wajen kofar majalisar dokokin Uganda Daga ƙarshe, wasu matasa sun fara amsa kiran da ta yi a kan kafofin watsa labarun don wasu don taimakawa wajen jawo hankali ga yanayin dazuzzuka na Kongo. Nakate ya kafa kungiyar Matasa don Gabatar Afirka da kuma Rise Up Movement mai tushen Afirka. A cikin Disamba 2019, Nakate ya yi magana a taron COP25 a Spain, tare da matasa masu fafutukar yanayi Greta Thunberg da Alejandro Martínez. A farkon Janairun shekarar 2020, ta haɗu da kusan 20 sauran matasa masu fafutukar yanayi daga ko'ina cikin duniya don buga wasiƙa ga mahalarta taron tattalin arzikin duniya a Davos, suna kira ga kamfanoni, bankuna da gwamnatoci da su daina ba da tallafin albarkatun mai Ta kasance daya daga cikin wakilai biyar na kasa da kasa da Arctic Basecamp ya gayyace su zuwa sansaninsu a Davos yayin taron tattalin arzikin duniya; Daga baya wakilan sun shiga tattakin yanayi a ranar karshe ta dandalin. A watan Oktoba na 2020, Nakate ya ba da jawabi a Laccar Zaman Lafiya ta Duniya ta Desmond Tutu yana kira ga shugabannin duniya da su "tashi" kuma su amince da sauyin yanayi a matsayin rikici, daure shi da talauci, yunwa, cututtuka, rikici da cin zarafin mata da 'yan mata. "Sauyin yanayi mafarki ne mai ban tsoro da ya shafi kowane bangare na rayuwarmu," in ji ta. “Ta yaya za mu iya kawar da talauci ba tare da duba wannan rikicin ba? Ta yaya za mu iya cimma matsananciyar yunwa idan sauyin yanayi ya bar miliyoyin mutane ba su da abin ci? Za mu ga bala'i bayan bala'i, kalubale bayan kalubale, wahala bayan wahala idan ba a yi wani abu game da wannan ba." Ta kuma yi kira ga shugabanni da su bar wuraren jin dadinsu su ga hadarin da muke ciki su yi wani abu a kai. Wannan lamari ne na rayuwa da mutuwa.” Nakate ya fara aikin Green Schools Project, wani shiri na makamashi mai sabuntawa, wanda ke da nufin sauya makarantu a Uganda zuwa makamashin hasken rana da sanya murhu masu dacewa da muhalli a wadannan makarantu. Ya zuwa yanzu, aikin ya gudanar da ayyuka a makarantu talatin. A ranar 9 ga Yuli 2020 Vanessa Nakate ta yi hira da Angelina Jolie wanda mujallar Time ta shirya game da ƙarfi da mahimmancin muryoyin Afirka a cikin motsin adalci na yanayi. A watan Agusta, mujallar Jeune Afrique ta bayyana ta a cikin manyan 100 da suka fi tasiri a Afirka. A watan Agustan 2020, Vanessa Nakate ta haɗu da tsohon Sakatare-Janar na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya Ban Ki-Moon a Dandalin Alpbach don tattauna gwagwarmayar yanayi. A watan Satumba, Vanessa ta yi magana a kan wani kwamiti mai suna "Sparking Era of Transformational Climate Leadership" don Cibiyar Albarkatun Duniya; ta yi magana game da hangen nesanta a cikin "Tattaunawa da Masu Canjin Yanayi" na Oxfam. Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ta sanar da Vanessa Nakate a matsayin shugabar matasa na SDG 13 a cikin 2020 An nuna Nakate a cikin Mata 100 na OkayAfrica, wani dandali ne na musamman don karrama mata 100 ƙwararrun ƴan ƙasashen waje a lokacin watan tarihin mata. An ambaci Nakate a cikin manyan matasan Afirka masu tasiri a cikin 2020 ta YouthLead. Nakate ya kasance babban mai magana a Tattaunawar Canjin Makamashi ta Berlin 2021 akan 16 Maris 2021 tare da wasu manyan shugabannin duniya. Jawabin nata ya hada da sukar ma'aikatar harkokin wajen tarayyar Jamus a matsayin masu shirya bitar abubuwan da matasa masu fafutukar kare sauyin yanayi suka bayar wadanda ba a shafi sauran masu magana da aka gayyata ba. Da yake rubutawa a cikin The Guardian a watan Oktoba 2021, Nakate ya bayar da hujjar cewa kasashe da kamfanoni da ke da alhakin fitar da hayaki mai gurbata muhalli ya kamata su biya kasashen Afirka da al'ummomin Afirka asara da barnar da ta taso daga sauyin yanayi da suke fama da ita a yanzu. A cikin hirar 2019 da Amy Goodman don Dimokuradiyya Yanzu!, Nakate ta bayyana dalilinta na daukar matakin sauyin yanayi "Kasar ta ta dogara da noma sosai, saboda haka yawancin mutane sun dogara ne akan noma. Don haka idan aka lalata gonakinmu da ambaliyar ruwa, idan aka lalata gonakin da fari kuma amfanin amfanin gona ya ragu, hakan yana nufin farashin abinci zai yi tsada. Don haka sai wanda ya fi kowa gata ne kawai zai iya siyan abinci. Kuma su ne manyan masu fitar da iska a kasashenmu, wadanda za su iya tsira daga matsalar abinci, yayin da mafi yawan mutanen da ke zaune a kauyuka da yankunan karkara, suna fuskantar matsalar samun abinci saboda tsadar kayayyaki. Kuma wannan yana haifar da yunwa da mutuwa. A zahiri, a gundumara, rashin ruwan sama yana nufin yunwa da mutuwa ga marasa galihu.” An nada ta a matsayin jakadiyar UNICEF. Ra'ayin Siyasa Nakate yana kan majalisar Progressive International, ƙungiyar ƙasa da ƙasa da ke haɓaka siyasar hagu mai ci gaba Ta soki tsarin jari hujja, tana danganta shi da lalata muhalli Kece daga hoto A cikin Janairu 2020, kamfanin dillancin labarai na Associated Press (AP) ya cire Nakate daga hoton da ta fito a cikin nuna Greta Thunberg da masu fafutuka Luisa Neubauer, Isabelle Axelsson, da Loukina Tille bayan sun halarci taron tattalin arzikin duniya Nakate ya zargi kafafen yada labarai da halin wariyar launin fata. Kamfanin dillancin labaran Associated Press daga baya ya canza hoton kuma ya nuna babu wata manufa ta rashin lafiya, ba tare da gabatar da uzurin ta ba. A ranar 27 ga Janairu, 2020, editan zartarwa na AP, Sally Buzbee, ta aika sakon ban hakuri ta hanyar amfani da asusunta na sirri tana mai cewa ta yi nadama a madadin AP. Nakate ta mayar da martani da cewa ba ta yarda da kalaman AP ko uzurinsu ba, inda ta kara da cewa: “Duk da cewa wannan lamari ya cutar da ni da kaina, na ji dadi saboda ya kara daukar hankalin masu fafutuka a Afirka. .Watakila kafofin watsa labarai za su fara kula da mu ba kawai lokacin da mu ke fama da bala’o’in yanayi ba.” Kyauta Nakate ta sami lambar yabo ta dokar Haub muhalli na 2021 don karrama diflomasiyyarta ta 'yan ƙasa wajen kawo muryar tsararrakinta ga yaƙin neman zaɓe na muhalli na duniya da kuma ƙwazonta na fafutukar yanayi a Uganda da kuma bayanta. Vanessa Nakate da Wasu Matasa Masu fafutuka shida Wanda Babban Taron Matasa Masu fafutuka na 2020 ya karrama yayin Tattaunawa kai tsaye akan Duniyar Bayan-COVID-19. Haɗa Sama da Mutane 8,600 Daga Ƙasashe 100. Nakate tana cikin jerin mata 100 na BBC da aka sanar a ranar 23 ga Nuwamba 2020. Hakanan tana cikin jerin Time100 na gaba wanda mujallar TIME ta buga a ranar 17 ga Fabrairu 2021, kuma an nuna ta a bangon TIME's Nuwamba 8/15 ga Nuwamba, 2021. A cikin 2022, Nakate ta sami lambar yabo ta Helmut-Schmidt-Future-Future-Prize don jajircewarta, sabbin abubuwa, ayyukan da suka dace don amfanin gama gari na duniya da adalcin yanayi. Bundeskanzler-Helmut-Schmidt-Stiftung, Die Zeit da Sabuwar Cibiyar ne suka ba da kyautar. Littafi Mai Tsarki Hardback edition indicated, 256pages. Duba kuma Kelvin Doe Greta Thunberg Alexandria Villaseñor Nyombi Morris Evelyn Aham Elizabeth Wathuti Nassoshi Rayayyun mutane Haifaffun
30819	https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jerin%20Ma%27aikatun%20Muhalli	Jerin Ma'aikatun Muhalli	Ma'aikatar muhalli wata hukuma ce ta ƙasa ko ta ƙasa mai alhakin siyasa da ke da alhakin muhalli ko albarkatun ƙasa. Ana amfani da wasu sunaye daban-daban don gano irin waɗannan hukumomi, kamar Ma'aikatar Muhalli, Sashen Kula da Muhalli, Ma'aikatar Kare Muhalli, ko Sashen Albarkatun Kasa. Irin waɗannan hukumomin yawanci suna magance matsalolin muhalli kamar kiyaye ingancin muhalli, kiyaye yanayi, ci gaba da amfani da albarkatun ƙasa, da rigakafin gurɓata yanayi ko gurɓata muhalli. Ga jerin ma'aikatun muhalli ta ƙasa: Aljeriya Ma'aikatar Albarkatun Ruwa da Muhalli Argentina Ma'aikatar Muhalli da Ci gaba mai dorewa Hukumar kula da wuraren shakatawa ta kasa Ostiraliya Tarayya Sashen Noma, Ruwa da Muhalli Jihohi Sashen Muhalli da Ruwa (South Australia) Sashen Muhalli da Kimiyya (Queensland) Sashen Muhalli, Ƙasa, Ruwa da Tsare-tsare (Victoria) Sashen Tsare-tsare, Masana'antu da Muhalli (New South Wales) Sashen Masana'antu na Farko, Ruwa da Muhalli (Tasmania) Ma'aikatar Ruwa da Tsarin Muhalli (Yammacin Ostiraliya) Azerbaijan Ma'aikatar Ecology da Albarkatun Kasa Brazil Ma'aikatar Muhalli Bulgaria Ma'aikatar Muhalli da Ruwa Kambodiya Ma'aikatar Muhalli Kanada Ƙasa Muhalli da Canjin Yanayi Kanada Kifi da Tekun Kanada Albarkatun Kasa Kanada Lardi Sashen Muhalli da Karamar Hukumar (New Brunswick) Manitoba Conservation Ma'aikatar Muhalli, Kiyayewa da wuraren shakatawa Ma'aikatar albarkatun kasa da gandun daji Ma'aikatar Makamashi da Albarkatun Kasa (Quebec) Ma'aikatar Ci gaba mai ɗorewa, muhalli, da yaƙi da sauyin yanayi China, Jamhuriyar Jama'ar Kasar Sin Ma'aikatar Kimiyya da Muhalli tsohuwar Ma'aikatar Kare Muhalli (2008 2018) Hukumar Kula da Tsaro ta Nukiliya Ma'aikatar Albarkatun Kasa (aka National Park Administration) Hong Kong Ofishin Muhalli Sashen Kare Muhalli Ofishin Abinci da Lafiya Sashen Noma, Kamun Kifi da Kulawa Macau Sakatariyar Sufuri da Ayyukan Jama'a Croatia Ma'aikatar Gine-gine da Tsare Tsare-tsare Ma'aikatar Muhalli da Kariya Kuba Ma'aikatar Kimiyya, Fasaha da Muhalli Jamhuriyar Demokradiyyar Kongo Ma'aikatar Muhalli, Kare yanayi da yawon bude ido Denmark Ma'aikatar Yanayi da Makamashi Ma'aikatar Muhalli Hukumar gandun daji da dabi'a ta Danish Danish Geodata Agency Masar Ma'aikatar Muhalli Saudi Arabia Ma'aikatar Ruwa da Aikin Noma (Saudiyya) El Salvador Ma'aikatar Muhalli da Albarkatun Kasa Finland Hukumar Tsaro da Sinadarai ta Finnish Radiation da Hukumar Kare Nukiliya Faransa Ma'aikatar Noma, Abinci, Kifi, Al'amuran Karkara da Tsare Tsare-tsare Ma'aikatar Ecology, Ci gaba mai dorewa da Makamashi Jojiya Ma'aikatar Kare Muhalli da Noma Jamus Ma'aikatar Muhalli ta Tarayya, Kare yanayi da Tsaron Nukiliya (BMU) tare da: Umweltbundesamt (UBA) Hukumar Kula da Muhalli ta Jamus, wacce ke ba da tallafin kimiyya Hukumar Kula da Halittu ta Tarayya Bundesamt für kerntechnische Entsorgungssicherheit Hukumar Jamus don kare lafiyar nukiliya Bundesamt na Strahlenschutz Ma'aikatar Abinci da Aikin Gona ta Tarayya (BMEL) tare da: Hukumar Albarkatun Sabuntawa Cibiyar Nazarin Haɗari ta Tarayya da dai sauransu. Girka Ma'aikatar Muhalli, Makamashi da Sauyin yanayi Guatemala Ma'aikatar Muhalli da Albarkatun Kasa Honduras Sakatariyar Makamashi, Albarkatun kasa, Muhalli da ma'adinai Iceland Ma'aikatar Muhalli da Albarkatun Kasa Indiya Ma'aikatar Muhalli, dazuzzuka da sauyin yanayi Hukumar Kula da Gurbacewar Ruwa ta Tsakiya Majalisar Indiya ta Binciken Gandun daji da Ilimi Hidimar Dajin Indiya Indonesia Ma'aikatar muhalli da gandun daji Babban Darakta na Albarkatun Yanayi da Kare Muhalli Iran Sashen Muhalli Ireland Sashen Noma, Abinci da Ruwa Sashen Muhalli, Yanayi da Sadarwa Hukumar Kare Muhalli Isra'ila Ma'aikatar Kare Muhalli Italiya Ma'aikatar Muhalli (Italiya) Japan Ma'aikatar Muhalli Koriya, Jamhuriyar (Koriya ta Kudu) Ma'aikatar Muhalli Kuwait Hukumar Kula da Muhalli Lithuania Ma'aikatar Muhalli Luxembourg Sashen Muhalli Malaysia Ma'aikatar Muhalli da Ruwa Mexico Sakatariyar Muhalli da Albarkatun Kasa Hukumar gandun daji ta kasar Mexico Myanmar Ma'aikatar kiyaye muhalli da gandun daji Netherlands Ma'aikatar Lantarki da Kula da Ruwa New Zealand Ma'aikatar Kulawa Ma'aikatar Muhalli Ma'aikatar Masana'antu na Farko Nicaragua Ma'aikatar Muhalli da Albarkatun Kasa Najeriya Ƙasa Ma'aikatar Noma da Raya Karkara ta Tarayya Ma'aikatar Muhalli ta Tarayya Jihohi Ma'aikatar Muhalli ta Jihar Ribas Norway Ma'aikatar Noma da Abinci Ma'aikatar Muhalli Hukumar kula da yanayi da gurbatar yanayi Daraktan Gudanar da Hali Pakistan Ma'aikatar Muhalli Papua New Guinea Hukumar Kare Muhalli da Papua New Guinea. Peru Ma'aikatar Muhalli Philippines Sashen Muhalli da Albarkatun Kasa Ofishin Kula da Muhalli Mines da Geosciences Ofishin Ofishin Kula da Kasa Ofishin Kula da Daji Ofishin Ci gaban Binciken Muhalli Poland Ma'aikatar Muhalli Portugal Ma'aikatar Muhalli Romania Ma'aikatar Muhalli da Dazuzzuka Rasha Ma'aikatar Aikin Gona Sabis na Tarayya don Kula da Lafiyar Dabbobi da Kula da Jiki Hukumar Kamun Kifi ta Tarayya Ma'aikatar Albarkatun Kasa da Muhalli Sabis na Tarayya don Hydrometeorology da Kula da Muhalli Ma'aikatar Tarayya don Kula da Albarkatun Kasa Hukumar Kula da Ruwa ta Tarayya Hukumar Kula da Gandun Daji ta Tarayya Hukumar Kula da Ma'adanai ta Tarayya Singapore Ma'aikatar Dorewa da Muhalli Hukumar Kula da Muhalli ta Kasa Hukumar kula da wuraren shakatawa ta kasa Afirka ta Kudu Sashen Noma, Gyaran Kasa & Raya Karkara Sashen Muhalli, Gandun Daji & Kamun Kifi Koriya ta Kudu Ma'aikatar Abinci, Noma, Gandun Daji da Kamun Kifi Ma'aikatar Muhalli Spain Ma'aikatar Canjin Muhalli da Ƙalubalen Alƙaluma Ma'aikatar Noma, Kifi da Abinci Sri Lanka Ma'aikatar Ayyukan Agrarian da namun daji Sashen Kula da Namun Daji Ma'aikatar Ci gaban Mahaweli da Muhalli Sashen Kula da Daji Sweden Ma'aikatar Muhalli Hukumar Kare Muhalli Yaren mutanen Sweden Chemicals Agency Switzerland Ma'aikatar Muhalli, Sufuri, Makamashi da Sadarwa na Tarayya Jamhuriyar China (Taiwan) Gudanar da Kare Muhalli, Babban Yuan Tanzaniya Ma'aikatar Albarkatun kasa da yawon bude ido Tailandia Ma'aikatar Albarkatun Kasa da Muhalli (Thailand) Turkiyya Ma'aikatar Makamashi da Albarkatun Kasa Ma'aikatar Muhalli da Birane Ma'aikatar Kula da Daji da Ruwa Ukraine Ma'aikatar Ecology Ƙasar Ingila Sashen Muhalli, Abinci da Rural (DEFRA) Ingila Hukumar Muhalli (kariya da tsari) Hukumar kula da gandun daji Tarihi Ingila (abubuwan tarihi da gine-gine) Halitta Ingila (tsara) Ireland ta Arewa Sashen Noma, Muhalli da Karkara Hukumar Muhalli ta Arewacin Ireland (kariya, kiyayewa, da abubuwan tarihi da gine-gine) Sashen Muhalli (Arewacin Ireland), narkar da 2016 Scotland Muhalli na Tarihi Scotland (abubuwan tarihi da gine-gine) Hukumar Kare Muhalli ta Scotland (kariya da ƙa'ida) Gadon Halitta na Scotland (tsara) Wales Cadw (Monuments da gine-gine) Albarkatun Kasa Wales (kariyar muhalli da kiyayewa) Amurka Ƙasa Majalisar kan ingancin muhalli Ma'aikatar Aikin Gona ta Amurka Sabis na gandun daji na Amurka Ma'aikatar Tsaro ta Amurka Ma'aikatar Makamashi ta Amurka Ma'aikatar Cikin Gida ta Amurka Ofishin Kula da Kasa National Park Service Amurka Kifi da Sabis na Namun daji Binciken Kasa na Amurka Hukumar Kare Muhalli ta Amurka Jiha Yanki Sashen Albarkatun Halitta da Muhalli na Puerto Rico Uruguay Ma'aikatar Muhalli Venezuela Ma'aikatar Muhalli da Albarkatun Kasa Duba kuma Ministan muhalli Jerin ma'aikatun noma Jerin kungiyoyin muhalli Jerin ma'aikatun gandun daji Jerin sunayen ministocin muhalli Jerin sunayen ministocin sauyin yanayi
32036	https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adl%C3%A8ne%20Guedioura	Adlène Guedioura	Adlène Guedioura an haife shi a ranar 12 ga watan Nuwamba 1985) ƙwararren ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ne na Aljeriya wanda ke taka leda a matsayin ɗan wasan tsakiya ga ƙungiyar ƙwallon ƙafa ta Aljeriya. A matakin kulob din, Guedioura ya yi wasa a Sedan, Noisy-le-Sec, L'Entente SSG da Créteil a Faransa, Kortrijk da Charleroi a Belgium, Wolverhampton Wanderers, Nottingham Forest, Crystal Palace, Watford, Middlesbrough da Sheffield United a Ingila, da Al-Gharafa a Qatar. An haife shi a Faransa, a matakin kasa da kasa yana wakiltar Algeria, mahaifar mahaifinsa wanda shi ma ya taka leda a kungiyar. An san Guedioura don harbin dogon zango mai ƙarfi. A cikin lokacin 2011 12, ya ci "Goal of the Season" a duka Nottingham Forest da Wolverhampton Wanderers. Ana tunanin shi ne dan wasan kwallon kafa na farko da ya taba lashe kyautar kungiyoyin biyu a kakar wasa daya. Rayuwar farko Guedioura, an haife shi a La Roche-sur-Yon, Faransa, Mahaifiyarsa'yar Sipaniya (Enriqueta Soreira Pons, tsohuwar ƙungiyar ƙwallon kwando ta mata ta Spain da kuma tsohon ɗan wasan Algeria Nacer Guedioura. Aikin kulob/ƙungiya Farkon aiki Ya fara buga kwallon kafa mai son tare da Racing Paris a matakin matakin kwallon kafa na biyar na Faransa, inda kyawunsa a kungiyar ya jawo hankalin kulob din Sedan na Ligue 2, wanda ya koma a 2004. Guedioura ya yi ƙoƙari ya sami damar samun damar ƙungiyar ta farko a Sedan kuma ya bar kulob ɗin a 2005 don shiga ƙungiyar Noisy-le-Sec ta huɗu. Ya buga wasanni 15 gaba daya a kungiyar inda ya zura kwallo daya. Daga nan ya koma mataki na uku tare da L'Entente SSG a cikin 2006. Ya buga wasanni 21 a kungiyar, inda ya zura kwallaye 3. Ya rattaba hannu a kungiyar US Créteil-Lusitanos ta Faransa a 2007, inda ya zira kwallaye 6 a wasanni 24. Belgium Guedioura ya koma Belgium a lokacin rani na 2008, ya koma Belgian Pro League Kortrijk kan yarjejeniyar shekaru biyu. Ya yi jimillar wasanni 10 a Kortrijk. Ya shafe rabin kakar wasa tare da kungiyar kuma ya koma kungiyar ta Pro League Charleroi a cikin Janairu 2009, kuma ya sanya hannu kan kwantiragin shekara da rabi. Ya buga wasanni 25 a kungiyar a matsayin kaftin, inda ya zura kwallo daya, kafin ya koma kungiyar Wolverhampton Wanderers ta kasar Ingila aro a watan Janairun 2010 har zuwa karshen kakar wasa ta bana. Wolverhampton Wanderers A cikin sa'o'i 24 da isowarsa Wolves, ya fara buga wasansa na farko a matsayin wanda zai maye gurbinsa a wasan da suka tashi babu ci da Liverpool, nan da nan ya zama dan wasa na yau da kullun yayin da kulob din ya tabbatar da tsira a gasar Premier a karon farko. Ya fara wasan Wolves na farko a wasan da suka doke Tottenham da ci 1-0 a ranar 10 ga Fabrairu 2010. Ya ci kwallonsa ta farko a kulob din a wasan karshe na kakar wasa ta bana don samun nasara a kan Sunderland, bayan haka an tabbatar da cewa ya rattaba hannu kan kwantiragin shekaru uku kan kudin da ba a bayyana ba, ana kyautata zaton yana yankin. £2m. Guedioura ya sami karaya bayan da Steve Sidwell na Aston Villa ya fafata a ranar 26 ga Satumba 2010. A ranar 30 ga Maris, Guedioura ya dawo wa Wolves bayan watanni 6 yana jin rauni a karawar da Blackpool Reserves, ya buga cikakken mintuna 90 kuma ya ci wasan 2–1, tare da Guedioura ya zura kwallo a ragar yadi 25. A ranar 9 ga Afrilu, Guedioura ya fara bayyanar da tawagarsa bayan watanni 6 ya ji rauni a Wolves, yana wasa 75 mintuna a gasar Premier League Everton. A ranar 8 ga watan Mayu ya zira kwallonsa ta farko a gasar Premier ta 2010/2011 yayin nasarar 3-1 a wasan gida da West Bromwich Albion. Nottingham Forest A ranar 30 ga Janairu 2012, Guedioura ya koma kungiyar Nottingham Forest ta Championship a matsayin aro har zuwa karshen kakar wasa. Guedioura ya fara buga wa wasa a Nottingham Forest a cikin rashin nasara da suka ci 0-2 da Burnley a ranar 31 ga Janairu 2012. Manajan Forest Steve Cotterill ya yaba wa Guedioura saboda 'zuciya da ruhinsa' yayin da yake taka leda a Forest, kuma Sky Sports ya bayyana shi a matsayin "wanda aka fi so tare da amintaccen gandun daji" saboda "nuna ayyukansa duka." Ya zura kwallonsa ta farko kuma daya tilo ga Forest a kakar 2011–12 tare da yajin yadi 35 a wasan da suka doke Leeds United da ci 7–3. Kwallon ta lashe kyautar Goal of the Season na Nottingham Forest. A ranar 23 ga watan Yuli 2012, Guedioura ya shiga Nottingham Forest na dindindin kan kuɗin da ba a bayyana ba, an yi imanin £1m ne. Ya sanya hannu kan kwantiragin shekaru uku. Ya tambayi mabiyansa na Twitter ko ya kamata ya sanya riga 22 ko lamba 7 a kulob din. Washegari ya sanar da cewa zai saka lamba 7, wanda kulob din ya tabbatar ba da jimawa ba. Guedoura ya zira kwallon da ta yi nasara ga Nottingham Forest a ranar farko ta kakar wasa, a wasan da suka ci Bristol City 1-0. A ranar 10 ga Nuwamba Guedoura ya zura kwallo a ragar Leicester City FC inda aka tashi 1-1, wasan ya tashi 2-2. Makonni biyu bayan haka a ranar 24 ga Nuwamba ya zura kwallo a ragar tsohuwar kungiyarsa ta Wolverhampton Wanderers tare da alamar kasuwanci mai tsayi. Crystal Palace A ranar 3 ga Satumba 2013, Guedioura ya kammala ƙarshen ranar ƙarshe ya koma Crystal Palace ta Premier League kan kuɗin da ba a bayyana ba, sanya hannu kan yarjejeniyar shekaru uku. Ya buga wasansa na farko a kulob din a ranar 14 ga Satumba 2013, zuwa ga zakarun gasar zakarun Turai Manchester United, yana zuwa a matsayin wanda zai maye gurbin José Campaña na mintuna na 56. Watford A ranar 1 ga watan 26 Nuwamba 2014, Guedioura ya koma Watford a matsayin aro har zuwa 1 ga Janairu 2015. Guedioura ya ci wa Watford kwallaye biyu a wasansu da Cardiff City a ranar 28 ga Disamba 2014. Guedioura ya dawo daga yarjejeniyar aro a watan Janairun 2015 kuma sabon koci Alan Pardew ya yi amfani da shi nan da nan yana wasa a matsayin wanda zai maye gurbinsa a wasan da suka doke Tottenham 2-1. Pardew ya ci gaba da ambaton Guerdioura a matsayin "maverick" da kuma ma'aunin dan wasan da Crystal Palace ke bukata don kauce wa koma baya. Guedioura ya koma Watford akan yarjejeniyar lamuni ta gaggawa akan 27 ga Fabrairu 2015. Bayan nasarar lamuni biyu na nasara a Watford a cikin kakar 2014-15, an cimma yarjejeniya tsakanin Crystal Palace da Watford a canja wuri na dindindin a ranar 1 ga watan Satumba 2015. Guedoura ya sanya hannu kan yarjejeniyar shekaru uku tare da "The Hornets." Middlesbrough A ranar 31 ga watan Janairu 2017, an sanar da cewa Guedioura ya koma kulob din Premier League Middlesbrough kan kwantiragin shekaru biyu da rabi kan kudin da ba a bayyana ba. Koma zuwa Nottingham Forest A ranar 31 ga Janairu 2018, ranar ƙarshe na canja wurin, an tabbatar da cewa Guedioura ya koma Nottingham Forest, a kan kwangilar da ke gudana har zuwa ƙarshen kakar 2020-21, tare da tsohon manajan Middlesbrough Aitor Karanka. Ya koma City Ground a kan canja wuri kyauta, bayan da aka soke kwantiraginsa da Middlesbrough ta hanyar amincewar juna. Ya buga wasansa na farko a kungiyar tun bayan tafiyarsa a baya, a ranar 10 ga watan Fabrairu, lokacin da suka yi rashin nasara da ci 2-0 a hannun Hull City da ba ta taka rawar gani ba, inda aka sauya dan Algeria a minti na 77 na gasar. Sheffield United A ranar 13 ga watan Satumba 2021, Guedioura ya rattaba hannu kan kwantiragin shekara guda tare da kungiyar EFL Championship Sheffield United. A ranar 1 ga watan Fabrairu, 2022, Guedioura ya dakatar da kwantiraginsa ta hanyar yardar juna. MC Oran A ranar 19 ga watan Fabrairu, 2022, hukumar gudanarwar MC Oran ta yi kokarin daukar shi aiki amma canja wurin ya ci tura. Burton Albion A ranar 25 ga watan Fabrairu 2022, Guedioura ya shiga ƙungiyar EFL League One Burton Albion akan ɗan gajeren kwantiragin har zuwa ƙarshen lokacin 2021–22. A ranar 11 ga Afrilu, 2022 Guedioura ya fice ta hanyar amincewar juna bayan ya yi gwagwarmaya a tinkarar Algeria ba ta shiga gasar cin kofin duniya ta FIFA 2022 Ayyukan kasa Guedioura ya sami karramawar farko a duniya lokacin da aka saka shi cikin tawagar farko ta Algeria a gasar cin kofin duniya ta 2010. Ya buga wasansa na farko a duniya a ranar 28 ga Mayu 2010 a wasan da suka doke Jamhuriyar Ireland da ci 0–3, kafin a tabbatar da shi a cikin tawagar karshe da za ta buga gasar a Afirka ta Kudu. Ya bayyana a matsayin wanda zai maye gurbinsa a dukkan wasannin rukuni uku na Algeria a lokacin gasar da Slovenia, Ingila da kuma Amurka inda kungiyar ta kare a kasan rukuninsu. A ranar 3 ga watan Satumbar 2010, Guedioura ya zura ƙwallaye a wasan da suka tashi 1-1 gida da Tanzania a wasan neman tikitin shiga gasar cin kofin Nahiyar Afirka na 2012, wanda ya baiwa ƙungiyar damar cimma maki na farko na yaƙin neman zaɓe da kuma burinsa na farko a duniya. Daga karshe Aljeriya ta kasa samun tikitin shiga gasar, amma an zabi Guedioura a cikin 'yan wasa uku wadanda suka samu nasarar zuwa gasar a 2013, 2017 da 2019, inda suka kammala gasar a matsayin zakarun nahiyoyi tare da Guedioura mai suna a cikin 'kungiyar gasar'. Rayuwa ta sirri Guedioura dan tsohon dan wasan kasar Algeria ne, Nacer Guedioura Kanensa Nabil Guedioura shi ma dan wasan kwallon kafa ne wanda ya taka leda a kungiyar ci gaban Crystal Palace U21 kuma a matakin mai son a Faransa. Guedoura musulmi ne. Kididdigar sana'a Kulob Ƙasashen Duniya Manufar kasa da kasa Maki da sakamako ne suka jera yawan kwallayen da Aljeriya ta ci. Girmamawa Kulob Watford EFL Gasar Zakarun Turai 2014–15 Ƙasashen Duniya Aljeriya Gasar Cin Kofin Afirka 2019 Mutum Goal na Watford na kakar wasa: 2015-16 (da Arsenal a gasar cin kofin FA ranar 13 ga Maris 2016) Tawagar Gasar Cin Kofin Afirka: 2019 Manazarta 'Yan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ta ƙasar Aljeriya Rayayyun mutane Haifaffun 1985 Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba
2484	https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaduna%20%28jiha%29	Kaduna (jiha)	Jihar Kaduna wace Ake mata kirari da (Cibiyar Ilimi), ta samu wannan sunan ne ganin Allah ya azurta ta da makarantu na Ilimi, Kaduna jiha ce dake a Arewacin Najeriya. Babbar cibiyar birnin Jihar na da suna Kaduna, wanda ta kasance birni ta 8 mafi girma daga cikin biranen ƙasar Najeriya. Kamar yadda yake dangane a ƙiyasin shekara ta 2006. An ƙirƙiri Jihar Kaduna shekara 7 bayan samun ƴancin kai, an ƙirƙire ta a shekarar 1967, da sunan Jihar Tsakiyar Arewa, wadda kuma ta haɗa da Jihar Katsina ta yanzu, Kaduna ta samu iyakar ta ne a shekarar 1987. Kaduna Ita ce jiha ta uku mafi girman ƙasa kuma ta haɗa da yawan mutane daga cikin sauran Jihohin Najeria, ana ma Jihar Kaduna laƙabi ko kirari da Cibiyan koyon Ilimi (Centre of Learning,) saboda ta kasance tana da manyan makarantu na gaba da sakandare masu muhimmanci, kamar su Jami'ar Ahmadu Bello, Jami'ar Tsaro ta Najeriya da dai sauran su. Asalin suna Jihar Kaduna ta samo sunan ta Kaduna ne daga kalmar kada, jam'in kalmar Kadduna, sai aka cire harafin ''D" sai ya koma "Kaduna". A wani ƙaulin kuma, an ce kalmar ta Kaduna ta samo asali ne daga yaran Gwari, sun kasance Odna suna nufin "Kogi" kasancewar kaduna a zagaye take da rafuka. Tambarin Jihar Kaduna dai shi ne hoton Kada. Tarihi A zance mafi inganci ba a san lokacin da mutane suka fara rayuwa ba a yankin Kaduna, amma akan iya tina garin a wasu ma'aunai na tarihi da suka shuɗe, kuma hakan ya faru ne kasancewar yawan ƙabilun da ke zaune a cikin garin, Haƙiƙa birnin ya kafu ne tun kafin zamanin Usman ɗan Fodiyo wato tun tale-tale can a shekarun baya, birnin Kaduna ya kasance cibiyar jamhuriyyar Arewa tun daga shekarar 1917, har zuwa shekarar 1967, tarihi ya nuna cewa an mallake kaduna ne ga masu mulkin mallaka na turawan ƙasar Birtaniya, babban kwamandan yaƙin mulkin mallaka Frederick Lugard ya kwace Kaduna a shekarar 1897, da shi da sauran yan koransa. Daga baya kuma suka yi hadin gwuiwa tsakanin Kudancin Najeriya da kuma arewacin Najeriya a shekarar 1914. Wasu daga cikin tsofaffin garuruwan Kaduna sun haɗa da Zariya, Kafanchan da kuma Nok, wanda waɗannan garuruwan tarihi ya kasa riskan farkon garuruwan da tarihinsu tun asali. Garin Zaria shi ne tsohon gari a duk faɗin yankin Kaduna, wanda ake tunanin an kafa garin ne a shekarar 1536, wanda a wannan lokacin garin baya da suna, amma daga bisani ana kiran garin da sunan wata shahararriyar sarauniya wato Amina (Sarauniya Amina). Sannan Kaduna ta kasance cibiyar addinin musulunci a yankin arewa, kuma daga ciki ne aka baiwa Katsina jiha. Kaduna birni ne na Hausawa ko dayake daga baya Kaduna ta kasance tana ɗaya daga cikin manyan biranen da sukafi tara kabilu daban-daban, a kalla akwai kabilu a cikin Kaduna da suka kusan 57. Jihar Kaduna a da ta hada manyan jahohi a cikinta irin su Katsina, kafin daga bisani aka cire su aka mayar da su Jihohi masu zaman kansu, a da Jihar Kaduna ita ce babban birnin tarayyar yankin arewacin najeriya a zamanin mulkin mallaka na turawa, kafin a bata babban birnin, da Zungeru a1903 zuwa1923) dake Lokoja a (1897 zuwa 1903) su ne manyan biranan. A shekarar 1923 zuwa 1966 aka bama Kaduna babban birnin tarayyar yankin arewacin najeriya. Jahar Kaduna ita ce ta huɗu 4 a jadawalin jihohin da suka fi fadin kasa a Najeriya, kuma sannan ita ce ta 3 a jihohin da suka fi kowane yawan mutane a Najeriya. Babban birnin Jihar Kaduna Shi ne Kaduna Kananan Hukumomi Jihar Kaduna tana da matuƙar faɗin gaske, wanda faɗin ƙasar ta ya kai kimanin kilomita 46,053 km2, Kaduna ita ce jiha ta Huɗu da ta fi kowacce jiha girman ƙasa, kuma tana da ƙananan hukumomi guda 23, kowacce ƙaramar hukuma ta na da shugaba da ƙananan garuruwa, ƙananan hukomomi su ne kamar haka: Mulki A jihar Kaduna, akwai masu mulki daban-daban da suka haɗa da sarakuna, zaɓaɓɓun shuwagabanni na mulkin dimukuradiya, a jihar ta Kaduna akwai Gwamna, Ƴan Majalisa, ƴan majalisar Dattijai, da kuma Sarakuna masu mulkin gargajiya. Shuwagabanni a ɓangaren dimukuradiya ana zaɓen su ne duk bayan shekaru Huɗu, su kuma sarakunan gargajiya suna gada ne a wajen iyaye da kakanni, kuma zasu iya yin mulki iya tsawon rayuwar su, amma gwamna yana da cikakken ikon da zai iya cire/nada kowane sarki a jihar sa. Dimukuradiya A jihar Kaduna, akwai gwamna da mataimakin gwamna, kuma wadannan su ne masu cikakken mulki a cikin jihar ta Kaduna, kuma zaben su ake yi a duk bayan shekaru hudu, wanda yanzu haka Mallam Nasir Ahmad el-Rufa'i shi ne gwamnan jihar Kaduna da kuma Hadiza Sabuwa Balarabe a matsayin mataimakiyar gwamnan jihar ta Kaduna. A tsarin mulkin dimokuraɗiyya akwai ƴan majalisun jiha masu kula da dokokin jihar da kuma tsarinta, sannan akwai sanatoci uku masu kula da yanki uku na Jihar Kaduna su ne; Suleiman Abdu Kwari, Danjuma Laah da kuma Uba Sani. Mulkin Gargajiya Akwai sarakuna da hakimai a kowanne karamar hukuma da kuma gunduma, amman da manyan sarakunan gargajiya su ne kamar haka; Sarkin Zazzau Shehu Idris, sarkin Birnin gwari, sarkin Nok da kuma sarkin Kafanchan, wadannan sarakunan suna da ka'idojin salan mulki ga iya mutanan su kadai, sannan gwamnan jahar yana da cikakken ikon da zai sauke su ya daura wanda yake so. Kabilu Jahar Kaduna jaha ce mai tarin al’adu da ire-iren abinci daban-daban Kamar haka: Hausawa Fulani Gwarawa Katafawa Birom da dai sauran .Ire iren abinci: Tuwon masara da na dawa,da na gero da ɗan wake da dambu da fate da doya da dankalin Hausa da rogo da koko da dai sauran su. Addinai Addinai biyu sune manyan addinan jahar Kaduna, wato addinin Musulunci da kuma addinin kiristanci, kasancewar addinai ne manya akwai alaka mai tsami a tsakaninsu musamman a shekara ta 2000 zuwa ta 2001 an samu rikicin addini a jahar kaduna a bisa dalilin sharia'ar Musulunci da musulmai sukai kokarin assasawa amma sai aka samu rashin jituwa da kiristoci wai suna tsammanin in har shari'ar musulunci ta kafu, to suma zai shafesu shi yasa suka ki amincewa a dalilin haka rikici ya balle inda aka samu asarar rayuka da dimbin dukiya mai tarin yawa, bayan haka akasa Mutane 1000 suka rasa rayukansu. Bayan haka an kara samun rikicin addini a shekarar 2002 amma a halin yanzu akwai zamantakewa mai karfi tsakanin addinan guda biyu. Musulunci File: sultan bello mosque by Anasskoko 03.jpg\masallacin da yamma Ilimi Ilimin Zamani A fagen Ilmi kaduna ce cibiyar ilimi a arewacin Najeriya kaduna ce cibiyar makarantar horar da jami'an tsaro ta kasa wato Nigeria Defence Academy an kafaTa ne tun a shekarar 1964. Sai kuma babbar makarantar kimiyya da fasaha dake kaduna, wato Kaduna Polytechnic an kafa ta ne a shekarar 1968, sai kuma jami'ar Ahmadu Bello dake Zariya ita kuma ta kafu a shekarar 1962.Bayan haka akwai Jami'ar jahar Kaduna (kasu) da Nuhu bamalli polytechnic Zaria da college of education gidan waya da dai sauran manyan cibiyoyin ilimi. Lallai kaduna duniya ce ta ilmi wannan dalilin ne yasa kaduna tayi fice a jahohin Nigeria ta ko'ina ana barkowa daga sassa daban-daban na Najeriya ana wajajeu n neman ilimi a jahar ta kaduna domin ita jahar kaduna ta bambanta da sauran jahohin Arewacin Najeriya. Jadawalin manyan makarantu Jami'ar Jihar Kaduna Kwalejin Horar da Manyan Jami'an Soja Nigerian Defence Academy (NDA), Kaduna Jami'ar Greenfield University Kaduna Kwalejin share fagen shiga jami'a wato National Open University of Nigeria. Kaduna. Air Force Institute of Technology, Kaduna Kwalejin horar da malamai National Teachers Institute (NTI), Kaduna Kwalejin unguwar-zoma School of Midwifery Kaduna Kaduna Polytechnic (1968), Kaduna Hukumar kula da ilimin addinin Musulunci da harshen Larabci Kaduna Business School. Ilimin Addini A cikin jahar kaduna ana karantar da ilimin addini matuka, cibiyar addini na bangaren Izala, shi'a, Ɗariƙar Tijjaniya da salafiyya duka suna cikin garin jahar kaduna. Gina gine Gina-ginan al'ada Gina-ginan zamani Kiwon Lafiya Jahar Kaduna ta na da manya asibitoci da kananan gurin kula da lafiya sama da dubu 10 a fadin jihar Wasanni Akwai dandalin Murtala Mohammed Square inda ake wasanni da kuma motsa jiki, a ciki akwai Kaduna Polo Club da kuma Kaduna Golf Club kuma akwai sitadiyam mai suna Ahmadu Bello Stadiyam da Ranchers Bees Stadiyam Sadarwa Kafofin yada labarai (Talabijin) Nigerian Television Authority Kaduna (NTA) Kaduna State Media Corporation TV (KSTV) Desmims Independent Television (DITV) Liberty TV Kafofin yada labarai (Gidan Rediyo) A.M masu nisan zango sun hada da: 639 MW Kada 1 (KSMC) 747 MW Nagarta Radio 594 MW FRCN (Hausa), Kaduna 1107 MW FRCN (English), Kaduna F.M masu matsakaicin zango sun hada da: Brila FM Kada 2 FM, Kaduna (KSMC) Capital Sounds FM, Kaduna (KSMC) Liberty Radio (English) Kaduna Karama FM, Kaduna (FRCN) Freedom Radio FM, Kaduna Supreme FM, Kaduna (FRCN) Alheri Radio FM, Kaduna Invicta FM, Kaduna Liberty Radio (Hausa) Kaduna Ray Power FM Kaduna Vision FM Tattalin arziki Kaduna cibiya ce ta masana'antun arewa, kamar masana'antar karafa, masaka,matatar man fetur ta ƙasa, ginin tukwane, Kaduna garine wanda ake kasuwanci kasancewar yawan mutane da kuma cunkosa, akwai kasuwanni dayawa a cikin garin kaduna,galibi ma kusan kowanne anguwa a cikin babban birnin kaduna tana da kasuwan ta. Masana'antu A cikin kaduna akwai babban kampanin matatan mai, me suna kaduna Refining and Petrochemical Company (KRPC),wanda daya ne daga cikin manyan kampanonin matatan mai da'ake dasu a Najeriya Kasuwanni Jahar tana da manyan kasuwanni kaman su kusuwan kasuwar sheikh Abubakar gumi,fanteka,kasuwar chechenia, kasuwan magani,kasuwar kawo, kasuwar bacci,kasuwan tudun wadan zaria. Sufuri Babbar hanyar data ratsa ta cikin gari ana kiranta Ahmadu Bello way. Kaduna tanada babbar kasuwa wadda aka gina tun a shekarun 1990s bayan ta fuskanci mahaukaciyar gobara. Acikin garin kaduna akwai hanyoyin jiragen kasa wadda ake sufuri daga kaduna zuwa wasu sassan Najeriya. Jiragen kasa Akwai hanyoyin layin dogo na jiragen kasa wadanda aka gina tun a watan satumba shekarar alif 2009 mai nisan tazarar kilomita 1,435 mm (4ft 81/2) zuwa babban birnin tarayya Abuja. Jiragen sama bayan haka akwai filayen jiragen sama guda biyu wato Filin Jirgin Saman Jihar kaduna da kuma filin jirgin sama na chanchangi wato Chanchangi Airlines wadda ake sufuri daga jahar zuwa jaha ko daga Nigeria zuwa kasashen ketare. Sufurin motoci Jahar kaduna tana da hukumar dake kula da tafiye-tafiye a fannoni sifirin motoci, wacce ak kira da KSTA.'. Wuraren bude ido Lugard Hall Government Monument Bridge General Hassan park Man-made kaduna Nok Terra Cotta Nok Village Cultural kaduna National museum Jakaranda pottery kaduna souvenir Hotuna Sanannun mutane mazauna kaduna Mohammed Namadi Sambo Shehu Sani tsohon sanata Ahmed Mohammed Makarfi Uba Sani sanata Abubakar Gumi Malamin Addinin musulunci Umar Farouk Abdulmutallab. Tijani Babangida Celestine Babayaro Michael Eneramo Fiona Fullerton Dahiru Sadi, Dan wasan kwallo Adam A Zango, jarumi a fina finan Hausa General hushishi sherhk Usman bauchi malamiN addini Col Sani Bello Mal Muntaqa Usman Bilbis, malamin addinin musulunci Hon Yusuf Hamisu Abubakar, mai rago Manazarta Jihohin
19881	https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ma%27aikatar%20Tsaron%20Najeriya	Ma'aikatar Tsaron Najeriya	Ma'aikatar Tsaro Ma'aikatar Gwamnatin Tarayyar Najeriya ce wacce ke da nauyin da ya rataya a wuyanta na kulawa da kuma kula da Sojojin Najeriya Ma'aikatar Tsaron tana karkashin jagorancin Ministan Tsaro ne, wanda ke matsayin shugaban majalisar zartarwa wanda ke bayar da rahoto kai tsaye ga Shugaban Tarayyar Najeriya. Karkashin ma'aikatar tsaro akwai wasu rundunoni guda hudu wadanda suke karkashinta: Hedikwatar tsaron Najeriya, Sojojin Najeriya, Sojojin ruwa da kuma Sojan Sama na Najeriya Ayyuka da horo na soja suna haɗuwa kuma suna sarrafa su ta waɗannan abubuwan haɗin. Babban aikinta shi ne “Don samar da ayyukan gudanarwa da tallafi, a kan lokaci da kuma yadda ya kamata don baiwa Sojojin Jamhuriyar Tarayyar Najeriya damar ginawa da kuma kula da dakaru na zamani, masu karfi, kwararru, kwararru, masu kwazo da shiri da shiri, kare yankin kasa, amfanin mashigar ruwa, sararin samaniya da kariya da kare kundin tsarin mulkin Tarayyar Najeriya, da kuma bayar da gudummawa wajen samar da zaman lafiya da ayyukan wanzar da zaman lafiya a duk duniya karkashin kungiyoyin yanki da na duniya wanda Najeriya mamba ce. Tarihi Ma'aikatar Tsaro ta kasance ne a ranar 1 ga Oktoban shekara ta 1958, lokacin da Ofishin Yakin ya ba da ikon mallakar sojojin ga gwamnatin kasa tattaunawar da aka yi a baya ta sanya aka kafa Ma'aikatar Tsaro. A cikin shekara ta 1956, a lokacin ziyarar Sarauniya Elizabeth ta II, an sake canzawa Regungiyar ta Najeriya Sarauniya ta Nigeriaasar Nijeriya, Royal West African Frontier Force a matsayin alamar yin mubaya'a ga Sarauniyar Ingila. A ranar 1 ga Mayun shekara ta 1958, aka kafa Sojan Tsaron Naval (NDF) a matsayin doka kuma ta sake sanya sunan Royal Nigerian Navy (RNN) A ranar 1 ga Yuni shekara ta 1958, British Army Council a London suka bar ikon Sojan Najeriya (NMF) ga Gwamnatin Najeriya. Bayan ƙirƙirar ta, an ba ma'aikatar alhakin a kan rassa biyu na sojojin da ke wanzuwa a wancan lokacin Royal Nigerian Army da Royal Nigerian Navy kuma daga baya suka kula da kafuwar Sojan Sama na Nijeriya a shekara ta 1964. Nauyi Manufofi da manufofin Ma'aikatar Tsaro wadanda suka samo asali daga Manufofin Tsaro na Ƙasa sune kamar haka: Kula da Sojojin Najeriya cikin yanayin shirin yaki a kasa, da ruwa da kuma iska. Kula da daidaito a cikin makamai da maza don biyan bukatun tsaro na ciki da na waje; Yin tanadi don jin dadin mazajen Sojojin ta fuskar horo, masauki, kiwon lafiya da sauran fa'idodi da nufin karfafa musu kwarin gwiwa. Inganta iyawa da wayewa na Masana'antun Tsaro na kasar domin rage dogaro da kasar kan hanyoyin samun kayan kasashen waje. Tabbatar da tsaro a Nahiyar Afirka ta hanyar gabatar da tsarin tsaro na hadin gwiwa ta hanyar hadin gwiwa tsakanin kasashen biyu, yanki da kuma nahiya daya don kawar da ta'adi daga waje da kuma cimma burin Afirka na manufar kasashen waje; kuma Ba da gudummawa ga zaman lafiya da kwanciyar hankali a duniya gaba ɗaya ta Majalisar Dinkin Duniya, Unionungiyar Tarayyar Afirka (AU) da Economicungiyar Tattalin Arziƙin Afirka ta Yamma (ECOWAS). .Kungiya Hedikwatar ta a Ship House a Abuja, Babban Birnin Tarayya. Tsarin ma'aikatar ya kunshi farar hula da sojoji. Ministan Tsaro, wanda Shugaban Najeriya ya nada tare da yardar Majalisar Dattawa, shi ne shugaban siyasa na Ma’aikatar Tsaro. Ministan wani lokacin karamin Ministan na taimaka masa. Babban Sakatare shi ne Akawu da Babban Jami’in Gudanarwa na Ma’aikatar. Yana daidaitawa da kuma jagorantar ayyukan sassan da sassan a cikin Ma'aikatar. Kungiyoyin soja Hedikwatar sabis na Sojojin Ma'aikatar ta ƙunshi waɗannan masu zuwa kamar haka: Hedikwatar tsaro Najeriya Shugaban hafsoshin tsaro Hedikwatar Sojojin Najeriya Babban hafsan Sojojin Hedikwatar Sojan Ruwa Najeriyar Babban hafsan Sojan Ruwa Hedikwatar Sojin Saman Najeriya Babban hafsan sojojin sama Ikon sarrafa sojojin, ayyukansu na haɗin gwiwa da horo suna kan Shugaban Hafsun Tsaro na Najeriya wanda Kuma ke kula da Ayyuka uku yayin da shugabannin hafsoshin uku ke da alhakin tafiyar da ayyukansu na yau da kullun. Kungiyar farar hula Cellungiyar wayewa sassa ne na aiki a cikin Ma'aikatar: Sabis ɗin haɗin gwiwa, Harkokin Soja, Harkokin Navy, Harkokin Sojan Sama, Ma'aikata, Tsare-tsaren Lissafi, Kuɗi da Lissafi, Siyarwa da kuma sassan shari'a kowannensu yana ƙarƙashin jagorancin darakta na farar hula. Cellungiyar farar hula a ƙarƙashin kulawar aiki na Daraktan farar hula na theungiyar Civilasa da Nigerianan Nijeriya tare da wasu gami da: Ma'aikatar Gudanar da Harkokin Dan Adam Ma'aikatar Kudi da Lissafi Sashen Shiryawa, Bincike da Kididdiga Sashen Siyarwa Sashen Shari'a Sashen Kula da Lafiya Sashen Ilimi Babban Sashen Ayyuka Sashin Bayanai da Hulda da Jama'a Sashen Inganta Haɓakawa da Inganta Ayyuka Kwanan nan, Ofishin Darakta a ƙarƙashin (Ofishin Babban Sakatare) Ayyuka na Musamman an ƙirƙire shi don kula da waɗannan sassan a cikin Ma'aikatar sine kama haka: Bangaren Sabis Na Hidima Sashin Gyara Binciken ciki Sashin Yaki da Cin Hanci da Rashawa da Gaskiya Na'urar Tabbatar da Hannun Jari Sashin ladabi; kuma Latsa kuma Sashin Hulda da Jama'a. Ma'aikata da hukumomi Bugu da kari, hukumomi uku suna karkashin Ma'aikatar Tsaro: Ofishin Jakadancin Tsaro, Hukumar Leken Asiri (DIA) da Makarantar Leken Asiri. Sauran hukumomin tsaro sun hada da Hukumar Fensho ta Soja (MPB), Cibiyar Sake Tsugunar da Sojojin Najeriya (NAFRC) da kuma Kamfanin Masana'antun Tsaro na Najeriya (DICON) Har ila yau, Ma'aikatar Tsaro na lura da cibiyoyin horar da yara wadanda suka hada da Kwalejin Tsaro ta kasa (NDC), Kwamandan Sojoji da Kwalejin Ma’aikata, Jaji (AFCSC), da Makarantar Tsaro ta Najeriya (NDA). Jerin ministocin Janar Domkat Bali Janar Sani Abacha Janar Theophilus Y Danjuma Injiniya. Rabiu Musa Kwankwaso Janar Aliyu Gusau Janar Munir Dan Ali Janar Bashir Salihi Magashi Manazarta Hanyoyin haɗin waje Ministocin
49072	https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/CFA%20franc%20na%20Tsakiyar%20Afrika	CFA franc na Tsakiyar Afrika	CFA ta Tsakiyar Afirka Faransanci franc CFA ko kuma franc kawai ISO code XAF gajarta: F.CFA kudin kasashe shida masu zaman kansu a Afirka ta Tsakiya Kamaru, Jamhuriyar Afirka ta Tsakiya, Chadi, Jamhuriyar Kongo, Equatorial Guinea da Gabon Wadannan kasashe shida suna da jimillar yawan jama'a 55.2 mutane miliyan (kamar na 2020), da jimlar GDP na sama da dalar Amurka 200 biliyan (kamar 2022). CFA na nufin Colonies françaises d'Afrique ("Faransa mazauna Afirka"); daga baya aka mayar da suna zuwa Coopération financière en Afrique centrale ("Haɗin gwiwar Kuɗi a Afirka ta Tsakiya"). Bankin Afirka ta Tsakiya (BEAC; Banque des États de l'Afrique Centrale wanda ke cikin Yaoundé, Kamaru, ne ya ba da shi ga membobin kungiyar Tattalin Arziki da Kuɗi na Afirka ta Tsakiya (CEMAC; Communauté Économique et Monétaire de l 'Afrique Centrale An raba franc bisa ga ƙima zuwa santimita 100 amma ba a ba da alamar centimi ba. A cikin ƙasashe da dama na yammacin Afirka, CFA franc na yammacin Afirka, wanda yake daidai da darajar CFA ta Tsakiyar Afirka, yana gudana. Tarihi An gabatar da CFA franc ga Turawan mulkin mallaka na Faransa a cikin Equatorial Africa a cikin 1945, wanda ya maye gurbin Faransa Equatorial franc Yankunan Equatorial na Afirka da ke amfani da kudin CFA sune Chadi, Faransa Kamaru, Faransa Kongo, Gabon da Ubangi-Shari An ci gaba da amfani da kuɗin lokacin da waɗannan yankuna suka sami 'yancin kai. Equatorial Guinea, wadda ita ce kawai tsohuwar mulkin mallaka na Spain a yankin, ta karbi kudin CFA a shekarar 1984, inda ta maye gurbin Equatorial Guinean ekwele a farashin 1 franc 4 bipkwele. An danganta kudin zuwa Faransa Franc (F) a F.CFA 1 2 francs na Faransa daga 1948, ya zama F.CFA 1 NF 0.02 bayan gabatarwar sabon franc a 1 sabon franc 100 tsohon francs. A cikin 1994 an rage darajar kudin da rabi zuwa F.CFA 1 F 0.01. Daga 1999 tun daga lokacin an haɗa shi zuwa Yuro akan €1 F 6.55957 F.CFA 655.957. A ranar 25 ga Afrilu, 2023, an gudanar da taron ministoci na Ƙungiyar Tattalin Arziki da Tattalin Arziƙi na Afirka ta Tsakiya (Cemac) da Faransa. Musamman, an tattauna batun CFA franc. A bangaren Faransa kuwa, garantin da aka bayar ga CFA franc, da kuma tabbatar da canjinsa, ana ganinsa a matsayin wani tasiri na daidaita tattalin arzikin yankin. Faransa ta ci gaba da kasancewa "bude" da "samuwa" don ci gaba da yin gyare-gyaren hadin gwiwar hada-hadar kudi a Afirka ta Tsakiya, kamar yadda aka samu a yammacin Afirka. Faransa ta ce a shirye ta ke ta karbi shawarwarin CEmac.. Suka A cewar BBC, "masu suka, irin su masu adawa da CFA, sun ce ci gaban tattalin arziki na gaskiya ga kasashen Afirka 14 ba za a iya samu ba ne kawai idan sun kawar da kudaden. Suna jayayya cewa don musanya garantin da baitulmalin Faransa ya bayar, ƙasashen Afirka suna ba da ƙarin kuɗi zuwa Faransa fiye da yadda suke samun taimako. Har ila yau, suna jayayya cewa ba su da wani ra'ayi game da yanke shawara kan muhimman manufofin kudi da kasashen Turai suka amince da su, wadanda ke cikin Tarayyar Turai." Tsabar kudi A cikin 1948, an ba da tsabar kudi don amfani a duk yankuna (ba tare da Faransa Kamaru ba) a cikin ƙungiyoyin 1 da 2 francs. Wannan ita ce fitowa ta ƙarshe ta tsabar kuɗin Franc 2 na kusan shekaru 50. A cikin 1958, an ƙara tsabar kuɗi 5, 10, da 25, waɗanda kuma aka yi amfani da su a Kamarun Faransa. Waɗannan suna da sunan Cameroun ban da États de l'Afrique Equatoriale A cikin 1961, an gabatar da tsabar nickel 50 franc, sannan kuma nickel franc 100 a 1966. Daga 1971, an ba da tsabar franc 100 ga kowane ɗayan ƙasashe membobin, wanda ke nuna sunan jihar da aka ba su. An kuma bayar da tsabar Franc 50 ta wannan hanya tsakanin 1976 zuwa 1996, bayan an rage girman su. Sai dai a maimakon a nuna sunan jihar kowanne an bai wa wasiƙar tantancewa a saman baya. An ba da tsabar fran 50 mai harafin "A" ga Chadi, "B" na Jamhuriyar Afirka ta Tsakiya, "C" na Kongo, "D" na Gabon, da "E" na Kamaru. A cikin 1976, an ƙaddamar da tsabar kuɗi na 500 cupro-nickel. Daga 1985, waɗannan su ma jihohi ɗaya ne suka ba da su. A waccan shekarar kuma an gabatar da 5, 25, 50 da 100 franc don amfani a Equatorial Guinea, wanda kwanan nan ya shiga cikin ƙungiyar kuɗi, yana nuna duk lakabi da bayanai a cikin Mutanen Espanya maimakon Faransanci na yau da kullun, musamman ma ƙungiyar a matsayin "Franco". "maimakon" franc. Duk da bambance-bambance masu mahimmanci a cikin wasu tsabar kudin, duk sun kasance na doka kuma ana iya musanyawa a cikin dukkan ƙasashe membobin. A cikin 1996, an sake dawo da samar da tsabar franc 100 na tsakiya, tare da dawo da tsabar franc 500 guda ɗaya a cikin 1998. Duk da faɗuwar sunayen jihohi da haruffan lamba, gabaɗayan ƙirar tsabar kudin ta kasance ba ta canzawa. 2006 ya ga sake fasalin duk ƙungiyoyin tsabar kudi don CFA franc, tare da ƙaddamar da yanki na 2 franc. An rage girman tsabar tsabar 1, 5, 10, da 25, yayin da aka gabatar da sabon tsabar kudin franc 100 bi-metallic, tare da sabon kuma rage girman 500 franc Coin tare da ƙarin fasalulluka na tsaro, gami da alamar laser. Duk sabbin tsabar kudi suna kwatanta gajarta "CEMAC" don "Communauté Économique et Monétaire de l'Afrique Centrale". Tsofaffin tsabar kudi suna ci gaba da kasancewa masu tausasawa na doka tare da sabbin tsabar kudi da aka tsara. Duk tsabar kudi na CFA suna nuna alamar mint guda biyu, tare da alamar keɓantacce Alamar mint tana kan baya a gefen hagu na ƙungiyar yayin da alamar zanen yana kan dama. Takardun kuɗi Lokacin da aka gabatar da kuɗin CFA, bayanin kula da Caisse Centrale de la France d'Outre-Mer ("Central Cashier of Overseas France") ya fitar a cikin ƙungiyoyin 5, 10, 20, 100, da 1,000 francs suna cikin yaduwa. A cikin 1947, an gabatar da sabon jerin bayanan kula don amfani a cikin Equatorial Afirka ta Faransa, kodayake bayanan ba su ɗauke da sunan mazauna ba. An ba da bayanin kula a cikin ƙungiyoyi na 5, 10, 20, 50, 100, da 1,000 francs, sannan na franc 500 a 1949, da kuma franc 5,000 a 1952. A cikin 1957, Institut d'Émission de l'Afrique Équatoriale Française et du Cameroun ta ɗauki nauyin samar da kuɗin takarda, ta ba da duk ƙungiyoyin da suka gabata banda lissafin 500-franc. A cikin 1961, Banque Centrale des États de l'Afrique Équatoriale et du Cameroun ya ɗauki nauyin samar da takardar kuɗi, tare da bayanin kula da ke ƙasa da franc 100 da aka daina bayarwa. Sunan bankin ya canza zuwa Banque Centrale des États de l'Afrique Équatoriale a cikin 1963. An gabatar da takardun kuɗi na franc 10,000 a cikin 1968, yayin da kuɗin franc 10 aka maye gurbinsu da tsabar kuɗi a cikin 1971. A cikin 1975, sunan bankin ya sake canjawa zuwa Banque des États de l'Afrique Centrale kuma jihohi ɗaya sun fara ba da bayanin kula da sunayensu, a cikin ƙungiyoyin 500, 1,000, 5,000 da 10,000 francs. Wannan aikin ya ƙare a 1993. Tun daga wannan lokacin, an fitar da takardun banki tare da wasiƙa kawai da aka baje kolin don bambance tsakanin batutuwan jihohin. An gabatar da takardun kuɗin franc 2,000 a cikin 1993. Lambobin haruffan ƙasa sune kamar haka: Jerin 1993: C E F L N P Jerin 2002: A C F M T U (Official Site of the Economic and Monetary Community of Central Africa) Central African CFA franc Banknotes Nassoshi Hanyoyin haɗi na waje Kudi Kudade Afirka Afirka ta Tsakiya Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba
15710	https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chief%20Temitope%20Ajayi	Chief Temitope Ajayi	Amina Temitope Ajayi wacce aka sani da Mama Diaspora mazauniyar america yar Nijeriya. tana kasuwanci shawara wanda yake akawu da horo, a zaman yar kasuwa da kuma mabiyar al'umma himmar aiki. Temitope Ajayi itace tsohon Shugaban All Nigerian American Congress (ANAC). a koƙarinta da cigaba da ba da shawara game da al'amuran Diasporaan Diasporaasar Najeriya ya sa ta zama mai kira "Mama Diaspora" Cif Ajayi sananniyar sananniya ce don inganta ƙarfin mata da kawar da talauci a Afirka ta hanyar kasuwancin Agri. Ta hanyar dandalin saka jari na Arkansas-Nigeria da sauran tarurrukan tattalin arzikin kasashen biyu a Amurka, tsayin daka da gaskiya na Cif Ajayi sun taimaka kwarai da gaske wajen gamsar da kuma jawo manyan masu saka jari a harkar kasuwanci daga Amurka zuwa Najeriya. Ita ce Shugabar/Shugaba na Americanasar Amurkan ta Ba da Tallafin Noma (NAAEP), wanda ke ba da gudummawa ga aikin gona na manoma, mata da Manya Manya a Nijeriya don haɓaka wadataccen abinci da ɗorewar aikin yi ga mata da matasa a cikin harkar noma. NAAEP kungiya ce ta asali wacce take horarwa da kuma baiwa manoma karfi a tsarin noman kanikanci, tare da saukaka rancen kasuwanci, samun dama ga kayan aikin gona, da girbi da tallata kayan amfanin su na gida da na duniya. A shekarar 2010, Cif Ajayi tayi kira ga Gwamnatin Tarayyar Najeriya da ta rage yawan kudin ruwa a rance ga manoma domin bunkasa bangaren noma da kuma rage talauci a kasar. Cif Temitope Ajayi shi ne Jakadan Goodaunar na jihar Arkansas da Maryland, Amurka. Cif Ms. Ajayi ta kasance fitacciyar wakiliya a taron kasa na Najeriya na shekarar 2014 da ta gabata inda ta wakilci Majalisar Mata ta ciungiyoyin Mata (NCWS) a Nijeriya kuma ta yi aiki a Kwamitin Confab na Aikin Gona. Cif Temitope Ajayi a jawabinta a wajen taron shekara-shekara na Kungiyar Bankin Duniya da Asusun Ba da Lamuni na Duniya, ta sanar da wakilai cewa “Mata injiniyoyi ne na kamfanoni masu zaman kansu, mata ne ke tafiyar da tattalin arzikin kowace kasa saboda sun fi na maza kasuwanci. takwaransa, karfin kowane irin kudi yana cikin karfinsu don biyan bukata da samarwa Rayuwar farko Amina Temitope Labinjo diyar marigayi Pa Hector Labinjo da Mrs. Elizabeth Labinjo ta Ita Garawu a Tsibirin Legas na Jihar Legas, Najeriya. Aiki a Siyasa Cif Ajayi itace ce tsohon Ko'odinetan Kasa na Goodluck Support Group (GSG) USA. Ta taya Mai Girma, Muhammadu Buhari, GCFR, wanda a yanzu shine Shugaban Tarayyar Najeriya na yanzu saboda karen da ya nuna wajen lashe zaben shugaban kasa na 2015; sannan kuma ya yaba wa tsohon shugaban, Mista Goodluck Jonathan saboda nuna halin kirkinsa, da tsoron Allah da kuma karfin gwiwa ya zama Shugaban kasa na farko mai ci a Najeriya da ya fadi zabe kuma da zuciya daya ya yarda da shan kaye cikin lumana don hana rikici da tashin hankali bayan zabe a Najeriya A matsayina na mai fafutuka na Al'umma, Cif Ajai ya kasance yana neman gwamnatin tarayyar Najeriya a madadin dukkan thean Najeriya da ke zaune a ƙasashen ƙetare a cikin irin waɗannan yankuna kamar ba da haƙƙin jefa ƙuri'a da kuma amincewa da shirin makirci ga mazaunan. Kyauta Alamun alheri na kyautatawa ta fara ne lokacin da ta kafa makarantar Fashion Fasaha don ɗaliban da ba su da galihu a cikin Ibadan, Nijeriya a cikin 1980-1985. Cif Ajayi daga baya ta zama zakara tare da ba da gudummawa ga shirin Gidaje Miliyan Daya na Goodluck don Daraktan tare da hadin gwiwar Babban Bankin Mortgage na Najeriya a karkashin DIASPORA HOUSING LOAN SCHEME. Tare da zartar da kudurin dokar da ta kafa Hukumar Kula da Kasashen Waje, Cif Ajayi ta yi kira ga Shugaba Muhammadu Buhari da ya nada mutane masu gaskiya daga cikin mazauna cikin hukumar don tabbatar da nasarar ta. Ganewa Cif Temitope Ajayi ita ce wacce aka karrama da wasu manyan lambobin girmamawa na duniya da kyaututtuka: Saboda aikin da ta yi wa al'ummomin Afirka a Amurka, Cif Ajayi an ba ta lambar yabo ta Shugaban Kasa na Agaji da Shugaba George W. Bush ya bayar, wanda kyauta ce ta kasa a karkashin goyon bayan Shugaban Amurka ya amince da sa kai. A shekarar 2013, Gwamna Mike Beebe ya bai wa Cif Madam Temitope Ajayi lambar girmamawa ta Dan Kasa ta Jihar Arkansas tare da wasu fitattun ‘yan Najeriya: Alhaji Aliko Dangote, Shugaban Kamfanin Dangote; Gwamna Rabiu Kwankwaso na jihar Kano; Dakta Akinwunmi Adesina, Ministan Noma da Raya Karkara; Farfesa Tajudeen Gbadamosi, tsohon malamin jami’ar Legas; Farfesa Ade Adefuye, Jakadan Najeriya a Amurka; Farfesa Julius Okojie, Babban Sakataren Hukumar Kula da Jami’o’i ta Kasa; Mista Robert Brunner, Mataimakin Shugaban Amurka Arik Air International; da Mista Kester Ifeadi, Manajan Darakta na Kamfanin Zamani na Kamfanin Ltd. Hanyoyin haɗin waje "GC4WOMEN. ORG "GC4WOMEN. Kundin labarai "Bikin karramawa na GC4W karo na biyu" "SHUGABA JOYCE BANDA FOUNDATION" "Rayuwata: Cif Ajayi" Manazarta Mata Ƴan
57903	https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Etienne%20Maynaud%20de%20Bizefranc%20de%20Laveaux	Etienne Maynaud de Bizefranc de Laveaux	Étienne Maynaud de Bizefranc de Laveaux (ko Mayneaud,Lavaux 8 ga Agusta 1751 12 ga Mayu 1828)wani janar na Faransa ne wanda ya kasance Gwamnan Saint-Domingue daga 1793 zuwa 1796 a lokacin juyin juya halin Faransa .Ya tabbatar da cewa an aiwatar da dokar da ta 'yantar da bayi,kuma ta goyi bayan shugaban bakar fata Toussaint Louvertureq,wanda daga baya ya kafa jamhuriyar Haiti mai cin gashin kanta. Bayan Mayar da Bourbon ya kasance Mataimakin Saône-et-Loire daga 1820 zuwa 1823. Shekarun farko An haifi Etienne Mayneaud Bizefranc de Laveaux a ranar 8 ga Agusta 1751 a Digoin,Saône-et-Loire,Faransa.Ya fito ne daga tsohuwar dangin Burgundian mai daraja.Mahaifinsa shine Hugues,ubangijin Bizefranc,Laveaux da Pancemont (1716–1781),Mai karɓar Gonakin Sarki. Mahaifiyarsa ita ce Marie-Jeanne de Baudoin.Shi ne na uku cikin ’ya’ya shida da aka haifa a tsakanin 1749 zuwa 1756. Kamar yadda aka saba ga ƙaramin ɗa,ya shiga aikin soja,ya shiga cikin magudanan ruwa na 16 yana ɗan shekara 17. Aikin sojan nasa ba shi da kyau.Da alama ya sau da yawa ya zauna a Paray-le-Monial, kusa da wurin haihuwarsa.A nan ne ya auri Marie-Jacobie-Sophie de Guillermin,'yar wani bawan Allah a cikin 1784. Lokacin juyin juya hali Shugaban sojoji Juyin juya halin Faransa ya fara a shekara ta 1789.An ƙara Laveaux zuwa shugaban ƙungiyar a 1790,akuma ya zama babban kansila na Saône-et-Loire a wannan shekarar.Acikin 1791 an shigar da shi cikin wani al'amari na kudi na jabu,amma an wanke shi daga duk wani tuhuma kuma aka wanke shi.Ya isa Saint-Domingue a ranar 19 ga Satumba 1792 tare da kwamishinonin farar hula Léger-Félicité Sonthonax da Étienne Polverel a matsayin laftanar-kanar a matsayin kwamandan rundunar sojojin 200 na 16th rejist na dragoons.Kwamishinonin sun gano cewa da yawa daga cikin masu shukar farar fata sun kasance masu adawa da yunkurin juyin juya hali na karuwa kuma suna shiga cikin 'yan adawa na sarauta.Kwamishinonin sun sanar da cewa ba su yi niyyar kawar da bautar ba,aamma sun zo ne domin tabbatar da cewa ’yantattun mutane suna da hakki daidai ko wane irin launi ne.A watan Oktoba labari ya zo cewa an dakatar da sarki kuma Faransa yanzu jamhuriya ce. An sanya Laveaux mai kula da yankin arewa maso yamma na mulkin mallaka, mai tushe a Port-de-Paix .Kwamandansa, Janar Rochambeau,ya yaba da halinsa na daukar sansanin Ouanaminthe da ke kan iyakar Spain a arewa maso gabas,wanda bakar fata ke rike da shi a cikin tawaye.Birnin Cap Français (Cap-Haïtien) a wannan lokacin yana cikin tashin hankali.Wasu daga cikin sojojin sun taimaka wa farar fata da suka dawo da tsarin bawa a cikin birni,yayin da wasu,musamman waɗanda ke ƙarƙashin Laveaux,sun goyi bayan kwamishinonin farar hula kuma suna so su kare mulattoes,babban burin masu shuka.An daukaka Laveaux zuwa kwamandan lardin Arewa. A cikin Janairu 1793 Laveux ya jagoranci rundunar da ta hada da sojoji masu launin fata a kan masu tayar da bayi a garin Milot kuma suka kori su zuwa cikin tsaunuka.A wannan watan an kashe Louis XVI a birnin Paris,kuma a watan Fabrairun Spain da Biritaniya suka shelanta yaki a kan Faransa.A watan Mayu ko Yuni 1793 shugaban 'yan tawayen bakar fata Toussaint Louverture ya tuntubi Laveaux kuma ya ba da shawarar "hanyoyin sulhu",amma Laveaux ya ƙi tayin nasa. An nada François-Thomas Galbaud du Fort Gwamna Janar na Saint-Domingue a ranar 6 ga Fabrairu 1793 a madadin Jean-Jacques d'Esparbes.Ya isa Cap-Français (Cap-Haïtien)a ranar 7 ga Mayu 1793.A ranar 8 ga Mayu 1793 ya rubuta wasiƙa zuwa Polvérel da Sonthonax yana sanar da zuwansa.Kwamishinonin sun isa Cap-Français a ranar 10 ga Yuni 1793,inda masu launin fata suka yi maraba da su amma sun sami liyafar sanyi daga fararen fata.Sun ji cewa Galbaud yana abokantaka da bangaren da ke adawa da hukumar,kuma ba su da niyyar yi musu biyayya.Polvérel da Sonthonax sun kore shi a ranar 13 ga Yuni 1793 kuma suka umarce shi da ya hau kan Normande kuma ya koma Faransa.Sun sanya Laveaux mukaddashin gwamna a madadinsa. A ranar 20 ga Yuni 1793 Galbaud ya yi shelar cewa yana kan aiki kuma ya yi kira da a taimaka wajen korar kwamishinonin farar hula. Ya sauka a 3:30 da yamma a shugaban mutane 3,000, waɗanda ba su gamu da turjiya ba da farko.An yi fama da rikice-rikice tsakanin ma'aikatan jirgin ruwa da fararen fata masu goyon bayan Galbaud,da sojojin Turai,mulattoes da baƙar fata masu tayar da hankali don goyon bayan kwamishinoni. A ranar 21 ga Yuni 1793 kwamishinonin sun yi shelar cewa za a 'yantar da duk baƙar fata da za su yi yaƙi da su da Mutanen Espanya da sauran abokan gaba. 'Yan ta'addan bakar fata sun shiga cikin sojojin farar fata da na mulatto suka kori matukan jirgin daga birnin a ranakun 22-23 ga watan Yuni.Galbaud ya bar tare da jiragen ruwa da ke kan hanyar zuwa Amurka a ranar 24–25 ga Yuni.Kwamishinan Sonthonax ya yi shelar 'yanci na duniya a ranar 29 ga Agusta 1793.Bayan wata daya sojojin Birtaniya na farko sun sauka a Saint-Domin,don maraba da masu shuka fararen fata na sarauta da
16062	https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benjamin%20Adekunle	Benjamin Adekunle	Benjamin Adesanya Maja Adekunle (an haife shi a ranar 26 ga watan Yuni shekarar 1936 ya mutu a ranar 13 ga watan Satumba shekara ta 2014) ya kasance Birgediya na Sojan Nijeriya kuma kwamandan Yakin Basasa Shekarun farko da baya An haifi Adekunle a garin Kaduna Mahaifinsa dan asalin Ogbomosho ne, yayin da mahaifiyarsa ‘yar kabilar Bachama ce Ya yi karatun sakandare a kwalejin gwamnati, Okene (wanda a yanzu ake kira Abdul Aziz Atta Memorial College, Okene, a cikin jihar Kogi ta yanzu Ya shiga aikin sojan Najeriya a shekarar 1958 jim kadan bayan kammala jarabawar satifiket din sa. Ya zama zabenben soja, sa'an nan kuma ya shiga Royal Military Academy Sandhurst a Birtaniya, da British Army's, shine farkon jami'in shiga academy. An nada shi 2nd Lieutenant a ranar 15 ga watan Disamba, shekara ta 1960. amatsayin sa platoonkwamandan, ya yi aiki a Kasai Province da Congo da kuma 1st bataliya, Sarauniyar Own Najeriya rajimanti a lokacin da ya fara ONUC MDD kiyaye zaman lafiya yawon shakatawa na wajibi. A cikin shekarar 1962, Laftanar Adekunle ya zama Mataimakin-de-Camp ga gwamnan yankin gabas, Sir Akanu Ibiam A shekaran, a matsayin Kyaftin, an sake tura shi Congo a matsayin Kaftin na A (A) zuwa Hedikwatar Brigade ta Nijeriya da ke Luluabourg a karkashin Birgediya B. Babafemi Ogundipe A shekarar 1964, Manjo Adekunle ya halarci Kwalejin Ma'aikatan Tsaro a Wellington, a Indiya Bayan ya dawo sai aka nada shi Adjutant Janar a takaice a Hedikwatar Soja a watan Mayu na shekarar 1965 don maye gurbin Laftanar Kanal. Yakubu Gowon, wanda ke ci gaba da karatu a wajen kasar. Amma, daga baya ya mika mukamin ga Laftanar Kanar. James Pam kuma an sake tura shi zuwa tsohuwar bataliyar (1st Bn) a Enugu a matsayin Kwamandan Kamfanin. Yakin basasar Najeriya Bayan haka Adekunle ya zama kwamandan rundunar ta Legas a matsayin Laftanar Kanar. Lokacin da yakin basasar Najeriya ya ɓarke a watan Yulin shekara ta 1967, aka ɗora wa Adekunle jagorancin abubuwa waɗanda suka haɗa da sabbin bataliyoyi biyu (na 7 da na 8) don gudanar da mummunan harin da aka kai wa Bonny a Tashin Benin a ranar 26 ga watan Yuli na shekarar 1968 (wanda Manjo ya yi kungiyar Ishaku Adaka Boro Wannan ya faru ne bayan gwamnatin tarayya ta sami karfin gwiwa ga mafi yawan kabilun kudu maso yamma sakamakon kai tsaye na tura Biafra zuwa yankin tsakiyar yamma da bincike zuwa yankin Yamma. An kara wa Adekunle girma zuwa Kanar bayan saukar sa Bonny. Runduna ta 6 (a karkashin Manjo Jalo) da ta 8 (a karkashin Manjo Ochefu) na rundunar ta Legas Garrison daga baya sun shiga cikin aiyukan 'yantar da Midwest bayan mamayar Biafra a watan Agusta na shekarar 1967. Na bakwai (a karkashin Manjo Abubakar) ya tsaya a baya don ya riƙe Bonny. Saboda Bangaren Manjo Jalo ya tallafawa Lt. Col. Murtala Mohammed na Runduna ta 2, Adekunle an bar shi da Bataliya ta 8 kawai a Escravos Don haka, sai ya yi zanga-zanga ga Hedikwatar Soja kuma ya sa aka daukaka darajar rundunar ta Legas zuwa matsayin Brigade ta hanyar kirkirar Bataliya na 31 Dana 32 (karkashin Majors Aliyu da Hamman, bi da bi). Wannan tsari, hade da wasu gungun masu gadin Legas a gabar gabashin teku, a hukumance an ayyana shi zuwa Runduna ta 3 Koyaya, Kanal Adekunle baiyi tunanin sunan "Rundunan, Runduna 3" ya kasance mai isassu ba haka kuma ba ya nuna yanayin keɓaɓɓiyar filin da yakamata mutanensa suyi yaƙi. Sabi da haka, ba tare da izini daga HQ na Soja ba, ya sake masa suna "3 Marine Commando (3MCDO)" "Black Scorpion" kamar yadda ya zama sananne, ya kasance cikin sauƙin fitina, wanda aka yi bikinsa da shi kuma adadi mai ban mamaki a yakin yaqin da ya kafa tubalin rikicin zamani na Nijeriya; kuma ya jefa tsintsiya cikin kayan ƙasa. Benjamin "Yaran Adekunle a Midwest sun kame Escravos, Burutu, Urhonigbe, Owa da Aladima. Sun kame Bomadi da Patani, Youngtown, Koko, Sapele, Ajagbodudu, Warri, Ughelli, Orerokpe, Umutu da Itagba Matsayi bayan yakin basasa Benjamin Adekunle ya samu daukaka zuwa Birgediya a shekarar 1972. Bayan yakin an sanya Adekunle a matsayin mai kula da rage tashar jirgin ruwa ta Legas wacce ke fama da matsalar tsaftace kayan shigo da kaya daga kasashen waje. Ya rike wannan mukamin har sai da aka tilasta masa ya yi ritaya dole a ranar 20 ga watan Agusta, shekarar 1974. Ya danganta matsalolinsa a lokacin yakin da kuma bayan yakin ga abokan hamayyarsa a aikin soja. A cikin hirarraki daban-daban, ya ce a koyaushe akwai jita-jitar juyin mulki da ke da nasaba da shi har sai rundunar sojojin ta ji damuwar yin wani abu a kai. Yana da mabiya da yawa a cikin sojoji da kuma jama'a gabaɗaya kuma shi ne kwamandan sojoji mafi mashahuri a lokacin yaƙi, baya ga Obasanjo, wanda ya gaje shi kuma ya kawo ƙarshen yaƙin tare da wannan 3MC. Adekunle ya jagoranci Runduna ta uku ta rundunar sojan ruwa tare da irin wannan tsananin tsoro da azama har kafafen yada labarai na kasashen waje, yayin neman hangen nesan mutane game da yakin Biafra, suka same shi a matsayin tushen tushen labarai. Ya mutu a ranar 13 ga watan Satumba shekara ta 2014 kuma an binne shi a cikin Vaults and Gardens, Ikoyi, Lagos Manazarta Hanyoyin haɗin waje Yaƙin Fatakwal: Col. Adekunle's 3 Marine Commando Div. Musun Biafra Samun Ruwa Cikin Ruwa, Mayu 1968 Sojojin Tarayya Sun Kai Hari Arochukwu, Col. Adekunle's 3 Marine Commando, yakin basasar Najeriya, Yuli 1968 Pages with unreviewed
41274	https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cemal%20G%C3%BCrsel	Cemal Gürsel	Cemal Gürsel (Turanci Turkish: mal sæl]; 13 Oktoba 1895-14 Satumba 1966) Janar ne na sojan Turkiyya wanda ya zama shugaban kasar Turkiyya na hudu bayan juyin mulki. Ƙuruciya An haife shi a birnin Erzurum a matsayin ɗan wani hafsan sojojin Ottoman, Abidin Bey, kuma jikan Ibrahim (1820-1895) kuma jikan Haci Ahmad (1790-1860).Bayan makarantar firamare makarantar sakandare ta sojoji a Erzincan, ya kammala makarantar sakandaren sojoji ta Kuleli a Istanbul. Ya kasance sanannen mutum don haka ana yi masa lakabi da "Cemal Ağa" (babban kanin Cemal) tun lokacin yarinta na makaranta har zuwa duk rayuwarsa. Gürsel ya yi aikin soja na tsawon shekaru 45. A lokacin Yaƙin Duniya na ɗaya, ya halarci Yaƙin Çanakkale a Dardanelles, Gallipoli a matsayin Laftanar tare da First Battery na Rukunin Makamai na 12 a cikin shekarar 1915 kuma ya sami Medal War. Daga baya ya yi yaki a fagagen Falasdinu da Siriya a shekarar 1917 kuma ya zama fursunonin yaki da turawan Ingila suka yi masa a lokacin da yake fama da zazzabin cizon sauro a lokacin da yake jagorantar 5th battery na runduna ta 41 a ranar 19 ga Satumban 1918. An tsare Gürsel a matsayin fursuna na yaƙi a Masar har zuwa 6 ga watan Oktoba 1920. A lokacin shugabancinsa da yawa daga baya, lokacin da manema labarai na kasashen waje suka yi hira da shi kan dalilin da ya sa bai koyi Turanci ba a lokacin da ake tsare da shi, ya dan tuna cewa ya ji takaicin zama fursuna, sai ya yi zanga-zangar kuma ya yi karatun Faransanci a sansanin Birtaniya. Bayan da aka sake shi, Cemal Gürsel ya koma Anatoliya don sake shiga cikin Mustafa Kemal daga baya zuwa Erzurum Congress kuma ya shiga cikin dukkanin yakin yammacin Turai a yakin 'yancin kai na Turkiyya tsakanin 1920 zuwa 1923. An ba shi lambar yabo ta galantry a rukunin farko da ya yi fice a yakin Inönü na biyu, Eskişehir da Sakarya, sannan majalisar farko ta ba shi lambar yabo ta 'yancin kai saboda hidimar yaki da ya yi a Karshe. Gürsel, ya aure a cikin shekarar 1927, ya auri Melahat, 'yar babban injiniya a Ottoman cruiser <i id="mwMg">Hamidiye</i>. Daga wannan aure an haifi ɗa Özdemir. Ma'auratan sun ɗauki 'yar Turkan. Aikin soja Cemal Gürsel ya halarci Kwalejin Soja ta Turkiyya kuma ya kammala karatunsa a shekarar 1929 a matsayin jami'in ma'aikata. Ya samu mukamin kanal a shekarar 1940. An naɗa shi birgediya janar a shekarar 1946 kuma an naɗa shi kwamandan runduna ta 65. Daga baya ya zama kwamandan runduna ta 12, da kwamandan runduna ta 18, da kuma kwamandan gundumar ayyuka na cikin gida ta 2. Made Laftanar Janar a 1953, ya kasance Janar a 1957, ana naɗa shi Kwamandan Sojoji na 3. Sabis ya hada da babban jami'in leken asiri, kuma an nada shi a matsayin kwamandan sojojin kasa a 1958 lokacin da yake jagorantar sojoji. Gürsel, a matsayinsa na mutum mai saukin kai kuma uba mai kyakykyawan ba'a, ya kasance ana matukar sonsa a cikin kasa da ma na kungiyar tsaro ta NATO, kuma ya samu karramawa da amincewar al'ummar kasa da ma sojojin kasar tare da saninsa da dabi'unsa. Wata takardar kishin kasa da ya aike a ranar 3 ga watan Mayun 1960 ga Ministan Tsaro a kokarinsa na tabbatar da daidaito da daidaito kan al'amuran da ke gudana, wanda ke nuna ra'ayinsa na kashin kansa a ci gaba da tattaunawar da suka yi a daren jiya, inda ya nuna goyon bayansa ga Firayim Minista Adnan Menderes. da kuma imanin cewa ya kamata Firayim Minista ya maye gurbin shugaban kasa da gaggawa don karfafa hadin kan kasa da ake bukata, wanda ya haifar da dakatar da shi daga mukaminsa, wanda ya tilasta yin ritaya da wuri maimakon zama babban hafsan hafsoshin Turkiyya na gaba. Wasikar bankwana da ya rubuta, na bayar da shawarwari da kuma kira ga sojoji da su guji shiga harkokin siyasa, an aikewa da dukkan sassan rundunar a lokacin da ya tafi hutu. Sanarwar Cemal Gürsel ta ce: 'Ku kasance da daraja ga sojoji da kakin da kuke sawa. Ku kare kanku daga yanayin siyasa mai cike da kishi da cutarwa a kasar nan. Ku nisanci siyasa ko ta halin kaka. Wannan yana da matukar muhimmanci ga mutuncinku, karfin sojojin da kuma makomar kasar nan.' Ya je İzmir inda ya zama shugaban kungiyar Anti-Communism Association ta Turkiyya. Manazarta Matattun 1966 Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba
32417	https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minnie%20Pallister	Minnie Pallister	Articles with hCards Minnie Pallister (12 Maris 1885 26 Maris 1960) yar gwagwarmayar siyasa ce Baturiya, marubuciyar siyasa, mai bayyana kanta matsayin "mai farfagandar gurguzu 'yar takarar siyasa da bata yi nasara ba na Jam'iyyar Labour mai zaman kanta, da wasannin gidajen rediyo. An haifi Pallister a Cornwall, kuma 'yar wani malami ce. An horar da ita a matsayin malama a Jami'ar Cardiff, kuma ta yi aiki na tsawon shekaru goma a matsayin malamin makaranta a makarantar firamare ta Welsh Ta shiga Jam'iyyar Labour Party mai zaman kanta, kuma a cikin 1914 ta zama shugaban jam'iyyar ta tarayya a Monmouthshire A lokacin Yaƙin Duniya na ɗaya, Pallister ta taimaka wajen tsara ƙungiyar masu fafutukar neman zaman lafiya. Haka kuma a lokacin yakin, ta kasance mai fafutuka wajen kawo zaman lafiya da Ayyukan yi. A cikin babban zaɓe na 1923 da 1924, Pallister ta kasance 'yar takarar wace tayi rashin nasara daga mazabar Bournemouth a Hampshire. Saboda matsalolin lafiya, Pallister ta yi ritaya daga siyasa a shekarun 1920s. A cikin shekarun 1920, ta rubuta litattafai da dama kan batun zamantakewa. A cikin 1930s, ta rubuta littattafai game da aikin lambu. A cikin 1936, Pallister ta shiga ƙungiyar masu fafutukar zaman lafiya ta Aminci Pledge Union, kuma a cikin 1945 an zabe ta a matsayin memba na majalisar ƙungiyar. A cikin 1950s, Pallister yana da alaƙa da Gidan Rediyon BBC a matsayin mai ba da gudummawa na yau da kullun a cikin shirin Mujallar Radiyon Sa'ar Mata Ta rasu a shekarar 1960, tana da shekaru 75 a duniya. Kuruciya da ilimi An haifi Minnie Pallister a Kilkhampton, Cornwall, tsakiyar 'ya'ya mata uku na William da Rose (Parsons) Pallister. Mahaifinta malamin addini ne. Ta halarci makarantar gaba da sakandare na mata wato "Tasker Milward Voluntary Controlled School" kuma ta sami shaidar karatun ko yarwa a Jami'ar Cardiff Aiki Minnie Pallister ta koyar da shekaru goma a makarantar firamare a Brynmawr, inda ta saba da rayuwar aikin Welsh. Mawakan gida ma sun yi maraba da fasahar ta piano. A shekara ta 1914 ta kasance shugabar Tarayyar Monmouthshire ta Jam'iyyar Labour mai zaman kanta (mace ta farko da aka zaba zuwa wannan matsayi), kuma tayi aiki a Kwamitin Ilimi na Breconshire. Keir Hardie ya kwatanta ta "kamar sabon meteor a sararin sama" saboda iya magana. A yakin duniya na daya kuma daga baya ta shagaltu a matsayin mai jawo hankali don zaman lafiya da ƙungiyoyin kwadago, kuma ta shirya Fellowship No-Conscription a Wales. A cikin 1922, a matsayin mai shirya ILP na South Wales, an nakalto ta a shafi na farko na Jagoran Kwadago yana furta: "Mun yi daidai akan Yakin. Mun yi gaskiya a kan Aminci. Mun yi daidai akan ramuwa." An tallata ta a matsayin "Mafi Girman Maganar Mace ta Wales" a cikin sanarwar jarida. Ta kuma yi takara sau da yawa a cikin 1920s, kuma an nakalto Ramsay MacDonald a cikin New York Times a cikin 1924. Pallister ta tsaya takara a Bournemouth a babban zaɓe a 1923 da 1924 A cikin 1923, Pallister ta sami kuri'u 5,986, kashi 19.5% na kuri'un da aka jefa. Ta zo na uku a cikin 'yan takara, bayan Henry Page Croft na jam'iyyar Unionist (da kashi 50.4% na kuri'un) da Cyril Berkeley Dallow na jam'iyyar Liberal (da kashi 30.1% na kuri'un). A 1924, Pallister ta sami kuri'u 7,735, kashi 27.3% na kuri'un da aka jefa. Ta zo na biyu a tsakanin 'yan takara, bayan Henry Page Croft na jam'iyyar Unionist (da kashi 72.7% na kuri'un). Pallister ta yi fama da rashin lafiya dangane da ayyukanta na yau da kullun, kuma likitoci sun shawarce ta da ta canja tsarinta. Ta zama marubuci na cikakken lokaci, ko da yake ta ci gaba da sha’awar al’amuran siyasa. "Siyasa ta ni," in ji ta, "da alama ba zai yiwu ba har yanzu a sami mutanen da suka yarda cewa siyasa ba ta da mahimmanci." Mai son zaman lafiya na tsawon rayuwa, ta shiga Kungiyar Amincewa ta Zaman Lafiya a 1936, an zabe ta a Majalisarta a 1945 kuma daga baya ta zama Mai Tallafawa. Ta kasance mai ba da gudummawa akai-akai ga shirin rediyon Sa'ar Mata ta BBC a cikin 1950s. Ayyuka Littattafan Minnie Pallister sun haɗa da Socialism for Women ƙasida, 1923); The Orange Box: Thoughts of a Socialist Propagandist (1924); Socialism, Equality and Happiness (pamphlet, 1925); Rain on the Corn and Other Sketches (1928); Gardener's Frenzy: Being an Alphabet of the Garden (1933); A Cabbage for a Year (1934). Mutuwa Minnie Pallister ta mutu a ranar 26 ga watan Maris 1960 a lokacin tana da shekaru 75. Zuwa ƙarshen rayuwarta, rashin lafiya da ba a bayyana ba ya tilasta mata yin ritaya daga harkokin siyasa. A lokacin mutuwarta, ta kasance mai aikin watsa labarai ta rediyo. Manazarta Asalin labari Sakamako na Majalisar Dokokin Biritaniya 1918-1949, FWS Craig ta tattara kuma ta gyara (Macmillan Press, edition 1977 da aka bita) Hanyoyin haɗi na waje Masanin tarihi Alun Burge ya rubuta bayanin martaba mai kashi huɗu na Minnie Pallister akan shafin sa a cikin Maris 2016. Mutuwan 1960 Mata a
40427	https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acho%20Nwakanma	Acho Nwakanma	Eric Iheanacho "Acho" Nwakanma (an haife shi 26 Afrilu 1958) ɗan siyasan Najeriya ne, ɗan kasuwa kuma mai taimakon jama'a, wanda ya yi aiki sau biyu a matsayin na 4th sannan kuma ya zama mataimakin gwamnan jihar Abia na 6, Nigeria a kan dandalin jam'iyyar Peoples Democratic Party (PDP), daga 2006 zuwa 2007 ƙarƙashin Gwamna Orji Uzor Kalu da kuma Gwamna Theodore Orji daga 2010 zuwa 2011. Siyasarsa ta fara ne a shekarar 1999 lokacin da aka zaɓe shi a matsayin ɗan majalisar dokokin jihar Abia don wakiltar mazabar Obingwa ta Gabas. A shekarar 2003 aka sake zaɓe shi sannan aka naɗa shi mataimakin shugaban majalisar har sai da Kalu ya zaɓe shi a matsayin mataimakin gwamna a shekarar 2006. Ya tsaya takarar Sanatan Abia ta Kudu a shekarar 2007 a ƙarƙashin jam’iyyar Progressive Peoples Alliance amma ya sha kaye a hannun Sanata Enyinnaya Abaribe a fafatawar da ya biyo bayan zabe. A ranar 18 ga Agusta, 2010, Orji ya sake naɗa shi a matsayin mataimakin gwamna wanda zai gaji Chris Akomas. Nwakanma ya ja kunnen burin zama gwamnan jihar Abia a ƙarshen wa'adin Orji a shekarar 2015. Ya yi rashin nasara ga surukinsa Okezie Ikpeazu A watan Afrilun 2013, Shugaba Goodluck Jonathan ya naɗa shi a matsayin shugaban hukumar kula da lafiyar kwakwalwa ta kasa, Enugu. Rayuwar farko da kasuwanci An haifi Eric Acho Nwakanma a ranar 26 ga Afrilu 1958 ga dangin Sunday Nwakanma da Jemimah Nwakanma na Umorji Ohanze a Ohanze mai cin gashin kansa na karamar hukumar Obingwa ta jihar Abia. Bayan kammala karatunsa na firamare a St. Michael's Boys School Aba inda ya samu shaidar kammala karatunsa na farko a shekarar 1971, ya samu gurbin shiga makarantar Sakandare ta ƙasa, Aba inda ya yi karatun sakandire daga bisani ya wuce Community Secondary School Nbawsi inda ya samu makarantar West African. Certificate a shekarar 1976. Bayan haka, ya shiga Kwalejin Gwamnati Umuahia don yin babban digirinsa kuma ya kammala a 1978. Ya wuce Jami'ar Legas inda ya sami digiri na farko na Kimiyya a Biochemistry a 1982. Bayan shirinsa na bautar kasa na ƙasa a jihar Neja, ya ci gaba da neman ilimi a jami'ar Legas inda ya sami digiri na biyu a fannin kimiyyar kimiyya a Clinical Biochemistry a shekarar 1985. Nwakanma ya samu alƙawari a matsayin mataimaki na digiri na biyu a Sashen Nazarin Halittu na Kwalejin Magunguna, Jami'ar Legas daga 1985 zuwa 1986 wanda ke nuna farkon ɗan gajeren aiki na koyarwa. Daga baya ya yi aiki da Chemech Laboratories Nigeria Limited (yanzu Chemiron International) Victoria Island, Legas a matsayin wakilin tallace-tallace sannan kuma ya zama manajan shiyya (Gabas) daga 1986 zuwa 1989. Bukatun kasuwancinsa sun shafi sufuri, gidaje, shigo da kaya, da noma. Yana da wata katuwar gona a karamar hukumar Obingwa ta jihar Abia. Siyasa da sadaka Nwakanma ya tsaya takarar shugaban karamar hukumar Obingwa na jihar Abia a wani juyin mulki da sojoji suka yi masa. A shekarar 1998, ya zama ɗaya daga cikin wadanda suka kafa jam’iyyar PDP, kuma a shekarar 1999, ya zama dan majalisar dokokin jihar Abia don wakiltar mazabar Obingwa ta Gabas. An sake zaɓe shi a majalisar dokokin jihar Abia a karo na biyu a shekarar 2003. Yayin da zama dan majalisar dokokin Abia ya dade, ya rike mukamai daban-daban na kwamitin majalisar da suka hada da: Shugaban kwamitin Kuɗi da tattalin arziki Shugaban Kwamitin Kasa da Tsaro Memba kwamitin noma da raya karkara Kwamitin Tsare-tsare na Ƙasa, Bincike da Birane; kuma Wakilin Kwamitin Asusun Jama'a. An zaɓe shi mataimakin kakakin majalisar dokokin jihar Abia a matsayin da ya rike na wasu shekaru kafin Kalu ya zaɓe shi a matsayin mataimakin gwamnan jihar Abia a watan Maris 2006. Ya tsaya takarar Sanatan Abia ta Kudu a shekarar 2007 amma ya sha kaye a hannun Enyinnaya Abaribe Orji ya sake naɗa Nwakanma a matsayin mataimakin gwamnan jihar Abia a watan Agustan 2010. Ya zama mataimakin gwamna na sauran wa'adin farko na Orji a matsayin gwamna, inda ya bar ofis a ranar 29 ga Mayu, 2011. Acho Nwakanma Foundation An kafa gidauniyar Acho Nwakanma (TAN) a shekarar 1991, tana bayar da tallafin kudi ga mata marasa galihu don taimaka musu su fara kasuwanci da dogaro da kai. Ya ba da gudummawar babura, kekuna masu uku, da ababen hawa ga ɗimbin mutanen Abian. Ya taimaka wajen kafa tare da sake tsugunar da wadanda suka kammala karatun NDE su sittin da daya. Ta gidauniyar ya gina wa wasu zawarawa gidaje a sassa daban-daban na jihar. Shi mai son wasanni ne na dabi'a kuma ya yi farin ciki wajen daukar nauyin wasanni a cikin shekaru goma da rabi da suka gabata. Ya ba da kyautar kofi don gasar ƙwallon ƙafa ta Inter Community a kowace shekara a karamar hukumar Obingwa. Gidauniyar Acho Nwakanma kuma a tsawon shekaru ta kasance mai jagorantar ci gaban wasanni a cikin jihar kuma ta haifar da ganowa da haɓaka ƙwararrun waɗanda a halin yanzu suna gudanar da kasuwancin su a Spain, Isra’ila, Ukraine, Afirka ta Kudu, kuma a fagen ƙwararru. duba abubuwan da ke faruwa a fadin Najeriya. Ya kuma kasance babban mai daukar nauyin kungiyar kwallon kafa ta Abia Comets wanda ba gwamnati ba, kuma farin cikinsa shi ne ganin kungiyar ta tashi tun daga farko a matsayin ta na mai son zama kwararrun kungiyar a gasar kwallon kafa ta Najeriya. Ya kuma dauki nauyin gasar kwallon kafa ta mata masu yiwa kasa hidima a jihar Abia. Yana da rikodin sama da 30 na tallafin karatu na Jami'a waɗanda ke gudana a kowane lokaci. A lokuta daban-daban ya bayar da gudummawar kayayyakin ilimi ga makarantun firamare da na gaba da sakandare a karamar hukumar Obingwa da sauran su. A shekara ta 2012 ya shirya wani shirin kiwon lafiya na kyauta a fadin jihar. Ya shirya ginin hanyar Acho Nwakanma Bypass mai tsawon kilomita 13, wani faffadan titin da aka gina da dutse da nailan-tar wanda ya hada Amuzu Ohanze-Ntighauzo-Ibeme a karamar hukumar Obingwa kuma ya zama babbar hanya ga matafiya tsakanin jihar Akwa-Ibom da Jihar Abia. A halin yanzu yana nan fafutukar inganta haqqoqi da yanayin rayuwa ga masu tabin hankali ta hanyar gidauniyarsa. Yana neman kafa wata doka don kare masu tabin hankali da marasa galihu a Majalisar Dokoki ta kasa. Rayuwa ta sirri Yana auren Joy Ezinwanyi Nwakanma kuma yana da ‘ya’ya hudu maza uku mace daya. Nwakanma Kirista ne kuma yana halartar Living Faith Church International aka Winners Chapel Nassoshi Rayayyun mutane Haihuwan 1958 Articles with hAudio microformats Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba
13592	https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abu%20Ubaidah%20ibn%20al-Jarrah	Abu Ubaidah ibn al-Jarrah	Abu Ubaidah bn al-Jarrah, cikakken suna Abū 'ubaydah' Amir dan 'Abdullāh dan al-Jarah Larabci 583-639 CE), yana daga cikin Sahabban annabin musulinci Muhammadu Mafi yawa da aka sani da kasancewa ɗaya daga cikinwainda akayiwa alkawarin Aljanna. Ya kasance kwamandan babban runduna ta rundunonin Islam na kasar shaam a lokacin Raashid Halifa Umar kuma yana cikin jerin halifofin da Umar ya nada a matsayin Khalifanci yana daya daga cikin wainda suka amshi Musulumci tun daga farkon daawar Annabi Muhammad tsira da amincin Allah su tabbata agareshi. ya halacci yake-yaken Musulumci wainda suka hada Farkon rayuwa An haifi Abu Ubaidah a shekara ta 583 Miladiyya a gidan 'Abdullah bn al-Jarrah, dan kasuwa mai sana'a. Abu Ubaidah asalinsa Qurayshu ne daga Banu al-Harith bn Fihr. Kafin ya musulunta, an dauke shi daya daga cikin mashahuran Quraishawa kuma ya shahara a cikin Quraysh na Makka saboda girman kai da jaruntakarsa. Shiga Musulunci A shekara ta 611, Annabi Muhammadu yayi kira zuga tauhidi tauhidi Allah ga mutanen Makkah. Ya fara kira ne da kiran mafi kusanci da sahabbansa da dangi sa a asirce zuwa ga addinin Musulunci shi LAA ILAHA ILALLAHU MUHAMMADUN RASULULLAHI cewa BABU WANI ABUN BAUTA FACE ALLAH KUMA ANNABI MUHAMMADU MANZON ALLAH NE Ya musulunta kwana daya bayan saiyidunaa Abubakar a shekara ta 611 yana dan shekara 28. Hijira zuwa Abiyasina Abu Ubaidah ya rayu cikin mummunan yanayin da musulmai suka shiga ciki a Makka tun daga farko har karshe. Tare da sauran musulmai na farko, ya jure wulakanci da zalunci na Quraishawa. Kamar yadda hijira ta farko zuwa Abiyasina Habasha ta yi nasara, wannan cin zarafin da aka yi wa musulmai ya yi nasara sosai. Hijira zuwa Madina A cikin 623 Miladiya, lokacin da Annabi Muhammadu tsira da amincin Allah su tabbata agareshi yayi hijira daga Makkah zuwa Madina, Abu Ubaidah shi ma yayi hijira tare dashi. Lokacin da Annabi Muhammad ya'isa Madina, ya hada kowane baƙi Muhajir tare da ɗaya daga cikin mazaunan Madina Ansari tare da Muhammad bin Maslamah tare da Abu Ubaidah da ke sanya su 'yan uwan juna cikin imani. Musulmai sun kasance cikin kwanciyar hankali a Madina kusan shekara daga kafin Qurayshu ta ɗibi dakaru don kai wa Madina hari. Yaƙin a zamanin Annabi Muhammad Yaƙin Badr A shekara ta 624, yakin badar ya kaure tsakanin Musulmai da Kuraishu wan farko Musulmai sunyi yunkurin tare fataken kuraishu a karkashin jagoranci Abu Sufiyan. Musulmai sun tare hanyan da ke tsakanin Madina da Makkah Abu Ubaidah ya shiga cikin babban yaqin farko tsakanin musulmai da Qurayshawa na Makka, a yakin Badr A wannan yaƙin, ya yi yaƙi da babansa Abdullah bn al-Jarrah, wanda yake yaƙi tare da rundunar Qurayshu. Daga baya Abu Ubaidah ya kai masa hari kuma ya kashe shi. An saukar da ayar Alqur’ani mai girma game da wannan halin da Abu 'Ubaidah yayi: Yaƙin Uhudu A shekara ta 625, yakin Uhudu ya kaure tsakanin Musulmai da Kuraishu. Wan kuraishu sun fito yakin ne sabo da daukan fansar wainda aka kashe da cikinsu na yakin Badar wanda Sarkin Makkah Abu Sufiyan ne ya jagoranci babban tawaga sannan Kuma Khalid bin Walid Ya jagoranci tawagan sojoji masu dawakai ya shiga yakin Uhud A karo na biyu na yakin, lokacin da sojojin Khalid bin al-Walid suka fatattaki musulmai daga baya, suna canza nasarar Musulunci zuwa ga shan kashi, mafiya yawan sojojin musulmin sun fatattake su daga fagen daga, kuma mutane kalilan ne suka dage. Abu Ubaidah daya ne daga cikinsu kuma ya tsare Muhammad daga farmakin sojojin Qurayshi. A wannan rana, Abu Ubaidah ya rasa biyu daga cikin hakoran gabansa yayin da yake kokarin cire wasu alamomin makamai biyu na Muhammad wadanda suka shiga kumatunsa. Rikici tare da kabilun yahudawa Daga baya a shekara ta 627 ya shiga Yakin Trench da kuma mamayewar Banu Qurayza An kuma sanya shi kwamandan wata karamar balaguron da ta tashi don kai farmaki da kuma lalata kabilun Tha'libah da Anmar, waɗanda suke washe duk wasu ƙauyuka na kusa. A shekara ta 628 ya shiga cikin yarjejeniyar Hudaybiyyah kuma yana daga cikin shaidu kan wannan yarjejeniya. Daga baya a wannan shekarar, ya kasance wani ɓangare na yaƙin Musulmi zuwa yakin Khaybar Yaƙe-yaƙe a ƙarshen zamanin Muhammadu A shekara ta 630, lokacinda sojojin musulmai suka Kwace Makka, Abu Ubaidah ya kasance yana yin umarni da daya daga cikin rukunoni hudu wadanda suka shiga cikin birni daga hanyoyi daban-daban guda hudu. Daga baya a wannan shekarar, ya halarci yakin Hunayn da Zirin Ta'if Shima yana cikin yakin Tabuk karkashin umarnin Muhammad da kansa. Da dawowar su daga yakin Tabuk, wakilan kirista daga Najran suka isa Madina suka nuna sha’awar shiga addinin Musulunci kuma suka roki Muhammad ya aiko musu da wani mutum da zai jagorance su a al'amuran addini da kuma sauran al'amuran kabilanci kamar yadda dokokin Musulunci suka fada, Abu Ubaidah Muhammadu ya naɗa shi ya tafi tare da su. Shi kuma Muhammad ya aiko shi mai karbar haraji 'aamil zuwa kasar Bahrain Ya kasance a Makka lokacin da Muhammadu ya mutu a shekara ta 632. Yaƙi a matsayin kwamandan A shekara ta 629 Muhammad ya aika da 'Amr ibn al-'As zuwa Daat al-Salaasil daga inda ya yi kira da a karfafa shi, wannan sanannu ne yawon shakatawa na Abu Ubaidah ibn al Jarrah Muhammadu ya aiki Abu Ubaidah a cikin rundunar rundunar da ta hada Abu Bakr da Umar. Sun kai hari kuma suka ci abokan gaba. Daga baya a wannan shekarar, an sake tura wani balaguro a karkashin umarnin sa ya nemo hanyoyin masu safarar Qurayshi. A zamanin halifa Abubakar Lokacin da Muhammadu ya mutu a shekara ta 632 batun maye ya faru a Saqifah na Banu Sa'ida, Abu Ubaidah yana nan tare da Abu Bakr da Umar. Umar ya ce wa Abu Ubaidah ya miqa hannunsa don halifan, amma ya ki, ya ce wa Abubakar ya mika hannu ya dauki amanar. Bayan yaƙin Ridda lokacin da Abu Bakr ya aika Khalid ibn al-Walid zuwa Iraq don cinye shi, ya tura sojojin musulmai huɗu zuwa cikin Levant, ya sanya Abu Ubaidah kwamandan ɗayansu. An zaɓi maƙasudinsa don zama Emessa kuma an umurce shi da ya tafi yankin Tabuk bayan rundunar Sharjeel ibn Hassana A zamanin Umar Nada shi a matsayin Babban Kwamandan A 22 Agusta 634, Halifa Abubakar ya mutu Umar ya zama kalifa. Umar ya sauke Khalid bn al-Walid daga umurnin rundunar islama ya kuma nada Abu Ubaidah a matsayin sabon kwamandan. An yi wannan don korar tunanin cewa nasarar da aka samu ya kasance ne sakamakon Khalid Bugu da ƙari, Khalid mutum ne mai karimci, wanda a cewar wasu mutane galibinsu zai ɓata kuɗinsa wajen bayar da kyaututtuka ga sojojinsa a matsayin ladabtar da jaruntakarsu a cikin yaƙe-yaƙe. Bayan alƙawarin Abu Ubaidah, Khalid ya ce, "Ya ku mutane, an naɗa wakilinku a kan ku." Wannan tunatarwa ya kasance a cikin hasken maganar Annabi (SAW), "Akwai mai tsaro ga kowane Uma kuma Abu Ubaidah shi ne mai lura da wannan al'ummar." Saboda nau'ikan umarni daban-daban, an sami raguwa cikin sauƙin yadda ake gudanar da abubuwa, yayin da Abu Ubaida ya yi tafiya a hankali a hankali, ya bambanta da Khalid wanda aka ce yana guduwa 'kamar hadari daga yaƙi zuwa yaƙi'; ta yin amfani da mamaki, zagi da karfin gwiwa don cin nasarar yaƙe-yaƙe. Nasarar Siriya ta ci gaba a karkashin sabon kwamandan. Abu Ubaida ya kasance mai dogaro da shawarar Khalid, wanda ya kiyaye shi da shi gwargwadon iko. Nasarar tsakiyar Bala'in Jim kadan bayan nadin Abu-Ubaidah a matsayin babban kwamandan, sai ya aika karamin ragowa don halartar bikin shekara-shekara da akeyi a Abu-al-Quds, ranar yau ta Abla, kusa da Zahlé gabashin Beirut Akwai wani jami'in soja Byzantine da kiristocin larabawa da ke kare wannan adalci, musulmai ne suka sanya girman garkuwar sannan kuma aka rufe ta da hanzarin 'yan ta'adda musulmai. Tun kafin a lalata shi gaba daya, Abu Ubaidah, da ya sami sabon leken asiri, ya aika Khalid don ya ceci sojojin musulmai. Khalid ya isa can ya ci su a yaƙin Abu-al-Quds a ranar 15 ga Oktoba 634 kuma ya dawo da tarin ganima daga alfarma da ɗaruruwan fursunoni na Byzantine. Lokacin da aka kame tsakiyar Siriya, musulmin sun yi wa Tozantines mummunan rauni. Yanzu an katse sadarwa tsakanin arewacin Siriya da Palestine Abu Ubaidah ya yanke shawarar tafiya Fahl Pella wanda kusan a kasa matakin teku, kuma inda tsaffin sojoji na Byzantine da wadanda suka tsira daga yakin Ajnadayn suka kasance. Yankin yana da mahimmanci saboda daga nan sojojin Byzantine na iya buge gabas kuma su yanke layin sadarwa tare da Arabia Haka kuma, tare da wannan babbar runduna ta baya, ba za a iya mamaye Falasdinu ba. Don haka sojojin musulmai suka koma Fahl. Runduna ta Byzantika an ci nasara a yaƙin Fahl a ranar 23 ga Janairu 635 AD Yakin yaƙi na Emesa da yaƙi na biyu na Dimashƙu Bayan yaƙin, wanda zai zama babbar mabuɗin Falasdinu da Jordan, sojojin musulmai suka rarrabu. Sharjeel da gawawwakin Amr sun tafi kudu don kama Falasdinu. A halin da ake ciki, Abu Ubaidah da Khalid tare da manyan katanga sun koma arewacin Lebanon don cinye Lebanon da arewacin Siriya. While the Muslims were occupied at Fahl, Heraclius, sensing the opportunity, quickly sent an army under General Theodore Trithyrius to recapture Damascus, where a small Muslim garrison had been left. Shortly after Heraclius dispatched this new army, the Muslims having finished the business at Fahl, were on their way to Emesa. The Byzantine army met the Muslims half way to Emesa, at Maraj-al-Rome. During the night Theodras sent half of his army towards Damascus to launch a surprise attack on the Muslim garrison Khalid dan leken asirin Khalid ya sanar da shi matakin, Khalid da ya samu izini daga Abu Ubaidah, ya tsallaka zuwa Damascus tare da mai tsaron gidan sa Yayin da Abu Ubaidah ya yi yaƙi kuma ya ci sojojin Byzantine a yaƙin Maraj-al-Rome, Khalid ya koma Damaskus tare da sojan dokinsa ya kuma kai hari da cin nasarar Theodras a yaƙin na biyu na Damascus Mako guda baya, Abu Ubaida da kansa ya tashi zuwa Ba'albek (Heliopolis), inda babban haikalin Jupiter yake tsaye. Ba'albek ya mika wuya ga sarautar musulinci bayan da aka samu juriya sosai sannan ya amince da bayar da haraji. Abu Ubaidah ya aika Khalid kai tsaye zuwa Emesa. Yaƙin Yarmouk Bayan sun kama Emesa, musulmai sun koma arewa don karbe arewacin Siriya. Khalid, wanda ke matsayin mai tsaron gaba ya dauki mai tsaron nasa ya fatattaki arewacin Siriya. A wajen Shaizer, Khalid ya kama wani mai ɗaukar hoto da ke ba da abinci ga Chalcis. An yi wa fursunonin tambayoyi tare da sanar da shi game da babban burin Emperor Heraclius don dawo da Siriya. Sun gaya masa cewa wataƙila sojoji, mai yiwuwar 200,000 masu ƙarfi, za su fito don karɓe yankinsu. Khalid ya tsaya anan. Bayan abubuwan da ya gabata, Heraclius, yanzu an guji fadace fadace tare da musulmai. Yayi niyyar tura manya manyan garuruwa kuma ya ware gawarwakin musulmai daga kowane bangare, kuma ta haka ya kewaya da hallaka sojojin musulmai. An ƙaddamar da dakaru 5 masu yawa a watan Yuni na 636 don dawo da Siriya. </br> A ƙarshe a ranar 15 ga Agusta, an yi yaƙin Yarmouk, ya ɗauki tsawon kwanaki 6 kuma ya ƙare a cikin mummunan rauni ga Rundunar Soji. Yakin Yarmouk ana ɗaukar shi ɗayan yaƙin yaƙi na tarihi. Rashin nasara ne na tarihi wanda ya rufe makasudi na Byzantines, girman shan kashi ya yi matukar ta'asar da Byzantine ba zai taba murmurewa daga hakan ba. Hakan ya sanya dukkan Daular Byzantine ta zama mai rauni ga Musulmai. Yaƙi shi ne mafi girma yaƙi har abada aka yi yaƙi a kan ƙasar Siriya har zuwa wannan kuma ya kasance wata dabara mai ban mamaki na Abu Ubaidah. Kama Urushalima Da sojojin Byzantine suka rushe kuma suka fatattaka, da sauri musulmai suka karbe yankin da suka ci kafin Yarmouk. Abu Ubaida ya yi wani taro tare da babban kwamishina, wanda ya hada da Khalid, don yanke hukunci kan nasarar da za a samu nan gaba. Sun yanke shawarar cinye Urushalima. Yankin Kudus ya dauki tsawon watanni hudu bayan haka birnin ya amince da mika wuya, amma kawai ya sami kalifa Umar a cikin mutum. 'Amr ibn al-'As ya ba da shawarar cewa a aika Khalid a matsayin kalifa, saboda tsananin kamanninsa da Umar. An san Khalid kuma daga ƙarshe, Umar ya zo kuma Urushalima ta mika wuya a ranar Afrilu 637. Bayan Urushalima, sojojin musulmai sun sake farfaɗowa. An sa gawawwakin Yazidu zuwa Dimashƙu don su ci Beirut. Sojojin Amr da Shurahbil sun ci gaba da mamaye sauran Falasdinu, yayin da Abu Ubaidah da Khalid, a ƙarshen mayaƙan mayaƙan 17,000 suka ƙaura zuwa arewacin don cinye arewacin Siriya duka. Abu Ubaida ya tura kwamandojin 'Amr ibn al-'As, da Yazid ibn Abi Sufyan, da Shurahbil ibn Hassana suka koma yankunan su don sake kwato su. Yawancin wuraren da aka ƙaddamar ba tare da faɗa ba. Abu Ubaida da kansa, tare da Khalid, ya koma arewacin Siriya don sake cinye su da dakaru mayaƙa 17,000. Khalid tare da mahaya dawakai aka aika zuwa Hazir sai Abu Ubaidah ya koma Chalcis. Tare da Emesa tuni, Abu Ubaidah da Khalid sun matsa zuwa Chalcis, wanda shine babban mahimmancin sansanin Byzantine. Ko da yake Chalcis, da Byzantines za su tsare Anatolia, Heraclius ta mahaifarsa Armenia kuma akwai Asia yankin babban birnin Antakiya. Abu Ubaidah ya aika Khalid tare da sojan dawakansa, mai tsaron lafiya, zuwa ga Chalcis. Sojojin Girka suna tsaron sansanin sojojin ƙarƙashin kwamandansu, Menas, wanda aka ce yana da babban matsayi, na biyu ga sarki kansa kawai. Menas, yana jujjuya daga dabarun na zamanin Byzantine, ya yanke shawarar fuskantar Khalid da kuma halakar da manyan jagororin sojojin musulmai kafin babban rukunin su shiga su Hazir, gabashin Chalcis. Wannan shi ne aka sani da Yaƙin Hazir, wanda har ma ya tilasta wa Umar yaba wa mashahurin soja na Khalid. An ruwaito Umar ya ce: Yaƙin neman zaɓe a cikin Armeniya da Anatolia Bayan yaƙin Umar Umar ya ba da umarnin kwace Al-Jazira, wanda aka kammala a ƙarshen bazara 638 AD Bayan nasarar, Abu Ubaidah ya aika Khalid da Iyad bn Ghanm (magabcin Al-Jazira) don mamaye yankin Byzantine da ke arewacin Al-Jazira. Sun yi tafiya ba tare da izini ba kuma suka kama Edessa, Amida (Diyarbakır), Malatya da duka Armeniya har zuwa Ararat kuma sun kai hari arewacin da tsakiyar Anatolia. Heraclius ya riga ya yi watsi da duk wata hanyar da ke tsakanin Antakiya da Tartus don ƙirƙirar yankin mai saiti ko kuma ƙasa ta mutum tsakanin yankunan da ke ƙarƙashin ikon musulmai da kuma yankin Anatolia. Umar har zuwa lokacin da aka dakatar da sojojin nasa daga kara mamayewa cikin zurfi cikin Anatolia amma maimakon haka ya umarci Abu Ubaidah, wanda yanzu shine gwamnan Syria, da ya karfafa mulkinsa a Syria. A wannan karon, an ruwaito Umar ya ce: Babban yunwar Daga baya a waccan shekarar ta Arab ta fada cikin matsanancin fari, kuma mutane da yawa sun fara halaka daga yunwar da cututtukan annoba iri daya, duk sakamakon fari da rikicewar sa. Saboda haka, mutane da yawa marasa yawa (a cikin ɗaruruwan dubbai), daga ko'ina cikin Arabia, sun taru a Madina kamar yadda ake raba abinci. Ba da daɗewa ba, kayan abinci na Madina ya ƙi zuwa matakan tsoro. A wannan karon, Halifa Umar ya riga ya rubuta wa gwamnonin lardunansa cewa suna neman duk wata taimakon da za su taimaka da shi. Daya daga cikin irin wannan wasika an garzaya wurin Abu Ubaidah, wanda ya amsa nan da nan: Gaskiya zuwa ga tabbacin, Abu Ubaidah ta tafiyar da abinci da kayayyaki kasance na farko da ya isa Madina, tare da 4,000 raƙuma isa cike da abinci. Don magance adadin mai yawa, Umar ya nada Abu Ubaidah don raba wannan tsakanin dubban mutane da ke zaune a wajen Madina. Bayan taimakon Abu Ubaidah da kokarin sa, Umar ya ba da sadaki 4,000 a matsayin mai sauƙin kai ko godiya, wanda ya ƙi saboda dalilan cewa aikin ya yi saboda Allah ne. Bala'i na 'Amwas Watanni tara sun shude tunda fari da sabuwar matsala ta fara yin kiwo. Annobar annoba ta barke a Siriya da Iraki ta Yamma; Ya yi tsanani sosai a cikin Suriya. Lokacin da labarin bullar cutar Umar ya kama hanyarsa don tafiya Siriya, amma ya dawo daga kan iyakar Siriya kamar yadda sahabbansa suka shawarce shi. Abu Ubaidah ya gamu da shi a inda yace: Umar ya dawo daga Siriya saboda sau daya Muhammadu ya yi umarni cewa kada mutum ya shiga wurin da cutar ta warke sai dai idan yana da lafiya. Don haka Abu Ubaidah ya koma wurin sojojinsa a Emesa. A wannan lokacin ne annoba ta mamaye ƙasar Suriya, wacce ba a taɓa yin irin sa ba. Ya lalata yawan jama'a. Kamar yadda Halifa Umar yake so ya sanya Abu Ubaidah a matsayin magajin nasa bai so ya ci gaba da zama a yankin da annoba ta ke ba. Umar ya aika da manzo ga Abu Ubaidah da wata wasika yana cewa: Lokacin da Abu Ubaydah ya karɓi wasiƙar Umar, sai ya ce, Na san dalilin da ya sa Umar yake buƙata. Yana son tabbatar da rayuwar wanda, har abada, ba madawwami ba ne. Don haka ya rubuta wa Umar: Lokacin da Halifa Umar ya karanta wannan wasiƙar hawaye ya cika idanunsa waɗanda suke tare da shi suka ce, "Shin Abu Ubaidah ya mutu?" ya amsa ya ce "A'a, amma mutuwa na kusa da shi." Halifa Umar ya aika masa da wani manzo yana cewa idan ba ka dawo ba ko kaɗan ka koma ƙasar tuddai mai ƙarancin yanayi kuma Abu Ubaidah ya koma Jabyia. Wani dalili kuma da yasa Abu Ubaydah bai fita daga Siriya ba shine saboda sau daya ne Muhammad ya ba da umarnin cewa idan wata annoba ta kamu da ita, babu wani daga jihar da zai tsere kuma babu wani daga cikin jihar da zai shiga ta (keɓe kai). Mutuwa Da zaran Abu Ubaidah ya koma Jabyia ya kamu da cutar. Lokacin da mutuwa ta rataye shi, sai ya yi magana da sojojinsa: Sannan ya nada Muadh bn Jabal a matsayin magajinsa kuma ya umurce shi da jagorantar mutane da addu'o'i; bayan salloli Muadh ya tafi wurinsa, a wannan lokacin ransa ya tashi. Muadh ya tashi ya ce wa mutane: Ya mutu a shekara ta 639 AZ, aka binne shi a Jabiya. An ba da labarin cewa Janaza din shi ne jagorancin Muadhad bn Jabal Legacy Fuskarsa kyakkyawa ne, siriri da tsayi kuma fuskarsa mai haske kuma tana da gemu mai ƙoshin gaske. Yayi matukar farin ciki da dube shi da sanyaya zuciya yayin haduwa da shi. Ya kasance mai ladabi sosai da tawali'u kuma ya kasance mai jin kunya. Amma duk da haka a cikin mawuyacin hali zai zama mai ɗaukar nauyi da faɗakarwa. An bashi taken Amin ko kuma Majibincin jama’ar Muhammad Ummah 'Abd Allah ibn' Umar ya taba fada game da shi: Ya zaɓi rayuwa mai sauƙi, yana zaɓar mafi kyawun tufafi idan aka kwatanta shi da wasu sahaba (sahabban Muhammadu). A lokacin da, yayin mamayar Kudus, Halifa Umar ya zo Syria, Khalid bn al-Walid da Yazid bin abu Sufyan sun hadu da shi; Halifa Umar ya tsallake daga raƙinsa kuma ya jefa musu yashi yayin da yake yi musu gargaɗi da cewa “Bai cika shekara ɗaya ba tun da kun fito daga yunwar da wahalar Arabia kuma kun manta da sauƙi duk lokacin da kuka ga alhinin Siriya. Sarakuna? Duk mutanen biyu suna sanye da kyawawan tufafi sannan a baya sun saba; Khalid ibn al-Walid ya lura cewa a karkashin tufafinsu har yanzu suna da isasshen makamai, yana mai nuna cewa har yanzu sun saba da halayen rayuwar ƙaƙƙarfan ƙaya, suna kawo sauƙi ga Halifa. A kwatankwacin haka, Abu Ubaidah shima ya kasance, amma ya kasance mai kula da rigar sa da tsarin rayuwarsa koyaushe. Umar ya yi farin ciki da ganinsa, a wannan maraice kuwa, lokacin da Umar ya isa gidansa, ya ga cewa Abu Ubaidah, mutumin da ya yi nasara a fagen yaƙi (yana samun haƙƙin ganima), ba shi da dukiya a gida sai guda ɗaya. gado, takobi da garkuwa. Sai Umar ya ce masa: Kiristocin Levant sun musulunta kuma Abu Ubaidah ya yi wahayi zuwa gare su; dukkan membobin kabilun Kiristocin guda biyu, Banu Tanookh da Banu Saleej, sun musulunta bayan mamaye birnin Qasreen. Haka kuma, akwai babban taimako da Abu Ubaidah ya ba wa wadanda ba musulmai ba wadanda ke rayuwa a matsayin darajojinsa a Syria. Musulmai suna ɗaukarsa ɗaya daga cikin sahabbai goma na Muhammadu waɗanda Allah yayi musu alkawarin aljanna a duk rayuwarsu. Filin Jirgin sama na Ubaydah Bin Al Jarrah kusa da Kut, Iraq ansa masa sunansa dan girmama shi. Iyali Kaɗan kawai aka sani game da dangin Abu Ubaidah. Yana da mata biyu. Daga matarsa Hind bint Jabar yana da dansa Yazid da Ubaidah. Daga matarsa Warja yana da dansa Umair, amma dukkansu sun mutu tun suna yara. Ba a san shi ba idan yana da 'ya'ya mata, amma an ba da labarin zuriyarsa masu ƙare. Duk da wannan, dangin Al-Jarrah a cikin Aligarh na yau (a Uttar Pradesh na Indiya), Jordan da Lebanon sun ce zuriyarsu daga Abu Ubaidah da dangin Alqayem waɗanda aka san su da Falasdinawa ne. Duba kuma Ali Sa`d ibn Abi Waqqas Fahimtar Sunna akan Sahabai Jerin balaguron Muhammadu Manazarta Yaƙin Ajnadein Hanyoyin haɗin waje Ameen ul Ummah Hazrat Abu Ubaidah Bin Jarrah www.youngmuslims.ca Abu Ubaidah Pages with unreviewed
26047	https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rigakafin%20Covid-19	Rigakafin Covid-19	A COVID-19 maganin nena alurar yana nufin samar da rigakafi da tsanani na numfashi ciwo coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), da cutar da cewa yana sa coronavirus cuta 2019 (COVID-19). Kafin cutar ta COVID -19, kafaffen ilimin ya wanzu game da tsari da aikin coronaviruses da ke haifar da cututtuka kamar matsanancin ciwon numfashi (SARS) da ciwon numfashi na Gabas ta Tsakiya (MERS). Wannan ilimin ya hanzarta bunƙasa dandamali daban -daban na allurar rigakafi a farkon shekarar 2020. Farkon abin da aka fi mayar da hankali kan alluran rigakafin SARS-CoV-2 ya kasance kan hana alamun cutar, galibi rashin lafiya mai tsanani. kuma sannan allurar ta kasance ana yinta zagaye biyu ne. A ranar 10 ga watan Janairu na shekarar 2020, an raba bayanan jerin kwayoyin halittar SARS-CoV-2 ta hanyar GISAID, kuma zuwa 19 ga watan Maris, masana'antar magunguna ta duniya ta ba da sanarwar babban alƙawarin magance COVID-19. Alluran rigakafin COVID-19 ana yaba su sosai saboda rawar da suka taka wajen rage yaduwar, tsananin, da mutuwar da COVID-19 ya haifar. Kasashe da yawa sun aiwatar da tsare tsaren rabe raben matakai waɗanda ke ba da fifikon waɗanda ke cikin haɗarin rikitarwa, kamar tsofaffi, da kuma waɗanda ke cikin haɗarin kamuwa da watsawa, kamar ma'aikatan kiwon lafiya. Ana yin la'akari da amfani na wucin gadi kashi ɗaya don faɗaɗa allurar rigakafi ga mutane da yawa har zuwa samun allurar rigakafi. Yawatan zuwa ranar 4 ga watan Oktoba na shekarar 2021, an gudanar da alluran biliyan 6.36 na COVID -19 a duk duniya bisa rahotannin hukuma daga hukumomin lafiyar jama'a na ƙasa. AstraZeneca tana tsammanin samar da allurai biliyan 3 a cikin 2021, allurar Pfizer -BioNTech biliyan 1.3, da Sputnik V, Sinopharm, Sinovac, da Janssen biliyan 1 kowannensu. Moderna yana da niyyar samar da allurai miliyan 600 da allurar Convidecia miliyan 500 a cikin shekarar 2021. Zuwa watan Disamba na shekarar 2020, sama da allurar rigakafin biliyan 10 ƙasashe sun riga sun rigaya, tare da kusan rabin allurai da ƙasashe masu samun kuɗi suka saya wanda ya ƙunshi 14% na yawan mutanen duniya. Bayan Fage Kafin COVID -19, ba a taɓa yin allurar rigakafin cutar a ƙasa da shekaru da yawa bakuma babu allurar rigakafin cutar don hana kamuwa da cutar coronavirus a cikin mutane. Koyaya, an samar da alluran rigakafin cututtukan dabbobi da dama da coronaviruses ke haifarwa, gami da (kamar na 2003) cutar mashako a cikin tsuntsaye, coronavirus canine, da feline coronavirus Ayyukan da suka gabata don haɓaka allurar rigakafin ƙwayoyin cuta a cikin dangin Coronaviridae wanda ke shafar mutane an yi niyya ne ga matsanancin ciwo na numfashi (SARS) da ciwon numfashi na Gabas ta Tsakiya (MERS). An gwada alluran rigakafin SARS da MERS a cikin dabbobin da ba ɗan adam ba. Dangane da binciken da aka buga a shekarar 2005 da 2006, ganowa da haɓaka sabbin alluran rigakafi da magunguna don kula da SARS shine fifiko ga gwamnatoci da hukumomin kiwon lafiyar jama'a a duniya a wancan lokacin. Babu wani magani ko allurar rigakafi da aka tabbatar yana da aminci da tasiri akan SARS a cikin mutane. Haka kuma babu wata allurar rigakafin cutar MERS. Lokacin da MERS ta zama ruwan dare, an yi imanin cewa binciken SARS na yanzu na iya samar da samfuri mai amfani don haɓaka alluran rigakafi da warkewa daga kamuwa da cutar MERS-CoV. Tun daga watan Maris shekarar 2020, akwai allurar rigakafin MERS guda ɗaya (tushen DNA) wanda ya kammala MatakiI gwaji na asibiti a cikin mutane, da wasu uku da ke kan ci gaba, duk alluran rigakafin ƙwayoyin cuta ne: adenoviral-vectored (ChAdOx1-MERS, BVRS-GamVac) da MVA -vectored (MVA-MERS-S). Alluran rigakafin da ke amfani da ƙwayar cuta mai rauni ko rauni wanda aka girma cikin ƙwai yawanci yana ɗaukar sama da shekaru goma don haɓakawa.Sabanin haka, mRNA kwayar halitta ce da za a iya yin ta da sauri, kuma an fara bincike kan mRNA don yaƙar cututtuka shekaru da yawa kafin cutar ta COVID-19 ta masana kimiyya kamar Drew Weissman da Katalin Karikó, waɗanda suka gwada akan beraye. Moderna ya fara gwajin ɗan adam na rigakafin mRNA a cikin shekarar 2015. An kuma samar da allurar rigakafin ƙwayoyin cuta don cutar ta COVID-19 bayan an riga an share fasahar don Ebola. Kamar yadda aka ba da izini ko allurar rigakafi da yawa na COVID-19 ko lasisi don amfani, yanzu ana tantance ingancin allurar rigakafin cutar (RWE) ta amfani da sarrafa shari'ar da nazarin lura. Wani bincike yana binciken kariya ta dindindin akan SARS-CoV-2 da alluran mRNA ke bayarwa. A ranar 10 ga watan Agusta na shekarar 2021, wani bincike ya nuna cewa cikakken adadin ɗaukar allurar rigakafin yana da alaƙa da juzu'in juzu'i na SARS-CoV-2 a cikin ƙasashe 16 (R-squared 0.878). Tsara Tun daga watan Satumba shekara ta 2020, goma sha ɗaya daga cikin masu neman allurar rigakafin a cikin ci gaban asibiti suna amfani da masu talla don haɓaka rigakafi. [35] Adjuvant immunological abu ne da aka ƙera tare da allurar rigakafi don haɓaka martanin rigakafi ga antigen, kamar ƙwayar COVID -19 ko ƙwayar mura. [36] Musamman, ana iya amfani da wani adjuvant wajen tsara ɗan takarar rigakafin COVID -19 don haɓaka rigakafin rigakafi da ingancinsa don ragewa ko hana kamuwa da COVID -19 a cikin mutanen da aka yiwa allurar. [37] [38] Adjuvants da aka yi amfani da su a cikin allurar rigakafin COVID-19 na iya zama mai tasiri musamman ga fasaha ta amfani da ƙwayar COVID-19 mara aiki da recombinant protein-based ko vector-based vaccines. [39] Gishirin Aluminium, wanda aka sani da “alum”, shine farkon adjuvant da aka yi amfani da shi don allurar riga -kafi mai lasisi, kuma shine adjuvant na zaɓi a cikin kashi 80% na alluran rigakafi. [39] Alum adjuvant yana ƙaddamar da nau'ikan kwayoyin halitta da na salula don haɓaka rigakafin rigakafi, gami da sakin cytokines masu kumburi. Binciken asibiti Binciken asibiti na rigakafin COVID-19 shine binciken asibiti akan alluran COVID-19, gami da ingancin su, inganci da amincin su. Akwai alluran riga-kafi guda 22 da gwamnatocin kasashe suka ba da izini don amfani da su, tare da alluran rigakafi guda shida da aka amince da su don gaggawa ko cikakken amfani da akalla ɗaya daga cikin manyan hukumomin da WHO ta amince da su; kuma biyar daga cikinsu suna cikin Mataki na IV. 204 alluran rigakafi a ƙarƙashin gwajin asibiti wanda har yanzu ba a ba da izini ba. Hakanan akwai gwaje -gwaje na asibiti guda tara akan darussan allurar rigakafi daban -daban. A cikin gwaji na Mataki na III, alluran COVID -19 da yawa sun nuna inganci har zuwa 95% don hana kamuwa da cututtukan COVID -19. Aƙalla alluran rigakafin guda ashirin ne aƙalla ikon hukuma guda na ƙasa don amfanin jama'a: allurar DNA ɗaya (ZyCoV-D) alluran RNA guda biyu (Pfizer-BioNTech da Moderna), alluran rigakafi guda goma na al'ada (BBIBP-CorV, Kwalejin Kimiyya ta China, CoronaVac Covaxin, CoviVac, COVIran Barekat, FAKHRAVAC, Minhai-Kangtai, QazVac, da WIBP-CorV), alluran rigakafin ƙwayoyin cuta guda biyar (Sputnik Light, Sputnik V, Oxford-AstraZeneca, Convidecia, da Janssen), da alluran subunit biyar (Abdala, EpiVacCorona, MVC-COV1901, Soberana 02, da ZF2001). Gabaɗaya, 'yan takarar allurar rigakafin 330 suna cikin matakai daban -daban na ci gaba, tare da 102 a cikin binciken asibiti, gami da 30 a gwajin Phase I, 30 a gwajin Phase I -II, 25 a gwajin Phase III, da 8 a ci gaban Phase IV. Matsalolin bayan allurar rigakafi Bayan allurar rigakafin embolic da abubuwan thrombotic, wanda kuma ake kira allurar rigakafin rigakafin thrombocytopenia (VIPIT), rigakafin thrombotic thrombocytopenia (VITT), ko thrombosis tare da ciwon thrombocytopenia (TTS) wasu nau'ikan cututtukan da ke hana jini. adadi kaɗan ne na mutanen da a baya suka karɓi allurar rigakafin COVID-19 na Oxford-AstraZeneca (AZD1222) yayin barkewar COVID-19. Daga baya kuma an bayyana shi a cikin allurar rigakafin COVID-19 na Janssen (Johnson Johnson) wanda ya kai ga dakatar da amfani da shi har sai an sake duba lafiyar sa. A cikin watan Afrilu na shekarar 2021, AstraZeneca da EMA sun sabunta bayanan su don ƙwararrun masana kiwon lafiya game da AZD1222, suna cewa "an yi la'akari da abin da ya dace" cewa akwai alaƙar alaƙa tsakanin alurar riga kafi da faruwar thrombosis a haɗe tare da thrombocytopenia da wancan, "kodayake irin wannan munanan halayen. ba su da yawa, sun wuce abin da ake tsammani a cikin yawan jama'a Sharuɗɗa daga ƙungiyoyin ƙwararru suna ba da shawarar magani tare da wasu magungunan kashe kuɗaɗen maye maimakon heparin, saboda akwai yuwuwar hakan na iya haɓaka abin da ke faruwa. Nau'in rigakafi Akalla dandamali fasaha daban -daban guda tara suna ƙarƙashin bincike da haɓakawa don ƙirƙirar ingantaccen allurar rigakafin COVID -19.Yawancin dandamali na 'yan takarar allurar rigakafi a cikin gwajin asibiti suna mai da hankali kan furotin na coronavirus da bambance -bambancensa a matsayin farkon antigen na COVID -19 kamuwa da cuta, tunda furotin S yana haifar da martani na rigakafi. An samar da dandamali a cikin 2020 wanda ya haɗa da fasahar nucleic acid (RNA da DNA mai canza nucleoside ƙwayoyin cuta marasa cutarwa, peptides, sunadaran sake haɗawa, ƙwayoyin cuta masu rai, da ƙwayoyin cuta marasa aiki. Yawancin fasahar allurar rigakafin da ake haɓakawa don COVID-19 ba kamar alluran riga-kafi bane da ake amfani da su don hana mura, amma suna amfani da dabarun “ƙarni na gaba” don yin niyya daidai da hanyoyin kamuwa da COVID-19. Da yawa daga cikin allurar rigakafi suna amfani da maye gurbi na 2P don kulle furotin mai ƙyalli a cikin saitin sa na farko, yana ƙarfafa amsawar rigakafin rigakafi ga ƙwayar cutar kafin ta shiga jikin ɗan adam. Dandalin allurar rigakafi a cikin ci gaba na iya haɓaka sassauƙa don magudi na antigen, da tasiri don ƙulla dabarun kamuwa da COVID -19 a cikin ƙungiyoyin jama'a masu saukin kamuwa, kamar ma'aikatan kiwon lafiya, tsofaffi, yara, mata masu juna biyu, da mutanen da ke da rauni na rigakafi Alluran RNA Yawancin alluran COVID-19, gami da allurar Pfizer-BioNTech da Moderna, an yi amfani da su don amfani da RNA don tayar da martanin rigakafi. Lokacin da aka shigar da shi cikin jikin ɗan adam, RNA da ke cikin allurar tana aiki azaman manzo RNA (mRNA) don haifar da sel don gina furotin na SARS-CoV-2. Wannan yana koya wa jiki yadda ake ganewa da lalata ɓarnar da ta dace. Alluran RNA sau da yawa, amma ba koyaushe ba, suna amfani da RNA mai canza nucleoside Ana isar da isar da mRNA ta hanyar haɗaɗɗiyar ƙwayar ƙwayar cuta a cikin ƙwayoyin nanoparticles waɗanda ke kare ƙwayoyin RNA kuma suna taimakawa shaƙar su cikin sel. Alluran RNA sune alluran COVID -19 na farko da aka ba da izini a Burtaniya, Amurka da Tarayyar Turai. Alluran da aka ba da izini na irin wannan shine allurar Pfizer BioNTech da Moderna. Allurar CVnCoV RNA daga CureVac ta gaza a cikin hanyoyin asibiti. halayen rashin lafiyan suna da wuya. A watan Disambar 2020, 1,893,360 allurai na farko na Pfizer BioNTech COVID -19 gudanar da allurar rigakafi ya haifar da lamuran 175 na mummunan rashin lafiyan, wanda 21 daga cikinsu anaphylaxis ne. Domin 4,041,396 Moderna COVID 19 gwamnatocin allurar rigakafin cutar a watan Disamba na shekarar 2020 da watan Janairu na shekarar 2021, lokuta goma na anaphylaxis ne aka ruwaito. Kusan anoparticles na lipid sun kasance masu alhakin halayen rashin lafiyan. Adenovirus vector alluran rigakafi Waɗannan alluran rigakafin misalai ne na alluran rigakafin ƙwayoyin cuta na ƙwayoyin cuta, ta amfani da harsashin adenovirus wanda ke ɗauke da DNA wanda ke haɗa furotin SARS-CoV-2. Alluran rigakafin ƙwayoyin cuta na COVID-19 ba sa yin kwafi, ma'ana ba sa yin sabbin ƙwayoyin ƙwayoyin cuta, amma suna haifar da antigen ne kawai wanda ke haifar da martani na rigakafi. Alluran da aka ba da izini na irin wannan shine allurar COVID-19 na Oxford-AstraZeneca, allurar Sputnik V COVID-19, Convidecia, da Janssen COVID-19. Convidecia da Janssen COVID-19 duka alluran rigakafin guda ɗaya ne waɗanda ke ba da ƙarancin dabaru kuma ana iya adana su ƙarƙashin firiji na yau da kullun. Sputnik V yana amfani da Ad26 don kashi na farko, wanda yayi daidai da kashi ɗaya kawai na Janssen, da Ad5 don kashi na biyu, wanda yayi daidai da kashi ɗaya kawai na Convidecia. A ranar 11 ga Agustan 2021, masu haɓaka Sputnik V sun ba da shawara, dangane da karuwar shari'ar Delta cewa Pfizer ya gwada ɓangaren Ad26 (wanda ake kira sigar Haske azaman mai ɗaukar hoto:Laifukan Delta sun karu a Amurka Isra’ila sun nuna alluran rigakafin mRNA suna buƙatar ƙarfafawa daban -daban don ƙarfafawa da tsawaita martanin rigakafi. #SputnikV ya fara ba da haɗin kai da daidaitawa, gwajin haduwa nuna 83.1% inganci vs Delta. A yau RDIF tana ba Pfizer don fara gwaji tare da Sputnik Light azaman mai ƙarfafawa. Alluran rigakafin ƙwayar cuta Allurar da ba ta aiki ba ta ƙunshi ƙwayoyin ƙwayoyin cuta waɗanda aka yi girma a cikin al'adu sannan kuma an kashe su ta amfani da hanyar kamar zafi ko formaldehyde don rasa ƙarfin samar da cuta, yayin da har yanzu ke motsa martani na rigakafi. Alluran rigakafin wannan nau'in shine CoronaVac na China, BBIBP-CorV, da WIBP-CorV Covaxin na Indiya; daga baya a wannan shekarar CoviVac na Rasha; allurar rigakafin Kazakhstani QazVac; da Barekat na COVIran na Iran. Alluran rigakafi a cikin gwajin asibiti sun haɗa da allurar Valneva COVID-19 Subunit alluran rigakafi Alluran subunit suna gabatar da antigens guda ɗaya ko fiye ba tare da gabatar da ƙwayoyin ƙwayoyin cuta ba. Magungunan antigens da ke da alaƙa sau da yawa sunadaran furotin, amma suna iya zama kowane ƙwayar cuta wanda ke guntun ƙwayoyin cuta. Alluran rigakafin guda uku na irin wannan sune allurar peptide EpiVacCorona, ZF2001, da MVC-COV1901. Alluran rigakafin da ke da izini sun haɗa da allurar Novavax COVID-19, Soberana 02 allurar rigakafi da allurar Sanofi-GSK Allurar V451 a baya tana cikin gwajin asibiti, wanda aka dakatar saboda an gano cewa allurar na iya haifar da sakamako mara kyau ga gwajin HIV na gaba. Intranasal Alluran rigakafi na intranasal suna yin niyyar rigakafin mucosal a cikin mucosa na hanci wanda shine ƙofar don shigar da hoto a jikin mutum. An tsara waɗannan allurar rigakafin don ƙarfafa abubuwan rigakafi na hanci, kamar IgA Bugu da kari ga inhibiting da cutar, hanci alluran samar da sauƙi na gwamnati saboda ba needles (da rakiyar allura phobia ne da hannu. An amince da allurar rigakafin hanci don wasu cututtuka, kamar mura Tun daga shekarar 2021, allurar rigakafin hanci ɗaya kawai, <i id="mwAgI">Flumist</i> (Amurka); <i id="mwAgM">Fluenz Tetra</i> (Tarayyar Turai), an ba shi izini a Amurka da Turai don amfani da shi azaman rigakafin mura. Sauran iri Ƙarin nau'ikan alluran rigakafin da ke cikin gwaji na asibiti sun haɗa da allurar ƙwayoyin cuta kamar ƙwayoyin cuta, allurar rigakafin ƙwayar cuta ta DNA da yawa,aƙalla alluran rigakafin ƙwayar cuta na lentivirus guda biyu allurar riga -kafi, da kwayar cutar stomatitis ta vesicular stomatitis wanda ke nuna furotin na SARS -CoV -2. Masana kimiyya sun bincika ko alluran riga -kafi na yanayin da ba su da alaƙa na iya haɓaka tsarin garkuwar jiki da rage tsananin cutar COVID -19. Akwai shaidar gwaji cewa allurar rigakafin cutar tarin fuka ta BCG tana da tasiri na musamman akan tsarin garkuwar jiki, amma babu shaidar cewa wannan allurar tana da tasiri akan COVID-19. Shiryawa da cigaba Tun daga watan Janairun 2020, an hanzarta haɓaka allurar rigakafin ta hanyar haɗin gwiwar da ba a taɓa yin irinta ba a masana'antar magunguna da yawa tsakanin gwamnatoci. Ana kimanta matakai da yawa tare da duk hanyar ci gaba, gami da: matakin yarda da guba na allurar (amincin sa), kai hari ga jama'a masu rauni, buƙatar ingantaccen tasirin allurar rigakafi, tsawon lokacin kariyar rigakafi, tsarin bayarwa na musamman (kamar na baka ko hanci, maimakon allura), tsarin tsari, kwanciyar hankali da halaye na ajiya, izinin amfani da gaggawa kafin lasisi na yau da kullun, mafi kyawun masana'antu don haɓakawa zuwa biliyoyin allurai, da yada allurar rigakafi. Kalubale An sami ƙalubale na musamman da yawa tare da ci gaban allurar COVID -19. Gaggawar ƙirƙirar allurar rigakafin cutar ta COVID -19 ya haifar da jadawalin jadawalin da ya rage takamaiman lokacin haɓaka allurar rigakafin, a wasu lokuta haɗa matakan gwaji na asibiti sama da watanni, tsari wanda galibi ana yin sa a cikin shekaru. An bayyana shirye -shiryen kiwon lafiyar jama'a a cikin "tsere don yin allurar rigakafin mutane" tare da allurar rigakafin farko. Lokaci don gudanar da bincike na asibitiyawanci tsari ne mai tsari wanda ke buƙatar shekaruana matsa su cikin aminci, inganci, da gwajin gwaji da ke gudana lokaci guda sama da watanni, mai yuwuwar ɓarna tabbacin tsaro. A matsayin misali, masu haɓaka allurar rigakafin cutar Sinawa da Cibiyar Kula da Cututtuka da Cututtuka ta China ta gwamnati sun fara ƙoƙarinsu a cikin Janairu 2020, kuma zuwa Maris suna bin 'yan takara da yawa a cikin ɗan gajeren lokaci, tare da burin nuna ƙarfin fasahar Sinawa kan waɗanda na. Amurka, kuma don sake kwantar da hankalin Sinawa game da ingancin allurar rigakafin da ake samarwa a China. Saurin haɓakawa da hanzarin samar da allurar rigakafin cutar ta COVID -19 ana tsammanin zai ƙara haɗarin da gazawar isar da ingantaccen, allurar rigakafi. Bugu da ƙari, bincike a jami'o'i yana toshewa ta hanyar nesanta jiki da rufe dakunan gwaje -gwaje. Dole ne alluran rigakafin su ci gaba ta matakai da yawa na gwajin asibiti don gwada aminci, rigakafi, tasiri, matakan kashi da illolin allurar ɗan takarar. Masu haɓaka allurar rigakafin dole ne su saka hannun jari a ƙasashen duniya don samun isasshen mahalarta don MatakiGwaje -gwajen asibiti na II III lokacin da kwayar cutar ta tabbatar da cewa manufa ce mai motsi" na canza adadin watsawa a cikin da cikin ƙasashe, yana tilasta kamfanoni yin gasa don mahalarta gwaji. Masu shirya gwaji na asibiti kuma na iya haɗuwa da mutanen da ba sa son yin allurar rigakafi saboda jinkirin allurar ko rashin yarda da ilimin fasahar rigakafin da ikon hana kamuwa da cuta. Yayin da ake haɓaka sabbin alluran rigakafi yayin bala'in COVID -19, lasisin 'yan takarar allurar rigakafin COVID -19 yana buƙatar ƙaddamar da cikakkun bayanai game da ci gaba da ingancin masana'anta. Ƙungiyoyi Kasashen duniya, Samun damar COVID-19 Kayan aikin hanzari shine G20 da shirin Hukumar Lafiya ta Duniya (WHO) da aka sanar a watan Afrilu na shekarar 2020. Tsarin tallafi ne na giciye don baiwa abokan tarayya damar raba albarkatu da ilimi. Ya ƙunshi ginshiƙai guda huɗu, kowannensu yana gudanar da ayyukan haɗin gwiwa biyu zuwa uku: Alluran rigakafi (wanda kuma ake kira COVAX Diagnostics, Therapeutics, and Health Systems Connector. WHO ta watan Afrilu na shekarar 2020 "R&D Blueprint (don) coronavirus labari" ya rubuta "babban, na ƙasa da ƙasa, rukunin yanar gizo, gwajin gwajin asibiti daban-daban" don ba da damar "kimantawa na lokaci ɗaya na fa'idodi da haɗarin kowane alƙawarin ɗan takara mai alƙawarin a cikin 3- Watanni 6 ana ba da shi don fitina. Hadin gwiwar allurar rigakafin na WHO zai ba da fifiko kan waɗanne alluran rigakafi ya kamata su shiga cikin MatakiII kumaIII gwaje -gwaje na asibiti, da ƙayyade daidaiton MatakiKa'idoji na III ga duk alluran rigakafin da suka kai matakin gwaji mai mahimmanci. Haka kuma gwamnatocin kasa sun shiga cikin raya allurar rigakafi. Kanada ta ba da sanarwar bayar da kuɗaɗen ayyukan bincike na allurar bincike guda 96 a kamfanoni da jami'o'in Kanada, tare da shirye -shiryen kafa “bankin allurar rigakafi” wanda za a iya amfani da shi idan wani barkewar cutar coronavirus ta sake faruwa, da kuma tallafawa gwajin asibiti da haɓaka masana'antu da samar da sarƙoƙi don alluran rigakafi. Kasar Sin ta ba da lamuni mai araha ga mai samar da allurar rigakafin ta hanyar babban bankin ta, kuma "cikin sauri ta samar da fili ga kamfanin" don gina tsire-tsire. Kamfanoni uku na allurar rigakafi da cibiyoyin bincike suna samun tallafi daga gwamnati don tallafawa bincike, gudanar da gwajin asibiti, da masana'antu. Burtaniya ta kafa kwamitin aikin rigakafin COVID -19 a cikin watan Afrilu shekarar 2020 don ƙarfafa ƙoƙarin cikin gida don hanzarta haɓaka rigakafin ta hanyar haɗin gwiwar masana'antu, jami'o'i, da hukumomin gwamnati. Ya ƙunshi kowane mataki na ci gaba daga bincike zuwa masana'antu. A cikin Amurka, Hukumar Bincike da Ci gaban Biomedical (BARDA), wata hukumar tarayya da ke ba da tallafin fasahar yaƙi da cuta, ta ba da sanarwar saka hannun jari don tallafawa ci gaban allurar rigakafin COVID-19 na Amurka, da ƙera mafi kyawun 'yan takara. A watan Mayu shekarar 2020, gwamnati ta ba da sanarwar bayar da kuɗaɗe don wani shiri mai sauri da ake kira Operation Warp Speed Ya zuwa watan Maris na shekarar 2021, BARDA ta ba da kimanin kimanin dala biliyan 19.3 a ci gaban rigakafin COVID-19. Manyan kamfanonin harhada magunguna da gogewa wajen yin allurar rigakafi a sikelin, ciki har da Johnson Johnson, AstraZeneca, da GlaxoSmithKline (GSK), sun kulla kawance da kamfanonin fasahar kere -kere, gwamnatoci, da jami'o'i don hanzarta ci gaba zuwa alluran rigakafin. Tarihi Samfuran binciken rigakafin COVID -19 a cikin injin daskarewa na NIAID (a ranar 30 ga watan Janairu shekarar 2020) COVID-19's ya haifar da ƙwayar cuta, SARS-CoV-2 (matsanancin ciwon huhu na numfashi coronavirus 2), an ware shi a ƙarshen shekarar 2019. An buga jerin kwayoyin halittarsa a ranar 11 ga watan Janairu shekarar 2020, yana haifar da martani na gaggawa na ƙasa da ƙasa don shirya don fashewa da hanzarta ci gaban. allurar rigakafin COVID-19. Tun daga shekarar 2020, an hanzarta haɓaka allurar rigakafin ta hanyar haɗin gwiwar da ba a taɓa yin irinta ba a masana'antun magunguna na ƙasashe da yawa tsakanin gwamnatoci. Zuwa watan Yuni na shekarar 2020, kamfanoni, gwamnatoci, kungiyoyin kiwon lafiya na duniya, da kungiyoyin bincike na jami'a sun saka gomomin biliyoyin daloli don samar da 'yan takarar allurar rigakafin da kuma shirye -shiryen shirye -shiryen rigakafin duniya don yin rigakafin kamuwa da cutar COVID -19. Dangane da Hadin gwiwar Innovations na Shirye -shiryen Cutar (CEPI), rabe -raben yanki na ci gaban rigakafin COVID -19 yana nuna ƙungiyoyin Arewacin Amurka suna da kusan 40% na aikin, idan aka kwatanta da 30% a Asiya da Ostiraliya, 26% a Turai, da 'yan ayyukan a Kudancin Amurka da Afirka. A watan Fabrairu shekarar 2020, Hukumar Lafiya ta Duniya (WHO) ta ce ba ta tsammanin samun allurar rigakafin SARS -CoV 2 a cikin kasa da watanni 18. Masanin ilmin dabbobi Paul Offit yayi sharhi cewa, a hangen nesa, ci gaban allurar rigakafi mai inganci cikin watanni 11 abu ne mai ban mamaki. Yawan saurin kamuwa da cuta na COVID-19 a duk duniya yayin shekarar 2020 ya ƙarfafa ƙawancen ƙasashe da ƙoƙarin gwamnati don hanzarta shirya albarkatu don yin allurar rigakafi da yawa akan takaitaccen lokacin, tare da masu neman allurar rigakafin guda huɗu waɗanda ke shiga kimantawar ɗan adam a cikin Maris (duba allurar COVID-19 rial Gwaji da matsayin izini A ranar 24 ga watan Yuni shekarar 2020, China ta amince da allurar rigakafin CanSino don iyakance amfani a cikin sojoji, da alluran rigakafin ƙwayoyin cuta guda biyu don amfanin gaggawa cikin ayyukan haɗari. A ranar 11 ga watan Agustan shekarar 2020, Rasha ta ba da sanarwar amincewa da allurar rigakafin ta Sputnik V don amfanin gaggawa, kodayake bayan wata ɗaya kawai an raba ƙananan allurar don amfani da ita a wajen gwajin mataki na 3. Abokan hulɗa na Pfizer BioNTech sun gabatar da buƙatar izinin Amfani da Gaggawa (EUA) ga Hukumar Abinci da Magunguna ta Amurka (FDA) don allurar mRNA BNT162b2 (sinadarin aiki tozinameran) a ranar 20 ga watan Nuwamba shekarar 2020. A ranar 2 ga watan Disamba na shekarar 2020, Magunguna da Kula da Lafiya na Burtaniya. Hukumar Kula da Kayayyaki (MHRA) ta ba da izini na ɗan lokaci don allurar Pfizer -BioNTech, ta zama ƙasa ta farko da ta amince da allurar kuma ƙasa ta farko a Yammacin duniya don amincewa da amfani da kowane allurar COVID -19. Tun daga ranar 21 ga watan Disamba shekara ta 2020, ƙasashe da yawa da Tarayyar Turai sun ba da izini ko amincewa da allurar Pfizer -BioNTech COVID -19. Bahrain da Hadaddiyar Daular Larabawa sun ba da izinin tallan gaggawa na BBIBP-CorV, wanda Sinopharm ya ƙera. A ranar 11 ga watan Disamba shekara ta 2020, FDA ta ba da EUA don maganin Pfizer -BioNTech COVID -19. Mako guda bayan haka, sun ba da EUA don mRNA-1273 (elasomeran mai aiki), allurar Moderna. A ranar 31 ga watan Maris shekarar 2021, gwamnatin Rasha ta ba da sanarwar cewa sun yi rajistar rigakafin COVID -19 na farko ga dabbobi. Anyi wa lakabi da Carnivac-Cov, allurar rigakafi ce ga dabbobi masu cin nama, gami da dabbobin gida, da nufin hana maye gurbi da ke faruwa yayin watsawar SARS-CoV-2.A watan Yunin shekarar 2021, wani rahoto ya bayyana cewa allurar UB-612, wanda COVAXX na Amurka ya samar, wani kamfani ne wanda ya kafa kamfanin Blackwater Erik Prince A cikin jerin saƙonnin rubutu ga Paul Behrends, babban abokin aikin da aka dauka don aikin COVAXX, Yarima ya bayyana damar samun riba a siyar da allurar COVID-19. COVAXX bai ba da bayanai daga gwajin asibiti kan aminci ko inganci ba. An ba da alhakin ƙirƙirar cibiyoyin sadarwa na rarrabawa ga wani yanki na Abu Dhabi, wanda aka ambata a matsayin "Windward Capital" akan harafin COVAXX amma a zahiri Windward Holdings ne. Babban mai hannun jarin kamfanin, wanda ke kula da "ayyukan ƙwararru, kimiyya da fasaha", shine Erik Prince. A cikin watan Maris na shekarar 2021, COVAXX ya tara dala biliyan 1.35 a cikin keɓaɓɓen wuri. Inganci Bayanai na baya-bayan nan daga karatu a Amurka da wasu ƙasashe sun gano cewa akwai allurar rigakafin COVID-19 daga Amurka “tana da matuƙar kariya daga rashin lafiya, asibiti, da mutuwa sakamakon COVID-19.” Idan aka kwatanta da cikakkun mutanen da aka yiwa allurar rigakafin, CDC ta gano cewa mutanen da ba su yi allurar rigakafin ba sun fi kamuwa da cutar sau 5, sau 10 mafi kusantar yin asibiti, kuma sau 11 sun fi mutuwa. Ya zuwa watan Yunin shekarar 2021, sama da kashi 96% na likitocin Amurka sun sami cikakkiyar rigakafin COVID-19. A ƙarshen watan Agusta shekarar 2021, bayan bambance-bambancen Delta ya zama mai rinjaye, bincike ya kammala cewa alluran COVID-19 sun ba da kariya 55 bisa ɗari daga kamuwa da cuta, kashi 80 daga kamuwa da alamomin cutar, kuma aƙalla kashi 90 cikin ɗari a kan asibiti. Bambancin na Delta, wanda kusan kashi 40 cikin ɗari ya fi kamuwa da alpha, ya zama mafi ƙarfi a lokacin bazara na shekarar 2021. Duk da haka, alluran rigakafin har yanzu suna da kariya daga mummunan rashin lafiya da asibiti tare da raguwar inganci. Hakazalika CDC ta gano cewa alluran rigakafin sun kai kashi 90 cikin ɗari a hana rigakafin asibiti. Sakamakon rahotannin CDC, Shugaba Joe Biden ya ce "kusan duka" asibitocin COVID-19 da mutuwa a Amurka suna cikin mutanen da ba a yi musu allurar rigakafi ba. Wani bincike a jihar Washington ya gano cewa mutanen da ba su yi allurar rigakafin ba sun fi saurin kamuwa da COVID-19 sau shida, sau 37 mafi kusantar yin asibiti, kuma sau 67 suna iya mutuwa, idan aka kwatanta da waɗanda aka yi wa allurar. Masu bincike sun lura cewa duk da cewa ba allurar rigakafin da ake yi a yanzu an tsara su ba ne akan bambancin Delta, duk da haka suna da inganci sosai, amma zuwa ƙaramin mataki: kariya ta faɗi daga 91% zuwa 66%. Wani kwararre ya bayyana cewa "wadanda suka kamu da cutar bayan allurar rigakafi har yanzu ba sa rashin lafiya kuma ba sa mutuwa kamar abin da ke faruwa kafin allurar." "Wannan kwayar cutar ita ce mafi inganci kwayar cutar don nemo sabbin rundunonin da ke da rauni," in ji Dokta Eric Topol, darekta kuma wanda ya kafa Cibiyar Fassara Binciken Scripps. A ƙarshen watan Agusta na shekarar 2021 bambancin Delta ya kai kashi 99 cikin 100 na lamuran Amurka kuma an same shi ya ninka haɗarin rashin lafiya mai tsanani da asibiti ga waɗanda ba a riga sun yi allurar ba. Abubuwan da suka faru Munanan abubuwan da suka faru masu alaƙa da karɓar sabbin alluran rigakafin COVID-19 suna da fa'ida ga jama'a. Duk alluran rigakafin da ake gudanarwa ta allurar intramuscular, gami da alluran COVID-19, suna da illa masu alaƙa da rauni mai rauni da ke da alaƙa da hanya da shigar da wani abu na waje cikin jiki. Waɗannan sun haɗa da ciwon kai, jajaye, kurji, da kumburi a wurin allurar. Sauran illolin na kowa sun haɗa da gajiya, ciwon kai, myalgia (ciwon tsoka), da arthralgia (ciwon haɗin gwiwa) wanda gaba ɗaya ke warwarewa cikin 'yan kwanaki. Effectaya daga cikin abubuwan da ba su da yawa (wanda ke faruwa a ƙasa da 1 cikin mutane 1,000) shine rashin hankali (rashin lafiyan) ga ɗaya ko fiye daga cikin sinadaran rigakafin, wanda a wasu lokuta mawuyaci na iya haifar da anaphylaxis. Haɗarin haɗarin haɗarin haɗarin haɗarin thrombosis mai alaƙa da haɗarin mutuwa yana da alaƙa da yawancin marasa lafiyar mata marasa lafiya, bayan gudanar da allurar Janssen (Johnson da Johnson) da Oxford-AstraZenica COVID-19. Al'umma da al'adu Rarraba Lura game da tebur zuwa dama: Adadi da yawan mutanen da suka karɓi aƙalla kashi ɗaya na allurar COVID-19 (sai dai in an lura in ba haka ba). Zai iya haɗawa da allurar rigakafin waɗanda ba 'yan ƙasa ba, wanda zai iya tura jimillar fiye da 100% na yawan jama'ar yankin. Ana sabunta tebur yau da kullun ta hanyar bot. A cikin Tarayyar Turai, alluran COVID 19 suna da lasisi a ƙarƙashin Izinin Tallafi na Yanayi wanda baya keɓe masu ƙira daga iƙirarin alhakin farar hula da gudanarwa. Yayin da kwangilolin siye tare da masu kera allurar rigakafin suka kasance a asirce, ba su ƙunshi keɓancewar alhaki har ma da illolin da ba a sani ba a lokacin lasisi. Ofishin Bincike na Jarida, wata ƙungiyar labarai mai zaman kanta, ta ba da rahoto a cikin binciken da jami'ai da ba a ambaci sunan su ba a wasu ƙasashe, kamar su Argentina da Brazil, suka ce Pfizer ya buƙaci garanti kan ƙarar shari'o'in shari'a sakamakon illa a cikin hanyar yin watsi da abin da ya dace. kadarori kamar ajiyar bankin tarayya, gine -ginen ofisoshin jakadanci ko sansanonin soji, suna wuce abin da ake tsammani daga wasu ƙasashe kamar Amurka. Yayin binciken majalisar na barkewar cutar a Brazil, wakilin Pfizer ya ce sharuddansa na Brazil iri daya ne da sauran kasashen da ta kulla yarjejeniya da su. Ya zuwa 9 ga watan Oktoba shekarar 2021, an yi allurar rigakafin COVID-19 biliyan 6.47 a duk duniya, tare da kashi 46 na yawan mutanen duniya sun sami aƙalla kashi ɗaya. Yayin da ake gudanar da alluran rigakafin miliyan 23.6 a kullum, kashi 2.3 na mutanen da ke cikin ƙasashe masu ƙarancin kuɗi sun sami aƙalla allurar farko zuwa Oktoba 2021, a cewar rahotannin hukuma daga hukumomin kiwon lafiya na ƙasa, wanda Duniyar Mu ta tattara. A yayin barkewar cutar kan lokaci mai sauri da sikelin shari'o'in COVID-19 a cikin shekarar 2020, ƙungiyoyin ƙasa da ƙasa kamar Hukumar Lafiya ta Duniya (WHO) da Hadin gwiwa don Innovations na Ciwon Cutar (CEPI), masu haɓaka allurar rigakafi, gwamnatoci, da masana'antu sun kimanta rarraba abubuwan da suka faru magungunan rigakafi). Ana iya shawo kan daidaikun ƙasashe da ke samar da allurar rigakafi don fifita babban mai siyarwa don kera ko samar da sabis na farko ga ƙasarsu. bukata. A cikin watan Afrilu shekarar 2020, an ba da rahoton cewa Burtaniya ta amince ta yi aiki tare da wasu ƙasashe 20 da ƙungiyoyin duniya ciki har da Faransa, Jamus da Italiya don nemo allurar rigakafi da raba sakamakon, kuma 'yan ƙasar Burtaniya ba za su sami fifikon fifiko ga kowane sabon COVID ba. Alluran rigakafi 19 da jami'o'in Burtaniya suka biya masu biyan haraji. Kamfanoni da yawa sun yi niyyar fara yin allurar rigakafin a kan farashi mai ƙima, sannan su ƙara farashin don riba daga baya idan ana buƙatar allurar rigakafin shekara -shekara kuma yayin da ƙasashe ke gina jari don buƙatun gaba. Rahoton CEPI na watan Afrilu shekarar 2020 ya ce: "Za a buƙaci haɗin kai da haɗin gwiwa tsakanin ƙasashen duniya tsakanin masu haɓaka allurar rigakafi, masu tsara doka, masu tsara manufofi, masu ba da gudummawa, hukumomin kiwon lafiyar jama'a, da gwamnatoci don tabbatar da cewa za a iya ƙera 'yan takarar allurar rigakafin cutar a cikin isasshen adadi da wadatar da su daidai. ga dukkan yankunan da abin ya shafa, musamman yankuna masu ƙarancin albarkatu. WHO da CEPI suna haɓaka albarkatun kuɗi da jagororin don jigilar duniya da yawa, ingantattun allurar COVID -19, gane buƙatar ta bambanta a cikin ƙasashe da sassan jama'a. ga ma'aikatan kiwon lafiya da yawan jama'a waɗanda ke cikin haɗarin mafi girma na rashin lafiya mai tsanani da mutuwa daga kamuwa da cutar COVID-19, kamar tsofaffi ko talakawa masu yawan jama'a. Samun dama Kasashe sun yi alkawarin siyan allurar rigakafin COVID -19 kafin a samu allurar. Kodayake ƙasashe masu samun kuɗi masu girma suna wakiltar kashi 14% na yawan mutanen duniya, har zuwa ranar 15 ga watan Nuwamba shekarar 2020, sun yi kwangilar siyan kashi 51% na duk allurar da aka riga aka sayar. Wasu ƙasashe masu samun kuɗin shiga sun sayi allurai fiye da yadda ya zama dole don allurar yawan alummar su. A ranar 18 ga watan Janairun shekarar 2021, Darakta Janar na WHO Tedros Adhanom Ghebreyesus ya yi gargadin matsaloli tare da rarraba daidai: “Fiye da allurai miliyan 39 yanzu an yi allurar rigakafin a cikin ƙasashe akalla 49 masu samun kuɗi. An ba da allurai 25 kawai a cikin ƙasa mafi ƙarancin kuɗi. Ba miliyan 25 ba; ba dubu 25 ba; kawai 25. A watan Maris, an bayyana cewa Amurka ta yi kokarin shawo kan Brazil da kar ta sayi maganin Sputnik V COVID-19, saboda tsoron "tasirin Rasha" a Latin Amurka. Wasu ƙasashe da ke da hannu a rikicin yankin da aka daɗe ana ba da rahoton samun damar yin allurar rigakafi daga ƙasashe masu fafatawa; Falasdinu ta zargi Isra’ila da hana isar da allurar rigakafi zuwa Gaza, yayin da Taiwan ta ba da shawarar cewa China ta kawo cikas ga kokarinta na siyan allurar rigakafi. Guda guda na allurar COVID -19 ta AstraZeneca zai ci fam 47 na Masar (EGP) kuma hukumomi suna siyar da shi tsakanin 100 zuwa 200 EGP. Rahoton da Carnegie Endowment for Peace International ya yi nuni da ƙimar talauci a Masar kusan kashi 29.7 cikin ɗari, wanda ya ƙunshi kusan mutane miliyan 30.5, kuma ya yi iƙirarin cewa kusan miliyan 15 na Masarawa ba za su iya samun damar yin allurar rigakafi ba. Lauyan kare hakkin dan adam, Khaled Ali, ya kaddamar da karar gwamnati, inda ta tilasta musu bayar da allurar rigakafi kyauta ga dukkan jama'a. A cewar likitan rigakafi Dr. Anthony Fauci, ire -iren kwayoyin cutar da iyakancewar rarraba allurar rigakafin suna haifar da hadari kuma ya ce: "Dole ne mu yiwa duniya allurar rigakafi, ba kasar mu kadai ba." Edward Bergmark da Arick Wierson suna kira da a yi ƙoƙarin yin allurar rigakafin cutar a duniya kuma sun rubuta cewa ƙasashe masu wadatar ni-farko tunanin na iya haifar da koma baya, saboda yaduwar cutar a ƙasashe masu talauci zai haifar da ƙarin bambance-bambancen, wanda alluran rigakafin na iya zama kasa tasiri. A ranar 10 ga watan Maris shekarar 2021, Amurka, Burtaniya, kasashen Tarayyar Turai da sauran membobin WTO sun toshe wani yunkuri da kasashe sama da tamanin masu tasowa suka yi na watsi da hakkokin patent na COVID -19 a kokarin bunkasa samar da alluran rigakafin ga kasashe matalauta. A ranar 5 ga watan Mayu shekarar 2021, gwamnatin Biden ta ba da sanarwar cewa tana goyon bayan yin watsi da kariyar kadarorin ilimi don allurar COVID-19. Membobin Majalisar Tarayyar Turai sun goyi bayan wani yunƙuri na buƙatar ɗaukar haƙƙin mallakar ilimi na ɗan lokaci don allurar COVID -19. Mataimakin shugaban hukumar Valdis Dombrovskis, ya jaddada cewa yayin da Tarayyar Turai ta shirya tattaunawa kan batun yin watsi da dokar mallakar fasaha, shawarwarin da ta bayar sun hada da takaita takunkumin fitar da kaya, warware matsalolin samar da kayayyaki, duba lasisin tilas, saka hannun jari a karfin masana'antu a kasashe masu tasowa da kara ba da gudummawa ga tsarin COVAX. A cikin wani taro a watan Afrilu na shekarar 2021, kwamitin gaggawa na Hukumar Lafiya ta Duniya ya yi magana game da damuwar rashin adalci a cikin rarraba allurar rigakafi ta duniya. Kodayake kashi 9 cikin ɗari na yawan mutanen duniya suna zaune a cikin ƙasashe 29 mafi talauci, waɗannan ƙasashe sun sami kashi 0.3% na duk alluran rigakafin da aka yi tun daga watan Mayu shekarar 2021. A ranar 15 ga Maris, kamfanin dillancin labarai na Brazil Agência Pública ya ba da rahoton cewa ƙasar ta yi allurar kusan mutane biyu da ke bayyana kansu fari fiye da baƙi kuma sun lura cewa mace-mace daga COVID-19 ya fi yawa a cikin baƙar fata. A watan Mayun shekarar 2021, UNICEF ta yi kira da gaggawa ga ƙasashe masu ci gaban masana’antu da su tattara yawan allurar rigakafin COVID-19 don cike gibin kashi miliyan 125 a cikin shirin COVAX. Shirin galibi ya dogara ne da allurar Oxford-AstraZeneca COVID-19 da Cibiyar Serum ta Indiya ta samar, wanda ya fuskanci manyan matsalolin samar da abinci saboda karuwar buƙatun rigakafin cikin gida a Indiya daga watan Maris zuwa watan Yuni shekarar 2021. Iyakar adadin alluran rigakafi ne kawai za a iya rarrabawa yadda yakamata, kuma karancin alluran rigakafin a Kudancin Amurka da wasu sassan Asiya ya faru ne saboda ƙarancin gudummawar da ƙasashe masu arziki suka bayar. Kungiyoyin agaji na kasa da kasa sun yi nuni ga Nepal, Sri Lanka, da Maldives da Argentina da Brazil, da wasu sassan yankin Caribbean a matsayin wuraren da ake fama da matsaloli, inda alluran rigakafin suka yi karanci. A tsakiyar watan Mayun shekarar 2021, UNICEF kuma ta soki gaskiyar cewa yawancin gudummawar da aka bayar na allurar rigakafin cutar Moderna da Pfizer ba a yi niyyar bayarwa ba har zuwa rabin rabin shekarar 2021, ko farkon shekarar 2022. A ranar 1 ga watan Yuli shekara ta 2021, shugabannin Bankin Duniya, Asusun Ba da Lamuni na Duniya, Kungiyar Lafiya ta Duniya da Kungiyar Ciniki ta Duniya sun ce a cikin wata sanarwa ta hadin gwiwa: “Kamar yadda kasashe da yawa ke gwagwarmaya da sabbin bambance-bambancen ra'ayi da guguwar COVID-19 ta uku, suna hanzarta. samun alluran rigakafi ya zama mafi mahimmanci don kawo ƙarshen cutar a ko'ina kuma samun ci gaba mai ɗorewa. Mun damu matuka game da iyakance alluran rigakafi, warkewa, bincike, da tallafi don isar da wadatattun ƙasashe masu tasowa. A watan Yuli na 2021, BMJ ta ba da rahoton cewa ƙasashe sun fitar da alluran rigakafi sama da 250,000 yayin da samarwa ya wuce buƙata kuma tsauraran dokoki sun hana raba alluran. Wani binciken da The New York Times ta gudanar ya gano cewa sama da allurai miliyan ɗaya aka jefar a cikin jihohi goma na Amurka saboda dokokin tarayya sun hana tunawa da su, tare da hana sake rarraba su a ƙasashen waje. Bugu da ƙari, allurai da aka bayar kusa da ƙarewa galibi ƙasashe masu karɓa ba za su iya sarrafa su cikin sauri ba kuma ƙarshe ya zama dole a jefar da su. Amnesty International da Oxfam International sun soki tallafin tallafin alluran rigakafin da gwamnatocin kasashe ke samarwa, lura da cewa wannan yana kara hauhawar farashin kashi sau 5 kuma galibi da yawa, yana haifar da shingen tattalin arziki don isa ga ƙasashe matalauta. Médecins Sans Frontières (Likitoci ba tare da Iyakoki ba) sun kuma soki lamirin allurar rigakafin cutar kuma ta yi kira akai -akai daga dakatarwar su, tare da tallafawa TRIPS Waiver An fara ba da izini a watan Oktoba shekarar 2020, kuma yana da goyan baya daga yawancin ƙasashe, amma ƙungiyar EU (musamman Jamus), Burtaniya, Norway da Switzerland sun jinkirta. MSF ta yi kira da Ranar Aiki a watan Satumba na shekarar 2021 don matsa lamba kan taron Ministan WTO a watan Nuwamba, wanda ake sa ran zai tattauna batun kawar da IP na TRIPS. A ranar 4 ga watan Agustan shekarar 2021, don rage rarrabuwar kawuna tsakanin ƙasashe masu arziki da matalauta, WHO ta yi kira da a dakatar da amfani da maganin aƙalla aƙalla har zuwa ƙarshen Satumba. Koyaya, a ranar 18 ga watan Agusta, gwamnatin Amurka ta ba da sanarwar shirin bayar da allurai masu ƙaruwa watanni 8 bayan fara karatun farko ga yawancin jama'a, farawa daga ƙungiyoyin fifiko. Kafin sanarwar, WHO ta yi tir da irin wannan shawarar, inda ta nuna karancin shaidu na bukatar masu haɓakawa, ban da marasa lafiya da ke da takamaiman yanayi. A wannan lokacin, ɗaukar allurar rigakafin aƙalla kashi ɗaya ya kasance 58% a cikin ƙasashe masu samun kuɗi mai girma kuma kashi 1.3% kawai a cikin ƙasashe masu ƙarancin kuɗi, kuma Amurkawa miliyan 1.14 sun riga sun karɓi kashi mai ƙarfi mara izini. Jami'an Amurka sun yi jayayya cewa raguwar inganci a kan cutar mai sauƙi da matsakaici na iya nuna raguwar kariya daga kamuwa da cuta a cikin watanni masu zuwa. Isra’ila, Faransa, Jamus da Burtaniya suma sun fara shirye -shiryen ƙarfafawa ga takamaiman ƙungiyoyi. A ranar 14 ga watan Satumban shekarar 2021, fiye da tsoffin shugabannin duniya 140, da masu ba da kyautar Nobel, ciki har da tsohon Shugaban Faransa François Hollande, tsohon Firayim Ministan Burtaniya Gordon Brown, tsohon Firayim Ministan New Zealand Helen Clark, da Farfesa Joseph Stiglitz, sun yi kira 'yan takarar da za su zama shugabar gwamnatin Jamus ta gaba don ayyana kansu a cikin yarda da yin watsi da dokokin mallakar ilimi don alluran COVID-19 da canja fasahar fasahohi. A lokacin balaguron sa na farko na kasa da kasa, Shugaban kasar Peru Pedro Castillo ya yi jawabi a zaman saba'in da shida na Babban zauren Majalisar Dinkin Duniya a ranar 21 ga watan Satumba shekara ta 2021, inda ya ba da shawarar samar da wata yarjejeniya ta kasa da kasa da shugabannin duniya da kamfanonin harhada magunguna suka sanya wa hannu don tabbatar da samun allurar rigakafi ta duniya baki daya, yana mai jayayya. "Yaki da cutar ya nuna mana gazawar al'ummomin kasa da kasa na yin hadin gwiwa a karkashin ka'idar hadin kai". Asusun bada lamuni na duniya yana ganin allurar rigakafin ta raba tsakanin kasashe masu arziki da matalauta a matsayin babban cikas ga farfado da tattalin arzikin duniya. Inganta fa'idar allurar rigakafin jama'a na iya amfana daga dabarun da ya dace da yanayin barkewar cutar, ƙididdigar ƙasa, shekarun masu karɓa, samun alluran rigakafi, da haɗarin mutum ɗaya don mummunan cuta: A cikin Burtaniya, an tsawaita tsakanin firamare da ƙaruwa don yin allurar mutane da yawa da wuri -wuri, ƙasashe da yawa sun fara ba da ƙarin harbi mai ƙarfi ga masu rigakafi da tsofaffi, da bincike yayi hasashen ƙarin fa'ida na keɓance allurar rigakafin cutar a cikin saitin iyakancewar samun allurar rigakafin yayin da guguwar ƙwayar cuta ta Variants of Concern ta mamaye ƙasa. Yayin da alluran rigakafin ke rage yiwuwar kamuwa da cuta, har yanzu yana yiwuwa ga cikakken allurar rigakafi don yin kwangila da yada COVID-19. Hukumomin kiwon lafiyar jama'a sun ba da shawarar mutanen da aka yiwa allurar rigakafin su ci gaba da amfani da matakan kariya (sanya abin rufe fuska, nisantar zamantakewa, wanke hannu) don gujewa kamuwa da wasu, musamman masu rauni, musamman a yankunan da ke da yawan jama'a. Gwamnatoci sun nuna cewa za a rage irin waɗannan shawarwarin yayin da yawan allurar rigakafi ke ƙaruwa kuma yaduwar al'umma ke raguwa. Alhaki Gwamnatoci da yawa sun amince su kare kamfanonin magunguna kamar Pfizer da Moderna daga iƙirarin sakaci da ke da alaƙa da alluran COVID-19 (da jiyya), kamar yadda a cikin annobar da ta gabata, lokacin da gwamnatoci suma suka ɗauki alhakin irin wannan ikirarin. A cikin Amurka, waɗannan garkuwar alhaki sun fara aiki a ranar 4 ga Fabrairu 2020, lokacin da Sakataren Lafiya na Amurka da Ayyukan Jama'a Alex Azar ya buga sanarwar sanarwa a ƙarƙashin Dokar Shirye -shiryen Jama'a da Dokar Ba da Agajin Gaggawa (Dokar PREP) don matakan rigakafin cutar kan COVID -19, rufe "kowane allurar rigakafi, da ake amfani da ita don magancewa, tantancewa, warkewa, hanawa, ko rage COVID-19, ko watsa SARS-CoV-2 ko kwayar cutar da ke canzawa daga ciki". Sanarwar ta hana "da'awar alhaki da ke zargin sakaci daga masana'anta wajen ƙirƙirar allurar rigakafi, ko sakaci daga mai ba da sabis na kiwon lafiya wajen rubuta allurar da ba daidai ba, rashin halarta da gangan". A takaice dai, ba a nan "rashin da'a" da gangan, waɗannan kamfanonin ba za a iya tuhumar su da diyyar kuɗi ba saboda duk wani raunin da ya faru tsakanin 2020 da 2024 daga gudanar da alluran rigakafi da jiyya da suka shafi COVID-19. Sanarwar tana da tasiri a cikin Amurka ta hanyar 12024. A cikin Tarayyar Turai, alluran COVID 19 suna da lasisi a ƙarƙashin Izinin Tallafi na Yanayi wanda baya keɓe masu ƙira daga iƙirarin alhakin farar hula da gudanarwa. Yayin da kwangilolin siye tare da masu kera allurar rigakafin suka kasance a asirce, ba su ƙunshi keɓancewar alhaki har ma da illolin da ba a sani ba a lokacin lasisi. Ofishin Bincike na Jarida, wata ƙungiyar labarai mai zaman kanta, ta ba da rahoto a cikin binciken da jami'ai da ba a ambaci sunan su ba a wasu ƙasashe, kamar su Argentina da Brazil, suka ce Pfizer ya buƙaci garanti kan ƙarar shari'o'in shari'a sakamakon illa a cikin hanyar yin watsi da abin da ya dace. kadarori kamar ajiyar bankin tarayya, gine -ginen ofisoshin jakadanci ko sansanonin soji, suna wuce abin da ake tsammani daga wasu ƙasashe kamar Amurka. Yayin binciken majalisar na barkewar cutar a Brazil, wakilin Pfizer ya ce sharuddansa na Brazil iri daya ne da sauran kasashen da ta kulla yarjejeniya da su. Misinformation da jinkirin Masu fafutukar hana allurar rigakafi da sauran mutane a cikin ƙasashe da yawa sun bazu dabaru iri-iri na maƙarƙashiya marasa tushe dangane da rashin fahimtar kimiyya, addini, da sauran abubuwa. Ka'idojin da suka haɗa da ikirarin wuce gona da iri game da illolin da ke tattare da su, labari game da COVID-19 da 5G ke watsawa, ɓarna game da yadda tsarin garkuwar jiki ke aiki, da kuma lokacin da yadda ake yin allurar COVID-19 sun bazu a tsakanin talakawa da ke hana su yin rigakafi. Wannan ya haifar da gwamnatoci da ƙungiyoyi masu zaman kansu a duk duniya suna gabatar da matakai don ƙarfafa alurar riga kafi kamar caca, umarni da shiga kyauta zuwa abubuwan da suka faru, wanda hakan ya haifar da ƙarin ɓarna game da halacci da tasirin wadannan matakan da kansu. Dangane da labarin New York Times na shekarar 2021, kashi 28 ne kawai na Baƙi New Yorkers masu shekaru 18 zuwa 44 ke yin cikakkiyar rigakafin, idan aka kwatanta da kashi 48 na mazaunan Latino da kashi 52 na mazaunan fararen fata a wannan rukunin. An ambaci rashin amana a cikin Gwamnati a matsayin ɗayan dalilan da kuma labarin kai tsaye yana cewa "yawancin rashin aminta da allurar rigakafin cutar coronavirus ya samo asali ne daga gogewar da suka samu tare da nuna wariya ko asalin su a matsayin Baƙin Amurkawa." Duba kuma Binciken asibiti na allurar COVID-19 2009 allurar rigakafin cutar murar aladu Fasfo na rigakafin COVID-19 Katin rigakafin COVID-19 Ci gaban magunguna COVID-19 COVID-19 binciken sake dawo da magani Bayanan kula Teburin da wannan bayanin ya shafi ana sabunta shi yau da kullun ta hanyar bot. Don ƙarin bayani duba Samfura: bayanan COVID-19/Cite. Manazarta Pages with unreviewed
28140	https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boomplay%20Music	Boomplay Music	Boomplay Music sabis ne mai yawo da zazzagewa ta hanyar Transsnet Music Limited.Kamfanin TECNO Mobile, Transsion Holdings ne ya fara kaddamar da wannan hidimar a Najeriya a shekarar 2015. Boomplay yana da freemium da sabis na tushen biyan kuɗi; Fasali na asali kyauta ne tare da tallace-tallace ko iyakancewa, yayin da ƙarin fasaloli, kamar zazzagewa don wasan layi da sauraron talla ta hanyar biyan kuɗi. A halin yanzu ana samun sabis ɗin don amfani da Yanar Gizo, Android da iOS. Tun daga watan Agusta 3, 2018, Boomplay Music ya yi rikodin shigarwa miliyan 10 daga shagon Google Play App. A halin yanzu yana da masu amfani da miliyan 75. Tarihi Waƙar Boomplay ta fi mai da hankali kan abubuwan kiɗan gida da na birni na Afirka kuma an fara ƙaddamar da ita a Najeriya a cikin 2015. Kiɗa na Boomplay ya fito da "Boomplay Music Version 2.1" a cikin Maris 2016 yana gabatar da Premium Subscription ɗin sa wanda ya ƙunshi sabis na biyan kuɗi, sauraren talla da zazzagewa don wasan layi. A cikin Maris 2017 Boomplay Music ya fito da Shafin 3.0 wanda ya ƙunshi sabon tambari, sake fasalin Interface Mai amfani, fasalin da ke biyo baya da kuma gabatar da sabon fasalin "Buzz" wanda ke ba masu amfani damar samun damar samun labarai na nishaɗi ba tare da barin app ba. A cikin 2017, ta sami lambar yabo ta 'Best African App' a Kyautar Innovation na AppsAfrica a Cape Town, Afirka ta Kudu kuma a ranar 14 ga Afrilu, 2017 ta sanar da haɗin gwiwa tare da TuneCore. A ranar 5 ga Nuwamba 2018, Boomplay Music ya amince da yarjejeniya tare da Ƙungiyar Kiɗa ta Duniya don rarraba abun ciki daga alamun kiɗan na Universal. Yarjejeniyar ta kawo babban kasida ta UMG na masu fasaha na gida da na duniya ciki har da Eminem, Tekno, Post Malone, Nicki Minaj, Lady Zamar, Lil Wayne, Bob Marley, Brenda Fassie, Wurld, J. Cole, Dr Tumi, Nasty C, 6lack, Diana Ross, Hugh Masekela, Jon Bellion, Lady Gaga, Tamia, Maroon 5, AKA Anatii, Tjan, Jah Prayzah, Nonso Bassey, Mafikizolo, Cina Soul, Ella Mai, and Mr Eazi to its users. A cikin Disamba 2018, an fitar da sigar iOS ta app. A cikin Maris 2019, Boomplay ya sanar da yarjejeniyar lasisi tare da Warner Music Group. Sharuɗɗan haɗin gwiwar sun ba da damar Boomplay don rarraba kasida mai yawa na Warner Music na fiye da waƙoƙi miliyan ɗaya ga al'ummar masu sauraron sa a ƙasashe goma; Kamaru, Cote d'Ivoire, Ghana, Kenya, Najeriya, Rwanda, Senegal, Tanzania, Uganda da Zambia. A cikin Maris 2019, Boomplay ya sami nasarar kammala jerin kuɗaɗen dalar Amurka miliyan 20 wanda Maison Capital ke jagoranta sannan Seas Capital da sauran masu saka hannun jari na dabaru suka biyo baya. A cikin 2021 an ba da sanarwar cewa Boomplay yana aiki tare da ɗan kasuwan Croatian Centili don haɓaka samfuran biyan kuɗi na bayanai. Abokan ciniki suna samun maki waɗanda za a iya amfani da su don musayar bayanai, za su iya shiga cikin talla da gasa don cin nasara bayanai, kuma suna iya ba da bayanai ga wasu masu amfani. An kaddamar da wannan fasalin a Najeriya tun da farko, amma ana sa ran za a yada shi zuwa sauran kasashen da Boomplay ke aiki a cikinsu. An sanar da Billboard a cikin Oktoba 2021, cewa za a ƙara bayanai daga rafukan Boomplay zuwa bayanan da aka yi amfani da su wajen tattara Billboard Hot 100, Billboard 200 da sauran sigogin bayanan Billboard. Abokan hulɗa A cikin Mayu 2019, Boomplay ya sanya hannu kan yarjejeniyar rarrabawa tare da Believe Digital rarraba ayyukan. An kafa Believe a cikin Paris a cikin 2004 ta Denis Ladegaillerie a matsayin sashin rarrabawa da sabis na kan layi na duniya da alamar rikodin cikin gida. Tare da ofisoshin 32 a cikin yankuna 16, abokan cinikin kamfanin sun hada da Scorpio Music, Kitsune, Sinanci Man Records, Fargo, Baco Records, Afrique Caribes Productions da Yellow. Hakanan a cikin 2019, Boomplay ya sanar da yarjejeniyar lasisi tare da Warner Music Group, Ƙungiyar Kiɗa ta Duniya, Ƙungiyar Kiɗa ta Sony, da hukumar kare haƙƙin indie ta duniya Merlin. Fadadawa Boomplay Music ya sanar da ƙaura zuwa Gabashin Afirka ta hanyar buɗe ofishinta na Kenya a watan Agustan 2016. Ya buɗe ofishin Tanzaniya A cikin Afrilu 2017. A halin yanzu tana da ayyuka da ofisoshin gida a Najeriya, Kenya, Ghana da Tanzaniya. Asusu da biyan kuɗi Tun daga Janairu 2018, nau'ikan biyan kuɗi na Boomplay guda biyu, duka suna ba da lokacin saurare mara iyaka da ingantaccen ingancin sauti (har zuwa 320kbit s bitrate) sune: Manazara
56544	https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nik%20Abdul%20Aziz%20Nik%20Mat	Nik Abdul Aziz Nik Mat	Nik Abdul Aziz bin Nik Mat (Jawi: 10 ga watan Janairun shekara ta 1931 12 ga watan Fabrairun shekara shekara ta 2015) ɗan siyasan Malaysia ne kuma malamin addinin musulmi. Ya kasance Menteri Besar na Kelantan daga 1990 zuwa 2013 kuma Mursyidul Am ko Jagoran Ruhaniya na Jam'iyyar Musulunci ta Pan-Malaysian (PAS) daga 1991 har zuwa mutuwarsa a 2015. Gabaɗaya, aikinsa a matsayin zaɓaɓɓen ɗan siyasa ya ɗauki kimanin shekaru 48 bayan an zabe shi a Majalisar Dokokin Malaysia a shekarar 1967. Rayuwa ta farko An haifi Nik Abdul Aziz a Kota Bharu a 1931 a matsayin na biyu na 'yan uwa biyar. Wani uba ne (Tok Kura) wanda yake da burin yin amfani da ƙarfe ne ya haife shi. Nazarin Islama na Nik Aziz ya fara ne a makarantun pondok a Kelantan da Terengganu Ya ci gaba da karatu a Darul Uloom Deoband a Uttar Pradesh, Indiya na tsawon shekaru biyar. Ya sami digiri na farko a cikin Nazarin Larabci da kuma Master of Arts a cikin shari'ar Musulunci daga Jami'ar Al-Azhar, Misira A lokacin karatunsa na jami'a, ya kasance daya daga cikin shaidu kuma farar hula ne da ya rayu a cikin zafi na Rikicin Larabawa da Isra'ila. Bayan ya dawo daga Masar, Nik Aziz ya yi aiki a matsayin malami a makarantu daban-daban na addini a Kelantan ciki har da pondok (makarantar addini) ta mahaifinsa. Nik Aziz ya fara koyarwa a masallatai daban-daban da Pondok a cikin Kelantan da sauran jihohi. Ya zama masanin addinin Musulunci mai daraja wanda ya sami laƙabi "Tok Guru." (ma'anar 'Master Sifu na Masanin ko malami' a cikin Malay). Harkokin siyasa Nik Aziz ya shiga PAS a shekarar 1967. Ya yi takara kuma ya lashe kujerar 'yan majalisa ta Kelantan Hilir a wannan shekarar, kuma ya rike kujerar (daga baya aka sake masa suna Pengkalan Chepa) har zuwa 1986. A shekara ta 1982, ya kasance wani ɓangare na yunkurin matasa don kawo canji ga jagorancin jam'iyyar. PAS ta rasa zaben jihar Kelantan a shekarar 1978 kuma, a matsayin kwamishinan jihar PAS, Nik Aziz ya fara tambayar shugabancin shugaban kasa Asri Muda. A ƙarshe, a cikin PAS Muktamar (Janar Majalisar) a wannan shekarar, an tilasta wa Asri ya yi murabus. Bayan ya fice daga siyasar tarayya, Nik Aziz ya lashe kujerar a Majalisar Dokokin Jihar Kelantan a babban zaben 1986. A cikin 1990, PAS ta sami nasarar karbar iko da Kelantan daga Barisan Nasional A matsayinsa na shugaban jam'iyya a jihar, Nik Aziz ya zama Menteri Besar na Kelantan Ya gaji Yusof Rawa a matsayin shugaban ruhaniya na PAS a shekarar 1991. An sake zabar gwamnatin Nik Aziz sau hudu (1995, 1999, 2004, 2008), har zuwa lokacin da ya yi ritaya a shekarar 2013. A cikin shekarun 1990s, gwamnatinsa a Kelantan sau da yawa ya yi rikici game da rawar da Islama ke takawa a Malaysia tare da Firayim Minista na lokacin Mahathir Mohamad Ya bambanta da jam'iyyar UMNO mai mulkin wariyar launin fata, ya ƙi siyasar al'umma a bayyane. Nik Aziz ya ba da umarnin goyon baya daga adadi mai yawa na wadanda ba Musulmai ba a Malaysia kuma ya taka muhimmiyar rawa yayin karuwar PAS a cikin shahara tsakanin wadanda ba Musulmi ba. A watan Mayu na shekara ta 2013, Nik Aziz ya bayyana a fili cewa bai yarda da wani hadin gwiwa tsakanin United Malays National Organisation (UMNO) da Malaysian Islamic Party (PAS) ba muddin yana da rai. Koyaya, a watan Satumbar 2019, lokacin da PAS da UMNO suka sanya hannu kan yarjejeniyar kawance, shugaban PAS Abdul Hadi Awang ya yi iƙirarin cewa Nik Aziz ya riga ya yarda da hadin gwiwa yayin da yake da rai. Tambayoyi Ra'ayoyi masu tsauri Nik Aziz ya jawo wasu zargi saboda ra'ayoyinsa na Islama. Kaddamar da dokar shari'a ta Islama ga dukkan Musulmai na Malay ya jawo zargi. A cewar Fox News, Nik Aziz ya ba da shawarar cewa mata za su kasance cikin ƙananan haɗarin da za a yi musu fyade idan sun watsar da su ta amfani da lipstick da turare. An kuma rubuta shi sau ɗaya yana mai cewa mata masu ado da tufafi masu ban sha'awa sun cancanci a yi musu fyade yayin jawabi. Batun "Allah" A cikin 2012, akwai fitowar Katolika a Malaysia ta amfani da kalmar Larabci don "Allah"; "Allah" a cikin Littafi Mai-Tsarki na Kirista. Da farko, Nik Aziz ya bayyana cewa kalmar "Allah" za a iya amfani da ita ga wadanda ba Musulmai ba kamar yadda asalin kalmar kanta a bayyane yake kafin Islama. Batun ya haifar da tashin hankali a cikin al'ummar musulmi. Jam'iyyar PAS kusan ta kasu kashi biyu; wanda ya goyi bayan amfani da kalmar, kuma wanda bai yi ba. Da yake da niyyar dawo da hadin kai a cikin PAS, Nik Aziz ya karɓi kalmominsa kuma ya ƙi yarda da kalmar "Allah" da waɗanda ba Musulmai ba ke amfani da ita. Ɗan da aka tsare a ƙarƙashin ISA An tsare ɗansa Nik Adli a ƙarƙashin Dokar Tsaro ta Cikin Gida ta Malaysia a shekara ta 2001 saboda zargin ayyukan ta'addanci ciki har da shirya jihadi, mallakar makamai, da kuma kasancewa memba a cikin Kumpulan Mujahidin Malaysia (KMM), ƙungiyar masu tsattsauran ra'ayi ta Islama. Bayan shekaru 5 a tsare ba tare da shari'a ba, an sake shi. Yin ritaya da mutuwa A lokacin zaben 2013, PAS ta sake lashe mafi yawan kujeru don kafa gwamnatin jihar Kelantan. Nik Aziz ya sanar da ritayar sa a matsayin Babban Ministan Kelantan, mukamin da ya rike tun 1990. Wanda ya gaje shi shine tsohon mataimakin Babban Minista na Nik Aziz Ahmad Yaakob, wanda ya hau ofishinsa don maye gurbinsa a matsayin Babban Ministan Kelantan. A cikin shekaru biyu da suka biyo baya, Nik Aziz ya kara rashin lafiya tare da ciwon daji na prostate, kuma ya mutu a ranar ga Fabrairu 2015 da karfe 9.40 na yamma. Malaysia Standard Time (UTC+08:00); a gidansa a [ms], Kota Bharu Kashegari, sama da mutane 10,000 sun halarci jana'izarsa a Masjid Tok Guru, masallacinsa na yankin. Mutuwarsa ta haifar da kujerar Majalisar Dokokin Jihar Kelantan na zaben Chempaka na 2015. Sakamakon zaben Lura: 1 PAS sun kasance a cikin Alliance (1972-1973) kuma daga baya Barisan Nasional (1973-1978) gwamnatin hadin gwiwa. Daraja Darajar Malaysia Officer of the Order of the Defender of the Realm (KMN) (1974) Kwamandan Order of Loyalty to the Crown of Malaysia (PSM) Tan Sri (2023 bayan mutuwarsa) Knight Grand Commander of the Order of the Life of the Crown of Kelantan (SJMK) Dato' (1995) Manazarta Haɗin waje Shafin yanar gizon hukuma na Tok Guru Nik Aziz Nik Mat Matattun 2015 Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba
34471	https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kola%20Tembien	Kola Tembien	Kola Tembien Tigrinya "Lower Tembien") yanki ne a yankin Tigray Habasha An sanya masa suna a wani bangare bayan tsohon lardin Tembien Wani yanki na Mehakelegnaw Zone, Kola Tembien yana iyaka da kudu da Abergele, a yamma da Kogin Tekeze wanda ya raba shi da yankin Semien Mi'irabawi (Arewa maso Yamma), a arewa da kogin Wari wanda ya raba shi da Naeder Adet da Werie Lehe, a gabas ta yankin Misraqawi (Gabas), kuma a kudu maso gabas ta Degua Tembien Garuruwan da ke Kola Tembien sun hada da Guya da Werkamba Garin Abiy Addi yana kewaye da Kola Tembien. Alƙaluma Bisa kidayar jama'a a shekarar 2007 da hukumar kididdiga ta kasar Habasha (CSA) ta gudanar, wannan gundumar tana da jimillar jama'a 134,336, wanda ya karu da kashi 28.13 bisa dari bisa kidayar shekarar 1994, wadanda 66,925 maza ne, mata 67,411; 0 ko 0.00% mazauna birni ne. Yana da fadin murabba'in kilomita 2,538.39, Kola Tembien yana da yawan jama'a 52.92, wanda ya kai 56.29 fiye da matsakaicin yanki na mutane 0 a kowace murabba'in kilomita. An ƙidaya adadin gidaje mafi girma a wannan gundumar, wanda ya haifar da matsakaita na mutane 8,871 zuwa gida guda, da gidaje 28,917. Yawancin mazaunan sun ce suna yin addinin Kiristanci na Orthodox na Habasha, tare da 99.86% suna ba da rahoton hakan a matsayin addininsu. Kididdiga ta kasa a shekarar 1994 ta bayar da rahoton jimillar yawan jama'a na wannan gundumar mai mutane 113,712, wadanda 56,453 maza ne, 57,259 kuma mata; 8,871 ko kuma 7.8% na yawan jama'arta mazauna birni ne. Ƙabilar mafi girma da aka ruwaito a Kola Tembien ita ce Tigrai (99.88%). An yi magana da Tigrinya a matsayin yaren farko da kashi 99.82%. Kashi 98.23% na yawan jama'ar kasar Habasha mabiya addinin kirista ne, kuma kashi 1.69% musulmi ne Game da ilimi, 9.15% na yawan jama'a an dauke su karatu, wanda bai kai matsakaicin Zone na 14.21%; 8.64% na yara masu shekaru 7-12 suna makarantar firamare; 0.72% na yara masu shekaru 13-14 sun kasance a makarantar sakandare, kuma 0.86% na mazauna shekaru 15-18 suna manyan makarantun sakandare. Dangane da yanayin tsafta, kusan kashi 86% na gidajen birane da kashi 17% na dukkan gidaje sun sami tsaftataccen ruwan sha a lokacin ƙidayar; Kashi 11% na birane da kashi 3% na duka suna da kayan bayan gida. Tarihin Kola Tembien Duba: Tarihin Tembien Rock coci Kamar sauran gundumomi da yawa a cikin Tigray, Kola Tembien yana riƙe da kason sa na majami'u da aka sassaƙa dutse ko na ɗaya. Waɗannan a zahiri an sassaƙa su daga dutsen, galibi kafin 10th C. CE. Fitattun wuraren tarihi a wannan yanki sun haɗa da gidan sufi na Abba Yohanni da cocin guda ɗaya na Gebriel Wukien, waɗanda dukkansu ke arewacin Abiy Addi. An kafa majami'u shida da aka sassaƙa dutse tare da gangaren dutsen Degua Tembien Mika'el Samba cocin dutse gaba daya dutsen da aka sassaka a Adigrat Sandstone Akwai jerin ƙwayoyin kabari da ke jagorantar babban sararin samaniya. Da yake wannan ba cocin ƙauye ba ne, mutane suna zuwa nan ba da daɗewa ba, kuma galibi ana kulle shi. Firistoci suna halarta musamman a ranar Mika'els, rana ta goma sha biyu ga kowane wata a kalandar Habasha Majami'ar Maryam Hibeto wanda ba a san shi ba a gefen dajin coci da makabarta, kuma an sare shi gaba ɗaya a cikin Adigrat Sandstone, tare da ƙwararrun pronaos a gabansa. Na waje na ginshiƙin mallaka yana da babban birni biyu. An sassaƙa rufin, kuma a kowane gefe akwai ɗakuna masu tsayi biyu waɗanda zasu iya zama farkon motar asibiti, ko kuma zama wuraren zama. Babban kofar shiga cocin yana kan ƙananan matakai, ƙasa da matakai da yawa kuma nan da nan da shiga, wani tafkin ruwa mai siffar rectangular wanda aka ciyar da maɓuɓɓugar ruwa zuwa dama. Kasan ba daidai ba ne kuma ginshiƙan sun yi tagumi tare da fitowar bazara suna zuwa rabin ginshiƙan da yanke manyan manyan abubuwa. Cocin Welegesa an sare shi a cikin Adigrat Sandstone Ƙofar gine-ginen cocin a haƙiƙance wani yanki ne na dutsen da ke samar da shinge ko tsakar gida biyu, duka da aka sassaka kuma a buɗe zuwa iska. A cikin farfajiyar farko akwai kaburbura da yawa, kuma tsakanin su biyun, wani shinge na dutse tare da giciye a cikin taga bude a tsakiyar. Ikilisiyar da ta dace, mai hawa uku, ƙorafi huɗu a cikin zurfin, ana shigar da ita daga kowane bangare ta hanyoyi da aka sassaƙa. Silinkin cocin yana da tsayi iri ɗaya a ko'ina, tare da manyan kaya, manyan baka da ƙorafi zuwa kowane bay, tare da tsinken tabo a cikin babban falo. Shirin yana da nagartaccen tsari, tare da axis na tsakiya da ke gudana daga arewa zuwa kudu da kuma fili guda biyu da aka bude a cikin dutsen. Sabuwar cocin Medhanie Alem rock da aka sare a Mt. Werqamba yana cikin tsakiya, ƙarami mafi girma (a cikin Adigrat Sandstone Babban a cikin tsaunukan arewa maso yammacin Abiy Addi, cocin dutsen Geramba an sare shi a saman dutsen farar ƙasa silicified, ƙarƙashin bakin bakin murfin basalt An sassaka ginshiƙan da danni, ko da yake ɗan gicciye a cikin tsari kuma tare da manyan manyan bango an gyaggyarawa da yawa kafin tsirowar tarkace. Itsiwto Maryam rock Church an sare shi gaba ɗaya a cikin Adigrat Sandstone Karamar cocin tana da rufin da ba a saba gani ba mai ci gaba da hawa zuwa tsakiyar hanyar tare da sassakakken giciye diagonal zuwa sashe na ƙarshe da gicciye da aka sassaƙa sama da baka zuwa cikin Wuri Mai Tsarki. Silin yana da lebur zuwa mashigin gefen tare da filaye masu tsayi masu tsayi suna tafiya cikin tsayin daka cikin cocin, suna yin tsinkaya tare da samar da ci gaba mai dorewa yayi kama da aikin aiki bin al'adar Tigrayan. Ba a ba da izinin shiga cocin ba saboda haɗarin rushewa. Bugu da ƙari, a cikin tsaunukan Degua Tembien a gabas, akwai ƙarin majami'u takwas na dutse da kogo na halitta tare da coci a ƙofarta. Noma Wani samfurin kididdiga da CSA ta yi a shekarar 2001 ya yi hira da manoma 27,665 a wannan gundumar, wadanda ke rike da matsakaicin kadada 0.81. Daga cikin hectare 22,402 na fili masu zaman kansu da aka yi bincike, 85.28% na noma ne, 0.87% kiwo, 10.78% fallow, 0.23% na itace, da 2.84% an sadaukar da su ga sauran amfanin. A kasar da ake nomawa a wannan gundumar, an shuka kashi 78.02 cikin 100 a hatsi, kashi 4.61 cikin 100 na hatsi, kashi 1.82 cikin 100 na mai, kashi 0.08 cikin 100 na kayan lambu. Yankin da aka dasa a gesho ya kai kadada 36; adadin ƙasar da aka dasa a cikin itatuwan 'ya'yan itace ya ɓace. Kashi 77.26% na manoman duk sun yi noman noma da kiwo, yayin da kashi 19.75% kawai suke noma, kashi 2.98% kuwa kiwo ne kawai. Filayen filaye a wannan yanki an raba tsakanin kashi 89.01% na mallakar filayensu, da kuma 10.48% na haya; kashi dari da aka bayar da rahoton cewa suna rike da filayensu a karkashin wasu nau'ikan wa'adin ya bata. Geomorphology Kola Tembien na ɗaya daga cikin ƴan wurare a tsaunukan Habasha inda ake samun zaizayar iska Ana yin dunes a cikin gida a wurare masu inuwar iska. Tafkunan ruwa A wannan gunduma da ake da ruwan sama wanda ke wuce watanni biyu kacal a shekara, tafkunan ruwa daban-daban suna ba da damar girbin ruwan damina daga lokacin damina don ci gaba da amfani da shi a lokacin rani. Tafkunan gundumar sun hada da Addi Asme'e Gabaɗaya, waɗannan tafkunan suna fama da siltation mai sauri. Wani ɓangare na ruwan da za a iya amfani da shi don ban ruwa yana ɓacewa ta hanyar tsagewa Kyakkyawan sakamako mai kyau shine cewa wannan yana taimakawa wajen sake cajin ruwan ƙasa Sake tsara gundumar 2020 Tun daga shekarar 2020, yankin gundumar Kolla Tembien na cikin sabbin gundumomi masu zuwa: Kolla Tembien (sabo, karami, woreda yamma da Abiy Addi) Kayeh Tehli woreda (arewa maso gabas na Abiy Addi, tare da garuruwan Workamba da Addeha) garin Abiy add Manazarta Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba
21455	https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jami%27ar%20California%2C%20Akademiyar%20Riverside	Jami'ar California, Akademiyar Riverside	An kafa Jami'ar Carlifornia daga tsarin Kwalejin Ilimi guda uku, makarantun kwarewa guda biyu da kuma makarantun graduate biyu. Wannan bangaren yyana samrda da majos 81 da minor 52, da kuma digirin mastas 48 da PHD 42. Sassa Kwalejin Injiniya na Bourns An sanya sunan BCOE don girmama Marlan da Rosemary Bourns, waɗanda suka kafa kamfanin Bourns, Inc., kamfanin lantarki na duniya, don girmamawa da babbar kyauta daga Gidauniyar Bourns a shekarar 1994. Manya manyan mashahurai sune Injiniyan kanikanci (masu karatun digiri na 354), sai kuma Kimiyyar Kwamfuta (217 masu karatun digiri). Ma'aikatar Kimiyyar Kwamfuta da Injiniya ta mallaki komputa mafi girma guda Altix 4700 a cikin tsarin Jami'ar California, wanda ke da ƙarfin 64 Intel Itanium 2 processor core da 128GB na memorin tsarin Dangane da Nazarin Ilimin Ilimin, BCOE malami ya zama na 5 a Injiniyan Kiwon Lafiyar Muhalli a 2006. College of Humanities, Arts and Social Sciences CHASS na iya gano tarihinta da ga kafa makarantar digiri a UCR, Kwalejin Wasiku da Kimiyya, wanda aka fara buɗewa a 1954. Manya manyan mashahurai sune ilimin halin dan Adam (1,045 masu karatun digiri na biyu) da Gudanar da Kasuwanci (1,170 masu karatun digiri). Rahoton Gourmet na Falsafa ya nuna cewa darajar UCR a falsafar 38th a cikin ƙasa da 40th a cikin harshen Ingilishi, tare da shirin na 1 a cikin falsafar aiki Kwalejin Kimiyyar Halitta da Noma (College of Natural and Agricultural Sciences): CNAS ta faro ne tun daga 1907 lokacin da aka kafa Tashar Gwajin Citrus a gindin tsaunin Ribas na Mt. Rubidoux. A cikin 1958, an kafa Kwalejin Aikin Gona a matsayin farkon binciken da ya dace, cibiyar ba da digiri a UCR. Manyan manyan mashahurai sune Chemistry na Kimiyyar Halittu (masu karatun digiri na 747), Biology (801.5 masu karatun digiri) da kuma tsarin kimiyyar ilimin kimiyyar haɗin gwiwa (1,206.5 daliban digiri). Dangane da Fihirisar Samun Samun Ilimin Malami da Nazarin Ilimi ya wallafa a 2006, CNAS faculty ta kasance ta 1 a cikin kimiyyar ƙasa, na 8 a Kimiyyar Muhalli, na 10 a Tsarin Shuka, da na 10 a Botany Makarantar Ilimi ta Digiri (Graduate School of Education): Makarantar Ilimin Ilimi ta UCR ta yi rajista sama da ɗaliban da suka kammala karatun digiri na biyu. Muhimman cibiyoyin bincike sun haɗa da Californiaungiyar Nazarin Ilimin Ilimin California, haɗin gwiwa tsakanin Makarantar Ilimi da malamai a tsarin makarantun gwamnati na gari, da kuma Copernicus Project, wanda aka keɓe don haɓaka darajar masu ilimin kimiyya da ilimi. Makarantar Kasuwanci Makarantar Kasuwanci tana ba da digiri na biyu da digiri na farko a cikin ɗimbin yawa kamar lissafi, kuɗi, gudanarwa, da kasuwanci. MBA, MPAc, da kuma Master of Finance shirye-shirye suna ƙarƙashin A. Gary Anderson Makarantar Digiri na Gudanarwa. A. Gary Anderson Makarantar Digiri na Gudanarwa (Gary Anderson School of Management): Asalin AGSM ana iya gano shi zuwa 1970 lokacin da UC Riverside ta kafa Makarantar Gudanarwa ta Digiri. A cikin 1994, Gidauniyar A. Gary Anderson ta ba makarantar kyauta mai yawa kuma an yi mata suna bayan wanda ya kafa jinginar Darakta. AGSM a yanzu haka tana daukar daliban digiri na 126. Mujallar 'yan kasuwa da kuma Princeton Review kwanan nan sun zaba AGSM 23 a cikin manyan shirye-shirye 25 na kasuwanci Makarantar Magunguna Sashin horarwa na Kimiyyar Halitta wani sashi ne na rarrabuwa a UCR wanda ke gudanar da shirin karatun likita tare da UCLA, shirin Thomas Haider. An ba da shekaru biyu na farko na koyarwar likita a harabar UCR. Ana ba da sabis na karatuttukan shekara ta uku da ta huɗu a UCLA da cibiyoyin kula da lafiya na haɗin gwiwa. Daliban da ke kammala shirin suna karɓar digiri na digiri na kimiyya a kimiyyar kimiyyar halittu daga UCR da kuma digiri na MD daga Makarantar Medicine na David Geffen a UCLA Har zuwa 24 na masu neman kowace shekara an zaɓi su don halartar makarantar likitanci a UCR da UCLA. Bangaren Kimiyyar Clinical yana dauke da sassan likitancin iyali, likitancin ciki, likitan mata likitan mata, ilimin likitan yara, da kuma tabin hankali ilimin halin dan Adam. Makarantar Manufofin Jama'a Yana ba da shirye-shiryen karatun gaba da digiri na biyu a cikin manufofin jama'a. UCR Extension UCR Extension yana ba da ci gaba da shirye-shiryen ilimi ga kimanin ɗalibai 30,000 daga San Bernardino, Ribas, Inyo da Losananan Hukumomin Gabashin Los Angeles kowace shekara. Arin ƙarin ɗalibai na duniya 4,000 suna halartar azuzuwan da Shirye-shiryen Ilimi na UCasashen waje na UCR suka gabatar a Gangnam, Seoul, Koriya ta Kudu, da Beijing, China. Cibiyoyin suna gudana tare da haɗin gwiwa tare da ƙananan hukumomi kuma suna ba da shirye-shiryen horon Ingilishi iri ɗaya da babban harabar a Ribas. Dalibai na iya canza canjin zuwa UCR kuma ana ƙarfafa su su ci gaba da karatu a California. UCR Extension yana aiki da "Shirin Binciken Nursing na Duniya" wanda ke taimaka wa ma'aikatan jinya masu lasisi daga wasu ƙasashe don samun ƙwarewa da ƙwarewa tare da ayyukan jinya na Yammacin duniya, falsafar likita da al'ada. Manazarta Jami'oi da Kwalejojin ilimi a Nahiyar Amurka Jami'ar Carlifornia,
50005	https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dinar%20na%20Tunisiya	Dinar na Tunisiya	Dinar ISO 4217 lambar kuɗi: TND kudin Tunisiya An raba shi zuwa milimi 1000 ko millimes Ana amfani da gajarta DT sau da yawa a Tunisiya, kodayake rubuta "dinari" bayan adadin kuma yana da karbuwa (TND ba shi da ƙarancin magana, kuma yana son a yi amfani da shi sosai a cikin da'irar kuɗi); an kuma ambaci gajarta TD a wasu wurare, amma ba a yawan amfani da ita, idan aka yi la’akari da yadda ake yawan amfani da yaren Faransanci a Tunisia, da kuma asalin Faransanci na DT (watau Bayani Sunan "dinar" ya samo asali ne daga Daular Roman/Roma dinarius, da ake amfani da ita a lardin Afirka, tsohon yanki na Carthage, Tunisiya ta zamani. Tarihi An ƙaddamar da dinari a cikin 1960, wanda aka kafa shi azaman sashin asusu a 1958. Ya maye gurbin franc akan ƙimar 1000 francs 1 dinari. Dinar bai biyo bayan faduwar darajar franc a shekarar 1958 ba, don haka aka yi watsi da canjin canjin. A maimakon haka an kafa peg zuwa dalar Amurka Dinar 1 2.38 daloli wanda aka kiyaye har zuwa 1964, lokacin da dinari ya rage darajar zuwa Dinari 1 1.90 dala. An gudanar da wannan adadin na biyu har sai da aka rage darajar dala a shekarar 1971. Tunisiya tana da ƙarancin hauhawar farashi a tarihi. Dinar ya yi ƙasa da sauyi a cikin 2000-2010 fiye da kuɗaɗen maƙwabta masu shigo da mai, Masar da Maroko. Haɓakawa ya kai kashi 4.9% a cikin kasafin kuɗi na 2007-08 da 3.5% a cikin kasafin kuɗi na 2008-09., darajar kuɗin yana faɗuwa tun lokacin, kuma tsakanin 2008 da 2018, Dinar ya ragu da kusan 55% akan dalar Amurka, daga 76 zuwa 34 kuma game da 46% akan Yuro. daga 55 cents zuwa 30 cents. Tsabar kudi A cikin 1960, an ƙaddamar da aluminum 1, 2 da 5 millime da tagulla 10, 20, 50 da 100 millime tsabar kudi. An fitar da milimi 1 da 2 na ƙarshe a cikin 1990 da 1983 bi da bi, kuma ba su da takardar izinin doka. A cikin 1968, nickel An gabatar da tsabar dinari wanda aka maye gurbinsu da ƙarami, guntu-nickel guda a cikin 1976, lokacin da aka ƙaddamar da tsabar tsabar nickel 1 dinari. Bimetallic dinari 5 an gabatar da su a cikin 2002. Tsabar kudi a wurare dabam dabam (haɗin da ya haɗa da tsabar kudi na yanzu da na tarihi da takardun banki) 1 millimi 5 millimes 10 millimes 20 millimes 50 millimes 100 millimes 200 millimes 1 dinari 2 dinari 5 dinari A ranar 26 ga Disamba 2013 ne aka gabatar da sabbin tsabar tridecagonal guda biyu, milimita 200 (Copper-zinc, 29). mm diamita, 1.80 mm kauri, 9.4 gr. nauyi) da 2 dinari (jan-nickel, 29.4 mm diamita, 1.90 mm kauri, 11.2 gr. nauyi). Takardun kuɗi A ranar 3 ga Nuwamba 1958, Babban Bankin Tunisiya ya gabatar da takardun banki a cikin ƙungiyoyin 1 da 5 dinari. An canza zane-zanen waɗannan ƙungiyoyin tare da jerin bayanai masu kwanan wata 1-6-1965, amma an ba da su a ranar 3 ga Maris 1966. An ba da bayanin kula na dinari 10 mai kwanan wata 1-6-1969 a ranar 2 ga Janairu 1970. Na karshe -dinare bayanin kula an yi kwanan wata 1973-10-15 yayin da bayanin kula na dinari 1 na ƙarshe ya kasance 1980-10-15. An gabatar da bayanin kula na dinari 20 mai kwanan wata 1980-10-15 a ranar 26 ga Disamba 1984. An ba da bayanan-dinari 30 tsakanin 1997 da 2011. An ba da bayanin kula na dinari 50 na 2008 a ranar 25 ga Yuli 2009. A ranar 8 ga Nuwamba, 2005, an fitar da sabon salo na bayanin kula na dinari 10 akai-akai. A ranar 31 ga Disamba, 2019, duk bayanan da aka bayar kafin 2011 an lalata su gaba ɗaya. An daina amfani da batutuwan da suka gabata shekaru da yawa kafin nan amma har yanzu ana musayar su a babban bankin kasa har zuwa wannan ranar. Bayan faduwar gwamnatin Ben Ali a Tunusiya, an fitar da sabbin takardun kudi a hankali, inda aka sake fasalin takardar kudi na dinari 20 a shekarar 2017 da kuma takardar kudi na dinari 10 da aka sake fasalin a shekarar 2020. Ya zuwa 2020, bayanin kula na dinari 20 da 50 da aka bayar na 2011 da dinari 5 da 10 da aka bayar na 2013 ana amfani da su da kuma sabbin jerin. An cire kudi dinari 50 ne a lokacin da aka aika wa babban bankin kasar a yayin da suke zagayawa yayin da ba a tabbatar da wani sabon tsari ba. A shekarar 2022, an bullo da sabbin takardun kudi na dinari 5 da 50. Shahararrun suna 'Yan Tunisiya wani lokaci ba sa amfani da babban rabo, dinari, lokacin da aka ambaci farashin kaya. Saboda haka, dinari daya da rabi, ana yawan kiransa khomstach en miya (a zahiri dari goma sha biyar). Wannan ya shafi duk farashin da ke ƙasa da dinari 2. Dinar 50 ana kiransa khamsin alf (dubu hamsin). Ana amfani da wannan al'ada har ma don ƙarin farashi, misali Dinari 70,000 za a kira sab'in maliun (miliyan saba'in). Har ila yau ana jin "Francs" daga lokaci zuwa lokaci, 1000 daga cikinsu suna wakiltar dinari guda. Ban da wannan, 'yan Tunisiya suna amfani da kalmar "fari" maimakon millime. Misali, milimita 100 (Dinar 0.1) ana kiranta da “miyat frank” (a zahiri 100 franks). Kalmar Frank ta samo asali ne daga zamanin Faransanci. Ƙuntataccen kuɗi Laifi ne na laifi a Tunisiya don shigo da dinari ko fitarwa. A kowace shekara, kowane ɗan ƙasa na iya canzawa zuwa kuɗin waje har zuwa Dinari 6,000 na Tunisiya kafin ya tashi daga ƙasar. Saboda haka, farashin a shagunan da ba su da haraji suna cikin agogo masu canzawa kamar Yuro, dalar Amurka da fam na Burtaniya Akwai na'urorin ATM da yawa masu juyawa a cikin ƙasar don masu yawon bude ido. Nassoshi Hanyoyin haɗi na waje Bayanan banki na tarihi na Tunisiya Kudi Kudade Kuɗi Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba
33702	https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kungiyar%20Kiran%20Veto%20Da%20Hadin%20Kai%20Ta%20Africa	Kungiyar Kiran Veto Da Hadin Kai Ta Africa	Ƙungiyoyin Veto da Haɗin kai da Ƙungiyoyin Ƙira ta Afirka (ACCOSCA) ƙungiya ce ta haɗin gwiwar gwamnati mai wakiltar SACCOs a Afirka. Tana aiki a matsayin ƙungiyar da ba ta gwamnati ba, ba ta siyasa ba kuma Ƙungiyar Ƙungiyoyin Ceto na Kasa don Saving and Credit Co-operative Movement tare da Sakatariyar da ke Nairobi, Kenya. Tarihi An kafa kungiyar ACCOSCA a shekarar 1968, ta wakilan kungiyar Saving and Credit Unions ta Afirka tare da sauran shugabannin hadin gwiwar Afirka. Asalinsa ya samo asali ne daga buƙatar haɓaka ƙungiyoyin haɗin gwiwar gwamnatocin Afirka da kuma haɓaka ci gaban tattalin arzikin ƙasashe a Afirka ta hanyar SACCOs. Tana haɗin gwiwa da Majalisar Ƙungiyoyin Lamuni ta Duniya don haɓaka ƙungiyoyin lamuni na Afirka ta hanyar shirin farfado da Afirka. Kungiyar na da wani sashe da aka sadaukar domin kara samun lamuni ga matan karkara. ACCOSCA ta wargaje a cikin shekarata 2001 bayan shekaru huɗu na rashin aiki. Membobin sun amince a karkashin sanarwar Malawi na farfado da kungiyar ACCOSCA, an nada manajan darakta na KUSCCO a wancan lokaci a matsayin shugaban riko. Tsarin Babban taro shi ne mafi girman sashin kungiya. Don dacewa, an rarraba ƙasashe membobin zuwa tubalan 3 waɗanda suka haɗa da: Western block Jamhuriyar Demokradiyyar Kongo, Senegal, Malawi, Gambia, Togo, Nigeria, Ghana, Laberiya, Burkina Faso, Cote d'Ivoire, Kamaru, Benin. Toshe Gabas Kenya, Uganda, Tanzania, Seychelles, Habasha, Rwanda. Kudancin Kudancin Afirka ta Kudu, Namibiya, Swaziland, Madagascar, Mauritius, Lesotho, Botswana. Don ingantaccen haɗin kai, kowane sashe yana wakiltar daraktoci biyu a cikin ƙungiyoyin koli na ƙasashen da suke wakilta. Membobi Membobin ya shafi ƙungiyoyi na ƙasa (Leagues, Ƙungiyoyi, Ƙungiyoyi, Ƙungiyoyi, Ƙungiyoyin Ƙwararren Ƙwaƙwalwa na Ƙarfafawa na Ƙarfafawa da Ƙwararrun Ƙarfafawa da ke aiki a cikin ko kuma sun dogara ne akan Nahiyar Afirka ko kowane tsibiran da ke kusa da bakin teku kuma sun san su. gwamnati a kasashensu a matsayin kungiyar da ke wakiltar Saving and Credit Co-operatives a kasar. Membobi tare da jikin Apex Ƙungiyar Ƙungiyoyin Ƙwararrun Ƙwararru ta Ghana (CUA) Savings and Credit Co-operative League of South Africa (SACCOL) Ƙungiyar Savings and Credit Co-operatives (KUSCCO) ta Kenya Ƙungiyar Ƙungiyoyin Ƙwararrun Ƙwararrun Ƙungiyoyin Ƙungiyoyin Ƙungiyoyin Ƙungiyoyin Ƙungiyoyin Ƙungiyoyin Ƙungiyoyin Ƙasa na Gambiya (NACCUG) Kamaru Cooperative Credit Union League (CAMCCUL) Yuganda Cooperative Savings and Credit Union (UCSCU) Fédération des Caisses d'Epargne et de Crédit Agricole Mutuel (FECECAM) Benin Botswana Savings and Credit Association (BOSCCA) Mauritius Cooperative Savings and Credit League (MACOSCLE) Ƙungiyar Ƙungiyoyin Ƙasa na Ƙasa (NACCUN) Ƙungiyar Haɗin kai ta Najeriya (CFN) Seychelles Credit Union (SCU) Ƙungiyar Savings and Credit Co-operatives Swaziland (SASSCO) Credit Union and Savings Of Zambia (CUSA Zambia) Ƙungiyar Ƙungiyoyin Savings na Haɗin gwiwar Haɗin kai da Ƙungiyoyin Ƙira ta Ƙasa (NACSCUZ-Zimbabwe) Savings and Credit Cooperative Union League Of Tanzania (SCCULT) Lesotho Cooperative Credit Union League Limited (LCCUL) tashar girma Ƙungiyar Savings na Ƙasa da Ƙwararren Ƙwararren Ƙwararren Ƙwararrun Saliyo (NASCCLOS) Laberiya Credit Union National Association Limited (LCUNA) Union des Cooperatives d'Epargne et de Credit Burkinabe (UCECB) Ƙungiyar Nationales Des Crep et Coopec de Cote d'Ivoire (ANAC-CI) Union des Cooperatives Centrales d'Epargne et de Credit au Republique Democratique du Congo (UCCEC) Ayyuka SACCA Congress Taron Kungiyar Savings and Credit Cooperative Association of Africa na shekara-shekara ne wanda ke tattaro mambobin kwamitin na SACCOs da masu ruwa da tsaki a fadin Afirka don yin shawarwari kan batutuwan da suka shafi SACCOs. Sunan SACCA ya musanya da African SACCO Technical Congress wanda wata ƙasa memba ce da wakilai suka zaba. A tsawon shekaru ACCOSCA ne ta shirya wannan taron tare da kuma haɗin gwiwar gwamnatocin da ke karbar bakuncin da abokan ci gaban Majalisar Ƙungiyoyin Bashi ta Duniya, Ƙungiyar Haɗin Kan Kanada, Ƙungiyar Ƙungiyoyin Lamuni ta Irish Dandalin Shugabannin SACCO Wannan taro ne na shekara-shekara wanda ya hada shugabannin SACCO daga Afirka, Malaman Ilimi, jami'an gwamnati, masu bincike da sauran al'ummomin duniya, don haka samar da hanyar musayar bayanai da hanyar sadarwa. Dandalin Matan SACCO Taron shekara-shekara na mata masu rike da mukaman gudanarwa a Sacco's a fadin Afirka. Wannan dandalin yana aiki a matsayin dama ta musamman na ci gaban ƙwararru inda jami'ai daga Arewacin kasar Amurka ke raba ƙwarewar su a mahimman wuraren aiki. Mahalarta kuma suna samun damar yin tunani game da hanyoyin zamani na sarrafa albarkatun ɗan adam, da kuma hanyoyin haɓaka samfura. Mata kuma suna samun raba tare da samar da hanyoyin magance matsalolin da ke fuskantar su a wurin aiki. Ayyuka da wallafe-wallafe ACCOSCA na gudanar da bincike a kan batutuwa daban-daban da suka shafi duniyar haɗin gwiwar kamar al'ummomin da aka ware da dorewar ƙungiyoyin haɗin gwiwar a Afirka Duba wasu abubuwan Jerin Ƙungiyoyin Haɗin kai Manazarta Hanyoyin haɗi na waje Yanar Gizo na hukuma na Ƙungiyar Tattalin Arzikin Haɗin Kan Kuɗi da Ƙungiyoyin Bashi Jaridar ACCOSCA Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba
50241	https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johanna%20Goldschmidt	Johanna Goldschmidt	Johanna Goldschmidt (an haife shi Johanna Schwabe a ranar 11 ga Disamba 1807 a Bremerlehe,ya mutu 10 Oktoba 1884 a Hamburg)ɗan gwagwarmayar zamantakewar jama'a ne,marubuci kuma ɗan agaji.Ta taka muhimmiyar rawa wajen tallafawa Friedrich Fröbel da kuma yada manufar kindergarten Rayuwa Iyali An haifi Johanna Schwabe a ranar 11 ga Disamba 1807 a Bremerlehe ga ɗan kasuwa Bayahude Marcus Hertz Schwabe da Henriette(née Lazarus).A cikin 1812,dangin Schwabe masu arziki sun koma Hamburg.Mahaifinta ya kasance ɗaya daga cikin waɗanda suka kafa Temple Reform Temple na Hamburg a 1817.Johanna yarinya ce mai ƙwazo,tana jin harsuna da yawa,tana buga piano,violin da garaya, kuma tana iya rera waƙa sosai.Hazaka ta samu goyon bayan malamanta. Johanna Schwabe tana da shekaru 20 ta auri dan kasuwa Moritz David Goldschmidt.Ma'auratan sun haifi 'ya'ya takwas.Babban ɗan Otto Goldschmidt ya kasance mawaki,jagora da pianist,wanda ya auri Swedish Nightingale,soprano Jenny Lind.Masanin ilimin botanist Otto Warburg shine jikanta. Aiki A cikin shekarun 1840,mata irin su Johanna Goldschmidt ta Hamburg sun yunƙura a wajen al'ummar Yahudawa don haɗa ƙarfi da mata Kiristoci masu ra'ayi iri ɗaya don haɓaka juriyar addini da sabbin hanyoyin ilimi. A cikin 1847 ta rubuta littafinta na farko,Rebekka da Amalia,wanda aka rubuta a matsayin jerin wasiƙa tsakanin wani matashi Bayahude, Rebekka, da kuma Kirista aristocrat mai suna Amalia."Babban batu na aikin shi ne matsalar tubar Yahudawa da hadewa,amma a daya daga cikin babi nasa,Goldschmidt ya mayar da hankali kan wani shiri na kungiyar da mata masu arziki za su taimaka wa mata masu fama da talauci don inganta kansu ta hanyar laccoci da koyarwa." A cikin 1848,Goldschmidt ya zama co-kafa Frauenverein zur Bekämpfung und Ausgleichung religiöser Vorurteile,ƙungiyar mata don yaƙar da rage ra'ayin addini.Tun 1848,Johanna Goldschmidt yana hulɗa da Friedrich Fröbel kuma ya gayyace shi a cikin Nuwamba 1849 zuwa Hamburg.Wannan ya haifar da kafuwar Hochschule für das weibliche Geschlecht (1850-1852),cibiyar farko ta manyan makarantu ga mata a Jamus.A cikin wannan aikin ta yi aiki tare da mata Kiristoci masu sassaucin ra'ayi.An karantar da malaman kindergarten 22 kuma an bude makarantar kindergarten ta farko ga yara 70 a Hamburg.Rigimarta Zur Sache Fröbels,wanda aka buga a 1853,ya haifar da abin mamaki.Ta kare tsarin karatunsa daga zarge-zargen rashin adalci.Ta kuma kare ra'ayin ilimi mafi girma ga mata ga abokan adawa kamar Karl Gutzkow ko kuma gwamnatin Prussian da aka kafa a Altona a 1867. A cikin 1860,Goldschmidt ya kafa Hamburger-Fröbel-Verein.An ƙara wata makarantar sakandare dabam zuwa makarantar hauza a matsayin cibiyar motsa jiki.Makarantar hauza har yanzu tana aiki a matsayin Staatliche Fachschule für Sozialpädagogik (Fröbelseminar).Gaba daya ta bude kindergarten tara.An buga wasanta, Blick in die Familie (A Look at the Family),a 1860 kuma an buɗe shi a Hamburg a 1864. Johanna Goldschmidt ta tsaya tare da Clara Schumann,Johannes Brahms da malami Adolph Diesterweg. Zaɓi wallafe-wallafe Rebekka da Amalia. Briefwechsel zwischen einer Israeltin und einer Adeligen über Zeit- und Lebensfragen. Leipzig 1847. Mutterfreuden da Muttersorgen. Worte der Liebe und des Ernstes über Kindheitspflege. Von einer Mutter.Hamburg (Juzu'i na 1) 1849,(Juzu'i na 2) 1851. Zur Sache Fröbels.A cikin:Rheinische Blätter für Erziehung und Unterricht. (1853). Blick in mutu Familie. Leipzig 1860. Der Hamburger Fröbel-Verein. A cikin: Der Frauen-Anwalt. (1871/1872) Na 1, shafi. 33-36.
58070	https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yarjejeniyar%20Epe	Yarjejeniyar Epe	Yarjejeniyar Epe yarjejeniya ce tsakanin Burtaniya (wanda Benjamin Campbell,Consul a Legas da Thomas Miller Kwamandan HMS Crane ya wakilta) da Kosoko a ranar 28 ga Satumba 1854. Fage A ranar 26 ga Disamba 1851,a wani abin da a yanzu ake kira Bombardment of Lagos ko Reduction of Lagos Biritaniya ta shiga cikin siyasar Legas ta hanyar aiwatar da hukuncin sojan ruwa a kan Kosoko,lokacin Oba na Legas,ta kore shi,tare da dora Oba Akitoye wanda ya yi alkawarin rungumar sokewar.A ranar 1 ga Janairun 1852 Akitoye ya rattaba hannu kan yerjejeniya tsakanin Burtaniya da Legas na kawar da cinikin bayi. Kosoko ya gudu zuwa Epe ya gina sansani mai zaman kansa tare da mayaka kusan 400 tare da kai hare-hare da yawa a Legas;daya a ranar 5 ga watan Agustan 1853 da wani a ranar 11 ga watan Agustan 1853 wanda ya zo kusa da fadar Oba cikin hadari amma ya ki amincewa a daidai lokacin da wata gobara ta tashi daga sojojin ruwa na Burtaniya karkashin kwamandan Phillips na HMS Polyphemus. Bayan tattaunawa mai yawa,Kosoko ya sanya hannu kan yerjejeniyar Epe a ranar 28 ga Satumba 1854 tare da Consul Benjamin Campbell,inda ya amince da kada ya yi wani iƙirari ga Legas ko kuma ya kawo barazana ga kasuwanci a LegasYarjejeniyar ta kasance nasara ta dabara ga Kosoko wanda ya sa Birtaniya ta amince da jiharsa a Epe.A babban hoto,sarautar Legas ta kasance ba ta isa ba tare da kafuwar zuriyar Akitoye da Dosunmu. Rubutun yarjejeniya An rubuta rubutun yarjejeniyar a ƙasa:<blockquote>Yarjejeniyar da aka kulla a wannan rana ta 28 ga Satumbar 1854 tsakanin Kosoko da Sarakunansa da Hakimai da Hakimai,da Benjamin Campbell ya nemi jakadan Birtaniyya na Bight of Benin,da Thomas Miller Esquire Kwamandan HMS Sloop “Crane” Babban Jami’in Bights na Benin da Biafra.</br> </br>1st. Kosoko Sarakunansa da Sarakunansa sun yi alkawarin ba za su yi wani yunƙuri na maido da birnin Legas ta hanyar barazana,tashin hankali ko daba</br> </br>Na biyu. Kosoko ya Caboceers da Chiefs da'awar Palma,a matsayin tashar jiragen ruwa na kasuwanci,da Benjamin Campbell Esquire Her Brittanic Majesty's Consul,da Thomas Miller Esquire Kwamandan da Babban Hafsan Sojan Ruwa a Bights,sun tsunduma don gane Palma,a matsayin tashar jiragen ruwa na Kosoko da Caboceers da kuma.Shugabanni, don duk dalilai na halaltaccen ciniki.</br </br> 3r. Kosoko Sarakunansa da Sarakunansa sun yi alkawarin yin watsi da cinikin bayi,wato fitar da bayi daga Afirka,haka nan ba za su kyale duk wani mai cinikin bayi ya zauna a tashar jiragen ruwa ko wani wurin da ke karkashin ikonsu da tasirinsa ba.</br> </br> 4th.Kosoko Sarakunansa da Sarakunansa sun daure kansu don ba da kowace kariya da taimako ga irin wadannan 'yan kasuwa da 'yan kasuwa da ke son zama a cikin su don ci gaba da kasuwanci na halal da kuma taimakawa karamin jakadan Burtaniya don sake bude kasuwanni a gabar tekun Jaboo.Agienu,Ecorodu, da Aboyee,da kuma tabbatar da tsaro da tsaro a kasuwannin.</br> </br> 5th.Za a ba da haraji a tashar jiragen ruwa na Palma,harajin fitarwa na kanwar shanu guda ɗaya ga kowane Puncheon na Man dabino na matsakaicin girman galan ɗari da ashirin da igiyoyin saniya guda biyu a kowace lb. domin amfanin Kosoko.</br> </br> 6 ta. Benjamin Campbell Esquire Jakadanta na Brittanic ya yi aiki a madadin Gwamnatin Mai Martaba cewa saboda cikar wannan alkawari na Kosoko da Sarakunansa da Sarakunansa,Gwamnatin Mai Martaba za ta biya Kosoko alawus na shekara-shekara don rayuwarsa Kawuna dubu biyu na shanu ko dala dubu a zabinsa.</br> </br> 7th. Wannan alkawari zai kasance mai cikakken ƙarfi da tasiri tun daga yau har zuwa lokacin da Gwamnatin Mai Martaba ta Biritaniya ta soke.</br> </br> 7th. Wannan alkawari zai kasance mai cikakken ƙarfi da tasiri tun daga yau har zuwa lokacin da Gwamnatin Mai Martaba ta Biritaniya ta soke.</br> </br> Shiga Lagoon a Appe wannan ranar 28 ga Satumba 1854</br> Kosoko X</br> Oloosema X</br> Oloto X</br> Pelleu X</br> Agenia X</br> Bosoopo </br> Agagoo X</br> Obatchi X</br> Whydobah X</br> Bagaloo </br> Apsee </br> Oleesau X</br> Etti X</br> Lomosa X</br> Otcheodee X </br> Campbell.</b> To. Miller (Kwamandan HMS 'Crane' da Babban Jami'in Fafutukar Benin da Biafra) A gaban</br> Herbert L. Ryves, Lieut. Kwamandan 'Minx'</br> WP Braund, Jagora HMS 'Crane'</br> Francis Wm. Davis, Mataimakin Likita, 'Minx'</br> Geo. Bat. Scala, dan kasuwan Legas</br> WR Hansen, dan kasuwan Legas</br> Jose Pedro da Cousta Roy, dan kasuwan Legas</br> SB Williams, dan kasuwan Legas kuma mai
21131	https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sanoussi%20Jackou	Sanoussi Jackou	Sanoussi Tambari Jackou (an haife shi a shekara ta 1940 ɗan siyasar Nijar ne kuma Shugaban Jam’iyyar ta Nijar don Kula da Kai (PNA-Al'ouma). Ya kasance Mataimakin Shugaban Majalisar Dokokin Nijar shekarata daga shekarar 1993 zuwa shekarar 1994 kuma ya yi aiki a gwamnati a matsayin Ƙaramin Ministan Ilimi Mai zurfi, Bincike, Fasaha, da Hadakar Afirka daga baya a cikin shekarata 1990s. Ya kuma kasance Mataimakin a Majalisar Ƙasa daga shekarar 2004 zuwa 2010. Rayuwar farko da aikin gwamnati An haifi Jackou a cikin Kornaka, wanda ke cikin yankin yanzu Dakoro na Yankin Maradi Mahaifinsa babban Tuareg ne yayin da mahaifiyarsa Hausawa ce Ya yi aikin gwamnati tun daga shekarar 1970. Bayan yunkurin juyin mulki da bai yi nasara ba ga gwamnatin Seyni Kountché a ranar 15 ga Maris, din shekarar 1976, an kame Jackou a ranar 20 ga Maris. An ɗaure shi na tsawon shekaru 11; bayan mutuwar Kountché, an sake shi a ranar Nuwamba 23, 1987. Ya sake komawa aikin gwamnati a watan Maris na shekarar 1988. Ayyukan siyasa a lokacin shekarun 1990 A farkon shekarar 1990s, Jackou memba ne na kafuwar ƙungiyar Demokraɗiyya da Tattalin Arziki (CDS-Rahama). An zabe shi ga Majalisar Dokoki ta Ƙasar a zaɓen majalisar dokoki na watan Fabrairun 1993 a matsayin dan takarar CDS a mazaɓar Maradi. Bayan zaɓen, ya yi aiki a matsayin Mataimakin Shugaban Majalisar Dokokin Nijar daga shekara ta 1993 zuwa 1994. A lokacin mulkin Ibrahim Baré Maïnassara, Jackou ya shiga gwamnati a matsayin karamin Ministan Ilimi mai zurfi, Bincike, Fasaha, da Haɗakar Afirka. A sakamakon haka, an kore shi daga CDS, wanda ya kasance mataimakin shugaba; ya kafa sabuwar jam’iyya, PNA-Aloumat, a farkon 1997, kai da Shugaba Maïnassara. A watan Afrilu na 1998, duk da haka, ya rabu da Maïnassara, wanda aka kashe yayin juyin mulki shekara guda bayan haka. c'est un ethnocentriste hors paire et qui détruit la cohésion na ƙasa Jamhuriya ta biyar PNA-Aloumat ba ta sami kujeru ba a zaben majalisar dokoki na 1999, kuma Jackou ya kasance ɗan adawa ba tare da wakilci a Majalisar Dokoki ta kasa ba har tsawon shekaru biyar masu zuwa. A zaben majalisar na watan Disambar 2004, an zabi Jackou ga Majalisar Dokoki ta kasa a matsayin dan takara a yankin Maradi shi kaɗai ne dan takarar PNA-Aloumat da ya ci kujera. A lokacin 2009, Jackou ya kasance daga cikin 'yan adawa, yana shiga cikin rukunin majalisar dokoki na Jamhuriyar Nijar ta Demokradiyya da Gurguzu (PNDS). Ya kuma yi aiki a matsayin Shugaban Hukumar Tattalin Arziki da Tsare-tsare a Majalisar Dokoki ta ƙasa a wancan lokacin na majalisar. Baya ga takarar kujera a majalisar ƙasa, Jackou ya kuma tsaya takarar kujerar majalisar ƙaramar hukumar Dakoro a 2004. Jackou yana daya daga cikin wakilai 14 da suka gabatar da korafi a kan gwamnatin Firayim Minista Hama Amadou a ranar 26 ga Mayu, 2007. Bayan haka an kayar da gwamnatin Amadou a cikin ƙuri'ar rashin amincewa a ranar 31 ga Mayu. Jackou ya kuma nuna adawa ga zaɓen Seyni Oumarou don maye gurbin Amadou. Kamar shugabannin PNDS, Jackou ya fito fili ya yi tir da Allah wadai da yunƙurin ƙara wa'adin shugaba Mamadou Tandja zuwa watan Disambar shekarar 2009, lokacin da tun farko aka tsara za a ƙare shi. A wani taron gangami da aka yi a ranar 22 ga Disambar 2008 a Yamai, Jackou ya kira irin wannan yunƙurin a matsayin "mummunan dare" juyin mulki daga magoya bayan gwamnati. Jamhuriya ta shida Jackou da PNA-Aloumat sun zaɓi shiga cikin zaɓen majalisar dokokin na watan Oktoba na 2009, wanda manyan jam'iyyun adawa suka ƙaurace masa. A wata hira da aka yi a watan Agusta na shekara ta 2009, Jackou ya bayyana cewa PNA-Aloumat sun yanke shawarar shiga ne saboda yin hakan ya zama dole "don tabbatar da wanzuwar jam'iyyarmu"; ya ce shiga cikin zabe yana da mahimmanci ga manufar jam'iyyar siyasa kuma ba shi da sha'awar jagorantar jam'iyyar da ba ta shiga zabuka. Ya buga misali da ƙauracewar da ‘yan adawa suka yi a zaben majalisar dokoki na 1996, wanda ya ce kuskure ne. Duk da shawarar da ya yanke na shiga zaben, Jackou ya ce a cikin wannan hira cewa jam'iyyarsa ba ta rabu da manyan 'yan adawa ba. Game da zaben raba gardama na tsarin mulki a watan Agusta na 2009, Jackou ya ce ya goyi bayan matsawa zuwa tsarin shugaban kasa na gwamnati, yana mai cewa ya dade yana son irin wannan tsarin, amma yana sukar wasu sauye-sauyen tsarin mulki; ya ce majalisar dattijan da ake shirin kafawa ba za ta yi amfani da wata manufa mai mahimmancin doka ba kuma za ta jinkirta yin doka ne kawai, yayin batar da kuɗi. Tsayawa a matsayin dan takarar PNA-Aloumat, an sake zaɓar Jackou a Majalisar Wakilai ta Kasa a watan Oktoba na 2009; ya sake kasancewa dan takarar PNA-Aloumat daya tilo da ya ci kujera. Majalisar kasa ta fara ganawa don sabon wa'adin majalisa a ranar 14 ga Nuwamba, kuma Jackou ya jagoranci taron farko saboda matsayinsa na tsohon Mataimakin Mataimakin Majalisar. A jawabinsa na bude taron, Jackou ya bayyana sabuwar majalisar dokokin kasar a matsayin mafi kyau da Nijar ta taba yi, yayin da ya kuma jaddada mahimmancin aikin majalisar dokokin: “Ba mu da wani gefe na kuskure. Mu wakilai ne na gaske na mutane kuma muna fuskantar babban kalubale. Kodayake al'adar za ta kasance mafi tsufa mataimaki président du Bureau d'âge da ke shugabanci na ɗan gajeren lokaci kaɗan kafin Majalisar Dokoki ta zaɓi Shugaban ƙasa don jagorantar aikinta, Jackou ya ce, saboda an ƙaddamar da sabon kundin tsarin mulki tun a baya wa'adin majalisa, ya zama wajibi na farko ga Majalisar Dokoki ta kasa ta tsara tare da daukar sabbin ka'idojin cikin gida wadanda zasu dace da sabon tsarin tsarin mulki. Sakamakon haka, wakilai tara, gami da Jackou, an zaɓi su zauna a wani kwamiti na wucin gadi wanda aka ba shi alhakin tsara sabbin ka'idojin cikin gida. Sakamakon da aka samu na dokokin cikin gida na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ya samu karbuwa ne ta hanyar jefa kuri'a. Jackou ya shugabanci na karshe a ranar 25 ga Nuwamba, 2009, lokacin da wakilan suka zabi Seyni Oumarou a matsayin Shugaban Majalisar Ƙasa. Oumarou ya yaba wa Jackou saboda "kwazo" da ya nuna wajen jagorantar taron farko. Jim kaɗan bayan haka, lokacin da aka kafa kwamitocin dindindin na Majalisar ,asa, an sake nada Jackou a matsayin Shugaban Hukumar Tattalin Arziki da Tsare-tsare. A cikin zaɓuka cikin gida da aka gudanar a ranar 27 ga Disambar 2009, an zabi Jackou a matsayin kansila na birni a Dakoro. A ranar 18 ga Fabrairun 2010, an hambarar da Shugaba Tandja a <i id="mwfA">juyin mulkin soja</i> Wata gwamnatin da aka kira Majalisar koli don maido da dimokiradiyya (CSRD) ta karɓi mulki kuma nan take ta rusa Majalisar Dokoki, tare da sauran cibiyoyin gwamnati. Jackou ya goyi bayan takarar Mahamadou Issoufou a zagaye na biyu na zaɓen shugaban ƙasa na Janairu <span typeof="mw:Entity" id="mwgw">–</span> Fabrairu 2011, yana mai bayyana cewa "lokaci ya yi da Mahamadou Issoufou zai jagoranci Nijar". Issoufou ya lashe zaɓen; bayan ya hau mulki a matsayin Shugaban kasa, ya nada Jackou a matsayin Mashawarci na Musamman ga Shugaban ƙasa, tare da mukamin Minista, a ranar 20 ga Afrilun 2011. A taron PNA-Aloumat karo na biyar a watan Fabrairun 2014, an sake zaɓar Jackou a matsayin shugaban jam'iyyar. Matsayin siyasa Jackou, wanda mahaifinsa Buzaye ne kuma mahaifiyarsa Hausawa, ya nuna kulawa ta musamman game da rikicin Abzinawan Nijar da wasu kungiyoyi. An ambato shi a cikin maye gurbin wakilai na 2005 don rufe ci gaba da kasancewar bautar a cikin al'umma da kuma iƙirarin wasu wakilai sun riƙe bayi. A wata muhawara da aka nuna a gidan talabijin ta 2007, ya yi gargadin cewa 'yan adawar majalisar ma sun yi adawa da ƴan tawayen Abzinawa na MNJ: "Ina faɗin haka ga masu tayar da kayar baya: ku kula, sojojin dimokiradiyya ba sa tare da ku kamar yadda suke a shekarun 1990." Jackou ya fito fili yana sukar rashin hukunta waɗanda suka kashe Shugaba Baré a juyin mulkin watan Afrilun 1999. A matsayina na mataimaki daga wata ƙaramar jam’iyya, Jackou ya kasance mai himma wajen aiwatar da dokar sake fasalin kada kuri’a, yana goyon bayan gabatar da kuri’a guda daya don zabukan shekarar 2009, amma kuma yana ba da shawarar yin watsi da dokokin da ke bukatar iya harshen Faransanci tsakanin ‘yan takara, da kuma tallafawa jerin sunayen‘ yan kasa guda daya ga wasu Kujerun majalisar. Jackou ya goyi bayan batun karin albashi na shekara ta 2008 don wakilai, wanda ƙungiyoyin farar hula suka yi adawa da shi. Ya yi ikirarin cewa matakin biyan diyyar ya dace idan aka kwatanta da wanda 'yan majalisar ke karba a ƙasashen makwabta. Mai latsawa Jackou kuma yana da jaridar mako-mako da ke Niamey, La Roue de l'Histoire A ranar 18 ga Mayu 2002, aka kama shi, tare da mawallafin jaridar, saboda kalaman da ke sukar Firayim Minista Hama Amadou, da kuma maganganun da aka yi wa Ministan Kasuwanci Seini Oumarou Daga karshe aka yankewa Jackou hukuncin daurin watanni huɗu, hukuncin tarar CFA 100,000, kuma an tilasta wa jaridar biyan diyyar CFA miliyan 2 ga jami’an biyu. A watan Disambar 2004, an sake kame Jackou saboda "tsokanar ƙabilanci" a lokacin da ya bayyana a wani shirin tattaunawa a rediyo, sai kawai aka sake shi a ranar 9 ga Janairun 2005. Jackou ya yi aiki a matsayin mai shiga tsakani tsakanin ƙungiyoyin farar hula karkashin jagorancin Hadin gwiwar Inganta inganci da daidaito kan tsadar rayuwa, nuna adawa da karin harajin amfani, da gwamnati a watan Afrilun 2005. Rayuwar mutum Jackou da matarsa Françoise suna da yara mata huɗu. Babbar, Rakiatou Kaffa-Jackou Minista ce a gwamnatin Najeriya, sannan wani, Guimbia, ya yi aiki a matsayin Gwamnan Yamai. Manazarta Mutanen Nijar Yan siyasa Yan siyasan Nijar Yan Nijar Pages with unreviewed
30113	https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tsarin%20muhalli%20a%20Lebanon	Tsarin muhalli a Lebanon	Daya daga cikin manyan batutuwan da suka shafi muhalli a Lebanon shine samar da ruwa Kasar tana da albarkatun ruwa da yawa fiye da sauran kasashen Gabas ta Tsakiya duk da haka, yana cikin haɗarin karanci, musamman a lokacin rani mai bushewa Wannan ya faru ne saboda rashin ƙarfin ajiya, da karuwar buƙata, da kuma canjin yanayi Manyan ayyuka na inganta samar da ruwan sha na samun tallafi daga gwamnati da hukumomin kasashen waje, sun hada da aikin samar da ruwan sha na Greater Beirut da hukumar kula da kogin Litani An kafa ƙungiyoyin sa -kai na muhalli masu yawa a Lebanon. Kungiyoyin sa-kai Idan aka kwatanta da sauran yankuna a duniya, Gabas ta Tsakiya ya kasance yana tafiyar hawainiya wajen haɓaka ƙungiyoyin sa-kai masu zaman kansu. A tsakiyar shekarata 1990s, an ƙirƙiri kusan ƙungiyoyin sa-kai 120 a Lebanon Wasu daga cikin waɗannan kungiyoyi masu zaman kansu sun haɗa da Association Al tanmia (AA), Al Ain Association for Development (AAD), Ard Al Tofoula (AAT), da Association for Charity Culture (ACC). Rikicin ruwa An san kasar Lebanon da kasancewa daya daga cikin kasashe kalilan a Gabas ta Tsakiya da ke da isasshen ruwa. Ba wai kawai manyan koguna da yawa sun kewaye Labanon ba, har ma Lebanon tana da ruwan sama mafi girma a shekara a yankin, matsakaicin 827mm. Amma a lokacin bazara musamman, Kuma akwai ƙarancin ruwa ga mazauna wurin amfani da su. Babbar matsalar ita ce, akwai ’yan wuraren da ake ajiye ruwa. Har ila yau, yawancin ruwan sha na Lebanon yana gudana zuwa cikin Tekun Bahar Rum Wadannan matsalolin kuma suna tafiya ne tare da karuwar bukatar ruwa da kuma tsarin bututu da tafki. Lebanon na bukatar ingantacciyar hanyar sadarwa ta ruwa domin kaucewa matsalar karancin ruwa da aka yi hasashen a shekarar 2020. Yanayi A baya-bayan nan, ba wai ruwan sama ya ragu sosai a kasar Labanon ba, har ma da karuwar yanayin da ke shafar yawan ruwan da ake samu. An kiyasta cewa kusan kashi 50% na ruwan sama yana ƙafewa yana barin mutanen Lebanon kaɗan yin aiki da su. Sakamakon sauyin yanayi, yanayin zafi yana ƙaruwa, wanda ke nufin ƙarin ruwa ya ɓace don ƙaura Rasa ruwan da ruwan sama ya samar ya haifar da buqatar noman ruwa a filayen noma. Yayin da noma ke fama da matsalar fari, ana kuma sa ran gidaje na Lebanon za su ci gaba da ciyar da ruwa yayin da noman rani ya zo. Haɓaka yawan jama'a 'Yan kasar Lebanon sun kai kusan mutane miliyan hudu a Lebanon. Wannan adadin bai hada da yawan ‘yan gudun hijirar Syria da suka yi gudun hijira zuwa Lebanon daga Syria don gujewa yakin basasar Syria, ko ‘yan yawon bude ido ba. Domin gujewa tashe tashen hankula a Syria, sannan Kuma mutane da dama sun tsere zuwa Lebanon A watan Afrilun 2014, an kiyasta cewa kusan kashi ɗaya bisa huɗu na al'ummar Lebanon yan gudun hijirar Siriya ne Wannan dimbin ‘yan gudun hijirar da ke gudun hijira zuwa kasar Labanon ya haifar da babbar matsala ga albarkatun kasar ta Lebanon kuma a cewar ministan harkokin wajen kasar Gebran Bassil har yanzu yana barazana ga wanzuwar Lebanon a yau. Wannan karuwar adadin mutane a Lebanon yana haifar da karuwar bukatar ruwa, Kuma wanda Lebanon ta kasa gamsar da ita. Domin hana wannan barazana a nan gaba, akwai ayyuka da dama da ake aiwatarwa don taimakawa kasar Labanon da matsalolin muhallinsu. Ayyukan muhalli Aikin Samar da Ruwa na Babban Birnin Beirut Manufar Babban Aikin Samar da Ruwa na Beirut (GBWSP) shine samar da ruwa daga kogin Litani da kuma kogin Awali, ga wadanda ke zaune a yankin Greater Beirut Yana da nufin samun ruwa ga waɗanda ke da ƙarancin kuɗi a cikin Babban Beirut yankin. An kuma mai da hankali kan kara samar da ruwan sha na dan kankanin lokaci ga wadancan wuraren ma. Kusan kashi 40 cikin 100 na al'ummar Lebanon suna cikin babban yankin Beirut. Sannan A cikin shekaru arba'in da suka gabata al'ummar kasar Labanon da ke zaune a wannan yanki sun fuskanci karancin ruwa sakamakon rashin rarraba ruwa da kuma karuwar bukatar ruwa. Wannan karancin ruwa ya samo asali ne daga tashe-tashen hankulan siyasa da kasar Lebanon ke fama da ita a shekarun baya da ma har yau. Babban Aikin Samar da Ruwa na Beirut wani aiki ne da gwamnatin Lebanon ke la'akari da shi tun a shekarun 1960 da 1990. Kwamitin binciken ya yi rajistar buƙatun binciken da ya shafi GBWSP a ranar 10 ga Nuwamba, shekarata 2010. An amince da shi a ranar 16 ga Disamba, shekarar 2010, daga kwamitin gudanarwa na bankin duniya. Kudin wannan aikin gabaɗaya ya kai dala miliyan 370. Babban bankin kasa da kasa na sake ginawa da raya kasa (IBRD) ne zai dauki nauyin biyan kusan dalar ƙasar Amurka miliyan 200, sauran kuma za a biya su ne daga gwamnatin kasar Lebanon da kuma hukumar samar da ruwa ta tsaunin Beirut ta Lebanon. Ma'aikatar Makamashi da Ruwa ta Lebanon (MoEW) ce za ta dauki nauyin aiwatar da aikin kuma za ta ba da alhakin aiwatarwa, sa ido da kuma bayar da rahoto ga majalisar ci gaba da sake ginawa (CDR) da BMLWE. Inganta samar da ruwan sha a yankin Greater Beirut zai yi tasiri mai kyau ga mutane kimanin miliyan 2.1, wanda ke kusan rabin al'ummar Lebanon. Wannan kuma zai haɗa da mutane kusan 350,000 da ke zaune a cikin ƙananan yankuna. Har ila yau, yawancin mazauna da ke zaune a saman benaye na gidaje ba sa samun ruwa saboda ƙarancin ruwa a cikin bututu. Gyara waɗannan bututun zai baiwa mazaunan da ke zaune a saman benaye damar samun ingantaccen ruwa. Har ila yau, Kuma ingancin ruwa zai inganta kuma ya kasance daidai da ka'idojin kasa da kasa, yayin da kuma ya fi dacewa. Har ila yau, wannan aikin zai taimaka wa mutane da yawa a Lebanon ceton kuɗi. To A yau, don samun ruwa mai tsabta, yawancin mazauna suna dogara da ruwa na sirri don ruwan sha. An kiyasta cewa gidaje suna kashe kusan dala miliyan 308 a kowace shekara kan ruwa na zaman kansu. Hukumar kogin Litani Hukumar USAID ce ta yi shirin tallafa wa kogin Litani River Basin (LRBMS) ta yadda za su iya samun mafita kan lamuran kula da ruwa. Sun sanya hukumar kula da kogin Litani, ta yadda za su yi amfani da albarkatun ruwan kogin Litani An kafa hukumar kogin Litani a shekara ta 1954. An sanya shi ne don samar da karuwar filayen ban ruwa, samar da wutar lantarki, da bunkasa filayen shakatawa. Wasu hanyoyin da suka bullo da su don sauya alkibla mara kyau da kafa hanyoyin gudanar da ruwa mai dorewa sune samar da ababen more rayuwa, sarrafa janyewa da sakewa, sannan Kuma hana cin zarafi kamar zubar da ruwan sha na masana'antu da fitar da ruwan karkashin kasa fiye da kima, ingantaccen tsarin ruwa, da wayar da kan jama'a. A cikin shekaru hudu da suka gabata, shirin Tallafi na Gudanar da Basin Kogin Litani yana haɓaka ƙarfin fasaha na Hukumar Kogin Litani don sa ido kan ingancin ruwa da yawa, sannan Kuma sarrafa tsarin ban ruwa, tsara haɗarin yanayi, da kuma sa mazauna wurin yin amfani da ruwa mai nauyi. Matsalolin muhalli a Lebanon Duba batutuwan muhallin ruwa a Lebanon Manazarta Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba
51327	https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Susanne%20Bier	Susanne Bier	Susanne Bier su s a nə 1 fina-finan Danish ce, an haife ta a Copenhagen, Denmark a cikin sha biyar ga Afrilu a shekara ta dubu daya da dari tara da shittin Tarihin Rayuwar ta Samuwar da farko Susanne Bier ta yi karatun zane-zane a makarantar Bezalel da ke Urushalima, sannan ta yi karatun gine-gine a Landan, kafin ta shiga Makarantar Fina-finai ta Denmark A shekara ta dubu daya da dari tara da tamanin da bakwai, fim dinsa na digiri na De saliges ya lashe lambar yabo ta farko a Filmschoolfest Munich (cikin) a Jamus da Yayin da take yin faifan bidiyo da tallace-tallace, ta ci gaba da aikinta na fim. Ta jagoranci fim ɗinta na farko a cikin shekara ta dubu daya da dari tara da casa'in da daya, Freud Leaves Home, wanda Peter Stormare ya bayyana. Ta canza nau'ikan wasan ban dariya na dangi Al'amuran Iyali a cikin shekara ta dubu daya da dari tara da casa'in da hudu) zuwa mai ban sha'awa Sekten a cikin shekara ta dubu daya da dari tara da casa'in da bakwai). Ƙaddamar da Ƙasashen Duniya (2000s) A cikin shekara ta dubu biyu da hudu tare da Brothers, wanda ta rubuta kuma ta ba da umarni, ta sami karɓuwa a duniya. Lalle ne, an fitar da wannan fim ɗin sosai a Turai kuma ya sami lambobin yabo da yawa a lokacin bukukuwa, kuma an shirya wani remake na Amurka, har yanzu mai suna Brothers, a cikin shekara ta dubu biyu da tara, wanda Jim Sheridan ya jagoranta tare da Tobey Maguire, Jake Gyllenhaal da Natalie Portman A cikin shekara ta dubu biyu da shida, darektan ya ƙara yawan sanannunta tare da Bayan Bikin aure, wanda aka saki a shekara ta dubu biyu da bakwai a Amurka kuma an zabi shi don Oscar don mafi kyawun fina-finai na waje Tsayawa da tsayin daka, a cikin shekata dubu biyu da takwas ta harbe Tunawa da Ƙonanmu, tare da simintin Hollywood. Halle Berry da Benicio del Toro Sam Mendes ya shirya fim ɗin fasalin. Masu suka sun yi maraba da wannan fasalin amma ofishin akwatin ya kasance abin takaici Har ila yau, a cikin shekara ta dubu biyu da takwas, a lokacin 61 Cannes Film Festival, ta kasance memba na Cinéfondation da gajeren fina-finai juri, wanda darektan Hou Hsiao-hsien ya jagoranta. Ta koma Denmark don yin fim dinta na gaba a cikin shekara ta dubu biyu da goma sha daya an saki melodrama Revenge, wanda ya ba shi kyautar Golden Globe don mafi kyawun fina-finai na kasashen waje da kuma Oscar don mafi kyawun fina-finai na kasashen waje A wannan shekarar, ta kasance wani ɓangare na juri na 6 Rome International Film Festival, a ƙarƙashin jagorancin mawallafin Italiyanci Ennio Morricone Darakta yanzu ta sadaukar da kanta ga ayyukan Hollywood. Ayyukan Hollywood (shekara ta dubu biyu da goma) A shekarar shekara ta dubu biyu da goma sha biyu ta gan ta ta bayyana ban mamaki mai ban dariya Soyayya ita ce kawai abin da kuke buƙata, wanda ta kewaye Pierce Brosnan tare da simintin Danish gaba ɗaya. A cikin Fabrairu shekara ta dubu biyu da goma sha uku, ta kasance a kan juri na bikin fina-finai na Berlin e, wanda darekta Wong Kar-wai ya kasance shugaban kasa, yayin da yake gwada hannunta a wasan kwaikwayo na Danish A karo na biyu, wanda wani dan wasan kwaikwayo wanda ya zama tauraron duniya, Nikolaj Coster Waldau Reviews wannan lokacin gauraye ne Ayyukanta na gaba shine melodrama na Amurka Serena, wanda aka shirya don saki a cikin shekara ta dubu biyu da goma sha huɗu. Daraktan ya maye gurbin Darren Aronofsky, wanda ya ƙi aikin. Jennifer Lawrence ya maye gurbin Angelina Jolie, yana fuskantar Bradley Cooper Amma masu sukar Arewacin Amurka ne suka shirya fim ɗin, kuma sun yi ƙoƙari don rarrabawa a duniya Tsakanin Satumba da Oktoba shekara ta dubu biyu da goma sha huɗu, ita ce shugabar juri na bikin fina-finai na Zurich 10 Bayan wata daya, an sanar da ita a matsayin memba na juri na fina-finai na fim na 14 Marrakech International Film Festival, wanda Isabelle Huppert ya jagoranta. Daga karshe dai ba za ta kasance ba. A cikin Oktoba shekara ta dubu biyu da goma sha biyar, tana cikin juri na kasa da kasa na bikin fina-finai na kasa da kasa na Tokyo ashirin da takwas, karkashin jagorancin darektan Amurka Bryan Singer Bayan wadannan gazawar guda biyu, darektan ya jagoranci karamin jerin The Night Manager, wanda wasu 'yan wasan Burtaniya biyu ke dauke da su. Hugh Laurie da Tom Hiddleston Reviews suna da kyau lokacin da aka watsar da dukkan sassa shida a cikin shekara ta dubu biyu da goma sha shida kuma suka farfado. Shekarar shekara ta dubu biyu da goma sha takwastana nuna alamar fitowar fim ɗinta na uku na Amurka, Akwatin Bird mai ban sha'awa mai ban sha'awa, wanda Sandra Bullock ke sawa, kuma an sake shi na musamman akan Netflix John Malkovich da rap Machine Gun Kelly sun zagaya simintin. Binciken yana da gamsarwa kuma fim ɗin fasalin shine babban nasara a cikin tarihin dandamali na buƙatun bidiyo A cikin Satumba ashekara ta dubu biyu da goma sha takwas, Ta shugabanci juri na Venice Virtual Reality sashe a Venice Film Festival na 75 Venice Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba
32379	https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fetu%20Afahye	Fetu Afahye	Fetu Afahye biki ne da sarakuna da al'ummar Cape Coast da ke yankin tsakiyar kasar Ghana suka gudanar. Ana gudanar da bikin ne a ranar Asabar ta farko a watan Satumba na kowace shekara. Al'ummar Oguaa na Cape Coast na gudanar da bikin Fetu Afahye ne duk shekara domin a baya an samu bullar cutar a tsakanin mutanen da ta kashe mutane da dama. Mutanen sun yi addu’a ga Allah da ya taimake su su rabu da cutar. Don haka ana gudanar da bikin ne domin tsaftace garin da kuma hana wata annoba da ta addabi jama’a. Tarihi Fetu Afahye biki ne na shekara-shekara da jama'a da sarakunan yankin gargajiya na Cape Coast a yankin tsakiyar kasar Ghana ke yi. A wani lokaci an sami annoba a Cape Coast kamar yadda tarihi ya nuna. Wannan abu ne mai ban tsoro kuma don haka ya bukaci mutanen Cape Coast su yi kira da a tsoma baki daga allolinsu. Duk da haka, an yi imanin cewa mazaunan Cape Coast da kewaye sun iya kawar da wannan annoba tare da taimakon gumakansu, saboda haka, sunan "Fetu" asali Efin Tu ("ya kawar da datti"). Ana kuma yin bikin tunawa da girbi mai yawa daga teku tare da gudanar da ayyukan ibada don gode wa alloli 77 na yankin gargajiya na Oguaa. An taba haramta wa Fetu Afahye a lokacin mulkin mallaka na kasar, musamman Cape Coast, kuma ana kiranta da "Black Christmas" don kwatanta shi a matsayin mummunan al'ada. Omanhen (babban sarki) a wancan lokacin, wanda ake kira da Osabarimba Kodwo Mbra V, Okyeame Ekow Atta, ya musanta wannan tunanin a matsayin yaudara. Tsakanin 1948 zuwa 1996, a karshe dai aka sake komawa bikin, bayan gwagwarmayar addini daga wasu muhimman mutane a yankin gargajiya na Oguaa. Yanzu ana amfani da bikin a matsayin kalanda don lokutan noma na yankin gargajiya na Oguaa kuma ana kiran wannan al'amari da sunan "Afehyia", ma'ana "madauki na yanayi". Bikin Fetu Afahye Ana fara shirye-shiryen bikin ne a cikin makon ƙarshe na watan Agusta. A cikin wannan lokaci, yankin Traditional Oguaa yana karbar baƙi da yawa daga sassa daban-daban na rayuwa, da kuma jama'a daga sassa daban-daban na ƙasar ko a wajen ƙasar waɗanda 'yan asalin jihar Oguaa ne. Ainihin bikin ya biyo baya a ranar Asabar ta farko ta Satumba. Kafin ainihin bikin, Omanhen ya kasance a tsare har tsawon mako guda. A cikin wannan lokaci na tsare, yana yin tunani da kuma neman hikima daga mahalicci (Aboadze) da kakanni, da kuma neman kulawar likita a inda ya dace daga likitansa don ba shi damar fitowa ta jiki da tunani don ayyuka masu zuwa kamar bayarwa. ayyukansa don nasarar bikin. A karshen tsare Omanhen, ya bayyana a bainar jama'a cikin fara'a kuma ya tafi gidan stool don yin liyafa, yana neman albarka daga gumakan jihar Oguaa 77 da jama'a suka yi imani da shi ne ke tafiyar da al'amuran yankin gargajiya na Oguaa. An kuma lura cewa kafin bikin, an haramta duk wani shagali na bugu da bugu da kari kamar yadda al’ada ta tanada, da kuma kamun kifi a tafkin Fosu, kwance a tsakanin Babban Asibitin Gwamnati da kuma mikewa zuwa wani wuri mai suna Aquarium, don tabbatar da kwanciyar hankali da lumana. muhalli. An yi imanin cewa an yi hakan ne domin baiwa ruhin jihar Oguaa damar karbar ragamar jagorancin masu shirya bikin. Ana yin wannan yawanci kafin 1 ga Satumba. Su ma masu kula da tafkin Fosu (Amissafo) na yankin gargajiya na Oguaa suna zuba liyafar cin abinci a bakin tafkin tare da yin kira ga ruhin kakanninsu da su kawar da duk wata mummunar alama da za ta iya samu ga maziyartan da suka halarci bikin. Manufar zuba liyafar ita ce kuma a yi kira ga girbi mai yawa na kifi da amfanin gona. A cikin duka, suna kira ga wadata. Wani muhimmin taron da aka lura shi ne "Amuntumadeze" a zahiri ma'ana "ranar lafiya" ranar da manya da matasa suka yi kokarin tsaftace muhalli, ciki har da share shara daga magudanan ruwa da aka shake da zanen dukkan gine-gine a yankin, da nufin kawata kewaye kafin ainihin babban durbar na "Bakatue". Ana gudanar da sintiri a tafkin Fosu kusa da wurin ibadarsa a duk ranar litinin da ta wuce na watan Agusta. Jama’a da dama ne suka taru a wurin ibadar domin kallon bajekolin limamai da limamai na yankin gargajiya. Ana yin wannan baje kolin ne da daddare har zuwa safiya. A cikin wannan dare, firist da limamai suna yin kaɗa da rawa kuma ana kiran ruhin kakanninsu su faɗi abin da zai faru a shekara mai zuwa. A ranar Talata mai zuwa kuma ana ganin ayyuka da yawa, kamar ayyukan ibada da ake gudanarwa a wurin ibadar Fosu, kuma a karshe ana yin regatta da kwale-kwale da rana a kan tafkin Fosu bayan cin abinci na Omanhen a wajen. Sakamakon hana kamun kifi a tafkin Fosu a baya, Omanhen shine mutum na farko da ya fara jefa tarunsa, sau uku a jere. don buɗe tafkin a hukumance ga jama'a. Domin Omanhen ya kama kifi da yawa yana nuna lokacin kamun kifi mai wadata mai zuwa. Jama'a na musamman ne ke nuna wannan taron a tsakiyar harbe-harbe na miyagu. Wannan shi ake kira "Bakatue". Duk da haka, a cikin ba da yanayi maraba ga 'yan asalin da suka yi balaguro, sarakunan yankin gargajiya na Oguaa sun ware ranar Laraba don karbar da kuma tarbar 'yan kasar Cape Coast. Haka kuma wannan rana ta kasance tana yin kamfe da raye-raye na kamfanonin Asafo, kungiyoyin tsagerun gargajiya guda bakwai. Ana kuma lura da ita a matsayin ranar zamantakewa da warware batutuwa. Ana gudanar da wani biki na addini a gaban gidan ibada na Nana Paprata a daren ranar Alhamis, tare da raye-raye da raye-raye ("Adammba") don kiran ruhin kakanni don baiwa firistoci da firistoci damar yin bokanci. Wannan bikin yakan kasance har zuwa safiya. Babban makasudin wannan bikin shine tsarkake yankin gargajiya na Oguaa daga duk wani mugun ruhi. A daidai wannan lokacin, ana buƙatar bijimi koyaushe don tsarkake yankin gargajiya na Oguaa. Kafin wannan tsarkakewar, ana aika bijimin zuwa hubbaren Nana Tabir don tsarkake bijimin don yin hadaya a ranar ƙarshe. Daga baya sai a yi hadaya da wannan bijimin a Paparatam (wurin Durbar na yankin gargajiya na Ogua). An fi saninta da itacen audugar alharini inda Omanhen a ranar qarshe yake zaune tare da manyan hakimansa da manyan hakimansa, a gefen majalisar dattawa. A wajen taron, Omanhen ya yi jawabi ga jama’a da maziyartan yankin gargajiya na Oguaa, inda ya ba da labarin abubuwan da suka faru a baya. Bayan jawabin na jihar, Omanhen ya nufi kofar shiga, tare da manyan hakimansa da sarakunansa na bangarensa zuwa wurin ibadar Tabir, inda aka daure saniya da gabobinta. Omanhen yana zuba liyafa tare da gudanar da ayyuka daban-daban, yana kira ga kakanni da su shiga cikin jihar Oguaa. Ana nan sai ya dauki wuka ya yanka saniyar wa Allah. Bayan sadaukarwar Omanhen, bikin Fetu ya kai kololuwar ranar Asabar ta farko ga watan Satumba. Wannan rana ta musamman ta jawo hankulan jama'a na musamman ga jerin gwanon Kamfanonin Asafo, wadanda galibi ke yin fareti a kan titin Cape Coast daga Kotokuraba ta dandalin Chapel zuwa babban fada. Jama'a daga sassa daban-daban na kasar sun ziyarci Cape Coast domin gudanar da wannan biki. A wannan rana ne ake gudanar da taron sarakunan gargajiya domin tattaunawa kan al'amuran da suka shafi yankin gargajiya na Oguaa da kuma kamfanonin Asafo guda bakwai da za su bayar da gudumawarsu wajen tabbatar da tsaro a yankin na Oguaa. An yi wannan rana ne da yin ganguna da raye-raye da kuma kwararowar shaye-shaye domin shigar da jihar cikin sabuwar shekara ta lafiya da kwanciyar hankali. Batutuwa na zamani, irin su raye-rayen jihar Afahye, abinci na gida, wasannin ƙwallon ƙafa, tufafi da tufafin gargajiya, da dai sauran nau'o'in kayan tarihi na al'adu, sun haɗa da ba da fuska ga abubuwan da ake yi na bukukuwa, musamman rawa mai salo da ɗaukar ido. na Miss Afahye. Bayan kammala bukukuwan, za a gudanar da gagarumin bikin ne a ranar Lahadi, yayin da ake gudanar da taron hadin gwiwa na dukkan mabiya darikar Kirista a filin shakatawa na Victoria Park domin mika godiya ga Allah Madaukakin Sarki da ya taimaka wa yankin gargajiya na Oguaa domin samun zaman lafiya. Bugu da kari, ranar bikin ita ce neman kudi ga yankin gargajiya na Oguaa. Bisa la'akari da haka, Omanhen da sarakunan sassansa da kuma dattawa sun halarci bikin cocin tare da yin amfani da damar wajen sanar da ranar bikin shekara mai zuwa.
18871	https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adam%20Ulam	Adam Ulam	Adam Bruno Ulam (an haife shi a ranar ta 8 ga watan Afrilun shekara ta 1922 -ya mutu a ranar 28 ga watan Maris na shekara ta 2000) ya kasan ce ɗan tarihin Ba’amurke ne ɗan asalin Bayahude kuma masanin siyasa a Jami’ar Harvard Ulam yana daya daga cikin marubuta duniya ta farkon na hukumomi da kuma saman masana a Sovietology da Kremlinology, ya wallafa littattafai da mahara da articles a cikin wadannan ilimi tarbiyya. Tarihin rayuwa Adam B. Ulam an haife shi a ranar 8 ga watan Afrilun, shekara ta 1922, a Lwów lokacin babban gari a Poland, yanzu Lviv a cikin Ukraine, ga iyayen wani mawadaci dangin yahudawa masu haɗin kai. Bayan kammala karatun sakandare, a ranar 20 ga watan Agusta, na shekara ta 1939 ko kusa da 20, ƙaninsa ɗan shekaru 30 Stanisław Ulam, sanannen masanin lissafi kuma mahimmin gudummawa ga Manhattan Project, ya dauke shi zuwa Amurka don ci gaba da karatunsa. Mahaifinsu, a minti na ƙarshe, ya canza ranar tashi daga ranar 3 ga watan Satumba zuwa ranar 20 ga watan Agusta, mai yiwuwa ya ceci ran Adam tun a ranar 1 ga watan Satumba Yaƙin Duniya na Biyu ya fara, tare da mamayar Jamus ta Nazi ta Poland Ban da 'yan'uwan Ulam, duk sauran dangin da suka rage a Poland sun halaka cikin Holocaust Adam ya kasance dan kasar Amurka ne daga shekara ta 1939, kuma ya yi kokarin shiga cikin sojojin Amurka sau biyu bayan Amurka ta shiga yakin, amma da farko an ki amincewa da shi saboda yana da "dangin da ke zaune a yankin abokan gaba" daga baya kuma suka koma myopia. Ya yi karatu a Jami'ar Brown kuma ya koyar a taƙaice a Jami'ar Wisconsin Madison Bayan karatu a Jami'ar Harvard a shekara ta (1944-1947), ya sami digirin digirgir a karkashin William Yandell Elliott don darasinsa na Idealism da Development of English Socialism, wanda aka ba shi kyautar 1947 Delancey K. Jay Prize. Ya zama malami a Harvard a cikin shekara ta 1947, ya karbi aiki a shekara ta 1954, kuma har lokacin da ya yi ritaya a shekara ta 1992 shi ne Gurney Farfesan Tarihi da Kimiyyar Siyasa. Ya jagoranci Cibiyar Nazarin Rasha (1973-1974) kuma ya kasance masanin bincike na Cibiyar Nazarin Duniya a Cibiyar Fasaha ta Massachusetts a shekara ta (1953-1955). Ya yi aure a shekara ta 1963, aka sake shi a 1991, kuma ya haifi ’ya’ya maza biyu. Ranar 28 ga watan Maris, na shekara ta 2000, ya mutu daga cutar kansa ta huhu a Cambridge, Massachusetts, yana da shekara 77 kuma an binne shi a Makabartar Mount Auburn a ciki. Ayyuka Ulam wallafa mahara littattafai da asidu, da kuma rubuce-rubucen da aka musamman sadaukar domin Sovietology, Kremlinology da Cold War Littafin da ya fi saninsa shi ne Fadadawa da Zama tare: Tarihin Siyasar Kasashen Soviet, 1917-67 (1968). A cikin littafinsa na farko, Titoism da Cominform (1952), bisa dogaro da karatun digirin digirgir, ya yi iƙirarin cewa mayar da hankali ga kwaminisanci a kan wasu manufofi ya makantar da su daga mummunan tasirin tattalin arziki wanda ke da ƙarfin raunana ikon su. Littafinsa The Unfinished Revolution: Wani Labari game da Tushen Tasirin Marxism da Kwaminisanci a shekara ta (1960) ya binciki tunanin Markisanci. Littattafansa guda biyu The Bolsheviks Tarihin Hankali da Siyasa na Tattalin Arzikin Kwaminisanci a Rasha a shekara ta (1965) da Stalin: The Man and His Era a shekara ta (1973) an yarda da su a duniya azaman daidaitaccen tarihin Vladimir Lenin da Joseph Stalin, bi da bi. Ya kuma rubuta jerin abubuwa biyu, Abokan hamayya: Amurka da Rasha tun yakin duniya na II (1971) da Dangantaka Mai Hadari: Tarayyar Soviet a Siyasar Duniya, a shekara ta 1970-1982 (1983). Ya kuma rubuta wani labari, The Kirov Affair a shekara ta (1988), game da Soviet 1930s. A cikin daya daga cikin litattafansa na karshe, Yan Kwaminisanci: Labarin Iko da Rasa Hasashe a shekara ta 1948-1991, wanda aka buga a cikin shekara ta 1992, shekarar da ya yi ritaya, ya yi tsokaci game da faduwar Tarayyar Soviet, inda ya rubuta cewa' yan kwaminisanci sun fadi daga mulki saboda akidarsu ita ce bata gari da kuma yadda manyan masu fada a ji suka kara fahimtar kuskurensu wanda hakan ya haifar musu da lalacewa, wanda hakan ya haifar da rikice-rikice da rikice-rikice tsakanin da tsakanin jihohin kwaminisanci. Babban banda cikin littattafan sune: Tushen Falsafa na Gurguzu na Ingilishi da Faduwar Jami'ar Amurka, mai sukar babbar ilimin Amurka, wanda aka rubuta a 1972. Littattafai Yawancin littattafan suna kan layi kuma kyauta ne don aron sati biyu Tarihin Soviet ta Rasha (1997) Dangantaka Mai Haɗari: Tarayyar Soviet a Siyasar Duniya, 1970-82 (1983) Fadadawa da Zama tare, Tarihin Manufofin Kasashen Waje na Soviet, 1917-67 (1968), kan layi kyauta don ara Tunani da Tunani: Tunanin Juyin Juya Hali daga Herzen zuwa Solzhenitsyn (1976), kyauta kan layi don bashi Da Sunan Mutane: Annabawa da Maƙarƙashiya a cikin Rikicin Juyin Juya Hali na Rasha (1977) kan layi kyauta don ara Alamar Gwamnati Manyan Tsarin Siyasar Turai, tare da Samuel H. Beer, Harry H. Eckstein, Herbert J. Spiro, da Nicholas Wahl, an shirya su da SH Beer (1958) Tushen Falsafa na Gurguzancin Ingilishi (1964) Juyin Juya Halin Rasha: Daga 'Yan Yaudara zuwa Wadanda Aka Yarda (1981) Stalin: Mutumin da Zamaninsa (1973), kan layi kyauta don ara Bolsheviks: Tarihin Ilimi da Siyasa na ofaunar Commungiyar Kwaminisanci a Rasha (1965) 'Yan kwaminisanci: Labarin Powerarfi da Rashin Tunani, 1948-1991 (1992) Faduwar Jami'ar Amurka (1972) Halin Kirov (1988) bayanin kula: labari, kyauta akan layi don bashi Sabuwar Fuskar Soviet Totalitarianism (1963) Masu Kishin. Amurka da Rasha tun yakin duniya na II (1971), akan layi kyauta don ara Tsarin Siyasar Rasha (1974), kan layi kyauta don ara Juyin Juya Halin da ba a kammala ba: Labari a kan Tushen Tasirin tasirin Markisanci da Kwaminisanci (1960), kyauta a kan layi don ara Titoism da Cominform (1952) Fahimtar Yakin Cacar Baki: Tunani Na Musamman na Tarihi bayanin kula: abin tunawa (2000) Manazarta An sake yin la'akari da Daular Soviet; Matsaloli a Daraja Adam B. Ulam, edita daga Sanford R. Lieberman, David E. Powell, Carol R. Saivetz, da Sarah M. Terry, Routledge, 1994 Kramer, Mark, "Sanarwar Tunawa: Adam Bruno Ulam (1922-2000)", Jaridar Nazarin Yakin Cacar Baki, vol. 2, babu. 2, bazara 2000, pp. 130-132 Hanyoyin haɗin waje Crystal Reference Encyclopedia akan Adam (Bruno) Ulam Labaran Harvard da Abubuwan da suka faru: Minti na Tunawa: Adam Bruno Ulam wanda Timothy J. Colton ya karanta a 2002 kuma aka buga shi a cikin Harvard University Gazette Shafin tunawa da Adam Ulam, tare da rasuwa, tarihin rayuwa, haruffa da sauran abubuwa Harvard Gazette ya mutu Tarihin Washington Post Jaridar New York Times ta mutu Bayanai a Nemi Kabari Haifaffun 1922 Mutuwan 2000 Jami'ar Harvard Jami'ar Brown Mutane Pages with unreviewed
51684	https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daniel%20David%20%28dan%20kasuwan%20watsa%20labarai%29	Daniel David (dan kasuwan watsa labarai)	Daniel David (an haife shi a ranar 15 ga watan Fabrairu 1966 an haife shi a Maputo, Mozambique. Shi ne Shugaban DHD Holding da SOICO Group. Kuma yana daya daga cikin manyan masu fada a ji na yankin da ke ba da shawarar samar da ci gaba mai dorewa, bunkasar tattalin arziki, kirkire-kirkire da kuma amfani da fasaha wajen sauya fasalin dijital na Afirka. Tarihin Rayuwa An haifi Daniel David a gundumar Moamba da ke lardin Maputo. Ya fara aiki ne a matsayin malamin koyar da ilimin Jiki, amma sai da masu hakar ma’adinan zinare na Afirka ta Kudu suka yaudare shi, kamar sauran matasan zamaninsa, ya bar Mozambique. Ya yi aiki a wurin a matsayin mai hakar ma’adinai na tsawon watanni 18 kuma daga baya ya koma Mozambique. Ya halarci kwas din Gudanarwa a Jami'ar UNISA RSA (Advanced Executive Programme), kuma ya yi digiri a fannin Gudanar da Kasuwanci da Gudanarwa daga Jami'ar Polytechnic (tsohon ISPU). Sana'ar kasuwanci Ya shiga gidan talabijin na Mozambique (TVM) a matsayin mai gudanarwa a shekarar 1989. Bayan haka, ya kasance Daraktan horarwa da hadin gwiwa; Daraktan Kasuwanci da Tallace-tallace kuma daga baya, an nada shi memba na Hukumar Gudanarwar TVM. A shekara ta 2000, lokacin da yake da shekaru 34, ya kafa Independent Communication Society (SOICO, Ltd), ƙungiya mai zaman kanta ta farko a Mozambique dan riƙe tashar talabijin (Stv, 2002), gidan rediyo (Sfm, 2004), Jarida ta yau da kullun (O País, 2005) da tashar labarai ta USB ta duniya STV Notícias (2014). Ayyukan kasa da kasa Ya dade yana aiki, a cikin kasa da kuma na duniya. A cikin aikinsa, Daniel David yana da tsinkaye na nahiyar a fannin Sadarwar Jama'a. A shekara ta 1998, an zabe shi Mataimakin Shugaban URTNA (Ƙungiyar Watsa Labarun Afirka) kuma ya kasance na musamman a zauren Majalisar Dinkin Duniya kan Talabijin da Rediyo–New York; Babban Taron Watsa Labarun na wealth-Cape Town; SABA Ƙungiyar Watsa Labarun Afirka ta Kudu. A watan Satumbar 2009, shi ne kawai dan kasar Mozambique da aka gayyata dan zama memba a taron "Clinton Global Inniciative", shekara ta bayan tarihin rayuwarsa ya fito a cikin littafin "Mafi Girman Kasuwancin Afirka", wanda Moky Makura ya buga. A shekara ta 2010, ya halarci Gala International Emmy Awards a New York. Shekaru hudu bayan haka, a shekarar 2014 ya zama shugaban kungiyar 'yan kasuwa ta Mozambique-Portugal. Tasiri a cikin ci gaban Mozambique Dandalin Tattalin Arziki da zamantakewa na Mozambique-MOZEFO A shekarar 2014 ya kaddamar da dandalin tattalin arziki da zamantakewa na Mozambique- MOZEFO, inda ya kaddamar da wani fili na tattaunawa tsakanin bangarori da al'ummomi da ba su wanzu a kasar ba sai lokacin. An gudanar da bugu na biyu na dandalin a shekarar 2017. Manufar MOZEFO ita ce ba da gudummawa ga saurin ci gaban tattalin arzikin Mozambique, gami da dunkulewa, tare da hada kamfanoni masu zaman kansu, da na jama'a da kuma kungiyoyin farar hula a wani dandali na muhawara da nufin gano kalubale da ba da shawarar hanyoyin samun ci gaban bil'adama. MozTech A shekara ta 2014 ya kirkiro MozTech, babban bikin baje kolin fasaha mafi girma a Mozambique a halin yanzu, filin muhawara, mu'amala da musayar gogewa tsakanin bangarori daban-daban na al'umma da nufin sanya fasahar yin hidima ga ci gaban kasar. A cikin 2018, MozTech ya gudanar da bugu na biyar, yana mai da hankali kan mahimmancin dijital. 100 Mafi kyawun Kyautar SME Ya kuma samar da lambar yabo ta 100 mafi kyawun SME, wanda tun daga shekarar 2012 ya ba da kyauta ga kanana da matsakaitan kamfanoni mafi kyawun aiki a kasuwar Mozambique. Kyaututtuka da karramawa A shekara ta 2007, ya sami lambar yabo ta girmamawa "Award Entrepreneur of the Year Award", wanda Ernst& Young ya bayar. An kuma san shi tare da girmamawa daban-daban na kasa da na duniya, kamar bambancin da shugaban kasar Faransa, Jacques Chirac ya yi a shekarar 2007, a Afrique Avenir Forum da matsayi na Commander of the Order of Merit awarded by the President of the Portuguese Republic, Marcelo Rebelo de Sousa ya ba da lambar yabo a shekarar 2016. Manazarta Hanyoyin haɗi na waje Daniel David. Official website. Retrieved 14 March 2019. Mozambik: Kafofin Watsa Labarai da Watsa Labaru (Yuli 2012). (a Portuguese). An dawo da 14 Maris 2019. Rayayyun mutane Haihuwan
28336	https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inge%20Lehmann	Inge Lehmann	Inge Lehmann ForMemRS (13 Mayu 1888 21 Fabrairu 1993) ta kasance ƙwararren masanin ilimin ƙasa da ƙasa kuma ɗan ƙasar Denmark. A shekara ta 1936, ta gano cewa Duniya tana da ƙwaƙƙwaran cibiya a cikin narkakkar da ke waje. Kafin haka, masu binciken seismologists sun yi imanin asalin duniya ya zama narkakkar sarari guda ɗaya, da yake ba za su iya ba, duk da haka, su bayyana ma'aunin girgizar ƙasa a hankali daga girgizar ƙasa, waɗanda ba su dace da wannan ra'ayi ba. Lehmann yayi nazari akan ma'aunin igiyoyin girgizar kasa sannan ya kammala cewa dole ne Duniya ta kasance tana da tsayayyen tsakiya da narkakkar cibiya don samar da igiyoyin girgizar kasa wadanda suka yi daidai da ma'auni. Sauran masu binciken seismologists sun gwada sannan kuma sun yarda da bayanin Lehmann. Lehmann kuma ya kasance daya daga cikin masana kimiyyar da suka fi dadewa, wanda ya rayu sama da shekaru 104. Rayuwar farko da ilimi Inge Lehmann an haife ta kuma ta girma a Østerbro, wani yanki na Copenhagen. Ta kasance tana jin kunya sosai tun tana ƙarama, halin da ya ci gaba a rayuwarta. Mahaifiyarta, Ida Sophie Tørsleff, matar gida ce; mahaifinta masanin ilimin halin dan Adam ne na gwaji Alfred Georg Ludvik Lehmann (1858-1921). Ta sami iliminta na makaranta a Fælleskolen, makarantar sakandare mai ci gaba mai ilimin ilmantarwa wanda ke kula da 'yan mata da maza daidai, tare da sanya su cikin manhaja iri ɗaya da ayyukan karin karatu. Hanna Adler, kawar Niels Bohr ce ta jagoranci wannan makaranta. A cewar Lehmann, mahaifinta da Adler sun kasance mafi girman tasirin ci gaban tunaninta. Tana da shekaru 18, ta sami maki na farko a jarrabawar shiga Jami'ar Copenhagen. A shekara ta 1907, ta fara karatun ta a fannin lissafi, chemistry da physics a jami'ar Copenhagen da jami'ar Cambridge. Rashin lafiya ya katse waɗannan karatun. Ta ci gaba da karatunta na lissafi a Cambridge daga shekara ta 1910 zuwa 1911 a Kwalejin Newnham. A cikin shekara ta 1911, ta dawo daga Cambridge tana jin gajiya daga aikin kuma ta ajiye karatunta na ɗan lokaci. Ta samu kwarewa mai kyau a fannin lissafi a wani ofishi da ta yi aiki na wasu shekaru har ta koma karatu a Jami'ar Copenhagen a shekarar 1918. Ta kammala digiri na candidata a fannin kimiyyar jiki da lissafi a cikin shekaru biyu, inda ta kammala a shekara ta 1920. Lokacin da ta dawo Denmark. a shekara ta 1923, ta karɓi matsayi a Jami'ar Copenhagen a matsayin mataimakiyar J.F. Steffensen, farfesa na kimiyyar actuarial. Lehmann tana da ƙanwar, Harriet, wadda ta zama marubuciyar fina-finai kuma tana da iyali da 'ya'ya sabanin Lehmann, wadda ta rayu ita kaɗai a duk rayuwarta ta girma. Aiki A cikin shekara ta 1925 Lehmann's seismology aikin ya fara yayin da ta zama mataimakiyar masanin geodesist Niels Erik Nørlund. An haɗa ta da wasu mataimaka guda uku waɗanda ba su taɓa ganin seismograph a baya ba. Ta fara aikin kafa wuraren lura da yanayin kasa a Denmark da Greenland. A halin da ake ciki, ta karanta seismology da kanta. Ta tafi kasar waje na tsawon watanni uku don yin nazarin ilimin yanayin kasa tare da manyan masana a fannin irin su Beno Gutenberg, wadanda suka tantance nisa zuwa ga iyakar da ke tsakanin kilomita 15 na darajar da aka yarda da ita a yanzu. Dangane da karatun da ta yi a fannin ilimin kimiyyar yanayi, a cikin shekara ta 1928 ta sami digiri na magister scientiarum (daidai da MA) a cikin geodesy kuma ta karɓi matsayi a matsayin masanin ilimin geodesy na jiha kuma shugabar sashin ilimin girgizar ƙasa a Cibiyar Geodetical ta Denmark karkashin jagorancin Nørlund. Lehmann ta duba don inganta haɗin kai da nazarin ma'auni daga masu lura da yanayin ƙasa na Turai, da kuma sauran ƙoƙarin kimiyya. Wadannan gyare-gyare sun kasance a cikin zuciyar bincikenta daga baya. A cikin wata takarda mai suna P' (1936), Lehmann ita ce ta farko da ta fara fassara masu isowar P-wave wanda ba a bayyana shi ba a cikin inuwar P na duniya a matsayin tunani daga ainihin ciki, misali daga girgizar kasa mai karfi a shekara ta 1929 Murchison. Sauran manyan masana kimiyyar yanayi na lokacin, irin su Beno Gutenberg, Charles Richter, da Harold Jeffreys, sun amince da wannan fassarar cikin shekaru biyu ko uku, amma sai a shekarar 1971 aka nuna fassarar daidai ta hanyar lissafin kwamfuta. Lehmann ta sami cikas sosai a aikinta da kuma ci gaba da tuntuɓar ƙasashen duniya a lokacin da Jamus ta mamaye Denmark a yakin duniya na biyu. Ta yi aiki a matsayin Shugabar Danish Geophysical Society a cikin shekarar 1940 da 1944 bi da bi. A cikin shekara ta 1952, Lehmann an dauke ta a matsayin farfesa a fannin ilimin lissafi a Jami'ar Copenhagen, amma ba a nada ta ba. A shekarar 1953, ta yi ritaya daga matsayinta a Cibiyar Geodetic. Ta ƙaura zuwa Amurka na shekaru da yawa kuma ta haɗa kai da Maurice Ewing da Frank Press kan binciken ɓawon ƙasa da rigar sama. A yayin wannan aikin, ta gano wani dakatarwar girgizar ƙasa, waɗanda ke zama haɓakar canjin mataki a cikin saurin igiyoyin girgizar ƙasa a zurfin tsakanin 190 zuwa 250 km. An sanya wa wannan dakatarwar suna bayanta, an ƙirƙira shi azaman dainawar Lehmann. Francis Birch ya lura cewa "An gano dakatarwar Lehmann ta hanyar bincikar bayanan girgizar kasa da wani masanin fasahar bakaken fata ya yi wanda babu wani adadin na'ura mai kwakwalwa da zai iya maye gurbinsa." Kyaututtuka da karramawa Lehmann ta sami karramawa da yawa saboda fitattun nasarorin kimiyyar da ta samu, daga cikinsu akwai lambar yabo ta Gordon Wood (1960), Medal Emil Wiechert (1964), Medal na Zinare na Danish Royal Society of Science and Letters (1965), Tagea Brandt Rejselegat (1965). 1938 da 1967), zaɓenta a matsayin Fellow of the Royal Society a shekarar 1969, William Bowie Medal (1971, a matsayin mace ta farko), da Medal na Seismological Society of America a shekara ta 1977. An ba ta digiri na girmamawa daga Jami'ar Columbia. a shekarar 1964 kuma daga Jami'ar Copenhagen a shekarar 1968, da kuma yawan membobin girmamawa. An ba wa Asteroid 5632 Ingelehmann suna a cikin girmamawarta kuma a cikin shekarar 2015 (wanda shine bikin cika shekaru 100 na zaben mata a Denmark) Lehmann ya samu, don sanin babban gwagwarmayar da ta yi da al'ummar binciken da maza suka mamaye da suka wanzu a Denmark a tsakiyar karni na 20. sabon nau'in ƙwaro mai suna bayanta: Globicornis (Hadrotoma) ingelehmannae sp. n., Jiří Háva Anders Leth Damgaard, 2015. Saboda gudummawar da ta bayar ga kimiyyar kasa, a cikin shekarar 1997, Ƙungiyar Geophysical ta Amurka ta kafa Medal Inge Lehmann na shekara-shekara don girmama "fitattun gudunmawar gudummuwa ga fahimtar tsari, abun da ke ciki, da kuma motsin tufafi na duniya." A bikin cika shekaru 127 da haihuwarta, Google ya sadaukar da Google Doodle na duniya a gare ta. An shigar da sabon abin tunawa da aka sadaukar don Lehmann a kan Frue Plads a Copenhagen a cikin shekara ta 2017. Elisabeth Toubro ce ta tsara wannan abin tunawa. Wallafe-wallafe
26737	https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buraq	Buraq	link=dftkb://xs.wikipedia.org/wiki/dike:tyxah_gcuipeuoe_from_Moneanxu_zoslimwinqs.deg\|khnme\|gkni zanen Mindanaoan Muslim Buraq. Siffar ta hada da asalin okir motif. Burāq (Larabci: al-Burāq ko k/ "walƙiya" ko kuma gabaɗaya "mai haske") wata halitta ce a cikin al'adar Musulunci da aka ce safarar wasu annabawa ce. Muhimman labaran hadisi game da Isra'i da Mi'iraji sun ba da labarin cewa Buraq ya ɗauko Annabin Musulunci Muhammad daga Makka zuwa Kudus da sama da dawowa da dare. Etymology Encyclopaedia of Islam, yana nufin rubuce-rubucen Al-Damiri (d.1405), yana ɗaukar Buraq a matsayin asalin da kuma adabin Larabci: barq "walƙiya walƙiya" ko ma'anoni daban-daban na ma'ana daga kalmar: "da katako, walƙiya, haske, haske, haske. A cewar Encyclopædia Iranica, "Boraq" nau'in Arabized ne na "Farisa ta Tsakiya barāg ko bārag, 'dabbar hawa, hawa' (Sabuwar Farisa bāra)". Tafiya zuwa Sama ta Bakwai Bisa al'adar Musulunci, Tafiyar Dare ta faru ne shekaru goma bayan Muhammadu ya bayyana annabcinsa, a cikin karni na 7. Muhammadu ya kasance a Makka, a gidan kaninsa (gidan Fakhitah bint Abi Talib), lokacin da ya tafi al-Masjid al-Haram (Masallacin Al-Haram). Yayin da yake hutawa a dakin Ka'aba, Jibrilu ya bayyana gare shi yana kawo Buraq, wanda ya dauki Muhammad a cikin tawagar shugaban mala'iku, zuwa al-Masjid ,[Quran 17:1] wanda aka saba da shi a Urushalima. A nan ne ya sauka daga Buraq, ya yi addu'a a wurin Haikali mai tsarki (Bait Al-Maqdis), sannan ya sake dora shi yayin da halittar ta hau sama bakwai inda ya hadu da Adamu da Isa da dan uwansa Yahaya Maibaftisma, Yusufu, Anuhu, Haruna, Musa da Ibrahim daya bayan daya har ya kai ga kursiyin Allah. Allah ya yi magana da shi yana ba shi kalmomi da umarni, mafi mahimmancin umarnin da aka yi wa musulmi na yin sallah, tun farko sau hamsin a rana. Dangane da roƙon Musa, Muhammadu ya koma ga Allah sau da yawa kafin daga bisani ya rage adadin zuwa biyar. Ibrahim Ibn Ishaq ya ce, Buraq ya yi jigilar Ibrahim ne a lokacin da ya ziyarci Hajara da Isma’il. Hadisi ya nuna cewa Ibrahim ya zauna tare da Saratu a Kan'ana amma Buraq sukan kai shi Makka da safe don su ga iyalansa a can su mayar da shi da yamma. Hadisi Duk da cewa Hadisin bai fito karara ya yi nuni da Buraq a matsayin fuskar mutum ba, kusan ko da yaushe fasahar Gabas da Farisa tana nuna hakan hoton da ya sami hanyar shiga fasahar Musulunci ta Indiya da Farisa. Wataƙila wannan ya samo asali ne daga fassarar halittar da aka siffanta da "kyakkyawan fuska" a matsayin fuskar mutum maimakon dabba. An karbo daga fassarar Sahihul Bukhari yana siffanta Buraq cewa: Wani guntu kuma ya yi bayanin Buraq dalla-dalla: A cikin bayanin da suka gabata babu yarjejeniya dangane da jinsin Buraq. Yawanci namiji ne, duk da haka Ibn Sa'd yana da Jibrilu yana magana da halitta a matsayin mace, kuma masu zane-zane da kan mace sukan yi shi sau da yawa. An kuma lura da ra'ayin cewa "al-Buraq" kawai mareyin allahntaka ne a cikin littafin The Dome of the Rock, a cikin babin "Kotun Bude", da kuma a cikin taken shafi na Georg Ebers's Palestine in Picture and Word. Bangon yamma Malamai da marubuta daban-daban, irin su ibn al-Faqih, ibn Abd Rabbih, da Abd al-Ghani al-Nabulsi, sun ba da shawarar wuraren da aka ce an haxe Buraq a cikin tatsuniyoyi, galibi wurare a kusa da kusurwar kudu maso yammacin Harami. Koyaya, tsawon ƙarni da yawa wurin da aka fi so shine Masallacin al-Buraq, kusa da bango a ƙarshen ƙarshen bangon Yammacin Plaza. Masallacin yana zaune a saman wata tsohuwar hanyar wucewa wacce ta taɓa fitowa ta Ƙofar Barclay da aka daɗe da rufewa wanda katon lintel ɗinsa ya kasance a bayyane a ƙasan ƙofar Maghrebi. Saboda kusancin katangar Yamma, yankin da ke kusa da bango yana da alaƙa da Buraq aƙalla tun a ƙarni na 19. Lokacin da wani Bayahude dan Burtaniya ya nemi izinin mahukuntan Masar a shekara ta 1840 don sake shimfida kasa a gaban katangar Yamma, gwamnan Syria ya rubuta: Carl Sandreczki, wanda ake tuhuma da hada jerin sunayen wurin Charles William Wilson's Ordnance Survey na Urushalima a 1865, ya ruwaito cewa titin da ke kaiwa ga bangon Yamma, gami da bangaren bangon, mallakar Hosh (kotu katanga) na al Burâk, "ba Obrak ba, kuma ba Obrat". A cikin 1866, Consul na Prussian kuma masanin Gabas Georg Rosen ya rubuta cewa: “Larabawa suna kiran Obrak tsayin bangon duka a wurin makoki na Yahudawa, kudu har zuwa gidan Abu Su’ud da arewa har zuwa tsarin Mechkemeh. Obrâk ba, kamar yadda aka yi iƙirari a da, lalata kalmar Ibri (Ibraniyawa) ba ne, amma kawai lafazin sabon larabci na Borâk, wanda, yayin da (Muhammad) yake addu'a a dutse mai tsarki. an ce shi ne ya hada shi a cikin bangon da aka ambata a sama." Sunan Hosh al Buraq ya bayyana a taswirorin binciken Wilson na 1865, bugu na 1876 da 1900, da sauran taswirori a farkon karni na 20. A cikin 1922, Majalisar Pro-Jerusalem na hukuma ta ayyana shi azaman sunan titi. Haɗin kai yankin katangar Yamma da Buraq ya taka muhimmiyar rawa a tashe-tashen hankula kan wurare masu tsarki tun lokacin da Birtaniyya ta ba da izini. Ga Musulmi, Katangar Makoki (ko Katangar Yamma) ana kiranta da "Ḥā'iṭu 'l-Burāq" (Larabci: "Bangaren Buraq", don a gefe guda (bangaren musulmi na bangon kuka a kan. Dutsen Haikali) shi ne inda Muhammadu ya daura Buraq, dabbar da ya hau da ita a cikin daren Lailatul kadari (Larabci: Mi'rāj Katangar ta hade da tsarin Masallacin Al-Buraq. Tasirin al'adu A Turkiyya, Burak sunan namiji ne na kowa. An sanya wa kamfanonin jiragen sama biyu suna Buraq: Buraq Air na Libya, da kuma tsohon jirgin saman Bouraq Indonesia na Indonesia (an rufe a 2006). "el-Borak" ɗan fashi ne a cikin littafin Rafael Sabatini mai suna The Sea Hawk; "El Borak" wani hali ne a cikin gajerun labarai na Robert E. Howard. Dukansu an ba su suna saboda saurinsu da juzu'i. An sanya wa NESCOM na Pakistan sunan Burraq. Aceh, Indonesiya, ta ɗauki hoton Buraq rampant da ya mamaye hatimin gwamnatin lardin da aka tsara. Ana kiran jam'iyyar Boragh APC ta Iran. Wani kamfanin mai na Malaysia mai suna Buraq Oil. Ana kiran wani kamfanin sufuri na Bangladesh Boraq Paribahan Al-Boraq (Larabci: babban titin jirgin kasa ne mai tsawon kilomita 323 (201 mi) tsakanin Casablanca da Tangier wanda ONCF ke gudanarwa a Maroko. Irinsa na farko a nahiyar Afirka, kuma mafi sauri.
13534	https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nathalie%20Emmanuel	Nathalie Emmanuel	Nathalie Joanne Emmanuel (an haife ta 2 Maris,shekara ta alif ɗari tara 1989A.c) yar wasan fim din Ingila ce. Emmanuel ta fara aiki shiri da bayyana a cikin wasan kwaikwayo a ƙarshen 1990s, da gudanar da matsayoyi daban-dabanna shirye shiryen West End productions kamar a fitowar ta mawakiyar The Lion King. A shekara ta 2006, ta fara aikin ta na allo ta hanyar tauraruwar fim kamar Sasha Valentine a cikin wasan kwaikwayo na gidan sabulu Hollyoaks, bayan haka ta fito a jerin fina-finai na Burtaniya daban-daban har zuwa fitowar fim dinta na Twenty8k Emmanuel ta samu amincewar kasashen duniya domin taka rawar datayi amatsayin Missandei a HBO fantasy jerin Game da karagai (2013-2019), da kuma ci gaba ta aiki tare da goyon bayan ayyuka a Maze Runner: The Jahĩm gwaji (2015) da kuma ta mabiyi Maze Runner: The Death Cure 2018), kuma a cikin fina-finan Fast & Furious Furious 7 (2015), Fate of the Furious (2017), da F9 (2021). Farkon rayuwa Emmanuel an haife ta ne a 2 Maris 1989 a Southend-on-Sea, wani gari ne dake bakin teku a Essex, England. Emmanuel itace ɗiya ta biyu na rabi Dominican (Dominiquais) da rabi Ingilishi mahaifiyar ta, kuma mahaifin rabin- Saint Lucian da rabi asalin Bature ne Emmanuel ta nuna son zane-zane tun yana ɗan ƙarami; Ta tuna cewa mahaifiyarta ta fara lura da sha'awar ta da kuma sha'awar zama 'yar wasan kwaikwayo yayin halartar Emmanuel a makarantar St Hilda mai zaman kanta (yanzu an rufe ta) sannan kuma daga baya ta nahawu Westcliff High School for Girls.Acikin wata hira da jaridar New York Daily News, ta yi sharhi, "Lokacin da nake shekaru 3, [a koyaushe zan haifar da wasan kwaikwayo cewa mahaifiyata ta yanke shawarar watakila zan sanya shi ta hanyar da ta dace-don haka ta fara ni a fagen waka, waka da kuma darussan rawa" Lokacin tana dan shekara 10, ta buga wasan matasa Nala a cikin West End na kundin wakar mai suna zaki King. Kulawa A watan Janairun 2012, Emmanuel tana gabatar da shirin Websex na BBC Three Menene illar?, binciken dabi'un jima'i ta yanar gizo na yara 'yan shekaru 16 zuwa 24 a cikin Burtaniya. Daga baya a wannan shekarar ita ma ta sanya fim dinta a karon farko a Twenty8k. A shekara mai zuwa, an jefa ta a matsayin Missandei, mai fassarar Daenerys Targaryen, a cikin jerin wasan kwaikwayo na wasan kwaikwayo na HBO Game da Thrones. A wata hirar da ta yi da Jimmy Kimmel, ta tabbatar da cewa ta sami labari game da nasarar da ta samu yayin da ta ke aiki a wani kantin sayar da tufafi a matsayin mataimakiyar shago. A cikin 2015, an kai Emmanuel zuwa memba na yau da kullun a wasan kwaikwayo. A wannan shekarar, ta yi wasa amatsayin kwamfuta Hacker Ramsey a cikin fim din mai suna Furious 7 da Harriet a fagen adabi na kimiyyar Maze Runner: The Scorch Trials. Ga tsohon Emmanuel ya sami lambar yabo ta Nation Nation don Kyawun Mace a Fim. Ta sake yin wasan Harriet a cikin fim din Maze Runner: Cutar Mutuwa a cikin 2018. A watan Nuwamba 2018, an saka ta ta yi wasa amatsayin Maya a cikin bukukuwan Hudu da kuma jerin shirye-shiryen talata (gidan minista) na Hulu. A wannan shekarar, Netflix ta sanar da Emmanuel zata zama muryar Deet a cikin The Dark Crystal: Age of Resistance jerin tare Taron Egerton da Anya Taylor Joy. Dukkanin wasannin an fitar dasu a shekarar 2019. Bayan Furious 7, ta sake bada izinin rawar a Fate of the Furious a cikin 2017 a cikin Azumi da Furious 9 a 2020. In January 2012, Emmanuel presented BBC Three's Websex: What's the Harm?, investigating the online sexual habits of 16–24 year olds in the UK. Later in the same year she made her film debut in the thriller Twenty8k. A cikin kafofin watsa labarai Mujallar FHM ta zabi Emmanuel a matsayin na 99 a cikin Mata 100 da suka fi jan sha'awa na 2013, da kuma na 75 a cikin Mataye masu jan sha'awa na 2015. A cikin 2015, ita ma ta fito a cikin fitowar Afrilu na mujallu InStyle da GQ. Rayuwarta Emmanuel maciyar ganyayyaki ce saboda dalilai na kiwon lafiyarta, tana gaya wa Glamor cewa "ban amince da masana'antar abinci ba, ban amince da abin da suke sanyawa a abincinmu ba yana sa ni ciwo a zahiri." Fina-finai Fim Talabijin Manazarta Haɗin waje Nathalie Emmanuel on IMDb Nathalie Emmanuel at
25987	https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Takunkumi%20a%20lokacin%20annobar%20cutar%20korona	Takunkumi a lokacin annobar cutar korona	A yayin cutar ta COVID-19, an yi amfani da abin rufe fuska, kamar abin tiyata da abin rufe fuska, a matsayin matakin kula da kuma lafiyar jama'a da na mutum kan yaduwar SARS-CoV-2 A cikin saitunan al'umma da na kiwon lafiya, ana nufin amfani da su azaman ikon sarrafawa don iyakance watsa cutar da kariya ta mutum don hana kamuwa da cuta. An jaddada aikin su don sarrafa tushen a cikin saitunan al'umma. Likitan rigakafin Amurka da daraktan NIAID Anthony Fauci sun ba da shawarar yin amfani da abin rufe fuska (ko sutura a wasu lokuta) don rage haɗarin yaduwa. Nau'in Takun Kumi (Masks) A cikin cutar ta COVID-19, gwamnatoci sun ba da shawarar yin amfani da abin rufe fuska tare da babban maƙasudi ga yawan jama'a: don gujewa kamuwa daga masu kamuwa da cutar zuwa wasu. Ba a ba da shawarar rufe fuska da bawuloli masu fitar da iska, saboda suna fitar da numfashin mai sanyawa waje, kuma mai ɗauke da cutar zai watsa ƙwayoyin cuta ta cikin bawul ɗin. Manufa ta biyu ta rufe fuska shine kare kowane mai sakawa daga muhallin da za a iya kamuwa da shi, wanda samfura da yawa na masks za a iya cimma su. Tsakanin nau'ikan fuskokin fuskoki daban-daban waɗanda aka ba da shawarar a duk lokacin cutar ta COVID-19, tare da haɓaka ko ƙarancin tasiri, yana yiwuwa a haɗa da: abin rufe fuska masks na tiyata (masks na likita) abin rufe fuska wanda bai rufe fuska ba boyayyun abin rufe fuska, waɗanda ake ɗauka masu hura iska, tare da takaddun shaida kamar N95 da N99, da FFP tace masu numfashi tare da takaddun shaida kamar N95 da N99, da FFP sauran masu hura iska, ciki har da masu lanƙwasa na elastomeric, wasu daga cikinsu ma ana iya ɗaukar abin rufe fuska Akwai wasu sauran iri sirri m kayan aiki (PPE), kamar yadda fuska garkuwoyi da kuma kiwon lafiya fitattun idanu, cewa a wani lokaci ana amfani a tare da fuska masks amma suna ba da shawarar a matsayin mai sauyawa. Sauran nau'ikan PPE sun haɗa da safofin hannu, atamfa, riguna, murfin takalma da murfin gashi. An sami karancin abin rufe fuska, wanda ya haifar da amfani da abin rufe fuska mara inganci, tare da mummunan aiki. Masks na zane Ana sanya abin rufe fuska a baki da hanci kuma an yi shi da yadudduka da ake samu. Masks sun bambanta sosai a cikin tasiri, gwargwadon abu, dacewa da hatimi, adadin yadudduka, da sauran abubuwan. Kodayake galibi ba su da tasiri fiye da abin rufe fuska na likita, wasu hukumomin kiwon lafiya sun ba da shawarar amfani da su ga jama'a gabaɗaya lokacin da abin rufe fuska na likitanci ya yi karanci, azaman zaɓi mai arha da sake amfani. Ba kamar abin rufe fuska ba, babu ƙa'idodin da ake buƙata don abin rufe fuska. Daya binciken ya bada tabbacin cewa an improvised mask ya fi kome, amma ba a matsayin mai kyau a matsayin taushi electret -filter m mask, domin kare kiwon lafiya ma'aikata yayin da simulating lura da wani tsari na wucin gadi kamuwa da haƙuri. Bincike kan yadudduka da aka saba amfani da su a cikin abin rufe fuska ya gano cewa abin rufe fuska na iya ba da kariya mai mahimmanci daga watsa barbashi a cikin girman aerosol, tare da ingantaccen aiki a duk faɗin nano- da micronscale lokacin da masks ke amfani da matattara ta injiniya da lantarki. yayyo saboda rashin dacewa na iya ƙasƙantar da aikin. Binciken binciken da aka samu wanda aka buga a cikin Janairu 2021 ya kammala da cewa ba a ɗaukar abin rufe fuska da isasshen kariya ga masu aikin kiwon lafiya a cikin yanayin asibiti. Wani binciken yana da masu sa kai sanye da abin rufe fuska da suka yi da kansu, daga T-shirts na auduga da bin tsarin madaidaiciyar ƙyalli a bayan abin rufe fuska, kuma ya sami adadin ƙwayoyin ƙwayoyin cuta waɗanda suka shiga cikin abin rufe fuska na gida sau biyu abin rufe fuska na kasuwanci. Sanya abin rufe fuska na gida kuma ya ba da matsakaicin matsakaicin adadin ƙwayoyin cuta har sau uku kamar na mashin kasuwanci. Amma wani binciken ya gano cewa abin rufe fuska da aka yi da aƙalla rigar T-shirt biyu na iya zama mai kariya daga ɗigon ƙwayoyin cuta kamar abin rufe fuska na likita, kuma mai numfashi. Taƙaitaccen wallafe-wallafen da aka yi akan abubuwan tacewa na mayafi da mayafin mayafi sun ba da shawarar yadudduka biyu zuwa huɗu na auduga ko flannel, na aƙalla zaren 100 a kowace inch. Akwai cinikin dole: ƙara adadin yadudduka yana ƙara tace abu amma yana rage yawan numfashi. Raguwar numfashi yana sa ya zama da wahala a sanya abin rufe fuska kuma yana kara yawan zubewar gefen abin rufe fuska. Taƙaitaccen harshe na wannan aikin, tare da zane-zane na hannu, shawarwari kan kayan aiki da shimfiɗa, da yadda ake sakawa, cirewa, da tsumma mai tsabta akwai masks. Tun daga watan Mayu 2020, babu wani bincike kan gurɓatawa da sake amfani da abin rufe fuska. CDC ta ba da shawarar cire abin rufe fuska ta hanyar sarrafa madaurin kunne ko haɗin gwiwa kawai, sanya shi kai tsaye a cikin injin wanki, kuma nan da nan a wanke hannu da sabulu da ruwa na aƙalla daƙiƙa ashirin. Ana ganin ruwan sanyi yana da tasiri kamar ruwan ɗumi don ƙazantar. CDC ta kuma ba da shawarar wanke hannu kafin sanya abin rufe fuska, kuma nan da nan bayan taɓa shi. Babu wani bayani game da sake amfani da matattarar interlayer. Zubar da matattara bayan amfani guda ɗaya na iya zama abin so. Binciken labari na adabi kan kaddarorin tacewa na yadi da sauran kayan gidan bai sami tallafi ga ra'ayin yin amfani da matattara ba. Layer na yadi, idan an yi haƙuri, an ba da shawarar a maimakon haka, ko tace PM2.5, azaman Layer na uku. Masks na tiyata Mask ɗin tiyata wani abin rufe fuska ne, mai yaɗuwa wanda ke haifar da shinge na jiki wanda ke raba bakin da hanci na mai sutura daga gurɓatattun gurɓatattun abubuwa a cikin muhallin nan da nan. Idan an saka shi yadda yakamata, abin rufe fuska yana nufin taimakawa toshe manyan ɗigon ruwa, fesawa, fesawa, ko fesawa wanda zai iya ƙunsar ƙwayoyin cuta da ƙwayoyin cuta, yana hana su isa ga bakin mai sawa da hanci. Mask ɗin tiyata kuma na iya taimakawa rage bayyanar wasu ga ruwan mai sakawa da rufin numfashi. An tabbatar da abin rufe fuska na likitanci daga kayan da ba a saka su ba kuma galibi suna da yawa. Za a iya yin matattara ta microfibers tare da cajin electrostatic; wato zaren zarge -zargen electrets ne Filin tacewa yana ƙaruwa da yuwuwar ƙananan ƙwayoyin cuta za su zage su kuma buga fiber, maimakon wucewa kai tsaye (kamawa na lantarki). Yayin da akwai wasu ayyukan ci gaba kan yin kayan tacewa na lantarki waɗanda za a iya wanke su kuma a sake amfani da su, matattara na lantarki da ake samarwa a yanzu ana lalata su ta hanyoyi da yawa na lalata, gami da wanka da sabulu da ruwa ko barasa, wanda ke lalata cajin wutar lantarki. A yayin barkewar COVID-19, hukumomin kiwon lafiyar jama'a sun ba da jagororin yadda za a adana, lalata da sake amfani da abin rufe fuska ba tare da lalata ingancin tacewa ba. Ba a ƙera masakun tiyata na yau da kullun da za a wanke ba. Ana iya yiwa mashin tiyata tiyata a matsayin tiyata, warewa, haƙora, ko abin rufe fuska. Fuskokin kayan aikin tiyata an yi su da talauci sosai a tace ƙananan ƙananan abubuwa (a cikin kewayon kashi goma na micrometre zuwa micrometre a ƙetare) fiye da na tace masu hura iska (misali N95, FFP2) kuma dacewa ta fi talauci. Mask ɗin tiyata an yi shi da masana'anta mara saƙa wanda aka kirkira ta amfani da hanyar busa narkewa. Nazarin sarrafa kai -da -kai game da cututtukan numfashi kamar mura ya sami ɗan bambanci a cikin kariya tsakanin mashin tiyata da masu hura iska (kamar mashin N95 ko FFP). Koyaya, aikin tace madaidaicin nau'in N95/FFP2 na matattarar matattarar matattarar iska ya fi ƙarfin aikin tiyata da abin rufe fuska kuma don mura, aikin da Babban Jami'in Lafiya da Tsaro na Burtaniya gano cewa kwayar cutar ta ratsa duk mashin tiyata da aka gwada amma masu isasshen masu numfashi da kyau sun rage yawan kwayar cutar ta hanyar aƙalla ɗari. Mask ɗin tiyata da aka yi wa ƙa'idoji daban -daban a sassa daban -daban na duniya suna da nau'o'i daban -daban na barbashi waɗanda suke tacewa. Misali, Jamhuriyar Jama'ar Sin tana tsara iri biyu na irin wannan abin rufe fuska: abin rufe fuska na likitanci mai amfani (daidaitaccen Sinanci YY/T 0969) da abin rufe fuska (YY 0469). Ana buƙatar na ƙarshen don tace ƙwayoyin ƙwayoyin cuta BFE 95%) da wasu ƙananan ƙwayoyin cuta (PFE 30%), yayin da ake buƙatar tsoffin don tace ƙwayoyin ƙwayoyin cuta kawai. Gyarawa Tasirin masks na tiyata a iyakance watsa barbashi aiki ne na kayan aiki da dacewa. Tun farkon barkewar cutar, masana kimiyya sun kimanta sauye -sauye daban -daban ga abin rufe fuska na kunne da nufin inganta ingancin abin rufe fuska ta hanyar rage ko kawar da gibi tsakanin abin rufe fuska da fuska. CDC ta kimanta kuma ta ba da shawarar irin waɗannan sauye-sauye guda biyu ga abin rufe fuska don rage watsa SARS-CoV-2. A karkashin amfani na yau da kullun, CDC ta gano cewa abin rufe fuska wanda wani mai tari ya toshe ya toshe 41.3% na iska mai iska (0.1 7.0 m). Koyaya, ta hanyar amfani da ƙulli da ƙulli, an toshe 62.9% na barbashi. Lokacin da aka rufe abin rufe fuska da babban abin rufe fuska, an toshe 82% na barbashi. Lokacin da tushen da mai karɓa duka suka sanya abin rufe fuska, an toshe 84% na barbashi. Adadin ya ƙaru zuwa sama da 95% lokacin da ɓangarorin biyu ko dai suka sanya abin rufe fuska biyu (abin rufe fuska tare da babban abin rufe fuska) ko amfani da ƙulli da ƙulli. Wani nau'in gyare -gyare an yi niyya ne don inganta ta'aziyyar masu sawa. Tun farkon barkewar cutar, an buƙaci ma'aikatan kiwon lafiya su ci gaba da sanya abin rufe fuska na tsawon awanni 12 ko fiye a rana. Wannan ya sa madaurin kunne na abin rufe fuska ya rutsa da bayan kunnuwansu. Masu tanadin kunne, madaurin filastik da ƙugiyoyi da ke yawo a kan kawunan masu ɗaukar kaya, an ƙirƙira su ne don kawar da madaurin kunnen daga kunnen mai sanyawa. Ana iya yin su akan buƙata ta amfani da tsarin buga 3D. Tace masu numfashi Maskurin N95 shine keɓaɓɓen murfin murfin fuska wanda ya dace da ƙimar tace iska na N95 na Cibiyar Kula da Lafiya da Kiwon Lafiya ta Amurka, ma'ana yana tace aƙalla kashi 95 na barbashi na iska, yayin da ba ya jurewa mai kamar P95. Shi ne mafi yawan abubuwan da ke tace fuskar fuskar fuska. Misali ne na injin tsabtace injin, wanda ke ba da kariya daga keɓaɓɓun abubuwa, amma ba gas ko tururi ba. Kamar tsakiyar mayafin mashin tiyata, abin rufe fuska na N95 an yi shi da yadudduka huɗu na narkewar polypropylene masana'anta mai narkewa. Fuskar da ta dace da amfani da ita a Tarayyar Turai ita ce FFP2 mai hura numfashi Masakun matattara masu tacewa kamar N95 da FFP dole ne su dace da fuska don samar da cikakkiyar kariya. Masu amfani da ba su da ƙwarewa galibi suna samun dacewa, amma ƙasa da ɗaya cikin huɗu yana samun cikakkiyar dacewa. Don haka gwajin dacewa shine daidaitacce. An nuna layin jelly mai a gefen abin rufe fuska don rage ɓarna gefen a cikin gwajin lab ta amfani da mannequins t hat simulate numfashi. Wasu masu ba da sabis na jerin N95, musamman waɗanda aka yi niyya don amfani da masana'antu, suna da bawul ɗin fitar da iska don haɓaka ta'aziyya, da sauƙaƙe fitar da numfashi da rage zubewa a kan fitar da tabarma da tabarau. Amma waɗancan masu ba da isasshen kayan aikin ba abin dogaro ba ne don kula da masu kamuwa da cuta sarrafa tushe a cikin cututtukan numfashi kamar COVID-19, saboda masu amfani da cutar (asymptomatic ko a'a) za su watsa cutar ga wasu ta cikin bawul. A lokacin cutar ta COVID-19, an sami karancin matattarar masu ba da kariya ga fuska, kuma dole ne a yi amfani da su na tsawan lokaci, da/ko gurɓatawa da sake amfani da su. A lokacin, hukumomin kiwon lafiyar jama'a sun ba da jagororin yadda za a adana, lalata da sake amfani da abin rufe fuska, saboda wasu hanyoyin lalata sun lalata ingancin tace su. Wasu asibitoci sun tara abin rufe fuska da aka yi amfani da su a matsayin riga -kafi, wasu kuma dole ne su tsabtace su kuma sake amfani da abin rufe fuska. Garkuwar fuska da kariyar ido Cibiyar Kula da Cututtuka da Cututtuka ta Amurka (CDC) ba ta ba da shawarar yin amfani da garkuwar fuska a matsayin abin rufe fuska don taimakawa rage yaduwar COVID-19. A cikin binciken da Lindsley et al. (7 ga Janairu 2021) wanda Cibiyar Kula da Tsaro da Kiwan Lafiya ta Ƙasa ta tallafa masa, wani ɓangare na CDC, an gano garkuwar fuska don toshe ƙarancin iska mai iska sabanin abin rufe fuskakamar abin rufe fuska, abin rufe fuska, da masu isar da numfashi na N95yana nuna cewa garkuwar fuska ba ta da tasiri a matsayin na’urorin sarrafa tushe don ƙananan iska masu ƙarfi kuma abin rufe fuska yana da inganci fiye da garkuwar fuska azaman na’urorin sarrafa tushen don rage watsawar SARS-CoV-2. A cikin bita mai zurfi, Godoy et al. (5 ga Mayu 2020) ya ce ana amfani da garkuwar fuska don kare shinge daga fesawa da gurɓataccen iska, amma bai kamata a yi amfani da shi azaman kariya ta farko daga kamuwa da cutar numfashi ba saboda ƙarancin hatimin gefe maimakon a matsayin kari ga sauran kariyar fuska. Sun lura cewa an yi amfani da garkuwar fuska kamar wannan tare da abin rufe fuska na likita yayin bala'in COVID-19. Sun ambaci binciken kwaikwaiyo na tari daga Lindsley et al. (2014) wanda aka nuna garkuwar fuska don rage haɗarin fallasa inhalation har zuwa 95% nan da nan bayan samar da iska, amma an rage kariya tare da ƙaramin barbashi aerosol da ɗimbin barbashin iska a kusa da bangarorin. Binciken na yau da kullun na nazarin lura akan watsa coronaviruses, wanda Hukumar Lafiya ta Duniya ta ba da tallafi ya gano cewa kariya ta ido gami da garkuwar fuska yana da alaƙa da ƙarancin kamuwa da cuta (daidaitaccen daidaiton daidaiton 0.22; 95% tazarar amincewa 0 12 zuwa 0 39), amma an kimanta shaidar a matsayin ƙarancin tabbaci. Elastomeric respirators Elastomeric respirators kayan aiki ne na kariya na sirri wanda ya ƙunshi kunkuntar madaidaiciyar madaidaiciya ko cikakken abin hura fuska tare da matattara masu musanyawa kamar filtata harsashi. Suna ba da wani zaɓi na kariya na numfashi don tace masu ba da kariya ga fuskoki kamar mashin N95 ga ma'aikatan kiwon lafiya a lokacin ƙarancin wadatar da cutar ta haifar, saboda ana iya sake amfani da su na tsawan lokaci a cikin tsarin kiwon lafiya. Koyaya, masu ba da iska na elastomeric suna da iska don fitar da iskar waje kuma ba a tacewa, don haka dole mai ɗaukar kaya ya kula cewa ba shi da cutar ta SARS-CoV-2, don hana yiwuwar watsa cutar ga wasu ta cikin iska. Don martanin COVID-19 lokacin da kayan ke takaice, CDC ta Amurka ta ce yakamata a bi ƙa'idodi da dabarun rikicin: Kowane isasshen numfashi ana bayar da shi don amfanin keɓaɓɓen mai ba da sabis na kiwon lafiya, amma dole ne a tsaftace shi kuma a lalata shi sau da yawa kamar yadda ya kamata. unsoiled da sanitary. Idan babu wani zaɓi fiye da raba injin numfashi tsakanin masu ba da lafiya, dole ne a tsabtace numfashin sannan a lalata shi kafin wani daban ya sa shi. Za a iya amfani da matattara (ban da nau'ikan faifai marasa kariya) na tsawan lokaci, amma dole ne a gurɓatar da matattara na nau'ikan nau'ikan harsashi bayan kowane ma'amala na haƙuri. Ƙarfafawa masu tsabtace iska Ƙarfin numfashi mai tsarkake iska (PAPR) kayan kariya ne na sirri wanda na'urar da ke da matattara da fan ke haifar da matattarar iska mai kyau zuwa kan kai da ingantaccen iskar iska daga kan kai. Akwai ƙarin haɗarin ga ma'aikatan kiwon lafiya su fallasa ga SARS-CoV-2 lokacin da suke gudanar da hanyoyin samar da iska a kan marasa lafiya na COVID-19, wanda shine dalilin da yasa ake jayayya cewa irin waɗannan yanayi na iya buƙatar ingantattun kayan kariya na mutum (watau, sama da N95) kamar PAPRs ga ma'aikatan kiwon lafiya. A cikin bita na yau da kullun, Licina, Silvers, da Stuart (8 ga Agusta 2020) ya ce binciken filin ya nuna cewa akwai daidaitattun adadin kamuwa da cuta tsakanin ma'aikatan kiwon lafiya, waɗanda suka yi hanyoyin jirgin sama akan mahimman marasa lafiya na COVID-19, ta amfani da PAPRs ko wasu kayan aikin numfashi da suka dace kamar N95 ko FFP2), amma ya lura cewa akwai buƙatar ƙara tattara bayanan filin game da mafi kyawun kariya ta numfashi yayin bala'in cutar. Fuskokin fuska tare da bawuloli <div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner" style="width:224px;max-width:224px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:222px;max-width:222px"><div class="thumbimage"> </div></div></div> Hanyoyin hangen nesa suna kwatanta ingancin abin rufe fuska tare da ba tare da bawul ɗin fitar da iska ba, yana nuna damuwar cewa bawuloli masu fitar da iska suna ba da damar ɗigon digo na huhu don isa ga wasu a kusanci don haka ba zai dace da dabarun sarrafa tushen ba. </div></div>Wasu fuskokin sun haɗa da bawul ɗin fitar da iska don fitar da numfashi waje, amma ba a tace wannan iskar ta yanzu. Takaddun shaida (kamar N95 ko FFP2) yana game da abin rufe fuska da kansa kuma baya bada garantin kowane aminci game da iskar da ake fitarwa. Saka tef a kan bawul ɗin fitar da iska zai iya sanya abin rufe fuska ko numfashi mai tasiri kamar wanda ba shi da bawul. Masana kimiyya sun hango tarwatsewar ɗigon ruwa don rufe fuska tare da bawuloli masu fitar da iska da garkuwar fuska, kuma sun kammala da cewa ba za su iya yin tasiri ba kan yaɗuwar COVID-19 (misali, bayan tari) da shawarar madadin. Shawarwari Jami'an kiwon lafiya sun ba da shawarar yin amfani da abin rufe fuska ko abin rufe fuska daga jami'an kiwon lafiya don rage haɗarin watsawa, tare da hukumomi ko dai suna buƙatar amfani da su a wasu wurare, kamar akan jigilar jama'a da shaguna, ko kuma a cikin jama'a. Jami'an kiwon lafiya sun ba da shawarar cewa ya kamata a ba da fifikon abin rufe fuska na matakin likita, kamar masu hura iska, don amfani da ma'aikatan kiwon lafiya dangane da mawuyacin halin da ake ciki, don haka galibi da farko suna ba da shawarar rufe abin rufe fuska ga jama'a. Shawarwarin sun canza yayin da ƙungiyar ilimin kimiyya ta haɓaka. Dangane da #Masks4All, kusan kashi 95% na yawan mutanen duniya suna zaune a cikin ƙasashe inda gwamnati da manyan masana cutar ke ba da shawara ko buƙatar amfani da abin rufe fuska a wuraren taruwar jama'a don takaita yaduwar COVID-19. Hukumar Lafiya Ta Duniya A farkon 2020, WHO ta ba da shawarar masks na likita kawai ga mutanen da ake zargi da kamuwa da cuta da alamun numfashi, masu kula da su da waɗanda ke raba sararin zama, da ma'aikatan kiwon lafiya. A cikin Afrilu 2020, WHO ta yarda cewa sanya abin rufe fuska na likita na iya iyakance yaduwar wasu cututtukan ƙwayoyin cuta na numfashi ciki har da COVID-19, amma ta yi iƙirarin cewa abin rufe fuska na likita zai haifar da ƙarya na tsaro da yin watsi da wasu matakan da suka dace, kamar tsabtace hannu. An bincika shawarar WHO ta farko akan iyakance amfani da abin rufe fuska saboda dalilai da yawa. Na farko, masana da masu bincike sun yi nuni da yadda kwayar cutar ke yaduwa. Na biyu, a cewar Marteau et al. (27 ga Yuli 2020), shaidar da ke akwai ba ta goyan bayan ra'ayin cewa rufe fuska yana da illa ga tsabtace hannu: Dame Theresa Marteau, ɗaya daga cikin masu binciken, ta lura cewa "Manufar biyan diyya, maimakon biyan diyya da kanta, da alama mafi girma barazana ga lafiyar jama'a ta hanyar jinkirta ayyukan da za su iya yin tasiri wadanda za su iya taimakawa hana yaduwar cutar. Hukumar ta WHO ta yi bitar jagororin abin rufe fuska a watan Yunin 2020, tare da jami'anta sun yarda cewa binciken ya nuna asymptomatic ko pre-symptomatic yada. Sabuntar shawarar ta ba da shawarar cewa jama'a gaba ɗaya su sanya abin rufe fuska da ba na likita ba inda aka sani ko ake zargi da yaɗuwar yaduwa kuma inda ba za a iya nesanta jiki ba, da kuma mutanen masu rauni (60 da sama, ko tare da haɗarin haɗarin kiwon lafiya) da mutane da kowane cututtuka suggestive na COVID-19, kazalika da taimaka da kuma kiwon lafiya ma'aikata kamata sa m ko hanya masks Sun bayyana cewa makasudin amfani da abin rufe fuska shine don hana mai sakawa ya watsa kwayar cutar ga wasu (sarrafa tushen) da bayar da kariya ga masu sanye da ƙoshin lafiya daga kamuwa da cuta (rigakafi). A WHO da shawara cewa ba likita masana'anta masks kamata sun dauki wani m na uku yadudduka, bayar da shawara wani ciki Layer sanya na absorbent abu (kamar auduga), a tsakiyar Layer sanya na ba-saka abu (kamar propylene) wanda may inganta tacewa ko riƙe droplets, da kuma wani matsanancin Layer sanya na ba-absorbent abu (kamar polyester ko ta blends) wanda zai iya iyakance waje samu daga shigar azzakari cikin farji. A ranar 21 ga Agustan 2020, WHO da UNICEF sun fitar da jagorar ƙarin bayani ga yara. Ga yara masu shekaru biyar da ƙarami, suna ba da shawarar cewa bai kamata a buƙaci abin rufe fuska ba dangane da mahimmancin ci gaban yaro, ƙalubalen bin doka, da cin gashin kai da ake buƙata don amfani da abin rufe fuska da kyau, amma sun gane cewa shaidar da ke tallafa wa yankewar shekarunsu ta iyakance kuma ƙasashe na iya riƙe daban da ƙananan shekarun yankewa. Ga yara 6 11, suna ba da shawarar cewa ya kamata a yanke shawarar amfani da abin rufe fuska dangane da abubuwa da yawa ciki har da ƙarfin watsawar ƙwayoyin cuta na gida, (sabuwar shaida game da) haɗarin kamuwa da cuta ga rukunin shekaru, yanayin zamantakewa da al'adu (wanda ke tasiri hulɗar zamantakewa a cikin al'ummomi da yawan jama'a), ikon yin biyayya da amfani da abin rufe fuska da ya dace, samun ingantaccen kulawar manya, da yuwuwar tasiri kan ilmantarwa da haɓaka halayyar ɗan adam, da ƙarin abubuwan da suka shafi takamaiman saiti ko yanayi (kamar naƙasassu, cututtuka, tsofaffi, ayyukan wasanni, da makarantu). Ga yara masu shekaru 12 da haihuwa, suna ba da shawara cewa yakamata a sanya abin rufe fuska a ƙarƙashin yanayi ɗaya na manya daidai da jagorar WHO ko jagororin ƙasa. Dangane da amfani da abin rufe fuska da ba na likita ba a cikin yawan jama'a, WHO ta bayyana cewa ingantacciyar shaida don amfanin ta yaɗu ta iyakance, amma tana ba da shawara ga gwamnatoci da su ƙarfafa amfani da shi saboda nesantawar jiki ba zai yiwu ba a wasu saitunan, akwai wasu shaidu don watsa asymptomatic, da abin rufe fuska na iya taimakawa don samar da shinge don iyakance yaduwar ɗigon ruwan da ke iya kamuwa. Cibiyoyin Kula da Cututtuka da Cututtuka na Amurka A farkon shekarar 2020, Cibiyar Kula da Cututtuka da Cututtuka ta Amurka (CDC) ta ce ba ta ba da shawarar amfani da abin rufe fuska ga jama'a ba. Koyaya, a kan 3Afrilu 2020, CDC ta canza shawara don ba da shawarar mutane su sanya mayafin rufe fuska "a cikin wuraren jama'a lokacin da ke kusa da mutanen gidansu, musamman lokacin da matakan nisantar da jama'a ke da wahalar kiyayewa". Dangane da binciken kafofin watsa labarai ta Rediyon Jama'a ta Kasa, CDC ta ce wannan canjin jagororin ya faru ne saboda karuwar yaduwar kwayar cutar, tare da yin nuni da binciken da aka buga a watan Fabrairu da Maris wanda ke nuna alamun rashin lafiya da watsawar asymptomatic. A cikin wata hira ta gaba da editan JAMA, daraktan CDC Robert R. Redfield ya bayyana cewa an fara jagorantar CDC a farkon rashin shaidar watsa cutar daga mutane na farko da asymptomatic. Tun daga ranar 28 ga Yuni, "CDC ta ba da shawarar mutane su sanya mayafin rufe fuska a cikin saitunan jama'a da lokacin da ke kusa da mutanen da ba sa zama a cikin gidan ku, musamman lokacin da sauran matakan nisantar da jama'a ke da wahalar kiyayewa. Rufin mayafi na iya taimakawa hana mutanen da ke da COVID-19 yada cutar ga wasu. Rufin rufe fuska zai iya rage yaɗuwar COVID-19 lokacin da mutane ke amfani da su a cikin saitunan jama'a. CDC ta ba da gargadin cewa bai kamata yara 'yan kasa da shekara biyu su sanya mayafin rufe mayafin ba, mutanen da ke da matsalar numfashi, ko kuma mutanen da ba su san komai ba, marasa karfin hali, ko kuma ba za su iya cire abin rufe fuska ba tare da taimako. A watan Agustan 2020, CDC ta kara da cewa bawuloli masu fitar da iska ko ramuka a cikin abin rufe fuska ba sa taimakawa hana mutumin da ke sanye da abin rufe fuska ya yada COVID-19 ga wasu (sarrafa tushe), kamar yadda rami guda daya a cikin kayan na iya ba da damar fitar da digo na numfashi daga. iskar da aka fitar don isa ga wasu. A cikin taƙaitaccen ilimin kimiyya na Nuwamba 2020, CDC ta sake nanata shawarwarin su don amfani da abin rufe fuska na jama'a da kuma abin rufe fuska na musamman wanda ba shi da ruwa don hana watsa SARS-CoV-2. Sun ce amfani da abin rufe fuska na al'umma yana amfani da manyan manufofi guda biyu: don rage fitar da ɗigon ɗigon ƙwayoyin cuta daga huhu zuwa cikin muhalli (sarrafa tushen wanda ya fi dacewa musamman ga masu asymptomatic ko presymptomatic masu kamuwa da cutar waɗanda ke jin daɗi kuma mai yiwuwa ba su sani ba kamuwa da cuta ga wasu, da kuma rage shakar waɗannan ɗigon ruwan ta hanyar tacewa ga mai shi (kariyar mutum). Domin tacewa, da CDC ce wasu yadudduka (kamar siliki) na iya hydrophobically tare m droplets, alhãli kuwa sauran yadudduka (kamar polyester ko propylene na iya electrostatically kama droplets. Sun kammala cewa fa'idar rufe fuska don sarrafa SARS-CoV-2 ta samo asali ne daga haɗarin sarrafa tushe da kariya ta mutum, wanda wataƙila mai dacewa ne kuma mai yuwuwa, don amfanin mutum ya ƙaru tare da haɓaka amfani da abin rufe fuska na al'umma. CDC ta ce yakamata ma’aikatan kiwon lafiya su sanya NOSH da aka amince da N95 (ko kwatankwacin ko mafi girma) ko abin rufe fuska (idan babu injin numfashi) tare da garkuwar fuska ko tabarau a matsayin wani ɓangare na kayan aikin kariya na kansu, yayin da marasa lafiya wanda ake zargi ko tabbatar da kamuwa da SARS-CoV-2 yakamata ya sanya abin rufe fuska ko mayafin rufe fuska yayin jigilar kaya. A matsayin dabarun rikice-rikice don ƙarancin ƙarancin masu ba da gudummawar N95 a cikin saitunan kiwon lafiya, tsakanin sauran matakan, CDC tana ba da shawarar yin amfani da masu ba da izini fiye da rayuwar da aka ƙera ta mai ƙira, amfani da masu ba da izini a ƙarƙashin ƙa'idodin da ake amfani da su a cikin wasu ƙasashe masu kama da masu yarda da NIOSH., iyakance sake amfani da masu hura iska, amfani da ƙarin masu isar da iska fiye da rayuwar da aka ƙera na masana'anta waɗanda NIOSH ba ta tantance su ba, da ba da fifiko kan amfani da masu hura iska da abin rufe fuska ta nau'in aiki. A ƙarshen Yuli 2021, CDC ta canza jagororin don ba da shawarar mutane, gami da waɗanda aka yi wa allurar rigakafin, don ci gaba da rufe fuska a cikin saitunan cikin gida na jama'a a wuraren da ke da isasshen watsawa kamar yadda akwai alamun cewa coronavirus irin na Delta na iya kamuwa da cutar har ma da allurar rigakafi. mutane a lokuta da ba kasafai ba don taimakawa hana watsawa ga wasu mutane. A baya, CDC ta sabunta jagorar jama'a daga Mayu 2021 ta bayyana cewa waɗanda aka yiwa cikakken allurar za su iya "ci gaba da ayyukan ba tare da sanya abin rufe fuska ba ko nesanta jiki, sai dai inda dokar tarayya, jihohi, na gida, kabilanci, ko dokokin yanki, ƙa'idodi da ƙa'idodi, ciki har da na gida. jagorar kasuwanci da wurin aiki. Koyaya, masu sukar sun nuna cewa an ƙaddara shi a kan wani muhimmin al'amari na zamantakewa, wato ko za a iya amincewa mutane su sanya abin rufe fuska idan ba a yi musu cikakken allurar ba. Zargin shiriya Larry Gostin, farfesa a dokar kiwon lafiyar jama'a, ya ce CDC na farko da jagorar WHO sun bai wa jama'a ra'ayi mara kyau cewa abin rufe fuska baya aiki, duk da cewa akwai shaidar kimiyya da akasin haka. Shawara mai canzawa mai rikitarwa daga yanke shawara zuwa bayar da shawarar rufe fuska ta jama'a ya haifar da raguwar amincewar jama'a a CDC. A watan Yunin 2020 Anthony Fauci, babban kwararre kan cutar kwalara ga gwamnatin Amurka, ya yarda cewa jinkirin bayar da shawarar amfani da abin rufe fuska gaba daya ya kasance ne ta son adana kayan da ke raguwa ga kwararrun likitocin. China da Asiya A cikin Maris 2020, lokacin da aka tambaye shi game da kurakuran da wasu ƙasashe ke yi a cikin barkewar cutar, babban darektan Cibiyar Kula da Cututtuka ta China George Fu Gao ya ce:“Babban kuskure a Amurka da Turai, a ganina, shine mutane ba sa sanya abin rufe fuska. Ana kamuwa da wannan ƙwayar cuta ta hanyar ɗigon ruwa da kusanci. Droplets suna taka muhimmiyar rawadole ne ku sanya abin rufe fuska, saboda lokacin da kuke magana, koyaushe akwai ɗigon ruwa yana fitowa daga bakinku. Mutane da yawa suna da cututtukan asymptomatic ko presymptomatic. Idan suna sanye da abin rufe fuska, zai iya hana kwararar ruwan da ke dauke da kwayar cutar daga tserewa da kamuwa da wasu. Kwatanta ƙasashe da yankuna Duba kuma Fuskokin fuska yayin bala'in COVID-19 a Amurka Manazarta Covid-19 Pages with unreviewed
17968	https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zumunci	Zumunci	Zumunci wata al`ada ce mai girma a tsakanin mutane wanda kan kara hada huddar, dangantaka da yarda da juna, zumunci kan kara ilimi a tsakanin masu sada shi kuma zumunci abu ne da addinanmu suka umarce mu da mu sada shi saboda falalar shi. Dalilin zumunci Domin sada gaisuwa Domin kara ilimi Domin farin ciki Kaucewa bala'i kara son juna Domin biyayya ga umarnin Allah. Domin samun babban rabo a lahira. Da dai sauran su. lokutan zumunci Akwai lokutan da galibi akan yi zumunci duk da za a iya yin shi a kowane lokaci. Lokacin bukukuwan sallah Karshen shekara Lokacin hutun makaranta Lokacin bukukuwa Kowane lokaci Nau’o’in Zumunci Al’amarin zumunci a al’ummar Hausawa abu ne da za’a ce yana da rassa ko yana yaduwa fiye da kowace kabila ko al’ummar dake makwabtaka da Hausawa. 1.Zumunci na jini (haihuwa ko zuriyya) Wannan kan gunshi mutane irin su uwa da uba, yayan tsatso, yan uwa, yan uba, kawu, inna, gwaggo, baffa, yaya, kani da sauransu. 2. Zumunci na aure (auratayya) Wannan kan shafi mutane irin su miji da mata, suruki, suruka, agola,dan riko. 3. Zumunci na zamantakewa (ma}wabtaka) Wannan kan shafi mutane a wurin makwabtaka na gida, ko kasuwa, ko gona, da sauransu. 4. Zumunci na mu'amulla (sana'a, moriya) Wannan kan shafi mutane masu sana'a iri daya ko kuma abokan ciniki, barantaka, almajiiri, dalibta da sauransu. 5. Zumunci na ra'ayi (tunani) Wannan kan shafi mutane da suka yi tarayya a ra'ayi kamar addini, ko siyasa, ko kulob, ko wasanni da sauransu. 6. Ziyara Na nufin ka tafi gari, ko gidan wani da nufin ku gaisa da dalili, ko babu. Ana iya cewa wannan al’ada ko ba a daina to Bahaushe ya rage yinta matuka. Wannan kuwa baya rasa dalili na sauyin zamani. Domin zamani ya kawo abubuwan sufuri ba za a yi tafiya sai da kudin mota, a wani lokaci da yar tsaraba da matafiyi zai rika don yara. Haka shi kuma mai masauki zai tanaji abin da zai yi wa bakonsa hidima da kuma abin sallama. To yanzu son abin duniya da ganin gari da bakar rowa sun hana ziyartar juna. Kowa sai ya fake da babu, ana iya samun dan uwa na jini sun yi shekara da shekaru ba'a ziyarci juna ba. Ba wai wa]anda suke garuruwa daban-daban ba, a a hatta waɗanda suke gari daya. 7. Gudunmowa Wannan wata hanya ce ta taimakawa juna wajen yi ma mutum wani hasafi na musamman a lokacin wani sha'ani kamar na aure ko suna, don a zamanto taimakwa wanda abin ya shafa. Sau da yawa a kan taimaka da hatsi, ko kudi, wani lokaci ma har da tufafi da dai duk wani abu mai amfani. Akwai kuma gudunmuwa da akan yi wa wadanda suka yi gobara, ko kuma wadanda aka yi wa sata. 8. Gayya Wannan ma wata hanya ce ta taimakawa juna, amma ta wajen aiki. Aikin gayya ba a yin shi sai da dalili, kamar rashin lafiya ko kuma wata larura ta musamman. A kan taimakawa mutum a aikin gona, ko kuma aikin gida da sauransu. dan uwa da abokan arziki na unguwa su ne su kan taru su taimaka. Baya ga taimakawa da a kan yi wa juna kuma, sarki ko mai unguwa ya kan yi gayya don a rage masa aiki. Idan sarki ya kira gayya, to kusan ba wanda ba zai amsa wannan kira ba. Mata su ma suna yin gayya irin ta su, misali in an yi sabon daki za a yi dabe. Duk wanda ya yi gayya, to dole ne ya yi abincin gayya saboda jama'ar da suka zo aiki su ci. 9. Aikin Gayya Wannan shi ma wani aiki ne da ake taimakawa juna ta hanyar haduwa a yi aikin taimakon kai da kai, ko kuma idan wani bashi da lafiya ya kasa gyara gonarsa sai a yi gayyar fan uwa da abokan arziki da ya kamata a tafi a nome masa kyauta. A irin wannan har akan yi fura da kunu ko tuwon gayya don ma’aikata su ci ko su sha. A nan ne ma har aka samu karin magana mai cewa "kowa ya sha furar gayya dole ya yi aiki". Shata Katsina sai ya ce "ka sha furar mutane kace zaka yi kwance a a ku tashi gumi na nake ci" Zamani ya zo yayi barin makauniya da wannan dabi’a. A yau komai sai dai kudinka ya baka ko yasa a yi maka. Bahaushe ya tabbatar da wannan a inda ya kirkira wata magana mai cewa: “Nasara ya hana aikin banza”. Ko kuma: “Kowa tashi ta fisshe shi”. 10. Zaman Gandu Wani zama ne da ake yi, a inda za a iske kaka, da ubada da uwa, da da da matarsa, da jikoki duk a gida daya ga dakin wannan ga na wannan. A irin wannan zama ana kasancewa komai tare ake yi. Da damuna za a tafi gona ta mai gida da ake kira gonar gandu a wurin aiki. Bayan an dawo, maigida ne zai ciyar da kowa, ko da kowa dansa yana da mata da yaya, dole shi ne zai ciyar da su. Irin wannan rayuwa tana da dadi matuka, domin ana taimaka wa juna a harkokin rayuwa ta fuskoki da yawa. Ba a farga ba, zamani ya zo ya yi tafiyar ya ji da wannan ɗabi’a. Musamman samuwar aikin gwamnati, a inda za a ɗauki mutum ya koma wani garin da ba nasa ba, ko kuma ko yana gari, sai ka iske ya ware gidansa shi kaɗai wai kar a dame shi. A nan ne ake rayuwa irin ta daga ƙwauri sai gwiwa, ko kuma mu ce ba ruwan wani da wani wai mahaukaci ya yi baƙo. ba abin da wannan yake koyarwa sai Ƴar karen rowa. Zumunci TSAKURE: Maƙasudin wannan muƙala shi ne ƙoƙarin gano tare da yin nazari a kan matsayin da zumunci ke da shi a rayuwar Bahaushe. Haka kuma nazarin zai waiwaya baya don ƙyallaro yanayin da zumunci yake a zamanin da,tare da fito da halin da zumunci ke ciki a zamanin yanzu. Bayan wannan kuma zamu dubi irin gurɓacewar da harkar zumunci ta yi.Fayyace wasu dalilai waɗanda suka yi sanadin haka, da kuma tasirin da hakan ya yi a rayuwar Bahaushe a yau. Haƙiƙa akwai wasu matsaloli, da suka taimaka sosai wajen lalacewar, ko taɓarɓarewar harkar zumunci, wanda a ƙarshe ya shafi zamantakewar Bahaushe baki ɗaya. Wannan muƙala ta kawo waɗannan matsaloli gami da dalilan da suka yi sanadin hakan. Domin ƙarawa daɓe da makuba, d nazarcin wasu litattafai, kundayen bincike tare da wasu muƙala waɗanda suka yi magana a kan irin amfanin zumunci da kuma moriyar da ake samu. Bayan mun dubi matsalolin sai kuma mu jero wasu shawarwari da zasu taimaka wajen fito da Bahaushe daga cikin wannan hali: BITAR AYYUKAN MAGABATA Babu shakka, an yi rubuce-rubuce da dama, da suka shafi zumunci da matsayinsa a rayuwar Bahaushe. Kowanne masani da irin gudunmowar da ya bayar. Wannan kuwa ya faru ne, a dalilin cewa, kowanne marubuci akwai inda ya fi mayar da hankalinsa. Watau wasu marubutan sun yi amfani da wasu bayanai da suka shafi zumunci kai tsaye. Wasu kuma a matsayinsa ta fuskar addini, wasu kuma, wasu kuma al’adan ce,suka kalle shi,waɗansu kuma a siffar rubutun zube da sauransu. An yi rubuce-rubucen ne a wasu littattafai da aka wallafa, da wasu kundayen digirin M.A., da na B.A., ko mujallu, ko muƙala, ko jaridu da sauransu. A’isha Umar Wali(1990) a kundinta na Digiri na biyu mai take Hausa KingshipTerm. Duk da yake Turanci a ka yi yana da alaƙa da muƙalar. Mu’azu M.S.(1998) a kundinsa na Digiri na ɗaya mai taken Zumuncin Bahaushe.Wannan aikin yana da alaƙa da muƙalar. Banta Margaret(1990) a kundinta na Digiri na ɗaya mai taken A survey on the adjustment Problems of Widows and Single Parents in our Society.Duk da yake Turanci a ka yi yana da alaƙa da muƙalar. Jabiru Abdullahi(1958)a littafinsa mai suna Nagari Na kowa.littafin yana da alaƙa da muƙalar. Imam A.(1937) a littafinsa mai suna Magana Jari ce, littafin yana da alaƙa da muƙalar. Imam A.(1937) a littafinsa mai suna Ruwan Bagaja, littafin yana da alaƙa da muƙalar. Habibu Sarki A.(2000) a littafinsa mai suna Zuwan Musulunci a Afrika,da shigowarsa ƙasar Hausa, littafin yana da alaƙa da muƙalar. GABATARWA Da sunan Allah Mai rahama Mai jinqai, Mai kowa, Mai komai, Mai aikata abin da Ya so, ga wanda Ya so, a sadda Ya so, a yadda Ya so, ko ana so ba a so tilas bayi su so. Tsira da amincin Allah su tabbata ga shugaban halittu Annabi Muhammadu(sallallahu alaihi wasallam), da Alayensa da Sahabbansa,da sauran Mabiyansa umuman. Wannan muƙala na da ƙudurin yin tsokaci a kan matsayin da zumunci ke da shi a rayuwar Bahaushe. Haka kuma,tare da fito da irin gurɓacewar harkar zumunci da kuma tasirin da haka ta yi a rayuwarsa a yau.Haƙiƙa akwai wasu matsaloli da suka zama ƙashin baya wajen lalacewar ko taɓarɓarewar harkar zumunci, ko kuma a ce zamantakewar Bahaushe baki ɗaya. Wannan muƙala babu shakka tana da muhimmanci, saboda za ta yi magana a kan irin amfanin zumunci da kuma moriyar da ake samu. Bayan haka,za’a dubi wasu matsalolin da suka taimaka wajen jefa Bahaushe cikin wannan hali. Waɗannan matsaloli sun watsu a gida da daji,sannan kuma,Bahaushe na karo da su ta fuskoki daban-daban. Wannan ne ma yasa na kira muƙalar da cewa: “Taɓarɓarewar zumuncin Bahaushe a yau. ”(Lalacewar zamantakewa a ƙasar Hausa).Watau abin da nake nufi shi ne,matsayi ko halin da zumuncin Bahaushe ke ciki a rayuwarmu ta yau,sannan kuma da irin tasirin da hakan ta haifar. Babu shakka,ko ba a shafa ba maruru ya fi kaluluwa in ji makaho. Tabbas dukkan wanda yake cikin hayyacinsa ya san cewa Bahaushe ya samu kansa na gaba kura baya siyaki. Wannan mawuyacin hali kuwa,shi ne, na lalacewar, ko gurɓacewar zumunci a zamanin da muke ciki.Tarihi ya nuna cewa Bahaushe na da al’adar kyakkyawar zamantakewa a da. To sai dai kuma yanzu ya tsinci kansa a cikin wani rami mai gaba dubu. Domin kuwa Bahaushe ya ce “tsalle ɗaya kan yi ka faɗa rami, ka yi dubu ba ka fita ba”.Haka kuma ya ce “ruwa baya tsami banza” ma’ana babu abin da zai faru sai da dalili. Don haka taɓarɓarewar harkar zumuncin Bahaushe bai rasa wasu dalilai. Bisa dogaro da waɗannan maganganu ya sa za mu kalli al’amarin zamantakewar Bahaushe a yau, da irin halin da ta faɗa,tare da duba wasu daga cikin dalilan da suka yi jagorar hakan. Bugu da ƙari kuma, na tsara muƙalar tawa kashi uku kamar haka: Kashi na farko,ya ƙunshi taken muƙalar ,sai gabatarwa,da ma’anar kalmar taɓarɓarewa,da ta zumunci tare da ire-irensa da kuma dalilai ko sanadinsa. Kashi na biyu kuma,zai kawo wasu daga cikin matsalolin da zumunci ke fuskanta, a nan kuma za mu dubi waɗanne irin matsaloli ne,kuma me ya kawo su A kashi na uku,zai ƙunshi wasu shawarwari game da wasu hanyoyi da nake ganin, idan aka bi su za a iya samun mafita. A qarshe na rufe ta da kammalawa da madogara. Ma’anar Zumunci Da zarar an ambaci kalmar zumunci a al’ummar Hausawa, babu abin da zai zo masu a zuciya da ya wuce wata dangantaka ta musamman da ke tsakanin mutum da mutum wadda ta shafi dukkan fannonin rayuwa.To sai dai wasu Masana sun ba wannan kalma ma’anoni daban-daban,kamar haka: Zumunci na nufin wata dangantaka ce ta jini (haihuwa), ko ta aure,ko ta zamantakewa (maƙwabtaka ko mu’amulla). Zumunci na nufin dangantaka, ko dangi, ko ƴan uwa. Zumunci wata alaƙa ce tsakanin mutum biyu, ko ƙungiyoyi,ko ta zamantakewa (maƙwabtaka ko mu’amulla). Zumunci wata alaƙa ce tsakanin abubuwa,ko dangi,zuriya ɗaya a dalilin haihuwa,ko tabanni(goyon hankaka mai da ɗan wani naka ko aure. Bisa la’akari da bayanai da suka gabata, muna iya cewa, Wannan kalma ta zumunci,da kuma ma’anoni daban-daban, da masana, suka bayar muna iya cewa zumunci wata alaƙa ko dangantaka,ko nasaba,ko jituwa ce dake ƙulluwa ko haɗa mutane daban-daban kan harkokin da suka shafi rayuwa ta yau da kullum. NAU'O'IN ZUMUNCI Al’amarin zumunci a al’ummar Hausawa abu ne da za’a ce yana da rassa ko yana yaɗuwa fiye da kowace ƙabila ko al’ummar da ke maƙwabtaka da Hausawa. A wannan mataki za mu yi nazarin nau’o’in zumunci al’ummar Hausawa da dalilan a kansa a sami wata mu’amulla da kan haifar da zumunci. Akwai nau'in zumunci ko zumunta iri daban-daban waɗanda kan wakana a tsakanin al'umma bisa wasu dalilai kamar haka: 1. Zumunci na jini (haihuwa ko zuriyya):- Wannan kan ƙunshi mutane irin su uwa da uba, Ƴaƴan tsatso, Ƴan uwa, Ƴan uba, kawu, inna, gwaggo, baffa, yaya, ƙani da sauransu. 2. Zumunci na soyayya (auratayya):- wannan kan shafi mutane irin su miji da mata, da suruki,da suruka,da agola,da ɗan riƙo,ko tabanni. 3. Zumunci na zamantakewa (maƙwabtaka): wannan kan shafi mutane a wurin maƙwabtaka na gida, ko kasuwa, ko gona, da sauransu. 4. Zumunci na mu'amulla (sana'a, moriya) wannan kan shafi mutane masu sana'a iri ɗaya ko kuma abokan ciniki, barantaka, almajiiri, ɗalibta da sauransu. 5. Zumunci na ra'ayi (tunani): wannan kan shafi mutane da suka yi tarayya a ra'ayi kamar addini, ko siyasa, ko kulob, ko wasanni da sauransu. ZUMUNCIN JINI (HAIHUWA KO ZURIYA) Zumunci na jini shi ne,wata dangantaka ko alaƙa da ta shafi haihuwa ko zuriya ,wato ta dalilin haɗuwar iyaye ko kakanni. Wannan zumunci na iya kasancewa na kusa ko nesa. Akan sami zumunci ne a samakon kyakkyawar dangantaka tsakanin mutanen da suka fito tsatso ɗaya, suka kuma haɗa uwa ko uba ɗaya wannan shi ake kira shaƙiƙin ɗan uwa Dangantaka ta kusa kan iya ƙulla zumuncin jini a tsakanin ƴaƴan da ma’aurata(mace da namiji) suka haifa, ko ƴaƴan da mace ta haifa waɗanda ba ubansu ɗaya ba, ko kuma ba uwansu ɗaya ba. Ƙulla irin wannan zumuncin ba abin mamaki ba ne a al’ummar Hausawa, tun da yake yawancin su musulmai ne, kuma ƙa’idar addinin ta yarda namiji ya auri mace fiye da ɗaya (amma ka da ya wuce huɗu). Ita ma mace tana iya yin wani aure, idan ta fito daga gidan wani mijin, a sakamakon rasuwarsa ko rabuwar aure. Domin haka ana iya samun zumunci tsakanin Ƴaƴan da suke uwa ɗaya, uba ɗaya, da waɗanda suke uba ɗaya uwa kowa da ta sa. Haka kuma a tsakanin Ƴaƴan da suke uwa ɗaya, uba kowa da nasa. Baya ga wannan zumunci na kusa, akan samu na nesa, kamar waɗanda suke kakanni ɗaya, wato ɗan wa da ɗan ƙani, ko kuma ɗan mace, da ɗan namiji. Wani irin nau’in zumuncin jini kuma, da ake samu a tsakanin Hausawa, shi ne irin dangantakar da ake samu a dangin uwar mutum, ko ta dangin uba. A dangi uwa akan samu wannan, Wa to ƙanin uwa waɗanda ake kira kawu. Haka kuma akan samu Ƴar uwa ko ƙanwar uwa waɗanda ake kiransu da Inna. Ta ɓangaren dangin uba akwai wan uba, ko ƙanin uba, akan kira shi da Baba ko Baffa,sannan sai kuma Ƴar uba ko ƙanwar uba ana kiransu da Gwaggo. Kyakkyawan zumuncin da Bahaushe ya gada kan sanya a girmama waɗannan, kamar yadda zai girmama iyayensa da suka haifeshi ko ma fiye.Tare da ɗauke masu ɗawainiyar wasu al’amura, kamar aikace -aikace ko taimaka masu da wani abin da ya mallaka. Irin wannnan zumunci yakan yi danƙo a al’ummar Hausawa, a yayin da yaro kan iya tashi a gidan ƙannai ko yayyen iyayen sa. Ba tare da samun wani bambanci na tarbiyar, ko rashin nuna ƙauna ba, kamar yadda zai iya samu a gidan iyayensa. Haka kuma dangantakar kasancewar yara ƴaƴan maza (ƴaƴan wa da na ƙani) kan sanya a samu kyakkyawan zumunci a tsakaninsu. Musamman na girmama juna da shawartar juna a kan lamura, kai ka ce dai uwarsu ɗaya uba xaya. Dangantakar Ƴaƴan mace da na namjii waɗanda akan kira taubasai al’ummar Hausawa ya haifar da wasan ba’a,ko raha a tsakaninsu. Waɗannan wasannin na ba’a ko raha sukan sa a samu kyakkyawan zumunci mai ɗorewa wanda a wasu lokutan ma yakan kai ga auratayya, ban da wannan kuma akwai kuɗin shara da taubasai kan ba junansu a duk ƙarshen shekara, shi ma wannan ba ƙaramar gudummawa ya yi ba. A sakamakon bai wa zumunci muhimmanci da Bahaushe yake yi, shi ya sa Hausawa ba su ƙyashin haɗa dangantakar aure a tsakanin ƴan uwan jini (wanda shari’a ba ta hana ba) don ƙara danƙon wannan zumuncin. Wannan shi ya sa Hausawa ke kiran sa auren zumunci. Wannan irin ƙaunar juna ta al’adar zumunci ta kawo haɗa kai da bai wa kowa matsayinsa a cikin zuriya guda.Kamar Babba ya ja girmansa ya tausayawa na ƙasa ko yaro. Shi kuma yaro ya girmama Babba ta hanyar yi masa ladabi da biyayya. A dalilin haka ne ya sa ko da yaushe Babban shi ke wucewa gaba ko da kuwa kan hanya ce, wato in ana tafiya.Haka kuma shi ne mai ɗaukar nauyin duk wani na ƙasa da shi. Za mu iya kafa hujja da wasu al’adu da ake gudanarwa a al’umar Hausawa, kamar wajen harkar aure.A inda za ka samu ana gudanar da wasu al’amura a gidajen ƴan uwan iyaye kamar haka: in har mutum na da na gaba da shi kamar wa. To in dai za a zo neman auren ƴarsa, to ba za a zo wurinsa kai tsaye ba, sai dai a tafi wurin na gaba da shi,sannan kuma ya bayar da ita. Ban da neman aure, ko wajen maɗaurin auren ma dai ƙanin uba yake ɗaura auren a matsayin waliyi. Haka kuma ko wajen sanya yarinya a lalle,da zaman lalle, uwar wanka da sauransu. Duk za a tarar ƴan uwan iyaye ke gudanar da su, ko da kuwa a ce ga iyayen ana gani. Haka kuma taimakawa mai wata hidima da ƴan uwa suke yi, wato gudummawa ta kuɗi,ko sutura,ko abinci. Kai wani lokaci ma har da muhalli, sai ka ga an yi sha’ani ba tare da mutum ya wahala ba. Ban da wannan kuma ƴan uwa na jini kan zama kamar alƙalai, ko mahukunta,saboda sau da yawa in an samu saɓani tsakanin ma’aurata (mata da miji). Manya a gida, ko zuriya su kan sulhuntasu, ko ma ba ma’aurata ba. In dai har aka samu saɓani a tsakanin ƴan uwa to sai ka ga an kira su don a yi sulhu. Haka kuma, ta fuskar haihuwa ma zumunci bai kau da kai ba, nan ma ya taka muhimmiyar rawa wajen haɗa zumunta ZUMUNCIN SOYAYYA Zumuncin Soyayya na nufin kyakkyawar dangantaka ko mu’amulla da ta ƙullu a tsakanin mutum biyu ko fiye a sakamakon ƙauna, ko tausayi, ko kuma auratayya. Wato waɗannan kamar wasu matakai ne na samar da zumuncin soyayya. AURE: Dangane da zumuncin da aure yake ƙullawa ana iya duba abin ta fuskoki da yawa. Akan sami zumunci tsakanin miji ko maigida da matarsa ko matansa, sai kuma tsakanin matan su kansu. Wato kishiya da kishiya, ko kuma tsakanin miji da iyayen mata wato surukai, har ma ya zuwa dangin matar. Akan samu zumunci tsakanin mata da iyayen miji, wato surukanta. Irin wannan zumunci yakan yi naso har ya zuwa ga dangin miji gaba ɗaya. Haka kuma akan samu zumunci da dangantakar aure ta samar, kamar tsakanin maigida da ƴaƴansa na cikinsa da ƴaƴan da matarsa ta zo da su (agola) da dai Sauransu. Bisa ga yadda zumunci ke gudana a tsakanin miji, ko maigida da matarsa ko matansa. Abu ne da ba a iya faɗa gaba ɗaya ba, sai dai a kwatanta. Wannan kuwa ya haɗa da yadda suke gudanar da harkokin gida, kamar ƙaunar juna da kare mutunci da riƙe amana a tsakaninsu da ɗaukar ɗawainiyar gida ga miji. Misali kamar ciyarwa da shayarwa, da tufatarwa da kuma muhalli da sauransu. Ita kuma matar wasu ƙananan hidimomi na gida kamar dafa abinci, kula da yara da tsabtace muhalli da dai sauransu al’amura. Zumunci tsakanin mata da miji kan yi danƙo ƙwarai idan kowane ya ɗauki ɗawainiyar da ke kansa, ba tare da cuta ma wani ba. Irin wannan zumunci idan ya yi kyau yakan fi na jini, musamman da yake ana gudanar da rayuwar tare a kullum. Bayan wannan kuma, sai mu duba yadda dangantakar kishiya da kishiya ke samar da zumunci a al’ummar Hausawa. A irin yadda suke gudanar da al’amuran gida, kamar raba kwana da miji zai riƙa yi a tsakaninsu. Ko kuma raba girki, da dai duk wani abu da ya shafi harkokinsu a wurin miji. Idan zama tsakanin kishiyoyi ya yi kyau, to sai ka ga gida ya zauna lafiya. Domin za a ga kishiya na girmama wadda ta riga ta shigowa gidan, tana kiranta da suna yaya, ko kuma mamar wane da makamantansu. Wato saboda ƙarfafa zumunci.Al’adar Bahaushe ta hana amarya ta kira uwargida da sunanta kai tsaye. Da yake Bahaushe mutum ne mai ɗaukar nasa kamar ba nasa ba, zumuncin Bahaushe na tsakanin kishiyoyi kan sa ƴaƴan uwargida su tashi (girma) a ɗakin Amarya, ko kuma na Amarya su tashi a ɗakin uwargida ko kuma duk ƴaƴan mijin su tashi a ɗakin uwargida. Wato sukan samar da kyakkyawar zumunci da akan kasa bambance ɗan wannan da na waccan. Zumunci tsakanin kishiyoyi ma idan ya yi kyau, yakan yi naso har ga ƴan uwansu. Wata rawar da zumuncin aure ke takawa, a wajen ƙarfafa zumunci, shi ne yadda Hulɗa ke gudana a tsakanin miji da dangin matarsa, ko kuma matar da dangin mijinta. Domin kuwa in har aka yi dace, zama ya yi kyau ana zaune lafiya, to sai a ga ana gudanar da kyakkyawan zumunci. Ko da yake, idan aka kuskure aka yi rashin sa’a aka samu Ƴar ɓaraka,ma’ana in babu jituwa a tsakanin sai ka tarar ana zaman-doya-da-manja. Ko da kuwa ma’aurata na son junanasu. Wannan kuwa na faruwa mafi yawa a inda aka yi auren ƙi, ko na kangara. Wato a samu wani sashi na dangin ma’auratan ba sa son auren. Dangantakar aure a al’ummar Hausawa yakan samar da kyakkyawan zumunci tsakanin maigida da ƴaƴan da mace ta zo da su (Agola) ko tsakanin mace da ƴaƴan riƙon mijinta. A al’adance maigida in ba ya nuna bambanci tsakanin ƴaƴansa da waɗanda ba nasa ba. Domin yakan ba su abinci iri ɗaya, sutura iri ɗaya, makaranta ɗaya, kai har da ɗaukar ɗawainiyar aure da sauran harkokin rayuwa. Akan gane kawai cewa ba ƴaƴansa ba ne,har sai an zo rabon gado, ma’ana bayan rasuwarsa. Ita ma mace takan ɗauki ƴaƴan da mijin yake riƙo kamar ƴaƴan cikinta. Wato ba a iya bambance ƴaƴanta da waɗanda ba nata ba. A al’adar auren Hausawa musamman na budurwa, takan tafi gidan miji da wata ƙanwarta, ko wata ƴar uwarta, wadda akan kira ƴar zaman ɗaki ko ƙanwar rana. Maigida da sauran mutanan gida ba su kan nuna wa ita wannan ‘yar zaman xaki bambanci ba, takan saje da ‘yan gidan. A ci da ita a yi mata duk abin da za a yi wa ‘yangida. Idan zumunci ya yi danƙo, a nan za a nemi aurenta mijin uwar xakinta ya zama uban auren. A ala’adar Bahaushe akan yi wasannin raha tsakanin matar wa da ƙanin miji. Haka ita ma mace takan yi irin waɗannan wasanni da ƙanin miji da kuma taubasai. Wannan al’ada kan haifar da kyakkyawan zumunci tsakanin mutanen da suka ƙullu da dangantakar ko da kuwa auren ya rabu. Haka kuma haihuwa, wani ginshiƙi ne da ke ƙara ƙarfafa zumuncin aure. Da zarar aka ce ma’aurata sun sami haihuwa a tsakaninsu, to zumunci ya ƙullu ke nan. Ko da kuwa aure ya rabu, ko kuma ɗaya daga cikin iyayen sun mutu, akan samu wata hulɗa na gudana a tsakaninsu. Haka kuma wannan haihuwar kan zama wata abin yin inkiya, saboda a wani lokaci sai ka ji ana cewa ai wane ne uban ƴaƴanta, ko kuma wance ce uwar ƴaƴansa. Dole ne iyayen, ko ƴan uwan ƴaƴan su kasance a wuri ɗaya a wasu shagulgula da suka shafi ƴaƴan nasu kamar sha’anin aure ko haihuwa. Haka ma idan wani abin baƙin ciki ya faru kamar mutuwa, ko gobara da dai sauransu. Bayan haka kuma, haihuwa kan haifar da wata alaƙa da ta zama kamar zare da ta ɗinka tsakanin ma’aurata da iyayensu, wato kakanninsa abin da aka haifa, saboda wannan jituwa ne ta ke tsakanin jika da kaka ake samu wata ƙauna mai ƙarfi ta sarƙu. Wannan ne kan sanya ake jin kaka mace na kiran jikanta “miji” ko maigida. Haka shi kuma kaka namiji ya na kiran jikarsa da matata. In kuma jikan namiji ne sai ya ce aboki. Haka ita ma kaka mace ta kan kira jikarta da ƙawa, ko kishiya da dai sauran wasanni na raha don nishaɗi da nuna ƙauna. A sakamakon al’adun aure a al’umar Hausawa, akan samu kyakkyawar dangantaka na surukuta. Surukai su ne iyayen matar da ya ke aure (maza da mata) da kuma yayyenta maza da mata. Haka ita ma iyayen mijin mace maza da mata da kuma yayyensa maza da mata sun zama surukanta. Namiji yakan girmama surukansa kamar yadda yake girmama iyayensa ko fiye. A al’adance dole ne a ce mutum na jin kunyar surukansa, a inda ba ya iya sakin jiki ko ya furta wasu maganganu a muhallin da surukansa suke, haka ita ma macen. Tsakanin mutanen da iyayensu ke auren juna ma akan sami kyakkyawar fahinta wannan kyakkyawar dangantaka, da ladabi, ko girmama juna da ake samu a lamarin surukuta a al’ummar Hausawa.Tabbas shi ke haifar da kyakkyawar zumunci tsakanin mutane da suka ƙullu da dangataka. Zumuncin da auren Hausawa kan samar, kan yi naso har ya kai ga samun kyakkyawar dangantaka tsakanin ƙauyuka, ko garuruwa. A sakamakon auratayyar da akan samu tsakanin wannan ƙauyen da wancan, a al’umar Hausawa yakan sa a samar da kyakkyawan zumunci a tsakanin ƙauyukan. A inda za a ga suna yin ruwa suna yin tsaki akan duk wani lamari da ya shafi ɗaya ƙauyen. Haka kuma a wasu lokutan akan samu wasannin raha a tsakanin al’umma a sakamakon irin wannan auren. A taƙaice muna iya cewa ba don ɗebe sha’awa kawai da samun zuriya ake yin aure ba. A’a har da samar da zumunci a al’umma da kuma kyautata shi,sannan yana taka mahimmiyar rawa a lamarin aure. Wato ta kowane ɓangare aka dubi dangantarkar da aure ke ƙullawa a al’umar Hausawa. Haƙiƙa za a tarar da wani zumuncin da ya ginu wanda ana iya cewa ba zai taɓa rushewa ba har abada. Ko da kuwa auren ya rabu ko ma’auratan sun rasu. RIƘO KO GOYO Riƙo ko goyo shi ne, wani mutum ya riƙe ɗan wani, tun daga yarinta har zuwa girma. Idan yaro namiji ne, a wasu wuraren akan mayar da shi wurin ubansa. In kuwa mace ce, da zarar yarinya ta isa aure, to daga nan shi ke nan, riƙo ko goyo ya ƙare ke nan. Riƙo ko goyo yakan gudana a tsakanin ƴan'uwa da ɗan uwa, ko kuma aboki da aboki, ana yinsa ne, saboda wasu dalilai da suka haɗa da: i. Zumunci. ii. Haihuwa. III. Ƙauna. vi Tausayi. V Moriya vii Tabanni ZUMUNCI: Goyo ya kan taka rawa mai muhimmanci ga rayuwa ta wajen ƙarfafa danƙon zumunci.Domin za ka iya samun wani ya kama ɗan ƙanin sa ko ɗan ɗanwarsa ya riƙe tun daga yarinta har zuwa girma. Sau da yawa wani riƙon kan fara ne tun daga yaye, watau lokacin da aka cire yaro daga mama, nan ma ya fi faruwa ne a tsakanin ƴan uwa kamar kaka, ko Ƴar uwa ko uba. Wannan abu ya kan ƙara ƙarfafa zumunci, don kuwa yakan faru in ka samu wani gidan inda ake riƙon wani, ba za ka iya banbance ɗan gidan ba ko ɗan riƙo ba, za ka gansu babu wata wariya. Komai nasu iri ɗaya ake yi masu, sutura, abinci kai har ma aure, wannan kan ƙara ƙulla zumunci. HAIHUWA: A wata fuska kuma, a kan ɗauki riƙo ko goyo ne, don kwaɗayin samun haihuwa. Kamar yadda wasu Hausawa musamman ma mata kan camfa, cewar, idan mutum ba ya haihuwa, to lallai ne in ya ɗauki goyo, Allah Zai ba shi nasa. Haka nan kuma, wasu don dai ba sa haihuwa, to sai su ɗauki goyon don dai su rinƙa samun na aike. A ƙarshe akwai masu ɗaukar yara don sabo, misali in sun aurar da yaransu, to don kawai su ɗauke kewa, sai su ɗauko wani. ƘAUNA: Baya ga waɗannan, akwai kuma masu ɗaukar goyo don ƙauna, kamar inda za ka samu cewa wasu mutane na ɗaukar goyo ne kawai, don ƙauna, watau soyayya. Inda za ka samu babu dangin iya, babu na baba, ma'ana babu dangantakar komai sai dai aminci, watau abotaka. Misali aboki, ko maƙwabci da maƙwabci, inda za ka tarar ɗaya ya kama yaron ɗaya ya riƙe, babu bambanci kamar shi ya haife shi. A wani lokaci ma yakan fifita shi a kan waɗanda ya haifa. TAUSAYI: Akan yi goyo a wani lokacin don tausayi, ma'ana shi ne, in wani mutum ya ga wani yaro a wani matsayi na ƙaƙa ni ka yi to don tausayawa, ko da ace yana tare da iyayensa ne, akwai ma inda za ka tarar ana riƙon yaro ko yarinya, sannan kuma ana taimakawa iyayenta a lokaci guda.Bayan wannan kuma, sai a wata fuska inda za ka samu an riƙe almajiri don tausayawa. Misali in almajirin ƙarami ne za ka samu ya yi uwar ɗaki wadda zai riƙa samun taimako na abinci, ko sutura. Haka kuma akwai waɗanda uwarsu ta mutu bayan haihuwa watau talle, su ma don tausayi akan ɗauke su. Ko da babu dangantaka, ko yaron da aka tsinta. MORIYA: Akan yi goyo don moriya, a inda za ka samu an ajiye bara, ko yaron gida yana yi wa mutanen gidan hidima.Watau kamar dai mai aiki, akan samu mai yin hidima, wani tun yana yaro har girmansa ko da mace ce, ko kuma namiji.Sannan kuma akwai waɗansu masu yin sana'a, inda sukan mallaki barori masu kula da harakokin kasuwanci. Su ma wasu tun daga yarinta har zuwa tsufa, har ma wani lokacin su ma su samu su kafu su yi ƙarfi su samu abin hannunsu. AGOLA: Goyon agola yakan faru ne, in aka auro mace mai ɗa ko ƴa, to akan kirasu da sunan agola ko Kolo. A bisa al'adar Bahaushe riƙon agola yakan zama dole ne, misali idan uban yaron ko yarinyar ya mutu.Ko kuma dangin uban yaron ba su a garin, ko kuma yaron bai yi girma ba. Su kansu dangin uba ba sa son a tafi da yaronsu wani gida ya zama agola don gudun wulakanci. Ko kuma kar a raba shi da ƴan uwa, shi yasa wasu duk juyin da za a yi ba za su yarda a kai yaronsu wani gida ba. Shi yasa in mace ta fita, to sai a yaye yaron daga mama a sanya wani a cikin dangi ya auka don kawai ƙyamar agolanci. TABANNI: Wannan goyo akan yi shi ne a wani lokacin don tausayi, ma'ana shi ne in wani mutum ya ga wani yaro a wani matsayi na ƙaƙa–ni- ka -yi.To don tausayawa, ko da a ce yana tare da iyayensa ne, ko kuma Maraya. Akwai ma inda za ka tarar ana riƙon yaro ko yarinya, sannan kuma ana taimakawa iyayensu a lokaci guda. Bayan wannan, sai kuma a wata fuska, inda za ka samu an riƙe almajiri don tausayawa, misali in almajirin ƙarami ne, za ka samu ya yi uwar ɗaki wadda zai riƙa samun taimako na abinci, ko sutura. Haka kuma akwai waɗanda uwarsu ta mutu bayan haihuwa, watau talle, su ma don tausayi akan ɗauke su, ko da babu dangantaka, ko kuma yaron da aka tsinta. To amma kuma, daga ƙarshe sai a mayar da su kamar ƴaƴan tsatso, watau za su iya gadon mai riƙonsu. A wani lokaci akan kira irin wannan goyo da goyon hankaka mai da ɗan wani naka. ZUMUNCIN ZAMANTAKEWA Zumuncin zamantakewa, shi ne wanda ya shafi sha’anin zaman tare da yadda ya danganci harkokin rayuwa yau da kullum. Kamar maƙwabtaka, da abota, da almajirci da kuma barantaka da dai sauransu. MAƘWABTAKA Zumunci da ya shafi maƙwabtaka yakan faru ne, a sakamakon kusantar juna ta fuskar Muhalli. Bahaushe kan kira mutanen da suke kewaye da gidansa da maƙwabta. Wato waɗanda suke gabas da yamma, da kudu da arewa. Haka kuma akan ɗauki duk gidajen da ke anguwa ɗaya a matsayin maƙwabtan juna. To sai dai mafi kusanci dangane da lamarin maƙwabtaka su ne, waɗanda suka haɗa katanga ko wanda suke kallon juna dab da dab. A al’umar Hausawa akan samu zumunci maƙwabtaka tsakanin unguwa da unguwa, ko tsakanin gari da gari. Bayan wannan kuma, yanzu an samu ci gaban zamani.Ta inda akan samu zumunci ta haɗuwar gunduma ɗaya, ko ƙaramar hukuma ko Jiha ɗaya.Ko kuma Ƙasa baki ɗaya.To amma wannan ya fi faruwa in ana nesa da gida. Zumunci maƙwabtaka ba ƙaramar rawa yake takawa ba,ta hanyoyi da yawa. A wasu lokuttan, sai a samu yaran maƙwabta sun tare a gidan maƙwabci. A wani karon ma ba za a iya bambance ɗangida da wanda ba ɗangida ba. Haka nan kuma, wannan Hulɗa kan haifar da cuɗanya da shaƙuwa ta harkokin yau da kullum. Kamar are-aren wasu kayan aiki, misali dagi, da tsani, da kwangiri,ko adda da sauransu.Wannan ya haɗa da musayar kyaututtuka da nuna damuwa kan wani abin da ya shafi maƙwabci,tun daga kan maza har mata. Ban da wannan kuma su kansu mazan sukan haɗu, kowa ya kawo abincinsa a taru a ci gaba ɗaya(ciyayya). Game da su kuwa mata, akan samu musayar kyauta musamman abinci dangin kayan marmari da ake kira kawo ƙwarya,ko ɗauki. Haka kuma a lokacin bikin sallah, ko wani biki, ko kuma wata tsaraba, ko kuma haka nan kawai. Al’amarin maƙwabtaka ba ƙarami ba ne, don kuwa Bahaushe ya ɗauke ta da muhimmanci.Wannan kuwa, tun gabanin zuwan addini Musulunci ƙasar Hausa. To da addinin Musulunci ya zo kuma, sai ya zamanto ya ƙara ƙarfafa sha’anin maƙwabtaka, kamar yadda ya zo a cikin littafin Riyadil Salihin. Inda wani hadisi yace, Abdullahi Ɗan Umar yace: Manzon Allah (S.A.W) ya ce: Akwai wata rana da mala’ika Jibril ya zo masa ya faɗa masa (Annabi) haƙƙoƙin maƙwabci a kan maƙwabci, har sai da Annabi ya yi tsammanin maqwabci zai iya gadon maƙwabcinsa, saboda tsananin kusanci da nuna dangantaka”. Haka kuma, akwai abubuwa da suka faru tsakanin Annabi Muhammadu (S.A.W) da wani Bayahude maƙwabcinsa. “An ruwaito cewa Annabi(S.A.W.) ya kasance da wani maƙwabci Bayahude.Wanda ya riƙa watso wa Manzon Allah (S.A.W) shara a gida.Duk da haka Manzon Allah bai ce masa komai ba.Aka kwana biyu,Manzon Allah bai ga an zuba shara ba.Don haka sai Manzo ya tambaya, shin ina Bayahudan nan? Sahabbai suka ce: “ba shi da lafiya”, sai Manzo yace mu tafi mu gaishe shi”. Waɗannan suna iya zama madogara dangane da yadda Addinin Musulunci ya ƙarfafa sha’anin maƙwabtaka a tsakanin al’umma. Addini da ma ya iske Hausawa na da al’adar zumunci a tsakanin maƙwabta.To sai dai ya faɗaɗa matsayinta, kamar yadda aka samu wasu bayanai masu yawan gaske. A inda Annabi Muhammadu (S.A.W) ya nuna mana cewa: Maƙwabtaka kan fara ne daga gida ɗaya, zuwa gida arba’in hannun hagu, haka kuma gida da zuwa arba’in hannun dama.Haka kuma gaba ko baya su ma daga gida ɗaya zuwa arba'in. Wannan ya ƙara ba Bahaushe ƙarin ƙarfin gwiwa,wanda ya haifar da kyakkyawar zumunci a al’ummansa. ZUMUNCIN ABOTA Zumunci da abota kan ƙulla kan faru ne, saboda wasu dalilai masu tarin yawa da suka shafi rayuwa ta yau da kullum. Wannan zumunci kan iya ƙulluwa a tsakanin jinsi ɗaya ko wani jinsi, da wani, ko tsakanin tsara da tsara, ko tsakanin babba da yaro da dai sauransu. Bisa ga dalilan da kan sa abota ta ɗore shi ne, dacewar abokan. Musamman in aka yi sa’a ra’ayinsu ya zo ɗaya, ko kuma ɗaya ya fi ɗaya haƙuri Akan samu abokai na jinsi ɗaya, misali kamar aboki da aboki, wato duk maza ne, ko ƙawa da ƙawa,mata. Dangane da yadda abota kan ƙullu ta yi ƙarfi har ta haifar da zumunci a tsakanin mutane.Ba ya rasa nasaba da irin asalin abin da ya yi sanadin haɗuwar su.Tare da kuma irin mahimmancin da suka bai wa Al’amarin. Misali kamar waɗanda suka haɗu a makaranta, ko kasuwa, ko wurin ibada, ko wurin wani taro na musamman da Sauransu. Abota kan ƙullu a tsakanin ɗalibai ko almajirai, ko ƴan makaranta da suke karatu tare.Tabbas makarantar na iya kasancewa ta Arabiyya, wato ta allo ko kuma makarantar tsangaya. A inda za a iske an haɗa wa Malami yara, a wani lokaci na gari ɗaya, ko na garuruwa daban- daban, duk suna harka tare. A samakon haka abota kan ƙullu. Da yake yanzu zamani ya zo da wani sauyi, akan samu makarantun Islamiyya.Inda za a samu an haɗa yara maza da mata a aji ɗaya, amma ba Ƙur’ani kaɗai ake koya masu ba har da sauran ilimin addinin. Akwai kuma makarantar ilimi na littattafai (zawiyya),a inda nan za a iske manyan mutane suke ɗaukar karatu a wurin wani malami.Wanda yake ya sha bamban da na makarantar yara, wato da ta allo da kuma ta Islamiyya. Haka shi ma ilmin boko yakan zama mafarin ƙulluwar abota a tsakanin mutane da al’ummar Hausawa a matakai daban- daban. Kamar a makarantun firamare, da na gaba da firamare, da kuma manya-manyan makarantu. Da farko dai, akan kai yaro ko yarinya makaranta elemantare, ko firamare, sannan kuma ya wuce makarantar sakandare ko ta horan malamai. A makarantar firamare da na gaba da firamare. Duk yaron ko yarinyar da suka haɗa aji za a ga ana samun kyakkyawar dangantaka a tsakaninsu wadda kan haifar da zumunci zuwa gaba. Haka ma waɗanda ba su haɗa aji ba, in dai sun yi makaranta ɗaya, irin wannan zumunci kan ƙullu. A manyan makarantun ilimi ma kamar jami’o’i, zama tare ko gudanar da wasu (abubuwa) al’amura kan sa a ƙulla abota wanda kan haifar da zumunci mai ɗorewa.Wato bayan an gama makaranta har ya zuwa ga Ƴaƴa da jikoki.A inda za a iske ana kafa ƙungiyoyin tsofaffin xalibai. Haka ma harkar kasuwanci kan sa a ƙulla dangantaka wanda kan haifar da zumunci. Haɗuwa a wurin cin kasuwa da irin ragowar da akan samu a wurin saye da sayarwa, tsakanin mutane da dai sauransu.Wannan shi ma kan sa a saba, da kuma yarda da juna a zama abokai.Ta fuskar kasuwa kuma da sauran lamura, wato zumunci yana ɗorewa. Hasali ma dai, a al’ummar Hausawa mutanen da suke sana’a ko kasuwanci iri ɗaya sukan zama kamar tsintsiya. Bisa ga wata abotar da ta kan ƙullu ta sanadiyyar haɗuwa a wuraren ibada, nan ma za mu iya cewa ba ƙaramar rawa su ke takawa ba kamar masallaci, aikin hajji da umra ko jana’iza da sauransu. Wato wasu harkar da addini kan sa a shaƙu a zama abokai har zumunci ya shigo a zama kamar uwa ɗaya uba ɗaya. A wata fuskar kuma, akan samu ƙulluwar abota a sakamakon haɗuwa a wasu wuraren tarurruka na rayuwa. Kamar wasan al’adun gargajiya, kamar wasannin dambe,ko kokuwa, kalankuwa, ko irin na taron siyasa da dai sauran makamantasu. Waxannan kan taimaka ainun dangane da ƙulla abota a tsakanin mutane a cikin alumma.A inda wannan abota kan ɗore har ga ƴaƴa da jikoki, ta fuskar ziyartar juna, ko musayar kyaututtuka a tsakaninsu, ko halartar duk wani lamari da ya shafi aboki. Dangantakar abota dai a al’umar Hausawa abu ne da kan ƙulla kyakkyawan zumunci a tsakanin mutane.A wanda wani lokaci ma yakan fi zumuncin jini danƙo. Idan irin wannan zumunci ya yi kyau, aboki kan iya ɗaukar ɗawainiyar iyalan aboki.Musamman idan ba ya da rai, ko wata rashin lafiya ta kama shi, ko idan ya yi tafiya. Haka kuma aboki kan iya zama uban auren ƴaƴa abokinsa. Wato ya ba da su ga wanda yake so, ya kuma yi masu duk wasu ɗawainiya fiye ma da yadda zai yi ma ƴaƴan sa. ALMAJIRCI KO ƊALIBTA Almajirci ko ɗalibta abu ne da kan haifar da dangantaka kyakkyawa,a tsakanin mutane, wanda daga ƙarshe zumunci kan ƙullu. Dangantakar kan ƙullu ne ta fuskoki da yawa kamar tsakanin malamai da Almajiri ko tsakanin almajri ko xalibi da xan’uwansa ko kuma a tsakanin almajiri ɗalibi da jama’ar gari. Dangane da yadda, almajirci na fannin ilimin addini ke ƙulla zumunci a tsakanin malamai da almajiri. shi ne, kamar inda za a tarar malami ya zama kamar uba ga almajirin.Balle ma a ce sun tafi zuwa wani gari wanda ba garinsu ba. To a nan ban da karantar da shi da malami ya ke yi, to kuma shi ne, matsayin ubansa. Wannan dangantaka ta kan ɗore ko bayan almajirin ya sauke Alkur’ani ya koma gida, sai a samu ya na ziyartar malami. Bayan wannan kuma akan samu dangantaka a tsakanin malamai da iyayen almajiri.Iyayen kan girmama malami ne, saboda baiwar da Allah ya ba shi ta ilimi, da kuma karantar da Ɗansu da ya yi wanda a sakamakon haka za su amfana duniya da lahira. Irin wannan dangantaka ta girmamawa kan haifar da zumunci, a inda za a iske har ziyarar juna ake yi da halartar shagulgulan da suka shafi juna. Haka kuma akwai wani zumunci da ke ƙjulluwa a tsakanin alamajirai. A duk inda a ka ce almajirai suna zaune dole ne a samu kusantar juna tsakanin mutum biyu ko fiye. Idan an tafi yawon bara akan tafi tare, duk abin da aka samu a ci tare irin wannan dangantarkar kan ɗore har zuwa girma ya haifar da zumunci. A sakamakon barin gida a shiga duniya neman ilim, almajiri kan ce a rashin uwa akan yi uwar ɗaki” Domin ya ɗebe wannan kewar almajirin kan samu wata mata a cikin gari wadda zai rinƙa kai mata wasu ƴan koke-koke, tana share masa hawaye, ko kuma ya rinƙa kai mata tarin kuɗi ko ajiyar wani kayansa na musamman. Akan kira wannan mata da sunan uwar ɗaki ko kuma in namiji ne, sai a ce masa ubangida. Samun uwar ɗaki ko uban gida yakan faru ne a wani lokaci da aka fara zuwa bara, ko aike, ko kuma ta fara yin rubutun sha, wato almajirin kan yo wa matar da yake so ta zama uwar ɗakinsa rubutun sha, musamman lokacin zumi,ko wata larura in taso. Wanda idan ya tashi tafiya gida, ita kuma sai ta yi masa hasafi na abin da ya sauƙaƙa tare da godiya. Ta fannin maza kuwa wato uban gida shi an fi samun mai yi masa wata hidimar yau da kullum, kamar cefane da wanki ko share-share. A wani lokacin akan yi sa’a wani ubangida ya riƙe almajiri har girmansa wani ma har yakan yi masa aure. Wato ya yi masa duk abin da zai yi wa ɗan cikinsa. Irin wannan zumunci yakan yi naso har ya kai ga iyayen Almajiri. A inda sukan girmama shi, kuma ya mutuntasu, saboda ƙarfin halin da suka nuna na barin ɗansu ya yi masa barantaka. Bisa ga yadda ɗalibta ta ɓangaren ilimi zamani ko na boko, ke ƙulla zumunci shi ne, inda za a samu zumunci tsakanin ɗalibi da malaminsa. Nan ma akan gudanar da zumunci kamar yadda yake tsakanin ɗa da uba. Don kuwa baya ga koyar da shi da malami ke yi, yakan ba shi wasu shawarwari da za su taimakeshi a harkokin rayuwarsa ko da bayan ya gama karatu. Da yake ɗalibta suna suka tara, za mu iya kasa ta kashi uku dangane da mastayin ko mataki. Misali akwai ɗalibta da akan fara a makarantun firamare, wato tun ana ƙanana. A nan malami shi ne, zai lura da yaro kamar mai raino wato kamar uwa,don kuma shi zai nuna masa cewar ya yi wannan, ya bar wannan. A irin wannan makarantar, malamai kan ɗauki yara kamar ƴaƴansu, su koya masu yadda ake tarbiya, da tsabta da sauransu.Wannan kan sa dangantaka ta ɗore tsakanin malamai da ɗalibi, musamman idan jininsu ya haɗu. Daga wannan kuma sai mataki na biyu na ɗalibtar da yaro kan yi a lokacin da yake makarantar gaba da firamare ko kwalejin. A irin wannan muhalli dangantaka kan iya zuwa ne ta fuska biyu. Da yake yaro ya fara sanin ciwon kansa.Yakan sami ƙulla dangantaka da yaran ajinsu,ko ƴan ɗakinsu kwanansu.Haka kuma akan samu ubangida wanda ya fi shi daɗewa a makarantar. Irin wannan ubangida kan rinqa kulawa da shi da al’amarin yaron. Irin wannan dangantaka kan ɗore ya haifar da zumunci, ko da bayan an bar makaranta. Bayan wannan sai kuma mataki na ƙarshe,wato ɗalibtar da mutum kanyi a manya-manyan makarantu, ko jami’o’i. A lokacin da ya zama mutum cikakke, wato ya riga ya mallaki hankalinsa ba dole ne malami ya wahalar da kansa wajen horar dashi ba, sai dai jawo hankali da shawarwari. A irin wannan mataki ma akan samu kyakkyawar dangantaka tsakanin ɗalibai da suka zo daga wurare daban-daban,wanda kan sa zumunci. Ta fuska ta biyu kuma ita ce zumuntar da kan ƙullu a tsakanin xalibi da Malamai. A samakon irin ƙauna da kuma horon da malami ya yi ma ɗalibi,da kansa yakan ƙi mantawa da shi, idan sun zama wani abu. Ɗalibi kan kyautata ma malamai kamar yadda zai kyautawa iyayensa. BARANTAKA (UBANGIDA DA BARANSA) Barantaka a al’umar Hausawa yana nufin ajiye wani mutum, ya rinƙa kula da gudanar da wasu lamura na rayuwa. Ko dai a biya shi a ƙa’idance, ko kuma ya dogara ga duk abin da Allah ya ciyar da shi daga ubangidansa. Ubangida kan ɗora wa baransa hidimar cefenen gidansa, ko kulawa da wurin kasuwancinsa, ko wasu dabbobi da yake kiwo, da sauransu. A al’umar Hausawa an fi samun barantaka ne a tsakanin masu mulki da talakawa, ko tsakanin masu hali da talakawa. Hanyoyin da dangantakar barantakar ke ƙulla zumunci a al’ummar Hausawa na da yawa. Domin a mafi yawan lokuta in dai har mai gida na kyautata wa barorinsa, sai a samu dangantakarsu ta zama kamar ta xa da mahaifi. Akan samu inda ubangida ke yi wa Baransa aure ya ba shi gida ko gona. Kai abin har yakan zama kamar wani ɗan uwa ne na jini. A wasu wuraren, bara yana ƙulla zumunci da ƴan uwan ubangidansa, kai ka ce shi ma ɗan uwa ne na tsatso. Idan dangantkar bara da ubangida ta yi ƙarfi, to sai a tarar ana yin zumunci a tsakanin dangin bara da dangin ubangida. Wannan kuwa yakan haɗa da ziyartar juna, da halartar wasu bukukuwa ko dai wasu lamura da suka shafi juna musamman in baran daga karkara yake. Haka idan dangantaka ta yi ƙarfi tsakanin bara da ubangidansa kusanci da yarda kan fi na tsakanin ɗa da mahaifi. Ubangida kan sanar da baransa wasu daga cikin sirrorinsa wanda ɗan cikinsa ma ba ya tava sani. Barantaka a al’ummar Hausawa suna ta tara. Akan samu barorin da ke gidan sarakuna waɗanda sukan sha bamban da na gidan masu kuɗi. Barorin sarakuna waɗanda akan ɗauka a matsayin fadawa, ko kuma na jikin fada, ciyar da su, da shayarwa, da tufatarwa, da aure, da muhalli duk suna wajen basaraken da suke ƙarƙashinsa ne. Game da barorin da suke ƙarƙashin mai kuɗi kuwa al’amarinsu ya saɓa da na sarakuna, saboda suna yin aiki ne da nufin a biya su. Ko da ma kuwa ciyarwa, da shayarwa, ko muhalli bai zama dole ba, sai dai don kyautatawa balle kuma a ce a yi masu aure. Ko da ya ke akan samu a wasu wurare ana yin haka, amma ba dai kamar irin na Sarakuna ba. Barantaka a wannan zamani ya bambanta da na zamanin da. Ana samun wasu ‘yan bambance -bambancen ne, kuma a sakamakon ci-gaban zamani da aka samu, wanda suka haɗa da samuwar ilmin boko, da aikin gwamnati, da na kamfanoni, da kasuwanci, da sufuri, da aikin jinga da dai Sauransu. Dangane da yadda samuwar ilmin boko ya yi tasiri akan dangatakar barantaka shi ne kasancewar ilmin boko ne ya zo da aikin ofis, ko mu ce na gwamnati da na kamfanoni da kuma leburanci. A sakamakon haka ne aka samu sauyi a cikin tsarin barantaka. Aikin gwamnati ya tanadar wa manƴan manƴan ma’aikata barori, waɗanda za su dinga yi masu hidima. Kamar masinja, da direba, kuku wato mai dafa abinci da boyi-boyi wato Mai aikace-aikacen gida kamar shara da wanki da sauransu. Idan aka yi sa’a wannan dangantakar ta yi kyau yakan sa a samu ƙulluwar zumunci. Bara sai ya zama tankar ɗan ‘uwa na jini. A wasu lokutan ma, ko da ubangidan ya bar aiki, dangantakar kan ɗore. A zamanin da an fi samun maza majiya ƙarfi a harkar barantaka, don kuwa mafi yawa aikin ƙarfi ake yi kamar noma,da huɗa, ko aikin gini, ko faskare da ɗiban ruwa da dai sauransu. To sai a yanzu aka samu ayyuka kamar raino, ko girki, ko wanke-wanke ko kuma cefane da dai sauran ayyuka waɗanda a da ba a ɗaukar barori masu yi. Wannan rayuwa da harkar barantaka ta samu ne saboda sauyawar zamani. Irin wannan dangantaka kan ƙulla zumunci musamman da yake yanzu ya shafi mata waɗanda a al’ummar Hausawa ana iya kiransu iyayen zumunci. Ta fuskar sufuri ma a yanzu an samu wani tsari na barantaka. Ana iya kiran direba bara ga mai mota, musamman saboda danƙa masa mota da aka yi, don ya ci abinci. Shi kuma direba yakan samu yaran mota ko mai gyaran mota wanda yake kamar bara ne a gare shi (direba). Shi kuma saboda koya masa mota da yake yi wanda ake sa ran nan zuwa gaba ya zamar masa sana’a. To duk waɗannan mu’amuloli idan suka yi kyau, zumunci kan shiga a kuma zama kamar uwa ɗaya uba ɗaya. ZUMUNCIN ADDINI Idan aka ce zumuncin addini ana nufin irin kyakkyawar dangantakar da harkokin addinin suka ƙulla tsakanin mutane. Da yake a baya mun ce Bahaushe ya fara ƙulla zumunci ne tun kafin zuwan addinin musulunci. To kamata ya yi mu waiwaya baya mu ga yadda lamuran addinin gargajiya na Bahaushe ya samar masa da zumunci, sannan mu dubi yadda abin ya inganta bayan zuwan addini na musulunci. Masana tarihi sun nuna cewa al’ummar Hausawa a wancan lokacin suna da addinin da yawa. Da suke gani sun dace da yanayin rayuwar su, kuma kowane yana gani akwai abin bautawa kuma yake ba da ummarni ko hani. Haka kuma akwai shugabanin masu jagorancin wannan addini na gargajiya ko bauta. Misali a Kano suna da tsumburbura da a ƙarƙashin jagorancin Barbushe a kan Dala da Gwaron Dutse,da Sarki maciji a Daura, da Madara a Kufena a Zariya, da magiro a kan dutsen Kwatarkwashi a Zamfara da sauransu. Da yake shi ma bori wani nau’i ne na addnin gargajiya al’ummar Hausawa, akan keɓe wasu lokuta na musammana waɗanda ake gudanar da waɗansu shagulgula na bori kamar girka ko raƙon wata, ko cire kurwa(inuwa) da sauransu. Dangane da yadda addinin gargajiya ko bori ya haɗa kan waɗanda suka yi imani da shi ko kuwa mu ce mabiyansa ba ƙaramar rawa ya taka ba. Musamman in mu ka yi nazarin yadda rayuwar Bahaushe ta kasance, saboda ko ba komai addinan sun haɗa dangantaka ta ƙut da ƙut. Za a samu ko da ba zuriyar mutum ba ne, in har a ka ce ga wani abu ya faru in dai har sun yi tarayya a abin imani ɗaya wato sun yarda da wani aljani, ko wani abin bauta, sai ka iske irin zumuncin da suke yi, kai ka ce ƴan uwa ne na jini. Domin babu mai son abin da zai ɓata wa wani rai, sai dai dole. Zuwan addinin Musulunci ƙasar Hausa ya taka muhimminyar rawa wajen sauya rayuwar Bahaushe musamman da yake Musulunci addini ne da ya shafi rayuwa gaba ɗaya. Bahaushe ya rungumi Musulunci kai tsaye, ya yi kuma watsi da sauran al’adunsa da addinansa na gargajiya. Daga cikin koyarwar addinin musulunci wanda Bahaushe ya runguma har da zumunci. Wannan bai rasa nasaba da horan da Allah ya yi a cikin Alkur’an mai girma inda yake cewa: a suratul Nahal Ayata 90 Lalle Allah Ya na ummarni da kyautatawa da Adalci ku ba ma’abota zumunta haƙƙinsu kuma ya yi hani al fasha da mummunan aiki………….” Suratul Furƙan Ayata 54 Shi ne (Allah) wanda ya halice ku daga ruwa kuma ya sanya dangantaka da surukuta Allah Ya kasance Ubangijinka mai iko……..” Haka shi ma Manzon Allah (S.A.W) ya na cewa a cikin Buguyatul Musulmi Ba zai shiga Aljanna ba” wanda ya yanke zumunci” “Wanda ya yi imani da Allah da ranar lahira to ya kyautatawa ma’abota zumunci (ƴan uwansa)” Bisa ga waɗannan dalilai da kuma wasu da yawa waɗanda ba a bayyana su ba, kasancewar Bahaushe Musulmi sai ya inganta lamarin zumunci a rayuwarsa fiye da yadda abin yake a lokacin maguzanci. A koyarwar addinin musullunci ,Allah (S.W.T) Ya umarci waɗanda suka yi imani da su so ƴan uwansu, su tausaya wa marasa hali, masu rauni, da marayu da dai duk wani wanda wata hulɗa ta rayuwa ta haɗa su. Kamar a aya ta 36 suratul Nisa’i. “Kuma ku bauta wa Allah kuma ka da ku haɗawani da shi kuma ga mahaifa ku yi kyautatawa, kuma ga ma’ abota zumunta da marayu da matalauta da maƙwabci ma’abucin kusanta, da maƙwabci manisanci, da aboki a gefe da xan hanya da abin da hannuwanku na dama suka mallaka. lalle ne Allah ba ya son wanda ya kasance mai takama, mai yawan alfari.” Baya ga ƙulla zumunci da Bahaushe ke yi, ta yin la’akari da horon da Allah (SWT) a cikin Alƙur’ani mai girma da koyarwar Annabinsa Muhammmad (S.A.W). Akwai wasu lamura na addini da ke ƙulla zumunci a al’ummar ta Hausawa. Misali haɗuwa a koyaushe a masallaci unguwa, ko na juma’a, ko a masallacin idi, lokacin sallah ƙarama da babba kan ƙulla dangantaka wanda ke iya haifar da zumunci tsakanin mutane. Haka kuma haɗuwa a taron ɗaurin aure, ko zanen suna, ko jana’iza, nan ma ana iya ƙulla dangantaka wadda kan iya ginuwa har ya haifar da zumunci. A sakamakon bambanci ko saɓanin fahintar addini, ya haifar da kafuwar ƙungiyoyin addini. A inda aka sami fahintar juna a tsakanin mutane wanda ya haifar da wasu mutane suka shiga wasu ɗariƙu, kamar ƙadiriyya ko Tijjaniyya da Sauransu. Wannan ya sanya duk waɗanda suka yi tarayya a rukuni ɗaya suna gudanar da zumunci a tsakaninsu. Idan abin farin cikin ya tashi mabiyan wannan ɗarikar duk za a taru a taya shi murna. Haka idan kuma abin baƙin ciki ne za a taru a taya shi baƙin ciki, a ba shi haƙuri daga nan zumunci ya ƙullu. Baya ga waɗannan kuma, a yanzu ana samun wasu ƙungiyoyi na addini kamar ƙungiyar jama’atul Nasarul Islam, ko Fitiyanul Islam, ko Jama’atu Izalatul Bid’a Wa’iqamatus Sunna, ko Jundullahi da dai sauransu. Waɗannan ƙungiyoyi su ne da hanyoyi da dama ta nuna zumunci kamar taron yin wa’azi da kuma wurin wasu ibadu, taimakon al’ummar ta yin wasu ayyukan ci gaban al’umma. Kamar dai kowane addinin shi ma addinin kirista ya ƙulla zumunci ga Hausawa mabiyansa ta fuskoki da yawa kamar wajen zuwa majami’a (coci) domin sujadar safe, ko ta yamma ko sujadar mako, ko kuma wajen bikin kirsimati da ista monde da dai sauran al’amuran addinin. A taqaice dai muna iya cewa Bahaushe mutum ne da ya taso tun fil’azal da zumuncinsa, wato tun lokacin addinin gargarjiya. To bayan zuwan addinin Musulunci sai abin ya ƙara ƙarfafa da yake daman zumunci na ɗaya daga cikin koyarwa addinin. Tasirin zumunci a al’ummar ta Hausawa ya kai har ana ba shi muhimmanci fiye da wasu al’amura da addinin ya wajabta. Wato dai zumunci a wurin Bahaushe kamar tsoka ne da jini wanda kuma aka samu ba ya gudanar da zumunci, to akan ɗauke shi fanɗararre, jama’a su rinƙ ƙyamarsa. MU'AMALA ZUMUNCI SANA’A Zumuncin sana’a kan ƙullu ko faru ne ta sakamakon tarayya a sana’a iri ɗaya, sau da yawa akan samu mutane masu sana’a ɗaya, suna gudanar da harkokin rayuwa ta yau da kullum wadda kan haɗ ziyarar juna. Hasali ma dai, a al’adar Bahaushe, masu sana’a iri ɗaya sukan zauna a wuri ɗaya a gari, ko a kasuwa. Misali a garuruwan ƙasar Hausa akan samu unguwa mahauta,ko unguwar maƙera,ko Soron ɗinki,ko unguwar masaƙa, ko marina,da unguwar majema da sauransu. Baya ga zumuncin maƙwabtaka da zai shiga tsakaninsu. Akan samu zumunci na auratayya saboda suna sana’a ɗaya, kuma suna zaune wurin ɗaya. Zumunci sana’a kan haifar da ziyarar juna tsakanin masu sana’a iri ɗaya. Kamar misali idan an yi wa wani haihuwa ko bikin aure ko rasuwa da dai sauran harkokin rayuwa. A yanzu zamani ya kawo ci gaba ta fuskar kafa ƙungiyoyi na sana’a iri irin kamar ƙungiyar mahauta da ƙungiyar maƙera da ƙungiyar manoma har da ƙungiyar makaɗa da mawaƙa. Hulɗar da kan wakana tsakanin masu gudanar da sana’o’i iri ɗaya, da kuma ƴan ƙungiyar masu sana’a ɗaya kan yi. Yakan haifar da zumunci da taimakon juna a tsakaninsu. A wasu ƙungiyoyin akan samu wani asusu da akan Buɗe, a inda akan ɗora wa kowa haraji daidai ƙarfina. A irin wannan kuɗi ne ake taimaka wa ƴan uwa, idan sun shiga wata matsala ko wani sha’ani ya same su. Kafa irin wannan ƙungiyoyi ba ya kan tsaya ne a gari ɗaya kawai ba. Har akan samu rassan ƙungiyar a ko’ina da cibiyar a wuri ɗaya. Wato ke nan zumunci na iya naso har tsakanin gari da gari ko ƙasa da ƙasa. Domin mahimmancin zumuncin sana’a da ƙara masa danƙo da armashi a al’ummar Hausawa. An samar da wasanni na raha a da barkwanci tsakanin wasu masu sana’a daban daban. Wannan kuwa akan yi shi ne don samun nishaɗi da annashuwa. Sannan kuma akwai adana al’ada da riƙon zumunci. Wannan wasa kan faru ne, ko dai don a nuna fifikon wasu masu sana’ar kan wasu masu wata sana’a ta daban. Ko kuma don a nuna irin matsayinta ga rayuwar al’umma gaba xaya. Misalin wannan kamar maƙera da Buzaye, ko mahauta da masunta (masu kamun kifi),ko mahauta da majema, ko marina da masaƙa da sauransu. Wani zumunci da sana’a ke ƙullawa shi ne ta wajan cinikayya tsakanin mai saye da mai sayarwa. Bisa kuma ga ragowa da ake samu a tsakanin kan sa a ji ana cewa wane abokina ne. Shi ma a kan samu wani zumunci mai ƙarfi da ke ta ƙulluwa. A inda har akan lamunci juna abin har takan kai ga ziyartar juna da halartar wata hidima in ta samu da dai sauransu. Zumuncin sana’a kan taimaka wa mutum a lokacin da ya shiga wani hali. Misali kamar in ya sauka a wani gari a matsayin baƙo, Ko kuwa a ce bai san kowa ba. Da yake sana’a abu ne da Bahaushe ya ba mahimmnaci don neman abin da zai gudanar da rayuwa cikin jin daɗi. To sai ya zama wajibi ga Bahaushe ya sa wannan lamarin na zumunci a harkar sana’arsa yadda har ba a iya bambance zumunci na jini da wadda sana’a ta haxa. ZUMUNCIN TAFIYA Tafiya na nufin mutum ya tashi daga wani wuri zuwa wani wuri, don gudanar da wasu lamura na rayuwa. Tun a zamanin da, har zuwa yanzu ba ma a ƙasar Hausa kaƙai ba. Tafiya kan haɗa mutane daban- daban a kan hanyarsu ta zuwa wani wuri wadda kan haɗa wata dangantaka a kan hanya ya zama zumunci. Ko da bayan an isa wurin da za ayi, zumunci yakan yi naso har Ƴaƴa da jikoki. A zamani da, wato kafin samun abubawan hawa kamar mota da babur,da keke da sauransu. Idan za a yi tafiya musamman na kasuwanci akan yi ƙungiya-ƙungiya da akan kira ayari. A wasu lokuta sai a tarar sun fito gari ɗaya a wani lokacin kuma sai dai su haɗu kawai saboda wasu dalilai. Ayarin fatake masu fatauci daga wannan gari zuwa wancan sukan samu shugaba da ake kiransa Madugu. Shi wannan mutum shi ne, mai faɗa a ji, ya ba da umarni na yi ko hani. Wannan ayari kan ƙunshi jama’a maza da mata da dabbobi kamar jakuna, da dawaki, da raƙuma. A wani lokaci kuma akan samu shanu da akan yi takarkari da wasu daga cikinsu, don a ɗora masu kaya. Sannan in akwai wani yaro, ko mai larura to sai ya hau ɗaya daga cikin takarkarin. Su kuma sauran ƴan ayarin duk da ƙafa ake tafiya, sai in an samu wani wuri a yi zango, in an ga dare ya yi. Irin wannan tafiya kan sa ƙulla kyakkyawar dangantaka tsakanin matafiya wanda kan iya samar da zumunci na mu’amulla da na auratayya a tsakaninsu. Baya ga wannan kuma tafiya kan ƙulla zumunci ta fuskar ibada kamar zuwa aikin hajji a ƙasar Makka. Inda za a samu matafiya sun zama kamar ƴan uwa ɗaya, uba ɗaya, ba a da ba, lokaci da ake tafiya a ƙasa har ma a wannan zamani. A sakamakon tafiya aikin hajji, Hausawa kan ƙulla dangantaka da waɗanda suka yi tafiya tare. A inda zumunci kan ɗore ko bayan an dawo gida. Zumuncin da tafiya ke ƙulluwa a al’ummar Hausawa ya ci gaba da ƙarfafa. Bayan shigowar hanyoyin sufurin na zamani,kamar motoci, da jirage da dai sauransu. Da zarar Bahaushe ya haɗu da wani a cikin mota akan hanyarsu ta zuwa wani gari. Wasu daga hira dangataka za ta fara ginuwa har ya kai ga an yi wa juna tayin wani abinci. Daga nan sai tambayar wurin zama,da kaɗan-kaɗan za a yi ta ziyartar juna har zumunci ya ƙullu. ZUMUNCIN RA’AYI RA’AYI Ra’ayi na iya ɗaukar ma’anar fahimta, da amincewa, da kuma karkata rai(zuciya) ga wani lamari na rayuwar duniya. Wato bukata,ko tunani bisa al’amuran rayuwa, shi ake kira ra’ayi a taƙaice karkata ko tarayya akan ra’ayi ɗaya da mutane daban-daban kan sa a samu kyakkyawar dangataka a tsakanin mutane wanda kan haifar da zumunci. Wannan zumuncin ci gaban zamani ya zo mana da shi.To amma da yake ya iske Malam Bahaushe da ma yana da zumunci, sai aka dace. Akan samu jituwar ra’ayi a kulob-kulob, ko ƙungiyar masu sauraran rediyo da karanta jaridu, ko ƙungiyar zaɓi- sonka da dai sauransu. A sakamakon haɗuwar kai, ko dacewar ra’ayi, akan samu mutune daga wurare daban-daban ko asali daban-daban.Ra’ayin siyasa ya haɗasu, kai ka ce ƴan ‘uwa ne na jini. Irin wannan zumunci kan kai har ga Ƴaƴa da jikoki. Misali a siyasar jamhuriya ta ɗaya ƴan Nepu kan sami kyakkyawar dangantaka a tsakaninsu. Wanda ya haifar da zumunci a al’umar Hausawa har kawo wa yau. Haka su ma ƴan jam’iyyar N.P.C. da Sauransu. To haka ma abin ya kasance a janhuriya ta biyu.Wannan shi ne ya yi naso zuwa zamaninmu na yau. Baya ga wannan kuma dagantakar ƴan kulob-kulob a gari ko unguwa kan samar da zumunci. A inda akan ga sun haɗu kansu, don kawai su taimaka wa kansu da kansu. Wato haɗa kansu su gudanar da wasu aikace-aikace da ci gaban al’umma gaba ɗaya, ta hanyar amfani da ƙarfinsu ko kuma da aljihunsu. Wannan bai yiwuwa, sai ra’ayi ya zo ɗaya, sannan ake samun haɗin kai Wani ɓangaren da zumuncin ra’ayi ya ƙarfafa shi ne, wajen nuna ƙauna ga wani mutum. Ko da ba a taɓa ganin shi ido da ido ba. A wannan fuskar za mu iya kawo misalin ƙungiyoyin masu sauraron rediyo da kuma ƴan zaɓi sonka. Waɗanda za a iske mutum bai taɓa ganin mutum ba. To amma a sakamakon jin sunansa a rediyo, sai a ga abota ta ƙullu tun ana gaida juna ta gidajen Rediyo. Wata rana har sai ka ga an ziyarci juna. Su ma ƙungiyoyi na taimakawa junansu kamar ta yin ajo, wato gudanmuwa. Idan wata hidima ta sameshi kamar haihuwa, ko aure, ko kuma in ya yi wata asara. A ƙarshe dai zamu iya cewa lallai haɗuwar ra’ayi ba ƙaramar rawa yake takawa ba, wajen ƙulla zumunci. Ko da yake zamani ya kawo wannan zumunci, to dama “iska ta iske kaba na rawa”.Wato zamani ya zo ya tarar da Bahaushe yana gudanar zumuncinsa. MATSAYIN ZUMUNCI A DA DA YANZU Idan a ka yi nazarin yadda ake gudanar da lamarin zumunci, a al’umar Hausawa a da, da kuma yanzu. Za mu ga ba za su taɓa kwatantuwa ba. A kowacce al’umma yanayin rayuwa kan canza daga lokaci zuwa lokaci. Daga cikin abubuwan da kan canza rayuwa akwai tasirin baƙin al’umma da al’adu, da kuma ci gaban zamani. To sai dai a wasu lokutan ci gaban kan zo da wasu illoli, kamar yadda ya yi wa lamarin zumunci a al’ummarmu a yau. A wannan mataki za a kwatanta matsayin zumunci a da, da kuma yanzu. Sannan kuma da dalilan da suka sa ya taɓarɓare ko matsalolin da yake fuskanta. A zamanin da, al’adar Bahaushe ta shimfiɗa wasu abubuwa da suka ƙara ƙarfafa zumunci a cikin al’ummar. Tun kafin isowar addinin musulunci da kuma bayanarsa. A al’ada ta Bahaushe ya gaji wasu manyan al’amura da ba za a iya mantawa da su ba, in dai har aka zo yin maganar zumunci. Waɗannan al’amura kuwa sun haɗa da rungumar juna tare da taimakon juna, da kunya, da girmama al’ada da dai sauransu. Bahaushe ya gaji rungumar juna a al’adance, saboda tun ta hanyar nazarin yadda gidansa yake ya isa misali. Ta fuskar ƙaunar juna kuwa duk inda Bahaushe yake a da, za a same shi bai ƙaunar wani abu mara kyau, ko wata mumunar ƙaddara ta faɗa wa ɗan uwansa. In har ya same shi za a iske shi yana taya shi baƙin ciki. Haka kuma in aka ce abin farin ciki ya samu ɗan uwan Bahaushe, a nan ma ba a barinsa a baya. Misali idan aka yi wa wani haihuwa, ko kuma a shagalin aure ƴan uwa za su tara masa gudunmuwa, na kuɗi, ko na hatsi, ko tufafi da sauran su. Idan abin ɓacin rai ya same shi, za a tarar duk ƴan ‘uwan su nuna damuwarsu, kamar wajen ciwo ko mutuwa, ko wata asara kamar gobara, ko sata da makamantansu. Kulawa da wannan kuwa shi ne babban sinadarin da ke ƙulla zumunci fiye da komai. Duk da yake cewa, har yanzu ana samun irin wannan kyakkyawar dangantaka a al’ummar Hausawa. To a gaskiya,yanzu abin ya yi rauni ƙwarai. Wato ba za a kwatanta shi da yadda zumunci ke gudana a tsakanin jama’a a yanzu ba. Ba abin mamaki ba ne ƴan uwa na jini su shekara ba tare da an sa juna a ido ba. Ko kuma ya rinƙa gudanar da harkokinsa daga shi sai matarsa da ƴaƴansa. Al’ummar Hausawa na da al’adar kunƴa a zamanin da,kuma takan taka muhimmiyar rawa wajen ƙarfafa zumunci. Idan muka lura a yau kunya ta ɓace. Bugu da ƙari, shi kansa Bahaushe ya yi watsi da wasu abubuwa, da ba su zama dole ba. Sannan kuma hatta yanayin hanyoyin gudanar da rayuwa sun sauya su. Domin a zamanin da Bahaushe yafi ƙarfin abinci,da muhalli da sauransu. To amma, yanzu sai ga shi duk suna neman fin ƙarfinsu. A da Bahaushe kan mallaki abincin shekara da shekaru, saboda halin noma sannan kuma ga kiwo. Saɓanin yanzu harkar noman ta zama, sai mai hannu da shuni,wanda zai iya amsa kira in an yi. Don haka ashe dole ne mutum ya rage wasu abubuwa, kuma ya shiga matse hannu, amma fa a dole don ba yadda za’a yi. Ban da wannan kuma, ko da yanayin muhallin da Bahaushe ya gada, ya samu tasiri, saboda dai an san Bahaushe a gidansa ya kan mallaki ɗakin matarsa, ko matansa, da turaka, sai zaure a wani lokocin kuma da ɗakin baƙi. To amma yanzu abu ya shaddada ya kai lahaula wala ƙuwata, sai ka samu mutum daƙyar zai samu ya gina ɗaki ɗaya ma, balle har a yi ma maganar ɗakin baƙi. MATSALOLIN ZUMUNCI A YAU Al’amarin zumunci yana fuskantar matsaloli da dama, a sakamakon faruwar sauye-sauyen da zamani ya kawo, a rayuwar Bahaushe ta yau da kullum. Bisa faruwar abubuwa, kamar cuɗanya da wasu ƙabilu. A inda aka samu shigowar baƙin al’adu, sannan kuma suka yi tasiri, Haka kuma zuwan ilmin boko shi ma ya yi tasiri ƙwarai a kan zumuncin Bahaushe. Don kuwa ya zo da wasu ɗabi’u, sannan ya kuma kawar da wasu ɗabi’u da a ka gada kaka da kakanni.Misali zaman gidan haya da wasu ƙabilu,sannan kuma ɗaki ɗaya ko ciki da falo. Baya ga waɗannan kuma, sai wasu dalilai kuma da suka ƙara kawo matsaloli ga harkar zumunci, sun haɗa da yanayi tattalin arziki, ci gaban zamani, sannan kuma sai gurɓacewar hali da sauransu. Zumunci ya fuskanci babbar matsala ta fuskar Hulɗar yau da kullum, musamman da aka durƙusar da jama’a da dama. Kamar lalacewar harkar nama,da kasuwanci, da kuma faɗuwar darajar naira. Wannan al’amari ya bugi kowa, don haka ne, sai ya sa kowa yana ta kansa. Kasancewar kowa a cikin irin wannan hali,na talauci, sai ya kawo wasu abubuwa sababbi waɗanda da ba a sansu ba. Kamar rowa,da ƙyamar haihuwa,da gudun dangi. Haka kuma ana iya cewa ya kori wasu abubuwa waɗanda da yake an san Bahaushe da su. Kamar taimakawa mabuƙata, da suka haɗa da ƴan ‘uwa ne, ko bare? da aka san Bahaushe da shi. To dalilin wannan durƙushewar da tattalin arziki ya yi, sai ya kawar da wannan. Don kuwa ya zama dole, saboda ya ya mutum ya iya da kansa? balle har ya ji da ɗaukar nauyin ɗan uwa?. Domin haka sai aka samu giɓi a tsakanin ƴan uwa, ko maƙwabta. Musamman masu hannu da shuni, wannan kuwa ya ƙara nesanta jama’a da dama da sauran ƴan uwa da abokan arziki. Wanda babu shakka ya kawo lalacewar zumunci a wurare da yawa. Domin sau da yawa kyauta na ƙara qulla zumunci,rowa kuma na tsinka shi. A halin da ake ciki a wannan zamani ba maƙwabci ba, kai ko da ɗan uwa ne, ko kuma malami ne yanzu in ya hori yaro, sai ka ga an nuna ɓacin rai. Wai cewar ya tsargi yaron ko ya sa masa ido ne ,ba domin gyara halin yaron ne ya hore shi ba. Bayan haka kuma, sai wani dalilin kuma da ya kawo gurɓatar hali shi ne kuwa, rashin girmama na gaba. Wanda shi ma ya ƙara durƙusar da zumunci ƙwarai da gaske. Domin idan aka dubi baya a zamanin da, za mu ga cewar an san Bahaushe da girmama na gaba da shi. Don ba a gida ɗaya ba, ko a unguwa ɗaya ake ,da zarar a ka ce ga wani babban wanda ake girmama shi. Haka kuma da zarar babba ya yi magana a kan wani abu zai yi a saɓa. Duk kuma abin da ya hukunta, ko mene ne ya zauna, babu mai tayarwa, saboda irin matsayin sa. Bayan haka kuma, a da akan samu biyayya a tsakanin ƴan uwa kamar wa (yaya) ya na da iko a kan ƙaninsa. Ma’ana in ya yi hukunci ta zauna. Haka shi kuma ƙanin ba shi da ikon ya yi jayayya, don biyayya tare da girmamawa. Haka kuma yake har akan Ƴaƴansu. Shi kuma wannan na da ikon yin hukunci da na ƴan uwa, babu wata fargaba,don ya san ya fi ƙarfin abin. Kai ko babu jinin dangantaka a tsakani, ko ta abota ta haɗa mutum da iyaye wani. To sai ka samu ana girmama, wannan mutum a matsayin uba. A wannan zamani abin ya zamanton saɓanin haka. Gurɓacewar halayen mutane, wanda ya sa suka yi watsi da waɗannan lamuran ya sa zumunci da aka sani a tsakanin Hausawa ya yi rauni. Kowa kansa ya sani, to amma sai wasu na ganin cewa ci gaba ne. GURƁACEWAR HALI Zumunci ya samu nakasa ta dalilin gurɓatar hali da aka samu a cikin al’ummar Hausawa. Don kuwa a da an san Bahaushe da wasu halaye, kamar kunƴa, da girmama na gaba, da rungumar juna, ko ƙaunar juna, da ɗaukar ƙaddara da Sauransu. Bahaushe an san shi da kunƴa,(na nufin jin nauyi,tare da kamun kai), da kawaici, ko kara (kawar da kai,a kan wasu al’amura) waɗanda a yanzu sun ɓace gaba ɗaya. Wannan ɓacewa kuwa ya taimaka da gaske wajen gurɓatar halayen Bahaushe a yau. Don kuwa a zamanin da, sai ka iske mutum na da ikon ya yi hukunci akan ɗan wani. Ma’ana in ya ganshi ya na abin da ba daidai ba, sai ya hukuntashi ba tare da fargabar ko iyayen yaron zasu nuna ɓacin ransu ba.Ta dalilin wannan shi ya kawo kyautatuwar tarbiya a zamanin da, saboda an ɗauka ɗa na kowa ne; kuma haƙƙin kowa ne, ya kula da ɗan wani kamar yadda zai kula da nasa. Masu hikima na cewa, “ka ƙi naka duniya ta so shi, ka so naka duniya ta ƙi shi” to wannan ya nuna a sarari irin yadda rayuwar Bahaushe take a da. A yanzu maganar kunya ko kawaici ko kara sun ɓace. Sannan kuma son Ƴaƴa ya yi yawa, kowa ba ya son a taɓa ɗansa. Domin kuwa, wani ko dai dai da tsawa in ka yi wa ɗansa, sai ya tuhumeka kan wane dalili ne za ka matsa wa yaronsa?. A wani lokaci ma in har ba’a yi sa’a ba, sai abin ya kai su ga tashin hankali, ko kuma wani lokaci har ya kai su zuwa ga hukuma, watan kamar ƴan sanda ko Alkali. An nan an samu akasin ɗabi’un da a ka Bahaushe da su, don kuwa a zamani da ana kawar da kai a kan ɗa, amma yanzu kowa nasa ya sani. Ma’ana son Ƴaƴa shi ya sanya zumunci ya naƙasa. Saboda gaba ɗaya an saki layi sai bin son zuciya. Gurɓacewa hali ya zama kamar ci gaban mai haƙar rijiya ne, don kuwa babu inda za a in dai har ana cikin wannan hali. Bugu da ƙari a zamanin da, an san Bahaushe da rungumar juna, ko kuma a ce ƙaunar ɗan uwansa. Don kuwa in aka ce ga abu ya samu ko ya faru ga ɗan uwa.To lallai su ma danginsa za su nuna damuwarsu, a kan wannan al’amari, saboda za su yi iyakar ƙoƙarinsu, sai sun ga inda ƙarfinsu ya ƙare. Ko da yake yanzu abubuwa sun sauya, domin kuwa duk wanda ka samu zaka iske shi ma yana da al’amarin da ya dameshi. Da zarar garin Allah ya waye zaka samu kowa ya kama gabansa, sai ɗai ɗai ne, zaka ga wai suna lura ko biyawa ta kan ƴan uwa,sai dai kowa ya yi ta kansa. Wanda yake wannan wata sabuwar rayuwa ce, kuma baquwa da Turawa suka kawo mana. BAƘIN AL’ADU Zumunci ya fuskanci matsaloli masu ɗimbin yawa a wannan zamani. musamman saboda cuɗanyar al’ummar Hausawa da wasu ƙabilu, ya sa dalilin haka aka samu surkin al’adun Bahaushe da baƙin al’adu don haka ne sai aka samu tasirin baƙin al’adu akan al’adun Bahaushe kamar kunya, taimakon juna da tausayi da sauransu. A inda ko dai suna gurɓata, ko kuma ma suka ɓace gaba ɗaya. Sai baƙin suka maye gurbin su. Bisa ga yadda aka san Bahaushe a al’adunsa akwai kunƴa wadda ita ce takan yi masa takunkumi yin wasu abubuwa. Wannan kuwa zai iya haɗawa da kawaici kan wasu abubuwa. Kamar yadda wata karin magana ta ce “Ɗa na barin halal don kunya” manufa shi ne ko da wannan abu haƙƙinka ne, to ka na iya kau da kai don kunƴa, zamu iya dangantashi da sha’ani ƴaƴa. Domin a da ɗa dai na kowa ne, ko ɗan uwa ko amini, ko maƙwabci, ko malami. Kai, ko da ma wani Babba ne, a unguwa yana da ikon ya tsawatarwa yaro, kai har horo ma idan ta kama. Ban da yanzu, abin ba haka yake ba, saboda cuɗanya da wasu al’umma, sai aka samu akasi. A yanzu duk wanda ya taɓa ɗan wani, to sai ka ji ana kai ruwa rana. A wani lokaci kuma har, sai kaga abu ya kai ga zuwa Alkali akan maganar Ƴaƴa, ko kuma kaga faɗan yara ya juye zuwa na Manƴa. A zamanin da an san Bahaushe da rungumar juna wato taimakon ɗan uwa ta kowace fuska, a inda sai inda ƙarfinsa ya ƙare. Sannan kuma wata karin magana mai nuna cewar Naka naka ne ko bai maka aiki komai,” sannan Bahaushe ya yarda da ra’ayin nan mai cewa “namu ya samu sai ci”. Manufa shi ne, in Allah ya wadata ɗan uwa, to ɗan uwansa ya warke ke nan, saboda shi ne zai shaida. Malam Bahaushe ya kuma ƙara cewa “ai Babba juji ne” don haka dole ne ya ɗauki nauyin na ƙasa da shi. Sannan kuma wata karin magana mai cewa “kowa ya taimaki wani Allah na taimakonsa” Yanzu zamani ya sauya gaba ɗaya, saboda haka Bahaushe ya tsinci kansa cikin wani hali na rashin sanin tabbas. Bisa dalilin shigowar al’adar Malam Bature. Wanda shi a rayuwa irin tasa, bai yarda da tsari irin na Malam Bahaushe ba. Shi abin da ya fi amincewa shi ne, kowa tashi ta fissheshi, ko kuma muce daga ƙwauri sai gwiwa. A nan manufa shi ne daga shi sai ƴaƴansa da matarsa, a wani lokaci kuma da karensa. Shi bai yarda da ya ɗauki nauyin kowa ba, kai ko da mahaifansa in suka tsufa, sai ya kai su gidan gajiyayyu, sai dai ya rinƙa kai masu ziyara daga lokaci zuwa lokaci. ZAMA DA MAƊAUKIN KANWA Wannan irin dogon zama da aka yi, na shekaru masu yawa. Shi ne ya haifar da abubuwa da yawa da suka yi tasiri a kan rayuwar Bahaushe gaba ɗaya. Shi wannan irin tasirin kuwa, zamu iya karkasa shi zuwa kashi huɗu ko kuma su mutanen kamar haka: Akwai mutanen da tasiri ya yi masu jirwaye suka yi dabbare- dabbare. Akwai mutane da suka yi rabi da rabi kamar ragon uda, ko akuya mai gyauto(gefe rabi fari, rabi baƙi). Akwai mutane da suka yi baƙi-baƙi. Akwai mutanen da suka rikiɗe gaba ɗaya sun yi baƙiƙƙiirin. Sun ƙuna ba su gudun ƙauri. Kowane daga cikinsu ba ya rasa dalili da ya sanya shi zama hakan; 1. Rukunin mutane na farko su basu yi boko ba, amma sun fi ƴan bokon zaƙewa. 2. Rukunin mutane na biyu, ana iya samun ƴan boko zalla watau waɗanda suka yi karatun zamani kuma suka ɗauki ra’ayin boko, amma kuma suna gaurayawa da al’adunsu. 3. Rukunin na uku ,su ne boko sana’a, suna cin moriyar ta, amma ba su dulmiya ba. 4. Rukunin mutane na huɗu su ake kira boko aƙida, kuma tunanin su yafi na Bature, tun da su rayuwarsu ta yi ban –tafin- makafi da
32599	https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caroline%20Jackson	Caroline Jackson	Caroline Jackson (an haife ta a ranar 5 Nuwamba 1946 a Penzance, Cornwall 'yar siyasa ce a Burtaniya. Ta kasance memba a Majalisar Tarayyar Turai na Jam'iyyar Conservative daga alif 1984 zuwa 2009. Farkon aiki Kafin ta zama MEP, Jackson ta kasance ma'abociya bincike a Kwalejin St Hugh, Oxford, inda ta sami digiri na uku a tarihin siyasa na karni na 19. Ta yi aiki a Sashen Bincike na Conservative daga 1973 zuwa 1974 kuma ta yi yaƙi da mazabar Birmingham Erdington a babban zaɓe na Fabrairu 1974 Daga nan ta zama memba na ƙungiyar bincike da ke tallafawa MEPs na Conservative na Burtaniya na farko daga 1974 zuwa 1984. 'Yar Majalisar Tarayyar Turai An zabe ta don wakiltar mazabar Wiltshire tsakanin 1984 zuwa 1994, sannan sabuwar yankin Wiltshire North da Bath daga 1994 zuwa 1999 kuma daga 1999 zuwa 2009 ta zama MEP ga mazabar South West England A Majalisar Turai, ta kasance babban memba na Kwamitin Muhalli kuma tsakanin 1999 da 2004 ta kasance Shugabar Kwamitin Kula da Muhalli, Kare Masu Amfani da Lafiyar Jama'a. A lokacin shugabancinta, ta yi ƙoƙari ta mai da hankali sosai kan ayyukan da ƙasashe membobin ke yi wajen aiwatarwa da aiwatar da sabbin dokokin EU dangane da ɗaukar ƙarin irin waɗannan dokoki. Wannan ya kasance a lokacin da aka kafa doka mai tsanani a fannin ruwa da gurɓataccen iska, zubar da shara da kuma kula da sinadarai. Jackson ya sarrafa kwamitin da ƙarfi amma tare da ban dariya halaye masu mahimmanci lokacin da masu adawa da Jamusawa na sabbin dokoki kan madadin magunguna suka yi ƙoƙarin sarrafa shari'a a cikin 1995. An lura cewa a ranar 11 ga Satumba 2001 kwamitin Jackson shine kadai wanda bai dage ba lokacin da labarin hare-haren da aka kai a New York ya zo: Jackson ya yi jayayya cewa watsi da aikin kwamitin ba zato ba tsammani ya zama wata karamar nasara ga 'yan ta'adda. MEP Chris Davies na Liberal Democrat ya kwatanta Jackson kamar haka: "zata kasance a nan har abada: 'yar 'sandunan wasan hockey' amma ta tabbata, gaskiya da ban dariya." Jackson ta ƙware, a matsayin mai ba da rahoto na majalisa, kan dokokin abubuwa maras amfani. Ta ɗauki Umarnin Landfill ta Majalisa a cikin 1997–8. A cikin 2008 ta kasance mai ba da rahoto kan Umarnin Tsarin Sharar gida Da farko an soki shi da cewa yana kusa da harabar masana'antar sharar gida, Jackson ta yi nasarar hada kan mafi yawan abokan hamayyarta don goyan bayan wani buri na karshe wanda Majalisar Ministoci ta amince da shi kawai. Wannan ya sanya wajibi a kan Membobin Kasashe don cimma farashin sake amfani da su na 50% nan da shekarar 2020, wanda ya haifar wa Hukumar yiwuwar sanya manufofin rage sharar gida tare da share tambayar matsayin kona sharar a matsayin wani nau'i na "farfadowa" maimakon. fiye da "zuwa". Jackson ta yi imanin cewa David Cameron bai yi kuskure ba ya umurci MEPs masu ra'ayin mazan jiya su fice daga jam'iyyar jama'ar Turai a 2009 saboda wannan yana nufin babbar hasarar tasirin siyasa. Ta yi nuni da cewa a gaskiya jam’iyyar Conservative ta samu ‘yancin kai na siyasa a cikin jam’iyyar EPP. Ta bayar da hujjar cewa sabon matsayi na Conservatives daga 2009 a cikin "Conservatives da Turai Reformists kungiyar" tare da Czech ODS jam'iyyar, Polish Law and Justice party da motley ma'aikatan Turai masu haƙƙin mallaka, na nufin cewa za su rasa tasiri da gani a cikin Majalisar Turai a daidai lokacin da ikon majalisar ke karuwa. Ta bayyana ra'ayoyinta a cikin labaran labarai a cikin 2009 kuma Cameron ya ji tsoron cewa za ta iya bin mijinta, Robert V. Jackson, MP for Wantage (1983-2005) don yin watsi da jam'iyyar Conservative ga Jam'iyyar Labour Amma ta ci gaba da zama 'yar mazan jiya kuma jam'iyyar ta ba da yabo ga aikinta lokacin da ta bar majalisar, William Hague yana nuna cewa Jackson "koyaushe yana kan gaba". Ta ajiye aiki a lokacin Zaben Majalisar Tarayyar Turai na 2009. Aiki na gaba Yanzu tana aiki a matsayin mai ba da shawara kan muhalli. Ta kasance memba na Majalisar Ba da Shawarwari na Hangen nesa a GDF Suez Environment kuma memba na Hukumar Cibiyar Nazarin Muhalli ta Turai Wallafe-wallafe Pdf. Manazarta Hanyoyin haɗi na waje Gidan yanar gizon hukuma Rayayyun mutane Haifaffun
50308	https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicky%20Oppenheimer	Nicky Oppenheimer	Nicholas F. Oppenheimer (an haife shi 8 Yuni 1945) ɗan kasuwan hamshakin attajirin Afirka ta Kudu ne. Ya kasance shugaban kamfanin hakar lu'u-lu'u na De Beers da na reshensa, Kamfanin Kasuwancin Diamond, kuma tsohon mataimakin shugaban Anglo American Shi ne mutum na uku mafi arziki a Afirka. Rayuwar farko Oppenheimer dan Bridget ne (née McCall) da Harry Oppenheimer, kuma jikan Anglo American wanda ya kafa Ernest Oppenheimer (ƙarni na farko da ya shugabanci De Beers, daga 1929). Mahaifinsa dan asalin Jamus Bayahude ne. Ya yi karatu a Makarantar Ludgrove, Makarantar Harrow da Christ Church, Oxford, inda ya karanta Falsafa, Siyasa da Tattalin Arziki, yana samun Oxford MA Sana'ar kasuwanci Oppenheimer ya shiga Anglo American a 1968, an nada shi darekta a 1974, sannan ya zama mataimakin shugaba a 1983. Ya yi murabus a 2001, ya ci gaba da zama ba darekta ba har zuwa 2011. An nada shi mataimakin shugaban kungiyar Siyar da Kasuwanci ta wancan lokacin (yanzu Kamfanin Kasuwancin Diamond a cikin 1984, kuma mataimakin shugaban kamfanin De Beers Consolidated Mines a 1985. An kuma nada shi shugaban Kamfanin Trading na Diamond a 1985. Shugaban kungiyar De Beers daga 1998 zuwa 2012, ya yi ritaya lokacin da aka sayar da hannun jarin iyali ga Anglo American. Oppenheimer ya fito ne a cikin Lissafin Masu Arziki <i id="mwLw">na Sunday Times</i> 2018 a matsayin mutum na 23 mafi arziki a cikin Burtaniya, tare da bayar da rahoton fam biliyan 5.5. An sanya shi a matsayin wanda ya fi kowa arziki a Afirka ta Kudu a cikin jerin Forbes na Billionaires na Duniya na 2019, tare da rahoton arziki kamar dalar Amurka biliyan 7.3 kuma, kuma, a cikin jerin 2020, tare da rahoton dalar Amurka $7.6. biliyan a watan Agusta 2020. Tallafawa Iyalin Oppenheimer sun jagoranci mafi yawan ƙoƙarinsu na taimakon jama'a don kiyaye abubuwan tarihi da mahimmancin al'adu na yankin Kudancin Afirka, da kuma haɓaka haɓakar al'umma a fagagen ilimi, lafiya, kiyaye yanayi da fasaha. Nicky Oppenheimer da dansa Jonathan Oppenheimer sun kafa gidauniyar Brenthurst a shekara ta 2005 a matsayin wata hanya ta ba da gudummawa ga muhawara kan dabaru da manufofi don karfafa ayyukan tattalin arzikin Afirka da ba da damar ci gaba mai hade da dorewa Iyali kuma sun daɗe suna shiga cikin lamuran muhalli da kiyayewa Iyalin Oppenheimer sun yi haɗin gwiwa tare da De Beers don kafa hanyar Diamond a cikin 2006 don haɓaka yuwuwar kaddarorin su don kiyayewa, bincike da dalilai na wayewar muhalli. Hanyar Diamond ta haɗu da shafuka 8 a arewacin Afirka ta Kudu, wanda ya taso daga Namaqualand a bakin tekun yamma, zuwa Kimberley, arewa zuwa Tswalu a cikin Kalahari, da lambunan Brenthurst a Johannesburg, gabas zuwa Tsarin Halittar Ezemvelo da arewa zuwa Venetia Limpopo Nature Reserve. a lardin Limpopo. Tun da 2015 Oppenheimer shima amintaccen Rhodes ne. Kyauta A cikin 2003, Technikon Witwatersrand ya ba Oppenheimer digiri na girmamawa. Ya karbi odar shugaban kasa na girmamawa (2004) daga tsohon shugaban kasar Botswana, Festus Mogae, da kuma zumuncin girmamawa (2009) daga Makarantar Kasuwancin London Rayuwa ta sirri A 1968, ya auri Orcillia "Strilli" Lasch, 'yar masana'antu tycoon Helli Lasch; duka biyun Anglican ne. An haifi mahaifinsa Bayahude kuma ya koma Anglicanism. Wallafa Nassoshi Hanyoyin haɗi na waje Biography daga De Beers Wuraren Wuraren Waltham na Oppenheimer da Farm Hira a cikin The Guardian, 2005 Bayanan martaba a cikin The Economist, 2003 Rayayyun mutane Haifaffun 1945 Yan
23915	https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taiwo%20Odukoya	Taiwo Odukoya	Taiwo Odukoya wani fasto ne na Pentecostal na Najeriya Babban fasto ne na Cocin Gidauniyar rayuwa ofe, Ilupeju, Legas, tare da ƙarfin membobi sama da mutane 8,000. Rayuwar farko An haifi Taiwo Odukoya a ranar 15 ga Yuni 1956 a garin Kaduna, Jihar Kaduna, Najeriya, inda shi ma ya tashi. Ya yi karatun firamare da sakandare a Makarantar Firamare ta Baptist, Kigo Road, Kaduna da Kwalejin St. Paul (wanda yanzu ake kira Kufena College, Wusasa) Zaria bi da bi, kafin ya zarce zuwa Jami'ar Ibadan a 1976 inda ya sami digiri a fannin injiniyan man fetur. a shekarar 1981. A matsayin injiniyan mai, ya fara aiki a Kamfanin Man Fetur na Najeriya (NNPC) a watan Afrilu na 1982 bayan shirin tilas na National Youth Service Corp (NYSC), kuma ya yi aiki a can har ya yi ritaya da son rai a cikin Janairu 1994 bayan kiran sa zuwa hidima. Iyali A cikin 1980, Odukoya ya sadu da Bimbo Williams a Jami'ar Ibadan kuma su biyun sun kulla alaƙar da ta kai su ga aure a 1984. Auren ya haifar da yara uku, Toluwani, Oluwajimi, da Oluwatobi. A ranar 10 ga Disamba 2005, Bimbo Odukoya, tare da wasu mutane 102, sun mutu a hadarin Sosoliso Airlines Flight 1145 Sakonnin Bimbo Odukoya sun yi kyau kuma mutane da yawa sun karbe shi. A ranar 5 ga Janairun 2010, bayan shekaru biyar, tare da ƙauna da tallafi daga dangi da abokai, Taiwo Odukoya ya sake yin aure da Rosemary Simangele Zulu daga Afirka ta Kudu Suna da yara maza biyu, Timilehin da Jomiloju. Timilehin da Jomiloju Odukoya musamman, suna mafarkin taka leda a Manchester United Cocin Fountain of Life Church Taiwo da Bimbo Odukoya sun haɗu da Cocin Fountain of Life a 1992 tare da bayyana hangen nesa "don koya wa maza da mata fasahar gina dangantaka mai nasara da ƙa'idodin jagoranci don su zama duk abin da aka halitta su zama. "Cocin yana da ayyuka da yawa a Afirka ta Kudu, Ingila, Amurka, Switzerland, Kenya, Jamhuriyar Afirka ta Tsakiya, Jamhuriyar Benin, Côte d'Ivoire, Jamhuriyar Benin da Togo. Bayarwa Odukoya proclaims a firm belief in the role of the church in the community and expresses it through several outreach projects including a hospital, an orphanage, a school for destitute children, a farm, a water project which provides boreholes at strategic locations for people who have no access to clean and portable water and a skill acquisition and entrepreneurial institute for the less privileged. On April 19, 1997, Taiwo Odukoya set up Discovery for Men and Discovery for Women, non-denominational outreaches to men and women designed to help them maximize their potential. These outreaches reach out to hundreds of thousands of men and women annually through quarterly rallies, mentorship programs and a vocational center to equip them with technical and practical life skills. Odokoya ya yarda cewa coci yanada mahimmanci a cikin al'umma Kuma ya bayyana haka cikin ayyukan sa. Wanda suka asubitoci, makarantu, gona, da ayyukan ruwa Wanda suka bada borehole. Rigima A shekarar 2014, shekaru tara bayan rasuwar tsohuwar matarsa, Fasto Bimbo Odukoya, ya yi bincike kan musabbabin hadarin jirgin wanda ya yi sanadiyyar mutuwar tsohuwar matar tasa don haka ya ce babu laifi fastoci su mallaki Jets masu zaman kansu saboda shi yana inganta aikin su, yana mai cewa matarsa za ta kasance da rai idan tana da jirgin sama mai zaman kansa. Nassoshi Rayayyun
52890	https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bintou%20Demb%C3%A9l%C3%A9	Bintou Dembélé	Bintou Dembélé ƙwararren mawakiya ce wadda aka santa a matsayin ɗaya daga cikin majagaba na raye- rayen Hip hop a Faransa Bayan ta yi rawa sama da shekaru talatin a duniyar Hip Hop, Bintou Dembélé ta kasance daraktan fasaha na kamfanin rawa nata Rualité tun 2002. Ayyukanta sun bincika batun ƙwaƙwalwar ajiyar jiki ta hanyar tarihin mulkin mallaka da bayan mulkin mallaka na Faransa. Farko An haifi Bintou Dembélé a ranar 30 ga Maris shekara ta alif ɗari tara da saba'in da biyar 1975A.C) a cikin unguwannin Paris zuwa wani dangi da suka yi hijira zuwa Faransa bayan da aka raba yankin Saharar Afirka daga mulkin mallaka. Bintou ta fara rawa da ’yan’uwanta tun tana ’yar shekara goma kawai; Sha'awarta game da raye-rayen Hip Hop wani bangare ne ya rinjayi wasan kwaikwayon HIPHOP akan tashar TV ta Faransa TF1 Kusan 1985, Bintou Dembélé da abokanta Gérard Léal et Anselme Terezo sun kirkiro ƙungiyar rawa Boogie Breakers kuma suka fara rawa tare a wuraren jama'a na unguwarsu. A cikin 1989, ta shiga ƙungiyar Concept of Art, wanda a ciki aka haife ƙungiyoyin rap da raye-raye da yawa. Yayin da take makarantar sakandare, Bintou Dembélé kuma ta shiga ƙungiyar rawa ta Aktuel Force (a cikin 1993 da 1997) da Ofishin Jakadancin Impossible (1994-1996) inda ta haɓaka rawa ta Hip Hop ta koyon Gidan Rawar, Sabon Salo, Break Dancing da dai sauransu. Ta ci gaba da samun dabarun rawanta da amincin tituna ta hanyar horon gama kai. Ta yi aiki a wuraren shakatawa na parisian don raye-rayen titin Faransa kamar a Châtelet les Halles, Place du Trocadéro-et-du-11-Nuwamba, Place Georges-Pompidou da La Défense. Baya ga halartar horon tattarawa daban-daban a Paris, tana shiga cikin nunin tituna, bukukuwa, fadace-fadace da gasar Hip Hop ta kasa. Har ila yau, ta shiga cikin wasanni daban-daban a wuraren shakatawa na dare a Belgium, a Le Palace (Paris), le Bataclan ko Le Divan du Monde Sana'ar sana'a Aikin ƙwararrun Dembélé ya fara ne a cikin 1996 lokacin da Théâtre Contemporain de la Danse de Paris (TCD) ta ɗauke ta a matsayin ƴar rawa da mawaƙa. A cikin 1997, ta shiga ƙungiyar rawa mai suna Collectif Mouv''' inda ta ƙirƙira wasanta na farko mai suna Et si…! What if...! with the break dancer Rabah Mahfoufi. Yayin rawa don Collectif Mouv', Dembélé ya kuma yi haɗin gwiwa tare da ɗan wasan Jazz saxophonist na Faransa Julien Lourau da ƙungiyar kiɗan Groove Gang don ƙirƙirar wasan kwaikwayo mai taken Ku zo tashi tare da mu A lokaci guda kuma ta kafa ƙungiyar rawa ta Ykanji da ƙungiyar rawa Ladyside Shigar da ta yi a cikin shahararrun shirye-shiryen talabijin na Faransa kamar Graines de stars ko Hit Machine ya ba Dembélé damar saduwa da mawakan rap na Faransa da masu rawa irin su MC Solaar da Bambi Cruz A cikin 1998, ta yi rawa don wasan kwaikwayo na MC Solaar a cikin l' Olympia (Paris) a cikin wani wasan kwaikwayo na Max-Laure Bourjolly da Bambi Cruz. A cikin 2002, a matsayin mai fassara na kamfanin rawa Käfig, Dembélé ya yi a gidan wasan kwaikwayo na Joyce a Manhattan a lokacin New York New Europe '99 Festival. A wannan shekarar, ta kuma ƙirƙiri nata na raye-rayen raye-raye, mai suna Rualité A cikin 2004 Dembélé ta ƙirƙira kuma ta gabatar da wasanta na uku mai suna L'Assise (Gidauniyar), wanda ya ba da labarin tafiye-tafiyen kirkire-kirkire na mutanen da suka bincika al'adun Hip Hop a Faransa. A cikin 2010, ta ƙirƙiri wasan kwaikwayo na farko na solo mai suna Mon appart' en dit long Apartment na yana ba da labari da yawa game da shi wanda a ciki ta bincika ra'ayi na mace, sararin samaniya da dangantakar 'yar-uwa. A cikin 2011, ta zana bidiyon kiɗa na waƙar Roméo kiffe Juliette na mawaƙin Faransanci na Slam Grand Corps Malade A cikin 2013, ta ƙirƙira kuma ta yi a cikin ZH (taƙaice ga 'zoo humains', wanda ke nufin a turance zoos na ɗan adam). ZH, wanda shine daya daga cikin manyan abubuwan da Dembélé ya kirkira, an halicce shi ne don masu rawa shida kuma ya binciki ra'ayoyin tunawa, kallon sarakuna da yawon shakatawa, wariyar launin fata da kuma wulakanta mutane masu launi. A cikin 2016, ta ƙirƙira kuma ta yi a cikin S/T/R/A/T/E/S Quartet et le duo S/T/R/A/T/U/M-Duo quartet wasan rawa da kida. ga biyu duos hadawa improvisation, raye-rayen wasan kwaikwayo, gimmick da kuma 'corporeal shayari' don yin tambayoyi da ra'ayoyi na watsa da m memory, na mata da kuma na bayan mulkin mallaka. A matsayin ƙwararren ɗan rawa da ke da titi da ƙwararru, Dembélé yana shiga a matsayin alkali a yaƙe-yaƙe daban-daban da sauran gasa raye-raye na Hip Hop kuma yana horar da ƴan rawa kamar yadda ke fassara wasannin raye-raye a duk faɗin duniya. Bintou da ’yan raye-rayen rukunin raye-rayen Rualité sun yi wasan kwaikwayonsu a Faransa da kuma na duniya (a Sweden, a Burma, a Chile, a Macedonia, a Faransanci Guiana da kuma a Mali). Alkawari Manufar Rualité ita ce bincika sabbin hanyoyin shiga siyasa da wakilci ta hanyar tara masu fasaha da masu bincike daban-daban. Mai daukar hoto da mai yin bidiyo Denis Darzacq da masanin ilimin dan Adam na wakilcin mulkin mallaka Sylvie Chalaye na ɗaya daga cikin mutanen da ke da alaƙa da Rualité An tsara shi a kusa da ra'ayoyin halitta, watsawa da bincike, Rualité ba wai kawai yana samar da wasan kwaikwayo na raye-raye ba amma yana aiki don haɓaka damar yin amfani da al'adu da kuma ayyukan al'adu a cikin babban birni na Faransa (kuma musamman a cikin mafi yawan al'ummomin da aka sani) da kuma a cikin yankunanta na ketare kuma musamman a cikin Guiana na Faransa). A cikin mahallin kamfaninta, Bintou Dembélé akai-akai tana raye-raye na ilmantarwa da/ko bitar bita da nufin tattara mutane daga wurare daban-daban da fuskantarwa don samar da sabbin fahimta kan abin da ake nufi da kasancewa ƙwararren mai fasaha. Haɗin gwiwar Bintou Dembélé ya sa ta yi aiki tare da ɗalibai da masana a makarantu da jami'o'i, tare da mawaƙa da raye-raye daga wurare daban-daban da kuma wasu daga cikin mazaunan birnin Paris. Bintou Dembélé ta sadaukar da kai ga ci gaban al'adun Hip Hop da kuma amincewa da haƙƙin 'yan wasan kwaikwayo a cikin wuraren jama'a na Faransanci da kuma maganganun gama gari ya sa ta haɗa dakin gwaje-gwaje na SeFeA wanda Jami'ar Sorbonne Nouvelle ta shirya Paris 3 a 2014. A cikin watan Satumba na 2016, sashen nazarin jinsi da mata na Jami'ar California, Berkeley ya karbi bakuncinta a cikin wani taro don yin magana game da shirin bidiyo na aikinta na ZH A cikin mahallin Faransanci da francophone, aikin Bintou Dembélé na iya zama alaƙa da ɗayan Maboula Soumahoro, Alice Diop ko Isabelle Boni-Claverie Bintou Demélé yana ɗaya daga cikin mai magana da yawun malaman Mame-Fatou Niang da Kaytie Nielsen na kwanan nan na takardun shaida Mariannes Noires Black Mariannes'' wanda manufarsa ita ce ba da murya da kuma nuna alamun mata na Afro-Faransa. Duba kuma Hip Hop na Faransa Gidan wasan kwaikwayo na hip-hop Karya rawa Banlieues Wariyar launin fata a Faransa Manazarta Haihuwan 1975 Rayayyun mutane
57082	https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toyota%20Aygo	Toyota Aygo	Toyota Aygo mota ce ta gari A-segment wacce Toyota ke tallata ta musamman a kasuwar Turai tsakanin 2005 zuwa 2022 a cikin tsararraki biyu. An fara nuna Aygo a 2005 Geneva International Motor Show An gina shi tare da haɗin gwiwar Citroën C1 da Peugeot 107/108 a haɗin gwiwar Toyota Peugeot Citroën Automobile Czech (TPCA) a Kolín, Jamhuriyar Czech Samar da Aygo ya ƙare a cikin 2021 kuma an maye gurbin shi da mai salo Aygo X. An yanke shawarar kera motocin ne a ranar 12 ga Yuli 2001 lokacin da shugabannin Toyota da PSA Peugeot Citroën, Fujio Cho da Jean-Martin Folz bi da bi, suka yanke shawarar kera karamar mota don raba farashin ci gaba. An kira wannan aikin B-Zero Peugeot 107 da Citroën C1 nau'ikan mota iri ɗaya ne. Babban bambancin da ke tsakanin Aygo da ƴan uwanta na Faransa shine bagi, tagogin gefen baya, sitiyari, da jiyya na gaba da na baya a sauƙaƙe. An shirya samar da motoci 300,000 a kowace shekara motoci 100,000 kowace iri. An fara tallace-tallace a watan Yuli 2005, kuma motar tana samuwa a matsayin hatchback mai kofa uku ko biyar. Akwai injuna guda biyu, injin mai lita 1.0, injin silinda uku wanda aka ƙididdige shi a 68 PS (50 kW), da ingin 1.4 L HDi Diesel I4 wanda aka kimanta a 54 PS (40 kW) An yi amfani da Aygo a kan Top Gear na BBC a wani katafaren wasan kwallon kafa, yana nuna iya sarrafa sa. Masu gabatarwa na Top Gear sun ɗauki Aygo da takwarorinta na Peugeot da Citroën a matsayin ƙwararrun motocin gari. An kuma yi amfani da Aygo da aka gyara akan Gear Fifth don yin madauki mai tsayin mita goma sha biyu madauki akan waƙar da aka ƙera ta musamman don tantance ko za'a iya yin kwafin abin wasan yara na Hot Wheels a rayuwa. stuntman Steve Truglia ne ya jagoranci wasan a watan Mayu 2009. A cikin Janairu 2010, Aygo wani bangare ne na kiran da Toyota ta yi a duk duniya don kuskuren feda mai sauri. An gano cewa a wasu yanayi, feda zai iya tsayawa a cikin wani yanki mai rauni, ko kuma ya dawo a hankali zuwa wurin kashewa. Tunawa ya shafi ƙirar Aygo, Peugeot 107 da Citroën C1 da aka gina tsakanin Fabrairu 2005 da Agusta 2009. Bayanai daga Toyota daga baya sun nuna cewa Aygos da akwatunan gear atomatik ne abin ya shafa, kuma wadanda ke da akwatunan kayan aikin ba su samu ba. 2009-2012 (AB20) Aygo ta sami gyaran fuskarta ta farko, ta maye gurbin sifar gabanta daga na asali, da kuma canza fitilun baya zuwa ga zahiri, daga gungu na asali mai launin ja. 2012-2014 (AB30) Aygo ta sami gyaran fuska ta biyu, a wannan karon yana haɗa da maɗaurin kusurwa mai yawa, da sarari don haɗa fitilolin gudu na rana (DRL). Abin dogaro Ƙididdiga ta rarrabuwar kawuna da Ƙungiyar Motocin Jamus ta bayar a watan Mayu 2010 ta sanya Aygo (wanda bayanan da aka haɗa tare da Citroën C1 da Peugeot 107 a saman ƙananan ƙananan motoci, dangane da ƙarancin raguwar farashin da aka samu ga motoci masu shekaru tsakanin ɗaya. da shekaru hudu. Injiniya Tsaro "Aygo Crazy" manufar A shekara ta 2008, Toyota ya ƙirƙiri wata motar da za ta iya tafiya akan motar Toyota Aygo. Mai suna Aygo Crazy, an bayyana shi ga jama'a a bikin baje kolin motoci na Burtaniya a watan Yulin 2008 a Landan, kafin ya fito a wasu nunin motoci na wancan shekarar da ke Burtaniya. Aygo Crazy yana da tsakiyar saka 1.8 lita VVTL-i engine daga Toyota MR2 da Celica, mated zuwa MR2 biyar akwatin gear da kuma Fitted tare da Toyota Motorsport turbocharger canji. Kamfanin ya ce injin yana samar da a 6,700 rpm da karfin juyi a 3,400 rpm. Yana auna kawai, wannan yana ba shi lokacin gudu na daƙiƙa 5.75 da babban ƙayyadaddun ƙayyadaddun saurin kodayake ba a gwada na ƙarshe ba. Ba kamar ƙa'idar Aygo ba, ba shi da kayan aikin direba, sitiyarin wuta ko birki na kullewa amma shimfidar motar sa na baya yana taimakawa jujjuyawa cikin hanzari mai
31193	https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mawallafan%20University%20of%20Wisconsin%20Press	Mawallafan University of Wisconsin Press	Mawallafan Jami'ar Wisconsin (akan mata inkiya da UW Press gidan wallafa takaddu ce mai zaman kanta na jami'ar wacce ke buga littattafai da mujallu wanda akayi bita kansu. Suna buga ayyukan masana daga al'ummar ilimi na duniya; ayyukan almara, memoirs da wake a ƙarƙashin tamburan su, Littattafan Terrace; kuma yana hidima ga jama'ar Wisconsin ta hanyar buga littattafai masu mahimmanci game da Wisconsin, Upper Midwest, da yankin Great Lakes. UW Press kowace shekara tana ba da lambar yabo ta Brittingham a sashin adabi, kyautar Felix Pollak na adabi, da lambar yabo ta Four Lakes Prize a adabi. An kafa gidan jaridar a cikin shekarar 1936 a Madison kuma tana ɗaya daga cikin mambobi 120 na dagaƘungiyar Ƙwararrun Mawallafa na Jami'oin Amirka. An kafa sashin Jarida a 1965. Gidan Jaridar na ɗaukar kusan ma'aikata 25 na cikakken lokaci da na wucin gadi, suna fitar da sabbin littattafai 40 zuwa 60 a shekara, kuma suna buga mujallu 11. Har ila yau, tana rarraba littattafai da mujallu na shekara-shekara don zaɓaɓɓun masu buga littattafai. Jarida ƙungiya ce ta Makarantar Graduate na Jami'ar Wisconsin Madison kuma tana hidima ga cikakkiyar manufa ta jami'a ta bincike, koyarwa, da wayar da kai fiye da jami'a. Rukunin littattafai Tun lokacin da suka fara buga littafinsu na farko a 1937, Jaridar ta buga tare da rarraba littafai sama da 3,000. Jarida tana da lakabi sama da 1,400 a halin yanzu da ake bugawa, gami da: Littattafan ilimi: American studies and modern American history, African studies, anthropology, Classical studies, dance history, environmental studies, film/cinema history, gay lesbian studies, modern European and Irish history, Jewish studies, Slavic and Eastern European studies, Southeast Asian Studies, and other subjects Littattafan yanki: Wisconsin, the Upper Midwest, and the Great Lakes region littattafai na gama gari:natural history, poetry, biography, fiction, food, travel. A cikin shekara ta 2003, 'Yan Jarida sun sami kamfanin wallafe-wallafen Popular Press, wanda ya ƙware a cikin ayyuka akan al'adun gargajiya Fitattun marubuta da kyaututtuka Manyan marubutan da Jami'ar Wisconsin Press ta buga musu litattafai sun hada da Rigoberto González, Edmund White, Lucy Jane Bledsoe, Olena Kalytiak Davis, Alden Jones, Lesléa Newman, Trebor Healey, Floyd Skloot, Kelly Cherry, Jorie Graham, da Michael Carroll. Har ila yau, Jarida ta buga sababbin bugu da fassarorin aiki ta Isaac Bashevis Singer, Leo Tolstoy, da Djuna Barnes Littattafai da marubuta da 'Yan Jarida suka buga sun lashe lambar yabo ta Littafin Amurka sun hada da Before Columbus Foundation, littafin Lambda Literary Award, littafin Sue Kaufman Prize for First Fiction,, NEA Literature Fellowships, Guggenheim Fellowship, Buga lambar yabo ta Triangle, da sauran karramawa. Sashen jarida Arctic Anthropology Adabi Na Zamani Maido da Muhalli Jaridar Albarkatun Dan Adam Tattalin Arzikin Kasa Mujallar shimfidar wuri Luso-Brazil Review Monatshefte Jaridar Tsibirin Asalin Manazarta Hanyoyin haɗi na waje Jami'ar Wisconsin Press Kamfanonin wallafa littattafai da aka kirkira a 1936 Mawallafan jami'oin Amurka Jami'ar
35240	https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount%20Vernon%20Triangle	Mount Vernon Triangle	Dutsen Vernon Triangle yanki ne da gundumar inganta al'umma a cikin yanki na arewa maso yamma na Washington, DC Asalin unguwar masu aiki da aka kafa a karni na 19, Dutsen Vernon Triangle na yau ya sami raguwa a tsakiyar karni na 20 yayin da ya canza daga wurin zama. don amfani da kasuwanci da masana'antu. An sami gagarumin ci gaba a unguwar a cikin karni na 21. Yanzu ya ƙunshi mafi yawa daga cikin manyan gidaje, gidaje da gine-ginen ofis. An adana gine-ginen tarihi da yawa a cikin unguwar kuma an jera su a cikin Rijistar Wuraren Tarihi na Ƙasa Dutsen Vernon Triangle yanzu ana ɗaukar kyakkyawan misali na tsara birane da yanki mai iya tafiya. Geography Dutsen Vernon Triangle, wanda ya ƙunshi tubalan 17, yana cikin Ward 6 da lambar ZIP ta 20001. Unguwar triangular tana da iyaka da: 7th Street da Dutsen Vernon Square da Downtown a yamma, Massachusetts Avenue da unguwar Judiciary Square a kudu, New Jersey Avenue da yankunan Sursum Corda da NoMa a gabas New York Avenue da unguwar Shaw a arewa Ana ɗaukar titin K a matsayin "Babban titin unguwar", tare da mahadar titin 5th da K yana aiki a matsayin "madaidaicin wurin al'umma da zuciyar unguwar." Tarihi Dutsen Vernon Triangle na yau an nuna shi akan Shirin L'Enfant na birnin, kodayake yana arewacin wuraren da jama'a ke da yawa a lokacin kuma ya kasance ba a daidaita ba. A cikin 1810, Majalisa ta ba da izini na Titin 7th Turnpike, tsawo na titin 7th wanda ya tashi daga Cibiyar Kasuwanci National Archives Building now) zuwa iyakar Maryland Wannan ya haifar da wasu ƙananan ci gaba a yankin, ko da yake kafin yakin basasa, yawancin wuraren zama sun ƙunshi ƙananan ƙananan gidaje. Banda shi ne Douglas Row, manyan gidaje uku da aka gina a cikin 1856 da Sanatoci biyu da Mataimakin Shugaban kasa John C. Breckinridge suka yi An yi amfani da Douglas Row a matsayin asibiti a lokacin yakin basasa kuma ya zama mazaunin fitattun mutane bayan yakin ya ƙare, ciki har da Ulysses S. Grant da William Tecumseh Sherman Asibitin Stanton, daya daga cikin manyan asibitocin wucin gadi na birni a lokacin yakin, yana cikin unguwar, a kan titin Douglas Row. An sami saurin haɓakar haɓakar ƙawancen ta hanyar buɗewar 1875 na Kasuwar 'Yanci ta Arewa, babbar kasuwar jama'a tare da rumfunan siyarwa 284 waɗanda suka tsaya a 5th da K Streets NW. Yayin da yawan jama'a ke karuwa, an maye gurbin tsofaffin gidaje da gidajen bulo na dindindin da kasuwanci kuma alƙaluma sun canza sosai. Baƙi na Jamus, Irish da Yahudawa sun ƙaura zuwa unguwar sun buɗe shaguna. Baƙin Amurkawa kuma sun ƙaura zuwa yankin, ko da yake sun kasance suna zama a cikin gidajen kwana. Baya ga Kasuwar 'Yanci ta Arewa, unguwar ta samu ci gaba cikin sauri sakamakon gyare-gyaren da Hukumar Kula da Ayyukan Jama'a karkashin jagorancin Alexander "Boss" Shepherd ta yi da kuma sanya motocin dakon kaya. Motocin titin dawakai sun fara aiki a unguwar Massachusetts Avenue da titin 4th a 1884 yayin da Washington, DC ta farko layin motocin lantarki ya fara aiki a New York Avenue a 1888. Zaɓuɓɓukan sufuri da kusanci zuwa cikin gari ya haifar da ci gaba a cikin unguwar, kodayake ba a gina layuka na tsaka-tsaki na gidaje ba, sabanin yawancin unguwannin yankin. Baya ga ci gaban zama da kasuwanci, akwai cibiyar masana'antu mai aiki a unguwar, wacce ke kewaye da Prather's Alley (wanda ke tsakanin 4th da 5th da I da K Streets). A ƙarshen karni na 19 da farkon karni na 20, an rushe gine-gine da wuraren kwana a kan Prather's Alley ko kuma sun koma gidajen burodi, masana'antar kwanon kiwo, ɗakunan ajiya da sauran wuraren masana'antu. Ci gaban kasuwanci ya karu a unguwar a cikin 1910s da 1920s. Ƙara yawan zirga-zirgar ababen hawa a kan titin New York ya haifar da ƙarin gidajen mai, gareji da shagunan gyaran motoci, waɗanda yawancinsu sun maye gurbin gine-ginen zama. A shekara ta 1930, Arewacin Liberty Market (wanda ake kira Cibiyar Kasuwanci a lokacin) yana fuskantar barazanar rufewa da rushewa. An gina sabon gini kuma na zamani don masu siyarwa akan kusurwoyi dabam dabam. Yayin da adadin kasuwancin kasuwanci da masana'antu ya karu, mazauna da yawa sun ƙaura zuwa wani wuri. Yawancin gidaje sun zama gidajen kwana ga matalauta mazauna, yanayin da ya karu sosai bayan yakin duniya na biyu A cikin 1946, gobara ta lalata yawancin kasuwar Cibiyar, wanda ya haifar da yawancin kasuwancin gida da kasuwa ke tallafawa don rufewa ko ƙaura zuwa wasu sassan birnin. An cire titin da ke kan titin New York a cikin 1949 kuma yawancin gine-ginen mazaunan da ke wannan titin an rushe kuma an maye gurbinsu da wuraren ajiye motoci. A cikin shekarun 1960, an rushe wani babban yanki na yankin gabas, gami da ragowar sashin Douglas Row, don ba da damar Interstate 395 A lokacin tarzomar 1968 da ta biyo bayan kisan Martin Luther King Jr., an kona gine-gine da dama a yammacin Dutsen Vernon Triangle. A cikin shekarun 1980, yawancin unguwar sun lalace, sun ƙunshi manyan wuraren ajiye motoci kuma sun zama matattarar karuwai da masu sayar da muggan ƙwayoyi. Sake gina manyan yankunan Dutsen Vernon Triangle ya fara ne a ƙarni na 21 yayin da ƙarin mutane ke ƙaura zuwa cikin birni kuma jami'an ƙananan hukumomi sun ba da rage haraji don gina gidaje. Jami'an birni da masu haɓaka gidaje sun fara yunƙurin sake farfado da yankin a cikin 2000. Gundumar Inganta Al'umma ta Dutsen Vernon Triangle, ƙungiya ce mai zaman kanta wacce ke daidaitawa da kasuwannin gundumar inganta al'umma, a cikin 2004. Juyin Juya Halin Dutsen Vernon Triangle shine ƙarshen 2008 mafi girman ci gaban unguwar, CityVista, hadaddun da ya ƙunshi rukunin gidaje 441, gidaje 224, da sararin dillali. An sami raguwar gine-gine a lokacin Babban koma bayan tattalin arziki, amma ci gaban ya ci gaba. Ya zuwa 2011, unguwar tana da kiyasin yawan jama'a 2,840, wanda ya ƙunshi galibin ƙwararrun matasa. Jaridar Washington Post ta bayyana unguwar a matsayin "cibiyar birni mai ban sha'awa" da "misalin littafi na tsarawa da tsara birane, haɗin kai tsakanin mutane, da tafiya." A cikin 2014, akwai rukunin gidaje 3,691, gidaje 2,607, gidajen abinci 40, da na filin ofis ko dai an gina shi ko kuma ana gina shi a unguwar. Mahimman wuraren kasuwanci akan titin 5th sun haɗa da kantin sayar da kayan abinci na Safeway na awa 24 da Busboys da Poets An shigar da sculptures na waje guda biyu, Kashewa da Wahayi, a kusurwar 5th da K Streets a cikin 2009 da 2010, bi da bi. I Abubuwan tarihi kwai gine-gine na 19th da farkon karni na 20 da yawa a cikin unguwar waɗanda aka kiyaye su kuma aka dawo dasu. Gundumar Tarihi na Dutsen Vernon Triangle, wanda asalinsa ya ƙunshi gine-gine 24 galibi waɗanda ke tsakanin 4th da 5th da I da K Streets, an jera su akan National Register of Places Historic Places (NRHP) a cikin 2006. Biyu daga cikin gine-gine, 470 da 472 K Street NW, sun rushe a cikin 2014. Gidan Emily Wiley, wanda aka kammala a cikin 1871, tsohon gidan gari ne wanda yake a 3rd da I Streets NW wanda aka jera akan NRHP a cikin 2006. Ginin Apartment na Jefferson, wanda aka gina a 1899 kuma masanin gida George S. Cooper ya tsara, yana a 315 H Street NW kuma an jera shi akan NRHP a 1994. Cocin Baptist na biyu, wanda aka gina a cikin 1894 akan wurin tsohon mallakar cocin na 1856, yana a 816 3rd Street NW kuma an jera shi akan NRHP a 2004. Ayyukan jama'a Akwai zaɓuɓɓukan jigilar jama'a da yawa don mazauna unguwa da baƙi. Akwai tashoshi na metro guda uku tsakanin ɗan gajeren tafiya: Wurin Gallery, Dandalin Shari'a, da Dutsen Vernon Square Hanyar tashar tashar Georgetown-Union ta DC Circulator tana tafiya akan titin Massachusetts kuma akwai tasha Metrobus da yawa a cikin unguwar. Tashoshin Capital Bikeshare uku kuma suna cikin unguwar. Daliban firamare da na tsakiya suna halartar Cibiyar Ilimi ta Walker-Jones, wanda ke kan iyakar gabas na unguwar. Tsofaffin ɗalibai suna zuwa makarantar sakandare ta Dunbar a cikin Truxton Circle Akwai wuraren shakatawa da yawa a cikin Dutsen Vernon Triangle: biyu a 7th da K Streets, Cobb Park (2nd Street da Massachusetts Avenue), Milian Park (5th da I Streets) da Seaton Park (500 block na Massachusetts Avenue). Yawancin waɗannan wuraren shakatawa ƙananan ƙananan kujeru ne masu kusurwa uku waɗanda ke tsakanin manyan tituna da matsuguni. Masu ba da shawara na gida suna bin babban fili na jama'a da "parkin shakatawa na birni don abubuwan da ba su dace ba, gami da yawo, karatu, da zama." Duba kuma Makwabta a Washington, DC Nassoshi Hanyoyin haɗi na waje Gundumar Inganta Al'umma ta Dutsen Vernon Triangle, ƙungiyar sa-kai ta gida Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba
30075	https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taimakon%20shari%27a%20a%20Amurka	Taimakon shari'a a Amurka	Taimakon shari'a a Amurka shine bayar da taimako ga mutanen da ba za su iya samun wakilcin doka da samun damar shiga tsarin kotu a Amurka ba. A cikin Amurka, tanadin taimakon shari'a ya bambanta ga dokar laifi da na farar hula Taimakon shari'a na laifuka tare da wakilcin doka yana da garantin ga waɗanda ake tuhuma a ƙarƙashin tuhumar aikata laifuka (wanda ke da alaƙa da tuhume-tuhumen) waɗanda ba za su iya ɗaukar lauya ba. Ba a ba da garantin taimakon shari'a na farar hula a ƙarƙashin dokar tarayya, amma ana ba da ita ta nau'ikan kamfanonin lauyoyi masu amfani da jama'a da asibitocin shari'a na al'umma kyauta pro bono ko kuma a rage farashi. Ana samun wasu nau'ikan taimakon taimakon shari'a ta hanyar sabis na shari'a na tarayya, lauyoyin pro bono, da masu sa kai masu zaman kansu. Taimakon shari'a A cikin shekara ta 1942, Kotun Koli ta yanke hukunci a Betts v Brady cewa kotuna za su ba da taimakon shari'a bisa ga shari'a. Sa’ad da aka soke wannan shari’ar, kotu ta yi a Gideon v Wainwright cewa talakawan ‘yan ƙasa “ba su da fasaha da kuma ilimin da ya dace don shirya kāriyarsa, ko da yake yana da cikakken. Yana bukatar hannun jagora a kowane mataki a cikin shari’ar da ake yi masa.” Daga baya, kotun ta kuma faɗaɗa haƙƙin haɗawa da laifuffuka, da manyan laifuka. Gwamnatin tarayya da wasu jihohi suna da ofisoshin masu kare hakkin jama'a wadanda ke taimaka wa marasa galihu, yayin da wasu jihohin ke da tsarin ba da aikin ga lauyoyi masu zaman kansu. Ko da yake ana buƙatar samar da masu kare jama'a a matakin gwaji, ba sa samun sabis na lauyoyi kyauta don ɗaukaka ƙara da kotun daukaka kara. Kuɗaɗe don taimakon aikata laifuka na zuwa ne daga jihohin Amurka da gwamnatin tarayya. Taimakon shari'a na farar hula Mahimmanci, kotu ba ta ba da wannan garantin taimakon shari'a ga al'amuran jama'a a cikin Lassiter v Sashen Sabis na Jama'a yana mai cewa tanadin ya kasance ƙasa da mahimmanci a cikin al'amuran da 'yanci ba a cikin hadari. Ƙungiya mai haɗin kai zuwa ga Taimakon Shari'a na Jama'a a Amurka bai ci gaba ba sai tsakiyar shekara ta 1900s. Farkon abubuwan da suka faru sun samo asali ne tun daga shekara ta 1876, tare da sanannun ƙungiyar taimakon doka, an kafa Ƙungiyar Baƙi ta Jamus a New York. A shekara ta 1965, akwai ƙungiyoyin ba da agajin doka kusan 157 a duk faɗin ƙasar, waɗanda ke hidima kusan kowane babban birni. Hukuncin Kotun Koli Gideon v. Wainwright ya ba da tabbacin damar ba da shawara a cikin al'amuran da suka shafi laifuka, amma ya bar batun taimakon farar hula ba a warware ba. Yunkurin tsawaita Gideon ga al'amuran jama'a na ci gaba da samun karbuwa, kamar yadda Jihohi irin su New York da California ke kan gaba wajen samar da ingantaccen tsarin taimakon doka. Taimakon shari'a ga shari'o'in jama'a a halin yanzu ana ba da su ta nau'ikan kamfanoni masu amfani da doka da kuma asibitocin shari'a na al'umma, waɗanda galibi suna da "taimakon shari'a" ko "ayyukan shari'a" a cikin sunayensu. Ayyukan sha'awar jama'a sun fito ne daga manufar haɓaka samun daidaiton adalci ga matalauta kuma hakan ya samo asali ne daga rarrabuwar kawuna tsakanin baƙi na Turai. Irin waɗannan kamfanoni na iya sanya kuɗin shiga da rufin albarkatu gami da ƙuntatawa kan nau'ikan shari'o'in da za su ɗauka, saboda koyaushe akwai yuwuwar abokan ciniki da yawa kuma ba su da isasshen kuɗi don zagayawa. Nau'o'in shari'o'in gama gari sun haɗa da: hana ko hana fa'idodin gwamnati, korar mutane, tashin hankalin gida, matsayin shige da fice, da nuna wariya A shekara ta 2006, Ƙungiyar Lauyoyin Amurka ta amince da wani kuduri wanda ya ayyana irin waɗannan batutuwa a matsayin "tushen buƙatun ɗan adam," kuma ta bukaci gwamnatin Tarayya ta ba da sabis na shari'a a irin waɗannan lokuta. Wasu kungiyoyin ba da agajin doka suna aiki a matsayin mai ba da shawara na waje ga ƙananan ƙungiyoyin sa-kai waɗanda ba su da shawara a cikin gida. Yawancin aikin taimakon shari'a na yau da kullun sun haɗa da shawarwari, shawarwari na yau da kullun, da bayyanuwa a cikin ƙararrakin gudanarwa, sabanin ƙarar shari'a a cikin kotuna. Duk da haka, gano rashin adalci mai tsanani ko maimaituwa tare da adadi mai yawa na wadanda abin ya shafa wani lokaci zai ba da hujjar farashin babban tasirin shari'ar. Tarihi Ofishin Damar Tattalin Arziƙi (OEO) Shirin taimakon shari'a na farko da ya wanzu a matakin tarayya an aiwatar da shi duk da cewa Ofishin Harkokin Tattalin Arziki (OEO), wanda aka kafa a shekara ta 1965. An kafa OEO ta hanyar Dokar Damar Tattalin Arziki a matsayin wani ɓangare na Yaƙin Talauci na gwamnatin Johnson Daraktan farko na OEO, Sargent Shriver, ya motsa kungiyar zuwa ga samar da taimakon doka. A cikin wata hira da aka tambayi Shriver wane shiri ne daga yaƙin da ake yi da Talauci, ya amsa da cewa "Na fi alfahari da ayyukan shari'a saboda na gane cewa tana da babbar damar sauya tsarin da ake amfani da rayuwar mutane a ƙarƙashinsa. Ayyukan Shari'a ga Talakawa Yunƙurin farko na Amurka na samar da maganin shari'a ya faru ne a cikin shekara ta 1965. Ofishin Damar Tattalin Arziƙi ya ƙirƙiri shirin Ayyukan Shari'a don Talakawa ƙarƙashin jagorancin Sargent Shriver. Akidun da ke cikin shirin sun yi amfani da "samfurin adalci", kamar yadda ya wuce samar da damar samun taimakon doka. Abin da ya fi mayar da hankali a kai shi ne tarwatsa shingen da waɗanda ba za su iya samun kariyar doka ke fuskanta ba bisa dalilan wariyar launin fata, jinsi, da/ko aji. Ta haka ne jihar ta yi kokarin rage radadin talauci ta hanyar amfani da hanyoyin da doka ta tanada, tare da magance matsalolin da ke haifar da talauci. An yi amfani da wannan hanyar a cikin "yaƙin talauci" a ƙarƙashin gwamnatin Johnson. Sabuwar rukunin lauyoyin yaki da talauci sun yi aiki don canza rayuwar waɗanda talauci ya zalunta ga jama'a. Yin amfani da haɗin kai na musamman na fahimtar abubuwan da ke haifar da talauci yayin da ake bin adalci na tattalin arziki, wannan aikin yana nufin canza yanayin zamantakewar wanda ya gina da kuma samar da yanayin talauci. A ƙarshen shekara ta 1960s duk da haka, Amurka ta ga koma baya yayin da waɗanda suka fuskanci wariya da talauci suka zama masu karɓar bunƙasa shirin tattalin arziki da zamantakewa. Za a maye gurbin "samfurin adalci" da tsarin "samun adalci" don mayar da martani ga saurin sauye-sauyen al'umma da ke faruwa a tsakanin al'ummar Amurka a karkashin gwamnatin Nixon. Wannan sabuwar hanyar za a ƙirƙira ta a ƙarƙashin Hukumar Kula da Ayyukan Shari'a (LSC), kuma za ta sami ƙarin mayar da hankali na mutum-mutumi tare da iyakancewar tasirin zamantakewa, kamar yadda Amurka ba ta ayyana cewa sabis na shari'a na da haƙƙin samun garanti ba. "Samar da adalci" shine samfurin da ofisoshin ba da agajin doka da ayyuka za su bi don ƙungiyoyi masu zuwa. Kamfanin Sabis na Legal (LSC) Taimakon shari'a na farar hula ya bayyana a farkon shekarun 1870. A farkon shekarun 1960 wani sabon tsari na ayyukan shari'a ya fito. Gidauniyar, musamman Gidauniyar Ford, ta fara ba da tallafin shirye-shiryen sabis na shari'a da ke cikin hukumomin zamantakewar jama'a da yawa, bisa falsafar cewa ayyukan shari'a ya kamata ya zama ɓangaren ƙoƙarin yaƙi da talauci gaba ɗaya. A cikin shekara ta 1974, Majalisa ta ƙirƙiri Kamfanin Sabis na Shari'a (LSC) don samar da kuɗin tarayya don ayyukan taimakon doka na farar hula (marasa laifi). A shekara ta 1975, Hukumar Sabis ta Shari'a ta karɓi aikin OEO, wanda ya bar tsarin ƙungiyarsa da yawa bai canza ba. Kudade yawanci yana fitowa ne daga Hukumar Kula da Ayyukan Shari'a ta gwamnatin tarayya (LSC), Interest on Lawyer Trust Accounts, agaji, masu ba da taimako, da wasu gwamnatocin jihohi da na ƙananan hukumomi. Ƙungiyoyin ba da agajin shari'a waɗanda ke karɓar kuɗin LSC suna da ƙarin ma'aikata da ayyuka kuma suna iya taimakawa ƙarin abokan ciniki, amma kuma dole ne su bi tsauraran ƙa'idodin gwamnati waɗanda ke buƙatar kiyaye lokaci mai tsauri da kuma hana shiga da ayyukan aji Ƙungiyoyin da ke karɓar tallafin LSC ba za su iya karɓar kuɗi daga wuraren da ba na LSC ba don bin yunƙurin majalisa wanda ya saba wa dokokin LSC. Baya ga zaɓe da ayyukan aji, ƙungiyoyin LSC ba za su iya yin shari'ar da ke da alaƙa da zubar da ciki ba kuma ba za su iya ciyar da wasu ƙalubalen jin daɗi na jiha ko tarayya ba. Ƙungiyoyin LSC ba za su iya gudanar da tarurrukan bita da suka shafi harkokin siyasa da bayar da shawarwari ba. Koyaya, ko da tare da ƙarin tallafi daga LSC, jimillar taimakon shari'a da ake samu don shari'o'in farar hula har yanzu bai wadatar ba. Bukatar sabis na doka ya kasance mai girma. A cikin shekara ta 2018, kimanin Amurkawa miliyan 58.5 sun cancanci shirye-shiryen LSC. A cewar rahoton farko na Justice Gap na LSC, wanda shugabar LSC Helaine M. Barnett ta qaddamar a shekara ta 2005, duk ofisoshin ba da agajin shari'a a duk faɗin ƙasar, LSC tallafi ko a'a, tare suna iya biyan kusan kashi 20 cikin 100 na buƙatun doka na masu karamin karfi. mutane a Amurka Taimakon shari'a a matakin jiha Bayar da sabis na shari'a a matakin tarayya ta hanyar LSC bai isa ba, kuma yana barin babban buƙatun da ba a biya ba. Idan babu wani babban hukunci daga Kotun Koli da ke tabbatar da hakkin lauyan farar hula, kamar yadda ya faru game da batutuwan da suka shafi laifuka ta hannun Gideon v. Wainwright, Jihohi an bar su ga nasu na'urorin don cika babban buƙatar sabis na doka. Wani muhimmin ci gaba a wannan yanki ya zo yayin da kowace jiha, ta fara da Florida, ta ƙirƙiri wani nau'in Sha'awar shirin Asusun Amintattun Lauya New York A tarihi, taimakon shari'a a Amurka ya fara ne a New York tare da kafa Ƙungiyar Taimakon Shari'a na New York a Shekara ta 1876. A cikin shekara ta 2017, Birnin New York ya zama wuri na farko a Amurka don ba da tabbacin sabis na shari'a ga duk masu haya da ke fuskantar korar tare da zartar da "Haƙƙin Shawarar Doka". Wakilan Majalisar Birnin New York Mark D. Levine da Vanessa Gibson ne suka gabatar da kudurin tun a shekara ta 2014 kafin a fadada shi zuwa yadda yake a yanzu. Kuɗaɗe don ayyukan shari'a da ke kewaye da korar da gidaje zai karu a cikin shekaru biyar, ya kai dala miliyan 155 nan da 2022. Ofishin Adalci na Birnin New York (OCJ) ne zai aiwatar da ayyukan ga gidaje waɗanda ba su wuce kashi 200% na layin talauci na tarayya ba. Dokar ta ƙunshi tanadi ga OCJ don samar da rahotanni na shekara-shekara don sa ido kan ci gaba da tasiri na ayyukan da ake bayarwa. Rahoton na shekara ta 2017 ya gano cewa korar ta ragu da kashi 27% tun daga shekara ta 2013, kuma "a cikin shekaru hudu na shekara ta 2014 zuwa 2017, an kiyasta cewa New Yorkers 70,000 sun kasance a gidajensu sakamakon raguwar korar." California Dokar Bayar da Shawarar Jama'a ta Sargent Shriver ta 2009 ta ƙirƙiri wasu shirye-shiryen matukin jirgi waɗanda ke haɓaka wakilci a cikin lamuran taimakon jama'a game da ainihin buƙatun ɗan adam don tantance fa'idodin taimakon shari'a, da dabaru na aiwatarwa. Wani bincike na shekara ta 2017 ya bincika 10 daga cikin waɗannan shirye-shiryen ba da agajin doka, kuma ya gano cewa masu karɓar taimakon sun inganta haɓaka sosai a cikin shari'o'in korar. Kashi 67% na shari'o'in sun daidaita, karuwa da kashi 33% idan aka kwatanta da wanda ake wakilta a kowane hali. Mahimmanci, binciken ya gano cewa, "yayin da duk abokan cinikin Shriver suka sami sanarwar korar, kashi 6% ne kawai aka fitar da su daga gidajensu Idan ba a cika buƙatun samun kuɗin shiga ba, ƙungiyoyin ba da agajin doka a California da Hukumar Sabis ɗin Shari'a ke ba da tallafi ba za su iya ba da sabis ga waɗanda aka zaɓa ba. Wannan rashin daidaituwa yana shafar Latinos/kamar yadda suke zaune a California. Hukumar Kula da San Francisco ta zartar da wata doka a cikin shekara ta 2012 tana bayyana niyyarta ta sanya San Francisco birni na farko don ba da tabbacin haƙƙin shawara. A watan Yuni na shekara ta 2018, San Francisco ta aiwatar da shirin "Haƙƙin Ba da Shawara" wanda ke ba da tabbacin wakilcin doka ga masu haya da ke fuskantar kora. A halin yanzu, Lauyan Birnin Los Angeles yana duban dokar "Haƙƙin Ba da Shawara" wanda zai yi kama da waɗanda aka kafa a New York da San Francisco. Dangantakar Lauya-Abokin ciniki a cikin ayyukan pro bono Muhawara mai mahimmanci game da ayyukan pro bono ta mai da hankali kan dangantakar lauya da abokin ciniki da kuma rarraba iko a cikinsa. Tun daga shekarun 1970s, yancin jama'a da ƙungiyoyin ra'ayin jama'a sun ƙirƙira kuma sun yi amfani da manufar "mallakar lauyoyi", wanda shine hasashe cewa lauyoyi suna aiki bisa ga imaninsu na sirri game da wane hanyar aiki zai fi dacewa ga abokin ciniki. Ga masu ƙaramin ƙarfi ko tsirarun abokan ciniki, ana ganin ƙaddamar da su ga ikon lauyoyi da yanke shawara mai iko a matsayin "farashin shiga kotuna". Tare da ƙarancin kuɗin da abokan ciniki ke da shi a kan shawarar su, lauyoyi sun kasance a tarihi sun riƙe ƙarin dabi'un uba don aikin bono, sabanin hanyar haɗin gwiwa. Ta fuskar lauyoyin sabis na shari'a, zato shine "abokin ciniki yana sha'awar sakamako kuma ya zo gare ku mai yiwuwa saboda kun san hanya mafi kyau, ko kuma hanyar da za ta iya samun sakamakon. Don haka, dole ne a sami dogaro da gwanintar lauya wajen kafawa da kuma ba da shawarar hanyoyin da za a bi.” A cikin kashi talatin da biyu bisa dari na shari'o'i, lauyoyin sun yi ishara da yin shawarwari masu mahimmanci ba tare da shiga daga abokin ciniki kwata-kwata ba. Masu suka suna jayayya cewa hulɗar tsakanin lauyoyi da abokan ciniki yakamata ta kasance ta hanyar jagororin da aka shimfida a cikin Ƙididdiga na Haƙƙin Ƙwararrun Lauyoyin Amurka. Baya ga wannan lambar, babu wani bayanin ko jagororin dangantakar abokin ciniki-lauyi da babban nau'in bambancin, sakamakon, a aikace. Bayar da rigingimu na kundin yana tabbatar da cewa lauyoyi suna ba da fifiko ga aminci ga burin abokan cinikinsu fiye da bukatunsu ɗaya ko na waje. Gaba ɗaya, lambar tana ba lauyoyi da ƙarin iko akan 'hanyoyin' kuma suna barin abokan ciniki alhakin manyan yanke shawara na shari'a (ciki har da idan abokin ciniki yana son sasantawa ko ɗaukaka ƙara). Taimakon shari'a na gudanarwa Wasu jihohi (misali, California) sun kuma ba da garantin yancin yin shawara ga waɗanda ake tuhuma marasa galihu a cikin "laifi-laifi" ko shari'o'in gudanarwa kamar ƙarewa na haƙƙin iyaye na son rai da ayyukan uba Taimakon shari'a na al'umma Ƙirƙirar ƙungiyoyin taimakon shari'a na al'umma yawanci suna samuwa ne don mayar da martani ga mutanen da ke fuskantar rashin haƙƙin mallaka ko rashin ayyuka, lokacin da ba za su iya biyan kuɗin lauya ba. Misalin irin wannan tsarin taimakon shari'a na al'umma shine ƙirƙirar Ƙungiyar Taimakon Shari'a ta New York, wanda aka kafa a cikin shekara ta 1876 don taimakawa baƙi Jamus su magance jerin batutuwan da suka shafi al'ummominsu. Rashin (ko rashin iya kewayawa da fahimtar tsarin shari'ar Amurka) ya sa Jamusawa-Amurkawa haɓaka wannan rukunin yanar gizon don taimakawa mutane, waɗanda ke da rauni ga cin zarafi, aikata laifuka, da sauran batutuwan shari'a waɗanda suka addabi rayuwarsu. Wasu ƙungiyoyi za su yi amfani da hanyoyin doka a matsayin matakai masu amfani wajen canza muhimman dabi'u da al'adun jama'ar Amurka. Ƙasar Kasa ta Kasa don Ci gaban mutane masu launi (NAACP), da kuma kungiyar 'yar' yanci ta Amurka (ACLU), sune guda biyu daga cikin masu ba da taimakon A cikin Amurka, amma za a samu daga baya, kafa a cikin shekara ta 1909 da 1920 da 1920 da bi da shi. An kafa kungiyoyin ba da agajin shari’a ba bisa ka’ida ba, ta hanyar yin amfani da doka don bi, kalubalanci, da canza dokokin da ake da su da suka yi aiki a kan ’yan kasa mafiya rauni bisa dalilai na kabilanci, jinsi, dan kasa, da sauran nau'ikan da talakawa ke fama da su. Asibitocin shari'a sun zama cibiyoyin taimakon shari'a, nasiha, da kuma wuraren da ake bi don fuskantar talauci. A cikin waɗannan wurare, matalauta suna samun damar yin adalci, tare da ƙarancin ilimin shari'a na musamman wanda ke magance mafi yawan korafe-korafe da ke tasiri a rayuwar yau da kullum, wanda aka sani da tsarin "jam'a", samar da nau'in nau'i. "Kantin tasha ɗaya" wanda ke ƙoƙarin samun duk buƙatun shari'a na abokin ciniki ya hadu a cikin sarari guda, rage kashe kuɗi na samun lauyoyi da yawa a cikin shafuka masu yawa don batutuwan shari'a da yawa. Har ila yau, waɗannan shafuka suna la'akari da al'adun al'adu da zamantakewa da ke taimakawa wajen ƙiyayya da tunani da zamantakewa don samun damar neman taimakon shari'a ta al'ummomin marasa galihu. Muhimmin sashi na wannan ƙirar shine saduwa da abokin ciniki a inda suke, ko aƙalla, kasance a cikin wani wuri mai yuwuwa, kuma dacewa ga abokin ciniki ya ziyarta. Saka asibitocin shari'a na unguwanni, da tsarinsu mai ban sha'awa ga al'amura masu yawa. Saboda dokar talauci “ba wani fanni na musamman ba ne,” za a iya samun batutuwa da yawa da abokin ciniki ɗaya zai iya fuskanta, maiyuwa a lokaci guda, kuma maiyuwa ba su da alaƙa da wani lamari na musamman, ko haɗa kai zuwa irin wannan matakin da ke magance wani ɓangare na matsalar ke haifar da. Tasiri A cikin shekara ta 2003, an buga wani bincike wanda ya danganta taimakon shari'a na jama'a zuwa ga raguwar ƙimar tashin hankalin Abokan Hulɗa (IPV). Shirye-shiryen da LSC ke tallafawa sun rufe shari'o'i guda 120,944 da suka shafi tashin hankali cikin gida a cikin shekara ta 2017 kaɗai. A cikin shekaru goma da suka biyo bayan wannan binciken, ɗimbin ƙungiyar bincike sun fara ɗaukar hoto don bincika ingantaccen tasirin taimakon shari'a. Nazarin ya kafa taimakon doka kamar samar da irin wannan fa'idodi kamar rage rashin matsuguni da kuma buƙatar matsuguni na gaggawa ta hanyar rage korar jama'a. A cikin shekaru ashirin da suka wuce, sabis na taimakon shari'a na farar hula ya nuna don ceton gidajen fiye da masu haya mutane 6,000 a New York bisa ga binciken shekara ta 1996 na Ƙungiyar Bar na Birnin New York. Saboda rarrabuwar kawuna na taimakon shari'a a Amurka, nazarin fa'idar farashi galibi yana keɓanta da wata ƙasa. Wani labarin na 2010 wanda ya tattara wasu bincike da yawa ya gano cewa fa'idodin ya wuce rage yawan tashin hankali a cikin gida, gano cewa samun damar ba da agaji yana kawo ƙarin kudade a cikin jihar ta hanyar taimakawa mutane su sami fa'idodin tarayya, kare yara, da taimakon zaɓaɓɓun ƙungiyoyi kamar tsofaffi da tsoffin sojoji. wadanda ake yawan amfani da su. Cibiyar Shari'ar Al'ummar Gabashin Bay (EBCLC) Cibiyar Shari'a ta East Bay Community tana ba da sabis na doka kyauta ga mazauna gundumar Alameda. Akwai asibitocin shari'a iri-iri daga Makarantar Shari'a ta Berkeley Boalt da rarrabuwar doka a cikin EBCLC kuma kowanne yana da nasa sharuɗɗan da ke tabbatar da cancantar abokan ciniki don karɓar ayyukansu. EBCLC tana da wurare biyu a Berkeley tare da wuri ɗaya akan Jami'ar Ave da ɗaya akan titin Adeline. EBCLC tana ba da Sabis na Tsabtace Tsabtace, Sabis na Clinical Adalci na tattalin arziƙin Al'umma, Adalci na Mabukaci da Sabis na Babban Clinic, Tsaro na Ilimi da Adalci don Sabis na Matasa, Ayyukan Lafiya da Jin Dadi, Sabis na Gidaje, da sabis na Shige da Fice. Dokar Ayyukan Siyan Bashi Mai Gaskiya An haife shi daga aikin haɗin gwiwar al'umma, Dokar Ayyukan Siyan Bashi mai Adalci ya koma ga ainihin hangen nesa na taimakon doka; samun adalci da canji na asali zuwa tsari tun daga tushe, samar da sauyi mai ma'ana ta al'umma daga kangin talauci, canza al'adun da wuraren zaman jama'ar Amurka ke aiki a karkashinsu. An cimma hakan ne ta hanyar yunƙurin yi wa al’umma hidima, ta hanyar buɗaɗɗen kofa Janar Clinic taron, wanda ya jagoranci EBCLC don sanin yawan adadin abokan ciniki da ba su dace ba duk ana tuhumar su kan bashin katin kiredit. Saboda Babban Clinic ya ba da izini ga duk abokan cinikin da ke fuskantar nau'ikan lamuran shari'a daban-daban don neman taimakon doka, ya sami damar kama abokan ciniki tare da shaida da bayanan da ke goyan bayan matsayin cewa wannan abin da ya faru na dabarun kasuwanci ne da aka yi niyya, yana cin zarafin jahilai. marasa galihu, kuma mafiya talauci. Ikon isar da magunguna na doka ga abokan ciniki wani yanki ne kawai na maganin da EBCLC ta tura. Iyaka na taimakon shari'a a cikin al'ummar Latino Ayyukan shari'a da ake samu don abokan cinikin Latino da Hispanic sun bambanta. Wannan abokin ciniki na iya haɗawa da magana da Mutanen Espanya da abokan ciniki mara izini. Latinos sau da yawa suna kuskuren notaries a matsayin ƙungiyoyin doka kuma suna juya zuwa notaries don shawarar doka waɗanda ba su cancanci bayarwa ba. Dangantakar da ke tsakanin al'ummar Hispanic da sabis na taimakon shari'a ana iya kwatanta shi da ƙarancin tabbaci. 44% na Mutanen Espanya sun ce ba su da kwarin gwiwa kotuna za su yi musu adalci kuma kashi 49% sun yi imanin za a yi musu adalci. 19% na Latinos sun ce su ko dangin dangi sun halarci kotu ko kuma sun shiga cikin wani laifi tare da taƙaitaccen sabis na lauya. Ƙayyadaddun hukumomi kamar yanke kudaden shiga shine babban abin hana samun wasu sabis na taimakon doka na Latinos. Ga yawancin abokan cinikin Hispanic, talauci, tsarin iyali, da ƙididdiga na jama'a suna ƙayyade bukatun taimakon zamantakewa da shari'a. Abubuwan da ba na shari'a ba kamar sa ido, cin zarafi na gida, ƙarewar biza, da shingen harshe kuma na iya shafar ikon abokin ciniki don samun damar taimakon doka. Rashin sanin bambancin launin fata na iya hana lauyoyi samar da isassun ayyuka ga Latino/a da abokan cinikin Hispanic. A matakin laifi, masu kare jama'a galibi ba sa jin Mutanen Espanya, kuma suna ba da shawarar yin ciniki kan gwaji don Latino/a da abokan cinikin Hispanic. Hidimar Latino da abokan cinikin Hispanic Idan Latino/abokan ciniki suna da mummuna gamuwa da tsarin shari'ar aikata laifuka a takamaiman gundumominsu na asali, suna iya gwagwarmayar fahimtar tsarin shari'a na Amurka. Lokacin ba da sabis na doka ga abokan cinikin Latino, masu aikin shari'a yakamata su tambayi wane ɗan ƙasa ko ƙabila abokin ciniki ya fito. Lauyoyi da masu ba da agajin doka kada su ɗauka Latino/a ko abokan cinikin Hispanic suna jin Mutanen Espanya. Ya kamata su tabbatar da abin da yare/ yaren abokin ciniki ke magana. Ana ba da shawarar cewa ƙungiyoyin doka su sami takaddun fassarar Mutanen Espanya game da shari'ar shari'a domin abokan cinikin Mutanen Espanya su iya fahimtar ƙamus na doka. Latinos mara izini na iya fuskantar ƙarin sakamakon shige da fice saboda wakilcin doka da Latino/abokai suka samu a cikin wannan fagen doka ba su da asalin al'adu da ƙaura. Lauyoyin Latino Lauyoyin Latino suna aiki azaman albarkatu don shawarwari da jagoranci a cikin Latino/al'umma. Suna da yuwuwar zama wani ɓangare na ƙaramin kamfani ko aiki a fagen sabis na jama'a da sabis na shari'a marasa riba. Latinos suna da kashi 3% na lauyoyi, kuma ba su da isasshen wakilci a matsayin abokan tarayya ko abokan manyan kamfanonin lauya, masu gabatar da ƙara, da lauyoyin tsaro. Duba kuma Lauyan kwangila Asibitin shari'a Mai kare jama'a Ƙungiyar Taimakon Shari'a Legal Aid Society of Cleveland Daliban Shari'a a Aikin Aiki Ƙungiyar Taimakon Shari'a na New York Taimakon Shari'a a Texas: Cibiyar Sabis na Legal, Texas Rio Grande Legal Aid Manazarta Ci gaba da karatu Batlan, Felice. Mata da Adalci ga Talakawa: Tarihin Taimakon Shari'a, 1863-1945 (New York: Cambridge University Press, 2015) xx, 232 pp. Houseman, Alan W. da Linda E. Perle. Tabbatar da Daidaiton Adalci ga Kowa (Washington, DC: CLASP, 3rd rev. ed. 2013) Johnson, Earl. Don Kafa Adalci ga Kowa: Baya da Gaba na Taimakon Shari'a na Jama'a a Amurka: Tsohon da Gaba na Taimakon Shari'a a Amurka (ABC-CLIO, 2013) Spiegel, Mark. "Taimakon Shari'a 1900 zuwa 1930: Me ya faru da Gyara Dokar? DePaul Journal for Social Justice (2015). kan layi Hanyoyin haɗi na waje Kamfanin Sabis na Legal (lsc.gov) Haƙƙin Ɗan Adam Haƙƙoƙin Mata Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba
24035	https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hurricane%20Nadine%20%282012%29	Hurricane Nadine (2012)	Mahaukaciyar guguwar Nadine ita ce guguwar Atlantika mafi dadewa a duniya da aka taba yi. A matsayin guguwa mai zafi na goma sha huɗu kuma mai suna guguwa na lokacin guguwa na Atlantika na shekara ta dubu ashirin da shabiyu 2012, Nadine ta haɓaka daga raƙuman ruwan zafi da ke tafiya yammacin Cape Verde a watan Satumba goma 10. A rana mai zuwa, ta ƙarfafa zuwa Tropical Storm Nadine. Bayan fara bin diddigin arewa maso yamma, Nadine ta juya zuwa arewa, nesa ba kusa da kowane yanki. Farkon Satumba 15, Nadine ta kai matsayin guguwa yayin da take karkata zuwa gabas. Ba da daɗewa ba bayan haka, ƙaruwar tsagewar iska a tsaye ta raunana Nadine kuma a ranar 16 ga Satumba ta koma cikin guguwa mai zafi. A washegari, guguwar ta fara tafiya arewa maso gabas kuma tana barazanar Azores amma a ƙarshen Satumba 19, Nadine ta nufi gabas-kudu maso gabas kafin ta isa tsibiran. Duk da haka, guguwar ta haifar da iskar guguwa mai zafi a wasu tsibirai. A watan Satumba 21, guguwar ta karkata kudu maso kudu maso gabas yayin da kudancin Azores. Daga baya a wannan ranar, Nadine ta koma cikin matsanancin matsin lamba. Saboda yanayi mai kyau, ragowar Nadine sun sake komawa cikin guguwa mai zafi a watan Satumba 24. Bayan sake bunƙasa, guguwar ta aiwatar da madaidaicin guguwar kuma ta nufi sannu a hankali a tsallaken gabashin Atlantic. Daga ƙarshe, Nadine ta juya kudu maso kudu maso yamma, wanda a lokacin ya zama kusan tsayayye. A watan Satumba 28, guguwar ta karkata arewa maso yamma kuma ta sake karfafawa zuwa guguwa. Mahaukaciyar guguwar ta kara tsananta kuma ta mamaye sama da iska 90 mph a watan Satumba 30. Kashegari, duk da haka, Nadine ta raunana zuwa hadari na wurare masu zafi, yayin da yanayi ya zama mara daɗi. Ƙarfin iska mai ƙarfi da raguwar yanayin yanayin teku ya raunana guguwar. Nadine ta koma cikin mahaukaciyar guguwa a watan Oktoba 3, kuma ya haɗu tare da gabatowar sanyi mai gabatowa arewa maso gabas na Azores jim kaɗan bayan haka. Ragowar Nadine sun ratsa Azores a watan Oktoba 4 kuma ya sake kawo iska mai ƙarfi zuwa tsibirin. Asali da tarihin yanayi Babban guguwar yanayi ta fito cikin Tekun Atlantika daga gabar yammacin Afirka, a watan Satumba 7. Tsarin ya wuce kudancin Cape Verde a watan Satumba 8, yana kawo ruwa mara tsauri da tsawa. A kusa da wancan lokacin, Cibiyar Guguwa ta Kasa ta ba da tsarin matsakaiciyar dama na cyclogenesis na wurare masu zafi a cikin 48 awanni. An sami ƙaramin yankin matsin lamba tare da guguwar yanayin zafi a watan Satumba 9, wanda ya ƙara haɓaka aikin motsi. An tantance tsarin tare da babbar dama ga samuwar mahaukaciyar guguwa a watan Satumba 10. Dangane da ƙididdigar ƙarfin tauraron dan adam, Cibiyar Hurricane ta Kasa ta ayyana tashin hankali a matsayin Tashin Harshen Tropical na goma sha huɗu a dubu daya da dari biyu 1200 UTC a watan Satumba 10, yayin da guguwar ta kasance kusan dari tatwas da tamanin da biyar yamma da Cape Verde. Kodayake aikin tsawa ya kasance kaɗan kaɗan a kusa da tsakiyar zagayawa, ƙungiya mai haɗawa da ɓacin rai tana ƙara kasancewa cikin tsari. Marigayi a watan Satumba 10, convection fara kara da dan kadan a kusa da cibiyar, amma saboda Dvorak tsanani T-lambobin sun tsakanin 2.0 da kuma 2.5, da ciki da aka ba kyautata zuwa wurare masu zafi da hadari. Duk da haka, busasshiyar iska ta haifar da ruwan sama da tsawa a ranar. Da farko, ta doshi arewacin arewa saboda yamma kusa da gefen kudancin babban gandun daji Koyaya, zuwa Satumba 11, bacin rai ya sake karkace arewa maso yamma. Daga baya a wannan ranar, bacin rai ya fara dawo da zurfin tunani. Hoton tauraron dan adam na geostationary da bayanan watsawa sun nuna cewa bacin rai ya ƙaru zuwa Tropical Storm Nadine a 0000 UTC a watan Satumba 12. Ƙarfafawa da ƙarfin ƙarfin farko A watan Satumba Ranar 12 ga watan Disamba, girgizar ƙasa mai yawa ta ɓullo kuma saboda yanayi mai kyau, Cibiyar Guguwa ta Kasa ta lura da yuwuwar zurfafa cikin sauri. Ci gaba da ƙarfafawa ya ci gaba da sauri kodayake ƙasa da saurin sauri a watan Satumba 12. Daga baya a wannan ranar, iskar da ta ci gaba ta kai 65 mph da (105 km/h) A farkon Satumba 13, banding convective wanda aka nannade kusan gaba ɗaya a kusa da tsakiyar kuma saman girgije ya kai yanayin zafi har zuwa Koyaya, saboda bayanan tauraron dan adam na microwave ba zai iya tantance ko ido ya ci gaba ba, ƙarfin Nadine ya kasance a 70 mph (110 km/h) ƙasa da ƙofar halin guguwa. Cibiyar Guguwa ta Kasa ta lura cewa "taga Nadine don karfafawa na iya rufewa", yana mai nuni da daidaiton tsarin kwamfuta game da karuwar sautin iska da kadan canjin tsari. Guguwar ta fara fuskantar guguwar iska a kudu maso yamma a watan Satumba 13, wanda aka samar ta tsakiyar tsakiyar zuwa babban matakin matattakala da axis mai nisan mil ɗari zuwa yamma da Nadine. A sakamakon haka, guguwar ta yi ta fama don samar da ido kuma cibiyar ta yi wahalar ganowa. Kodayake ba a daidaita guguwar ba, wucewar watsawa ta nuna iskar guguwar iska mai zafi ta miƙa zuwa Bayyanar tauraron dan adam na Nadine ya kara raguwa a watan Satumba 14. Duk da wannan, guguwar ta kasance a ƙasa da yanayin guguwa kuma Cibiyar Hurricane ta ƙasa ta lura da yiwuwar ƙaruwa idan girgizar iska ta ragu a cikin 'yan kwanaki masu zuwa. Nadine ta juya arewa a watan Satumba 14 kamar yadda ta bi ta gefen gefen wani tsauni mai zurfi. Ba da daɗewa ba, wucewa ta Ofishin Jakadancin Rainfall (TMM) ya nuna cewa babban jigon ya fara sake shiri. Duk da haka, saboda kukar iska ta raba matsuguni tsakanin matakin zuwa arewa na ƙaramin matakin, Nadine ba ta haɓaka zuwa guguwa ba. Saboda Nadine zai kusanci yanayin yanayin yanayin sanyi na teku, ana ganin ƙarfafawa mai mahimmanci ba zai yiwu ba. Saboda karuwar kimantawar tauraron dan adam da sake tsarawa, Nadine ya inganta zuwa guguwa a 1800 UTC a watan Satumba 14. Bayan awanni shida, Nadine ta kai ƙarfin farko na farko tare da iskar Hotunan tauraron dan adam sun nuna cewa raunin ido yana ƙoƙarin haɓakawa a ƙarshen Satumba 15. Rashin ƙarfi da farkon canjin yanayin zafi Marigayi a watan Satumba A ranar 15 ga Fabrairu, mai hasashen Cibiyar Guguwa ta Kasa Robbie Berg ya lura cewa Nadine ta fara "duba kadan -kadan", kamar yadda lura da bayanai na microwave ya yi nuni da sausayar da zurfin motsi zuwa arewa maso gabashin cibiyar. Marigayi a watan Satumba 16, idon ya karkata ya ɓace, ƙungiyoyi masu rarrafewa sun fara ɓarna, kuma gabaɗaya shawa da ayyukan tsawa sun ragu tun farkon wannan ranar. Nadine ta raunana baya ga guguwa mai zafi a watan Satumba 17 kuma tulu ya rage bayyanar tauraron dan adam. Busasshen iska ya fara shafar Nadine a watan Satumba 17, kodayake fitowar daga guguwa ta hana rauni sosai. Duk da babban walƙiya mai zurfin juzu'i a saman da'irar arewa, Nadine ta raunana kaɗan daga baya a wannan ranar. Ƙarin rauni ya faru a washegari, bayan fashewar zurfin zurfafa a watan Satumba 17 ya lalace. Daga baya a watan Satumba 18, mafi yawan zurfin convection ya watse. Ruwan sama mai ƙarfi da tsawa da suka rage sun kasance cikin ƙungiya zuwa yamma da arewa maso yamma na cibiyar Nadine. Nadine ta yi barazana ga Azores yayin da take tafiya arewa maso gabas sannan kuma zuwa arewa tsakanin Satumba 18 da Satumba 19, kodayake wani shinge mai hana ruwa ya hana guguwar ta kusanci tsibirin. Mafi kusancinta da Azores kusan kudu maso kudu maso yammacin tsibirin Flores a watan Satumba 19. Daga nan guguwar ta sake karkata zuwa gabas-kudu maso gabas a watan Satumba 20, bayan guguwar ta raunana kuma tsakiyar zuwa babban matakin matattakala ya zurfafa. A ƙarshen Satumba 21, yawancin ragowar zurfin iskar da aka haɗa da ƙungiya mai ɗaukar nauyi kawai tare da saman girgije. A aikace, Cibiyar Hurricane ta Ƙasa ta sake ware Nadine a matsayin guguwa mai ƙarfi a 2100 UTC a ranar ashirin da daya 21 ga Satumba, saboda matsakaicin matsakaici, filin iska mai asymmetrical da wani babban matakin matsin lamba kusa da cibiyar. Koyaya, binciken bayan kakar wasa ya ƙare cewa Nadine ya lalace zuwa wani yanki mai ƙarancin matsin lamba na sa'o'i uku da suka gabata. Farkon Satumba 22, Cibiyar Guguwa ta Kasa ta lura cewa sake farfadowa a cikin guguwa mai tsananin zafi wata dama ce ta daban. Yankin ƙaramin matsin lamba ba da daɗewa ba ya motsa kan tekuna masu zafi da yanayin ƙaramin haushi, yana haifar da zurfafa taro don sake haɓakawa. Don haka, Nadine ta zama guguwa mai zafi a sifili sifili sifili sifili 0000 UTC a watan Satumba 23. Wani shinge mai toshe kan Azores ya tilasta Nadine ta koma yamma-arewa maso yamma a watan Satumba 24, yana haifar da aiwatar da ƙaramin madauki na cyclonic. Ko da yake iskar ta karu zuwa 60 mph da (95 km/h), guguwar ta sake raunana kuma ta ragu zuwa guguwa mai zafi a watan Satumba 25. Duk da wannan koma-baya, hoton tauraron dan adam ya nuna cewa Nadine ta haɓaka fasalin ido. Sai dai daga bisani Cibiyar Guguwar ta Kasa ta lura cewa yanki ne da babu girgije a kusa da tsakiyar guguwar. A watan Satumba 26, Nadine ta karkata kudu maso kudu maso yamma zuwa kudu maso yamma a kusa da yankin kudu maso gabas na tsaka-tsaki zuwa babban matakin kan tekun Atlantika ta yamma. Bayan ƙaramin canji na ƙarfi na kwanaki da yawa, a ƙarshe Nadine ta fara ƙaruwa a watan Satumba 27, saboda yanayin saman teku ya yi zafi fiye da Na 1200 UTC a watan Satumba 28, Nadine ta sake ƙarfafawa zuwa Rukunin Guguwa 1 akan ma'aunin guguwar Saffir -Simpson A kusa da wancan lokacin, hotunan tauraron dan adam ya nuna cewa guguwar ta sake bunkasa fasalin ido. Bayan rashin tsari, Cibiyar Guguwa ta Kasa ta yi kuskuren rage Nadine zuwa guguwa mai zafi a watan Satumba 29 kafin haɓaka shi zuwa guguwa kuma sa'o'i shida bayan haka. A zahiri Nadine ta ci gaba da zama guguwa kuma tana ci gaba da ƙaruwa. Iska ta karu zuwa 85 mph (140 km/h) a watan Satumba 30, bayan ido ya zama mafi bambanta. Na dubu dari daya da dari biyu 1200 UTC, guguwar ta kai ƙwanƙolin ƙarfin ta tare da matsakaicin iskar 90 mph (150 km/h) da ƙaramin matsin lamba barometric na Bayan tsananin ƙarfi, Nadine ya sake raunana kuma ya lalace zuwa hadari mai zafi a 1200 UTC, a watan Oktoba 1. Iskar arewa maso yamma ta fara ƙaruwa a watan Oktoba 3, bayan wani babban matattarar ruwa wanda ke haifar da ƙaramin girgizar iska ya koma gabas. Bayan hoursan awanni daga baya, ƙaramin matakin ya zama ɗan fallasa, kafin a rarrabe shi gaba ɗaya daga isar da dubu dari daya da dari biyar 1500 UTC. Saboda tsananin kukar iska da yanayin yanayin ruwan teku mai sanyi, ruwan sama da tsawa sun ragu da sauri, kuma zuwa ƙarshen Oktoba 3, Nadine ta zama ba ta da wani motsi mai zurfi. Na 0000 UTC a watan Oktoba 4, Nadine ta canza zuwa wani matsanancin matsin lamba, yayin da kusan kudu maso yamma na tsakiyar Azores. Ƙananan hanzari ya ƙaura zuwa arewa maso gabas, ya lalace zuwa cikin matattarar matsin lamba, kuma gabanin sanyi ya mamaye shi a wannan ranar. An ba da gargadin guguwar iska da agogo a lokuta biyu daban -daban yayin da Nadine ta kusanci Azores Na 1000 UTC a watan Satumba 18, an ba da agogon guguwa na wurare masu zafi ga tsibiran Flores da Corvo Kodayake an dakatar da agogon guguwar a 2100 UTC, an aiwatar da gargadin guguwar yanayi a lokacin don tsibiran Corvo, Faial, Flores, Graciosa, Pico, São Jorge, da Terceira Na 1500 UTC a watan Satumba 19, an kuma yi gargadin guguwar iska mai zafi ga São Miguel da Santa Maria An katse duk agogo da gargadi zuwa ƙarshen Satumba 21. Bayan sake sabuntawa, Nadine ta sake yin barazana ga Azores, wanda ya haifar da agogon guguwa mai zafi ga dukan tsibirin a 1500 UTC a watan Oktoba 1. Awa tara bayan haka, sifili sifili sifili sifili 0000 UTC a rana mai zuwa, an haɓaka agogon zuwa gargaɗin guguwa mai zafi. Bayan Nadine ta zama mai wuce gona da iri, an daina gargadin. A hanya ta biyu ta guguwar zuwa Azores, an rufe makarantu kuma an soke tashi. Marigayi a watan Satumba 20, Flores ya ba da rahoton iskar Gudun iska mai ɗorewa da gust har zuwa an ba da rahoto a Horta a tsibirin Faial, yayin da Nadine ta wuce kudu a watan Satumba 21. A lokacin tasirin Azores na biyu a watan Oktoba 4, mafi girman saurin iskar da aka ruwaito shine akan São Miguel, yayin da gust mafi ƙarfi shine a Plant Power Plant a Santa Maria. A tsibirin Pico, an lalata laminin zauren wasanni na makarantar firamare da sakandare a Lajes do Pico. Ragowar Nadine sun samar da ɗimbin danshi wanda ya saukar da ruwan sama mai ƙarfi akan Burtaniya, musamman a Ingila da Wales, ya kai 5.12. a cikin (130 mm) a Ravensworth a cikin tsohon. Ruwan sama ya mamaye gidaje tare da tarwatsa hanyoyi da hanyoyin mota. Nadine ta kasance jimlar Kwanaki 24 a matsayin guguwa na wurare masu zafi, na wurare masu zafi, da na bayan-zafi, gami da 22.25 kwanaki a matsayin tsarin wurare masu zafi. Wannan ya sa ta zama guguwa mai zafi ta huɗu ta Atlantika mafi tsayi a kan rikodin, kawai a bayan guguwar San Ciriaco ta 1899 a 28 kwanaki, Hurricane Ginger a dubu daya da dari tara da saba'in da daya 1971 a kwanaki 27.25, da Hurricane Inga a dubu daya da dari tara da sittin da tara 1969 a kwanaki 24.75. Lokacin ƙididdige lokacin da aka kashe kawai azaman guguwa mai zafi ko guguwa 20.75 kwanaki-Nadine ita ce ta uku mafi dadewa, bayan Hurricane Ginger a 1971 da guguwar San Ciriaco ta 1899. Lokacin da aka inganta Nadine zuwa guguwa a 1800 UTC a watan Satumba 14, ya yi alama ta uku ta farko ta haifar da guguwa ta takwas, a bayan tsarin da ba a bayyana ba a 1893 da Ophelia a 2005 Duba kuma Jerin guguwar Azores Hurricane Alberto (2000) Hurricane Gordon (2006) Guguwa Leslie (2018) Sauran guguwa masu wannan sunan Nassoshi Pages with unreviewed
33977	https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ab%C5%AB%20Lahab	Abū Lahab	Articles with hCards Abd al-Uzza bn Abdil-Muṭṭalib wanda aka fi sani da Abū Lahab 549 624) shi ne kawun Muhammadu rabin mahaifinsa. Ya kasance daya daga cikin shugabannin Kuraishawa na Makka wadanda suka sabawa Annabi Muhammad da mabiyansa kuma an yi Allah wadai da shi a cikin surar Lahab Suratul Massad ta Alkur'ani saboda adawa da Musulunci Rayuwar farko da Iyali An haife shi a Makka a shekara ta 549 miladiyya dan Abdul Muttalib shugaban gidan Hashim kuma kawun Annabi Muhammadu Don haka ya kasance kane ga Abdullahi baban Annabi Muhammadu. Mahaifiyarsa, Lubna bint Hajar, ta fito daga kabilar Khuza'a Mutanen kabilar Khuza’a sun kasance masu kula da dakin Ka’aba tsawon shekaru aru-aru, kafin Kuraishawa su karbi wannan nauyi ta hannun kakansu Qusai ibn Kilab. Abu Lahab kuma yana da dangantaka da Annabi Muhammad a matsayin kawunsa ta wata hanya, tun da kakar Annabi Muḥammad ita ce Fāṭimah bint 'Amr ta dangin Banu Makhzum Makwafta suke da Muhammad suka raba katanga da gidansa. Sunansa na asali shi ne 'Abd al-'Uzza, ma'ana bawa/mai bautar Uzza, allahn Larabawa na makamashi. Amma mahaifinsa ya ce masa Abū Lahab ("Baban Harshe") "saboda kyawunsa da fara'arsa" saboda jajayen kuncinsa. An bayyana shi a matsayin "kwararre mai ƙwanƙwasa mai ƙwanƙwasa gashi biyu, sanye da alkyabbar Aden" kuma a matsayin "mai yawan karimci". Ya auri Arwā Umm Jamil bint Harb, 'yar'uwar Abu Sufyan (Sakhr), wadda mahaifinta Harb shi ne shugaban gidan Umayya 'Ya'yansu sun hada da Utbah, Utaybah, Muattab, Durrah (Fakhita), 'Uzza da Khālida. Abu Lahab ya haifi wani da, shi ma Durrah, wanda wata kila wata mace ta haife shi. Wataƙila kuma shi ne mahaifin da bawansa Thuwayba ya haifa. 'Yarsa Durrah ta musulunta kuma ta zama mai riwayar Hadisi. Daya tana cikin Musnad na Ahmad, inda ta ruwaito cewa wani mutum ya tashi ya tambayi Annabi Muhammadu, wane ne mafificin mutane? Ya ce: "Mafi alherin mutane shi ne mafi ilimi, mafi tsoron Allah, mafi yawan umarni da kyawawan ayyuka, mafi yawan hani da alfasha, kuma mafi kusancin zumunta. Ita ma Utbah ta musulunta bayan da aka ci Makkah kuma ta yi mubaya'a ga Muhammad. Wa Sahabāh (c. 613). Lokacin da Annabi Muhammadu ya sanar da cewa Allah ne ya umarce shi da ya yaɗa saƙon Musulunci a fili, Alƙur'ani ya gaya masa ya gargaɗi danginsa game da azabar Ubangiji. Don haka sai ya hau Dutsen Safā ya yi ihu: Wa sabahah! Ma'ana: "Ya safiya!" A cikin Larabawa wannan ƙararrawa ta al'ada ce ta al'ada duk mutumin da ya lura da ƙabilar abokan gaba suna gaba da kabilarsa da wayewar gari. Da jin haka sai mutanen Makka suka taru a kan dutsen. Daga nan Annabi Muhammad ya yi wa ’yan uwa suna. "Ya Banū Hāshim, Ya Banū 'Abd al-Muṭallib... [da dai sauransu], da na gaya muku cewa bayan wannan tudun akwai maƙiyi da zai kawo muku hari, shin za ku gaskata ni?" Mutanen sun amsa cewa za su yi, tun da Annnabi Muhammadu an san shi da gaskiya sosai kuma an ba shi lakabin Al Amin Ya ci gaba da cewa: "To, ina yi muku gargadi cewa kuna shirin zuwa ga azaba." Ana nan sai Abu Lahab ya katse da cewa: “Kaitonka sauran yini! Shin abin da kuka kira mu ne a kansa?” Wata al’ada kuma ta tuna da Abu Lahab ya ɗauko dutse da zai jefa wa ɗan’uwansa. Abu Lahab ya yi watsi da da’awar Muhammadu, ya ce: “Annabi Muhammad ya yi mini alkawarin abubuwan da ba na gani ba. Ya yi zargin cewa za su faru bayan mutuwata; me ya saka a hannuna bayan haka?” Sa'an nan ya busa hannuwansa, ya ce, "Ka iya halaka. Ba zan iya ganin komai a cikin ku ba na abubuwan da Annabi Muhammadu ya ce.” Suratul Abu Lahab Sakamakon wannan lamari kai tsaye, an saukar da wata sura ta Al-Masad ("The Dabino Fibre", sura ta 111), game da shi. Fassarar Sahih International ta Turanci tana karanta: Hannayen Abu Lahab ya halaka, kuma ya halaka. Dukiyarsa ba za ta wadatar masa da abin da ya samu ba. he will [enter to] to ƙone a cikin wata wutã mai ƙuna. Matarsa (kuma) mai ɗaukar itace (ƙayan Shaidan wanda ta kasance tana sanya shi a tafarkin Annabi). A wuyanta akwai igiya na murɗaɗɗen zaren masadd Ana kiran Umm Jamil “mai ɗaukar itace” saboda an ce ta ɗauki ƙaya ta jefar da su a tafarkin Annabi Muhammadu. Kasancewar makwabcin Annabi Muḥammad, ita ma ta jefar da shara a bango cikin gidan Annabi Muhammad. Abu Lahab ya auri 'ya'yansa maza biyu ga 'ya'yan Annabi Muhammad, 'Utbah ga Ruqayyah, 'Utaibah ga Ummu Kulthum Duk da haka, ba a gama daura auren ba. Bayan sanarwar Al-Masad, Abu Lahab ya gaya wa 'ya'yansa maza: "Kaina ya halatta a gare ku idan ba ku saki 'ya'yan Muhammadu mata ba." Don haka suka sake su. ’Yar Abu Lahab Durrah ta yi aure a wani mataki na auren Zaid bn Harīthah, wanda a lokacin ake kallonsa a matsayin dan Annabi Muhammadu, daga baya aka sake su; amma ba a san lokacin daurin wannan aure da saki ba. Daga baya kuma ta auri Ḥārith ibn Naufal na Banu Hashim; kuma bayan rasuwarsa ta auri Dihya bn Khalifa. Wasu ayyukan adawa (613–619) A lokacin da Kuraishawa suka fara azabtar da musulmi, dan uwan Abu Lahab Abu Talib ya yi kira ga iyalan Hashim da Al-Muddalib da su tsaya tare da shi wajen kare dan uwansa. Al'ada ce a tsakanin Larabawa su goyi bayan danginsu. Duk da rashin jituwar da ke tsakanin Muhammad da wasu daga Banu Hashim da Banu Muṭṭalib, mafi yawansu sun tsaya masa a cikin halin da yake ciki, sun ba shi kariya da tsaro sai Abu Lahab. Yayin da Annabi Muhammadu ke addu'a a kusa da dakin Ka'aba, Abu Jahl ya taba jefo masa hanjin rakumi da aka yanka. Daga baya Muhammad ya gaya wa Aisha “Na kasance tsakanin mugayen maƙwabta biyu, Abu Lahab da Uqba ibn Abu Mu’ayt Suka kawo najasa suka jefar a gaban k'ofa na, suka kawo wani abu mai ban haushi suka jefar a gaban k'ofa." Muhammad ya ce ya fito daga gidansa yana cewa: “Ya ‘ya’yan Abdumanaf! Dabi’ar makwabci ne?” Sai ya jefar da shara. A shekara ta 7 da yin wa'azin Musulunci, Kuraishawa suka kakabawa Banu Hāshim da Banu Muṭṭalib kauracewa birnin, tare da tilasta musu zama a cikin wani kwazazzabon dutse a wajen birnin. Yawancin mutanen Banu Hāshim ba su karɓi Musulunci a lokacin ba. Amma duk da haka sun tsaya gun Annabi Muhammad sun sha wahala kamar yadda ya sha. Abu Lahab shi kadai ne dan Banu Hāshim wanda ya goyi bayan kaurace wa kuma bai shiga cikin danginsa ba. Ta hanyar tsananin kiyayya, Abu Lahab ya keta wannan al'ada ta Larabawa, ya kuma bi sahun dangin Kuraishawa wadanda ba musulmi ba. Abu Lahab ya yi watsi da alakarsa da dangin Hashim ya ci gaba da zama a Makka. Ba da daɗewa ba, sai ya sadu da surukarsa, Hind bint Utbah, ya ce mata: "Shin ban taimaki Al-Lat da Al-Uzza ba, kuma ban yi watsi da waɗanda suka yi watsi da su ba, kuma na taimaki abokan gābansu. Sai ta ce: E, kuma Allah ya saka maka da alheri Ya Abu Utba. Tsakanin Kauracewa Badar (619-624) Bayan an dage kauracewar sai wani dan uwa Abu Salama ya zo wajen Abu Talib yana neman kariya. Lokacin da dangin Makhzum suka nuna rashin amincewa da haka, Abu Lahab ya goyi bayan ɗan'uwansa. Ya gaya wa Makhzumiyawa cewa: “Ya Kuraishawa, kun ci gaba da kai wa wannan shehin hari saboda ya ba shi kariya a tsakanin mutanensa. Wallahi ko dai ku daina wannan ko kuma mu tsaya tare da shi har sai ya samu abinsa”. Makhzumawa sun so su ci gaba da goyon bayan Abu Lahab, don haka suka amince kada su bata wa Abu Salama rai. Abu Talib ya rasu a shekara ta 620, Tun daga wannan lokaci, Muhammadu ya zagaya wuraren baje kolin kasuwanci da kasuwanni don ya shaida wa kabilun Larabawa cewa shi Annabi ne kuma ya kira su zuwa ga bauta wa Allah Abu Lahab ya kasance yana biye da shi wajen baje kolin, yana mai cewa, “Wannan xan’adam yana nufin ku tube Al-Lat da Al-Uzza daga wuyan ku, da waxanda ke tare da ku na qabilar Malik xan Uqaish saboda bidi’ar bata da ya zo da ita. Kada ku yi masa biyayya, kada kuma ku kula shi.” Wani ya ruwaito cewa: “Kafin Musuluncina na kasance ina ganin Annabi a kasuwanni a wajen Makkah yana kira da cewa: “Ya ku mutane ku ce babu abin bautawa da gaskiya sai Allah, kuma za ku rabauta. Mutane sukan taru a kusa da shi sai wani mutum, mai fuska mai haske, mai hankali, mai gashi guda biyu (yana rataye) ya fito daga baya ya ce: ‘Wannan mutumin ya bar addinin (na kakanninsa). Shi maƙaryaci ne. Yana bin Annabi duk inda yaje. Sai mutane su tambayi wane ne shi, su ji cewa baffansa (Annabi) ne.” {Musnad Ahmed 492/3} </br>Annabi Muhammad da mafi yawan musulmai sun bar Makka a shekara ta 622, kuma Abu Lahab bai da wata mu'amala kai tsaye da dan'uwansa. Mutuwa Kamar yadda majiyoyin Musulunci suka ruwaito, a lokacin da sauran Kuraishawa suka je Badar domin kare ayarin ‘yan kasuwa da ke dauke da dukiyoyinsu daga wani hari da ake tsammanin za su kai musu, Abu Lahab ya ci gaba da zama a Makka, inda ya aika da dan’uwan Abu Jahal al-’ṣ bn Hisham a madadinsa wanda ya bi bashi. Dirhami dubu hudu da ya kasa biya. Don haka sai ya dauke shi aiki tare da su da sharadin a cire masa bashi. Farkon mutanen da suka isa Makka da labarin cin nasarar Kuraishawa a yakin Badar, su ne al-Haysuman da Abdullahi bn al-Khuza’ī, wadanda suka yi ta kukan cewa da yawa daga cikin hakimansu sun fada fagen fama. Abu Lahab ya tafi babban tantin Zamzam, "fuskarsa baƙar fata kamar tsawa". Ba a jima ba sai ga dan uwansa Abu Sufyan bn al-Harith ya iso, don haka sai ya kira shi ya kawo labari. Wasu ƴan tsiraru ne suka taru a kusa da su biyun yayin da Abū Sufyan ya gaya wa kawunsa, “Haƙiƙa, kuraishawa sun haɗu da abokan gabanmu kuma suka juya baya. (Musulmi) suka kore mu, suna kama fursuna yadda suka ga dama. Ba zan iya zargin ’yan kabilarmu ba domin sun fuskanci ba su kaɗai ba, amma mutane sanye da fararen riguna masu hawa dawakai, waɗanda suke tsakanin sama da ƙasa. Ba su bar kome ba, kuma babu wanda ya sami dama." (A.Guillaume, Rayuwar Muhammad, 2007, shafi na 310) A can karshen tantin, wani musulmi mai ‘yantacce mai suna Abu Rafi’ da matar Abbas Lubaba suka zauna suna zazzage kibau. Da suka ji labarin mutanen da suke cikin farare na hawa tsakanin sama da ƙasa, sai suka daina jin daɗinsu, sai Abu Rafi'u ya ce: Mala'iku ne!" Abu Lahab ya fusata har ya tilasta wa Abu Rafi’ mai rauni kasa ya yi masa duka. Lubaba ta dakko sandar tanti da ke kusa, ta buga kan surikinta, tana kuka tana cewa: "Kana tunanin za ka iya zaginsa don kawai Abbas ba ya nan?" Majiyar muslunci ta ce Lubaba ya raunata Abu Lahab sosai, har ta kai ga tsaga kansa, inda ya kwanta da wani bangare na kokon kansa. Rauni ya rikide ya zama najasa, gaba dayan jikinsa ya barke ya zama budadden pustules. Ya rasu bayan mako guda. Wannan zai kasance a ƙarshen Maris 624. Kamshin raunin da Abu Lahab ya ji yana da ban tsoro har babu wanda zai iya zuwa kusa da shi. Iyalinsa sun bar jikinsa da ya rube yana bazuwa a gidansa na tsawon dare biyu ko uku har wani makwabcinsu ya tsawata musu. “Abin kunya ne. Kaji kunyar barin mahaifinka ya rube a gidansa, kada ka binne shi daga idon mutane! Sai suka aika da bayi su cire gawarsa. An shayar da shi daga nesa, sannan aka tura shi da sanduna a cikin wani kabari a wajen Makka, aka jefe shi da duwatsu. Wata ruwaya ta Muslim ta ce bayan rasuwar Abu Lahab, wasu daga cikin ‘yan uwansa sun yi mafarki, suka gan shi yana shan azaba a cikin wuta. Ya gaya musu cewa bai sami jin daɗi a Lahira ba, amma an gafarta masa wahalhalun da ya sha "hakan" (yana nuna sarari tsakanin babban yatsan yatsa da ɗan yatsa) saboda aikin kirki guda ɗaya na lalata bawansa Thuwayba, wanda ya ɗan ɗanyi kaɗan. reno Muhammad a matsayin uwar reno. Manazarta Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba
40111	https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Delhi	Delhi	Delhi, a hukumamce itace babbar birnin ƙasar (NCT) na Delhi, birni ne kuma yanki ne na ƙungiyar Indiya mai ɗauke da New Delhi, babban birnin Indiya. Kogin Yamuna, musamman yammacinsa ko bankin dama, Delhi tana da iyaka da jihar Uttar Pradesh a gabas da jihar Haryana a sauran kwatance. Hukumar NCT ta Dangane da ƙidayar jama'a a shekarar 2011, yawan mutanen garin Delhi sun haura 11 miliyan, yayin da yawan mutanen NCT ya kai kusan 16.8 miliyan. Haɓaka biranen Delhi, wanda ya haɗa da satellite states Ghaziabad, Faridabad, Gurgaon da Noida a cikin yankin da ake kira Babban Birnin Kasar (NCR), yana da kiyasin yawan jama'a sama da 28. miliyan, ya mai da shi yanki mafi girma a Indiya kuma na biyu mafi girma a duniya (bayan Tokyo). Hoton hoto na katanga na tsakiya Purana Qila a bakin kogin Yamuna yayi daidai da bayanin wallafe-wallafen kagara Indraprastha a cikin almara na Sanskrit Mahabharata; duk da haka, binciken da aka yi a yankin bai nuna alamun wani tsohon muhalli da aka gina ba. Daga farkon karni na 13 har zuwa tsakiyar karni na 19, Delhi ta kasance babban birnin manyan dauloli guda biyu, Delhi sultanate da daular Mughal, wanda ta mamaye manyan sassan Kudancin Asiya. Duk wuraren tarihi na UNESCO guda uku a cikin birni, Qutub Minar, Kabarin Humayun, da Red Fort, suna cikin wannan lokacin. Delhi ita ce farkon cibiyar Sufanci da kiɗan Qawwali. Sunayen Nizamuddin Auliya da Amir Khusrau sun shahara da shi. Yaren Khariboli na Delhi wani bangare ne na ci gaban harshe wanda ya haifar da adabin yaren Urdu sannan na Modern Standard Hindi. Manyan mawakan Urdu daga Delhi sun hada da Mir Taqi Mir da Mirza Ghalib. Delhi ta kasance babbar cibiyar Tawayen Indiya ta shekarar 1857. A cikin shekarar 1911, New Delhi, yanki na kudu a cikin Delhi, ta zama babban birnin Daular Indiya ta Burtaniya. A lokacin Rarrabuwar Indiya a 1947, Delhi ta canza daga birnin Mughal zuwa Punjabi, ta rasa kashi biyu bisa uku na mazaunanta Musulmi, a wani bangare saboda matsin lamba da aka samu ta hanyar isa 'yan gudun hijirar Hindu daga yammacin Punjab. Bayan samun 'yancin kai a shekara ta 1947, New Delhi ta ci gaba da zama babban birnin Indiya, kuma bayan 1950 na Jamhuriyar Indiya. Delhi tana matsayi na biyar a cikin jihohin Indiya da yankunan ƙungiyar a cikin ma'aunin haɓakar ɗan adam. Delhi tana da GDP na biyu mafi girma ga kowane mutum a Indiya (bayan Goa). Duk da cewa yanki ne na ƙungiyar, gwamnatin siyasa ta NCT ta Delhi a yau ta yi kama da na jihar Indiya, tare da nata majalisar dokoki, babban kotu da majalisar zartarwa ta ministocin da babban minista ke jagoranta. Gwamnatin tarayya ta Indiya da karamar hukumar Delhi ne ke gudanar da ita tare da New Delhi, kuma tana aiki a matsayin babban birnin kasar da kuma NCT na Delhi. Delhi kuma ita ce cibiyar yankin babban birnin ƙasar, wanda yanki ne na "tsare-tsare tsakanin jihohi" da aka ƙirƙira a cikin shekarar 1985. Delhi ta karbi bakuncin wasannin farko na 1951 na Asiya, Wasannin Asiya na shekara ta 1982, taron kolin 1983 da ba sa jituwa, Kofin Duniya na Hockey na maza na shekarar 2010, Wasannin Commonwealth na 2010, da taron BRICS na shekarar 2012 kuma ta kasance ɗaya daga cikin manyan biranen wasan Cricket na 2011. Gasar cin kofin duniya. Toponym Akwai labarai da dama da ke da alaƙa da asalin sunan Delhi. Daya daga cikinsu ya samo asali ne daga Dhillu ko Dilu, wani sarki wanda ya gina birni a wannan wuri a cikin 50. BCE kuma ya sanya masa suna. Wani labari kuma ya ce sunan birnin ya samo asali ne daga kalmar Hindi/Prakrit (sako-sako kuma Tomaras sun yi amfani da shi wajen nufin birnin saboda ginshiƙin ƙarfe na Delhi yana da tushe mai rauni kuma dole ne a motsa shi. A cewar Panjab Notes and Queries, sunan birnin a lokacin sarki Prithviraj kuma cewa da suna yiwuwa sun samo asali ne daga tsohuwar kalmar Hindi ma'ana "fitarwa". Tsohon darektan Binciken Archaeological na Indiya, Alexander Cunningham, ya ambata cewa daga baya ya zama Wasu suna ba da shawarar tsabar kuɗin da ke yawo a cikin yankin da ke ƙarƙashin Tomaras ana kiran su dehliwal. A cewar Bhavishya Purana, Sarki Prithiviraja na Indraprastha ya gina sabon katanga a yankin Purana Qila na zamani don dacewa da dukkanin siminti hudu a masarautarsa. Ya ba da umarnin a gina hanyar shiga katangar daga baya kuma ya sa masa suna dehali. Wasu masana tarihi sunyi imanin cewa Dhilli ko Dhillika shine asalin sunan birnin yayin da wasu suka yi imanin sunan zai iya zama lalata na kalmomin Hindustani dehleez ko dehali-dukansu kalmomin da ke nufin "kofa" ko "ƙofa" kuma alama ce ta birnin a matsayin ƙofa. zuwa Gangetic Plain. Mutanen Delhi ana kiransu Delhiites ko Dilliwalas. Ana ambaton birnin a cikin wasu karin kalmomi na harsunan Indo-Aryan na Arewa. Misalai sun haɗa da: Abhī Dillī dūr hai ko sigar Farisa, Hanuz Dehli dur ast a zahiri ma'anar "Delhi yana da nisa", wanda aka ambata gabaɗaya game da wani aiki ko tafiya da har yanzu ba a kammala ba. a zahiri ma'ana "Yana zube ko'ina, yayin da Delhi". Alamun da aka yi game da yanayin bushewar Delhi wani lokaci, yana nufin yanayi na rashi lokacin da ake kewaye da mutum da yawa. Siffar Delhi, wanda aka yi amfani da shi a cikin rubutun Latin kuma baƙon abu tare da h mai bin l, ya samo asali ne a ƙarƙashin mulkin mallaka kuma lalataccen rubutun kalmomi ne bisa sunan Urdu na birnin Dehli Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba
15272	https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nkechi%20Justina%20Nwaogu	Nkechi Justina Nwaogu	Nkechi Justina Nwaogu, CON PhD ƴar siyasa ce kuma ma'aikaciyar Banki ta Najeriya, ta ƙirƙiro kuma ta shugabanci Libra Investment. Yanzu haka ita ce Shugabar Kwamitin Gudanarwa da kuma cansalo a jami'ar Calabar. Sanata Nkechi Nwaogu ta kasance Memba mai wakiltar Osisioma Ngwa, Ugwunagbo da Obingwa na Tarayya a Majalisar Wakilai ta Tarayya daga 2003/2007. A 2007 aka zabe ta a matsayin Sanata mai wakiltar Abia Central Senatorial District. A shekarar 2011 aka sake zabenta a karo na biyu. A shekarar 2016, Nwaogu a hukumance ta bayyana kasancewa mamba a jam’iyya mai mulki ta All Progressives Congress (APC). Bayan Fage Sanata Nkechi Nwaogu PhD CON, ta zama Sanata sau biyu kuma a halin yanzu itace babbar Shugabar Jami’ar Calabar. Babban masanin harkokin kudi. Sanata Nkechi Justina Nwaogu ta auri Dr Roland Nwaogu mai cike da alkhairi Siyasa da sana’a A matsayinta na sanata mai wakiltar gundumar sanata ta biyu ta Abia ta Tsakiya, sanata Nkechi Nwaogu ta kasance mai fada a ji a duk lokacin da take rike da mukaman. A zamanta na farko a zauren majalisa, ta kasance Shugabar Majalisar Dattawa kan Banki, Inshora da sauran Cibiyoyin Kudi. Ta sami damar maido da bin doka da oda a bangaren hadahadar kudade na kasar. A matsayinta na shugabar Kwamitin Majalisar Dattawa kan Albarkatun Gas, ta tursasa don kara nuna gaskiya, rikon amana da kuma bunkasa cikin sauri a masana'antar iskar gas ta kasar. Ta kasance mamba a Majalisar ECOWAS daga 2005 zuwa yau sannan kuma ta kasance Darakta Darakta a Yankin Afirka ta Yamma, Kungiyar 'Yan Majalisun Afirka ta Hanyar Yaki da Cin Hanci da Rashawa, APNAC. Ta sami lambar farko a cikin kamfanonin hada-hadar kudi a Ingila daga 1979 zuwa 1987. A shekara ta 1987 Nwaogu ya sake komawa Najeriya don kammala aikin bautar kasa na Matasa na bautar kasa shekara guda. Nan da nan Bankin Kasuwanci na Kasa da Kasa Plc ya dauke ta a matsayin Manajan Bincike. Bayan haka ta shiga Commerce Bank Ltd a matsayin Mataimakin Manaja daga baya kuma bankin Diamond a matsayin Manajan Reshe. Saboda sha'awar da take da ita na bayar da bashi ga talakawan karkara masu himma, sai ta kafa Kamfanin Zuba Jari Libra Investments Ltd, wanda ke da tarihin samar da lamuni ga yawancin 'yan kasuwar karkara da masu sana'a don ci gaban kasuwancinsu daban-daban. A watan Disambar 2011 Kotun Daukaka Kara ta Najeriya ta soke zaben Nwaogu na Afrilu. Shugabar Jami'ar Calabar Nwaogu an naɗa ta Kansila kuma Shugaban Hukumar Gudanarwa, Jami'ar Calabar Nasarorin da ta samu a mulkinta sun haɗa da zaben mace ta farko da ta zama Mataimakin Shugaban Jami’ar, Farfesa Florence Obi Kyaututtuka da sakewa Kwamandan umarnin na Neja, CON ta tsohon shugaban kasa Goodluck Ebele Jonathan Ugo Nwanyi Ndigbo na Eze Nri. Kyautar Kyautar Shugabanci ta Inasashen Cikin Gida na Duniya, Nijeriya Kyautar Kwarewa a Ayyukan Al'umma ta Rotary Club na Aba Kyautar girmamawa daga Kungiyar Matan Ibo Ambasada Ngwa ta Kungiyar Matan Mata ta Al'adu, Lagos Amincewa ta musamman da matan Ngwa na Los Angeles, California, Amurka Da sauran su. Manazarta Hanyoyin haɗin waje "Senator Nkechi J. Nwaogu (website)" Sanata Nkechi J. Nwaogu. An adana daga asali ranar 19 ga Yuli, 2009 An dawo cikin 2009-09-14 Ganawa, "Mijina da ya rasu ya tsara ni cikin siyasa", Nigerian Sun, 2018 Ganawa, "Mummunan dalilan da na fada ban gai da PDP", Vanguard, 2015 Pages with unreviewed translations Rayayyun Mutane Haifaffun
30964	https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adabi%20A%201935	Adabi A 1935	Wannan Mukalar ta ƙunshi bayani game da abubuwan da suka faru a Adabi da wallafe-wallafen Shekarar 1935 Abubuwan da suka faru Janairu Bangaren Littafin Yasunari Kawabata na farko da aka buga na ƙasar Dusar ƙanƙara Yukiguni sun bayyana a matsayin labarun adabin Jafananci. Maris 20–Mawallafin London Boriswood ya amsa laifinsa kuma an ci tarar shi a Kotun Assize ta Manchester saboda buga littafin "batsa", bugun 1934 mai rahusa na littafin James Hanley na 1931 yaro. Mayu 13 TE Lawrence, da ya bar Birtaniya Royal Air Force a watan Maris, ya yi hatsari tare da Brough Superior motorcycle yayin da ya koma gidansa a Clouds Hill, Ingila, bayan buga littattafai ga abokinsa, AE "Jock" Chambers, da kuma aika. telegram yana gayyatar marubuci Henry Williamson zuwa abincin rana. Ya rasu bayan kwana shida. A ranar 29 ga Yuli aka fara buga Rukunin Hikima Bakwai a cikin bugu don yaɗawa gabaɗaya. 15 ga Yuni WH Auden ya kammala aure na dacewa da Erika Mann. Wasan kwaikwayo na aya ta TS Eliot Kisan Kisa a cikin Cathedral an riga an tsara shi, a Canterbury Cathedral, wurin da za a yi wasan. Yuli 30-Allen Lane ya kafa Penguin Books, a matsayin takarda na farko na kasuwa-kasuwa a Biritaniya. Agusta–dakin karatu na bude-iska wanda Laburaren Jama'a na New York ya kafa a Bryant Park Agusta 27–The Federal Theatre Project aka kafa a Amurka. Satumba 5–An kafa Michael Joseph a matsayin mai shela a Landan. Nuwamba 2–Marubuci mai ban dariya John Buchan, 1st Baron Tweedsmuir, an rantsar da shi a matsayin Babban Gwamnan Kanada. Nuwamba 7 Ƙungiyar Makafi ta Biritaniya da Ƙasashen waje ta gabatar da ɗakin karatu na littattafan magana don nakasassu. Nuwamba 26 Scrooge, farkon fasalin-tsawon magana sigar fim ɗin Dickens A Christmas Carol 1843 an sake shi a Biritaniya. Sir Seymour Hicks ya sake mayar da taken rôle, wanda ya yi shekaru da yawa a kan mataki. kwanakin da ba a sani ba Mujallar laburare Die Bucherei a Jamus ta Nazi ta buga jagororin don cire littattafan da za a cire daga ɗakunan karatu da kuma lalata su: duk waɗanda marubutan Yahudawa suka rubuta, wallafe-wallafen Markisanci da masu fafutuka, da duk wani abu da ya shafi ƙasa. Bugu na farko na Marquis de Sade 's Kwanaki 120 na Saduma (Les 120 journées de Sodome), wanda aka rubuta a cikin 1785, a cikin bugu na masana a matsayin rubutun adabi, an kammala. Fredric Warburg da Roger Senhouse sun dawo da masu buga London Martin Secker daga mai karɓa, a matsayin Secker & Warburg Sababbin littattafai Almara Nelson Algren Somebody in Boots Mulk Raj Anand Untouchable Enid Bagnold National Velvet Jorge Luis Borges A Universal History of Infamy (Historia universal de la infamia, collected short stories) Elizabeth Bowen The House in Paris Pearl S. Buck A House Divided John Bude The Lake District Murder Edgar Rice Burroughs Tarzan and the Leopard Men Dino Buzzati Il segreto del Bosco Vecchio Erskine Caldwell Journeyman Morley Callaghan They Shall Inherit the Earth Elias Canetti Die Blendung John Dickson Carr Death-Watch The Hollow Man (also The Three Coffins) The Red Widow Murders (as Carter Dickson) The Unicorn Murders (as Carter Dickson) Agatha Christie Three Act Tragedy Death in the Clouds Solomon Cleaver Jean Val Jean Robert P. Tristram Coffin Red Sky in the Morning Jack Conroy A World to Win Freeman Wills Crofts Crime at Guildford A. J. Cronin The Stars Look Down H. L. Davis Honey in the Horn Cecil Day-Lewis A Question of Proof Franklin W. Dixon The Hidden Harbor Mystery Lawrence Durrell Pied Piper of Lovers E. R. Eddison Mistress of Mistresses Susan Ertz Now We Set Out Woman Alive, But Now Dead James T. Farrell Studs Lonigan A Trilogy Rachel Field Time Out of Mind Charles G. Finney The Circus of Dr. Lao Anthony Gilbert The Man Who Was Too Clever Graham Greene England Made Me George Wylie Henderson Ollie Miss Harold Heslop Last Cage Down Georgette Heyer Death in the Stocks Regency Buck Christopher Isherwood Mr Norris Changes Trains Pamela Hansford Johnson This Bed Thy Centre Anna Kavan (writing as Helen Ferguson) A Stranger Still Sinclair Lewis It Can't Happen Here E.C.R. Lorac Death of an Author The Organ Speaks August Mälk Õitsev Meri ("The Flowering Sea") André Malraux Le Temps du mépris Ngaio Marsh Enter a Murderer The Nursing Home Murder John Masefield The Box of Delights Gladys Mitchell The Devil at Saxon Wall Naomi Mitchison We Have Been Warned Alberto Moravia Le ambizioni sbagliate R. K. Narayan Swami and Friends John O'Hara BUtterfield 8 George Orwell A Clergyman's Daughter Ellery Queen The Spanish Cape Mystery The Lamp of God Charles Ferdinand Ramuz When the Mountain Fell Marjorie Kinnan Rawlings Golden Apples Ernest Raymond We, The Accused Herbert Read The Green Child George Santayana The Last Puritan Dorothy L. Sayers Gaudy Night Monica Shannon Dobry Howard Spring Rachel Rosing Eleanor Smith Tzigane John Steinbeck Tortilla Flat Rex Stout The League of Frightened Men Cecil Street The Corpse in the Car Hendon's First Case Mystery at Olympia Alan Sullivan The Great Divide Phoebe Atwood Taylor Deathblow Hill The Tinkling Symbol A. A. Thomson The Exquisite Burden (autobiographical novel) B. Traven The Treasure of the Sierra Madre S. S. Van Dine The Garden Murder Case Henry Wade Heir Presumptive Stanley G. Weinbaum The Lotus Eaters Dennis Wheatley The Eunuch of Stamboul Ethel Lina White Wax P. G. Wodehouse Blandings Castle and Elsewhere (short stories) Xiao Hong The Field of Life and Death Shēng sǐ chǎng) Eiji Yoshikawa Musashi Miyamoto Musashi) Francis Brett Young White Ladies Yumeno Kyūsaku Dogra Magra Yara da matasa Enid Bagold National Velvet Louise Andrews Kent Ya tafi tare da Marco Polo: Labari na Venice da Cathay (na farko na bakwai a cikin jerin "Ya tafi tare") John Masefield Akwatin Ni'ima Kate Seredy Babban Jagora Laura Ingalls Wilder Ƙananan Gida a kan Pirairi Wasan kwaikwayo JR Ackerley Fursunonin Yaki Maxwell Anderson Winterset TS Eliot Kisan kai a cikin Cathedral Federico García Lorca Doña Rosita the Spinster Doña Rosita la soltera Norman Ginsbury Mataimakin Sarah Jean Giraudoux Yaƙin Trojan ba zai faru ba (La Guerre de Troie n'aura pas lieu) Walter C. Hackett Leken asiri NC Hunter Duk haƙƙin mallaka Ronald Jeans Mutumin da aka haɗa Anthony Kimmins Chase the Ace Archibald MacLeish tsoro Bernard Merivale Sa'ar da ba a kiyaye ba Clifford Odets Jiran Hagu Clifford Odets farkawa kuma ku raira waƙa! fara Fabrairu 19, 1935 a Belasco Theatre, New York Lawrence Riley Bayyanar Mutum Dodie Smith Kira Ita Rana John Van Druten Yawancin Wasan Emlyn Williams Dole ne dare ya fadi Waka Duba 1935 a cikin waƙa Labari akan Abinda ya faru a gaske Julian Bell, ed. Ba Mu Yi Yaƙi ba: 1914–18 Kwarewar Ƙwararrun Yaƙi MC Bradbrook Jigogi da Taro na Bala'in Elizabethan William Henry Chamberlin zamanin Iron na Rasha Manuel Chaves Nogales Juan Belmonte, matador de toros: su vida y sus hazañas (an fassara shi da Juan Belmonte, mai kashe bijimai George Dangerfield Mutuwar Mutuwar Liberal Ingila Clarence Day Rayuwa tare da Uba Dion Fortune The Mystical Qabalah Ernest Hemingway Green Hills na Afirka Anne Morrow Lindbergh Arewa zuwa Gabas Merkantilt biografisk leksikon Kamus Biographical na Yaren mutanen Poland (Polski słownik biograficzny) Iris Origo Allegra (biography na 'yar Byron Caroline Spurgeon Hoton Shakespeare, da abin da yake gaya mana Nigel Tranter Rundunar Sojoji da Gidajen Farko na Kudancin Scotland 1400-1650 J. Dover Wilson Abin da ke faruwa a Hamlet Thomas Wright Rayuwar Charles Dickens Haihuwa Janairu 2 David McKee, marubucin yara na Ingilishi kuma mai zane 8 ga Janairu Lewis H. Lapham, mawallafin Amurka, ya kafa Lapham's Quarterly 14 ga Janairu Labhshankar Thakar, mawakin yaren Gujarati na Indiya, marubucin wasan kwaikwayo kuma marubucin labari (ya mutu 2016) Janairu 18 Jon Stallworthy, mawaƙin Ingilishi kuma mai sukar adabi (ya mutu 2014) Janairu 27 D.M. Thomas, marubucin Turanci, mawaƙi kuma mai fassara Janairu 28 David Lodge, marubucin Ingilishi kuma ilimi Janairu 30 Richard Brautigan, marubuci ɗan Amurka kuma mawaƙi (ya rasu a shekara ta 1984) Janairu 31 Kenzaburō Ōe marubucin marubucin Jafananci kuma marubuci Fabrairu 18 Janette Oke, marubucin Kanada 22 ga Fabrairu Danilo Kiš, marubuci dan Serbia (ya rasu a shekara ta 1989) 23 ga Fabrairu Tom Murphy, marubucin wasan kwaikwayo ɗan Irish (ya mutu 2018) Maris 13 Kofi Awoonor, mawaki kuma marubuci dan Ghana (an kashe shi 2013) David Nobbs, marubucin wasan barkwanci na Ingilishi (ya mutu 2015) Maris 23 Barry Cryer, marubucin barkwanci kuma ɗan wasan kwaikwayo na Ingilishi (ya mutu 2022) Maris 27 Abelardo Castillo, marubuci ɗan ƙasar Argentina (ya mutu 2017) Maris 31 Judith Rossner, marubuciya Ba’amurke (ya mutu a shekara ta 2005) 4 ga Afrilu Michael Horovitz, mawaƙin Ingilishi kuma mai fassara (ya mutu 2021) Afrilu 6 [J. P. Clark John Pepper Clark]], mawaƙin Najeriya kuma marubucin wasan kwaikwayo (ya mutu 2020) Afrilu 14 Erich von Däniken, marubucin Swiss akan paranormal Afrilu 15 Alan Plater, marubucin wasan kwaikwayo na Ingilishi kuma marubucin allo (ya mutu 2010) Afrilu 26 Patricia Reilly Giff, marubuciyar Ba’amurke kuma malami Mayu 1 Julian Mitchell, marubucin wasan kwaikwayo na Ingilishi kuma marubucin allo Mayu 2 Lynda Lee-Potter, marubucin rubutun Turanci (ya mutu 2004) Mayu 9 Roger Hargreaves, marubucin yara Ingilishi kuma mai zane (ya mutu 1988) Mayu 29 André Brink, marubucin marubucin Afirka ta Kudu (ya mutu 2015) Yuni 2 Carol Shields, marubuci haifaffen Amurka (ya mutu a shekara ta 2003) Yuni 4 Shiao Yi, marubucin wuxia ɗan Taiwan-Amurke (d. [2018]]) Yuni 7 Harry Crews, marubucin Ba’amurke kuma marubucin wasan kwaikwayo (ya rasu a shekara ta 2012) Yuni 24 Pete Hamill, ɗan jaridar Amurka kuma marubuci (ya mutu 2020) June 25 Corinne Chevallier, marubucin tarihi kuma marubuci ɗan Aljeriya Larry Kramer, marubucin wasan kwaikwayo Ba'amurke, marubuci, mai shirya fim kuma mai fafutukar LGBT (ya mutu 2020). Fran Ross, Ba'amurke ɗan satirist (ya mutu a shekara ta 1985) 30 ga Yuni Peter Achinstein, Ba’amurke masanin falsafa Yuli 11 Günther von Lojewski, ɗan jaridar Jamus, mai gabatar da talabijin da marubuci Yuli 13 Earl Lovelace, marubucin Trinidadian kuma marubucin wasan kwaikwayo 1 ga Agusta Mohinder Pratap Chand, mawaƙin Urdu, marubuci kuma mai ba da shawara kan harshe (ya mutu 2020) 15 ga Agusta Régine Deforges, ɗan wasan kwaikwayo na Faransa, marubuci kuma mawallafi (ya mutu 2014) Agusta 21 Yuri Entin, mawaƙin Soviet da na Rasha, mawaƙa da marubucin wasan kwaikwayo Agusta 22 E. Annie Proulx, marubucin marubuci Ba’amurke Satumba 5 Ward Just, marubucin marubucin Ba’amurke (ya mutu 2019) Satumba 10 Mary Oliver, Mawaƙin Ba’amurke (ya mutu 2019) Satumba 16 Esther Vilar, marubuciyar Jamus-Argentina Satumba 17 Ken Kesey, marubuci ɗan Amurka (ya rasu a shekara ta 2001) Oktoba 7 Thomas Keneally, marubucin Australiya kuma marubuci mara almara Nuwamba 7 Elvira Quintana, 'yar wasan Spain-Mexico, mawaƙa, kuma mawaƙi (ya mutu 1968) Willibrordus S. Rendra, ɗan wasan kwaikwayo ɗan Indonesiya, mawaƙi, ɗan gwagwarmaya, ɗan wasan kwaikwayo, ɗan wasa kuma darekta (ya rasu a shekara ta 2009) Nuwamba 9 Jerry Hopkins, ɗan jaridar Amurka kuma marubucin tarihin rayuwa (ya mutu 2018) 18 ga Nuwamba Sam Abrams, mawaƙin Amurka Rodney Hall, marubuci kuma mawaƙin Australiya Nuwamba 22 Hugh C. Rae (Jessica Stirling, da dai sauransu), marubucin Scotland (ya mutu 2014) Disamba 5 Yevgeny Titarenko, marubucin Soviet (ya mutu 2018) 10 ga Disamba Shūji Terayama marubucin Jafananci, marubuci kuma mai daukar hoto (ya rasu a shekara ta 1983) Disamba 13 Adélia Prado, marubuci ɗan Brazil kuma mawaƙi kwanan wata da ba a sani ba Bahaa Taher, marubucin Masar thumb\|360x360px\| OGidan jana'izar Panait Istrati Bucharest, Afrilu 1935 Fabrairu 7 Lewis Grassic Gibbon, marubucin marubucin Scotland (peritonitis, an haife shi 1901 Fabrairu 13 Ioan Bianu, Ma'aikacin Laburare na Romania, Mawallafin Littattafai da Harshe (uremia, an haife shi 1856 ko 1857 Fabrairu 28 Tsubouchi Shōyō marubucin Jafananci (an haife shi a shekara ta 1859 Afrilu 6 Edwin Arlington Robinson, mawaƙin Amurka (an haife shi a shekara ta 1869 Afrilu 11 Anna Katharine Green, marubuciya laifuffuka na Amurka (an haife ta a shekara ta 1846 Afrilu 16 Panait Istrati, marubucin marubucin Romania, ɗan gajeren labari marubuci kuma marubucin siyasa (cututtukan tarin fuka, an haife shi 1884 Mayu 19 TE Lawrence (Lawrence na Arabiya), ɗan tarihi na Ingilishi kuma masanin tarihi (hadarin babur, an haife shi 1888 Yuni 29 Hayashi Fubo, marubucin marubucin Jafananci (an haife shi a shekara ta 1900 Yuli 17 George William Russell, ɗan ƙasar Irish, mawaƙi kuma mai zane (an haife shi 1867 Agusta 11 Sir William Watson, mawaƙin Ingilishi (an haife shi a shekara ta 1858 Agusta 17 Charlotte Perkins Gilman, marubucin marubucin Ba’amurke (an haife shi a shekara ta 1860 Agusta 30 Henri Barbusse, Faransanci marubuci kuma ɗan jarida ciwon huhu, haifaffen 1873 Satumba 26 Iván Persa, marubuci kuma firist na Slovene Hungarian (an haife shi a shekara ta 1861 Satumba 29 Winifred Holtby, marubucin marubucin Ingilishi (Cutar Bright, haifaffen 1898 Oktoba 11 Steele Rudd, marubucin ɗan gajeren labari na Australiya (an haife shi 1868 Nuwamba 4 Ella Loraine Dorsey, marubucin Ba'amurke, ɗan jarida kuma mai fassara (an haife shi 1853 Nuwamba 28 Mary R. Platt Hatch, marubucin Ba'amurke (an haife shi 1848 Nuwamba 29 Mary G. Charlton Edholm, yar jarida Ba’amurke kuma mai kawo sauyi (an haife ta a shekara ta 1854 Nuwamba 30 Fernando Pessoa, mawaƙin Portuguese, masanin falsafa kuma mai suka (cirrhosis, haifaffen 1888 Disamba 14 Stanley G. Weinbaum, marubucin almarar kimiyya na Amurka (an haife shi 1902 Disamba 17 Lizette Woodworth Reese, mawaƙin Amurka (an haife shi a shekara ta 1856) Disamba 21 Kurt Tucholsky, ɗan jarida na Jamus kuma satirist (maganin ƙwayoyi, an haife shi 1890 Disamba 28 Clarence Day, marubuci Ba'amurke (an haife shi 1874 <ref>(29 December 1935). Clarence Day, 61, Author, Is Dead, The New York Times Kyaututtuka James Tait Black Memorial Prize don almara: LH Myers, Tushen da Fure James Tait Black Memorial Prize don tarihin rayuwa: RW Chambers, Thomas More Medal Newbery don adabin yara Monica Shannon, Dobry Nobel Prize a cikin wallafe-wallafe ba a ba da shi ba Kyautar Pulitzer don wasan kwaikwayo Zoë Akins, tsohuwar baiwa Pulitzer Prize for Poetry Audrey Wurdemann, Bright Ambush Kyautar Pulitzer don Novel Josephine Winslow Johnson, Yanzu a cikin Nuwamba
48033	https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas%20W.%20Naylor%20Beckett	Thomas W. Naylor Beckett	Thomas Wrench Naylor Beckett, (24 ha watan Yulin 1839 Liverpool 5 ga watan Disambar 1906 "Elbedde", Fendalton ɗan Ingilishi ne mai kofi da mai shuka shayi a Ceylon kuma sanannen masanin ilimin kimiyyar halittu da bryologist, wanda ya tattara samfurori a can kuma a arewa maso yammacin Himalaya tsakanin shekarar 1882 kuma c.1900. Bai buga wani asusun mosses da ya tattara ba yayin da yake Ceylon yawancin samfuransa duk da cewa an rubuta su a cikin "Musci der Flora von Buitenzorg" na Max Fleischer Ya yi hijira zuwa New Zealand yayinda kuma ya tattara. Babban tarin pteridophyte nasa yana a Gidan Tarihi na Duniya Liverpool An tura kayansa na bryophyte a Kew zuwa Gidan Tarihi na Tarihi na Biritaniya a cikin kusan shekarar 1961 dangane da Yarjejeniyar Morton. Jami'ar Canterbury da Christchurch sun gina wasu samfuran 12,000. Beckett ya kasance ɗaya daga cikin masu son bryologists guda uku masu aiki a Christchurch, sauran biyun kuma su ne Robert Brown (1824 1906) da Thomas George Wright (1831 1914). Beckett ya auri Sarah Tolson Clint (1838 8 Yunin 1921) kuma yana da yara. Ɗansa, Alfred Charles, ya mutu a tsibirin yana da shekaru huɗu da rabi a ranar 24 ga watan Disambar 1878. Lokacin da amfanin gonakinsu kuma ya gaza, dangin suka ƙaura zuwa New Zealand kuma suka zauna a Fendalton a cikin shekarar 1884, inda Beckett ya yi aiki a matsayin ma'aikacin orchardist Abokin Linnean Society kuma memba na Cibiyar Falsafa ta Canterbury, Beckett ya shahara a da'irorin kimiyya a duk faɗin duniya. Nazarin mosses da lichens shine babban filinsa na sha'awar, kuma ya bar wani tarin tarin kayan masarufi na New Zealand da na waje. Lokacin da Beckett ya fara zama a Christchurch, ya yi magana da masana ilmin kiwo na gida da yawa, ciki har da Thomas George Wright, yana neman bayanai game da al'amuran bryology a cikin ƙasar, da kuma yin musayar samfura. Beckett ya kiyaye duk amsoshin, kuma waɗannan tare da wasiƙarsa na botanical, na gida da waje, Gidan Tarihi na Canterbury ya adana su. Wuraren da ya fi son tattarawa don mosses sun kasance a cikin Port Hills da tuddai. Akwai tsire-tsire daga New Zealand, Nepal, Sri Lanka, Afirka ta Kudu da Faransa Polynesia a cikin tarinsa. Beckett ya yi matuƙar sha'awar ilimin firamare, kuma shi ne shugaban kwamitin makarantar Fendalton. Ya kasance babban limamin coci, yana da alaƙa da Cocin St. Barnaba fiye da shekaru 20, kuma ya kasance ma’aikacin coci na tsawon shekaru 17. A cikin shekarar 1896 an sanya shi mai kula da gina ginen Makarantar Lahadi a kan glebe land a Clyde Road. A mutuwarsa, daga mura wanda ya zama ciwon huhu, Beckett na ɗaya daga cikin tsofaffi kuma mafi girma mazauna yankin, kuma an binne shi a maƙabartar a cocin St Paul's Anglican Church, Papanui Tare da Beckett an binne matarsa Sarah, da 'ya'yansa mata marasa aure, Mary Ethel (1871-1947) da Amy Middleton (1876-1964). Rubutun dutsen kuma yana tunawa da Alfred Charles Beckett. An sadaukar da taga na Cocin St. Barnaba don tunawa da Thomas Wrench Naylor Beckett, yayin da aka sadaukar da fitila a cikin harabar coci ga ɗan Becketts, Thomas Herbert Beckett, wanda ya kasance mai kula da coci, memba na mawaƙa da kuma synodsman na cocin. Ikilisiya. Beckett, Thomas Herbert, 1870 Beckett, Mary Ethel 1871 Beckett, Alfred Charles 1874 Beckett, Amy Middleton, 1876 Beckett, Frederick Percy Manazarta Hanyoyin haɗi na waje "Ma'amaloli da Gabatarwa na Royal Society of New Zealand 1868-1961" Sanarwa na Aure na Thomas Herbert
30233	https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ha%C6%99%C6%99in%20%C9%97an%20adam%20a%20Uganda	Haƙƙin ɗan adam a Uganda	Haƙƙin ɗan adam a Uganda yana da alaƙa da wahalhalu wajen cimma ƙa'idodin haƙƙin ƙasa da ƙasa ga kowane ɗan ƙasa. Waɗannan matsalolin sun ta'allaƙa ne kan samar da ingantattun wuraren tsafta, ƙaura daga cikin gida, haɓaka isassun ababen more rayuwa, da kuma musgunawa al'ummar LGBT, mata, da yara. Duk da haka, Uganda tana, kamar yadda Gidan Yanar Gizo na Relief ya ɗauki nauyin Bayanan Bil'adama 2012, yana yin babban ci gaba a wannan yanki. A cikin rahoton Freedom in the World 2020, Freedom House ta bayyana Uganda a matsayin kasar da ake ganin ba ta da ''Ba 'Yanci ba''. Akwai wurare da dama da ake damuwa game da yancin ɗan adam a Uganda, kuma rarrabuwar "Ba 'Yanci ba" ya faru ne saboda ƙarancin 'yancin siyasa da martabar 'yancin ɗan adam. Rikici a arewa Tun bayan da ƙungiyoyin 'yan tawaye daban-daban suka fara yaƙar gwamnatin shugaba Yoweri Museveni, tun daga watan Agustan shekara ta 1986, kimanin 'yan Uganda miliyan biyu ne suka rasa matsugunansu kuma an kashe dubunnan dubbai. Kimanin yara guda 67,000 ne ƙungiyar LRA ta yi garkuwa da su domin yin amfani da su a matsayin yara soja da bayi tun daga shekara ta 1987. Rattaba hannu kan yarjejeniyar tsagaita bude wuta a shekara ta 2006, sakamakon nasarar yakin da sojojin Uganda suka yi, ya kawo karshen tashin hankalin da kungiyar LRA ke yi a Uganda. Rikicin da ya barke a arewacin kasar a baya tsakanin sojojin Uganda (UPDF) da na Lord's Resistance Army (LRA) ya durkusar da tattalin arzikin kasar, tare da kawo koma baya ga ci gaban yankunan da abin ya shafa, tare da haifar da cin zarafin bil'adama da dama. Wannan cin zarafi ya ta'allaka ne a kan rashin tanadin gaggawar da aka tanadar wa 'yan gudun hijirar da suka tsere daga gidajensu don gujewa LRA. A cikin shekaru goma sha biyu tun lokacin da aka rattaba hannu kan yarjejeniyar yaki da yawa daga cikin wadanda suka rasa matsugunansu sun koma gidajensu kuma ana ci gaba da shirin gyarawa da sake gina su. Gwamnatin Uganda da Majalisar Dinkin Duniya sun amince cewa wannan aiki ne da ke ci gaba kuma dole ne a sami ci gaba mai yawa. Dangane da haka an kaddamar da shirin gyarawa Dominic Ongwen, wanda yaro ne soja kuma daya daga cikin jagororin Lord's Resistance Army (LRA) ya kasance a ranar 02-04-2021 Kotun hukunta manyan laifuka ta kasa da kasa (ICC) ta yanke masa hukunci kan laifukan jima'i da jinsi da dama, 70. laifuffuka masu yawa kuma an same shi da laifuka 61 kuma an aikata wadannan laifuka tsakanin 1 ga Yulin shekara ta 2002 zuwa 31 ga Disamba 2005 a Arewacin Uganda. Zaluntar 'yan luwadi A watan Oktoba na shekara ta 2009, an gabatar da wani kudiri a Majalisar Dokokin Uganda mai taken Bidi'ar Yaki da Luwadi na 2009 da ke neman a yanke hukunci mai tsauri ga 'yan luwadi, har da kuma hukuncin kisa. Kamar yadda aka tsara tun farko kuma aka gabatar da wannan kudurin dokar ta kuma bukaci duk wani dan kasar da ya zargi wani da laifin yin luwadi, da ya kai rahoton dan luwadi ga ‘yan sanda, ko kuma su ma za su iya samun tarar ko zaman gidan yari. Kudirin da aka gabatar ya kai ga hana masu gidaje hayar ga wani sanannen dan luwadi, kuma zai haramta duk wata tattaunawa ta luwadi da jama'a. Ƙasashen duniya sun yi matuƙar adawa da gabatar da wannan ƙuduri tare da nuna damuwarsu kan yadda zai iya zama doka, hakika shugaban Amurka Barack Obama ya kira shi da ''abin kyama''. Sakamakon karuwar matsin lamba na kasa da kasa kudirin bai taba wucewa matakin kwamitin ba. A ranar 7 ga Maris, 2012 ɗan majalisar wakilai David Bahati ya sake gabatar da ƙudirin zuwa ga sabani sosai. Duk da haka ya ji zafi don nuna cewa an yanke shawarar tanadin hukuncin kisa a matsayin bai zama dole ba kuma an cire shi daga ƙudirin a matakin kwamiti a majalisa ta 8. Don haka, kudurin da aka gabatar a cikin majalisa ta 9, ba shi da tanadin hukuncin kisa. Wannan ƙudirin ya ci gaba da yin suka sosai kuma yana da cece-kuce. An sake cin karo da Allah wadai. A martanin da gwamnatin Uganda ta mayar kan wannan Allah wadai, ta fitar da wata sanarwa da ke nuni da cewa ƙudirin dokar ta mambobi ne mai zaman kansa kuma ba shi da goyon bayan gwamnati. A ranar 24 ga Fabrairun shekara ta 2014 Shugaba Yoweri Museveni ya rattaba hannu kan dokar "Anti Luwadi" ta zama doka. Kashegari jaridar "Red Pepper" ta buga jerin sunayen maza 200 da ake zargi da aikata laifuka. Bayan dage dokar da wasu ƙasashen yammacin masana'antu, da Sweden, da Amurka da kuma Netherlands suka dakatar da taimakon da suke baiwa Uganda. Bankin Duniya ya dage rancen dalar Amurka miliyan 90 ga tsarin kiwon lafiyar Uganda saboda dokar. Cin zarafi daga jami'an tsaron Uganda “A ranar 14 ga watan Yuni [2003] jami’an [Volent Crime Crack Unit Green] sun kama Nsangi Murisidi, mai shekaru 29, bisa zarginsa da taimaka wa abokansa yin fashi da kuma zargin mallakar bindiga. Yan uwa sun yi kokarin ziyarce shi a tsare. A ranar 18 ga watan Yuni lauyan da ke wakiltar dangin ya sami tabbacin mutuwarsa a gidan yari yayin da yake hedikwatar VCCU da ke Kireka, wani yanki na Kampala. Takardar shaidar mutuwar ta tabbatar da dalilin mutuwar a matsayin asarar ruwa da jini mai yawa, zubar jini mai tsanani a cikin kwakwalwa da kuma tsananin kuna a gindi. Jikin ya kuma sami raunuka masu zurfi 14. A cikin Oktoba Ministan Harkokin Cikin Gida ya sanar da AI cewa an ba da umarnin gudanar da bincike, amma ba a sami wani ci gaba ba." A cikin shekara ta 2020, jami'an tsaro ciki har da 'yan sanda, soji (UPDF) da Rundunar Tsaro ta gida sun yi amfani da yawa, marasa mahimmanci kuma a wasu lokuta masu kashe mutane don aiwatar da nisantar da jama'a da sauran matakan da aka tsara don yaƙar COVID-19 kuma ba ƙasa da mutane 66 ba. an kashe su daga Maris 2020 zuwa gaba kuma an kashe kusan 12 saboda keta matakan kullewa. A ranar 28 ga Disamba 2021, an kama wani marubucin PEN Pinter Prize International Writer Prize wanda ya lashe marubuci Kakwenza Rukirabashaija bisa zargin kasancewa mai sukar Shugaba Yoweri Museveni da ɗansa. An ce jami’an tsaro sun azabtar da shi a gidan yari. 'Yancin siyasa A cikin watan Afrilun shekara ta 2005, an kama wasu 'yan majalisar dokoki biyu na adawa bisa zargin da ake yi na siyasa. Ronald Reagan Okumu da Michael Nyeko Ocula sun fito ne daga kungiyar FDC, kungiyar da ake ganin ita ce babbar barazana ga sake zaben shugaba Yoweri Museveni a shekara ta 2006. Fitaccen dan adawar shugaba Museveni, Kizza Besigye ya yi tazarce sau uku kuma yana shan kaye a kowane lokaci. A daidai lokacin da ya sha kaye na karshe (zaben 2011) Kizza Besigye ya yi kira ga daukacin 'ya'yan jam'iyyarsa ta FDC da su kaurace wa majalisar dokokin ƙasar, kada su hau kujerarsu kamar yadda aka zaba. 'Yan jam'iyyar FDC sun ki yin hakan kuma Kizza Besigye ya tsaya takara a matsayin shugaban jam'iyyar. Besigye dai fitaccen dan siyasa ne kuma ya gano al’amura da dama da suka tauye masa ‘yancin siyasa. Musamman a cikin 2011 an tsare Besigye a tsare, amma nan take aka sake shi saboda kotun Ugandan ta ɗauki wannan kamen ya sabawa doka. Bayan yakin neman zaɓen shekara ta 2016 da aka yi kace-nace, an sake zaɓen shugaba Yoweri Museveni a kan karagar mulki kuma Amnesty International ta tabbatar da sake zabensa. Duk da tabbatar da sakamakon zaɓen, Amnesty ta bayyana damuwarta kan tashe-tashen hankulan da ake zargin an yi mata da kuma tauye Haƙƙin 'yan jaridu. 'Yancin aikin jarida Kamar yadda yake a kasashen Afirka da dama, hukumomin gwamnati na ci gaba da yin katsalandan ga 'yancin LGBT a Uganda. A karshen shekara ta 2002, sojoji da 'yan sanda sun rufe jaridar Monitor mai zaman kanta na wani dan lokaci. An ci gaba da kai wa 'yan jaridun hari a shekara ta 2004, biyu daga cikinsu an yi tir da su a bainar jama'a a matsayin "masu haɗa kai na 'yan tawaye" daga bakin kakakin ƙungiyar ta UPDF. A cikin Fabrairun shekara ta 2004, Kotun Koli ta yanke hukuncin "buga labaran karya" ya zama banza kuma ya saba wa tsarin mulki. A shekara ta 2005, Uganda ta kasance ƙasa ta 13 mafi ‘yancin ‘yan jarida a cikin ƙasashe guda 48 a yankin kudu da hamadar Sahara A cikin shekara ta 2010, Uganda ta kasance kasa ta 15 mafi ‘yancin ‘yan jarida a kasashe 48. A ranar 24 ga watan Janairun 2012 Issac Kasamani, wani dan jarida mai daukar hoto ya yi zargin cewa wani dan sanda ya harbe shi a lokacin da yake gabatar da wani gangamin ‘yan adawa. Nan take aka ba da umarnin gudanar da bincike mai zaman kansa kan lamarin kuma wani rahoto mai zaman kansa wanda wani dan kasar waje ya kammala ya tabbatar da cewa ba a harba harsashi mai rai a ranar da ake magana a kai. Bayan fitar da wannan rahoto Ministan Uganda Hon. James Baba ya nuna damuwarsa kan ka’idojin bayar da rahotannin da suka dabaibaye lamarin tare da bayyana aniyarsa ta sa ido kan ka’idojin kafafen yada labarai. Wannan lamari ne da ya shafi kasashen duniya. A watan Nuwamban 2012, John Ssegawa, babban darektan wasan kwaikwayo mai mahimmancin hali na kasa ya ba da rahoton cewa Majalisar Watsa Labarai ta Uganda ta yanke shawarar dakatar da kara nunawa. Ssegawa ya ce kamfanin kera wasan kwaikwayo zai ci gaba da gudanar da aikin tare da bijirewa dokar. Hakkokin mata Jami'an Uganda sun amince da yarjejeniyar kawar da duk wani nau'i na nuna wariya ga mata (CEDAW) a ranar 22 ga Yuli, 1985. Ƙasashen da suka zaɓi amincewa da CEDAW suna da shekara guda don gabatar da rahoto na yau da kullun ga taron kuma ana buƙatar su gabatar da ɗaya duk bayan shekaru huɗu bayan rahoton farko. Gwamnatin Uganda, duk da haka, ta gabatar da rahotonta na CEDAW na yau da kullun bayan shekaru biyar da amincewa, a cikin 1990. Yarjejeniyar kawar da duk wani nau'i na nuna wariya ga mata (CEDAW) ta ba da umarni ga masu rattaba hannu kan kawar da wariya ga mata da aiwatar da manufofin da za su ci gaba da samun daidaiton 'yancin mata. Mataki na 21 na Kundin Tsarin Mulki na Uganda, ya bi manufofin CEDAW, don tabbatar da 'yancin daidaito ga dukan mutane a fagen siyasa, tattalin arziki, da zamantakewa na Uganda. Labarin ya ci gaba da tabbatar da cewa babu wani mutum da zai fuskanci wariya saboda jinsi, launin fata, kabila, nakasa, kabila, addini, zamantakewar tattalin arziki, ko alakarsu ta siyasa. A cewar Ƙungiyar Ƙungiyoyin Majalissar Tarayya, tun daga 2017, Uganda ba ta ba da rahoton matsayin aiwatar da CEDAW ba tun 2010. Uganda kuma ba ta amince da ka'idar yarjejeniya ta zaɓi ba. Wannan ka'ida ta zaɓin tana baiwa kwamitocin CEDAW damar karɓa da aiwatar da korafe-korafen da masu sa hannu suka yi game da take haƙƙin da CEDAW ta bayar. Wannan ana cewa, bayanan binciken jama'a iri-iri na dimokuradiyya game da 'yancin walwala na mata tarin bayanan 'yancin motsi na cikin gida, daga aikin tilastawa, hakkin mallaka, da samun adalci ya nuna cewa tsakanin shekarun 1986 da 2019, Jama'ar Uganda sun yi imanin cewa yawancin mata a kasar suna samun matsakaicin matsakaicin matsakaicin matsakaicin matsakaicin matsakaicin matsakaicin matsakaicin matsakaicin matsakaicin matsakaiciyar 'yanci. Haƙƙin mallaka Mata a Uganda sun kasance zakara na daidaita hakkin mata, makiyaya, da sauran kungiyoyi masu zaman kansu. Mata kuma sun taka rawar gani a kungiyoyi (watau Ƙungiyar Ƙasar Ƙasa ta Uganda, Ƙungiyar Lauyoyin Mata ta Uganda) waɗanda ke fafutuka don neman 'yancin al'ummomin da aka ware kuma waɗanda ke yin tambayoyi game da mallakar filaye na al'ada na Uganda. Yana da mahimmanci a lura cewa dokokin al'ada suna da mahimmanci a cikin al'ummar Uganda, musamman game da mallakar filaye da haƙƙin mallaka. Uganda ta fuskanci gyare-gyaren filaye da yawa a cikin shekaru, tare da gagarumin garambawul shine Dokar Filaye ta 1998. A karkashin dokar filaye, ana ba wa mata damar samun fili daidai gwargwado a Uganda, wanda zai ba su damar mallakar filaye ta hanyar ubanninsu, ’yan’uwansu, ko mazajensu. Dokar filaye ta haramta duk wani hukunci da ya shafi kadarorin da ke haifar da ƙin haƙƙin ƙasa ga mata. Bugu da ƙari, Kundin Tsarin Mulki na 1995 na Uganda ya kuma haramta wariyar jinsi, ba wa maza da mata 'yancin daidaitawa. Duk da cewa dokar filaye da tsare-tsare daban-daban na hakkin mallakar filaye sun ba wa mata damar mallakar filaye, amma akwai shaidar cewa ba a koyaushe waɗannan matakan ke tabbatar da haƙƙin mallakar mata yadda ya kamata ba ta fuskar samun dama da kula da ƙasar. Ɗayan dalili na wannan shine dokar al'ada a Uganda da kuma yadda take bai wa mata 'yancin mallakar dukiya fiye da maza. A lokacin da aka kafa dokar filaye ta 1998, an ba da shawarar cewa gwamnati za ta ba da izinin mallakar fili ta haɗin gwiwa ta hanyar ma'aurata, amma ba a aiwatar da shawarar ba. Wannan doka ta haifar da ba da damar daidaitattun haƙƙoƙin ƙasa ba dole ba ne a haɗa haɗin gwiwar doka ta doka. Misali, rahotanni sun yi la'akari da ma'aurata a matsayin masu mallakar fili, mazajen gidaje ne kawai aka jera su a cikin takardun mallakar. Sunan hukuma, ko take, akan takaddun mallakar yana shafar haƙƙin haƙƙin mata na gaskiya. Har ila yau, dokar filaye ba ta yi la’akari da tsarin dokokin al’ada ba, musamman dangane da yadda zawarawa ke karva wa mazajensu filayensu. Wato mata ba sa cin gado ga mazajensu domin al'ada ce maza su bar yankinsu ga kabilarsu, ba takaba. Wannan yanayin ya samo asali ne sakamakon ƙoƙarin tabbatar da cewa ƙasa ta kasance a cikin ƙabilar, ba tare da haɗarin cewa mata za su iya sayar da filin ga wasu mutanen da ba na kabilar ba. Don haka, mata za su iya mallakar fili tare da mijinta, amma idan ba tare da haƙƙin mallaka ba, ana iya hana gwauruwa filin mijinta da ya mutu. Mata sun kafa dabaru don yin ikirarin kan filaye da kuma mallakar kadarori a bisa ka’ida, duk da wasu dokokin al’ada da ke ba su ‘yancin mallaka. A haƙiƙa, mata suna ƙara yin amfani da tsarin shari'a na yau da kullun, kamar kotunan majistare, don samun damar shiga ƙasa. Haka kuma mata sun samu mallakar fili ta hanyar siya da kansu, wanda hakan wata hanya ce ta kewaya al’amuran mallakar tare. Yana da mahimmanci a lura cewa bisa ga ire-iren dimokuradiyya, binciken ra'ayin jama'a ya nuna cewa 'yan Uganda sun yi imanin cewa tun daga 1994, mata da yawa suna da haƙƙin mallaka na kashin kansu tare da tsirarun al'ummar mata waɗanda ba su da 'yancin mallaka. Bugu da ƙari, bayanan ra'ayoyin jama'a sun nuna cewa tsakanin shekarun 1995 zuwa 2017, aƙalla rabin mata ne ke da mafi yawan haƙƙin mallaka a ƙasar. Hakkokin aure Kundin tsarin mulkin Uganda ya ba da haske kan batun hakkin iyali tare da bayar da shawarwari goma sha hudu kan wadannan hakkoki a cikin rubutunsa. A karkashin Kundin Tsarin Mulkin Uganda, shekarun aure na shari'a ga mazaje na mata suna da shekaru goma sha takwas. Duk da haka, akwai kwakkwarar shaida na 'yan mata a Uganda sun daina makaranta don zama amaryar yarinya. A cewar ofishin jakadancin Amurka a Uganda, a shekarar 2017, Uganda na fuskantar daya daga cikin mafi girman adadin auren wuri a duniya. An ba da rahoton cewa kashi 40% na 'yan mata a Uganda sun yi aure kafin su cika shekaru goma sha takwas. A cikin 2017, 10% na 'yan matan Uganda sun yi aure kafin su kai shekaru goma sha biyar. A lokacin da aka kafa kundin tsarin mulkin Uganda, an yi muhawara kan al'adar farashin amarya, inda majalisar dokokin kasar ta yanke hukuncin soke shi. Farashin amarya ya halatta a Uganda kuma al'ada ce ta al'adar ango yana biyan amaryarsa da kudi, shanu, ko kaya. A shekara ta 2007, wata ƙungiya mai zaman kanta ta gabatar da batun farashin amarya a Kotun Tsarin Mulki saboda damuwa game da tsarin mulkin al'ada, amma kotun ta amince da halaccin yin hakan. Ko da yake a shekara ta 2015, Kotun Kolin Uganda ta yanke hukuncin haramtawa ango ya nemi a mayar masa da kudinsa a kan batun raba auren. Kundin tsarin mulkin kasar ya ci gaba da cewa, maza da mata suna da hakkin daidaitawa a kowane mataki na aure, ko da a lokacin rabuwar auren. Sashe na 4 na dokar saki ya bayyana cewa domin samun nasarar neman a raba auren ta hanyar kotu, sai miji ya nuna hujja guda daya (watau zina) ga kotu. Domin neman takardar sakin aure, sai mace ta gabatar da hujjoji aqalla guda biyu (watau canjin addini, auren wata mata, zina ko zinace-zinace) a gaban kotu. Sai dai kungiyar lauyoyin mata ta kai karar gaban kotu, inda ta shigar da kara cewa sashe na 4 ya sabawa kundin tsarin mulkin kasar saboda nuna wariyar jinsi. Kotun tsarin mulkin kasar ta yanke hukunci kan kungiyar lauyoyin mata, amma har yanzu majalisar dokoki a Uganda ba ta yi wa kundin tsarin mulkin kasar kwaskwarima ba domin bin hukuncin da kotun ta yanke. Cin zarafin jima'i Tarihin cin zarafin jima'i a Arewacin Uganda yana ganin mutane suna fuskantar rikici-lokacin jima'i tsakanin shekarun 1986-2006. An bayar da rahoton cewa, bangarorin biyu na masu tayar da kayar baya, wato Lord's Resistance Army (LRA) da na rundunar tsaron jama'ar Uganda (UPDF), sun aikata laifukan lalata da jinsi. A sansanonin 'yan gudun hijirar, an sami yawaitar ayyukan ta'addanci da suka danganci jinsi (watau fyade, cin zarafi) da sojojin LRA da UPDF suka yi amma kuma 'yan uwa da abokan arziki a sansanonin. A wannan lokacin tada kayar baya, ana tunanin mata sun shiga yin lalata da sojojin LRA da UPDF a matsayin dabarar tsira. Maza da ke fuskantar rikici-lokacin cin zarafin jima'i ya yadu a cikin waɗannan shekaru. Dabara ce ta yakin soji na gama-gari da sojojin jihar ke amfani da shi wajen yakar mutanen Acholi. A haƙiƙa, ana yawan amfani da cin zarafin maza da mata a matsayin dabara don lalatar da waɗanda abin ya shafa. Uganda ta aiwatar da dokoki da manufofi a wani yunƙuri na kare waɗanda abin ya shafa da waɗanda suka tsira daga cin zarafin mata. Duk da haka, tashe-tashen hankula a cikin gida suna da yawa kuma suna karuwa. Rahoton laifukan da rundunar ‘yan sandan Uganda ta fitar na shekarar 2016 ya nuna cewa, shari’o’in da suka shafi cin zarafin mata a kasar ya karu da kashi 4 cikin dari idan aka kwatanta da shekarar da ta gabata. Dangane da rahoton Asusun Yara na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya na 2018, kashi 35% na matan Uganda masu shekaru 18-24 sun fuskanci cin zarafi kafin su kai shekaru goma sha takwas. Haka kuma akwai tarin laifukan cin zarafin mata a kasar da ba a kai rahoto ba. Dokoki da manufofi da yawa (watau Dokar Penal Code Act 2007, Domestic Violence Act 2010, Sexual Offense Bill, Marriage Bill) a Uganda game da cin zarafin mata ba su haɗa da abubuwa da yawa na cin zarafin jima'i ba, kamar fyaden aure ko abokan zama tare. Misali, Dokar Rikicin Cikin Gida tana la'akarin halatta aure amma ba ta magance tashin hankali tsakanin ma'auratan. A cewarta, Uganda ta samu wasu nasarori dangane da cin zarafin mata. Tsakanin shekarun 2011 da 2017, mutuwar tashin hankalin gida ya ragu da kashi 54%, bisa ga rahotannin laifuka na 'yan sanda. A cikin 2016, an aiwatar da wata manufa mai suna National Gender Based Violence (GBV). Wannan manufar ta bayyana irin nauyin da ya rataya a wuyan sassa daban-daban na gwamnati wajen dakatar da mayar da martani ga cin zarafin mata. Wani shiri ta hanyar GBV ya haɗa kai da mambobin Majalisar Dinkin Duniya don inganta cin zarafi da suka danganci jinsi a yankunan Busoga da Karamoja Aikin yara A cewar ma'aikatar kwadago ta Amurka, Uganda ta samu ci gaba sosai wajen kawar da mafi munin ayyukan yi wa kananan yara aiki a shekarar 2013. Duk da haka, yaran da ba su kai shekaru ba suna ci gaba da yin ayyuka masu ɗorewa galibi a fannin aikin gona da kuma yin lalata da kasuwanci. Rahoton da ma'aikatar ta fitar a kan mafi muni na yin aikin yara ya nuna cewa kashi 30 cikin 100 na yaran da ke tsakanin shekaru 5 zuwa 14 yara ne masu aiki kuma kashi 95 cikin 100 na su na aiki ne a fannin noma, da diban kofi da shayi, da noman shinkafa, kiwon shanu da kamun kifi da dai sauransu. ayyuka. An kuma lura da misalan yin aikin yara a masana'antar hakar ma'adinai (yin bulo da haƙar gawayi) da kuma a fannin ayyuka. Daban-daban na bautar da yara a Uganda sun haɗa da cin zarafin jima'i da soja. A cikin watan Disamba na 2014, sashen ya fitar da Jerin Kayayyakin da ake samarwa da Yara ko kuma Tilastawa aiki inda aka jera kayayyaki 10 a karkashin kasar Uganda. Wadannan sun hada da bulo, shanu, gawayi, kofi, kifi, shinkafa, rake, shayi da taba. A cikin 2020, a Kampala, tasirin da COVID-19 ya haifar da kuma rufe makarantu ya sa yara da yawa su shiga aikin bautar yara wanda kuma rashin isasshen tallafin gwamnati ke haifar da shi. Matsayin tarihi Mai zuwa wani ginshiƙi ne na ƙimar Uganda tun 1972 a cikin rahoton 'Yanci a Duniya, wanda Freedom House ke bugawa kowace shekara. (1 shine mafi kyau, 7 shine mafi muni) Duba kuma Fataucin mutane a Uganda Binciken Intanet da sa ido a Uganda Siyasar Uganda Ilimi a Uganda Bayanan kula 1. Tun daga ranar 1 ga Janairu. 2. Daga 1977 zuwa 1979, Amin ya yi wa kansa lakabi da Mai Girma, President for Life, Field Marshal Al Hadji Doctor Idi Amin Dada, VC, DSO, MC, Ubangijin Dukan Dabbobin Duniya da Kifi na Tekuna kuma Macijin Birtaniya Daular a Afirka Gabaɗaya da Uganda musamman Manazarta Hanyoyin haɗi na waje Rahoton Shekara-shekara na 2012 ta Amnesty International 'Yanci a Duniya Rahoton 2011 ta Freedom House Rahoton Duniya na 2012, ta Human Rights Watch 'Yancin Magana a Uganda IFEX Shaidar Yaran Tsakar Dare Kan Yaran Ugandan Da Aka Sace Lokacin da Rana ta faɗi Mun Fara Damuwa da asusun da Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ta tattara na zalunci Dokar 'Yan Gudun Hijira "Ƙungiyar Ba da Shawarwari, sashen bincike, sashen bayar da agajin shari'a, sashin horarwa da malamai", wata babbar ƙungiyar Ugandan da ke aiki tare da 'yan gudun hijira da rikici a Arewa. Haƙƙoƙi Haƙƙin Ɗan Adam Haƙƙoƙin Mata Dokoki Dokar Najeriya Doka Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba
51705	https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tarihin%20tattalin%20arzikin%20Afirka	Tarihin tattalin arzikin Afirka	Mutanen farko sun kasance masu farauta da ke zaune a cikin ƙananan ƙungiyoyin iyali. Ko da a lokacin akwai cinikayya mai yawa wanda zai iya rufe nesa mai nisa. Masu binciken tarihi sun gano cewa shaidar cinikayya a cikin abubuwa masu alatu kamar ƙarfe masu daraja da harsashi a duk faɗin nahiyar. Tarihin tattalin arzikin Afirka sau da yawa Kuma yana mai da hankali kan bayani game da talauci kuma yana rufe wasu fannoni kamar nasarorin manoman Afirka, 'yan kasuwa da jihohi, gami da ingantaccen tsaro na abinci, da kuma abubuwan da suka faru na ci gaban tattalin arziki. Tarihin Da Afirka tana da tarihin tattalin arziki mafi tsawo kuma mafi tsufa. Da zaran al'ummomin mutane sun kasance, haka kuma ayyukan tattalin arziki sun kasance. Mutanen farko sun kasance masu farauta da ke zaune a cikin ƙananan ƙungiyoyin iyali. Ko da a lokacin akwai cinikayya mai yawa wanda zai iya rufe nesa mai nisa. Masu binciken tarihi sun gano cewa shaidar cinikayya a cikin abubuwa masu alatu kamar karafa da kwarangwal a duk faɗin nahiyar sune manyan sana'o'in mutanen Berber, suna zaune a wuraren da suka bushe kuma sun zama makiyaya, yayin da a cikin gandun daji, amfanin gona da aka noma kuma ta haka ne zama na dindindin zai yiwu. Aikin noma ya goyi bayan manyan garuruwa, kuma a ƙarshe manyan hanyoyin kasuwanci sun bunkasa tsakanin garuruwa. Asalin aikin gona Aikin noma na farko a Afirka ya fara ne a kusa da Sahel da kudancin hamadar Sahara, wanda a cikin 5200 BC ya fi danshi da yawa fiye da yau. An haifi nau'o'in asali da yawa, mafi mahimmanci shine lu'u-lu'u, sorghum da cowpeas, waɗanda suka bazu ta Yammacin Afirka da Sahel. Sahara a wannan lokacin ya kasance kamar Sahel a yau. Yankin da aka bude ya sauƙaƙa noma, amma ƙasa mara kyau da iyakantaccen ruwan sama ya sa noma mai zurfi ba zai yiwu ba. Har ila yau, amfanin gona na cikin gida ba su da kyau kuma suna samar da ƙananan adadin kuzari fiye da na wasu yankuna. Wadannan dalilai sun iyakance raguwa kuma sun kiyaye yawan jama'a da warwatse. Arewacin Afirka ya ɗauki hanya daban-daban daga yankunan kudanci. A yanayin yanayi yana da alaƙa da Gabas ta Tsakiya da Fertile Crescent, kuma an karɓi dabarun noma na wannan yankin. Wannan ya haɗa da amfanin gona daban-daban, kamar alkama, sha'ir, da inabi. Har ila yau, Arewacin Afirka ya sami albarka daga ɗayan yankunan noma mafi arziki a duniya a kwarin Kogin Nilu. Tare da isowar aikin gona, yankin Nilu ya zama ɗayan yankunan da suka fi yawan jama'a a duniya, kuma Masar ta zama ɗaya daga cikin wayewar farko. Kashewar Sahara ya haifar da babbar shingen tsakanin yankunan arewa da kudancin nahiyar. Muhimman bambance-bambance guda biyu sune Nubian Sudan, wanda ke da alaƙa da Masar ta hanyar Nilu da Habasha, wanda zai iya kasuwanci tare da yankunan arewacin Bahar Maliya. Jihohi masu iko sun girma a cikin waɗannan yankuna kamar Kush a Nubia (yanzu Arewacin Sudan da Kudancin Masar) da Aksum a Habasha. Musamman daga Nubia, ra'ayoyi da fasaha daga Gabas ta Tsakiya da Turai sun kai ga sauran Afirka. Masana tarihi sun yi imanin cewa aikin ƙarfe ya ci gaba da kansa a Afirka. Ba kamar sauran nahiyoyi ba Afirka ba ta da lokacin jan ƙarfe da tagulla da ke aiki kafin Iron Age, saboda sun fi dacewa da fasaha. Jan ƙarfe yana da wuya a Afirka yayin da ƙarfe ya zama ruwan dare gama gari. A Nubia da Habasha, ƙarfe, kasuwanci, da albarkatun noma sun haifar da kafa birane da wayewa. Yaduwar Bantu Yawancin lokaci, a cikin yankunan da ba su da yawa, wannan lokacin ya ga fadada mutanen da ke magana da Bantu. Yaduwar Bantu ta fara ne a Kudancin Kamaru kimanin shekaru 4000 da suka gabata. Ana magana da harsunan Bantu a can a yau kuma akwai shaidar archaeological ga manoma masu shigowa na Neolithic a Arewacin Gabon c. 3800 BC. An san cewa fadada Bantu ya kasance mai sauri sosai kuma mai girma, amma ainihin injinsa ya kasance mai kawo rigima. Wannan lokacin ya riga ya wuce ƙarfe, wanda ya bayyana a cikin rikodin archaeological ta 2500 BC. Ɗaya daga cikin fadadawa na farko na Bantu shine ƙaurawar Bubi zuwa Fernando Po (Bioko). Har yanzu suna amfani da fasahar dutse da farko. Matsalolin yanke gandun daji na equatorial don noma sun haifar da shawarar cewa fadadawar farko ta kasance tare da kwarin kogi, ra'ayi da aka goyi bayan nazarin sunayen kifi. Wani abu kuma na iya zama isowar amfanin gona na kudu maso gabashin Asiya, musamman AAB plantain, cocoyam da water-yam. Sake fasalin harshe ya nuna cewa kawai dabbobi da proto-Bantu ke da su shine awaki. A cikin ƙarni duka rabin kudancin Afirka an rufe shi da rukuni, ban da hamadar Kalahari kawai. Yaduwarsu ta ƙare kwanan nan. A cikin shekara ta 1000, 'yan kasuwa Larabawa sun bayyana cewa Bantu ba su kai ga Mozambique ba, kuma mazauna Turai sun lura da fadada Bantu zuwa Afirka ta Kudu a ƙarƙashin Zulu da sauransu, duk da haka babu wata shaidar archaeological da ke tallafawa da'awar su maimakon haka shaidar ta nuna kasancewar masu magana da Bantu da yawa a baya da sama da shekaru 1800 da sama da 1400 kafin zaman farko na Turai a yankunan Afirka ta Kudu na Mozambique da Afirka ta Kudu bi da bi. Shigar da kiwo na Bantu ya sake fasalin tattalin arzikin nahiyar. Wani lokaci a cikin karni na farko, wani canji mai mahimmanci ya fara yayin da amfanin gona ya fara zuwa daga kudu maso gabashin Asiya. Tekun Indiya koyaushe yana buɗewa ga kasuwanci fiye da Atlantic da Pacific. 'Yan kasuwa za su iya hawa iskar ruwan sama ta yamma a farkon shekara kuma su koma gabas daga baya. An yi hasashen cewa waɗannan amfanin gona sun fara zuwa Madagascar, wanda kuma ya karɓi yarukan kudu maso gabashin Asiya, wani lokaci tsakanin AD 300 da 800. Daga tsibirin, amfanin gona ya haye zuwa yankin Great Lakes na Afirka. Sun hada da amfanin gona da yawa, mafi mahimmanci shine ayaba. Ayaba da sauran amfanin gona sun ba da damar yin noma sosai a yankunan wurare masu zafi na Afirka, wannan ya fi shahara a yankin Great Lakes, yankin da ke da ƙasa mai kyau, wanda ya ga birane da jihohi da yawa sun kasance, ana ciyar da yawan su da yawa Hanyoyin kasuwanci Duk da yake wasu matakan kasuwanci sun ci gaba, haɓakar birane da daular sun sanya shi mafi tsakiya ga tattalin arzikin Afirka. Arewacin Afirka ta kasance tsakiya ga cinikin dukan yankin Bahar Rum. A waje da Misira, wannan kasuwancin ya fi sarrafawa daga Phoenicians waɗanda suka zo su mamaye Arewacin Afirka, tare da Carthage ya zama birni mafi muhimmanci. Helenawa sun mallaki yawancin kasuwancin gabas, gami da Tekun Maliya tare da Habasha. A cikin wannan yankin yawancin biranen kasuwanci na Girka da aka kafa sun yi aiki a matsayin hanyar wayewa da ilmantarwa. Birnin Iskandariya na Masar (kuma daga baya, Roman) (wanda Alexander the Great ya kafa a 334 BC), yana ɗaya daga cikin cibiyoyin cinikin Bahar Rum na ƙarni da yawa. A cikin karni na 19 Misira ta kasance ɗaya daga cikin ɓangarorin da suka fi bunkasa a duniya. Nubia a Sudan ta yi ciniki tare da ƙasashen Afirka na ciki kamar Chadi da Libya, da kuma Masar, China, Indiya da yankin Larabawa. Ga mafi yawan karni na 1 AD, Masarautar Axumite a Habasha da Eritrea tana da rundunar sojan ruwa mai ƙarfi da alaƙar kasuwanci har zuwa Daular Byzantine da Indiya. Tsakanin ƙarni na 14 da 17, Ajuran Sultanate wanda ke tsakiyar Somaliya ta zamani ya yi aikin injiniya na ruwa kuma ya haɓaka sabbin tsarin aikin gona da haraji, wanda aka ci gaba da amfani dashi a wasu sassan Horn of Africa har zuwa ƙarshen karni na 19. A gabar gabashin nahiyar 'yan kasuwa Swahili sun haɗa yankin cikin hanyar cinikayya ta Tekun Indiya, suna kawo shigo da tukwane na kasar Sin da masana'antun Indiya don musayar zinariya, hauren giwa, da bayi. Masarautun Swahili sun kirkiro daular kasuwanci mai wadata, inda suka mamaye yankin Kenya, Tanzania da Uganda na zamani. Biranen Swahili sune manyan tashoshin kasuwanci don kasuwanci tare da Gabas ta Tsakiya da Gabas mai nisa. A cikin Afirka, cinikayya ta fi iyakancewa. Ƙananan yawan jama'a ya sa kasuwanci mai fa'ida ya zama da wahala. Babban shingen gandun daji na Kongo ya fi girma fiye da Sahara, yana hana cinikayya ta tsakiyar nahiyar. Zuwan sojojin Islama ne ya canza tattalin arzikin yawancin Afirka. Kodayake Musulunci ba shi da tasiri sosai a Arewacin Afirka inda manyan birane, karatu da rubutu, da jihohin tsakiya suka kasance al'ada, Musulmai sun fi tasiri wajen shiga Sahara fiye da Kiristoci. Wannan ya faru ne saboda raƙumi, wanda ya ɗauki fadada Larabawa kuma nan da nan zai ɗauki kasuwanci mai yawa a fadin hamada. Jerin jihohi sun bunkasa a Sahel a gefen kudancin Sahara wanda ya sami riba mai yawa daga kasuwanci a fadin Sahara. Na farko daga cikin wadannan shine Masarautar Ghana, ta kai kololuwa a karni na 12. Ba da daɗewa ba, wasu kamar Daular Mali da Kanem-Bornu, suma sun tashi a yankin. Babban kasuwancin waɗannan jihohin zinariya ne, wanda ya kasance mai yawa a Guinea. Har ila yau, yana da mahimmanci shine cinikin bayi na Sahara wanda ya tura adadi mai yawa na bayi zuwa Arewacin Afirka. 600-1600 AD Da yawa daga cikin masu arziki sun girma a kusa da yankunan bakin teku ko manyan koguna waɗanda suka zama wani ɓangare na mahimman hanyoyin kasuwanci. Masarautun Mali da Daular Songhai sun girma tare da Kogin Neja tsakanin 1200 da 1590. 'Yan kasuwa Berber daga Sahel yankin kudu da hamadar Sahara sun sayar da kwanakin, jan ƙarfe, dawakai, makamai da zane da suka kawo daga arewacin Afirka a cikin jiragen kasa na Kamel. Ciniki tare da mutanen Berber, da sauran kungiyoyi, sun haifar da ci gaban daular Ghana, wanda ke cinikin zinariya, kwayoyi, da bayi. Mutanen Yammacin Afirka sun haifar da bukatar gishiri, wanda aka tattara a wuraren da ke cikin hamada, kuma wanda suka yi amfani da shi don adana abinci da kuma sabunta shi. A cikin 1324, Mansa Musa, sarkin Mali, ya yi sanannen Hajj (hajji) zuwa Makka. Akwai babban rukuni da aka shirya don gudanar da Hajji tare da sarki. Ya haɗa da "mutane 60,000, ciki har da ma'aikata 1200" kuma rubuce-rubuce sun nuna cewa Mansa Musa ya ba da zinariya mai yawa a Misira, cewa tattalin arzikinta ya zama mai baƙin ciki. Tsakanin 1000 da 1500, gandun daji na Yammacin Afirka sun zama wani ɓangare na hanyoyin kasuwanci, musamman a ƙarƙashin mulkin sarakunan Yoruba. Ifé wani muhimmin gari ne na kasuwanci, tare da hanyar daga gandun daji zuwa Djenné, babban cibiyar kasuwanci a Sudan, kusa da wasu manyan biranen kasuwanci kamar Timbuktu da Gao. Yanayin Ifé ya kuma sanya shi kusa da Benin da Tekun Atlantika. Ci gaban Yoruba ya sami goyon baya daga biranen da ke kewaye da gonar noma, amma ci gaban kasuwanci mai yawa ya sa ya wadata. A shekara ta 1000, mutanen da ke magana da harshen Bantu na Zimbabwe da Kudancin Afirka sun haɓaka cinikayya ta ƙasashen waje tare da ƙasashe masu nisa kamar China da Indiya, daga inda suka karɓi porcelain, beads, da tukwane na Farisa da Larabawa. Sun sayar da naman sa na gida (maimakon nama daga dabbobi), baƙin ƙarfe, da hauren giwa da zinariya. Birnin Great Zimbabwe, wanda aka kafa a kusa da 1100, shine cibiyar mulkin Shona har zuwa kusa da 1400. Yawancin kasuwanci a cikin masarautun gandun daji an yi su ne a matakin gida, yawanci ta talakawa Yoruba a kasuwannin gida. A wasu garuruwa ana gudanar da waɗannan kowane kwana 3 ko 4. An sayar da tufafi, kayan lambu, nama, da sauran kayayyaki, kuma an biya su don amfani da ƙananan kwarangwal da ake kira cowries waɗanda aka shigo da su daga Gabashin Afirka. An samar da sandunan jan ƙarfe da ƙarfe, waɗanda ake kira manilas, a cikin daidaitattun siffofi don amfani da su azaman kuɗi. Sauran abubuwa da aka yi amfani da su a kasuwanci a matsayin nau'in kuɗi sun haɗa da gishiri, zane, da sandunan zinariya. Ciniki tare da Gabas ta Tsakiya ya fara tun farkon Masar ta dā. An gabatar da Islama a yankin Horn da wuri daga yankin Larabawa, jim kadan bayan hijra. Masjid al-Qiblatayn mai mihrab biyu na Zeila ya kasance daga karni na 7. Yaduwar Islama ta kawo 'yan kasuwa Larabawa har zuwa Maroko. Adal Sultanate a yankin Horn kuma ya ci gaba da alakar biyu da Daular Ottoman. Tsarin ma'aikata don cinikayya mai nisa a fadin iyakokin siyasa da al'adu an daɗe ana ƙarfafa shi ta hanyar karɓar Islama a matsayin tushen al'adu da ɗabi'a don amincewa tsakanin da kuma tare da 'yan kasuwa. A kan iyakar Swahili zuwa kudu maso gabas, Sultan na Malindi ya aika da jakadu zuwa fadar sarauta ta kasar Sin a Nanjing Yongle dauke da giraffe da sauran kyaututtuka masu ban sha'awa. Tasirin Turai Farkon mulkin mallaka na Turai Masu mulkin mallaka na farko na Turai sun zauna a Arewacin Afirka a zamanin d a. Wadannan masu mulkin mallaka sun hada da Finikiyawa da Helenawa. Mazauna daga tsohuwar Athens da sauran sassan Girka sun kafa kansu a bakin tekun Bahar Rum na Arewacin Afirka. Daga baya masu mulkin mallaka na Daular Roma suka bi su. Mutanen da suka mallaka na Roma "sun yi aiki a matsayin samfurin" don yunkurin mulkin mallaka na Turai zuwa nahiyar. Portugal ita ce daular Turai ta farko da ta shiga cikin Afirka ta Kudu don kafa yankuna. Yarima Henry the Navigator na Fotigal ya ci gaba da binciken Fotigal na Afirka, wanda sha'awace-sha'awace guda biyu suka motsa shi: yada Kiristanci, da kuma kafa Afirka a matsayin sansanin Kiristanci a kan Daular Ottoman, wanda ke sa yawancin Afirka suka tuba zuwa Islama. An yi amfani da Afirka don dalilai na kasuwanci saboda wani burin Portuguese: neman hanyar zuwa Indiya, wanda zai buɗe duk yankin Tekun Indiya don kai tsaye kasuwanci tare da Portugal. Cin nasarar yankin a Afirka kuma yana nufin cewa Portuguese na iya amfani da zinare na Afirka don tallafawa tafiye-tafiye ta wannan sabuwar hanyar kasuwanci. Portuguese sun fara kasuwanci mai mahimmanci tare da Yammacin Afirka a karni na 15. Wannan cinikin ya kasance da farko don irin kayan da Larabawa suka saya zinariya, hauren giwa, da bayi. Portuguese sun sayar da tufafin Indiyawan Afirka da kayan da aka ƙera a Turai amma sun ki sayar musu da bindigogi. Ba da daɗewa ba, duk da haka, wasu ƙasashen Turai kamar Faransa, Denmark, Netherlands da Burtaniya suna haɓaka kasuwancin su da Afirka, kuma suna da ƙuntatawa kaɗan. Manyan ikon mulkin mallaka na Turai a Afirka sune Portugal, Burtaniya, Faransa, kuma zuwa ƙarami Jamus, Belgium, Spain da Italiya. Kasancewar Portugal a Afirka a matsayin ikon mulkin mallaka ya kasance har zuwa shekarun 1970s, lokacin da na karshe daga cikin tsoffin yankunanta suka ayyana 'yancin kai bayan shekaru na yaki. Cinikin bayi na Atlantic A bayyane yake, cinikin bayi ya wadatar da bangarorin al'ummar Afirka da ke cinikin bayi. Koyaya, tarihin zamani na bautar ya sauya tsakanin sanduna biyu akan batun tasirin yawan jama'a da tattalin arziki a Afirka gaba ɗaya. Labaran tarihi na farko na cinikin bayi na Atlantic an rubuta su ne ga shahararrun masu sauraro ta hanyar abolitionists da tsoffin bayi kamar Olaudah Equiano waɗanda suka jaddada tasirinsa mai tsanani ga mutanen Afirka. Yayin da karni na 19 ya ci gaba, an kara amfani da asusun mummunar tasirin bautar don jayayya game da mulkin mallaka na Turai na nahiyar. Sabanin haka, akwai wadanda, kamar mai binciken Burtaniya da masanin ilimin ƙasa William Winwood Reade, wanda ya yi amfani da asusun 'yan kasuwa na bayi don jayayya cewa tasirin bautar yana da kyau. A farkon karni na 20, ra'ayi game da bautar a matsayin mummunar tasiri a Afirka ya kasance tsakanin ƙwararrun masana tarihi a Turai da Amurka. A lokacin mulkin mallaka bayan yakin duniya na biyu, wani rukuni mai tasiri na malamai, karkashin jagorancin JD Fage, sun yi jayayya cewa mummunan tasirin bautar ya wuce gona da iri, kuma fitar da bayi ya ragu ta hanyar yawan jama'a. Walter Rodney, kwararre a kan Upper Guinea Coast, ya kalubalanci cewa bukatar Turai ga bayi ta kara muhimmancin tattalin arziki na cinikin bayi a Yammacin Afirka, tare da mummunan sakamako. Rodney, wanda ke aiki a cikin ƙungiyoyin 'yancin kai na Pan-Afirka, ya zargi Fage da farfado da rawar da Turawa ke takawa a Afirka; Fage ya amsa ta hanyar zargin Rodney da soyayya ta kasa. Tattaunawar game da tasirin tattalin arziki na cinikin Atlantika ya kara karfafawa ta hanyar wallafa littafin Philip Curtin mai suna The Atlantic Slave Trade: A Census (1969), wanda ya yi jayayya cewa an fitar da bayi miliyan 9.566 daga Afirka ta hanyar cinikin Atlantiki. A cikin shekarun 1970s, muhawara game da tasirin tattalin arziki na cinikin Atlantika ya karu da ƙididdigar yawan jama'a na fitar da bayi dangane da yawan haihuwa na nahiyar. Yawancin malamai yanzu sun yi imanin cewa Curtin ya kasance mai ra'ayin mazan jiya a cikin lissafinsa, tare da mafi yawan kimantawa tsakanin miliyan 11.5 zuwa miliyan 15.4. Kwanan nan, John K. Thornton ya gabatar da wata gardama kusa da na Fage, yayin da Joseph Inikori, Patrick Manning da Nathan Nunn suka yi jayayya cewa cinikin bayi yana da tasiri mai raɗaɗi na dogon lokaci akan ci gaban tattalin arzikin Afirka. Manning, alal misali, ya kai ga ƙarshe mai zuwa, bayan lissafin bambancin yanki a cikin fitar da bayi da kuma zaton yawan yawan jama'ar Afirka na shekara-shekara na 0.5.%: yawan mutanen Afirka ta Yamma zai kasance miliyan 100 maimakon miliyan 50 a cikin 1850, idan ba don haɗakar tasirin kasuwancin bayi na waje da na ciki ba. Nunn, a cikin binciken tattalin arziki na baya-bayan nan na yankunan fitar da bayi a duk sassan Afirka, ya sami "dangantaka mara kyau tsakanin yawan bayi da aka karɓa daga ƙasa da ci gaban tattalin arziki na gaba". Nunn ya yi jayayya, kuma, cewa wannan ba za a iya bayyana shi ta hanyar talauci ba kafin cinikin bayi, saboda yawancin jama'a da kuma ci gaban tattalin arziki na Afirka sun koma baya a baya, wuraren fitar da bayi ba a lokacin Atlantic, trans-Saharan, Red Sea da Indian Ocean. Zamanin mulkin mallaka 1884-1945 Taron Berlin (Jamusanci: Kongokonferenz ko "Taron Kongo") na 1884-85 ya tsara mulkin mallaka na Turai da kasuwanci a Afirka a lokacin mulkin mallaka, kuma ya dace da fitowar Jamus kwatsam a matsayin ikon mulkin mallaka. An kira shi da Portugal kuma Otto von Bismarck, shugaban farko na Jamus, ya shirya shi, sakamakon sa, Babban Dokar Taron Berlin, ana iya ganin shi a matsayin ƙaddamar da Scramble for Africa. Taron ya gabatar da wani lokaci na karuwar ayyukan mulkin mallaka ta ikon Turai, yayin da a lokaci guda ya kawar da mafi yawan nau'ikan da ke akwai na cin gashin kai da cin gashin kansa na Afirka. A wannan lokacin mulkin mallaka, an sake tsara tattalin arzikin Afirka don yin hidima ga Turai da Turai, kuma sarkar masana'antu ta Turai ta fara a Afirka kuma ta ƙare a cikin ɗakunan ajiyar masana'antu na Turai. Dukkanin Afirka za su fada ƙarƙashin mulkin mallaka na Turai a shekara ta 1914, ban da Habasha da Laberiya. Rarraba yankin Afirka tsakanin gwamnatocin Turai sau da yawa ya keta iyakokin da 'yan Afirka na yankin suka amince da su. Wasu daga cikin jihohin Afirka masu zaman kansu da rabuwa da nahiyar ta shafa sun hada da: Tattalin Arziki Ga wasu masu mulkin mallaka, kamar su Burtaniya, kyakkyawan mulkin mallaka ya dogara ne akan tattalin arziki mai budewa, yana aiki sosai a cinikin duniya ta hanyar fitar da albarkatun kasa da shigo da kayayyaki da aka gama. Birtaniya sun yi amfani da manufofin gudanarwa mai sauƙi, suna tilasta ƙananan ka'idoji a kan yankunansu, musamman a cikin batutuwan da ba na tattalin arziki ba. Muddin an cimma burin Burtaniya, an ba 'yan asalin' yanci mafi girma. Babban misali ga wannan shine tsarin ilimin mulkin mallaka na Burtaniya. Ya dogara da albarkatun gida da harsuna a ilimi, yawancin masu wa'azi a ƙasashen waje suna gudanar da su ta hanyar 'yan Afirka. Wannan ya haifar da matakan lissafi mafi girma a yankunan da ilimin mulkin mallaka na Burtaniya ya rinjayi, kuma ta haka ne karuwar babban birnin ɗan adam. Sauran masu mulkin mallaka, kamar Faransanci, sun ɗauki tsarin aiki sosai ga shugabanci, suna ƙarfafawa ko ma suna buƙatar talakawan su su kara daidaitawa da al'adun Faransanci. A yau, tattalin arzikin Afirka da yawa ya shafi gadon mulkin mallaka. A cikin aikin gona, tsarin shuka da suka gabatar ba za a iya jurewa ba kuma ya haifar da mummunar lalacewar muhalli. Misali, auduga yana rage yawan amfanin ƙasa a duk inda aka girma, kuma yankunan Yammacin Afirka waɗanda ke cike da gonakin auduga yanzu ba su iya canzawa zuwa amfanin gona mai fa'ida ba ko ma samar da abinci saboda lalacewar ƙasa. Kwanan nan, wasu ƙasashe sun fara shirye-shirye don canzawa zuwa al'adun gargajiya, nau'ikan noma masu ɗorewa kamar sauya noma da bishiyoyi don haɓaka isasshen abinci don tallafawa yawan jama'a yayin kiyaye amfanin ƙasa wanda ke ba da damar aikin gona ya ci gaba a cikin tsararraki masu zuwa. (Gyasi) 'Yancin kai da Yakin Cold Bayan Yaƙin Duniya na II, halin Turai game da Afirka ya fara canzawa. Bayan yakin duniya na biyu da farkon yakin sanyi, ikon 'Yamma' sun ƙi ra'ayin yin amfani da cin nasara kai tsaye don haɗa yankin. A lokaci guda, tashin hankali game da mulkin mallaka ya ci gaba a Afirka. Tsakanin 1945 da 1948 akwai jerin yajin aiki da zanga-zangar, a Senegal, Tanzania, a kan tsarin jirgin kasa na Yammacin Afirka na Faransa, da kuma tare da Gold Coast na Yamma. Kasashen Afirka a hankali sun sami 'yancin kansu (tare da iyakokin zamanin mulkin mallaka), a mafi yawan lokuta ba tare da rikice-rikicen tashin hankali ba (ban da Kamaru, Madagascar da Kenya). Yayin da Yakin Cold ya ci gaba, gwamnatocin Afirka na iya dogaro da goyon baya daga ko dai gwamnatocin Yamma ko masu kula da Kwaminisanci, dangane da akidar su. Shekaru na farko na 'yancin kai sun tafi da kyau ga yawancin ƙasashen Afirka. Wannan ƙarfin tattalin arziki ya lalace a mafi yawan shekarun da suka gabata. An yi muhawara da yawa don gano dalilai don bayyana faduwar tattalin arzikin kasashe da yawa na Afirka. Halin zuwa ga mulkin jam'iyya daya, haramta adawar siyasa, ya haifar da ci gaba da mulkin kama karya a cikin shekaru da yawa, ci gaba da manufofi da suka gaza. Kudin rance daga gwamnatocin kasashen waje ya zama nauyin rauni ga wasu ƙasashe waɗanda ke da wahalar biyan riba a kan rance. Taron Majalisar Dinkin Duniya kan Ciniki da Ci gaba (UNCTAD) ya kiyasta cewa tsakanin 1970 da 2002 "Afirka ta kudu da Sahara ta karɓi dala biliyan 294 a cikin rance, ta biya dala biliyan 268 a cikin sabis na bashi, kuma duk da haka har yanzu tana da bashin dala biliyan 300". A lokuta daban-daban a ƙarshen karni na 20, gwamnatocin Afirka sun yi bashin da ke biyowa (yawan suna cikin biliyoyin daloli na Amurka): Najeriya (33) Afirka ta Kudu (22) Jamhuriyar Demokradiyyar Kongo (13) Sudan (9) Habasha (8) A cikin shekarun 1980s, rikice-rikicen siyasa ya ɓarke cikin yakin basasa a wasu ƙasashe, kuma rashin kwanciyar hankali na siyasa ya sa wasu tattalin arziki ya kasance cikin damuwa na shekaru da yawa. Wasu gwamnatocin Afirka sun fuskanci matsaloli masu amfani wajen aiwatar da canjin masana'antu yayin da suke ƙoƙarin inganta tattalin arzikin su cikin sauri; matsalolin tsada da rashin kulawa a aikin gona, masana'antu, da sauran bangarori sun haifar da gazawar ayyukan da yawa. Ɗaya daga cikin sakamakon shi ne ƙasashen Afirka da ke ƙara dogaro da shigo da abinci na ƙasashen waje. Talauci Babban tambaya a cikin tarihin tattalin arzikin Afirka shine mayar da hankali kan bayani game da talauci na nahiyar. Masana tattalin arziki a yau suna amfani da hanyoyi daban-daban don bayyana wannan abin da ya faru yawanci ko na waje ko na ciki. Hanyar waje Hanyoyin waje yawanci suna mai da hankali kan tsarin ma'aikata a cikin tattalin arziki. Suna ƙoƙari su bayyana ci gaban tattalin arzikin Afirka a matsayin batun yanke shawara na hukumomin Turai na baya. Gwamnatocin mulkin mallaka na Turai ba su da wani dalili don ƙirƙirar cibiyoyin da ke inganta ci gaban tattalin arziki a yankunan Afirka, amma a maimakon haka fitar da tattalin arziki na albarkatun da aka ba su. Har ma a yau, cibiyoyin Afirka har yanzu sun dogara da waɗannan yanke shawara na farko. Misali, a Afirka, ba a kafa ko aiwatar da haƙƙin mallaka ta hanyar inganta ayyukan tattalin arziki ba. Hanyar ciki A nan dole ne a rarrabe hanyoyi biyu daban-daban: Wadannan galibi suna fitowa ne daga tsarin al'umma, suna da haɗin kai fiye da mutum ɗaya tare da kabilun ko iyalai suna taka muhimmiyar rawa a Afirka. Don haka rarraba haƙƙin mallaka cikas ne ga ci gaban tattalin arziki. Har ila yau, akwai ƙananan abubuwan da za su sauya wannan tsari zuwa yanayin da ya fi dacewa da tattalin arziki. Ga masu mulki sau da yawa zaɓi ne mai ma'ana don manne wa wannan tsarin haƙƙin mallaka, don haka samun damar cirewa daga mulkin su fiye da inganta ci gaban tattalin arziki. Hanyar ciki ta biyu tana mai da hankali kai tsaye kan kayan aiki a cikin takamaiman yankuna. Rashin aiki har zuwa karni na 20 tare da ƙananan ƙwayoyin ƙasa ya haifar da hanyar noma mai yawa, wanda ya dogara da ƙasa mai yawa maimakon amfani da ma'aikata a ƙasar. Haɗe tare da mugayen cibiyoyin daga zamanin mulkin mallaka ko mulkin mallaka wannan tsarin tattalin arziki yana hana amfani da fasaha sosai kuma ta haka ne ragewa ko ma hana ci gaban tattalin arziki. Zamani Masu arziki a Afirka a ƙarshen karni na 20 sun kasance suna da ma'aikatan gwamnati da ke aiki a matsayin "masu tsaron gida", suna riƙe da mukamai tare da iko don amincewa da taimakon kasashen waje, taimakon jin kai, da saka hannun jari mai zaman kansa (yawanci na kasashen waje). Cin hanci da rashawa sun zama masu ƙarfi a wasu ƙasashe. Bala'in muhalli da siyasa sun haɗu a cikin yunwa da yawa a cikin shekarun 1970 da 1980 a Habasha, Mali, Mauritania da Mozambique. Tasirin fari da hamada na babban bangare na nahiyar ya kai ga jama'a a farkon karni na 21. Ayyukan jirgin ƙasa suna da mahimmanci a cikin gundumomin hakar ma'adinai daga ƙarshen karni na 19. Babban aikin jirgin kasa da na hanya suna nuna ƙarshen karni na 19. An jaddada hanyoyin dogo a zamanin mulkin mallaka, da hanyoyi a lokutan 'bayan mulkin mallaka'. Jedwab Storeygard sun gano cewa a cikin 1960-2015 akwai alaƙa mai ƙarfi tsakanin saka hannun jari na sufuri da ci gaban tattalin arziki. Siyasa mai tasiri sun haɗa da tsakiya kafin mulkin mallaka, rarrabuwar kabilanci, sulhu na Turai, dogaro da albarkatun halitta, da dimokuradiyya. Tattalin arzikin Afirka ya fara tashi ne kawai a farkon shekarun 2000 yayin da yanayin siyasa ya inganta, gwamnatocin ƙasa sun fara murkushe cin hanci da rashawa da tallafawa, an fara aiwatar da shirye-shiryen ci gaban tattalin arziki da nufin inganta yanayin rayuwa, kuma miliyoyin 'yan Afirka sun ci gaba da taruwa zuwa biranen neman ayyuka da sauran abubuwan more rayuwa. Janar: Tarihin Afirka Tarihin Afirka Bayanan da aka yi amfani da su Ƙarin karantawa Austin, G. "Reciprocal Comparison and African History: Tackling Conceptual Eurocentrism in the Study of Africa’s Economic Past. African Studies Review 50(3) 2007. 1–28. Austin, G. "The ‘Reversal Of Fortune’ Thesis and the Compression of History: Perspectives from African and Comparative Economic History. Journal of International Development 2008. 20(8), 996–1027. Austin, G. African Economic History in Africa." Economic History of Developing Regions 2015. 30(1), 79–94. Curtin, Philip. The Atlantic Slave Trade: A Census. Madison: University of Wisconsin Press, 1969. Daniels, Rudolph. "The Nature of the Agrarian Land Question in the Republic of South Africa." The American Journal of Economics, July 2006, pp. 1–16 Fage, J.D. A History of Africa (Routledge, 4th edition, 2001 (Hutchinson, 1978, (Knopf 1st American edition, 1978, Frankema, E. M. Waijenburg. "Structural Impediments to African Growth? New Evidence from Real Wages in British Africa, 1880–1965" Journal of Economic History 2012 72#4, 895–926. Hochschild, Adam (1998). King Leopold's Ghost. Pan Macmillan. ISBN 0-330-49233-0. on Belgian Congo Hopkins, A. G. "Fifty years of African economic history" Economic History of Developing Regions (2019) 34:1, 1-15, DOI: 10.1080/20780389.2019.1575589 Hopkins, A. G. An Economic History of West Africa (Longman, 1990). Inikori, Joseph E. (ed.) Forced Migration: The Impact of the Export Slave Trade on African Societies (London and New York, 1982) Inikori, Joseph E.The Chaining of a Continent: Export Demand for Captives and the History of Africa South of the Sahara, 1450–1870 Mona, Jamaica: University of the West Indies Press, 1992. Inikori, Joseph E. and Engerman, Stanley (Eds.) The Atlantic Slave Trade Effects on Economies, Societies, and Peoples in Africa, the Americas, and Europe. Durham: Duke University Press, 1992 Lovejoy, Paul. Transformations in Slavery: A History of Slavery in Africa. London: Cambridge University Press, 1983 Manning, Patrick. Slavery and African Life: Occidential, Oriental and African Slave Trades. London: Cambridge University Press, 1990 Nduru, Noyiga. "Walking the Tightrope of Land Reform." Inter Press Service News Agency, September 30, 2006 Nunn, Nathan. "The Long Term Effects of Africa's Slave Trades." The Quarterly Journal of Economics, February 2008, pp. 139–76 Rimmer, D. The Economies of West Africa (Weidenfeld and Nicolson, 1984). Rodney, Walter. A History of the Upper Guinea Coast, 1545–1800 (Clarendon Press, 1970). Rodney, Walter. How Europe Underdeveloped Africa. (Washington: Howard UP, 1982, Thornton, John K. Africa and Africans in the Making of the Atlantic World, 1400-1800 Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1998 Tattalin Arziki Afrika Tarihin Afrika Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba
16866	https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/B%C3%A1b	Báb	Sayyid Alí Muḥammad (20 Oktoba1819 9 Yuli 1850) wani ɗan kasuwa ne daga Shíráz, Iran wanda ya fara wani tsari na Shia mai suna Bábism. Bayan ya fara addinin, ya canza sunan sa zuwa Báb. Mutanen da suka yi imani da Báb ana kiran su Bábís, kuma sun yi imani cewa Bab annabi ne Bábís kuma yi imani da cewa Bab ne Qá'im cewa Shi'as sunyi imani zai zo a nan gaba. Báb ya rubuta ɗaruruwan wasiƙu da littattafai yana koyar da addinin shi kuma menene dokokin addinin sa. Sabbin dokokin na Bab sun maye gurbin shari'ar Sharia ko dokokin musulmai ga mabiyan a. Bábism ya zama babba; sama da mutane dubu goma suka yi imani da Báb. Malaman Shi'a, ko shugabannin Musulunci a Iran sun ƙi jinin Bab ɗin kuma suna ƙoƙarin cutar da mutanen da ke bin addininsa. A cikin 1850 wasu ingan bindiga suka harbi Bab a Tabríz, Iran Báb din yana da wasu sunaye, misali "Maɓallin Farko" da "Maɓallin Bayán" Bab ɗin ya faɗawa kowa cewa wani annabin da ya fi karfi kuma ya fi iko yana nan tafe. Mutanen da ke bin addinin Ba'a'í sun yi imani cewa Bab yana magana ne game da Bahá'u'lláh, wanda ya fara addinin Baha'i Rayuwa Rayuwar Farko An haifi Báb a ranar 20 ga Oktoba 18, 1819, a Shiraz, Iran Mahaifinsa dan kasuwa ne, kuma mutane da yawa a cikin gari sun san shi. Ba da daɗewa ba bayan haihuwar Báb, mahaifinsa ya mutu. Kawun Bab din Ḥájí Mírzá Siyyid `Alí shi ma ɗan kasuwa ne, kuma ya daga Bab ɗin. Lokacin da Báb ya zama baligi, ya fara aiki a matsayin ɗan kasuwa tare da kawunsa. A shekarar 1842 ya auri mace mai suna Khadíjih-Bagum Tare suna da ɗa guda, wanda suka sa masa suna Ahmad. Aḥmad bai da lafiya sosai kuma ya mutu tun yana jariri. Wani da ya rayu a lokaci ɗaya da Báb ɗin ya ce yana da nutsuwa da nutsuwa; sun ce Báb ne kawai ya yi magana game da wanda shi ma yake da shi, kuma bai ma amsa tambayoyin ba. Bab koyaushe yana tunani da addu'a. Mutane sun ce yana da kyau, kuma yana da siririn gemu. Ya kasance koyaushe yana sanye da tufafi masu tsabta, kuma yana sa kore gyale da baƙin rawani, ko kuma mayafin zane a kansa. 'Yan Shaykhiyya Shaykh Ahmad-i-Ahsa'i ya kafa kungiyar addinin Musulunci ta Shi'a a Farisa a cikin shekarun 1790. Memban ƙungiyar, wanda ake kira Shaykhi, yayi imanin cewa allah yana aiko da wani sabon manzo duniya nan bada jimawa ba. Sun kira sabon manzo Qá'im, ko Mahadi Lokacin da Shaihu Ahmad ya mutu, Siyyid Kázim, wanda yake daga Rasht, Iran, ya zama sabon shugaban Shaikhan. Shaykh Ahmad ya rayu an haifeshi a shekara ta 1753 kuma ya mutu a 1862. An haifi Siyyid Kázim a 1793 kuma ya mutu a 1843. Lokacin da Báb ya tafi aikin hajji a Karbala da wuraren da ke kusa da shi, ƙila ya saurari koyarwar Siyyid Kázim. Babu wanda ya san tabbas idan ya yi ko bai sani ba, saboda akwai takardu ko bayanan da yawa daga wancan lokacin. Lokacin da Siyyid Kázim ke mutuwa, a cikin watan Disamba, ya gaya wa mabiyansa mutanen da suka gaskata abin da ya koyar cewa su yi tafiya kuma su nemi sabon annabin daga allah. Ya kira wannan annabin "Ubangijin Zamani", kuma ya gaya musu cewa za a gano shi ba da daɗewa ba. Daya daga cikin mutanen da suka yi imani Siyyid Kázim ya yi salla kuma ya yi azumi, ko ya daina cin abinci daga asuba zuwa faduwar rana tsawon kwana arba'in sunansa Mullá Ḥusayn. Bayan wannan ya yi tafiya zuwa Shiraz, kuma ya haɗu da Báb. Sanarwa ga Mullá Ḥusayn Mullá Ḥusayn ya isa Shiraz a ranar 23 ga Mayu, 1844. Wani saurayi sanye da koren rawani ya gaishe shi bayan bai daɗe a Shiraz ba. A Iran a wancan lokacin, mutanen da suke da dangantaka da annabi Muḥammad ne kawai ke sanya koren rawani. Ana kiran mazajen da ke da alaƙa da annabi Muḥammad Siyyids. Saurayin shine Bab, kuma ya gayyaci Mullá Ḥusayn zuwa gidansa. Bab ɗin ya tambayi Mullá Ḥusayn dalilin da yasa yake Shiraz, kuma Mullá Ḥusayn ya gaya masa cewa yana neman sabon annabin, ko kuma Mai Alkawarin. Bab ɗin ya tambayi Mullá Ḥusayn yadda zai san wanda annabi yake hanya. Mullá Ḥusayn ya gaya masa cewa annabin zai fito ne daga sanannen dangi na kirki, kuma zai san abubuwa da yawa ba tare da koya su ba, haka kuma ba zai sami matsala a jikinsa ba. Sa'annan Bab ya ce duk waɗannan abubuwan gaskiya ne game da kansa. "Ga shi, duk waɗannan alamun sun bayyana a kaina." Bab yana cewa shine sabon annabi Mullá Ḥusayn da yake nema. Wannan ya firgita, ko firgita Mullá Ḥusayn. Mullá Ḥusayn yana da wata hanya ta daban don sanin wanene sabon annabin, kuma bai gaya wa Bab ɗin ba. Siyyid Káẓim ya gaya wa Mullá Ḥusayn cewa sabon annabin zai rubuta littafi mai bayanin Surih na Yusufu Siyyid Káẓim ya kuma ce sabon annabin zai yi hakan ba tare da wani ya nemi shi ba. Bayan da Bab ya gaya wa Mullá Ḥusayn cewa shi sabon annabi ne, sai ya rubuta littafi game da Suri na Yusufu Bab din ya kira wannan littafin Qayyúmu'l-Asmá Bayan ya kwana yana magana da Báb Mullá Husayn ya faɗi haka. (Kalmomin da ke ƙasa na iya zama da wahalar karantawa. Haruffa Mai Rai Mullá Ḥusayn shine almajirin farko na Bab. Ana kiran ɗalibin shugaban addini almajiri. A ƙasa da watanni biyar, ƙarin ɗalibai goma sha bakwai na Siyyid Káẓim sun zama almajiran na Bab. Duk sabbin almajiran sun fara yarda da cewa Bab wani sabon salo ne, ko annabin allah ba tare da taimakon kowa ba. Daya daga cikin wadannan sababbin almajirai mace ce. Sunanta Zarrín Táj Bara gh áni, kuma ita mawaƙa ce. Daga baya aka sake mata sabon suna, Ṭáhirih (mai tsarki). Daga baya mutane sun fara kiran almajirai goma sha takwas na farko da kuma BAb Wasikun Masu Rai Bab din ya fadawa Haruffa Masu Rai cewa aikin su ne su fadawa mutane cewa shi sabon annabi ne. Báb ya ce Haruffa Masu Rai na musamman ne. A cikin addinin Shi’a akwai mutane na musamman goma sha huɗu, waɗanda ake kira "Maasumai". ‘Yan Shi’a suna ganin“ Ma’asumai ”suna da gaskiya koyaushe. Muhammad, imam goma sha biyu, da Fatimah, su ne "Ma'asumai" a cikin Shi'ar Musulunci. Kamar dai "Ma'asumai", ɗaya daga cikin wasiƙun Mai rai mace ce, ɗayan kuma annabi ne. Goma sha tara lamba ce ta musamman a cikin Babism. Haruffa Masu Rai sun yi kama da Manzannin Kristi goma sha biyu. Manazarta Addini Pages with unreviewed
15881	https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jackie%20Aina	Jackie Aina	Jacquelyn Lonje Olayiwola Oyeshola Bolayemi Aina (an haife ta a ranar 4 ga watan Agusta shekarar 1987) wadda aka fi sani da 'Jackie Aina' Ba'amurkiya ce 'yar asalin Najeriya da ke amfani da kafar tashar YouTube. Tana yin batutuwa kan abubuwan da suka shafi shawarwari ga mutane kan sauya launin fata da kuma kwalliya. Tana da hadin gwiwa tare da Anastasia Beverly Hills, Sephora da kuma Sigma Beauty. Tarihin Rayuwa Jackie Aina an haife ta ga mahaifiyar Ba'amurke Ba'amurke kuma mahaifin Najeriya dan asalin Yarbawa Bayan shekaru biyu na kwaleji, Aina ta shiga Amurka Reserve Army Yayin da take aiki a Hawaii, ta gano cewa tana da ƙwarewa a matsayin mai ƙirar kwalliya kuma an yi mata aikin MAC Cosmetics A cewar 'yar kasuwa, Aina "ana ci gaba da fada mata a wuraren kirga kayan kwalliya cewa yanayin da take son gwadawa ba zai yi aiki a fuskarta ba", don haka ta fara kirkirar bidiyo "game da kayan da kallon da take so wadanda za su iya aiki ga kowa". Gwagwarmaya A matsayinta na mai gwagwarmaya kan bambance-bambancen dake cikin masana'antar kayan kwalliya, Aina ta bayar da hujjar cewa mutane masu launi ba su da wakilci sosai kuma galibi ana yin biris da su a masana'antar kyau, kuma ta soki lamirin inuwar kayan shafa don ba na kowa ba. Ta ci gaba da nuna rashin jeri jeri inuwar duhu don tushe a cikin layi. Ta gaya wa Bustle a cikin 2018, "Dukkanmu mun fito ne daga wurare daban-daban kuma mun kuma zo cikin tabarau daban-daban da iri, kuma abin da ke iya zama wani abu da zan yarda da shi na manta da shi ba batun wani ne ba." Baya ga inuwar gidauniya, Aina ta ce inuwar ido, ja da launukan lebe ba na duniya ba ne don launin fata. Duk da yake sukar da Aina ke yi wa kamfanonin kayan kwalliya ya lalata dangantakar da ta yi da yawancin su, tana mai tabbatar da cewa burinta ba zai taba tozarta su ba. Yawancin kamfanonin kayan kwalliya sun amince da sukar ta, wanda ya haifar da nasarar haɗin gwiwa tsakanin su da Aina. Aina ba ta yarda da mutanen da ke da'awar cewa "ba sa ganin launi", tana mai cewa sun yi biris da al'amuran launin fata kuma suna hana ta tattauna su. A cikin zanga-zangar bidiyo ta YouTube, ta yi kwas na kwalliyar kwalliya ta fari da fari, kuma daga baya ta bayyana cewa ta sanya kayan da ba daidai ba. Bayan co-kafa IT Cosmetics kuma Shugaba Jamie Kern Lima ya soki masana'antar kyau saboda hotunan mata ba tare da hadawa da rashin gaskiya ba, Aina, wacce a baya ta soki kayan kwalliyar IT, ta fuskance ta da sauran masana'antar game da kebe mutane masu launi da karban suka daga wata farar mace. Hadin gwiwa A watan Yulin shekara ta 2016, Aina ta haɗa kai da elf Kayan shafawa don kirkirar palette inuwar ido. Bustle ya ba da rahoton cewa paletin "ya haɗa da sautin lu'u-lu'u guda biyar da launuka masu ƙyalƙyali tare da shimmery da matte mai ƙarewa" kuma ya bayyana launuka kamar "tsirara-ish mauve, taupe na jan ƙarfe, burgundy mai duhu, zinare mai sheƙi, da zurfin teal". Wannan zai zama farkon haɗin gwiwar Aina don sayarwa cikin ƙanƙanin lokaci. A colin Watan Maris shekarar 2017, Sigma Beauty ta fito da saitin goge biyar "Dole ne a sami" wanda Aina ta ƙirƙira. A watan Disamba na shekarar 2017, Aina ta sanar da cewa za ta ƙaddamar da fure biyu na zinare masu haske, La Bronze da La Peach, tare da Artist Couture. Shahararriyar zakara ga mata da maza masu launin fata, Aina ta bayyana ra'ayinta cewa samfurin gidauniyar ta kayan kwalliya mai suna Too Fuskanta ba ta samar da wadatattun inuwa ba, Too Faced ta sanar da hadin gwiwa da ita don fadada zangon inuwar gidauniyar Haihuwar Wannan. A watan Yunin shekara ta 2018, an faɗaɗa zangon inuwa daga 24 zuwa 35 tabarau. Tara daga cikin sabbin inuwa goma sha ɗaya Aina ta tsara su, inda da yawa suka sayar. Ta ce ta saurari ra'ayoyin mabiyanta na kan layi da sauran tasirin launi. Aina ta ce haɗin gwiwar ba sakamakon illar da Fenty Beauty ta yi wa masana'antar kwalliyar ba ne bayan da ta ƙaddamar da gidauniya a cikin tabarau 40 a shekarar 2017, kuma ita da Too Faced ba su da labarin hakan. Ta kuma ce alamar ta kai gare ta a kokarin fadada kayayyakin na su tun kafin ta samu irin wadannan mabiya a yanar gizo. Aina ta fada wa Bustle a shekarar 2018 cewa za ta kirkiro layin kwalliya kafin shekarar 2019. A watan Agusta shekarar 2019, Aina ta fito da palette mai inuwa tare da haɗin gwiwar Anastasia Beverly Hills. A kan tabarau ɗin da aka haɗa, Aina ta ce, "paletin na kowa da kowa ne amma fifikata shi ne tabbatar da cewa na zaɓi inuwar da za ta yi aiki musamman don duhun duhu da zurfin duhu." Yanayin Forvr A ranar 13 ga watan Yulin shekara ta 2020, Aina ta sanar da sakin layin kayan gida, Forvr Mood, wanda zai sayar da kyandirori, kayayyakin kula da fata, da turare. Kyauta A 49th NAACP Image Awards a 15 ga watan Janairu shekarar 2018, Aina lashe NAACP Image Award for "YouTuber na bana". NAACP ta gabatar da rukunin kyautar tare da hadin gwiwar Google, a shekarar 2018. Duba kuma Jerin mutanen Yarbawa Manazarta Mata Ƴan Najeriya Pages with unreviewed
57716	https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antoine%20de%20Thomassin%20de%20Peynier	Antoine de Thomassin de Peynier	A ranar 1 ga Janairun 1792,Antoine de Thomassin de Peynier ya kasance mataimakin Admiral.A cikin bazara mai zuwa, ya karɓi umurnin Brest Squadron na Sojan Ruwa na Faransa,amma bayan ya sake tunani,ya ƙi shawarar Ministan Bertrand-Molleville. Ya yi murabus daga dukkan mukaman da yake rike da su,kuma ya yi ritaya bayan ya shafe shekaru 48 yana aikin sojan ruwa na Royal.Ya nemi fansho na rayuwa 4,300,wanda bai samu ba. Bayan faduwar Masarautar da shelar Jamhuriyar a ƙarshen lokacin rani na 1792,Peynier ya yi rantsuwa a gaban jami'in gundumar Orthez,Dutilh,"ya kasance da aminci ga al'umma da kiyaye 'yanci da daidaito ko mutu ta hanyar kare shi".A ranar 1 ga Satumba 1793,ya mayar da Grand Cross of Commander a cikin Order of Saint Louis.Duk da haka, tsakanin ƙarshen 1793 zuwa 1794,an kama shi a gida a Château Orthez.A cikin shaidarsa ga kwamitin juyin juya hali na gundumar Orthez,a cikin wata wasika mai lamba 31 Pluviose An III(9 ga Fabrairu 1795),ya bayyana cewa wannan kama ya samo asali ne daga"matakan zalunci da na gama-gari". A cikin Disamba 1794,wata daya mahaifinsa ya rasu,Peynier ya koma Aix inda yake fatan dawo da lafiyarsa.A wannan lokacin,ya rasa ganinsa saboda tsohon raunin kansa. Peynier ya mutu a ranar 11 ga Oktoba 1809 a Arance(yanzu Mont,Pyrénées-Atlantiques). Asalin da iyali Antoine de Thomassin ya fito ne daga gidan Thomassin dangi mai daraja daga Burgundy,wanda aka sani daga karni na 15 kuma yana tushen Provence.Wannan iyali sun kafa rassa da yawa,babban ɗaya shine na Marquis de Saint-Paul.Takwas daga cikin mambobinta sun zama Kansiloli a Majalisar Aix-en-Provence, kuma daya ya zama Shugaban kasa. Wasu biyu kuma sun zama kansiloli a Kotun Auditors na Provence,kuma hudu sun zama babban lauya. An haifi Antoine de Thomassin a ranar 27 ga Satumba 1731 a Aix-en-Provence Shi ɗan Louis de Thomassin Peynier ne (1705-1794),Marquis de Peynier,sau biyu a cikin Karamar Antilles tsakanin 1763 da 1783, da Anne. Dupuy de la Moutte(1705-1785).Iyayensa sun yi aure a ranar 19 ga Maris 1726 a Aix-en-Provence.'Ya'yansu sune: Jean-Luc de Thomassin de Peynier (1727-1807), mashawarci, sannan shugaban majalisar Aix-en-Provence (1748), baron na Trets Marie Anne Thérèse, an haife shi a 1729 a Peynier Alexandre Henry (1729-1736) Antoine de Thomassin de Peynier Marie Gabrielle de Thomassin de Peynier (1733-1772), abbess na Hyères a 1769 Jacques-Louis-Auguste de Thomassin de Peynier (1734-1815), canon-count of Saint-Victor de Marseille, abbé na Aiguebelle, memba na Académie des Sciences, Arts et Belles-Letres na Marseille Michel Marie Sextius de Thomassin de Peynier (1736-1765), jarumi, jami'in jiragen ruwa na sarki. Madeleine de Thomassin de Peynier (1737-1815), Benedictine nun Marie Henriette de Thomassin de Peynier (1739-1800), wanda ya yi aure a 1757 a Aix zuwa Jacques-Henri de Lieuron, squire na Saint-Chamas Angélique Thérèse de Thomassin de Peynier (1744-1810), wanda ya yi aure a 1770 a Aix zuwa Étienne-François Baudil Senchon de Bournissac (an haife shi 1729, guillotined a 1792). Bayanan kula ambato