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25842 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nollywood | Nollywood | Nollywood tana nufin masana'antar fim ta Najeriya Asalin kalmar ta samo asali ne a farkon shekarun 2000, wanda aka samo asalin ta a wata kasida a cikin jaridar New York Times. Saboda tarihin hadaka ma'anoni da abubuwan da ke faruwa, babu wata ma'ana mai ma'ana ko yarjejeniya don kalmar, wanda ya sa ta zama batun jayayya da yawa.
Etymology Asalin kalmar "Nollywood" har yanzu ba a sani ba; Jonathan Haynes ya bi diddigin farkon amfani da kalmar zuwa labarin shekarar 2002 da Matt Steinglass ya buga a jaridar New York Times, inda aka yi amfani da ita wajen bayyana sinima ta Najeriya Charles Igwe ya lura cewa Norimitsu Onishi kuma ya yi amfani da sunan a cikin labarin Satumba na shekarar 2002 da ya rubuta wa New York Times. A lokaci ya ci gaba da za a yi amfani da a kafofin watsa labarai don koma zuwa Nijeriya fim, tare da definition daga baya zaci su zama wani portmanteau daga cikin kalmomi "Nigeria" da kuma Hollywood babbar cibiyar finafinai ta Amurka. Ma'anar abin da ake kallon fina -finan Nollywood ya kasance batun muhawara. Alex Eyengho ya ayyana Nollywood a matsayin "jimlar ayyukan da ke faruwa a masana'antar fina finan Najeriya, da Turanci, Yarbanci, Hausa, Igbo, Itsekiri, Edo, Efik, Ijaw, Urhobo ko kuma wani daga cikin yarukan Najeriya sama da 300 Ya ci gaba da cewa "yanayin tarihin Nollywood ya fara ne tun kafin Najeriya ta kasance mai cin gashin kanta da kokarin wasan kwaikwayo (mataki) da na fim celluloid irin su Cif Hubert Ogunde, Cif Amata, Baba Sala, Ade Love, Eddie Ugbomah. da wasu da yawa Tsawon shekaru kuma ana amfani da kalmar Nollywood don nufin wasu masana'antun fina-finai masu alaqa, kamar gidan sinimar Turanci ta gidan sinima na Ingilishi na Ghana, wadanda galibi ana shirya fina-finansu tare da Najeriya da/ko kamfanonin Najeriya ke rarraba su. Haka kuma an yi amfani da kalmar don fina -finan diasporaan Najeriya/Afirka na kasashen waje wadanda ake dauka suna da alagqa da Najeriya ko aka yi su musamman don kama masu sauraron Najeriya. Babu wani takamaiman ma'anar yadda fim din dan Najeriya zai kasance kafin a kira shi Nollywood Wasu masu ruwa da tsaki a koda yaushe suna bayyana rashin jituwarsu kan wa'adin; bayar da dalilai kamar gaskiyar cewa bako ne ya kirkiro kalmar, kamar irin wannan nau'in na mulkin mallaka An kuma yi jayayya cewa kalmar tana kwaikwayon abin da ya riga ya kasance Hollywood maimakon asali a cikin kansa, wannan asali ne kuma na musamman na Afirka.
Kananan masana'antu
Fim din Najeriya Shirya fina-finai a Najeriya ya kasu kashi-kashi, da na kabilanci da na addini Don haka, akwai masana'antun fina finai daban-daban kowannensu yana neman nuna damuwar sashin musamman da kabilun da yake wakilta. Duk da haka, akwai masana'antar fina-finan turanci wacce ke narkar da shirin fim daga mafi yawan masana'antun yankin.
Fim din Yarbanci ya kasance karamar masana'antar Nollywood, tare da yawancin masu yin ta a yankin Yammacin Najeriya. Fim din yaren Yarbanci ya fara ne yayin da 'yan wasan gungiyoyin wasan kwaikwayo na yawo daban-daban na Yarbawa suka fara daukar ayyukansu sama da mataki don shiga harkar fim ta amfani da tsarin Celluloid, har zuwa tsakiyar shekarun 1960. Waɗannan kwararrun ana ɗaukar su a wasu wurare a matsayin na farko 'yan fim na Najeriya na gaskiya. Fina -finan kamar Kongi's Harvest (1972), Bull Frog in The Sun (1971), Bisi, 'Yar Kogin (1977), Jaiyesimi (1980), da Cry Freedom (1981) sun fada cikin wannan zamani na masana'antar fina -finan Yarbawa. Likitoci kamar Ola Balogun, Duro Ladipo da Adeyemi Afolayan (Ade Love) sun taka rawar gani lokacin da suka fito da “Ajani Ogun” a shekarar 1976. Wannan fim din yana daaya daga cikin manyan nasarorin da suka taimaka wajen sanya fim din yaren Yoruba akan taswira, sannan sauran abubuwan da Hubert Ogunde da sauran su suka biyo baya. Ofaya daga cikin masu hana shinge na farko daga Najeriya, ya fito ne daga masana'antar yaren Yoruba; sanannen misali shine Mosebolatan (1985) na Moses Olaiya wanda ya tara ₦107,000 (kimanin 2015 ₦44.2 miliyan) a cikin kwanaki biyar da fitowar ta. Masana'antar Fim ɗin Hausa, wanda aka fi sani da Kannywood, shima ƙaramin masana'antar Nollywood ne, galibi masana'antar na Kano Fim din, wanda shi ne mafi girma a Arewacin Najeriya, sannu a hankali ya samo asali daga shirye -shiryen RTV Kaduna da Rediyon Kaduna a shekarun 1960. Tsofaffin sojoji kamar Dalhatu Bawa da Kasimu Yero sun fara shirya wasan kwaikwayo wanda ya zama sananne ga masu sauraron Arewa. Shekaru na 1990 sun sami canji mai ban mamaki a cikin sinimomin Arewacin Najeriya, suna dokin jawo hankalin karin masu sauraron Hausa waɗanda ke ganin fina -finan Bollywood sun fi jan hankali, Kannywood; Hadin sinima na al'adun Indiya da Hausa ya samo asali kuma ya shahara sosai. Turmin Danya ("The Draw"), 1990, galibi ana ambaton shi a matsayin fim din Kannywood da ya fara cin nasara. Cikin sauri aka bi wasu kamar Gimbiya Fatima da Kiyarda Da Ni Sunusi Shehu na Mujallar Tauraruwa ya ƙirƙiri kalmar "Kannywood" a 1999 kuma nan da nan ya zama sanannen sunan masana'antar. Zuwa shekarar 2012, sama da kamfanonin fina -finai 2000 aka yi wa rijista da kungiyar masu shirya fina finan jihar Kano.
Fim din Ingilishi na Ghana A cikin shekarun da suka gabata an kuma yi amfani da kalmar Nollywood don nufin wasu masana'antun fina-finai masu alaƙa, kamar gidan sinima na Ingilishi na Ghana Kusan shekara ta 2006 zuwa 2007, ɗan fim ɗin Najeriya Frank Rajah Arase ya rattaba hannu kan wata kwangila tare da wani kamfanin samar da fina -finai na kasar Ghana, Venus Films, wanda ya hada da taimakawa shigar da 'yan wasan Ghana cikin manyan masana'antar Nollywood. Wannan haɗin gwiwar a karshe ya haifar da shaharar wasu fitattun 'yan wasan Ghana, kamar Van Vicker, Jackie Appiah, Majid Michel, Yvonne Nelson, John Dumelo, Nadia Buari da Yvonne Okoro, wanda ake iya cewa kamar na takwarorinsu na Najeriya. Bugu da ƙari, a cikin shekarun da suka gabata, saboda tsadar shirya fim a Najeriya, an tilasta wa masu shirya fina -finan Najeriya yin fina -finai a wajen Legas don rage tsada, tare da nuna ficewar yin fim a Hollywood daga Los Angeles zuwa birane kamar Toronto da Albuquerque, wani abin da aka sani da samar da gudu. A sakamakon haka, wasu furodusoshi da yawa, sun fara harbi a birane kamar Accra, Ghana, suna sanya tanadi don saka hannun jari a ingantattun kayan aiki, da yawa daga cikinsu suna kokarin shigar da finafinan su akan babban allon. Wannan ci gaban ya haifar da wani hadin gwiwa tsakanin masana'antar fim ta Najeriya da ta Ghana, kuma yawancin fina -finan Ingilishi daga Ghana suma sun fara amsa alamar "Nollywood". Wannan ya faru ne saboda karuwar abubuwan hadin gwiwa da waɗannan fina-finan ke samu, da kuma saukin yadda suke amintar da ma'amaloli na rarrabawa tare da gidajen shirya fina-finan Najeriya. Wannan kuma galibi saboda yawancin mutanen da ba na Yammacin Afirka ba za su iya bambance tsakanin wadannan fina-finai da fina-finan Najeriya, tunda ya zama al'ada ga manyan fina-finai daga Najeriya zuwa taurarin taurari daga Najeriya da Ghana.
Nollywood Amurka Nollywood Amurka tana da fadi, ana amfani da ita don nufin fina-finan Najeriya da aka yi a kasashen waje. Kodayake ana kiran su da suna Nollywood USA, ana iya harba wadannan fina-finan a kowace kasa da ba ta Afirka ba. Waɗannan fina -finan galibi 'yan fim din Najeriya ne da ke zaune a kasashen waje ke yin su kuma galibi ana yin su ne don masu sauraron Najeriya. Kamar kalmar "Nollywood", ma'anar "Nollywood USA" ba ta da ma'ana.
Fina-finan Nollywood na Amurka yawanci suna ba da labaran Najeriya, kuma galibi suna yin taurarin kafa jaruman Nollywood, tare da 'yan wasan Najeriya/Afirka masu zuwa da ke zaune a ƙasashen waje. Fina finan galibi suna da fitattun finafinai a Najeriya kuma a wasu lokutan ma suna ba da tabbacin sakin wasan kwaikwayo na ƙasa kamar na fina finan Nollywood na yau da kullun..
Nollywood a ciki rigima 20 A cikin shekarar 2012, an ba da sanarwar cewa Nollywood za ta yi bikin cika shekara 20. Wannan shekara ta cika shekaru 20 bayan fitowar fim din kai tsaye zuwa bidiyo Rayuwa a Daure (1992), wanda a iya cewa alama ce ta bunkasa a zamanin fim din bidiyo Daga karshe an yi bikin tunawa da ranar a watan Yunin 2013. Daga baya an bayyana taron a matsayin yanke hukunci na wani bangare na masana'antar ba taron da aka amince da shi ba; kungiyar masu shirya fina -finai (AMP) ce ta shirya taron, kungiyar da ta kunshi masu shirya fina -finan bidiyo. Tun bayan sanar da bikin "Nollywood 20" a cikin 2012 har zuwa bikinta a shekara ta 2013, taron ya jawo cece -kuce daga masu ruwa da tsaki; mafi yawansu sun yi imanin cewa masana'antar ta girmi shekaru fiye da 20. Tun da Nollywood ya kasance kalma ce ga masana'antar fina finan Najeriya gaba ɗaya, an yi ta jayayya cewa ba za a iya amfani da Rayuwa a cikin Bondage don murnar masana'antar fim ta Najeriya ba, yana mai bayyana cewa fim din ba, a zahiri, fim din bidiyo na farko ne na Najeriya, haka ma ba fim din bidiyo na farko "mai nasara", kasa da fim din Najeriya na farko. Wannan biki mai cike da rudani ya kuma haifar da rahotanni cewa wani bangare na masana'antar, "Association of Nigeria Theatre Arts Practitioners (ANTP)" na shirin sake sunan masana'antar zuwa wani lokaci wanda zai mamaye tarihin masana'antar fim ta Najeriya, tun daga lokacin. An zargi Nollywood da rarrabuwar kawuna. Yayin da magoya bayan taron suka yi gardama cewa ita ce "alamar Nollywood" da ake yi ba masana'anta ba, an yi ta ce-ce-ku-ce cewa kalmar "Nollywood" ta wanzu ne kawai a cikin shwk2000s, don haka ana buƙatar bayani akan yadda za a iya ƙara "Nollywood Brand" zuwa shekarar 1992 wanda ba shi da mahimmanci ta kowace hanya, kuma me yasa ba kawai ga fim din farko na Najeriya da aka yi ba. Alex Eyengho ya lura a cikin labarin 2012 cewa kalmar "Nollywood" ba ta nan a cikin shekarun samar da fina -finan bidiyo da na Zamanin Zinare Seun Apara, a cikin labarinsa a 360Nobs.com ya bayyana cewa: "Ko dai masu gabatar da taron ba su yi binciken su da kyau ba ko da gangan ba sa son yin lissafin tarihi". Adegboyega Oyeniya yayi sharhi: "Ban san abin da suke magana ba ta hanyar bikin 'Nollywood 20'; shin suna yin Ramsey Tokunbo Nouah ko Genevieve Nnaji Watakila, suna bikin arziki. Wadannan mutane su daina yaudarar ‘yan Najeriya”. Wasu kafafen yada labarai sun kuma bayar da rahoton cewa taron ya faru ne sakamakon kwadayi da son rai, yayin da masu shirya gasar suka ziyarci mutane na siyasa don neman kudade da sunan Masana'antu, amma ana zargin sun raba kudaden da aka tara a tsakaninsu. Wani batun da ya haifar da laifin taron shine cewa ba a girmama ainihin "masu cimma nasara" a Nollywood ba, a'a an girmama masu aikin kusan iri daya tare da masu shirya taron da ake zargi. Masu shirya fina -finai da masu ruwa da tsaki da dama sun bayyana rashin jin dadinsu da bikin karyar da ake cewa; Kunle Afolayan ya yi tsokaci: “Duk tunanin Nollywood a shekara 20 ba shi da ma'ana a gare ni saboda Nollywood da na sani ya wuce shekaru 20. Na tuna mahaifina ya harbe fim kimanin shekaru 37 da suka gabata kuma ni ma na girma a harkar. Dangane da abin da ya shafe ni, wannan abin banza ne. A wata hira, ya bayyana cewa: "Idan Nollywood shine sunan da mutane suka yanke shawarar kira masana'antar fim a Najeriya, to ni ina cikin sa. Idan Nollywood shine abin da suke cewa shekaru 20 ne, to ni bana cikin wannan Nollywood saboda na yi fiye da shekaru 30 ina harkar fim Jide Kosoko ya kuma yi tsokaci: “Masana’antar fina -finan Najeriya a nawa tunani ba shekaru 20 ba ne. Idan da gaske dukkanmu muna cikin masana'antu ɗaya, to masana'antar da nake ciki ba shekara 20 ba ce. Akwai bukatar gaya wa duniya labarin gaskiya na masana'antar mu kuma kada ku goge masu majagaba. A nawa fahimtar, abin da suke biki shine Rayuwa a Daure ba Nollywood ba Tunde Kelani ya ce: "ta yaya Nollywood za ta yi bikin shekara 20 kuma na wuce shekaru 40 a masana'antar?" Shugaban dan wasan kwaikwayo na Najeriya a lokacin, Ibinabo Fiberesima, ya yarda cewa Nollywood ta fi 20, amma ya ba da abin da ake ganin magana ce mai gamsarwa kan dalilin shirya bikin, yana mai cewa: "Labarin yin bikin namu ne duk da Nollywood ya fi Shekaru 20. Ya daɗe da mutane suna yi mana biki amma a yanzu, muna yin bikin kanmu kuma muna mayar wa da al'umma ƙuri'a. Mataki ne mai kyau da muka ɗauka musamman yanzu da ingancin fina finan mu ya inganta Labarin Kafar sadarwa Baya ga yaɗa labaran Nollywood ta manyan kafofin watsa labarai a Najeriya, watau TV, Rediyo, da Buga, wasu littattafan kan layi suna buga abubuwan musamman akan masana'antar. Wadannan sun haɗa da
Nollywood ta sake dawowa
Takardun bayanai da aka yi niyyar gabatar da Nollywood ga masu sauraron yamma sune Jamie Meltzer 's Welcome to Nollywood (2007) (USA), This is Nollywood Franco Sacchi, Robert Caputo, 2007) (Nigeria) da Nollywood Babila Ben Addelman, Samir Mallal, 2008 (Kanada).
Manazarta
Hanyoyin waje Nollywood Masana'antar Fina -Finan Najeriya Hollywood na Afirka
Pages with unreviewed |
35385 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prentice%2C%20Wisconsin | Prentice, Wisconsin | Prentice ƙauye ne a cikin gundumar Price, Wisconsin, Amurka. Yawan jama'a ya kai 660 a ƙidayar 2010 Kauyen yana cikin garin Prentice
Tarihi Prentice ya fara a matsayin garin katako, lokacin da Alexander Prentice na Portage ya kafa Kamfanin Jump River Lumber a 1882. Kamfanin niƙa da ke wurin ya kai kusan ƙafa 100,000 na katako a rana har sai katako a ƙasar da ke kewaye ya ragu a cikin 1890s. Bayan rufe katako, kamfanin fata na gida na Amurka ya yi aiki har zuwa 1915, ta yin amfani da bawon hemlock na gida don aikin tanning. Kuma da yawan manoman sun zauna a kan wuraren da ake yankan gonakin da ke kewaye da su suka bari. Around 1903 wani creamery a garin fara siyan madara daga gare su da kuma sayar da man shanu.
Geography Prentice yana nan a (45.545499, -90.289413). A cewar Ofishin Kididdiga na Amurka, ƙauyen yana da wanda, nasa ƙasa ne kuma ruwa ne.
Alkaluma
ƙidayar 2010 Dangane da ƙidayar na 2010, akwai mutane 660, gidaje 293, da iyalai 180 da ke zaune a ƙauyen. Yawan yawan jama'a ya kasance Akwai rukunin gidaje 340 a matsakaicin yawa na Tsarin launin fata na ƙauyen ya kasance 97.1% Fari, 0.9% Ba'amurke 0.9%, 0.9% Ba'amurke, da 1.1% daga jinsi biyu ko fiye. Hispanic ko Latino na kowace kabila sun kasance 1.1% na yawan jama'a.
Magidanta 293 ne, kashi 31.7% na da ‘ya’ya ‘yan kasa da shekara 18 suna zaune tare da su, kashi 42.0% ma’aurata ne da ke zaune tare, kashi 14.3% na da mace mai gida babu miji, kashi 5.1% na da mai gida namiji ba mace a wurin. kuma 38.6% ba dangi bane. Kashi 33.8% na dukkan gidaje sun kasance mutane ne, kuma 14.7% suna da wanda ke zaune shi kaɗai wanda ya kai shekaru 65 ko sama da haka. Matsakaicin girman gidan ya kasance 2.25 kuma matsakaicin girman dangi shine 2.87.
Tsakanin shekarun ƙauyen ya kai shekaru 39.4. 25.6% na mazauna kasa da shekaru 18; 7.5% sun kasance tsakanin shekarun 18 zuwa 24; 22.3% sun kasance daga 25 zuwa 44; 27.9% sun kasance daga 45 zuwa 64; kuma 16.8% sun kasance shekaru 65 ko sama da haka. Tsarin jinsi na ƙauyen ya kasance 45.8% na maza da 54.2% mata.
Ƙididdigar 2000 Dangane da ƙidayar na 2000, akwai mutane 626, gidaje 285, da iyalai 167 da ke zaune a ƙauyen. Yawan yawan jama'a ya kasance mutane 312.8 a kowace murabba'in mil (120.8/km 2 Akwai rukunin gidaje 316 a matsakaicin yawa na 157.9 a kowace murabba'in mil (61.0/km 2 Tsarin launin fata na ƙauyen ya kasance 97.28% Fari, 0.48% Baƙar fata ko Ba'amurke, 1.12% Ba'amurke, 0.00% Asiya, 0.00% Pacific Islander, 0.48% daga sauran jinsi, da 0.64% daga jinsi biyu ko fiye. 2.08% na yawan jama'ar Hispanic ne ko Latino na kowace kabila.
Akwai gidaje 285, daga cikinsu kashi 29.8% na da ‘ya’ya ‘yan kasa da shekara 18 suna zaune tare da su, kashi 45.6% ma’aurata ne da suke zaune tare, kashi 8.8% na da mace mai gida babu miji, kashi 41.4% kuma ba iyali ba ne. Kashi 35.8% na dukkan gidaje sun kasance mutane ne, kuma kashi 19.3% na da wanda ke zaune shi kaɗai wanda ya kai shekaru 65 ko sama da haka. Matsakaicin girman gidan ya kasance 2.20 kuma matsakaicin girman dangi shine 2.91.
A cikin ƙauyen, yawan jama'a ya bazu, tare da 25.2% 'yan ƙasa da shekaru 18, 6.2% daga 18 zuwa 24, 27.3% daga 25 zuwa 44, 23.6% daga 45 zuwa 64, da 17.6% waɗanda ke da shekaru 65 ko kuma mazan. Tsakanin shekarun ya kasance shekaru 39. Ga kowane mata 100, akwai maza 98.7. Ga kowane mata 100 masu shekaru 18 zuwa sama, akwai maza 85.7.
Matsakaicin kuɗin shiga na gida a ƙauyen shine $26,563, kuma matsakaicin kuɗin shiga na dangi shine $46,406. Maza suna da matsakaicin kudin shiga na $31,944 sabanin $23,750 na mata. Kudin shiga kowane mutum na ƙauyen shine $16,216. 16.4% na yawan jama'a da 13.5% na iyalai sun kasance ƙasa da layin talauci Kashi 25.9% na waɗanda basu kai shekara 18 da 10.7% na waɗanda shekarunsu suka wuce 65 ko sama da haka suna rayuwa ƙasa da layin talauci.
Sufuri Filin jirgin sama na Prentice (5N2). Filin jirgin saman yana mil ɗaya gabas da ƙauyen, filin jirgin yana ɗaukar kusan ayyuka 1,500 a kowace shekara, tare da kusan 99% na jirgin sama na gabaɗaya da 1% taksi na iska. Filin jirgin saman yana da titin jirgin kwalta mai ƙafa 3,250 (Runway 9-27).
Sanannen ƴan ƙasar Albin C. Bro, Shugaban Kwalejin Shimer
Donal Hord, sculptor
Dennis Morgan, actor kuma tenor
Leo Heikkinen, ɗan kasuwa
Oscar V. Peterson, Medal of Honor
Duba kuma Jerin ƙauyuka a cikin Wisconsin
Hanyar Layin Pine
Nassoshi
Hanyoyin haɗi na waje Sanborn fire insurance maps: 1906 1919
Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba |
42081 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mohammed%20Mulibah%20Shariff | Mohammed Mulibah Shariff | Mohammed Mulibah Sherif (an haife shi a watan 16 Afrilu 1975) shine Babban Manajan Kamfanin watsa labarai na yanki TRANSCO CLSG (Cote d'Ivoire, Laberiya, Saliyo, Guinee) da ke garin Abidjan, a kasar Cote d'Ivoire. Masanin tattalin arziki ne kuma kwararre akan gudanar da ayyuka. An karrama shi ne saboda rawar da ya taka wajen yafe basussukan Laberiya ta hanyar tsarin kasashe masu fama da lamuni (HIPC) da kuma taimakawa wajen daidaita tattalin arzikin Laberiya daga illar rikicin cikin gida da aka dade ana yi. Yana da aure da ‘ya’ya biyar.
Sherif tsohon babban masanin tattalin arziki ne na Kasar Laberiya kuma ana yaba masa bisa gudanar da ayyukan ayyuka da dama wadanda suka samar da riba mai yawa don aiwatar da babban ajandar ci gaban Kasar Laberiya Ajandar kawo sauyi. Ya yi nasarar daidaita ayyukan sashen kasafin kudi na Macro a Ma'aikatar Kudi, Jamhuriyar Laberiya. Ya kammala karatunsa na digiri a Jami'ar Usmanu Danfodiyo daga 1999 zuwa 2002, inda ya samu digiri na farko a fannin fasaha tare da maida hankali a fannin kididdiga.
Sherif ya kuma ba da jagoranci kan manyan tarurruka da dama ga gwamnatin Laberiya ciki har da yankin yammacin Afirka (WAMZ), taron bazara da na shekara-shekara na Bankin Duniya da Asusun Ba da Lamuni na Duniya (IMF). Ya yi tafiye-tafiye da yawa a madadin gwamnatin Laberiya a kan manyan tarurruka tarurruka da yawa waɗanda suka kawo kuɗin haɓaka ci gaba a ƙasar bayan rikice-rikice.
Tasowarsa, ilimi gogewa A ranar 16 ga Afrilu, a shekarar 1975, an haifi Mohammed Mulbah Sherif a Voinjama, Lofa County, Laberiya ga marigayi Mr., Mrs. Mulibah Sharif. Ya yi shekarun kuruciyarsa a Yekepa, gundumar Nimba inda kuma ya fara karatun boko a makarantar St. Francis Elementary da United Muslim Junior High School.
Bayan yakin basasa a shekarar 1990, Mohammed Sherif ya koma Monrovia da zama, babban birnin kasar Laberiya, ya kuma halarci Kwalejin Yammacin Afirka a shekarar 1994. Daga baya ya gudo zuwa Najeriya sakamakon barkewar yaki a ranar 6 ga Afrilu, 1996. A lokacin da yake Najeriya, ya halarci Jami’ar Usmanu Danfodiyo daga shekarar 1999 zuwa 2002, inda ya samu digirin farko na fasaha a fannin kididdiga Ya koma Ghana ya kwashe shekara guda kafin ya koma Laberiya a shekara ta 2004, sannan ya fara aiki a ma'aikatar kudi daga 2004 2006 a matsayin mataimakin gudanarwa sannan kuma masanin tattalin arziki.
A watan Nuwambar 2006, Mohammed Sherif ya yi karatun digirinsa na farko a fannin Siyasa da Gudanar da Tattalin Arziki a Cibiyar Cigaban Tattalin Arziki da Tsare-tsare ta Majalisar Dinkin Duniya da ke Dakar, Senegal inda ya sami digiri na biyu a fannin manufofin tattalin arziki da gudanarwa a shekarar 2008. Bayan kammala karatunsa, an dauke shi aiki a matsayin Babban Masanin Tattalin Arziki daga watan Nuwamba 2008 zuwa Agusta 2010 tare da shirin tallafawa cibiyoyi na Bankin Raya Afirka (AfDB) ga Ma'aikatar Kudi ta Laberiya. Daga baya aka kara masa girma a matsayin Babban Masanin Tattalin Arziki a cikin Agusta 2010 zuwa Janairu 2012. Sherif ya samu horon kwararru daga jami'o'i da dama da suka hada da Jami'ar Duke, Amurka; Harvard School of Professional Education, Amurka; Cibiyar IMF, Amurka; Cibiyar Bankin Duniya da ke Washington DC, Amurka; Ya koyar da Kididdigar Kasuwanci na shekaru hudu da Kudi na Jama'a na shekara guda a shirin kammala karatun digiri na Jami'ar Laberiya a Gudanar da Kuɗi na Jama'a.
Kafin ya hau sabon mukaminsa na Babban Manaja na TRANSCO CLSG a watan Satumba na 2014, Mohammed Sherif ya yi aiki a matsayin babban masanin tattalin arziki na Laberiya a ma'aikatar kudi daga Fabrairu 2012 Yuni 2014. A cikin aikinsa na ƙwararru a Ma'aikatar Kuɗi, Laberiya, ya taka muhimmiyar rawa wajen haɓaka shirye-shiryen dabarun nasara a Laberiya ciki har da Takardar Rage Talauci (2008-2011), Agenda for Canji (2012-2017), Laberiya. Dokar Kuɗin Jama'a ta 2009 kuma ta ɗauki nauyin jagoranci na fasaha wajen samar da Takardun Tsarin Kasafin Kuɗi guda biyar waɗanda suka dogara da kasafin matsakaicin wa'adi na Laberiya tun daga shekarar 2010/2011 har zuwa 2014/15. Mohammed Sherif ya kuma yi aiki a kan Tsare-tsaren Gudanar da Bashi na Matsakaici na 2013, da Dabarun Binciken Hatsari don aiwatar da kasafin kuɗi na 2013/14. Ya yi aiki a matsayin mai kula da sashen makamashi a ma'aikatar kudi daga 2008-2014.
Mohammed Sherif ya kuma tsara yadda ya kamata ya daidaita buƙatun rahoton Asusun Ba da Lamuni na Duniya (IMF), Rage Talauci da Ci gaban Tsarin Ƙirar Lamuni a kasar Laberiya daga shekarar 2008 wanda ya kai ga Laberiya ta cimma nasarar kawar da basussuka a ƙarƙashin tsarin ƙasashe matalauta masu cin bashi a shekarar 2010. Ya kuma daidaita tattaunawar sabon shirin IMF ECF wanda ya shafi shekarar 2013 zuwa 2015. Ya shiga cikin shirye-shiryen dabarun taimakon kasashe daban-daban daga 2009 zuwa 2013, tare da cibiyoyi da yawa da suka hada da Bankin Duniya da Bankin Raya Afirka (AfDB). Kai tsaye ya shiga cikin shawarwarin yarjejeniyar lamuni da yawa don Laberiya gami da kiredit na Ƙungiyar Ci gaban Ƙasashen Duniya (IDA).
A matsayinsa na Babban Manaja na TRANSCO CLSG, Mohammed Sherif ya samu matsayi a tsakanin shugabannin matasan Afirka da ke kokarin sauya kasashensu zuwa kasashe masu tasowa cikin sauri. Ya ci gaba da kasancewa babban kadara ga gwamnatin Laberiya har zuwa hawansa matsayi na farko a cibiyar TRANSCO CLSG (Cote d'Ivoire, Laberiya, Saliyo da Guinea) da ke hada wadannan kasashe don ba da damar musayar wutar lantarki mai moriyar juna da samar da ingantaccen wutar lantarki. wadanda suka zama dole domin bunkasar tattalin arziki da kuma karfafa zaman lafiya mai rauni da aka samu kawo yanzu a wadannan kasashe.
Kalubale Mohammed M. Sherif ya isa kampanin TRANSCO CLSG da niyyar tabbatar da an maido da wutar lantarki mai sauki ga miliyoyin mutane a kogin Mano. Manufarsa game da makomar TRANSCO CLSG ya dace da ci gaban buri na nahiyar Afirka. Ya yi shirin ginawa kan nasarorin da aka samu a tafkin wutar lantarki na yammacin Afirka (WAPP) da kuma sa kaimi ga bunkasuwar ci gaban da za ta samar da ci gaba a yankin, tallafin da zai samar da masana'antu masu tasowa da kara samar da ayyukan yi a matsayin hanyar rage fatara. "Hani na game da abin da TRANSCO CLSG zai iya yi wa Afirka, shine samar da hanyar sadarwa mai rahusa, abin dogaro, mafi fa'ida mai amfani da makamashi. Bugu da ƙari, ina tsammanin za a fara ƙoƙarin yin haɗin gwiwa a nan gaba, haɗa haɗari, raba farashi, da samun ma'aunin tattalin arziki," cewar Sherif.
Mohammed Sherif ya yi imanin cewa bayan shekara ta 2017, yankin zai ga wani kamfani na kasuwanci mai inganci da inganci wajen tabbatar da samar da wutar lantarki mai sauki a cikin CLSG da kuma ECOWAS.
Farashin TRANSCO CLSG A watan Janairu, shekara ta 2006, mambobin kungiyar ECOWAS, sun kafa wata yarjejeniyar kafa sabuwar kungiyar wutar lantarki ta yammacin Afirka (WAPP). Manufar WAPP ita ce kafa babbar kasuwar wutar lantarki a yankin Afirka ta Yamma ta hanyar samar da muhimman ababen more rayuwa da za su ba da damar isa ga albarkatun da kuma tattalin arziki, ga dukkan kasashe kungiyar ECOWAS. Aikin haɗin gwiwar Kasar Cote d'Ivoire, Kasar Laberiya da kuma Kasar Saliyo Guinea na ɗaya daga cikin manyan tsare-tsare na samar da wutar lantarki ta Afirka ta Yamma (WAPP), da nufin haɗa ƙasashe huɗu da ke fama da rikice-rikice cikin samar da wutar lantarki guda ɗaya; ta hanyar haɗin kai mai ƙarfi daga Kasar Cote d'Ivoire zuwa Kasar Guinea ta hanyar Saliyo da Laberiya. Samar da isasshiyar wutar lantarki mai inganci zai inganta tsaro, kyakkyawan shugabanci, bunkasa masana'antu tare da inganta rayuwar al'ummomin yankin.
Layin CLSG yana da nisan kilomita dubu daya da dari ukku da ukku 1,303, yana fitowa daga garin Man zuwa Danane; daga Danane zuwa Yekepa; daga Yekepa zuwa Buchanan; daga Buchanan zuwa Dutsen Kofi; daga Dutsen Coffee zuwa Bo Waterside, wanda ke ba da dama ga Laberiya. Kungiyar raya tattalin arzikin kasashen yammacin Afirka (ECOWAS), ta hanyar tafkin wutar lantarki ta yammacin Afirka (WAPP) ta sanya hanyoyin samar da wutar lantarki a yankin fifiko cikin shekaru goma masu zuwa. Don haka, kafa TRANSCO CLSG ya haifar da damammaki masu tasowa a duk yankin.
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19287 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sahih%20Muslim | Sahih Muslim | Wanda aka tara Sahih Muslim, Muslim bn al-Hajjaj, an haife shi a 204 AH (817/18 CE) a Nishapur (a cikin Iran ta zamani) kuma ya mutu a 261 AH (874/75 CE) a garin haihuwarsa. Ya yi tafiye-tafiye da yawa don tattara tarin ahadith (jam'in hadisi), gami da zuwa yankuna yanzu a Iraki, Larabawan Larabawa, Syria da Misira Daga cikin hadisai 300,000 da ya tantance, kimanin 12,000 aka ciro don shigar da su cikin tarin larurar karɓa mai ƙarfi. An kuma bincika kowane rahoto a cikin tarinsa kuma an tabbatar da gaskiyar jerin labaran. Sunni Musulmi la'akari da shi na biyu mafi ingantaccen hadisi tarin, bayan Sahih al-Bukhari. Sahih Muslim ya kuma kasu zuwa littattafai 43, wadanda suka kunshi jimlar ruwayoyi 9200. Koyaya, yana da mahimmanci a fahimci cewa Muslim bn al-Hajjaj bai taba da'awar tattara dukkanin hadisai ingantattu ba kamar yadda hadafinsa shi ne tara hadisai kawai da ya kamata dukkan musulmai su yarda dashi akan daidaito.
A cewar Munthiri, akwai adadin hadisai 2,200 (ba tare da maimaitawa) a cikin Sahih Muslim ba A cewar Muhammad Amin, akwai ingantattun hadisai 1,400 da aka ruwaito a cikin wasu litattafai, galibi manyan tarin hadisai shida.
Ra'ayoyi Musulmai da yawa suna daukar wannan tarin a matsayin na biyu mafi inganci daga cikin manyan hadisai shida, wanda ke kunshe da hadisin sahih kawai, girmamawar da ta kebanta da Sahih al-Bukhari kawai, duka ana kiransu Sahihai Biyu. Musulmin Shia suna yin watsi da wasu abubuwan da ke ciki a matsayin kage ko kuma ba za a amince da su ba saboda amincin wasu maruwaitan.
Duk da girman littafin, da kuma ijma'in malamai a kan cewa shi ne na biyu mafi inganci ingantaccen littafin Hadisi, bayan Sahih al-Bukhari, an yarda cewa wannan ba ya nufin cewa kowane abu a ciki gaskiya ne, a kwatanta da sauran littattafan Hadisi, amma yana nufin littafin baki daya ya inganta. Kamar fifikon Sahih al-Bukhari a kan Sahih Muslim, wanda ba ya nuna cewa kowane Hadisi a cikin Sahih al-Bukhari ya fi kowane Hadisi a cikin Sahih Muslim inganci, amma cewa jimlar abin da ke cikin Sahih al-Bukhari ya fi inganci. fiye da jimillar abin da ke cikin Sahih Muslim, haka kuma, ingancin wani Hadisi shi ne littattafan Hadisi biyu, a kan Hadisi daga wasu littattafan Sahih, ba za a iya gabatar da su ba sai bayan an nuna daidaiton wancan Hadisin na musamman.
Siffofin rarrabe Amin Ahsan Islahi, mashahurin malamin addinin Islama, ya taƙaita wasu siffofin Musamman na Sahih Muslim Musulmi ibn al-Hajjaj ya rubuce kawai irin waɗannan labaru kamar yadda aka ruwaito ta hanyar biyu m mãsu mayẽwa daga biyu Sahabah (Sahabban Muhammad) wanda baya tafiya biyu m tsinke isnāds kunshi sauti Hadisi. Muhammad al-Bukhari bai bi irin wannan ma'aunin mai tsananin gaske ba.
Tsarin kimiyya na jigogi da surori. Marubucin, alal misali, ya zaɓi wurin da ya dace don ba da labari kuma, kusa da shi, ya sanya dukkan sigar. Muhammad al-Bukhari bai bi wannan hanyar ba (yana watsa fassarori daban-daban na labari da abubuwan da ke da alaƙa a babi daban-daban).
Muslim bn al-Hajjaj ya sanar da mu wanda kalmominsa a cikin masu riwayar ya yi amfani da su. Misali, yana cewa: haddathanā fulān wa fulān wallafz lifulān (A da B sun ruwaito mana wannan hadisin kuma lafazin da aka yi amfani da shi anan A). Hakanan ya ambaci ko, a cikin wani hadīth, maruwaitan sun banbanta kan lafazin ko da akan harafi ɗaya na mahimmancin ma'anar sifili. Ya kuma sanar da masu karatu idan masu riwaya sun banbanta kan takamaiman inganci, sunan mahaifi, dangi ko wata hujja game da mai riwaya a cikin sarkar.
Abubuwan da ke ciki Littafin ya kasu kashi 43 ne. Imani (Kitab Al Iman)
Tsarkakewa (Kitab Al-Taharah)
Haila (Kitab Al-Haid)
Sallah (Kitabut Salat)
Zakka (Kitab Al-zakka)
Azumi (Kitab Al-Sawm)
Aikin Hajji (Kitarhb Al-Hajj)
Aure (Kitab Al-Nikah)
Saki (Kitab Al-Talaq)
Dangane da Ma'amalar Kasuwanci (Kitab Al-Buyu)
Dangane da Dokokin Gado (Kitab Al-Faraid)
Kyauta (Kitab Al-Hibat)
Wasiyya (Kitab Al-Wasiyya)
Alwashi (Kitab Al-Nadhr)
Rantsuwa (Kitab Al-Iman)
Dangane Da Rantsuwa, Domin Tabbatar Da Nauyin Kisan Kai, Fada, Bukatar A
Dangane da Hukunce-hukuncen Da Musulunci Ya Rubuta (Kitab Al-Hudud)
Dangane da Hukunce-hukuncen Shari'a (Kitab Al-Aqdiyya)
Jihadi Da Balaguro (Kitab Al-Jihad Wal-Siyar)
Akan Gwamnati (Kitab Al-Imara)
Wasanni Da Dabbobin da Za'a Iya yanka da Dabbobin da Za'a Ci (Kitab-Us-S
Hadaya (Kitab Al-Adahi)
Abin sha (Kitab Al-Ashriba)
Dangane da Tufafi da Kwalliya (Kitab Al-Libas Wa'L-Zinah)
Akan Halayyar Gabaɗaya (Kitab Al-Adab)
Kan Gaisuwa Da Gaisuwa (Kitab As-Salam)
Game da Amfani Da Ingantattun Kalmomi (Kitab Al-Alfaz Min Al-Adab Wa Ghairiha)
Shayari (Kitab Al-Shi'r)
Gani (Kitab Al-Ruya)
Dangane Da Kyawawan Halayen Manzon Allah (saw) da C
Dangane da Falalar Sahabbai (Allah Ya yarda da su) na Annabi mai tsira da amincin Allah
Virabi'a, Kyawawan nersabi'u da Haɗuwa da iesawancen Abokai
Inyaddara (Kitab-Ul-Qadr)
Ilimi (Kitab Al-'Ilm)
Dangane da Zikirin Allah, Addu'a, Tuba da Neman gafara
Hadisai masu narkewar Zuciya (Kitab Al-Riqaq)
Neman Tuba Da Nasihar Tuba (Kitab Al-Tauba)
Dangane Da Halayen Munafukai Da Kuma Umarninsu (Kitab Sifat)
Bayar da Bayanin Ranar Sakamako, Aljanna Da Wuta (Kitab Sifat Al-Qiyama Wa'L J
Dangane da Aljanna, da bayaninta, da falalolinta da makusantanta (Kitab Al-Jannat Wa
Abinda Ya Shafi Tashin hankali da Alamar tashin Alkiyama (Kitab Al-Fitan Wa Ashrat As-Sa'Ah)
Lazimtar Taqwa da tausasa zukata (Kitab Al-Zuhd Wa Al-Raqa'iq)
Sharhi (Kitab Al-Tafsir)
Sharhi da fassara Siyanah Sahih Muslim na Ibn al-Salah, wanda kawai farkon sashinsa ya rage
Al Minhaj Be Sharh Sahih Muslim na Al-Nawawi Fath al-Mulhim na Shabbir Ahmad Usmani Takmilat Fath al-Mulhim na Muhammad Taqi Usmani Takaita Sahih Muslim na Abd-al-Hamid Siddiqui Ana amfani da rubutu a cikin USC MSA Compendium na Rubutun Muslmi.
Sharh Sahih Muslim na Allama Ghulam Rasool Saeedi
Tafsir al-gharib ma fi al-Sahihayn na Al-Humaydī
Akwai fassarar tafsirin Musulman Sahih a cikin harsuna da yawa ciki har da Ingilishi, Urdu, Bangla, Tamil, da Bosniya.
Duba kuma Kutub al-Sittah
Sahih al-Bukhari
Jami al-Tirmidhi
Sunan al-Sughra
Ko dai: Sunan bn Majah, Muwatta Malik
Manazarta
Hanyoyin haɗin waje Sahih Muslim kan layi akan Sunnah.com
Rayuwar Imam Muslim na Navaid Aziz (Youtube video)
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=PsMxmp3GSjY
Fassarar Ingilishi tare da rubutun larabci
Fassarar Turanci
Fassarar Ingilishi tare da littattafan larabci pdf
Fassarar Ingilishi Na Ingantaccen Sahih Muslim
Fassarar Ingilishi tare da rubutun |
14877 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sani%20Umar%20Rijiyar%20Lemo | Sani Umar Rijiyar Lemo | Prof. Muhammad Sani Umar Rijiyar Lemo (An haife shi ranar 1 ga watan Yulin shekara ta alif dari tara da saba'in 1970). Makka, Saudi Arabia. Sanannen malamin addinin muslunci ne a ƙasar Najeriya kuma malami ne a Jami’ar Bayero ta Kano. Sheikh Sani Umar yayi karatu a Jami’ar Musulunci ta Madina dake ƙasar Saudi Arabia tun daga matakin farko har zuwa digirin digir-gir..
Karatun Malan daga matakin firamare Malam yayi karatun firamare a Khairul Bariyya Islamic Primary School dake Kano daga (1978-1983). Sannan ya ci gaba da karatunsa na karamar Sakandare (H.I.S) a makarantar Shahuci ta Kano (1987), sannan ya wuce makarantar Advanced Islamic Studies, Gwale, inda ya kammala babbar makarantar Islamiyya da Distinction a shekara ta alif dari tara da tamanin da tara1989[1].
Jami'ar Madina Dr. Muhammad Sani ya samu gurbin karatu a Sashen Kimiyyar Hadisi a Jami'ar Musulunci ta Madina bayan ya kammala digirinsa na farko a fannin Ilimin Hadisi da Ilimin Musulunci (B.A. a Kimiyyar Hadisi da Ilimin Addinin Musulunci, 1994) da digiri na biyu a fannin ilimin Hadisi. da Ilimin Addinin Musulunci. Karatun Musulunci (M.A. a Kimiyyar Hadisi da Ilimin Addinin Musulunci, 2000) dukkansu sun kammala karatunsu da babbar daraja (First Class and Distinction). Saboda tsananin sha'awar ilimi da bincike, malamin ya ci gaba da karatun digiri na uku (PhD) a jami'ar Musulunci ta Madina, wanda Allah ya ba shi damar kammala shi a shekarar 2005, da daraja mafi girma (Distinction). 2
Malamai Malam ya koyi littafai da dama daga wajen malamai da dama a Najeriya da Saudiyya, wadanda suka hada da:
Malam Hamza Adakawa (Akhdari, Arba'una hadisan, Ishriniya, Hamziyya da sauransu). Mal. Sani Inuwa (Nahawu da Sarfu) Mal. Mahbub Abdulkadir Sumaly (Balaga ta Jamar) Dr. Bashir Hasan (Larabci da Fassarar Larabci) Mal. Aminu Mahe (Tarihi). Daga cikin malaman da ya yi karatu a kasar Saudiyya akwai:- Sheikh Abdulmuhsin Al-Abbad (Tauhid) Sheikh Dr. Hafiz Alhakami (Musadalahul hadis) Sheikh Dr. Muhammad Nur Saif (Musadalahul hadis) Sheikh Dr. Abdulsamad Abid (Musadalahul hadis) Sheikh Dr. Umar Hawiyya (Tafsir) Sheikh Dr. Faihan Almudari (Fiqhu)[1]
Ilimi Malami ne a Jami'ar Bayero Kano. Sani Umar ya karanci ilimin Hadisi a jami'ar musulunci ta Madinah da ke kasar Saudiyya tun daga matakin digiri har zuwa digiri na biyu[3][4][1].
Kasar Saudiyya Malam ya koyar da darussa da dama a kasar Saudiyya, wadanda suka hada da takaitaccen littafin Mihhajjus Sunnah, Littafin Risaala na Imamu Shafi’i da kuma littafin Bulugul Maram. Dalibai da dama sun halarci wadannan kwasa-kwasai, wadanda suka shahara a cikinsu:- Sheikh Nasir Yahaya Malami a Makarantar Aminu Kano ta Shari'a da Nazarin Shari'a Sheikh Dr. Abubakar Muhammad Sani Birnin Kudu Federal University Dutse Sheikh Dr. Muhammad Muslim Ibrahim Jihar Associate Professor Al- Qalam University Katsina Sheikh Alhassan Sa'id Jos Sheikh Muhammad Sani Bala Jos Sheikh Dr. Munir Abdallah Jos Professor AbdulRashid Abdulqaniy Gombe State University Sheikh Rashid Jos Sheikh Shaakir Jos Sheikh Dr. Abdallah Getso Kano Sa'adatu Rimi Collage of Education Kano Sheikh Abubakar Abbas Kano daya ne daga cikin hazikin dalibi Sheikh Muhammad Rabi'u Umar Rijiyar Lemo Kano Collage of Education Gumel Sheikh Dr. Ibrahim Abdullahi Sani Rijiyar Lemo Bayero University Kano Sheikh Dr. Abdallah Usman Kano School of Continuing Education, Bayero University Kano Sheikh Dr. Umar Garba Dokaji Gombe Sheikh Dr. Ibrahim Disina Bauchi MD Sunnah TV Sheikh Yahaya Rabi'u Kura Sheikh Murtala Da'a Sokoto Sheikh Muhammad Kabiru Maru Zamfara Daraktan Ibn Uthaimin Islamic Center Zamfara Sheikh Dr. Muhammad Kabiru Goje Kebbi Sheikh Muhammad Kabiru Salisu Katsina Sheikh Muhammad Basiru Kano Sheikh Dr. Shuaibu Jibril Jos. da sauran dalibai da ba a ambaci sunansu a nan ba.[2]
Wasu daga cikin rubuce-rubucen Malan Wasu daga cikin rubuce-rubucen sheikh, Dhawabit al-Jarh wat Ta'dil inda Al-Hafiz Az-Zahabi, (M.A Thesis, published in London, U.K 1995). Nazarin littafin Al-Ighrab na Al-Imam An-Nasa'i, ya buga. a Al-Ma'athir, Madina, K.S.A. a cikin 1995. Sharhin littafin At-Tamyiz Fi Talkhis Takhrij Ahdith Sharh Al-Wajeez, na Al-Hafiz Ibn Hajar Al-Athqalaani, wanda Adhwa' As-Salaf, Riyadh, K.S.A ya buga a 2005. Mazhabar Hadith a cikin birnin Makkah da Madina a karni na daya da na biyu da tasirinsa ga ilimin hadisi. (An buga shi da Larabci) (An buga shi a Darul Minhaj, Riyadh a shekara ta 2005) Ra'ayoyi guda biyu masu karo da juna, na Abul Hasan Ali An-Nadwy (wanda aka rubuta da Hausa). (Kano, Nigeria 1999). An buga shi a 2022. Muhimmancin Sunnah a cikin harshen Hausa. (An rubuto shi da Larabci) (An rubuta shi a gidan sarki Fahd Qur'an Complex, K.S.A. a shekara ta 2004. Littafin Ayyami Ma'a Daa'iyatil Jeel, Ya Rubuto a Masar a 2011. Ya kunshi bayanai game da rayuwarsa tare da Marigayi Sheikh Jafar Mahmud Adam Littafin Bughyatul Mushtaq Fi Sharhi Risalati Shaikhil Islam Ibn Taimiyya Ila Ahlil Iraq, wanda aka buga a Masar a shekara ta 2013. da 2014). Littafin At-Tabseer Li Majalisit Tafseer, (Masar, 2012, 2013). An buga littafin Asheikh Usman bn Fodiye: Qiraa'tun Fee Turathhil Elmi a kasar Masar a shekarar 2015. Littafin Tamamu Attahfiq Fi Siratus Saddiq, (Tarihin Sayyadina Abubakar AS-Siddiq R.A) (An buga a Masar, 2015) Littafin Al-maniyyah wa Atharuha fil Mujtama'atul Islamiyya (An buga a Masar a 2015). Littafin Al Bina' Al-Ilmi Liddaa' Yes (An buga a Masar a shekara ta 2015). Ithafus Sami' Wal Qari' Fi Khatm Saheehul Bukhari, (An buga a Najeriya a shekarar 2018). Littafin Bughyatul Muhtaj Fee Khatmi Saheehi Muslim bn Al-Haj, (An buga a Najeriya a shekarar 2019). Bayanin ma'anoni da shiriyar Kur'ani, (Tafsirin Al-Qur'an in Hausa language) (An buga a Beirut Lebanon 2020). Littattafan Fatawayin Rahama (An buga a Najeriya a shekarar 2021) Littafin Ramadaniyyat (Takaitattun rubuce-rubucen da ake gabatarwa kowace rana a cikin watan Ramadan) da ake bugawa a Najeriya a shekarar 2021 Littafin Adibajah Fi hukmi Ta'adudil masallaci min gairi haajah Littafin da ke jan hankali ga littafin. yawaitar Masallatan Juma'a ba tare da buqatarsa ba (ba a buga shi ba ya zuwa yanzu)[2
Da'awa Malan Babban Malamin Da'awa ne a Sashen Addinin Musulunci na Jami'ar Alkalam ta Katsina daga 2006 zuwa 2012 Babban Malami a Sashen Addinin Musulunci na Jami'ar Bayero da ke Kano daga 2013 zuwa yanzu Shugaban kwamitin da zai dauki sabbin membobin kungiyar hadin gwiwa. Malaman Afirka sun yi nazari a gidan yari cewa Jami'ar Madina ke gabatarwa ga malaman Larabawa da darussan addinin Musulunci. (Maiduguri, Kano da Bauchi) Darakta Janar na Cibiyar Bincike da Fassarar Imamul Bukhari ta ‘afar Islamic Documentation Center (SJIDC)) Shugaban Cibiyar Wayewar Musulunci da Tattaunawar Addinin Musulunci (CICIID) a Jami’ar Bayero ta Kano.[1]
Wasu daga cikin tarukan kasa da kasa da Malan ya halarta
Malam sun halarci tarukan karawa juna sani da kwasa-kwasai da dama a kasashen Najeriya, Saudiyya, Sudan, Mali da sauransu. wanda ya kunshi:- Taron kasa da kasa kan Sunnah da Sirah, wanda ma’aikatar kula da harkokin addinin musulunci ta K.S.A ta shirya. ya gabatar da maudu’i mai taken (Muhimmancin Sunnah A Adabin Hausa) (Madina, 2004). Taron kasa da kasa kan Taimakawa Manzon Allah (S.A.W) wanda jami'ar kasa da kasa ta Khartum da kungiyar Al-Muntada Al-Khartum ta kasar Sudan suka shirya, sun gabatar da maudu'i mai taken (Matsayin Manzon Allah a cikin sahabbansa da sauran al'ummah). (Sudan, 2007).
Taron Bamako Kan Muhimmancin Kafafen Yada Labarai A Da'awah, wanda ya gudana a ranakun 20-24 ga Yuli, 2010 ya gabatar da kasida mai taken (Harkokin Watsa Labarai: Muhimmancinsa da Ma'auni). a Sudan karkashin taken "Adda'iya Al-Mutamayyiz" Khartum, 19 23 ga Oktoba, 2014, ta gabatar da wani batu mai taken: "Al-Bina'ul Ilmi Lidda'iya" (wato yin wani cikakken Academic background for Islamic Preacher" Taron Addinin Musulunci na Tabbatar da Zaman Lafiya a Tsakanin Kalubale na Zamani wanda Kungiyar Musulmi ta Duniya tare da hadin gwiwar J.I.B.W.I.S Nigeria suka shirya a Abuja Tsakanin 16 zuwa 19 ga Maris 2016, An Gabatar da Takarda Mai Taken (Al-Ghuluw: Asbabuhu wa Ilajuhu "Tsarin Ta'addanci: Abubuwa da Mafita)" Taron kan jagoranci wanda Al-Muntada Al-Islamiy ya shirya, wanda aka gudanar a Khartoum Sudan tsakanin 10 zuwa 14 ga Afrilu, 2016, (At-Taurisul Qiyadiy fi Garb Ifriqiyyah: Tajarub wa Tahadiyyat "The Leadership in West Africa: Examples and Challenges"). Taron kare al'ummomi ya shirya taron kungiyar masu wa'azin musulmi ta duniya da aka gudanar a Doha Qatar tsakanin 2 zuwa 4 ga Maris 2016, An Gabatar da Takarda Mai Taken (Tahsinul Mujtama' Minal Makhadir Al-Aqadiyya: At-Tashayyu' Fi Nigeria "Kariyar Al'umma). daga Akidar Tsoro: Shi’a a Nijeriya). Taron kasa da kasa kan Musulunci da kalubalen ci gaba a karni na 21 wanda Sashen Nazarin Addinin Musulunci da Shari'a ya shirya tare da hadin gwiwar Cibiyar Nazarin Alkur'ani ta Jami'ar Bayero Kano Nigeria, An Gabatar da Takarda Mai Taken (Al-maniyyah wa Atharuha fil Mujtama'atul Islamiyya) Secularism da Tasirinsa ga Al’ummar Musulmi”) Taron kasa da kasa kan Musulunci a Afirka: Yaki da tsattsauran ra’ayi da ta’addanci wanda International Moderation Forum ta shirya a masarautar Hashimite ta kasar Jordan, tare da hadin gwiwar kungiyar zaman lafiya ta Musulunci da Cibiyar Nazarin Larabci ta Najeriya, an gabatar da takarda. Mai taken: "Ciyar da zaman lafiya ta hanyar tabbatar da Al-Wasatiyya da nisantar tsattsauran ra'ayi", wanda aka yi tsakanin 8 zuwa 9 ga watan Agusta 2015.[2] Dr Muhammad Sani, a halin yanzu yana zaune a cikin birnin Kano tare da iyalansa yayin da yake shagaltuwa da karatu da da'a. wa ayyuka.[4
Manazarta Hausawa
Malaman Sunna
Malaman Musulunci a Najeriya
Malamai
Malaman Hadisi
Malaman Tafsiri
Mutane daga Jihar Kano
Haifaffun 1970
Rayayyun |
43320 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mamo%20Wolde | Mamo Wolde | Degaga "Mamo" Wolde (an haife shi 12 ga watan Yunin 1932 26 ga watan Mayun shekarar 2002), ɗan tseren gudu ne na Habasha wanda ya yi gasa a tseren guje-guje da tsalle -tsalle, da wasannin guje-guje na titi Ya kasance wanda ya lashe tseren marathon a gasar Olympics ta bazara ta shekarar 1968 Rayuwar farko An haifi Degaga a ranar 12 ga watan Yunin 1932 a Ada'a ga dangin Oromo Ƙanensa, Demissie Wolde (b. 8 ga Maris ɗin 1937), shi ma ya zama tauraro mai tsere na duniya.
A shekarar 1951, Degaga ya koma Addis Ababa Aikin wasanni A bayyanarsa ta farko a gasar Olympics a shekarar 1956, Degaga ya yi gasar tseren mita 800 da 1,500 da kuma gudun gudun hijira 4x400
Bai yi takara ba a gasar Olympics ta bazara a shekarar 1960, lokacin da Abebe Bikila ya zama ɗan Habasha na farko da ya ci lambar zinare. Degaga ya yi iƙirarin rashin zuwan nasa ne saboda burin gwamnati na tura shi aikin wanzar da zaman lafiya zuwa Kongo a lokacin rikicin Kongo A cewarsa, a rikicin da gwamnati ta yi da kwamitin Olympics na Habasha, wanda ke son ya shiga gasar, bai kai shi ko wane irin yanayi ba. Sai dai dan wasa Said Moussa Osman, wanda ya wakilci Habasha a tseren mita 800 a gasar Olympics a shekarar 1960, ya bayyana cewa Degaga ya sha kashi a gwaje-gwajen da aka yi, kuma bai samu shiga ƙungiyar ba. Tun daga shekarar 1960, hankalin Degaga ya canza daga tseren nesa zuwa nesa mai nisa. Ya yi wa Habasha alama ta farko a gasar tseren ƙasa da ƙasa lokacin da ya ɗauki gasar ƙasa da ƙasa Juan Muguerza a Elgoibar, Spain, inda ya yi nasara a shekarar 1963 da shekarar 1964, da kuma Cross de San Donostin a San Sebastian, Spain, a cikin shekarun guda. Ya sanya na huɗu a tseren mita 10,000 a gasar Olympics ta bazara a shekarar 1964, wanda Billy Mills na Amurka ya lashe a ɗaya daga cikin manyan abubuwan da ke tayar da hankali a tarihin gasar Olympics. Demissie kuma ya zama dan tseren gudun fanfalaki.
Dukkansu 'yan'uwan sun fafata a Tokyo, a gasar tseren guje-guje da tsalle-tsalle ta Olympics na shekarar 1964 A ranar 3 ga watan Agustan 1964, a gasar Olympics ta Habasha, gasar da aka gudanar a gudun mita 8,000, Degaga ya yi nasara da gudu 2:16:19.2, daƙiƙa 4/10 na dakika kacal bayan Abebe Bikela, inda Demissie ya ƙare da 2:19:30, a matsayi na uku. Ko da yake Degaga ya fice da wuri, Demessie, bayan ya kasance cikin jagororin da suka fi yawa a gasar Olympics ta shekarar 1964, ya kare a matsayi na goma a 2:21:25.2. A ranar 21 ga watan Afrilu, shekarar 1965, a matsayin wani ɓangare na bikin buɗewa na karo na biyu na shekarun1964-1965 na Baje kolin Duniya na New York, Abebe da Degaga sun halarci wani gagarumin biki na rabin gudun marathon. Sun gudu daga Arsenal a Central Park a 64th Street Fifth Avenue a Manhattan zuwa Singer Bowl a wurin baje kolin. Suna ɗauke da littafin rubutu mai ɗauke da gaisuwa daga Haile Selassie A cikin shekarar 1967, ya maimaita nasararsa a San Sebastian da Elgiobar, kuma ya sake yin nasara a taron na ƙarshe a shekarar 1968. A gasar Olympics ta bazara ta shekarar 1968, Degaga ya zama dan Habasha na biyu da ya lashe zinari a tseren gudun fanfalaƙi. Tun da farko a gasar Olympics, ya lashe lambar azurfa a tseren mita 10,000. A lokacin da yake da shekaru 40, Degaga ya ci lambar yabo ta uku a gasar Olympics inda ya zama na uku a cikin 2:15:08 a gasar gudun fanfalaƙi ta 1972, yayin da Demissie ya zo na 18 a 2:20:44.0. Degaga kuma ya lashe tseren gudun fanfalaƙi a gasar wasannin Afirka ta shekarar 1973 Ya zargi matsayinsa na uku a gasar Olympic da aka nuna a shekarar 1972 kan takalma mara kyau da jami'an Habasha suka tilasta masa. Ya zama mutum na biyu kacal a tarihin Olympics (Bikila shi ne na farko) da ya samu lambar yabo a wasannin guje-guje da tsalle-tsalle na Olympics. Duka waɗanda suka lashe lambar yabo a gaban Degaga, Frank Shorter daga Amurka, da kuma dan ƙasar Belgium Karel Lismont za su maimaita abin da Degaga ya yi a shekarar 1976 yayin da suka zo na biyu da na uku a bayan Waldemar Cierpinski na Gabashin Jamus. Cierpinski ya maimaita nasararsa a shekarar 1980. Erick Wainaina shi ne na baya-bayan nan kuma shi ne kawai sauran wanda ya yi gudun hijira don cim ma wannan nasarar, ya kare na uku a Atlanta a shekarar 1996 da na biyu a Sydney a shekarar 2000. Degaga kuma ya lashe tseren gudun fanfalaƙi a gasar wasannin Afirka ta shekarar 1973 Aikin soja A shekarar 1951, Degaga ya shiga cikin Imperial Guard Daga baya ya yi aikin kiyaye zaman lafiya a Koriya daga shekarar 1953 zuwa ta 1955.
Kamawa A shekarar 1993, an kama Degaga bisa zarginsa da hannu a wani kisa na Red Terror a lokacin mulkin kama-karya Mengistu Haile Mariam Ya ƙara da cewa, duk da cewa yana nan a wajen kisan, shi ba shi ne dan takara kai tsaye ba. IOC ta yi kamfen ne ga gwamnatin Habasha domin a sake shi. A farkon shekara ta 2002 an yanke masa hukuncin ɗaurin shekaru shida a gidan yari. Saboda haka, an sake shi ne saboda ya shafe shekaru tara a tsare yana jiran shari'arsa.
Mutuwa A ranar 26 ga watan Mayun 2002, Degaga ya mutu daga ciwon hanta yana da shekaru 69, 'yan watanni bayan sakinsa. Ya yi aure sau biyu kuma yana da ‘ya’ya uku; ɗa, Samuel, tare da matarsa ta farko, da yara biyu, Addis Alem da Tabor, tare da matarsa ta biyu. An kama Degaga a maƙabartar cocin Saint Joseph a Addis Ababa.
Manazarta
Hanyoyin haɗi na waje Haifaffun 1932
Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba |
30157 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muhalli%20a%20indiya | Muhalli a indiya | Muhalli na Indiya ya kuma ƙunshi wasu mafi yawan halittun ecozones na duniya. Tarkon Deccan, Gangetic Plains da Himalayas sune manyan abubuwan da ke cikin yanayin ƙasa. Kasar na fuskantar gurbacewar yanayi daban-daban a matsayinta na babbar matsalar muhalli kuma ta fi fuskantar illar sauyin yanayi kasancewar ƙasa mai tasowa Indiya tana kuma da dokoki da ke kare muhalli sannann kuma tana ɗaya daga cikin ƙasashen da suka rattaba hannu kan yarjejeniyar bambancin halittu (CBD). Ma'aikatar Muhalli, dazuzzuka da sauyin yanayi da kowane sashen gandun daji na wasu jihohi suna tsarawa da aiwatar da manufofin muhalli a duk fadin kasar.
Siffofin
Biota Indiya tana da wasu mafi yawan halittun halittu na duniya hamada, tsaunuka masu tsayi, tsaunuka, dazuzzukan wurare masu zafi, dazuzzuka, filayen fadama, filayen ciyayi, ciyayi, wuraren da ke kewaye da koguna da tsibiri tsibiri. Yana ɗaukar wurare masu zafi daban- daban guda uku: Western Ghats, Himalayas da yankin Indo-Burma Duk Waɗannan wuraren zafi suna da nau'ikan endemic masu yawa.
A cikin shekarata 1992, kusan 7,43,534 kilomita 2 na ƙasar yana ƙarƙashin dazuzzuka kuma kashi 92 na wannan na gwamnati ne. Kashi 22.7 cikin 100 ne kawai aka yi dazuzzuka idan aka kwatanta da shawarar kashi 33 bisa 100 na Tsarin Tsarin Daji na Ƙasa (1952). Mafi yawansa bishiyu ne masu faɗin ganye waɗanda suka ƙunshi sal ɗaya bisa shida da teak ɗaya cikin goma. Ana samun nau'ikan coniferous a cikin yankunan arewa masu tsayi kuma sun haɗa da pine, junipers da deodars.
Akwai nau'ikan dabbobi masu shayarwa 350, dabbobi masu rarrafe 375, masu amphibians 130, kwari 20,000, kifi 19000 da nau'ikan tsuntsaye har 1200 a Indiya. Zakin Asiya, damisar Bengal da damisa sune manyan mafarauta; kasar tana da mafi yawan nau'in kuraye fiye da kowane. Ana kuma samun giwaye, Rhinoceros na Indiya da nau'in barewa guda takwas. Akwai nau'ikan tsire-tsire na furanni sama da 17000 a Indiya, waɗanda ke da kashi shida cikin ɗari na jimillar nau'ikan tsiro a duniya. Indiya ta ƙunshi kashi bakwai cikin ɗari na flora na duniya. Faɗin yanayin yanayi a Indiya ya haifar da wadataccen fure iri-iri. Indiya tana rufe nau'ikan flora sama da 45,000, Kuma daga cikinsu akwai da yawa a yankin. Indiya ta kasu kashi takwas manyan yankuna masu fure-fure: Arewa maso Yamma Himalayas, Gabashin Himalayas, Assam, Filin Indus, Filin Ganga, Deccan, Malabar da Andamans.
Geography Indiya ta ta'allaka ne akan farantin Indiya, yankin arewa na farantin Indo-Australian, wanda ɓawon nahiya ya zama yankin Indiya Sannan kuma Ƙasar tana arewa da equator tsakanin 8°4' da 37°6' arewa latitude da 68°7' da 97°25' gabas longitude. Ita ce kasa ta bakwai mafi girma a duniya, tana da Indiya tana auna daga arewa zuwa kudu da daga gabas zuwa yamma. Yana da iyakar ƙasa da bakin tekun Farantin Indiya da Eurasia sun yi karo tsakanin shekaru miliyan 40 zuwa 60 da suka gabata bisa ga bincike hudu, daya shine babu wani tarihin burbushin halittu masu shayarwa a Indiya daga kimanin shekaru miliyan 50 da suka gabata. A kan hanyarsa, farantin Indiya ya wuce wurin da ake kira Reunion hotspot wanda ya haifar da aikin volcanic, don haka ya samar da Deccan Traps Hadarin da ya yi da farantin Eurasian ya haifar da hawan Himalayas kuma ci gaba da aikin tectonic ya sa ya zama yanki mai saurin girgizar kasa. Filin Gangetic ya samo asali ne ta hanyar jibge silt da Ganga da magudanan ruwa suka yi a cikin yankin da ke tsakanin Himalayas da kewayon Vindhya. Za Kuma a iya raba tsarin dutsen zuwa Archaean, Proterozoic (tsarin Dharwar), tsarin Cuddupah, tsarin Vindhyan, tsarin Gondwana, The Deccan Traps, Tsarin Tertiary, lokacin Pleistocene da kwanan nan. Yanayin ya ƙunshi nau'ikan yanayi daban-daban a cikin ma'auni mai faɗi da bambance-bambancen yanayin ƙasa, yana mai da ƙayyadaddun bayanai masu wahala. Idan aka ba da girman Indiya tare da Himalayas, Tekun Arabiya, Bay na Bengal da Tekun Indiya, ana samun babban bambanci a yanayin zafi da rarraba hazo a cikin ƙasa. Dangane da tsarin Köppen, Sannan inda ma'anar zafin jiki na wata-wata, yana nufin ruwan sama na wata da ma'anar ruwan sama na shekara ana la'akari da shi, Indiya ta karbi manyan nau'o'in yanayi guda shida, wanda ya fito daga hamada mai bushe a yamma, tundra mai tsayi da glaciers a arewa, da kuma m. yankuna masu zafi da ke tallafawa dazuzzukan dazuzzuka a kudu maso yamma da yankunan tsibiri. Yawancin yankuna suna da ƙananan microclimates daban-daban. Sashen nazarin yanayi na Indiya ya raba yanayi zuwa hudu: lokacin hunturu (tsakiyar Disamba zuwa tsakiyar Maris), bazara (tsakiyar Maris zuwa Mayu), damina (Yuni zuwa Satumba), da Rana Mai Komawa (Oktoba zuwa tsakiyar Disamba).
Batutuwa Lalacewa na ɗaya daga cikin manyan batutuwan muhalli a Indiya.
Gurbacewar ruwa shine babban abin damuwa a kasar Manyan hanyoyin gurbacewar ruwa sune na cikin gida, masana'antu, noma da kuma jigilar ruwa. Mafi girma tushen gurɓataccen ruwa a Indiya shine najasa da ba a kula da su ba. Sauran hanyoyin gurbatar yanayi sun hada da kwararar ruwan noma da kananan masana'antu marasa tsari. Galibin koguna da tafkuna da ruwan saman sun gurbace.
Gurbacewar ƙasa: Babban abubuwan da ke haifar da gurɓacewar ƙasa (ko ƙasa) shine zaizayar ƙasa, yawan amfani da takin zamani da magungunan kashe qwari, tara datti da sharar ruwa, gobarar daji, da sare ruwa. Ana iya rage shi ta hanyar yin amfani da takin mai magani da magungunan kashe qwari da kuma maganin datti kafin a yi amfani da shi wajen ban ruwa. Saboda karuwar yawan jama'a da haɓakar amfani da hatsin abinci, ana ƙara yawan filayen noman da ake nomawa ta hanyar ban ruwa na ƙasa da ƙasa. Ƙasar da aka yi ban ruwa tana raguwa a hankali a hankali ta hanyar juyawa zuwa ƙasa alkali gishiri.
Gurbacewar iska a kasar wani abin damuwa ne. Babban tushe shine batun da aka saki ta hanyar konewar man fetur Barbasar da ke ɗauke da iska kamar soot, tururi da ƙura suna da yuwuwar cutarwa dangane da sinadari da tsarin jiki na mai gurɓata. Suna iya shafar yanayi kuma su rage tarwatsewar hasken rana a cikin yanayi. Gurbacewar amo Ana iya bayyana wannan a matsayin yanayin rashin jin daɗi ko damuwa da ke haifar da ƙarar da ba a so ba. Kuma Yana ƙaruwa gwargwadon haɓakar birane da masana'antu.
Canjin yanayi Kasancewarta kasa ce mai tasowa, Indiya ta fi fuskantar illar sauyin yanayi saboda dogaron da take da shi ga bangarorin da suka shafi yanayi kamar noma da gandun daji. Ƙananan kudin shiga na kowane mutum da ƙananan kasafin kuɗin jama'a kuma suna haifar da ƙarancin ƙarfin daidaita kuɗin kuɗi. Ƙasar tana Daga cikin haɗari ga tasirin zamantakewa da tattalin arziƙin nan take na sauyin yanayi. Wani bincike da aka gudanar a shekara ta 2002 ya nuna cewa yanayin zafi a kasar ya karu da kusan 0.57 a kowace shekara 100. Rashin isassun ababen more rayuwa kuma yana nufin cewa mutane sun fi fallasa, da rashin juriya, ga sauyin yanayi. Misali, ya zuwa shekarata 2015, Indiyawa miliyan 124 ne kawai aka haɗa da magudanar ruwa da kuma miliyan 297 zuwa tankin mai. Sauran sun dogara ne da ɗakunan ramuka ko bayan gida, wanda ke haifar da manyan haɗari na cututtuka na ruwa a lokacin ambaliya wanda zai zama mai yawa kuma mai tsanani tare da sauyin yanayi. Waɗannan hatsarori sun fi tsanani a cikin birane, inda mafi girman yawan mutane ke nufin cewa zaɓin abubuwan more rayuwa na yau da kullun ba zai wadatar ba. Sannan kuma Bugu da ƙari, yawancin manyan biranen Indiya suna cikin filayen ambaliya da ɓangarorin ɓangarorin, don haka za su fuskanci haɗarin yanayi kamar hawan matakin teku, guguwa da guguwa.
Ko da yake Indiya har yanzu tana da matsakaicin matsakaicin kuɗin shiga ga kowane mutum, ƙasar a yanzu ita ce ta uku a yawan fitar da hayaƙi mai gurbata yanayi bayan China da Amurka. Gwamnatin tsakiya ta yi alƙawarin rage yawan hayaƙi na Babban Kayayyakin Cikin Gida da kashi 20-25%, dangane da matakan shekarata 2005, nan da shekarata 2020. Indiya ta kuma yi manyan alkawurra na fadada samar da makamashin da za a iya sabuntawa, da inganta makamashi, gina zirga-zirgar jama'a da sauran matakan rage hayakin da take fitarwa. Akwai shaida cewa yawancin waɗannan ayyukan sauyin yanayi na iya haifar da fa'idodi masu yawa ban da rage sawun carbon na Indiya. Yawancin ƙananan matakan carbon suna da ban sha'awa na tattalin arziki, sannan Kuma gami da ingantattun na'urorin sanyaya iska, sarrafa buƙatun ajiye motoci, gas ɗin gas da ƙa'idodin aikin abin hawa. Wasu suna ba da fa'idodin zamantakewa: alal misali, biranen Indiya za su iya ganin ingantaccen haɓakar ingancin iska idan ƙasar za ta haɓaka fasahohin makamashin da ake sabunta su a maimakon makamashin burbushin mai da tafiya/keke-keke/ jigilar jama'a maimakon motoci masu zaman kansu.
Kiyayewa
Wurare masu kariya A shekara ta 2009, kusan kashi 4.8 cikin 100 na daukacin fadin kasar an ware su a matsayin wuraren kariya. Wannan ya ƙunshi wuraren shakatawa na ƙasa 100, wuraren tsafi guda 514, wuraren kiyayewa 41 da wuraren ajiyar jama'a huɗu.
Siyasa da doka A cikin ka'idojin Umarnin Manufofin Jiha, Mataki na 48 ya ce "jihar za ta yi ƙoƙari don karewa da inganta muhalli da kuma kare gandun daji da namun daji na kasar"; Mataki na ashirin da 51-A ya bayyana cewa "ya zama wajibi ga kowane dan kasar Indiya ya kare da inganta yanayin yanayi da suka hada da dazuzzuka, da Kuma tabkuna, da kuma koguna da namun daji da kuma tausaya wa halittu." Indiya tana ɗaya daga cikin ɓangarori na yarjejeniyar Yarjejeniyar Diversity (CBD). Kafin CBD, Indiya tana da dokoki daban-daban don gudanar da muhalli. Dokar Kare namun daji ta Indiya ta shekarar 1972 ta kare bambancin halittu. Baya ga wannan doka, gwamnati ta zartar da Dokar Muhalli (Kariya) 1986 da Dokar Kasuwancin Waje (Ci gaba da Ka'ida) ta shekarata 1992 don kula da bambancin halittu.
Makamashi mai sabuntawa Makamashi mai sabuntawa a Indiya yana zuwa ƙarƙashin ikon Ma'aikatar Sabon da Sabunta Makamashi Sannan Indiya ita ce kasa ta farko a duniya da ta kafa ma'aikatar albarkatun makamashi da ba ta al'ada ba, a farkon shekarun 1980. Matsakaicin grid ɗin sa na mu'amala ko grid ɗin da aka ɗaure ƙarfin sabuntawar makamashi (ban da babban ruwa) ya kai 33.8 GW, wanda kashi 66% ke fitowa daga iska, yayin da hasken rana ke ba da gudummawar 4.59% tare da biomass da wutar lantarki.
Muhalli A cikin shekarar 1973, gwamnati ta ƙaddamar da Project Tiger, shirin kiyayewa da nufin kare dabbar ƙasa, damisa. Yawanta ya kai ƙasa da shekarata 2000 a cikin 1970. Haɓaka yawan mutane, noman ƙasar dazuzzuka da kuma farauta galibi sune mahimman abubuwan da suka haifar da wannan raguwa. Taimakawa asusun namun daji na duniya (WWF) da kuma kungiyar kare dabi'a ta kasa da kasa (IUCN), masu rajin kare muhalli na Indiya sun taka rawar gani wajen ganin gwamnati ta hana farauta tare da ware wuraren shakatawa na kasa. Project Tiger ya kara zama abin koyi don kare nau'ikan da ke cikin hadari kamar giwa Indiya da karkanda A cikin wannan shekarar, bayan wata zanga-zanga a wani kauye da mazauna yankin suka yi na nuna adawa da masu saran itacen da wani kamfani ya aika, ta hanyar barazanar rungumar bishiyoyi, irin wannan zanga-zangar ta taso, wadda aka fi sani da Chipko Movement A wannan shekarar ne aka kafa kwamitin kare muhalli da kiyaye muhalli na kasa; a shekarar 1980, sashen kula da muhalli, daga karshe kuma bayan shekaru biyar aka kafa ma'aikatar muhalli, dazuzzuka da sauyin yanayi Ƙungiyoyin kare muhalli a Indiya sun fara ne da waɗannan abubuwan da suka faru. Masanin tarihi Ramachandra Guha ya kira Medha Patkar a matsayin "mafi farin jini mai fafutukar kare muhalli a Indiya ta zamani". Sabuwar zamani Indiya ta damu da ingancin iska da ruwa, ƙungiyoyin jama'a da yawa kamar Gidauniyar Muhalli ta Indiya sun ƙirƙira ingantaccen tsarin kiyayewa na al'umma don farfado da tafkuna a duk faɗin ƙasar.
Ƙungiyoyi Ma'aikatar Muhalli, dazuzzuka da sauyin yanayi ta hanyar Sashenta na Muhalli da musamman sassan gandun daji na wasu jiha suna tsarawa da aiwatar da manufofin muhalli a kowace jiha. Wasu kungiyoyin muhalli na matakin ƙasa (na gwamnati da masu zaman kansu) sun haɗa da: Hukumar Shawara Kan Makamashi (ABE)
Bombay Natural History Society (BNHS)
Hukumar kula da gandun daji ta tsakiya (CFC)
Sashen Tushen Makamashi Na Al'ada (DNES)
Gidauniyar Ma'aikatan Muhalli na Indiya (EFI)
Cibiyar Binciken Toxicology na Masana'antu (ITRC)
Cibiyar Nazarin Injiniya ta Kasa (NEERI)
Hukumar bunkasa kiwo ta kasa
Tsarin Gudanar da Albarkatun Kasa
Kwamitin Gudanar da Dausayi na Kasa
Hukumar Kula da Gurbacewar Ruwa ta Jiha (SPCB)
Cibiyar Nazarin Makamashi ta Tata (TERI)
Cibiyar Bincike ta Salinity ta Tsakiya
Akwai aƙalla ƙungiyoyin muhalli iri-iri 85 da ke da hannu tare da kiyaye muhalli da ilimin muhalli a Tamil Nadu Duba wasu abubuwan Majalisar Indiya ta Binciken Gandun daji da Ilimi
Jerin batutuwan muhalli
National Green Corps
Ruwa a Indiya
Bayanan kula
Manazarta
Ci gaba da karatu
Hanyoyin haɗi na waje Ma'aikatar Muhalli Dazuzzuka
Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba |
24216 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pin | Pin | Fil wani na’ura ce da ake amfani da ita don ɗaura abubuwa ko kayan tare, kuma tana iya samun nau'ikan jiki guda uku: guntun kayan da ba za a iya canzawa ba ana nufin saka su a cikin rami, tsagi, ko rami (kamar yadda pivots, hinges, da jigs) gindin da aka haɗa da kai kuma yana ƙarewa a cikin kaifi mai kaifi wanda ake nufin huda ɗaya ko fiye na kayan laushi kamar zane ko takarda (madaidaiciya ko turawa); tsiri guda ɗaya mai ƙarfi amma mai sassauƙa (misali waya wanda tsawonsa ya ninku zuwa madaidaiciyar kusurwa ta irin wannan yanayin cewa tsaka -tsakin kowannensu yana lanƙwasa zuwa ɗayan don, lokacin da aka saka wani abu tsakanin su, suna aiki azaman matsa (misali fil ɗin bobby), ko tsummoki guda biyu na madaidaicin kayan da aka haɗa tare da maɓuɓɓugar ruwa a ƙarshen ƙarshen don haka, lokacin da bazara ta buɗe, mutum zai iya saka wasu kayan tsakanin ramuka a ɗayan ƙarshen cewa, an ba da izinin rufewa, sannan a dunƙule kayan da aka saka. Dangane da aikin su, ana iya yin fil da ƙarfe (misali ƙarfe, jan ƙarfe, ko tagulla itace, ko filastik Tarihi An samo fil a wuraren binciken archaeological tun daga Paleolithic, wanda aka yi da kashi da ƙaya, kuma a wuraren Neolithic, Celtic da tsoffin wuraren Roman. Shafukan Neolithic suna da wadataccen fil na katako, kuma har yanzu ana samun su ta hanyar zamanin Elizabethan. An samo fil ɗin ƙarfe wanda ya fara zuwa zamanin Bronze a Asiya, Arewacin Afirka da Turai, kamar sanannun filun-kanun guduma daga jana'izar Kurgan a arewa maso gabashin Caucasus Dinki da fashion fil Ci gaban fil ɗin ya yi daidai da na takwaransa mai huɗu, allura Shaidun archaeological sun nuna cewa an yi amfani da fil ɗin mai lankwasa sama da shekaru dubu huɗu. Asalin asali, waɗannan mutanen Sumerians ne suka ƙera su daga ƙarfe da ƙashi kuma ana amfani da su don haɗa riguna tare. Daga baya, an kuma yi amfani da fil don riƙe shafukan littattafai tare ta hanyar sanya allurar ta saman kusurwar su. Yawancin fil ɗin daga baya an yi su da tagulla, ƙarfe mai ɗanɗano mai ɗorewa wanda ya kasance yana samuwa a lokacin Zamanin Bronze Wannan ci gaban ya biyo bayan amfani da ƙarfe wanda ya fi ƙarfi amma ya yi tsatsa lokacin da iska mai ɗumi. Ƙaddamar da dabarun yin amfani da wutar lantarki mai arha ya ba da damar sanya baƙin ƙarfe da nickel Nickel bai yi tsatsa ba, amma ya kasance yana toshe baƙin ƙarfe a cikin yanayin danshi, kuma yana sake ba shi damar tsatsa. Koyaya, wannan ya ɗauki watanni da yawa ko ma shekaru don faruwa, kuma kamar yadda galibi ana amfani da fil ɗin baƙin ƙarfe na nickel don ɗaukar masana'anta a wurin kafin dinki, babu wani ƙarin tsaftacewa da ake ganin ya zama dole. Note, duk da haka, cewa wasu zamani sana'a dari aka sanya daga tsatsa-hujja da kuma karfi sosai titanium Production A pinners guild aka farko kafa a London a shekara ta dubu daya da Dari Tara da hamsin da shida 1356, yada zuwa sauran garuruwa, amma fadowa takaice daga cikin ingancin samar da Faransa pinmakers, tattauna a Art de l'épinglier dubu days Dari bakwai da sittin da daya (1761) inda Henri-Louis Duhamel du Monceau ba da cikakken bayani game da division na aikin da masu amfani da Faransawa ke amfani da su: Babu wanda bai yi mamakin ƙananan farashin fil ba; amma za mu ma fi mamaki, lokacin da muka san ayyuka daban -daban da yawa, mafi yawansu suna da taushi, wajibi ne don yin fil mai kyau.Adam Smith ya bayyana kera fil a matsayin wani bangare na tattaunawarsa game da rabe -raben aiki a cikin Arzikin Kasashe John Ireland Howe ya ƙirƙiro injin ƙera fil a shekara ta dubu daya da Dari takwas da talatin da biyu 1832, da ingantaccen injin a dubu daya da dari takwas da arba'in da daya 1841; Kamfaninsa na Howe Manufacturing Company na Derby, Connecticut, yayi amfani da injina uku don samar da fil dubu saba'in da biyu 72,000 a kowace rana a cikin dubu daya da Dari takwas da talatin da tara 1839.
Walter Hunt ya ƙirƙiri fil ɗin aminci ta hanyar ƙirƙirar fil na tagulla mai inci takwas a cikin lanƙwasa mai lanƙwasa tare da maɓuɓɓugar ruwa da tsaro. Ya sayar da haƙƙoƙin ƙirarsa don biyan bashi ga abokinsa, bai san cewa zai iya samun miliyoyin daloli ba.
Babban manufar fil A tura fil da aka ƙirƙira a 1900 da Edwin Moore kuma da sauri ya zama wata nasara. Ana kuma kiran waɗannan fil ɗin "fil fil" kuma ana rarrabe su ta hanyar samun sauƙin riƙe kai. Akwai kuma wani sabon fil na turawa da ake kira paper cricket Fil fil ba tare da kawuna ba Za a iya tura sirrin, masu tauri cikin itace tare da guduma tare da manufar ba a ganin su.
Maƙallan injiniya A cikin aikin injiniya da ƙirar injin, fil wani nau'in injin ne wanda ke tabbatar da matsayin sassa biyu ko fiye na injin kusa da juna. An san manyan nau'ikan iri iri na dogon lokaci; mafi akasari ana amfani da su shine dindindin fil ɗin cylindrical, m fil ɗin da aka ɗora, fil ɗin tsagi, ramukan bazara da ramuka masu jujjuyawa Bayanan kula
Nassoshi Henry Petroski, Juyin Halittar Abubuwa Masu Amfani, Babi na 4. ISBN 0-679-74039-2 Robert Parmley, Littafin Jagora na Daidaitawa da Haɗawa Buga na 1. Babi na 2. McGraw-Hill (New York). 1977. ISBN 0-07-048511-9
Pages with unreviewed |
18421 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kisan%20kwangila | Kisan kwangila | Kisan kwangila wani nau'i ne na kisan gill a inda wasu bangare suke daukan wata kungiya don ta kashe wani mutum da aka yi niyya ko mutane da yawa.Ya kunshi yarjejeniya ba bisa ka'ida ba tsakanin bangarori biyu ko sama da haka wanda bangare daya ya yarda ya kashe abin da aka nufa don musayar ta wani nau'i na ko yani da hanyan biyan kudi,na kudi ko akasin haka.Kowane bangare na iya zama mutum,rukuni,ko kungiya. Kashe kwangila yana da alada da aikata laifuka,kulla makircin gwamnati,da wuraren talla Misali,a ƙasar Amurka,gungun masu kisan kai,Inc.sun yi kisan gillar daruruwan mutane a madadin kungiyar Laifuka ta Kasa a tsakanin shekarun 1930 zuwa shekarar 1940.
Tsari Kisan kwangila tana ba wa mai daukar aikin damar ba tare da aiwatar da ainihin kisan ba, wanda ke sa ya zama da wahala ga jami'an tsaro su haɗa wannan bangaren da kisan. Da alama cewa hukumomi za su tabbatar da laifin wancan bangare na aikata laifin, musamman saboda rashin kwararan shaidun da ke da nasaba da bangaren da ke daukar kwangilar, ya sa lamarin ya zama mai wahala a jingina shi zuwa ga bangaren da aka dauka aikin.
Basaja Kisan kwangilar na iya nuna halaye na kisan kai, amma galibi ba a sanya su haka saboda manufofin kashe-ɓangare na uku da kuma cire kuɗi da motsin rai. Duk da haka kuma, akwai wasu lokuta wasu mutane waɗanda ake lakafta su azaman duka masu kai hari da masu kashe mutane. Wanda yake kisan kwangila ana kiransa da suna Makashi Waɗanda aka ba da kwangilar da ke aiki don ƙungiyoyin masu laifi kuma aka ba su kisan mutum da aka yi niyya galibi sanannu ne a matsayin masu tilastawa Bincike Wani bincike da Cibiyar Nazarin Laifin Laifin ta Australiya ta 162 ta yi ko kuma ainihin kisan gillar da aka yi a Ostiraliya tsakanin 1989 da 2002 ya nuna cewa mafi yawan dalilin kisan-da-haya shi ne biyan biyan inshorar Binciken ya kuma gano cewa matsakaicin kudin da aka biya na “bugawa” dala 15,000 tare da bambancin daga 5,000 zuwa 30,000 kuma makaman da aka fi amfani da su sune bindigogi Kashe kwangila ya kai kashi 2% na kisan kai a Ostiraliya a lokacin. Har ila yau, kashe-kashe na kwangila sun yi kama da kusan duk kashe-kashen a wani wuri. Misali, sun kai kusan 5% na duk kisan da aka yi a Scotland daga shekarar 1993 zuwa shekarar 2002.
Sanannen lamari Vincent "Mad Dog" Coll, wani Ba'amurke dan asalin Amurka wanda ya yi aiki ga Dutch Schultz da Owney Madden
Glennon Engleman, likitan haƙori na Amurka wanda ya haskaka a matsayin mai bugawa
Ray Ferritto, Ba’amurken Ba’amurke mai buga jarumi kuma soja ga dangin Cleveland da Los Angeles, wanda aka fi sani da kisan Danny Greene daga baya ya zama mashaidin gwamnati kuma ya bayar da shaida akan gungun mutanen
Christopher Dale Flannery, sanannen dan Australia ne
Giuseppe Greco, ɗan Sicilian ne wanda ya kashe aƙalla mutane 58 a lokacin Yaƙin Mafia na Biyu
Charles Harrelson, Ba'amurke mai bugawa, mahaifin ɗan wasa Woody Harrelson
Marinko Magda, dan kasar Serbia da aka yanke wa hukuncin kisa kan 11, ciki har da dangin Hungary
Tommy "Karate" Pitera, Ba'amurke dan asalin Amurka kuma soja a cikin dangin Bonnano Ya kasance sananne ne saboda yana da halaye irin na mai kisan kai, kuma ya kasance gwani ne a fagen fama Frank "Ba'amurke" Sheeran, wani jami'an kungiyar kwadago kuma fitinannun mutane, wainda suka hade da Russell Bufalino Sheeran ta yi ikirarin kashe tsohon shugaban Teamsters Jimmy Hoffa Biliyaminu "Bugsy" Siegel, Bayahude ne wanda ya jagoranci kwari da Meyer Mob kuma ya kasance mai kai hare-hare ga Murder, Inc Siegel shi ma babban dan adawar dan Italiya ne yayin Haramtawa
Alexander Solonik, fitaccen dan Rasha, wanda aka san shi da ɗaukar bindiga a kowane hannu, wanda ya kashe shugabanin mafia na Rasha fiye da 30
Robert Young, wanda aka fi sani da Willie Sanchez, wanda aka tsere da laifi kuma ya kashe kwangila wanda Majalisar ta yi aiki da shi, ƙungiyar ƙa'idar aikata laifuka ta Nicky Barnes Wadanda abin ya shafa Griselda Blanco, batun fim din Uwargidan Cocaine (2018), wani tsohon mashahurin mai safarar miyagun kwayoyi ne aka kashe a ranar 3 ga Satumba, 2012
Li Fuguo, wani baban daular Tang wanda wani mashahuri wanda sarki Tang Daizong ya haya ya kashe
Harry Greenberg, abokin aikin Mafia na Charles "Lucky" Luciano, Meyer Lansky, da Benjamin "Bugsy" Siegel's. Siegel, Whitey Krakower, Albert Tannenbaum, da Frankie Carbo ne suka kashe shi a shekarar 1939.
Shiori Ino, wani dalibin jami'a mai shekaru 21 wanda dan bindigar Yoshifumi Kubota ya kashe, wanda yayi shekaru 18 a gidan yari saboda kisan. Tsohon saurayin Ino da dan uwan tsohon saurayin ne suka biya Kubota.
Salvatore Maranzano, shugaban Mafia na Castellammarese kuma abokin hamayyarsa da Masseria a yakin Castellammarese wanda Siegel da wasu mazaje suka kashe a 1931
Dan Markel, wani lauya kuma masanin ilimin shari'a da aka kashe a Tallahassee, Florida a cikin 2014
Joe Masseria, Siegel, Vito Genovese, Albert Anastasia, da Joe Adonis suka kashe maigidan Mafia a cikin 1931
Benjamin "Bugsy" Siegel, shugaban masu zanga-zangar Las Vegas kuma mai gidan otal din Flamingo, wanda wasu da ba a san ko su waye ba suka kashe a 1947
Grady Stiles, wani ɗan wasan kwaikwayo na wasan kwaikwayo wanda danginsa suka yi hayar wani mahaluki don ya kashe shi saboda zagin sa
John H. Wood Jr., wani alkalin Ba'amurke da aka fi sani da "Maximum John" saboda yanke hukuncin dauri mai tsanani a kan laifukan miyagun kwayoyi, wanda Charles Harrelson ya kashe bisa umarnin aikata laifi
Masu ɗauka Dana Ewell, wanda aka yankewa hukuncin daukar abokin karatun sa a kwaleji don kashe mahaifin Ewell, mahaifinsa, da ‘yar’uwar sa kan kadarorin dalar Amurka milian takwas 8,000,000. Yin wa'adin Ruthann Aron, da aka samu da laifin hayar wani dan daba don ya kashe mijinta da kuma wani lauya da ya yi nasara a shari’ar zamba da ita.
Mike Danton, tsohon dan wasan NHL, ya yi hayar wakilin tarayya don ya kashe wakilinsa na wasanni.
Shugaban laifi -Ba'amurke-Ba'amurke John Gotti ya yi hayar 'yan bindiga don su kashe Paul Castellano a wajen Sparks Steak House an aiwatar da kisan a watan Disambar 1985. Wanda Holloway Haƙiƙanin Gaskiya Kasada na zargin Texas Cheerleader-Murdering Mom ta dogara ne da hayar Holloway da wani dan damfara don kashe mahaifiyar yarinyar da ke gasa tare da 'yarta cikin farin ciki.
Lawrence Horn, mai gabatar da rikodi wanda hayarsa ta kai hari ya haifar da shari'ar Rice v. Paladin Latsa
Silas Jayne, Chicago -area mai mallakar barga, an yanke masa hukunci a 1973 na hayar mutane don kashe ɗan'uwansa ɗan'uwansa George. Tim Lambesis, mai raira waƙoƙin kidan karfe Kamar yadda na mutu, injin mutuƙar Austriya da Pyrithion, waɗanda suka yi ƙoƙarin hayar wani don kashe matarsa ta hanyar tuntuɓar sa a gidan motsa jikin sa. Wanda ake zargin "hitman" ya zama dan sanda da ya yi kamannin mutum kamar mai bugawa. Charlotte Karin Lindström, 'yar bautar kasar Sweden samfurin wacce tayi yunƙurin ɗaukar hayar wani maharbi don ya kashe mutanen da ke ba da shaida game da saurayinta a shari'ar shan kwayoyi a Australia.
Charles "Lucky" Luciano, Mafia Ba'amurke da shugabar dangi masu aikata laifi An umarci Siegel, Tannenbaum, Genovese, Buchalter, Carbo, da Krakower su kashe Mustache Petes Joe Masseria da Sal Maranzano a cikin 1931, da kuma tantabaru Harry Greenberg a 1939.
Joseph Maldonado-Passage (wanda aka fi sani da sunan wasansa Joe Exotic wani mai gidan namun daji na Amurka a halin yanzu yana aiki shekaru 22 a kan laifuka biyu na yunƙurin kisan kai-da-haya (da kuma wasu tuhume-tuhumen Ya yi ƙoƙari ya yi hayar wani maharbi don ya kashe Carole Baskin, Shugaba na Babban Ceto Ceto (wanda yake tare da shi tsawon lokaci da rikice-rikicen jama'a), amma ya ƙare da yin magana da wani jami'in FBI da ke ɓoye da ke nuna cewa yana da ƙarfi. Shari'ar ita ce batun farko na jerin shirye-shiryen shirye-shirye na 2020 Netflix Tiger King Diana Lovejoy, wata marubuciya a fannin fasaha, da malamarsa mai harbi Weldon McDavid an same su da laifin hada baki wajen kisan mijin Lovejoy a shekarar 2016. Jennifer Pan, wata 'yar kasar Kanada wacce ta dauki hayar wasu maza uku don yin fyaden gida domin kawar da iyayenta a shekarar 2010.
Nicole Doucet Ryan ta yi ƙoƙari ta ɗauki hayar wani ɗan sanda mai kula da Royal Canadian Mounted Police don kashe mijinta. Bayan mulki cewa ta iya yin amfani da tsaro na duress, da Kotun Koli da Canada da umarnin ta ba za a iya retried. Pamela Smart na Derry, New Hampshire, wacce ta yi fice a kanun labarai a 1991 saboda daukar saurayinta Billy Flynn da abokansa don su kashe mijinta Gregory Smart.
Wallace Souza,wani mai gabatar da shirye-shiryen talabijin a Brazil wanda aka zarga da yin hayar mutane don kashe akalla mutane biyar a cikin 2009 don habaka kimar shirinsa Kwamitin,hukumar mulkin Mafia Ba'amurke ce ta ba da umarnin kisan Siegel a 1947.
Majalisar,kungiyar masu aikata laifuka da kuma daukar nauyin masu kashe kwangila kamar su Robert Young aka Willie Sanchez,wanda Nicky Barnes ke shugabanta Thomas Bartlett Whitaker, Ba'amurke wanda ya yi hayar mutane don su far wa iyayensa da dan'uwansa a mamayewar gida a 2003.
A al'adun gargajiya HBabu wani abu na sirri jerin shirye-shiryen talabijin ne wanda ke mai da hankali kan labaran kashe-kashen kwangila. An nuna shari'oin almara na kisan kwangila ko "hitmen" a cikin shahararrun nau'ikan almara a cikin ƙarni na 20 da 21, gami da littattafan ban dariya, fina-finai, da wasannin bidiyo. Kwangilar kwangila shine babban al'amari game da ikon mallakar bidiyo game da Hitman, in da mai kunnawa ke sarrafa wani dillalin da aka ɗauka haya wanda kawai ake kira Agent 47 A cikin wasan Hotline Miami, ɗan wasan yana sarrafa mutumin da aka karki kira mai ban mamaki yana gaya masa ya kashe membobin Mafia na Rasha.
Duba kuma Kisan kai
Kasuwar kisa
Emoƙari
Mai tsabta (laifi)
Laifin Tarayya a Amurka
Fixer (mutum)
Sojojin haya
Kisa, Inc.
Tsarukan laifi
Mutane v. Babban Kotun (Decker)
Kamfanin soja mai zaman kansa
Waya
Manazarta
Hanyoyin haɗin waje Kisan kai-da-haya: Harsunan Yanar Gizo na Wani Hali Mai Kyau FBI |
59128 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volvo%20XC40 | Volvo XC40 | Volvo XC60 shine ƙaramin giciyen alatu SUV wanda kamfanin kera motoci na Sweden Volvo Cars ke ƙera kuma ya tallata shi tun 2008.
XC60 wani ɓangare ne na Volvo's 60 Series na motoci, tare da S60, S60 Cross Country, V60, da V60 Cross Country Tsarin ƙarni na farko ya gabatar da sabon salo don samfuran 60 Series. Tare da sauran jerin layi, an sabunta XC60 na farko a cikin 2013. Hakazalika, samfurin ƙarni na biyu, wanda aka saki a cikin 2017, shine na farko a cikin jerin. An sanya wa motar suna Car of the Year Japan don 2017-2018.
Manufar XC60 (2007) An bayyana manufar XC60 a 2007 Detroit Auto Show Ya haɗa da rufin gilashi da wani sabon salo na grille. Samfurin ya gabatar da sabbin abubuwan salo na Volvo, waɗanda a hankali aka aiwatar da su a cikin kewayon ƙirar. Tunanin XC60 kuma ya haɗa da sabon tsarin motsi, bootlid na lantarki, da ƙafafu 20-inch.
ƙarni na farko (2008-2016) An bayyana motar samar da kayan aiki a 2008 Geneva Motor Show An fara tallace-tallace a Turai a cikin kwata na uku na 2008 kuma a Arewacin Amurka a farkon 2009 a matsayin samfurin 2010. XC60 ta kasance motar siyar da Volvo mafi kyawun siyarwa tun 2009. Kerarre ta reshen Volvo Car Gent a Ghent, Belgium, ƙarni na farko XC60 ya dogara ne akan dandalin Volvo's P3 da fasahar hannun jari na XC60 tare da Land Rover Freelander na 2007. A lokacin ci gaba, duka Land Rover da Volvo mallakar Ford ne kuma an raba ci gaba tsakanin rassan biyu. Yawancin aikin injiniya da kunna wannan CUV Volvo ne ya yi a Sweden, kodayake an haɓaka ƙarfin waje a Land Rover a Ingila.
A cikin Afrilu 2010, bambance-bambancen R-Design na XC60 ya sami samuwa, yana nuna kayan jikin da ya dace da launi, ƙaƙƙarfan chassis da damping, da sauran na musamman na waje/na ciki.
A cikin Fabrairu 2013, Volvo ya ƙaddamar da sabon sigar XC60, wanda za a sake shi don shekarar ƙirar 2014. Sabuntawa na waje sune na kwaskwarima da farko, tare da canje-canje ga grille da fitilun tuƙi na gaba, asarar baƙar fata tare da ƙananan ƙofa, da ƙananan canje-canje ga tukwici da fitilun wutsiya. Sabuntawar cikin gida sun haɗa da sabbin kayan aiki da dashboard ɗin dashboard, da akwai mai canza filafili akan ƙirar T6, da gabatarwar nunin allo mai inci 7. An ƙaddamar da ra'ayi na toshe-in na Volvo XC60 a 2012 North American International Auto Show Jirgin sama ya haɗu da turbocharged 4-cylinder yana tuki ƙafafun gaba tare da Motar lantarki tana tuka ƙafafun baya, yana ba da wutar lantarki mafi girman abin da aka haɗa na A cewar Volvo, XC60 Plug-in Hybrid yana da kewayon wutar lantarki har zuwa don tattalin arzikin man fetur daidai da da jimlar kewayon An kiyasta tattalin arzikin mai a lokacin da yake aiki akan injin mai a Lokacin caji shine sa'o'i 3.5 daga kanti 220 V da 7.5 hours daga tashar 110 V. Ba a taɓa sakin samfurin don samarwa ba.
XC60 ya haɗa da fasalulluka na aminci na Volvo na al'ada ciki har da tsarin kariyar whiplash, tsarin kariya na tasiri na gefe, sarrafa kwanciyar hankali na jujjuya, kwanciyar hankali mai ƙarfi da sarrafa juzu'i, jakunkunan iska na labule, kula da gangaren tudu (AWD kawai), gargaɗin karo tare da tallafin birki, bi-xenon mai aiki. fitilu (na zaɓi a kan wasu ƙira), da ƙirar gaba, gefe, da tsarin baya. Har ila yau, XC60 ya gabatar da sabon fasalin fasaha wanda Volvo ya sanya wa suna lafiyar birni An bayyana tsarin a matsayin tsarin tallafin direba tare da manufar hana ko rage hadurran ababen hawa a ƙasa yana yin haka ta hanyar amfani da firikwensin saurin rufewa wanda ke taimakawa tantance ko yuwuwar karo. Ya danganta da saurin, idan akwai yuwuwar yin karo, na'urar kwamfuta ta Volvo ko dai zata shirya motar don yin birki ko kuma ta birki ta atomatik don gujewa ko rage cin karo na baya A cikin 2011, Cibiyar Bayar da Bayanai ta Babbar Hanya ta ƙididdige Safety na City don 27% ƙarancin abin da ake zargi da lalata dukiya, 51% ƙarancin raunin raunin jiki, da 22% ƙarancin da'awar karo ga XC60 idan aka kwatanta da sauran SUVs masu tsada. XC60 yana da ƙarancin da'awar inshora idan aka kwatanta da sauran nau'ikan Volvo waɗanda ba su da fasalin Tsaron Birni. Yuro NCAP ya kimanta XC60 a cikin 2008, yana ba shi 5 na taurari 5 don balagagge mai kariya. XC60 ya zira maki 16 na maki 16 a gwajin gaba da 16 na 16 a gwajin gefe. Motar ta sami maki 2 na 2 da ake samu a gwajin sandar sanda da ƙarin maki 3 don tunasarwar bel ɗin kujera. XC60 ta karɓi jimillar maki 37 na maki 37 don haka taurari biyar (33–37) a cikin ƙimar Yuro NCAP. XC60 ta kasance ɗaya daga cikin motoci uku kawai don karɓar 37 daga cikin 37 da ake da su a ƙarƙashin ƙimar ƙimar Yuro NCAP a lokacin.
Cibiyar Inshora don Tsaron Babbar Hanya ta ba Volvo XC60 lambar yabo ta Babban Safety Pick+. An ba XC60 mafi girman ƙimar IIHS na "mai kyau" a gaba, gefe, baya da gwaje-gwajen ƙarfin rufin kuma yana da Lantarki Kwanciyar Hankali azaman kayan aiki na yau da kullun don karɓar lambar yabo. CS1 maint: archived copy as |
21130 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dokar%20Najeriya | Dokar Najeriya | Dokar Nijeriya ta ƙunshi kotuna, laifuka, da nau'ikan dokoki daban-daban. Nijeriya tana da nata kundin tsarin mulki wanda aka kafa a ranar 29 ga Mayun shekara ta 1999. Kundin Tsarin Mulki na Najeriya shine babbar dokar kasar. Akwai hudu jinsin doka da tsarin a Najeriya, da suka hada da Turanci dokar, Common dokar, m dokar, kuma Sharia Law. Dokar Ingilishi a Najeriya ta samo asali ne daga mulkin mallaka na Najeriya, yayin da dokar gama gari ci gaba ce daga samun 'yancinta na mulkin mallaka. Dokar Al'adar ta samo asali ne daga ƙa'idodi da al'adun gargajiya na asali, gami da tarurrukan sasanta rikice-rikice na ƙungiyoyin ɓoye na ƙasar Yarbawa kafin mulkin mallaka da Èkpè da Okónkò na Igboland da Ibibioland Dokokin Sharia (wanda aka fi sani da Shari'ar Musulunci) ana amfani da shi ne kawai a Arewacin Nijeriya, inda Islama ke da fifikon addini Musulmai ma suna amfani dashi a cikin jihar Legas. Kasar tana da reshe na shari'a, babbar kotun ta ita ce Kotun Koli ta Najeriya Dokar Laifuka ta Najeriya a halin yanzu itace babi na 77 na dokokin tarayyar Najeriya a shekara ta 1990; ya shafi jihohin kudu ne kawai, jihohin da Kiristoci suka mamaye tun daga shekarar 1963. Ya samo asali ne daga lambar mulkin mallaka na Burtaniya da Babban Kwamishina Frederick Lugard ya gabatar, na farko Baron Lugard a cikin shekara ta 1904, ya zama Dokar Laifuka ta 1916, an sanya ta a matsayin babi na 42 a cikin Dokokin Tarayyar Nijeriya na shekara ta 1958; har zuwa shekara ta 1959 kawai ya shafi jihohin arewacin Najeriya, amma tun daga shekara ta 1963 kawai ya shafi jihohin kudancin Najeriya. Dokar hukunta laifuka ta Najeriya, wacce aka fi sani da Penal Code na Arewacin Najeriya, a halin yanzu babi na 89 ne na Dokokin Arewacin Najeriya na shekara ta 1963; ya shafi jihohin arewa ne kawai, wadanda musulmai suka fi rinjaye tun daga 1960. Tun asali an gabatar da shi ne a ranar 30 ga Satumbar shekara ta 1960, wanda aka samo daga Kundin Tsarin Hukunci na Sudan, wanda shi kuma ya samo asali daga Dokar Hukunci ta Indiya Matsayi na Tsarin Dokar Najeriya Tsarin mulkin Nijeriya ya amince da kotuna a matsayin kotunan Tarayya ko na Jiha. Bambancin farko tsakanin su shine Shugaban kasa yana nada alkalai alkalai a kotunan tarayya, yayin da Gwamnonin Jihohi ke nada alkalai a kotunan jihohi. Duk nadin da aka yi (na tarayya ne ko na jiha) sun dogara ne da shawarwarin Majalisar Kula da Harkokin Shari'a ta Kasa Kotunan Tarayya sune: Kotun Koli, Kotun Daukaka Kara da kuma Babbar Kotun Tarayya.
Kotunan Jihohi sun hada da: Babbar Kotun Jiha, Kotun daukaka kara ta gargajiya da wata Kotun daukaka kara ta wata Jiha. Kowane ɗayan jihohin (a halin yanzu talatin da shida) yana da izinin tsarin mulki ya mallaki duk waɗannan kotunan. Koyaya, jihohin arewacin musulmai akasari suna da kotunan Shari'a maimakon kotunan Al'adu. Jihohin kudu maso kudu wadanda galibinsu mabiya addinin kirista ne suna da kotunan Al'adu ba kotunan Shari'a ba.
Saboda kasancewar babban birnin Najeriya (wanda aka fi sani da gari mai farin ciki ko Babban Birnin Tarayya, FCT) ba jiha bane, bashi da Gwamna. Kotunan da suke dai-dai da kotunan jihohi suna da Shugaban ƙasa ya naɗa Alƙalai don haka kotunan tarayya ne. Kotunan babban birnin tarayya sune: Babbar Kotun FCT, Kotun daukaka kara ta Al'adar na FCT da Kotun daukaka kara ta Shari'a ta FCT
Tier 1 Kotun: Kotun Koli Kotun Koli ta Najeriya ita ce babbar kotu a Najeriya. An kafa shi ne a babban birnin tarayya, Abuja Kotun Koli ne yafi wani kotu na kotun daukaka kara, kuma shi ne karshe roko kotu a kasar. Hakanan yana da ikon asali a cikin vs. Jiha da Jvs. Shari'o'in Gwamnatin Tarayya. Kotun kolin tana karkashin jagorancin wani Alkalin Alkalai wanda wasu Alkalai ke taimaka masa. Nadin Babban Alkalin Alkalai da Alkalai na bukatar tabbatarwa da Majalisar Dattawa.
Tier 2 Kotun: Kotun ɗaukaka ƙara Kotun daukaka kara na gaba ita ce Kotun daukaka kara, a Abuja. Koyaya, don kusantar da adalci ga mutane, Kotun ɗaukaka ƙara tana da rarrabuwa da yawa (a halin yanzu goma sha shida) a sassa daban-daban na ƙasar. Shugaban Kotun Daukaka Kara yana da taken Shugaban Kotun Daukaka Kara. Alkalai ne ke taimaka masa ta. Nadin Shugaban Kotun daukaka kara ne kawai ke bukatar tabbatar da Majalisar Dattawa.
Kotun daukaka kara ne yafi wani kotu na kotun] aukaka} iko, duk da haka shi yana da asali iko ga shugaban kasa da kuma mataimakin-zaben shugaban kasa koke-koke. Kotun daukaka kara ta Tarayya ita ce inda tsarin shari'a da yawa (Ingilishi, Al'adu da Sharia) na Najeriya suka hadu. An tsarin mulkin kasar da ake bukata a yi a kalla uku Mahukunta wanda suke masana a al'ada da doka da akalla uku Mahukunta wanda suke masana a Musulunci sirri dokar.
Ana iya daukaka kara kan hukuncin daga kotu na 2, zuwa Kotun Koli.
Kotuna na Tier 3 Kasa da Kotun Daukaka Kara na Tarayya su ne kotuna na uku. Sun hada da: (1) Babbar Kotun Tarayya da (2) Babbar Kotun koli ta wata e FCT, (3) Kotun daukaka kara ta Gargajiya ta wata jiha FCT da (4) Kotun daukaka kara ta Shari'a ta wata jiha Babban birnin tarayya Babbar Kotun Tarayya tana Abuja. Domin kusantar da adalci ga mutane yana da rarrabuwa a cikin kowace jihohi talatin da shida na kasar. Babbar Kotun Tarayya gaba daya kotu ce ta asalin iko Koyaya, tana da ikon ɗaukaka ƙara daga kotuna kamar su Kotun Roko na Haraji Babban Alkali ne ke jagorantar ta wanda wasu Alkalai ke taimaka masa.
Babbar Kotun jihar FCT ita ce babbar kotun shari'a ta Ingilishi a cikin wata ƙasa ko FCT. Babbar Kotun jihar FCT da Babban Kotun Tarayya suna da iko iri ɗaya. Dangane da cewa akwai rarrabuwa a babbar kotun tarayya a kowace jiha kuma kowacce jiha tana da nata Babbar Kotun, yawanci ana samun rudani game da wace kotu ce. Misali, a cikin jihar Legas, akwai Babbar Kotun Tarayya, Lagos da wata Babbar Kotun ta Legas (wani lokacin ana kiranta da Babban Kotun Jihar Legas). Babban Alkali ne ke jagorantar sa wanda wasu Alkalai ke taimaka masa.
Kotun Daukaka Kara ta Al'adu ta wata Jiha FCT ita ce mafi girman kotun shari'ar Al'adu a cikin wata Jiha FCT. Alkalin ne ke jagorantar sa wanda yake da taken: Shugaban Kotun daukaka kara ta Al`ada na jihar FCT kuma wasu Alkalai suna taimaka masa. Kotun daukaka kara na Shari'a na wata jiha FCT ita ce kotun shari'ar Musulunci mafi girma a cikin wata jiha FCT. Wata babbar Khadi ce ke jagorantarta wacce wasu Khadis ke taimaka mata. Ana iya daukaka kara kan hukunce-hukuncen daga kotuna na 3 zuwa kotun ta 2 (Kotun Daukaka Kara ta Tarayya).
Kotuna na Tier 4: Kotunan Jiha Kananan kotuna a kasar duk kotunan jihohi ne (babu kotun tarayya a cikin wannan kungiyar). Sun hada da (i) Kotunan Majistare da ke daukar kararrakin shari’ar Turanci (ii) Kotunan Gargajiya da ke kula da shari’o’in Gargajiya da (iii) Kotunan Sharia da ke kula da Shari’a. Ana iya daukaka kara daga kotuna na 4 kawai zuwa manyan kotuna na uku (misali hukunce-hukunce daga Kotun Magistrates ta Ingila za a iya daukaka kara ne kawai zuwa kotun doka ta Ingilishi ta uku (Babban Kotun jihar FCT).
Sauran Kotuna Akwai kotunan zabe guda biyu wadanda suka hada da: (1) Kotunan zaben majalisar kasa da ke kula da korafe-korafe daga zaben Majalisar Dattawa da na Wakilai da (2) Gwamna da Kotunan Zabe na Yan Majalisu wadanda ke magance kararraki daga Gubernatorial da Majalisar Dokokin Jiha zabe. Shugaban Kotun Daukaka Kara ta Tarayya ne ya kafa kotunan zaben tare da tuntubar manyan Alkalan manyan kotunan jihohi, Shugabannin Kotunan Alkalai na Gargajiya na jihohin da ko Grand Khadis na Kotunan daukaka kara na Sharia na jihohin.
Code of Kotun An kafa Kotun Codea'idar byabi'a ta Chaptera'idar C15 Code of Conduct Bureau da kuma Dokar Kotun, mai lamba 1 na shekara ta 1989 Dokokin Tarayyar Najeriya, 2004 tare da ranar da za a fara 1 Janairun shekara ta 1991, wanda "ya tanadi kafa dokar Gudanar da Ofishin da Kotun don magance korafe-korafen na cin hanci da rashawa da ma’aikatan gwamnati ke yi saboda karya dokokin ta. Kotun Code of Conduct Tribunal (CCT) za ta kunshi shugaba da wasu mambobi biyu, wadanda shugaban su zai kasance mutumin da ya rike ko ya cancanci rike mukamin a matsayin Alkalin babban kotun daukaka kara a Najeriya kuma zai samu irin wannan ladar kamar doka zata iya bada umarni. Shugaban da sauran mambobin Kotun za a nada su ne bisa Shugabancin Majalisar Shawara ta Kasa. Wa'adin ofishin shugaban CCT da membobinsa zai kare idan ya cika shekaru saba'in. Ba za a cire mutumin da ke rike da mukamin shugaba ko memba na Kotun Code of Conduct Tribunal daga ofishin sa ko nadin sa ba sai a kan adireshin da ya goyi bayan kashi biyu cikin uku na kowace Majalisar Dokoki ta Nijeriya ta yi addu’ar ya zama don haka an cire shi saboda rashin iya gudanar da ayyukan ofis din da ake magana akai (ko hakan ya samo asali ne daga rashin lafiyar hankali ko jiki) ko don rashin da'a ko kuma keta dokar. Ba za a cire mutumin da ke rike da mukamin shugaba ko memba na Kotun ba daga mukaminsa kafin ya yi ritaya, sai dai bisa tanadin sashin dokar. Ana iya ɗaukaka hukunci daga Kotun duabi'a zuwa kotun ta 2 (Kotun ɗaukaka ƙara ta Tarayya).
Sharia Sharia (wanda aka fi sani da shari'ar Islama doka ce da ake amfani da ita a arewacin musulmin kasar. Shari'a, ma'ana "hanya" ko "hanya" a cikin dokar addini ta Musulunci, ta kasance a Nijeriya na dogon lokaci. Dokar shari’ar farar hula an sanya ta a cikin kundin tsarin mulkin Nijeriya daban-daban tun bayan samun ‘yancin kai. Tsarin mulki na kwanan nan ya fara aiki a cikin shekara ta 1999. Bayan dawowar kasar ga mulkin demokradiyya a shekara ta 1999, wasu daga cikin jihohin arewacin kasar wadanda galibinsu musulmai ne suka kafa cikakkiyar shari'ar musulunci (mai laifi da na farar hula). An fara amfani da cikakkiyar shari'ar musulunci a Zamfara a karshen shekara ta 1999 kuma dokar ta fara aiki a watan Janairun 2000. Tun daga wannan lokacin wasu jihohi goma sha daya suka bi sahu. Wadannan jihohin sune Kano, Katsina, Niger, Bauchi, Borno, Kaduna, Gombe, Sokoto, Jigawa, Yobe, da Kebbi Jerin ayyuka da hukunce-hukunce Mai zuwa jerin dokoki da ayyukan da Majalisar Kasa ta ƙirƙira sune kamar haka:
Ayyukan Majalisar Kasa Dokokin Dokokin Canji (1917)
Dokar Dokar Wutar Lantarki 1929.
Dokar Anatomy (1933)
Kamfanin Wutar Lantarki na Dokar Nijeriya 1950. A'a. 15.
Dokar Tabbatar da Ayyuka (1962)
Dokar Niger Dams ta 1962.
Dokar Hukumar Wutar Lantarki ta Kasa Dokar 1972. A'a 24.
Dokar Fatarar Kuɗi (1979)
Hukumar Makamashi ta Najeriya ta yanke hukunci 1989. A'a. 19
Dokar Hukumar Makamashi ta Najeriya Dokar 1988. Babu 32
Dokar wutar lantarki 1990
Dokar Hukumar Wutar Lantarki ta Kasa (NEPA) ta Dokar 1990.
Dokar sasantawa da sulhu (1998)
Dokar Hukumar Wutar Lantarki ta Kasa (Kwaskwarimar) Dokar 1998. A'a 29.
Majalisa ta 4: 1999 2003
Tsarin mulkin tarayyar Najeriya 1999 Dokar Code of Criminal Dokar Penal Code
Dokar 'Yancin Yara na 2003
Dokar Hukumar Wutar Lantarki ta Kasa ta 2004.
Dokar Sashin wutar lantarki (EPSR) Dokar 2005. A'a. 6.
Majalisa ta 5th: 2003 2007
Dokar Hukumar Raya kungiyoyin orderasashe orderungiyoyi, 2003
8th Parliament: 2015 2019
Trafficking in Persons (Prohibition), (Enforcement And Administration) Act, 2015
Dokokin Gwamnatin Soja ta Tarayya Hukumar Makamashi ta Najeriya ta zartar da hukunci 1979. No. 62
Wutar lantarki (Kwaskwarima) Dokar 1998.
NEPA (Kwaskwarimar) Dokar 1998.
Dokar Bayar da Kasuwanci da Kasuwanci na 1988. A'a. 25.
Gudanar da Hukumar Shari'a ta Yanke 1991 (Babu 55) Dokar ikon zartar da hukunci a 1991 (Babu 59) Bankuna da Sauran Cibiyoyin Kudi Sun zartar da hukuncin 1991 Babban Dokar Babban Bankin Najeriya 1991 (Babu 24)
Dokar Yankin Tattalin Arziki na Musamman.
Dokar Amfani da 197asa ta 1978
Dokar Man Fetur 1978.
Horar da doka Duba Makarantar Koyon Doka ta Najeriya Duba Jami'ar Benin
Duba Jami'ar Abuja
Duba Jami'ar Legas
duba Jami'ar Ibadan
duba Jami'ar Nijeriya, Nsukka
duba Jami'ar Nnamdi Azikiwe
duba Jami'ar Afe Babalola
duba Jami'ar Maiduguri duba Jami'ar Nile na Najeriya
Laifi Duba wadannan:
Kai Hare-hare
Baturi
Rantsuwa
Cin mutuncin addini
Hanyoyin haɗin waje Albarkatun kan dokar Najeriya akan CommonLII
Jagora ga Dokar Kan Layi Najeriya daga Laburaren Majalisa
Manazarta Lauyoyi yan Najeriya
Lauyoyi
Lauyoyin Najeriya a karni na 21st
Kungiyoyin Lauyoyi ta Najeriya
Tarihin Najeriya
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33256 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gu%C3%A9lor%20Kanga | Guélor Kanga | Guélor Kanga Serbiann; an haife shi a ranar 1 ga watan Satumba shekara ta 1990) ƙwararren ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ne na Gabon wanda ke taka leda a matsayin ɗan wasan tsakiya na Red Star Belgrade da ƙungiyar ƙwallon ƙafa ta Gabon.
Aikin kulob/Ƙungiya
Shekarun farko a Gabon Kanga ya fara wasa da AS Mangasport a shekara ta, 2007. Nan da nan a farkon kakarsa a matsayin babba a kulob din, ya lashe Gabon Championnat National D1. A cikin yanayi na gaba Mangasport ya ƙare na uku a cikin shekarar 2008 zuwa 2009 da na biyu a shekarar, 2009 zuwa 2010. Bayan yanayi uku a Mangasport, a cikin shekarar, 2010 ya koma Missile FC kuma ya shiga cikin kamfen na lashe gasar zakarun Turai na shekarar, 2010 zuwa 2011. Duk da haka, a kakar wasa ta gaba sun kasa cimma burin daya kuma sun kare a mataki na 5. A cikin shekarar, 2012 zuwa 2013 kakar Mounana ta lashe Coupe du Gabon Interclubs, taken Manga ya ɓace a cikin gida.
Rostov A ranar 9 ga watan Fabrairu shekara ta, 2013, Kanga ya sanya hannu kan yarjejeniyar shekaru 3.5 tare da kungiyar Premier League ta Rasha FC Rostov. Kanga ya fara buga wasansa na farko a gasar Premier ta Rasha a ranar 9 ga watan Maris shekara ta, 2013 don FC Rostov da FC Alania Vladikavkaz. An dakatar da Kanga wasanni uku a watan Disamba shekara ta, 2014 bayan da aka ba shi jan kati a wasan Rostov da FC Spartak Moscow saboda amsa wariyar launin fata daga magoya bayan Spartak tare da nuna batsa. A tsawon shekaru hudu da Kanga ya yi a Rostov, ya buga wasanni 70 a gasar firimiya ta Rasha kuma ya zura kwallaye sau bakwai. Kaka-kaka uku na farko Rostov ya yi mafi yawa a tsakiyar tebur amma a kakar wasansa ta karshe a can kulob din ya kare a matsayi na biyu. A lokacin Kanga ya zama babban burin Miodrag Božović wanda ya horar da shi a Rostov tsakanin shekarar, 2012 da 2014 kuma yanzu yana cikin kungiyar Red Star Belgrade ta Serbia wanda ya lashe gasar zakarun Turai kuma yana karfafa kungiyar don yakin a shekara ta, 2016 zuwa 2017 UEFA Champions League.
Red Star Belgrade A ranar 1 ga watan Yuli shekara ta, 2016, Kanga ya sanya hannu kan yarjejeniyar shekaru biyu tare da Red Star Belgrade. Kanga ya Miodrag Božović ta canja wurin fatan Red Star ta mai zuwa gasar zakarun Turai yakin, kamar yadda Kanga da Božović sun san juna sama da shekaru biyu a FC Rostov. Kanga shi ne dan wasan kwallon kafa na farko dan kasar Gabon a cikin shekaru 33 da ya fara taka leda a kasar Serbia, domin na farko shi ne dan wasan kwallon kafa na farko daga Afirka da ya fara taka leda a Yugoslavia First League, dan kasar Gabon Anselme Delicat, wanda a shekarar, 1983 ya fara buga wasa a kulob din FK Vojvodina na Serbia. Ya bude hanya ga ’yan wasa da dama daga wasu kasashen Afirka da suka zo bayansa zuwa yankin.
Kanga ya fara buga wasansa na farko a kungiyar Red Star a ranar 12 ga watan Yuli, shekara ta, 2016, a matsayin dan wasa a wasan farko na zagaye na biyu na neman cancantar shiga gasar cin kofin zakarun Turai na shekarar, 2016 zuwa 2017 da Valletta FC a waje. Red Star ta ci 1-2, kuma ya taimaka wa abokin wasan Aleksandar Katai don daidaitawa. Kanga ya ci wa Red Star kwallonsa ta farko a wasan farko na zagaye na uku a karawar da suka yi da Ludogorets a Razgrad bayan harbin "parabola" daga nesa. Bayan kwana uku ya buga wasansa na farko na SuperLiga a nasarar da suka yi da Metalac.
Sparta Prague An koma Kanga zuwa tawagar Czech Sparta Prague a ranar 2 ga watan Fabrairu shekara ta, 2018 kan kudin da ba a bayyana ba. Ya zura kwallaye 15 a raga a bugun fenariti, kuma 13 daga wasa.
Red Star Belgrade A ranar 31 ga watan Yulin shekara ta, 2020, Kanga ya sanya hannu kan yarjejeniyar shekaru uku tare da Red Star Belgrade.
Ayyukan kasa Tun lokacin da ya fara halarta a shekarar, 2012, Kanga ya kasance na yau da kullun a kungiyar kwallon kafa ta Gabon. An zabe shi ne a tawagar Gabon a gasar cin kofin nahiyar Afirka ta shekarar, 2015 kuma ya buga dukkan wasanni uku a rukunin. Ba abin mamaki ba ne kiran da ya yi wa 'yan wasan Gabon da su taka leda a gasar cin kofin nahiyar Afirka na shekarar, 2017 da Gabon ta kasance mai masaukin baki. Kanga ya taka rawar gani a Gabon a gasar cin kofin Afirka na shekarar, 2021 a Kamaru.
Rayuwa ta sirri A cikin watan Disamba shekara ta, 2021, Guélor Kanga ya sami ɗan ƙasar Serbia.
Rigima A watan Afrilun shekara ta, 2021, Hukumar Kwallon Kafa ta Kwango ta shigar da kara a kan kasar Gabon bisa zargin bata sunan Kanga. Suna da'awar cewa an haifi Kanga a Kongo kuma a gaskiya ya girmi shekaru hudu da takardar shaidar haihuwa ta Gabon da aka nuna kuma sunan haihuwarsa Kiaku-Kiaku Kianga; wai hukumomin Gabon sun ba shi takardar shaidar haihuwa ta bogi. Bugu da ƙari, a cikin watan Mayu shekara ta, 2021, an ba da rahoton cewa CAF ta fara bincike bayan an yi zargin cewa mahaifiyarsa ta mutu a shekarar, 1986, duk da ranar haihuwa da aka yi masa rajista wato Satumba shekara ta, 1990.
Kididdigar sana'a/Aiki
Kulob/Aiki
Ƙasashen Duniya Kamar yadda wasan ya kasance 17 Nuwamba 2018. Makin Gabon da aka jera farko, ginshiƙin maki yana nuna maki bayan kowace ƙwallon Kanga.
Girmamawa
Kulob Mangasport
Gabon Championnat National D1 2007–08 Missile
Gabon Championnat National D1 2010–11 Mounana
Coupe du Gabon Interclubs 2013 Rostov
Kofin Rasha 2013-14 Sparta Prague
Kofin Czech 2019-20
Red Star Belgrade
Serbian SuperLiga (3): 2017-18, 2020-21, 2021-22
Kofin Serbia (2): 2020–21, 2021–22
Manazarta
Hanyoyin haɗi na waje Bayanan martaba ta gasar Premier ta Rasha
Rayayyun mutane
Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba |
29746 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C6%B3ancin%20Kannabis | Ƴancin Kannabis | Haƙƙin Kannabis ko haƙƙin marijuana (wani lokaci musamman musamman haƙƙin masu amfani da Kannabis ko haƙƙin dutse ƙungiyoyin jama'a ne na mutum da haƙƙin ɗan adam waɗanda suka bambanta ta ikon hukuma. Haƙƙoƙin mutanen da ke shan wiwi sun haɗa da 'yancin samun 'yanci daga wariyar aiki da nuna wariyar gidaje Tarihi a Amurka Har zuwa karni na ashirin, babu wani hani a Amurka game da girma da cinye tabar wiwi. A tsakiyar karni na ashirin, mallakar marijuana laifi ne a kowace jiha ta Amurka (da yawancin sauran ƙasashe). A cikin 1996, ƙaddamar da Shawarar 215 ta masu jefa ƙuri'a na California sun dawo da iyakacin haƙƙin marasa lafiya na kannabis a cikin jihar. Sauran jihohi da ƙasashe tun daga lokacin sun shiga California don kiyaye haƙƙin masu amfani da tabar wiwi. A cikin Amurka, da yawa ba a sani ba game da haƙƙin cannabis saboda duk da dokokin jihohi, kannabis ya kasance ba bisa ƙa'ida ba. Saboda haka, masu amfani da kannabis ba sa cikin aji mai kariya Kotuna za su magance batutuwan da suka shafi dokar gidaje da aikin yi, da kuma wariyar nakasa Amfani da likitanci A cikin Amurka, amfani da tabar wiwi don dalilai na likita doka ne a cikin jihohi 33, huɗu (cikin biyar) yankuna na Amurka na dindindin da kuma Gundumar kolumbiya [11] Ƙarin ƙarin jihohi 14 suna da ƙarin ƙayyadaddun dokoki waɗanda ke ba da izinin amfani da ƙananan samfuran THC. [11] kannabis ya kasance ba bisa ka'ida ba a matakin tarayya ta hanyar Dokar Kayayyakin Abubuwan Kulawa, wanda a ƙarƙashinsa an rarraba cannabis azaman Jadawalin I magani tare da babban yuwuwar cin zarafi kuma babu yarda da amfani da likita. A cikin Disamba 2014, duk da haka, an sanya hannu kan gyaran Rohrabacher-Farr a cikin doka, wanda ya haramta Ma'aikatar Shari'a daga gurfanar da mutanen da ke aiki daidai da dokokin kannabis na likita.
Hujja ta ƙasa da ƙasa don amfani da likita ta haɗa da haƙƙin lafiya, kamar yadda yarjejeniyar ƙasa da ƙasa kan Haƙƙin Tattalin Arziki, Jama'a, da Al'adu suka tabbatar. Koyaya, abin da ke ƙayyade "lafiya" ko "lafiya" ana jayayya tsakanin mutane da hukumomin gwamnati.
Shari'a An haramta amfani da tabar wiwi don dalilai na nishaɗi a yawancin ƙasashe; duk da haka, mutane da yawa sun yi amfani da manufar yanke hukunci don yin sauƙaƙan mallaka wani laifi mara laifi (sau da yawa kama da ƙaramin cin zarafi). Wasu kuma suna da hukuncin da ya fi tsanani kamar wasu ƙasashen Asiya da Gabas ta Tsakiya inda mallakar ko da ƙananan kuɗi ake azabtar da su ta hanyar ɗaurin shekaru da yawa.
Jiha da tarayya Ya zuwa 2019 a Amurka, jihohi goma sha ɗaya da Gundumar Columbia sun halatta maganin kannabis na likita da na nishaɗi, tare da ƙarin jihohi 25 da suka haramta maganin. Duk da haka, jihohi goma sha huɗu da dokar tarayya har yanzu suna rarraba tabar wiwi a matsayin doka, suna sanya tabar wiwi a matsayin magani na "shirin farko". Kasancewa ba bisa ka'ida ba na tarayya, ba za a iya sarrafa riba ta bankunan da ke da inshora na tarayya (ciki har da cak ko adibas), don haka ana tilasta masu siyar da kannabis yin amfani da tsabar kudi ko kuma su kasance cikin duhu game da ayyukan kasuwanci.
Amfanin addini Addinai daban-daban suna da ra'ayoyi daban-daban game da amfani da tabar wiwi, a tarihi da kuma a halin yanzu. A cikin tarihin da, wasu addinai sun yi amfani da tabar wiwi azaman entheogen, musamman a cikin yankin Indiya inda al'adar ta ci gaba a kan iyaka.
A zamanin yau Rastafari na amfani da tabar wiwi azaman tsiro mai tsarki. A halin yanzu, addinan da ke da hani game da abubuwan sa maye, irin su Islama, Buddha, Bahai, Waliyyai na Ƙarshe (Mormons), da sauransu sun yi adawa da amfani da tabar wiwi da membobi, ko kuma a wasu lokuta suna adawa da 'yantar da dokokin kannabis. Wasu ƙungiyoyi, kamar wasu ƙungiyoyin Furotesta da Yahudawa, sun goyi bayan amfani da tabar wiwi na magani Motsi na zamantakewa Motsi game da dokokin cannabis da haƙƙin yana haɓaka tun farkon shekarun 1960. An ƙirƙiri ƙungiyoyi da yawa don amfani da kannabis kuma an haɗa su cikin shekaru 60 da suka gabata yayin da ƙasar ta canza kuma fahimtar haƙƙin marijuana ya canza. Ƙungiya ɗaya mai goyon bayan marijuana ita ce NORML (Ƙungiyar Ƙungiya ta Kasa don Gyara Dokokin Marijuana). Tattaunawa game da haƙƙin cannabis ya canza daga alamun tsinkaya da ke bayyana "Pot yana da daɗi," zuwa kasancewa game da lafiya da adalci na zamantakewa. An lura cewa al'ummomin Ba-Amurke na iya shan wahala mafi yawa daga ci gaba da haramcin tabar wiwi, kodayake yawan amfani da su ya yi daidai da ƴan ƙasa farare. Kama mutanen Afirka-Amurka ya ninka sau 3.73 idan aka kwatanta. Masu fafutuka suna fatan ganin waɗancan lambobin sun ragu tare da samun haƙƙoƙi.
Indoneshiya Akwai kusan masu amfani da tabar wiwi miliyan biyu a Indonesiya a cikin 2014, in ji Hukumar Yaƙi da muggan kwaya ta ƙasa Badan Narkotika Nasional BNN Wannan ya sa tabar wiwi ta zama sanannen magani a Indonesiya sai kuma nau'in amphetamine-stymulants (ATS) kamar methamphetamine (shabu) da ecstasy Yawancin tabar wiwi ana rarraba su ne daga yammacin lardin Indoneshiya mai suna Aceh An daure mutane 37,923 saboda cannabis tsakanin 2009 da 2012. An daure mutane 26, a matsakaita, kowace rana. Domin tabar wiwi ita ce maganin da aka fi amfani da shi, shan tabar wiwi ya kai kashi 66 bisa dari fiye da sauran kwayoyi a kasar. Ana ba da hukuncin kisa ga mutanen da ke noman tabar wiwi, ko kuma tarar dalar Amurka 550,000 mafi ƙanƙanta, bisa ga dokar hana shan tabar wiwi (BNN).
Manazarta Anders, Melissa (Maris 1, 2012). Kungiyoyin marijuana na likitanci sun bukaci 'yan majalisar Michigan da su kare haƙƙin haƙuri MLive Caiuby Labate, Beatriz, and Cavnar, Clancy (2014), Hana, 'Yancin Addini, da 'Yancin Dan Adam: Gudanar da Amfani da Magungunan Gargajiya Bugawar Springer
Clark Davis, Joshua (Janairu 6, 2015). The Long Marijuana-Rights Movement Hoton Huffington Edwards Staggs, Brooke (15 ga Fabrairu, 2017). Haɗin gwiwar yana nufin kare masu amfani da kannabis daga gwajin magunguna bazuwar a wurin aiki Cannifornia Gatenio Gabel, Shirley (2016). Tsarin Tushen Hakki ga Binciken Manufofin Jama'a: Mugun Magani ko Mu'ujiza? Wanene Ya yanke shawara kuma Ta yaya? pp. 60-61. Bugawar Springer
Liquori, Francesca (Fabrairu 18, 2016). Illar Halaccin Tabar wiwi akan Dokar Aiki Jaridar NAGTRI, Juzu'i na 1, Lamba 2 M Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba |
33555 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kungiyar%20Kwallon%20Kafa%20ta%20Aljeriya | Kungiyar Kwallon Kafa ta Aljeriya | Kungiyar kwallon kafa ta Aljeriya tana wakiltar Algeriya a wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ta duniya kuma hukumar kula da ƙafa ta Aljeriya ce ke tafiyar da ita Kungiyar ta buga wasanta na gida ne a filin wasa na Mustapha Tchaker da ke Blida da kuma ranar 5 ga Yuli a Algiers. Algeriya ta shiga FIFA ne a ranar 1 ga watan Janairu na shekarar 1964, shekara daya da rabi bayan samun 'yancin kai. Su ne zakarun gasar cin kofin Larabawa na FIFA na yanzu Tawagar Arewacin Afirka ta samu gurbin shiga gasar cin kofin duniya sau hudu a shekarun 1982 da 1986 da 2010 da 2014 Algeriya ta lashe gasar cin kofin kasashen Afirka sau biyu, sau daya a shekarar 1990, lokacin da ta karbi bakuncin gasar, da kuma a Masar a shekarar 2019 kuma ta lashe kofin kasashen Larabawa na FIFA 2021 Har ila yau, sun kasance zakara a gasar cin kofin Afirka da Asiya ta shekarar 1991, da gasar kwallon kafa ta maza na gasar wasannin Afirka ta shekarar 1978 da kuma gasar kwallon kafa ta maza na wasannin Bahar Rum ta shekarar 1975 Abokan hamayyar al'adar Aljeriya sun fi Morocco, Tunisia da Masar Aljeriya kuma ta yi wasan fafatawa da Najeriya, musamman a shekarun 1980 a lokacin gwarzuwar kwallon kafa ta Aljeriya, da Mali saboda hada kan iyaka da kuma fafatawar da aka dade ana gwabzawa, da kuma Senegal, inda Algeria ta fara samun nasarar farko a duniya. Ga 'yan Algeria, babbar nasarar da suka samu ita ce nasarar da suka yi da Jamus ta Yamma da ci 2-1 a gasar cin kofin duniya ta FIFA a shekarar 1982 inda kasar Afirka ta Kudu ta girgiza duniya. Algeria ta samar da hazikan 'yan wasa da dama a tsawon lokaci kuma ana daukarta a matsayin daya daga cikin kungiyoyin da suka fi fice a tarihin kwallon kafar Afirka. A gasar cin kofin duniya da aka yi a Brazil a shekara ta 2014, Algeria ta zama tawaga ta farko a Afirka da ta ci akalla kwallaye hudu a wasa daya a gasar cin kofin duniya da ta fafata da Koriya ta Kudu Tarihi
Kungiyar ƙwallon ƙafa ta ALN, 1957–1958 A shekara ta 1956, a Tunis, Tunisia, an kafa tawaga ta farko da za ta wakilci Algeria, kungiyar Armée de Liberation Nationale (ALN) ta Ahmed Benelfoul da Habib Draoua. Kungiyar FLN ta amince da kungiyar a watan Mayu Na shekarar 1957 kuma Salah Saidou ne ya jagoranci kungiyar sannan dan wasa Abdelkader Zerrar shine kyaftin. An buga wasan farko a ranar 1 ga watan Yuni na shekarar 1957 da Tunisia a filin wasa na Chedly Zouiten A watan Afrilu na shekarar 1958, ƙungiyar ta narkar da kuma an maye gurbinsu da ƙungiyar FLN.
Ƙungiyar ƙwallon ƙafa ta FLN, 1958–1962 Tawagar ƙwallon ƙafa ta FLN ƙungiya ce da ta ƙunshi ƙwararrun ƴan wasa a ƙasar Faransa, waɗanda daga nan suka shiga ƙungiyar 'yancin kai ta Aljeriya ta FLN, kuma ta taimaka wajen shirya wasannin ƙwallon ƙafa da ƙungiyoyin ƙwallon ƙafa na ƙasa. FLN ta danganta wasan kwallon kafa na Afirka da adawa da mulkin mallaka ta hanyar amfani da ra'ayin Pan-Africanism a matsayin kayan aiki na halal da alamar asalin ƙasa. Hukumomin Faransa cikin sauki sun samu rashin amincewar kungiyar daga FIFA. Duk da haramcin wasa, ƙungiyar FLN ta shiga rangadin duniya na kusan tarurruka tamanin, ciki har da Turai, Gabas ta Tsakiya, Asiya da Afirka Daga cikin waɗannan tarurrukan, FLN ta yi nasara a wasanni 55.
Farkon, 1962 An kafa kwallon kafa a Aljeriya a shekarun 1830 ta hannun Turawa mazauna kasar da suka kawo wasan kasar. An kafa kungiyar kwallon kafa ta Aljeriya a shekara ta 1962 bayan samun 'yancin kai daga Faransa, a matsayin magajin kungiyar kwallon kafa ta FLN A karkashin mulkin Faransa, ba a ba wa Aljeriya damar samun tawaga ta kasa ba, kungiyar kwallon kafa ta FLN ta kasance irin ta tawaye ga mulkin mallaka na Faransa. Dukkan wasanninsu an dauke su a matsayin abokantaka kuma FIFA ba ta amince da su ba A yayin wani taron manema labarai a birnin Tunis, kungiyar kwallon kafa ta Aljeriya ta ki yin wani bayani na siyasa, inda ta ce wasan kwallon kafa a matsayin wasa ne maimakon tasirin siyasa. Bayan da FIFA ta amince da kungiyar kwallon kafa ta Aljeriya a hukumance a shekarar 1963, kungiyar ta samu tikitin shiga gasar cin kofin nahiyar Afirka a shekarar 1968, kuma ta kasa samun gurbin shiga gasar cin kofin Afrika da za a buga a karo na biyar har zuwa shekarar 1980, inda 'yan wasan Algeria suka yi fice. Bayan da Algeria ta zo na daya a rukuninsu, ta doke abokiyar hamayyarta Masar a wasan kusa da na karshe, kuma ta kai wasan karshe a karon farko, inda Najeriya mai masaukin baki ta sha kashi da ci 3-0. An dauki wannan gasar a matsayin haihuwar kungiyar Aljeriya a matsayin daya daga cikin manyan kungiyoyi a Afirka.
Zamanin Zinariya, 1980-1990
1982 FIFA World Cup Aljeriya ta haifar da tashin hankali a gasar cin kofin duniya a ranar farko ta gasar bayan da ta doke Jamus ta Yamma da ci 2-1 a yanzu A wasan karshe a rukunin da ke tsakanin Jamus ta Yamma da Ostiriya, inda Aljeriya da Chile sun riga sun buga wasansu na karshe a ranar da ta gabata, kungiyoyin na Turai sun san cewa Jamus ta Yamma da ci 1 ko 2 za ta kai su duka biyun, yayin da mafi girma. Nasarar da Jamus ta yi a yammacin Jamus za ta baiwa Algeria damar samun tikitin shiga gasar da za ta yi da Ostiriya, idan kuma aka tashi kunnen doki ko kuma na Ostiriya zai kawar da Jamusawa ta Yamma. Bayan mintuna 10 na harin gaba daya, Jamus ta Yamma ta zura kwallo ta hannun Horst Hrubesch Bayan da aka zura kwallo a ragar kungiyoyin biyu sun yi ta harbin kan mai uwa da wabi a sauran wasan. Jama'ar Spain sun yi ta kururuwa na "Fuera, fuera" ("Out, out"), yayin da magoya bayan Aljeriya da suka fusata suka daga wa 'yan wasan takardar kudi. An nuna rashin jin daɗin wannan wasan kwaikwayon, har ma da magoya bayan Jamus ta Yamma da Austriya. Algeria ta nuna rashin amincewa ga FIFA, inda ta yanke hukuncin cewa a bar sakamakon ya tsaya; FIFA ta gabatar da tsarin cancantar shiga gasar cin kofin duniya da aka yi a baya inda aka buga wasanni biyu na karshe a kowace rukuni a lokaci guda.
Official titles International
FIFA World Cup
Round of 16 (1): 2014
Football at the Summer Olympics
Quarter-finals (1): 1980
Mediterranean Games
Champions (1): 1975
Runners-up (1): 1993
Third place (1): 1979
Afro-Asian Cup of Nations
Champions (1): 1991
Continental
Africa Cup of Nations
Champions (2): 1990, 2019
Runners-up (1): 1980
Third place (2): 1984, 1988
Fourth place (2): 1982, 2010
African Nations Championship
Fourth place (1): 2011
African Games
Champions (1): 1978
Other titles Regional title
FIFA Arab Cup
Champions (1): 2021
Pan Arab Games
Third place (1): 1985
Palestine Cup of Nations
Third place (2): 1972, 1973
Islamic Solidarity Games
Third place (1): 2017
Total titles
Awards African National Team of the Year
Winners (8): 1980, 1981, 1982, 1990 (shared), 1991, 2009, 2014, 2019
Duba kuma Kungiyar kwallon kafa ta Aljeriya A
Kungiyar kwallon kafa ta Aljeriya ta kasa da shekaru 23
Kungiyar kwallon kafa ta Aljeriya ta kasa da shekaru 20
Kungiyar kwallon kafa ta Aljeriya ta kasa da shekaru 17
Jerin sunayen manajan kungiyar kwallon kafa ta Aljeriya
Jerin 'yan wasan kwallon kafar Aljeriya
Bayanai da kididdiga na kungiyar kwallon kafa ta Aljeriya
Jerin sunayen 'yan wasan da suka fi zura kwallo a raga a kungiyar kwallon kafa ta Aljeriya
Tawagar kwallon kafa ta Aljeriya da ta kafa tarihi
Bayanan kula A. Kafin samun 'yancin kai na Aljeriya a 1962, an shirya wasanni a ƙarƙashin kulawar Front de Libération Nationale kuma ana kiranta ƙungiyar ƙwallon ƙafa ta FLN Manazarta
Hanyoyin haɗi na waje FA Algeria
Algeria FIFA profile
Littattafan Bayanan Kwallon Kafa na Aljeriya
ELKHADRA
Kungiyoyin Kwallon Kafa na |
26498 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maida%20Shu%C9%97i | Maida Shuɗi | Maida Shiɗi ya kasan ce an ƙarɓa sunan da yawa ga wani samarwar data kunshi muhalli, kullum da kuma kasafin kudi da sake fasalin cigaba bayan da COVID-19 cutar AIDS An sami babban tallafi daga jam’iyyun siyasa, gwamnatoci, masu fafutuka da masana a fadin Tarayyar Turai, Ingila, Amurka, da sauran ƙasashe don tabbatar da saka hannun jari don ɗaga ƙasashe Ana kashe koma bayan tattalin arziƙi ta hanyar yaƙar canjin yanayi, gami da rage kwal, mai, da amfani da gas, da saka hannun jari a tsaftataccen sufuri, makamashi mai sabuntawa, gine-gine masu muhalli, da ayyukan kamfanoni masu ɗorewa ko ayyukan kuɗi. Majalisar Dinkin Duniya da Kungiyar Hadin Kan Tattalin Arziki da Cigaban Tattalin Arziki ne ke tallafawa waɗannan dabarun. A watan Yuli na 2021, Hukumar Makamashi ta Duniya ta yi gargadin cewa kusan kashi 2% na kudin ceto tattalin arzikin duniya ne za su tsaftace makamashi. Bayanai na OECD sun nuna cewa kashi 17% ne kawai na kuɗin saka hannun jari na COVID-19 da aka ware don "murmurewa kore" har zuwa Maris 2021.
Bayan Fage Tun juyin juya halin masana'antu, kona gawayi, man fetur da iskar gas ya saki miliyoyin tan na carbon dioxide, methane, da sauran iskar gas zuwa cikin yanayi, wanda ke haifar da dumamar yanayi. Zuwa shekarar 2020, matsakaicin zafin duniya ya karu da sama da 1 C tun daga matakin farko na masana'antu. Kwamitin Majalisar Nationsinkin Duniya na Sauyin Yanayi ya lissafa cewa ci gaba da ƙona gawayi, man fetur, da iskar gas zai dumama duniya da tsakanin digiri 0.8 zuwa digiri 2.5, a kowane gigatonnes 1000 na ƙona carbon kuma akwai gigatonnes 2900 a cikin tabbatar reserves. Don haka kona wani yanki na gawayi, man fetur, da iskar gas zai haifar da dumamar yanayin duniya wanda ba a iya sarrafa shi, wanda ke haifar da lalacewar amfanin gona, da kuma taron ɓarna na taro na 6. A karshen shekarar 2019, an sami karuwar aukuwar gobarar daji a Ostiraliya, gandun dajin Amazon a Brazil, da gandun daji na Arctic a Rasha, da kuma karuwar hadarin guguwa a Amurka da Caribbean, da ambaliya. A cikin 2015, mafi yawan ƙasashe sun rattaba hannu kan Yarjejeniyar Paris da ke yin alƙawarin takaita fitar da hayaƙin carbon a duniya don hana hauhawar zafi sama da digiri 2, tare da burin iyakance yanayin zafi zuwa digiri 1.5. Masu fafutuka da 'yan siyasa, musamman matasa, sun zama masu ƙara faɗa a cikin neman Green New Deal a cikin Amurka, ko Juyin Masana'antu na Green a Burtaniya, don kawo ƙarshen amfani da burbushin mai a cikin sufuri, makamashi. tsara, noma, gine -gine, da kuɗi. A ƙarshen 2019, EU ta ba da sanarwar Yarjejeniyar Green Green, duk da cewa an ce wannan ya yi nisa da burin kawo ƙarshen amfani da burbushin mai a cikin ƙungiyar nan da 2050. A farkon 2020, cutar ta COVID-19 ta sa ƙasashe sun kulle tattalin arzikin su, don hana kamuwa da cuta da mutuwa daga yaduwar cutar. Wannan yana buƙatar kasuwancin da yawa su dakatar da aiki, yayin da mutane ke tafiya ƙasa da ƙasa, siyayya kaɗan, kuma suna zama a gida don yin ƙarin aiki. A yawancin ƙasashe wannan ya haifar da wasu asarar aiki, yayin da a Amurka, Ingila, da sauran ƙasashe masu ƙarancin haƙƙin aiki, an sami hauhawar hauhawar rashin aikin yi. Faduwar ayyukan tattalin arziki kuma ya haifar da faduwar iskar gas mai gurbata muhalli Wannan ya ƙarfafa ƙungiyoyin kamfen su yi kira, kuma 'yan siyasa da gwamnatoci su yi alƙawarin, "murmurewa kore".
Yayin da aka shirya shirye -shirye da yawa na farfadowa don yaƙar matsalar tattalin arziƙi, muryoyin sun yi kira da a haɗa dabarun rage sauyin yanayi. Aiwatar da ƙa'idodin kore a cikin fakitin dawo da tallafi na ayyukan da ke haɓaka tsaka -tsakin carbon sun kasance manyan da'awa. Dangane da haka, an tsara “koren murmurewa” a matsayin dama maimakon raba nauyi, kamar yadda hanyar dawowar mai dorewa ba kawai tana haifar da ƙarancin gurɓataccen iska ba amma tana iya tallafawa ci gaban tattalin arziki da ɗorewa. A cikin jawabai na baya, an ƙirƙira waɗannan tasirin sakamako masu kyau kamar haɗin gwiwa Dangane da IPCC, ana iya bayyana fa'idar haɗin gwiwa a matsayin: "sakamako mai kyau wanda manufa ko ma'auni da aka ƙulla da manufa ɗaya zai iya haifar da wasu manufofin, ba tare da la'akari da tasirin da ke tattare da jindadin jama'a gaba ɗaya". Matakai daban-daban na iya samun tasirin zamantakewa da tattalin arziki da yawa. Bayar da kuzari masu sabuntawa na iya haɓaka aikin yi da haɓaka masana'antu. Dangane da kasar da yanayin turawa, maye gurbin cibiyoyin samar da makamashin kwal da makamashin da za a iya sabuntawa na iya ninka ninki biyu na ayyuka ta kowane matsakaicin karfin MW. Bayan tasirin tattalin arziƙi, dabarun rage sauyin yanayi na iya haɓaka fa'idodin haɗin gwiwa na zamantakewa da tattalin arziƙi. Tura kananan hanyoyin sadarwa na hasken rana na iya inganta hanyoyin samar da wutar lantarki ga yankunan karkara da kuma maye gurbin makamashin da ke amfani da gawayi tare da sabbin abubuwan da za a iya sabuntawa na iya rage yawan mutuwar da ba a jima ba sakamakon gurbata iska.
Bayar da shawarwarin kore Shawarwari don "murmurewa kore" sun bambanta sosai gwargwadon masu ba da shawara.
A cikin Amurka, gungun masana da masu fafutuka da ke aiki a manufofin canjin yanayi sun gabatar da "kore mai motsawa don sake gina tattalin arzikinmu" a cikin Maris 2020, wanda ya haɗa da shawarwari daga 'yan takara daban -daban a zaɓen shugaban ƙasa na Jam'iyyar Democrat na 2020 An gabatar da shawarar da aka gabatar a matsayin jerin manufofin da suka shafi filayen takwas, gidaje da kayayyakin more rayuwa na jama'a, sufuri, kwadago da masana'antun kore, samar da makamashi, abinci da aikin gona, muhalli da kore kayayyakin more rayuwa, manufofin kirkire -kirkire, da manufofin kasashen waje. An saita mafi ƙarancin matakin tallafinsa a kashi 4% na GDP na Amurka, ko kusan dala biliyan 850 a shekara, har zuwa nasarar cin nasarar cikakken ɓarna da rashin aikin yi a ƙasa da kashi 3.5%. A cikin Burtaniya, gwamnati ta ba da shawarar "murmurewa mai ɗorewa da jurewa," kuma ta ba da sanarwar fan miliyan uku don gina ginin a cikin Yuli. Sabanin haka, a farkon watan Yuli, wata kungiyar masana ilimi da tunani ta ba da shawarar "Dokar Mayar da Green" wacce za ta yi niyya a fannoni tara na gyaran doka, kan sufuri, samar da makamashi, aikin gona, burbushin halittu, ƙaramar hukuma, yarjejeniya ta ƙasa da ƙasa, kuɗi da gudanar da kamfanoni., aiki, da saka jari. Wannan yana da burin kafa ayyuka a kan dukkan hukumomin gwamnati da masu gudanar da aikin don kawo karshen amfani da duk kwal, man fetur da iskar gas "cikin sauri kamar yadda ake iya aiwatar da fasaha," tare da tsauraran matakai idan har yanzu babu sauran hanyoyin fasaha. A watan Yuni na 2020, gwamnatin Jamus ta yi alƙawarin dawo da kore tare da tallafin 40 biliyan 36 biliyan ko dalar Amurka biliyan 45) a zaman wani ɓangare na shirin dawo da billion biliyan 130. A watan Yulin 2020 Majalisar Tarayyar Turai ta amince da babban asusu na farfadowa na billion 750 biliyan, wanda aka yiwa lakabi da Next Generation EU (NGEU), don tallafawa kasashe membobin da cutar ta COVID-19 ta kashe. Babban burin sauyin yanayi na kashi 30% zai shafi jimlar kashe kuɗi daga NGEU bisa ƙa'idar yarjejeniyar sauyin yanayi ta Paris A watan Fabrairu na 2021, masu sharhi kamar Majalisar Dangantakar Ƙasashen waje sun lura cewa ban da manufofin sauyin yanayi da ake samu a Amurka ta hannun wanda ya lashe zaɓen farko na Democrat da Shugaba Joe Biden, sauran manyan ƙasashe masu ƙarfin tattalin arziki kamar China, Indiya, kuma Tarayyar Turai ta kuma fara "aiwatar da wasu manufofin da Green New Deal ta tsara."
A cikin bazara 2021, Biden ya gabatar da Tsarin Ayyukan Jojiya na Amurka da Tsarin Iyalan Amurka, wanda ya haɗa da ƙa'idodin dawo da kore waɗanda suka haɗa da saka hannun jari a kamawa da adana carbon, makamashi mai tsafta, da Hukumar Kula da Yanayin Jama'a kwatankwacin Hukumar Kula da Jama'a Shirye -shiryen sun sami suka daga masu ci gaba waɗanda ke kallon su da sauran manufofin canjin yanayi na Biden ba su da babban buri.
Sabuntawar Yuli 2021 ga Gargadin Masana Kimiyya na Duniya ga Bil Adama ya gano kashi 17% na kudaden saka hannun jari na COVID-19 wanda aka ba da rahoton cewa an raba su zuwa "murmurewa kore" tun daga Maris 2021 don rashin isa, yana mai gargadin cewa sabbin manufofin canjin yanayi yakamata su kasance na tsare-tsaren dawo da COVID-19, waɗanda su ma suna buƙatar tushen tushen tushen, maimakon alamu, tare da buƙatar canje-canje na tsarin sama da siyasa kuma nan da nan, raguwar iskar gas ɗin da za a fifita.
Tattalin arziki Babban burin shi ne dawo da tattalin arziƙi da gyara lalacewar yanayi da muhalli a lokaci guda.
Bayanan kula E McGaughey, M Lawrence da Dukiyar Al'umma, The Green Recovery Act 2020 shawarar Burtaniya, da pdf
Bernie Sanders, Shawarar Green New Deal ga Amurka
Ƙungiyar Sabon Sabon Ƙungiyar, Sabon Sabon Yarjejeniyar Yuli 2008 Green New Deal for Europe (2019) Edition II, Gabatarwa ta Ann Pettifor da Bill McKibben
Manazarta Covid-19
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22222 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scott%20Spencer%20%28footballer%29 | Scott Spencer (footballer) | Scott Kernaghan Spencer (an haife shi a ranar 1 ga watan Janairu, a shekarar 1989) shi ne ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ta Ingila Yana taka leda ne a matsayin dan wasan gaba Ya kuma wakilci Ingila U19s da theasashen Ingila C.
An bayyana shi azaman 'abin mamaki', ya fara aikin sa a Oldham Athletic yayi shekaru 10 yana aiki ta hanyar tsakiyar ƙwararrun ƙungiyar. A cikin shekarar 2006, ya koma Everton kan farashin kudi kimanin 220,000 kuma ya ba da lamuni tare da Yeovil Town da Macclesfield Town kafin Everton ta sake shi shekaru uku kawai daga baya a cikin shekarar 2009. Daga nan ya koma Rochdale kan yarjejeniyar da ba ta kwangila, daga baya ya koma Southend United Ya zauna har zuwa ragowar kakar shekara ta 2009 zuwa 2010 da farkon kakar shekarar 2010 zuwa 2011, daga baya ya koma Lincoln City har zuwa karshen wannan kakar kafin a sake shi, sakamakon koma baya da kungiyar ta yi daga Kungiyar kwallon kafa Bayan gwaji da yawa, daga ƙarshe ya sanya hannu don Hyde. Ya karɓi kiransa na farko zuwa Englandasar Ingila C a watan Agusta shekara ta 2011 yayin da yake a Hyde.
Ayyuka
Farkon aiki An haife shi a Oldham, Greater Manchester, Spencer ya shiga Cibiyar Kwarewa ta Oldham Athletic yana da shekara 10, sa hannu kan tsawaita kwantiragin shekaru hudu tare da kungiyar a watan Nuwamba, shekara ta 2001. Ya ci gaba da ci gaba ta hanyar saiti a Oldham, yana ƙin ƙaura zuwa Bolton Wanderers a watan Fabrairun shekarar 2005, don zama ɗan ƙwararren matashi tare da ƙungiyar gabanin lokacin shekarar 2005 zuwa 2006. Yanayin da yake yi wa kungiyar ta matasa 'yan kasa da shekaru 18 ya ja hankali kuma kulob din ya amince da yarjejeniyar musayar tare da Everton a watan Afrilun shekarar 2006. A ƙarshe ya sanya hannu a Everton a watan Mayu, shekara ta 2006, ya yarda da kwantiragin shekaru uku tare da kulob din, ya koma for 220,000. Spencer ya koma Macclesfield Town a matsayin aro a watan Maris, na shekarar 2008 kuma ya fara buga wasansa da Brentford a ranar 8 ga watan Maris. Everton ya sake shi a ranar 1 ga watan Yulin shekarar 2009.
Rochdale da Southend A ranar 14 ga watan Agusta aka sanar da cewa Spencer ya sanya hannu kan yarjejeniyar ba da kwangila ga Rochdale An saki Spencer daga Rochdale sannan daga baya ya sanya hannu kan kwantiragin watanni shida ga Southend United a kasuwar musayar 'yan wasa ta Janairu ta shekarar 2010 bayan ya nuna sha'awarsa kan gwaji. Spencer ya buga wasansa na farko a matsayin wanda ya maye gurbin Huddersfield Town a ranar 16 ga Janairun shekarar 2010 a wasan da suka sha kashi 2-1, Spencer ne yaci kwallon Southend daya tilo. Dole ne ya jira wasu wasanni biyu don wata manufa, lokacin da ya ci kwallo a wasan da suka tashi 2-2 da Swindon Town Spencer ya ci kwallaye biyu ne kawai a kakar shekarar 2009 zuwa 2010, a kan Walsall da Bristol Rovers Bayan bayyanuwa shida kuma babu kwallaye ga Spencer a farkon kakar shekarar 2010 zuwa 2011, an sake shi daga kwantiraginsa a kulob din a ranar 28 ga Janairun shekarar 2011.
Lincoln Birnin Bayan da Southend ya sake shi ya sake haɗuwa tare da tsohon manajansa daga Southend, Steve Tilson, bayan ya koma Lincoln City a ranar 31 ga Janairu. Ya fara buga wasansa na farko ne a wasan da suka doke Bradford City da ci 2-1 a ranar 1 ga Fabrairu, amma bayan wasu wasanni takwas da ba shi da kwallaye a raga ga Spencer, kulob din ya sake shi a watan Mayu bayan faduwa daga kulob din daga Kwallon kafa. A watan Yuli ya hade da Barrow a gwajin, zura kwallo ta biyu a kungiyar a wasan sada zumunci da suka doke tsohuwar kungiyarsa Oldham a ranar 9 ga watan Yuli Duk da haka ba a ba shi kwangila tare da kulob din ba kuma ya ci gaba da yin gwaji tare da Southport, yana taimaka wa kulob din tabbatar da Kofin Manyan Liverpool tare da nasarar da ci 2-0 a kan tsohuwar kungiyarsa ta Everton, sannan kuma a yi masa gwaji na karshe tare da FC Garin Halifax Hyde Ya sanya hannu a kan Hyde a ranar 12 ga watan Agusta, shekarar 2011. Ya buga wasan sa na farko kwana daya kacal a wasan da suka doke Worcester City da ci 2-1, yana cin fanareti kuma ya ci kansa. Spencer ne ya zira kwallaye hudu a ragar Hyde a wasan da suka tashi 4-0 a waje a hannun Corby Town a ranar 20 ga watan Agusta. Ya ci gaba da kyakkyawar farawa ga Hyde ta hanyar sake zira kwallaye lokacin da Hyde ya buga wasan Hinckley United a ƙarshen Agusta, shekarar 2011. Kwallaye bakwai da ya ci a wasanni hudu kawai ya ba shi damar kiransa ga tawagar Ingila C, wanda aka sanar a ranar 23 ga watan Agusta. After going nine games without a goal, he scored on his return from injury in a 4–1 win over Eastwood Town in December 2011. He scored again the following game, in a 2–1 defeat to Boston United, before he scored his second four-goal haul of the season, scoring all four in a 4–2 win over Vauxhall Motors. On 30 December 2011, he signed a contract with the club, before assisting Hyde's first goal, and scoring their second and his 20th of the season as Hyde came out 3–1 winners at Stalybridge on New Year's Day. He finished the 2011–12 season having played 37 games in all competitions scoring 32 goals, helping Hyde to the Conference North league title.
Ya fara da shekarar 2012-13 taron National kakar tare da zira kwallaye biyu a bude wasan, netting sau biyu a 2-2 doki da Braintree Town Ya kammala kakar wasan da kwallaye goma a wasanni 35 a duk gasa. Ya zira kwallayen sa na farko a kakar 2013-14 a watan Oktoba a wasan da suka sha kashi a hannun Dartford daci 4-3. Bayan wasanni 31 ya ci kwallaye takwas a kakar, an tura shi aro zuwa abokan hamayyar kungiyar Halifax Town a ranar 27 Maris, shekarar 2014.
Gundumar Stockport A ranar 1 ga watan Yuli, shekara ta 2014, ya shiga County na Stockport Hyde United A cikin watan Fabrairun 2016, Hukumar Kula da Kwallon Kafa ta ba Spencer dakatarwar watanni uku, inda aka dakatar da shi na tsawon watanni biyu har zuwa 1 ga watan Oktoba 2017, saboda kasa bayar da rahoto kai tsaye game da "hanyar da wani bangare na uku da ke da alaka da neman yin tasiri a kan sakamakon ko halin na wasa ko gasar Hukumar ta FA ta kuma ce, "Yana da muhimmanci a lura cewa 'yan wasan uku ba su da hannu a wani yunkuri na daidaita wasanni kuma ba su karbar kudi ko kyauta".
Gundumar Stockport Sannan ya koma tsohuwar kulob din Stockport.
Stalybridge Celtic A watan Oktoba 2016 ya shiga Stalybridge Celtic Salon wasa Yana wasa ne a matsayin dan wasan gaba kuma an nuna masa ya isa saman wasan lokacin da ya bar Oldham Athletic zuwa Everton. An kuma bayyana Spencer a matsayin 'abin mamaki'. Bayan ya zira kwallaye hudu a raga a wasan da suka doke Corby Town da ci 4-0 a gidan Hyde, an bayyana shi a matsayin "tauraron da ba a tantama"
Rayuwar mutum Baya ga wasan ƙwallon ƙafa, Spencer yana aiki ne ga iyayensa, yana taimakawa cikin kasuwancin tsabtace iyalinsu kwana biyu a mako.
Kididdigar aiki
Manazarta
Hanyoyin haɗin waje Scott Spencer Profile a Lincoln City Amsoshi
'Yan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ta ƙasar Ingila
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21145 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ousmane%20Issoufou%20Oubandawaki | Ousmane Issoufou Oubandawaki | Ousmane Issoufou Oubandawaki (an haife shi a ranar 5 ga watan Satumba shekara ta 1948 ɗan siyasan Nijar ne. Oubandawaki wanda injiniya ne ta fannin sana'a, ya ƙware a harkar tukin jirgin sama, ya rike mukamai da dama a ASECNA kuma ya yi aiki a gwamnatin Nijar a karkashin Shugaba Ibrahim Baré Mainassara, na farko a matsayin Ministan Tsaro na ƙasa daga shekarar 1996 zuwa shekara ta 1997 sannan kuma Ministan Sufuri daga shekarar 1997 zuwa shekara ta 1998. Ya kasance Darakta-Janar na ASECNA daga Janairu shekarar 1999 zuwa watan Disamba shekara ta 2004.
Bayan kafa ƙungiyar siyasa, Rally of Nijar Patriots Rassemblement des patriotes nigériens, RPN-Alkalami), an zabi Oubandawaki a Majalisar Dokokin Nijar a shekarar 2009 kuma ya zama Shugaban Ƙungiyar 'Yan Majalisu masu zaman kansu. Ya yi 'yan watanni kawai a majalisar kasa, saboda an rusa shi a juyin mulkinshekarar watan Fabrairun shekarara 2010. Tun daga shekarar 2011, ya kasance mai bai wa Shugaba Mahamadou Issoufou Mashawarci na Musamman.
Harkar siyasa An haife shi a shekara ta 1948 a garin Konni a kasar Nijar, Oubandawaki ya yi karatu ya zama injiniya, ya kammala makarantar Makarantar Sufurin Jiragen Sama ta Ƙasa da ke Toulouse a shekarar 1973. Ya kuma karanci tattalin arzikin safarar jiragen sama a Kanada a Jami'ar Montreal Oubandawaki ya kasance wakilin ASECNA a Mauritania da Senegal daga shekarar 1975 zuwa shekara ta 1976, sannan ya kasance Kwamandan filin jirgin saman Yamai daga shekarar 1976 zuwa shekara ta 1979. Bayan haka ya kasance wakilin ASECNA a Nijar daga shekarar 1979 zuwa shekara ta 1980, Darakta-Janar na Air Niger kamfanin jirgin sama na ƙasa daga shekarar 1980 zuwa shekara ta 1983, da kuma Daraktan Sufurin Jiragen Sama na Nijar daga shekarar 1983 zuwa shekara ta 1985. Oubandawaki ya zama Sakatare-Janar na ASECNA a shekarar 1985 kuma ya ci gaba da zama a wannan muƙamin na tsawon shekaru 11. Daga nan Shugaba Ibrahim Baré Mainassara ya naɗa shi a cikin gwamnatin Nijar a matsayin Ministan Tsaro na Ƙasa a ranar 23 ga watan Agusta shekarar 1996. Ya kuma hau mulki ranar 29 ga watan Agusta. Bayan da sojoji a gundumar Agadez suka yi garkuwa da jami'ai a ranar 2 ga watan Yuni shekarar 1997, Oubandawaki ba tare da bata lokaci ba ya jagoranci tawaga zuwa Agadez; ya yi nasarar tattauna batun sakin jami’an tare da maido da ikon gwamnati a ranar 3 ga Yuni. A watan Yuli na shekarar 1997, shi kuma ya ƙaryata rahotannin da Nijar Chadi hari a kan Democratic Revival Front (FDR) kungiyar 'yan tawaye a garin Bosso Game da rikice-rikice da 'yan tawaye, Oubandawaki ce a lokacin ziyarar da Mali a farkon watan Agusta 1997 cewa "halin da ake ciki ne a kwantar da hankula" da kuma cewa gwamnatin da aka ƙoƙarin cimma zaman lafiya tare da FDR, da kawai ƙungiyar yan tawaye da suka ba sa hannu yarjejeniyar zaman lafiya ta shekarar 1995 ta wannan batun. Daga baya a cikin shekarar 1997, wasu 'yan tawaye sun janye daga yarjejeniyar, suna gunaguni cewa aikin ya yi jinkiri sosai; Oubandawaki ya soki su saboda yin "buƙatun da ba su da tabbas idan aka yi la'akari da matsalolin kasarmu." Daga nan sai ya sanar a ranar 8 ga watan Nuwamba shekarar 1997 cewa an kashe 'yan tawayen Abzinawa 27 a cikin wani "aikin tsabtace muhalli" da aka shirya kan "bangarorin adawa masu adawa da zaman lafiya". Oubandawaki ya kasance cikin Ofishin Siyasa na Rally for Democracy and Progress (RDP-Jama'a), wanda aka kafa a matsayin jam’iyya mai mulki a karkashin Mainassara a 1997. A cikin gwamnati, ya koma matsayin Ministan Sufuri a ranar 1 ga watan Disamba na shekarar 1997; yayin da yake aiki a matsayin Ministan Sufuri, ya kuma kasance Shugaban Hukumar Jirgin Sama Bayan shekara guda a matsayin Ministan Sufuri, an nada shi a matsayin Darakta-Janar na ASECNA a ranar 13 ga watan Disamba na shekarar 1998, da Ministan Sufuri na Senegal Tijane Sylla an naɗa shi don ya gaje shi a Air Afrique a ranar 30 ga watan Janairu na shekarar 1999. Bayan an bai wa ASECNA lambar yabo ta Oscar ta shekarar 2001 don Manajan Afirka, Oubandawaki ya karbi kyautar a Faris a ranar 6 ga watan Yulin na shekarar 2002, yana mai cewa "tana karrama mu kuma tana ƙarfafa mu mu ci gaba da tsaurarawa da kyakkyawar kulawa". Kwamitin Ministocin ASECNA ya hadu a Cotonou a ranar 28 ga watan Yuni da ranar 2 ga watan Yulin shekarar 2004 don zaɓar Darakta-Janar don wa’adin shekaru shida masu zuwa, farawa daga 1 ga watan Janairu na shekarar 2005. Oubandawaki ya kasance dan takarar sake tsayawa takara; kodayake babu wani tanadi don sake zaɓen Darakta-Janar, akwai abubuwan da suka gabata don sharuɗɗa da yawa. Koyaya, ya samu kuri'u shida ne kawai daga ministocin, a kan 10 kuma na dan takarar Chadi Mahamat Youssouf (ɗan takarar Ivory Coast ya samu kuri'a daya). A kan haka ne Oubandawaki ya bar mukaminsa na Babban Darakta a ƙarshen shekarar 2004 kuma Youssouf ya gaje shi.
Shugaban RPN-Alkalami Oubandawaki ya kafa ƙungiyar siyasa, RPN-Alkalami, a ranar 14 ga watan Mayu shekarar 2009; an kafa ofishin zartarwa na wucin gadi don jagorantar jam’iyyar, tare da Oubandawaki a matsayin Shugabanta. Tun da farko jam'iyyar ta nufe shi da ya tsaya a matsayin dan takararta na shugaban kasa a zaben wanda tun farko aka tsara shi a karshen shekara. Dangane da shawarar da Shugaba Mamadou Tandja ya yanke na kiran kuri’ar raba gardama kan sabon kundin tsarin mulki da zai tsawaita wa’adin mulkinsa, RPN-Alkalami ya jaddada buƙatar tattaunawa don warware rikicin siyasa. Idan zaben raba gardama ya ci gaba, jam'iyyar ta yi kira ga mambobinta da su bi lamirinsu wajen yanke shawarar yadda za su yi. Bayan nasarar zaben raba gardama a watan Agustan shekarar 2009, RPN-Alkalami ya sanar da cewa zai shiga zaben majalisar dokokin na watan Oktoba na shekarar 2009, ba kamar manyan jam’iyyun adawa ba, waɗanda suka zaɓi kauracewa zaben. Oubandawaki shine kaɗai dan takarar RPN-Alkalami da ya samu nasara a majalisar dokokin ƙasar. A tsakiyar watan Nuwamba na shekarar 2009, lokacin da Majalisar Dokoki ta ƙasa ta fara taro don sabon wa’adin aikin ta na majalisa, an zabi Oubandawaki a matsayin daya daga cikin mambobi tara na kwamitin wucin gadi da aka ba alhakin tsara sabbin dokokin cikin gida na Majalisar. Sabbin dokokin cikin gida ana ganin sun zama dole saboda an fitar da sabon kundin tsarin mulki tun wa'adin majalisar dokokin da ta gabata. Tare da wasu mataimakansa takwas, Oubandawaki sun kafa Kungiyyar 'Yan Majalisa mai zaman kanta a ƙarshen watan Nuwamba na shekarar 2009, kuma aka zabe shi a matsayin Shugabanta. Baya ga Oubandawaki, ƙungiyar ta ƙunshi wakilai bakwai masu zaman kansu daga ƙungiyar Adaltchi-Mutuntchi da kuma mataimakin Issa Lamine mai zaman kansa. Oubandawaki ya goyi bayan Seyni Oumarou a zagaye na biyu na zaɓen shugaban ƙasa na Janairu <span typeof="mw:Entity" id="mwkg">–</span> watan Maris na shekarar 2011 kuma yayi kamfe tare da shi.
Girmamawa da kyaututtuka Shugaban Senegal Abdoulaye Wade ya ayyana Oubandawaki a matsayin Kwamandan Amincewa da Ƙasar Senegal a ranar 24 ga watan Oktoba na shekarar 2005.
Manazarta Mutanen Nijar
Mutanen Afirka
Yan Nijar
Yan siyasa
Yan siyasan Nijar
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23708 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hilla%20Limann | Hilla Limann | Hilla Limann, GCMG (12 ga Disamba 1934 23 ga Janairun shekarar 1998) ɗan diflomasiyya ɗan ƙasar Ghana ne kuma ɗan siyasa wanda ya yi aiki da Shugaban ƙasar Ghana daga ranar 24 ga Satumba 1979 zuwa 31 ga Disamban shekarata 1981. Ya yi aiki a matsayin jami'in diflomasiyya a Lome, Togo da Geneva, Switzerland.
Ilimi Limann, wanda asalin sunansa na ƙarshe Babini, an haife shi a garin Gwollu da ke arewacin Garin Gold Coast a gundumar Sissala ta Yammacin Yammacin Yamma ga dangin talakawa. Ya kuma sami nasarar samun ingantaccen ilimi, kuma ya ɗauki aikin hidimar ƙasashen waje. Hilla ya kammala karatunsa na farko a Makarantar Gwamnati ta Tamale, a shekarar 1949. Tsakanin 1957 da 1960, ya karanci Kimiyyar Siyasa a Makarantar Tattalin Arziki ta London. Daga baya ya kammala Diploma a Faransanci a Jami'ar Sorbonne, Faransa. Ya kuma sami digirin BA (Hons) a Tarihi a Jami'ar London da Ph.D a Kimiyyar Siyasa da Dokar Tsarin Mulki a Jami'ar Paris.
Ofishin Harkokin Waje Dokta Limann ya yi aiki a matsayin Shugaban, Kwamitin Turai, Ma'aikatar Harkokin Wajen Ghana tsakanin shekarar 1965 zuwa 1968. A lokacin 1967, ya kasance memba na Kwamitin Tsarin Mulki wanda ya tsara Tsarin Mulkin Gana na shekara ta 1969. A 1968, ya zama Shugaban Chancery/Babban Sakatare a ofishin jakadancin Ghana da ke Lomé, Togo. An nada shi mai ba da shawara a Babban Ofishin Jakadancin Ghana a Geneva, Switzerland a shekarar 1971. Ya dauki mukamin Head, Turai, Amurka na kudu maso gabashin Asiya Desk a Ghana a Ma'aikatar Harkokin Waje a watan Yunin shekarar 1975.
Siyasa Bayan juyin mulkin shekara ta 1979 wanda Jerry Rawlings ya jagoranta, Limann, kodayake kusan ba a san ko da a Ghana ba, an zaɓe shi a matsayin shugaban ƙasa akan tikitin Jam'iyyar Jama'a kuma yana da goyon baya mai ƙarfi tsakanin mabiyan tsohon Shugaban Ghana Kwame Nkrumah. Ya tsaya takarar ne sakamakon rashin cancantar Alhaji Imoru Egala da Majalisar Koli ta Soja mai mulki ta yi sannan ya lashe kashi 62% na yawan ƙuri'un da aka kada a zagaye na biyu na zaben.
Dr. Limann ya hau kujerar shugaban ƙasa a ranar 24 ga Satumban shekarar 1979. Ya kasance mai matsakaicin tattalin arziki, kuma ya goyi bayan dabi'un dimokuradiyya da Pan-Africanism. Rawlings ne ya hambarar da shi a ranar 31 ga Disamban shekarata 1981. Ta haka ne kawai ya zama shugaban jamhuriya ta uku ta Ghana.
A shekarar 1992, a karshen mulkin soji na PNDC da ya hambarar da shi, Dr. Limann ya sake tsinci kansa cikin harkokin siyasa kuma ya tsaya a matsayin ɗan takarar babban taron jama'ar ƙasa, sabuwar jam'iyyar da ya kafa, a zaɓen shugaban ƙasa a waccan shekarar. Ya sami kashi 6.7% na yawan kuri'un da aka kada a zabukan, yana zuwa na uku. Ya ci gaba da aiki a cikin ƙungiyar siyasa ta Nkrumahist a Ghana har zuwa mutuwarsa.
Ƙari Bayan bikin mika mulki a shekarar 1979, jami'an leken asirin Sojoji sun rika bayar da rahoton rugujewar ayyukan tsoffin membobin kungiyar ta AFRC. Dokta Limman ya dage cewa babu wata hujja ta doka da za ta tsare su a tsare karkashin tsarin demokradiyya. Wannan shawarar ta ƙarshe ta sa ya zama shugaban ƙasa da shekarun wulakanci da nisantar da shi da ya sha a hannun gwamnatin Rawlings.
Mutuwa da binnewa Limann yana da matsalolin rashin lafiya na yau da kullun kuma daga baya ya mutu sakamakon sanadi. Ya rasu ya bar mata, Fulera Limann, da yara bakwai: Lariba Montia (née Limann), Baba Limann, Sibi Andan (née Limann), Lida Limann, Daani Limann, Zilla Limann da Salma Limann. An yi jana'izarsa a wurin jana'izarsa ta sirri a garinsu, Gwollu da ke gundumar Sisala ta yankin Yammacin Yamma da tsakar dare ranar 1 ga Maris shekarar 1998. Tawagar gwamnati karkashin jagorancin Ministan Tsaro na wancan lokacin, Alhaji Mahama Iddrisu sun kasance don yin makoki tare da dangin.
Gidauniyar Hilla Limann Gidauniyar Hilla Limann gidauniya ce da aka ƙaddamar a ranar tunawa da shekaru 40 na shugabancinsa a watan Satumba na shekarar 2019. Manufarta ita ce ta kawo ƙarshen cin zarafin haƙƙin ɗan adam ta hanyar ilimi, ta himmatu ga ci gaban ɗan adam ga matalauta da marasa galihu, samar da haske game da dimokiraɗiyya ta gaskiya da haɓaka sanin haƙƙin ɗan adam.
Daraja An girmama Limann tare da Knight Grand Cross na St Michael da St George ta Elizabeth II, Sarauniyar Ingila a shekarar 1981.
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31652 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mustafizur%20Rahman | Mustafizur Rahman | Mustafizur Rahman Bengali an haife shi a ranar 6 ga watan Satumban 1995), wanda kuma aka fi sani da Fizz, dan wasan kurket na duniya ne na kasar Bangladash. Sannan kuma ya ƙware a matsayin ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa mai matsakaicin-sauri na hannun hagu. Shi ne dan wasa na farko da ya lashe kyautar 'Jarumin Gasa' a dukkan Gwaje-gwaje.
Mustafizur ya fara buga wasan kurket na kasa da kasa a wasa na tsakanin kasashe ashirin a watan Afrilun 2015. Daga bayan waccan shekarar, ya buga wasansa na farko na Rana Daya ta Duniya da na Gwaji ta Indiya da Afirka ta Kudu, bi da bi.
Kafin aikinsa na tsakanin kasashe, Mustafizur ya taka rawa a gasar cin kofin duniya na Kurket karkashin-19 na 2014 Rayuwar farko da ta sirri Mustafizur ya girma a cikin ƙaramin garin Satkhira a cikin Khulna, Bangladesh. Shi ne auta ga Abul Qasem Gazi da Mahmuda Khatun 'ya'yan shida. Mahaifinsa mai sha'awar wasan kurket ne. Sha'awar Mustafizur na wasan kurket ya tashi lokacin da ya fara atisayen wasa na tsawon kilomita 40 daga gida a kowace safiya, tare da dan uwansa Mokhlesur Rahman. Wannan ya shafi iliminsa yayin da yake barin makaranta lokaci-lokaci don buga wasan kurket.
Kafin gano gwanintar wasan nasa, Mustafizur ya taka rawa a matsayin dan wasa na kwallon tennis A cewarsa, ya samu kwarin gwuiwa ne daga dan wasan Pakistan Mohammad Amir wanda shi ne ubangidansa. A ranar 15 ga Maris, 2019, tare da wasu mambobi na tawagar gwajin Bangladesh, yana daf da shiga masallacin Al Noor da ke Christchurch, New Zealand lokacin da aka kai harin ta'addanci Dukkan 'yan tawagar sun cutu sosai". Mustafizur ya yi aure a ranar 22 ga Maris. Dan'uwan Mustafizur ya yi fatan cewa aure zai iya taimaka masa "ya shawo kan kaduwar" da ya ritsa da shi a harin na New Zealand.
Farkon aiki A shekara ta 2012, Mustafizur ya yi tafiya zuwa Dhaka babban birnin Bangladesh don gwada sansanin 'yan gudun hijira. Kafin wannan, 'yan wasa sun fara cin karo da shi a gasar 'yan kasa da shekaru 17 a Satkhira An shigar da shi cikin kafuwar Hukumar Kurket ta Bangladesh na ganin saurin wasan ƙwallon ƙafarsa. Ba da daɗewa ba aka zaɓe shi zuwa ƙungiyar yan kasa da shekara 19 ta Bangladesh don gasar cin kofin duniya ta Kurket a 2014 a UAE, inda ya ɗauki jimlar bangarori takwas Mustafizur ya fara wasan kurket na aji na farko da na zubin-A daga 2014, mai wakiltar dibishin din Khulna da Abahani, bi da bi. An zabe shi don yawon shakatawa na Bangladesh A na Arewacin Indies Ayyukan kasa da kasa
Fitowa Mustafizur ya fara wasansa na kasa-da-kasa ne a wasa na ashirin da suka wuce da Pakistan a ranar 24 ga Afrilu 2015, inda ya ci kwallayen Shahid Afridi da Mohammad Hafeez, ('yan wasa biyu na Pakistan). A cikin watan Yunin 2015, Indiya ta zagaya Bangladesh don gwaji ɗaya na duniya na kwana ɗaya. An zaɓi Mustafizur a cikin tawagar ODI. A cikin jerin wasanninsa na fark, Mustafizur ya ba da alamun yuwuwar sa a kan ƙwaƙƙwaran layin batting na Indiya ta hanyar ɗaukar wicket biyar a wasan farko. Bangladesh ce ta samu nasara a wasan kuma Mustafizur ya zama dan wasa na goma a tarihin ODI da ya ci kwallaye biyar a wasan farko. A cikin ODI na biyu, Mustafizur ya ɗauki wasu wikiti shida. Wannan ya taimaka masa ya sami rikodin mafi yawan wickets na kowane mai kwanon bayan ODI biyu, wanda ya zarce rikodin da Brian Vitori na Zimbabwe ya yi a baya. Ya kammala ODI na ƙarshe tare da wickets 2 kuma ya kafa tarihi ta hanyar ɗaukar wickets 13 a cikin jerin ODI na wasanni uku. A wata na gaba, Mustafizur ya ɗauki wickets 5 a cikin ODI uku don taimakawa Bangladesh ta ci nasara a kan Afirka ta Kudu ta 2-1. Ya yi gwaje-gwajensa na farko a jerin gwanaye guda daya da Afirka ta Kudu inda ya samu ci 4.
Matsalolin rauni A cikin watan Nuwamba, Bangladesh ta karbi bakuncin Zimbabwe don ODI uku da T20 biyu. Mustafizur ya taka rawar gani sosai a wasannin ODI, yana ɗaukar jimlar wickets 8. Don wasan kwaikwayonsa a cikin 2015, ICC ta ba shi suna a cikin ODI XI ta duniya. An kuma sanya masa suna a cikin ODI XI na shekara ta 2015 ta ESPNcricinfo da Cricbuzz Ya kama wasansa na uku mai ci biyar a wasan karshe. Ba zai iya ba da gudummawa da yawa a cikin jerin T20 ba, koda yake ya yi rawar gani ta fuskar tattalin arziki, wanda ya sa bangarorin biyu suka yi nasara. A shekara ta gaba a cikin Janairu, Bangladesh ta sake taka rawar gani tare da Zimbabwe a cikin T20s hudu. Mustafizur ya buga wasanni biyun farko da suka yi nasara. Yayin da yake buga wasa a T20I na biyu da Zimbabwe a watan Janairun 2016, Mustafizur ya ji rauni a kafadarsa. Bayan haka, an cire shi daga cikin tawagar a karon farko tun lokacin da ya fara buga wasa. A lokacin gasar cin kofin Asiya da aka gudanar a wata mai zagayowa, ya sake jinkiri daga tawagar saboda raunin gefensa, ya buga wasanni uku na farko kawai. Ya sami damar buga wasa da Australiya, Indiya da New Zealand a cikin 2016 ICC World Twenty20 da aka gudanar a Indiya a cikin Maris. Ya zama dan wasan kwallon kafa na farko dan kasar Bangladesh da ya ci kwallo biyar a tarihin gasar cin kofin duniya ta T20 bayan ya yi bugun daga kai sai mai tsaron gida 22 da New Zealand. Ya dauki jimlar wickets 9 a wasanni uku a cikin 2016 edition An nada shi a matsayin mutum na 12 a cikin 'tawagar Tournament' don gasar cin kofin duniya ta 2016 T20 ta ICC. Mustafizur bai sake samun damar buga dukkan wasannin ba lokacin da Bangladesh ta zagaya New Zealand a watan Disamba 2016 da Janairu 2017. Ya buga wasan gwajin sa na farko tun watan Agusta 2015 da Sri Lanka a Galle a cikin Maris 2017, yana ɗaukar wickets takwas a cikin jerin.
A cikin Afrilun 2018, yana ɗaya daga cikin 'yan wasan kurket goma da Hukumar kurket ta Bangladesh (BCB) za ta ba su kwangilar tsakiya kafin lokacin 2018. A ranar 29 ga Mayun 2018, an cire Mustafizur daga jerin wasanni uku masu zuwa da za su yi da Afghanistan saboda rauni a ƙafarsa.
2019-yanzu A cikin Afrilu 2019, an ba shi suna a cikin tawagar Bangladesh don gasar cin kofin duniya ta kurket na 2019 A ranar 5 ga Yulin 2019, a wasan da Pakistan, Mustafizur ya ɗauki wicket na 100 a cikin ODIs. Ya kammala gasar ne a matsayin wanda ke kan gaba a bugun daga kai sai mai tsaron gida a Bangladesh, inda aka kore shi ashirin a wasanni takwas. Bayan gasar cin kofin duniya, Hukumar Cricket ta kasa da kasa (ICC) ta bayyana Mustafizur a matsayin tauraro mai tasowa a cikin tawagar. A cikin Satumba 2021, an ba shi suna a cikin tawagar Bangladesh don gasar cin kofin duniya Sana'ar cikin gida
Wasan Firimiya na Bangladesh Mustafizur kwararre na farko a wajen wasan kurket na kasa da kasa shi ne gasar firimiya ta Bangladesh, inda ya bugawa Dhaka Dynamites a kakar wasa ta 2015 Ya ci kwallaye 14 a wasanni 10 a waccan gasar. A cikin Oktoba 2018, an ba shi suna a cikin tawagar Rajshahi Kings, biyo bayan daftarin gasar Premier ta Bangladesh ta 2018 19. A cikin Nuwamba 2019, an zaɓi shi don buga wa Rangpur Rangers a gasar Premier ta Bangladesh ta 2019 20.
gasar firimiya ta Indiya A cikin Fabrairu 2016, Sunrisers Hyderabad ne ya tsara Mustafizur a cikin 2016 IPL gwanjo Ya ci kwallaye 17 a wasanni 16 a gasar inda kungiyarsa ta lashe kambun. An yi masa suna a matsayin "Dan wasan Gasar Fitowa", ɗan wasa na farko a ƙasashen waje da ya karɓi wannan lambar yabo. A cikin Disamba 2016, Sunrisers Hyderabad sun riƙe shi a cikin 2017 IPL gwanjo Yana da shakku kan rashin buga wasan farko na gasar. A cikin Janairu 2018, Indiyawan Mumbai sun saya shi a cikin 2018 IPL gwanjo A cikin Fabrairu 2021, Rajasthan Royals ne suka siye shi daga farashin sa na INR 1.00 crore a cikin gwanjon IPL na 2021 A cikin Fabrairu 2022, Babban Birnin Delhi ya siya shi a cikin gwanjon gasar Premier ta Indiya ta 2022 Fashewar NatWest T20 A cikin Maris 2016, kungiyar Sussex ta Ingila ta sanar da cewa sun sanya hannu kan Mustafizur a matsayin dan wasan su na biyu a ketare don gasar T20 Blast Ya dauko wickets hudu yayin da yake ba da gudu 23 a wasansa na farko da Essex Bayan wani wasan kuma ya fuskanci tiyatar kafadarsa wadda ta yi jinyar watanni shida.
Pakistan Super League Lahore Qalandars ne ya zaɓi Mustafizur a cikin Super League na Pakistan BCB ya hakura ya bar shi ya taka leda a can. Duk da haka, an warware batun lokacin da Mustafizur ya sami rauni a kafada a farkon 2016, don haka ya hana shi wasa a cikin PSL.
Salon wasa Mustafizur ya sami nasara a farkon aikinsa na kasa da kasa ta hanyar wasan ƙwallon ƙafa, nau'in wasan ƙwallon ƙafa wanda ke motsawa (daga hannun dama) daga filin wasa. Mustafizur ya bayyana a wani taron manema labarai a watan Yunin 2015 cewa ya fara gano wannan dabarar ne bayan dan wasan cricketer nasa, Anamul Haque ya nace masa da ya rika kawowa a hankali. A cewar tsohon dan wasan cricket na Indiya Maninder Singh, ƙwallan sa na hankali suna da wahalar karantawa.
Bayanai da nasarori
Bayanan kasa da kasa Yawancin wickets (13) a cikin jerin abubuwan da za a fara a Rana ɗaya ta Duniya (ODI). Dan wasa na farko da ya lashe lambobin yabo na Man of the Match akan duka gwajin gwaji da ODI. Hukumar kula da wasan kurket, Majalisar Cricket ta Duniya, ta hada da Mustafizur a kan ICC ODI Team of the Year a 2015, ta gane shi a matsayin daya daga cikin manyan cricketers na wannan shekarar. Shi ne dan wasan kurket na Bangladesh na farko da ya cimma wannan kuma na biyu da aka zaba ga kowace kungiyar ICC bayan Shakib Al Hasan A cikin Disamba 2016, an nada shi ICC Emerging Cricketer of the Year, dan wasan Bangladesh na farko da ya lashe daya daga cikin lambobin yabo na shekara-shekara na ICC. Mustafizur kuma an saka shi a matsayin mutum na 12 a cikin 2016 ICC World Twenty20 Team of the Tournament. Ya lashe lambar yabo ta ESPNcricinfo don Mafi kyawun aikin T20 na shekara ta 2016 don budurwarsa T20I mai tsayi biyar da New Zealand yayin T20 na Duniya Mustafizur ya lashe kyautar gwarzon dan wasa na shekara daga kungiyar 'yan jarida ta Bangladesh Sports Press Association (BSPA) na shekara ta 2015. A ranar 29 ga Mayu 2016, ya zama na farko kuma ya zuwa yanzu kawai cricketer na waje da ya lashe IPL 's Emerging player of the year A ranar 27 ga Janairu 2018, Mustafizur ya dauki wicket dinsa na ODI na 50 a wasan karshe na wasan karshe da Sri Lanka ta hanyar bowling Upul Tharanga, ya zama dan wasan kwallon kwando na Bangladesh mafi sauri zuwa 50 ODI wickets a cikin matches 27. Mustafizur ya sake haɗawa da ICC ODI Team of the Year 2018 Ya zama dan wasan kurket na Bangladesh na farko da ya cimma wannan sau biyu.
A ranar 5 ga Yuli 2019, Mustafizur ya dauki wicket dinsa na ODI na 100 a gasar cin kofin duniya ta Cricket a 2019 da Pakistan ta hanyar bowling Haris Sohail, ya zama dan kwallon Bangladesh mafi sauri da ya kai gaci a wasanni 54. Ta hanyar yin haka, ya kuma zama na hudu mafi sauri a Duniya da ya kai wickets 100, ya bar dan gudun Australia Brett Lee a bayansa. Lee ya kai matakin wickets 100 a matches 55. A ranar 18 ga Satumba 2019, Mustafizur ya zama ɗan Bangladesh mafi sauri, mai saurin kwano da sauri na huɗu don ɗaukar wiket 50 T20I A cikin lambar yabo ta ICC na shekara-shekara a cikin Janairu 2022, Mustafizur an haɗa shi a cikin ICC Men's ODI Team of the Year na shekara ta 2021. An sanya suna a cikin ICC Men's T20I Team of the Year na shekara ta 2021.
Manazarta
Hanyoyin haɗi na waje Mustafizur Rahman na Instagramu
Mustafizur Rahman na ESPNcricifno
Rayayyun mutane
Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba |
24127 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mk | Mk | MK ko mk na iya nufin A cikin zane -zane da nishaɗi ko halin jindadi ko farin ciki
Wassanin video (kallo) Masarautar Makai: Tarihin Tome mai alfarma, wasan taka rawar dabara
Mario Kart, jerin wasannin bidiyo na tsere wanda Nintendo ya haɓaka kuma ya buga wanda ke nuna haruffa daga ikon amfani da sunan kamfani na Mario
Mortal Kombat, jerin wasannin bidiyo na fada da Wasan Midway ya haɓaka kuma ya buga, daga baya kuma Warner Bros
Sauran amfani a zane -zane da nishaɗi MK (tashar), tashar kiɗan Afirkaans ta Afirka ta Kudu
Moon Knight, babban jarumi na sararin samaniya
Halayen almara MK, hali ne na almara daga jerin TV na AMC Cikin Cikin Badlands Mary Katherine "MK" Bomba, jaruma a cikin fim ɗin almara na komputa na shekara ta dubu biyu da sha uku 2013.
A cikin kasuwanci Alamar ko tambarin (kasuwanci), kalma ce don bambanci tsakanin farashin mai kyau ko sabis da farashin siyarwa
Air Mauritius (mai tsara IATA MK)
MK Group, kamfani ne mai riƙe da Sabiya
MK Electric, mai ƙera kayan lantarki na Ingilishi
Mysore Kirloskar, wani ɗan ƙasar Indiya mai kera lathes, wani ɓangare na kungiyar Kirloskar Morrison-Knudsen, kamfanin injiniya da gine-gine
Moskovskij Komsomolets, jaridar Rasha
Kamfanin Jiragen Sama na MK, wani kamfanin jigilar kaya na Burtaniya
Mutane (Jama'a) MK Nobilette, kuma Emkay, (an haife shi ne a shekara ta dubu daya da dari tara da casa'in da hudu 1994), mawaƙin Amurka
MK Asante (an haife shi ne a shekara ta shekara ta dubu daya da dari tara da tamanin da biyu 1982), marubucin Ba’amurke, mai shirya fina -finai kuma farfesa
Marc Kinchen (MK), mai shirya kiɗan gidan Amurka
Mark Knopfler (an haife shi ne a shekara ta dubu daya da dari tara da arbai'ain da tara 1949), mawaƙin Ingilishi, wanda ya kafa Dire Straits
Michael Kors (an haife shi ne a shekara ta dubu daya da dari tara da hamsin da tara 1959), mai zanen kayan adon Amurka
Michael Kors (alama), alamar Amurka
Wurare ko kuma wajaje ko gurare Yankin lambar lambar MK, gundumomin gidan waya na Burtaniya a cikin mafi girman yankunan Milton Keynes da Bedford
Arewacin Macedonia (lambar ƙasa ta ISO MK)
.k
Yaren Macedonia (ISO dari shida da talatin da uku 639 digram "mk")
Masarautar Magic, filin shakatawa na Walt Disney World a Greater Orlando
Mong Kok, yankin Hong Kong
Tashar Mong Kok ta Gabas, asali Mong Kok KCR Station
Tashar Mong Kok
Milton Keynes, birni ne a kudancin Ingila
Morris Knolls High School(makaranta na koli), babbar makaranta ce a gundumar Morris, New Jersey
Masarautar Sihiri, Sydney, filin shakatawa mai ƙarewa a Ostiraliya
A siyasa Memba na Knesset, majalisar dokokin Isra'ila
Umkhonto we Sizwe (Spear of the Nation), reshen makamai na African National Congress (mafi rinjaye a Afirka ta Kudu)
Mebyon Kernow, wata jam'iyyar siyasa ta Masarautar Burtaniya
Lakabi ko kum inkiya Injiniyan Injin, ƙimar da aka yi rajista a cikin Ma'aikatar Tsaron Tekun Amurka
Mk, lakabi na bayan-suna don sufi
Memba na Knesset (majalisar dokokin Isra'ila)
A kimiyya, fasaha, da lissafi (kididdiga) Alama (ƙaddara), sunan da aka yi amfani da shi don gano juzu'in samfur ko abu, misali Mk. II
mk (software), mai sauyawa a cikin Shirin 9 daga Bell Labs da Inferno
Maɓallin tunani na Mk, keɓancewa na Tsarin Multimedia na IP wanda aka yi amfani da shi don musayar saƙonni tsakanin BGCFs a cibiyoyin sadarwa daban -daban
Morgan-Keenan (MK) rabe-rabe na gani, tsarin rarrabe tauraruwa bisa lafazin kallo
Megakelvin (MK), SI na zafin jiki
Midkine, furotin
Millikelvin (mK), siginar SI na zafin jiki
Morse -Kelley ya kafa ka'idar a fannin lissafi
A wasanni FK Mandalskameratene, ƙungiya ce ta ƙwallon ƙafa ta Norway
Milton Keynes Dons FC, ƙungiyar ƙwallon ƙafa a Milton Keynes galibi tana gajarta zuwa MK Dons
Sauran amfani ko kuma amfani na daban Dandalin Chrysler MK (Jeep Compass da Jeep Patriot)
Markka ta Finnish, kuɗin hukuma na Finland daga shekeara ta dubu daya da dari takwas da sittin 1860 zuwa shekara ta dubu biyu da daya 2001
Bisharar Markus, littafi na biyu na Sabon Alkawari a cikin Littafi Mai -Tsarki na Kirista
Yaran Mishan, yaran iyayen mishonari
Koriya ta Tsakiya (ƙarni na goma 10 zuwa na sha shida 16)
Kit ɗin likita, akwatin kaya na bada taimakon farko
Duba kuma MKULTRA |
20556 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mutanen%20Iwellemmedan | Mutanen Iwellemmedan | Iwellemmedan Iwəlləmədǎn ya kuma rubuta Iullemmeden, Aulliminden, Ouilliminden, Lullemmeden, da Iwellemmeden, suna ɗaya daga cikin manyan ƙungiyoyin Abzinawa bakwai ko ƙungiyoyi (waɗanda ake kira ƙungiyoyin Drum Ƙungiyoyinsu suna da ƙaura daga tarihi kuma suna hulɗa da wasu ƙabilun. Iwellemmeden suna zaune a yanki mai fadi daga gabas da arewa ta tsakiyar Mali, ta kwarin Azawagh, zuwa arewa maso yammacin Nijar da kudu zuwa arewacin Najeriya Duk da kuma yake sau ɗaya ƙungiya guda da yawa na Abzinawa da dangi, al'ummomin ƙasa, da ƙungiyoyin ƙawance, tun ƙarni na 18 sun kasu kashi Kel Ataram (yamma) da Kel Dinnik (gabas) ƙungiyoyi. Bayan bin mulkin mallaka da 'yanci, yankuna na Iwellemmedan sun tsallaka kan iyakar Mali Niger, kuma hanyoyinda suke bi na zamani sun yada al'ummomin Iwellemmedan zuwa Burkina Faso da Najeriya Suna magana da bambancin Tawellemmet na harshen Tamasheq kodayake wasu dangogin na yanzu ko na gargajiya suna magana da wasu bambancin Tamasheq da yarukan Songhai da yarukan Larabci.
Raba Asalin rarrabuwa cikin Kel Ataram ("mutanen yamma") da Kel Dinnik ("mutanen gabas") ya koma aƙalla 1800, kuma wataƙila ƙarni ɗaya da ta gabata. Ƙungiyar ta ci gaba da rarrabuwar kai a ƙarƙashin mulkin mallaka, tare da baiwa toan Jamhuriyar Nijar gabas ta ba wa jami’inta “shugaba”, amma bayan shekara ta 1916, an sake raba ɓangaren yamma tsakanin manyan shugabannin masarautar Faransa. Rabuwa da gabas da yamma Iwellemmedan ya kasance a cikin lokacin mulkin mallaka.
Hannun yamma na Iwellemmedan shine Kel Ataram da ke tsakiyar garin Ménaka na Mali. Bangarorin 'yanci "marasa kyauta (galibi" maraboutic "ko" Imajeghen "ƙabilun da suka gaji shugabancin addini na gari) sun haɗa da Tahabanaten da Ighatafan Babban mahimmin ɓangaren gabas na ƙungiyar shine Kel Dinnik (var. Kel Dinnig wani lokaci ana kiransa "Ouilliminden Kel Dinnik", kuma ya kasance a cikin Azawagh, kusa da Tchin-Tabaraden da Tahoua Manyan abubuwan da suke "kyauta" "Imajeghen" sun haɗa da Irreulen, Lisawan, Tiggirmat, Tellemidez, da Ikhekheren Dangin Kel Nan mai 'yanci mai martaba shine asalin gargajiyar Amenokal, babban shugaban hadaddiyar ƙungiyar da shugabannin dangi suka zaba. Dukkan ƙungiyoyin biyu makiyaya ne, wadanda tsarin hijirar su ya kaisu arewa zuwa Sahara a lokacin kankanin lokacin damina, da kuma kudu har Najeriya da Burkina Faso a lokacin rani. Kamar dukkan kungiyoyin Abzinawa, an kirkiresu ne daga wasu manya-manyan masu fada a ji, wadanda suke mu'amala da aminci daga dangi da yawa, wasu daga cikinsu sun iyakance ga takamaiman jarumai. Ƴan gidan da ke mulki suna jagorantar manyan ƙungiyoyi, kuma suna yin ƙaura lokaci-lokaci, kiwo, kasuwanci, yaƙi, da ayyukan addini. Castananan ƙungiyoyi, da dangin da suka haɗu da rukunin ƙungiyoyin dangi masu 'yanci suna iya zama masu sassaucin ra'ayi kuma ba sa cikin ƙungiyoyin haɗin gwiwa, koda kuwa suzerains ɗinsu na gargajiya mambobi ne na ƙungiyoyi kamar Iwellemmedan. Bugu da kari, manyan kungiyoyin na iya hada da kawancen wadanda ba Buzaye ba, kamar ƙabilun yankin da ke jin larabci.
Tarihi Ƙungiyoyin Abzinawa sun koma kudu zuwa cikin Mali da Nijar yanzu wani lokacin kusan ƙarni na 11 CE, kuma Iwellemmedan an kafa kudu da gabashin Adar Ifoghas a ƙarni na 17 AD. Tarihin baka na gwagwarmaya ya yarda cewa Iwellemmedan ya shiga rikici tare da ƙungiyar Kel Taddemekat, amma bai yarda ba ko an kori Iwellemmedan ne daga abokan Adar Ifoghas ta abokan gaba ko suka ci yankin Kel Taddemekat kudu da yamma na massif. Ba tare da la'akari ba, a tsakiyar karni na 15 miladiyya, Iwellemmedan ya sarrafa yanki daga Tafkin Faguibine da arewacin Timbuktu gabas ta duk yankin da yake yanzu Gao na Mali, zuwa cikin Azawagh na Nijar har zuwa gefen Aïr Massif Tsunduma cikin doguwar gwagwarmaya tare da magadan ƙarni na 15 miladiya ta mamayar moroccan daular Songhai, dangin Iwellemmedan Kel Ataram daga karshe suka sanya mulkin kai tsaye a kan Timbuktu, tare da duk kwarin Kogin Neja daga yankin Neja zuwa yankin da ke garin Ka ce, Nijar An kori Kel Ataram ne kawai daga Timbuktu a cikin 1826 ta haɓakar Daular Fula Macina, amma ta riƙe yawancin yanki zuwa arewacin ta. A daidai lokacin da turawan mulkin mallaka na Faransa suka faɗaɗa yankunansu a ƙarshen ƙarni na 19, Iwellemmedan sune suka kasance babbar ƙungiyar Abzinawa a duk yammacin Niger da gabashin Mali, har zuwa gabar Kogin Niger, inda suka mamaye mutane da yawa. na ƙauyukan Songhay. Bayan fatattakar su da Faransawa suka yi bayan kwace Timbuktu a cikin 1894, Kel Ataram Amenokal ya yi alkawarin ba da zalunci tare da Faransanci a 1896, kuma a ƙarshe an sami zaman lafiya a 1903. A daidai wannan lokacin, Faransanci sun mai da hankali kan rikicin su da Kel Ifoghas zuwa arewa. A cikin shekaru goma, an canza mukamai, lokacin da Ifoghas suka taimaka don kawar da tashin 1914 1916 na Iwellemmedan da dangin da ke kawance a ƙarƙashin Amenokal Fihirun. Juriyarsu ga mamayar Faransa ta jawo musu asara mai yawa, tare da mutuwar da yawa daga cikin mayaƙansu, kuma a ƙarshe sun fi son Kidal na Kel Ifoghas ta ikon mulkin mallaka. Yawancin abubuwa daga ƙarshe Faransanci ya karye daga Iwellemmedan Kel Ataram, wanda ya ƙara raunana ƙungiyar. Asalin Abzinawan Iwellemmedan na asali yana cikin Nijar. Koyaya, mummunan fari a cikin 1972 da 1982 sun tilasta wa makiyaya Iwellemmedan yin ƙaura zuwa kudu zuwa Najeriya don neman wuraren kiwo don garken dabbobinsu. Yawancin Aulliminden daga ƙarshe sun matsa kusa da yankunan da ke da yawan jama'a. Waɗannan Abzinawa sun zauna a gefen biranen arewacin Najeriya, kuma da yawa ba su dawo ƙasarsu ba. A cikin shekarun 1970, adadi mai yawa na 'yan gudun hijirar Abzinawa, da yawa daga cikinsu Iwellemmedan, sun zauna a sansanonin' yan gudun hijirar da ke kudancin Nijar, galibi Lazert, a gefen arewa maso gabashin Yamai Bayan lokaci wannan ya zama yanki na dindindin a cikin babban birnin Nijar.
Manazarta Al'ummomin Nijeriya
Al'ummomi
Al'umma
Al'adun ƙasashen
Harsunan |
55297 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Porsche%20918%20Spyder | Porsche 918 Spyder | Porsche 918
Porsche 918 Spyder mota ce ta wasan motsa jiki wacce marque Porsche ta Jamus ta kera. 918 Spyder shine nau'in toshe-in da aka yi amfani da shi ta hanyar tsaka-tsakin da aka ɗora a zahiri 4.6 L (4,593 cc) Injin V8, haɓaka 447 kW (608 PS; 599 hp) da 8,700RPM, tare da injinan lantarki guda biyu suna ba da ƙarin 210 kW (286 PS; 282 hp) don jimlar fitarwa na 652 kW (875 hp) da 1,280 N (944 lbf⋅ft) na juyi. 918 Spyder's 6.8Fakitin batirin lithium-ion kWh yana ba da kewayon duk-lantarki na ƙarƙashin gwaje-gwajen zagaye biyar na Hukumar Kare Muhalli ta Amurka Production began on 18 September 2013, with deliveries initially scheduled to begin in December 2013, and a starting price of ≈€781,000 (US$845,000 or £711,000). The 918 Spyder was sold out in December 2014 and production ended in June 2015.
An fara nuna 918 Spyder a matsayin ra'ayi a Nunin Mota na Geneva na 80 a cikin Maris 2010. A ranar 28 ga Yuli, 2010, bayan sanarwar sha'awa 2,000, kwamitin kulawa na Porsche AG ya amince da ci gaban jerin abubuwan 918 Spyder. An bayyana sigar samarwa a watan Satumba na 2013 Nunin Mota na Frankfurt Porsche kuma ya bayyana bambancin racing na RSR na 918 a 2011 North American International Auto Show, wanda ya haɗu da fasahar matasan da aka fara amfani da shi a cikin 997 GT3 R Hybrid, tare da salo daga 918 Spyder. Koyaya, 918 RSR bai sanya shi samarwa ba. 918 Spyder ita ce motar haɗaɗɗen toshe-in na biyu da Porsche ke ƙera, bayan 2014 Panamera S E-Hybrid Ƙayyadaddun bayanai 918 Spyder yana aiki da 4,593 cc (4.6 L; 280.3 ku in) injin V8 mai kwadayin halitta wanda aka gina akan gine-gine iri ɗaya kamar wanda aka yi amfani da shi a cikin motar tseren RS Spyder Le Mans Prototype ba tare da bel ɗin injin ba.
Injin yana da nauyin 135 kg (298 lb) bisa ga Porsche kuma yana ba da 447 kW (608 PS; 599 hp) da 8,700RPM da 540 N (398 lbf⋅ft) mafi girman karfin juyi a 6,700RPM Ana ƙara wannan ta injinan lantarki guda biyu suna ba da ƙarin Daya 115 kW (156 PS; 154 hp) Motar lantarki tana tafiyar da ƙafafun baya a layi daya da injin kuma yana aiki a matsayin babban janareta. Wannan motar da injin ɗin suna ba da ƙarfi zuwa ga axle ta baya ta hanyar akwatin gear mai sauri 7 haɗe zuwa na Porsche na PDK nasa tsarin kama biyu Gaba 95 kW (129 PS; 127 hp) Motar lantarki kai tsaye tana tafiyar da axle na gaba; kamannin lantarki yana lalata motar lokacin da ba a amfani da shi. Jimlar tsarin yana ba da 652 kW (887 PS; 875 hp) da 1,280 N (944 lbf⋅ft) na juyi. Porsche ya ba da alkaluman aikin hukuma na 0–100 km/h (0-62 mph) a cikin daƙiƙa 2.6, 0–200 km/h (0-124 mph) a cikin daƙiƙa 7.2, 0–300 km/h (0-186 mph) a cikin dakika 19.9 da babban gudun 345 km/h (214 mph) Waɗannan lambobin sun zarce a cikin gwaje-gwaje masu zaman kansu waɗanda suka ba da daƙiƙa 2.5 na 0 100 km/h, 7.0 seconds na 0 200 km/h, 19.1 seconds na 0 300 km/h, babban gudun 351.5 km/h (218.4 mph) da dakika 17.75 don tsayawa tsayin kilomita ya kai gudun 295.9 km/h (183.9 mph) A cikin gwajin zaman kanta Mota da Direba na Porsche 918 sun sami 0–60 mph (0-97 km/h) a cikin daƙiƙa 2.2, [lower-roman 1] 0–100 mph (0-161 km/h) a cikin dakika 4.9, 0–180 mph (0-290 km/h) a cikin dakika 17.5, da kwata mil cikin dakika 9.8. [lower-roman 2] A cikin Motar Trend gwajin zaman kanta Porsche 918 ya saita rikodin waƙar samarwa-mota a Willow Springs Raceway. Tare da lokacin dakika 2.4, ita ce mota mafi sauri zuwa 60 mph da suka taɓa gwadawa. Ya tsaya daga da 94 ft (29 m), kuma ya karya rikodin Mota Trend 8 a cikin daƙiƙa |
30340 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Braty%20Hadiukiny | Braty Hadiukiny | Braty Hadiukony, ko kuma kawai Hady (harshe Ukraine ƙungiya ce ta mawakan rock na kasar Ukraine daga birnin Lviv, na ɗaya daga cikin manyan makada na Ukraine na zamanin Soviet. Salon kiɗan ƙungiyar ya haɗa nau'o'i daban-daban kamar rock'n'roll, blues, punk, reggae, funk da jama'a. Waƙoƙin waƙa na ban dariya sun ƙunshi yawancin yare na gida, ɓatanci da surzhyk Sunan yana fassara a matsayin "Hadyukin Brothers", inda sunan ƙarshe na almara Hadyukin ya samo asali daga kalmar hadyuka, ko viper Gajarta a zahiri tana nufin maciji (A cikin harshen Ukrainian kalmomin biyu sune cognates.)
Ƙungiyar ta kasance tayi ayyukan musamman tsakanin 1988 da 1996. A cikin Janairu 2006 sun gudanar da wani babban kide kide na solo a Kyiv wanda shi ne wani babban taron a Ukrainian sararin samaniyar kafofin watsa labarai da kuma ziyarci da yawa mashahuran mutane (ciki har da Yulia Tymoshenko firayim minista a lokacin). Bayan da shugaban kungiyar Serhiy Kuzminskyi ya rasu a shekara ta 2009 an gudanar da babban taron karramawa a shekara ta 2011, wanda fitattun mawakan kade-kade na Ukrainian suka hada da Komu Vnyz, Vopli Vidoplyasova, Okean Elzy da sauransu. A cikin 2014 sauran membobin ƙungiyar sun fitar da sabon kundi (na farko tun 1996).
Membobi A halin yanzu
Igor Melnychuk bass, vocals.
Pavlo Krakhmal'ov keyboards, vocals.
Henadiy Verbianyi guitar.
Mykhailo Lundin ganguna, baya vocals
Liliya Pavlyk-Kuvaldina baya vocals.
Olena Romanovska baya vocals.
Andriy Skachko guitar (sabo)
Anton Buryko ƙaho (sabon)
Volodymyr Pushkar trombone (sabo)
Nazar Vachevskyi saxophone (sabo)
Baya
Serhiy Kuzminskyi vocals, keyboards, lyrics, music (1987-1996)
Oleksandr Yemets saxophone, lyrics, music (1987-1989)
Oleksandr Hamburg bass, vocals (1987-1991)
Andriy Partyka guitar (1987-1994)
Ernest Khreptyk (1991-1992) (1991-1992)
Stepan Koval kayan aikin iska (1991-1992)
Bohdan Vatashchuk kayan aikin iska (1991-1992)
Oleh Kachechka kayan aikin iska (1991-1992)
Yuliya Donchenko Bohdan Yura saxophone (1994-1995)
Wakoki Albums na Studio
1989 Ku tafi! 1991 My khloptsi z Bandershtadtu 1994 Bulo ne liubyty 1996 Shchaslyvoyi dorohy (Bye, bye, myla) (Yaya, yaya, miya! 2014 An yi a Ukraine
Albums masu rai
2000 Na!Zhyvo (rakodi kai tsaye na 1994-1995)
2006 Live à Bruxelles (rayuwa daga Brussels, 29 Oktoba 1992)
2006 Vrodylo 2CD, DVD (kai tsaye daga Kyiv, 20 Janairu 2006)
DVD
2011 Ya vernuvsia domiv Sauran
Labarin Soyayya na 2007 (sabbin wakokin soyayya da aka rubuta)
2011 Ya vernuvsia domiv (tunawa)
Bidiyoyi Narkomany na horodi Misyachne syaivo tvoho tila
Zviozdochka moya
Amurka
Ku tafi!
Istoriya odniyei kurvy
Kyauta A Fabrairu 26, 2018 band samu "YUNA-2018" music lambar yabo a cikin wani musamman nadi "Don musamman nasarori".
Lamuran Gaskiya Ana jin waƙoƙin band a cikin jerin wasan kwaikwayo na farko na Ukrainian mai rairayi Mykyta the Fox Ana jin waƙoƙin band a cikin wasan kwaikwayo na gidan talabijin na Ukrainian Dovhonosyky Show
Hady ya taɓa samun mataimaki ɗaya, wanda a hukumance aka ɗauke shi a matsayin ɗan ɗako, amma a zahiri yana da alhakin shirya abubuwan opiates kafin kide kide Da zarar mai buga bandeji Mikhail Lundin, kasancewa a cikin yanayin janyewar narcotic, a kan jirgin Kyiv Moscow ya toshe hanya ga masu tsaron kan iyaka ta hanyar zubar da kaya tsakanin manyan motoci.
Ana jin waƙoƙin band a cikin jerin ICTV "Cop from the past" (2020)
Manazarta
Hanyoyin haɗi Shafin hukuma
Waƙoƙi
Mawakan rock na kasar ukraine
Kungiyoyin mawaka a Ukraine
Mawkan rock na |
7055 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asaba%20%28Najeriya%29 | Asaba (Najeriya) | Asaba birni ce, a cikin jihar Delta, a cikin Najeriya. Tana nan daga yammacin gabar rafin Niger, ta karamar hukumar Oshimili South. Asaba na da yawan jama'a kimanin mutum 149,603 a kiadayar shekara ta 2006, da yawan mutane a birnin kimanin mutum dubu dari biyar.
An san birnin Asaba da mu'ala iri-iri musamman a dalilin wuraren shakatawa da otel-otel dake garin, gidajen rawa, swuraren kallo na sinima, da wuraren shahulgula iri-iri. Akwai biki da ake gabatarwa duk shekara a garin wanda ake kira Delta Yaddah, ana tara mawaka a taron bikin. Ta'addanci yayi yawa a birnin saboda yawan jama'arta. Ta'addanci sun hada da yankan aljihu, kwace da sauransu. Akwai tsadar rayuwa a garin saboda mutane daga kasashen waje dake shigowa birnin. Gadar Onitsha itace iyaka tsakanin jihar Delta da Anambra, gadar ita ta raba Asaba da Onitsha.
Asalin Kalma Kalmar Asaba ta samo asali ne daga kalmar Ahabam ma'ana "Na zaba da kyau" ko kuma "I have chosen well" da turanci, kalmar da aka hakayo daga Nnebisi, wanda shine asalin wanda ya samar da Asaba. Mafi akasarin mutanen Asaba inyamurai ne.
Tarihi Birnin Asaba ta kasance a da babban birnin yankunan mulkin Turawa na kudanci Najeriya wato Southern Nigeria Protectorate. An samar da birnin a shekara ta 1884.
A tsakanin 1886 da 1900, ita ke dauke da kamfanin Royal Niger Company, wanda turawa suka kafa don habaka kasuwanci da fitar da kaya zuwa kasashen turai. Wannan kamfanin a yau shi ake kira da UAC Nigeria PLC. Matafiyin neman ilimi dan Faransa William B. Balkie, lokacin da yake waken yarjejeniyar kasuwanci da shugaban inyamurai Ezebogo a Asaba a ranar August 30, 1885, "Bayan gaisuwar mu, ina magana akan abota, ta kasuwanci, da ilimi, da kuma mafi muhimmanci akan sharrin yaki, da amfanin zaman lafiya, wanda duka anyi maraba da su".
Dangane da fitaccen tarihin Asaba da kuma labarin kasar ta, da kuma tasirinta a Najeriya ta fuskar siyasa da kuma kasuwanci, Ana yi wa Asaba lakabi da cibiyar yankin Anioma.
Labarin Kasa Asaba na kan wani bisa kwarin rafin Niger, daura da Rafin Anambara. A bayan wadannan rafuka akwai kurgunmin daji mai tarin itace. A tarihance wannan rafin Niger River ya kasance cibiyar sufuri tsakanin kasashen Afurka har zuwa tekun Atlantic Ocean. Asaba ta hada mahada tsakanin yammaci, gabaci da arewacin Najeriya hanyar rafin River Niger daga arewa da kuma gadar Rafin Niger, wanda yake gabas-maso-yammacin yankin kuma babban tambari ne na Najeriya.
Asaba na nan daga degree6 daga arewacin equator, sannan tana da nisan iri daya daga meridian sannan tana da nisan kusan kilomita 160km (mil 100) daga arecin inda ruwan rafin Niger ke gangarawa cikin tekun Atlantic Ocean.
Asaba ta mamaye fili mai fadin 300kmsq. Tana da zafi na kimanin 32c a lokaci na rani, sannan da matsakaicin adadin ruwan sama na kimanin millimitoci 2,700m (106 in) a lokacin damuna.
Babban birnin Asaba ya hada sauran makwabtan garuruwa kamar as Igbuzo, Okpanam, Oko, Okwe and Ugbolu wanda ke yankin yammacin River Niger.
Ala'adu Al'adun Asaba sun ta'allaka kwarau da gaske da soyayyar su ga "Asagba of Asaba", wanda shuwagabanninsu (da ake kira da "Diokpa”) na duka kauyukan garin guda biyar ke kai wa kukansu game da abun da ya shafi mutanen garin. Iyasele na Asaba [Iyase] ke taimakawa wa Asagba wanda shine matsayin prime minista na gargaijya kuma shugaban dattijai [Kamar [Olinzele, Otu Ihaza, Oloto, da dai sauransu.]
Jama'a Inyamuarai suka kwashe kaso 63% na mutanen garin, kuma mafi akasarin su haifaffun birnin Asaba ne. Asaba ta habaka ta fannin yawan mutane da kusan rabin miliyan (500,000) tun daga lokacin da ta zamo babban birnin Delta. A yanzu ta tara mutane iri-iri wanda ba 'yan asalin birnin bane. Wasu daga cikin yarukan da ke zama a birnin sun hada da Urhobo, Isoko, Ijaw, Hausa, Itsekiri da kuma Yabawa.
Tattalin arziki Asaba cibiyar gudanarwa ce kuma mazaunin gwamnati wanda aka samar da ita a lokacin kamfanin Royal Niger Company a yanzu (UACN), kuma itace babban birnin gudanarwa na jihar Delta. A dalilin hakan mafi akasarin mutanen birnin ma'aikatan gwamnati ne. Gwamnatin Najeriya a karkashin mulkin gwamnatin Samuel Ogbemudia suka samar da kamfanin Asaba Textile Mills da kuma kamfanin wutar Lantarki na Asaba. A birnin Asaba akwai kamfanoni dake sarrafa magunguna sannan akwai kamfanin sarrafa karafuna. Akwai masu zuwa yawan bude idanu da yawa cikin garin, wannan ya jawo habakar kasuwancin wuraren shakatawa da otel-otel.
Kasuwanni Akwai manya-manyan kasuwanni guda uka a Asaba wanda suka hada da: kasuwar Ogbe-Ogonogo, kasuwar Cable Point, da kuma kasuwar Infant Jesus.
Wasanni Filin wasan kwallon kafa na Stephen Keshi Stadium na Asaba, wacce ke da budadden gaba saboda masu kallo daga gari ya dauki nauyin wasanni kwallon kafa da dama tun lokacin da aka gyara ta a karkashin mulkin Senator Dr. Ifeanyi Arthur Okowa, tare da amincewar tsohon shugaban kasa Olusegun Obasanjo. Filin shine matsayin filin wasanni na gida na kungiyar kwallon kafa na Delta Force FC.
Sufuri
Jirgin sama Za'a iya ziyarta birnin Asaba da sauran biranen kewaye ta hanyar filin jirgin sama na Asaba international Airport.
Titin Mota Babban titin Asaba zuwa Benin titi ne mai matukar muhimmanci saboda shi ya hada garuruwan yammaci da gabacin Najeriya. Sanna har wa yau akwai titin da ya hada Asaba da Ughelli, sannan titin Asaba-Ebu ya hada Asaba da arewacin Najeriya.
Ruwa Ana iya zirga-zirga ta ruwa a birnin Asaba ta rafin River Niger, wacce ta zagaye yawancin garuruwan Afurka.
Sanannun Mutane Chief Dennis Osadebay
Joseph Chike Edozien
Maryam Babangida
Lynxxx
SHiiKANE
Emma Nyra
Ike Nwamu
Frank Nwachukwu Ndili
Epiphany Azinge
Hotuna
Kara dubawa Abraka
Asaba massacre
Ekumeku Movement
Warri
Asaba-Asa
Hanyoyin hadin waje
Asaba.com
Asaba.net Asaba Association Non-profit Group
Asaba Development Association in the United Kingdom
Asaba Portal
Asaba History and Culture Collaboration Research Platform
Manazarta Biranen |
14555 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mutanen%20Akan | Mutanen Akan | Akan wata ƙabila ce da ke zaune a yankunan kudanci na ƙasar Ghana da Ivory Coast a yanzu a Yammacin Afirka. Harshen Akan (wanda aka fi sani da Twi /Fante) rukuni ne na yaruka a cikin reshen Tano na tsakiya na rukunin gidan Potou-Tano na dangin Niger-Congo. Rukunin ƙungiyoyin mutanen Akan sun haɗa da:
Agona
Akuapem
Akwamu
Akyem
Ashanti
Bono
Fante
Kwahu
Wassa
Rukuni-rukuni na kungiyoyin Akan masu magana da harshen Bia sun haɗa da Anyin, Baoulé, Chakosi (Anufo), Sefwi (Sehwi), Nzema, Ahanta, da Jwira-Pepesa. Gungiyoyin rukuni na Akan duk suna da halaye na al'ada cikin al'ada; galibi musamman binciken asalin ɗan adam, gadon dukiya, da maye gurbinsa zuwa babban ofishin siyasa.
Hakanan ana iya samun al'adun Akan a cikin Amurka, inda kuma aka kame wasu Akans a matsayin fursuna. Kusan kashi goma cikin ɗari na jiragen ruwa na bayi waɗanda suka tashi daga Kogin Zinariya sun ƙunshi mutanen Akan. Asalin tushen arziki a cikin tattalin arzikin Akan shine zinariya. Koyaya, kamewa da sayarwar mutanen Akan sun kai kololuwa yayin rikicin Fante da Ashanti (kamar yadda duka suka sayar da yawancin waɗanda suka kama a matsayin fursunonin yaƙi). Rikicin Akan ya haifar da adadi mai yawa na fursunonin soja, da aka sani da "Coromantee" ana sayar da shi cikin bautar. Sojojin Coromantee da sauran fursunonin Akan sun shahara da yawaitar tawayen bayi da dabarun juriya na shuka. Waɗannan fursunonin ana jin tsoron su a cikin Amurka duka. Gadonsu ya bayyana a cikin kungiyoyi kamar Maroons na Caribbean da Kudancin Amurka.
An yi imanin cewa mutanen Akan sun yi ƙaura zuwa inda suke a yanzu daga yankin Sahara da yankin Sahel na Afirka zuwa cikin gandun daji a wajajen ƙarni na 11. Yawancin Akan suna ba da tarihinsu kamar yadda ya faro a yankin gabashin Afirka saboda a nan ne asalin ƙabilar Akan kamar yadda muka san su a yau ya faru.
Al'adar baka ta dangin Abrade (Aduana) mai mulki sun bayyana cewa Akans sun samo asali ne daga tsohuwar daular Ghana. Mutanen Akan sun yi ƙaura daga arewa ta cikin Masar kuma suka zauna a Nubia. Kusan 500 AD (karni na 5), saboda matsin lambar da masarautar Axumite ta Habasha ta yi, Nubia ta wargaje kuma mutanen Akan suka koma yamma suka kafa kananan masarautun kasuwanci. Waɗannan masarautun sun girma kuma kusan 750 AD an kafa Masarautar Ghana. Daular ta kasance daga 750 AD zuwa 1200 AD kuma ta rushe sakamakon shigar da Musulunci a Yammacin Sudan, kuma saboda kishin da Musulmai ke da shi na tilasta addininsu, daga karshe kakanninsu suka tafi Kong (watau Ivory Coast ta yanzu). Daga Kong, sun koma Wam sannan kuma zuwa Dormaa (dukansu suna cikin yankin Brong-Ahafo na yanzu). Motsi daga Kong ya zama dole saboda sha'awar nemo yanayin savannah masu dacewa tunda ba'a saba dasu da rayuwar gandun daji ba. Kusan karni na 14, sun ƙaura daga Dormaa a kudu maso gabas zuwa Twifo-Heman, Cape Coast. Wannan motsi ya kasance da dalili na kasuwanci. An kafa masarautar Bonoman (ko Brong-Ahafo) a ƙarni na 12. Tsakanin ƙarni na 12 da 13, haɓakar zinariya a yankin ta kawo wadatar Akans da yawa. A lokacin matakai daban-daban na Masarautar Bonoman, kungiyoyin Akan sun yi ƙaura daga yankin don ƙirƙirar jihohi da yawa waɗanda suka fi yawa kan haƙar zinare da fataucin amfanin gona. Wannan ya kawo arziki ga yawancin jihohin Akan kamar su Akwamu Empire (1550-1650), kuma a ƙarshe ya haifar da haɓakar sanannen masarautar Akan, Daular Ashanti (1700-1900).
Tarihi Daga karni na 15 zuwa karni na 19, mutanen Akan sun mamaye ayyukan hakar gwal da fatauci a yankin; a duk tsawon wannan lokacin suna daga cikin ƙungiyoyi masu ƙarfi a Afirka. Filin gwal na Akan, a cewar Peter Bakewell, su ne "yankin da ke da matukar annashuwa a cikin dajin da ke tsakanin kogin Komoe da Volta." Filin gwal na Akan ya kasance ɗayan manyan filayen zinare guda uku a yankin, tare da filin zinariya na Bambuk, da filin zinare na Bure.
Wannan wadatar da ke cikin zinariya ta jawo hankalin 'yan kasuwar Turai. Da farko dai, Turawan sun kasance ‘yan kasar Portugal, ba da jimawa ba kasashen Holan da Birtaniyya suka hada kai don neman zinaren Akan. Akan sun yi yaki da jihohin da ke makwabtaka a yankin su don kama mutane da sayar da su a matsayin bayi ga Turawa (Portuguese) wanda daga baya ya sayar da bayin tare da bindigogi ga Akan don musayar Akan zinariya. Hakanan kuma ana amfani da zinaren Akan don siyan bayi daga gaba zuwa arewa ta hanyar Trans-Saharan. Akan sun sayi bayi don taimakawa gandun daji da ke cikin Ashanti. Kimanin kashi ɗaya bisa uku na yawancin jihohin Akan barori ne (watau mutanen da ba Akan ba). Akan ya fita daga masu siyan bayi zuwa siyar da bayi kamar yadda abubuwan canzawa a cikin Gold Coast da Sabuwar Duniya suka canza. Don haka, mutanen Akan sun taka rawa wajen wadatar da Turawa da bayi, wadanda daga baya aka bautar dasu don cinikin bayi na Trans-Atlantic. A shekara ta 2006 Ghana ta nemi gafarar zuriyar bayi saboda rawar da Ashantis suka taka a cinikin bayi.
Mutanen Akan, musamman mutanen Ashanti, sun yi yaki da Turawan mulkin mallaka kuma suka kayar da su a lokuta da dama don ci gaba da cin gashin kai. Wannan ya faru a lokacin yaƙe-yaƙe na Anglo-Ashanti: Yakin Zinari na Zinare da sauran yaƙe-yaƙe irin wannan. A farkon 1900s, Ghana ta kasance masarauta ko kariya ta Burtaniya, yayin da ƙasashe a cikin Ivory Coast suna ƙarƙashin Faransawa. A ranar 6 ga Maris 1957, biyo bayan mulkin mallaka daga Burtaniya karkashin jagorancin Kwame Nkrumah, Kogin Zinariya ta haɗu da Burtaniya Togoland da Yankin Arewa, Upper East Region, da Upper West Region na Kogin Zinariya don ƙirƙirar Ghana. Kasar Ivory Coast ta sami 'yencin kai a ranar 7 ga watan Agusta 1960.
Siyasar Akan Akan suna daukar kansu al'umma daya. Akan yana nufin farko, mafi mahimmanci, mai nuna wayewa da wayewa. Duk da yake a al'adance na gargajiya, suna kuma hadewa ta hanyar ilimin falsafa ta hanyar kungiyoyin ruhohi 12 da ake kira Ntoro ko egya-bosom. A cikin ƙasar Akan akwai rassa dangane da yaruka da yawa, mafi faɗi kuma mai yiwuwa tsohuwar da ake amfani da ita ita ce Twi. Kowane reshe yana riƙe da tarin jihohi daga baya zuwa jihohi. Sarakuna da yawa waɗanda ake kira Ahemfo suna mulkin jihar ko Aman. Jihar ita ce asalin asalin siyasar Akan. Yawancin jihohi da jihohi-birni na iya haɗuwa don kafa ƙungiyar ƙawance ko daula ba tare da la’akari da ƙabila ko ƙabilar da suka fito ba, yayin da waɗancan mutanen na ƙabilar Akan ko kuma galibi galibi aka ci su ko aka haɗa su ta hanyar yaƙi ko yarjejeniya. Misali, kasar Guan ta Larteh da Akyem ta Akropong sun hade wuri daya don kafa Masarautar Akwapim don kauce wa Akwamu, wadanda Guan suke ganin zalunci ne. Karkashin Jiha akwai Rabarori kuma a karkashin wadannan Rabawan akwai garuruwa da kauyuka.
Akan tsara sarakunan Akan gwargwadon ikon su. Shugaban kungiyar hadin kai tsakanin kabilu galibi ana daukar shi Sarki ne, kamar yadda yake a Sarakunan Ashanti, Fante, Akyem da na Akwapim. Karkashin waɗannan akwai shugabannin ƙasashe waɗanda suke daidaita da Sarki wanda kawai ke jagorantar Daula (misali Daular Asante da Denkyira). A cikin shari'ar Asante, a matsayin Masarauta, Asantehene ya yi mulki a kan ba-Oyoko dangin-birni-kuma ya mallaki sarakunan waɗannan jihohin a matsayin mai mulkin Sarki ko Sarki (wanda ba a amfani da shi amma daidai lokacin da ya dace kamar yadda Emperor ke nufin sarkin sarakuna.) Amma dama na gaba, akwai Shugabannin rukuni, an tsara su da farko bisa ga rukuni biyar na rundunar Akan. Amma dama na gaba, akwai Shugabannin rukuni, an tsara su da farko bisa ga rukuni biyar na rundunar Akan. Rundunar Fante ko Asafo sun yi kama da gicciye ko jirgin sama. Tsarin yaƙi yana da Frontline, West Flank, East Flank, babban jiki da Vanguard. Sabili da haka, akwai manyan shugabanni guda biyar a cikin kowane Matsayi. Wadannan suna biye da su a daraja ta hanyar Sarakunan gari sannan kuma Sarakunan garin sannan sarki na gefen gari.
Kabilar Akan yawanci suna da Abusua bakwai (Iyalan dangi) a kowace jiha. Ba su da sunaye iri ɗaya a kowace jiha amma kowannensu yana da dangi iri ɗaya (misali a yankunan Fante da ke bakin teku, ana kiran dangin Asante na Oyoko da Dehyena ko Yokofo). An ba dangin dangin Jihohi waɗanda suke mulki ta hanyar matsayinsu na waɗanda suka kafa wannan yankin. Masarautar Ashanti tana karkashin Masarautar Oyoko. Koyaya, Bretuo ko Twidanfo (a Fante), da sauran dangi, suna mulkin Jihohi, Rarraba, Garuruwa da kauyuka a cikin Masarautar. Kabilun da ke magana da Fante galibi suna da Aslan Clan masu mulkin yawancin jihohinsu (kamar Mankessim). Wasu yankuna ko zuriya suna da haƙƙoƙin keɓewa ga wasu kujeru a cikin Akanland kamar su na Afia Kobi a cikin dangin Oyoko wanda shi kaɗai ke zaune a kan kujeran Zinariya ta Asante.
Akans al'adun mutanen gargajiya ne na Matrilineal na nahiyar Afirka. Gadodi na matriline shine ya sauƙaƙa wajan layin gado. A cikin kowane jinsi ko Gida akwai rassa. Ana kiran shugaban dangi da Abusuapanyin (ko kuma babban dattijo). Matsayi sama da shugaban dangi (Abusuapanin na iyali) shine shugaban dangi (ko Abusuapanyin na dangi). Wadannan rassa ana kiransu Jaase ko Kitchens. Kowane Kitchen yana da nasa lokacin don gabatar da ɗan takara na kujerar ga masu sarautar zuriyar. Da zarar sun yarda da dokokin dan takarar su har zuwa mutuwa. Wannan yana nufin har sai duk Jaase sun gabatar da yan takarar su dole su jira nasu lokacin.
Akan Sarakuna na kowane irin matsayi suna da wasu masu martaba waɗanda ke yi musu aiki a matsayin ƙananan sarakuna. Waɗannan ƙananan shugabannin ba su da taken gado don haka ba su da kujerun baƙar fata. Bayan haka, kowane Sarki yana da mata mai mulkin da aka sani da uwar Sarauniya. Mahaifiyar Sarauniya ta fi kama da mutum-mutumi wanda ke wakiltar babbar 'yar'uwar Sarki ko Sarki don haka mahaifiyar Sarki ko Sarki mai zuwa, za ta iya yin sarauta a matsayin Sarki idan ta ga dama (misali sarauniya-mata musamman daga gidan Asona: Nana Abena Boaa wanda ya mulki Offinso 1610-1640, Nana Afia Dokuaa da ta mulki Akyem Abuakwa 1817-1835, da Nana Yaa Asantewaa wanda ya mulki Edweso 1896-1900). Sun gabatar da dan takarar don la'akari dashi a matsayin Sarki. Mataimakin sarki bashi da uwar Sarauniya kamar yadda taken sa ba gado bane.
Yarima ko Daakye Hene (Fante) (wanda za a yi wa Sarki na gaba) kowane ɗayan zuriyar ne ya cancanci zama a kan kujera. Koyaya, ba duk masu martaba ko mata masu martaba suke Yarima ba kamar yadda wasu zasu iya cancanta. Yarima ba lallai bane dan Sarki ne amma kuma dan dan tsohon Sarki ne a bangaren uwa. Kamar haka, manyan mutane suna ƙoƙari su cimma matsayin yarima a cikin danginsu ko na 'ya'yansu.
Karamin shugaban ba ya bukatar zama mai martaba. Dole ne kawai ya dace da matsayin da zai hau. Wasu daga cikin mukamai za a iya soke su yadda suke so. Sun hada da shugabannin gidan mulki ko Mankrado, masanin harshe, da Chief Kingmaker ko Jaasehen, da Supi ko Janar na Soja, da Kaftin din Soja ko Asafohen (Fante) da sauransu. Hanyar Akans ta mallaki al-ummar su ta burge kabilun wasu kasashen Afirka ta Yamma kuma yayin da Akans suka ci nasara ko suka kulla kawance da wadannan al'ummomin, aka watsa musu wasu sassanta. Birtaniyyawa musamman sun ji cewa tsarin Akan yana da inganci sosai kuma sun yi ƙoƙari su kafa shi a cikin duk mulkokinsu a Yammacin Afirka ta amfani da Tsarin Dokar Kai tsaye. Ewes da Ga-Adangmes tare da kusancin su da Akan sun gyara wasu fannoni game da shi don dacewa da al'ummomin su.
A cikin Ghana da sauran jihohin zamani inda ƙabilar Akan suke, Sarakuna, mataimakan Sarakuna, Sarakuna, da Mashahuran Akans galibi suna matsayin matsayi na alama. Siyasar zamani ta sanya su gefe-gefe a siyasar ƙasa duk da cewa abu ne na yau da kullun a gano cewa zaɓaɓɓen jami'in da aka nada ko wanda aka nada ya kasance na masarautar Akan. Kuma, musamman a ƙauyuka da yankuna marasa talauci, Sarakunan gargajiya har yanzu suna da matukar mahimmanci don tsara ci gaba, sabis na zamantakewa da wanzar da zaman lafiya. Wasu Sarakuna sun yanke shawarar ci gaba tare da jagorancin Masarautun su da Jihohin su ta hanyar da ba ta siyasa ba. Asantehen da okyehen sun jaddada Ilimi da Dorewar Muhalli bi da bi. Wasu kuma suna matsawa gwamnatin kasa da mukarrabanta su cika alkawuran da suka yiwa mutanensu.
A cikin Ghana ta zamani, an kafa wata ƙungiya mai zaman kanta ta shari'a wacce aka fi sani da gidan "Sarakuna" (kalmar mulkin mallaka don a wulakanta Sarakunan Afirka saboda imanin wariyar launin fata don kada a daidaita Sarkin Afirka da Sarkin Turai a matsayi) don kulawa. "masarauta" da Gwamnatin Ghana kamar yadda Gwamnatin Biritaniya ta taba yi ta ba da izini ga Manyan sarakunan da kuma ba su labarai. Sarakunan Akan da yawa suna zaune a matakai daban-daban na Gidan "Shugabannin". Kowane Matsayi yana da Majalisar Gargajiya, sannan akwai Gidan Yankin "Shugabannin" kuma na ƙarshe gidan Majalisar "Shugabannin". Akan Sarakuna waɗanda suka taɓa yin yaƙi da juna da Sarakunan wasu ƙasashe a cikin Gana yanzu suna zaune tare da su don gina zaman lafiya da kuma ba da shawarar ci gaba ga ƙasashensu.
Subungiyoyin Akan da kuma asalin asali Mutanen Akan sun hada da wadannan rukunoni masu zuwa: Abinghi, Abbe, Abidji, Aboure, Adjukru, Ahafo, Ahanta, Akuapem, Akwamu, Akye, Akyem, Alladian, Anyi, Aowin, Ashanti (manyan kabilun), Assin, Attie, Avatime, Avikam, Baoulé, Bono, Chokosi, Denkyira, Ehotile, Evalue, Fante, Jwira-Pepesa, Kwahu, M'Bato, Nzema, Sefwi, Tchaman, Twifu, da Wassa. Kalmar Akanman ce ta bayyana asalin al'ummar Akan ko kuma kabila. Kalmar Akan wato (jam'i mai yawa Aman) wanda ke samar da kashi na biyu a cikin wannan magana yana da ma'anar "al'umma, gari, ƙasa, ƙasa". (A) an fassara mutum kamar "Akanland".
Harshen Akan Akan yana nufin yaren ƙungiyar ƙabilar yare ta Akan da kuma harshen Akan wanda ya kasance kuma shi ne yaren da ake amfani dashi sosai kuma ake amfani dashi a cikin ƙabilar Akan. Kowace kabila da ke da yare nata Akan tana da cikakkiyar sanarwa ga ilimin karatu a cikin yankuna masu rinjaye, a matakin firamare da na ilimin firamare (Firamare 1-3) K-12 (ilimi), kuma sunyi karatu a jami'a a matsayin digiri na farko ko na masters digiri shirin. Ana magana da harshen Akan a matsayin harshe mafi rinjaye a Yammacin, Tsakiyar, Ashanti, Gabas, Brong Ahafo yankuna na dangin Akan. Har ila yau ana magana da yare tare da wasu tasirin Akan da ake kira Ndyuka a Kudancin Amurka (Suriname da Faransanci Guiana), tare da yaren Akan da ke zuwa waɗannan wurare na Kudancin Amurka da Caribbean ta hanyar cinikin bayi na Trans-Atlantic kuma har yanzu ana amfani da sunayen Akan da tatsuniyoyi a cikin waɗannan Kasashen Kudancin Amurka da Caribbean (ana iya ganin wani misali a cikin Maroons na Jamaica da tasirinsu tare da al'adun Akan da kalmomin aro). Tare da yanayin fasahar zamani, mutum na iya sauraren watsa shirye-shiryen rediyo kai tsaye a cikin Akan daga tashoshin rediyo da yawa da karɓar kafofin watsa labarai da watsa labarai na jama'a a cikin Akan daga yawancin hanyoyin watsa labarai da watsa labarai. Akan yayi karatu a manyan jami’o’i a Arewacin Amurka da Amurka, gami da jami’ar Ohio, jami’ar jihar Ohio, jami’ar Wisconsin Madison, jami’ar Harvard, jami’ar Boston, jami’ar Indiana, jami’ar Michigan, da jami’ar Florida. Harshen Akan ya kasance harshen karatu na yau da kullun a cikin shirin shekara-shekara na Summer Cooperative African Languages Institute (SCALI) kuma ana koyar da harshen Akan kuma ana gudanar da shi ta Akan Orthography Committee (AOC). Wasu daga cikin sifofin halayyar Akans sun hada da sautin, jituwa wasali, da kuma gyara halitta.
Al'adu Al'adun Akan sune ɗayan al'adun gargajiya na gargajiya na Afirka. Akan zane-zane yana da fadi kuma sananne ne, musamman don al'adun kera nauyin zinare na tagulla, ta amfani da hanyar jefa kakin zuma. Al'adun Akan sun isa Amurka ta Kudu, Caribbean, da Arewacin Amurka.
Wasu daga cikin mahimman tarihinsu na almara ana kiransu anansesem, a zahiri ma'ana "labarin gizo-gizo", amma a ma'anar alama kuma ma'anar "tatsuniyoyin matafiyi". Waɗannan "labaran gizo-gizo" wasu lokuta ana kiransu nyankomsem: "kalmomin allahn sama". Labaran gabaɗaya, amma ba koyaushe ba, suna danganta da Kwaku Ananse, ruhun mai ruɗi, wanda galibi ana nuna shi kamar gizo-gizo, ɗan adam, ko haɗuwa da shi.
Abubuwan al'adun Akan sun haɗa da, amma ba'a iyakance ga: fasahar Akan, zane kente, Kalanda Akan, Akan sarauta, Akan nauyin zinariya, da addinin Akan.
Ra'ayoyin falsafar Akan da gado Waɗannan su ne ainihin abubuwan da ke tattare da falsafar Akan da gado:
Abusua (mogya) Abin da Akan ya gada daga mahaifiyarsa
Ntoro Abin da Akan ke samu daga mahaifinsa, amma ɗayan ba na Ntoro ba ne; maimakon haka mutum na Abusua ne
Sunsum Abin da Akan ke haɓaka daga ma'amala da duniya
Kra Abin da Akan ke samu daga Nyame (Allah)
Matrilineality Da yawa amma ba duk Akan suke aiwatar da al'adunsu na gargajiya na gargajiya ba, suna zaune ne a gidajen danginsu na gargajiya. Kungiyar gargajiya ta Akan ta tattalin arziki da siyasa ta dogara ne da layin mata, waɗanda sune tushen gado da maye gurbinsu. An bayyana jinsi azaman duk waɗanda ke da alaƙa da nasaba ta hanyar asalin haihuwa daga wata kaka. Yawancin rukuni-rukuni an haɗa su cikin rukunin siyasa wanda majalisar dattawa ke jagoranta, kowanne ɗayansa zaɓaɓɓen shugaban zuriya wanda shi kansa kansa na iya haɗawa da dangin dangi da yawa.
Don haka, ofisoshin jama'a suna da nasaba da tsatson, kamar yadda mallakar ƙasa da sauran dukiyoyin zuriyar. Watau, ana gadon dukiyar dangi ne kawai daga dangin mai ciki. Kowane jinsi yana kula da asalin zuriyar da membobinta suka noma, suna aiki tare don girmama magabatansu, suna kula da auran membobinta, kuma suna sasanta rikice-rikicen cikin gida tsakanin membobinta.
Hakanan an hada kungiyoyin siyasa a sama (a al'adance guda bakwai) amma ya zuwa yau, manyan kungiyoyi guda takwas da ake kira abusua: Aduana, Agona, Asakyiri, Asenie, Asona, Bretuo, Ekuona, da Oyoko. Membobin kowane irin wannan wariyar sun hada kansu da imaninsu cewa dukkansu sun fito daga tsohuwar kakanni daya saboda haka aure tsakanin membobin kungiya daya (ko abusua) haramun ne, haramun ne ga aure. Mutum ya gaji ko ya kasance memba ne na tsawon rayuwa, nasaba, rukunin siyasa da abusua wariyar uwa, ba tare da la'akari da jinsi ko aure na mutum ba. Membobi da matansu sun kasance suna da alaƙa daban, tare da uwa da yara suna zaune suna aiki a gida ɗaya, kuma mijinsu mahaifinsu suna zaune suna aiki a cikin gidan daban.
A cewar wani tushe na bayani game da Akan, "Namiji yana da kusanci sosai da ɗan'uwan mahaifiyarsa (wɔfa) amma yana da rauni ƙwarai da ɗan'uwan mahaifinsa. Ana iya kallon wannan a cikin yanayin al'adar auren mata fiye da daya wanda da alama mahaɗan uwa yaro sun fi ƙarfi ƙarfi fiye da ɗa da uba. A sakamakon haka, a cikin gado, dan yayan mutum (dan 'yar uwarsa) (wɔfase) zai kasance yana da fifiko a kan ɗan nasa. Dangantakar kawuna da dan uwansa, saboda haka, sun hau kan matsayi. "Ka'idodin da ke kula da gado, tsara, da shekaru ma'ana, maza suna zuwa gaban mata da tsofaffi kafin yara." ...Lokacin da 'yan'uwan mace suka kasance, yin la'akari da tsofaffin ɗabi'un ya nuna cewa layin yan uwa sun gaji kafin haƙƙin gadon kayan layya ya sauka zuwa na gaba mai zuwa asalin zuriyar 'ya'yan mata. A ƙarshe, "shi ne lokacin da duk gajiyar magada maza ta ƙare saboda mata" na iya gado.
Wasu wasu fannoni na al'adun Akan an ƙaddara su ne na patriline ba na matriba ba. Akwai kakannin Ntoro 12 (na ruhu), kuma kowa yana cikin kungiyar Ntoro ta mahaifinsa, amma ba ga danginsa da abusua ba. Kowane rukuni na Ntoro yana da sunayen suna, taboos, tsarkakewar al'ada, da siffofin ɗabi'a. Hakan yasa mutum ya gaji Ntoro daga mahaifinsa amma baya cikin danginsa.
Wani littafi (2001) na kwanan nan ya ba da sabuntawa akan Akan, yana mai cewa wasu iyalai suna canzawa daga tsarin dangi na sama zuwa dangin nukiliya. Gidaje, kulawa da yara, ilimi, aikin yau da kullun, da kulawar dattijai, da sauransu duk wannan dangin ne ke daukar nauyin su, maimakon 'yan uwan juna, musamman a cikin birni. Ba a yin watsi da abin da aka ambata a sama game da aure tsakanin dangin mutum, amma "membobin dangi" har yanzu yana da mahimmanci, tare da mutane da yawa da ke rayuwa a cikin tsarin nuna bambancin da aka gabatar a sama.
Tasirin Akan Abubuwan al'adun Akan gabaɗaya ana iya ganin su a cikin yankuna da yawa. Ana ganin takamaiman abubuwan al'adun Akan musamman a cikin jama'ar Afirka da ke makwabtaka da wasu jama'ar Afirka ta Tsakiya. Hakanan al'adun Akan suna da mahimmanci a Tarihi a cikin Sabuwar Duniya, inda sunayen Akan suke ko kuma suna gama gari, misali tsakanin Coromantins na Jamaica, Kudu da Arewacin Amurka, Barbados, da zuriyar Akwamu a St. John. Kofi, shugaban tawayen bautar ta 1763 da tawaye mai ƙarfi ga mutanen Holland a Guyana ɗan Akan ne.
Fitattun mutane daga asalin Akan Kwame Nkrumah (1909 1972) ya fara gwagwarmayar kasashen Afirka, wacce ta 'yantar da jihohi da dama daga Turawan mulkin mallaka.
Kofi Annan (1938–2018) bakar fata na farko da ya shugabanci kungiyar ta Majalisar Dinkin Duniya. An bashi lambar yabo ta Nobel
Arthur Wharton (1865-1930) ɗan wasa bakar fata na farko a duniya.
Cikakken jerin mutanen ƙabilar Akan a Wikipedia ta Turanci
Hotuna
Manazarta
Kabilu a Ghana
Kabilu a Ivory |
51222 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charlotte%20Haldane | Charlotte Haldane | Charlotte Haldane(née Franken 27 Afrilu 1894-16 Maris 1969) marubuci ɗan Burtaniya ne. Mijinta na biyu shine masanin halittu JBS Haldane.
Tarihin Rayuwa An haifi Charlotte Franken a Sydenham, London.Rayuw Iyayenta ’yan gudun hijira Yahudawa ne,mahaifinta,Joseph, ɗan kasuwan jakin Jamus.A shekara ta 1906,iyalin sun ƙaura zuwa Antwerp.Ta yi karatun boko a Landan.Daga baya Charlotte ta bayyana kanta a matsayin "mai ra'ayin mata"tun tana da shekaru goma sha shida. A lokacin yakin duniya na farko iyayenta sun shiga tsakani amma sun yi hijira a 1915 zuwa Amurka.
Ta auri Jack Burghes a 1918 kuma sun haifi ɗa,Ronnie.Charlotte ta shiga Daily Express a matsayin ɗan jarida a 1920;ta kuma zama mai fafutukar kawo gyara a saki aure,samar da aikin yi ga matan aure,da samun saukin hana haihuwa. A cikin 1924 ta yi hira da masanin halittu JBS Haldane don Daily Express,kuma nan da nan suka zama abokai. Daga nan ta sami saki mai ban tsoro daga mijinta,kuma ta auri Haldane a 1926. A cikin wannan shekarar,Haldane ya rubuta wani littafi mai suna dystopian,Duniyar Mutum,wanda aka kafa a cikin duniyar da wani masanin kimiyya na maza ya yi mulki wanda ya hana adadin matan da aka haifa. Tun lokacin samartaka mata a wannan duniyar ana mayar da su “masu sana’a uwaye”ko kuma idan ba su da sha’awar zama uwa,sai a yi musu haifuwa a hannun gwamnati,su zama ‘yan ba ruwansu. Duniyar mutum wani lokaci ana kwatanta shi da sauran litattafan dystopian na lokacin tsaka-tsaki,ciki har da Aldous Huxley's Brave New World da Katharine Burdekin's Swastika Night. Littafin Haldane na 1927 Motherhood and Its Enies ya zana wasu suka game da hare-haren da yake kaiwa kan masu cin zarafi da masu cin zarafi don "rasa darajar uwa" da kuma haifar da "kiyayyar jima'i"tsakanin namiji da mace.Duk da kasancewar Haldane na mata,Sheila Jeffreys ta kira Uwargida da Maƙiyanta "wani al'adar antifeminist".
A 1937 Charlotte ta shiga Jam'iyyar Kwaminis ta Burtaniya. A wannan lokacin ta kuma yi aiki a matsayin editan mujallar anti-fascist Woman Today. A lokacin yakin basasar Sipaniya ta shiga cikin ayyukan tara kudade a madadin Brigades na kasa da kasa,ta zama sakatariyar girmamawa na Kwamitin Ba da Agaji na Masu Dogara da kuma zama mai karbar ma'aikata a Paris. Daga baya ta zama jagora da fassara ga Paul Robeson lokacin da ya zagaya kasar a lokacin yakin. Dan nata,Ronny,shi ma ya shiga cikin Brigades na kasa da kasa kuma ya ji rauni a hannu,ya dawo Biritaniya a cikin kaka na 1937. Jaridar Daily Sketch ta aika Charlotte Haldane zuwa Moscow don bayar da rahoto game da ci gaban da Soviets suka samu wajen kare kansu daga mamayewar Jamus na 1941 (wanda ake kira Operation Barbarossa).Ta ga zanga-zangar ƙauye na adawa da tara jama'a kuma ta ji kunya game da kariyar kwaminisanci na Soviet, wanda har yanzu JBS ya yi imani da shi,ta rubuta game da shi a cikin Newsreel na Rasha. Haldanes sun rabu a cikin 1942 kuma suka sake su a 1945. Daga baya JBS ya auri Helen Spurway. Ta shafe shekarunta na ƙarshe tana rubuta tarihin tarihin mutane da yawa. Ta mutu a shekara ta 1969 na ciwon huhu.
Littafi Mai Tsarki Duniyar Mutum (1926)
Uwa da Makiya (1927)
Ɗan’uwa zuwa Bert (1930)
Ba Na Kawo Zaman Lafiya (1932)
Matasa Laifi ne (1934)
Melusin (1936)
Labaran Rasha (1941)
Adalci Kurma ne (wasa)
Gaskiya Za Ta Fita (Aikin Rayuwa, 1949)
Marcel Proust (1951)
Inuwar Mafarki (1953)
Shekarun Yarda (wasa, 1953)
Galyslaves of Love (1957)
Mozart (1960)
'Yar Paris (1961)
Hazo a Tahiti (1963)
Babbar Babbar Sarauniya ta China (1965)
Sarauniyar Zuciya: Marguerite na Valois (1968)
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15677 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Molara%20Ogundipe | Molara Ogundipe | Omolara Ogundipe-Leslie (27 Disamba 1940 18 Yuni 2019), wanda aka fi sani da Molara Ogundipe, ta kasance mawaƙiyar Nijeriya, mai sukar ra'ayi, edita, mai son ilimin mata da kuma himma. Idan aka dauki daya daga cikin manyan marubuta kan ilimin mata na Afirka, nazarin jinsi da ka’idar adabi, ta kasance mai sukar zamantakewar da aka amince da ita a matsayin wata hukuma mai tasiri ga matan Afirka a tsakanin baƙar fata mata da mata a gaba ɗaya. Ta ba da gudummawar gaɓaɓɓiyar "Ba ta jujjuya baya a kan Axanƙanin Mazancinsa ba" ga tatsuniyoyin 1984 Sisterhood Is Global: The International Women's Movement Anthology, wanda Robin Morgan ya shirya An fi yin bikin ta ne don kirkirar kalmar STIWA ko Canjin Zamani a Afirka ciki har da Mata.
Rayuwa An haifi Abiodun Omolara Ogundipe a garin Legas na tarayyar Najeriya, daga dangin malamai da malamai. Ta halarci makarantar Sarauniya, Ede, sannan ta zama mace ta farko da ta samu digiri na farko a digirin digirgir a digar Ingilishi a Kwalejin Jami'ar Ibadan, sannan kwaleji na Jami'ar Landan Ta daga baya ya aikata wani digiri na uku a Narratology (ka'idar labari) daga Leiden University, daya daga cikin tsofaffin jami'oi a Turai. Ta koyar da Nazarin Ingilishi, Rubutawa, Adabin kwatanta da Jinsi daga mahangar nazarin al'adu da ci gaba a jami'oi a nahiyoyi da dama, sannan kuma ta kasance farfesa a fannin Inglsh da Comparative Lterature a Jami'ar Fatakwal, Jihar Ribas ta Najeriya. Ta yi fice a farkon aikinta a tsakiyar fagen fasaha na maza da ke nuna damuwa game da matsalolin da ke damun maza da mata na Afirka.
An bayyana Molara Ogundipe a matsayin wacce take kan gaba a fagen nazarin ilimin addini wanda ke faruwa a tsakanin mata na Afirka. Tana da zurfin zurfin fahimtar al'adu game da tasirin alaƙar maza da mata a zamanin mulkin mallaka da kuma Yarbawa yan mulkin mallaka a matsayin madogara ga ka'idar A tsawon shekarun da suka gabata, ta kasance mai sukar zaluncin mata kuma tana jayayya cewa Matan Afirka sun fi zalunci a matsayinsu da matsayinsu na matan aure. Dangane da asalinsu da yawa, a cikin waɗanne asali waɗanda suke jin daɗin matsayi, dama, sananniya da wakilci. Ta soki halin da matan Afirka ke ciki saboda tasirin tsarin mulkin mallaka da na mulkin-mallaka wanda ya kan sanya mazajen Afirka a lokacin da suke fuskantar matsin rayuwa. Halin da suke ciki kuma ya faru ne saboda shigar da iyayen mata na Afirka da kansu. Ita kuwa, duk da haka, sai ta dage kan fahimtar mahimmancin matsayin matan Afirka a cikin al'adunsu na mulkin mallaka da na asali don kowane tattaunawa mai amfani ko nazarin matan Afirka.
Ogundipe ya kasance a cikin jagorancin gwagwarmayar mata da nazarin jinsi a Afirka shekaru da yawa. Ita ce ta kirkiro da kuma Darakta na Gidauniyar Ilimi ta Duniya da Kwarewa, wanda aka sadaukar domin koyar da 'yan mata akida da kyawawan halaye na ra'ayin mata da daidaiton jinsi. Ta rayu kuma ta yi aiki a Afirka ta Yamma, inda ta kafa cibiyoyin rubutu a jami’o’i, baya ga aikin da ta yi kan adabi, jinsi da fim, a cikin gudummawar da ta bayar ga jajircewarta na ilmantarwa da tsara tsakanin al’ummomi.
Ta mutu tana da shekara 78 a Ijebu-Igbo, Jihar Ogun, Najeriya, a watan Yunin 2019. Ta bar hera twoanta mata biyu: Dr. (Ts'gye Maryam) Rachel Titilayo Leslie, malama ce mai ilimin addini a Afirka wacce ke rubutu kan mahimmancin gadon Afirka ga al'adun duniya, da Dr. Isis Imotara Leslie, PhD, masanin ilimin siyasa wanda ya koyar a jami'o'in Amurka da yawa. Jikokin nata su ne Askia Tristan Folajimi Leslie, wacce ta kammala karatun Injiniyan Injiniya da Kode a Jami’ar Kalifoniya Berkeley, da Joshua Tolu Victoriano, wanda ba da jimawa ba aka nada diakon a cikin Ikklesiyar Orthodox Orthodox Church a Habasha.
Rubutawa Molara Ogundipe ta kasance a cikin jagorancin ilimin mata da ilimin jinsi a Afirka tun bayan kammala karatun ta a 1963 daga Jami'ar London. Ta yi rubuce-rubuce da yawa na ilimi da kuma wallafe-wallafe, da kuma buga littattafai na almara da kuma tarin wakoki. Aikinta yana cikin tarihin rayuwar mata: rubutun nata "Ba jujjuya wa a kan hanyar Maleness" yana a cikin almara ta 1984 Sisterhood Is Global: The International Women Movement Anthology, wanda Robin Morgan ya shirya Kuma waƙoƙin da ta rubuta suna cikin tarihin al'aura na 'Ya'yan Afirka, wanda Margaret Busby ta shirya Sukar A matsayinta na malama ’yar Najeriya, mai sukar lamiri, mai ilmantarwa kuma mai fafutuka, an amince da Ogundipe a matsayin daya daga cikin manyan marubuta kan matan Afirka da na mata Ta yi ikirarin nuna wariyar launin fata a Afirka da ta kira "Stiwanism" (Canjin Zamani a Afirka Ciki har da Mata) a cikin littafinta mai suna Recreating Ourselves Shahararriyar malama kuma masaniyar adabi, ta wallafa rubuce-rubuce da yawa na waƙoƙi da sukar adabi ban da ayyukanta waɗanda aka ambata a ƙasa.
Stiwanism ya damu da ka'idoji guda bakwai: "STIWA" 1) ya nuna adawa ga mata na Yammacin 2) ya ba da kulawa ta musamman ga matan Afirka a wannan lokacin na zamani 3) ya kawo matsayin mata na asali na asali wanda ya kasance a Afirka 4) ya yi imani da duka hada da shiga cikin canjin-siyasa da sauyawa na nahiyar Afirka 5) yayi gwagwarmaya da jikin mace, mutuncinta, kasarta, da zamantakewarta da kuma yadda take gudanar da ayyukanta a cikin tsarin tattalin arziki da tattalin arziki 6) da gangan ya kebanta da mutum da kuma kasancewarta a dunkule (watau addini, aji, da Matsayin aure) 7) ya gane cewa akwai dalilai da kuma shaidu da yawa a cikin Afirka da kuma halaye daban-daban na mutane da ke aiki ta hanyoyi daban-daban da masu sabani. Ogundipe a farkon aikinta ya nuna cewa marubuci na gaske mai son sanin mata ya kamata ya fahimta ko kuma bayyana yadda mace take da kyau da kuma yadda za a ba da labarin mace. Ta yi imani sosai cewa sake gano matsayin mata a cibiyoyin zamantakewar jama'a da siyasa na Najeriya shine mafi kyawun hanyar inganta wadannan cibiyoyin. An san ta a matsayin marubuciya wacce ayyukanta ke kamala da rikitarwa a rayuwar Afirka. A cikin Sake ƙirƙirar kanmu: Matan Afirka da Sauye-sauye masu mahimmanci, ta yi rubutu mai ban sha'awa game da mawuyacin halin rubutu a cikin yarenta na gargajiya da juriyar maza ga daidaiton jinsi. Ta hanyar dimbin gogewar adabi da rubuce-rubuce masu yawa da suka shafi jinsi, Ogundipe ya samar da "sarkakiya mai kyau" wanda zai baiwa mata mata na Afirka damar aiwatar da sauye-sauye masu ma'ana a cikin al'amuran da suka shafi jinsi, dangi da kuma zamantakewar da za ta iya ciyar da ci gaban kasa da nahiya gaba.
Littattafai Dinka Tsoffin Zamani da Sauran Waƙoƙi, 1985
Sake ƙirƙirar kanmu: Matan Afirka da Sauye-sauye masu mahimmanci, 1994
(ed.) Mata a matsayin ralan wasa na baka, 1994
(ed. tare da Carole Boyce-Davies Motsa Yankin Iyaka, Afrilu 1995 (mujalladi biyu).
Jinsi da batun aiki. Karatun "Waƙar Lawino" Jami'ar Leiden ta Nesa. Leiden, CNWS, 1999
Bayanan kula
Manazarta Gay Wilentz: "Bincike: Postcolonial Postmodern: Menene Aiki (l) d?" Kwalejin Turanci, Vol. 56, A'a. 1 (Janairu 1994).
Gibreel M. Kamara: "Gwagwarmayar Mata a Tattaunawa a Senegal Mariama Ba da Sembene Ousmane Jaridar Nazarin Baki, Vol. 32, A'a. 2, Nuwamba 2001.
Allan, Tuzyline Jita: "Nazarin littattafai, Sake ƙirƙirar kanmu: Matan Afirka da Sauye-sauye Masu Sauƙi daga Molara Ogundipe-Leslie". Bincike a cikin wallafe-wallafen Afirka, bazarar 1995.
Ogundipe (aka Ogundipe-Leslie), M. igenan asalin asali da na zamani game da batun jinsi da kuma Batutuwan da suka shafi Afirka: Tasirin ci gaban Nijeriya Lagos, Benin, Ibadan, Jos, Oxford, Zaria: Malthouse Limited P., 2005.
Hanyoyin haɗin waje "Desiree Lewis ta tattauna da Molara Ogundipe babbar masaniyar ilimin mata, mawaƙa, mai sukar adabi, mai ilmantarwa da kuma himma, game da yanayin siyasa, al'adu da ilimi".
"Hooray ga Majagaba a Nazarin Adabin Afirka!" Jaridar Liteungiyar Adabin Afirka, 5: 2, 179-181, DOI: 10.1080 21674736.2010.11690165.
"Molara Ogundipe-Leslie", Bayan Labari theaya Marubutan Najeriya
Mata
Ƴan Najeriya
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57384 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kia%20Stinger | Kia Stinger | Kia Stinger Korean wani matsakaicin girman liftback mai sauri ne wanda Kia ya kera tsakanin 2017 da 2023.
Dubawa Stinger ya bibiyi tushen sa zuwa GT Concept daga Nunin Mota na Frankfurt na 2011 da Kia GT4 Stinger daga Nunin Mota na Ƙasashen Duniya na Arewacin Amurka na 2014 Peter Schreyer da Gregory Guillaume (Babban Designer na Kia ne suka jagoranci aikin ƙira a ɗakin studio na Turai na Kia da ke Frankfurt kuma tsohon Mataimakin Shugaban Injiniya na BMW M Albert Biermann ya tsara shi, an buɗe motar a 2017 North American International Nunawa ta atomatik Biermann yanzu shine mataimakin shugaban zartarwa na haɓaka ayyukan haɓakawa da manyan abubuwan hawa na ƙungiyar motocin Hyundai Gwajin motar ta shafi fiye da a Koriya ta Duniya da kuma nisan a Nürburgring Nordschleife.
Ayyukan aiki Stinger yana amfani da gajeriyar sigar Hyundai Genesis injin gaba-gaba, dandali mai motsi na baya tare da ƙarin ƙarfafa ƙarfe kuma ana ba da shi tare da zaɓi na injuna biyu: 2.0-lita turbocharged huɗu-Silinda wanda ke samar da 188 kW (255 PS; 252 hp) da da injin twin-turbo V6 wanda ke samar da 272 kW (370 PS; 365 hp) a 6,000 rpm da na juzu'i daga 1,300-4,500 rpm don bambance-bambancen AWD Ga kasuwannin Turai da Koriya, ana ba da Stinger tare da tushen dizal 2.2-lita CRDis I4 wanda ke samar da 149 kW (202 PS; 199 hp) da Bambance-bambancen GT suna sanye da birki na Brembo da tayoyin Michelin Watsa tafin kafa shine atomatik mai sauri 8 tare da yanayin tuƙi guda biyar tare da madaidaicin magudanar ruwa. Kia yayi iƙirarin cewa Stinger yana haɓaka daga sifili zuwa 100 km/h (62 mph) a cikin 7.7, 6 da 4.9 na dizal mai lita 2.2, man fetur 2.0 da man fetur 3.3-lita bi da bi. An ba da rahoton cewa Schreyer ya tuka wani samfurin Stinger GT da aka riga aka yi a cikin babban gudun 269 km/h (167 mph) a kan Autobahn A yayin gwajin Mota da Direba, GT 3.3T na Amurka mai tuƙi tare da tayoyin Michelin Pilot Sport 4 sun sami a cikin dakika 4.6 akan waƙar, ya kai 0.91 g akan faifan skid kuma ya sami damar tsayawa daga a cikin Bisa ga wannan ɗaba'ar, ana sarrafa mafi girman saurin samfurin Amurka a a kowace Kia. A cikin gwaje-gwajen da Motoci suka yi, ƙayyadaddun silinda huɗu na Amurka Stinger 2.0 RWD akan tayoyin Bridgestone Potenza sun kai a cikin dakika 6.6, ya kammala<span typeof="mw:Transclusion" data-mw="{"parts":[{"template":{"target":{"wt":"Convert","href":"./Template:Convert"},"params":{"1":{"wt":"1/4"},"2":{"wt":"mi"},"3":{"wt":"1"}},"i":0}}]}" data-cx="[{"adapted":true,"partial":false,"targetExists":true,"mandatoryTargetParams":[],"optionalTargetParams":[]}]" id="mweA"></span> gudu a cikin dakika 15 kuma ya tsaya daga a cikin Matsakaicin hanzari na gefe da aka rubuta a gwajin waƙa shine 0.85 g.
Sabon Samfari A watan Agusta 2020, Kia ya buɗe wani sabon salo na Stinger wanda aka ci gaba da siyarwa a Koriya ta Kudu a kashi na uku na 2020 kuma a duniya a ƙarshen shekara. Sabunta salo sun haɗa da fitilun mota da aka gyara da fitilun wutsiya, sabon allon infotainment inch 10.25 da ƙarin ƙirar dabaran. Kia kuma ya kara da wani zaɓi na 2.5-lita Smartstream FR G2.5 T-GDi injin samar da 304 PS (224 kW; 300 hp) da kuma mai canzawa zuwa Lambda II RS T-GDi mai 3.3-lita wanda ke ƙara ƙarfin da 3 PS (2.2 kW; 3.0 hp) da An sabunta Kia Stinger don kasuwar Biritaniya a ranar 6 ga Janairu 2021, yayin da aka sabunta ƙirar Arewacin Amurka a ranar 16 ga Maris 2021, ta zama ɗaya daga cikin motocin farko da ke ɗauke da sabon tambarin Kia a wannan yankin, tare da Carnival Samfurin Mexican daga baya ya zo a ranar 3 ga Mayu 2021, kuma yana wasa da sabon tambarin Kia. A cikin Disamba 2022, Kia ya ba da sanarwar cewa za a daina Stinger a cikin 2023. Tare da sanarwar sun fitar da Stinger Tribute Edition. Dangane da Stinger 3.3 petrol turbo GT trim, yana da keɓaɓɓen launuka na ciki da na waje da ƙayyadaddun ƙira, kuma yana iyakance ga raka'a 200 a Koriya ta Kudu da raka'a 800 a ketare. Ƙafafun 19-inch, madubai na waje, da calipers baƙar fata ne, kuma cikin ciki yana da terracotta launin ruwan kasa mai keɓanta ga Ɗabi'ar Tribute. Bugu da ƙari, ana amfani da kayan ƙirar carbon a saman na'urar wasan bidiyo da kayan ado na kofa.
Jirgin wutar lantarki
Tallatawa An nuna Stinger GT a cikin jerin 2 kashi na 3 na Babban Yawon shakatawa, inda mai gabatar da shirye-shiryen James May ya yi tsere da mahaya biyu masu tsayi a kan titin dutse a Majorca, tare da motar da ke hawan tudu da skateboarders zuwa ƙasa. A kan 4 Fabrairu 2018, Kia ya saki tallace-tallace biyu na Stinger yayin Super Bowl LII Na farko kasuwanci fasali direban tsere Emerson Fittipaldi Na biyu ya ƙunshi mawaƙin jagoran Aerosmith Steven Tyler yana tuka motar a kan wata hanya mai ban sha'awa a baya har ya zama ƙarami shekaru 40. A cikin Janairu 2019, Kia ta ba da sanarwar haɗin gwiwa tare da ƙungiyar 'yan matan K-pop Blackpink don haɓaka Stinger. A cikin Yuni 2021, alƙalan Amurka sun isa wurin nunin a cikin biyu Kia Stinger GT2 2022.
Tsaro Sakamakon gwajin NCAP na Yuro na LHD, 2.2-lita CRDi GT-Line 5-kofa mai sauri a kan rijistar 2017:
Amfani da 'yan sanda A cikin 2018, Sabis na 'yan sanda na Queensland da 'yan sanda Tasmania a Ostiraliya sun zaɓi Stinger 330SI a matsayin sabuwar motar 'yan sanda ta hanya, tare da maye gurbin motocin 'yan sanda Ford Falcon da Holden Commodore da aka dakatar. Tun daga 2019, sassan 'yan sanda na SPEED suna amfani da bambance-bambancen V6 na Stinger a Poland Ana amfani da motocin da ba a lakafta su ba don sanya ido kan tsaro a kan hanyoyin; ana kuma amfani da su azaman ababen hawa. A cikin 2021, 'yan sandan Merseyside sun fara amfani da Stinger. Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba |
58561 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/C%C3%A2ndido%20da%20Fonseca%20Galv%C3%A3o | Cândido da Fonseca Galvão | Cândido da Fonseca Galvão,wanda kuma aka sani da Dom Obá II D'África Lençóis,1845-1890),wani jami'in sojan Brazil ne kuma mai daraja.Jikan Obá Abiodun na Daular Oyo, ya rike mukamin Omoba a tsakanin kabilar Yarbawa na Afirka ta Yamma.Mahaifin Galvão,Benvindo,ya sami 'yanci a ranar da ba a sani ba a farkon rabin karni na sha tara.Bayan da ya sami 'yancin kai,ya nemi ya yi amfani da damar da ake yi na tseren lu'u-lu'u na Lençóis a arewa maso gabashin Brazil.Shaidu sun nuna cewa ya zo ne a shekara ta 1845,duk da cewa babu takardar shaidar haihuwa da za a tabbatar,an kiyasta an haifi dansa Cândido da Fonseca Galvão jim kadan bayan haka.
Yakin Neman Shiga Galvão ya shiga aikin sojan Brazil a shekara ta 1865 a matsayin mai 'yanci don yakar kasarsa a yakin da ke tafe da Paraguay da ke tattare da rikicin yanki.Duk da haka Galvão bai yi rajista shi kaɗai ba,ya zo ne a matsayin shugaban ƙungiyar ’yan’uwanta 30 da ya amince su shiga yaƙi tare da shi.Ko da yake babu wani daftarin aiki na dole a jihar Brazil,yakin ya ba da damar daina zama arha aiki ga tsoffin bayi,kuma da yawa sun yi amfani.Galvão ya nuna alamun basirar jagoranci a farkon watanni na kafa sojojin Brazil,wannan ingancin ya ba shi girma zuwa Sajan a ranar 1 ga Mayu,1865.Daga nan ne zai jagoranci tawagar sa kai 230 zuwa babban birnin lardin.An shigar da tawagar Lençóis bisa ƙa'ida zuwa cikin Ƙungiyar Sa-kai ta III,ƙarƙashin jagorancin Laftanar Kanar Domingos Mundim Pestana na National Guard,kafin a nada shi a hukumance na 24th Corps Volunteer Corps.Masu sa kai na 24 sun kasance bataliya ta Zuavo,wadanda suka yi amfani da dabaru da kakin suttura daga rundunonin Zouave na sojojin Faransa na Afirka.Bahian Zuavos sun kasance abin kallo a cikin sojojin Brazil,galibi an san su da kwalayen rigar rigar su da bakar jami'ansu.
Tare da kammala yakin su,a farkon lokacin rani na 1865,kamfanin na uku na Zouaves ya koma kwata daga Quartel da Palma zuwa Arsenal da Marinha,amma ba tare da mai ba da izini ba,saboda mataimakin shugaban kasa ya kori wanda ke kan karagar mulki. sakamakon yunkurin wasan wuta.Wannan ya bar guraben aiki,kuma yayin da yaƙi ya kunno kai,Mataimakin Shugaban Ƙasa ya zaɓi Cândido da Fonseca Galvão don cike aikin Sublieutenant na Kamfanin Bahia na 3 na Zouaves.
Ranar 17 ga Yuni,1865,gawawwakin sun yi tattaki zuwa fadar babban Bishop don samun albarka daga shugaban lardin kafin su tashi zuwa kudu kan jirgin ruwa na Turanci Saladin.An karbe su bayan kwanaki 6 a Guanabara Bay, tsakiyar daular Brazil.A cikin watan da aka keɓe sojojin a Campo Da Aclamação, Galvão ya fara ganawa da sarki Pedro II,kafin su fara tafiya na wata 9 zuwa yankin abokan gaba.
Yakin Tuiuti Mayu 24,1866,yaƙi mafi girma a tarihin Kudancin Amirka ya faru tsakanin sojojin kawance na Brazil,Argentina,da Uruguay da kuma sojojin Paraguay,dake Tuiuti,Paraguay.Sojojin kawance sun tsaya tsayin daka 32,000 kuma sojojin Paraguay sun kai adadin kusan 30,200. Yakin dai ya dauki tsawon sa'o'i 5 ne kawai ana gwabza fada a kusa da sansani wanda ya yi sanadin mutuwar kusan mutane 9,000 a hade daga bangarorin biyu.Gawarwakin masu sa kai na Sublieutenant Galvão sun rasa maza 152 kadai.Dakarun kawancen dai sun samu nasara,amma saboda tsananin hasarar da suka yi,sun kasa cin gajiyar nasarar da suka samu,kuma sun kasance a wuri guda tsawon shekaru biyu,suna fakewa da kananan fadace-fadace.
Matsayin mutum ɗaya a cikin yaƙi ba a rubuta shi ba kaɗan ba,amma akwai bayanan Melo Moraes Filho na zamani da ke magana game da maganganun da masu sa kai na Zouaves suka yi game da Galvão,"Imanin Yarima a ofishinsa yana da tsafta kuma abin yabo ne",kuma "a duk yaƙe-yaƙen da aka yi yaƙi da su.sojojin mai mulkin kama-karya López,ya kasance koyaushe a cikin masu gadi, yana faɗa da ƙarfin hali da ƙarfin hali. Tun daga watan Agusta 31,1866,kuma yakin duk ya yanke shawara,Sublieutenant Galvão ya ɓace daga yakin saboda raunin da ya sha a hannun damansa.Makonni biyu bayan haka,an wargaza rundunar ta 24 kuma an tura 'yan sojojin da suka rage zuwa wasu sassan don kammala yakin har zuwa mutuwar Solano López.
Zuwan gida Bayan Cândido da Fonseca Galvão ya koma Rio de Janeiro,an umarce shi ya koma lardin Bahia na haihuwa.Wannan ya fara fafutukar ganin al’umma su san irin kokarin da ya yi da kuma cancantar hidimar da ya yi a yakin,ya kuma bude kafar sadarwa tsakaninsa da sarki,“Na zo muku a yau a matsayin mai addu’a wanda bai samu ko daya daga cikin ribar da aka ba shi ba.wadanda,kamar kansa,sun ba da ayyukansu don kare ƙaunatacciyar Ƙasar Gida;Na zo ne cikin kaskantar da kai da rokon Mai Martaba da ya ba wa wannan maudu’in daraja ta daraja da kuma ba shi lambar yabo ta yakin neman zabe”.
Hanya mai wahala ta biyo baya don samun karramawa saboda gaskiyar cewa ofishin Adjutant General's ya buƙata,ƙarƙashin Order of the Day No.52,takardar shaida 'cikakkun ayyukan da suka dace da aka yi yayin yakin Paraguay'. Galvão bai iya ba da wannan takardar shaidar ba,saboda 'gidan da yake zaune a garin Lençóis ya kama wuta kuma ya kone kurmus tare da dukkan abubuwan da ke cikinsa'.An warware takun saka bayan shekara guda ta hanyar Order of the Day No. 880,wanda aka bayar a ranar 30 ga Satumba,1872,wanda ya bayyana,"An ba da fifikon darajan soja ga tsohon mai ba da izini na Kamfanin 3rd na Bahian Zouaves,Cândido da Fonseca Galvão,don sanin ayyukansa a lokacin yaƙin da ake yi da yaƙin. Paraguay'.
A cikin shekaru da suka biyo baya Galvão ya nemi diyya ta gaskiya kuma ya yi hamayya da rashin adalci da shi da abokan yaƙin yaƙi suka yi masa sa’ad da suka isa gida. Kamar sauran mutane da yawa,Galvão ya yi ƙoƙari ya koma cikin rayuwar farar hula,kuma shaida a cikin lokacin yakin basasa nan da nan ya nuna cewa mai maye gurbin ya yi fama da shan barasa da rashin lafiyar kwakwalwa,wanda a ƙarshe ya haifar da kama mutane da yawa,na farko da aka rubuta a watan Mayu 1876.
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50356 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arisa%20%28manga%29 | Arisa (manga) | <onlyinclude>Arisa an haife ta a kasar jafanis ƙwararriyar wasan shojo ce kokari ta na cinma manufar manga fim ta bayyana Natsumi Ando ta bayyana shi ah mujallarna wata na kayoshi lokacin shekara febrari 2009,har zuwa lokacin satamba 2012.kodansha ta fitar da labari Sha biyu bound volume daga shekarar aprilu na 2009 zuwa satamba 2012.sun shirya fittar da Japan,tsubasa uehara amatsayin Mai bincike kenan ilmi fasaha lokacin ta mallaka wa Yar uwar ta gwayenta
Del Rey ya ba da lasisin jerin don fassarar yaren Ingilishi a Arewacin Amurka. Ya buga kundi na farko a cikin Oktoba 2010, kuma jim kaɗan bayan haka, Kodansha USA ta ɗauki nauyin bugawa, tare da ƙarar ƙarshe da aka buga a cikin Janairu 2014. Masu karanta harshen Ingilishi sun karɓi jerin gwano mai inganci, tare da ɗimbin kundila guda uku da aka sanya a cikin Jerin Mafi kyawun Masu siyarwa na New York Times na manga. Arisa gabaɗaya ta sami tabbataccen bita daga masu bitar harshen Ingilishi, kuma ƙarar farko da aka sanya a cikin jerin “Great Graphic Novels for Teens” a cikin 2011.
Makirci An saita a cikin Japan na zamani, makircin ya shafi Tsubasa Uehara da Arisa Sonoda kyawawan 'yan'uwa mata tagwaye da rabuwa da iyayensu suka rabu da su ta hanyar wasika. Daga karshe kuma ta sake zuwa a matsayin matashiya bayan shekaru uku, tomboyish Tsubasa tana da kishi, amma tana alfahari da fitacciyar ‘yar uwarta, idan aka kwatanta da rayuwarta ta makaranta inda ake kiranta da “Gimbiya Aljana”. Sa’ad da Arisa ta karɓi wasiƙa daga makarantarta da ke zarginta da cewa maciya amana ce, sai ta yi ƙoƙarin kashe kanta kuma ta koma. A gigice da bakin ciki, Tsubasa ta fito a matsayinta, tana zuwa makarantarta don jin dalilin da ya sa ta yi yunkurin kashe kanta. Ta sami labarin cewa ajin Arisa na aika sakon fatan alheri a wayoyinsu ga wanda ake kira King kowace Juma'a. Sarki yana ba da fata guda ɗaya kawai a mako, wanda ke haifar da tashin hankali. Tsubasa ya yanke shawarar dakatar da Sarki ya gano sunan mutumin don ceto Arisa, da fatan ya tashe ta daga suman da tayi.
Taimakawa a cikin binciken ta Akira Manabe Abokin karatun Arisa wanda ya koyi ainihin Tsubasa, ta ci karo da Mariko Takagi Abokin Arisa wanda Sarki ya yi amfani da shi; Midori Yamashita Abokin Arisa; Rei Kudō dalibin canja wuri wanda Arisa ta yi abokantaka a kan layi kuma wanda ke aiki a matsayin manzon Sarki; da Shizuka Mochizuki Abokin ƙuruciyar Manabe wanda ya rasa amfani da kafafunsa bayan wani yunkurin kashe kansa da Sarki ya yi. Arisa ta farka daga suman da take yi, amma ta yi kamar tana da amnesia ta koma bangaren Midori. Ta bayyana cewa ita ce Sarki na asali: ko da yake ta yi buri marar lahani tun da farko, ta saci amsoshin jarrabawar da Mariko ke so, saboda tsoron rashin jin daɗi idan ta ƙi. Midori ya kama ta a cikin wannan aikin, kuma ta raba aikin biyan bukatun ajin tare da shi, har sai da ya raunata mahaifiyarta, a kokarin cimma burinsa. Daga nan Midori ya maye gurbinta a matsayin Sarki, yana amfani da tashin hankali da cin zarafi don biyan bukatansa. A tsorace ta zaluntarsa da ganin kamanceceniya da ke tsakaninsu, sai ta kai ga tagwayenta, tana fatan Tsubasa ta iya tona gaskiya. Tsubasa ya sami labarin cewa Midori ya sami rauni a hankali tun yana ƙuruciyarsa bayan mahaifiyarsa ta watsar da shi kuma ya shaida tagwayensa, Akari, ya mutu saboda sakaci Daga baya ta dakile yunkurinsa na kashe mahaifiyarta, saboda ya tsani mahaifiyarsa kuma ya yi imani da cewa Arisa ma yana son nata. Arisa ta furta cewa tana sonsa don ya lura da kaɗaicinta, kuma ya gane cewa shima yana sonta. A ƙarshe, mahaifiyar Arisa ta ba da ƙarin lokaci tare da ita, kuma Arisa ta sulhunta da Tsubasa.
Ci gaba Manga artist Natsumi Ando 's Concept art of Arisa tana da nau'ikan Tsubasa guda biyu na baya tare da tsayi mai tsayi da tsayin kafada, bi da bi. Ando da farko ya ji damuwa game da rashin yiwuwar abokiyar soyayya ga Tsubasa, saboda masu sauraron Arisa yan mata ne; duk da haka, yayin da manga ya ci gaba, ta yi la'akari da shi a matsayin "maganin siyarwa." A sakamakon haka, ta sami damar mai da hankali kan tunanin Tsubasa game da tagwayen ta. Ba da daɗewa ba bayan fara jerin abubuwan manga, Ando ya ƙirƙiri "Tsubasa", wani babin kari da ke mai da hankali kan yadda Arisa ta yi kamar ta zama ƙanwarta; ta ci gaba da jinkirta fitowar ta, saboda da alama bai dace ba a sami labarin bonus tare da Arisa ta bayyana lokacin da ta nutse a cikin babban labarin ta. A cewar Ando, ya sanya babi mai kyau da za a kammala jerin.
Fitarwa Natsumi Ando ne ya rubuta kuma ya kwatanta sauraro na Arisa, sun bayyana a jere a cikin mujallar manga na wata-wata Nakayoshi daga fitowar Fabrairu 2009 zuwa fitowar Satumba 2012. Kodansha ya tattara saurari zuwa littafi goma sha biyu, kuma ya buga su daga Afrilu 28, 2009, zuwa Satumba 6, 2012. A cikin 2009, Del Rey ya ba da sanarwar cewa ya ba da lasisin jeri don fassarar yaren Ingilishi a Arewacin Amurka. Del Rey ya fitar da ƙarar farko a ranar 26 ga Oktoba, 2010; Kodansha USA ya ci gaba da buga jerin, tare da ƙarar ƙarshe da aka buga a Janairu 21, 2014. Kodansha a Burtaniya ma ya buga bugu na dijital na jerin. Carlsen Comics kuma an fassara Arisa zuwa Jamusanci.
liyafa Arisa ta sami kyakkyawar kulawa daga masu karatun na Turanci. Juzu'i na biyu, na biyar, da na shida kowanne an sanya su a cikin Jerin Mafi kyawun Masu siyarwa na New York Times na manga.
Ƙungiyar Sabis na Laburaren Matasa ta sanya ƙarar farko na Arisa a cikin jerin "Babban Zane-zane don Matasa" na 2011. Deb Aoki na About.com ya sake nazarin ƙarar farko na Arisa da kyau, yana yaba shi a matsayin "mai tursasawa" da "labari mai duhu" fiye da aikin Ando na baya Gimbiya Gimbiya daga baya ta sanya Arisa a cikin jerin 2010 na "Mafi kyawun Sabon Manga" don nau'in shojo A cewar Matthew Warner na Mania Entertainment, farkon clichéd-da alama haruffa da bayyanan jigo sun taimaka wajen samar da "bambanci mai ƙarfi" ga babban labarin da "lalata da karkatacciyar yanayin ɗabi'ar Arisa". Yayin da yake lura da kasancewar clichés da "ramukan makirci", Carlo Santos na Cibiyar Watsa Labarai ta Anime ya ji daɗin ƙarar farko, yana kwatanta shi a matsayin Naoki Urasawa mai salo na shoujo, wanda aka gina akan yadudduka na sirrin jaraba"; yana da ra'ayi iri ɗaya game da zane-zane nata, inda ya rubuta cewa ya ba da labarin da kyau, amma ba shi da wani salo na fasaha na musamman. A cikin bitarta na juzu'i na uku, Rebecca Silverman, wata mai bita don Cibiyar Watsa Labarai ta Anime, ta rubuta cewa yayin da tsarin tsakiyar makarantar ya ji abin yarda da shi kuma asirin ya kasance mai ban sha'awa, wasu bangarori na makircin suna ƙoƙarin dakatar da karatu na rashin imani, da kuma zane-zane, kodayake yawanci yana da daɗi, ya kasa zama mai ban tsoro mai gamsarwa yayin al'amuran ban tsoro. A cikin bita na bita na littattafai na goma sha ɗaya da na goma sha biyu, Silverman ya fassara Arisa a matsayin gwagwarmaya tare da na Stockholm kuma ya rubuta cewa ba shi da damuwa, kamar yadda ta ƙarshe, halin har yanzu ya kasance a cikin "dangantakar da ba ta da." Ta ji daɗin wannan tuhuma kuma ta rubuta cewa labarin baya na Midori ya isa ya bayyana ayyukansa, ta ƙarasa da cewa "Arisa ta kasance mai hawan daji, abin |
18578 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kim%20Il-Sung | Kim Il-Sung | Kim Il Sung Hangul Kim Il Sŏng an haife shi a ranar 15 ga watan Afrilu, shekarar 1912 ya mutu a ranar 8 ga watan Yulin shekarar 1994) shi ne shugaban Koriya ta Arewa na farko daga shekarar 1948 har zuwa rasuwarsa a shekarar ta alib 1994. Ya mutu sakamakon bugun zuciya a ranar 8 ga watan Yulin shekarar 1994. Gwamnatin Koriya ta Arewa ta ba shi taken "Madawwami Shugaba" bayan mutuwarsa.
Kim Il Sung ne ya ƙirƙiro ra'ayin siyasa na Juche. Ya gudu Koriya ta Arewa daban da Tarayyar Soviet da China Lokacin da ya mutu, dansa Kim Jong Il a shekarar (1941 da shekara ta 2011) ya zama shugaban Koriya ta Arewa. Yana da wannan aikin har sai da ya mutu a ranar 17 ga watan Disamba, shekarar 2011. Jikansa, Kim Jong Un (an haife shi a shekara ta alif 1983) shi ne shugaban Koriya ta Arewa. Brotheran'uwansa, Kim Yong Ju (an haife shi a shekara ta 1920), shi ma jami'in gwamnati ne.
Sunan Kim Il Sung na nufin "wanda ya zama rana Akwai fiye da 300 da mutummutumai da Kim Il Sung a Korea ta Arewa.
Kafa Jamhuriyar Jama'ar Koriya ta Koriya A cikin shekarar 1945, bayan da Tarayyar Soviet ta shelanta yaƙi da Japan, Amurka ta jefa bam a Japan a Hiroshima da Nagasaki, wanda hakan ya raunana Daular ta Japan. Sojojin Soviet sun shiga Japan-Korea kuma suka kame Pyongyang da ƙyar da wahala. Sun sanya Kim Il Sung a matsayin shugaban reshen Koriya ta Arewa na Kwaminisancin Koriya kuma suka ba shi tankokin Soviet na zamani, manyan motoci, makamai da bindigogin sojojin Koriya (KPA). An ayyana Jamhuriyar Jama'ar Koriya ta Arewa a ranar 8 ga watan Satumba, shekarar 1948 duk da turjewar Majalisar Dinkin Duniya. Shugaban Soviet Joseph Stalin ya naɗa Kim a matsayin shugaban sabuwar jihar. Yankin kudu na yankin Koriya ya ayyana kanta Jamhuriyar Koriya (Koriya ta Kudu) don ramuwar gayya. Hotunan Kim sun bayyana a Koriya ta Arewa tun daga shekarar 1949.
Yaƙin Koriya Tarayyar Sobiyat ta amince da tsarin mulkin Kim a matsayin mallake Koriya baki daya, gami da kudu. An yarda da shi gaba ɗaya cewa Kim ya mamaye kudu ta hanyar shawarar kansa kuma Soviet ba ta yi tasiri a kansa ba. Kudancin ya cika da mamaki lokacin da sojojin Kim suka mamaye da sanyin safiyar 25 ga watan Yuni, shekarar 1950. KPA sun kame Seoul da yawancin kudu ban da Pusan a kudu maso gabas. Sojojin Majalisar Dinkin Duniya wadanda galibi ke samun goyon bayan Amurka sun sauka a Koriya kuma suka fara tura KPA baya arewa. Da fari dai, sojojin Majalisar Dinkin Duniya sun sami nasarar tura KPA baya ta 38th layi daya (layin kirki wanda ya raba Koreas yayin yakin). Sabuwar Jamhuriyar Jama'ar Sin da farko ba ta son ra'ayin cewa Koriya za ta sake haɗuwa a ƙarƙashin mulkin Kim amma sun yarda lokacin da Kim ya gaya musu cewa Stalin ya amince da mamayewar.
An sanya shi ga Majalisar Dinkin Duniya don jefa kuri'a kan ko sojojin Majalisar Dinkin Duniya za su yi ƙoƙari su mallaki Koriya a ƙarƙashin mulkin dimokiradiyya. An zartar da shawarar tunda Tarayyar Soviet ba ta kasance yayin kaɗa kuri'ar. Idan da Soviet za su yi fatali da shawarar, da sojojin na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ba su sami damar kara dannawa zuwa Koriya ba. Daga karshe sojojin Majalisar Dinkin Duniya sun kame Pyongyang kuma an tilastawa gwamnatin Kim tserewa zuwa arewacin Kogin Yalu zuwa cikin China. Sojojin China sun haɗu kuma daga ƙarshe suka tsallaka Kogin Yalu suka yi yaƙi tare da KPA da Red Army akan sojojin Amurka, Birtaniyya da Majalisar Dinkin Duniya. Daga ƙarshe sun cimma matsaya tun da babu ƙarfin da zai iya mallakar cikakken ikon mallakar yankin. An sanya hannu kan sulhu a ranar 27 ga watan Yuli, shekarar 1953 wanda ya kawo ƙarshen yaƙin shekaru uku kuma ya kafa ƙasashe biyu masu iko na Koriya ta Arewa da Koriya ta Kudu. Tunda ba a sanya hannu kan yarjejeniyar zaman lafiya ba, koriyawan biyu a fagen fasaha suna cikin yanayin yaki da juna.
Jagoran Koriya ta Arewa A cikin shekarun farko, Koriya ta Arewa ta sha gaban makwabciyarta ta kudu ta fuskar tattalin arziki; mai yiwuwa saboda taimakon Sobiyat da na China. Kim ya girka tsarin tattalin arzikin Soviet mai tsari kamar yadda aka tsara. Gwamnatin ta mallaki hanyoyin samarwa kuma an tsayar da farashin abinci maimakon a bar shi ya tashi ya faɗi kamar a tsarin kasuwa. Kim Il Sung bisa ƙa'ida ya zama shugaban Koriya ta Arewa tare da kafa tsarin mulki na DPRK a cikin 1972 wanda ya nuna shi a matsayin Shugaban jamhuriya.
Kasantuwar Ta'addanci Don yin daidai da ranar haihuwar Kim Il Sung na shekara saba'in a cikin shekarar 1982, an gina wata doguwar hasumiya mai tsayin dalla 170m da ake kira Juche Tower An yi shi ne daga tubalin dutse 25,550; daya ga kowace rana ta rayuwar Kim.
Doka ce ta doka don samun hotonsa, tare da ɗansa Kim Jong Il, rataye a cikin gidan mutum. An bawa kowa kyalle na musamman don yin turbaya da tsaftace hotunan.
A cikin shekarar 1980s ajiyar alli ta haɓaka a bayan wuyan Kim Il Sung. Ya kumbura har zuwa girman lemu a mafi girma. Da sauri aka ƙaddara cewa aiki cire shi ba zai yiwu ba saboda kusancinsa da ƙashin bayansa. Bayan haka an hana 'yan jaridar Koriya ta Arewa ɗaukar hoto Kim Il Sung daga dama.
A cikin shekarar 1997 tare da Kim Jong Il ya ƙarfafa ikonsa sosai bayan mutuwar mahaifinsa, Koriya ta Arewa ta yi watsi da kalandar Miladiyya da ake amfani da ita a sauran duniya. Madadin haka suna amfani da kalandar Juche wacce ke farawa daga shekarar haihuwar Kim Il Sung shekarar (1912) kamar shekara 1. Misali, za a rubuta shekarar 2015 a matsayin Juche 104. Don lissafin kwanan wata a cikin shekarun Juche, a sauƙaƙe cire a shekarar 1911 daga shekarar da muke ciki. Ana rubuta kwanan wata a Koriya ta Arewa tare da Juche na farko; misali: 12 ga watan Afrilu, Juche 104 (2015).
Daga baya yayi mulki A farkon 1990s, Koriya ta Arewa ta fara fuskantar yunwa, wanda ake wa laƙabi da 'Babban Yunwa''' A lokaci guda Tarayyar Sobiyat tana cikin mawuyacin canje-canje na tattalin arziki da zamantakewar al'umma gami da fuskantar matsin tattalin arziki. Soviet, waɗanda suka ba DPRK abinci tare da waɗansu abubuwa tun ƙarshen 1940s, sun fara neman Koriya ta Arewa su biya su; kudin da DPRK basu mallaka ba. Tarayyar Sobiyar ta rushe a cikin 1991 kuma taimakon abinci kusan nan da nan ya tsaya. Kim Il Sung ta tsakiya shirya tsarin tattalin arziki, inda gwamnatin shirin tattalin arziki fitarwa a gaba, tabbatar da cewa ma inflexible don kauce wa tattalin arziki bala'i. A ranar 8th na Yuli 1994, Kim Il Sung ya kamu da ciwon zuciya kuma ya mutu ba da daɗewa ba, ya bar ƙasarsa cikin mummunan fatara, rashin abinci mai gina jiki da warewa.
An ayyana lokacin makoki bayan ya mutu kuma bai ƙare a hukumance ba sai a 1997; shekara uku bayan mutuwa. Hisansa, mai jiran gado, Kim Jong Il ya gaje shi a matsayin babban shugaban Koriya ta Arewa. Kim Jong Il bai zama Shugaban ƙasa ba tunda aka baiwa Il-Sung taken girmamawa na 'Madawwami Shugaba''' Madadin haka aka nada shi Babban Sakatare na kwamitin tsakiya na kungiyar Ma'aikatan Koriya (shugaban jam'iyyar mai mulki). Don haka Koriya ta Arewa ita ce kasa daya tilo a duniya da mutum ya ke jagoranta ta hanyar fasaha.
Farfagandar jihar ta nuna Kim Il Sung a matsayin ubangiji ga mutane kuma lokacin da ya mutu mutane da yawa sun ji ɓacewa, damuwa da rikicewa saboda da yawa sun gaskata cewa ba zai iya mutuwa ba.
Juriya ga Japan A lokacin mamayar Japan a Koriya, Kim Il Sung ya kasance tare da ƙungiyoyin 'yan tawayen adawa da yawa.
Manazarta Shugabanni
Shugaban Kasa
Mutane
Mutanen Asiya
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20200 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abdulmumin%20Jibrin | Abdulmumin Jibrin | Abdulmumin Jibrin (an haife shine 9 ga watan Satumban a shekara ta alif ɗari tara da saba'in da shida (1976) Miladiyya.Ac,
ɗan siyasan Nijeriya ne, ɗan kasuwa,kuma malamin ilimi,ne s tsohon ɗan Majalisar wakilan Nijeriya. An haifeshi a kano. Shi dan jam’iyyar All Progressive Congress (APC) ne mai wakiltar Kiru Bebeji Mazabar Tarayya ta Jihar Kano Rayuwar farko da ilimi Abdulmumin Jibrin an haife shine a,cikin gidan Alhaji Labaran Mohammed Jibrin da Hajiya Amina Gambo. Ya yi karatunsa na farko a Kano kafin a koma da shi Kaduna sannan daga baya zuwa Abuja inda iyayensa suka zauna a lokuta daban-daban don ci gaba da karatunsa.
Abdulmumin ya halarci makarantar firamare ta sojoji Janguza, Kano (1983–1986) kafin ya koma makarantar Command Children School Jaji, Kaduna (1986–1988). Yayi karatun sakandaren sa a makarantar sakandaren kimiyya ta Abaji, Abuja (1989–1992), da kuma Bwari Secondary School, Abuja (1992 --1994). Daga baya ya ci gaba da karatun gaba da sakandare kuma ya samu digiri na farko a fannin kimiyyar siyasa a Jami’ar Abuja, Najeriya a 1999, M.Sc a Harkokin Kasa da Kasa da diflomasiyya a Jami’ar Ahmadu Bello, Zariya, Nijeriya a 2003 da kuma Ph.D. a cikin Harkokin Harkokin Duniya a Jami'ar Abuja Nijeriya a 2009.
Ya kuma halarci Makarantar Kasuwanci ta London a shekara ta 2009-2009, Harvard Business School a shekara ta 2009 2010, International Business House, London a shekara ta 2009, da Cibiyar Nazarin Kasuwancin Turai INSEAD Faransa, kuma a shekara ta 2009 ne ya kammala karatunsa kuma ya sami takaddun shaida iri-iri a cikin Babban Jami'in Gudanarwa (SEP68 LBS), Rikicin Tattalin Arzikin Duniya (LBS), Tattaunawa, Yanke Shawara da Tsarin Kasuwanci (HBS), Shirin Ci Gaban Shugabanci (PLD9 HBS), Kasuwancin Man Fetur na Duniya (IBH London) da Dabarun Sadarwa da Talla INSEAD Ya kammala Oxford Strategic Leadership Program (OSLP) a shekara ta 2016. Yana riƙe da MBA daga SBS Makarantar Kasuwancin Switzerland,Switzerland daga shekara ta 2012–2014.
Ayyuka Abdulmumin Jibrin ya fara aikin sa na farko a fagen yada labarai ta hanyar aiki da Century Research and Communication Limited sannan daga baya a masana'antar gine-gine. Bayan ya yi aiki a kamfanin sadarwa da kuma wasu kwarewa a karkashin wasu kamfanonin gine-gine, sai ya ci gaba da kafa nasa kamfanin, Green Forest Investment Limited a 2003 kuma ya hau mukamin Janar Manajan kamfanin.
Jibrin daga baya ya zama Manajan Darakta sannan daga baya ya zama Shugaba Shugaba Green Forest Group Limited, tare da rassa a Makamashi, Bunkasa Kaddarori, Zuba Jari, Noma, Gine-gine, da Injiniya. Ya kuma kasance shugaban (Nijeriya) na kamfanin gine-gine na TASYAPI tsakanin 2010 da 2011.
Ya karantar da Harkokin Harkokin Kasa da Kasa a Jami'ar Jihar Nasarawa, Nijeriya kuma ya wallafa wallafe-wallafe a fannin Hulda da Kasashe sabuwar fuskar Manufofin Kasashen Waje na Nijeriya, Matsayin Nijeriya a Ayyukan Tsaro na Zaman Lafiya a Afirka. Ya kuma kasance memba na -asashen Kasuwanci na Nijeriya-Amurka da Nijeriya-Birtaniyya. Ya kasance Shugaban reshen Abuja na Chamberungiyar 'Yan Kasuwa ta Ingila (NBCC) tsakanin shekarata 2010 2011.
Siyasa An fara zabar Jibrin a cikin Majalisar Wakilai ta Majalisar Wakilai ta Tarayya da ke wakiltar mazabar Kiru Bebeji ta Tarayya ta Jihar Kano a ƙarƙashin Jam’iyyar PDP a 2011 kafin ya koma sabuwar Jam’iyyar siyasa a Najeriya, All Progressives Congress (APC) a 2014 sannan daga baya aka sake zabansa a matsayin dan majalisar wakilai a shekarar 2015.
Jibrin ya kasance shugaban kwamitin majalisar wakilai kan harkokin kudi a majalisa ta bakwai tare da sa ido kan Ma’aikatar Kudi ta Tarayya da ma'aikatanta, Harajin Tarayya, Shirya tsarin kudaden shiga Kiyasi ga kasafin kudin Tarayya, Asusun Dukiyar Mai Girma SWIA, Batutuwan Haraji, al'amuran kasafin kudi, saka hannun jarin Gwamnati a bankuna da Hukumomin Dokoki da Hukumomi, Inshora da Inshorar kadarorin Gwamnati da kadarorin su a tsakanin sauran ayyukan. Tun lokacin da ya hau kujerar Shugaban kwamitin kudi, ya kasance mai yawan fada a ji a al’amuran kasa; mai sukar ra'ayi da kimanta manufofin wasu ayyukan gwamnati. A shekarar 2015, Jibrin fito a matsayin 8th Majalisar 's House kwamitin appropriation Shugaban sai ya yi murabus a watan Yuli 2016 a matsayin kwamiti.
Jibrin ya fara tafiyarsa ta siyasa ne yayin da yake Kodineta na Kungiyoyin Tallafawa kuma daga baya ya zama Dan takarar yakin neman zaɓen Shugaban ƙasa na PDP Obasanjo tsakanin shekarata 2002-2003. Daga baya ya yi aiki a matsayin Jami’in Shirye-shirye a Hedikwatar Kamfen din Shugaban Kasa na PDP a 2007.
Ba da daɗewa ba aka zaɓi Jibrin a cikin Majalisar Wakilai sai ya kafa ƙungiya, da ake kira Assemblyungiyar Majalisar ta 7, wacce ta ƙunshi galibin sabbin zaɓaɓɓun lawmakersan majalisa na farko. Manufar kungiyar a cewar Jibrin, kamar yadda aka nakalto a wata jaridar kasar, ita ce ta zama "dandamali ga zababbun mambobi don kulla kawance da ra'ayoyin ra'ayoyi da ke fitowa daga mazabu daban-daban don ci gaban kasar baki daya." Jibrin ya kasance dan majalisar wakilai ne ya nada shi a matsayin shugaban wani kwamiti na rikon kwarya a kan harkokin kudi, Man Fetur, Man Fetur, da kuma Albarkatun Gas domin yin bincike game da bashin da ake zargin kamfanin na NNPC da aka yi a asusun tarayya saboda mayar da martani ga ci gaba da kukan da ‘yan Nijeriya ke yi na karuwar ba da lissafi a kan gwamnatocinsu. Binciken da kwamitin hadin gwiwar karkashin jagorancin Abdulmumin Jibrin ya gudanar daga baya ya nuna rashin fitar da zunzurutun kudi Naira biliyan 450 da NNPC ta yi wa asusun tarayya wanda hakan ya saba wa sashi na 162 (1) na kundin tsarin mulkin 1999. Jibrin ya kuma nuna rashin jin dadin sa game da dogaro da Najeriya kan kudaden man fetur da gas. Don haka shi ne kan gaba wajen kira da a gaggauta bukatar fadada tattalin arzikin Najeriya. Sakamakon gogewarsa a matsayinsa na Shugaban Kwamitin Majalisar kan Kudi da kuma gudummawar da ya bayar ga kasar, yana shiga da bayar da kudade na musamman kan bincike na kwatancen Zuba Jari na Kasashen waje FDI a bangaren Man Fetur da Gas da kuma bangaren Ma'adanai masu Dadi. Binciken zai samar da amsoshi kan dalilin da yasa akwai biliyoyin daloli na FDI a bangaren Man Fetur da Gas kuma kusan babu daya a cikin bangaren Solid ma'adinai duk da dimbin damar da take dashi. Ya aika a cikin ɗan lokaci Ph.D. aikace-aikace ga Jami'o'i da yawa gida da waje don ɗaukar shi don ya iya komawa matsayin ɗalibi kuma ya gudanar da cikakken bincike kan batun. Zai zama Ph.D. na biyu. lokacin da ya karasa da cewa.
Baya ga matsayinsa na Shugaban Kwamitin Majalisar kan Kudi, Jibrin ya jagoranci kuma ya jagoranci wasu bincike-bincike da ayyukan majalisa da suka hada da amma bai takaita ga masu zuwa ba: binciken kudaden shiga masu zaman kansu wanda ya shafi kudaden shiga na kamfanoni. A karkashin jagorancin Abdulmumin, Kwamitin Kudi ya gano biliyoyin kudade da ba a shigar da su ba ga asusun tattara kudaden shiga sannan kuma ya tilasta wa kamfanonin su biya. Kwamitin Kudi a karkashin Jibrin ya kara ba da hujja don fara manufofin asusun baitul mali (TSA) da kuma gabatarwa da gabatar da kasafin kudi na wasu Hukumomin Dokokin da suka shiga cikin biliyoyin baki-daya daga bangaren zartarwa na gwamnati zuwa majalisar dokoki ta Shugaba Muhammadu Buhari.
Tare da izinin majalisar, Jibrin ya kuma jagoranci Kwamitin Kudi don ƙaddamar da cikakken bincike game da masana'antar Inshora da inshorar kadarorin gwamnati da kadarori inda aka samu sabbin abubuwa cikin damuwa game da al'amuran cin zarafi da dokokin da ake da su. Kwamitin ya fara aiki don sokewa da sake sanya dokar inshorar data kasance. Haka kuma, Abdulmumin ya ci gaba da duba bin hanyoyin biyan haraji da kuma fitar da kudade daga bangarori daban-daban na tattalin arziki. Musamman, Kwamitin ya kuma fara bincike kan biyan haraji ta bankuna. Wannan zai sake duba matsayin bankunan a matsayinsu na wakilan tara haraji da masu biyan haraji. Abdulmumin ya kuma jagoranci bincike kan shirin fitar da kamfanin NITEL wanda ya kasance kamfanin sadarwa mafi girma a Najeriya, bincike kan cunkoson tashoshin jiragen ruwa, bincike kan ikon bayar da kyauta da sauran abubuwan da gwamnati ke bayarwa ga manyan kamfanoni, bincike a kan asusu gidaje na biliyoyin nairori da bincike kan aiwatar da kasafin kudi da sauransu.
Jibrin ya kuma kasance memba na Kwamitin Majalisar kan Harkokin Kasashen Waje, Gas, Batutuwan Zabe, Ci gaban Matasa, da Ayyuka na Musamman inda ya ba da gudummawa sosai ga ayyukan wadannan kwamitocin. Jibrin shi ne shugaban kwamitin hadin gwiwa na shekara-shekara da ke sauya kudin matsakaita na lokacin gwamnatin tarayya da Kundin Tsarin Kasafin Kudi (MTEF) wanda ke kula da dukkan matakan tattalin arzikin da ke kan gaba a matsayin wanda ke kan gaba wajen aiwatar da kasafin kudin Najeriya duk a tsakanin shekarar 2011. –2015. A shekarar 2013, Jibrin yana daya daga cikin mambobin majalisar wakilai da suka jagoranci rukunin farko na 'yan majalisu 37 da suka sauya sheka daga jam'iyyar PDP mai mulki zuwa babbar jam'iyyar adawa, All Progressive Party (APC). A watan Maris na shekarar 2015, Abdulmumin ya sake tsayawa takarar kujerar dan majalisar wakilai daga mutanen mazabarsa Kiru Bebeji jihar Kano, Nigeria.
A matsayinsa na Shugaban Kasa, Jibrin yana da aikin kulawa akan ofishin Kasafin Kudi da kasafin kudin kasa, ware kudade domin aiwatar da shirye-shiryen gwamnati da ayyukan su. Ya kuma tabbatar da cewa manufofin kasafin kudi da kasafin kudi sun yi daidai da kiyasin kasafin kudi na shekara-shekara sannan ya binciki tunanin kasafin kudi, kudi, da tattalin arziki wanda ke taimakawa jimillar kiyasin kashe kudade da rasit a cikin kasafin kudin, shawarwari da manufofin kasafin kudi na Shugaban kasa a cikin gabatar da kasafin kudi, gudanar da sauraro, inda aka samu shaida daga Ministan Kudi, Ministan Tsare-tsare da Kasafin Kudi, Gwamnan Babban Bankin, Shugaban Hukumar Leken Asiri ta Tattalin Arziki ta Kasa da duk wasu mutane kamar Kwamitin, na iya la'akari da amfani ga aikinta, Daidaitawa, sa ido da kuma lura da aiwatar da dukkan Aikace-aikacen Bayanan bayan Majalisar ta kasa, wanda ya shafi kasafin kudi na shekara-shekara zuwa shirye-shiryen juyawa da kuma Tsarin Mitar Matsakaita.
Hakanan a matsayinsa na Shugaban Kwamitin Kasafin Kudaden, Jibrin memba ne na Kwamitin Hadin gwiwar wanda ya sauya tsarin Tsarin Kudin Kudin Matsakaita da Takardar Kudaden Kasafin Kudi (MTEF FSP) na kasafin kudin 2016. Ya kuma jagoranci aiwatarwa a matsayin shugaban kasa wanda ya jagoranci zartar da karin kasafin kudin 2015 da Shugaban kasa Muhammadu Buhari ya aika wa majalisar. Jibrin memba ne na Kwamitocin Kasafin Kudi, Harkokin Kasashen Waje, Wasanni, Harkokin Gwamnatoci, Batutuwan Zabe Siyasa Batutuwa, Da'a da Hakki, da Ci gaban Matasa.
Jibrin ya dauki nauyin wani kudiri na wata doka don sake soke dokar samar da kayan more rayuwa a shekara ta 2005 da kuma kafa dokar hukumar kula da kawancen jama'a da masu zaman kansu, a shekarar 2016 don karfafawa da inganta matsayin kula da hukumar da kuma sanya ta yadda ya kamata wajen tsara yadda ake gudanar da aikin. na jama'a da kamfanoni masu zaman kansu wajen inganta gine-gine, ci gaba, tsara aiki ko kula da kayayyakin more rayuwa ko ayyukan ci gaba na Gwamnatin Tarayya ta hanyar shirye-shiryen kawance masu zaman kansu; da sauran lamuran da suka danganci hakan (HB. 358)
A watan Maris na shekarar 2012, Jibrin ya zama dan Najeriyar na uku da aka zaba domin halartar wani muhimmin shiri na Shugabancin Baƙi na Duniya da Gwamnatin Faransa ta shirya ta hanyar Ma'aikatar Harkokin Wajen Faransa. Sama da shugabanni masu bege dubu daya suka halarci shirin tun lokacin da aka fara shi a shekarar 1989. Kashi tara ne kawai daga cikin mahalarta aka zaba daga Afirka sannan uku kawai daga Najeriya. Jibrin ya yi amfani da damar shirin don jan hankali kan batutuwan ci gaba a Najeriya tare da jaddada kara hadin kai tsakanin Najeriya da Faransa.
Nadin siyasa Abdulmumin Jibrin ya kasance a ranar 24 ga Yulin 2020 wanda Shugaba Muhammadu Buhari ya nada Babban Daraktan ci gaban Kasuwanci, Hukumar Kula da Gidaje ta Tarayya. A matsayinsa na Babban Daraktan ci gaban kasuwanci, Jibrin zai kasance mai kula da tsare-tsaren kasuwanci, zamantakewar jama'a, da kuma hada-hadar gidaje da taimakon shugabannin bangarorin, wadanda suka hada da: Babban Manajan (Shirin Gidaje), Babban Manajan (Kamfanoni masu zaman kansu Yankin Coordination), Janar Manajan (Gine-gine), Babban Manajan (Gudanar da Kayan Gida), Babban Manajan (Pre-Projects), da Babban Manajan (Kula da Inganci).
Takarar kakakin majalisa
Takarar Shugabancin Kasa a 2015 A watan Maris na shekarar 2015, Hon Abdulmumin Jibrin ya sake tsayawa takara sannan kuma mutanen mazabar sa ta Kiru Bebeji jihar Kano, Nigeria suka sake zabar sa a majalisar wakilai. Ya kasance mai neman Shugabancin Majalisar amma daga baya ya sauka ga Hon Yakubu Dogara, wanda ya ci gaba da yin nasara, kuma ya zama Shugaban Majalisar na 8. Jibrin ya kasance babban mai tallafawa kuma babban mai goyon bayan takarar kakakin majalisar wakilai ta 8 Yakubu Dogara wanda ya haifar da nasarar sa.
Kakakin majalisar Dogara ya nada Abdulmumin a matsayin Shugaban kwamitin majalisar wakilai kan kasaftawa. Matsayin da ya rike daga 2015 har zuwa murabus dinsa a 2016.
Takarar Shugabancin Kasa na 2019 A zabukan Majalisar Tarayyar Najeriya na shekarar 2019, APC ta ci gaba da ikon Majalisar Wakilai, inda ta zabi kujeru 190. Hon. Jam’iyya mai mulki ce ta zabi Femi Gbajabiamila ya zama kakakin majalisar na 9. A ranar 1 ga Afrilu, 2019, Kungiyar yakin neman zaben Femi Gbajabiamila ta zabi Hon Jibrin a matsayin Darakta-Janar. A jawabinsa na gabatarwa na mintoci 5, wanda shi ne mafi dadewa a tarihin nadin shugabancin majalisar kasa ta Najeriya, zababben dan majalisar mai wakiltar mazabar tarayya ta Kiru Bebeji na jihar Kano, Abdulmumin Jibrin ya bayyana takarar tasa a matsayin ci gaba a fagen siyasa na marigayi mai hikima, Cif Obafemi Awolowo, ya kara da cewa Gbajabiamila mutum ne na mutane tare da ingantaccen tarihi.
Hon Femi Gbajabiamila, wanda dan majalisar wakilai ne tun 2003, ya amince da takarar Jibrin inda ya lashe zaben tare da gagarumin rinjayen kuri’un da aka kada a ranar 11 ga Afrilun 2019 inda ya kayar da abokin karawarsa, Hon Mohammed Umar Bago, da kuri’u 283.
Bukatu Baya ga siyasa da kuma kasuwancin sa, Jibrin yana da matukar sha'awar taimakon jama'a ta inda ya kirkiro lambobin yabo da bayar da kyauta lacca duk shekara a sansanonin NYSC a duk fadin Najeriya. Shi kadai ya dauki nauyin karatunsa, taron haduwar Jami'ar Abuja. Jibrin ya kuma samar da kayan aikin da za su inganta harkar karatun jami'a tare da gyara wasu gine-ginen makarantar. Ya kuma kafa gidauniyar Lailife Foundation wacce aka sadaukar da ita ga masu karamin karfi kuma saboda nuna sha'awar da yake da ita game da ayyukan agaji, an nada shi a cikin hukumar gidauniyar AYAHAY Girmamawa da kyaututtuka Jibrin ya samu lambobin yabo da karramawa da dama saboda nasarorin da ya samu a fagen sana'a da rayuwar jama'a. Hakanan an saka shi cikin ƙungiyoyi masu ƙwarewa daban-daban saboda gudummawar da yake bayarwa ga ayyukan ƙwarewa daidai da ƙa'idodin duniya. A shekarar 2000, Jibrin ta samu lambar yabo ta zama memba ta rayuwa daga Gwamnatin Tarayyar Kungiyar Hadin gwiwar Dalibai, Jami'ar Abuja, Najeriya.
A shekarar 2009, an baiwa Jibrin lambar yabo ta Peace Peace Foundation a matsayin Jakadan Zaman Lafiya. Ya kasance mai karɓar kyautar Icon of Hope ta -ungiyar Afirka-Caribbean ta Jami'ar Karatu a 2010. Hakanan an girmama shi a matsayin Jakadan Matasa na Duniya ta Youthungiyar Matasa don Aminci a Duniya a 2010. A shekarar 2012, Jibrin aka saka shi a matsayin Kwalejin Kwalejin Kudi da Kulawa ta Najeriya CIFN. Har ila yau, a wannan shekarar, ya sami lambar yabo ta ƙwarewa ga shugaban kwamitin mafi kyawun gida na Cibiyar Inshorar Kasuwanci ta Nijeriya (CIIN). A cikin Nuwamba Nuwamba 2012, an karrama shi da lambar girmamawa ga laan majalisu ta lambar yabo ta Majalisar Dokoki ta Kasa ta 7 A farkon shekarar 2013, an baiwa Jibrin lambar yabo ta musamman don bayar da gudummawa ga cigaban kasa ta kungiyar Nigeria Conservation, UK. Bayan haka a shekarar 2013, Kungiyar Adalci da Adalci ta Jihar Kano ta ba shi takardar shedar yabo a kan ayyukan alheri.
Jibrin an karrama shi da Babban Shugaban Kwamitin Kasa (Ci gaban Haraji) ta Almajiran Dimokiradiyya a Frankfurt Jamus a 2013 kuma a 2014 an sanya shi a matsayin dan uwan Cibiyar Nazarin Sadarwa da Gudanar da Bayanai na Nijeriya kuma dan uwan Cibiyar Gudanar da Gudanarwa na Nijeriya. Saboda kyautatawarsa ta alheri, Jibrin ya sami kyautar Paul Harris Fellow a 2012. Abdulmumin Jibrin yana rike da sarautar Jarman Bebeji wacce Majalisar Masarautar Kano ta ba shi a watan Nuwamba na shekarar 2012.
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47757 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tafsirin%20Baydawi | Tafsirin Baydawi | Anwar al-Tanzil wa-Asrar al-Ta'wil Hasken Wahayi da Sirrin Tafsiri wanda aka fi sani da Tafsirul Baydawi yana ɗaya daga cikin fitattun ayyukan tafsirin Ƙur'ani na Ahlus-Sunnah na gargajiya tafsiri wanda malamin musulunci na ƙarni na 13 al-Bidawi (d.1319) ya tsara, ya bunƙasa musamman a tsakanin yankunan musulmi na Larabawa. Articles containing Arabic-language text
Tafsirin Baydawi dai ana ganin yana ɗauke da mafi taƙaitaccen bayani kan yadda Alkur'ani ya yi amfani da nahawun Larabci da salo har ya zuwa yau kuma musulmi sun yaba da shi da wuri a matsayin babban abin da ke nuni da kasantuwar Ƙur'ani mai muhimmanci da tsarinsa i'jaz ma). 'nawi wa-lughawi a cikin adabin Sunna Don haka ne masana suka zaɓo aikin da cewa yana da muhimmanci a al’adance, saboda shahararsa da tasirinsa, kuma an rubuta tafsirai da dama kan ayyukan Baydawi. A cewar malamin Islama na wannan zamani Gibril Fouad Haddad, aikin "ya kasance kuma ya kasance har tsawon ƙarni bakwai mafi yawan karatun tafsiri," kuma ana ɗaukarsa a matsayin "tafsiri mafi mahimmanci a kan Kur'ani a tarihin Musulunci Aikin ya zama ɗaya daga cikin tafsirai na yau da kullum a duniyar musulmi, inda ya sami tafsiri da yawa da kuma yawan karatu a darussan madrasa kan tafsirin Ƙur'ani, kuma yana daya daga cikin tafsirin Ƙur'ani na farko da aka buga a Turai (1846-48). Tafsirin ya fara da ɗan gajeren buɗewa, inda marubucin ya yaba da ƙimar tafsirin ayoyin Alƙur’ani kuma ya ba da hujjar cewa tafsirin Ƙur’ani shi ne kan gaba a dukkan ilimomi. Daga nan marubucin ya ba da sunan aikinsa, kafin ya ƙaddamar da bayanin al-Fatiha ("buɗe"), sura ta farko na Ƙur'ani. Wannan aikin ya dogara ne a kan aikin al-Zamakhshari 's al-Kashshaf ("bayyana") a baya. Al-Kashshaf, wanda ke nuna ilimi mai girma, yana da ra'ayoyin Mu'utazilawa, wasu daga cikinsu al-Bidawi ya gyara, wasu kuma ya tsallake. Tafsirin Baydawi kuma ya dogara ne akan Mufradat Alfaz al-Qur'an na al-Raghib al-Isfahani da tafsirinsa, da kuma al-Tafsir al-Kabir (ko Mafatih al-Ghayb na Fakhr al-Din al- Razi Bayani Aikin ya samu karɓuwa a wajen malaman tauhidin Sunna tun lokacin da aka tsara shi. An rubuta tafsirin tafsirin Baydawi sama da 130 cikin harshen Larabci. Brockelmann (1898) ya lissafo tamanin da uku daga cikin irin wadannan ayyuka, inda mafi shaharar shi ne sharhin juzu’i na Shihab al-Din al-Khafaji (d. Masar 1069/1659) da kuma haske na Muhammad B. Muslim a-Din Mustafa al-Kuhi (d. 951/1544), wanda kuma ya haɗa da dogon magana daga sharhin Fakhr al-Din al-Razi Tafsirin Al-baydawi ya samu karɓuwa a yankuna na kasashen musulmin da ba na larabawa ba, kamar a yankin Indo da Pakistan da musulmin kudu maso gabashin Asiya Ta zama madogara mai mahimmanci ga sharhin Malay na Abd al-Ra'uf al-Singkili a kan dukan Ƙur'ani, Tarjuman Almustafid ("Mai fassarar abin da ke ba da fa'ida"), wanda aka rubuta a kusa da 1085/1675. Ya zama babban rubutu a makarantun hauza na musulmi a lardin Arewa maso yamma na Pakistan, Malaysia, Indonesia da sauran wurare, yana ba da gabatarwa ga tafsirin Kur'ani Marubuci Al-Baydawi masani ne a kan tafsirin Kur'ani, fikihu, da tiyolojin musulunci An haife shi a Bayda, kusa da Shiraz, Farisa Ya kasance malamin Shafi'i Ash'ari, alkali, Sufi sufi kuma mai tafsirin Alkur'ani mufassir Al-Baidawi ya girma ya zama Shafi'i mai tsauri a fannin shari'a da Ash'ari a tauhidi kuma yana adawa da Shi'a da Mu'utazila Ya rubuta wasu ayyuka na ilimi da dama a cikin rukunan imani, fikihu, da Larabci, da kuma tarihi a cikin Farisa Shi ne kuma marubucin littattafan tauhidi da yawa. Babban aikinsa shi ne tafsirin Alkur'ani. Bayan ya zama alƙali a Shiraz, ya ƙaura zuwa Tabriz, inda ya rasu a shekara ta 685 bayan hijira.
Mahaifin Al-baydawi shi ne babban alkalin lardin Fars Kakansa, Fakhr al-Din 'Ali al-Baydawi, shi ma ya kasance babban alkali. Al-Baydawi ya kasance babba a wajen mahaifinsa. Ya yi imani cewa malamansa malamai ne suka koyar da su, waɗanda kuma malamai suka koyar da su daga ƙarshe sun sami iliminsu daga Annabi Muhammadu A cewarsa, na kakansa ya fito ne daga zuriyar ɗaliban Abu Hamid al-Ghazali (d. 505/1111).
Alƙur'an, fassarar turanci na farko ya yi amfani da saukakawa da aikin Al-Baydawi ya samu yayin da ci gaba da tafsirin ke sake buga Alqur'ani gaba ɗayansa.
Suka Al-baydawi dai ya jawo suka saboda gajarta rubuce-rubucensa, da kuma rashin inganci, inda wasu malamai suka zarge shi da barin wasu ra'ayoyin Mu'utazila da al-Zamakhshari ke da shi su shiga cikin Anwar al-Tanzil.
Fassara Gibril Fouad Haddad ne ya gudanar da babban aikin fassara zuwa Turanci. Haddad Babban Mataimakin Farfesa ne a SOASCIS a cikin Tafsirin Kwatancen. An haife shi a birnin Beirut na kasar Lebanon kuma ya yi karatu a Birtaniya da Amurka da Faransa da Lebanon da Siriya Ya yi digirin digirgir a Kolej Universiti Insaniah, Kedah Darul Aman, Malaysia da Ph.D. daga Jami'ar Columbia, New York, Amurka inda ya kasance mai karɓar abokan hulɗa da yawa ciki har da ɗaya a babbar makarantar Ecole Normale Supérieure a Paris, Faransa. Ya kuma sauke karatun summa cum laude daga Jami'ar New York Latin da Cibiyar Giriki. Haddad ya shafe shekaru tara yana karatu a birnin Damascus na ƙasar Siriya (1997-2006) kuma ya sami ijaza (lasisi na ilimi) daga wajen shaihunai sama da 150 kuma ya rubuta littafai da dama da ɗaruruwan maƙaloli a tafsirin tafsirin Musulunci da rukunan da hadisi da tarihin rayuwa da bidi'a Ya yi karatu a kan Alkur'ani, Hadisi, Tarihin Annabi Seerah da Sufanci a kasashe da dama. An bayyana shi a cikin bugu na farko na Musulmai 500 Mafi Tasiri a Duniya a matsayin "daya daga cikin fitattun muryoyin Musulunci na gargajiya a Yamma."
Bugun Haddad Sadaukarwa ga HM Sultan na Brunei Darussalam Fitowa da Addu'a.
Shafin taken tsohon sanannen rubutun Anwar al-Tanzil.
Misalai da Tables.
Gabatarwa daga Prof. Dr. Osman bin Bakr.
Godiya.
Gajartawa.
Gabatarwa Al-Baydawi da Anwar al-Tanzil wa-Asrar al-Ta’wil a cikin hadisai na tafsiri.
---[I]. Tarihin Rayuwa Raison D'etre na Aikin Yanzu.
Malaman Baydawi da Sarkar watsawa a shafi'i fiqh.
Daliban Baydawi.
Tafsirin Baydawi da sauran ayyukan shari'a, ka'idar shari'a, nahawu da fassarori, tarihi, dabaru, Sufaye, wakoki da ilmin taurari Manufar aikin yanzu, cikakken dogon nazari na farko a cikin Ingilishi da bugun farko na Tafsirin Baydawi na harsuna biyu.
---[II]. Fage, Hanya, Tushen, Filayen Mahimmanci.
Watsawa, bincike da ilimin kimiyya a cikin tafsirin Kur'ani.
Passive anonymizers qila ruwiya quri'a don raunin watsawa.
Dangantakar ahruf yaruka karin magana) da polysemy.
Semantics and stylistic invariables (kuliyyat al-Qur'an).
Haɗin Baydawi na Hermeutics na Perso-Khurasani.
Kwatanta mazhabar Basran da Kufan.
Misalai uku na taƙaitaccen bayani na Baydawi game da rikitattun tambayoyin harshe da tauhidi;
Shin Allah sunan da ba a siffanta shi ba ne ko kuwa an samo shi ne daga illah (allah)?
Shin Allah yana dora wanda ya wuce karfinsa, kamar dorawa Abu Lahab da Abu Jahal aikin imani?
Naskh: Dogaran kafin zuwan Musulunci da kuma bayan Musulunci rashin iyawar Yahudanci, Kiristanci da sauran addinan da suka maye gurbinsu.
Kokarin malamai ijtihadi da sauran cancantar.
Dabarun tafsiri guda 22, gami da horar da kimiyya.
Maganar Kimiyya da Falsafa a cikin Anwar: Physiology, meteorology, Geophysics, Mineralology, Embryology, Psychology, psycholinguistics, empiricism versus jari-hujja Ƙari akan abubuwan tafsiri: taƙawa, al'ada da fassarori Manyan Madogaran Baydawi:
Tsarkake Kashshaf na Zamakhshari Karyata Mu'tazila da sauran mazhabobi.
al-Raghib 's Mufradat Alfaz al-Qur'an and his Tafsir.
al-Razi 's Mafatih al-Ghayb Sufanci a cikin Anwar al-Tanzil: wahayin Allah; gushewar kai; jin dadin aljanna yana nuna matakan sanin Allah a duniya; yanka saniyar kishin ki ---[III]. Karbar Tafsirin Al'umma da Yamma.
Anwar a matsayin littafin karatu da scholastic marginalia Epigones da Epitomes A hankali an yi watsi da Anwar a cikin shekaru 75 da suka gabata.
Komawa zuwa Anwar al-Tanzil a tsakiyar Orientalism (17th 18th C.), Faransa, Jamus, Ingila, Holland da kuma Roma Rudewar Yamma kan Tafsirin al-Bidawi.
---[IV]. Batutuwan Fassara da Fassara zuwa Aikin Yanzu.
Post-Kemal Azhari-Salafi fatawowi a kan fassarar Kur'ani Tafsirin Alqur'ani mai girma.
Anwar al-Tanzil a fassarar juzu'i: Urdu, Faransanci, Turanci Bugawa da fassarar Anwar.
---[V]. Abubuwan Da Aka Yi Amfani da su da Isnadin Mu (Tsarin watsawa).
Rubutun hannu, bugu da sharhi da aka yi amfani da su a cikin wannan aikin.
Rubutun hannu.
Bugawa.
Sharhi.
Samfuran misalai daga tushen da aka yi amfani da su.
Isar da sakon mu zuwa ga Anwar al-Tanzil na Baydawi.
Hizba ta farko ta Anwar al-Tanzil ta al-Baydawi Preamble Baydawi.
Tafsiri shine babban ilimi kuma tushen dukkan fannoni.
Karin bayani Kamus na Larabci-Turanci na kalmomin fasaha.
Kamus na mutane da mazhabobi da al-Baydawi ya kawo.
Littafi Mai Tsarki.
Fihirisar Maganar Sura.
Fihirisar Hadisai da Rahotannin Farko.
Fihirisar Ayoyin Waqoqin.
Gabaɗaya Fihirisa.
Sauran Ayyuka na Gibril Fouad Haddad.
Duba kuma Jerin littafan Sunna
Manazarta
Hanyoyin haɗi na waje Gibril Fouad Haddad Jami'ar Brunei Darussalam Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba |
8620 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malcolm%20X | Malcolm X | Malcolm X ko el-Hajj Malik el-Shabazz ya canja suna bayan ya musulunta. Yarayu daga shekara ta alif 1925 izuwa shekara ta 1965 ya kasance ba Amurike dan'asalin Afirka, wanda ya Musulunta, kuma mai rajin kare hakkin dan' Adam. An bayyana shi a matsayin wani wanda baida tsoro wurin karewa da nemawa yan'asalin Afirka mazauna Amurka hakkinsu, mutum ne daya kalubalanci farar fata a kasar Amurka da tsauraren kalamai akan cutarwar da sukewa bakar fata. Ana ganinsa daya daga cikin manyan yan'Afirka mazauna Amurka dasuka kasance masu ilimi wurin zance da janhankalin al'umma a tarihi.
Farkon rayuwa An haife shi Malcolm Little a 19 ga watan Mayu a shekara ta 1925 a garin Omaha, Nebraska, dake kasar Amurka, yarasu a watan Febreru 21, shekara ta 1965 (shekaru 39) a garin Manhattan, jihar New York, U.S. Sanadiyar mutuwar sa, Harbi da bindiga, Makwancinsa, Makabartar Ferncliff. Sunayensa, el-Hajj Malik el-Shabazz Ayyuka Shugaba, Mai rajin hakkin dan' Adam, Ya Samar da Kungiyar Muslim Mosque, Inc.Organization of Afro-American Unity Movement Black nationalism, da kungiyar Pan-Africanism
Matarsa itace, Betty Shabazz sunyi aure a shekara ta 1958.
Ya'ya Attallah Shabazz
Qubilah Shabazz
Ilyasah Shabazz
Gamilah Lumumba Shabazz
Malikah Shabazz
Malaak Shabazz
Mahaifinsa Earl Little da mahaifiyarsa Louise Helen Norton Little.
Zaman al'ummar Musulunci
Kurkuku Lokacin da Malcolm yake kurkuku, ya sadu da wani ɗan ƙarami John Bembry, mutum ne mai ilimin kansa wanda daga baya zai kwatanta shi da "mutumin na farko da na taɓa ganin yana ba da umarni gabaɗayan girmamawa.... da kalmomi." Karkashin tasirin Bembry, Malcolm ya sami sha'awar karatu. A wannan lokacin, da yawa daga cikin 'yan uwansa sun rubuta masa game da al'ummar Islama, wani sabon motsi na addini yana wa'azin dogaro da kai na Baƙar fata da kuma, a ƙarshe, komawar mazaunan Afirka zuwa Afirka, inda za su sami 'yanci daga Amurkawa da Bature. mulki. Ya nuna sha'awa sosai da farko, amma bayan ɗan'uwansa Reginald ya rubuta a cikin 1948, "Malcolm, kada ku ci naman alade kuma kada ku ƙara shan taba. Zan nuna muku yadda za ku fita daga kurkuku", ya bar shan taba kuma ya fara ƙin naman alade. Bayan wata ziyara da Reginald ya bayyana koyarwar kungiyar, gami da imani cewa fararen fata shaidanu ne, Malcolm ya kammala cewa duk wata alaka da yake da ita da farar fata ta lalace ta hanyar rashin gaskiya, rashin adalci, kwadayi, da kiyayya. Malcolm, wanda ƙiyayyarsa ga Kiristanci ta sa aka yi masa lakabin "Shaiɗan," ya zama mai karɓar saƙon al'ummar Islama. A ƙarshen 1948, Malcolm ya rubuta wa Iliya Muhammad, shugaban al'ummar Islama. Muhammadu ya shawarce shi da ya bar abin da ya gabata, cikin tawali'u da addu'a ga Allah, kuma ya yi alƙawarin ba zai sake shiga halin ɓarna ba. Ko da yake daga baya ya tuna gwagwarmayar ciki da ya yi kafin ya durƙusa ya yi addu'a, Malcolm ba da daɗewa ba ya zama memba na al'ummar Islama, yana riƙe da rubutu akai-akai tare da Muhammadu.
Karshen rayuwa An kashe mahaifinsa a lokacin yana da shekara shida (6) da haihuwa, sannan mahaifiyarsa an sanyata a asibitin jinyan kwakwalwa lokacin yanada shekara sha'uku (13), Sannan ne yayi rayuwa a gidajen rainon yara, a shekara ta 1946, shekaru 20, an kaishi gidan yari akan dauke-dauke ananne yasamu haduwa da kungiyar Nation of Islam (NOI), ya chanja sunansa daga Malcolm Little to Malcolm X saboda cewarsa, Little sunane na farar fata wanda suka sanya wa iyayensa shiyasa bazai yi amfani da sunan ba. Bayan ya fita daga fursuna a shekara ta 1952, yazamanto shugaba a kungiyar Nation of Islam, kuma shahararren mai jawabin kungiyar.
A shekarar ta 1964, Malcolm X yasamu matsala da Nation of Islam musamman shugabanta Elijah Muhammad. Inda ya bayyana danasanin zamansa a kungiyar ya koma bin asalin addinin musulunci mai bin Sunnah Islam. Bayan tafiye tafiyensa zuwa kasashen Afirka da zuwarsa Hajji sai ya dawo da amfani da sunansa na musulunci el-Hajj Malik el-Shabazz. Ya tabbatar da rashin goyon bayansa akan wariya ko wata iri ce, sannan ya samar da kungiyar Muslim Mosque, Inc. da kungiyar Organization of Afro-American Unity (kungiyar hadinkan Yan'Afirka). Ya cigaba da tabbatar da rajin yan'Afirka, yancin bakar fata, samun mutuncin kan bakar fata da kariyarsa. A watan Febreru 21, 1965 aka kashe Malcolm yayin dayake gabatar da jawabi a dakin taro na Ballroom dake jihar New York, yan kungiyar Nation of Islam ne uku aka kama da zargin kisan wadanda daga baya suka tuba, kuma suka bar kungiyar suka koma sunni Islam.
Manazarta Mutanen |
59630 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cibiyar%20Zaman%20Kankara | Cibiyar Zaman Kankara | Cibiyar Ice Age (Estonian) gidan kayan gargajiya ne da aka sadaukar don fahimtar shekarun ƙanƙara, wanda ya ke acikin ƙauyen Äksi, Tartu County, Estonia.
Gidan kayan gargajiya yana bada ilimi game da asali da haɓakar shekarun ƙanƙara daban-daban, gami da tasirin su akan yanayin ƙasa,rayuwar dabbobi, da mutane, tareda mai da hankali na musamman kan tasirin sabon lokacin ƙanƙara akan abin da yake a yau Estonia. An bawa cibiyar kyautar Mafi kyawun Sabon Wurin Yawon shakatawa a Estonia acikin 2012.
Game da Cibiyar
Wurin da yake Cibiyar tana cikin ƙauyen Aksi, abakin tekun Saadjärv, acikin gundumar Tartu,tafiyar awa biyu daga Tallinn,babban birnin Estonia. Ana zaune akan dukiyar tafki, ƙaramin gidan zoo da wurin shakatawa da ke kusa. Ɗaya daga cikin National Geographic "Yellow Windows" yana kusa da Cibiyar Ice Age,yana jaddada muhimmancin wannan yankin ga masu yawon buɗe ido,don gano Kudancin Estonia.An san yankin da zamanin kankara da tatsuniyoyin Kalevipoeg na Estonia.
Nuni Cibiyar Ice Age nune-nunen mu'amala ne,yana amfani da bene uku na nishaɗin ilimi.Gaba ɗaya an tsara shine ga yara, amma akwai ayyukan ga baƙi na kowane zamani.
A bene na farko,baƙi zasu koyi game da shekarun ƙanƙara da dabbobi da suka rayu a lokacin,gami da mammoth mai laushi. Da yake shiga zauren baje kolin,baƙo ya fara ganin mammoth na zamanin ƙanƙara.
A kewaye da mammoths akwai diorama, wani yanki na yanayi wanda suka taɓa rayuwa acik. Irin wannan al'umma ta samo asaline a Estonia bayan narkewar ƙanƙara. A nan baƙi zasu iya sanin dabbobi masu girman rayuwa kuma su fuskanci hangen nesa game da yadda duniya da yanayin Estonia suka bunƙasa acikin dubban shekaru. Zaku kuma koyi yadda mutane suka saba a lokacin zamanin ƙanƙara. Yara zasu sami damar yin gwaji tare da ƙanƙara, gami da filin wasa wanda aka tsara a matsayin kogo na zamanin ƙanƙara.
bene na biyu yana bincika tasirin shekarun kankara a kan shimfidar wurare na Estonia, gami da alamun su a cikin tatsuniyoyi. A nan za a gabatar da baƙo ga tarihin yanayin Estonia da mazaunin ɗan adam bayan zamanin kankara na ƙarshe. Tsakanin wannan tarihin yanayi na bayan glacial shine labarun bincike na masana kimiyya, wanda "bayani" ke taimaka wa baƙo ya karanta da fahimtar alamun a cikin shimfidar wurare da al'adun al'adun gargajiya.
Fasali na uku yana da ra'ayi game da makomar-za'a sami wani zamanin kankara? Shin mutane suna bada gudummawa ga hakan ta hanyar tasirin canjin yanayi? Menene sawun muhalli na mai halarta? Zasu kuma haɗu da wani beyar polar mai girman gaske, Franz.
Shirye-shiryen Ilimi Ana bada shirye-shiryen nazarin muhalli daga kungiyoyin makarantar sakandare zuwa waɗanda suka kammala karatun sakandare. Bada baƙi ƙwarewar ƙwarewa na Saadjärv suna faruwa (akan jirgin ruwa alokacin rani, a kan ƙanƙara acikin hunturu), ana kama dabbobi masu ƙwayoyin cuta kuma ana gano su, kuma ana yin wasu ayyukan ban sha'awa da ilimi a waje da cikin gida.
Darussan makarantar sakandare da makarantar farko suna maida hankali kan wasa.Misali:
saba da yanayin ƙasa ("Ta yaya toboggan ya gudana?"),
lura da daidaitawar dabbobi ga yanayi,
sanin jihohin ruwa guda uku, dabbobi da wuraren zama,
sanin dabbobin da suka rayu a zamanin kankara kuma su kwatanta su da da dabbobi na zamani ("Shin mammoth giwa ne mai gashi?"Rashin amfani da shi
Ga tsofaffin ɗalibai, an mai da hankali kan ilmantarwa mai aiki, wanda ke rufe batutuwa masu zuwa:
"Tsohon kankara wani bangare ne na ci gaban Duniya" (tsarin kankara, tarihin ci gaban ƙasa, yanayin kankara da rayuwar ɗan adam),
"Labarin yanayin Estonia ci gaban halittu bayan zamanin kankara" (canjin yanayi, lokutan yanayi),
"Heritage na kankara a saman Estonia" (babban duwatsu, siffofi),
"Post-Ice Age Nature and Man in Estonia" (canjin yanayi a yankunan Estonia da yanayi, daidaitawa da kwayoyin halitta, kafa mazaunan mutane),
"Shin kun san Vooremaa?" (tsarin ƙasa, muhalli, ɗaya daga cikin hanyoyin sadarwar wakilci a Turai, matsayi).
Sauran Ayyuka Cibiyar kuma tana ba da tafiye-tafiye a kan Tafkin Saadjärv. Masu jagorantar da ke ba da labari game da yanayin Tafkin Saadjärv, kafa Vooremaa da kuma manyan ayyukan jarumin kasa Kalevipoeg ne ke sarrafa jirgin.
Yin amfani da tabarau na gaskiya, baƙi na iya nutsewa cikin "Mystical Primitive Sea," na daruruwan miliyoyin shekaru da suka gabata kuma suna fuskantar rayuwar da ta taɓa zama a yankunan Estonia, kamar manyan dabbobi masu rarrafe, trilobites masu ƙarfi, manyan masu cin nama, kunama na teku da nautiloids.
Har ila yau, akwai shirin Kirsimeti na ilimi game da rayuwar dabbobi a cikin hunturu kuma, ba shakka, Santa Claus. Sauran abubuwan na musamman (taron, ranar haihuwar) za a iya shirya su ta hanyar tsari.
Tarihi A shekara ta 2004, ra'ayin kirkirar cibiyar baƙi a cikin garin Tartu kusa da Saadjärv, wanda zai janyo hankalin baƙi zuwa yankin, amma kuma zai zama mai ba da ilimin yanayi. Tunanin ya fito ne daga Makarantar Halitta ta Saadjärv da darakta na lokacin, Asta Tuusti "Nunawar ta gabatar da shekarun kankara a cikin tarihin duniya, al'adun kankara a wurarenmu da namun daji, kuma ta gabatar da yiwuwar nan gaba a cikin yanayin canjin yanayi, "in ji Tuusti. "Äksi wuri ne mai dacewa da cibiyar zamanin kankara. Yankin da ke kewaye da shi tare da zagaye, tabkuna da duwatsu gado ne na zamanin kankara. Al'ummar karkara ta Tartu da magajin gari, Aivar Soop, sun goyi bayan manufar kuma, tare da hadin gwiwar al'umma, an kirkiro baje kolin, gabatar da shekarun kankara a cikin tarihin duniya, al'adun kankara a wuraren Estonian da namun daji, da kuma yiwuwar nan gaba a cikin yanayin canjin yanayi. "Yana da ban sha'awa cewa wata karamar hukuma ta yi alkawarin kafa irin wannan babban cibiyar ilimi ta musamman", in ji Tuusti. Dukan yankin yana amfana daga dubban masu yawon bude ido da ke ziyartar Cibiyar a kowace shekara. Cibiyar ta kai kimanin Yuro miliyan 4, wasu daga cikinsu tallafi ne daga Asusun Ci gaban Yankin Turai.
Manazarta
Haɗin waje https://www.visitestonia.com/en/ice-age-centre-jaaaja-keskus- Shafin yanar gizon Ziyarar Estonia
Gidan kayan gargajiya na Arctic St Petersburg, Rasha
ScienceMuseum.org.uk (SMG) ƙungiyar gidajen tarihi na Burtaniya waɗanda suka haɗa da Gidan Tarihin Kimiyya
Cibiyar Ayyukan Volcanic New Zealand
Gidan Tarihi na Glacier da Canjin Yanayi Norway
Sauyin |
21646 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Granddi%20Ngoyi | Granddi Ngoyi | Granddi N'Goyi Majundu (an haife shi a ranar 17 ga watan Mayu shekarar 1988) shi ne ƙwararren ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa wanda ke taka leda a ƙungiyar Régional 1 Sénart-Moissy Ya kuma kasance tsohon dan wasan kungiyar kwallon kafa ta Faransa yan kasa da shekaru 21, kuma an kirashi har zuwa kasar DR Congo Yana taka leda a matsayin dan wasan tsakiya Klub din
Paris St. Germain da lamuni N'Goyi an haife shi ne ga iyayen DR Congo a Melun, wani yanki na babban birnin Faransa Paris Ya fara aikinsa a cikin samari na babban kulob din Paris Saint-Germain A cikin shekarar, 2007, ya kammala karatunsa zuwa kungiyar farko ta Paris Saint-Germain, inda ya buga wasanni 7 na farko a gasar Ligue 1 ga kungiyar, tare da shi galibi yana taka leda har zuwa Claude Makélélé da Jérémy Clément a matsayin dan wasan tsakiya mai tsaron baya.
A ranar 7 ga watan Janairu shekarar, 2009, ya tafi aro zuwa kungiyar Clermont Foot ta Ligue 2 Gaba ɗaya ya buga wasanni 19 kuma ya ciwa Clermont ƙwallo ɗaya.
Bayan ya nuna sha'awar aro, ya koma Paris Saint-Germain a kakar wasa ta shekarar, 2009 zuwa 2010, inda yake yawan buga wasanni akai-akai, yana buga wasanni 16 a wasannin Paris Saint-Germain Ligue 1 da kuma kara buga wasanni 4 a wasannin Kofin, kuma Ngoyi yawanci yawanci amfani dashi azaman ajiya zuwa Makélélé da Clément.
Ya shafe kakar wasanni ta shekarar, 2010 zuwa 2011 a matsayin aro a Brest yana buga wasanni 25.
Bayan da tsohon dan wasan Faransa U21, Blaise Matuidi ya rattaba hannu kan yarjejeniyar zuwa Paris Saint-Germain, Ngoyi ya tafi kungiyar Nantes ta Ligue 2 a matsayin aro zuwa kakar shekarar, 2011 zuwa 2012. Ya bayyana bayan sa hannun Matuidi, cewa ya koma Nantes ne saboda yana son buga wasan kwallon kafa na yau da kullun a wannan matakin na aikinsa maimakon zama dan wasa mai goyon baya a Paris Saint-Germain. A cikin duka, ya buga wasanni 20 yana zira ƙwallon daya 1 ga Nantes.
Troyes A ranar 28 ga watan Yuni shekarar, 2012, ya sanya hannu kan kwantiragin shekaru uku tare da Troyes AC, wanda aka sabunta zuwa Ligue 1, a kan kyauta daga Paris Saint-Germain Bai sami damar rike Troyes AC ba a Ligue 1 tare da su wanda ya kare na 19 a lokacin kakar shekarar, 2012 zuwa 2013. A cikin duka ya buga wasanni 31 don Troyes ya ci ƙwallo 1.
Palermo A lokacin rani shekarar, 2013, bayan koma baya Troyes AC daga Ligue 1, ya koma zuwa Serie B na Italiya na Palermo a kwantiragin shekaru hudu. A ranar 11 ga watan Agusta shekarar, 2013, ya fara buga wasa na farko a Palermo a wasan Kofin Italiya da Cremonese A ranar 24 ga watan Agusta, ya fara wasan farko na Serie B lokacin da ya fara wasa a Palermo da Modena a wasan da suka tashi 1-1. A cikin kakarsa ta farko a kulob din, ya sami ci gaba zuwa Serie A bayan kulob dinsa ya bunkasa a lokacin kakar shekarar, 2013 zuwa 2014, Palermo ya kai matsayin ci gaba tare da wasanni 5 don ragewa, zuwa matsayin Champions.
Ya buga wasansa na farko a gasar Serie A a ranar 31 ga watan Agusta shekarar, 2014, inda ya bayyana a wasan da suka tashi 1-1 da Sampdoria Leeds United A ranar 26 ga watan Janairun shekarar, 2015, N'Goyi ya koma Leeds United a matsayin aro har zuwa karshen kakar shekara ta, 2014 zuwa 2015, tare da zabin kulob din ya kammala yarjejeniyar dindindin ta miliyan 2. Da farko an bashi lambar 10 mai lamba. Koyaya, bayan siyar da Jason Pearce da sanya hannun Edgar Çani a ranar 2 ga watan Fabrairu, sai aka canza lambar tawagar N'Goyi zuwa lamba 6 tare da amincewar Kungiyar kwallon kafa. Çani daga baya ya ɗauki rigar lamba 10. Bayan ya sami rauni a daya daga cikin horo na farko a Leeds, shiga cikin N'Goyi da farko a kungiyar farko ta Leeds a ranar 6 ga watan Afrilu shekarar, 2015 a matsayin wanda ba a yi amfani da shi ba a karawar da aka yi da Wolverhampton Wanderers a rashin nasara 4-3. A ranar 14 ga watan Afrilu shekarar, 2015, ya fara zama na farko ga Leeds lokacin da ya fara karawa da Norwich City a wasan da aka doke su da ci 2-0.
Ayyukan duniya
Matasa Duk da kasancewar iyayen Congo, N'Goyi ya wakilci ƙasar haihuwarsa, Faransa a gasar zakarun Turai na European gasar Turai ta 19 An ba shi lambar lamba sha uku 13 don gasar kuma ya buga dukkan wasannin hudun da Faransanci suka shiga. Ya kasance daya daga cikin Faransawa da suka dauki fanareti a wasan dab da na karshe da Spain, kuma ya ci fanaretin nasa, duk da cewa Spain din ta ci 4-2. A watan Oktoba na shekarar, 2008 aka kira N’Goyi ya wakilci DR Congo, tare da takwaransa na Paris Saint-Germain Larrys Mabiala da Youssouf Mulumbu a wasan neman cancantar shiga gasar cin kofin duniya ta shekarar, 2010 da Malawi Ya amince da kiran, amma bai buga wasan farko ba, saboda abin mamakin da Malawi ta doke shi da ci 1-2, bayan da suka jagoranci farko da ci 1-0, ta hannun tsohon dan wasan Portsmouth da Newcastle United Lomana LuaLua A ranar 3 ga watan Agusta, an gayyace shi zuwa kungiyar Faransa ta 'yan kasa da shekaru 21 don wasan sada zumunci da Poland Ya fara zama na farko a wannan wasan a madadin. An sake kiran shi, makonni biyu bayan haka, don wasannin neman cancantar buga gasar U-21 Championship ta UEFA da Slovenia da Romania Babban An kira N'Goyi kuma ya fara bugawa DR Congo wasa a wasan sada zumunci da ci 3-0 da Gambia A ranar 13 ga watan Nuwamba na shekarar, 2013, N'Goyi ya sake yin wani kiran ga tawagar DR Congo, amma bayan tattaunawa da manajan Claude Le Roy don ya wakilce su, shi da dan wasan tsakiya na Stoke City Steven Nzonzi duk sun ki damar buga musu wasa. N'Goyi ya cancanci buga wa DR Congo da Faransa wasa, tunda ya buga wa DR Congo wasa ne kawai a wasan sada zumunta.
Daraja Paris Saint-Germain
Coupe de Faransa 2009–10 Palermo
Serie B 2013-14
Manazarta
Hanyoyin haɗin waje Granddi Ngoyi at L'Équipe Football (in French)
Granddi Ngoyi French league stats at LFP also available in French
Granddi Ngoyi at FootballDatabase.eu Granddi Ngoyi at the French Football Federation (in French)
Granddi Ngoyi at the French Football Federation (archived) (in French)
Pages with unreviewed |
40872 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph%20Stalin | Joseph Stalin | Joseph Vissarionovich Stalin (an haife shi a Ioseb Besaronis dze Jughashvili; [lower-alpha 4] 18 December -5 ga watan Maris shekarata alif 1953) ɗan asalin Georgia ne jagoran juyin juya halin Soviet kuma jagoran siyasa wanda ya jagoranci Tarayyar Soviet daga shekarata alif 1924 har zuwa mutuwarsa a shekarar alif 1953. Ya rike madafun iko a matsayin Babban Sakatare na Jam'iyyar Kwaminis ta Tarayyar Soviet (1922-1952) da Shugaban Majalisar Ministocin Tarayyar Soviet (1941-1953). Da farko yana mulkin ƙasar a matsayin wani ɓangare na jagoranci gama gari, ya ƙarfafa ikon ya zama ɗan kama-karya a shekarun 1930. A akida yana manne da fassarar Marxism na Leninist, ya tsara waɗannan ra'ayoyin a matsayin Marxism–Leninism, yayin da nasa manufofin ake kira Stalinism.
An haife shi a gidan matalauta a Gori a cikin Daular Rasha (Now Georgia), Stalin ya halarci Makarantar Ruhaniya ta Tbilisi kafin ya shiga Jam'iyyar Social Democratic Labour Party ta Marxist. Ya gyara jaridar jam'iyyar, Pravda, kuma ya tara kudade ga bangaren Bolshevik na Vladimir Lenin ta hanyar fashi, sace-sacen mutane da kuma kariya. An kama shi akai-akai, ya yi gudun hijira na cikin gida da yawa zuwa Siberiya. Bayan da Bolsheviks suka kwace mulki a juyin juya halin Oktoba kuma suka kafa kasa mai jam'iyya daya a karkashin sabuwar Jam'iyyar Kwaminisanci a 1917, Stalin ya shiga kungiyar ta Politburo. Yin hidima a yakin basasa na Rasha kafin ya jagoranci kafa Tarayyar Soviet a shekarar 1922, Stalin ya karbi jagorancin kasar bayan mutuwar Lenin a 1924 A karkashin Stalin, socialism in one country ya zama jigon akidar jam'iyyar. A sakamakon tsare-tsarensa na shekaru biyar, kasar ta samu hada-hadar noma da habaka masana'antu cikin sauri, ta samar da tsarin tattalin arziki (Centralised economy) Tsanani mai tsanani ga samar da abinci ya haifar da yunwa na 1930-33 wanda ya kashe miliyoyin. Don kawar da "maƙiyan ma'aikata" da ake zargi, Stalin ya kafa Great purge, wanda aka daure fiye da miliyan guda, mafi yawa a cikin tsarin Gulag na sansanin aikin tilastawa, kuma aƙalla 700,000 akshekarar tsakanin shekarar alif 1934 da 1939. Ya zuwa 1937, yana da cikakken iko a kan jam'iyya da gwamnati.
Stalin ya haɓaka Marxism-Leninism a ƙasashen waje ta hanyar gurguzu ta ƙasa da ƙasa kuma ya goyi bayan ƙungiyoyin anti-fascist na Turai a cikin shekarar alif 1930s, musamman a cikin Yaƙin Basasa na Spain. A cikin shekarar alif 1939, gwamnatinsa ta rattaba hannu kan yarjejeniyar rashin cin zali da Jamusanci, wanda ya haifar da mamayewar Soviet a Poland. Jamus ta kawo karshen yarjejeniyar ta mamaye Tarayyar Soviet a shekara ta alif 1941. Duk da bala'o'i na farko, Rundunar Sojan Soviet Red Army ta fatattaki mamayewar Jamus tare da kwace Berlin a 1945, wanda ya kawo karshen yakin duniya na biyu a Turai. A cikin yakin, Soviets sun mamaye jihohin Baltic da Bessarabia da Arewacin Bukovina, daga bisani kuma suka kafa gwamnatocin Tarayyar Soviet a duk tsakiyar Turai da Gabashin Turai da kuma wasu sassan Gabashin Asiya. Tarayyar Soviet da Amurka sun fito a matsayin manyan kasashen duniya kuma sun shiga lokacin tashin hankali, yakin cacar baki. Stalin ya jagoranci sake gina Soviet bayan yakin basasa da haɓaka bam ɗin atomic a 1949. A cikin waɗannan shekaru, ƙasar ta sake fuskantar wani babban yunwa da yaƙin neman zaɓe wanda ya kai ga makircin likitocin. Bayan mutuwar Stalin a shekara ta 1953, a ƙarshe Nikita Khrushchev ya gaje shi, wanda daga baya ya yi tir da mulkinsa kuma ya ƙaddamar da rushewar al'ummar Soviet.
An yi la'akari da shi a matsayin ɗaya daga cikin manyan ƙididdiga na karni na 20, Stalin ya kasance batu na ɗabi'a mai zurfi a cikin ƙungiyoyin Marxist-Leninist na duniya, wanda ya girmama shi a matsayin zakara na ajin aiki da zamantakewa. Tun bayan rugujewar Tarayyar Soviet a shekarar 1991, Stalin ya ci gaba da samun karbuwa a Rasha da Jojiya a matsayin wanda ya yi nasara a lokacin yakin wanda ya tabbatar da matsayin Tarayyar Soviet a matsayin mai jagorancin duniya. Akasin haka, an kwatanta gwamnatinsa a matsayin mai mulkin kama -karya, kuma an yi Allah wadai da shi saboda sa ido kan zalunci, kawar da kabilanci, korar mutane da yawa, kisa da dubban daruruwan mutane, da yunwa da ta kashe miliyoyin mutane.
Ƙuruciya
1878–1899: Childhood to young adulthood Stalin an haife shi a garin Gori na Jojiya, sannan wani yanki na Tiflis Governorate na Daular Rasha kuma ɗan gida ga gamayyar al'ummomin Georgian, Azeri, Armeniya, Rashanci, da Yahudawa. An haife shi a ranar 18 December kuma an yi masa baftisma a ranar 29 ga watan Disamba. Sunansa na haihuwarsa Ioseb Besaronis dze Jughashvili, [lower-alpha 4] kuma ana masa laƙabi da "Soso", ɗan taƙaitaccen Ioseb". Iyayensa sune Besarion Jughashvili da Ekaterine Geladze. Shi ne ɗansu tilo da ya rayu a baya suna ƙanana. Pages using multiple image with auto scaled images
Besarion ma’aikacin sana’a ne wanda aka yi masa aiki a wani taron bita mallakar wani mutum; Da farko nasara ce ta kuɗi amma daga baya ta faɗi cikin raguwa, kuma dangi sun sami kansu suna rayuwa cikin talauci. Besarion ya zama mashayi ya bugu da matarsa da dansa. Ekaterine da Stalin sun bar gida a shekara ta 1883 kuma suka fara rayuwa mai yawo, suna tafiya cikin dakuna daban-daban guda tara a cikin shekaru goma masu zuwa. A cikin shekarar 1886, sun ƙaura zuwa gidan wani abokin dangi, Uba Christopher Charkviani. Ekaterine ta yi aiki a matsayin mai tsabtace gida da wanki kuma ta kuduri aniyar tura danta makaranta. A cikin watan Satumba 1888, Stalin ya yi rajista a Makarantar Cocin Orthodox Gori, wurin da Charkviani ya tsare. Ko da yake ya shiga fadace-fadace da yawa, Stalin ya yi fice a fannin ilimi, ya nuna hazaka a fannin zane-zane da azuzuwan wasan kwaikwayo, ya rubuta wakarsa, da rera waka a matsayin mawaka. Stalin ya fuskanci matsalolin lafiya da yawa: Cutar sankarau ta 1884 ta bar shi da tabo a fuska; kuma yana da shekaru 12 ya ji rauni mai tsanani lokacin da wani phaeton ya buge shi, mai yiwuwa dalilin rashin lafiyar rayuwa a hannun hagunsa. A cikin watan Agusta 1894, Stalin ya shiga cikin Makarantar Ruhaniya ta Orthodox a Tiflis, wanda ya ba shi damar yin karatu a cikin ragi. Ya shiga cikin limamai masu horarwa 600 waɗanda suka hau can, kuma ya sami manyan maki. Ya ci gaba da rubuta wakoki; biyar daga cikin waƙoƙinsa, a kan jigogi kamar yanayi, ƙasa da kishin ƙasa, an buga su a ƙarƙashin sunan "Soselo" a cikin jaridar Ilia Chavchavadze ta Iveria (Jojiya). A cewar masanin tarihin Stalin Simon Sebag Montefiore, sun zama "ƙananan ƙwararrun Georgian" kuma an haɗa su a cikin tarihin waƙoƙin Jojiyanci a cikin shekaru masu zuwa. Yayin da yake girma, Stalin ya rasa sha'awar karatun firist, makinsa ya ragu, kuma an tsare shi akai-akai a cikin cell saboda halinsa na tawaye. Mujallar makarantar hauza ta lura cewa ya ayyana kansa a matsayin wanda bai yarda da Allah ba, ya zage damtse daga addu’a kuma ya ki yafa hularsa ga sufaye. Stalin ya shiga ƙungiyar littattafai da aka haramta a makarantar; Musamman ma littafin Nikolay Chernyshevsky na 1863 mai fafutukar neman sauyi ya rinjaye shi Me Za a Yi? Wani rubutu mai tasiri shine Alexander Kazbegi 's The Patricide, tare da Stalin yana karɓar laƙabi "Koba" daga na jarumin ɗan fashin littafin. Sunan na iya zama abin girmamawa ga hamshakin attajirinsa, Yakobi "Koba" Egnatashvili, wanda ya biya kuɗin karatunsa a makarantar hauza ta Tiflis. ("Koba" shine ɗan ƙaramin Georgian na Yakobi, ko Yakubu, kuma Stalin daga baya ya sanya wa ɗansa na fari a cikin girmamawar Egnatashvili.) Ya kuma karanta Das Kapital, littafin 1867 na masanin ilimin zamantakewa na Jamus Karl Marx. Stalin ya sadaukar da kansa ga ka'idar zamantakewa da siyasa ta Marx, Marxism, wanda a lokacin yana karuwa a Jojiya, daya daga cikin nau'o'in gurguzu iri-iri masu adawa da hukumomin tsarin mulkin daular. Da dare, ya halarci taron sirri na ma'aikata kuma an gabatar da shi ga Silibistro "Silva" Jibladze, wanda ya kafa Marxist Mesame Dasi ("Rukuni na uku"), ƙungiyar gurguzu ta Georgian. Stalin ya bar makarantar hauza a Afrilu 1899 kuma bai dawo ba.
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48452 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tasirin%20muhalli%20na%20Yaki | Tasirin muhalli na Yaki | Nazarin tasirin muhalli na yaƙi yana mai da hankali kan zamanantar da yaki da ƙaruwar tasirinsa ga muhalli An kuma yi amfani da hanyoyin da ba a taɓa gani ba don yawancin tarihin tarihi. Duk da haka kuma, hanyoyin yaƙin zamani na haifar da barna sosai a kan muhalli Ci gaban yaƙi daga makamai masu guba zuwa makaman nukiliya ya ƙara haifar da damuwa a kan yanayin muhalli da muhalli Misalai na musamman na tasirin muhallin yaƙi sun haɗa da Yaƙin Duniya na ɗaya, Yaƙin Duniya na Biyu, Yaƙin Vietnam, Yaƙin Bassa na Ruwanda, Yaƙin Kosovo da Yaƙin Gulf Abubuwan da suka faru na tarihi
Vietnam Yaƙin Vietnam yana da tasirin muhalli mai mahimmanci saboda abubuwan sinadarai waɗanda aka yi amfani da su don lalata ciyayi masu mahimmanci na soja. Abokan gaba sun sami fa'ida wajen zama marasa ganuwa ta hanyar cuɗanya cikin farar hula ko fakewa cikin ciyayi masu yawa da runduna masu adawa da juna waɗanda suka yi niyya ga yanayin halittu. Sojojin Amurka sun yi amfani da "fiye da galan miliyan 20 na maganin ciyawa don lalata dazuzzuka, bayyana girma a kan iyakokin wuraren soja da kuma kawar da amfanin gonakin abokan gaba." Jami'an sinadarai sun baiwa Amurka dama a yunƙurin lokacin yaƙi. Duk da haka, ciyayi ba ta iya sake farfadowa ba kuma ta bar tarkacen laka wanda har yanzu yana da shekaru bayan fesa. Ba wai kawai ciyayi ya shafa ba, har ma da namun daji: "Binciken tsakiyar shekarun 1980 da masana ilimin kimiya na Vietnamese suka yi ya rubuta nau'ikan tsuntsaye 24 kawai da nau'ikan dabbobi masu shayarwa 5 da ke cikin gandun daji da aka fesa da wuraren da aka canza, idan aka kwatanta da nau'in tsuntsaye 145-170 da 30- iri 55 na dabbobi masu shayarwa a cikin dazuzzukan da ba su da kyau Ba a kuma gano sakamakon waɗannan tasirin waɗannan herbicicides ta hanyar kallon nau'ikan rarraba nau'in rarraba abubuwa ta hanyar lalata, wanda ya mamaye tserewa daga ɓangaren ƙasa.
Afirka A duk faɗin Afirka, yaƙi ya kasance babban abin da ke haifar da raguwar yawan namun daji a cikin wuraren shakatawa na ƙasa da sauran wuraren kariya.
Ko da yake, ɗimbin ɗimbin tsare -tsaren gyare-gyaren muhalli, da suka haɗa da gandun dajin Akagera na Ruwanda da dajin Gorongosa na Mozambik, sun nuna cewa ana iya samun nasarar gyara yawan namun dajin da sauran halittun daji ko da bayan munanan tashe-tashen hankula. Masana sun jaddada cewa warware matsalolin zamantakewa, tattalin arziki da siyasa yana da mahimmanci don samun nasarar irin wannan ƙoƙarin.
Rwanda Kisan gillar da aka yi a Rwanda ya kai ga kashe kusan 'yan Tutsi 800,000 da 'yan Hutu masu sassaucin ra'ayi. Yakin ya haifar da gudun hijirar kusan 'yan Hutu miliyan biyu da suka tsere daga Rwanda cikin 'yan makonni kadan zuwa sansanonin 'yan gudun hijira a Tanzaniya da Jamhuriyar Demokradiyyar Kongo a yau Wannan babban gudun hijira na mutane a sansanonin 'yan gudun hijira yana sanya matsin lamba kan yanayin da ke kewaye. An share dazuzzukan don samar da itace don gina matsuguni da haifar da gobarar dafa abinci: "Waɗannan mutane sun sha wahala daga yanayi mai tsanani kuma sun zama muhimmiyar tasiri ga albarkatun ƙasa." Sakamakon rikice-rikicen ya kuma haɗa da lalacewar gandun daji da wuraren ajiya na ƙasa. Wata babbar matsala kuma ita ce, hadarin da yawan jama'a ya yi a kasar Ruwanda ya karkata akalar ma'aikata da babban birnin kasar zuwa wasu sassan kasar, wanda hakan ya sa ake da wuyar kare namun daji.
Yaƙin Duniya na Biyu Yaƙin Duniya na II (WWII) ya haifar da ƙaruwa mai yawa a cikin samarwa, ya haɓaka samarwa da jigilar kayayyaki, kuma ya gabatar da sabbin sakamakon muhalli da yawa, waɗanda har yanzu ana iya gani a yau. Yaƙin Duniya na II ya yi yawa a cikin halakar mutane, dabbobi, da kayayyaki. Sakamakon yakin duniya na biyu bayan yakin duniya na biyu, na muhalli da zamantakewa, har yanzu ana iya gani shekaru da dama bayan kawo karshen rikicin.
A lokacin yakin duniya na biyu, an yi amfani da sabbin fasahohi wajen kera jiragen sama, wadanda kuma aka yi amfani da su wajen kai hare-hare ta sama. A lokacin yakin, an yi amfani da jiragen sama wajen jigilar kayayyaki zuwa ko daga sansanonin soji daban-daban da jefa bama-bamai kan abokan gaba, tsaka-tsaki, da abokantaka. Waɗannan ayyukan sun lalata wuraren zama.
Hakazalika da namun daji, muhallin halittu kuma suna fama da gurbacewar amo wanda jiragen soja ke samarwa. A lokacin Yaƙin Duniya na II, jirgin sama yayi aiki a matsayin vortor don jigilar Ecosystems wanda aka yi amfani da su a matsayin matattarar tsibirin da aka yi amfani da su a matsayin matattara a cikin wasan kwaikwayon na Pacific. Kafin yakin, tsibiran da ke kewayen Turai sun kasance da yawan nau'ikan nau'ikan halittu masu yawa. A lokacin Yaƙin Duniya na Biyu, yaƙin iska ya yi tasiri mai yawa akan jujjuyawar yawan jama'a. A watan Agustan shekarar 1945, bayan yaƙin Yaƙin Duniya na Biyu na kusan shekaru huɗu, Amurka ta jefa bam ɗin nukiliya a birnin Hiroshima na Japan. Kimanin mutane 70,000 ne suka mutu a cikin dakika tara na farko bayan tashin bam na Hiroshima, wanda yayi kwatankwacin adadin wadanda suka mutu sakamakon mummunan harin da jirgin Operation Meetinghouse ya kai a Tokyo. Kwanaki uku bayan harin bam na Hiroshima, Amurka ta sake jefa bam din nukiliya na biyu a birnin Nagasaki na masana'antu, inda nan take ya kashe mutane 35,000. Makaman nukiliyar sun fitar da muggan matakan makamashi da barbashi na rediyoaktif. Da zarar an tashi bama-baman, yanayin zafi ya kai kimanin 3980 °C/7200 °F. Tare da yanayin zafi mai girma, duk flora da fauna sun lalace tare da ababen more rayuwa da rayuwar ɗan adam a yankunan da abin ya shafa. Barbashi na rediyoaktif waɗanda aka saki sun haifar da yaɗuwar ƙasa da gurɓataccen ruwa. Fashewar farko ta kara yawan zafin jiki kuma ta haifar da murkushe iska da ke lalata bishiyoyi da gine-ginen da ke hanyarsu.
Dazuzzuka na Turai sun fuskanci mummunan tasiri wanda ya haifar da fada a lokacin yakin. Bayan yankunan da ake gwabzawa, an cire katakon da aka sare daga bishiya don share hanyoyin fada. Dazuzzukan da suka ruguje a yankunan da ake gwabzawa sun fuskanci cin zarafi. An fara fara amfani da sinadarai masu hatsarin gaske a lokacin yakin duniya na biyu. Sakamakon dogon lokaci na sinadarai ya samo asali ne daga yuwuwar juriyarsu da kuma rashin tsarin zubar da al'ummomi da tarin makamai. A lokacin Yaƙin Duniya na ɗaya (WW I), ƙwararrun masu sinadarai na Jamus sun samar da iskar chlorine da gas ɗin mustard. Samuwar wadannan iskar gas ya janyo hasarar rayuka da dama, kuma an kashe filaye da guba a fagen fama da kuma kusa da su. Daga baya a yakin duniya na biyu, masana ilmin sinadarai sun ƙera bama-bamai masu illa masu illa, waɗanda aka tattara a cikin ganga kuma kai tsaye a cikin teku. Zubar da sinadarai a cikin teku yana haifar da haɗarin kwantena masu tushe na ƙarfe suna lalata da kuma jefa abubuwan da ke cikin sinadarai a cikin tekun. Ta hanyar zubar da sinadarai a cikin teku, ana iya bazuwar gurɓatattun abubuwa a cikin sassa daban-daban na abubuwan da ke lalata halittun ruwa da na ƙasa. Yanayin muhallin ruwa a lokacin yakin duniya na biyu ya lalace ba kawai daga gurbacewar sinadarai ba, har ma da tarkacen jiragen ruwa na ruwa, wanda ya zubo mai a cikin ruwa. An kiyasta gurɓacewar mai a Tekun Atlantika sakamakon faɗuwar jiragen ruwa a yakin duniya na biyu da sama da tan miliyan 15. Zubewar mai yana da wahalar tsaftacewa kuma ana ɗaukar shekaru masu yawa don tsaftacewa. Har wala yau, ana iya samun burbushin mai a Tekun Atlantika daga hatsarin jirgin ruwan da ya faru a lokacin yakin duniya na biyu.
Yin amfani da sinadarai a lokacin yaƙi ya taimaka wajen haɓaka ma'auni na masana'antun sinadarai kuma ya taimaka wajen nunawa gwamnati darajar binciken kimiyya. Haɓaka binciken sinadarai a lokacin yaƙin kuma yana haifar da haɓakar magungunan kashe qwari na noma bayan yaƙi. Ƙirƙirar magungunan kashe qwari ya kasance ci gaba tsawon shekaru bayan yaƙin.
Tasirin muhalli na yakin duniya na biyu ya yi muni sosai, wanda kuma ya ba su damar ganin su a yakin cacar baki da kuma gani a yau. Tasirin rikice-rikice, gurɓataccen sinadari, da yaƙin iska duk suna ba da gudummawa wajen rage yawan flora da fauna na duniya, da kuma raguwar bambancin nau'in.
A shekara ta 1946, a yankin Amurka na Jamus, sojojin Amurka sun shawarci gwamnati da ta tanadi masauki da kuma aikin yi ga mutanen da aka jefa bama-bamai daga garuruwansu. Amsar ita ce wani shiri na musamman na lambu wanda zai ba da sabon filaye don mutane su zauna a ciki. Wannan ya hada da filaye don samar da abincin da ake bukata ga mutanen kuma. Daga nan sai aka duba dazuzzukan domin samun kasa mai kyau wadda ta dace da noman amfanin gona. Hakan na nufin za a sare dajin ne domin a yi filayen gonaki da gidaje. Za a yi amfani da shirin dazuzzuka don amfani da dazuzzukan Jamus don albarkatu a nan gaba da kuma sarrafa yuwuwar yaƙi na Jamus. A cikin wannan shirin an samar da kusan mita 23,500,000 na katako daga cikin dazuzzuka. Aluminum na ɗaya daga cikin manyan albarkatun da yakin duniya na biyu ya shafa. Bauxite, aluminum tama da kuma ma'adinan cryolite sun kasance masu mahimmanci, da kuma buƙatar yawan wutar lantarki.
Yakin Gulf da yakin Iraki A lokacin yakin Gulf na shekarar 1991, gobarar mai ta Kuwaiti ta samo asali ne sakamakon mummunar siyasar da sojojin Iraqi suka yi na ja da baya daga Kuwait Rikicin mai a yakin Gulf, wanda ake daukarsa a matsayin malalar mai mafi muni a tarihi, ya faru ne lokacin da sojojin Iraqi suka bude bawul a tashar mai na Tekun Island tare da zubar da mai daga wasu tankokin yaki zuwa Tekun Fasha An kuma zubar da mai a tsakiyar sahara.
Kafin yakin Iraqi na shekara ta 2003, ita ma kasar Iraqi ta cinna wuta a wasu rijiyoyin mai. Wasu jami'an sojan Amurka sun koka da ciwon Gulf War, wanda aka kwatanta da alamun cututtuka ciki har da tsarin rigakafi da lahani na haihuwa a cikin 'ya'yansu. Ko saboda lokacin da aka kashe a hidimar ƙwazo a lokacin yaƙin ko kuma don wasu dalilai ya kasance da cece-kuce.
Wasu misalai 1938 Ambaliyar kogin Yellow, wanda gwamnatin 'yan kishin kasa a tsakiyar kasar Sin ta haifar a lokacin farkon yakin Sino da Japan na biyu a kokarin dakile saurin ci gaban sojojin Japan. An kira shi "aiki mafi girma na yakin muhalli a tarihi".
Beaufort's Dyke, ana amfani da shi azaman wurin zubar da bama-bamai
Zubewar man da tashar wutar lantarki ta Jiyeh, da sojojin saman Isra'ila suka yi a lokacin rikicin Isra'ila da Lebanon a shekarar 2006 Shafukan Tsaro da Aka Yi Amfani da su, shirin sojan Amurka wanda ke da alhakin maido da muhalli
K5 Plan, yunƙurin gwamnatin Jamhuriyar Jama'ar Kampuchea na rufe hanyoyin kutse daga Khmer Rouge zuwa cikin Cambodia tsakanin 1985 zuwa 1989, wanda ya haifar da lalacewar muhalli.
Shiga karkashin jagorancin Saudiyya a Yemen, shiga yakin basasa a Gabas ta Tsakiya, ya kawo cikas ga alakar tsaro da makamashin ruwa da abinci a kasar da ta riga ta kasance mai fama da talauci. Yakin da rikicin ya haifar da gurbacewar ruwa da filayen noma.
Hadarin muhalli Albarkatu wata babbar hanyar rikici ce tsakanin al'ummomi "bayan kawo karshen yakin cacar baka musamman, mutane da yawa sun yi nuni da cewa gurbacewar muhalli zai kara ta'azzara karanci kuma ya zama karin tushen rikicin makami." Rayuwar al'umma ya dogara ne da albarkatun da ake samu daga muhalli. Albarkatun da ke zama tushen rigingimun makamai sun haɗa da ƙasa, albarkatun albarkatun ƙasa, tushen makamashi, ruwa, da abinci. Don tabbatar da kwanciyar hankali na albarkatun ƙasa, ƙasashe sun yi amfani da yaƙin sinadarai da makaman nukiliya don karewa ko fitar da albarkatu, da lokacin rikici. An yi amfani da waɗannan wakilan yaƙi akai-akai: “kusan tan 125,000 na sinadarai an yi amfani da su a lokacin Yaƙin Duniya na ɗaya, kuma kusan tan 96,000 a lokacin rikicin Vietnam da Nam.” Gas mai jijiya, wanda aka fi sani da organophosphorous anticholinesterases, an yi amfani da shi a matakan mutuwa akan mutane kuma ya lalata adadi mai yawa na mutanen kashin baya da invertebrate Koyaya, gurɓataccen ciyayi galibi ba za a kiyaye shi ba, kuma zai haifar da barazana kawai ga ciyawa. Sakamakon sabbin abubuwa a yakin sinadarai ya haifar da nau'ikan sinadarai daban-daban don yaki da amfani da cikin gida, amma kuma ya haifar da lalacewar muhalli da ba a zata ba.
Ci gaban yakin da tasirinsa ga muhalli ya ci gaba da kera makaman kare dangi Yayin da a yau, makaman na lalata jama'a suna aiki a matsayin hanawa da kuma amfani da makaman da aka yi amfani da su a lokacin yakin duniya na biyu ya haifar da lalata muhalli mai yawa. A kan babban hasarar da ake yi a rayuwar ɗan adam, “albarkatun halitta galibi su ne suka fara shan wahala: daji da namun daji ana shafe su.” Yakin nukiliya yana haifar da tasiri kai tsaye da kuma kaikaice akan muhalli. Lalacewa ta jiki saboda fashewar ko ta hanyar lalacewa ta biospheric saboda ionizing radiation ko radiotoxicity kai tsaye yana shafar yanayin halittu a cikin radius mai fashewa. Hakanan, rikicewar yanayi ko yanayin ƙasa da makaman ke haifarwa na iya haifar da yanayi da sauyin yanayi Bam da ba a fashe ba Yaƙin neman zaɓe na soja yana buƙatar manyan makamai masu fashewa, ɗan ƙaramin abin da ba zai tashi da kyau ba kuma ya bar makaman da ba a fashe ba. Hakan na haifar da mummunar illa ta zahiri da sinadarai ga al'ummar farar hula da ke zaune a yankunan da a da suka kasance yankunan yaki, saboda yiwuwar fashewa bayan rikicin, da kuma zubar da sinadarai a cikin kasa da ruwan karkashin kasa.
Agent Orange Agent Orange ya kasance daya daga cikin maganin ciyawa da lalata da sojojin Burtaniya suka yi amfani da su a lokacin Gaggawa na Malayan da sojojin Amurka a cikin shirinta na yakin herbicidal, Operation Ranch Hand, a lokacin yakin Vietnam An kiyasta 21,136,000 gal. (80 000 na Agent Orange an fesa a duk Kudancin Vietnam. A cewar gwamnatin Vietnam, mutane miliyan 4.8 na Vietnam zuwa Agent Orange, wanda ya haifar da mutuwar 400,000 da nakasa, da yara 500,000 da aka haifa tare da lahani. Kungiyar agaji ta Red Cross ta Vietnam ta yi kiyasin cewa mutane kusan miliyan daya ne suka nakasa ko kuma suna da matsalolin lafiya sakamakon Agent Orange. Gwamnatin Amurka ta kira wadannan alkaluman marasa abin dogaro. Yawancin ma'aikatan Commonwealth waɗanda suka kula da/ko suka yi amfani da Agent Orange a cikin shekaru da yawa bayan rikicin Malayan na shekarar 1948-1960 sun sha wahala daga mummunan bayyanar dioxin. Agent Orange kuma ya haifar da zaizayar ƙasa zuwa yankuna a Malaya. Kimanin fararen hula 10,000 da masu tayar da kayar baya a Malaya suma sun sha fama da illar lalata, kodayake masana tarihi da yawa sun yarda cewa mai yiwuwa sama da 10,000 an yi amfani da Agent Orange a cikin gaggawar Malayan kuma ba kamar Amurka ba, gwamnatin Burtaniya ta yi amfani da shi. lambobi da kuma kiyaye tura ta a asirce a cikin fargabar mummunan koma baya daga kasashen waje.
Gwajin makaman nukiliya An gudanar da gwajin makaman nukiliya a wurare daban-daban da suka hada da Bikini Atoll, da tsibirin Marshall Islands Pacific Proving Grounds, New Mexico a Amurka, Mururoa Atoll, Maralinga a Australia, da Novaya Zemlya a tsohuwar Tarayyar Soviet, da sauransu.
Downwinders mutane ne da al'ummomin da ke fuskantar gurɓataccen radiyo da ko ɓarnawar nukiliya daga yanayin yanayi da ko gwajin makaman nukiliya na ƙasa, da haɗarin nukiliya Strontium-90 Gwamnatin Amurka ta yi nazari kan illolin Strontium-90, wani isotope na rediyoaktif wanda aka samu a lalata makaman nukiliya bayan yakin. Hukumar makamashi ta Atomic ta gano cewa "Sr-90, wanda ke da kama da sinadarai kamar calcium, na iya tarawa a cikin kasusuwa kuma yana iya haifar da ciwon daji Sr-90 ya sami hanyar shiga cikin ɗan adam ta hanyar sarkar abinci ta muhalli kamar yadda ɓarna a cikin ƙasa, tsire-tsire ne suka karbe su, sun ƙara maida hankali a cikin dabbobin ciyawa, kuma a ƙarshe mutane suka cinye su.
Ƙarshe makaman uranium Amfani da ƙarancin uranium a cikin munitions yana da cece-kuce saboda tambayoyi da yawa game da yuwuwar tasirin lafiya na dogon lokaci. Yin aiki na yau da kullun na koda, kwakwalwa, hanta, zuciya, da sauran tsarin abubuwa da yawa na iya shafar tasirin uranium, saboda ban da kasancewa mai rauni na rediyo, uranium ƙarfe ne mai guba Ya kasance mai rauni mai rauni saboda tsawon rabin rayuwarsa Aerosol da aka samar a lokacin tasiri da konewar gurbacewar makaman uranium na iya gurɓata wurare masu faɗi da ke kusa da wuraren da abin ya shafa ko farar hula da sojoji za su iya shakarsu. A cikin tsawon makonni uku na rikici a Iraki a shekara ta 2003, an kiyasta sama da tan 1000 na makaman Uranium da aka yi amfani da su akasari a birane. Ma'aikatar tsaron Amurka ta yi iƙirarin cewa babu wani nau'in kansar ɗan adam da aka gani sakamakon kamuwa da sinadarin uranium na halitta ko na ƙarshe. Duk da haka, nazarin DoD na Amurka ta yin amfani da ƙwayoyin al'ada da kuma rodents na dakin gwaje-gwaje na ci gaba da ba da shawarar yiwuwar leukemogenic, kwayoyin halitta, haifuwa, da kuma ciwon daji daga bayyanar cututtuka na kullum. Bugu da kari, Sabis na Kotun Daukaka Kara na Burtaniya a farkon shekara ta 2004 ya danganta da'awar lahani na haihuwa daga wani tsohon soja na yakin Gulf na Fabrairu 1991 zuwa rage gubar uranium. Gangamin yaƙi da Uranium da aka Rasa (Spring, 2004) Har ila yau, wani bita na 2005 game da annoba ya ƙare: "A cikin jimlar shaidar cutar ta ɗan adam ta yi daidai da haɗarin lahani na haihuwa a cikin zuriyar mutanen da aka fallasa ga DU." A cewar wani bincike na shekarar 2011 da Alaani et al., raguwar bayyanar uranium ko dai shine dalili na farko ko kuma yana da alaka da abin da ke haifar da lahani da ciwon daji. Bisa ga labarin mujallar shekara ta 2012 ta Al-Hadithi et al., binciken da ake ciki da kuma shaidar bincike ba ya nuna "ƙananan karuwa a cikin lahani na haihuwa" ko "bayani mai yiwuwa na yiwuwar bayyanar muhalli ciki har da uranium mai lalacewa". Labarin ya ci gaba da cewa "a zahiri babu wata kwakkwarar shaida da ke nuna cewa lahani na kwayoyin halitta na iya tasowa daga bayyanar da iyaye ga DU a kowane yanayi."
Amfanin mai Tare da babban digiri na injiniyoyi na soja ana amfani da yawan man fetur mai yawa. Kasusuwan burbushin halittu sune babban mai ba da gudummawa ga dumamar yanayi da sauyin yanayi, batutuwan da ke ƙara damuwa. Samun albarkatun man fetur kuma shi ne dalilin haddasa yaki.
Ma'aikatar Tsaro ta Amurka (DoD) hukuma ce ta gwamnati wacce ta fi amfani da burbushin mai a duniya. A cewar shekarar 2005 CIA World Factbook, idan aka kwatanta da amfani da kowace ƙasa DoD zai matsayi na 34th a duniya a matsakaicin amfani da man fetur na yau da kullum, yana zuwa a bayan Iraki da kuma gaba da Sweden.
Kona sharar gida A sansanonin Amurka a lokacin yakin ƙarni na 21 a Iraki da Afghanistan, an kona sharar ɗan adam a cikin buɗaɗɗen ramuka tare da alburusai, robobi, na'urorin lantarki, fenti, da sauran sinadarai. Ana zargin hayakin da ke da cutar sankarau ya raunata wasu sojojin da aka fallasa gare shi.
ambaliya da gangan Ana iya amfani da ambaliya azaman manufofin ƙasa mai ƙonewa ta hanyar amfani da ruwa don mayar da ƙasa mara amfani. Hakanan ana iya amfani da shi don hana motsin mayakan makiya. A lokacin yakin Sino-Japan na biyu, an keta rijiyoyin da ke kan kogin Yellow da na Yangtze don dakatar da ci gaban sojojin Japan A lokacin Siege na Leiden a cikin 1573, an keta dykes don dakatar da ci gaban sojojin Spain. A lokacin Operation Chastise a lokacin yakin duniya na biyu, sojojin sama na Royal sun yi ruwan bama-bamai a madatsun ruwa na Eder da Sorpe a Jamus, lamarin da ya mamaye wani babban yanki tare da dakatar da masana'antu da Jamusawa ke amfani da su wajen yakin.
Soja da muhalli Tsaron ɗan adam a al'ada yana da alaƙa da ayyukan soji da tsaro. Masana da cibiyoyi irin su Hukumar Kula da Zaman Lafiya ta Duniya a yanzu suna ƙara yin kira da a samar da cikakken tsarin tsaro, musamman ma mai da hankali kan alaƙa da haɗin kai da ke tsakanin ɗan adam da muhalli. Ayyukan soja yana da tasiri mai mahimmanci akan yanayi. Ba wai kawai yaki zai iya zama barna ga al'umma ba, amma ayyukan soja suna samar da iskar gas mai yawa (wanda ke ba da gudummawa ga sauyin yanayi na anthropogenic gurbatawa, da haifar da raguwar albarkatu, a tsakanin sauran tasirin muhalli.
Fitar da iskar gas da gurbatar yanayi Yawancin bincike sun sami kyakkyawar alaƙa mai ƙarfi tsakanin kashe kuɗin soja da haɓaka hayakin iskar gas, tare da tasirin kashe kuɗin soji akan hayaƙin carbon da aka fi bayyanawa ga ƙasashen Arewacin Duniya (watau ƙasashen da suka ci gaba OECD). Saboda haka, an kiyasta cewa sojojin Amurka su ne na farko a duniya masu amfani da man fetur. Bugu da ƙari, ayyukan soja sun haɗa da fitar da hayaki mai yawa. Daraktan muhalli, aminci da lafiyar sana'a na Pentagon, Maureen Sullivan, ya bayyana cewa suna aiki tare da gurɓatattun wurare kusan 39,000. Tabbas, ana kuma daukar sojojin Amurka a matsayin daya daga cikin manyan masu samar da gurbatar yanayi a duniya. A haɗe, manyan kamfanoni biyar na Amurka suna samar da kashi ɗaya cikin biyar na gubar da Pentagon ke samarwa. A Kanada, Ma'aikatar Tsaro ta Kasa ta yarda da ita cewa ita ce mafi girman masu amfani da makamashi na Gwamnatin Kanada, kuma mabukaci na "mafi yawa na kayan haɗari". Gurbacewar soji ta zama ruwan dare gama duniya. Sojoji daga ko'ina cikin duniya ne ke da alhakin fitar da kashi biyu cikin uku na chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs) waɗanda aka haramta a cikin Yarjejeniyar Montreal ta 1987 don yin lahani ga sararin samaniyar ozone Bugu da kari, hadurran jiragen ruwa a lokacin yakin cacar baka sun ragu a kalla manyan makaman nukiliya 50 da na'urorin sarrafa makamashin nukiliya 11 a cikin tekun, suna nan a kan tekun. Amfani da ƙasa da albarkatu Bukatun amfani da filin soji (kamar sansanonin, horo, ajiya da sauransu) galibi suna korar mutane daga filaye da gidajensu. Ayyukan soji suna amfani da abubuwan kaushi, mai da sauran sinadarai masu guba waɗanda za su iya fitar da gubobi zuwa cikin yanayin da ya kasance a can shekaru da yawa har ma da ƙarni. Bugu da ƙari, manyan motocin sojoji na iya yin lahani ga ƙasa da ababen more rayuwa. Gurbacewar hayaniyar da sojoji ke haifarwa na iya rage ingancin rayuwa ga al'ummomin da ke kusa da kuma iyawarsu ta kiwon ko farautar dabbobi don tallafawa kansu. Masu ba da shawara suna tayar da damuwa game da wariyar launin fata da/ko rashin adalci na muhalli saboda yawancin al'ummomin da aka raba su da muhallansu da/ko abin ya shafa. Sojoji kuma suna da karfin kayan aiki. Makamai da kayan aikin soja su ne na biyu mafi girma a fannin kasuwanci na kasa da kasa. Hukumar kula da zaman lafiya ta kasa da kasa ta ce sama da kashi hamsin cikin dari na jirage masu saukar ungulu a duniya na amfani da sojoji ne, kuma kusan kashi ashirin da biyar cikin dari na man jiragen da ake amfani da su na motocin sojoji ne. Waɗannan motocin kuma ba su da inganci, masu ɗaukar carbon, da fitar da hayaki mai guba fiye da na sauran motocin.
Martanin masu fafutuka Tallafin soja, a halin yanzu, ya fi kowane lokaci, kuma masu fafutuka sun damu da abin da ke haifar da hayaki mai gurbata yanayi da sauyin yanayi. Suna bayar da shawarar kawar da sojoji, suna yin la'akari da yawan hayaƙin iskar gas da kuma tallafawa sake karkatar da waɗannan kudade zuwa ayyukan sauyin yanayi. A halin yanzu duniya tana kashe kusan kashi 2.2% na GDP na duniya kan tallafin soja a cewar Bankin Duniya. An kiyasta cewa zai kashe kusan kashi ɗaya cikin ɗari na GDP na duniya a kowace shekara har zuwa 2030 don kawar da rikicin yanayi. Haka kuma, masu fafutuka sun jaddada bukatar yin rigakafi da kuma nisantar tsaftar tsadar kayayyaki. A halin yanzu, kuɗin da ake kashewa don tsaftace gurɓataccen wurin soji ya kai aƙalla dala biliyan 500. A ƙarshe, masu fafutuka suna yin nuni ga al'amuran zamantakewa kamar matsanancin talauci da bayar da shawarwari don ƙarin kudade don a karkatar da su daga kuɗin soja zuwa waɗannan dalilai. Ƙungiyoyin da ke aiki don lalata da zaman lafiya sun haɗa da Ofishin Aminci na Duniya, Muryar Kanada na Mata don Aminci, Cibiyar Rideau, Ceasefire.ca, Project Plowshares, da Codepink Duba Jerin ƙungiyoyin yaƙi don ƙarin ƙungiyoyi.
Kyakkyawan tasirin sojoji akan muhalli Akwai misalai daga ko'ina cikin duniya na sojojin ƙasa da ke taimakawa wajen sarrafa filaye da kiyayewa. Alal misali, a Bhuj, Indiya, sojojin da aka jibge a wurin sun taimaka wajen sake farfado da yankin; a Pakistan, Sojojin sun shiga cikin tsunami Biliyan, suna aiki tare da fararen hula don sake dazuzzuka a cikin KPK da Punjab a Venezuela, yana daga cikin nauyin da ke da alhakin kare albarkatun kasa Bugu da ƙari, amincewar soja na fasahar da ta dace da muhalli kamar makamashi mai sabuntawa na iya samun damar samar da goyon bayan jama'a ga waɗannan fasahohin. A ƙarshe, wasu fasahohin soja kamar GPS da jirage marasa matuƙa suna taimaka wa masana kimiyyar muhalli, masu kiyayewa, masu ilimin halittu da masu ilimin halitta don gudanar da ingantaccen bincike, sa ido, da gyarawa.
Yaƙi da dokar muhalli Ta fuskar shari'a, kare muhalli a lokutan yaƙi da ayyukan soja ana magana da su a wani bangare ta dokar muhalli ta ƙasa da ƙasa. Ana kuma samun ƙarin tushe a fannonin doka kamar dokokin ƙasa da ƙasa gabaɗaya, dokokin yaƙi, dokokin haƙƙin ɗan adam da dokokin gida na kowace ƙasa da abin ya shafa. Yarjejeniyar Majalisar Dinkin Duniya da dama, ciki har da Yarjejeniyar Geneva ta hudu, Yarjejeniyar Tarihi ta Duniya ta 1972 da Yarjejeniyar Gyara Muhalli ta 1977 suna da tanadi don iyakance tasirin muhalli na yaƙi.
Yarjejeniyar Gyaran Muhalli yarjejeniya ce ta ƙasa da ƙasa da ke hana sojoji ko wasu amfani da dabarun gyara muhalli da ke da tartsatsi, mai dorewa ko mai tsanani. Yarjejeniyar ta haramta yakin yanayi, wanda shine amfani da dabarun gyaran yanayi don dalilai na haifar da lalacewa ko lalacewa. Wannan yarjejeniya tana aiki kuma an amince da ita (karɓar da ita a matsayin ɗaure) ta hanyar jagorancin ikon soja.
Nassoshi Muhalli
Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba |
22246 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ha%C6%99%C6%99in%20%C9%97an%20Adam%20a%20Najeriya | Haƙƙin ɗan Adam a Najeriya | Haƙƙin ɗan adam a Nijeriya an kiyaye a ƙarƙashin kundin tsarin mulki na yanzu na shekara ta 1999. Duk da yake Najeriya ta samu cigaba sosai game da ƴancin ɗan adam a ƙarƙashin wannan kundin tsarin mulki, Rahoton Yancin Dan Adam na Amurka na Shekara ta 2012 ya lura da wurare da yawa da ake buƙatar ƙarin haɓaka, wanda ya haɗa da: cin zarafin da Boko Haram, kashe-kashe daga sojojin gwamnati, rashin daidaito tsakanin jama'a da batutuwa tare da 'yancin faɗar albarkacin baki. Rahoton Kungiyar Kare Hakkin Dan-Adam ta Duniya na Shekara ta 2015 ya kuma nuna cewa tsananin tashin hankali daga kungiyar Boko Haram, takaita hakkokin LGBTIQ da cin hanci da rashawa na gwamnati na ci gaba da lalata matsayin 'yancin dan adam a Najeriya.
Tarihi tun daga samun 'yancin kai A tsakanin Ƴancin ta a shekara ta 1960 da dawowar mulkin dimokiraɗiyya a Shekara ta 1999, Nijeriya ta sami zaɓaɓɓun Shugabannin ƙasashe biyu, ɗayan da aka nada, magajin soja ɗaya da juyin mulki sau 7 watau mulkin soja. Juyin mulki a cikin sauki yana nufin yakin da aka yi tsakanin shugabannin sojoji da ke jagorantar wata jiha don kwace ko hambarar da shugaban kasa mai ci, ko dai saboda mai ci ya kasance mai cin hanci da rashawa ko kuma ba zai iya cika duk abubuwan da yake ganin ya dace da kasar a ciki ba lokacin aikinsa. A cikin Shekara ta 1979, Najeriya ta amince da tsarin shugaban kasa domin a tabbatar da daman zaben wadanda za su mulke su da sabon kundin tsarin mulki Wannan kundin tsarin mulki ya ba da tabbaci game da 'yancin ɗan adam wanda ke taɓarɓarewa ko yaushe.
Gwamnatin Janar Ibrahim Babangida, da sauransu, an lura da ita wajen keta haddin dan adam. Kodayake Nijeriya ta himmatu wajen rattaba hannu tare da rattaba hannu kan yarjeniyoyin kare haƙƙin ɗan adam na duniya, to amma ta ga kalubale lokacin da ake kokarin aiwatar da wadannan yarjejeniyoyi a cikin gida. Najeriya tana aiki ne a karkashin tsari biyu kuma ba za ta iya amfani da yarjeniyoyin kasa da kasa ba sai dai idan majalisun dokokin Najeriya sun amince da su. Bugu da kari, kundin tsarin mulkin Najeriya ya kare hakkokin jama'a da siyasa, amma yarjeniyoyin ƙasa da ƙasa kamar Yarjejeniyar Afirka suma sun fadada kariya ga al'adu, tattalin arziki, da 'yancin kungiyoyi. Saboda kundin tsarin mulkin Najeriya doka ce mafi girma, Kotun Koli ta Najeriya sau da yawa takan warware rikice-rikice don nuna goyon baya ga Kundin Tsarin Mulki, don haka take takaita fadada yiwuwar 'yancin dan Adam.
'Yancin faɗar albarkacin baki Lokacin da Janar Babangida ya hau mulki a shekara ta 1985 ya soke Dokar mai lamba 4 na Shekara ta 1984, dokar da ta sanya aikata laifi a buga duk wani abu da ake ganin abin kunya ne ko kuma ya saba wa bukatun gwamnati, akwai sabon fata na 'yancin faɗar albarkacin baki da jama'a da kafofin watsa labarai. A cikin mulkin Babangida, haƙuri na siyasa ya faru na ɗan lokaci. Ko yaya, wannan taƙaitacciyar hanyar neman 'yancin ɗan adam ta ɓarke lokacin da gwamnatin ta fara kulle masu sukarta da korar ma'aikata waɗanda ba su inganta ra'ayoyinsu da manufofinsu. Wannan gwamnatin ta rufe jaridu da haramtattun kungiyoyi fiye da kowane a tarihin Najeriya bayan mulkin mallaka. Paparazzi a Najeriya galibi ya kasance yana fuskantar dabarun tsoro da tursasawa. An yi wa ‘yan jarida“ tattaunawa ”tare da Hukumar tsaron Jiha wanda ya shafi barazanar da kuma yiwuwar ɗaure shi. Ana cigaba da rufe jaridar. A cikin Shekara ta 1990, Jamhuriyar, Newbreed, Lagos Daily News, The Punch, da sauran jaridu daban-daban gwamnatin tarayya ta rufe su a wani lokaci. A shekara ta 1999, sabon kundin tsarin mulkin Najeriya ya sami kariya daga faɗin albarkacin baki Sai dai kuma daga baya aka zartar da dokokin A ranar 26 ga Afrilu, 2020, rahoton ‘Yan Jarida ba tare da Border World Press Freedom Index ya fitar da Nijeriya 115 cikin kasashe 180 da aka gudanar da bincike ba. Masu rahoto ba tare da iyaka ba sun ba da misali da kashewa, tsarewa da kuma cin zarafin ‘yan jarida tare da kokarin rage gwamnatin da ke yankin a matsayin dalilin da ya sa aka kara darajar. Koyaya, wannan darajar ta fi ta 146 wacce Transparency International ta baiwa Najeriya a farkon wannan shekarar dangane da cin hanci da rashawa Rahoton Reporters without Border ya kuma cigaba da cewa “Tare da sama da jaridu masu zaman kansu sama da 100, kasar da ta fi kowace kasa yawan jama’a a Afirka na jin dadin kafafen yada labarai na gaske amma bayar da labaran da suka shafi siyasa, ta’addanci ko satar kudade daga masu karfi yana da matukar matsala. Take hakkin Gwamnati
Sojoji A watan Maris na shekara ta 2020, ya bayyana cewa wasu sojojin Najeriya sun yi amfani da damar karancin abinci a sansanonin ‘yan gudun hijirar da ke cikin jihar Borno tare da yi wa mata fyade a sansanonin yan gudun hijira da aka tanadar mata don ba su abincin. Wadannan karancin abinci na yan gudun hijirar suma sun haifar da mutuwar "dubunnan mutane" tun daga shekara ta 2015. A ranar 4 ga Afrilu, Shekara ta 2020, an kame wasu Sojoji uku a jihar Legas saboda bayar da barazanar fyade ga mata. A ranar 21 ga Mayun, shekara ta 2020, an kame wasu ‘yan gudun hijirar da ke jihar Legas, Kehinde Elijah da Ezeh Joseph saboda samun su da hannu a kisan wani dan sanda mai mukamin sajan a ranar 10 ga Mayun shekara ta 2020. Masu harbe-harben, wadanda daga baya aka tsare su a hannun sojoji, wani jami'in 'yan sanda na Najeriya ya taimaka ma su kuma ana neman su da "laifukan ta'addanci."
Ƴan sanda A Nijeriya ana kallon Yan Sandan Najeriya a matsayin marasa inganci da cin rashawa. Rundunar Hadin Gwiwa ta Najeriya (JTF) ta ba da isasshen martani da karfi wajen kai hare-hare na ƙungiyar Boko Haram. JTF na da hannu wajen kashe wadanda ake zargi ba tare da fuskantar shari'a ba tare da kashe bazuwar al'ummomin da ake zargi da tallafawa ƙungiyar Boko Haram.
Duba kuma Hukumar Kare Hakkin Bil'adama ta Kasa (Najeriya)
Fataucin mutane a Najeriya
Binciken yanar gizo da sa ido a Najeriya
Hakkokin (LGBT) a Najeriya
Siyasar Najeriya
Rikicin gama gari a Najeriya
Ajiye Childrenananan Witan mayu na Afirka
Manazarta
Hanyoyin haɗin waje Wakokin GQOM Fakaz A Song
Mai yiwuwa Télécharger Rahoton shekara-shekara na 2012 na Amnesty International
Rahoton 'Yanci a cikin Rahoton Duniya na 2011 na Freedom House
Rahoton Duniya na 2012, na Human Rights Watch
Tsarin Ayyuka na Kasa don Ingantawa Kare 'Yancin Dan Adam a Nijeriya, 2006
Ƴancin Ɗan Adam
Ƴancin muhalli
Muhalli
Yanayi
Rajin Kare Haƙƙin Ɗan Adam
Ƴancin Faɗar Albarkacin Baki
Pages with unreviewed |
40839 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kurt%20G%C3%B6del | Kurt Gödel | Kurt Friedrich Gödel rdəl/ GUR-dəl, German: [kʊʁt (Afrilu 28, 1906 -Janairu 14, 1978) masanin dabaru, mathematician, kuma masanin falsafa. An yi la'akari da shi tare da Aristotle da Gottlob Frege a matsayin daya daga cikin manyan masana a tarihi, Gödel yana da tasiri mai yawa akan tunanin kimiyya da falsafa a karni na 20, lokacin da wasu irin su Bertrand Russell, Alfred North Whitehead, da David Hilbert suna amfani da dabaru da kafa ka'idar don bincika tushen ilimin lissafi, ginawa a kan aikin farko ta irin su Richard Dedekind, Georg Cantor da Frege.
Gödel ya buga first incompleteness theorem a cikin 1931 lokacin yana ɗan shekara 25, shekara ɗaya bayan kammala karatun digirinsa a Jami'ar Vienna. Ka'idar rashin cikawa ta farko ta bayyana cewa ga kowane tsarin -daidaitacce recursive axiomatic tsarin iko wanda ya isa ya bayyana lissafin lissafin lambobi na halitta (misali Peano ilmin lissafi akwai shawarwari na gaskiya game da lambobi na halitta waɗanda ba za a iya tabbatar da su ba kuma ba za a iya warware su daga axioms ba. Don tabbatar da hakan, Gödel ya ɓullo da wata dabara a yanzu da aka fi sani da lambar Gödel, wadda ke ƙididdige kalmomi na yau da kullun azaman lambobi. Ka'idar rashin cikawa ta biyu, wacce ta biyo baya daga farko, ta bayyana cewa tsarin ba zai iya tabbatar da daidaitonsa ba. Gödel ya kuma nuna cewa ba za a iya karyata ra'ayin axiom na zabi ko hasashen ci gaba ba daga ka'idar saiti na Zermelo-Fraenkel da aka yarda, yana zaton cewa axioms din sun daidaita. Sakamakon da ya gabata ya buɗe kofa ga masu ilimin lissafi su ɗauka axiom ɗin zaɓi a cikin hujjojinsu. Ya kuma ba da gudummawa mai mahimmanci ga ka'idar hujja ta hanyar fayyace alaƙa tsakanin dabaru na gargajiya, dabaru na fahimta, da dabaru na modal.
Ƙuruciya da ilimi
Yarantaka An haifi Gödel a ranar 28 ga watan Afrilu, shekara ta, 1906, a Brünn, Austria-Hungary (now Brno, Jamhuriyar Czech) a cikin dangin Jamusanci na Rudolf Gödel a shekara ta (1974 zuwa 1929), darektan gudanarwa kuma mai mallakar babban kamfanin masaku, da Marianne. Gödel a shekara ta (née Handschuh, 1879 zuwa1966). A lokacin da aka haife shi birnin yana da rinjaye na Jamusanci wanda ya hada da iyayensa. Mahaifinsa ɗan Katolika ne kuma mahaifiyarsa 'yar Furotesta ce kuma yaran Furotesta ne. Kakannin Kurt Gödel sun kasance da yawa a cikin rayuwar al'adun Brünn. Alal misali, kakansa Joseph Gödel ya kasance sanannen mawaƙi a lokacinsa kuma na wasu shekaru yana memba na (Men's Choral Union of Brünn). Gödel ya zama ɗan ƙasar Czechoslovakia kai tsaye yana ɗan shekara 12 lokacin da daular Austro-Hungary ta ruguje bayan shan kaye a yakin duniya na farko. A cewar abokin karatunsa kamar yawancin mazauna yankin na Jamus, "Gödel ya ɗauki kansa ko da yaushe dan Austriya kuma ɗan gudun hijira a Czechoslovakia". A watan Fabrairun shekara ta (1929) an sake shi daga zama ɗan ƙasar Czechoslovakia sannan kuma, a cikin Afrilu, ya ba da izinin zama ɗan ƙasar Austriya. Lokacin da Jamus ta mamaye Ostiriya a cikin shekara ta (1938) Gödel ya zama ɗan ƙasar Jamus kai tsaye yana ɗan shekara 32. A shekara ta (1948) bayan yakin duniya na biyu, yana da shekaru 42, ya zama dan kasar Amurka. A cikin iyalinsa, an yi wa matashin Gödel lakabi ("Mr. Me ya sa") saboda rashin koshi. A cewar ɗan'uwansa Rudolf, yana da shekaru shida ko bakwai, Kurt ya sha wahala daga zazzabin rheumatic; ya murmure gaba daya, amma har tsawon rayuwarsa ya kasance yana da yakinin cewa zuciyarsa ta yi rauni na dindindin. Tun yana da shekaru huɗu, Gödel ya sha fama da "sau da yawa na rashin lafiya", wanda zai ci gaba har tsawon rayuwarsa. Gödel ya halarci makarantar Lutheran a Brünn daga shekara ta (1912 zuwa 1916) kuma an yi rajista a daga shekarar (1916 zuwa 1924) ya yi fice tare da karramawa a dukkan batutuwansa, musamman a fannin lissafi, harsuna da addini. Ko da yake Gödel ya yi fice a cikin harsuna da farko, amma daga baya ya fi sha'awar tarihi da lissafi. Sha'awar ilimin lissafi ya karu lokacin da a cikin shekara ta (1920) ɗan'uwansa Rudolf (an haife shi a shekara ta 1902) ya tafi Vienna, inda ya halarci makarantar likitanci a Jami'ar Vienna. A lokacin ƙuruciyarsa, Gödel ya yi nazarin Gabelsberger shorthand, Goethe's Theory of Colors da kuma sukar Isaac Newton, da rubuce-rubucen Immanuel Kant Karatu a Vienna Lokacin da yake da shekaru 18, Gödel ya shiga da ɗan'uwansa a Jami'ar Vienna. A lokacin, ya riga ya kware a fannin lissafi a matakin jami'a. Ko da yake da farko yana da niyyar karanta ilimin kimiyyar lissafi, ya kuma halarci kwasa-kwasan ilimin lissafi da falsafa. A wannan lokacin, ya ɗauki ra'ayoyin gaskiyar ilimin lissafi. Ya karanta Kant, kuma ya shiga cikin da'irar Vienna tare da Moritz Schlick, Hans Hahn, da Rudolf Carnap. Daga nan Gödel ya karanci ka'idar lamba, amma lokacin da ya shiga wani taron karawa juna sani da Moritz Schlick ya gudanar wanda ya nazarci littafin Bertrand Russell na Gabatarwa ga Falsafar Lissafi, ya fara sha'awar ilimin lissafi. A cewar Gödel, ilimin lissafi shine "kimiyya kafin sauran duka, wanda ya ƙunshi ra'ayoyi da ka'idodin da ke ƙarƙashin dukan kimiyya."
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26908 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Segun%20Dangote | Segun Dangote | Segun Dangote (an haife shi a watan Mayu 4, Shekarar 1984 a matsayin Ajayi John Olusegun shine Mataimakin mai masaukin baƙi/Sidekick akan Nunin shirin Teju Babyface Show. har zuwa Nuwamban shekarar 2014. A halin yanzu yana jagorantar rawar 'Bade Williams' a cikin jerin shirye-shiryen gidan yanar gizon barkwanci mai tasowa #THEBIGIDEA. Shi Sanƙira ne, mai wasan Barkwanci, Mai gabatar da shirin Talabijin, Jarumi kuma mai sharhin zamantakewa.
Ilimi Ya halarci makarantar Effortswill Nursery da Primary School, Lagos, Mercy Day Junior High School, Legas da kuma Beautiful Gate Secondary School, Legas inda ya samu takardar shedar firamare da ƙaramar sakandare da kuma babbar sakandare bi da bi. A shekara ta 2008, ya sauke karatu a Kwalejin Fasaha ta Yaba inda ya karanta Kimiyyar Na'ura mai kwakwalwa, bayan haka ya shiga makarantar Orange Academy (School of Branding and Advertising), Maryland, Legas don samun kwas na satifiket a Integrated Branding Experience. Daga baya ya halarci Makarantar Vega School of Brand Leadership, Cape Town, Afirka ta Kudu inda ya sami BA (Hons) a Dabarun Dabaru da Sadarwa. Shi ma tsohon ɗalibi ne na Makarantar Jagorancin Daystar.
Sana'a Shirin farko da Segun ya yi kan nishaɗi shine a cikin shekara ta 2005 a cikin coci. Ya halarci wani taro na tsakiyar mako a coci a lokacin da ya ga wani dan wasan barkwanci yana yin wasa a kan mataki kafin Fasto ya hau kan mimbari don gabatar da hudubarsa. A lokacin wannan wasan ne ya same shi a zahiri zai iya yin hakan idan ya sanya zuciyarsa a ciki. Bayan an gama hidimar a wannan dare, sai ya tunkari wani Fasto ya tambaye shi yadda shi ma zai iya yin wasan kwaikwayon inda aka ce masa yana bukatar ya tabbatar da iyawarsa na kasancewa a babban mataki ta hanyar ƙware da fasahar yin wasan kwaikwayo a kan ƙananan matakai da farko don haka ya fara yin wasan kwaikwayo. ya fara yin wasa a ƙananan taro a coci Taro na tarayya na gida, kammala karatun jami'a, lambar yabo/abincin dare na sashen coci, abubuwan da ba a taɓa yin aure ba, haɗin gwiwar harabar jami'a da sauransu. Zai kuma bi Fastonsa zuwa yin jawabi a wasu majami'u/taro kuma kafin Fasto ya hau kan mimbari, zai yi na tsawon mintuna 3-5. Ya yi waɗannan duka na tsawon watanni da yawa har sai da Fasto da kansa sun gamsu cewa ya shirya don taron coci a babbar ranar hidima ta tsakiyar mako. A ƙarshe ya sami amsa ta wurin Fasto na coci don yin ƙayyadaddun kwanan wata burinsa ya cika. Zai yi haka ne bayan ya ci gaba zuwa wasu abubuwa kamar yadda bai taba tunanin zai yi abin da zai yi rayuwa ba. A ranar da aka tsayar, ya taka rawar gani har ya samu hankalin Shahararriyar Barkwancin Barkwanci kuma Jarumi, Teju Babyface da ke cikin mahalarta a daren. Taron nasu bayan haka ya ga Teju ya ɗauke shi a matsayin mai kare shi tare da ƙarfafawa don ɗaukar Comedy a matsayin sana'a. A watan Agustan shekarar 2006 (Kimanin shekara guda bayan babban wasansa na farko a kan mataki a coci) Segun ya shirya wasan kwaikwayo na farko na wasan barkwanci mai taken "Wani lokaci A cikin watan Agusta", yana nuna 'yan wasan barkwanci, mawaƙa, raye-raye da kuma Mai magana mai ƙarfafawa. Manufar ita ce ta ba da Magana Mai Ƙarfafawa cikin wasan kwaikwayo na ban dariya don haka masu sauraro za su sami wani abu mai ban sha'awa don barin tare da bayan nishaɗi da dariya. An gudanar da shi ne a wani karamin dakin karatu da ke Oregun, Legas kuma mutane guda 158 ne suka halarta. A cikin shekara ta 2007, ya gudanar da bugu na 2 na "Wani lokaci A cikin Agusta" a Cibiyar Abubuwan da ke faruwa, Ikeja. A wannan karon akwai mutane sama da 350 da suka halarta. An gudanar da bugu na 3 ne a shekara mai zuwa a shekara ta 2008 kuma a wannan karon, a babban dakin taro na MUSON Centre da ke Legas tare da cika dakin. Tun daga lokacin ya bambanta kansa a cikin abokan aikinsa a masana'antar a matsayin mai ɗorewa, natsuwa, mai ladabi da ladabi tare da tarin masu sauraro. Tun daga lokacin ya koma cikin cikakken Jagora Compere cum TV Presenter. Daga cikin dimbin abubuwan da ya ba shi dama ya yi, ya bayyana kasancewarsa MC a bikin bikin jarirai 1859 da aka yi a Legas ya fi ba shi farin ciki. A cikin shekarata 2010, ƙishirwarsa na neman ƙarin ilimi da kuma ƙoƙarinsa na ƙara bambance tambarin sa na sirri ya gan shi yana tafiya zuwa Cape Town, Afirka ta Kudu don nazarin Branding. Ya yi karatu a Dabaru da Sadarwa kuma bayan kammala karatunsa, ya fara aiki tare da Tallan JWT, Cape Town a matsayin Junior Strategist. Bayan watanni, ya sami kiran ya koma Najeriya don shiga ƙungiyar Class Act Entertainment da ke aiki a Teju Babyface Show. Ya kasance har sai da ya yi murabus a Class Act Entertainment, Babban Jami'in Gudanarwa wanda ke sa ido kan duk abubuwan gudanarwa, kirkire-kirkire, tallace-tallace da alamar alama na kamfanin. A halin yanzu shi ne Babban Jami’in Kamfanin Humotivation Ltd; Kamfanin Dabaru da Media/Nishaɗi.
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Ƴan |
15509 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Becky%20Umeh | Becky Umeh | Becky Umeh haifaffiyar jihar Anambra ve a Najeriya, amma ta girma ne a Legas tun tana yar shekara biyar. A cikin shekara ta alif 1992, ta sami damar kasancewa a matsayin actressar ƙasa a matsayin actressar wasan kwaikwayo a Gidan Talabijin na children'sananan yara Nigerianan wasan yara na Moonlight. An kuma sanya ta a cikin fim masu zaman kansu Jezebel, Twist of Fate, Living Ghost, Amazon, da sauransu.
Daga 1994 zuwa 1998, Umeh ta yi karatun gargajiya da na zamani na Afirka, a kan cikakkiyar malanta, a makarantar Koyon Raye-Raye ta Ivory Dance, wanda memba na kungiyar National James of Nigeria ya kafa. Yayin da take karatu, ta yi rangadi tare da kungiyar makarantar jakadan kasar ta Ivory Coast, kuma ta gudanar da bincike a fagen wasan gargajiya a kauyukan Najeriya.
Bayan kammala karatun ta, Umeh ta yi aiki a matsayin Daraktan Rawa na Kungiyar Rawa ta Ivory Coast na tsawon shekaru biyar, tana ba da umarni da kuma gabatar da shirye-shirye na Guinness, Mobile, Chevron, Kamfanin Botling na Bakwai, da sauransu. Bayan gajeriyar rangadi zuwa Ghana, ta yi tafiya zuwa Paris a lokacin 1998 FIFA World Cup tare da kungiyar kwallon kafa ta Najeriya. Becky Umeh ta ƙaddamar da ayyukanta na waƙa kuma ta kafa ƙungiyarta, kuma tare suka samar da faifan "Aiye".
Daga 1998 zuwa 2001, Umeh ta dauki nauyin daukar nauyin shirin TV na Rawar Jam Competition. A shekarar 2002, bayan fitowar ta wasan kwaikwayo na gargajiya wanda aka fi sani da Afrifest, inda ta kawo kungiyoyin rawar Afirka, Umeh ta zama mataimakiyar mawaƙa a gasar sarauniyar kyau ta Miss Nigeria kuma wanda ta yi nasara ya zama Miss World 2002. Wuraren da Becky Umeh ta yi sun hada da Cibiyar Al'adu ta Faransa, Goethe-Institut, Kyautar Kyautar Kiɗa ta Nijeriya, da kuma babban birnin tarayya Abuja. Tana aiki tukuru wajen matsawa Gwamnatin Najeriya don ta samarwa masu zane-zane wasu nau'ikan tallafi wadanda basu dace da manufofin farfaganda na Gwamnati ba.
Tun lokacin da ta koma Washington, DC a 2002, Umeh ta yi aiki tare da furodusoshi kamar su Hugh Medrano, Nancy Havlik (darektan mataki) da George Faison (mawaƙin mawaƙa na New York). [Ana faɗakarwa] Ta yi wa ƙungiyoyi masu zaman kansu irin su kamar yadda Red Cross, Ofishin Jakadancin Najeriya, da cibiyoyin al'adu da yawa, jami'o'i, da majami'u. [ambaton] A cikin 2005, Umeh ta tafi rangadi tare da Toby Foyeh da Orchestra Afirka zuwa Arewacin da South Carolina, Massachusetts, da New York's Syracuse Festival. Daga 2004 har zuwa yanzu, Umeh ta ci gaba da aiki tare da yin aiki tare da Kamfanin Malcolm X Drum Ensemble wanda Doc Powel ta jagoranta, kuma ta ba da gudummawa a matsayin Coordinator of Community Outreach Coordinator for UAA Foundation, ƙungiya mai zaman kanta tare da manufa don wayar da kan mata game da cin zarafin mata www.UAAfoundation .org. [ana bukatar faɗi]
A cikin 2006, Umeh t zana zane-zanen Zakin Sarki wanda Kamfanin Metropolitan Fine Arts ya dauki nauyi a Virginia. A shekarar 2009 Umeh ta kirkiro kungiyar Rawar Zomema, wacce ke aiwatar da ayyukan gargajiya da na zamani na Afirka karkashin jagorancin ta.
A cikin 2011, ta rubuta kuma ta buga wasanninta na farko "Legend of Abiku Zombeh".
Umeh ta kasance mai ba da horo na harshe da kuma mawaƙa a Jami'ar Richmond a lokacin da suke gabatar da Mataki na Stage Abubuwa Fall wanda marubucin littafin marubucin nan na Nijeriya kuma mawaƙi Chinua Achebe ya rubuta.
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53448 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atif%20Aslam | Atif Aslam | Biography with signature
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Atif Aslam an haife shi 12 Maris din shekarar 1983) mawaƙin sake kunnawa ɗan Pakistan ne, marubucin waƙa, mawaki, kuma ɗan wasan kwaikwayo Ya yi rekodi da yawa a cikin Pakistan da Indiya, kuma an san shi da fasahar bel ɗin murya Aslam ya fi yin waka a cikin Urdu, amma kuma ya rera a cikin Hindi, Punjabi, Bengali, da Pashto A cikin 2008, ya sami lambar yabo ta Tamgha-e-Imtiaz, lambar yabo ta huɗu mafi girma ta farar hula daga gwamnatin Pakistan Hakanan ya kasance mai karɓar lambobin yabo na Lux Style da yawa. Aslam ya fara fitowa a 2011, tare da Urdu social drama film Bol A cikin 2019, an ba shi tauraro a cikin Walk of Fame na Dubai bayan an zaɓi shi don mafi kyawun mawaƙa a Pakistan An kuma nuna shi a cikin Forbes Asia's Digital Stars 100, wanda aka buga a watan Disamba 2020. Yana kiran magoya bayansa da suna "Aadeez" Habituals Rayuwar farko An haifi Atif Aslam a ranar 12 ga Maris 1983, ga dangin Punjabi a Wazirabad, Pakistan Ya tafi Makarantar Kimberley Hall a Lahore har zuwa 1991, lokacin da ya koma Rawalpindi, kuma ya ci gaba da karatunsa a Makarantar St. Paul's Cambridge a Garin tauraron dan adam A 1995, Aslam ya koma Lahore, inda ya ci gaba da karatunsa a reshen Makarantar Jama'a da Kwalejin (DPSC) Ya ci gaba da zuwa Fazaia Inter College don HSSC daga 1999 zuwa 2001, sannan ya tafi PICS don yin karatun digiri a kan ilimin kwamfuta A wata hira da akayi dashi Aslam ya bayyana cewa burinsa a wannan lokacin shine ya zama mawaki.
Sana'a
2004-2008 Aslam tsohon dan group ne Jal Bayan rabuwa da Jal, Aslam ya fitar da albam dinsa na farko mai suna Jal Pari a shekarar 2004 wanda ya zama bugawa nan take. Album din solo na Aslam na biyu <i id="mwYg">Meri Kahani</i> ya samu kyautar a karo na 7 na Lux Style Awards a rukunin "Best Album". Kundin waƙar "wanda aka zaba a cikin 2009 a cikin "MTV Music Awards" a cikin "Best Rock Song".
A cikin 2008, ya rubuta nau'ikan Pehli Nazar Mein da Bakhuda Tumhi Ho daga <i id="mwaA">Race</i> da Kismat Konnection bi da bi. Pehli Nazar Mein ya ba shi lambar yabo ta Bollywood kuma ya lashe lambar yabo ta IIFA.
2009 2015: Fim na Indiya/Pakistan ya fara fitowa A cikin fim din Ajab Prem Ki Ghazab Kahani na 2009, ya rera Tu Jaane Na" da Tera Hone Laga Hoon" gami da remix versions na wakokin biyu wadanda suka zabo shi da dama. A shekarar 2011, ya rera waka daga cikin fim din FALTU, mai suna "Le Ja Tu Mujhe". A wannan shekarar, ya rera wakoki guda biyu Hona Tha Pyar da "Kaho Aaj Bol Do" tare da Hadiqa Kiani a cikin fim din Pakistan na Bol wanda aka jefa shi a matsayin jagora. A wannan shekarar, ya nada wakoki biyu na fim din Tere Naal Love Ho Gaya, "Tu Muhabbat Hai" da "Piya O Re Piya". Ya yi wakoki biyu "Bol Ke Lub Azaad Hain" da "Mori Araj Suno" na fim din Hollywood The Reluctant Fundamentalist Ya kuma yi a cikin Coke Studio's Season Five mai taken "Charka Nolakha", "Rabba Sacheya" da "Dholna". An zabi Main Rang Sharbaton Ka a lambar yabo ta Duniya a cikin 2014 don "Mafi kyawun Waƙa". "Main Rang Sharbaton Ka" ya samo kyaututtuka da yawa da kuma zabuka masu yawa a gare shi. An saki Zameen Jaagti Hai da Tu Khaas Hai a Pakistan. A cikin 2014, ya yi rikodin waƙoƙin 2 don fim ɗin Nishaɗi, "Tera Naam Doon" da "Nahi Woh Saamne". Duk wakokin Sachin-Jigar ne suka tsara su tare da rubutattun wakokin Priya Panchal. Ya kuma rera wakar talla ta QMobile Noir i10 "Dil Se Dil" da wakar tallan Etisalat "Faasle".
Ya yi aiki tare da Sachin-Jigar a waƙar Jeena Jeena na fim ɗin Badlapur, Waƙar Jeena Jeena ta kasance kan gaba a matakai daban-daban kuma ta kasance ɗaya daga cikin manyan jarumai a 2015, wanda kuma ya ba shi lambar yabo ta Filmfare a matsayin mafi kyawun mawakin sake kunnawa. A wannan shekarar kuma ya yi rikodin Dil Kare ga Ho Mann Jahaan Fassarar Aslam na Tajdar-e-Haram ya haye ra'ayoyi miliyan 285 akan YouTube a watan Yuli 2020, wanda aka fito dashi a shekarar 2015, ya zama asalin bidiyo na farko a Pakistan don cimma babban rikodin. Waƙar Qawwali, wadda Sabri Brothers suka rera ta, an sake shi a ranar 15 ga Agusta 2015 a cikin CokeStudio Season 8 kuma an kallo a cikin ƙasashe 186 a fadin duniya. Hakanan, shine farkon bidiyo na mutum ɗaya na Aslam akan YouTube don yin rikodin.
2016 2020 Aslam ya yi aiki tare da mawaki Arko Pravo a waƙar Charbuster Tere Sang Yaara daga Rustom wacce ta yi sama da jadawalin "Bollywood Life", ta samu lambar yabo ta "Filmfare Award for Best Male Playback Singer". Atif yayi aiki da Mithoon akan wakar "Mar Jaayen" ta Loveshhuda nau'i hudu a shekarar 2016, wanda Sayeed Qaudri ya rubuta.
"Dil Dancer" na fim din Actor in Law wanda aka saki, wanda ya ba shi lambar yabo ta LUX a matsayin mafi kyawun mawaƙin sake kunnawa. Ya rera wakar “Yaariyaan” tare da Ali Zafar, wanda Sahir Ali Bagga ya yi wanda aka saki a ranar tsaro ta 2016. Ya yi aiki tare da Maher Zain don waƙar "Ina Raye" kuma ya rera "Jal Pari" don tallan Huawei Honor 5X A farkon shekara, waƙar "Hoor" ta Hindi Medium ta fito. Bayan haka, an fitar da waƙar Romantic Baarish daga Half Girlfriend wanda Tanishk Bagchi ya tsara da waƙar ballad "Musafir" daga Sweetie Weds NRI. Waƙar soyayya mai suna "Darasal" wadda JAM8 ta shirya a wannan shekarar. Waƙoƙin Ballad guda biyu "Main Agar" daga Tubelight da "Jaane De" na Qarib Qarib Singlle, bi da bi, sun fito, waɗanda Pritam da Vishal Mishra suka shirya. A cikin Disamba 2017, Dil Diyan Gallan daga Tiger Zinda Hai ya fito, wanda Vishal–Shekhar ya tsara da kuma waƙoƙin Irshad Kamil Waƙar ta sami ra'ayoyi sama da 670M akan YouTube har zuwa Janairu 2021. Wakarsa ta farko ta Bengali "Mithe Alo" daga fim din Cockpit shima an sake shi.
A wannan shekarar, an fito da Pehli Dafa tare da Aslam da Ileana D'Cruz, wanda ya kasance wani abu na Shiraz Uppal Wani “Younhi” da Atif da kansa ya rubuta a ranar haihuwar Atif, wanda ya fito da Aslam da Nicolli Dela Nina. "Noor-e-Azal" Hamd ya fito, wanda Aslam da Abida Parveen suka rera, wani abun da Shani Arshad ya yi. Ya kuma rera wakar ISPR mai suna Kabhi Percham Main, wacce aka saki a ranar Tsaro ta 2017. Ya yi a karo na 16 na Lux Style Awards ta hanyar rera wakar Pakistan National Anthem da "Us Rah Par". Rayayyun mutane
Haihuwan 1983
Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba |
32601 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Onismor%20Bhasera | Onismor Bhasera | Onismor Bhasera (an haife shi a ranar 7 ga watan Janairu a shekara ta alif ɗari tara da tamanin da shida 1986A.c) ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ne ɗan ƙasar Zimbabwe wanda ke taka leda a matsayin baya na hagu don Super Sport United a gasar ƙwallon ƙafa ta Afirka ta Kudu. Ya taba taka leda a gasar Premier ta Afirka ta Kudu a Bidvest Wits, Maritzburg United da Kaizer Chiefs, da kuma Kwallon kafa na Plymouth Argyle. Bhasera ya lashe kofuna a matakin kasa da kasa a Zimbabwe.
Aikin kulob/Ƙungiya
Rayuwar farko da aiki An haifi Bhasera a ranar (7) ga watan Janairu a shekara ta (1986) a Mutare, wani birni a lardin Manicaland na kasar Zimbabwe. Ya kasance cikin tawagar Lord Marlvern High School da ta lashe Coca-Cola Nash sau uku a jere tsakshekarar A shekarar 2001 da) kuma shi ne shugaban makaranta a wannan lokacin.Ya kasance yana wasa a makarantar matasa ta horar a Makarantar Sakandare ta Lord Marlvern, kafin ya shiga Harare United, kulob din da ya fafata a rukunin farko na Zimbabwe, gasar daya kasa da gasar Premier. Ayyukan da ya yi wa tawagar sun sa shi kula da kulob din Tembisa Classic na Afirka ta Kudu kuma ya shiga su don kakar a shekara ta 2004-05, yana haɗi tare da dan uwansa zuwa Sadomba. Bhasera ya bayyana sau 14 a cikin National First Division, yayin da suka ci nasara a gasar Premier ta Afirka ta Kudu. Kulob din, da kwangilolin 'yan wasansa, sai masu mallakar Maritzburg United suka saya. Kakarsa ta farko a matakin kololuwar wasan kwallon kafa na Afirka ta Kudu ya nuna matukar amfani; ya buga wasanni 27 na gasar, kuma kulob din ya tabbatar da matsayinsa a rukunin na shekara ta biyu. Ya sake fitowa akai-akai a kulob din a cikin kakar shekara ta 2006–07, ya buga wasannin gasar 26. Burinsa na farko a gasar ƙwararru ya zo ne a ranar 27 ga Afrilu a shekara ta 2007, a wasan waje da Moroka Swallows. Kulob din Bhasera sun tashi 3-0 lokacin da ya zura kwallo bayan mintuna 32. Wasan ya ƙare cikin rashin jin daɗi yayin da suka koma rukunin farko, inda suka sami nasarar lashe gasar lig huɗu kawai daga wasanni 30.
Kaiser Chiefs Ayyukansa a cikin fafitika sun kama Kaizer Chiefs, ɗaya daga cikin fitattun kulab ɗin ƙasar, kuma ya shiga gabanin kakar wasa ta shekarar 2007–08. Bhasera ya ci kwallonsa ta farko a sabuwar kungiyarsa a ranar 29 ga watan Satumba a shekara ta 2007, a zagayen farko na gasar cin kofin Telkom a gida da Moroka Swallows. Bhasera ya zura kwallo ta biyu a wasan da suka tashi 2-2 wanda Amakhosi suka ci da ci uku da biyu bayan bugun daga kai sai mai tsaron gida. Ya zira kwallonsa ta farko a kungiyar bayan wata daya a ranar 31 ga watan Oktoba a shekara ta 2007, a kan Free State Stars, inda ya zira kwallaye na biyu na Chiefs bayan mintuna 77 a cikin nasara 3-0 a gida. Ya ci gaba da taka leda a wasanni 26 yayin da kungiyar ta kare a matsayi na shida a gasar Premier. Bhasera ya karbi lambar yabo na farko da ya yi nasara tare da sabon kulob din a ranar 1 ga watan Disamba a shekara ta 2007, lokacin da aka nada shi a Kaizer Chiefs a matsayin zakaran gasar cin kofin Telkom na shekarar 2007. Kungiyar Amakhosi ta buga kunnen doki 0-0 da Mamelodi Sundowns a wasan karshe a filin wasa na Loftus Versfeld wanda hakan ya sa aka bukaci bugun daga kai sai mai tsaron gida domin raba kungiyoyin biyu. Bhasera ya zura bugun daga kai sai mai tsaron gida, kuma abokin wasansa Iumeleng Khune ya karyata Sundowns sau uku yayin da shugabannin suka ci bugun daga kai sai mai tsaron gida da ci uku da biyu.
Gabanin kakar shekara ta 2008–09, Shugabannin Kaizer sun shiga cikin bugu na shekarar 2008, na Kalubalen Vodacom, tare da Manchester United da Orlando Pirates. Bhasera ya fito a cikin 11 na farko a cikin dukkan wasanni uku na shugabannin. A lokacin farko, kunnen doki 1-1 da Manchester United, ya shiga cikin wani lamari da Wayne Rooney ya faru. Dan wasan na Ingila ya bayyana yana zura kwallo a ragar Bhasera bayan da ya fafata daga bangaren hagu na baya, amma alkalin wasa bai gano ta ba. Bhasera ya samu lambar yabo ta na biyu a gasar bayan da aka doke shugabannin da ci 4-0 a wasan karshe. Kungiyar ta lashe kambun MTN 8 a watan Satumbar a shekara ta 2008, a gasar shekara-shekara da ta kunshi kungiyoyi 8 da ke kan gaba a gasar Premier a kakar wasan da ta gabata. A wannan karon Bhasera bai samu bugun fanareti ba a bugun daga kai sai mai tsaron gida da suka yi da Mamelodi Sundowns, bayan da aka tashi wasan 0-0, amma kulob din ya yi nasara da ci hudu da uku a filin wasa na Kings Park. Bhasera ya fito a wasanni 25 na gasar a lokacin kakar shekara ta 2008–09, yayin da Amakhosi ya gama na uku a teburin, maki biyar a bayan Supersport United, wanda ya ci taken gasar akan bambancin manufa. Ba za a sake yin wasan a gasar cin Kofin Telkom ba, yayin da shugabannin suka sha kashi da ci 4-1 a zagayen farko da Golden Arrows.
Rikicin kwangila Bhasera ya tafi Ingila a lokacin rani a shekara ta 2009, don horar da Portsmouth kafin kakar wasa, a karkashin imani cewa shi wakili ne na kyauta. Ya burge kulob din da har suka ba shi kwantiragi a watan Agustan a shekara ta 2009, kuma ya yi nasarar neman izinin aiki, kafin Kaizer Chiefs ya yi iƙirarin cewa har yanzu an ba shi kwangilar wata shekara. Portsmouth ta musanta cewa jinkirin da aka samu na sayen dan wasan shi ne saboda ba za su iya biyan kudin saye ba, maimakon haka ba sa son biyan fan 300,000, da kulob din Afirka ta Kudu ya nema. Hafsoshin sun mayar da martani da cewa, dalilin da ya sa ba a gudanar da aikin ba shi ne saboda Pompey na fama da matsalar kudi. Bobby Motaung, manajan kungiyar Kaizer Chiefs ya ce "Portsmouth na da matsalar kudi, kuma ina da wata takarda daga gare su, kuma sun ce suna bin Chelsea, suna bin wannan bashin, kuma matsalarsu ce ba tamu ba." “Ba za su iya biyan mu ‘yan canji ba, mun ce diyya ce ba kudin canja wuri ba. Har ma mun ce za mu ba su kyauta na watanni shida domin su rike dan wasan su biya mu a watan Janairu, ba tare da samun nasara ba.” Ya kara da cewa. Ba a warware komai ba a watan Janairun a shekarar 2010, amma Portsmouth har yanzu tana da begen kulla yarjejeniya. Bayan 'yan makonni baya ga alama Bhasera zai shiga Queens Park Rangers, bayan da Paul Hart ya gayyace shi don horar da kulob din, mutumin da ya fara kokarin shiga Bhasera don Portsmouth a farkon kakar wasa. Sagarin canja wuri ya sake daukar wani sabon salo yayin da ya bayyana cewa Sheffield Wednesday ya shiga gasar neman sa hannun sa. Owls sun kasance a fili suna son biyan kuɗin canja wuri zuwa Kaizer Chiefs, amma matsalar gwiwa ta nuna cewa Bhasera ya kasa yin gwajin likita a ƙarshen Janairu a shekarar 2010. Daga nan ya fara horo tare da Plymouth Argyle a watan Fabrairun shekarar 2010, bayan FIFA ta yanke hukuncin cewa Bhasera wakili ne na kyauta don haka ya cancanci shiga kulob a wajen taga canja wuri. Kulob din ya yi nasarar neman izinin aiki a cikin watan Maris a shekara ta 2010, amma canja wurin yanzu ya dangana ga dan wasan ya sami takardar bizar aiki a Burtaniya, gami da jarrabawar Ingilishi, da kuma samun izinin kasa da kasa.
Plymouth Argyle An kammala canja wurin bayan mako guda lokacin da Bhasera ya ci jarrabawar Ingilishi, kuma ya sami izini na duniya daga SAFA. Manajan mahajjata, Paul Mariner, ya cika da yabon sabon sa hannun sa. "Bayan kallon sa yana aiki a cikin 'yan makonnin da suka gabata, ya gan shi yana hulɗa da 'yan wasan, kuma ya ga kwarewar fasaha, ya zama mataki mai mahimmanci ga kulob din ya sanya hannu kan wannan matashin dan wasan," in ji tsohon dan wasan na Ingila. Ya buga wasansa na farko a kulob din a ranar 30 ga Maris a shekara ta 2010, lokacin da ya buga cikakken mintuna 90 da Barnsley, ya dawo kasar daga Afirka ta Kudu sa'o'i goma sha biyu da suka wuce. Bhasera ta ce "Lokaci ne mai yawan aiki, amma sunan wasan ke nan." "Na dan gaji bayan wasan, amma aikina kenan". Bayan buga wasan karshe a gasar fafatawa a ranar 9 ga Mayu a shekara ta 2009, Bhasera ya yi farin cikin sake sasantawa. "Gaskiya abin takaici ne," in ji shi. “Ban san abin da zai faru da ni ba, amma dole ne in ci gaba da yin karfi da kuma fatan cewa komai zai daidaita. Yanzu na yi nasarar daidaita abubuwa kuma na dawo wasa a ƙarshe. Na yi farin ciki da na zo nan." A wasansa na gaba, na biyu a cikin kwanaki hudu, Bhasera ya kafa dan wasan gaba Bradley Wright-Phillips don zira kwallon da ya ci nasara a nasarar da kulob din ya samu a Doncaster Rovers da ci 2-1. Argyle ya kasa kaucewa komawa zuwa League One, wanda ya haifar da wata sanarwa daga kulob din wanda ya bayyana shirin su na sake ginawa; kuma an ambaci Bhasera a cikin manyan ƴan wasan matasa waɗanda ke da "hanzari mai ban sha'awa". Zuwan Peter Reid a matsayin sabon manajan kulob din ya ga Bhasera ya koma matsayi mafi ci gaba kuma ya fara kakar shekara ta 2010-11, a gefen hagu na tsakiya. Ya sanya hannu a sabon kwantiragi a watan Agustan shekara ta 2010, wanda ya danganta shi da kulob din har zuwa lokacin bazara na shekara ta 2013. Ya zura kwallonsa ta farko a kwallon kafa ta Ingila a wasan da suka doke Milton Keynes Dons da ci 3-1 a guje ta yadi 40 kafin ya doke mai tsaron gida. Ayyukan Bhasera a lokacin kakar shekara ta 2012–13, sun sa magoya bayan kungiyar suka zabe shi a matsayin Gwarzon dan wasan kungiyar. Manajan Argyle John Sheridan ya ba shi kwangilar tsawaita shi a karshen kamfen, amma ya kasa komawa horon tunkarar kakar wasanni a watan Yuni kuma ba a yi wata tuntuba da shi ba kafin ya kare a karshen wata.
Ayyukan kasa Bhasera ya fara buga wa Zimbabwe wasa a ranar 24 ga watan Yunin a shekara ta 2006, da Malawi a wani bangare na gasar sada zumunta a Mozambique. Ya samu kofuna biyar a matakin ‘yan kasa da shekara 17, goma sha tara na bangaren ‘yan kasa da shekaru 20, daya kuma a matakin ‘yan kasa da shekara 23 kafin ya samu kocinsa na farko a babban matakin. Ya shiga cikin dukkan wasanni shida na neman tikitin shiga gasar cin kofin duniya ta FIFA na shekara ta 2010, da kuma gasar cin kofin Afrika na shekara ta 2008 da 2010. Jaruman sun yi rashin nasara a wasanninsu uku na gida, ciki har da nasarar da suka yi da Namibia da ci 2–0, amma sakamakon wasanninsu na waje yana nufin ba su cancanci zuwa matakin zagaye na uku ba.
Kididdigar sana'a/Aiki
Aikin kulob
Ayyukan kasa
Girmamawa Tembisa Classic
Gasar wasannin Premier League 2005
Shugaban Kaiser
Telkom Knockout Cup 2007
Super Takwas Cup 2008
Manazarta
Hanyoyin haɗi na waje Onismor Bhasera at Soccerbase Rayayyun mutane
Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba |
40896 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karl%20Linnaeus | Karl Linnaeus | Carl Linnaeus neɪəs/; 23 Mayu 1707-10 Janairu 1778), wanda kuma aka sani bayan daukakarsa a 1761 kamar yadda Carl von Linné (furuci a harshen Sweden: ya kasance masanin tsirrai ne dan kasar Sweden, dabbobi, masanin rabe-raben itace, kuma likita wanda ya fito da tsarin binomial nomenclature, tsarin zamani na sanyawa kwayoyin halittu suna. Ana masa laƙabi da "baban ilimin rabe-raben tsirra father of modern taxonomy". Yawancin rubuce-rubucensa da harshen Latin ne; An fassara sunansa a harshen Latin da sannan kuma bayan girmamashi da akayi a 1761, an mayar da sunan An haifi Linnaeus a Råshult, ƙauyen Småland, da ke kudancin Sweden. Ya sami mafi yawan karatunsa a Jami'ar Uppsala kuma ya fara ba da laccoci a fannin ilimin halittu a can a cikin shekarar 1730. Ya zauna a kasashen waje tsakanin 1735 zuwa 1738, inda ya nazarci kuma ya wallafa littafinsa na farkon wato a can kasar Netherlands. Daga nan ya koma Sweden inda ya zama farfesa a fannin likitanci da ilmin halittu a Uppsala. A cikin shekarar 1740s, an aika shi tafiye-tafiye da dama a Sweden don nemo ilimin da kuma rarraba shuke-shuke da dabbobi. A cikin shekarar 1750s da 1760s, ya ci gaba da tattarawa da rarraba dabbobi, tsirrai, da ma'adanai, yayin da yake buga shafuka da dama. Ya kasance daya daga cikin fitattun masana kimiyya a Turai a lokacin mutuwarsa.
Masanin falsafa Jean-Jacques Rousseau ya aika masa da sako cewa: "Ku gaya masa ban san wani mutum da ya fi girma ba a duniya." Johann Wolfgang von Goethe ya rubuta: "In ban da Shakespeare da Spinoza, Ban san wani daga cikin wadanda ba su da rai wanda ya rinjaye ni sosai ba." Marubucin Sweden August Strindberg ya rubuta: "Linnaeus ya kasance a matuƙa mawaƙin da ya zamo masanin halittu." Ana kiran Linnaeus (Yariman Ilimin Tsirrai wato Prince of Botanists) sannan kuma "Pliny of the north". Ana kuma daukansa a matsayin daya daga cikin wadanda suka kafa ilimin halittu na zamani.
A cikin ilimin halittu da dabbobi, ana amfani da harafin L. don nuna da Linnaeus a matsayin wanda ya samo sunan wani jinsi. A tsofaffin wallafe-wallafe kuwa, ana amfani da lakanin "Linn." don nuna aikinsa. Har yanzu Linnaeus ya kasance nau'in samfuri mai wakiltan kansa a nazarin Homo sapiens ta hanyar bin ka'idar rarraba dabbobi na duniya, tun da samfurin da aka san yayi bincike akansa shine kansa.
Ƙuruciya
Yarinta An haifi Linnaeus a ƙauyen Råshult a Småland, Sweden, a ranar 23 ga watan Mayu 1707. Shi ne ɗan fari ga Nicolaus (Nils) Ingemarsson (wanda daga baya ya karɓi sunan iyalin Linnaeus) da mahaifiyarsa Christina Brodersonia. 'Yan uwansa su ne Anna Maria Linnæa, Sofia Juliana Linnæa, Samuel Linnæus (wanda zai gaji mahaifinsu a matsayin shugaban makarantan Stenbrohult kuma ya rubuta littafin kula da kiwon zuma), sai kuma Emerentia Linnæa. Mahaifinsa ya koya masa harshen Latin tun yana ƙarami. Daga dangin manoma da firistoci, Nils kwararre ne mai son kiwo, mai hidimar Lutheran, kuma mai kula da karamin kauyen Stenbrohult a Småland. Christina 'yar shugaban Stenbrohult ce, Samuel Brodersonius. Shekara guda bayan haihuwar Linnaeus, kakansa Samuel Brodersonius ya mutu, kuma mahaifinsa Nils ya zama shugaban Stenbrohult. Iyalin sunyi ƙaura zuwa gidan malamai. Tun yana da kananan shekarunsa, Linnaeus ya kasance mai sha'awar tsirrai, musamman furanni. Duk lokacin da yayi fushi sai a ba shi fure, nan take hankalinsa zai kwanta. Nils yakan kwashe lokaci mai tsawo a gonarsa kuma yakan nuna wa Linnaeus furanni sannan kuma ya gaya masa sunayensu. Ba da da dewa ba aka ba wa Linnaeus fili inda zai rika shuke-shuke. Mahaifin Carl shine na farko a cikin zuriyarsa da ya fara ɗaukan suna na dindindin. Kafin wannan, kakanninsa suna amfani ne da tsarin suna na ƙasashen Scandinavia: an sanya wa mahaifinsa mai suna Ingemarsson bayan mahaifinsa Ingemar Bengtsson. Lokacin da aka shigar da Nils a Jami'ar Lund, dole nesai ya ɗauki sunan iyali. Ya karɓi sunan Latin na Linnæus bayan wata katuwar itacen linden (wato itacen lemun tsami), a yaren mutanen Sweden, iccen da ya girma a farfajiyar gidansu. Lokacin da aka haifi Carl, anyi masa lakabi da Carl Linnæus, tare da sunan mahaifinsa. ana kuma rubutashi a harde da harafin æ, a cikin littattafai da aka rubuta da hannu da kuma wadanda aka wallafa. Mahaifin Carl zai kasance Nilsson, yayinda sunan Carl zai kasancekamar Carl Nilsson Linnæus.
Ilimin farko Mahaifin Linnaeus ya fara koya masa ainihin harshen Latin, addini, da labarin kasa tun yana ƙarami. Lokacin da Linnaeus yana ɗan shekara bakwai, Nils ya yanke shawarar ɗaukar masa malami. Iyayen sun ɗauki Johan Telander, ɗa ga wani manomi. Linnaeus ba ya son shi, ya rubuta a cikin tarihin rayuwarsa cewa Telander "ya fi dacewa da kashe basirar yaro fiye da bunkasa ta". Shekaru biyu bayan an fara koyar da shi, an tura shi zuwa makarantar adabi ta Grammar School da ke a Växjö a shekara ta 1717. Linnaeus ba kasafai yayi karatu ba, sau da yawa yana zuwa karkara don neman tsirrai. A wani lokaci, mahaifinsa yakan ziyarce shi, sannan, bayan ya ji soke-soke daga masu kula da shi, ya yanke shawarar sanya matashin a matsayin ɗan koyo ga wani ma'aikacin gaskiya.
Manazarta Articles with hAudio microformats
Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba |
50505 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monique%20Bosco | Monique Bosco | Monique Bosco (watan Yuni ranar 8, shekara ta 1927 watan Mayu ranar 17, shekara ta 2007) 'yar jarida ce kuma marubuciya 'yar ƙasar Kanada haifaffiyar Austria Fage An haifeta a Vienna acikin dangin Yahudawa-Austriya kuma ta ƙaura zuwa Faransa inda ta zauna har zuwa shekara ta 1931. Acikin 1940, Bosco tayi shekara guda a Saint-Brieuc, sannan ta nemi mafaka a Marseilles, inda ta ɓoye kuma ta daina zuwa makaranta. A shekara ta 1948 tayi hijira zuwa Montreal don shiga mahaifinta. Nan ta cigaba da karatun ta. Bosco tayi rajista a Jami'ar Montreal a Faculty of Arts kuma ta sami Masters dinta a shekara ta 1951 da PhD a shekara ta 1953. Acikin shekara ta 1961 ta buga Ƙaunar Ƙauna, littafinta na farko, kuma bayan shekara guda annada ta Farfesa na Adabin Faransanci da Rubutun Ƙirƙira a Jami'ar Montreal. Ana ɗaukar Bosco ɗaya daga cikin majagaba na karatun Québécois na zamani. Tayi aiki da Radio Canada International daga shekara ta 1949 zuwa 1952, a matsayin mai bincike na Hukumar Fina-Finai ta Kanada daga 1960 zuwa 1962 kuma a matsayin mawallafin La Presse, Le Devoir da Maclean's Sanannen ayyuka An kwatanta aikin Bosco a matsayin guda ɗaya, mai tsanani, kuma cike da haruffa waɗanda ke ɗaukar nauyin rayuwarsu. Yawancin ayyukanta sun nuna ƙididdiga na al'ada daga bala'in Girkanci zuwa yanayin Quebec na zamani (kamar New Medea, shekara ta 1974). da Portrait de Zeus peint par Minerve, shekara ta 1982). Jigogi na kadaici da sadarwa suna da yawa kuma Monique Bosco ta gabatar dashi cikin tsari, a cikin ayyukan da suka haɗu da litattafai da shayari, "rarraba halittu na duniya" bisa ga furcin mawallafin Paulette Collet fama dajin zafi na keɓewa, kin amincewa, tawaye da kuma laifi.
Jigogi .Litattafan Bosco suna raba jigogi iri ɗaya de racination, jikin mace da aka keɓe, kaɗaici da haushi amma suna ƙaruwa cikin tsananin baƙin ciki da fushi daga maƙarƙashiyar Un amour maladroit (1961) da Les infusoires (1965) zuwa La femme de Loth (1970) Wannan labari jiremiad ne maiƙarfi da ɗaci, kukan macen da aka ƙi wanda har yanzu bata fasa sha'awarta da wani allahn mutum ba. Sabuwar Medea ashek ashekara ta (1974) tana ɗaukar wannan fushin zuwa matsayi mafi girma, bata sami dama sosai wajen tabbatar da Medea ko babban aikinta ba, amma tana ƙarfafa girmamawa ga ƙarfin sha'awarta. Charles Lévy MD shekara ta (1977), duk da banality na take da kuma sanin halin da akeciki (shi ne monologue na mutum mai mutuwa), aiki ne mai tausayi da dabara, ikirari na mai rauni wanda ke daure da nasa. mata da al'ada ta wasu asali rashin kuzari. Littattafai masu zuwa, Portrait de Zeus peinte par Minerve (1982) da Sara Sage (1986), suna amfani da tatsuniyoyi na gargajiya da na Littafi Mai-Tsarki, amma sun fi ɓullo da tsari da harshe. A cikin Portrait de Zeus salon waka-prose na raƙuman kalmomi da jumloli akai-akai tana haɗuwa tare da cakuɗar tatsuniyoyi da tarihin tarihi, adabi, da nassoshi na zamani don haifar da ɓarna daga darajar magabata. Sara Sage ta ɗauki labarin Littafi Mai-Tsarki na Sarah, tajefa shi a Faransa alokacin yakin duniya na biyu, kuma ta gabatar dashi daga hangen nesa na mutum na farko acikin waƙa, salon Littafi Mai-Tsarki wanda ke nuna fushi mai tsanani a kan dabi'un jinsin maza. Bosco ta juya zuwa tsarin gajeren labari a ƙarshen 1980s da 1990s. Ta buga ƴan tarin jigogi: Boomerang (1987), Clichés (1988), Remémoration (1991), da Éphémères (1993). Hakanan, Bosco ta buga labari Le jeu des sept familles (1995). Labarun suna da yanayi kuma galibi suna gabatar da haruffan ciki sosai amma masu jan hankali. A cikin Éphémères haruffan sun fi tsayi. Le jeu de sept familles yana kwatanta raƙuman ra'ayoyin halayensa a yayin taron dangi-rabin su bourgeois Québécois ne sauran kuma ƴan ƙasar Kanada ne masu aiki.
Littafi Mai Tsarki waka:
Jeriko (1971)
Shekaru 77-90 (1991)
Lamento 90-97 (1997)
Mai Girma (1998)
gajerun labarai:
Boomerang (1987)
Clichés (1988)
Tunatarwa (1991)
Ephémères (1993)
da novels:
Amour maladroit (1961)
Babban Shafi (1965)
New Media (1974)
Charles Levy (1977)
Shabbat 70-77 (1978)
Portrait de Zeus peint par Minerve (1982)
Sara Sage (1986)
Le jeu des sept familles (1995) Eh bin! da gure. 2005
Kyautattuka Monique Bosco ta sami lambar yabo tafarko a Amurka a shekara tacikin 1961 don littafinta na farko Un amour maladroit Ta sami lambar yabo ta Gwamna Janar don almara na harshen Faransanci a cikin shekara ta 1970 don littafinta mai suna La femme de Loth kuma ta sami lambar yabo ta Alain-Grandbois don aikinta Miserere Anba Bosco Prix Athanase-David a cikin shekara ta 1996 kuma ta karɓi Prix Alain-Grandbois don waƙar ta acikin shekara ta 1992. Tarasu a Montreal tana da shekaru 79.
Nassoshi Matattun 2007
Haifaffun |
22384 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tsaron%20Mutane | Tsaron Mutane | Tsaron mutum tsarin kula da haƙƙi ne na ɗan adam, wanda Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ta ɗauka a shekarar 1948. Hakanan haƙƙin ɗan adam ne wanda ya bayyana kuma tabbatacce ne ta Yarjejeniyar Turai akan 'Yancin Dan Adam, Tsarin Mulkin Kanada, Tsarin Tsarin Afirka ta Kudu da sauran dokoki a duk fadin duniya.
Gaba ɗaya, haƙƙin kiyaye lafiyar mutum yana da alaƙa da 'yanci kuma ya haɗa da haƙƙin, idan an ɗaure mutum ba bisa doka ba, don magani kamar habeas corpus Hakanan ana iya ɗaukar tsaron mutum a zaman faɗaɗa haƙƙoƙi dangane da haramcin azabtarwa da azabtarwa da azaba mai ban mamaki. Hakkin na kare lafiyar mutum sannan na iya kiyayewa daga mummunan halin lahani, kuma ana iya amfani dashi dangane da haƙƙin fursunoni.
Majalisar Dinkin Duniya 'Yancin tabbatar da lafiyar mutum ya tabbata a cikin Mataki na uku 3 na Bayanin Universalan Adam na Duniya. A cikin wannan labarin, an haɗa shi da haƙƙin rayuwa da 'yanci. A cikakken labarin ya karanta, "Kowane mutum na da haƙƙin rayuwa, a cikin yanci da amincin mutum."
Yarjejeniyar Majalisar Dinkin Duniya, Yarjejeniyar Kasa da Kasa ta 'Yancin Dan Adam da Siyasa a shekarar (1966), ta kuma yarda da' yancin tabbatar da mutum. A Mataki na uku da ya ce "Kowa na da 'yancin walwala da tsaron lafiyar sa," kuma sashin ya haramta "kamewa ko tsarewa ba da dalili ba." Sashin ya cigaba da cewa "Ba wanda za a tauye wa 'yanci sai a kan irin wadannan dalilai kuma daidai da yadda doka ta tanada."
Turai An ambaci haƙƙin kare lafiyar mutum a cikin Mataki na biyr 5 (1) na Yarjejeniyar Turai game da 'Yancin Bil'adama a ƙarƙashin taken Yancin kariya da tsaro (Kowa yana da 'yancin walwala da amincin mutum. Ba wanda za a hana wa kowa ‘yanci sai a cikin lamura masu zuwa kuma daidai da tsarin da doka ta tsara) kuma a cikin Mataki na shida 6 na Yarjejeniyar 'Yancin' Yancin Tarayyar Turai ("Kowa na da 'yancin walwala da tsaronsa Kanada An bayyana haƙƙin kare lafiyar mutum a cikin Kanada a cikin Dokar 'Yancin Kan Kanada a cikin shekara ta 1960. A Sashe na daya 1 (a) na wannan doka ya amince da "'yancin mutum na rayuwa,' yanci, amincin mutum da jin daɗin dukiya, da kuma haƙƙin hana shi sai da tsarin doka." Ko yaya, Dokar haƙƙoƙi ƙa'ida ce kuma ba ta cikin Tsarin Mulki.
A cikin shekara ta 1982, an ƙara haƙƙin kare lafiyar mutum a cikin tsarin Mulki. Ya kasance a cikin sashe na 7 na Yarjejeniyar 'Yanci da' Yanci ta Kanada, wacce ta tanadi cewa "Kowane mutum na da 'yancin rayuwa,' yanci da amincin mutum kuma yana da 'yancin a hana shi sai dai a bisa tsarin ka'idojin adalci." Tsaron mutum a sashe na bakwai 7 ya ƙunshi haƙƙoƙin sirri na jiki da lafiyarta da na haƙƙin kiyaye “mutuncin mutum” na mutum. Wato, 'yancin yana kiyaye kariya daga mummunar cutarwar gwamnati (damuwa) ga yanayin tunanin mutum. Blencoe ya v. BC (Hukumar Kare Hakkin Dan Adam), 2000)
Wannan haƙƙin ya haifar da mahimman shari'a, kamar yadda aka halatta zubar da ciki a Kanada a cikin R. v. Morgentaler a shekarata (1988) bayan Kotun Koli ta gano cewa kwamitocin zubar da ciki na warkewa sun keta dokar lafiyar mata ta hanyar yin barazana ga lafiyar su. Wasu alƙalai kuma sun ji iko da jiki haƙƙi ne a cikin amincin mutum, wanda dokar zubar da ciki ta karya. A cikin Aiwatar da Rushewa v. Sarauniya (1985) an gwada gwajin makami mai linzami wanda ya ci karo da tsaro wanda ya keta barazanar nukiliya A cikin Chaoulli v. Quebec (Babban Mai Shari'a) (2005), wasu alkalan Kotun Koli sun ma yi la’akari da haramcin da aka yi wa Quebec kan harkokin kiwon lafiya mai zaman kansa don keta amincin mutum, tunda jinkirta jinya na iya haifar da sakamako na zahiri da damuwa.
An yi tattaunawa tsakanin Kotun Koli da kuma tsakanin masana ilimi game da ko tsaron lafiyar mutum kuma ya ba da wasu haƙƙoƙin tattalin arziki. A ka'ida, tsaron mutum zai lalace idan gwamnati ta takaita damar mutum na samun kudin shiga, ta hanyar hana walwala, dauke dukiyoyin da ke da muhimmanci ga sana'ar mutum, ko hana lasisi. Koyaya, sashi na bakwai 7 yafi damuwa da haƙƙin doka, don haka wannan karatun haƙƙin tattalin arziki abin tambaya ne. Yawancin batutuwan tattalin arziki na iya zama tambayoyin siyasa Afirka ta Kudu A cikin shekara ta 1996 gwamnatin Afirka ta Kudu ta zartar da Dokar haƙƙoƙin tsarin mulki wacce ta amince da haƙƙin lafiyar mutum a cikin sashe na 12. Anan, an haɗu da "haƙƙin 'yanci" Sashe na 12 ya cigaba da bayyana tsaron mutum da haƙƙin 'yanci sosai, gami da cikinta sarrafa jiki da kula da haihuwa,' yanci daga azabtarwa da ba a saba da shi ba da kuma damar fitina. A cikakke, sashe na 12 ya karanta,
Turkiya Kundin tsarin mulki na Turkiyya ya ba da tabbacin tsaro na mutum, tare da 'yancin walwala, a cikin mataki na goma Sha tara 19, wanda aka kafa a shekara ta 1982 kuma aka gyara a 2001. Labarin ya bayyana iyakoki ga waɗannan haƙƙoƙin ta hanyar hukuncin kotuna a ƙarƙashin doka, ba da izini ga cibiyoyin ƙwaƙwalwa da cibiyoyin shan jaraba, aikawa da sauransu. Har ila yau labarin ya takaita kamewa da tsarewa zuwa shari’ar da alkali ya ba da izinin hakan, inda babu isasshen lokacin wannan, ko kuma aka ga mutum yana da alhakin aikata laifi. Daga nan za a gaya wa mutum dalilin da ya sa aka kama shi, sannan kuma za a gaya wa danginsa na kusa game da kamun. A ƙarshe, labarin ya ba da izinin biyan diyya idan an keta waɗannan haƙƙoƙin.
New Zealand Dokar 'Yancin New Zealand ta Dokar' Yanci, wacce aka zartar a 1990, ta ba da tabbacin "Rayuwa da amincin mutum" a sashe na takwas 8 zuwa na sha daya 11. Sashe na 8 ya ba da haƙƙin rayuwa sai dai lokacin da aka hana shi bisa ga adalci na asali, yayin da sashe na 9 ya haramta mummunan azaba da baƙon abu. Sashi na 10 ya hana mutum a yi masa magani ba da son ransa ba. A ƙarshe, sashe na 11 ya ba wa ɗan ƙasar New Zealand yancin ya ƙi jinya.
Gundumar kasar Ingila An ambaci tsaro na mutum a cikin Jadawalin I Mataki na biyar 5 na Dokar 'Yancin Dan Adam ta 1998. Wannan sigar ita ce sabuwar shigarwar Dokar, ko da yake akwai ƙananan gyare-gyare tun lokacin. Wannan sabon aikin ya wakilci bangare guda na wa'adin da Tony Blair yayi alkawarin sake fasalin tsarin mulki.
Bayani
Duba kuma Tsaron mutum
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29693 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ciwon%20daji%20Thyroid | Ciwon daji Thyroid | Ciwon daji na thyroid ciwon daji wanda ke tasowa daga kwayoyin jikin glandar thyroid Cuta ce wadda kwayoyin halitta suke girma ba bisa ka'ida ba kuma suna da damar yadawa zuwa wasu sassan jiki Alamun na iya haɗawa da kumburi ko dunƙule a wuya Ciwon daji kuma zai iya faruwa a cikin thyroid bayan yaduwa daga wasu wurare, a cikin abin da ba a lasafta shi da ciwon daji na thyroid.
Abubuwan haɗari sun haɗa da bayyanar radiation a lokacin ƙuruciya, samun haɓakar thyroid, da tarihin iyali. Manyan nau'ikan su ne papillary thyroid cancer, follicular thyroid cancer, medullary thyroid cancer, da kuma anaplastic thyroid cancer Ana gano cutar sau da yawa akan duban da tayi da kyakkyawan fata na allura Ba a ba da shawarar yin gwajin mutane ba tare da alamun cutar ba kuma a cikin haɗarin cutar kamar na 2017.
Zaɓuɓɓukan magani na iya haɗawa da tiyata, maganin radiation ciki har da iodine radioactive, chemotherapy, hormone thyroid, maganin da aka yi niyya, da jira na gani. Tiyata na iya haɗawa da cire sashi ko duka na thyroid. Yawan rayuwa na shekaru biyar shine kashi 98% a Amurka. A duniya kamar na 2015, mutane miliyan 3.2 suna da ciwon daji na thyroid. A cikin 2012, sabbin maganganu 298,000 sun faru.Mafi yawanci ana gano shi tsakanin shekaru 35 zuwa 65. Mata suna fama da yawa fiye da maza. Wadanda suka fito daga Asiya sun fi shafa. Adadin ya karu a cikin ƴan shekarun da suka gabata, wanda aka yi imanin ya kasance saboda mafi kyawun ganowa. A cikin 2015, ya yi sanadiyar mutuwar mutane 31,900.
Alamomi Mafi sau da yawa, alamar farko na ciwon daji na thyroid shine nodule a cikin yankin thyroid na wuyansa. Duk da haka, har zuwa 65% na manya suna da ƙananan nodules a cikin thyroids, amma yawanci a karkashin 10% na waɗannan nodules ana samun su suna da ciwon daji. Wani lokaci, alamar farko ita ce ƙãrawar ƙwayar lymph. Daga baya alamomin da zasu iya kasancewa sune zafi a cikin yankin gaba na wuyansa da kuma canje-canje a cikin murya saboda shigar da jijiyar laryngeal mai maimaitawa Yawancin ciwon daji na thyroid ana samun su a cikin majiyyacin euthyroid, amma alamun hyperthyroidism ko hypothyroidism na iya haɗuwa da wani babba ko metastatic, ƙwayar cuta mai ban sha'awa. Nodules na thyroid suna da damuwa musamman lokacin da aka same su a cikin waɗanda basu kai shekaru 20 ba. Gabatarwar nodules mara kyau a wannan shekarun ba shi da yuwuwa, don haka yuwuwar kamuwa da cuta ya fi girma.
Dalilai Ana tsammanin ciwon daji na thyroid yana da alaƙa da abubuwa da yawa na yanayin muhalli da kwayoyin halitta, amma akwai gagarumin rashin tabbas game da musabbabin su.
Hanyoyin muhalli ga ionizing radiation daga duka tushen asali na asali da kuma asali na wucin gadi ana zargin su taka muhimmiyar rawa, da kuma ƙara yawan adadin ciwon daji na thyroid yana faruwa a cikin wadanda aka fallasa zuwa radiation mantlefield don lymphoma, da wadanda aka fallasa zuwa iodine-131 bin Chernobyl, Fukushima, Kyshtym, da Windscale bala'o'in nukiliya. Thyroiditis da sauran cututtukan thyroid kuma suna haifar da ciwon daji na thyroid.
Abubuwan da ke haifar da kwayoyin halitta sun haɗa da nau'in neoplasia na endocrin da yawa, wanda ke ƙaruwa da yawa, musamman na nau'in cutar sankara.
Bincike Bayan an sami nodule na thyroid a lokacin gwajin jiki, mai ba da shawara ga endocrinologist ko likitan thyroid na iya faruwa. Mafi yawanci, ana yin na'urar duban da tayi don tabbatar da kasancewar nodule da tantance matsayin duka gland. Wasu sakamakon duban da tayi na iya bayar da rahoton ƙimar TI-RADS ko TIRADS don rarraba haɗarin malignancy. Ma'auni na thyroid stimulating hormone, da ko jimlar triiodothyronine (T3) da thyroxine (T4) matakan, da antithyroid antibodies zai taimaka yanke shawara idan wani aiki thyroid cuta kamar Hashimoto ta thyroiditis ne ba, wani sananne dalilin da benign nodular goiter. thyroid scan, wanda aka yi akai-akai tare da haɗin gwiwa tare da gwajin ɗaukar iodine radioactive don sanin ko nodule yana "zafi" ko "sanyi" wanda zai iya taimakawa wajen yanke shawara ko za a yi biopsy na nodule. Auna calcitonin ya zama dole don ware kasancewar medullary thyroid cancer A ƙarshe, don cimma tabbataccen ganewar asali kafin yanke shawara akan jiyya, ana iya yin gwajin cytology mai kyau na allura da kuma bayar da rahoto bisa ga tsarin Bethesda Bayan ganewar asali, don fahimtar yuwuwar cututtuka, ko kuma bin diddigin sa ido bayan tiyata, ana iya yin hoton I-131 ko I-123 na rediyoaktif iodine.
A cikin manya ba tare da alamun bayyanar ba, ba a ba da shawarar yin gwajin cutar kansar thyroid ba.
Rabewa Za a iya rarraba kansar thyroid bisa ga halayen histopathological Za'a iya rarrabe wadannan bambance-bambancen (rarraba abubuwa daban-daban na iya nuna bambancin yanki):
Papillary thyroid ciwon daji (75 zuwa 85% na lokuta an fi gano sau da yawa a cikin 'yan mata matasa idan aka kwatanta da sauran nau'in ciwon daji na thyroid kuma yana da kyakkyawar ganewa. Yana iya faruwa a cikin matan da ke da adenomatous polyposis na iyali da kuma a cikin marasa lafiya da ciwon Cowden Hakanan akwai nau'in nau'in ciwon daji na papillary thyroid.
Sabon bambance-bambancen da aka sake rarrabawa: neoplasm follicular thyroid neoplasm wanda ba shi da ƙarfi tare da fasalin papillary-kamar makaman nukiliya ana ɗaukarsa azaman ƙari mara ƙarfi na iyakantaccen yuwuwar ilimin halitta.
Follicular thyroid cancer (10 zuwa 20% na lokuta lokaci-lokaci ana gani a cikin mutanen da ke fama da cutar Cowden. Wasu sun haɗa da Hürthle cell carcinoma a matsayin bambance-bambancen wasu kuma suna lissafta shi azaman nau'in daban.
Medullary thyroid ciwon daji (5 zuwa 8% na lokuta) ciwon daji na parafollicular Kwayoyin, sau da yawa wani ɓangare na mahara endocrine neoplasia type 2 Rashin bambance-bambancen ciwon daji na thyroid
Ciwon daji na thyroid anaplastic (1 zuwa 2% ba ya amsa magani kuma yana iya haifar da alamun matsa lamba.
Wasu
Thyroid lymphoma
Squamous cell thyroid carcinoma
Sarcoma na thyroid
Cutar sankarau
Nau'in follicular da papillary tare ana iya rarraba su azaman "canzawar thyroid daban-daban". Waɗannan nau'ikan suna da tsinkaye mafi kyawu fiye da nau'ikan medullary da waɗanda ba su da bambanci.
Papillary microcarcinoma wani yanki ne na ciwon daji na papillary thyroid wanda aka ayyana azaman nodule wanda bai kai ko daidai da 1 ba. cm. 43% na duk ciwon daji na thyroid da 50% na sababbin lokuta na papillary thyroid carcinoma su ne papillary microcarcinoma. Dabarun gudanarwa don microcarcinoma na papillary na wucin gadi akan duban dan tayi (kuma an tabbatar akan FNAB) kewayo daga jimlar thyroidectomy tare da ablation na radioactive iodine zuwa lobectomy ko kallo kadai. Harach et al. bayar da shawarar yin amfani da kalmar "ciwon daji na papillary" don guje wa ba wa marasa lafiya damuwa game da ciwon daji. Woolner et al. na farko ba da gangan ya ƙirƙiro kalmar "carcinoma occult papillary carcinoma", a cikin 1960, don kwatanta ciwon daji na papillary 1.5 cm a diamita.
Tsayawa Tsarin ciwon daji shine tsarin tantance girman ci gaban ciwon daji. Ana amfani da tsarin tsarawa na TNM don rarraba matakan ciwon daji, amma ba na kwakwalwa ba.
Metastases Ana iya gano bambancin ƙwayar cutar ciwon daji na thyroid ta hanyar yin cikakken scintigraphy ta amfani da aidin-131.
Sanannen lokuta Daniel Snyder, Ba'amurke mai kungiyar Kwallon kafa ta Washington Danny New, mai haɗin gwiwar Rana don WFLA da kuma wanda ya gabata na Mass Appeal akan WWLP Erica Lugo, koci a kan Babban Mai hasara a nunin talabijin.
Jerry Dipoto, tsohon dan wasan Baseball na Major League William Rehnquist, Babban Mai Shari'a na Amurka (1986-2005) ya mutu Satumba 3, 2005 daga ciwon daji na thyroid anaplastic Esther Grace Earl, Avid Nerdfighter (Agusta 3, 1994-Agusta 25, 2010) Ya mutu daga papillary thyroid cancer wanda ya yada zuwa huhu Uhm Jung-hwa, Mawaƙin Koriya ta Kudu, ɗan wasan kwaikwayo kuma ɗan rawa Lee Moon-sae, Mawaƙin Ballad na Koriya ta Kudu
Manazarta Cutar daji
Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba |
18667 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/John%20Quincy%20Adams | John Quincy Adams | John Quincy Adams (an haife shi a ranar 11 ga watan Yuli, shekarar 1767 ya mutu a ranar 23 ga watan Fabrairu, shekarar 1848) shi ne Shugaban Amurka na shida. Shine shugaban ƙasa na farko wanda yake ɗan Shugaban ƙasa. Hakanan, Adams shine shugaban ƙasa na farko da aka ɗauki hoto, maimakon zanen fenti.
Adams ya kasance ɗan Tarayya ne kuma ya yi aiki a gwamnatocin duk shuwagabannin da suka gabace shi. Ya kasance Sakataren Gwamnati a karkashin James Monroe, wanda ya gabace shi a matsayin shugaban kasa. Ya fara aikinsa ne yana ɗan shekara 27 a shekarar 1794 lokacin da Shugaba Washington ya nada shi Ministan Amurka zuwa Netherlands.
Adams ya jagoranci yaƙi da bautar a cikin Majalisa. A cikin 1838, yana da shekara 71, yayi magana game da bayin Afirka na jirgin bawa na Amistad Ya yi nasara a shari’ar. Ya kuma kalubalanci tsarin mulki na Dokar Gag a Majalisa kuma ya ga cire shi a cikin shekarar 1844 bayan shekaru takwas na gwagwarmaya da shi.
Rayuwar farko An haife shi a shekarar 1767 a Braintree, Massachusetts Tun yana yaro ya kalli yakin Bunker Hill, yakin Yakin Juyin Juya Hali na Amurka, daga gonar danginsa. Lokacin da mahaifinsa, John Adams, ya yi tafiya zuwa Turai, John Quincy ya tafi tare da shi a matsayin sakataren sa. Ya kware a iya magana da wasu yarukan. Baya ga Ingilishi, ya kuma iya Turanci da Faransanci sosai, kuma yana da ɗan sanin yaren Dutch, Jamusanci, Girkanci, Italiyanci, Sifen, da Rasha.
Ilimi Ya tafi Harvard College ya zama lauya Yana dan shekara 26, aka nada shi Minista a Netherlands sannan ya tafi Berlin A shekarar 1802, an zabe shi a Majalisar Dattijan Amurka Shekaru shida bayan haka, Shugaba James Madison ya nada shi Ministan Rasha A matsayinsa na Sakataren Gwamnati lokacin da James Monroe yake Shugaban ƙasa, Adams ya tsara haɗin gwiwa na Oregon tare da andasar Ingila kuma ya taimaka samun Florida daga Spain. Ya kuma taimaka wajen yin koyarwar Monroe Mai Tsarkaka A cikin shekarar 1830s, bautar ya zama wani batun da ke haifar da rikice-rikice a Amurka. Ya dade yana adawa da bautar, Adams ya yi amfani da sabon matsayinsa a Majalisar don yakarsa, kuma ya zama fitaccen shugaban kasa da ke adawa da bautar. Bayan daya daga cikin nasarorin sake zaben nasa, ya ce dole ne ya "kawo ranar da aka yi annabcin da za a kori bayi da yaƙi daga doron ƙasa." Ya rubuta a cikin jaridarsa mai zaman kansa a cikin shekarar 1820:Tattaunawa game da wannan tambaya ta Missouri ya ci amanar asirin rayukansu. A cikin abin da ba a yarda da shi ba sun yarda cewa bautar mugunta ce, sun ƙi shi, kuma suka ɗora ta duka a kan kafaɗar Burtaniya. Amma lokacin da aka gwada su da sauri, sai su nuna a ƙasan rayukansu girman kai da girman kai a cikin yanayin shugabancin su. Suna kallon ƙasƙanci game da ɗabi'ar Yankee, saboda ba shi da ɗabi'a na wuce gona da iri irin nasu kuma ba zai iya ɗaukar marasa kulawa kamar karnuka ba. Yana daga cikin sharrin bautar da ya ɗora tushen asalin ƙa'idodin ɗabi'a. Yana kafa ƙididdigar ƙarya na nagarta da mugunta: don me zai iya zama mafi ƙarya da rashin zuciya fiye da wannan koyarwar wacce ke sanya farkon farkon kuma mafi kyawun 'yancin ɗan adam ya dogara da launin fata?A cikin 1836, a wani ɓangare dangane da yadda Adams yake gabatar da ƙararraki na dan kasa wanda yake neman a soke bautar a Gundumar Kolombiya, Majalisar Wakilai ta sanya "dokar gag" wacce take gabatar da duk wata bukata game da bautar. 'Yan jam'iyyar Democrats da Kudancin Whigs sun fi son mulkin amma yawancin Whigs na Arewa sun ƙi shi kamar Adams.
A ƙarshen shekarar 1836, Adams ya fara kamfen don izgili ga masu mallakar bayi da dokar gag. Ya yi ƙoƙari sau da yawa don gabatar da buƙatun yaƙi da bautar, sau da yawa ta hanyoyin da ke haifar da da martani mai ƙarfi daga wakilan Kudancin. Kodayake dokar ta baci ta kasance a wurin, tattaunawar ta ɓarke da ayyukanshi da yunƙurin da wasu suka yi don kwantar masa da hankali ya haifar da tambayoyi game da haƙƙin koke, da 'yancin yin muhawara kan doka, da kuma ɗabi'ar bayi. Adams yayi gwagwarmaya sosai da mulkin gag na wasu shekaru bakwai, daga ƙarshe ya motsa ƙudurin da ya haifar da soke shi a cikin shekarar 1844.
A cikin shekarar 1841, bisa bukatar Lewis Tappan da Ellis Gray Loring, Adams ya shiga shari'ar Amurka v. Amistad din Adams ya je Kotun Koli a madadin bayin Afirka da suka yi tawaye suka kwace jirgin ruwan Spain Amistad Adams ya bayyana a ranar 24 ga watan Fabrairu,shekarar 1841, kuma yayi magana na tsawon awanni hudu. Hujjarsa ta yi nasara; Kotun ta yanke hukuncin ne kan 'yan Afirka, wadanda aka ayyana su a matsayin' yanci kuma suka koma gidajensu.
Shugabancin kasa Majalisar Wakilan Amurka ce ta zaɓi Adams a matsayin shugaban ƙasa bayan zaɓen shugaban kasar Amurka na shekarar 1824 da bai baiwa kowa rinjayen kuri'un zabe ba. Mutanen da suke son Andrew Jackson ya yi nasara sun ce akwai wata yarjejeniya tsakanin Adams da Kakakin Majalisar Henry Clay Adams ya sanya Clay sakataren Gwamnatin sa Adams ya gabatar da doka don ci gaban Amurka a matsayin wani ɓangare na abin da ya kira "Tsarin Amurka." Wannan yana nufin ya kirkiro hanyoyi, magudanan ruwa, kuma yayi amfani da babban harajin s, ko haraji kan shigo da kaya. Daga bada shawarwari sun halittar kasa jami'a, wani sojan ruwa makarantar kimiyya, kuma a kasa astronomical Observatory Adams ya yi yaƙi da majalisa sau da yawa kamar yadda yawancin magoya bayan Andrew Jackson ba su son goyon bayansa ga bankin ƙasa da haraji.
Adams ya faɗi zaɓen shekarar 1828 ga Jackson. An lura da zaben saboda harin kai harin da ‘yan takarar suka kaiwa juna.
Daga baya rayuwa Adams ya dawo Massachusetts na wani ɗan gajeren lokaci bayan da ya ɓace. Ya sake komawa Washington DC a shekarar 1831 bayan an zabe shi a Majalisar Wakilan Amurka. Ya kasance babban mai adawa da bautar Ya kasance a Majalisar har zuwa ranar mutuwarsa a ranar 23 ga watan Fabrairu, shekarar 1848.
Mutuwa A ranar 21 ga Fabrairu, 1848, Adams ya sha wahala a bugun jini a cikin ɗakin majalisar. Ya faɗi ya mutu a cikin Gidan kwana biyu bayan haka a ranar 23 ga Fabrairu, 1848. Yana da shekara tamanin. Ya kasance na 7 (kuma ana iya cewa mafi mahimmanci) mutuwar shugaban Amurka.
Manazarta Shugaban Kasa
Shugabanni
Shugabannin Amurka
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29845 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ha%C6%99%C6%99o%C6%99in%20Dijital | Haƙƙoƙin Dijital | Haƙƙoƙin dijital su ne haƙƙoƙin ɗan adam da haƙƙoƙin doka waɗanda ke ba wa mutane damar shiga, amfani, ƙirƙira, da buga kafofin watsa labarai na dijital ko samun dama da amfani da kwamfutoci, wasu na'urorin lantarki, da hanyoyin sadarwar sadarwa Manufar tana da alaƙa musamman da karewa da fahimtar haƙƙin da ke akwai, kamar haƙƙin sirri da yancin faɗar albarkacin baki, a cikin yanayin fasahar dijital, musamman Intanet Dokokin ƙasashe da yawa sun amince da haƙƙin shiga Intanet.
Haƙƙin ɗan adam da Intanet An gano adadin haƙƙin ɗan adam da suka dace dangane da Intanet Waɗannan sun haɗa da 'yancin faɗar albarkacin baki, keɓewa, da 'yancin yin tarayya Bugu da ƙari kuma, an kuma gano haƙƙin ilimi da harsuna da yawa, yancin masu amfani, da haɓaka iya aiki a cikin yanayin haƙƙin ci gaba A cewar wani edita a cikin mujallar La Civilta Cattolica yanar gizo amfanin jama'a ne na duniya wanda ya kamata ya zama mai isa ga kowa da kuma mutunta haƙƙin wasu. Tare da gwamnatocin danniya da ke hana damar samun bayanai da sadarwa, yakamata gwamnatocin dimokuradiyya su yi aiki don tabbatar da samun damar Intanet tare da ɗaukar ƙa'idodin gama gari don tabbatar da amfani da hanyar sadarwa ta mutunta haƙƙin ɗan adam na duniya.
"Abin da doka ta ba da izini ko ta haramta layi dole ne ya kasance lamarin akan layi "Ijma'in kasa da kasa kawai ya yadu" kan abubuwan kan layi da za a tantance game da batsa na yara da ta'addanci ta intanet. Labarin ya ci gaba da cewa, yayin da daidaikun mutane ke cin zarafin 'yancin fadin albarkacin baki, tare da yin amfani da kamfanoni masu amfani da kwamfuta don samun kudi da kuma tsarin mulkin danniya na toshe bayanai daga 'yan kasarsu, duniya na bukatar "Charter of Human Rights for Internet".Gidauniyar Wutar Lantarki ta Lantarki ta soki gwamnatin Amurka don yin la’akari da lokacin tsarin kamawa na Megaupload cewa mutane suna rasa haƙƙin mallaka ta hanyar adana bayanai akan sabis ɗin sarrafa girgije.
Tabbatar da samun dama ga kowa da/ko hana hane-hane marasa ma'ana Kasashe da yawa sun yi amfani da dokokin da ke buƙatar jihar ta yi aiki don tabbatar da samun damar Intanet da kuma/ko hana jihar hana mutum damar samun bayanai da Intanet ba tare da dalili ba:
Costa Rica Hukuncin da Kotun Koli ta Costa Rica ta yanke a ranar 30 ga Yuli, 2010 ya ce: “Ba tare da tsoron zaɓe ba, za a iya cewa waɗannan fasahohin [fasahancin bayanai da sadarwa] sun yi tasiri ga hanyar sadarwar ɗan adam, ta hanyar sauƙaƙe alaƙa tsakanin mutane da cibiyoyi. duniya da kuma kawar da shingen sararin samaniya da lokaci.
A wannan lokacin, samun damar yin amfani da waɗannan fasahohin ya zama kayan aiki na asali don sauƙaƙe aikin haƙƙin dimokiradiyya (e-dimokiradiyya) da kula da 'yan ƙasa, ilimi, 'yancin yin tunani da faɗar albarkacin baki, samun damar yin amfani da bayanai da sabis na jama'a akan layi, 'yancin yin sadarwa tare da gwamnati ta hanyar lantarki da nuna gaskiya na gudanarwa, da sauransu. Wannan ya haɗa da ainihin haƙƙin samun damar yin amfani da waɗannan fasahohin, musamman, haƙƙin shiga Intanet ko Gidan Yanar Gizo na Duniya." Estonia A shekara ta 2000, majalisar ta kaddamar da wani gagarumin shiri na fadada hanyoyin shiga karkara. Intanet, inji gwamnati, yana da mahimmanci ga rayuwa a cikin karni na 21st. Finland A watan Yuli na 2010, kowane mutum a Finland zai sami damar yin amfani da hanyar sadarwa mai karfin megabit daya a cikin dakika daya, a cewar Ma'aikatar Sufuri da Sadarwa Kuma zuwa 2015, samun damar yin amfani da haɗin kai 100Mbit/s. Faransa A watan Yunin 2009, Majalisar Tsarin Mulki, Kotun Koli ta Faransa, ta ayyana yin amfani da Intanet a matsayin haƙƙin ɗan Adam na asali a cikin wani hukunci mai ƙarfi wanda ya rushe wasu sassan dokar HADOPI, dokar da za ta bin diddigin masu cin zarafi kuma ba tare da shari'a ba. bita da yanke hanyar sadarwa ta atomatik ga waɗanda suka ci gaba da zazzage abubuwan haram bayan gargaɗi guda biyu Girka Mataki na ashirin da 5A na Kundin Tsarin Mulki na Girka ya bayyana cewa duk mutane suna da hakkin shiga cikin Ƙungiyar Watsa Labarai kuma cewa jiha tana da alhakin sauƙaƙe samarwa, musayar, watsawa, da samun damar yin amfani da bayanai ta hanyar lantarki. Spain Tun daga 2011, Telefónica, tsohuwar mulkin mallaka na jihar da ke riƙe da kwangilar sabis na duniya na ƙasar, dole ne ya ba da garantin bayar da "madaidaicin" farashi mai girma na akalla megabyte daya a sakan daya a ko'ina cikin Spain.
Yarjejeniyar Hakkokin Intanet na APC Kungiyar Sadarwa ta Progressive Communications (APC) ce ta kafa Yarjejeniya Ta Intanet na APC a taron ‘yancin Intanet na APC Turai, wanda aka gudanar a Prague, Fabrairu 2001. Yarjejeniya ta zana kan Yarjejeniya ta Sadarwa ta Jama'a kuma ta samar da jigogi bakwai: hanyar intanet ga kowa; 'yancin fadin albarkacin baki da tarayya samun damar ilimi, ilmantarwa da ƙirƙira software da ci gaban fasaha kyauta kuma buɗaɗɗen tushe keɓantawa, sa ido da ɓoyewa mulkin intanet; wayar da kan jama'a, kariya da tabbatar da haqqoqi. APC ta bayyana cewa "Ikon musayar bayanai da sadarwa cikin 'yanci ta hanyar amfani da intanet yana da matukar muhimmanci wajen tabbatar da hakkin dan Adam kamar yadda yake kunshe a cikin sanarwar kasa da kasa kan 'yancin dan adam, yarjejeniyar kasa da kasa kan 'yancin tattalin arziki, zamantakewa da al'adu, yarjejeniyar kasa da kasa kan farar hula. da ‘Yancin Siyasa da Yarjejeniyar kawar da duk wani nau’in nuna wariya ga mata Taron Duniya akan Ƙungiyar Watsa Labarai (WSIS) A cikin Disamba 2003 an kira taron koli na Duniya kan Watsa Labarai (WSIS) a ƙarƙashin inuwar Majalisar Dinkin Duniya (UN). Bayan doguwar tattaunawa tsakanin gwamnatoci, 'yan kasuwa da wakilan ƙungiyoyin jama'a an amince da sanarwar ka'idodin WSIS tana mai tabbatar da haƙƙin ɗan adam Muna sake tabbatar da kasancewar duniya, rashin rarrabawa, dogaro da juna da alaƙar duk haƙƙoƙin ɗan adam da yancin ɗan adam, gami da haƙƙin ci gaba, kamar yadda aka tanada a cikin sanarwar Vienna Muna kuma tabbatar da cewa dimokuradiyya, dawwamammen ci gaba, da mutunta haƙƙin ɗan adam da yancin ɗan adam gami da kyakkyawan shugabanci a kowane mataki na dogara ne da juna kuma suna ƙarfafa juna. Mun ƙara ƙudiri aniyar ƙarfafa bin doka a cikin ƙasa da ƙasa kamar yadda yake a cikin lamuran ƙasa.Sanarwar ta WSIS ta kuma yi ƙayyadaddun nuni ga mahimmancin 'yancin faɗar albarkacin baki a cikin Ƙungiyar Watsa Labarai a cikin cewa: Mun sake tabbatarwa, a matsayin muhimmin tushe na Ƙungiyar Watsa Labarai, kuma kamar yadda aka bayyana a cikin Mataki na ashirin da 19 na Yarjejeniya ta Duniya na 'Yancin Dan Adam, cewa kowa yana da 'yancin yin ra'ayi da ra'ayi; cewa wannan haƙƙin ya haɗa da 'yancin yin ra'ayi ba tare da tsangwama ba da neman, karɓa da ba da bayanai da ra'ayoyi ta kowace kafofin watsa labaru ba tare da la'akari da iyaka ba. Sadarwa muhimmin tsari ne na zamantakewa, buƙatun ɗan adam na asali da kuma tushen duk ƙungiyoyin zamantakewa. Yana da tsakiya ga Information Society. Kowane mutum, a ko'ina ya kamata ya sami damar shiga kuma kada a ware kowa daga fa'idodin da Ƙungiyoyin Watsa Labarai ke bayarwa.Sanarwar ka'idojin WSIS ta 2004 ta kuma yarda cewa "ya zama dole a hana amfani da albarkatun bayanai da fasahohi don dalilai na laifi da ta'addanci, tare da mutunta 'yancin ɗan adam". Wolfgang Benedek yayi tsokaci cewa sanarwar ta WSIS ta ƙunshi nassoshi da dama ne kawai game da haƙƙin ɗan adam kuma baya fayyace wata hanya ko hanya don tabbatar da cewa ana la'akari da haƙƙin ɗan adam a aikace.
Tsarin haƙƙin dijital A cikin 2005, Ƙungiyar Buɗaɗɗen Haƙƙin Biritaniya ta buga shimfidar haƙƙoƙin dijital, tana tattara kewayon ƙungiyoyi da mutane masu fafutuka a fagen kiyaye haƙƙin dijital. Ƙungiyoyin da ke da alaƙa, daidaikun mutane, da gidajen yanar gizo zuwa wuraren sha'awa.
Dokar Haƙƙin Intanet da Yarjejeniya kan Haƙƙin Intanet da Ka'idodin Intanet Ƙungiyar Haɗin Kai don Ƙididdigar Haƙƙin Intanet ta gudanar da babban taron tattaunawa na shirye-shirye kan Haƙƙin Intanet a Roma, Satumba 2007 kuma ya gabatar da ra'ayoyinsa a Dandalin Gudanar da Gudanar da Intanet (IGF) a Rio a cikin Nuwamba 2007 wanda ya haifar da sanarwar haɗin gwiwa kan haƙƙin intanet. A IGF a Hyderabad a cikin 2008 haɗin kai tsakanin Ƙungiyoyin Ƙungiyoyin Haƙƙin Dan Adam don Intanet da Ƙa'idodin Intanet sun bar Ƙungiyar Ƙarfafa Haƙƙin Intanet da Ka'idodin Intanet, wanda ya dogara da Yarjejeniya ta Intanet na APC da Yarjejeniya ta Duniya na Dan Adam. Hakkoki sun bayyana Yarjejeniya ta Hakkokin Dan Adam da Ka'idoji don Intanet da aka gabatar a IGF a Vilnius a cikin 2010, wanda tun daga lokacin aka fassara shi zuwa yaruka da yawa.
Ƙaddamarwar hanyar sadarwa ta Duniya A ranar 29 ga watan Oktoban shekara ta, 2008, an kafa Global Network Initiative (GNI) akan "Ka'idojin 'Yancin Magana da Keɓantawa". An ƙaddamar da ƙaddamar da shirin ne a cikin shekaru 60 na Cikar Ƙirar 'Yancin Dan Adam ta Duniya (UDHR) kuma ta dogara ne akan dokoki da ƙa'idodi na duniya da aka amince da su akan yancin faɗar albarkacin baki da keɓantawa da aka tsara a cikin UDHR, Yarjejeniyar Kasa da Kasa kan Jama'a da Siyasa Hakkoki (ICCPR) da Yarjejeniya ta Duniya kan Haƙƙin Tattalin Arziki, Jama'a da Al'adu (ICESCR). Mahalarta cikin Ƙaddamarwa sun haɗa da Gidauniyar Wutar Lantarki, Human Rights Watch, Google, Microsoft, Yahoo, wasu manyan kamfanoni, kungiyoyi masu zaman kansu na kare hakkin bil'adama, masu zuba jari, da malaman ilimi. A cewar rahotanni an gayyaci Cisco Systems zuwa tattaunawar farko amma ba ta shiga cikin shirin ba. Harrington Investments, wanda ya ba da shawarar cewa Cisco ta kafa hukumar kare haƙƙin ɗan adam, ta yi watsi da GNI a matsayin ka'idar ɗabi'a ta son rai da ke da tasiri. Babban jami'in gudanarwa John Harrington ya kira GNI "hayaniyar da ba ta da ma'ana" a maimakon haka ya yi kira da a bullo da dokokin da ke tilasta wa shuwagabannin zartarwa su amince da hakkin dan Adam.
Kuri'ar jin ra'ayin jama'a ta Sashen Duniya na BBC Wani zaɓe na manya 27,973 a cikin kasashe 26, ciki har da masu amfani da Intanet guda 14,306, an gudanar da shi ga Sashen Duniya na BBC ta kamfanin zabe na kasa da kasa GlobeScan ta hanyar yin amfani da wayar tarho da ta kai tsaye tsakanin 30 ga Nuwamba 2009 da 7 ga Fabrairun shekara ta 2010. Shugaban GlobeScan Doug Miller ya ji, gabaɗaya, cewa ƙuri'ar ta nuna cewa:
Duk da damuwa game da keɓantawa da zamba, mutane a duniya suna ganin damar shiga intanet a matsayin babban haƙƙinsu. Suna tsammanin yanar gizo mai karfi ce mai kyau, kuma yawancin ba sa son gwamnatoci su daidaita shi. Sakamakon zaben ya hada da: Kusan huɗu cikin biyar (78%) masu amfani da Intanet suna jin cewa Intanet ya kawo musu yanci mafi girma.
Yawancin masu amfani da Intanet (53%) sun ji cewa "bai kamata a taba sarrafa intanet ta kowane mataki na gwamnati a ko'ina ba".
An raba ra'ayi daidai gwargwado tsakanin masu amfani da Intanet waɗanda suka ji cewa "internet wuri ne mai aminci don bayyana ra'ayi na" (48%) da waɗanda suka ƙi (49%).
Abubuwan Intanet waɗanda ke haifar da damuwa sun haɗa da: zamba (32%), abubuwan tashin hankali da bayyane (27%), barazanar sirri (20%), tantance abun ciki na jihohi (6%), da girman kasancewar kamfanoni. (3%).
Kusan hudu a cikin biyar masu amfani da Intanet da wadanda ba masu amfani ba a duk duniya suna jin cewa samun damar Intanet wani hakki ne na asali (50% sun yarda sosai, 29% sun amince da ɗan kaɗan, 9% sun ɗan ƙi yarda, 6% sun ƙi yarda sosai, kuma 6% ba su da ra'ayi. Shawarwari na Wakilin Majalisar Dinkin Duniya na Musamman Shawarwari 88 da mai bayar da rahoto na musamman ya bayar game da ingantawa da kuma kare yancin fadin albarkacin baki a cikin rahoton watan Mayu na shekara ta 2011 ga hukumar kare hakkin bil adama ta Majalisar Dinkin Duniya, sun hada da da dama da suka shafi batun shiga Intanet 67. Ba kamar kowace hanya ba, Intanet yana baiwa mutane damar nema, karɓa da kuma ba da bayanai da kuma ra'ayoyin kowane iri nan take kuma cikin rahusa a kan iyakokin ƙasa. Ta hanyar faɗaɗa ƙarfin ɗaiɗaikun mutane don cin moriyar yancinsu na 'yancin yin ra'ayi da faɗar albarkacin baki, wanda shine "mai ba da damar" sauran 'yancin ɗan adam, Intanet yana haɓaka ci gaban tattalin arziki, zamantakewa da siyasa, kuma yana ba da gudummawa ga ci gaban ɗan adam gaba ɗaya. Dangane da haka, Mai ba da rahoto na musamman yana ƙarfafa wasu ƙa'idodi na musamman waɗanda ke ba wa masu riƙe da doka damar shiga kan batun Intanet dangane da takamaiman umarninsu.
78. Yayin da matakan toshewa da tacewa ke hana masu amfani damar samun takamaiman abun ciki a Intanet, Jihohin ma sun dauki matakin katse hanyoyin shiga Intanet gaba daya. Rapportereur na Musamman yana ɗaukar yankan masu amfani daga hanyar Intanet, ba tare da da cikakkiyar gaskatawa ba, da kuma sakin layi na duniya a kan jama'a da siyasa Hakkoki.
79. Wakilin na musamman ya yi kira ga dukkan Jihohi da su tabbatar da cewa an kiyaye hanyoyin shiga Intanet a kowane lokaci, gami da lokacin rikicin siyasa.
85. Ganin cewa Intanet ya zama wani makami mai mahimmanci don tabbatar da haƙƙin ɗan adam da dama, da yaƙi da rashin daidaito, da haɓaka ci gaba da ci gaban ɗan adam, tabbatar da samun damar Intanet a duniya ya kamata ya zama fifiko ga dukkan Jihohi. Don haka ya kamata kowace Jiha ta bullo da ingantaccen tsari mai inganci, tare da tuntubar mutane daga kowane bangare na al’umma, ciki har da kamfanoni masu zaman kansu da ma’aikatun gwamnati, don samar da Intanet a yalwace, mai sauki da sauki ga kowane bangare na al’umma.
Waɗannan shawarwarin sun haifar da shawarar cewa yin amfani da Intanet kansa shine ko yakamata ya zama ainihin haƙƙin ɗan adam.
Binciken Jama'ar Intanet na Duniya na Masu Amfani da Intanet A cikin watan Yulin shekara ta da watan Agustan shekara ta 2012 Ƙungiyar Intanet ta gudanar da hirarrakin kan layi na masu amfani da Intanet fiye da mutane 10,000 a cikin ƙasashe guda 20. An taƙaita wasu sakamakon da suka shafi haƙƙin dijital da samun damar Intanet a ƙasa.
Ƙungiyoyin kare haƙƙin dijital Shiga Yanzu
Cibiyar Dimokuradiyya da Fasaha
Hakkokin Dan Adam na Dijital na Duniya (Masu Shafukan Duniya na Moscow) Digital Rights Ireland
Digital Rights Watch
Gidauniyar Frontier Electronic
Ƙungiyar Masu Amfani da Nishaɗi
Hakkokin Dijital na Turai
Free Software Foundation
FreedomBox
IT-Ƙungiyar Siyasa ta Denmark
Bude Rukunin Hakkoki
Ilimin Jama'a
TestPAC, Kwamitin Ayyukan Siyasa na Amurka
Gidauniyar Yanar Gizo ta Duniya
Xnet
Duba kuma
Manazarta
Hanyoyin haɗi na waje Ƙungiyar 'yan ƙasa ta La Quadrature du Net tana kare haƙƙin dijital a Turai
Yarjejeniyar Hakkokin Intanet na APC
Haƙƙin Dijital, Cibiyar Bayanin Sirri na Lantarki (EPIC Haɗin kai Haƙƙin Intanet Ka'idodin Intanet
Labarin labarai game da ƙungiyar haƙƙin dijital a Burtaniya
TestPAC Kwamitin Ayyukan Siyasa na Amurka wanda ke kare Haƙƙin Dijital na Amurka
Haƙƙin Ɗan Adam
Haƙƙoƙin Mata
Haƙƙoƙi
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51153 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yankin%20yancin%20ciniki%20na%20Afirka | Yankin yancin ciniki na Afirka | Yankin Ciniki na Afirka (AFTZ) yanki ne na cinikayya kyauta wanda aka sanar a taron koli na EAC-SADC-COMESA a ranar 22 ga Oktoba 2008 ta shugabannin Kudancin Afirka (SADC), Kasuwar Kasuwanci ta Gabas da Kudancin Afrika (COMESA) da Kudanci na Afirka (EAC).
Yankin Ciniki na Afirka kuma ana kiransa Yankin Cinikayya na Afirka a wasu takardun hukuma da sakonnin manema labarai.
A watan Mayu na shekara ta 2012 an kara ra'ayin don hada da ECOWAS, ECCAS da AMU. A watan Yunin 2015, a taron koli na Tarayyar Afirka a Afirka ta Kudu, an kaddamar da shawarwari don ƙirƙirar Yankin Ciniki na Continental (CFTA) tare da dukkan jihohin Tarayyar Afrika 55 a shekarar 2017.
Sa hannu Shugabannin bangarorin kasuwanci guda uku na AFTZ, COMESA, EAC, da SADC, sun sanar da yarjejeniyar, tare da manufar kirkirar yankin cinikayya kyauta guda daya da za a kira shi Yankin Ciniki na Afirka, wanda ya kunshi kasashe 26 tare da GDP na kimanin US 624bn 382.9bn). An yi fatan cewa yarjejeniyar Yankin Ciniki na Afirka za ta sauƙaƙa samun dama ga kasuwanni a cikin yankin AFTZ kuma ta kawo ƙarshen matsaloli saboda yawancin ƙasashe membobin AFTZ na ƙungiyoyin yanki da yawa.
Yankin Ciniki na Afirka da aka sanar a taron koli na EAC-SADC-COMESA (wanda aka fi sani da taron koli na AFTZ da Tripartite) yadda ya kamata shine cikar mafarki sama da shekaru ɗari a cikin yin, yankin kasuwanci wanda ya mamaye tsawon nahiyar Afirka daga Cape zuwa Alkahira, daga Arewacin Afirka har zuwa kudancin Afirka a Afirka ta Kudu (Cape Town). Cecil Rhodes da sauran masu mulkin mallaka na Burtaniya ne suka yi tunanin mafarkin Cape zuwa Alkahira a cikin shekarun 1890 kuma an bayyana shi a cikin mahallin da sassan daban-daban ciki har da, amma ba a iyakance shi ba, manufofi masu zuwa: Cape zuwa Alhira Road, Cape zuwa Alhairo Railway, Cape zuwa Cairo Telegraph, da Cape zuwa Cairo Trade Union.
Duk da yake wasu iko, musamman Jamus da Portugal suna da yankuna ko wuraren tasiri a yankin kasuwanci na Cape zuwa Alkahira da aka yi la'akari da su, babban mai ba da gudummawa ga ƙungiyar Cape zuwa Alihira zai kasance Burtaniya da Daular Burtaniya. Babban bambanci a cikin ra'ayin asalin yankin Cape zuwa Alkahira da kuma halin da yake ciki yanzu shi ne cewa Yankin Ciniki na Afirka shine kirkirar Kasashen Afirka don amfanin juna da ci gaban kasashe membobin AFTZ, mutanensu da dukan nahiyar Afirka maimakon yankin kasuwanci don amfanin Burtaniya. Daga ƙarshe, ana fatan AFTZ za ta zama babban gini ga hadin kan Afirka da kuma cimma burin Afirka a karkashin jagorancin Tarayyar Afirka.
Wani muhimmin bambanci tsakanin asalin da na yanzu shine cewa AFTZ ya ƙunshi yanki mafi girma fiye da wanda ko da Cecil Rhodes zai iya tunaninsa. Tunanin Cape zuwa Alkahira na asali a lokacin Cecil Rhodes kuma yanzu a ƙarƙashin AFTZ yanki ne na cinikayya kyauta wanda ya mamaye dukan nahiyar daga Cape Town a Afirka ta Kudu zuwa Alkahora a Misira. Cecil Rhodes' Cape to Cairo zai hada da kasashe da yawa. Bayanan da ke cikin Cape zuwa yankin Alkahira na yanzu wanda AFTZ ta tabbatar ya ƙunshi mafi yawan Afirka, kusan rabin ƙasashe (26 daga cikin 54), fiye da rabin samarwa, kasuwanci, yawan jama'a, ƙasa da albarkatu. Idan ya tabbatar da iyawarsa kuma ya zama ƙungiyar tattalin arziki da ta dace da gaske, AFTZ na iya yin gasa da kowane ƙungiyar tattalin arziki tare da manyan albarkatun ƙasa, manyan kasuwanni, matasa, da babbar ƙwarewar fasaha (yawanci ta hanyar SADC gabaɗaya da Jamhuriyar Afirka ta Kudu musamman).
Baya ga kawar da membobin da ke da ma'ana da kuma matsalar kasashe membobin da suka shiga cikin wasu tsare-tsaren hadin gwiwar tattalin arziki na yanki da tsare-tsare na hadin gwiwoyin siyasa da tsaro na yanki waɗanda zasu iya yin gasa da ko lalata juna, Yankin Ciniki na Afirka ya ci gaba da niyyar karfafa ikon cinikayya na AFTZ yayin tattaunawar yarjejeniyar kasa da kasa.
Masu sharhi sun yi imanin cewa yarjejeniyar Yankin Ciniki na Afirka za ta taimaka wa cinikayya ta cikin yanki da haɓaka ci gaba.
Ana ɗaukar AFTZ a matsayin babban mataki a aiwatar da AEC, ƙungiyar jihohin Tarayyar Afirka da ke kafa tushe don ci gaban tattalin arziki tsakanin yawancin jihohin Afirka. Manufofin da aka bayyana na kungiyar AEC sun hada da kirkirar yankunan kasuwanci kyauta, kungiyoyin kwastam, kasuwa guda, babban banki, da kuma kudin gama gari don haka kafa ƙungiyar tattalin arziki da kuɗi ga Tarayyar Afirka.
Yankunan kasuwanci Kungiyoyin kasuwanci guda uku da suka amince da su kuma sun hada da AFTZ, COMESA, EAC da SADC, sun riga sun kafa su da kyau a cikin hakkinsu kuma sun rufe yankuna daban-daban na ƙasa, tsarin tattalin arziki, tsarin siyasa da kuma mutane daban-daban (wanda ya hada da Larabawa a Arewa, mutane masu launin fata a Gabas da Kudu, gami da adadi mai yawa na 'yan Afirka ta Kudu, gamo da Indiyawan Indiya, da sauran kungiyoyin Afirka masu launin fata da suka haɗu da miliyoyin Afirka ta Kudu). Yawancin membobin rukunin kasuwanci na membobin AFTZ guda uku sun haɗu tare da ƙasashe da yawa kasancewa memba na fiye da ɗaya daga cikin rukunin kasuwanci na memba na AFTZ da kuma memba na wasu kawance a ciki da ba tare da rukunin kasuwanci guda uku ba.
Muhimmancin tarihi na AFTZ Taron EAC-SADC-COMESA an dauke shi tarihi ne saboda a karo na farko, tun lokacin da aka haifi Tarayyar Afirka, manyan gine-gine da yawa na EAC sun hadu kan yadda za a haɗa yankuna da kuma matsawa zuwa zurfafawa da fadada hadin kai a cikin Yarjejeniyar Abuja gaba ɗaya don kafa AEC. Bugu da ƙari, a karo na farko da aka kafa haɗin kai na gaske, daga arewa zuwa kudancin nahiyar. AFTZ (EAC, COMESA da SADC) a halin yanzu suna da jimillar yawan mutane miliyan 527 da jimilwar GDP na dala biliyan 625. A cikin girman da iyawa, AFTZ tana gasa da yawancin rukunin kasuwanci.
SADC ita ce mafi girma daga cikin rukunin kasuwanci na membobin AFTZ kuma tana rufe yawan mutane miliyan 248 da kuma yankin da jimlar GDP ta kai dala biliyan 379 a shekara ta 2006.
An kafa COMESA a cikin 1994 a matsayin maye gurbin Yankin Kasuwanci na Musamman. Ya haɗa da ƙasashe 20, tare da jimlar GDP na US 286.7bn a shekara ta 2006. Daga cikin mambobinta akwai Zimbabwe, Zambia, Uganda da Sudan.
EAC, mafi ƙanƙanta daga cikin rukunin kasuwanci na membobin dangane da GDP, yana da GDP na US 46.6bn a shekara ta 2006.
Ƙasashen membobin Kasashen EAC-SADC-COMESA na Yankin Ciniki na Afirka sun hada da kasashe masu zuwa:
Shugabannin taron AFTZ Taron AFTZ, wanda kuma ake kira Taron Tripartite an buɗe shi kuma shugabannin kasashe shida na Afirka da ke wakiltar kungiyoyin kasuwanci membobin ne suka halarta. Wadanda suka halarci taron budewa a ranar Laraba sun kasance Shugabannin Yoweri Museveni na Uganda, Paul Kagame na Rwanda, Robert Mugabe na Zimbabwe, Kgalema Motlanthe na Afirka ta Kudu, Jakaya Kikwete na Tanzania da Mwai Kibaki na Kenya.
Taron Tattalin Arziki na AFTZ Shugabannin Jihohi da Gwamnati masu zuwa sun halarci taron na AFTZ Tripartite:
Yoweri Kaguta Museveni, Shugaban Jamhuriyar Uganda
Mwai Kibaki, Shugaban Jamhuriyar Kenya
Kgalema Motlanthe, Shugaban Jamhuriyar Afirka ta Kudu
Jakaya Mrisho Kikwete, Shugaban Jamhuriyar Tarayyar Tanzania
Paul Kagame, Shugaban Jamhuriyar Rwanda
Robert Gabriel Mugabe, Shugaban Jamhuriyar Zimbabwe
Pakalitha Mosisili, Firayim Minista na Masarautar Lesotho
Gabriel Ntisezerana, Mataimakin Shugaban Jamhuriyar Burundi na biyu
Sibusiso Barnabas Dlamini, Firayim Minista na Masarautar Swaziland Masu wakilci masu zuwa sun wakilci Shugabannin Jihohi da Gwamnati na ƙasashe masu zuwa:
Olivier Kamitatu Etshou, Ministan Shirye-shiryen, Jamhuriyar Demokradiyyar Kongo;
Rifki Abdoulkader Bamakhrama Ministan Kasuwanci, da Masana'antu, Jamhuriyar Djibouti;
Osman Mohamed, Ministan Ci gaban Tattalin Arziki, Jamhuriyar Larabawa ta Masar
Ali Abd Alazziz Alsawi, Sakatare Janar na Tattalin Arziki, Ciniki da Zuba Jamahiriya, Babban Jama'ar Larabawa na Libya
Joyce Banda, Ministan Harkokin Waje, Jamhuriyar Malawi
Arvind Boolell, Ministan Harkokin Waje, Haɗin Yankin da Ciniki na Duniya, Jamhuriyar Mauritius;
Antonion Fernando, Ministan Kasuwanci da Masana'antu, Jamhuriyar Mozambique
Bradford Machila, Ministan Lands kuma Wakilin Musamman na Darajarsa Mataimakin Shugaban kasa da kuma Wakilin Shugaban Jamhuriyar Zambia
Joaquim Duarte da Costa David, Ministan Masana'antu na Jamhuriyar Angola
Neo D. Moroka, Ministan Kasuwanci da Masana'antu na Jamhuriyar Botswana
Patrick Pillay, Ministan Harkokin Waje na Jamhuriyar Seychelles
Hassan Ibrahim Gadkarim, Jakadan Jamhuriyar Sudan a Jamhuriwar Uganda, Jamhuriyan Rwanda da Jamhuriyoyin Burundi
Wilfried I. Emvula, Jakada kuma Wakilin Dindindin a Tarayyar Afirka da Hukumar Tattalin Arziki ta Afirka, Jamhuriyar Namibia
Salih Omar Abdu, Jakadan Jihar Eritrea a Jamhuriyar Kenya, Jamhuriwar Uganda da Jamhuriyan Tarayyar Tanzania
Denis Andriamandroso, Jakadan Jamhuriyar Madagascar a Jamhuriwar Afirka ta Kudu
Jakadan Clifford Sibusiso Mamba, Sakatare na Dindindin, Ma'aikatar Harkokin Waje da Ciniki, Masarautar Swaziland
Jami'ai masu zuwa sun wakilci kungiyoyinsu a taron koli na uku:
Erastus J.O. Mwencha, Mataimakin Shugaban Hukumar Tarayyar Afirka;
Lalla Ben Barka; Mataimakin Babban Sakataren, UNECA;
Mtchera J. Chirwa, Bankin Ci Gaban Afirka;
Kasaija Apuuli, IGAD; da Jakadan Liberata Mulamula, Babban Sakatare, Taron Kasa da Kasa kan Great Lakes
Har ila yau a cikin halarta akwai manyan jami'an zartarwa na
COMESA Mista Sindiso Ngwenya, Sakatare Janar na COMESA
EAC Amb. Juma Mwapachu
SADC Dokta Tomaz Augusto Salomao, Babban Sakatare, SADC.
Shugaban SA a kan AFTZ Shugaba Kgalema Motlanthe na Afirka ta Kudu yana magana a Kampala, Uganda, a taron al'ummomin tattalin arziki na yanki uku na Afirka, ya yi jayayya cewa AFTZ muhimmiyar mataki ce a hadewar tattalin arzikin Afirka da kuma hadin kan nahiyar. Tare da babban rashin tabbas a cikin tattalin arzikin duniya biyo bayan karuwar farashin abinci da makamashi kuma, kwanan nan, rikice-rikice a cikin kasuwannin kuɗi, Motlanthe ya ba da shawarar cewa zuwan AFTZ ba zai iya kasancewa a kan lokaci ba.
Duk da yake Afirka da sauran kasashe masu tasowa suna da tasiri a kan yanke shawara da suka kawo tsarin kudi na kasa da kasa zuwa gefen rushewa, ba tare da dalili ba, matalauta da marasa lafiya na waɗannan ƙasashe za su ɗauki nauyin matsalar tattalin arziki."Yana da mahimmanci cewa ana haɓaka ingantaccen matakan gyara don rage mummunan tasirin rikice-rikicen, kuma dole ne a haɗa ƙasashe masu tasowa a cikin shugabancin cibiyoyin hada-hadar kuɗi na duniya", in ji Motlanthe.
A lokaci guda, ya zama dole a yi aiki don inganta tsarin cinikayya na duniya wanda ya sanya damuwar kasashe masu tasowa, gami da ƙasashen Afirka, a tsakiya.
Ya kuma bukaci Kasuwar Kasuwanci ta Gabas da Kudancin Afirka (Comesa), Kungiyar Gabashin Afirka (EAC), da Kudanfin Kudancin Afrika (SADC), kara hadin kai zuwa ga mafi girman hadin kai.
"Tsarin da muke fara a yau yana nuna mataki na tarihi don cika wajibai a karkashin Tarayyar Afirka da tsarin Yarjejeniyar Abuja na hadin kan nahiyar, wanda ya fahimci cewa Al'ummomin Tattalin Arziki na Yankin sune gine-gine ga Al'ummar Tattalin arzikin Afirka. Lokaci ya zo ga Comesa, EAC da SADC don hada shirye-shiryen haɗin gwiwar yankunansu don kara fadada kasuwancinsu, buɗe damar samarwa, haɓaka matakan cinikayya a cikin Afirka, da haɓaka damar ci gaba.
"A matsayin mataki na gaba na fadada kasuwannin yanki a Afirka, tsarin da muka ƙaddamar a yau zai sanya mu cikin matsayi mai ƙarfi don amsawa yadda ya kamata ga karuwar gasa ta tattalin arzikin duniya kuma zai fara shawo kan ƙalubalen da membobin kungiyoyin yanki da yawa suka kawo.
"Saboda haka bari mu yanke shawara da ya dace don yin aiki a hankali kuma tare da ƙuduri don kafa yanki ɗaya na cinikayya kyauta wanda zai haɗa yankunanmu uku cikin ɗaya, Bayanan da aka yi amfani da su Kasuwanci a Afrika
Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba |
30145 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volodymyr%20Sheiko | Volodymyr Sheiko | Articles with hCards
Volodymyr Oleksandrovych Sheiko (an haife shi a watan Janairu 11, 1962, Kharkiv jagora ne na shirye-shiryen Ukraine, Mawaƙi mai daraja na kasar, Mawaƙin Jama'a na Ukraine, darektan Ƙungiyar "Waka," kuma babban mai gudanarwa na Orchestra na Rediyon Symphony na Ukrainian.
Tarihin Rayuwa An haife shi a Kharkiv.
Ilimi
Ya kammala karatunsa a 1981 daga Poltava State Music School mai suna bayan MV Lysenko a matsayin mawaƙi da kuma music theorist.
A 1988 ya kammala karatunsa daga Tchaikovsky Kyiv State Conservatory tare da digiri a opera da kuma gudanar da wasan kwaikwayo (Prof. Stefan Turchak da kuma mawaƙa (Prof. Lev Venediktov A cikin 1989-1991 ya kasance mai horarwa a Bolshoi Opera da Ballet Theatre Moscow wanda Fuat Mansurov yake jagoranta.
Ayyukan ƙirƙira
Tun a shekara ta 1988 ya kasance shugaba-producer na Kyiv Academic Operetta Theater.
A watan Oktoba 1990, ya kirkiri wakar sauti na kasar sa na farko wanda ba gwamnati mawakan sauti na "Ukraine", wanda daga 1991 zuwa 2002 ya gudanar da m concert da yawon shakatawa ayyuka (Ukraine, Rasha, Italiya, Faransa, Portugal, Poland, Croatia, Switzerland), sanya. rikodi masu yawa. a kan rediyo da talabijin na Ukrainian, ya buga CD mai yawa (Rasha, Italiya, Birtaniya, Switzerland), shirya bukukuwan fasaha na kasa da kasa "Taro don Easter" (Kyiv, Ukraine 2000, 2001, 2002) da "Tenoratorio" Solothurn, Switzerland 1999, 2000, 2001), ya kasance ɗaya daga cikin masu shirya kuma darektan buɗaɗɗen VERDIANO-2001 Busseto, Italiya 2001).
Daga 1995 zuwa 2005 shi ne babban jagoran gidan wasan kwaikwayo na Kyiv Academic Operetta, inda ya shirya wasanni 15, ciki har da George Gershwin 's Porgy and Bess Johann Strauss II 's Gypsy Baron da "Night in Venice," Emmerich Kálmán 's "Maritza," "Count of Luxembourg" na Franz Lehár da sauran su.
A watan Agustan 2005, ya jagoranci ƙungiyar mawaƙa na Ma'aikatan Rediyon Ƙasar ta Ukraine. Ya gudanar da ayyuka masu yawa na ƙirƙira, ciki har da "Tuba na Dauda" na Mozart, A. Karamanov's "Linjila Symphonic," Shostakovich's "Kisa na Stepan Razin," Verdi's "Requiem," da Rossini's Stabat Mater. Carmina Burana by Carl Orff (nasa mataki version), "Fantasies a jazz sautunan" by O. Saratsky, jerin hadin gwiwa TV da rediyo ayyukan na National Radio Company da National TV Company na Ukraine "Art Labarun" da sauran su.
Sheiko yana shiga cikin bukukuwan kasa da kasa na shekara-shekara na Kyiv Music Fest da kuma Music Premieres of the Season" Kyiv, Ukraine).
Karkashin jagorancin Volodymyr Sheiko, Mawakan Rediyon Sauti na kasar Ukraine sun rubuta fitattun kade-kade 300 na duniya da kidan Ukrain don Gidauniyar Rediyo ta Kasa. Ana yin babban rikodin rikodin a cikin Gidan Rikodi na Rediyon Ukrainian A cikin shekaru shida da suka gabata, ya zagaya tare da kungiyar mawaka zuwa kasashe 17, da suka hada da Jamhuriyar Jama'ar Sin, Koriya ta Kudu, Hadaddiyar Daular Larabawa, Iran, Algeria, Tunisia, Spain, Italiya, Faransa, Portugal, Netherlands, Luxembourg, Belgium, Romania, Poland, da Belarus. Ya gudanar a kan matakai kamar Glinka Chapel Hall Saint Petersburg, Rasha); Gidan wasan kwaikwayo Vienna, Austria); Concertgebouw Amsterdam, Netherlands); Sarauniya Elisabeth Hall Antwerp, Belgium); Sferisterio di Macerata (Italiya), Teatro Carlo Felice Genoa, Italiya), Teatro Petruzzelli Bari, Italiya), Teatro Comunale Ponchielli Cremona, Italiya), Teatro Luciano Pavarotti Modena, Italiya), Roman gidan wasan kwaikwayo na Ascoli Piceno (Italiya), Teatro Politeama, Palermo (Italiya); Auditorio Nacional de Musica da Teatro Monumental Madrid, Spain); Grand Teatre del Liceu da Palau de la Musica Barcelona, Spain Coliseo, Casa da Música Porto, Portugal), Coliseu dos Recreios Lisbon, Portugal); Colosseum Nimes, Faransa), Teatro Romano Vienne, Faransa); Gidan wasan kwaikwayo na Opera da Ballet (Timisoara, Romania); Aljeriya National Theatre Algiers, Algeria Mufdi Zakaria Palace El Madania, Algeria City Hall Seoul, Koriya ta Kudu Colosseum El Jem, Tunisia Amphitheater Carthage, Tunisia City Hall (Hong Kong, PRC da kuma Filharmonic na kasa (Beijing, China).
Tunanin “hangen nesa” na sautin waka na matukar burge shi.
Bambance-bambance A shekara ta 2003 ya aka bayar da lambar yabo take na "girmama Artist na Ukraine" domin gagarumin na sirri taimako ga zamantakewa da tattalin arziki da kuma al'adu ci gaban babban birnin kasar Ukraine birnin Kyiv. A 2005 ya aka bayar da Order of Saint Vladimir III digiri
A 2005 ya aka bayar da Diploma na Verkhovna Rada na Ukraine
A 2012 ya aka bayar da Diploma na majalisar ministocin na Ukraine
Girmama lambar yabo na Ma'aikatar Al'adu na Ukraine
"Badge of Honor" na Kyiv City Council
A shekara ta 2015, an ba shi lambar yabo ta Mutanen Artist na Ukraine A cikin 2019, ya lashe lambar yabo ta Shevchenko a cikin nau'in "Musical Art" don rikodin ayyukan da mawaƙan Ukrainian suka yi a Gidauniyar Rediyo ta Ukrainian, da shirye-shiryen kide-kide daga 2013 zuwa 2018.
A cikin 2020 ya sami lambar yabo ta Order of Merit (Ukraine), aji na III
A 2021 ya zama daidai memba na National Academy of Arts na Ukraine
Gabatarwa don kyauta
Taras Shevchenko National Prize na Ukraine 2015. Shirye-shiryen kide-kide na 2009-2014 an gabatar da su don kyautar na Concert and Performing Arts nomination: wakoki 160, wanda kowannensu ya zama sananne na ruhaniya da ilimi, ya nuna matsayi na fasaha da zamantakewa na mai fasaha kuma ya sami amsa mai kyau na jama'a. Musamman, wasu daga cikin manyan zagayowar kide-kide na mawaƙin sune ayyukan watsa labarai na kiɗa "Labarun Fasaha" da "RadioSymphony_UA," inda Volodymyr Sheiko ya shiga a matsayin darektan fasaha, jagoran aikin, mai haɓaka aikin, da darekta.
Manazarta
Hanyoyin haɗi na waje 27 ga Satumba, 2012
Rayayyun mutane
Haihuwan 1962
Jagororin waka a |
16146 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monicazation | Monicazation | Monica Omorodion Swaida (an haifeta ranar 5 ga watan Yuni, wanda aka fi sani da Monicazation, mawaƙiya ce ’yar Najeriya/Amurka,’ yar fim, furodusa kuma shugabar kamfanin inshora.
Rayuwar Farko An haifi Swaida a Ingila kuma ya tashi a Warri, Nigeria Ta halarci makarantar firamare ta Nana, Warri, da makarantar sakandare a Mount Wachusett Community College a Gardner, Massachusetts. Ta fara waka tun tana budurwa kuma, tun tana ‘yar shekara 14, ta lashe gasar rubuta waka tare da Jaridun Punch, wanda ya dauke ta zuwa Legas inda sana’ar waka ta fara. Yayinda take a Jami'ar Massachusetts Lowell, Monica ita ce jagorar rawa a ƙungiyar Alumni. Ta jagoranci rukuninta kuma suka yi wasan kwaikwayo kai tsaye a jami'a kuma ta rubuta waka a cikin gidan wasan kwaikwayo da aka buga. Ta saurara kuma ta koya daga masu koya mata irin su Majek Fashek don inganta waƙarta.
Ayyuka
Mawaƙa Omrorodion ya fara waka ne tun yana saurayi kuma Sam Morris na Otto ya gabatar da shi a dakin kide kide kuma wannan ya kai ta zuwa Aibtonia studio, inda ta hadu da mambobinta na farko Sound on Sound kuma sanya hannun Poligram. Ta kuma sadu da Majek Fashek da sauran ma'aikata da yawa kuma ta kasance a cikin ɗakunan motsa jiki yayin hutun makaranta. Ta buɗe wa Majek Fashek, Onyenka, Christie Essien da sauran masu fasaha da yawa, kuma ta ci gaba da yawon buɗe ido tare da Majek Fashek. Monicazation ta fitar da cikakken kundin wakenta mai taken Monicazation a watan Satumbar 2014 kuma ta ci gaba da rangadi tare da masu fasaha daban-daban. Yayinda take budurwa, ta hadu da Majek Fashek a Aibitonia Studios a Anthony a Legas. A waccan lokacin, tana cikin ƙungiyar da ake kira 'Sound on Sound' tare da Ba'amurke mai suna Scratch da wasu mawaƙa guda uku waɗanda suka saki kundi na farko da Poligram Records. Majek Fashek ya koya mata abubuwa da yawa game da rubutun waƙa kuma ya kawar da tsoranta. Ta hadu da Sunny Okosun yayin yawon shakatawa na 'MAMSER' tare da Majek kuma ta zama abokai tare da mawaƙan da ke ajiye shi. Lokacin da Majek ke hutu daga doguwar tafiya, sai ta yanke shawarar tafiya tare da Sunny Okosun Kowane lokaci tana kan hutu tare da Majek, tana tafiya tare da Okosun kuma ta koya daga wurinsa.
'Yar wasa Omorodion ya yi fina-finai daban-daban da suka hada da, Harkokin Zuciya tare da Joseph Benjamin, Stella Damasus a shekarar 2014, sannan kuma ya buga fim a wani fim da darakta Obed Joe ya rubuta mai taken Kone Kauna a 2014. Daga baya ta shirya fim dinta wanda ya samu lambar yabo mai taken Fuskokin soyayya tare da Robert Peters wanda Razaaq Adoti, Syr Law, John Dumelo da sauran su suka fito. Swaida, mai kasuwancin inshora, ta koma asalin nishaɗinta bayan shekaru huɗu. Fuskokin isauna fim ne na biyu da ta shirya kuma ta farko da ta fara samun lambar yabo. Ta kuma yi aiki tare a matsayin babban mai gabatarwa kuma ta rubuta waƙar. Ta yanke shawarar daukar nauyin inganta fasaha wanda zai iya isar da "gaskiya" hotunan mutanen Afirka.
Rayuwar Mutum Monica ta fara rubuta wakoki da kiɗa tun tana saurayi. Yayinda take cikin makarantar firamare ta Nana Warri, Monica tana rubuta waƙoƙi tare da ƙanwarta. Sun kasance suna raira waƙa da fyade tun kafin ta san komai game da fyade. Ta fara soyayya da wasan kwaikwayo ne yayin da take Hussey College Warri Ta shiga kungiyar wasan kwaikwayo da ake kira Silver Line Productions tare da Felix Okwelum a matsayin daraktan wasan kwaikwayo a Warri. Ta yi rawar gani a fagen waka tana ba da waka kamar Abiku da sauransu. Ta kuma taka rawa a wasannin kwaikwayo kamar The Gods Are not To Lame, House Asunder da sauran su. Ta yi rangadi tare da samar da Layin Azurfa na shekaru kafin ta mai da hankali kan kiɗa. Ta yi waƙa ta bango don taurari ciki har da: Majek Fashek, Sunny Okosun da Evi Edna. Ta kuma yi jingles da yawa da aikin murya-kan aiki. Ta yi tafiye-tafiye sosai tare da ƙungiyar Majek Fashek a duk faɗin Nijeriya da Afirka kuma abin da ta fi so shi ne lokacin da suka yi wasa a Fadar Oba a Benin. Monica Omorodion Swaida sananniya ce a cikin shekarun 1990, tare da irin su Evi Edna, Majek Fashek da marigayi Sunny Okosun.
Kyauta da gabatarwa
Lambobin yabo ACADEMIA MUSIC AWARD CALIFORNIA 2015,
KYAUTATA KARATUN KARATUN FINA-FINAI FILM
LANFA FILM DA WAKAR WAKA
ZABAR JIKIN MUTANE TARE DA NAFCA, 2015 (FASOKIN KAUNA)
Manazarta
Hanyoyin haɗin waje Official website
Mata
Ƴan Najeriya
Rayayyun |
42465 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Djamel%20Abdoun | Djamel Abdoun | Djamel Abdoun (an haife shi a ranar 14 ga watan Fabrairun shekara ta 1986), ƙwararren ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ne na Aljeriya mai ritaya wanda ya taka leda a matsayin winger.
A lokacin rani na shekarar 2011, Abdoun ya sanya hannu kan kwangilar shekaru uku tare da Olympiacos, akan canja wuri kyauta daga Kavala, saboda komawar su zuwa rukuni na hudu. Tun daga lokacin ya ci nasara sau biyu tare da Olympiacos, inda ya lashe Gasar Superleague na shekarar 2011 zuwa 2012 da kuma gasar cin kofin Girka ta shekarar 2012 A lokacin rani na shekarar 2013, Abdoun ya rattaba hannu kan kwantiragin shekaru uku tare da kulob din Nottingham Forest na gasar zakarun kwallon kafa.
Abdoun tsohon matashin Faransa ne na kasa da kasa kuma yana cikin tawagar da ta lashe Gasar Kwallon Kafa ta Turai ta shekarar 2005, wadda aka gudanar a Ireland ta Arewa da Gasar Toulon ta shekarar 2007. A watan Satumban shekara ta 2009 ne ya zabi buga wa Algeria wasa a babban mataki, inda ya yi amfani da sabon hukuncin da FIFA ta yanke, wanda ya ba shi damar sauya sheka a kasar duk da cewa ya girmi shekaru 21 a duniya. Ya buga wasansa na farko a Algeria a wasan rukuni 0-0 a gasar cin kofin Afrika na shekarar 2010 a ranar 18 ga watan Janairu shekara ta 2010, da Angola Ya wakilci Aljeriya a gasar cin kofin nahiyar Afirka da aka yi a Angola a shekarar 2010, inda Algeria ta zo ta hudu, da kuma gasar cin kofin duniya da aka yi a Afrika ta Kudu a shekarar 2010 Na sirri An haife shi a Faransa ga iyayen Aljeriya, Abdoun ya girma a gabashin gabashin Paris a cikin gundumar Montreuil Iyayensa sun fito ne daga kauyukan Tifrit da Biziou a cikin gundumar Akbou, Béjaïa, a yankin Petite Kabylie na Aljeriya.
Aikin kulob Abdoun ya fara taka leda a matsayin matashin dan wasa a kungiyar Paris Saint-Germain a shekara ta shekarar 2002, inda aka sake shi a karshen kakar wasa ta bana. A shekarar 2003, ya rattaba hannu a Ajaccio inda ya buga wasanni 12 kawai a cikin yanayi hudu, inda ya zira kwallaye biyu.
Abdoun ya rattaba hannu a matsayin aro a Manchester City a watan Janairun shekarar 2007. Ya buga wasa daya kacal a kulob din, inda ya zo a matsayin wanda zai maye gurbinsa a ranar 28 ga watan Janairun shekara ta 2007 a wasan cin kofin FA da Southampton da ci 3-1. Ya koma Ajaccio a karshen kakar wasa ta bana bayan da Manchester City ta zabi ba ta zabin mai da shi na dindindin ba.
Kavala A ranar 24 ga watan Agustan shekara ta 2010, Abdoun ya shiga kungiyar Kavala ta Girka daga Nantes, ya sanya hannu kan kwantiragin shekaru uku tare da kulob din. Ba a bayyana bayanan canja wurin ba. A kakarsa ta farko tare da Kavala, Abdoun ya kammala a matsayin babban mai taimakawa a gasar Super League ta Girka tare da taimakawa takwas a wasanni 26. Ya kuma zura kwallaye uku kuma an nada shi a matsayin dan wasa na biyu mafi kyau a gasar bayan Ariel Ibagaza na Olympiacos A ranar 23 ga watan Mayun shekara ta 2011, wakilin Abdoun, Karim Aklil, ya sanar da cewa dan wasan yana kusa da shiga tare da Panathinaikos Koyaya, a ranar 25 ga Watan Agusta shekara ta 2011, ya fara horo tare da Olympiacos kuma ya wuce ziyarar likitancin gargajiya.
Olympiacos A ranar 31 ga watan Agustan shekara ta 2011, Abdoun ya rattaba hannu kan kwantiragin shekaru uku tare da Olympiacos, tare da shiga su kyauta daga Kavala bayan sun koma mataki na hudu. Ya zura kwallonsa ta farko a ragar PAOK sannan ya zura ta biyu a ragar Panathinaikos. Ya buga wasanni 29 kuma ya zura kwallaye hudu gaba daya a kakarsa ta farko a Olympiacos.
Abdoun ya samu nasarar zura kwallonsa ta farko a gasar zakarun Turai a gasar zakarun Turai, a wasan da suka yi rashin gida da ci 2-1 a hannun Schalke 04 na Jamus. Ya kuma zira kwallaye daga azãba tabo da Aris Thessaloniki Kwallaye biyun da ya ci na gaba sun sake dawowa daga bugun daga kai sai mai tsaron gida; da AEK Athens tafi da Platanias a gida. Ya ci kwallonsa ta gaba a kan PAS Giannina a ci 2-0 a gida, wanda Ariel Ibagaza ya taimaka. Kwanaki bayan haka, ya zura kwallo a ragar Atromitos daga bugun fanareti a rashin gida da ci 3-2. A ranar 27 ga watan Fabrairu, Abdoun ya ci kwallo ta bugun daga kai sai mai tsaron gida a wasan da suka yi waje da PAS Giannina a gasar cin kofin Girka Kwallon da ya ci ta gaba ta zo ne da AEK Athens a ci 3-0 a gida. Kwallonsa ta ƙarshe a kakar wasa ta zo ne da Platanias a ci 4-0 a waje.
Nottingham Forest A ranar 25 ga watan Yulin shekara ta 2013, Shugaban Nottingham Forest, Fawaz Al-Hasawi, ya sanar da rattaba hannu kan Abdoun kan kwantiragin shekaru 3. Djamel Abdoun ya ci kwallonsa ta farko a gasar cin kofin FA a gida da suka tashi kunnen doki na uku da West Ham United Maƙasudin ya zo daga azaba bayar da kalubale a kan Jamie Paterson Abdoun ya dage cewa yana cin fenariti, har ma ya yi jayayya da takwarorinsa a filin wasa, kuma dagewar da ya yi ya biya, yayin da ya zura kwallo a ragar ta. Forest ta ci gaba da cin wasan da ci 5-0. A ranar 10 ga watan Yulin shekara ta 2014, an sanar da Abdoun cewa yana da 'yancin neman sabon kulob kuma cewa "ba shi da makoma a Forest". Tun daga wannan lokacin bai buga wa Forest wasa ba.
Yayin da Abdoun ya kasa samun tawagar, an ba shi aro ga Lokeren An soke kwangilar Abdoun tare a ranar 30 ga watan Yulin shekara ta 2015.
Veria A ranar 20 ga watan Yuli shekara ta 2015, bangaren Superleague, Veria da shugabanta, Theodoros Karipidis, sun tuntubi Abdoun, domin su rattaba hannu a kwantiragi a kulob din. Ko da yake, dan wasan yana da kyau yana taka leda a Veria, amma tayin da aka yi masa bai yi nasara ba saboda bai gamsar da dan wasan ba, an ba shi kusan 250,000. Bayan mako guda, Veria ta dawo tare da sabon ingantaccen tayin. Bayan kwana guda, a ranar 28 ga Watan Yulin shekara ta 2015, Abdoun ya shiga yarjejeniya ta baka da kulob din Macedonia. Abdoun ya rattaba hannu kan kwantiraginsa a hukumance a ranar 8 ga watan Agustan shekara ta 2015. Abdoun ya fafata a ranar 23 ga wata Agustan shekara ta 2015 inda ya taimaka wa Veria ta rama kwallon da suka tashi 1-1 gida a farkon kakar wasa da PAS Giannina da bugun daga kai sai mai tsaron gida. A ranar 29 ga watan Agustan shekara ta 2015, Abdoun ya ci wa Veria kwallonsa ta farko a wasan waje da Panthrakkos bayan doguwar kwallon Thomas Nazlidis Ya zura kwallonsa ta biyu da bugun fanariti a wasa daya. Ya nada gwarzon dan wasan. A ranar 4 ga watan Oktobar shekara ta 2015, ya zira kwallaye daga bugun fanareti, inda ya ba da nasara da ci 1-0 a wasan da suka yi waje da Kalloni An saki Abdoun akan canja wuri kyauta daga Veria a ranar 31 ga watan Agustan shekarata 2016.
Duba kuma Al'ummar Maghrebian na Paris
Manazarta
Hanyoyin haɗi na waje Djamel Abdoun at Soccerbase Djamel Abdoun French league stats at LFP also available in French
'Yan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ta ƙasar Aljeriya
Rayayyun mutane
Haihuwan |
14243 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jerin%20Hausawa | Jerin Hausawa | Wannan jerin na fitattun Hausawa ne.
'Yan fim Ali Nuhu
Hadiza Gabon
Hafsat Idris
Rahama Sadau
Adam A Zango Nafisat Abdullahi Fati Washa Aisha Tsamiya Maryam Yahaya Abdullahi Amdaz
Adamu Hassan Nagudu
Al,amin Buhari
Iliyasu Abdulmuminu Tantiri
Isa Alolo
Kabiru Nakwango
Mansir Sadiq
Mustapha Musty
Musty Fashion
Rabi'u Rikadawa
Sadiq N Mafia
Sadiq Zazzabi
Sani Musa Danja
Adamu Abdullahi Dadi Hikima
Asma,u Adamu
Asma,u Ahmad Nass
Asma,u Sani
Asma,u Wakili
Fati ladan
Fatima Musa
Hafsat Shehu
Ladidi Fagge
Maryam Jibrin Gidado
Ummi Nuhu
Sarakuna Abdulmumini Kabir Usman
Daurama
Faruk Umar Faruk
Queen Amina
Muhammad Rumfa
Yaji I
Yunfa
Alhaji (sultan)
Bagauda
Ado Bayero
Aminu Ado Bayero
El Kutumbi
Ibrahim Dabo
Idris Alooma
Muhammad Inuwa
Muhammadu Sanusi I
Nasiru Ado Bayero
Muhammad Rumfa
Sanusi Lamido Sanusi
Yusa (Sarki)
'Yan wasan kwallon kafa Ahmed Musa
Amadou Moutari
Haruna Babangida
Mohammed Noor
Moussa Maâzou
Omar Hawsawi
Sani Kaita
Shehu Abdullahi
Tijani Babangida
Umar Sadiq
Abdullahi Ibrahim Alhassan
Abubakari Yakubu
Abdoul Aziz Ibrahim
Abdul Majeed Waris
Abdulrahman Bashir
Ahmed Wadah
Alhassan Yusuf
Amadou Moutari
Fatawu Mohammed
Habib Mohamed
Ibrahim Rabiu
Issah Abdul Basit
Illiasu Shilla
Jamal Haruna
Lalas Abubakar
Masahudu Alhassan Mohammed Abu
Mohammed-Awal Issah
Mohammed Rabiu
Mohammed Razak
Mohammed Lamine
Mohamed Tijani
Mujaid Sadick
Shehu Abdullahi
Tijani Babangida
Umar Sadiq
Mubarak Wakaso
Rabiu Ali
Yunus Musah
Jamal Idris
Mohammed Aminu
Lukman Haruna
Seidu Abubakari
Yussif Mubarik
Yussif Moussa
Zaidu Sanusi
Idriss Harouna
Issah Gabriel Ahmed
Mohammed Salisu
Said Ahmed Said
Malaman addinin Musulunci Ahmad Abubakar Gumi
Dahiru Usman Bauchi
Ibrahim Zakzaky
Ja'afar Mahmud Adam
Kabiru Gombe
Muhammad Auwal Albani Zaria
Sani Yahaya Jingir
Abubakar Gumi
Abduljabbar Nasuru Kabara
Ahmad Sulaiman Ibrahim
Isah Ali Ibrahim Pantami
Mawaƙa
Masakan gargajiya Alhaji Mamman Shata Ali Jita Dan Maraya Jos Nazifi Asnanic Naziru M Ahmad Nura M Inuwa Sadiq Zazzabi
‘Yan siyasa Abubakar Tafawa Balewa
Abdulrahman Abdulrazaq
Ahmadu Bello Sardauna
Abba Kabir Yusuf
Aisha Buhari
Alhaji Isa Kaita
Aminu Tambuwal
Bukola Saraki
Gbemisola Saraki
Hadiza Bala Usman
Hadiza Moussa Gros
Kashim Shettima
Mai Mala Buni
Mahamadou Issoufou
Muhammadu Buhari
Rabiu Kwankwaso
Umar Ganduje
Namadi Sambo
Umaru Dikko
Jurista Sidi Bage
'Yan Kasuwa Aliko Dangote
Alhassan Dantata
Alhaji Aminu Dantata
Alhaji Isyaku Rabiu
Alhaji Abdulsamad Rabiu
Mohammed Indimi
Bashir Dalhatu
Bala Dan Sani na Maradi
Mamani Issa Matamaye, Damagaram
Bage Daouda na Dongondutsi, Dosso
Ilimi Attahiru Jega
Idris Shaaba Jimada
Parfesa Andre Salifu, Masanin Tarihi kuma parfesa a Jami'ar Yamai, Nijar
Parfesa Djibo Hammani, Masanin Tarihir Mai koyarwa a Jami'ar Yamai, Nijar
Parfesa Boube Namaiwa, Masan Shari'ar zamani aJami'ar Dakar ta Senegal
Parfesa Nasser Tanimun, Masanin tattalin arziki a Jami'ar Kassar Canada
Parfesa Dan Diko Dan Kulodo, Masani Kimiyar physics
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Abdulsalam Abubakar
Ibrahim Babangida
Muhammadu Buhari
Murtala Mohammed
Janar Ibramim Mainassara Bare
Kanar Tandja Mamadu
‘Yan sanda Ibrahim Kpotun Idris
Mohammed Adamu
Mawallafa Zaynab Alkali Abdulbaqi Jari Manazarta
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8385 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Masallacin%20Annabi | Masallacin Annabi | Masallacin Annabi (Larabci Al-Masjid An-Nabawi) Masallaci ne a birnin Madina na kasar Saudiyya, wanda Annabi Muhammad (S.A.W) ya kafa ginin shi, kuma shine mallaci na uku da aka gina a tarihi. Yana kuma ɗaya daga cikin masallatai da sukafi girma a duniya. Shine kuma waje mafi tsarki na biyu a Musulunci bayan masallacin Harami (ka'aba) dake birnin Makka na kasar ta Saudi Arabiya. Masallacin koda yaushe a bude yake domin aiwatar da aiyukan bauta ga musulmai.
Asalin wajen shine gidan Annabi (s.a.w) anan ya zauna bayan yayi hijira daga maka zuwa birnin na Madina a shekarar 623 Miladiyya. Shine kuma ya assasa gina shi. Asalin masallacin budadden gini ne. Masallacin ya kasance waje ne na rayuwar al'uma kuma wajen Shari'a sannan kuma Makaranta ta koyar da addinin Musulunci. Asannu a hankali sarakunan musulunci ne sukai ta kokari wajen fadada shi da kara masa gyara har yakai kyakkyawa kamar yadda yake a yanzu. Shine waje na farko a yankin larabawa da aka fara sakama hasken wutar lantarki. Masallacin na karkashin hukumar dake kula da masallatai biyu masu tsarki ta kasar Saudiyya. Masallacin yana a tsakiyar birnin Madina, akwai manyan Hotel-hotel da tsofaffin kasuwanni a kewaye da shi. Babban waje ne na aiwatar da aikin umara ga mahajjata da masu ziyarar Umara. Bayan fadada shi ne da daular Umaiya tayi karkashin sarkin daular Kalifa Al-Walid I, sai ya hado harda makwancin sa (S.A.W) da wasu Sahabbai nasa guda biyi (kalifofin Khulafa'hur-Rashidun na farko da na biyu). Daya daga cikin manyan sanannun gurare a masallacin shine babbar koyariyar Hasumiya wadda ananne daidai dakin Ummuna Ai'sha (matar Annabi (s.a w). A ranar 19 ga watan Maris ne hukumomi a kasar Saudiyya suka bayyana sanarwar rufe kofofin masallacin tare da hana yin dukkan wasu aiyuka na ibada da taruwar jama'a sakamakon kamari da annobar cutar Covid-19 tayi ma duniya.
Tarihi
Tarihin farko Annabi Muhammad (s.a.w) ne ya gina masallacin a Madina bayan hijirar sa a shekarar 622miladiyya. Yana tafiya a kan dokin sa maisuna Qaswa sai ya zo daidai inda masallacin yake a yanzu. Asalin gurin mallakin wadansu mutanene Sahal da Suhail, wajene da ake busar da dabino, daga baya kuma aka maidashi makabarta. Annabi (s.a.w) yaki karbar filin a matsayi sadaka, sai ya sayi filin kuma yakai tsawon wata bakwai kafin a kammala ginin shi. Misalin tsawon masllacin shine, mita 30.5 35.62 kafa 100.1 kafa 116.9) an rufe shi da ganyen kwakwa sa kasa tsawon mita 3.60 (kafa 11.8). Kofofi ukun nasallacin sune Bab-al-Rahma daga kudu sai Bab-al-Jibril daga yamma sai kuma Bab-al-Nisa daga bangin gabas.
Bayan kammala yakin Khaibar an fadada masallacin da mita 47.32 (kafa 155.2) daga ko wanne bangare. A lokacin Kalifa na farko wato Sayyadina Abubakar yabar masallacin haka amma daga baya lokacin kalifancin Sayyadina Umar sai ya rusa sauran gidajen dake makotaka da masallacin banda gidan Ummuna Aisha domin kara fadadashi. Sabon gyaran ya kasance kamar haka, mita 57.49 mita 66.14 (kafa 188.6 217.0). Anyi amfani da busaaahen tabo da laka wajen gina katangar masallacin. Umar kuma ya kara da gina wadansu kofin ciki harda kofar Al-Bukaiha.
Kalifa na uku wato Sayyadina Usman, ya rushe masallacin a shekara ta 649miladiyya. Inda ya dauki tsawon wata goma domin gina masallacin, ananne kuma ya daidaita fuskar sa ta koma kallon Makka. Ga yadda nasa aikin ginin ya kasance, mita 81.40 mita 62.48 (kafa 167.1× kafa 205.3). Dukkan kofofin da sunayen su basu canza ba.
Shekarun tsaka tsakiya A shekara 707 Kalifa na daular Umayya Al-Walid Ibn Abdal-Malik ya sake gina masallacin. Ya dau shekara uku kafin aikin ya kammala. An kara fadin masallacin da sukwaya 5094. Kalifan Abbasiyya wato Kalifa Al-Mahdi ya kara tsawon masallacin daga arewa da mita 50 (kafa 160). An rubuta sunan sa a katangar masallacin. Ya kuma yi kokarin ya matsar da hawan mimbarin zuwa hawa shida amma daga bisani sai ya fasa. An gina babbar hasumaya a kan raudha da ta hado daga kudu maso gabashin kwanar masallacin. An gina ta a 1837m. Daga nan ake kiran ta da Koriyar Hasumiya
Sultan Abdul Majid I ya dauki shekaru goma sha uku wajen sake ginin masallacin, wanda aka fara a 1849. Anyi amfani da jan bulo wajen aikin sake ginin masallacin. An kara fadada daben da tsawon murabba'in sukwaya mita 1293. An kuma rubuta ayoyin Alkur'ani a kan katangun masallacin. An kuma gina makaranta wato Madrasah domin koyar da Alkur'ani.
Saudiyya Lokacin da Sarki Saud bin Abdul-Aziz ya karbe Madina, ya dauki kudiri tare da aiwatar dashi. Kudirin kuwa shine na sake gina Masallacin tare da gyara da goge dukkannin abubuwan da zasu kawo matsala ga tauhidi, wato bidio'in da akayi kamar gyra ginin da akayi akan kabarin annabi tare da hana mutane yin sallah da adduo'i a wajen.
Bayan kafa masarautar Saudi Arabiya a 1937, masallacin ya fuskanci gyare gyare da dama kamar samar da hanya inda aka yanki wani bangare na shi. Da kuma karin hasumayoyi da samar da dakin karatu na litattafan musulunci.
A shekara 1974, Sarki Faisal ya kara fadin masallacin da sukwaya mita 40,440. An kuma kara fadada harabar sa a zamanin sarki Fahad a 1985. Lokacin da aka kammala aikin masallacin ya kai fadin kafa miliyan 1.7. Anyi sanarwar fara aikin sabon gyara a masallacin na dalar Amurika biliyan $6b. a shekarar 2012. Idan an kammala aikin masallacin zai dauki adadin mutane miliyan 1.6.
Tsarin ginin
Raudah
Babbar Hasumaya
Mihirabi
Mimbari
Hasumaya
Hotunan masallacin Annabi |
28236 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ayo%20Makun | Ayo Makun | Articles with hCards
Ayodeji Richard Makun,wanda aka fi sani da AY, ɗan wasan kwaikwayo ne na Najeriya, ɗan wasan barkwanci, mai gabatar da shiri a gidan rediyo da talabijin, marubuci, furodusa kuma darektan fina-finai. An haife shi a ranar 19 ga watan,Agustan shekarar 1971,<ref></nowiki></ref> ya fito ne daga Ifon, karamar hukumar Ose a jihar Ondo. Shine mai masaukin baki AY live shows da AY comedy skits. Fim ɗinsa na farko shine, 30 Days. in Atlanta shi ne ya shirya shi kuma Robert O. Peters ya ba da umarni kuma ya ci gaba da samun nasara. An nada shi a matsayin Jakadan zaman lafiya na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya.
Ilimi Ayo Makun ya halarci Jami'ar Jihar Delta, Abraka, Jihar Delta, Najeriya. Ya kammala karatu (bayan ya shafe shekaru tara) a 2003 a matsayin dalibin fasahar wasan kwaikwayo. AY kuma ya sami wasu kyaututtuka kamar su mafi kyawun ɗalibi a harabar (1999 da 2000); mafi kyawun nuni-biz mai tallata (2001); dalibin da ya fi yin bikin a harabar (2001) da lambar yabo ta zamantakewar mutum ta Jaycee Club (2003).
Sana'a Ayo Makun ya fito fage ne bayan ya zama mataimakin Alibaba Akporobome kuma manajan taron. AY ya rubuta yana tafiya "AY wire" a matsayin baƙon labari a cikin The Sun (Nigeria) da littafin Gbenga Adeyinka "Laugh Mattaz".
Rayuwa Ayo Makun shi ne da na fari a cikin iyalin mutane bakwai. Shi da matarsa Mabel sun yi aure shekaru goma sha biyu da suka wuce.
Rayuwa Ayo Makun ya jagoranci kuma yayi aiki a cikin ɗaya daga cikin shahararrun sitcom na Najeriya. AY's crib tare da Alex Ekubo, Venita Akpofure, Buchi Franklin da Justice Nuagbe. Ya kuma karbi bakuncin daya daga cikin manyan wasannin barkwanci na Afirka, AY Live mai dauke da 'yan wasan barkwanci kamar Bovi, Helen Paul da sauran 'yan wasan barkwanci da dama. Ayo Makun kuma shi ne Babban Jami’in Nishadantarwa na Duniya, Najeriya. Shi ma yana da gidan kulab. A matsayinsa na mai saka hannun jari a wasan barkwanci, ya rinjayi masu wasan barkwanci masu zuwa ta hanyar AY "Open Mic Challenge". As an investor in stand-up comedy, he has influenced upcoming comedians through his AY "Open Mic Challenge".
Abubuwan da suka faru Ya kasance mai masaukin baki tare da Joselyn Dumas a 2018 Golden Movie Awards Africa da aka gudanar a Movenpick Ambassador Hotel a birnin Accra, Ghana.
Kyautuka
2008 Dan wasan barkwanci na shekara: Diamond Awards don Barkwanci
Dan wasan barkwanci na shekara: Matasa Favour
Gwarzon dan wasan barkwanci: MBG Abuja Merit Awards
Dan wasan barkwanci na shekara: National Daily Awards
Dan wasan barkwanci na shekara: Kyautar Arsenal don Kwarewa
Dan wasan barkwanci na shekara: Mode Men of the year Awards
2009 Jakadan zaman lafiya na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya
2010 Dan wasan barkwanci na shekara: Kyautar Nishadantarwa ta Najeriya
2013 Mafi kyawun ɗan kasuwa mai ƙirƙira na shekara, (nau'in wasan ban dariya): Ƙirƙirar ƴan kasuwan Najeriya (CEAN)
Mafi kyawun Taron AY Live: NELAS Awards 2018, United Kingdom
Zababbun fina-finai
Duba kuma Jerin mutanen Yarbawa
Jerin 'yan wasan barkwanci na Najeriya
Manazarta Haihuwan 1971
Rayayyun mutane
Jaruman fim |
29898 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magudanan%20ruwa%20na%20kogin%20lu%27u-lu%27u | Magudanan ruwa na kogin lu'u-lu'u | Kogin Lu'u-lu'u (ko Zhujiang) Basin yana daya daga cikin manyan kogin kasar Sin, dake kudancin kasar Sin, mai fadin murabba'in kilomita 453,700 a lardin Guangdong, da Guangxi, da Guizhou, da Yunnan, da Hunan, da Jiangxi da Fujian, da kuma wani yanki na arewa maso gabashin Vietnam Kogin lu'u-lu'u yana kunshe da manyan magudanan ruwa guda uku: kogin Xi, kogin Bei, da kogin Dong, da kuma kananan koguna masu yawa a cikin kogin Pearl Delta Kogin Xi shi ne mafi girma a cikin tsawon kilomita 2,214, kuma matsakaicin gangaren kogin ya kai 0.58%. Kogin Bei mai tsawon kilomita 468 yana da matsakaicin gangaren kogin shine 0.26%. Tsarin ruwan Dong yana da babban rafi mai tsawon kilomita kimanin 520 tare da matsakaicin gangaren kogin shine 0.388%. Jimillar yawan ruwan da ake samu a duk shekara a duk shekara ya kai kimanin mita biliyan 345.8, wanda shi ne na biyu kawai ga kogin Yangtze na kasar Sin. Ambaliyar ruwa a kogin lu'u-lu'u na faruwa ne sakamakon ruwan sama kamar da bakin kwarya DA aka samu. Tunda kuma yankin kogin yana da fadi kuma tsananin ruwan sama yana da yawa, ambaliya a cikin tsaunukan tsaunuka na sama da na tsakiya suna da sauri, kuma babu tafkuna a tsakiyar kai. Don haka, idan aka ci gaba da samun ruwan sama mai tsanani, ambaliya ta kan yi ta da kololuwa da yawa a cikin dogon lokaci, tana jefa matsakaita da na kasa cikin hadari a cikin garuruwan da ake da kasa da yawan jama'a, da filayen noma da ke gefen kogin. wanda ke hana ci gaban tattalin arziki kuma yana shafar zaman lafiyar al'umma.
Halayen ambaliya Kogin Lu'u-lu'u na kogin ruwan sama ne kuma ambaliya ta fito ne daga ruwan sama mai yawa. Abubuwan da ke haifar da ruwan sama kamar haka:
Yanayin yanayi Tun da ruwan sama mai yawa ya shafi damina mai zafi kuma sanyi da ƙungiyoyi masu dumi suna cikin jituwa. Har ila yau,, yana shafar yanayin yanayin, Kuma ya haifar da nau'in ruwan sama mai yawa, wanda yawanci yakan faru a watan Afrilu zuwa Yuli, mai suna farkon lokacin fa aka samu ambaliya.
Guguwa Ruwan sama mai yawa kuma yana shafar guguwar, wadda takan faru a watan Agusta zuwa Satumba, wanda ake kira lokacin ambaliya daga baya. Ruwan sama a lokacin ambaliya ya kai kusan kashi 80% na duk shekara. Siffofinsa sune: yawan ruwan sama mai yawa, tsananin ƙarfi da tsayi mai tsayi. Tsarin tsari na yau da kullun: Kogin Bei na farko, sannan kogin Dong da kogin Xi. Cibiyar guguwar ruwan sama: Kogin Bei yana yankin daga Yingde zuwa Qingyuan, kogin Dong yana yankin tsaunin Jiulian, Xunwu da Shangping, yayin da kogin Xi yana cikin tsaunin Miao a saman kogin Gui, da Xingren a Laowang. Dutsen da Duan a Dutsen Daming. Guguwar ruwan sama kamar da bakin kwarya a bakin rafin ta hada da birnin Haifeng zuwa Huidong dake a gabashin Guangdong, da Enping zuwa Yangjiang dake yammacin Guangdong, da Qinzhou zuwa Dongxing dake kudancin Guangxi. Matsakaicin matsakaicin matsakaicin ruwan sama na shekara-shekara na 24h a cikin kwano shi ne kusan 100-200mm, ƙimar bambancin shine 0.35 0.65, kuma matsakaicin ruwan sama na shekara-shekara na 24h shine 848mm (Tashar Jinjiang Enching). Bambance-bambancen da ake samu a shekara-shekara na kwararar ruwa a cikin kwano ya yi daidai da ruwan sama, cewa yawan ruwan da ake samu a lokacin ambaliya daga Afrilu zuwa Satumba ya kai kashi 70% zuwa 80% na yawan ruwan shekara-shekara. Tun da yawan ruwan sama da yawan gaske a lokacin ambaliyar ruwa, yawancin magudanan ruwa suna da siffar fantsama, kuma ambaliya tana da sauƙin tattarawa cikin babban kogin a lokaci guda. Akwai tuddai da yawa a saman sama da na tsakiya, kuma saurin haɗuwar ambaliya yana da sauri. Babu ajiyar tafkin a tsakiyar tafki, wanda yana da sauƙi don haifar da ambaliya tare da kololuwa masu yawa da yawa. Mafi girman kololuwar ambaliya a kogin Bei da kogin Dong sau da yawa yana fitowa daga Mayu zuwa Yuni, kuma ambaliya tana ɗaukar kusan kwanaki 7 zuwa 15. Mafi girman kololuwar ambaliya a kogin Xi ya kan bayyana ne daga watan Yuni zuwa Agusta, yayin da mafi yawan ambaliyar ruwa takan faru ne daga watan Yuni zuwa Yuli, wanda ke daukar a ƙalla kwanaki 30 zuwa 45. Ambaliyar Xi ita ce babbar hanyar ambaliya a kogin Pearl Delta. A wasu lokuta ambaliyar ruwan kogin Xi da na Bei na haifar da munanan bala'i a kogin Pearl Delta. Kowace shekara lokacin guguwa yana daga Mayu zuwa Oktoba. Ƙasar guguwa daga Shenzhen, Guangdong, zuwa Estuary River Estuary a Taishan Guguwa mai karfin iska 8 ko sama a tsakiya tana faruwa ne akan matsakaita sau 2 zuwa 3 a kowace shekara, da kuma guguwa mai karfi na matakan 10 zuwa 11 duk bayan shekaru biyu 2 zuwa 3. Mamayewar guguwar, wani lokacin yana haifar da hawan guguwa Ambaliyar Ruwa Ambaliyar ruwa a cikin Kogin Lu'u-lu'u na yawan faruwa, musamman ma a tsaka-tsaki, ƙasa da kuma tudu. Littattafan tarihi sun bayyana irin wannan ambaliyar ruwa da yawa. Bisa kididdigar da aka yi, an samu ambaliya sau 125 a daular Ming a kogin Xi, sau 181 a daular Qing, da kuma sau 17 a Jamhuriyar Sin An samu ambaliya guda 24 a kogin Bei kafin shekarar 1949 da kuma manyan ambaliya 14 a kogin Dong daga 1864 zuwa 1985. A cikin ƙananan raƙuman kogin Lu'u-lu'u da kuma a cikin delta, fiye da kadada a ƙalla 32,200 na ambaliya ya shafa ko kuma ya shafi filayen noma Akwai sau 26 a karni na 18 da sau 36 a karni na 19. Daga shekarata 1915 zuwa Shekarar 1949, an sami sau 22 na ambaliya na noma wanda ya wuce kadada 66,700. An samu ambaliyar ruwa mai tsanani guda 12 tun daga shekarar 1949. Bayan shekarun 1990, ambaliya ta "94.6", "96.7" da "98.6" ta afku, wanda barnar ta yi matukar tsanani.
Ambaliyar Ruwa ta Musamman A watan Yuli na shekarar 1949, an fuskanci ambaliyar ruwa a kogin Xi da kogin Bei. Ambaliyar ruwan ta kasance wani kwale-kwale na kogin Xi sakamakon ruwan sama mai karfi da aka yi da tsarin yanayin yanayi na gaba. Ambaliyar ta samo asali ne daga kogin Lancang kuma kogin Liujiang ya fi girma. Kololuwar ambaliya ta tashar Wuzhou ta kai mita kusan 48,900 a cikin dakika guda, wanda ya yi daidai da ambaliya da aka shafe shekaru 50 ana yi. Nau'i ne na kololuwa guda ɗaya mai saurin gudu sama da cubic mita 30,000 a cikin daƙiƙa guda. Bayan kwanaki 18, ambaliyar ta kwanaki 30 ta kai mita biliyan 88.4, wanda shi ne na farko a cikin jerin ambaliya mafi girma na kwanaki 30. A cikin watan Yunin shekarata 1959, kogin Dong ya yi ambaliya sakamakon ruwan sama mai yawa da aka samu ta hanyar yanayin yanayi na gaba. Ambaliyar ta samo asali ne daga Boluo Tashar ta Boluo tana da ma'aunin kololuwar gudun mita 12,800 a cikin dakika daya da kuma rage darajar 14,100 cubic mita a sakan daya, wanda yayi daidai da ambaliyar ruwa a cikin shekaru 100. A watan Yuni na shekarar 1994, an yi ruwan sama sau 13 a jere a kudancin kasar Sin. Kogin Xi da kogin Bei sun kasance a cikin shekaru 50 a lokaci guda. Lokacin da kogunan biyu suka yi ambaliya, sai suka shiga cikin layin kogin Pearl Delta. Ruwan ruwa a cikin yankin delta ya tashi sosai, kuma babban matakin ruwa ya dade na dogon lokaci. Fiye da kwanaki 10. Ambaliyar ruwa ta shafi garuruwa 70 na Guangxi da kuma gundumomi 39 a Guangdong, wanda ya haifar da kusan murabba'in mita miliyan 1.25 na filayen noma a Guangdong da Guangxi. Yawan mutanen da abin ya shafa sun kai miliyan 21.48, inda mutane 446 suka mutu, da kuma asarar tattalin arziki kai tsaye na kusan yuan biliyan 28.4. A watan Yulin shekarar 1996, an yi ruwan sama kamar da bakin kwarya a kudu maso gabashin Yunnan da tsakiyar Guangxi na gabar kogin Pearl. Cibiyar guguwar ruwan sama ta kasance a tsohon yankin Kogin Bei. Daga ranar 12 zuwa 19 ga Yuli, ruwan sama ya kai 1,692 mm, kuma iyakar ruwan sama ya kai 779 mm a cikin sa'o'i 24 ya kasance Guangxi. Matsayi mafi girma na yankin Zhuang mai cin gashin kansa. Da misalin karfe 20 na safiyar ranar 19 ga wata, tashar Liuzhou ta nuna kololuwar ruwan da ya kai mita 92.43, wanda ya zarce matakin gargadin ruwan da ya kai mita 10.93, kuma yawan ambaliya ya kai /s. Ruwa ne a cikin shekaru 130. Filayen noman da abin ya shafa ya kai murabba'in mita 480,000, kuma mutanen da abin ya shafa sun kai miliyan 8.17, tare da mutuwar mutane 249. Mafi girma a Guangxi. Kashi 90% na titunan birnin Liuzhou mai masana'antu sun cika da ambaliyar ruwa. Daga ranar 5 zuwa 27 ga Yuni, shekarar 1998, an yi ruwan sama kamar da bakin kwarya a kogin Pearl. An yi mummunar ambaliyar ruwa a kogin Xi cikin shekaru 100 da suka gabata. Matsakaicin kololuwar ambaliyar ta kai mita 26.51 a tashar ruwa ta Zhangzhou tare da kwararar kololuwar /s, wadda ita ce ambaliya ta biyu mafi girma a tashar Zhangzhou tun bayan kafuwar jamhuriyar jama'ar kasar Sin. Bisa kididdigar da aka yi na lardunan Guangdong da Guangxi (yankin masu cin gashin kai), ba a samu karyewa a kowane bangare na kogin ba. Yawan mutanen da guguwar da ambaliyar ruwa ta shafa ya kai miliyan 14.98, yankin da amfanin gona ya shafa ya kai 903,300 mutane 156 suka mutu, kuma asarar tattalin arzikin kai tsaye ya kai Yuan biliyan 16.03. A farkon watan Yulin shekarar 2001, yankunan gabar tekun Guangxi da kogin Xi sun cika da ruwan sama kamar da bakin kwarya da guguwa mai lamba 0103 da mai lamba 0104, ta haddasa. Kogin Yujiang ya fuskanci ambaliya mafi girma tun kafuwar jamhuriyar jama'ar kasar Sin. A ranar 8 ga Yuli, tashar Hydrological ta Nanning ta nuna matakin kololuwar ruwa na 77.18m da iyakar gudu na /s. Guguwa da ambaliya sun haddasa bala'in mutane miliyan 14.465 a Guangxi da Guizhou, mutane 32 sun mutu sakamakon bala'in, kuma asarar tattalin arzikin kai tsaye ya kai yuan biliyan 15.174. Lokacin daga Mayu zuwa Oktoba shi ne lokacin mahaukaciyar guguwa a kudu maso gabashin kasar Sin. Karkashin guguwa mai karfi, wani lokacin ta kan kai ga tashin hankali, wanda ke haddasa rugujewar katangar tekun da ke gabar tekun gabar kogin Pearl Delta.
Matakan kariya Akwai ƙafar ƙafa 926,600 na ƙasar noma da ambaliyar ruwa ta yi barazana a kogin Pearl, wanda ya shafi al'umma miliyan 20. Ambaliyar ruwan Pearl ta fi ta'allaka ne a yankunan da suka hada da kogin Pearl Delta, kogin Lancang, da kogin Liutun. Waɗannan yankuna suna da yawan jama'a da haɓaka tattalin arziki. Ko da yake yawancin waɗannan wuraren suna da kariyar shinge, ƙa'idodin sarrafa ambaliya ba su da ƙarfi. Sai dai shingen Bei da ke Guangzhou, wanda ke kare kariya daga ambaliyar ruwa da ka iya faruwa a cikin shekaru 20, yawancinsu suna da kariya ne kawai na shekaru 10 da ake sa ran za a yi. Bisa ga ka'idar "haɗin daskarewa, iska da ajiya", a cikin 1980s, an tsara ayyukan sarrafa ambaliyar ruwa guda uku tare da dikes: (1) Haɗin gwiwar aikin shawo kan ambaliyar ruwa na tsakiya da na ƙasa na Yamma da Kogin Bei. Gina Tafkin Ruwa na Feilaixia a tsakiyar kogin Bei zai iya sarrafa magudanar ruwa na 34,097. wanda ya kai kashi 73% na Kogin Beitun. Ya fi ba da kariya ga ɓangarorin Guangzhou da ƙananan kogin Bei. Yankin fa'ida shine hekta 106,600 kuma yawan jama'a ya kai miliyan 3.38. Tafkin ruwa na Feilaixia yana ba da hadin kai tare da ƙarfafa Beijiang Dike don kare ambaliyar ruwa a cikin shekaru 100 da suka gabata, wanda ke ba Guangzhou damar jure shekaru 300-500 na ambaliya daga kogin Bei. Gina madatsar ruwa ta Longtan a kogin Hongshui a saman kogin Xi na iya sarrafa magudanar ruwa da yawansu ya kai kimanin 98,500. da karfin sarrafa ambaliyar ruwa na biliyan 7 An gina Tafkin Da Tengxia a cikin birni, tare da yankin magudanar ruwa mai sarrafa kansa na 197755 da ƙarfin ajiyar ambaliya na biliyan 2 Aikin hadin gwiwa na Dukkanin tafkunan Longtan da Datengxia na iya shawo kan ambaliyar ruwan kogin Xi yadda ya kamata. Tsarin aikin kula da ambaliyar ruwa wanda ya ƙunshi tafkunan ruwa guda uku na sama da magudanan ruwa masu kama da juna na iya tabbatar da kiyaye kiyaye ambaliyar ruwa a muhimman yankunan Guangzhou da Delta. (2) Tsarin injiniya na sarrafa ambaliya tare da diks na tsakiya da na ƙasa na kogin Yujiang. An gina Tafkin Baise a Yujiang, kuma yankin da ake kula da shi ya kai kusan 19,600. Ƙa'idar kula da ambaliyar ruwa na Nanning City za a iya haɓaka shi zuwa shekaru 50 ta ka'idar tafki. An sake gina Tafkin Laokou tare da hangen nesa, kuma yankin da aka sarrafa ya kasance 73,344 yana lissafin kashi 99.5% na yankin sama da Nanning. Haɗin gwiwar yin amfani da tsarin biyu zai ba da damar ma'aunin kula da ambaliyar ruwa na Nanning ya kai shekaru 100. (3) Haɗin tsarin aikin sarrafa ambaliya na tsakiya da ƙananan kogin Dongpu, sabon kogin Fengfeng da Maple Dam, yankin kula da Tafkin Baipenzhu shi ne 11,740. yana lissafin kashi 43.5% na yankin magudanar ruwa. Haɗin gwiwar amfani da tafkunan ruwa guda uku, tare da ƙarfafa magudanan ruwa, na iya ɗaga matakan kiyaye ambaliya na tsakiya da na ƙasa na kogin Dongjiang zuwa shekaru ɗari.
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Magudanai
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30176 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C6%B3ancin%20za%C9%93i | Ƴancin zaɓi | 'Yancin zaɓe ya bayyana damammaki da ƴancin kai na mutum don aiwatar da wani aiki da zaia zaɓa daga aƙalla zaɓuɓɓuka biyu da ake da su, ba tare da takura daga ɓangarorin waje ba.
A siyasa A cikin muhawarar zubar da ciki alal misali, kalmar ƴancin zaɓi na iya fitowa don kare matsayin da mace ke da haƙƙin ta yanke cewar ko za ta ci gaba da ciki ko kuma ta zubar. Hakazalika, wasu batutuwa irin su euthanasia, (kisa mara raɗaɗi na majiyyaci da ke fama da wata cuta mara waraka da raɗaɗi ko kuma a cikin suma da ba za a iya jurewa ba.) alluran rigakafi, hana haihuwa da auren jinsi wani lokaci ana tattauna su dangane da wani haƙƙin mutum da aka ɗauka na “yancin zaɓi”. Wasu batutuwan zamantakewa, misali New York "Soda Ban" an kare su duka biyu kuma sun yi adawa dangane da ƴancin zaɓi.
A fannin tattalin arziƙi A cikin microeconomics, 'yancin zaɓi shine 'yancin wakilan tattalin arziki don rarraba albarkatun su kamar yadda suka ga dama, a cikin zaɓuɓɓuka (kamar kayayyaki, ayyuka, ko dukiya) waɗanda ke samuwa a gare su. Ya haɗa da 'yancin shiga aikin da ake da su. Ratner et al., A cikin 2008, ya kawo wallafe-wallafen game da 'yancin kai na uban 'yanci wanda ya bayyana cewa masu amfani ba koyaushe suna yin aiki don amfanin kansu ba. Suna danganta wannan al'amari ga abubuwa kamar su motsin rai, gazawar fahimta da son zuciya, da kuma bayanan da ba su cika ba waɗanda suka ce za a iya gyara su ta wasu hanyoyin da aka tsara. Suna tattauna samar da masu amfani da bayanai da kayan aikin yanke shawara, tsarawa da ƙuntata zaɓuɓɓukan kasuwancin su, da kuma bugun motsin rai da sarrafa tsammanin. Kowanne daga cikin waɗannan, in ji su, zai iya inganta ikon masu amfani da su don zaɓar.
Koyaya, 'yancin zaɓe na tattalin arziƙi a ƙarshe ya dogara da gasar kasuwa, tunda akwai zaɓuɓɓukan masu siye galibi sakamakon abubuwa daban-daban ne waɗanda masu siyarwa ke sarrafa su, kamar gabaɗayan ingancin samfur ko sabis da talla A cikin yanayin da ke akwai, mabukaci ba ya da 'yancin zaɓar siye daga wani furodusa daban. Kamar yadda Friedrich Hayek ya nuna:
Kamar yadda aka misalta a cikin abin da ke sama, masu tunani masu sassaucin ra'ayi sau da yawa ƙwaƙƙwaran masu ba da shawara ne don haɓaka 'yancin zaɓi. Misali ɗaya na wannan shine littafin Milton Friedman na Kyauta don Zaɓi da jerin talabijin.
Babu yarjejeniya game da ko karuwar 'yancin zaɓe na tattalin arziki yana haifar da karuwar farin ciki. A cikin binciken daya, Rahoton Gidauniyar Heritage Foundation na 2011 Index na 'Yancin Tattalin Arziki ya nuna alaƙa mai ƙarfi tsakanin Ma'anar 'Yancin Tattalin Arziki da farin ciki a cikin ƙasa.
Auna ƴancin zaɓi An yi amfani da hanyar axiomatic deductive hanya don magance batun auna adadin 'yancin zaɓi (FoC) da mutum yake morewa. A cikin takarda da aka wallafa a 1990, Prasanta K. Pattanaik da Yongsheng Xu sun gabatar da dokoki guda uku waɗanda ma'aunin FoC ya kamata ya gamsar:
Rashin sha'awa tsakanin yanayi ba zabi Samun zaɓi ɗaya kawai ya kai FoC iri ɗaya, komai zaɓin.
Tsananin kadaitaka Samun zaɓuɓɓuka daban-daban guda biyu x da y sun kai ƙarin FoC fiye da samun zaɓin x kawai.
'Yanci Idan yanayin A yana da FoC fiye da B, ta ƙara sabon zaɓi x ga duka biyun (ba a cikin A ko B ba), A zai kasance yana da ƙarin FoC fiye da B.
Sun tabbatar da cewa ma'auni shine kawai ma'auni wanda ya gamsar da waɗannan dokoki, abin da suka lura ya kasance mai ma'ana kuma yana ba da shawarar cewa a sake fasalin ɗaya ko fiye da haka na dokokin. Sun misalta wannan da misalin zaɓin da aka saita "don tafiya ta jirgin ƙasa" ko "tafiya da mota", wanda ya kamata ya samar da ƙarin FoC fiye da zaɓin da aka saita "don tafiya da jan mota" ko "tafiya da mota shuɗi". An ba da wasu shawarwari don magance wannan matsala, ta hanyar sake fasalin dokoki, yawanci ciki har da ra'ayoyin abubuwan da ake so, ko ƙin doka ta uku. or rejecting the third axiom.
Alaƙa da farin ciki Wani bincike na 2006 da Simona Botti da Ann L. McGill ya yi ya nuna cewa, lokacin da aka gabatar da batutuwa tare da zaɓuɓɓuka masu bambanta kuma suna da 'yancin zaɓar tsakanin su, zaɓin su ya inganta gamsuwar su tare da tabbatacce da rashin gamsuwa tare da sakamako mara kyau, dangane da marasa zaɓi.
Wani bincike na 2010 da Hazel Rose Markus da Barry Schwartz suka yi ya tattara jerin gwaje-gwaje game da 'yancin zaɓe kuma sun yi jayayya cewa "zaɓi da yawa na iya haifar da rashin tabbas, damuwa, da son kai". Schwartz ya bayar da hujjar cewa mutane akai-akai suna yin nadama saboda tsadar damar da ba su yanke shawara mafi kyau ba kuma, a wasu yanayi, gamsuwar mutane gabaɗaya a wasu lokuta yakan fi girma idan wani mutum ya yanke shawara mai wahala maimakon ta kansu, ko da lokacin zaɓin ɗayan. ya fi muni. Schwartz ya rubuta littafi kuma ya ba da jawabai yana sukar yawan zaɓi a cikin al'ummar zamani, kodayake ya yarda cewa "wani zaɓi ya fi kowa".
Duba kuma Ƴancin zaɓi, littafi da kuma shirin talabijin na Milton Friedman and Rose Friedman
Manazarta Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba |
40898 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Niels%20Bohr | Niels Bohr | Niels Henrik David Bohr Danish: ls 7 Oktoba 1885 18 Nuwamba 1962) masanin kimiyyar Danish ne wanda ya ba da gudummawar Foundational to understanding atomic structure da ka'idar adadi, wanda ya sami lambar yabo ta Nobel a Physics a 1922. Bohr ya kasance masanin falsafa kuma mai tallata binciken kimiyya.
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Bohr ya haɓaka Bohr model of the atom wanda a cikinsa ya ba da shawarar cewa matakan makamashi na electrons suna da amfani kuma cewa electrons suna jujjuya su cikin kwanciyar hankali a kusa da atomic nucleus amma suna iya tsalle daga matakin makamashi (ko orbit) zuwa wani. Kodayake samfurin Bohr an maye gurbinsu da wasu ƙira, ƙa'idodin sa na ci gaba da aiki. Ya yi la'akari da ƙa'idar complimentarity: cewa abubuwa za a iya yin nazari daban-daban cikin sharuddan kaddarorin da suka saba wa juna, kamar hali kamar wave or a stream of particles. Ra'ayin complementarity ya mamaye tunanin Bohr a duka kimiyya da falsafa.
Bohr ya kafa Cibiyar Nazarin Ilimin Kimiyya a Jami'ar Copenhagen, wanda yanzu ake kira Cibiyar Niels Bohr, wanda aka bude a 1920. Bohr ya ba da jagoranci kuma ya yi aiki tare da masana kimiyya ciki har da Hans Kramers, Oskar Klein, George de Hevesy, da Werner Heisenberg. Ya annabta wanzuwar wani sabon nau'i mai kama da zirconium, wanda ake kira hafnium, bayan sunan Latin na Copenhagen, inda aka gano shi. Daga baya, an sanya masa suna bohrium element.
A cikin shekarar 1930s, Bohr ya taimaka wa 'yan gudun hijira daga Nazism. Bayan da Jamusawa suka mamaye Denmark, ya yi sanannen ganawa da Heisenberg, wanda ya zama shugaban shirin kera makaman nukiliya na Jamus. A cikin watan Satumba 1943 labari ya isa ga Bohr cewa Jamusawa za su kama shi, don haka ya gudu zuwa Sweden. Daga nan ne aka kai shi Biritaniya, inda ya shiga aikin makamin nukiliya na Tube Alloys na Burtaniya, kuma yana cikin aikin Burtaniya na aikin Manhattan. Bayan yakin, Bohr ya bukaci hadin kan kasa da kasa kan makamashin nukiliya. Ya kasance tare da kafa CERN da Cibiyar Bincike ta Risø na Hukumar Makamashin Atomic ta Danish kuma ya zama shugaban farko na Cibiyar Nordic Theoretical Physics a 1957.
Shekarun farko An haifi Niels Henrik David Bohr a Copenhagen, Denmark, a ranar 7 ga watan Oktoba 1885, na biyu na 'ya'ya uku na Christian Bohr, farfesa a fannin ilimin lissafi a Jami'ar Copenhagen, da matarsa Ellen née Adler, wacce ta zo. daga dangin banki na Yahudawa masu arziki. Yana da 'yar'uwa babba, Jenny, da ƙani Harald. Jenny ya zama malami, yayin da Harald ya zama masanin lissafi kuma ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa wanda ya taka leda a ƙungiyar ƙwallon ƙafa ta Danish a gasar Olympics ta bazara ta 1908 a London. Niels ya kasance dan wasan kwallon kafa mai kishi, kuma 'yan'uwan biyu sun buga wasanni da yawa don Akademisk Boldklub na Copenhagen (Kungiyar Kwallon Kafa ta Ilimi), tare da Niels a matsayin mai tsaron gida. Bohr ya yi karatu a Makarantar Latin ta Gammelholm, tun yana ɗan shekara bakwai. A cikin shekarar 1903, Bohr ya yi rajista a matsayin dalibi a Jami'ar Copenhagen. Babban karatunsa shi ne ilimin kimiyyar lissafi, wanda ya karanta a karkashin Farfesa Christian Christiansen, malami tilo a fannin ilimin lissafi na jami'a a lokacin. Ya kuma karanci ilmin taurari da lissafi a karkashin Farfesa Thorvald Thiele, da falsafa a karkashin Farfesa Harald Høffding, abokin mahaifinsa. A cikin shekarar 1905 Cibiyar Kimiyya da Wasika ta Royal Danish Academy ta dauki nauyin gasar lambar zinare don bincika hanyar auna yanayin tashin hankali na ruwa wanda Lord Rayleigh ya gabatar a 1879. Wannan ya haɗa da auna mitar motsin radius na jet na ruwa. Bohr ya gudanar da gwaje-gwaje masu yawa ta amfani da dakin gwaje-gwajen mahaifinsa a jami'a; ita kanta jami'ar ba ta da dakin gwaje-gwaje na kimiyyar lissafi. Don kammala gwaje-gwajen nasa, dole ne ya yi nasa gilashin gilashi, yana samar da bututun gwaji tare da sassan giciye da ake buƙata. Ya wuce aikin na asali, ya haɗa gyare-gyare a cikin ka'idar Rayleigh da hanyarsa, ta hanyar yin la'akari da dankowar ruwa, da kuma aiki tare da ƙananan amplitudes maimakon kawai marasa iyaka. Rubutun nasa, wanda ya gabatar a minti na karshe, ya lashe kyautar. Daga baya ya gabatar da ingantaccen sigar takarda ga Royal Society a London don bugawa a cikin Ma'amalar Falsafa na Royal Society. Harald ya zama na farko daga cikin 'yan'uwan Bohr guda biyu don samun digiri na biyu, wanda ya samu a ilimin lissafi a cikin watan Afrilu 1909. Niels ya ɗauki wasu watanni tara don samun nasa akan ka'idar lantarki ta ƙarfe, batun da mai kula da shi, Christiansen ya ba shi. Daga baya Bohr ya fayyace karatun digirinsa a cikin babban littafinsa na Likitan Falsafa (Dr. Phil.). Ya bincika wallafe-wallafen kan batun, yana daidaitawa a kan samfurin da Paul Drude ya buga kuma Hendrik Lorentz ya ba da cikakken bayani, wanda aka yi la'akari da electrons a cikin karfe kamar gas. Bohr ya tsawaita samfurin Lorentz, amma har yanzu ya kasa yin la'akari da abubuwan mamaki kamar tasirin Hall, kuma ya kammala cewa ka'idar lantarki ba ta iya yin cikakken bayanin kaddarorin maganadisu na karafa. An karɓi karatun a cikin watan Afrilu 1911, kuma Bohr ya gudanar da kariyar sa na yau da kullun a ranar 13 ga watan Mayu. Harald ya sami digirin digirgir a shekarar da ta gabata. Rubutun Bohr ya kasance mai ban sha'awa, amma ya jawo hankali kaɗan a wajen Scandinavia saboda an rubuta shi cikin Danish, buƙatun Jami'ar Copenhagen a lokacin. A cikin shekarar 1921, masanin kimiyyar lissafi dan kasar Holland Hendrika Johanna van Leeuwen zai sami kansa da kansa a cikin ka'idar Bohr wanda aka fi sani da Bohr-Van Leeuwen theorem. A cikin shekarar 1910, Bohr ya hadu da Margrethe Nørlund, 'yar'uwar masanin lissafi Niels Erik Nørlund. Bohr ya yi murabus daga zama membansa a Cocin Denmark a ranar 16 ga watan Afrilu 1912, kuma shi da Margrethe sun yi aure a wani bikin farar hula a zauren gari a Slagelse a ranar 1 ga watan Agusta. Shekaru da yawa bayan haka, ɗan’uwansa Harald ma ya bar cocin kafin ya yi aure. Bohr da Margrethe suna da 'ya'ya maza shida. Mafi tsufa, Kirista, ya mutu a wani hatsarin kwale-kwale a 1934, da wani, Harald, yana da naƙasasshiyar tunani sosai. An sanya shi a wata cibiyar da ke nesa da gidan danginsa yana ɗan shekara huɗu kuma ya mutu daga cutar sankarau bayan shekaru shida. Aage Bohr ya zama masanin kimiyyar lissafi mai nasara, kuma a cikin shekarar 1975 an ba shi kyautar Nobel a fannin kimiyyar lissafi, kamar mahaifinsa. Dan Aage, Vilhem A. Bohr, masanin kimiyya ne da ke da alaƙa da Jami'ar Copenhagen da Cibiyar Kasa kan tsufa na Amurka. ya zama likita; injiniyan sinadarai; da Ernest, lauya. Kamar kawunsa Harald, Ernest Bohr ya zama dan wasan Olympics, yana buga wasan hockey na Denmark a gasar Olympics ta bazara ta 1948 a London.
Manazarta Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba |
50263 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sufuri%20a%20Burkina%20Faso | Sufuri a Burkina Faso | Sufuri a Burkina Faso ya kunshi hanyoyin sufurin jiragen sama da na jirgin kasa. Bankin Duniya ya ware zirga-zirgar kasar a matsayin wanda ba shi da ci gaba amma ya lura cewa Burkina Faso wata cibiya ce ta zirga-zirgar yanayin kasa a yammacin Afirka.
Manyan hanyoyi A cikin 2002, an sami jimlar na babbar hanya a Burkina Faso, wanda aka shirya. A shekara ta 2000, gwamnatin Burkina Faso ta ware kilomita 15,000 na hanya a matsayin wani bangare na hanyoyin sadarwa na kasa da ake gudanarwa a karkashin ma'aikatar sufuri da gidaje (MITH) ta hanyar Directorate of Roads (DGR). Wannan hanyar sadarwa ta haɗa da manyan hanyoyin tsakanin birni da hanyoyin shiga don manyan biranen kayan aiki. kawai daga cikin manyan titunan cibiyar sadarwa har ma da wani bangare na shimfida, kuma titin da aka shimfida suna fama da ramuka masu hadari, da alamun bata, bacewar shinge da shingen gadi a kusa da hadurran da ke gefen titi, kuma babu alamar wata alamar da ke raba zirga-zirgar ababen hawa da ke tafiya a wasu wurare.
Ya zuwa watan Mayun shekarar 2011 Bankin Duniya ya kididdige ababen more rayuwa na hanyoyin kasar da cewa suna cikin yanayi mai kyau kuma ya lura cewa kasar ta kasance cibiyar yankin da lallausan hanyoyin da suka hada kasar da Mali, Ivory Coast, Ghana, Togo, da Nijar. Duk da haka, "motocin manyan motoci da jajayen tef suna ba da gudummawa ga tsadar sufuri da raguwar gasa ta duniya." Kashi 58% na kamfanoni a Burkina Faso sun gano tituna a matsayin manyan matsalolin kasuwanci, kulawa da buƙatun gyaran manyan hanyoyin sadarwa an ce ba su da kuɗi.
Sufurin jiragen sama Akwai filayen jiragen sama na kasa da kasa a Ouagadougou da Bobo-Dioulasso da kuma kananan filayen jiragen sama masu yawa. A cikin 2004, yawan filayen jiragen sama ya kai 23, 2 kawai daga cikinsu sun yi shimfidar titin jirgin sama tun daga 2005. Air Burkina, wanda ya fara a 1967, gwamnati ce ke tafiyar da shi kuma yana da abin dogaro kan sabis na cikin gida amma kuma yana tashi zuwa kasashe makwabta.
Filin jirgin saman Ouagadougou yana ɗaukar kusan kashi 98% na duk zirga-zirgar jiragen sama na kasuwanci da aka tsara a Burkina Faso. Air Burkina da Air France suna ɗaukar kusan kashi 60% na duk zirga-zirgar fasinja da aka tsara. Tsakanin 2005 da 2011, zirga-zirgar fasinja ta jirgin sama a filin jirgin saman Ouagadougou ya karu a matsakaicin adadin shekara-shekara na kashi 7.0 a kowace shekara wanda ya kai kimanin fasinjoji 404,726 a 2011 kuma an kiyasta ya kai 850,000 nan da 2025. A shekarar 2007 filin jirgin saman Ouagadougou ya kasance filin jirgin sama na goma sha biyar mafi yawan zirga-zirga a yammacin Afirka a yawan fasinjoji, kusa da Fatakwal (Nigeria) da kuma bayan Banjul (Gambia). Jimlar jigilar jiragen sama a filin jirgin Ouagadougou ya karu da kashi 71% daga ton 4,350 a shekarar 2005 zuwa kusan tan 7,448 a shekarar 2009. Gwamnati na shirin rufe filin jirgin sama na Ouagadougou bayan gina sabon filin jirgin saman Ouagadougou-Donsin, kusan 35 km arewa maso gabashin Ouagadougou. Ana sa ran kammala aikin sabon filin jirgin ne a shekara ta 2018 kuma gwamnati ta karbi rancen dala miliyan 85 daga bankin duniya don taimakawa wajen gina ginin. Gwamnatin Burkino Faso ta yi imanin cewa aikin zai lakume dala miliyan 618.
Layin dogo Akwai titin jirgin kasa mai nisan kilomita 622 a Burkina Faso, daga cikinsu 517 km gudu daga Ouagadougou zuwa Abidjan, Ivory Coast; kuma 105 km daga Ouagadougou zuwa Kaya. Tun daga watan Yuni 2014 Sitarail yana tafiyar da jirgin fasinja sau uku a mako a kan hanyar Ouagadougou zuwa Abidjan ta Banfora, Bobo-Dioulasso da Koudougou. Dukkan hanyoyin jiragen kasa a kasar sun kai 1,000 mm (3 ft 3 3 8 in) ma'aunin mita. Ivory Coast ce kadai ke da alaka da Burkina Faso ta jirgin kasa.
Rashin zaman lafiya a Ivory Coast a shekara ta 2003 ya tilasta yin jigilar jigilar kaya daga hanyar Abidjan zuwa tashar jiragen ruwa a Togo, Benin, da Ghana ta hanyar hanyar sadarwa. An tattauna batun hanyar layin dogo tsakanin Ouagadougou da Pô na Burkina Faso da Kumasi da Boankra a Ghana, tare da jami'an Ghana, kuma ana gudanar da nazarin yiwuwar yin la'akari da wannan yuwuwar, wanda zai samar da hanyar dogo zuwa tashar jiragen ruwa ta Bonakra. Burkina Faso da Ghana na amfani da ma'aunin jirgin kasa daban-daban kuma ana iya shawo kan wannan tsagewar ko babba ko kadan ta hanyoyi da dama. A shekara ta 2006, wata shawara ta Indiya ta bayyana don haɗa layin dogo a Benin da Togo da Nijar da Burkina Faso marasa iyaka. Bugu da kari, wata shawara ta Czech ta kuma bullo don danganta layin dogo na Ghana da Burkina Faso. Ma'ajiyar manganese da ke kusa da Dori hanya ce ta zirga-zirga. Burkina Faso kuma za ta kasance mai shiga cikin aikin AfricaRail A watan Mayu, 2011 Bankin Duniya ya ba da rahoton cewa Sitarail ya murmure sosai daga rikicin siyasa a Ivory Coast amma yana fama da matsalar kudi, yana buƙatar sake daidaita tsarin kuɗinsa da kuma nemo madadin kuɗi don dawo da koma baya.
Tashoshi Garuruwan Burkina Faso na aikin layin dogo na kasar:
Banfora
Bobo-Dioulasso
Koudougou
Ouagadougou babban birnin kasar
Kaya terminus
Duba kuma Haɗin Rail Yanki na Yammacin Afirka
Manazarta Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba |
21450 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sarkakiyar%20Hadiza%20Bawa-Garba | Sarkakiyar Hadiza Bawa-Garba | Jack Adcock, ɗan shekaru 6, an kwantar da shi a asibitin Royal Royal Infirmary (LRI) a ranar 18 Fabrairu 2011. Ya mutu daga baya ranar, a wani ɓangare saboda gazawar da aka yi masa. Dr Hadiza Bawa-Garba, karamar likitar da ta kula da shi (karkashin kulawar mai ba da shawara kan aikin Dakta Stephen O 'Riordan) da kuma wata ma'aikaciyar jinya, Isabel Amaro, daga baya an same su da laifin kisan kai bisa ga sakaci. Dukansu daga baya an soke sunayensu na kwararru, duk da cewa Bawa-Garba ya yanke hukuncin bayan daukaka kara. Akwai muhawara mai gudana game da hukunce-hukuncen da aka yiwa Bawa-Garba, wani bangare game da laifin na Bawa-Garba tare da mahallin gazawar tsarin, da kuma wani bangare game da yiwuwar yin amfani da bayanan nata masu yin tunani game da aikinta a matsayin shaida. Asali A shekara ta 2010, Hukumar Kula da Kiwon Lafiya ta nuna kusan kashi ɗaya bisa huɗu na ƙananan likitocin da suka bar horonsu na NHS a Ingila bayan shekara biyu, kuma a cewar ionsungiyoyi, wannan ya faru ne saboda yawan aiki. Ma'aikatar Lafiya ta ƙaryata shi, BMA ta ba da haske kan batutuwan game da 'Umurnin Lokacin Aiki na Turai', tsarin canzawa da ƙarancin ma'aikata."BBC News Irregular shifts for junior doctors 'cause fatigue'". 25 May 2010. Retrieved 6 February 2018 A shekara ta 2016, wani rahoto da Kwalejin Kwararrun Likitocin ta fitar ya jaddada "gibin da ke tattare da juyawa, rashin samun ingantattun kayan aiki da kuma karin aiki" ga likitoci a cikin horo. Duk da jin cewa marasa lafiyar su suna daraja su, 80% na waɗannan likitocin sun ba da rahoton damuwa mai yawa, ko dai 'wani lokacin' ko 'sau da yawa'. Rahoton ya gabatar da "mummunan hoto game da yanayin kananan likitoci a halin yanzu da kuma tasirin da hakan ke da shi kan marasa lafiyar da suke kula da su a kowace rana" kuma wannan ya kasance a "matakin cutarwa da rashin dorewa". Matsalar gibba da manyan matakan danniya da sakamakonta ga ɗabi'un ma'aikata shima daga baya an nanata shi a taron wakilin BMA na shekara ta 2017. Lokaci Mutuwar Jack Adcock A 18 ga watan Fabrairu 2011, Jack Adcock, wani 6-yaro ne dan shekaru, da aka kira a Leicester Royal infirmary da ya GP kuma aka shigar da wani Yara Ƙimar Unit (gardiâ) a 10.20am. Yana da ciwon rashin lafiya na Down's syndrome kuma yana da nakasar ɓarna da aka gyara a cikin watanni 4.5 da haihuwa. Ya kasance akan angiotensin mai canza maganin enzyme, enalapril Ya gabatar da gudawa, amai da wahalar numfashi. Dr Hadiza Bawa-Garba tayi mai aiki, wata kwararriyar mai rejista (SpR) a shekara ta shida na karatun ta na digiri na biyu ST6''' wanda kwanan nan ya dawo daga hutun haihuwa, ita ce ke da alhakin kula da Jack. Babu wani babban mai ba da shawara, wanda ya bar ta da ɗawainiyar ɗaukacin CAU. Rota rata ya nuna cewa Bawa-Garba dole ne ya rufe aikin wasu likitoci biyu kuma mai ba da shawara kan kira ba ya aiki a Warwick har zuwa karfe 4:30 na yamma a wannan ranar, unda bai ankara ba an kira shi. Ba a kammala musayar safiya tsakanin ƙungiyoyi masu shigowa da masu fita ba saboda kiran kamawar zuciya.
Ba da daɗewa ba bayan shigarta, ma'aikatan jinya a CAU suka sanar da Bawa-Garba halin da Jack ke ciki. Bayan binciken asibiti, sai ta same shi da rashin ruwa. sakacin mai kulawa da iskar gas ta bayyana cikakken Metabolic acidosis tare da lactate na 11.4 mmol L da magani pH na 7.084. Ta gano cutar hypovolaemia daga cututtukan ciki, kuma ta sanya maye gurbin ruwa An aika gwaje-gwajen jini don nazarin dakin gwaje-gwaje kuma an nemi x-ray a kirji.
Bawa-Garba yayi kurakurai da dama. Ba ta nemi mai ba ta shawara kan harkan lafia ba don ta yi nazarin Jack a yayin taron mika mulki da rana da karfe 4:30 na yamma amma ta raba sakamakon binciken dakin gwaje-gwaje mara kyau tare da shi wanda ya rubuta daidai a littafinsa. Koyaya, mai ba da shawarar bai sake duba mara lafiyar ba kamar yadda ya yi tsammanin Bawa-Garba ya “matsa” waɗannan sakamakon a gare shi. Wannan shi ne karo na farko da suke aiki a kan wannan canji. Kodayake ta bar daidai enalapril din magungunan marasa lafiyar a kan jadawalin maganin, amma ba ta bayyana wa uwar yaron cewa ba za ta ba. Daga baya mahaifiyar Jack ta ba shi yaron a wannan ranar da karfe 7 na yamma wanda ya haifar da girgizawar jijiyoyin yaron da mutuwarsa. Wannan al'ada ce da aiki a asibiti don bawa iyaye damar gudanar da magunguna a cikin asibiti kafin a ba su.
rashin nasarar IT a asibiti na daban ya jinkirta sakamakon gwajin ana samunsa har zuwa karfe 4:30 na yamma, duk da ana aiko da jinin jini da karfe 11 na safe. Bayan sun kira dakin gwaje-gwaje, ƙungiyar ta karɓi sakamakon jini wanda ke nuna CRP 97, Urea 17.1, Creatinine 252. Anyi aikin ɗaukar hoton kirji bayan awa ɗaya daga baya zuwa 12 na rana, amma masanin radiyo bai ba da rahoton ba. Bawa-Garba ya sake nazarin rediyon da karfe 3 na yamma, ya gano cutar huhu ta sama ta hagu, kuma ya rubuta cefuroxime a cikin mahaifa. Sake maimaita iskar gas ya nuna cigaba a cikin pH zuwa 7.24. Ta sake nazarin Jack a cikin CAU, kuma ta ga cewa ya inganta, kuma yana zaune yana sha. Ma'aikatan jinyar sun fara amfani da maganin rigakafin ne da ƙarfe 4 na yamma. Amintaccen asibitin ya yarda da gazawar tsarin da ke ba da gudummawa ga al'amuran. A safiyar wannan ranar, Bawa-Garba ya shigar da wani yaro mai cutar ajali tare da umarnin kar a sake farfado da shi (DNAR) zuwa ɗakin gefen sashin. Wannan yaron wani mai ba shi shawara ya gan shi da rana kuma ya sallame shi da rana. Da karfe bakwai na yamma, Bawa-Garba bai sani ba, an dauke Jack daga CAU zuwa wani daki a sashen. Da misalin karfe 8 na dare Jack ya fara lalacewa, sa'ilin da likitocin likitancin da ake kira da ake kira masu sa kuzari da yara suka kasance cikin sauri-barci. Duk da kulawa ta gaggawa, ya kamu da ciwon zuciya, an fara CPR, kuma an gudanar da intubation na endotracheal. Bawa-Garba ta halarci kiran kamuwa da zuciya zuwa ɗakin gefe inda tayi imanin cewa shine yaron da ya kamu da cutar ajali wanda ta karɓe shi tun farko tare da umarnin DNAR. Ta nemi ƙungiyar da ta dakatar da sake farfadowa, amma ta fahimci cewa ba shi da haƙuri a cikin minti 2, saboda haka ya sake dawo da CPR.
Jack Adcock ya mutu sanadiyyar bugun zuciya sakamakon cutar sepsis karfe 9.20 na dare.
Kararrakin Isabel Amaro A ranar 2 ga Nuwamba, 2015, an yanke wa Amaro hukuncin daurin shekaru 3 a kurkuku, bayan an same ta da laifin kisan kai ta hanyar babban sakaci. An soki yadda take lura da yanayin Jack Adcock da kuma rikodin sa. Daga baya aka buge ta daga nas din.
Hadiza Bawa-Garba kararraki A ranar 4 ga watan Nuwamba 2015, an sami Bawa-Garba da laifin kisan kai ta hanyar babban sakaci a Kotun Kotun ta Nottingham a gaban alkalin da Mai Shari'a Andrew Nicol ya jagoranta. A watan da ya biyo baya, an yanke mata hukuncin daurin shekaru 2 a gidan yari. Ta daukaka kara kan hukuncin zwa kotun qoli, amma an ki karban rokon a watan Disambar 2016. Hukumar Kotun Kwararrun Likitocin ta dakatar da Bawa-Garba na tsawon watanni 12 a ranar 13 ga Yunin 2017. kungiyar general Medical Council yayi nasarar daukaka kara kuma aka buga Bawa-Garba a ranar 25 ga Janairun 2018. A ranar 13 ga watan Agustan 2018, Bawa-Garba ta yi nasara a karar da aka daukaka kan kada a kore ta, ta maido da dakatarwar shekara daya. Yawancin kwararrun likitocin sun nuna damuwa kan cewa ana hukunta Bawa-Garba ba akan hujja ba kuma ba daidai bane saboda gazawa a tsarin, musamman karancin ma'aikata a ranar.
E-fayil A Jerin manyan badakalar likitanci da suka hada da badakalar zuciya ta Bristol da kuma binciken Shipman sun yi tasiri a shawarwarin neman ragin hukunci wato sake neman likitoci. An dakatar da aikin a cikin 2005, lokacin da Dame Janet Smith ta soki tsare-tsaren a matsayin wadanda ba su dace ba don gano likitoci masu haɗari. An ƙaddamar da sake tabbatarwa a ƙarshen 2012. Duk likitocin Burtaniya da ke son riƙe lasisinsu na yin aiki an sanar da su cewa ana buƙatar sake ba da izinin kowace shekara biyar, bisa ga haɗakarwa da nuna ilimin zamani ta hanyar cika CPD (ci gaba da ƙwarewar ci gaba) bukatun abubuwan. Kolejoji da bayar da ra'ayoyi da yawa daga marasa lafiya da abokan aiki. An tsara wannan don nuna cewa sun dace da zamani kuma sun dace da aiki. Revalidation, a cewar BMA majalisar GMC mai aiki jam'iyyar shugaban Brian Keighley 2012, an yi nufin "don karfafa inganci a cikin kiwon lafiya ga marasa lafiya ta hanyar kai-kai, kimantawa, ci gaba da ilimin likitanci da kuma nuna aiki." Ya kuma bayyana cewa, "A cikin shekaru 10 da suka gabata an samu rudani da tashin hankali tsakanin wadanda suka yi amannar cewa kayan bincike ne ga wadanda ba su da kwarewa, maimakon tsari, tsarin ilimantar da mutum." Tun daga shekra ta 2012, an nuna damuwa da yawa ciki har da a cikin 2016, cewa ga ƙaramin likitoci "Ana buƙatar yawancin likitoci da su 'yi tunani' game da Mugayen Haɗarin da ba a Warware su ba (SUIs) da Bayanin Muhimmanci (SE) a matsayin wani ɓangare na horo na musamman. Don haka wannan na iya haifar da gagarumin nauyi na gudanarwa da kuma haifar da ninkin matsaloli biyu. Kamar yadda ta saba dokan likitanci, Bawa-Garba ta ci gaba da koyar da kayan karantarwa a cikin jakar kayan kwalliya a matsayin wani bangare na karatunta, ciki har da batun kula da Jack Adcock. Anyi amfani da wannan kayan akan ta, kodayake wane irin rikici aka samu. Kungiyar ta masu kare ta sun bayyana cewa ba a yi amfani da kundin jakar ta na intanet a shari'ar ta 2018 ba. Ba a yi amfani da fayil ɗin e-bayyane ba a cikin shari'ar 2015, amma ƙwararrun shaidu sun gani. Wannan ya haifar da damuwar tsakanin likitocin cewa za su damu da kasancewa masu gaskiya a cikin karatun su.
Amsawa Akwai yarjejeniya mai yawa cewa anyi kurakurai masu tsanani a cikin maganin Adcock. Koyaya, an yi mahawara ta jama'a game da asali, mahallin da matsin lambar da likitoci ke aiki, da abin da ke faruwa idan aka yi kuskure. Tattaunawar tana kan batutuwan wane tsari ne da tsari ake aiwatarwa wadanda basa iya yin kuskure, kuma suna inganta damar gano su idan sun faru. Dangane da Dr Bawa-Garba, NHS Trust da ake magana a kanta ta fahimci akwai gazawar tsarin da matsin lamba wadanda suka taimaka ga mutuwar mara lafiya. Dr Bawa-Garba yana da kyakkyawan tarihi har zuwa lokacin. Dokta Jeeves Wijesuriya, shugaban ƙaramin kwamiti na likitocin na Medicalungiyar Likitocin Biritaniya (BMA), ya yi jayayya cewa waɗannan ƙarancin tsarin ba a kula da su yadda ya kamata ba a gwajin farko. A ƙarshen watan Janairu 2018, shugaban majalisar BMA, Chaand Nagpaul, ya nuna damuwa kan tsoran likitoci da ƙalubalen yin aiki cikin matsi a cikin NHS. Ya bayyana cewa ba tare da tsabta daga Babban Kwamitin Kula da Lafiya (GMC) da sauransu ba, batutuwan da ke kewaye da yin rikodin karatun na ilmantarwa zai haifar da aikin karewa da gazawar koya daga kwarewa. BMA, a cikin amsa, sabili da haka, zai ɗauki matakai don yin hulɗa tare da GMC dangane da al'adun tsoro, zargi da gazawar tsarin. Har ila yau an haɗa da jagoran likitoci kan kimantawa da yin rikodin rikodi, da ƙaddamar da tsarin ba da rahoton kan layi. Kungiyar Likitocin ta Burtaniya, wani kamfen da ƙungiyar neman taimako ga Doctors da NHS sun yi gangamin wayar da kan jama'a game da gazawar tsari a lamarin. GMC ta fitar da Tambayoyi game da batun, suna rufe batutuwa kamar abin da likitoci ya kamata su yi idan suna da damuwa game da matakan ma'aikata da aikin nunawa. Gwamnatin Burtaniya ta gabatar da wasu sauye-sauye don mayar da martani game da lamarin, tare da wani rahoto da aka fitar a Yunin 2018.
Hanyoyin haɗin waje Rahoton bincike game da lamarin da Asibiti
Bawa-Garba v R Jin Karar Kotun Kisan Kisan Kisa
GMC v Bawa-Garba GMC tana bin sharewa daga Rajistar Kula da Lafiya
Bawa-Garba v GMC Kira game da Kashewa daga Rajistar Likita
Kwamitin Gudanar da Da'a da Kwarewa na Majalisar Nursing da Midwifery Council da Kwarewa kan Isabel Amaro Shafi game da shari'ar Bawa-Garba a likitan likitancin Burtaniya tare da cikakkun hanyoyin sadarwa da bayanai Manhajan shari'ar likitanci
Sarkakiyar harkan likitanci a Burtaniya
Manazarta Pages with unreviewed |
57466 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Honda%20Clarity | Honda Clarity | [[File:2019 Honda Clarity Fuel Cell (SIAM 2019).jpg|2019_Honda_Clarity_Fuel_Cell_(SIAM_2019)|right|300px[]
Honda Clarity wani farantin suna ne da Honda ke amfani da shi akan madadin motocin mai An fara amfani da shi ne kawai a kan motocin lantarki na man fetur na hydrogen kamar 2008 Honda FCX Clarity, amma a cikin 2017 an fadada sunan sunan don haɗawa da baturi-lantarki Honda Clarity Electric da plug-in matasan lantarki Honda Clarity Plug-in Hybrid, ban da na gaba tsara Honda Clarity Fuel Cell Samar da tsabta ya ƙare a watan Agusta 2021 tare da hayar Amurka don bambance-bambancen tantanin mai ya ci gaba har zuwa 2022.
Honda FCX Clarity (2008-2014)
Tarihi The Honda FCX Clarity dogara ne a kan 2006 Honda FCX Concept kuma samuwa kawai a matsayin hydrogen man fetur abin hawa lantarki Clarity na FCX yana da halayen motar lantarki kamar hayakin sifiri yayin da yake ba da lokutan mai na minti biyar da dogon zango a cikin babban aikin sedan. Ita ce farkon abin hawa hydrogen man fetur samuwa ga abokan ciniki. An fara samarwa a watan Yuni 2008 tare da yin haya a Amurka wanda aka fara a watan Yuli 2008. An gabatar da shi a Japan a watan Nuwamba 2008. FCX Clarity yana samuwa don haya a cikin Amurka, Japan da Turai A Amurka, yana samuwa ne kawai ga abokan cinikin da ke zaune a Kudancin California inda akwai tashoshin mai da hydrogen da yawa. An yi hayar FCX Clarity akan a wata a cikin 2010, gami da ɗaukar haɗari, kulawa, taimakon gefen hanya da man hydrogen. Akwai kusan wasu 10 akan haya a Japan da kuma wasu 10 a Turai a cikin 2009. Ɗaya daga cikin dalilan da ke haifar da ƙarancin adadin motoci a cikin Amurka shine rashin tashoshi na hydrogen. A cikin 2014 Honda ya sanar da fitar da FCX Clarity. Daga 2008 zuwa 2015, Honda ya yi hayar jimlar raka'a 48 FCX a Amurka.
Ƙayyadaddun bayanai Wutar lantarki ta FCX Clarity ta fito ne daga 100kW Honda Vertical Flow (V Flow) tarin kwayar man fetur ta hydrogen inda ake samar da wutar lantarki akan buƙata. Dangane da yawancin motocin lantarki, motar tana da birki mai sabuntawa kuma tana amfani da baturi daban don adana makamashin da aka samu yayin birki.
Motar lantarki ta dogara ne akan motar da aka yi amfani da ita a cikin EV Plus, wanda aka ƙididdige shi a da 189 lb⋅ft (256 N⋅m) karfin juyi a 0 3056rpm. Kewayo akan cikakken tankin hydrogen (4.1kg 5000psi) an tabbatar da EPA a An kiyasta motar zata yi kusan kowace kilogiram na hydrogen a cikin birni, kowace babbar hanya ta kilogram da kowace kilogiram a hade tuki.
Zane Bayanin FCX yana da kusan ya gajarta fiye da yarjejeniyar Honda ta 2008. Nunin da ke cikin dashboard ɗin ya haɗa da ɗigon da ke canza launi da girma yayin da amfani da hydrogen ke girma, don sauƙaƙe wa direban don lura da ingancin tuƙi. Nuni daban yana nuna matakin ƙarfin baturi kuma wani yana nuna fitowar mota. Ana sanya ma'aunin saurin gudu sama da nunin jirgin don sauƙaƙa wa direba ya sa ido akan hanya. A ciki, kayan ado a kan kujeru da rufin ƙofa ana yin su da Bio-Fabric na shuka na Honda.
Production An samar da FCX Clarity a Japan a wani keɓaɓɓen layin haɗin man fetur-cell-motoci a cikin Cibiyar Sabbin Mota ta Honda Automobile Takanezawa-machi, Shioya-gun, Tochigi Prefecture An samar da tarin man fetur da kansa a Honda Engineering Co., Ltd. Haga-machi, Haga-gun, Tochigi Prefecture).
An ba da rahoton cewa Honda na shirin bayar da motar jigilar mai ta hydrogen a farashi mai gasa tare da manyan motoci masu girman man fetur nan da shekarar 2020 duk da cewa wanda ya riga ya yi da hannu a shekarar 2005 zuwa Clarity ya kai kusan dala miliyan 1. A cikin Yuli 2014 Honda ya sanar da FCX Clarity za a daina kuma maye gurbinsu da wani sabon kuma mafi girma-girma hydrogen man-cell abin hawa da za a gabatar.
Kudin gudu An bayar da rahoton a shekara ta 2009 cewa hydrogen da aka yi daga iskar gas ya kai kimanin dala 5 zuwa dala 10 a kowace kilogiram a California, kuma bayan matsawa farashin da kudin sufuri, ana sayar da shi kan dala 12 zuwa dala 14 a kowace kilogiram. Ko da yake ya ninka daidai da adadin man fetur a lokacin bazara na shekara ta 2009, motocin da ke amfani da man fetur sun ninka ingancin irin wannan samfurin tare da injin mai. Matsakaicin FCX Clarity ya kai 60 mi (100 km) da kilogiram na hydrogen.
Siffofin Fasalolin FCX Clarity sun haɗa da rediyon motar AM-FM tare da na'urar CD, haɗin kai don iPod da iPhone, tashar USB, shigarwar taimako, tsarin kewayawa GPS mai kunna murya, rediyon tauraron dan adam XM, wuraren zama na zane, Bluetooth, da kayan aikin dijital.
liyafar Tun lokacin da aka bayyana motar a 2007 Los Angeles Auto Show, an ruwaito a watan Mayu 2008 akwai mutane 50,000 da ke tambaya game da motar ta hanyar yanar gizon |
48245 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gidan%20shakatawa%20na%20Kainji | Gidan shakatawa na Kainji | Gidan shakatawa na Kainji wani wurin shakatawa ne na kasa a Jihar Nijar da Jihar Kwara, Najeriya An kafa shi a shekara ta 1978, yana rufe yanki na kimanin 5,341 km2 (2,062 sq Gidan shakatawa ya haɗa da bangarori daban-daban guda uku: wani ɓangare na Tafkin Kainji wanda aka ƙuntata kamun kifi, Borgu Game Reserve zuwa yammacin tafkin, da Zugurma Game Reserve zuwa kudu maso gabas.
Saboda rashin tsaro a yankin, Hukumar Kula da Gidajen Kasa ta dakatar da ayyukan da bincike na ɗan lokaci a cikin Gidan shakatawa na Kainji a cikin 2021; an kuma dakatar da ayyukan a cikin Ginin Kasa na Chad Basin da Kamuku National Park.
Tarihi An kafa wurin shakatawa na Kainji a shekara ta 1978 kuma an raba shi zuwa sassa uku daban-daban, Zugurma Game Reserve, Borgu Game Reserve da Kainji Lake. Tun daga shekara ta 2005, an dauki yankin da aka kare a matsayin Sashin Kula da Zaki tare da Yankari National Park. Gidan shakatawa mallakar jihar ne kuma Hukumar Kula da Gidan shakata ta Tarayya (FNPS) ce ke gudanar da shi, tana karɓar tallafin gwamnati kai tsaye. Wannan yana nufin cewa ana iya aiwatar da ayyukan tilasta aiki a kan masu farauta a karkashin dokar wurin shakatawa ta kasa ba a kotunan gida ba.
Yanayin ƙasa Gidan ajiyar wasan Borgu galibi ya kunshi gandun daji na savanna kuma yana da yanki na 3,929 km2 (1,517 sq mi), yayin da Gidan ajiya na Zugurma ya fi kara, a 1,370 km2 sq mi). Babban bangarorin biyu na wurin shakatawa sun rabu da Tafkin Kainji, tafkin mai tsawon kilota 136 kilometres (85 mi) (85 mi). Yankin Zugurma ba shi da hanyoyin shiga kuma ana amfani da bangaren Borgu ne kawai don yawon bude ido.
Yankunan kudanci da yammacin Borgu Game Reserve suna shiga cikin Kogin Oli, wani yanki na Kogin Neja, yayin da sauran sassan ke shiga cikin tafkin kai tsaye ta hanyar kananan koguna huɗu. Gidan ajiyar Zugurma Game yana da ƙananan ruwa; ƙananan ruwa sun bushe a lokacin rani, amma akwai ramukan ruwa na dindindin da yawa a gefen Kogin Oli da sauran wurare a cikin wurin shakatawa. Yankin Borgu ya ƙunshi tuddai masu juyawa tare da wasu tuddai na quartzite da pans na ƙarfe, yayin da sashin Zugurma ya ƙunshi ƙasa mai laushi, tare da ƙasa da aka samo daga sandstone, wanda ya lalace sosai a wurare [ana buƙatar ambaton]. Matsakaicin ruwan sama na shekara-shekara yana da kimanin 1,100 mm (43 in), tare da lokacin rigar daga Mayu zuwa Nuwamba da kuma lokacin bushewa daga Disamba zuwa Afrilu.
Flora Yankin daji na yankin Borgu ya mamaye Burkea africana, Terminalia avicennioides da Detarium microcarpum. A ƙasa da tsaunuka na quartzite Isoberlinia tomentosa ya fi rinjaye, kuma a ƙasa da tuddai a kan ƙananan tuddai masu bushewa suna tsaye na Diospyros mespiliformis, tare da ƙauyen Polysphaeria orbuscula. Terminalia macroptera yana faruwa a kan tsaunuka masu laushi kuma Isoberlinia doka ana samunsa a ƙasa mafi girma a yankunan ƙarfe. A cikin sashin Zugurma murfin itace yana da kyau ga gandun daji-savanna mosaic na Guinea kodayake wannan yanki yana da yawa kuma ya lalace, kuma babban gandun daji yana ban da magudanan ruwa da ramukan ruwa. Bishiyoyi na yau da kullun a nan sun haɗa da Afzelia africana, Daniella oliveri, Pterocarpus erinaceus, Terminalia schimperiana, Parkia clappertoniana, Vitellaria paradoxa, Detarium microcarpum, Isoberlinia doka, Uapaca togoensis da Khaya senegalensis.
Dabbobi An rubuta nau'ikan dabbobi masu shayarwa 65, nau'ikan tsuntsaye 350, da nau'ikan halittu masu rarrafe 30 da amphibians a cikin wurin shakatawa. Wadannan sun hada da zaki, leopard, caracal, giwa da manatee na Afirka, nau'ikan antelope da yawa, hippopotamus, kare daji na Afirka, zuma, cheetah, Senegal bushbaby, nau'in birai da yawa, da kuma otter na Afirka. Dabbobi masu rarrafe sun haɗa da giwayen Nilu, giwa mai ƙanƙara mai ƙanshin Afirka ta Yamma, nau'ikan tururuwa huɗu, mai saka idanu kan Nilu, mai saka hannun jari na savannah, wasu lizards da macizai, da nau'ikan amphibian 12. Akwai nau'ikan kifi 82 a Tafkin Kainji. Dabbobi na bangaren Zugurma ba su da bambanci fiye da na bangaren Borgu saboda rashin ruwa, yawan kiwo da shanu, rashin ingancin ciyayi da kuma farauta mai yawa.
Bayani Jihar Neja
Wuraren shaƙatawa a Najeriya
Wuraren |
15222 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rasheedat%20Ajibade | Rasheedat Ajibade | Rasheedat Ajibade (an haife ta ne a ranar 8 ga watan Disamban, shekara ta alif 1999), ƙwararriyar ’yar ƙwallon ƙafa ce ta Nijeriya da ke buga wa ƙungiyar kwallon kafa ta Atletico Madrid wadda ke kasar ta andalus a cikin Toppserien da ƙungiyar ƙwallon ƙafa ta mata ta kasar Najeriya. Ajibade ta wakilci Najeriya a wasannin shekaru masu yawa, kafin ta fara buga wa babbar kungiyarta gasar cin Kofin WAFU na shekarar 2018, a Côte d'Ivoire. A shekarar 2017, shafin Goal.com ne ya st ta yi suna sosai, saboda saka ta a ciki a jerin 'yan kwallon mata masu hazaka na farko a cikin jerin manyan 'yan kwallo 10 da suka yi fice a Nahiyar Afirka.
Kariyan kwallo Ajibade ta wakilci Najeriya a matakin buga kwallon mata na kasa da shekera 17 kuma ta buga wa Najeriya wasa a matakin shekara 0 da kuma manyan ‘yan wasan kasar. Tana taka leda a kungiyar kwallon kafa ta FC Robo tun a kakar wasannin shekarar 2013, ta Nigeria Premier League. A cikin shekarar 2014, an lissafa ta a cikin ɗaya daga cikin mafi kyawun ƙwararrun matasa a gasar.A watan Satumbar 2018, ta lashe gasar mata ta 'yan wasan kwallon kafa ta mata a karo na biyu a jere.
Klub din A yayin wasannin Firimiya Matan Najeriya na shekarar 2015, sati na 2, Ajibade ta kasance cikin kungiyar mako, wanda Soccerladuma Afirka ta Kudu ta haɗa, duk da cewa kungiyarta ta sha kashi a hannun Confluence Queens yayin wasan zagayen.A kakar wasanni ta 2017 Nigeria Premier League, Ajibade ta zama kyaftin na kungiyar FC Robo Ajibade tana daya daga cikin wadanda suka ci kwallaye a gidan Robos da Ibom Mala'iku a lokacin kakar. A ranar 13 ga Yulin 2017, bayan shan kaye a hannun maziyarta Rivers Angels, SuperSport ta nakalto Ajibade don ta murkushe damar kungiyar ta na samun cancantar zuwa Super 4, saboda bambancin maki da karancin wasannin da suka rage. Ajibade ta lashe gasar farko ta gasar cinikin 'yanci ta kasa ta Najeriya, wadda gasa ce don bunkasa harkar wasan kwallon kafa A shekarar 2017, duk da cewa Robo ba ta cikin kungiyoyin da suka kammala, Ajibade ta zama gwarzuwar 'yar wasa ta bana bayan da ta ci kwallaye takwas don tserar da kungiyar ta daga faduwa. A watan Mayu 2018, an zaba ta a matsayin mafi kyawun 'yan wasa a gasar Firimiyar Mata ta Najeriya ta 2017, a Kyaututtukan Najeriyar A cikin Disamba 2018, Ajibade ta ba da rahoton sanya hannu kan yarjejeniyar shekaru biyu tare da ƙungiyar Norway, Avaldsnes IL, ƙungiyar da ke wasa a Toppserien.A ranar 1 ga Janairu, 2021, Atletico Madrid ta sanar da kulla yarjejeniya da Rasheedat Ajibade na tsawon shekaru biyu
Ayyukan duniya A wasannin share fage na Afirka, a kan hanyarsu ta zuwa gasar cin kofin duniya ta mata ta FIFA 'yan kasa da shekaru 17, Ajibade ya zura kwallaye biyu a wasan farko da Najeriya ta doke Namibia. A gasar da ta dace, Ajibade ce ta ci kwallon farko a wasan farko da Najeriya ta buga da China A wasan karshe na rukuni da Mexico, Ajibade ta ci kwallo wa Najeriya, ci biyu da nema don buga wasan kwata fainal da Spain. Ajibade ta kasance cikin Koci Bala Nikiyu mutum 21 da za su fafata a Gasar Cin Kofin Kwallon Kafa ta Mata ta Duniya ta FIFA U-17 na 2016, sanye da riga mai lamba 10. A gasar, Ajibade ita ce kyaftin din Najeriya, kuma ta yi magana da FIFA.com a kan kudurin kungiyar na yin abinda ya fi na kwata fainal da suka yi a shekarar 2014. Ajibade ita ma tana daga cikin 'yan wasan Najeriya a gasar cin kofin duniya ta Mata 'yan kasa da shekaru 20 na shekarar 2016, an ba ta suna-wanda ya fi dacewa a wasan rukuni na biyu da Canada A karawar farko domin tantance wakilin Afirka a FIFA FIFA U-20 World Cup na Mata, Ajibade ta zura kwallaye biyu a wasan farko da suka kara da Tanzania, wanda ya ba Najeriya damar cin kwallaye uku kafin karawa ta biyu a Dar e Sallam. A karawa ta biyu, wanda aka buga a watan Oktoba 2017, Ajibade ta ci kwallaye biyu a Najeriya ci 6 da nema a kan gida-gida. A ranar 27 ga Janairun 2018, Ajibade ta zura kwallaye biyu a raga a wasan da Najeriya ta doke Afirka ta Kudu da ci shida, nasarar ta tabbatar da cancantar Najeriya ta shiga Gasar Kofin Duniya ta Mata ta U-20 ta 2018 a Faransa. A watan Fabrairun 2018, Ajibade tare da Joy Jegede, Osarenoma Igbinovia da sauran 'yan wasa 18 ne babban koci, Thomas Dennerby ya zaba don su wakilci Najeriya a gasar WAFU ta farko a Côte d'Ivoire. A wasa na biyu na rukuni-rukuni na gasar yanki, Ajibade ta ci kwallaye uku wanda ya kai Najeriya wasan dab da na karshe yayinda ya rage wasa. Ajibade tana daya daga cikin 'yan kungiyar kwallon kafar mata ta Afirka ta 2018, inda ta lashe gasar tare da kungiyar.
Lamban girma
Kowanne mutum Gwarzon Bloggers na League 2017 Matan Mata ta Premier ta Premier na Zamanin
Lambobin yabo na Nijeriya 2017 Matan Firimiya Lig na gasar Premier ta bana
Firimiyan Mata na Najeriya na 2017 Wanda ya fi kowa zura kwallaye (wanda aka hada shi tare da Reuben Charity Kwallon Najeriya NFF 2018 Sun Player ta shekara
Kofin mata na WAFU 2018 na biyu mafi yawan kwallaye a raga (wanda aka hada shi da Ines Nrehy da Janet Egyir Kungiyar kwallan kafa 2014 FIFA U-17 Kofin Duniya na Mata Kwata kusa da na karshe
Kofin mata na WAFU 2018 na uku
Manazarta
Diddigin bayanai na waje Rasheedat Ajibade at Soccerway
Mata
Mata yan Najeriya
Yan kwallan kafa
Ƴan Najeriya
Haihuwan 1999
Mata yan kwallon kafa
Rayayyun |
25520 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/SE | SE | Se, se, ko SE na iya nufin to:
Zane_zane da kafofin watsa labarai Se (kayan aiki) kayan kiɗan gargajiya na Sinawa
Schloss Einstein, shirin talabijin na Jamus don yara da matasa
Buga na musamman (ko bugu na biyu), a bugawa
Kasuwanci da ƙungiyoyi Scottish Executive, gwamnatin scottish,wani bangare na majalisar dokokin scottish,da kuma kungiyar kwadago masu yiwa gwamnatin aiki
Sea Ltd (NYSE: SE), kamfanin fasahar Singapore
Slovenské elektrárne, kamfanin wutar lantarki na jihar Slovakia
Harkokin Kasuwanci, tsarin ƙungiya wanda ke amfani da dabarun kasuwanci don haɓakawa a cikin walwalar ɗan adam da muhalli
Harkokin Kasuwanci na zamantakewa, al'adar yin amfani da kasuwanci don haɓakawa, tara kuɗi da aiwatar da mafita ga al'amuran zamantakewa, al'adu, ko muhalli
Societas Europaea (SE), wani kamfani ne na Turai
Sony Ericsson, kamfanin wayar hannu wanda Sony da Ericsson suka kafa
Square Enix, kamfanin wasan bidiyo
XL Airways Faransa (mai tsara IATA SE; tsohon "Star Airlines")
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13517 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aishwarya%20Rai | Aishwarya Rai | Aishwarya Rai Bachchan An haife ta a ranar 1 ga watan Nuwamba, a shekara ta alif dubu daya da Dari Tara da saba'in da uku (1973) yar wasan Indiya ce kuma wacce ta yi nasara a fim ɗin Miss World a shekara ta alif 1994 Ta hanyar rawa da ta yi nasara, ta kafa kanta a matsayin ɗaya daga cikin shahararrun mashahuran a Indiya. Rai ta karɓi lambobin yabo masu yawa, ciki har da kyaututtuka guda biyu na Filmfare Awards, kuma Gwamnatin Indiya ta karbe shi tare da Padma Shri a shekara ta dubu biyu da tara 2009 da kuma Ordre des Arts et des Lettres da Gwamnatin Faransa a shekara ta dubu biyu da Sha biyu 2012. An kuma ambace ta sau da yawa a cikin kafofin watsa labarai a matsayin "mafi kyawun mace a duniya".
Yayin da take kwaleji, Aishwarya Rai tayi wasu 'yan kayan aikin gwanaye. Bayan bayyanuwa a cikin tallan tallan talabijin da yawa, ta shiga cikin yar shafin Miss India, inda ta sanya ta biyu. Daga nan aka ba ta lambar yabo ta Duniya ta Miss World a shekara ta 1994, daga baya ta fara karbar kyaututtukan yin fim. Ta yi ta aiki halarta a karon a Mani Ratnam 's a shekara ta 1997 Tamil film Iruvar da ta ta farko Hindi film saki a Aur Pyar Ho Gaya cewa wannan shekara. Ta farko samu nasara shi ne Tamil romantic wasan kwaikwayo Jeans a shekara ta (1998), wadannan wanda ta cimma fadi nasara da kuma lashe biyu Best Actress awards a Filmfare ta wasanni a Hum Dil De Chuke Sanam a shekara ta (1999) da kuma Devdas a shekara ta 2002. Aiswarya Rai ta nuna matukar farinciki game da nuna wani mawaki mai kima a cikin wakokin Tamil Kandukondain Kandukondain a shekara ta 2000, gwarzo na Tagore, Binodini, a cikin finafinan Bengali Chokher Bali a shekarar 2003, wata mace mai rashi cikin wasan kwaikwayo Raincoat a shekarar 2004, Kiranjit Ahluwalia in fim din Burtaniya mai ba da labari a shekarar 2006, da kuma wata ma'aikaciyar jinya a cikin wasan kwaikwayon Guzaarish a shekarar 2010. Rai data fi girma kasuwanci nasarorin sun kasance cikin romance Mohabbatein a shekarar 2000, da kasada film fighting 2 a shekarar 2006, da tarihi romance Jodhaa Akbar a shekarar 2008, da almarar kimiyya film Enthiran a shekarar 2010, da kuma romantic wasan kwaikwayo Ae Dil Hai Mushkil a shekarar 2016. Rai ta auri jarumi Abhishek Bachchan a shekarar 2007; ma'auratan suna da diya guda daya. Ayyukanta na waje sun hada da aikin wakilci a matsayin jakada na wasu kungiyoyin na agaji da kuma kamfen. Ita ce jakadan fatan alheri a shirin hadin gwiwa na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya kan cutar kanjamau (UNAIDS). A shekarar 2003, ita ce kuma 'yar fim ta Indiya ta farko da ta zama memba a cikin Fim a Cannes Film Festival Farkon rayuwa da kuma aikin An haife Aiswarya Rai a ranar 1 ga watan Nuwamba, shekarar 1973 a cikin dangin Tulu na magana a Mangaluru, Karnataka Mahaifinta, Krishnaraj, wanda ya mutu a ranar 18 ga watan Maris, shekarar 2017, an Army halitta, yayin da mahaifiyarta, Vrinda, itace uwargida Tana da ɗan’uwa ɗaya dattijo, Aditya Rai, wanda injiniyan injin jirgin ƙasa ne. Fim din Rai Dil Ka Rishta 2003 dan uwanta ne ya kirkira kuma mahaifiyarta ce ta rubuta su. Iyalin sun koma Mumbai, inda Rai ta halarci makarantar sakandaren Arya Vidya Mandir. Rai ta yi makarantar sakandire a kwalejin Jai Hind na shekara guda, sannan ta shiga DG Ruparel College a Matunga, ta kulla da kashi 90 cikin dari a jarrabawar HSC Ta yi horo a cikin rawar gargajiya da kiɗan na shekara biyar yayin ƙuruciyarta. Babban abin da ta fi mai da hankali a karatunta shine ilimin dabbobi, saboda haka da farko ta ɗauki aikin likita ne. Bayan haka, tare da niyyar zama injiniyar gine-gine, sai ta yi rijista a Kwalejin Rajin Sansad Academy of Architecture ta amma daga baya ta daina karatun ta don yin sana’ar yin kwaikwayo. A shekarar 1991,Aishwarya Rai ta yi nasara a gasar supermodel ta duniya (wanda kamfanin Ford ya tsara kuma daga ƙarshe aka nuna ta a cikin fitowar ta na fimdin fasalin Amurka ta Vogue A shekarar 1993, Rai ta samu karbuwa sosai a bainar jama'a saboda fitowarta a fagen kasuwancin Pepsi tare da 'yan fim Aamir Khan da Mahima Chaudhry Hanya guda "Barka dai, ni Sanjana," ta tattauna a cikin kasuwanci ya sa ta shahara nan da nan. A shekarar 1994 Miss Indiya, ta samu matsayi na biyu, a bayan Sushmita Sen, kuma aka ba ta lambar girmamawa ta Indiya, ta kuma lashe wasu manyan lakcoji biyar, "Miss Catwalk", "Miss Mira iyanu", "Miss Photogenic", "Miss Perfect Ten "da" Miss Popular Tare da Sen wakiltar Indiya a shafin mai kula da Jami'ar Miss Universe, aikin Rai a matsayin wanda ya fara tsere ya hada da wakiltar Indiya a gasar Miss World Pageant, wacce aka yi a wannan shekarar a Sun City, Afirka ta Kudu. Ta ci gaba da lashe kambin inda ita ma ta lashe lambar yabo ta "Miss Photogenic" da kuma Sarauniyar Kyauta ta Duniya ta Duniya Asiya da Oceania Bayan da ta yi nasara a shafin, Rai ta yi ishara da fatawar zaman lafiya ga wannan duniyar, da muradinta na zama jakadan aminci a lokacin mulkin ta na shekara guda a Landan. Aiswarya Rai ta ci gaba da neman aiki a matsayin abin kwaikwaya har sai da ta zama mai wasan kwaikwayo.
Yin aiki
Aiki na farko ya tashi zuwa matsayi (1997-2001) Rai yi ta aiki halarta a karon a shekara ta alif 1997 tare da Mani Ratnam 's Tamil film Iruvar, a wasan kusa da na karshe shirin siyasa drama, nunawar Mohanlal, Prakash Raj, Tabu da Revathi Fim ɗin ya kasance babban nasara kuma daga cikin wasu lambobin yabo, ya sami kyautar Kyautar fina-finai a bikin nuna finafinai na Belgrade Rai an bayyana ta azaman Pushpavalli da Kalpana matsayin mai taka rawa sau biyu; wancan labarin wani kwatanci ne na ɗan siyasa da tsohuwar jarumar Jayalalithaa Tattaunawarta a cikin fim din 'yar fim din Tamil Rohini ce ta ba shi labari. A waccan shekarar, an jefa ta Ashi, matashiyar mara hankali a fim dinta na farko na Bollywood Aur Pyaar Ho Gaya, mai ban dariya mai ban dariya a gaban Bobby Deol Dukansu Irinvar da Aur Pyaar Ho Gaya sun kasance kasawa ta kasuwanci kuma masu sake dubawa suna da matukar muhimmanci ga rawar da Rai ta taka a cikin fina-finan biyu. Koyaya, a ƙarshen, ta sami kyautar allo don Kyawun forwararrun Mata A cikin babban kasafin kudi na shekarar 1998 na wasan kwaikwayo na Romantic Jeans wanda S. Shankar ya jagoranta, Rai ta fito tare da Prashanth da Nassar Ta yi wasa Madhumita, wata yarinya wacce ke rakiyar tsohuwarta da ke fama da rashin lafiya zuwa Amurka don neman lafiya. Nasarar kasuwanci, fim din ya samu yabo ga rawar mata saboda kwarewar rawar da takeyi. Ba kamar Invarvar ba, Rai ta yi amfani da duban ta don lamuranta a cikin fim. Daga baya aka gabatar da Jeans a matsayin aikin hukuma na India zuwa ga lambar yabo ta Academy don shekara ta alif 1998. Matsayinta na farko a cikin shekarar 1999 ya kasance cikin waƙoƙin Aa Ab Laut Chalen, wanda Rishi Kapoor ya jagoranta. Fim ɗin ya kasance babban rauni kuma yana da wasan kwaikwayon da ke ƙasa da matsakaita a ofishin akwatin. Hoton Rai da Pooja Walia, wata mace yar asalin India ce da ke zaune a Amurka, ta sadu da ra'ayoyi marasa kyau; Rediff.com ta buga, "Aishwarya Rai na wasa da filastik murmushi kuma ba ta taba samun inda za ta nuna wani zurfi ba. Duk abin da take yi tai ne kuka da murmushi da kyan gani ”.mace ce kyakkyawa. A cikin shekarar 1999, Rai ta kasance cikin tauraron dan adam Hum Dil De Chuke Sanam wanda ya zama muhimmiyar juyawa a cikin ayyukanta. A fim, wani karbuwa daga Maitreyi Devi 's Bengali labari Na Hanyate, wanda Sanjay Leela Bhansali ta shirya, kuma co-alamar tauraro Salman Khan da kuma Akhay Ta taka rawar gani a fim din Nandini, wata mata 'yar Gujarati wacce aka tilastawa yin aure (tare da halayen Devgan) duk da cewa tana soyayya da wani mutum (Khan ya buga). Bhansali ya jefa Rai bayan da ta sadu da ita a wani hoton fim din kuma ya gamsu da idanuwanta. TheMovieReport.com ta yaba da rawar da Rai ta taka a kan kawayenta kuma ta lura cewa, "Rai, cikin rawar gani, wacce ta sami lambar yabo (wacce aka yi la’akari da babbar nasararta mai ban mamaki kuma a hakikance haka), ta cika fuskoki masu rikitarwa da Khan ya kasa kawowa. kasancewar sa bangare daya Hum Dil De Chuke Sanam ya fito a matsayin babbar nasarar kasuwanci kuma ya sami Rai a Filmfare Award for Best Actress Rai daga na ta dauki manyan wuraren taka rawar da Mansi, wata mawakiya ce daga a Subhash Ghai 's m Taal tare da Akshay Khanna, Anil Kapoor, Amrish Puri da Alok Nath Wani mai sharhi a Rediff ya yaba da rawar da take takawa da rawar rawa a ciki kuma ta rubuta cewa "Taal zata sake inganta mutuncinta a matsayinta na 'yar wasan kwaikwayo alhali ba ta nisanta da hotonta a matsayin mai siyar da zirga-zirgar ababen hawa". Nasarar cikin gida ta matsakaici, Taal ya kasance sananne saboda kasancewa ɗan fim na farko na Indiya da ya fara fitowa a cikin jeri na 20 na atomatik a ofishin akwatin Amurka. Rai ta sami wanda aka zaba mafi kyawun mata a waccan shekarar a bikin Filmfare Awards. A shekara ta 2000, Rai ta buga sunansa a cikin Kandukondain Kandukondain, daidaita harshen Tamil na littafin Jane Austen Sense da Sensibility Direktan Rajiv Menon ne ya jagorance shi, fim din ya kuma nuna tauraruwar Tabu, Mammooty da Ajith Kumar a cikin manyan mukamai. An jefa Rai a matsayin Meenakshi (wanda aka danganta da halayyar Marianne Dashwood ƙaramin 'yar'uwar ɗabi'ar Tabu. Fim ɗin ya kasance babban mahimmanci kuma nasara na kasuwanci kuma ya sami maganganun Rai masu kyau daga masu sukar; nazari wanda Jaridar Indian Express ta takaita, "Hausar rawar ta da cikakkiyar mutuncin laifi, Aishwarya tayi cikakken adalci ga sashinta, kuma ta dace da Tabu." Rai daga da tare da Shah Rukh Khan da Chandrachur Singh a wasan kwaikwayon Josh Ta ba da labarin Shirley Dias, tagwayen 'yar'uwar Khan wacce ke ƙaunar ɗan'uwan maƙiyinta (Singh ya yi wasa). Ana ɗaukar jefa Rai a matsayin 'yar uwar Khan a matsayin haɗaɗɗiyar al'ada a lokacin; darekta Mansoor Khan, ya bayyana shi da cewa "cikakke" ne. Duk da samun cikakkun bayanai daga masu sukar fim, Josh ya fito a matsayin nasara ta kasuwanci. Satish Kaushik 's wasan kwaikwayo na zamantakewa Hamara Dil Aapke Paas Hai shine saki na gaba Rai; Ta yi wa wata mata fyade a fim. Anil Kapoor tare da Sonali Bendre, masu sukar sun karɓi fim ɗin sosai kuma sun yi kyau a ofishin akwatin. Fitacciyar mata mai fina-finai Sukanya Verma ta yaba da hukunci da Rai ya dauka na tauraruwa a fim kuma ta kara da cewa "tana isar da hargitsi da azabar da aka yiwa fyade da kyau. Amma sauyi ne daga raunin da ke ciki dimuwa na ƙoƙarin tattara rayuwar ta gaba ɗaya mai ban mamaki. A ƙarshe dai Rai ta sami ɗan takara mafi kyau na uku a Filmfare. Bayan rawar da ta taka a cikin akwatin ofishin Dhai Akshar Prem Ke, Rai ta dauki nauyin goyon baya a cikin babban kidan Aditya Chopra na Mohabbatein Matsayin rawar Rai itace na Megha Shankar, 'yar Amitabh Bachchan ta halin da ya kashe kansa bayan ta san cewa mahaifinta ba zai yarda da ƙaunar da take yi da ɗayan ɗalibanta (wanda Shah Rukh Khan ya buga ba). Duk da samun cikakkun bayanai daga masu sukar fina-finai, Mohabbatein ya fito a matsayin fim mafi girman na biyu na shekara kuma ya sami Rai a Filmfare Award don Mafi kyawun Actan Wasan Talla. A shekara mai zuwa, ta yi rawar gani tare da Govinda da Jackie Shroff a cikin shahararrun mawakan Albela Bayan an sake su, duka fim da kuma wasanninta sun samu yawancin bita mara kyau; Taran Adarsh na Bollywood Hungama ya soki fim din kuma ya ambaci Rai a matsayin "filastik a wasu wurare".
Devdas da fitowar duniya a shekarar (2002-2007) Bayan fitowarta a David Dhawan 's slapstick comedy film Hum Kisise Kum Nahin, Raita bayyana tare da Shahrukh Khan da Madhuri Dixit a Sanjay Leela Bhansali ta soyayya-saga Devdas, wani karbuwa daga Sharat Chandra Chattopadhyay s labari na wannan sunan Ta taka rawar Paro (Parvati), soyayyar mai kaifin ra'ayi (wanda Khan ya taka). An bincika fim din a Fim din Cannes na 2002 na 2002 kuma Time sun sanya ta a cikin jerin "fina-finai 10 mafi kyawun ƙarni na". Fim ɗin ya bayyana a matsayin babbar nasara ta ƙasa da ƙasa tare da kudaden shiga na sama da 840 miliyan Alan Morrison, rubutu for Empire, ya yaba da wasanni na uku leads da kuma rubuta, "Aishwarya Rai tabbatar ta yana da aiki da basira zuwa ajiye ta m kamannuna". An zabi Devdas a matsayin cikakken izinin shiga Indiya don lambar yabo ta Academy don Mafi Kyawun Harshen Fim ɗin andasashen waje kuma an karɓi wanda aka zaɓa a cikin BAFTA Awards a cikin Mafi kyawun fim ɗin Harshen Harshen waje A Indiya, fim din ya lashe kyaututtuka 10 na Filmfare, ciki har da kyauta ta biyu mafi kyau ga Rai. A shekarar 2003,Aiswarya Rai ta fito a cikin wasu fina-finai biyu na sojan Bollywood, fim din dan uwanta yafara samarwa ne Dil Ka Rishta, tare da Arjun Rampal, da Kuhan Na Kaho na Rohan Sippy, tare da Abhishek Bachchan Babu ɗayan waɗannan finafinai da suka yi nasara sosai ko kasuwanci. Ta aka daga baya lura ga ta starring rawa a Rituparno Ghosh 's m Bengali film Chokher Bali, wani karbuwa daga Rabindranath Tagore s labari na wannan sunan Ta nuna yanayin Binodini, bazawara ce mai juyayi, tana gwagwarmaya da sha'awar jima'i a karni na 20 na Bengal. Fim ɗin babbar nasara ce mai mahimmanci kuma Rai ta sami kyakkyawar sanarwa game da rawar da ta yi; Derek Elley na bambanta da aka lura, "Rai ta mamaye fim din tare da kasancewarta ta sha'awa da alherin jiki". Kasuwanci, fim ɗin ya kasance bugawa ne Bayan nasarar ta a Chokher Bali, Rai tadawo babban fim din Hindi tare da Rajkumar Santoshi 's Khakee (2004), wani babban aiki wanda ya nuna Amitabh Bachchan, Akshay Kumar, Ajay Devgan da Tusshar Kapoor Fim din ya ba da labarin wasu taurari biyar da aka lullube cikin wani sirri da ke kewaye da harin ta'addanci; Matsayin rawar Rai itace na Mahalakshmi, fashewar bindiga Yayin fim ɗin Khakee, Rai ya buge da mota mai gudu, wanda ya haifar da karaya ƙafarta na hagu. Bayan fitarwa, fim ɗin ya sami nasarorin matsakaiciyar mahimmanci da kasuwanci. A cikin fitowar ta ta gaba, mai ban dariya mai ban sha'awa Kyun! Ho Gaya Na Rai ta fito a Diya Malhotra, daliba na jami'a wanda ke haɓaka ɗayan gefe ɗaya zuwa ga abokiyar ta Arjun Khanna (wanda Vivek Oberoi ya buga Fim din ya sami gamsuwa ga maganganun gauraye daga masu sukar, amma sun kasa kasuwanci. A marigayi shekarar 2004, Aiswarya Rai ta janyo amincewar kasashen duniya domin ta fito taka rawar tare da Martin Henderson a Gurinder Chadha, 'Yar s Birtaniya film Bride da son, a Bollywood-style karbuwa daga Litattafan Jane Austen ta labari alfahari da nuna bambanci Masu sukar fina-finai na duniya sun bayyana ra'ayoyi da yawa game da aikin Rai kamar sigar Punjabi ta Elizabeth Bennet; sake dubawa da New York Times ta ambata da cewa "kyakkyawa ce mai kyau amma inert", yayin da Rolling Stone ta lura cewa "ita mace ce mai fasaha a duniya da baiwa ta dace, kamar yadda ta tabbatar a matsayinta na farko na magana da Turanci" Tare da cikakken 24 miliyan a duk duniya samar da 7 miliyan, Amarya da nuna bambanci sun tabbatar da nasarar kasuwanci. Rai na gaba ta haɗu da darakta Rituparno Ghosh, a karo na biyu, a wasan kwaikwayo na dangantaka Raincoat, karɓar kyautar O. Henry na Kyautar Magi Hakanan an nuna Ajay Devgan, Raincoat ya sadu da kyawawan yabo kuma daga cikin sauran nasarorin, ta sami lambar yabo ta National Film Award don Mafi kyawun Fim a cikin Hindi Bahaushe ta lura, "[A] Neerja, [Rai] da alama ta zubar da abubuwan hana ta game da kallon marasa kunya. Me kuma yake, da alama ta yi iya ƙoƙarin ta don yin kwaikwayo, ta yin amfani da ƙarancin jikinta da reshenta da mafi yawan fuskarta, da idanu musamman Daga baya ta sake samun wata sabuwar Yar Jarida a fim din fim. Rai na gaba fitowarta tare da Sanjay Dutt da Zayed Khan a cikin wasan kwaikwayo na matasa 2005, Shabd, wanda ya ba da labarin wani marubuci wanda ya shawo kan matar tasa ta nemi haramtacciya tsakaninsa da wani saurayi a bincike na littafinsa mai zuwa. Fim din ya sami bita sosai da yawa kuma ya nuna gazawar kasuwanci. The Times of India kammala, "A karo na goma sha biyu, Ms Rai ta kasance mai matukar farin jini. Kuma shi ke nan. Tana kama da wannan hoton katin hoton da kuka samo lokacin da ainihin abin da kuke jira shi ne wasiƙa. Yana da kyau kyan gani, amma ba shi da wani amfani saboda ba ya faɗi komai. A waccan shekarar, Rai ta dauki nauyin Tilo a fim din Rom Mayeda Berges na Fati, The Mistress of Spices, wani sabon salo na sunan wannan Chitra Banerjee Divakaruni Fim din ya sami bita mara kyau daga masu sukar fim kuma ya fito a matsayin gazawar kasuwanci. Peter Bradshaw na The Guardian ya kira rawar da Rai ta yi "mai ban haushi" kuma ya rubuta cewa "ta yi kuka da sauƙi" ta cikin fim ɗin gaba ɗaya. Kasancewar nasarar da Rai ya samu a shekarar 2005 kawai ya kasance wata rawa ta musamman a wajan Shaad Ali mai ban dariya Bunty Aur Babli, inda ta fito a cikin shahararren lambar Kajra Re Aiswarya Rai tana da finafinai biyu a shekarar 2006, JP Dutta Umrao Jaan da Yash Raj Films Dhoom 2 Na farin yasamu, wani karbuwa daga Mirza Hadi Ruswa 's Urdu labari Umrao Jaan Ada (1905), ya gaya labarin wani wanzuwa courtesan daga 19th-karni Lucknow Rai ta taka rawar maza, rawar da Rekha ya taka a wasan kwaikwayon fim na farkon labari Masu duba, yayin da suke kwatanta fim ɗin da daidaitawarsa ta baya, sun kasance masu matukar muhimmanci ga fim ɗin da kuma irin rawar da Rai ya yi. BBC ta lura cewa, "Aishwarya kawai za ta iya kwaikwayon alherin da hadari na Rekha, amma ba ta fahimci irin girman da Umrao ta yi ba" Ba lallai ba ne cikin nutsuwa. A cikin Sanjay Gadhvi wanda aka shirya fim din fim din Dhoom 2, Rai ta nuna Sunehri, wani barawo ne mai yawan gaske wanda ke taimaka wa 'yan sanda wajen kama mai laifi; fim din yana da jerin gwanon wadanda suka hada da Hrithik Roshan, Abhishek Bachchan, Bipasha Basu, da Uday Chopra Duk da cewa ba a sami nasara sosai ba, fim din shine babban nasarar kasuwancin da ya samu tun farko daga Devdas an ayyana fim din a matsayin mai hana kansa aiki, kuma ta zama fim mafi girman finafinai na Indiya a 2006 tare da kudaden shiga da yawansu ya haura 1.11 Rediff.com tayi sharhi, "[She] duk mai shege ne kuma babu zurfi. Ba ku taɓa jin wani tashin hankali game da halayenta da maganganun ta ba. Sunehri ya shiga fim kusan minti 50 bayan buɗewar sa cikin ɓatanci. A wani lokaci, tana sanye da tufafi mafi ƙanƙanta. Da zarar ta bude baki kuma tana yin ta na mintina biyu bayan ta fito a fim to sai ta washe hoton. Ban da haka, wasan kwaikwayon nata ya sa ta zama aaukakar Filmaukar farea'idodin Filmfare A karo na shida A cikin sheakrar 2007, Aiswarya Rai ta yi wasa amatsayin matar Abhishek Bachchan a cikin wasan kwaikwayon zamantakewa na Guru A wani tarihin rayuwa da aka kirkira na kasuwancin Dhirubhai Ambani, Guru gaya wa rag to arziki labarin wani mutum wanda ya gina manyan kamfani. Fim ɗin ya sadu da mahimman yabo na kasa da kasa kuma ya fito a matsayin nasara na ofishi. Richard Corliss na Lokaci ya baiyana halayen ta a matsayin "abin ado", amma Raja Sen daga Rediff ta bayyana shi a matsayin "mafi kyawun kyakyawan aikinta, wanda ake gani musamman lokacin da take daukar nauyin fim din." Rai ta sami kyautar 'yar wasan kwaikwayo ta bakwai a Filmfare saboda rawar da ta yi a fim. Rai gaba alamar tauraro dab da Kumar Andrews da Miranda Richardson a Jag Mundhra 's m Birtaniya wasan kwaikwayo tsokani, a matsayin real-rai hali na Kiranjit Ahluwalia, wani maras mazaunin India wanda ya kashe mijinta bayan wahala shekaru na cikin gida da zagi. Rai ta sami cikakkiyar maganganu masu kyau game da aikinta. Critic Indu Mirani daga DNA ya rubuta, "Aishwarya Rai tana wasa da matar da aka ci zarafinta a cikin tabbas babu ɗayan kwalliyar da ta yi har wa yau. Rai tabbatacce yana tafiya cikin matakai daban-daban na firgici, damuwa, nadama daga karshe kuma kubutarwa Duniya da aka karba, fim din ya fito a matsayin nasara mai nasara na kasuwanci a Burtaniya. A wannan shekarar, Rai ta kasance tare da Ben Kingsley, Colin Firth da Thomas Sangster a matsayin jarumi na Indiya Mira a cikin babban fim din Doug Lefler The Last Legion Jodhaa Akbar da sauran rawar da suka taka (2008–2010) u Aiki na gaba na Rai ta kasance a cikin 2009 Harald Zwart wanda aka shirya wajan leken asiri mai leken asiri A Pink Panther 2 Starring tare da Steve Martin, Jean Reno da Emily Mortimer, Rai sun baiyana rawar Sonia Solandres, ƙwararren masaniyar lalata. Kamar wanda ya gabace shi, mabiyin ya sami bita mara kyau daga masu sukar, amma ya yi kasuwancin matsakaici na 34 miliyan a ofishin akwatin Amurka. Roger Ebert ya rubuta, "Rai tana da ban sha'awa a fina-finai na Bollywood, inda suke ba da kwarewa sosai ga adon kyau, amma ga shi nan an yi amfani da shi kuma ya yi yawa sosai a bango"; USA A yau ta ambaci maganganun ta "na katako" kuma sun kara da cewa, "Tana da kyau kwarjini, amma maganarta ba ta canzawa". In 2010, Rai was cast by Mani Ratnam in his bilingual modern-day adaptation of the Indian epic Ramayana. Her role was that of Ragini (modeled on Sita, the heroine of Ramayana), a woman married to the superintendent of police, who is kidnapped by a bandit. The Hindi version (Raavan) and the Tamil version (Raavanan) of the film were shot simultaneously and Rai played the same role in both the film versions. The films received polarising reviews from film critics, as did Rai's performance. Kaveree Bamzai of India Today wrote, "Aishwarya's Sita is one of the best things in the film her performance is heartfelt—this is a performer who is at ease playing women, rather than girls". However, film critics Aniruddha Guha and Rajeev Masand criticised her character and noted, "She's left to scream and shriek and hiss." Commercially, Raavanan emerged as a success while Raavan flpped.
Rai's next role was opposite Rajinikanth in the science fiction Tamil film Enthiran (2010), directed by S. Shankar. She was cast as Sana, a college student and the girlfriend of Rajinikanth's character. At the time of release, Enthiran was the most expensive Indian film production and eventually emerged as one of the highest-grossing Indian films of all time. She then appeared as Mala, an impetuous brat, in Vipul Shah's Action Replayy; a science fiction comedy co-starring Akshay Kumar, Aditya Roy Kapoor and Neha Dhupia.
Fim na karshe na Rai na 2010 shine wasan kwaikwayo Guzaarish haɗin gwiwar ta na uku tare da darekta Sanjay Leela Bhansali da kuma actress Hrithik Roshan. Fim ɗin yana ba da labarin Ethan Mascarenas, tsohon mai sihiri (wanda Roshan ya buga) yana fama da wahala a cikin quadriplegia, wanda bayan shekaru gwagwarmaya, ya gabatar da roƙo don euthanasia Matsayin rawar Rai shine na Sofiya D’Souza, malamin Mascarenas, wanda mijinta ke shan giya. Saboda ƙungiyar da ke gabanta da Bhansali, Rai ta yarda da aikin kafin karanta rubutun. Duk da tsalle-tsalle a ofishin akwatin, Guzaarish ya sadu da kyawawan maganganu masu mahimmanci. Telegragh ya bayyana shi da cewa "daya daga cikin rawar Aishwarya Rai ce" kuma jaridar Times of India ta takaita cewa, "Aishwarya hoto ce mai ban mamaki na wuta da alheri. A shekarar 2011, an jefa Rai a matsayin mai adawa da Madhur Bhandarkar wasan kwaikwayon zamantakewa na Heroine duk da haka, saboda ciki, an maye gurbin Rai ta hanyar actress Kareena Kapoor, ainihin zaɓi ga rawar.
Aiki bayan sabbatical (2015 yanzu) Bayan sabobical shekaru biyar daga yin fim, Rai ta dawo tare da Sanjay Gupta na wasan kwaikwayo- Jazbaa, abokan wasa Shabana Azmi da Irrfan Khan Wani fim ɗin Koriya ta Bakwai Bakwai (2007), fim ɗin ya ga Rai tana wasa da Anuradha Verma, lauya mai laifi wanda aka tilasta kare ɗan fyade a madadin kare 'yarta. Shubha Shetty-Saha na Mid Day ta soki fim din da bai dace ba kuma mai son zuciya da tunanin cewa Rai "tana kallon bangaren kuma har ma tana aiki mai kyau, ta hana wasu al'amuran da ke motsa rai inda ta nuna a sarari". Fim ɗin ya kasa aiki a Box office. A cikin 2016, Rai tauraro a cikin wasan kwaikwayon tarihin Omung Kumar Sarbjit Fim din ya dogara ne da rayuwar wani Ba’amurke dan kasar India mai suna Sarabjit Singh, wanda wata kotun Pakistan ta yanke masa da laifin ta’addanci, da kuma yadda ‘yar uwarsa Dalbir Kaur ta yi gwagwarmaya don sake shi. Rai ya taka rawar 'yar'uwar Sarabjit Singh (wanda Randeep Hooda ya buga Fim ɗin an shirya shi ne a bikin nuna fina-finai na Cannes na 69, kuma an karɓi saɓin da ya karɓa daga masu sukar. ‘Yan kadan daga cikin wadanda suka bita sun bayyana cewa Rai“ mazinaciya ce ”saboda ba ta dena kallo ko sauti kamar mace Sikh. Wakarsa ta Punjabi da rawar da ta taka a takaice a wurare kaɗan ana sukar su sosai, kodayake wasu masu sukar sun lura da irin rawar da ta taka a finafinai na banƙyama. Rajeev Masand ta taƙaita cewa "ana buƙata ta yi ihu da ihu da kuka da ƙarfi don bayyana baƙincinta; shrillness ɗin ba shi da wani tagomashi. A cikin daki mai natsuwa kamar wanda Dalbir ba zai iya jurewa da jaririnta ba kuma mai wasan kwaikwayo tana haskakawa. Ban da haka, rawar da ta samu ta ba da nadinsa na goma na Filmfare Best Actress. Fim din ya samu sama da 440 a duk duniya gabaɗayan ƙirar samar da 150 'Sarshen Rai da aka saki a cikin 2016 shine Karan Johar na wasan kwaikwayo na soyayya Ae Dil Hai Mushkil, tare da Ranbir Kapoor da Anushka Sharma wanda ta taka rawar mawaka mai suna Saba. Rai ta samu karbuwa sosai akan aikinta duk da kasancewa da karancin lokacin allo. Joe Leydon na Variety ta ɗauke ta a matsayin babban jigon fim ɗin kuma ta rubuta cewa "da alama ta ɓace daga wani fim ɗin, inda ake nuna motsin rai cikin dabara kuma ya fi tasiri ga salon. Lokacin da ta tafi hutu daga Ae Dil Hai Mushkil, za ku iya fatan kuna iya tafiya tare da ita. A fim fito a matsayin daya daga ta fi kudi nasara da kudaden shiga daga kan biliyan 2 Shekaru biyu bayan haka, Rai ya taka rawa a wajan mawaƙa wanda mahaifinsa mai wahala ya sace shi a cikin wasan kwaikwayo mai ban dariya-wasan kwaikwayo Fanney Khan (2018). Daidaitawar fim din Beljiyama Duk Shahararren! (2000), fim ɗin sun hadar da Anil Kapoor da Rajkummar Rao Uday Bhatia na Mint bai son fim ɗin kuma ya tarar da Rai "ba ta fasa gaban allo don sayar da irin wannan fim ɗin ba". Tun daga Janairu 2020, Rai zai sake kasancewa tare da Mani Ratnam don wasan kwaikwayo na tarihi Ponniyin Selvan Aikace-aikacen allo
Amintattun Aiswarya Rai ta yi kasuwancinta na farko don alkalami na gwajin Camlin lokacin da take aji na 9. Aiswarya Rai ta zama sananniya bayan ta fito a cikin kasuwancin Pepsi tare da actor Aamir Khan Ita kaɗai ce 'yar wasan kwaikwayo wacce ta amince da Pepsi da Coca-Cola. Tana daya daga cikin manyan jakadun da ke kasar nan kuma tana daya daga cikin jiga-jigan 'yan fim din Bollywood da suka yi fice a wannan fannin. Ta yi tsari don Watches Watches, Longines Watches, L'Oréal, Coca-Cola, Lakmé Cosmetics, Casio pager, Philips, Palmolive, Lux, fina-finan Fuji, Nakshatra Diamond Jewelery, da Kalyan Jewelers An ba ta suna a matsayin babbar jakada mai wakiltar lu'ulu'u na De Beers a Indiya. Aiswarya Rai ta kasance a matsayin ta na 2 da ta fi fice a matsayin jakadan da ta shahara a duniya a cikin binciken, wanda Rahoton Duniya ya gudanar. A cikin shekarar 2013 Aiswarya Rai da mijinta Abhishek Bachchan sun shiga cikin jerin jakadun TTK Aikin zamantakewa da na mutane A shekarar 1999 Rai ya halarci yawon shakatawa na duniya wanda ake kira da Babban mutum, tare da Aamir Khan, Rani Mukerji, Akshaye Khanna da Twinkle Khanna A wannan shekarar, an nada ta a matsayin jakadan Longines na Elegance. A 2003, ta zama 'yar fim ta Indiya ta farko da ta zama memba a cikin Fim a Cannes Film Festival A wannan shekarar ta zama jakadar alama ta duniya ta L'Oréal, tare da Andie MacDowell, Eva Longoria da Penélope Cruz Rai jakadan alama ce ta Kungiyar Bankin Eye na kamfen din kasar Indiya don inganta bayar da gudummawar ido a Indiya. A shekarar 2005, ta zama jakadiya ce ta musamman ga Pulse Polio, yakin da Gwamnatin Indiya ta kafa a 1994 don kawar da cutar shan inna a Indiya. A wannan shekarar, an nada Rai a matsayin kakakin shekara ta Microcredit ta duniya, tare da wayar da kan manyan manufofi da ayyukan da ke tattare da kawar da talauci a Majalisar Dinkin Duniya. A watan Fabrairun 2005 Rai yayi tare da wasu taurarin Bollywood a HELP! Wasan Telethon, wani taron don tara kuɗi don waɗanda ambaliyar tsunami ta shafa a 2004 Tare da sauran membobin dangin Bachchan, ta aza harsashin kafa makaranta ta musamman ga 'yan matan da ba su da galihu, a kauyen Daulatpur da ke Uttar Pradesh a 2008. Ana tallafawa ginin ta hanyar dangin Bachchan kuma za a sanya sunan makarantar ta Rai. Ta fito tare da sauran jarumai da Bollywood a bikin rufe gasar Commonwealth na 2006 a Melbourne. Wasan kwaikwayon ya nuna al'adar Indiya a matsayin jagorar jagorancin Indiya wacce za ta karbi bakuncin wasannin Commonwealth na 2010 Rai ita ce Kakakin Majalisar Dinkin Duniya Microcredit. Tana goyon bayan PETA India. Ta yi alkawarin ba da idanunta ga Bankungiyar Bankin Eye na Indiya kuma ta fito a wani fim na wayar da kan jama'a game da gudummawar ido. A Nuwamba 2004, Rai ya kirkiro da Aishwarya Rai Foundation don taimakawa mabukata a Indiya. A shekara ta 2009 Rai an nada shi a matsayin jakada na farko na Smile Train, wata sadaka ta duniya da ke bayar da leken asirin Cleft da tiyata kyauta ga yara masu buƙata. Ayyukanta tare da Smile Train za ta ba da hankali ba kawai a Indiya ba, har ma a kasashe daban-daban na kasashe 76 masu tasowa a duniya. A watan Satumbar 2012, Rai ta kara da Sakatare Janar na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya Ban Ki-moon da kuma fitaccen dan fim din Hollywood Michael Douglas a wani bikin tunawa da ranar zaman lafiya ta duniya a New York. Daga baya a wancan makon, an nada ta a matsayin sabuwar jakada ta Duniya ta UNAIDS, shirin hadin gwiwa na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya kan cutar kanjamau da kwayar cutar HIV. Za ta kara wayar da kan duniya game da kare yara daga kamuwa da kwayar cutar kanjamau da kara samar da hanyoyin yin rigakafin cutar.
Wasan kwaikwayo na mataki Rai ya shiga cikin nune-nunen matakai da yawon shakatawa na duniya tun daga 2001. Ziyarar farko ta duniya, jerin wakoki da ake kira Craze 2001, an yi su ne a fadin Amurka tare da Anil Kapoor, Aamir Khan, Preity Zinta da Gracy Singh Nunin ya fuskanci farkon sokewa saboda harin 11 ga Satumbar 2001, kuma kungiyar ta shirya komawa India da wuri-wuri. Koyaya, wasan kwaikwayon ya ci gaba cikin nasara a Kanada. A cikin 2002, ta shiga cikin wasan kwaikwayon Daga India With Love a Burtaniya, tare da Amitabh Bachchan, Aamir Khan, Shah Rukh Khan da Preity Zinta. Shi ya faru a biyu waje wurare, Manchester 's Old Trafford da kuma London ta Hyde Park, tare da sama da 100,000 masu kallo. Tsakanin watan Yuli zuwa Agusta na 2008, Rai, mijinta Abhishek Bachchan, surukinta Amitabh Bachchan, da kuma 'yan fim Preity Zinta, Ritesh Deshmukh da Madhuri Dixit sun yi rawar gani a cikin shirin "Tarihin Yawon Duniya. Kafa ta farko ta rufe Amurka, Kanada, Trinidad, da London, Ingila. Hakanan Rai tana da hannu a cikin ayyuka da gudanarwa na kamfanin surukarta kamfanin, wanda akafi sani da ABCL, kuma aka sake renonta a matsayin AB Corp. Ltd. Kamfanin, tare da Wizcraft International Entertainment Pvt. Ltd., ya samar da abubuwan da ba za a iya mantawa da su ba.
Rayuwar mutum A shekarar 1999, Aiswarya Rai ta fara yin fina-finan Bollywood Salman Khan Sau da yawa ana ruwaito dangantakar su a cikin kafofin watsa labarai har sai ma'aurata sun rabu a shekarar 2002.Aiswarya Rai ta ambaci "zagi (magana, magana ta jiki da tausayawa), kafirci da kunci" a bangaren Khan a matsayin dalilan kawo karshen alakar. Duk da cewa dukkansu sun bayyana ne a Dhai Akshar Prem Ke (wanda saurayinta, Salman Khan, ya kasance a takaice) da Kuch Naa Kaho, Abhishek Bachchan ya kasance soyayya da Rai yayin da yake yin fim din Dhoom 2 An sanar da saka hannu a ranar 14 January 2007 kuma daga baya mahaifinsa, Amitabh Bachchan ya tabbatar Ma'auratan sun yi aure ranar 20 ga watan Afrilun shekarar 2007 bisa ga al'adun gargajiyar Hindu na al'umman Bunt, kuma wadda ta ke. Hakanan an yi bukukuwan bikin Token ta Arewa da Bengali Bikin ya gudana ne a cikin wani biki a cikin gidan Bachchan, "Prateeksha", a cikin Juhu, Mumbai. An bayyana su a cikin kafofin watsa labarai na Indiya a matsayin supercouple Rai yana da kusanci da danginsa, kuma ya zauna tare da su a Bandra, Mumbai, har zuwa lokacin aurenta. Rai Hindu ce kuma tana da addini sosai. Kasancewarta na duniya ya harzuka lokacin da Abhishek Bachchan tare da ita suka halarci bikin nuna fina-finai na Cannes jim kadan bayan aurensu, daga baya kuma zuwa The Oprah Winfrey Show, wanda ke bayyana a ranar 28 ga watan Satumba, shekarar 2009. An bayyana su kamar yadda suka fi shahara a matsayin ma'aurata fiye da Brangelina Aiswarya Rai ta haifi yarinya, Aaradhya, a ranar 16 Nuwamba shekarar 2011. Magoya bayan rediyo suna ambata sau da yawa ta hanyar sunayen sunaye "Ash" da "Aish", amma ta bayyana cewa ta ƙi yadda ake kiranta da irin wannan. Ta hana mutane daga ambaton sunanta banda "Aishwarya" kamar yadda ba ta son "sata [suna] mai kyau".
A cikin kafofin watsa labarai Rai Bachchan daya ce daga cikin fitattun jaruman Bollywood. Duk da yawan jita-jita da kafofin watsa labarai ke yadawa, tana kiyaye rayuwarta na sirri sosai. Bayyananninta na zahiri da kuma wasan kwaikwayonsa sun sanya ta zama alama ga salon mata. A shekarar 2011, India Today ta lura cewa akwai wasu rukunin yanar gizo sama da 17,000 da aka sadaukar dominta. Mujallar Verve ce ta zaba ta cikin jerin mata masu karfi na kasar. A shekara ta 2001, Forbes ta sanya wa suna Rai a cikin manyan taurarin fina-finan Indiya guda biyar. A zaben masu karatu wanda Hello! Ta Burtaniya ta gudanar mujallar, an zabe ta "mace mafi kyan gani a 2003". A wannan shekarar, Rai ya fito a cikin mujallar Rolling Stone ta shekara-shekara mai suna "Hot List". A shekara ta 2004, Lokaci ya zaɓa ta a matsayin ɗaya daga cikin mutanen da suka fi tasiri a duniya, kuma ta fito a ƙarshen bugu na 2003 na Asiya. Rai ita ce 'yar fim ta Indiya ta farko da ta fara jana'izar Shahararriyar Fim ta Cannes. A watan Oktoba 2004 aka nuna hoton Rai da kayan tarihi a London na Madame Tussaud da ke gidan kayan kakin zuma Ita ce yar Indiya ta shida da zama na biyu na Bollywood bayan surukarta, Amitabh Bachchan ta samu wannan karramawa. A shekara ta 2007, an nuna irin wannan hoton a Gidan tarihin Madame Tussaud da ke Square Square a New York. A matsayinta mafi kyawun fasalin jikinta, Rawayen kore masu launin shuɗi, lebe mai ban sha'awa, almara tare da halayen mata sun zama alamun kasuwancinta. A cikin 2005, ita ce take ba da bayanin martabar Minti 60 a ranar 2 January, wacce ta ce "aƙalla bisa ga dubunnan gidajen yanar gizo, zaɓen yanar gizo da ma Julia Roberts", ita ce "mace mafi kyawu a duniya". A wannan shekarar, an samar da wani babban tulip a cikin Netherlands Aishwarya Rai bayan ta. Hakanan a shekara ta 2005, Mattel ya fito da taƙaitaccen fitowar ɗakunan wasan Barbie na Rai a Burtaniya. Mujallar Burtaniya Maxim ta zabi Rai da farko a jerin sunayensu "Mafi tsananin Mata na Indiya". Rai ya bayyana a cikin nunin kamar Late Show tare da David Letterman, kuma shine mutuncin Bollywood na farko da ya fito a ɓangaren Oprah na "Mace Gaba ɗaya ta Duniya". A cikin 2005 Harpers da jerin Sarauniya na "Mafi Kyawun Mata a Duniya" sun sanya ta tara. A watan Mayun 2006, Rai an nuna shi a cikin Magazine na mutane a matsayin daya daga cikin "Mafi Kyawun Mutanen Duniya". Mujallar Ingila da ke gabashin Ingila Eastern Eye ta ba ta matsayi na uku a cikin jerin "Mafi Matan Asiya na Asiya" a 2006, kuma ta kasance a matsayi na takwas a shekara ta 2009. A shekara ta 2008, tashar talabijin ta Amurka E Nishaɗi sun jera idanun Rai a matsayin mafi jima'i a jerin Jikirorin Jikin su. A shekara ta 2009, ta nuna wasannin da Martha Stewart ta nuna game da Marta da kuma The Tyra Banks Show A wannan shekarar ce Forbes ta jera Rai a 387th cikin 'yan wasan 1,411 cikin jerin taurarin da suka fi kudi a Hollywood. Ita ce 'yar fim din Indiya da ta fi fice a jerin. A zaben da jaridar Daily News da Analysis ta gudanar a shekarar 2009, an zabe ta a matsayin daya daga cikin fitattun gumakan Indiya. Ta halarci lambar yabo ta 83, tare da mijinta, Abhishek. Rai tare da mijinta Abhishek Bachchan sun bayyana a Oprah Winfrey Show a ranar 28 Satumba 2009. Ita ce fitacciyar mashahurin Indiya da ta fito a The Oprah Winfrey Show sau biyu. An bayyana su a matsayin supercouple a cikin kafofin watsa labarai na Indiya. Ta yi matsayi na biyu a cikin Jaridar 'Times of India 50 mafi kyawun mata na 2010, kuma ta kasance 9th ga 2011. A shekarar 2011, ta samu korafe korafe da yawa saboda gaza rasa nauyi bayan haihuwarta kamar yadda a bayyane take cewa "ana nema" ne na jama'a. Ko ta yaya, ta katse masu sukar ta hanyar tafiya da jan kafet a wurin bikin "AmfAR Cinema Against Aids" a 2012 Cannes Film Festival a karo na 11. Daga baya a waccan shekarar, Rai ya zama batun fitowar jerin mujallar New York Magazine ta "Matan Arba'in da Mata suka Sami kyawawan halaye", inda ta kama matsayi na 21 a cikin jerin, tare da New York Magazine tana cewa "Tana iya kasancewa a duniya" mafi kyaun mace, "amma abin da muke ƙauna shi ne cewa ba ta taɓa jin rauni a fuska,". Kamfanin YouGov na kamfanin bincike ya ambaci sunan Rai a matsayin na shahararrun duniya na duniya na 2018.
Accolades Aiswarya Rai ta samu goma Filmfare Award gabatarwa, da kuma ta lashe biyu Best Actress kofuna da dama ga Hum Dil De Chuke Sanam (1999) da kuma Devdas (2002). A shekarar 2009, gwamnatin Indiya ta ba ta kyautar Padma Shri, wacce ta ba ta lambar yabo ta farar hula ta Indian, da ta bayar saboda gudummawar da ta bayar wajen nuna fasahar. A cikin 2012, an ba ta Ordre des Arts et des Lettres (Chevalier), tsari na Faransa Duba kuma Jerin 'yan wasan Bollywood Jerin fina-finan Indiya
Manazarta <\https://m.timesofindia.com/topic/Aishwarya-Rai/>
<\https://www.ndtv.com/entertainment/after-winning-paris-aishwarya-rai-bachchan-takes-the-spotlight-in-dubai-see-pics-2565341/>
Haɗin waje Aishwarya Rai on IMDb
Aishwarya Rai on Instagram
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6231 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benin%20City%20%28Birnin%20Benin%29 | Benin City (Birnin Benin) | Benin City birni ne, da ke a jihar Edo, a ƙasar Nijeriya. Birnin itace babban birnin jihar Edo dake kudancin Najeriya. Itace birni na hudu a girma bayan Birnin Lagos Kano da Ibadan da kimanin jimillar jama'a akalla mutum 1,782,000 a shekara ta 2021. Birnin tana nan daga kilomita 40 kilometres (25 mi) daga rafin Benin River, da kuma nisan tsakanin kilomita 320 kilometres (200 mi) daga gabacin Lagos. An gina birnin Ibadan kafin karni na sha huɗu. Benin itace cibiyar sarrafa roba da kuma samar da a Najeriya. Itace birni mafi muhimmanci a duk masarautar Benin wacce ta wanzu a tsakanin karni na 13th zuwa karni na 19th. Suna da kyakyawar fahimta ta hanyar kasuwanci da kasar Portugal a 'yan shekaru wanda daga bisani turawan Ingila suka amsa mulkin kasar a 1897. Turawa sun kwashe ababan tarihi da dama da suka hada da gumaka na tagulla da makamantansu a yankin bayan cin galabarsu da yaki. Asalin mutanen gari sune mutanen Edo, kuma suna magane ne da harsunan Edo da makamantansu. Muatnen gari suna da shiga na kaya irin na alfarma kuma ansansu da amfani da duwatsun bids, zane a jiki,sarkoki da awarwaro da kuma noma na doya, plantain da rogo.
Tarihi
Mutanen Edo A tarihance, asalin mutanen Edo kuma wanda suka samar da Daular Edo na karkashin mulkin Ogiso (Kings of the Sky) wanda ke kiran kasarsu da suna Igodomigodo. Igodo, watau Ogiso na farko yayi tsananin karfin mulkin kuma yayi fice a matsayin sarki adali na lokacin. Ya mace bayan mulki mai tsawon sannan Ere baban danshi ya gajeshi. Rikici ya kaure tsakanin matar tsohon sarkin (Ogiso) da kuma babban dansa wato "Ekaladerhan". Matar baban nasa ta kulla masa sharri da ya jawo aka yanke masa hukuncin kisa. Wadanda aka aika su kashe shi kuma daga bisani suka sake shi a Ughoton. Yarima mai gudun hijira ya kama hanya zuwa Ife inda ya canza sunansa zuwa Izoduwa, ma'ana "na samu natsuwa". A wannan yanayi na rudani ne mutanen Benin karkashin jagorancin Chief Oliha suka bazama neman yarima Ekaladerhan wanda a yanzu mutane Ife ke kiransa Oduduwa.
Yarima Ekaladerhan yaki yadda ya dawo Benin saboda da yadda aka wulakanta shi, bayan su gano cewa ba'a kashe shi ba. Daga bisani ya yi dabarar tura dansa Oramiyan don ya zama sarki a matsayinsa. Oramiyan ya zauna a cikin fada wacce dattijan Uzama suka gina masa, yanzu ya zama wurin bauta na shekara-shekara. Nan da nan ya auri kyakyawar budurwa diyar Osa-nego; Enogie of Egor na tara. Shi da ita sun sama rabon da namiji. Bayan 'yan shekaru daga bisani, ya kira taro inda ya sanar da murabus da kujerarsa, a cewarsa garin na'yan jin zafi ne "Ile-Ibinu" sannan kuma dan asalin haihuwar kasan wanda yayi ilimi kuma ya kware da hatsabibancin mutanen garin ne kadai zai iya mulkan su. Garin ta samo asalin sunanta daga sunan. Ya saka an nada dandansa a matsayin sarki a maimakonsa, sannan kuma ya koma cikin birnin Benin da zama. Ya tafi ya bar dansa "Ajaka" a garin wanda ya zamo sarkin Benin na farko na wannan zamanin (Oba of Benin, shi kuma Oramiyan na sarauta matsayin "Ọọni of Ifẹ". Haka zalika Ọranmiyan na Ife, mahaifin Ẹwẹka I, shi kumasarkin Benin (Ọba of Benin) shine mahaifin Ajaka; sarkin Oyo (wato "Alaafin of Ọyọ"). Sarkin Ife Ọọni of Ife watau Ọba Ẹwẹka ya canzawa Ile-Binu (babban birnin daular Benin) suna zuwa "Ubinu". A wajen mutanen Portugal wannan kalman na iya zama "Benin" da yarensu. A tsakanin 1470, Ẹwuare ya canza sunan garin zuwa Edo. Wannan yazo daidai da lokacin da mutanen Ọkpẹkpẹ sukai kaura zuwa birnin Benin. A wata fuskar kuma Yabawa suna da nasu labarin akan Oduduwa.A cewan Yarbawa wai saboda tsananin karfin ikonnsa da mulkinsa ne yasa ya yaki mutanen da ke kai wa Benin hare-hare hakan yasa mutanen Benin suka zabe shi matsayin sarki wato 'Ọba of Benin". Duk da haka duka yarukan biyu watao Yarbawa da mutanen Edo sun amince da cewa Oduduwa ya tura dansa Oranmiyan na Ife ya zama sarkin Benin kuma ya samar da daular Oba a birnin Benin.
Tsarin mulkin Benin ya fara ne a karni na 13 lokacin mulkin Oba Ewedo.
Zuwan Turawa da kwace garin Turawan Portugal sun zuiyarci Birnin Benin a 1485. Tattalin arzikin Benin ya habaka a tsakanin karni na 6th da na 17th a dalilin kasuwanci a Kudancin Najeriya, da kuma kasuwanci da turawa musamman kasuwancin yaji da kasusuwan dabbobi. A farkon karni na 16, Sarkin garin ya tura wakili zuwa kasar Portugal, shi kuma sarkin Portugal ya turo malaman kiristoci zuwa Benin. Har izuwa karni na 19, wasu daga cikin 'yan asalin garin Benin na iya magana da harshen Portugal. Har wayau, akan iya samun kalmomin aro na yaren Portugal a harsunan yankin. Wani kaptin na Portugal yayi bayanin garin da; "Benin mai girma, inda sarakuna ke zaune, tafi girman Lisbon, duka tituna sun tafi santal kuma iya ganin idanu. Gidajensu na da girma, musamman gidan sarkin garin, wanda aka kawata ta matuka kuma tana da dauyi masu kyawu. Birnin tana da arziki da kuma ikon kere-kere. Ana mulkanta da adalci wanda a sanadiyyar hakan ba'a sata a garin ba kuma mutanen garin na zaune cikin aminci da kariya wanda ko kofofi babu a gidajen garin". Wannan yazo daidai da lokacin da kisan kai da sata sukai tsanani a birnin Lisbon, Portugal.
A ranar 17 ga watan Febrerun 1897 ne birnin Benin ya fada hannun Turawan Ingila. A wani gangami da ake kira "Punitive Expedition", ayarin rundunar sojojin turawa masu yawan mutum 1,200 a karkashin jagorancin Admiral Sir Harry Rawson, bayan sun keta garin baki daya amma sojojin turawa biyu kadai aka kashe wanda Consul na wucin gadi General Philips ya jagoranta.Alan Boisragon, ya rubutu akan sadaukarwa da kisan gilla da akaiwa mutanen garin a 1898 (shekara daya bayan faruwar al'amarin). James D. Graham ya rubuta cewa, duk da cewa "sadaukarwa na daya daga cikin mafi mahimmancin al'amarin al'umman Benin a farkon lokaci," shedu na zahiri sun bambamta matuka, wanda wasu sunyi bayanai akansu, wasu kuma basu ce komai ba.
Turawa sun kwashe gumakan da akai da tagulla, zane masu asali da makamantasu na tarihin garin, wanda a yanzu ake nuna su a wuraren tarihi dabn-daban na duniya.
Anyi gwanjon wasu daga cikin tagullolin don maimaye barnan da akai a lokutan baya. An tura sakonnin barar maido irin wadannan kaya na tarihi acikin 'yan shekarun nan. Daya daga cikin ire-iren wadannan kayan tarihi masu daraja sun hada da kokon fuskan Sarauniya Idia "Queen Idia mask" wanda akayi amfani dashi matsayin kokon rufe fuska a wajen taron Second Festival of Arts Culture (FESTAC '77) wanda aka gudanar a shekara ta 1977, wanda akafi sani a yanzu da "Festac Mask".
Kame Birnin Benin ya zamo sharan fage ga ayyukan sojojin turai da kuma hade yankunan mulkin mallakan turawa na Afurka zuwa yankunan kulawa na turaw watau Niger Coast Protectorate, sai kuma Protectorate of Southern Nigeria sannan daga karshe yankin kulwa da gudanarwan turawa na Najeriya. Turawan sun bada umurnin mayar da sarautar Benin a 1914, amma duk da haka ainihin iko yana wajen turawan mulkin mallakan Najeriya.
Samun 'yancin Najeriya Gabanin samun 'yanci Najeriya a 1960, Benin ta zamo cibiyar tsakiyar yammacin yankunan Najeriya wato Mid-Western Region bayan an raba yankin daga yankin yammacin kasar a June 1963. A lokacin da aka mayar da sunan yankin Jihar Bendel watau Yankin Yamma ta Tsakiya, Najeriya a 1976, Benin ta cigaba da kasancewa babban birnin yankin sannan daga bisani ta kasance babban birnin Edo bayan rarraba jihar Bendel zuwa jihohin Delta da Edo.
Labarin Kasa Yanayin climate na nufin yanayin sararin samaniya ta kasa dangane da wani wuri kayajajje, yanayi weather kuma na nufin canjin yanayi na yau da kullum, na dan kankanin lokaci a wannan kayajjajen wurin. Abubuwan da ake la'akari dasu wajen lissafa yanayin wuri sun hada da yanayin zafi/sanyi, abubuwan da ke zubowa daga gajimare (kamar ruwan sama, raba, kankara da sauransu) damshi da matsi, iska/guguwa, hasken rana da giza-gizai.
Benin tana da yanayi na "tropical savanna climate (Köppen Aw)" kuma tana iyaka da yanayi na tropical monsoon climate (Am). Yanayin garin bai da dadi akwai zafi da kuma dumi kusan har karshen shekara musamman tsakanin watannin Juli da Satumba.
Ilimi Benin gida ce ga manyan jami'oin Najeriya kamar Jami'ar Benin, wacce ke Ugbowo da Ekenwan, Jami'ar Ambrose Alli University wacce ke Ekpoma, da Kwalejin Ilimi na Ekiadolor, Jami'ar Igbinedion, Jami'ar Benson Idahosa da kuma Jami'ar Wellspring.
Akwai Makarantun sekandare da suka hada da; Edo College, Edo Boys High School (Adolo College), Western Boys High School, Oba Ewuare Grammar School, Greater Tomorrow Secondary School, Garrick Memorial Secondary School, Winrose Secondary School, Asoro Grammar School, Eghosa Anglican Grammar School, Edokpolor Grammar School, Covenant Christian Academy, Niger College, Presentation National High School, Immaculate Conception College, Uselu secondary school, Idia College, University of Benin Demonstration Secondary School, University Preparatory Secondary School, Auntie Maria School, Benin Technical College, Headquarters of Word of Faith Group of Schools, Lydia Group of Schools, Nosakhare Model Education Centre and Igbinedion Educational Center, Federal Government Girls College, Benin City, Paragon Comprehensive College, da kuma Itohan Girls Grammar School. Wasu daga cikin makarantun Micro International Training Center, Computer Technology da kuma Training Center, kungiyoyin makarantun Okunbor (Okunbor Group of Schools).
Matsalolin Muhalli
Sauyin Yanayi Birnin tana fuskantar sauyin yanayi musamman ta hanyar karuwar zafi, karancin damshi damshi da ruwan sama na tsakanin 1981 da kuma 2015.
Kula da ambaliya Birnin Benin na fuskantar ambaliya akai-akai. Bincike iri-iri sun nuna bayanai akan haka tun akalla shekara ta 1993. Masana sunyi yunkurin kawo hanyoyin shawo kan matsalar ambaliya a yankin ta hanyoyi daban daban kamar; kula da tsarukan amfani da filaye da kuma gine-gine da ci-gaba, kirkiro shiye-shirye akan wayar wa mutane da hankali kan kula da muhalli da illolin rashin hakan da makamantansu.
Mutane da yawa sun rasa muhallinsu a dalilin ambaliya da akayi a watan June 2020. A lokacinda talakawa sukayi kukan cewa rashin samar da hanyoyin ruwa masu kyau da kuma kin cigaba da tsare-tsaren kawo karshen ambaliya suka jawo hakan.
Dumaman Birane Birnin tana da zafin digiri .5 fiye da kauyukan garin, kuma zafin yafi karuwa acikin mako lokutan da ma'aikata suke gudanar da harkokinsu na ayyukan yau da kullum da samar da kazanta iri-iri.
Kula da Shara Bincike da mujallar Nature tayi, ya nuna cewa birnin bata da isassun kayan kula da muhalli wanda gwamnatin Jihar Edo ta samar. Bayan bincike da aka gudanar ga mazauna birnin mutum 2720, ya nuna cewa mutane da yawa basu san aihin yadda kula da muhallansu ba. Bugu da kari, mutanen basu san yadda gurbacewa ke da alaka da sakin Greenhouse Gasses ba. Wani binciken ya nuna cewa wasu da yawa basu san illolin rashin kula da muhalli akan lafiyarsu ba.
Al'adu Wurare masu kayatarwa sun hada da gidan sarki, unguwar Igun Street (inda ake sarrafa karafuna da tagulla). Wasu wureren sun hada da ababen gargajiya da koramu da ke zagaye da gidaje, King's square (wanda akafi sani da Ring Road) da kuma kasuwannin gargajiya.
An san mutanen Benin da sarrafa tagulla da yi mata sifofi iri-iri na kwarewa. Benin birni ce ta tsaffin sarakunan duniya. Akwai bukukuwar gargajiya da dama da ake gudanarwa a Benin don murna da tunawa da wasu lokuta na tarihi a Birnin. Bikin Igue festival shi yafi fice inda sarki ke fitowa ayi murnan al'adun mutanensa sannan ya albarkaci mutanensa da kasarsa.
Bukukuwan Gargajiya Benin tana da bukukuwa iri-iri dan murnan al'adun gargajiya kamar Igue Festival da ake gudanarwa duk shekara. Bikin na da muhimmanci sosai ga birnin musamman na tunawa da daular ta na zamunan da da kuma al'adunsu.
Banda wadancan bukuwar, Benin tana daukan nauyin bikin "Benin City Film Festival". Bikin na bada dama don bunkasa ayyukan da gidajen shirye-shirye na gida sukayi. Har wayau tana bunkasa shirye-shiryen Najeriya da kasashen wajen.
Ranakun Kasuwannin Benin Mutanen Benin na da ranakun cin kasuwanni uku; Ekioba, Ekenaka, Agbado, da kuma Eken.
Sufuri Benin na da filayen jiragen sama guda uku da ke sufurin mutane zuwa yankuna daban daban wanda suka hada Arik Air, Air Peace da kuma Azman
Sanannun Mutane Godwin Abbe, tsohon ministan tsaro na Najeriya.
Ambrose Folorunsho Alli, tsohon gwamnan tsohuwar jihar Bendel. shi ya samar da jami'ar Bendel kuma ya sanya mata sunan shi "Ambrose Alli University"
Eghosa Asemota Agbonifo, dan siyasa
Anthony Anenih, chairman, the board of trustees (PDP) kuma tsohon ministan ayyuka na Najeriya
Suleiman Braimoh (born 1989), Nigerian-American basketball player in the Israel Basketball Premier League
Archbishop John Edokpolo, Minister of Trade and Founder of Edokpolor Grammar School
Francis Edo-Osagie, dan kasuwa
Jacob U. Egharevba, Mai ilimin tarihin Bini kuma shugaban gargajiya Anthony Enahoro, anti-colonial and pro-democracy activist and politician
Festus Ezeli, basketball player
Abel Guobadia, former Chairman of Nigeria's Independent National Electoral Commission
Benson Idahosa,wanda ya kirkiri cocin Church of God Mission International Incorporated da kuma Idahosa World Outreach (IWO)
Felix Idubor, mawaki
Felix Liberty, mawaki
Gabriel Igbinedion, dan kasuwa kuma Esama na Masarautar Benin
Divine Ikubor, Mawakin da akafi sanida Rema.
Festus Iyayi, novelist and first African to win the Commonwealth Writers Prize
Suleman Johnson, senior pastor and general overseer of Omega Fire Ministries International
Godwin Obaseki, the current governor of Edo State
Samuel Ogbemudia, former governor of the Midwest region of Nigeria and later Bendel state
Sonny Okosun, mawaki
Suyi Davies Okungbowa, African fantasy and speculative fiction author
Osasere Orumwense, former Vice-Chancellor of University of Benin
Osayuki Godwin Oshodin, former Vice-Chancellor of University of Benin
Demi Isaac Oviawe, Ireland-based actress
Chris Oyakhilome, founder and president of Believers LoveWorld Incorporated, also known as Christ Embassy
Modupe Ozolua, cosmetic surgeon
Lilian Salami, Vice-Chancellor of university of Benin
Victor Uwaifo, musician
Hotuna
Manazarta Biranen |
43104 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C6%98ungiyar%20%C6%99wallon%20kafa%20ta%20Kaizer%20Chiefs | Ƙungiyar ƙwallon kafa ta Kaizer Chiefs | Ƙungiyar Ƙwallon Ƙafa ta Kaizer Chiefs (wadda aka fi sani da Chiefs ƙwararrun ƴan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ne na Afirka ta Kudu da ke Naturena, Johannesburg ta Kudu, waɗanda ke buga gasar ƙwallon ƙafa ta Premier Ana yi wa ƙungiyar lakabi da AmaKhosi, wanda ke nufin "Ubangiji" ko "Shugabanni" a Zulu, da kuma Phefeni Glamour Boys Shugabannin sun ci kofunan gasar 13 (huɗu a zamanin PSL) da kuma kofunan kulob sama da 78. Sakamakon haka, suna riƙe da kofuna mafi yawa a cikin dukkanin ƙungiyoyin da ke Afirka ta Kudu, kuma su ne ƙungiyar da ta fi samun nasara a tarihin ƙwallon ƙafar Afirka ta Kudu tun farkon fara gasar a shekarar 1970. Su ne kulob mafi yawan tallafi a cikin ƙasar, suna zana matsakaicin yawan halartar gida na 16,144 a cikin kakar shekarar 2019-2020, mafi girma a gasar. Ƙungiyar tana buga wasanninta na gida a filin wasa na FNB mai iko 94,797. Ƙungiyar tana da ƙaƙƙarfar kishiya na gida tare da Orlando Pirates, ƙungiyar Soweto wanda ya kafa Chiefs Kaizer Motaung ya taka leda a farkon wasansa. Shahararrun 'yan wasan da suka ba da rigar baƙar fata da zinare a baya sun haɗa da tsohon kyaftin ɗin tawagar ƙasar Neil Tovey da Lucas Radebe da kuma Patrick Ntsoelengoe, Gary Bailey, John "Shoes" Moshoeu, Shaun Bartlett, Steve Komphela, Siyabonga Nomvete, da kuma Doctor Khumalo Hukumar ƙwallon ƙafa ta Afirka (CAF) ta dakatar da Kaizer Chiefs daga shiga gasar kungiyoyin Afirka har zuwa shekarar 2009 bayan ficewarsu daga gasar cin kofin zakarun nahiyoyi na shekarar 2005. Wannan shi ne karo na biyu a cikin shekaru hudu da CAF ke hukunta manyan hafsoshin saboda ƙin shiga wata gasa Ita ce tawaga mafi tallafi a yankin kudu da hamadar sahara Kaizer Chiefs tana da tushen tallafi sama da 16,000,000 a farkon ƙarni. A yau, an ƙiyasta kusan magoya baya 40,000,000 a faɗin Kudancin Afirka, galibin magoya baya a Afirka ta Kudu da maƙwabta. A cikin watan Janairun shekarar 2020, Kaizer Chiefs sun yi bikin cikarsu shekaru 50. Kaiser Chiefs, ƙungiyar indie rock britpop ta Biritaniya, an yi mata suna ne bayan ƙungiyar saboda Lucas Radebe, tsohon ɗan wasan Kaizer Chiefs, ya jagoranci Leeds United, ƙungiyar da membobin ƙungiyar duk suka goyi bayan.
Tarihi An kafa Kaizer Chiefs a cikin watan Janairun shekarar 1970 jim kaɗan bayan dawowar Kaizer "Chincha Guluva" Motaung daga Amurka inda ya taka leda a matsayin ɗan wasan gaba na Shugabannin Atlanta na Arewacin Amurka Soccer League (NASL). Ya haɗa sunansa na farko tare da Shugabannin Atlanta don ƙirƙirar sunan Kaizer Chiefs. Wasu mutane da dama sun taka muhimmiyar rawa wajen kafawa da ci gaban Kaizer Chiefs, ciki har da marigayi Gilbert Sekgabi, Clarence Mlokoti, China Ngema, Ewert "The Lip" Nene, da Rabelani Jan Mofokeng, ya yi murabus kuma ya bar aiki saboda aiki. Kaizer Chiefs ana kiranta da "Amakhosi" ta wurin magoya bayanta, kalmar Zulu ma'ana "sarakuna" ko "shugabanni". Hedkwatarsu ita ce Kaizer Chiefs Village, a Naturena, kilomita shida kudu da Johannesburg. Lokacin 2001–2002 ya kasance ɗaya daga cikin manyan nasarorin Kulob ɗin a tarihin su da kuma mafi munin bala'i. Sun lashe manyan kofuna hudu a cikin watanni hudu; Kalubalen Vodacom, BP Top Takwas, Kofin Coca-Cola, da Gasar Cin Kofin Afirka A lokacin an ce tawagar ta kasance wata tawaga ce wadda jami'in hulda da jama'a na lokacin Putco Mafani ke kan "Operation vat alles", "vat alles" kasancewar furucin Afrikaans ne ma'ana "dauka komai" a turance. Duk da haka, an kwatanta yawan nasarar da aka samu a gasar cin kofin Ellis Park a ranar 11 ga watan Afrilun 2001, inda magoya bayan 43 suka mutu a lokacin Soweto Derby tsakanin shugabannin da abokan hamayyarsu Orlando Pirates Ta hanyar lashe gasar cin kofin nahiyar Afirka, shugabannin sun buga gasar cin kofin CAF na 2001 Al Ahly ta Masar a gasar cin kofin CAF na shekarar 2002 A cikin watan Afrilun 2002, nasarorin da Kaizer Chiefs ya samu a shekarar 2001 an gane su yayin da aka zaba su a matsayin "Kungiyar CAF na Shekara" ta Hukumar Kwallon Kafa ta Afirka A cikin lokacin 2003–2004 Shugabannin an ba su lambar yabo ta Fair Play a gasar Kofin Zaman Lafiya a Koriya ta Kudu Shugabannin sun ƙare kakar wasa a matsayin zakarun lig, inda suka ci PSL a karon farko a tarihin su. A lokacin gasar zakarun kakar wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ta 2004–2005, Shugabannin sun mamaye shugabannin na tsawon lokaci Orlando Pirates a wasan karshe na kakar don kare gasar ta PSL. Karkashin jagorancin kociyan Romania Ted Dumitru, dan wasan Zambia Collins Mbesuma ya kafa tarihi inda ya zura kwallaye 39 a dukkan gasa. Hukumar ƙwallon ƙafar Afirka CAF ta haramtawa Kaizer Chiefs shiga nahiyar Afirka na wani ɗan lokaci. Duk da haka, shi har yanzu sanya ta gaban ji ta shekara-shekara Vodacom Challenge cewa rami Kaizer Chiefs da Orlando Pirates tare da gayyatar Turai kulob din Hakimai sun lashe gasar Vodacom Challenge Cup sau 5 tun kafuwarta. Sun doke matashin kungiyar Manchester United da ci 4-3 a bugun fenariti a shekarar 2006 kalubalen lashe kofin. A cikin watan Maris ɗin 2007, kocin Ernst Middendorp da kulob ɗin sun rabu. Nan take kulob din ya nada abokin hamayyarsu Orlando Pirates's tsohon kocin Kosta Papić na sauran kakar 2006-2007. Muhsin Ertuğral ya dawo kakar 2007 2008 don fara wa’adinsa na biyu tare da Chiefs, wanda ya riga ya horar da The Glamour Boys daga shekarar 1999 har zuwa ta 2003. A ranar 26 ga watan Yunin 2021, ƙungiyar ta samu nasarar buga wasan ƙarshe na gasar cin kofin CAF na farko bayan ta doke Wydad AC da ci 1-0. A ranar 9 ga watan Yulin 2021, Kaizer Chiefs sun tabbatar ta hanyar Twitter cewa sun sayi 'yan wasa shida don kakar wasa mai zuwa bayan dakatarwar da aka yi musu na musayar 'yan wasa. A ranar 17 ga watan Yulin 2021, sun yi rashin nasara da ci 3-0 a kan Al Ahly a gasar cin kofin zakarun Turai Filin wasa na FNB/Kwallon Kafa
Manazarta
Hanyoyin haɗi na waje Gidan yanar gizon hukuma
Bayanin Club PSL
Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba |
54591 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reece%20Topley | Reece Topley | Reece James William Topley (an haife shi a ranar 21 ga watan Fabrairun shekara ta 1994) ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ne na ƙasar Ingila wanda ke buga wa ƙungiyar ƙwallon ƙwallon ƙasa ta Ingila a wasan ƙwallaye na fari a matsayin mai saurin ƙwallon hagu. Yana taka leda a Surrey a wasan kurket na cikin gida. Topley ya fara buga wa Ingila wasa a watan Agustan 2015 a kan Australia. An ambaci Topley a cikin tawagar T20 ta Ingila ta gasar cin kofin duniya ta 2022. Ya buga wa Royal Challengers Bangalore wasa a gasar Firimiya ta Indiya Tarihi An haife shi a ranar 21 ga Fabrairu 1994 a Ipswich Ya yi karatu a Makarantar Asibitin Royal Mahaifinsa, Don Topley, ya kasance dan wasan cricket na farko na Essex da Surrey Mahaifinsa kuma yana daya daga cikin malamansa a Royal Hospital School, inda yake masanin wasan kurket. Kakansa, Peter Topley, shi ma dan wasan cricket ne na farko.
Ayyukan cikin gida da na kyauta A watan Yunin 2009, yana da shekaru 15, Topley ya zama babban labari lokacin da ya ji rauni a wasan bowling a cikin raga a Jami'ar Loughborough ga dan wasan Ingila Kevin Pietersen Pietersen flat ya fitar da isarwa, wanda ya ƙare ya buge Topley a gefen kai, ya buge shi ƙasa. An kai shi Leicester Royal Infirmary inda ya buƙaci sutura a kunnensa kuma an ajiye shi a asibiti da dare. Bayan abin da ya faru, Pietersen, wanda Topley ya ambata a matsayin dan wasan da ya fi so, ya ba saurayin bat dinsa na cricket tare da sa hannun sa.
Wani samfurin tsarin wasan kurket na matasa na Essex, Topley ya fara buga wasan farko na Essex a kan Cambridge MCCU a kakar 2011. Ya burge a gasar zakarun County a kan Kent, inda ya dauki budurwarsa biyar a lokacin da ya dauki adadi na 5/46 a wasan na biyu na Kent. A wasan zakarun da ya biyo baya da Middlesex ya yi na biyu na wicket biyar, tare da adadi na 5/64 a wasan farko na Middlesex. A watan Mayu na shekara ta 2011, ya sanya hannu kan kwangilar kwararru ta shekara guda tare da Essex A wannan watan kuma ya ga Topley ya fara List A na farko a kan Unicorns a cikin Bankin Clydesdale 40, tare da Topley yana da'awar wicket na farko a cikin wannan tsarin, na Robin Lett.
Tsakanin kakar Topley ya dauki hutu daga wasan kurket na gundumar don komawa Royal Hospital School don sake duba jarrabawar bazara. Koyaya, a lokacin hutu an kira shi ya buga wa Ingila 'yan kasa da shekaru 19 don jerin matasa na kasa da shekaru guda na kasa da Afirka ta Kudu. Ya koma aiki ga Essex a watan Agusta, har zuwa yau ya buga wasanni biyu na List A da wasanni tara na farko. Ya fara da kyau ga aikinsa na farko, yana ɗaukar wickets 34 a matsakaicin 23.55. Farawar aikinsa ya jawo yabo daga tsohon kyaftin din Ingila Michael Vaughan, wanda ya bayyana cewa Topley na iya zama dan wasan Test na gaba.
A ranar 1 ga Satumba 2015, Hampshire County Cricket Club ta tabbatar da sanya hannu kan Topley daga Essex a ƙarshen kakar 2015. A ƙarshen kakar 2018 kuma duk da haka wani rauni na damuwa, Topley ya yi tiyata a baya.
A cikin IPL 2021, an nemi ya maye gurbin wanda ya ji rauni Josh Hazlewood ta Chennai Super Kings, amma ya musanta tayin yayin da dan wasan cricket ya ji tsoron hauhawar COVID-19 a Indiya. A cikin 2021, Oval Invincibles ne suka tsara shi don kakar wasa ta farko ta The Hundred A watan Disamba na shekara ta 2021, Islamabad United ta sanya hannu a kansa bayan da 'yan wasan suka shirya gasar Super League ta Pakistan ta 2022.
A watan Afrilu na shekara ta 2022, Oval Invincibles ne suka sayi shi don kakar 2022 ta The Hundred Royal Challengers Bangalore ne suka sayi shi don yin wasa a kakar IPL 2023 don INR. 1.90 Crore a cikin siyarwar IPL da aka gudanar a ranar 23 ga Disamba 2022. A wasan farko na kakar 2023 da ya yi da Indiyawa na Mumbai ya sami rauni a kafada kuma an cire shi daga dukkan kakar IPL.
Ayyukan kasa da kasa Ya fara wasan farko na Twenty20 International a kan Australia a ranar 31 ga watan Agustan shekara ta 2015 da kuma wasan farko na One Day International, kuma a kan Australia, a ranar 13 ga watan Satumbar shekara ta 2015, inda ya dauki adadi 0-33.
Ya ci gaba da zama a gefen ODI don jerin da Pakistan kuma ya taka leda a dukkan wasannin hudu. Ya ɗauki wickets na farko na duniya a wasan farko kuma ya gama da adadi na 3-26, kodayake bai isa ya hana cin nasarar Ingila ba. Ya dauki wicket daya a kowane wasa uku na gaba, tare da Ingila ta lashe dukkan wasanni uku. Ya taka leda a gasar T20 ta farko tsakanin bangarorin biyu, kuma ya gama da adadi na 3-24.
Rayayyun mutane
Haihuwan 1994
Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba |
15669 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joy%20Isi%20Bewaji | Joy Isi Bewaji | Joy Isi Bewaji marubuciya ce 'yar Nijeriya, marubuta a fagen rubutu, marubuciya, sabuwar yar kasuwa ta kafofin watsa labarai da kuma mai fafutuka kan zamantakewar al'umma. Rubuce-rubucenta da wasanninta sun dogara ne kan rashin dacewar al'adu da abubuwan da har ma da suka shafi addini. Kodayake ba ta bayyana a matsayin mace mai ra’ayi ba, ra’ayinta kan al’amuran da suka shafi jama’a ya sanya aka bayyana ta a matsayin “mata mai tsoron mata ta zamani” ta kafofin yada labarai.
Rayuwar farko da ilimi Bewaji tayi karatun sakandare a kwalejin kwaleji ta jihar Legas, Kankon Badagry. Ta yi karatun Mass Communication a Kwalejin Fasaha, Ibadan. Ta ci gaba da neman aiki a kafofin watsa labarai. An sake ta tare da yara. A wata hira da aka yi da ita a shekarar 2016, ta bayyana cewa "tana aiki da kyau ita kadai".
Ayyuka Bewaji ta kasance Manajan Darakta a gidan rediyon Happenings, kuma ya kasance edita a mujallar Happenings. Ita ce a baya manajan edita na mujallar Genevieve Ita ce kuma mai gabatar da Tattaunawar wanda ke tattare da batun mata, jima'i da kuma ɓarna a cikin al'ummar Nijeriya. A cikin 2016, ta yi jawabi ga Majalisar Dinkin Duniya kan batutuwan da suka shafi yarinyar. Bewaji ta kasance mai sukar shahararrun ayyukan addini a tsakanin 'yan Najeriya, ta bayyana karshen sakamakon a matsayin kirkirar' yan kasa "masu rauni, masu son kai da kuma yaudara". Ta ci gaba da bayyana cewa addini kayan aiki ne kawai don samar da gamsuwa na ɗan lokaci a cikin yanayin kirkira. Kalaman nata sun samu suka daga mutane da dama ciki har da Mark Anthony Osuchukwu daga YNaija, wanda ya bayyana cewa ya kamata ta damu da harkokinta a cikin wani kasida mai taken, Hallelujah Challenge vs the Joy Isi Bewaji Challenge A cikin shekarar 2014, ta bayyana Tina's Takalma Batutuwa na Loveauna, wanda shine jerin sauti da aka yi wa mata. Yayin wata hira ta shekarar 2014, ta bayyana cewa tana dab da wallafa wasu littattafanta. A cikin shekarar 2016, ta shirya kuma ta daidaita zaman mai taken Daidaitan Jinsi Da Raha na Feminism, inda masu tattaunawar suka gabatar da batutuwan da suka shafi mata wajen cimma cikakkiyar damar su. Da take magana a kan dalilin wasanta, Labari na Farji (2016), Bewaji ta bayyana cewa "mata sun ki yarda da ci gaban al'adun gargajiya da aka dora musu". Wasannin wasan kwaikwayo ya nuna ta hanyar nuna wariyar jinsi, tashin hankali na gida, rarrabuwar addini da zaluncin al'adu ga mata. A taron ranar matasa na duniya na shekarar 2016, Bewaji ya bayyana addini, al'ada da gargajiya a matsayin babban abin da ke haifar da talauci a Najeriya, ta shawarci matasa da su yi watsi da duk abin da suka koya daga tsofaffin al'ummomin, tana mai cewa ba za su yi nisa a rayuwa ba idan suka ci gaba da zama a cikinsu. An bayyana Bewaji a matsayin mai son mata ta zamani. Bellanaija ta ci gaba da bayanin cewa tana neman matsayin falsafa wajen sake inganta yadda mata ke kallon kansu a cikin al'umma. Ta kuma yi magana game da mata a Jami'ar Harvard Bewaji ita ma babbar mai sukar lamirin waƙoƙin manyan mawaƙan Najeriya ne, waɗanda ta yi iƙirarin rage mata zuwa wani kayan masarufi da za a iya saya da albarkatu don samun gamsuwa ta hanyar jima'i. Ta ci gaba da bayanin cewa wannan da'irar ta zama babu makawa ga al'umma su ga mata a matsayin masu son abin duniya. A shekarar 2017, Bewaji ya shawarci matan aure na Najeriya da su tsaya tsayin daka kan duk wani namijin da ba shi da kima da daraja a gare su, musamman ta hanyar bayar da labarin abin da ya sa alkawurran aurensu ba za su kasance masu fifiko sama da lafiyarsu da farin cikinsu ba. A cewar Guardian, wasan da ta yi da Albasar Aure A Wurin Bikin aure (2017) amsar wasan kwaikwayo ce ga ƙalubale da yawa da kuma tambayoyin da matan Najeriya masu aure ke fuskanta, gami da tasirin dangin miji a cikin auren da kuma wajibanci na matan Najeriya. An gudanar da wasan a Freedom Park, jihar Legas a ranar 5 ga Maris, tare da wasu yan fim din Nollywood da suka hada da Osas Ighodaro da Damilola Adegbite a manyan mukamai. A cikin 2019, Bewaji ta fito da "Las Las, Za mu kasance Lafiya", littafin jagora wanda yake takardun bayanan tunaninta a matsayinta na mai sukar zamantakewar al'umma da al'adu a kan ɓatancin ofan Najeriya, rayuka, ƙarya da imanin ofan ƙasa. Yanayin rikice-rikicen batutuwan da take magana da su da kuma fahimtar ta game da mata ya sa wasu masu ruwa da tsaki sun soki mata da suka hada da, Adegoke Adeola, wata 'yar jarida ce tare da Kamfanin Watsa Labarai na Jihar Ogun, takwararta ta mata, Omotoyosi Ogunbanwo, Uchegbu Ndubuisi, malami a Jami'ar ta Najeriya da sauransu.
Manazarta Haifaffun 1977
Mata
Ƴan Najeriya
Pages with unreviewed |
14705 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kafafen%20watsa%20labarai%20a%20Ghana | Kafafen watsa labarai a Ghana | Kafofin yada labarai a Ghana, sun hada da talabijin, rediyo, tashohin sadarwa na yanar gizo da kuma jaridu.
Tarihi
karni na 19 Kafofin watsa labarai a cikin Kogin Zinariya sun fara bayyana a cikin karni na 19 tare da buga The Gold Coast Gazette and Commercial Intelligencer a 1822. Takardar tana da ayyuka da yawa: don samar da bayanai ga ma'aikatan gwamnati da fatake na Turai; da kuma taimakawa ci gaban yawan karatu da rubutu da ci gaban karkara tsakanin mazauna yankin tare da karfafa hadin kai tare da gwamnatin Kogin Zinariya. A tsakiyar karni na 19, yawancin takardu mallakar mallakar Afirka sun bayyana wadanda galibi ba su da iyakancewa daga mulkin mallaka. Wannan ya haifar da hauhawar 'yan jarida masu zaman kansu, wanda hakan ya haifar da samun' yancin kan Ghana.
Gwamnan mulkin mallaka Sir Arnold Hodson ya gabatar da tashar rediyo ta farko, mai suna Radio ZOY, a cikin 1935. Babban amfani da ita shine yada farfaganda don samun goyon bayan mulkin mallaka.<ref>In the mid-19th century, a diverse number of African-owned papers appeared that were largely unrestricted by the colonial government. This led to a surge of independent press, which in part led to the independence of Ghana.
Bayan 'yanci Bayan sanarwar ranar 7 ga Maris 1957 da Ghana ta samu daga Kasar Ingila, jaridu kusan huɗu ne kawai. Jagora Kwame Nkrumah daga karshe ya mallaki dukkan 'yan jaridu a Ghana kuma ya gan ta a matsayin kayan aikin hukuma, yana ba da farfaganda da ke karfafa haɗin kan kasa da kirkirar tsarin tsarin kayan aiki na jihohi don kula da kafofin yada labarai. Canja wurin kafofin watsa labarai ya canza hannuwa daga na farar hula zuwa na soja, kuma jerin kamewa da dauri na adawar siyasa da Nkrumah ya yi matukar tasiri kan kafofin yada labarai. 'Yan adawa Ashanti Pioneer, wadanda suka yi aiki tun daga shekarun 1930, Nkrumah ya rufe su bayan an sanya su cikin takunkumi.
Bayan hambarar da Nkrumah a wani juyin mulki, yawancin hanyoyin jihar sun canza hannu, duk da cewa har yanzu suna karkashin ikon jam'iyyar mai mulki. National Liberation Council (NLC) ta sanya tsauraran matakai a kan gidajen sayar da kayayyaki na cikin gida; misali, Dokar jita-jita a shekarar 1966 wacce ta hana kowa karar jaridun mallakin gwamnati.
A cikin 1969, zaɓaɓɓiyar gwamnatin farar hula ta Kofi Busia wacce ta biyo bayan NLC an bar ta da adadi mai yawa na kafafen yada labarai karkashin ikon jihar. Busia ta soke ayyuka daban-daban tare da sallamar mai jaridar Daily Graphic mallakar gwamnati saboda adawa da Busia, wanda ya ɗaukaka kara don tattaunawar Afirka da gwamnatin wariyar launin fata a Afirka ta Kudu. Koyaya, lokacin da Ignatius Kutu Acheampong ya hambarar da gwamnatin Busia, ya sake dawo da tsauraran matakan kula da kafafen yada labarai tare da danniya a kan kafofin watsa labarai ta hanyar yanke kudaden kasashen waje. Koyaya, kafofin watsa labarai da dama na adawa ba su sami matsala ba a lokacin mulkin Acheampong, kuma a shekara ta 1978 sun karu a kiraye-kirayensu na dimokiradiyya mai jam'iyyu da yawa a Ghana.
Janar Akuffo ne ya kifar da gwamnatin Acheampong a watan Mayu 1978, wanda ya sauya wasu manufofin magabatansa da suka gabace shi ya kuma saki 'yan jarida da mambobin adawa. Wannan ya haifar da kafa takaddun jam'iyya biyu: Star na Popular Front Party (PFP) da Gong Gong na People's National Party (PNP). Mulkin Akuffo bai daɗe ba, ya ƙare a wani juyin mulki da Armed Forces Revolutionary Council (AFRC) ƙarƙashin jagorancin Jerry Rawlings, waɗanda suka soke dokokin 'yan jarida waɗanda Acheampong ya zartar. Rawlings ya maye gurbin babban editan jaridar Daily Graphic wanda ya soki hukuncin kisan na AFRC, duk da cewa ba su da ikon yin hakan saboda ya kaskantar da kundin tsarin mulkin Jamhuriya ta Uku, wanda ya ce dole ne a maye gurbinsu da Hukumar 'Yan Jaridu. Bayan watanni takwas na mulkin AFRC, wanda ya yi alkawarin sake fasalin kafofin watsa labarai amma a karshe ba ta samu ba, sai aka mayar da mulki ga zaɓaɓɓen demokradiyya PNP tare da Hilla Limann a ranar 24 ga Satumba 1979. Limann ya kasance mai ba da shawara ga sake fasalin kafofin yaɗa labaru, ya kafa Kwamitin 'Yan Jaridu mai mambobi 12 a ranar 25 ga Yulin 1980. A cikin jawabin nasa ya ce:
Hukumar 'Yan Jarida, kamar yadda doka ta tanada, ita ce ta binciki korafe-korafen da ake yi game da' yan jaridu, da tabbatar da 'yancin' yan jarida da samar da dokoki da lasisin da ya kamata ga kafofin yada labarai. A lokacin mulkin Limann, ya mutunta sabon Tsarin Mulki kuma ya yarda da suka daga kafofin watsa labarai. Wannan bai dade ba duk da haka, kamar yadda John Rawlings, yana ambaton "cin hanci da rashawa da rashin tsari," ya sake kwace mulki a karkashin Provisional National Defence Council a ranar 31 ga Disamba 1981, kuma ya soke sauye-sauyen kafofin watsa labarai masu sassaucin ra'ayi da Limann ya kirkiro. A karkashin sabuwar gwamnatin, an soke Tsarin Mulki na Uku, tare da Hukumar 'Yan Jarida. Ta hanyar jaridar Daily Graphic mallakar gwamnati a ranar 5 ga Janairun 1982, ya gaya wa manema labarai cewa su jagoranci “Yakin Mai Tsarki” kuma su jagoranci juyin juya halin. Rawlings ya zartar da wasu dokoki wadanda suka hana sukar gwamnati ko manufofinta, ta kori editocin da ke sukar sa sannan ya zartar da dokoki da dama kamar Dokar Kare Rigakafi da Dokar lasisin Jarida wacce ta ba da damar tsarewa ba tare da an yanke hukunci ga ‘yan jarida ba, da kuma dakile ci gaban kafafen yada labarai masu zaman kansu. Sakatariyar Watsa Labarai ta PNDC Joyce Aryee a 1983 ta kare ikon gwamnati kai tsaye:
Manufofin ba wai kawai sun shafi kafofin watsa labarai ba har ma da Kamfanin Watsa Labarai na Ghana, tare da kora da yawa ko ritaya da wuri. Sakamakon haka, wasu kafofin watsa labarai sun guji duk tattaunawar siyasa gaba ɗaya kuma sun mai da hankali kan wasu batutuwa kamar wasa ko nishaɗi maimakon.
1992-2000 A shekarar 1992, Ghana ta fitar da sabon kundin tsarin mulki, ta koma mulkin dimokiradiyya a ranar 7 ga Janairun 1993. Rawlings a matsayin wani bangare na National Democratic Congress (ya yi ritaya wani Laftanar Laftanar na Sojojin Ghana) ya ba da damar yada labarai ta hanyar soke dokokin da PNDC ta sa hannu a baya. Kafofin yada labarai masu zaman kansu, wadanda a baya aka kame bakinsu a karkashin gwamnati a cikin shekaru goman da suka gabata, sun yi amfani da sabbin dokokin 'yancin' yan jarida wajen yin suka a kan Rawlings na tsauraran dokokin na shekarun da suka gabata tare da wallafa zarge-zarge da dama na kama-karya da muggan kwayoyi. Kafofin watsa labarai na gwamnati duk da haka, sun ci gaba da ɗaukar hoto na Rawlings. Rawlings ya yarda da shekarun danniya da kafofin watsa labarai, duk da cewa ya kare juyin mulkin soja:
Duk abin da ya faru a cikin shekaru goma da suka gabata ba za a iya sakewa daga tsarin tsarin mulki na yau ba. Babu wanda zai kasa yin godiya ga mahimmancin juyin juya halin 31 ga Disamba wajen kawo 'yan Ghana zuwa mashigar Jamhuriyya ta huɗu, da kafa ƙa'idodin adalci na zamantakewar al'umma wanda zai sa tsarin mulki ya zama zahirin rayuwa yin hakan na nufin gurbata tarihin Ghana tare da ajiye wadancan muhimman darussa wadanda hakika zasu bunkasa wannan matakin na kwarewar Ghana.
Bugu da kari, Rawlings ya sha alwashin mutunta Fasali na 12 na Kundin Tsarin Mulki na Ghana, inganta 'yancin' yan jarida, hakkin bangarorin masu zaman kansu da na jihohi da kuma wadannan 'yanci su zama karin' yancin dan adam. An kirkiro sabuwar Hukumar 'Yan Jaridu ta kasa (daga baya ga Hukumar Watsa Labarai ta Ghana) mai' yanci daga gwamnati, wanda zai kula da ayyukan da aka ambata a baya. Duk da wadannan sabbin sauye-sauyen, Shugaba Rawlings da gwamnatin NDC sun ci gaba da sukar 'yan jaridu masu zaman kansu, suna masu kiranta "mara sa hankali a siyasance" kuma ta hanyar amfani da riba ne. Wani jami'in gwamnati ya yi iƙirarin cewa kafofin watsa labarai masu zaman kansu "sun gwada iyakokin gwamnati", yayin da wasu kuma suka zarge ta da nuna Majalisar ba ta da ƙarfi. Wata kungiya mai suna Abokan Dimokiradiyya ta yi ikirarin cewa tana da sa hannun dubu daya da ke nuna adawa da kafafen yada labarai masu zaman kansu. Editoci daga Free Press da New Statesman sun ba da rahoton cewa an aika musu da barazanar kisa daga NDC saboda sukar gwamnatin. Valerie Sackey wacce mataimakiya ce ga Shugaba Rawlings, ta lura cewa 'yan jaridu masu zaman kansu suna da aikin bayar da halattacciyar suka ga gwamnati da kuma yin abin da ya dace, maimakon kawai nuna cewa gwamnati na kokarin rufe bakinsu.
2000-yanzu Bayan zaben a 2000 na John Kufuor rikice-rikice tsakanin kafofin watsa labarai masu zaman kansu da gwamnati sun ragu. Kufuor ya kasance mai goyon bayan 'yancin' yan jarida kuma ya soke dokar ɓarna da aikata laifi, kodayake ya ci gaba da cewa dole ne kafofin watsa labaru su yi aiki yadda ya kamata. An bayyana kafofin yada labaran na Ghana a matsayin "daya daga cikin wadanda ba su da cikakkun bayanai" a Afirka, suna aiki ba tare da takaita hanyoyin yada labarai ba. 'Yan jarida masu zaman kansu galibi suna ɗauke da suka game da manufofin gwamnati. Kafofin watsa labarai, da kafafen yada labarai musamman, sun kasance masu karfin gwiwa wajen bayar da labarin zaben shugaban kasar ta Ghana a shekarar 2008, kuma kungiyar Ghana Journalists Association (GJA) ta yaba wa John Atta Mills game da zaben nasa, tare da fatan samar da kyakkyawar dangantakar‘ yan jarida da gwamnatin.
'Yan Jarida sun tilastawa Gwamnati ta yarda cewa jami'ai suna da lissafi A gare ni kyakkyawar alama ce a gare ni cewa kafofin watsa labarai na Ghana sun yi wani tasiri a kan dimokiradiyya tun kafuwar Jamhuriyya ta 4
Seyd, C., 4 June 1999
Saboda sabuwar 'yancin yada labarai, masana'antar wasan bidiyo a Ghana na bunkasa.
Alaka da kafafan yada labarai na kasashen waje Kafofin yada labaran Ghana na da kyakkyawar dangantaka da kafofin yada labarai na kasashen waje, tare da yawancin ‘yan jaridun duniya daga kungiyoyin Yammacin Turai da na Afirka da ke Asiya da ke Accra babban birnin kasar. Ba a hana ‘yan jarida cikas yayin aikin su, kuma ba a bincikar bayanan cikin ko fita kasar. Babban kamfanin dillacin labarai, Kamfanin dillacin labarai na Ghana, Nkrumah ne ya kafa shi a shekarar 1957 don samar da daidaitattun bayanai kan labaran gida da na duniya. Kamfanin dillancin labarai na Reuters ya taimaka wajan baiwa kamfanin jagora da taimakon fasaha har zuwa shekarar 1961. Hukumar ta samu rajista daga kungiyoyi sama da 140 da kuma kanfanin dillacin labarai shida a shekarar 2000.
Kalubale ga kafofin yada labaran Ghana Duk da 'yanci na dangi, kafofin yada labarai a Ghana na fuskantar wasu kalubale. 'Yan jarida a Ghana galibi ba su cika albashi ba, ba sa samun wadataccen aiki, kuma galibi ba sa samun horo. A sakamakon haka, 'yan jaridu a Ghana sun sami kansu cikin saukin cin hanci da kuma bincikar kansu. Ingancin shirye-shiryen watsa labarai na rediyo da talabijin yana da ƙasa. Game da jaridu, yanayin mallakar jaridu na da siyasa a siyasance tare da yawancin jaridu suna goyon bayan bangaren gwamnati ko na jam’iyyun adawa. Jarida guda ɗaya tak, mallakar mallakar gwamnati ta Daily Graphic da gaske ana rarraba ta ƙasa.
'Yancin' yan jarida Kodayake tsarin mulki da doka sun tanadi 'yancin faɗar albarkacin baki da kuma' yan jaridu, wani lokacin gwamnati na ta tauye wa] annan 'yancin. 'Yan sanda na kame' yan jarida ba bisa ka'ida ba. Wasu 'yan jaridar na yin takunkumin kansu. Tsarin mulki ya hana kutsa kai cikin sirri, iyali, gida, ko rubutu, kuma gwamnati tana girmama waɗannan hanin a aikace. A cikin 2002 gwamnatin Ghana ta binciki kafofin yada labarai ta Intanet game da rikicin kabilanci a Arewacin Ghana.
Jaridu Kimanin jaridu 135 ake bugawa a Ghana, gami da jaridu 16 masu zaman kansu da kuma jaridu 9 na kullum. Gudummawar da adadi mai yawa na jaridu na jihohi da masu zaman kansu ke bayarwa ya haifar da yanayi daban-daban na yada labarai a Ghana. Takardun jihohi kamar su Daily Graphic da Ghanaian Times sun saba da ingantawa da karfafa goyan baya ga manufofin gwamnati da bin layi mai bin ra'ayin mazan jiya, ba kamar yadda 'yan jaridu masu zaman kansu suka fallasa kyawawan ayyukan jami'an gwamnati da rashin kyakkyawan tsarin tafiyar da al'amuran gwamnati ba.
Kwamitin yada labarai na kasa na Ghana, kwamiti mai zaman kansa, an kafa shi ne domin sanya ido tare da karbar korafe-korafe game da kafafen yada labarai. Hukumar ta karbi korafe-korafe 50 a 2002, kuma a cikin Mayu 2001, ta tilasta wa Chronicle na Ghana ta ba da hakuri kan wallafa "labaran karya" a kan mutane ba tare da kwararan hujjoji ba. Koyaya, ba a kula da irin waɗannan hukunce-hukuncen saboda rashin iko.
Talabijan da rediyo An gabatar da Talabijin ga Ghana a 1965 kuma yana karkashin ikon Jiha. Ghana Broadcasting Corporation ya gudanar da ayyukanta ta hanyar watsa shirye-shiryen talabijin har zuwa 1994, biyo bayan kundin tsarin mulkin 1992 na sabuwar gwamnatin da aka zaba ta hanyar dimokiradiyya. Wani bangare na kundin tsarin mulki na 1992 ya kafa National Media Commission wacce ta dauki nauyin inganta da kuma tabbatar da ‘yancin kafafen yada labarai.
Ba da daɗewa ba bayan juyin mulkin 1966 na Nkrumah ta hanyar National Liberation Council (wacce ta riƙe maƙarƙashiyar Jiha a kafofin watsa labarai na ƙasar), Ghana Broadcasting Corporation ta sanar da doka ga, "watsa shirye-shirye a fagen al'adu, ilimi, bayanai da nishaɗi, don nuna ci gaban kasa da buri, da kuma watsa shirye-shirye a cikin manyan yarukan Ghana da Turanci.”
Akwai tashoshin watsa shirye-shirye bakwai a cikin 2007. Daga cikin tashoshin, akwai gudanar da gwamnatin Ghana Broadcasting Corporation da wasu tashoshi masu zaman kansu guda hudu, TV3, Metro TV, Viasat 1, TV Skyy, da TV Africa, tare da TV3 da Metro TV da ke aiki a shekarar 1997. Ana iya samun tashoshin kasashen waje irin su CNN da BBC a kyauta.
Rediyon FM ya fara ne a shekarar 1988, wanda ya baiwa gidajen rediyon kasashen waje damar shigowa cikin kasar, kamar su Voice of America, Radio France Internationale da kuma watsa labarai na BBC a kan 101.3FM. Zanga-zangar da jama'a suka yi a shekarar 1995 game da kwace kayan aiki daga wani gida mai zaman kansa, Radio EYE, ya tilasta wa gwamnati ta samar da mitocin FM da yawa ga wasu tashoshin masu zaman kansu, abin da ya haifar da wani sabon zamani na "watsa labarai da yawa". Tattaunawar tattaunawa ta wayar tarho kan lamuran gida da na ƙasa sun shahara sosai a gidan rediyon Ghana. Baya ga tashoshin Turanci, akwai da yawa a cikin yaren gida. A cikin 2007, FM 86 da tashoshin gajeren zango uku sun wanzu.
Intanet Kimanin 'yan Ghana miliyan 4.2 ne suka yi amfani da Intanet a shekarar 2012, kimanin kashi 17% na yawan jama'ar. Babu wani ci gaba mai mahimmanci a cikin 2014 kamar yadda rahoton kididdigar Duniya na Intanet ya ruwaito "akwai masu amfani da Intanet na 5,171,993 a ranar 31 ga Disamba, 2014, 19.6% na yawan jama'a, a kowane IWS."
Ba shi da iyakancewa daga gwamnati.
Duba kuma Ghana 2004 Annual Report, Reporters Without Borders
Manazarta Ghana
Ghana
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24557 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tawia%20Modibo%20Ocran | Tawia Modibo Ocran | Farfesa Justice Tawia Modibo Ocran (Satumba 12, 1942 27 ga Oktoba, 2008) ya kasance mai ilimi kuma Alƙalin Kotun Ƙoli a Ghana.
Rayuwar farko da ilimi An haifi Farfesa Tawia Modibo Ocran a ranar 12 ga Satumba, 1942, a Tarkwa-Nsuaem a Yankin Yammacin Ghana. Christened John Tawia Ocran, shi ne ɗa na ƙarshe na marigayi Mista Joseph Samuel Ocran, shugaban makarantar firamare, da Madam Ama Amireku Ocran, uwar gida. Mai shari’a Ocran ya yi karatunsa na firamare a Makarantar Tarkwa-Nsuaem Methodist da Makarantar Katolika ta Tarkwa daga 1949 zuwa 1956. Ya shiga Kwalejin St. Augustine, Cape Coast, a 1957, inda ya kammala duka jarabawa ta Talakawa da Babba. na ajinsa a 1961 da 1963 bi da bi. Ya kuma zama Shugaban Makarantar Makaranta a 1962 da kuma Shugaban Gidan St. Luke a 1962/63. An shigar da shi Faculty of Law na Jami'ar Ghana, Legon, a 1963, kuma ya kammala da LLB. (Hon) a 1966 da Barrister a Law (BL.) Diploma a 1967. Nan da nan ya zarce zuwa Jami'ar Wisconsin, Madison, Amurka, daga inda ya sami digiri na biyu a Makarantun Shari'a (M.L.I.) daga Makarantar Shari'a a 1968 da kuma digiri na biyu Ph.D. a cikin doka da Nazarin Ci gaba a 1971. Ya kuma yi zumuncin bincike na digiri na biyu a Jami'ar California Los Angeles (UCLA) Law School a 1968/69. An kira shi zuwa Barikin Ghana a 1967.
Aiki
Ilimi Daga Wisconsin, Ocran ya fara aikin ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ƙwararru wanda ya ƙunshi gogewa iri -iri a matsayin mai ilimi, babban jami'in gwamnatin ƙasa, ma'aikacin farar hula na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya, kuma masanin shari'a. A matsayinsa na mai ilimi, ya koyar tsawon shekaru 20 a matsayin Farfesa na Shari'a a Jami'ar Akron Makarantar Shari'a a Ohio, Amurka, ya yi ritaya daga can, a matsayin mai riƙe da ƙwararren masanin bincike na doka da Farfesa Emeritus, bayan nadinsa ga Babban Kotun Ghana a 2004. Tun da farko, ya kasance malami a fannin Shari'a a Jami'ar Zambia (1970 73) kuma Mataimakin Farfesa na Dokar Kasuwanci da Kudi a Jami'ar Jihar Jackson, Mississippi (1982 84). Ya kuma kasance Malamin Adjunct a Law a Jami'ar Ghana (1976 78); wani Malami Bako a Cibiyar Shari'a ta Duniya da ke Washington, D.C, a tsakiyar shekarun 1980, da kuma a Cibiyar Nazarin Shari'a ta Ƙasa (IDLI) a Rome, Italiya, a shekarun 1980 da 1990.
Tun lokacin da ya shiga Kotun Koli a 2004, ya kasance Babban Jami'in Shari'a a Jami'ar Ghana; da kuma masanin shari’a da ke ziyara a cibiyoyin kasashen waje da suka haɗa da Jami'ar Akron School of Law a Ohio, Makarantar Shari’a ta Jami'ar Loyola a Chicago, Makarantar Shari’a ta Jami’ar Arewacin Illinois a DeKalb, Illinois, Makarantar Shari’a ta Jami'ar Washburn a Topeka, Kansas, da Cibiyar Nelson don Kasashen Duniya Harkokin Waje, Jami'ar James Madison, Virginia, Amurka. A shekarar 2008, an zabi Farfesa Ocran a matsayin Abokin Kwalejin Kimiyya da Fasaha ta Ghana.
A wajen ilimi, ya rike mukamai da dama a Ghana da sauran wurare, ciki har da Babban Daraktan Cibiyar Zuba Jari ta Ghana (1981 82); Babban Jami'in Shari'a na Hukumar Zuba Jari ta Kasar Ghana (1975 78); Jami'in Harkokin Shari'a/Tattalin Arziki na Hukumar Tattalin Arziki na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya na Afirka da Ofishin Yanki na Cibiyar Majalisar Dinkin Duniya kan Ƙungiyoyin Ƙasashen Duniya a Addis Ababa, Habasha (1978 81). A cikin Janairu 1977, an nada shi a Kwamitin "Unigov" wanda ya tsara shirin don aiwatar da "Gwamnatin ƙasa maimakon Unigov", wanda gwamnatin Supreme Military Council ta kafa. Ya yi aiki a matsayin Babban Jami'in Harkokin Siyasa na rundunar wanzar da zaman lafiya ta Majalisar Dinkin Duniya na tsohuwar Yugoslavia (UNPROFOR) a Croatia a 1994 95. Ya kasance memba na Kwamitin Tsarin Mulki na 1978 wanda ya yi aiki akan Tsarin Mulkin Ghana na 1979.
Baya ga wallafa labarai da yawa kan saka hannun jari na kasa da kasa da dokar kasa da kasa a cikin mujallu na kwararru a Amurka da Afirka, Mai Shari'a Farfesa Ocran ya rubuta littattafai uku: Law in Aid of Development: Issues in Legal Theory, Economic Development and Institution-Building in Africa (Kamfanin Bugawa na Ghana, 1978); The Legacy of Kwame Nkrumah in Contemporary Ghana (1992); da The Crisis of Peacekeeping in Former Yugoslavia (2002), wanda ke dauke da Gabatarwa ta tsohon Sakatare Janar na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya, Kofi Annan.
Kungiyoyin duniya Ocran ya kasance ƙwararren jagoran ɗalibi kuma mai shirya matasa a shekarun 1960. Ya shiga cikin tunanin Pan-Africanist sosai kuma ya karɓi, a matsayin sunansa na tsakiya, sunan farko na Shugaban Mali na farko, Modibo Keita, ƙwararren PanAfricanist. A 1965, yayin da yake Jami'ar Ghana, an zaɓi Modibo (kamar yadda abokan karatunsa na kwaleji suka kira shi) a matsayin Shugaban Ƙungiyoyin Daliban Socialist na Ghana (GHANASSO), ƙungiyar ɗaliban pro-Nkrumah ta rungumi dukkan manyan makarantun ilimi a Ghana. A wannan matsayin, an tsare shi na ɗan lokaci bayan juyin mulkin da sojoji suka yi wa Kwame Nkrumah a 1966.
Tun da farko, ya yi aiki a matsayin Sakatare/Mai Taron Ƙungiyar Legon na Convention People's Party (1964/65); memba na Ofishin Matasa na Sakatariyar Ƙasa a Hedkwatar CPP (1964/66); da Shugaban Ƙungiyar Dalibai na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya (UNSA), reshen Jami'ar Ghana (1964), da Ƙungiyar Makarantun Sakandare na Yankin Tsakiya (1962/63). A shekarun 1970, bayan dawowarsa daga lacca a Jami'ar Zambiya, ya ci gaba da sha'awar matasa da al'amuran ƙasar Ghana, inda ya zama Babban Sakataren Ƙungiyar Matasan Yankin Yammacin Turai (WERYA) (1976 78).
Mutuwa Tawia Ocran ta mutu a ranar 27 ga Oktoba, 2008, a Akron, Ohio, Amurka. Ya rasu ya bar matarsa Adelaide, lauya kuma mai kula da ɗakin karatu na doka ta hanyar horo da yaransu biyar: Araba, Yoofi, Ato, Kojo, da Ama.
Manazarta Haifaffun 1942
Mutuwan |
17641 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khamis%20Gaddafi | Khamis Gaddafi | Khamis Gaddafi (An haife shi ne a ranar a 27 ga watan Mayun 1983 29 August 2011) shi ne na bakwai kuma ƙarami a ɗa ga tsohon shugaban Libya Muammar Gaddafi, kuma kwamandan soja mai kula da Khamis Brigade na Sojojin Libya Ya kasance wani ɓangare na mahaifinsa na ciki. A lokacin yakin basasar Libya a shekara ta 2011, ya kasance wata babbar manufa ga sojojin adawa da ke kokarin kifar da mahaifinsa.
Ilimi da aiki Yana dan shekara uku, Khamis Gaddafi ya ji rauni a harin bam din Amurka na 15 ga watan Afrilu 1986 a Libya, yana fama da rauni a kansa lokacin da aka kai hari kan sansanin soja na Bab al-Azizia a matsayin ramuwar gayya game da harin bam din na 1986 a Berlin. Ya kammala karatunsa a makarantar sojan da ke Tripoli, inda ya samu digiri na farko a fannin kere kere da kimiyya, sannan ya ci gaba da karatunsa a Kwalejin Soja ta Frunze da ke Moscow da Kwalejin Soja ta Janar na Sojojin Rasha A shekarar 2008, Gaddafi ya ziyarci Algeria, inda Shugaba Abdelaziz Bouteflika ya tarbe shi A watan Afrilu na 2010, ya fara karatun digiri na biyu a IE Business School (wanda a da ake kira Instituto de Empresa a Madrid Koyaya, ma'aikatar ta kore shi a watan Maris na 2011 saboda "alakar sa da kai hare-hare kan al'ummar Libya". A farkon shekarar 2011, Gaddafi yayi aiki a matsayin horon koyon aiki a Kamfanin Fasaha na AECOM A cewar Paul Gennaro, Babban Mataimakin Shugaban AECOM na Sadarwar Duniya, Gaddafi yana rangadin Amurka ne a watan Fabrairun 2011 a wani bangare na atisayensa, gami da ziyartar wuraren sojoji da wuraren tarihi. An katse wannan tafiya a ranar 17 ga Fabrairu bayan yakin basasa na Libya, sannan Gaddafi ya koma Libya. Daga baya jami'an gwamnatin Amurka sun musanta duk wata rawa a cikin tsarawa, ba da shawara ko biyan kudin tafiyar.
Matsayi a yakin basasar Libya Bayan sauri baya zuwa Libya don taimakon da mahaifinsa a cikin yakin basasa, Khamis Gaddafi umarci hari a kan Zawiya, abu Khamis Brigade, wani musamman sojojin birged na kasar Libya Armed Forces masu biyayya ga Muammar Gaddafi Yakin ya haifar da dakarun da ke goyon bayan Gaddafi sake kwace birnin. Ya kuma taimaka wajen murkushe zanga-zangar adawa da gwamnati a ciki da wajen babban birnin Tripoli a karshen watan Fabrairu-farkon Maris. Dakarunsa kuma sun halarci Yaƙin Misrata A watan Yunin 2011, an ba da rahoton cewa yana ba da umarni ga sojojin da ke goyon bayan Gaddafi a Zliten ta wani soja da aka kama daga rundunarsa wanda shi ma ya ba da rahoton cewa Khamis Gaddafi ya gaya wa sojojinsa cewa "ku dauki Misrata ko kuma in kashe ku da kaina. Idan ba ku dauki Misrata ba, mun gama. Jita-jita game da mutuwa
Yakin basasar Libya
13 Maris 2011: Zargin harin kunar bakin wake kan Bab al-Azizia A ranar 20 ga watan Maris din 2011, kafar watsa labarai ta Al Manara mai adawa da Gaddafi ta ba da rahoton cewa Khamis Gaddafi ya mutu daga raunin da ya samu lokacin da ake zargin matukin jirgin sama Muhammad Mokhtar Osman ya fado da jirginsa zuwa Bab al-Azizia mako guda da ya gabata. Ba a tabbatar da hakan ba daga wata majiyar labarai mai zaman kanta. Har ila yau, ba a bayar da rahoton faduwar jirgin da kansa ba ko kuma ta wata kafar watsa labarai mai zaman kanta ba ta tabbatar da shi ban da Al Manara da jaridar Shuruk ta Algeriya, wacce ke da alaka ta kut da kut da Al Manara, kuma da shi akwai yiwuwar rahotannin na daga cikin ayyukan farfaganda na 'yan adawa. Daga baya gwamnatin Libya mai goyon bayan Gaddafi ta musanta cewa an kashe shi a ranar 21 ga Maris. Sakatariyar Harkokin Wajen Amurka Hillary Clinton ta bayyana cewa tana sane da rahotannin da ke cewa an kashe daya daga cikin 'ya'yan Gaddafi a wasu hare-hare ta sama da ba na hadin gwiwa ba, bayan da ta ji su daga "majiyoyi daban-daban", amma "shaidar ba ta isa ba" tabbatar da wannan. A ranar 25 ga Maris 2011, gidan talabijin na Al Arabiya ya ba da rahoton cewa wata majiya ta tabbatar da mutuwar Khamis Gaddafi, duk da cewa wasu har da Al Jazeera sun ci gaba da kiran shi jita-jita. A ranar 29 ga watan Maris din 2011, gwamnatin Libya ta nuna hotunan da ta ce kai tsaye Khamis Gaddafi ne ya ke gaisawa da magoya bayansa a Tripoli, a kokarin karyata ikirarin, duk da cewa ta yi amfani da hotunan karya kai tsaye a da kuma ba a tabbatar da wadannan hotunan ba. A ranar 9 ga watan Yunin 2011, wani sojan da ke goyon bayan Gaddafi a Misrata ya gaya wa ‘yan tawayen cewa Khamis Gaddafi na raye a Zliten, kuma shi ke jagorantar sojoji a wurin.
5 ga Agusta 2011: Kai harin sama a Zliten A ranar 5 ga watan Agustan 2011, inda ya ambaci 'yan leken asirin da ke aiki a tsakanin sojojin da ke biyayya ga Muammar Gaddafi, Mohammed Zawawi, mai magana da yawun rundunar juyin juya halin United, ya fada wa kamfanin dillacin labarai na Agence France Press cewa an kashe Khamis Gaddafi cikin dare, yana mai cewa "akwai wani harin da NATO ta kai wa dakin ayyukan Gaddafi a Zliten kuma akwai kusan sojojin Gaddafi 32 da aka kashe. Daya daga cikinsu shi ne Khamis. Wannan rahoto a hukumance ya fito ne daga bakin kakakin gwamnatin Libya Moussa Ibrahim "Labarin karya ne. Sun kirkiri labari ne game da Mista Khamis Gaddafi a Zliten don rufe kashe su, ”in ji Ibrahim a hirarsa da Reuters a Tripoli. "Wannan wata dabara ce ta kazanta don rufe laifin da suka aikata a Zliten da kisan dangin al-Marabit." NATO ma ba ta iya tabbatar da rahotannin mutuwar Khamis ba. A ranar 9 ga watan Agusta, wani mutum da ya bayyana kamar Khamis Gaddafi yana cikin gidan talabijin din Libya yana magana da wata mata da ake zargin cewa jirgin saman NATO ya ji mata mummunan rauni.
22 ga Agusta 2011: Rahotannin gawawwaki a Tripoli A ranar 22 ga watan Agusta, Al Jazeera ta ruwaito cewa mai yiwuwa an gano gawawwakin Khamis Gaddafi da shugaban leken asirin mahaifinsa Abdullah Senussi a Tripoli yayin yakin birnin Koyaya, wani kwamandan 'yan tawaye daga baya ya bayyana cewa ya yi imanin Khamis Gaddafi yana cikin Bab al-Azizia An sami Senussi da rai kuma an kama shi a cikin Mauritania a ranar 17 ga watan Maris 2012, kuma an miƙa shi ga Libya a ranar 5 ga Satumba don a yi masa shari'a.
29 ga Agusta 2011: Harin jirgin sama kusa da Tarhuna A ranar 29 ga watan Agusta, an ba da rahoton cewa mayaƙan adawa da Gaddafi 60 kilomita kudu da Tripoli ya yi ikirarin cewa wani jirgin sama mai saukar ungulu na NATO Apache ya yi harbi kan Khamis Gaddafi na Toyota Land Cruiser, inda ya lalata motar. Wani mutum da ya ce shi mai tsaron lafiyar Khamis Gaddafi ne ya ce an kashe shi. Babu tabbaci na gani nan da nan. Bayan 'yan kwanaki bayan haka, jaridar The Guardian ta yi hira da wani tsohon mai gadi da ake tsare da shi a Tarhuna Jami'in tsaron sa, Abdul Salam Taher Fagri, dan shekaru 17 daga Sabha, wanda aka dauka a Tripoli, daga baya ya tabbatar da cewa da gaske an kashe Khamis Gaddafi a wannan harin. Ya fada wa jaridar "Ina cikin babbar motar a bayansa lokacin da aka buge motarsa. Ya kone. Sauran masu gadin guda uku da ake tsare da su a cikin sel daban daban sun ba da irin wannan asusun, wanda ya sa masu garkuwar su yi imani da asusun duk su hudun ya zama abin yarda. Majalisar wucin gadin kasar ta yi ikirarin a ranar 4 ga watan Satumba cewa yanzu ta tabbata Khamis Gaddafi ya mutu kuma an binne shi a kusa da Bani Walid. A tsakiyar watan Satumbar 2011, wani rahoto ya nuna cewa Gaddafi yana Bani Walid, amma ya bar garin da mutanensa zuwa makomarsu. Koyaya, Jaridar Kasuwanci ta Duniya ta ruwaito a ranar 15 ga Satumba cewa Khamis Gaddafi har yanzu ana zaton ya mutu. A ranar 15 ga Oktoba, gidan talabijin na Syria mai goyan bayan Gaddafi Arrai TV ya aike da sakon makokin mutuwarsa a ranar 29 ga watan Agusta. A watan Afrilu na shekarar 2012, dan jaridar New York Times Robert Worth ya gana da tsohon fursunan gidan yarin Tripoli Yarmouk Marwan Gdoura, wanda ya amsa cewa bayan kisan kimanin fursunoni 100 ya tsere daga garin tare da wasu masu biyayya 200 karkashin jagorancin Khamis Gaddafi, wanda aka kashe da bindiga. Bayan haka, ya ga dan uwansa Saif al-Islam Gaddafi yana karbar ta'aziyya a Bani Walid. A ranar 17 ga watan Oktoba 2012, wani rahoto daga kungiyar kare hakkin dan adam ta Human Rights Watch ya ce "Khamis Gaddafi, dan Muammar wanda ya ba da umarni ga kwamandan runduna ta 32" Khamis "ta sojojin Libya, an kashe shi a ranar 29 ga watan Agusta yayin da yake tserewa daga Tripoli, a wani abin da ake jin yana da shi kasance jirgin saman NATO a kan ayarin motocinsa.
Bayan yakin Akalla rahoto daya da aka wallafa bayan kame Saif al-Islam Gaddafi ya tabbatar da cewa tsohon Gaddafi ya fada wa masu binciken cewa Khamis Gaddafi na nan da ransa kuma watakila yana buya a Tarhuna A ranar 25 ga Fabrairun 2012, Stratfor ya ba da rahoton kame Khamis Gaddafi da mayaƙa daga Zintan suka yi. NTC din ya karyata wannan. A yayin yakin neman zabe kan masu biyayya ga Gaddafi a Bani Walid, Mataimakin Firayim Ministan Libya ya yi ikirarin a wani sakon Tweeter cewa an kashe Khamis Gaddafi a yayin fada a garin a ranar 20 ga Oktoba 2012, shekara guda zuwa ranar da 'yan tawaye suka kama mahaifin Gaddafi kuma suka kashe shi. sojoji a Sirte Wata sanarwa daga mai magana da yawun Majalisar Dokokin Libya, Omar Hamdan, ta yi ikirarin cewa an kashe Gaddafi "a cikin yaki", amma bai ba da wani karin bayani ba. An yi zargin cewa an gano gawarsa ne bayan an kwashe kwana guda ana gwabza fada tsakanin rundunar garin da ke goyon bayan Gaddafi da kuma wasu dakaru da ke kawance da gwamnatin Libya. Wani mai magana da yawun gwamnatin ya musanta cewa babu wani tabbaci a hukumance game da kame Mussa Ibrahim ga kamfanin dillancin labaran Faransa, kuma bai ma yi magana game da jita-jitar mutuwar Khamis Gaddafi ba. Kamfanin dillacin labarai na Associated Press ya bayyana rahoton kisan Gaddafi a matsayin jita-jita da ba a tabbatar da shi ba. Musa Ibrahim, tsohon kakakin Muammar Gaddafi, da kansa ya karyata sakon game da kamun yana mai cewa shi ma ba ya Libya kuma ya musanta rahotanni na baya-bayan nan game da mutuwar Khamis. A ranar 24 ga Oktoba, mai magana da yawun gwamnati Nasser Al-Manaa ya ja da baya tare da neman gafara kan rahotannin karya daga gwamnati da Majalisar Dokoki ta Kasa game da kisan Gaddafi da kama Ibrahim.
Manazarta Libya
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7156 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kanuri | Kanuri | Kanuri ri/ suna ne na wata kabila daga cikin manyan kabilun Arewacin Najeriya, wadanda kuma suka taka kafa daya daga cikin dauloli guda biyu mafiya girma a duk fadin Afirka ta yau.
Mutane ne da suka samo asali daga Yemen (Abubakar, 2017; Ballo, 1974). Suna da matukar riko da al’adunsu na gargajiya, addini, karbar baki da kuma uwa-uba hidimtawa Alqur’ani da masu hulda da shi da suka shafi koyo, koyarwa, hadda, rubutawa da kuma masu karanta shi. Babban garin su; wato Maiduguri, ana yi masa kallon matsugunni ko kuma masaukin mahaddata da kuma makaranta Alqur’ani. Akwai wata kalma ko kuma lambar girmamawa da suke bai wa duk mutumin da ya kware matuka gaya wajen karanta Alqur’ani; Goni wanda da Hausa ake cewa Gwani. A wata tattaunawa da muka yi da wani matashi mai suna Ibrahim Hassan a ranar Talata 3 ga watan Julin shekarar 2019 a Tsangayar Goni Muhammad Sa’adu Ngamdu, ya shaida mana cewa, idan mutum ya je irin guraren zaman hira da matasa ke taruwa a garin Maiduguri, a mafiya yawa daga cikin irin wadannan guraren akan samu mutum daaya daga cikin matasa goma da yake haddacin Alqur’ani ne. Maganar da ya fada tare kuma da karfafa ta da cewa, “Kuma hadda cikakkiya ba kame-kame ba”.
Daga cikin kyawawan al’adun Kanurai ababen ambato akwai girmama na gaba, zaman lafiya da kuma hakuri da juna. Cibiyar Zaman Lafiya; wato Home of Peace (Wikipedia, 2016; Sean, 2013; Naijaface, 2010), a Turance, ita ce inkiyar da ake yi wa jahar Borno wadda take ita ce babbar Jahar Kanurai. Manufar wannan rubutu da ka ke karantawa ita ce yin bayani bakin gwargwado game da suna, asali, da kuma wasu daga cikin kyawawan halayen mutanen da suke kiran kansu da suna Kanuri, Bahaushe kuma yake kiransu da sunan Barebari.
Mun yi bakin kokari wajen ganin mun kawo wa mai karatu abin da ya inganta daga abin da za mu rubuta ta hanyar zurfafa bincike, tambayoyi da kuma ziyarar gani da ido; wato cil-da-cil, ganin Annabin tsohuwa. Muna fatan wannan rubutu ya zama fitilar da za ta haskaka zuciyar masu neman sanin hakikanin tarihin kabilar Kanurai. A sha karatu lafiya.
Suna
Dakta Babagana Abubakar, ya kuma ce: “Sunan Kanuri hadadde ne daga wasu kalmomin Kanuri guda biyu; wato KA wadda ke da ma’ana ta sanda, da kuma NURI, mai ma’anar haske, wadda ita kuma tushenta shi ne Larabci, Nur”. Wadannan kalmomi, KA da NURI su aka hada suka zama Kanuri.
Dalilin samuwar wannan suna, Kanuri, kamar yadda Dakta Babagana Abubakar ya ci gaba da bayyanawa, shi ne cewa a farkon lamari su Kanurai sun kasance mutane ne makiyaya masu rike da sanda, sannan kuma fuskarsu tana haske. Saboda haka a kokarinsu na bambance su daga cikin sauran kabilun gurin da suke suma makiyayan ne, sai wata kabila mai suna Sau suka rika kiransu da wannan suna Kanuri. Wato kenan idan abin mu kwatanta ne sai mu iya cewa, mutane masu kama da haske wadanda suke rike da sanda.
Amma a tattaunawar mu da Abba Kura, wani matashi a Unguwar Bulunkutu Abuja, a cikin garin Maiduguri a ranar Juma’a 31 ga watan Mayu, 2019, ya bayyana mana cewa, asalin sunan Kanuri gauraye ne na kalmomin Larabci guda biyu; KAL da kuma NUR wadanda idan aka hade su suke zama KAN-NURI a bisa ka’idar Larabci, waɗanda kuma za a iya fassara su da kamar haske; kamar yadda muka ji daga kakaninmu. Daga baya kuma aka jirkita su suka koma Kanuri.
Kenan Idan muka yi wa wannan suna fassara ta kwatance sai mu ce, mutane masu kama da haske. Kenan, akwai kusanci a tsakanin wadannan maganganu guda biyu; Babagana da kuma Abba Kura.
Sai dai, Hausawa da kuma Yarabawa; amma na Ilori kawai, suna kiran su da sunaye Barebari da kuma Baruba. Abin da za a iya danganta shi da sunan da Sarkin Musulmi Muhammadu Ballo (1974), ya kira su da shi, cewa: “Wadannan Barbar din, ragowar Barbar din da suka rayu ne a tsakankanin kasashen Arewacin Afirka da kuma Habasha…” Wannan shi ne sunan da Bahaushe ya jirkita shi zuwa Barebari, shi kuma Bayaraben Ilori ya ce Baruba. Wannan kuma saboda kusancin su duka biyun ne da Sarkin Musulmi Muhammadu Ballo, albarkacin Jahadin Shehu danfodiye wanda Hausawa da Yarabawan duk abin ya shafe su.
Wannan suna na Kanuri, shi ne sunan da kabilu da yawa suke kiran su da shi. Musamman ma Sau, Larabawa, Kotoko, Sudaniyawa, Turawa, Itofiyawa, Turkawa, Mandarawa, Marghi, Babur, Karekare, Ngizem da sauransu.
Haka nan kuma ana kiran su da wasu sunayen mabambanta. Wasu kabilun Chadi da Sudan da suka haɗa da Najdi, Baggara da kuma Hejazi suna kiransu da suna Barnowaji; Fulani kuma suna kiran su da Kolejo.
Asali
Magana mafi shahara ita ce cewa, Kanurai mutanen Yemen ne. Dakta Babagana Abubakar, ya fada a cikin mukallarsa ta Turanci, Kanuri Complete, wadda aka wallafa a shekarar 2017 a shafin Intanet na Mujallar kasa-da-kasa mai suna Research Gate, cewa: “Kanurai sun zo ne daga Zirin Yankin Larabawa (Arabian Peninsula) sannan suka zauna a wani guri mai tazarar kusan kilomita 640 daga arewacin Tafkin Chadi wanda daga baya ya zama kasaitacciyar daular Kanem-Bornu”.
Sannan kuma Sarkin Musulmi Muhammad Ballo (1974), ya ce: “Wadannan Barebarin, ragowar Barebarin da suka rayu ne a tsakankanin kasashen Arewacin Afirka da kuma Habasha. Su ne wadanda Humayyar (Sunan kabila ne) suka kora daga Yemen…” Wanda kuma a karshen bayanin nasa ya kare da cewa: “…Sannan suka gangaro Kanem, suka zaune ta…”
A cikin wata tattaunawa da muka yi da Dakta Shekarau Angyu, Masa-Ibi, Aku-Uka na Wukari, a ranar Asabar 19/08/2017, a fadarsa da ke Wukari, ya shaida mana cewa: “Asalinmu daga Yemen ne. Mun taho tare da ‘yan’uwanmu Kanurai muka rabu da su a Ngazargamau”. Rabe-Raben Kanuri
A farkon lamari, Yaren Kanuri kala daya ne tal! Amma sannu a hankali sakamakon yanayin siyasar rayuwa da ta haddasa gaurayuwar Kanurai da wasu bakin yarurrukan kodai ta hanyar zuwansu garuruwan Kanurai ko kuma zuwan Kanurai wasu garurwan ya haifar da hayayyafar wannan yare inda har ta kai ga an samu bambamce-bambamcen wasu kalmomi ko kuma ma canjin yaren kaco-kaf. Daga cikin rabe-raben Kanuri akwai; Wuje, Gumati, Manga, Bodoi, Kanembu, Morr, Kwayam, Suwurti, Buduma da sauransu.
Addini
Kanurai mutane ne Musulmi. Dakta Babagana Abubakar ya ce: a kaso dari din Kanurai Musulmi ne wadanda suka riki addinin Musulunci a matsayin tafarkin rayuwarsu sannan kuma Annabi Muhammadu samfurin su…”
Gudunmawar Kanurai Wajen Yada Addinin Musulunci
Gazali (2014), ya bayyana Kanurai a matsayin mutanen da suka bayar da gagarumar gudunmawa wajen yada ilimin addinin Musulunci da harkar malunta a Afirka ta Yamma a matakin farko da kuma dukkan fadin Afirka baki daya.
Sarkin Musulmi Muhammad Ballo (1974), ya siffanta su a matsayin mutanen da Musulunci ya yi matukar yaduwa a duk fadin daularsu a tsakankani sarakunansu da waziransu da sauran jama’arsu, har ta kai ga yana fadin cewa: “Kai! Ba za ka taba samun jama’a a cikin wadannan garuruwan ba face sun himmatu da karatun Alqur’ani da tajawidinsa (Hukunce-hukuncen karatun Alqur’ani), haddace shi da kuma rubuta shi. Jama’ar ba su gushe haka nan ba har lokacin gudanar da wannan jahadin”. Dongane da wannan gaba, har ya zuwa yau din nan (2019), akwai wasu unguwanni a cikin garin Maiduguri, kamar irin su Dikeciri da sauran su, wadanda duk gidan da ka shiga ba za ka rasa mahaddacin Alqur’ani guda daya ba, kamar yadda Ahmad Sa’ad Ngamdu ya shaida mana a cikin tattaunawar da muka yi da shi a ranar Lahadi 11/6/2019 a Abuja.
Farfesa Adu Boahen (1986), ya siffanta irin gudunmawar da Barebari suka bayar wajen yada ilimin addinin Musulunci a fadin Afirka da ma duniya baki daya ta yadda ya bayar da misali da mashahurin Malami Muhammadu Mugili wanda sarkin Kano Muhammadu Rumfa ya gayyata zuwa Kano domin koyar da ilimin addinin Musulunci, kuma ya bayar da gudunmawa wajen rubuta Kundin Tsarin Mulkin Masarautar Kano.
Fitattun Mutane Kanurai
Kanurai suna da fitattun mutane da suka riƙe manya-manyan mukaman da suka kai har matakin shugabannin kasashe a duniya tun kafin shigowar Turawa Yankin Bakake har zuwa zamanin shigowar Turawa musamman kafin samun ‘yancin-kan wasu daga cikin kasashen Afirka kamar irin su Najeriya da kuma bayan samun yancin kan a wasu kasashen kamar irin su Najeriya, Nijar da sauran su.
Daga cikin irin wadannan mutane wadanda suka yi fice a Najeriya akwai Sir Kashim Ibrahim, gwamnan farko na Yankin Arewa, 1962 1966; Alhaji Zanna Dipcharima, Ministan Masana’antu a zamanin Sir Abubakar Tafawa balewa, sannan kuma Firimiyan Najeriya na wucin-gadi; Shettima Ali Monguno, Ministan Man Fetur na farko a Najeriya daga shekarar 1972 zuwa 1975 sannan kuma Babban Shugaban gungiyar kasashe Masu Arzikin Man Fetur wato OPEC daga 1972 zuwa 1973; Kamsalem, Sufeto Janar na ‘Yansandan Najeriya na biyu 1966 1975; Birgediya-Janar Abba Kyari, Gwamnan Jahar Tsakiyar Arewa 1967 1975; Babagana Kingibe, Ministan Harkokin kasashen Waje, 1993 1995 sannan kuma Sakataren Gwamnatin Najeriya, 2007 2008; Janar Sani Abacha, Shugaban Gwamnatin Sojan Najeriya, 1993 1998 da sauransu.
Sannan kuma a cikin su akwai hamshakan masu kudi na dauri kamar irin su Alhaji Mai Deribe, Sheikh Abubakar Elmiskin, Alhaji Umar Na Alhaji Lawan, Alhaji Kuli Deribe, da sauran su.
A Jamhuriyar Nijar Kuma, akwai mutane irin su Mamane Oumarou, tsohon firimiyan Nijar a shekarar 1983; Mamadou Tandja tsohon shugaban kasar Nijar, 1999 2010 da sauran su.
Tsagen Fuska
Kanurai suna da tsagar gado a fuskarsu. Wannan tsaga ta su kuwa guda tara ce da suke yin ɗaya a tsakiyar goshi wadda take farawa daga farkon goshi ta sama har zuwa karshen kasan doron hanci, sai guda biyu-biyu a kan kumatu, da kuma karin wasu guda biyu-biyu a karin dama da hagu na fuska, sannan kuma dukkan tsagogin nasu dogaye ne. Kalli Fuskar Marigayi Janar Abacha a matsayin misali.
Guraren da Ake Samun Kanurai a Duniya
Kanurai sun fi yawa a Arewacin Najeriya inda suke da Jahohi biyu; Borno da Yobe tare da zamowar garin Maiduguri a matsayin babban birninsu. Haka nan kuma akan same su a Yammacin Nijar, jahar Zinder; Kudu-Maso-Gabashin Chadi; Arewacin Kamaru. Sannan kuma akwai su ‘yan kadan a Kudancin Libiya; warwatse a Sudan da kuma Jamhuriyar Gabon.
Bayan wadannan gurare kuma ana samun Kanurai a garuruwan Lafiyan Barebari, cikin jahar Nassarawa; garin Tofa, Kano duk a cikin jahar Kano; Zaria a jahar Kaduna; Gwaram, Dutse, Hadejia, Kirikasamma, Mallam Madori duk a cikin jahar Jigawa da kuma sauran guraren da kididdige su yake da wahala
Rubutu mai gwabi
Harshen Kanuri ko kawai Kanuri ko Barbarci ko kuma Barebari yare ne dake da asali a kasar Najeriya da ɓangaren wasu kasashe kamar Cadi, Kamaru, Jamhuriyyar Nijar, kasar Sudan da wasu garuruwa dake kudancin Libya da Misra. Mafi yawan al'umman Kanuri a Najeriya suke, kuma suna zaune ne a jihohin Borno, Yobe, Adamawa da sauran su. Akwai masu amfani da harshen sama da mutane miliyan biyar (5,000,000) tun a binciken da aka gabatar a shekara ta alif 1987, amma ire-iren harshen Kanuri wato Manga Kanuri da Yerwa Kanuri (wanda ake kira da Beriberi, ana ganin jimillar masu magana da harsunan sunkai adadin miliyan biyar da dubu dari bakwai (5,700,000).
Hotuna
Kalmomi
Kalmomin Kanuri da Hausa da Turanci:
Manazarta
Harsunan |
22779 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mashrur%20Arefin | Mashrur Arefin | Mashrur Arefin (an haife shi ne a ranar 9 ga watan Oktoba, 1969), ya kasan ce marubuci ne ɗan ƙasar Bangladesh, marubuci, mai fassara da kuma banki. An san shi da fassarar Bengali na labaran Homer na Iliad da Franz Kafka, da litattafansa, August Abchchaya (The Eclipse of August, 2019) da Althusser (2020).Ya sami lambar yabo ta BRAC Bank-Samakal Literature Award saboda fassarar labaran Franz Kafka a 2013 kuma ya ci Gemcon Shahitya Puroshkar 2020 don littafinsa na farko Agusta Abchhaya (The Eclipse of August).
Arefin yana rubutu ne game da adabi da kuma rubutun adabi akan jarida da kuma karin adabi.
Tarihin rayuwa
Rayuwar farko An haife shi a Barishal Daga baya danginsa suka koma Khulna kuma Arefin sun girma a can.
Ilimi da girma Bayan ya wuce SSC da HSC daga Kwalejin Barishal Cadet ya yi karatun Adabin Turanci a Jami’ar Musulmai ta Aligarh Sannan ya sami MA daga Jami'ar Dhaka A shekarar 1995 Arefin ya fara aiki a ANZ Grindlays Bank Limited a matsayin mai horar da gudanarwa. Ya kammala MBA daga Jami'ar Victoria, Melbourne, Australia. A matsayin banki tun daga tsakiyar shekarun 1990, ya yi aiki da bankuna da yawa a wurare daban-daban. Mashrur Arefin shine manajan darakta kuma babban jami'i (Shugaba) na Bankin City Bank Limited.
Rubutawa Ya fara rubutu da fassara a farkon shekarun 90 yayin da yake dalibi. A wancan lokacin an buga ayyukan rubutu da fassara a cikin mujallu daban-daban na adabi da kuma abubuwan adabi na Bangladesh.
Magajin Ishwardi Ya Mule er Golpo (Waka) Magajin garin Ishwardi O Mule er Golpo, an buga littafin doguwar waƙa a 2001 daga 'Da' Prokashoni. Shi ne littafinsa na farko. Magajin garin Ishwardi O Mule er Golpo ya kasance yunƙurin bincika sabon salon magana da hoto tare da yaren Bangla.
August Abchaya (Labari) August Abchaya (The Eclipse of August) shine littafinsa na farko. Labarin kirkirarren labari ne kan kisan shugaban kasar Bangladesh na farko Sheikh Mujibur Rahman An fara buga shi a cikin Bajan Littafin Ekushey, 2019. A cikin hira da Dhaka Tribune bayan lashe Gemcon Literary Prize, 2020, Mashrur Arefin ya lura:Abin da kawai zan iya cewa shi ne, 'Agusta Abchhaya' ana ɗaukarsa a matsayin labari na tarihi. Amma da gaske haka ne? Tabbas ba wanda yake bayar da nasa bayanin na dalilin da yasa abubuwa suka faru yadda abubuwan suka faru. Na yi imanin cewa saboda saukaka sanya littattafai wasu rukuni, muna kiran 'August Abchhaya' tatsuniyoyin tarihi ne kawai saboda kasuwancin kashe tarihi shine ginshikin littafin. Amma ginshiƙi kawai ginshiƙi ne. Yawancin abubuwa da yawa suna faruwa a zahiri, mafi girman kewaye ko kewayen kowace cibiyar.
Althusser (Labari) Littafinsa na biyu shine Althusser. An lakafta shi a kan shahararren masanin falsafar nan na Faransa Louis Althusser An fara buga shi a cikin Baje kolin Littafin Ekushey, 2020.
Prithibi Elomelo Sokalbelay (Waka) Prithib Elomelo Sokalbelay shine littafin waka na biyu. An fara buga shi a cikin Baje kolin Littafin Ekushey, 2020.
Kasa (Novel) A karkashin kasa, an buga littafi na uku na Mashrur Arefin a shekarar 2021 ta baje kolin littattafai na Ekushey daga Katha Prokash. A cikin wannan littafin Mashrur Arefin yayi ma'amala da matakai daban-daban na iko da kuma gefen duhu.
Poristhiti Jehetu Agun Hoye Ache (Waka) Poristhiti Jehetu Agun Hoye Ache, littafin mawaka na uku na Mashrur Arefin an buga shi a 2021 littafin baje koli na Ekushey daga Katha Prokash.
Salo Akwai 'yan bangarorin da masu karatu za su iya tsammani a cikin rubutun Mashrur Arefin, kamar murƙushe tsarin magana da jimla, amma bai tsaya ga kowane salon da aka ƙaddara ba. Yana da niyyar yin gwaji tare da kyawawan halaye kuma ya fito da sabon nau'in ɗanɗano na karin magana.
Jigogi
Powerarfi da siyasa Iko da siyasa shine batun yawancin ayyukan Mashrur Arefin. Yawancin ayyukan da yake yi suna bincika yadda iko da siyasa ke aiki akan mutum da ɗan adam.
Rashin kulawa da rayuwar mutum Wani muhimmin jigo a yawancin ayyukan Mashrur Arefin shi ne halin ko-in-kula game da rayuwar ɗan adam.
Yanayi Yanayi halaye ne na yau da kullun da ayyukansa.
Lokaci Wani taken a cikin ayyukan Mashrur Arefin shine lokaci- ko kuma, wucewar lokaci.
Ayyuka
Littattafai August Abchaya The Eclipse of Agusta, 2019)
Althusser Althusser, 2020)
Karkashin kasa Karkashin kasa, 2021)
Waka Ishwardi, Magajin gari Ya Muler Golpo 2001)
Prithibi Elomelo Sokalbelay 2020)
Poristhiti Jehetu Agun Hoye Ache 2021)
Fassara Franz Kafka Galpa-Samagra Cikakkun Labaran Franz Kafka, 2013)
Iliad Iliad, 2015)
Ganewa
Kyaututtuka ga littattafai 2013: BRAC Bank-Samakal Literature Award don labaran Franz Kafka (Fassara, 2013),
2020: Gemcon Shahitya Puroshkar na watan Agusta Abchaya (Novel, 2019),
Manzarata Rayayyun mutane
Haifaffun 1969
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24676 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kamfanin%20Kwamfuyuta%20na%20Kano | Kamfanin Kwamfuyuta na Kano | Kano Computing shine babban kayan aikin komputa na duniya da farawa software wanda ke a London Tarihi Alex Klein, Saul Klein, da Yonatan Raz-Fridman ne suka kafa Kano a cikin watan JanairuN shekara ta 2013. Sunan kamfanin ya samo asali ne daga Kanō Jigorō, mahaliccin judo Haƙƙin ƙirƙirar Kano ya fito ne daga ɗan Klein ɗan shekara 6 Micah, wanda "ya so ya gina kwamfutarsa kuma don ta kasance mai sauƙi da annashuwa kamar Lego a cewar kamfanin.
Kayayyaki A watan Agustan Shekara ta 2013, Kano ta ƙaddamar da akwatunan samfuran Kwamfuta na Kano na farko. Kit ɗin ya ƙunshi ƙaramin kebul na USB, litattafan samfur da yawa, akwati, Raspberry Pi 1, da katin SD da aka ɗora da farkon sigar Raspbian OS. An sayar da duk samfuran guda 200 da aka saki. A cikin shekara ta 2014, Kano ta ƙaddamar da Kit ɗin Kwamfuta na Kano, kayan aikin komputa na ilimi wanda aka ƙera don koyar da haɗa kayan aiki da ƙwarewar shirye -shirye. Yana da aka gina a kan Rasberi PI allon kayan wutan da kamfanin ta al'ada bude-source tsarin aiki, Kano OS. A cikin shekara ta 2018, Kano ta yi haɗin gwiwa tare da Warner Bros don fitar da wutan lantarki na Harry Potter da nufin ilimantar da yara kan kodin. Manufar samfurin wand ɗin, kamar yadda Kano ta bayyana, shine "koyar da masu son Harry Potter, da matasa masu sha'awar fasahar fasaha, tushen harsuna kamar JavaScript, wanda daga nan za su iya amfani da na zahiri, kamar a cikin aiki na gaba. ko sha'awa. Hakanan a cikin Shekara ta 2018, Kano ta fitar da na'urorin firikwensin motsi tare da jigogin Frozen da Star Wars a cikin haɗin gwiwa na shekaru da yawa tare da Disney An ƙaddamar da ƙaddamar da na'urorin biyu don yin daidai da fitowar 2018 na Frozen 2 da Star Wars: Yunƙurin Skywalker Na'urar motsi na USB tana gano motsi a gaban rakodin firikwensin kuma an ba masu amfani ikon yin shirye -shiryen abubuwa dangane da motsi da aka yi amfani da shi sama da na'urar. A cikin shekara ta 2019, kamfanin ya yi haɗin gwiwa tare da Microsoft don sakin PC na Kano, kwamfutar tafi-da-gidanka da kwamfutar hannu waɗanda aka riga aka ɗora su da Windows 10 da kayan aikin ilimi na Kano. Daga baya a cikin Shekara ta 2019, Kano ta ƙaddamar da rijistar ilimi na farko, Kano Club, inda masu amfani za su iya samun damar software da shirye -shiryen raye -raye, darussan da darussan kan layi. Har ila yau, sabis ɗin ya haɗa da JAMS, ɓangaren masu wasa da yawa, da Kano World, ɓangaren al'umma. Kano ta ƙaddamar da layin na'urorin kwamfuta a cikin Shekara ta 2020 don dacewa da fitowar PC ɗin ta Kano. Waɗannan sun haɗa da linzamin kwamfuta, belun kunne da kyamaran gidan yanar gizo.
Tallafawa Kano ta kaddamar da kamfen na cinkoson jama'a a dandalin Kickstarter a watan Nuwamban shekara ta 2013. Kamfanin ya tara sama da dala miliyan 1.5 daga masu ba da tallafi 13,387, a lokacin ya zama kamfen mafi girma na koyon sabis. Wadanda suka fara tallafawa Kano sun kasance masu amfani daga kasashe sama da guda 80 kuma sun hada da sanannun sunaye kamar wanda ya kafa kamfanin Apple Steve Wozniak da kuma wanda ya kafa Kickstarter Yancey Strickler, wadanda dukkansu sun riga sun yi oda. In 2016, Kano initiated a second Kickstarter campaign to fund a number of different products including a pixel art kit, motion sensor and webcam. The campaign generated $643,030 from 2,399 backers and was promoted by a number of notable figures including Wikipedia founder Jimmy Wales.
A watan Afrilu na shekarar 2019, Kano ta ba da sanarwar cewa ta karɓi tallafin kuɗi na fan miliyan 14 daga HSBC, don taimakawa ƙaddamar da sabon kayan aikin ta da fadada ƙarin ayyukanta a Amurka da Turai Alex Klein a halin yanzu yana aiki a matsayin babban jami'in zartarwa na kamfanin (Shugaba).
Hanyoyi zuwa Kanye West A cikin Janairu 2019, mawaƙin Ba'amurke kuma ɗan kasuwa Kanye West ya saka hannun jarin da ba a bayyana ba a cikin kamfanin bayan gamuwa da dama a wasan fasahar CES a Las Vegas. Tun farkon 2019, an ce kamfanin yana haɗin gwiwa tare da Yamma akan samfuran fasahar da ba a bayyana ba daga baya aka bayyana a watan Agusta 2021 don zama DONDA STEM PLAYER. A cikin Nuwamba 2019, Shugaba Klein ya ba da gudummawar waƙoƙi ga Yesu is King track Water Manazarta Pages with unreviewed |
13380 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bu%C9%97a%C9%97%C9%97iyar%20Jami%27a%20ta%20%C6%98asa%2C%20Najeriya | Buɗaɗɗiyar Jami'a ta Ƙasa, Najeriya | Jami'ar National Open Najeriya ta kasance makaranta ce dake koyar da karatu ta hanyar, karatun nesa, cibiyar. wacce irin wannan makarantan ta kasance ta farko a yankin Afirka ta Yamma Ita ce babbar makarantar jami'a a Najeriya dangane da lambobin dalibai kuma ana kiranta da NOUN Jami'a ce wacce ta shahara wajen fidda dalibai masu nagarta a Najeriya, ta hanyan karatu ta yanar gizo watau (("internet Tarihi An kafa jami’ar National Open university a ranar 22 ga watan Yuli shekara ta alif 1983 a matsayin matattarar mabubbuga don buɗe koyo da na nesa a Najeriya. Gwamnatin ta dakatar da shi ne a ranar 25 ga watan Afrilu shekara ta alif 1984. Ko ta yaya, an fara farfado da shi ne a ranar 12 ga Afrilun 2001 daga tsohon Shugaban Najeriya, Gen. Olusegun Obasanjo Lokacin da aka ƙaddamar da jami'ar, rajistar ɗaliban majagaba ta zama 32,400.
Kungiyar A shekarar 2011, NOUN na da kimanin ɗalibai 57,759. Mataimakin shugabar gwamnati a wancan lokacin Prof. Vincent Tenebe. Jami'ar ta kasance tsawon shekaru tana aiki daga hedkwatar Gudanarwarta da ke Victoria Island, VI Legas, kafin VC din ta na yanzu, Farfesa Abdalla Uba Adamu, ya sauya shi zuwa hedikwatar ta ta dindindin a Jabi, Abuja, a shekara ta 2016. Tana da Cibiyoyin Nazarin 75 a duk faɗin ƙasar. Tana ba da shirye-shirye sama da 50 da kuma darussan 750. Ta yanayinsa a matsayin cibiyar ODL, NOUN ba ta ba da laccoci ga ɗalibai a cikin ɗakunan aji ba sai dai wasu cibiyoyin karatun. Alal misali, cibiyar karatu a Legas tana ba da laccoci ga duk dalibanta na Dokta da kuma bayar da kayan aikin da suka wajaba ga duk ɗalibai bayan an biya kuɗin karatun. Hukumar kula da jami'o'i ta kasa (NUC) ce ta ba da dukkan karatun da jami’ar ke bayarwa. Magatakarda yana matsayin Sakatare a Majalisa da kuma Majalisar Dattawa. Babban sashin rajista shi ne samar da ayyukan tallafi a cikin Babban Ofishin Jami'ar tare da ba da fifiko kan al'amuran majalisar, abubuwan da suka shafi majalisar dattijai, daukar ma'aikata, shigar yara jin dadin yara, jindadin ma'aikata da sauran ayyukan da suka shafi hakan. Magatakarda na yanzu shine Mr. Felix Edoka.
Dalibai
Bukatun Yawancin ɗalibai daban-daban na rayuwa daban-daban suna jawo hankalin su ga National Open University of Nigeria kamar sauran manyan Jami'o'in Bude kamar Jami'ar Open University of United Kingdom (OU); saboda mafi yawan darussan babu wasu buƙatun shigarwa banda ikon yin karatu a matakin da ya dace kamar Jarrabawar Yammacin Afirka, da sauran Diploma na toasa don cancantar shigar da kai tsaye. Kodayake yawancin darussan kammala karatun suna buƙatar shaidar karatun da ya gabata da ko ƙwarewar rayuwa. Wannan mahimmancin shigar da kudin shiga na siyasa yana sa dukkan daliban jami'a su karanci karatun jami'a.
Masu karatuna Duk da yake mafi yawan masu karatun ɗaliban ne masu balaga, yawancin adadin sababbin daliban suna shekaru tsakanin 17 da 25, ragowar tallafin kuɗi ga waɗanda ke halartar jami'o'in gargajiya, haɗe tare da yin amfani da fasaha kamar su YouTube da ke jan hankalin wannan alƙaluma, An yi imanin ya kasance bayan wannan ci gaban.
Rigakafi ga bugawa Wani dalili shi ne Dokar Majalisar da ta kafa Jami'ar da ke hana kowane nau'i na ƙungiyar ko dai a cikin ma'aikata ko ɗalibai. Wannan ya sanya aka sanya sunan NOUN ba ya fuskantar yajin aiki kamar su ASUU yajin aiki (wanda ya kai tsawon watanni takwas) a Najeriya wanda a ƙarshe ya tsawaita lokacin karatun ɗalibai a makaranta ba lallai ba. Studentsaliban NOUN suna koyaushe kuma za su ci gaba da kasancewa cikin raunin kowace irin yajin aiki. NOUN ta yi iya kokarin ta don ganin dalibanta sun kasa shekaru 30 (matsakaicin shekaru) sun shiga Makarantar Bautar da Matasa ta kasa da kuma wadanda suka kammala karatun lauya ci gaba zuwa Makarantar Shari’a ta Najeriya Koyaya, ƙoƙarin ya kasance kwanan nan, an samo asali. Jami’ar ta fitar da sanarwa inda ta tabbatar da cewa a yanzu haka daliban na NOUN za su iya yin rajista kuma su kasance cikin shirin NYSC.
Matsayi da nasarori Sakamakon sabon binciken da Jami'oi suka gabatar wanda Ranking Web of Jami'o'i (wanda aka sani da suna Webometrics) ya bayyana wani jerin kyawawan Jami'o'i 100 a Najeriya a shekarar 2015. Kamar dai yadda ake yi a cikin kowane sauran shafin yanar gizo, tsarin yanar gizo wanda aka gabatar a shekarar 2015 ya sami alamun nema daga injunan bincike don baiwa manyan jami'o'in da Jami'ar National Open ta sanya a matsayi na 23. Duba: Jerin Jami'o'in Najeriya
Rarraban fursunonin da aka yi garkuwa da su Shawarar gudanarwa da majalisar dattijai na National Open University Nigeria (NOUN) na kafa cibiyoyin karatu a wasu gidajen yarin kasar ya fara ba da ‘ya’ya kamar yadda fursunoni uku daga cikin 7,000 da suka kammala karatun digiri na 13 a kwanan nan. A taronsa karo na 4 da aka gudanar a Babban Baje kolin gidan wasan kwaikwayon na kasa, Iganmu, Legas, wanda ya samu halartar wakilin shugaban kasa, Goodluck Jonathan da yawa daga cikin shugabannin majalisun gwamnoni da na wakilai da manyan masu ruwa da tsaki, fursunonin biyu daga Kirikiri Maxgal Prisons sun ƙare sama kamar tauraro ne da nishadantarwa ga masu digiri na farko da digirin farko da suka kafa ta farko. Amma ƙoƙarin da Review, kwararren Nazarin Ilimi ya yi don yin magana da su (fursunoni) wani jami'in gidan yarin ya yi tsayayya da ƙarfi. Ko da yake, Mataimakin Shugaban da ke Kula da Kirikiri Maximum ya fada wa Aminiya ta Ilimi cewa daya daga cikin fursinan din, yana daurin rai da rai ne yayin da aka sake sakin ɗayan na biyu wanda ba zai iya ba da sunansa ba makonni biyu da suka gabata bayan ya yi zamansa na ɗaurin kurkuku. Oladapo da sauran fursunonin da aka kora kawai an basu kyautar BSc cikin kwanciyar hankali da sasanta rikice-rikice, wannan mahimmin dalibin gaba daya, Mrs. Anthonia Okoye (a 43-shekara da haihuwa, mahaifiyar wanda shi ne daya daga cikin na farko guda biyu digiri zuwa digiri na biyu tare da wani farko-Class mataki a cikin ma'aikata) karatu.
Sanannen Alumni Beverly Osu, 'yar wasan Najeriya, abin kwaikwayo da kuma Video Vixen.
Dandalin Fasaha Jami'ar National Open university ta Najeriya a kokarinta na daukar ilimi zuwa ga kofar jama'ar Najeriya ba tare da la’akari da matsayin su ba sannan kuma tattalin arzikin Najeriya mai tasowa ya tura tare da aiwatar da fasahar kere kere ta iLearn don bunkasa kwarewar ilmantarwa na dalibi. An kirkiro tsarin NOUN iLearn don sauƙaƙe damar samun ingantaccen ilimi. Tsarin ya samar da dayawa, masu zuwa: Malaman tattaunawa na kan layi wanda Nitocin masu gabatar da kara sun shirya ta hanyar samarda yanayi na aji. Wuri don ɗalibai don samun amsoshin kowace tambaya ko ɓangaren wahala dangane da karatun su. Yanar gizo da kayan aikin haɗin gwiwa don taimakawa a cikin al'umma na ma'amala tsakanin ɗalibai, masu gudanarwa, ma'aikatan ilimi da membobin baiwa. Kayan aikin bincike mafi kyau kamar su Smart e-Book Digitized video video da kuma kayan sauti don haɓaka ƙwarewar ilmantarwa na ɗalibi wanda aka samu akan dandamali. Samun damar aiki, tambayoyin aiki da kayan aikin nazarin binciken kai.
Nazari A jami'a gudanar da kwamfuta na tushen-Test (CBT) nau'i na jarrabawa ga ta dalibai a farko da na biyu shekaru. Koyaya, Lauyan da ke karatun digiri suna shiga cikin gwaje-gwajen daidaito na Pen-On-Paper (POP) wanda suka fara daga farkon shekararsu ta shiga, tare da LAW111-Hanyar Shari'a a Semester na farkon shekara. Sauran daliban jami'a kuma suna shiga tsarin gwaji na CBT a farkonsu da na biyu kuma sun fara jarrabawar POP daga shekararsu ta uku har zuwa karshen karatunsu. Tsarin jarabawar POP ya shafi ɗaliban Post Graduate suma. Wasu daga cikin daliban sun soki tsarin na CBT. Jarabawar CBT tana cikin nau'i biyu; tambayoyin zabi masu yawa kuma cika rata wanda shine nau'in jarrabawa mafi tsoro da ɗalibai ko'ina cikin duniya. Tsarin CBT yana buƙatar ɗalibai a mafi yawan lokuta, haddace litattafansu daidai da amsoshin shirye-shiryen da aka adana a uwar garken makarantar don samun cikakkun alamomi kamar yadda kwamfyutoci za su ƙi amsar da ba ta dace da abin da aka tsara ba.
Gwaji Aiki ne na Kulawa (TMA-Marked Assignedments) (TMAs) cigaba ne na kimantawa a cikin nau'in aikin sanya alama na Tutor kuma yana da kashi 30% na yawan dalibi. Ana tsammanin ɗalibai ya amsa duk TMAs, wanda dole ne a amsa da ƙaddamar da shi kafin ɗalibai su zauna don ƙarshen jarrabawar hanya
Jarrabawar karshe da rubutu Tare da rubuta jarrabawar cikin nasara, 'ofarshen gwaje-gwajen gwaji' za su sami ɗalibai 70% waɗanda za a ƙara zuwa darajan TMA (30%). Lokaci don wannan jarrabawar ana koyaushe ga ɗalibai.
Kayan aiki
I-dakin karatu NOUN tana amfani da dakin karatu na e-library a hedkwatar da ke a Victoria Island, Legas, Najeriya wanda duk ɗalibai suka sami damar zuwa bayan bayar da katin shaidar ɗalibin sahihiyar. Dalibai su sami damar zuwa biyu Internet wurare, littattafai, mujallolin, ayyukan, taƙaitaccen labari na baya dalibai da sauran kayayakin ba da ilmi.
Gidan rediyo Rediyon rediyo na watsa shirye-shiryenta a mita 105.9 NOUN FM. Student dalibai na Sadarwar Mass suna kuma da damar yin ɗalibi a ɗakin studio wanda ke watsa shirye-shiryen duk kwanakin aiki.
E-courseware NOUN kuma ta samar da wani dandamali ga ɗaliban da ke buƙatar samun dama ga tsarinta na kayan ilimi NOUN e-Courseware Free Download mai cikakken ƙarfi don dalilai na ilimi maimakon dalilai na kuɗi ko na kasuwanci. Za'a iya saukar da litattafai a tsarin PDF ba tare da tsada ba.
Karatun Ini Edo, daya ce daga cikin taurari a masana'antar shirya fina-finai ta Najeriya, Nollywood ta sanya kanun labarai lokacin da aka ba ta tallafin karatu don yin karatun Shari'a a Jami'ar National Open university. An kuma ba da ƙarin actan wasan kwaikwayo da masu shirya fina-finai na Nollywood ciki har da Desmond Elliot an kuma ba su guraben karatu. An bayyana Chioma Chukwuka-Akpotha, Francis Duru, Doris Simeon da Sani Danja a matsayin jakadu ga NOUN. Dukkanin su hudu sun gabatar da Mataimakin Shugaban kasa Prof. Vincent A. Tenebe, tare da guraben} karo ilimi don yin karatun yadda ake zabarsu. na Candan takarar da ke neman shiga ne a Cibiyar.
Manazartanani
Hanyoyin haɗin waje Jami'o'i a Nijeriya
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19008 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nuhu%20G.%20Obaje | Nuhu G. Obaje | Farfesa Nuhu George Obaje (an haife shi a ranar 15 ga watan Disamba, 1961) farfesa ne kuma Darakta a Cibiyar Nazarin Kimiyya da Fasaha (CASTER) a Jami’ar Ibrahim Badamasi Babangida ta Lapai, a Jihar Neja.
Tarihin rayuwa An Haife shi kuma ya girma a wani ƙauye a jihar Kogi Ya halarci kwalejin Barewa ta Zariya, a cikin shekara ta 1974 don babbar takardar shedar kammala karatunsa da kuma kammala karatunsa a shekara ta 1979, sannan ya ci gaba da karatun Geology a jami'ar Ahmadu Bello da ke Zariya, yana da MS'c a shekara ta 1987 sannan ya tafi digirinsa na biyu a shekara ta 1994 a Jami'ar. na Tuebingen Jamus Farfesa Obaje yana da kwarin guiwar iskar gas a Bidda da Sakkwato yayin da yake zantawa da Aminiya tare da wasu hanyoyin, kamar Neja Delta sun hada da Basin da Bida sannan kuma muna da jihohin Anambra da Sokoto da kuma na Benuwai. Ya jagoranci karatun farko a kamfanin man fetur na Najeriya (NNPP), ya kuma ce yanayin girgije da kuma Najeriya sun rasa bututun mai, shi ya sa ta yi tsada wajen samar da iskar gas. Wasu daga nasarorin da ya samu Royal Society of London (RSL) post-doctoral Fellowship a cikin Petroleum Geochemistry a Jami'ar Aberdeen, Scotland, a cikin 1997
Sabis ɗin Bayar da Ilimin Ilimi na Jamusanci (GAES) postdoctoral a cikin nazarin halittu a Jami'ar Tuebingen, a 1998
The Alexander von Humboldt bincike a cikin ilimin geochemistry ilimin kimiyyar ilimin dabbobi a Cibiyar Tarayya ta Geosciences da Albarkatun Kasa a Hannover Jamus, a lokuta biyu daban.
bazawa Wasu wallafawa daga Nuhu Goerge. Ilimin ƙasa da albarkatun ƙasa na Nijeriya, NG Obaje, Springer, 2009
Hanyoyin samar da ruwa a cikin tekun da ke cikin Najeriya: Daga mahangar nazarin yanayin kasa da ilimin kimiyyar kere-kere, NG Obaje, H Wehner, G Scheeder, MB Abubakar, A Jauro AAPG sanarwar 88 (3), 325-353, 2004
Abubuwan da ke tattare da rubutun mai da yanayin yanayin garwashin wuta da matakan gawayi a yankin Binuwai na Tsakiyar Najeriya, NG Obaje, B Ligouis, SI Abaa International Journal of kwal geology 26 (3-4), 233-260, 1994
Labaran kwal, da microfossils da kuma paleo environment of Cretaceous coal matakan a cikin Tsakiyar Binuwai na Najeriya, NG Obaje, Institut und Museum für Geologie und Paläontologie der Universität, 1994
Binciken kimiya na kimiyar iskar gas a arewacin Najeriya, NG Obaje, DO Attah, SA Opeloye, A Moumouni Geochemical Journal 40 (3), 227-243, 2006
Biostratigraphic da geochemical controls na hydrocarbon yiwuwa a cikin Benue Trough da Anambra Basin, Najeriya, NG Obaje, Associationungiyar ofungiyar Masu Binciken Mai ta Najeriya (NAPE) Bulletin 14, 18-54, 1999
Liquid hydrocarbon tushen-dutsen yiwuwar tsakiyar garwashin wuta da matakan gawayi a yankin Binuwai na Tsakiyar Najeriya, NG Obaje, H Hamza, Jaridar Duniya ta Kimiyyar Duniya: Geologische Rundschau 89 (1), 130, 2000
Bayanin fasali mai laushi mai laushi a cikin Cretaceous Bima Sandstone daga Yola Arm, Upper Benue Trough arewa maso gabashin Najeriya, NK Samaila, MB Abubakar, EFC Dike, NG Obaje Journal of African Earth Sciences 44 (1), 66-74, 2006
Tsarin halittun kasa na garuruwan Cretaceous Lamza da Chikila, babban yankin Benuwai, Najeriya, A Jauro, NG Obaje, MO Agho, MB Abubakar, A Tukur Fuel 86 (4), 520-532, 2007
Onocerane da sauran triterpenoids a Late Cretaceous sediments daga Upper Benue Trough, Nijeriya: tasirin tectonic da palaeo, MJ Pearson, NG Obaje Organic Geochemistry 30 (7), 583-592, 1999
Rahoton kan abin da ya shafi fure-fure masu dauke da kayan Albian-Cenomanian a rijiyar Nasara-1, Tashin Binuwai ta Sama, Najeriya: Tasirin Biostratigraphic da palaeo da ke da tasiri, MB Abubakar, NG Obaje, HP Luterbacher, EFC, Dike, AR Ashraf, Journal of African Kimiyyar Duniya 45 (3), 347-354, 2 06
Sabbin bayanai daga bangaren Najeriya na yankin tafkin Chadi: abubuwan da suka shafi hakar mai, NG Obaje, H Wehner, H Hamza, G Scheeder, Jaridar Kimiyyar Duniyar Afirka 38 (5), 477-487, 2004
Canjin Stratigraphic da kuma damar mai da ake samu a tsakiyar Benue da kuma Benue, a Najeriya: fahimta daga sabon tushen dutsen facies, SO Akande, OJ Ojo, OA Adekeye, SO Egenhoff, NG Obaje, BD Erdtmann Petroleum Technology Development Journal: An Jaridar Duniya 1, 1-34, 2011
Hanyoyin man fetur na Cretaceous Formations a cikin Gongola Basin, Upper Benue Trough, Najeriya: hangen nesa game da rikice-rikicen mai, MB Abubakar, EFC Dike, NG Obaje, H Wehner, A Jauro, Journal of Petroleum Geology 31 (4), 387-407, 2008
Nasara I well, Gongola Basin (Upper Benue Trough, Nigeria): Source rock evaluation, NG Obaje, H Wehner, MB Abubakar, MT Isah, Journal of Petroleum Geology 27 (2), 191-206, 2004
HANYA GA KWARA ER BADA GASOUS HYDROCARBONS A CIKIN BENE BENUE TROUGH NAJERIYA, NG Obaje, SI Abaa, Journal of Petroleum Geology 19 (1), 77-94, 1996
Hydrocarbon na Cretaceous sediments a cikin Kananan da Tsakiyar Binuwai, Nigeria: Basira daga sabon tushe facies kimantawa, SO Akande, SO Egenhoff, NG Obaje, OJ Ojo, OA Adekeye, BD Erdtmann, Journal of African Earth Sciences 64, 34- 47, 2012
Geology na tattalin arziki na albarkatun kwal na Najeriya-a taƙaitaccen bita, NG Obaje, SI Abaa, T Najime, CE Suh, Nazarin ilimin kimiyar ƙasa na Afirka 6, 71-82, 1999
Bida Basin a yankin arewa ta tsakiyar Najeriya: ilimin tsirrai da ilimin kasa, NG Obaje, MK Musa, AN Odoma, H Hamza, Journal of Petroleum and Gas Exploration Research 1 (1), 001-013, 2011
Tasirin Muhalli na Ma'adinan Artesanal na Barytes a Yankin Azara, Tsakiyar Binuwai, Nigeria MS Chaanda, NG Obaje, A Moumouni, NG Goki, UA Lar Journal of Sciences na Duniya 4 (1), 38-42, 2010.
Manazarta Marubutan Najeriya
Masana ilimi a Najeriya
Rayayyun mutane
Haifaffun 1961
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30712 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ha%C6%99%C6%99in%20Dawowa | Haƙƙin Dawowa | Haƙƙin dawowa wata ka'ida ce a cikin dokokin ƙasa da ƙasa da ke tabbatar da yancin kowa na komawa, ko sake shiga ƙasarsa ta radin kansa ko ta zama ɗan ƙasa Haƙƙin dawowa wani ɓangare ne na babban ra'ayi na haƙƙin ɗan adam 'yancin motsi kuma yana da alaƙa da ra'ayin doka na ɗan ƙasa Yayin da jihohi da yawa ke ba wa 'yan ƙasarsu yancin zama, 'yancin komawa ba'a iyakance ga ɗan ƙasa ko ɗan ƙasa a zahiri ba. Yana ba wa marasa jiha da waɗanda aka haifa a wajen ƙasarsu damar dawowa a karon farko, muddun sun ci gaba da “hanyar haɗin gwiwa ta gaske kuma mai inganci.” An tsara haƙƙin a cikin yarjejeniyoyin zamani da yarjejeniyoyin zamani, musamman a cikin 1948 Universal Declaration of Human Rights, 1966 International Covenation on Civil and Political Rights and the Fourth Geneva Convention 1948. Masana shari'a sun yi iƙirarin cewa ɗaya ko fiye daga cikin waɗannan ƙa'idodin haƙƙin ɗan adam na duniya sun kai matsayin dokokin duniya na al'ada don haka haƙƙin komawa ya kasance kan waɗanda ba su sanya hannu kan waɗannan yarjejeniyoyin ba. Wakilan kungiyoyin ‘yan gudun hijira na yawan kiran ‘yancin komawa kasar domin tabbatar da cewa suna da ‘yancin komawa kasar da aka yi hijira.
Tarihi 'Yancin barin kowace ƙasa da komawa ƙasarsu ana ɗaukarsu a matsayin haƙƙin ɗan adam kuma an kafa su bisa ka'idojin yanayi Abubuwan da suka gabata Duk da yake ba a san haƙƙin komowa a sarari ba a zamanin da, ƙaura, da aka ƙi izinin komawa gida a sarari, hukunci ne na gama-gari na manyan laifuka. Marubuta tsoho sun tattauna batun sosai. Alal misali, Teles na Megara a cikin diatribe On Exile ya rubuta "Amma ba a yarda 'yan gudun hijira su koma gida ba, kuma wannan babban ƙuntatawa ne na 'yancinsu." A zamanin da, ana yawan korar ƙungiyoyin mutane ko kuma a tumɓuke su don garuruwansu da ƙasarsu ta asali, galibi a matsayin wani ɓangare na cin nasara ko kuma a matsayin hukunci na tawaye. A wasu lokuta an bar su (ko ƙarfafa su) su dawo, yawanci lokacin da ma'auni na soja da na siyasa wanda ya sa gudun hijira ya canza. Duk da haka, a cikin waɗannan lokuta an ba wa al'ummar da aka yi hijira damar komawa, ba a taɓa gane cewa suna da haƙƙin komawa ba.
Wani sanannen misali shi ne komawa Sihiyona, inda Sarki Cyrus Mai Girma ya ba Yahudawan da aka kora daga Yahuda zuwa Babila zaɓi na komawa ƙasar kakanninsu kuma su sake gina Urushalima An rubuta a cikin Littafi Mai-Tsarki na Ibrananci Littafin Ezra da Littafin Nehemiya sau da yawa ana ambata wannan shari'ar a matsayin misali na Sihiyonawan zamani kuma ya ƙarfafa wasu ƙungiyoyin da ke neman su dawo nasu.
A lokacin yakin Peloponnesia, Athens ta kori kuma ta warwatsa mazauna Melos, Aegina da sauran garuruwa (wasu daga cikinsu ana sayar da su zuwa bautar). Bayan nasarar Sparta, Spartan Janar Lysander a shekara ta 405 BC ya yi ƙoƙari na haɗe-haɗe don tattara waɗannan ƙaura da mayar da su garuruwansu na asali.
Magna Carta Ana iya samun ƙaƙƙarfan doka ta farko da ke ba da tabbacin Haƙƙin Komawa a cikin Yarjejeniyar Ingilishi Magna Carta daga 1215: A nan gaba ya halatta kowane mutum ya fita ya koma mulkinmu ba tare da tsoro ba, ta kasa ko ruwa, yana kiyaye mubaya’arsa, sai dai lokacin yaki, na wani dan kankanin lokaci, domin amfanin al’umma baki daya. Mutanen da aka daure ko kuma aka haramta su bisa ga dokar kasa, mutanen kasar da ke yaki da mu, da ’yan kasuwa wadanda za a yi maganinsu kamar yadda aka ambata a sama ba a cikin wannan tanadi.
Tsarin Mulki na Faransa na 1791 Wani misali na farko na dokar ƙasa da ke gane Haƙƙin Komawa shine tsarin mulkin Faransa na 1791, wanda aka kafa a ranar 15 ga Disamba 1790: ‘yancin kowa ya tafi, ko ya zauna, ko ya fita, ba tare da an dakatar da shi ko kama shi ba, sai dai a bisa tsarin da Kundin Tsarin Mulki ya tanada.
Kundin tsarin mulkin kasar ya kawo karshen zalunci da kuma wariya da ake yi wa ’yan Huguenot yan Furotesta na Faransa) da aka shafe shekaru aru-aru ana yi.
A lokaci guda tare da sanya duka Furotesta a Faransa su zama cikakkun ƴan ƙasa, dokar da aka kafa a ranar 15 ga Disamba, 1790 ta bayyana cewa:
Duk mutanen da aka haifa a wata ƙasa kuma suka sauko a kowane mataki na wani Bafaranshe namiji ko mace da aka yi hijira saboda dalilai na addini an ayyana su a matsayin ɗan ƙasar Faransa naturels français kuma za su amfana da haƙƙin da ke tattare da wannan ingancin idan sun dawo Faransa, kafa mazauninsu a can. kuma ku yi rantsuwar farar hula. Rushe Dokar Nantes da kuma korar Huguenots ya faru fiye da karni daya da suka gabata, kuma akwai ɗimbin ƴan gudun hijira na Huguenot a ƙasashe da yawa, inda sukan yi aure tare da al'ummar ƙasar da suka karbi bakuncin (duba Dokar Potsdam Don haka, dokar na iya ba wa ƴan Birtaniyya, Jamusawa, Afirka ta Kudu da sauran su zama ɗan ƙasar Faransa duk da cewa kaɗan ne kawai suka amfana da ita.Wannan zaɓi ga samun zama ɗan ƙasar Faransa ya kasance a buɗe har zuwa 1945, lokacin da aka soke shi tun bayan mamayar Faransa, Faransawa ba su son barin Jamusawa na asalin Huguenot su yi amfani da shi.
Schleswig plebiscites, 1920 Bayan yakin Schleswig na biyu na shekara ta 1864, yankin Schleswig da Danish ke mulki a baya ya zama wani yanki na Imperial Jamus Yawancin mazauna, waɗanda aka fi sani da opants sun zaɓi ci gaba da zama ɗan ƙasar Danish kuma sun ƙi ɗaukar na Jamusanci. Sakamakon haka, hukumomin Prussian sun kore su daga yankin. Rabin karni bayan haka, bayan shan kashin da Jamus ta yi a yakin duniya na farko, an gudanar da wani taro a 1920 don sanin makomar yankin. Gwamnatin Denmark ta nemi Ƙungiyoyin Ƙarfafawa da su bar waɗannan ƴan ƙabilar Danih da aka kora da zuriyarsu su koma Schleswig su shiga cikin taron. An ba da wannan, kodayake yawancin waɗanda suka yi ƙaura sun yi ƙaura zuwa Amurka, kuma yawancin waɗannan ba su dawo ba.
Fahimtar doka game da haƙƙi An ƙirƙira ƙa'idar haƙƙin dawowa a cikin ƙa'idodin ƙasa da ƙasa da yawa, gami da:
Dokokin Hague (HR), labarin 20:
20. Bayan an kammala zaman lafiya, za a yi gaggawar mayar da fursunonin yaki zuwa gida.
An yi jayayya cewa idan HR ya bukaci a mayar da fursunoni, to, "a bayyane yake" cewa fararen hula da aka raba a lokacin rikici dole ne a bar su su koma gida. Sanarwar Haƙƙin Dan Adam ta Duniya (UDHR), labarin 13:
1. Kowane mutum na da hakkin yin tafiya da zama a cikin iyakokin kowace jiha.
2. Kowane mutum na da hakkin ya bar kowace kasa har da nasa, ya koma kasarsa.
Yarjejeniya Ta Duniya Kan Haƙƙin Jama'a da Siyasa (ICCPR) labarin 12(4):
4. Ba wanda za a tauye masa hakkin shiga kasarsa ba bisa ƙa'ida ba.
Yarjejeniyar Geneva ta huɗu, labarin 49:
49. Canja wurin mutum ɗaya ko na jama'a na tilastawa, da kuma fitar da mutane masu kariya daga yankin da aka mamaye zuwa yankin ikon mallaka ko na kowace ƙasa, wanda aka mamaye ko a'a, an haramta, ba tare da la'akari da manufarsu ba.
Duk da haka, ikon Mallaka na iya ɗaukar jimillar ko wani yanki na ƙaura daga wani yanki da aka bayar idan har tsaron jama'a ko dalilan soji suka buƙaci haka. Mutanen da aka kwashe don haka za a mayar da su gidajensu da zarar an daina tashin hankali a yankin da ake magana.
Yarjejeniya kan Kawar da Duk wani nau'i na Wariyar launin fata, labarin 5d(ii):
'Yancin barin kowace kasa, ciki har da nasa, da komawa kasarsa.
"kasansa" Babban kotun shari'a ta kasa da kasa na shari'ar Nottebohm na shekara ta 1955 ana yawan yin misali da shi a matsayin karin ma'auni na abin da ya kamata "ƙasar mutum" ta kasance. Kotun ta yanke hukuncin cewa akwai bukatar a samar da “gaskiya mai inganci” tsakanin mutum da kasar. Daga cikin sharuɗɗan da aka jera don irin wannan hanyar haɗin yanar gizon akwai "haɗin gwiwa mai dorewa", "al'ada", "kafa", "sha'awa" da "dangantakar iyali". An maye gurbin hukuncin shekara ta 1955 ta wasu gundumomi kwanan nan da hukunce-hukuncen kotu.
Akwai rashin jituwa game da abin da "nasa" da "ƙasarsa" ke nufi a cikin ICCPR da UDHR. Bisa ga fassarar ikon kwamitin kare hakkin dan Adam na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya daga shekara ta 1999:
Fannin "kasa nasa" ya fi ma'anar "ƙasar ƙasarsa". Ba a taƙaice ga ɗan ƙasa a zahiri ba, wato ƙasar da aka samu a lokacin haihuwa ko kuma ta hanyar ba da izini; ta ƙunshi, aƙalla, mutumin da, saboda alakarsa ta musamman da ko ikirari dangane da wata ƙasa, ba za a iya ɗaukarsa a matsayin baƙo kawai ba. Hakan zai kasance misali ga ‘yan kasar da aka kwace wa kasarsu ta hanyar keta dokokin kasa da kasa, da kuma mutanen da aka shigar da kasarsu a ciki ko kuma aka mayar da su zuwa wata kasa, wadanda aka ki amincewa da kasarsu. su.
A cikin 2007, Majalisar Spain ta amince da Dokar 57/2007, Dokar Tunawa da Tarihi. Dokar ta 57/2007 ta tanadi zuriyar Mutanen Espanya da ke zaune a kasashen waje da suka bar Spain saboda zaluncin siyasa a lokacin yakin basasa da mulkin kama- karya na Franco wato tsakanin 1936 da 1975 don samun dan kasar Spain.
Haƙƙin dawowa idan doka A ranar 12 ga Afrilun shekara ta, 2013, Majalisar Dokokin Portugal ta amince da wani matakin da ya ba zuriyar Yahudawa da aka kora daga Portugal a ƙarni na 16 damar zama ƴan ƙasar Portugal Spain An kori Yahudawa Sephardi daga Spain a cikin 1492. Duk da buƙatun gaba ɗaya don samun ɗan ƙasar Sipaniya bayan shekaru biyar na zama a Spain, ta dokar sarauta a ranar 20 ga Disambar shekara ta 1924, Yahudawa Sephardi na iya samun ɗan ƙasar Sipaniya tare da zama na shekaru biyu a Spain. Daga shekara ta 1924 har zuwa 2015 Yahudawa Sephardi da ke zaune a kasashen waje suma na iya neman gwamnatin Spain ta ba da izinin zama ɗan ƙasar Sipaniya, amma gwamnati ta ji daɗin yanke shawarar ko za ta ba da ɗan ƙasar Sipaniya. A ranar 24 ga Yuni, 2015, Majalisar Spain ta amince da dokar ta 12/2015, Dokar Ba da Ƙasa ga Yahudawa Sephardi, wadda ta ba wa Yahudawa Sephardi mazauna waje asalin ƙasar Spain kai tsaye, muddin za su iya tabbatar da cewa su zuriyar Yahudawan Sephardi ne da aka kora. a shekara ta 1492.
A ƙarshe, bayan kama Anglo-Dutch na Gibraltar a cikin Agustan shekara ta 1704 a lokacin Yaƙin Ci Gaban Mutanen Espanya, Mutanen Espanya sun bar, suna ambaton amincin su ga Bourbons da kuma kafa kansu a cikin yankin da ke kewaye (wanda ya zama sananne a matsayin Campo da Gibraltar Mutanen Espanya sun kafa cibiyoyi kama da waɗanda suke kula da su a Gibraltar, gami da ƙidayar jama'a da wuraren tarihi a cikin birnin San Roque, wanda shine birni "inda Gibraltar ke zaune a kai". Wasu daga cikin zuriyar jama'ar sun ba da shawarar 'yancin komawa don komawa Gibraltar, kodayake a halin yanzu gwamnatin Spain ba ta amsa buƙatunsu ba.
Manazarta
Hanyoyin haɗi na waje Wall Street Journal, War Echo: Poland ta kore shi a 1945, Jamusawa suna son Gidajen Komawa, Agusta 11, 2004
Bari Su Dawo Yakin Gidan Jama'ar Chagos Dokar Komawa, 1950 —Gwamnatin Isra’ila
Haƙƙin Komawa a Dokokin Duniya ta Eyal Benvenisti
Matsalar ita ce yadda ake zama Isra'ila Amon Rubenstein, Ha'aretz
Shin Falasdinawa 'Yan Gudun Hijira Suna Da 'Yancin Komawa Isra'ila? by Ruth Lapidoth
Dokar kasa da kasa da rikicin Larabawa da Isra'ila ta Julius Stone
Haƙƙin Komawa Daga Salman Abu-Sittah
'Yan Gudun Hijira na Falasdinu da Haƙƙin Komawa: Binciken Dokokin Duniya na Gail J. Boling
'Yan Gudun Hijira na Falasdinawa da rashin wanzuwar 'yancin komawa, Ben-Dror Yemini
Haƙƙin Ɗan Adam
Haƙƙoƙin Mata
Haƙƙoƙi
Ƴancin Faɗar Albarkacin Baki
Ƴancin Mata a Najeriya
Ƴancin muhalli
Ƴancin Ɗan Adam
Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba |
41972 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation%20Turus | Operation Turus | Operation Turus suna ne na aikin sojan Burtaniya da ke taimakawa Najeriya a lokacin Rikicin Boko Haram Firayim Minista David Cameron ne ya ƙaddamar da shi a watan Afrilun 2014 a matsayin martani ga sace ƴan matan makarantar Chibok da aka yi garkuwa da ƴan mata sama da dari da kungiyar Boko Haram, mai da'awar jihadi a arewa maso gabashin Najeriya ta sace. Ƙoƙari na farko an mayar da hankali ne kan neman 'yan matan makarantar da suka ɓace, tare da Birtaniya ta tura ƙwararrun sojoji, hotunan tauraron dan adam da kuma binciken jirgin sama daga Royal Air Force A cewar wata majiya mai tushe a jaridar The Observer, Birtaniya ta yi nasarar gano ƴan matan makarantar da suka bata tare da yi mata tayin ceto su amma gwamnatin Najeriya ta ki amincewa da wannan tayin da ta dauki lamarin a matsayin wani lamari na kasa baki daya. Yawancin 'yan matan makarantar sun ɓace.
Daga shekarar 2014, Birtaniya ta karkata akalarta wajen bayar da horo da tallafawa sojojin Najeriya don taimaka mata wajen dakile masu tsatsauran ra'ayi. A shekarar 2015, an jibge sojojin Birtaniya 350 a cikin ƙasar don ba da horo. Ƙungiyoyin Koyarwa na ɗan gajeren lokaci (STTTs) ne ke ba da horo waɗanda galibi ana juyawa kowane mako shida. Aikin yana ci gaba da aiki, har zuwa Mayu 2022.
Fage Tun a shekarar 2009 ƙungiyar Boko Haram, kungiyar ƴan ta'addar jihadi da ke da sansani a arewa maso gabashin Najeriya, ta ƙaddamar da wani yunkuri na kafa daular Musulunci a Najeriya. Ya zuwa shekarar 2014, munanan hare-haren da ƙungiyar ta kai, ya yi sanadin mutuwar dubun-dubatar mutane. An shiga wani mataki na murƙushe gwamnati inda aka kafa dokar ta ɓaci a Borno da Yobe da Adamawa. A karkashin matsin lamba, an tilastawa 'yan Boko Haram komawa yankunan karkara, wurare masu tsaunuka inda suka fara kai wa fararen hula hari. Masu kishin Islama da suka tsere daga kasar Mali da ke kusa da su sun kara karfin alkaluman su saboda harin da Faransa ta kaddamar a can.
A cikin 2010, a adawa da ilimin Yammacin Turai wanda ta ce ya kauce wa koyarwar Musulunci Boko Haram ta fara kai hari kan makarantu. Kungiyar dai ta shahara wajen kai hare-hare ga dalibai mata, wanda ta yi imanin cewa bai kamata a rika koyar da su ba, a maimakon haka ana amfani da su a matsayin masu dafa abinci ko kuma yin lalata da su.
Hare-hare kan ƴan Burtaniya A shekarar 2011 ne Boko Haram suka sace wani ɗan ƙasar Birtaniya tare da wani dan ƙasar Italiya a Birnin-kebbi tare da yi musu barazanar cewa za su zartar da hukuncin kisa matukar ba a biya musu buƙatunsu ba. Birtaniya ta kaddamar da aikin ceto da rundunar soji ta musamman, ma'aikatar jiragen ruwa ta musamman ta gudanar. Yunƙurin ceto ya ci tura, wanda ya yi sanadin yanke hukuncin kisa ga wadanda aka yi garkuwa da su. A wani labarin kuma, Ansaru, ɗan ƙungiyar Boko Haram, ya yi garkuwa da wasu ma'aikatan gine-gine guda bakwai, ciki har da wani dan Birtaniya a watan Fabrairun 2013. An kashe mutanen da aka yi garkuwa da su ne da gangan a cikin watan Maris bayan da masu garkuwar suka yi kuskuren amincewa da tura sojojin Birtaniya a Mali (wanda ke goyon bayan Operation Newcombe na aikin ceto.
A cikin 2014, an zargi ƙungiyar da mutuwar mutane 4,000 kuma ta sami tallafi daga wasu ƙungiyoyin ta'addanci na Islama, ciki har da al-Qaeda a cikin Maghreb Islam da Al-Qaeda a yankin Larabawa.
Satar ƴan matan makarantar Chibok A ranar 14 ga Afrilu 2014, Boko Haram ta sace daliban mata 276 daga makarantar sakandare a Chibok, Najeriya. A cikin kwanaki masu zuwa, sojojin Najeriya sun sanar da cewa an saki mafi yawan 'yan matan ko kuma sun tsere, duk da haka iyaye sun yi iƙirarin cewa ba a san yaransu ba. Iyaye da yawa sun yi ƙoƙari su nemi ƴaƴansu kuma sun yi iƙirarin cewa ba su ga wata shaida ta goyon bayan soja ba. Manjo Janar Chris Olukolade daga baya ya yarda cewa bayanin da sojoji suka yi a baya ba daidai ba ne kuma "fiye da 200" 'yan mata sun ɓace. Rashin aikin gwamnati ya haifar da tashin hankali a Najeriya, wanda ya haifar da zanga-zangar da kuma "#BringBackOurGirls" hashtag trend a kan kafofin sada zumunta. A ranar 4 ga Mayu, Shugaba Goodluck Jonathan ya yi maganganunsa na farko na jama'a game da satar kuma ya sanar da cewa kasar na neman taimako daga Amurka da sauran manyan iko na duniya don magance "ƙalubalen tsaro" na Najeriya. Masana tsaro na Burtaniya da Amurka sun isa ranar 9 ga Mayu. A cikin kiran waya ga Shugaba Jonathan, Firayim Ministan Burtaniya David Cameron ya ba da goyon bayan Burtaniya wajen gano 'yan makarantar da suka ɓace.
Aiwatar da aiki
Neman ƴan matan makarantar da suka bata A cikin watan Mayun 2014, Rundunar Sojan Sama ta Royal Air Force ta tura wani jirgin leken asiri na Sentinel R1 daga No. 5 Squadron RAF don taimakawa wajen neman ƴan matan makarantar da suka bace. Jirgin dai ya kasance ne a birnin Accra na kasar Ghana kuma an samu kura-kurai a lokacin da aka tura shi. Daga baya aka gyara shi a Senegal kuma aka koma aiki. A cikin nau'ikan nau'ikan guda 10, jirgin ya yi taswira a duk faɗin Najeriya ta hanyar amfani da na'urar radar mai motsi mai motsi (SAR/MTI). An kuma tura wata tawaga da ta ƙunshi mashawartan sojoji zuwa Abuja, babban birnin Najeriya, domin yin aiki tare da irin tawagogin Amurka da Faransa. Tushen ya ƙara haɓaka ƙungiyar Ba da Shawarar Soja ta Biritaniya (BMATT) kuma ta haɗa da ma'aikatan soji na musamman. A cewar The Observer, RAF ta yi nasarar gano ƴan matan makarantar da aka yi garkuwa da su, tare da yin tayin ceto su, amma gwamnatin Najeriya ta ki yarda. Bayanan da aka samu daga tarurrukan da aka samu ta dokar ‘yancin yada labarai sun nuna cewa Najeriya ta yi watsi da tayin da kasashen duniya suka yi na ceto ƴan matan saboda ta dauki lamarin a matsayin “batun kasa”.
A cikin watan Agustan 2014, an tura jiragen saman Tornado GR4 guda uku daga lamba 2 Squadron RAF zuwa Chadi. Jirgin da ke N'Djamena, jirgin ya yi shawagi a cikin Najeriya sanye da faifan bincike na RAPTOR tare da tallafa wa neman 'yan matan makarantar da suka bace. Rundunar ta ƙunshi jami'an soji 91 kuma sun koma Burtaniya a ranar 17 ga Oktoba. An yi kusan iri guda 56, gami da jigilar kaya daga Burtaniya. Har ila yau, jiragen ba su da makami kuma ba su buƙatar tallafin tanka. Birtaniya kuma ta ba da hotunan tauraron dan adam.
Manufar horo A watan Yunin 2014, Sakataren Harkokin Wajen Birtaniya William Hague ya sanar da cewa Birtaniya za ta kara yawan tallafin da take baiwa Najeriya a fannin soji, ciki har da shirin horar da kwararru.
A cikin 2015, Birtaniya ta aika da sojoji kusan 130 a Najeriya, ciki har da Ƙungiyoyin Horar da Ƙwararru (STTT) waɗanda akasari ke samun tallafi daga Bataliya ta 2, The Royal Anglian Regiment. A cikin Disamba, Sakataren Tsaro Michael Fallon ya sanar da cewa za a ninka wannan runduna zuwa "har zuwa 300" a cikin 2016. STTT's yawanci ana tura su akan jujjuyawar mako shida. A shekarar 2016, an tura tawagar jami’an RAF domin bayar da horon da sojojin saman Najeriya ke yi kan tsaron filin jiragen sama da yaki da ƴan tada ƙayar baya. Bataliya ta 2, The Royal Anglian Regiment ta kasance a cikin ƙasar har zuwa 2016 kuma ta ba da horo kan ƙwarewar sojan ƙasa, al'amuran farar hula, IEDs da jagoranci. Kusan jami'an sojan Najeriya 1,000 ne suka ci gajiyar horon sojan Burtaniya. An tura jami'an soji 350 na Burtaniya zuwa kasar, ciki har da 101 (Birnin London) Injiniya Regiment A cikin 2017, an tura jami'an soji 700 na Burtaniya zuwa Najeriya, ciki har da ma'aikatan Brigade na 7th Infantry Brigade da na RAF Regiment, suna horar da sama da jami'an sojin Najeriya 28,500. STTT na uku a cikin shirin na shekaru biyar ya ga hannun hannu daga No. 5 Royal Air Force Protection Wing da No. 51 Squadron RAF Regiment A cikin 2018, Burtaniya ta faɗaɗa samar da kayan aiki da horo, inda ta horar da jami'an soja 30,000 tun daga 2015. A cikin 2019, No. 5 Force Protection Wing RAF ya tura na takwas na STTTs goma. Kimanin kilogiram 7,000 na kayan aikin da suka dace don turawa an yi jigilar su ta jirgin jigilar jigilar A400M Atlas. Rundunar ƴan sandan RAF kuma sun shiga cikin wannan turawa tare da ba da horo kan karnuka masu aiki da sojoji, da bayanan sirri da kuma binciken kwararru. A watan Mayun 2022, Kanar Sojan Burtaniya Neil Wright MBE ya karbi ragamar aikin. An tura sojoji daga Rundunar Yorkshire don ba da horo a watan Agusta.
Duba kuma Operation Newcombe Irin wannan farmakin na sojan Birtaniyya don taimakawa ayyukan yaƙi da ƴan tawaye a Mali.
Nassoshi Boko Haram
Hare-haren Boko Haram
Hare-hare
Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba |
53325 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mario%20Scelba | Mario Scelba | Mario Scelba 5 September 1901 29 October 1991) was an Italian politician who served as the 33rd prime minister of Italy from February 1954 to July 1955. A founder of the Christian Democracy, Scelba was one of the longest-serving Minister of the Interior in the history of the republic, having served at the Viminale Palace in three distinct terms from 1947 to 1962. A fervent pro-Europeanist, he was also President of the European Parliament from March 1969 to March 1971.
An san shi da dokokinsa da manufofinsa, Scelba ya kasance mai mahimmanci a sake gina Italiya bayan yakin basasa, godiya ga sake tsarinsa na 'yan sandan Italiya, wanda ya fito da rashin tsari daga yakin.
Rayuwar farko An haifi Scelba a Caltagirone, Sicily, a cikin shekarar 1901. Mahaifinsa Gaetano Scelba talaka ne mai rabon gado a filin firist Don Luigi Sturzo, yayin da mahaifiyarsa Maria Gambino ta kasance uwar gida Ma'auratan sun haifi 'ya'ya biyar, daya daga cikinsu ya rasu tun yana karami. Scelba ya girma a cikin dangin Katolika masu lura. Sa’ad da yake ɗan shekara 12 kacal, an tilasta masa barin makaranta kuma ya taimaka wa iyalinsa. Duk da haka, a cikin 1914 Don Sturzo ya ɗauki matakai don tabbatar da ilimi ga Scelba, wanda ya fara halartar aji na farko na ƙananan motsa jiki a Caltagirone. Barkewar yakin duniya na daya ya tilasta wa cibiyar dakatar da darussa kuma Scelba ta farfado da shekarun da suka bata ta hanyar yin karatu a matsayin mai zaman kanta da kuma samun difloma na gargajiya a shekara ta 1920. Daga nan ya karanci shari'a kuma ya kammala karatunsa a Jami'ar Sapienza ta Rome a shekara ta 1924, tare da yin nazari kan karkatar da yanki. A lokacin jami'a, Sturzo ne ya zabe shi a matsayin mataimakinsa da sakatare. Tun daga shekara ta 1919, Sturzo a haƙiƙa ya kasance shugaban jam'iyyar Demokraɗiyya ta Kirista ta Italiya (PPI) kuma ɗaya daga cikin manyan 'yan siyasa a ƙasar. Lokacin da mai mulkin kama-karya Benito Mussolini ya hau kan karagar mulki, yana murkushe duk wasu jam'iyyu, ciki har da PPI, Sturzo ya yi gudun hijira, yayin da Scelba ya kasance a Roma a matsayin mai ba da labari. A lokacin mulkin, Scelba ya rubuta wa jaridar Il Popolo ("Mutane"), amma lokacin da aka dakatar da ita a shekara ta 1925, ya kafa wata jarida ta sirri ta mako-mako da aka sani da L'idea popolare ("Ra'ayin Jama'a"). A cikin wadannan shekaru, Scelba ya fara aikinsa a matsayin lauya a kamfanin lauyoyi na Filippo Del Giudice, kuma a lokacin da aka tilasta wa na baya ya bar kasar don ceto daga zalunci, Scelba ya gaji abokan cinikinsa. A cikin 1929, ya auri Nerina Palestini, daga San Benedetto del Tronto, daga gare ta yana da 'ya mace Maria Luisa, an haife shi a 1930.
Farkon sana'ar siyasa A cikin 1930s, ya zama babban abokin Alcide De Gasperi, tsohon shugaban Jam'iyyar Jama'a bayan gudun hijira Sturzo. Tare da De Gasperi, ya yi aiki tare a cikin tsara ra'ayoyin Reconstructive Dimokuradiyya na Kiristanci, daftarin shirin farko na jam'iyyar gaba, wanda aka buga a watan Yuli 1943. Scelba na cikin kwamitin da ya jagoranci sabuwar jam'iyyar da aka fi sani da Christian Democracy (DC), a lokacin mulkin Jamus. Shi ma 'yan Nazi sun kama shi, amma an sake shi cikin kwanaki uku. Bayan 'yantar da Roma a watan Yuni 1944, ya shiga kwamitin zartarwa na sabuwar jam'iyyar. A cikin majalissar interregional na DC, da aka gudanar a Naples a ranakun 29 da 30 ga Yuli 1944, an zaɓi Scelba ga majalisar jam'iyyar ta ƙasa, wadda ta nada De Gasperi a matsayin sabon sakatare A maimakon haka aka nada Scelba mataimakin sakatare. A watan Satumba 1943, Scelba a matsayin Kirista dimokuradiyya, ya shiga National Liberation Committee (CLN), laima kungiyar siyasa da kuma babban wakilin Italiya juriya motsi yaki da Jamus mamaya na Italiya a sakamakon armistice na Cassibile A ranar 21 ga Yuni 1945, Ferruccio Parri, shugaban jam'iyyar Action, ya zama sabon Firayim Minista kuma ya nada Scelba a matsayin Ministan Wasiku da Sadarwa, matsayin da zai rike har zuwa Fabrairu 1947, ko da a karkashin Firayim Minista Alcide De Gasperi. A ranar 25 ga Satumba, 1945, an nada shi a Majalisar Kasa, Majalisar Dokoki da ba a zaba ba da aka kafa a Masarautar Italiya bayan karshen yakin. A cikin babban zaɓe na 1946, an zaɓi Scelba a Majalisar Mazabar Mazabar Catania–Messina–Siracusa–Ragusa–Enna da kusan ƙuri'u 40,000.
Ministan cikin gida A ranar 2 ga Fabrairun 1947, Scelba ya zama Ministan Cikin Gida a gwamnati ta uku ta Alcide de Gasperi, kuma ya ci gaba da zama a ofis har zuwa Yuli 1953. A cikin waɗannan shekarun, Scelba ya kasance mafi iko a ƙasar, bayan De Gasperi. Bayan da ya shaida Red Biennium da tashin hankali na farkisanci, wanda ya haifar da rikicin 'yan sassaucin ra'ayi da kuma samuwar mulkin kama-karya, Scelba ya gamsu sosai da cewa kula da tsarin jama'a ya zama dole don kare sabuwar tsarin dimokiradiyya da jamhuriya. a haƙiƙa, a duk tsawon mulkinsa ya kasance mai ba da shawara ga doka da oda Rikicinsa mai tsauri ya sa aka masa lakabi da "Iron Sicilian" saboda rashin tausayinsa na murkushe zanga-zangar ma'aikatan bangaren hagu da yajin aikin da ya yi, da kuma gangamin 'yan fascist Kisan kisa na Portella della Ginestra Bayan watanni uku kacal a ofis a matsayin Ministan Harkokin Cikin Gida, Scelba ya fuskanci kisan kiyashin na Portella della Ginestra Kwanaki goma sha biyu bayan nasarar zaben na bangaren hagu a zaben yankin Sicilian na shekarar 1947, an kai hari kan faretin kwadago na ranar 1 ga Mayu a Portella della Ginestra, wanda ya kai ga kashe mutane 11 da raunata sama da talatin. An alakanta harin da dan ta'adda kuma jagoran 'yan aware Salvatore Giuliano, manufar ita ce hukunta 'yan adawa na cikin gida saboda sakamakon zaben na baya-bayan nan. Scelba ya kai rahoto ga Majalisar washegari cewa har zuwa yadda ‘yan sanda za su iya tantance, harbin Portella della Ginestra ba na siyasa ba ne. Ya yi ikirarin cewa ‘yan bindiga sun yi kaurin suna a cikin kwarin da abin ya faru. Duk da haka, an kalubalanci wannan sigar ta hagu. Mataimakin kwaminisanci Girolamo Li Causi ya jaddada yanayin siyasar kisan kiyashin, yana mai ikirarin cewa Mafia ne suka kai harin, tare da hadin gwiwa da manyan masu mallakar filaye, sarakuna da kuma 'yan rajin kare hakkin jama'a Ya kuma yi ikirarin cewa sufeto 'yan sanda Ettore Messana wanda ya kamata ya daidaita batun gurfanar da 'yan fashin ya kasance tare da Giuliano kuma ya yi tir da Scelba saboda barin Messana ya ci gaba da zama a ofis. Daga baya takardun za su tabbatar da zargin. Li Causi da Scelba za su kasance manyan abokan hamayya bayan kisan kiyashin kisan da ake zargin Salvatore Giuliano da aka yi, da kuma shari'ar Laftanar Giuliano Gaspare Pisciotta da sauran sauran mambobin kungiyar Giuliano.
An gudanar da shari'ar wadanda ke da alhakin a cikin birnin Viterbo, wanda ya fara a lokacin rani na 1950. A lokacin shari'ar, an sake zargin Scelba da hannu a cikin shirin aiwatar da kisan kiyashi, amma zargin ya saba da sabani ko kuma a bayyane. A ƙarshe, alkali ya ƙarasa da cewa babu wata hukuma mafi girma da ta ba da umarnin kisan kiyashin, kuma ƙungiyar Giuliano ta ɗauki kanta. A cikin shari'ar Pisciotta ya ce: "Sau da yawa Scelba ya koma kan maganarsa: Mattarella da Cusumano sun koma Roma don neman a yi mana afuwa gaba daya, amma Scelba ya musanta dukan alkawuransa." Pisciotta ya kuma yi iƙirarin cewa ya kashe Salvatore Giuliano a cikin barcinsa ta hanyar tsarawa da Scelba. Duk da haka, babu wata shaida cewa Scelba yana da dangantaka da Pisciotta.
1948 zabe Babban zaɓen da aka yi a watan Afrilu na shekara ta 1948 ya yi tasiri sosai sakamakon yaƙin cacar baka tsakanin Tarayyar Soviet da Amurka Bayan juyin mulkin kwaminisanci a watan Fabrairu na 1948 a cikin Czechoslovakia, Amurka ta firgita game da niyyar Soviet kuma tana tsoron cewa, idan haɗin gwiwar hagu ya ci zabe, Jam'iyyar Kwaminisanci ta Italiya (PCI) da Tarayyar Soviet za ta jawo Italiya cikin Tarayyar Soviet. fagen tasiri. Yaƙin neman zaɓe ya ci gaba da kasancewa ba a taɓa yin irinsa ba a cikin zaɓen baki da tsatsauran ra'ayi a tarihin jamhuriyar Italiya. Farfagandar dimokaradiyya ta Kirista ta shahara wajen iƙirarin cewa a ƙasashen gurguzu “’ya’ya na tura iyaye gidan yari”, “ya’ya mallakar gwamnati ne”, “mutane sun ci nasu ‘ya’yansu” da kuma iƙirarin cewa bala’i zai afka wa Italiya idan masu hannun hagu za su kai hari. iko. A matsayinsa na ministan harkokin cikin gida, Scelba ya sanar da cewa gwamnati na da mutane 330,000 da ke karkashin makamai, ciki har da wata runduna ta musamman ta 150,000 da ke shirin kai wa 'yan gurguzu idan za su yi kokarin kawo matsala a ranar zabe. Sai dai daga karshe an yi nasarar lashe zaben da rata mai dadi daga DC, wanda ya kayar da kawancen jam'iyyar Popular Democratic Front (FDP) mai ra'ayin hagu wanda ya hada da PCI da Italiyanci Socialist Party (PSI). Bayan zaben, De Gasperi ya ci gaba da mulki ba tare da 'yan gurguzu ba, wadanda suka kasance gwamnati tun daga watan Yunin 1944, lokacin da aka kafa gwamnatin farko bayan yakin, har zuwa watan Mayun 1947, yayin da Scelba ya rike mukaminsa na ministan harkokin cikin gida.
Reorganization of the police A lokacin hidimarsa, Scelba ya sake tsara tsarin 'yan sandan Italiya sosai, inda ya fara da korar tsoffin 'yan jam'iyyar fiye da 8,000, tare da zargin kasancewa 'yan tawayen kwaminisanci. Sa’ad da ya hau ofis, ƙungiyar ’yan sanda ta yi rashin kunya har Scelba ya ce: “Idan na kasance ɗan gurguzu, da gobe zan fara juyin juya hali. A lokacin mulkinsa, ya mayar da ‘yan sandan kasar da suka ruguje zuwa wani runduna ta wasu jami’ai 100,000, sannan ya kafa rundunar tarzoma, dauke da muggan makamai da makamai da motoci masu sulke da jeep na musamman, mai suna Reparto Celere (“Sashen Fast”). Ya bayyana kansa a matsayin mutum mai aiwatar da abin da ya dauka na gurguzu. A yin haka, Scelba ya sha suka daga Kiristoci da yawa na demokraɗiyya waɗanda suka ƙi yarda da mugun halinsa. A shekara ta 1952, ya rubuta abin da ake kira "Dokar Scelba", wanda ya gabatar da laifin neman gafarar farkisanci. Scelba yana da ra'ayin mazan jiya game da wasu batutuwa kamar sutsan wanka, sumbatar jama'a da tsiraici. Duk da wannan da kuma damuwarsa guda ɗaya na doka da oda, akan al'amuran zamantakewa da tattalin arziki Scelba ya jingina a hagu na tsakiya a cikin DC. Ya fi son ƙarin gyare-gyaren zamantakewa da ayyukan jama'a, yana kai hari ga masu hasashe don haɓaka farashin. "Kusan ba zai yiwu ba," in ji shi, zama Ministan Harkokin Cikin Gida na gwamnatin da ba ta damu ba ko mutane suna aiki ko a'a." Scelba ya jaddada yiwuwar raunana karfin kwaminisanci "ta hanyar ƙaddara matakan inganta zamantakewa da tattalin arziki, kamar sake fasalin ƙasa na manyan gidaje a Kudancin Italiya, alal misali." Yayin da yake kan mukamin, ya kuma shiga cikin kafa hanyar sadarwa ta Gladio, aikin tsayawa baya na NATO a cikin Italiya bayan yakin duniya na biyu, wanda aka yi niyya don tsara juriya bayan mamayewar Warsaw Pact na yammacin Turai. Babban zaɓen na 1953 ya kasance da sauye-sauye a cikin dokar zaɓe. Ko da babban tsarin ya ci gaba da kasancewa ba tare da cin hanci ba, gwamnati ta gabatar da wani kaso mai tsoka na kashi biyu bisa uku na kujeru a majalisar na kawancen da zai samu cikakkiyar rinjayen kuri'u. Canjin ya samu kakkausan adawa daga jam'iyyun adawa da kuma kananan abokan kawance na DC, wadanda ba su da wata dama ta hakika ta samun nasara a karkashin wannan tsarin. Masu zaginta sun kira sabuwar dokar da sunan zamba, ciki har da wasu 'yan adawa na kananan jam'iyyun gwamnati wadanda suka kafa kungiyoyin adawa na musamman don musun zaftarewar kasa ta wucin gadi ga Demokradiyyar Kirista.
Yaƙin neman zaɓe na masu adawa da "Dokar Zamba" ta cimma burinta. Haɗin gwiwar gwamnati ya sami kashi 49.9% na ƙuri'un ƙasa, ƙuri'u dubu kaɗan ne kawai na ƙofa na babban rinjaye, wanda ya haifar da rabon kujeru na yau da kullun. A fasahance, gwamnati ta lashe zaben, inda ta samu rinjayen kujerun majalisun biyu. Amma takaicin rashin samun nasara a babban rinjaye ya haifar da tashin hankali a cikin manyan kawancen. Majalisar ta tilastawa De Gasperi yin murabus a ranar 2 ga watan Agusta. A ranar 17 ga Agusta, Shugaba Einaudi ya nada Pella a matsayin sabon Firayim Minista Articles with hAudio microformats
Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba |
53347 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zaben%20shugaban%20kasa%20na%20Pakistan%202013 | Zaben shugaban kasa na Pakistan 2013 | An gudanar da zaben shugaban kasa a ranar 30 ga Yuli 2013 a Pakistan don zaben shugaban Pakistan na 12 An shirya wa'adin shugaban kasa mai ci Asif Ali Zardari zai kare a ranar 8 ga Satumba 2013; don haka, Mataki na 41 na Kundin Tsarin Mulki na Pakistan ya buƙaci a gudanar da zaɓe ba da daɗewa ba bayan 8 ga Agusta 2013. Kwalejin zabe ta Pakistan taron hadin gwiwa na Majalisar Dattawa, Majalisar Dokoki ta Kasa da Majalisun Larduna an dora wa alhakin zaben sabon shugaban da zai gaji Shugaba Zardari, wanda ya ki neman wa'adi na biyu a kan karagar mulki. Bayan da jam'iyyar Pakistan Peoples Party da kawayenta suka kauracewa zaben shugaban kasa, 'yan takarar biyu sun hada da Mamnoon Hussain wanda kungiyar musulmin Pakistan (N) ke marawa baya, da Wajihuddin Ahmed da Pakistan Tehreek-e-Insaf ke marawa baya. An zabi Hussaini dan Agra ne a matsayin shugaban kasa da kuri'u 432. Zaben dai shi ne karo na farko a tarihin Pakistan inda aka zabi shugaban farar hula yayin da shugaban farar hula mai ci ke ci gaba da rike madafun iko, wanda ya kammala mika mulki mai dimbin tarihi da dimokiradiyya wanda ya fara da babban zaben shekarar 2013.
Fage Bayan zaben gama gari na shekarar 2013, ana sa ran cewa jam'iyyar da ta yi nasara a jam'iyyar da ta samu jam'iyyar jam'iyyar za ta zabi sabon shugaban kasa kuma ta haka ne firaminista Nawaz Sharif ke jagoranta, kungiyar musulmin Pakistan (N). Wannan dai shi ne karo na farko a kasar da aka zabi zababben shugaban kasa a gaban shugaba mai ci Jadawalin Hukumar zaben Pakistan ta sanar da jadawalin zaben farko a ranar 17 ga Yuli, 2013. Dole ne a gabatar da duk takardun tsayawa takara a ranar 24 ga Yuli, tare da binciken ya faru a ranar 26 ga Yuli. Daga nan ne ‘yan takarar suka kara wa’adin kwanaki 3 don janye sunayensu, daga nan ne aka fitar da jerin sunayen ‘yan takara a hukumance. Tun da farko dai za a gudanar da zaben ne ta hanyar jefa kuri’a a asirce a ranar 6 ga watan Agusta, kuma sakamakon hukuma ya tabbatar washegari. Manyan alkalan kotun Islamabad da na manyan kotunan larduna 4 ne za su jagoranci zaben. Kotun kolin Pakistan a ranar 24 ga Yuli, ta sake sabunta ranar zaben shugaban kasa kan karar da jam’iyya mai mulki, PML (N) ta shigar, inda ta bukaci hukumar zaben da ta gudanar da shi a ranar 30 ga Yuli maimakon 6 ga watan Agusta. Kotun ta bayar da umarnin ne saboda da yawa daga cikin ‘yan majalisar da za su zabi wanda zai maye gurbin shugaban kasar Asif Ali Zardari za su gudanar da aikin hajji ko kuma gudanar da addu’o’i na musamman a ranar 6 ga watan Agusta mai alfarma, wanda ya kare bayan ‘yan kwanaki, wanda hakan zai iya zama mai wahala. domin wasu ‘yan majalisa su wajabta ayyukansu na addini tare da zaben. Shugaban majalisar a majalisar dattawa Raja Zafarul Haq ne ya shigar da karar a wannan rana. Kotun ta umarci hukumar zaben Pakistan da ta sauya jadawalin zabe kan karar da gwamnatin tarayya ta shigar: an gabatar da takardun tsayawa takara a ranar 24 ga watan Yuli, an gudanar da bincikensu a ranar 26 ga watan Yuli, da janye takarar har zuwa karfe 12 na rana ranar 27 ga watan Yuli da kuma An buga jerin sunayen 'yan takara na ƙarshe da ƙarfe 5 na yamma ranar 27 ga Yuli. An gudanar da zaben ne a ranar 30 ga watan Yuli. PML (N) ta zabi tsohon gwamnan Sindh Mamnoon Hussain a matsayin dan takararta; yayin da jam'iyyar Pakistan People's Party ta tsayar da Sanata Raza Rabbani (daga baya ta kauracewa zaben); da Pakistan Tehrik-e-Insaaf mai suna Justice Wajihuddin Ahmed Maman Hussaini Hussaini dan kasuwa ne haifaffen Agra. Shi dan kasar Sindh ne kuma yana da sana'ar saka a Karachi. An haife shi a Uttar Pradesh, Indiya, a cikin 1940. Ya fara harkar siyasa a shekarun 60s a matsayin dan gwagwarmayar Musulunci. Ana yi masa kallon mai biyayya ga tsohon Firayim Minista Nawaz Sharif A shekarar 1999, an zabe shi a matsayin shugaban kungiyar 'yan kasuwa da masana'antu ta Karachi (KCCI) kuma nan da nan Nawaz Sharif ya zabe shi ya zama gwamnan Sindh a watan Yunin 1999, amma ya rasa mukamin bayan babban hafsan soji na lokacin Janar Pervez Musharraf ya hambarar da gwamnatin kasar. Gwamnatin PML-N a juyin mulkin soja a watan Oktobar 1999.
Wajiuddin Ahmed An zabe ta a Majalisar Dokokin Pakistan a matsayin 'yar takarar Pakistan Muslim League (N) daga mazabar NA-129 (Lahore-XII) a zaben fidda gwani da aka gudanar a watan Agusta 2013. Ta samu kuri'u 44,894 sannan ta doke Muhammad Mansha Sindhu dan takarar jam'iyyar Pakistan Tehreek-e-Insaf (PTI). Kujerar ta zama babu kowa ne bayan da Shahbaz Sharif da ya lashe zaben Pakistan a shekara ta 2013 ya bar ta domin ya ci gaba da rike kujerar da ya samu a mazabarsa ta majalisar lardin. Kafin a daukaka shi a matsayin Babban Mai Shari'a na Kotun Koli, a takaice ya rike mukamin Babban Alkalin Kotun Sindh daga 1998 har sai da ya ki yin rantsuwa da adawa da dokar soja a 1999. Ya ci gaba da sukar shugaba Pervez Musharraf, inda daga karshe ya zama jagora a yunkurin Lauyan a 2007 don adawa da Shugaba Musharraf. A karshe dai bai yi nasara ba a zaben shugaban kasa da aka gudanar a shekarar 2007. Tun daga shekarar 2011, ya kasance mai fafutuka a siyasar kasa ta Pakistan Tehreek-e-Insaf (PTI) kuma ya zama dan gaba a dandalin PTI na zaben shugaban kasa.
Kauracewa A ranar 26 ga watan Yuli, jam'iyyar PPP ta sanar da matakin kauracewa zaben. Jam'iyyar Awami National Party (ANP) da Balochistan National Party (BNP) su ma sun sanar da kauracewa zaben. Sun bayyana dalilinsu ne hukuncin da kotun kolin Pakistan ta yanke na sauya ranar zaben daga ranar 6 ga watan Agusta ba tare da tuntubar dukkan bangarorin ba.
Ƙarfin Kwalejin Zaɓe Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba |
30632 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jerin%20Dokokin%20Muhalli%20Na%20Kasa%20Da%20Kasa | Jerin Dokokin Muhalli Na Kasa Da Kasa | nan labarin ya lissafa mafi mahimmancin dokokin muhalli na ƙasa ta nahiya da ƙasa.
Afirka
Masar Dokar Masar ta 102 ta shekarar 1983, don Kariyar yanayi
Dokar Kare Muhalli 4/1994 da aka gyara ta Dokar 9/2009 (Masar).
Dokar 48/1982
Dangane da Kare Kogin Nilu da Tashoshin Ruwa.
Dokar 124/83
Dangane da Kamun Kifi, Kungiyar Kifi ta Ruwan Ruwa
Dokar 93/1962
Game da Fitar da Sharar Ruwa.
Dokar 27/1978
Game da Tsara Gabaɗaya Albarkatun Ruwa don Sha da Amfanin Dan Adam.
Kenya Dokar Biosafety 2009.
Dokokin Muhalli (Tasiri da Audit), 2003.
Gudanar da Muhalli da Haɗin kai (Kiyaye Bambance-bambancen Halittu da Albarkatu, Samun damar Albarkatun Halittu da Rarraba Fa'ida) Dokokin, 2006.
Dokokin Gudanar da Muhalli da Haɗin kai (Abubuwan Sarrafa) Dokokin 2007.
Gudanar da Muhalli da Haɗin kai (Amo da Wutar Lantarki Mai Girma) Dokokin 2009 (Sarrafawa).
Dokokin Gudanar da Muhalli da Haɗin kai (Sharar gida) Dokokin 2006.
Dokokin Gudanar da Muhalli da Haɗin kai (Ingantacciyar Ruwa) Dokokin 2006.
Gudanar da Muhalli da Haɗin kai (Ƙasashe, Kogin Kogi, Tekun Teku da Gudanar da Teku) Dokokin 2009.
Dokar Gudanar da Muhalli da Haɗin kai 1999 no 8.
Tsarin Muhalli (Rigakafin Gurbacewa a Yankin Gabas da sauran sassan Muhalli) Doka, 2003.
Dokar Kifi (Babi na 378).
Dokar gandun daji (Babi na 385).
Dokar daji, 2005.
Hukumar Raya Balaguro ta Kenya (Babi na 382).
Dokar Gudanar da Muhalli ta Kenya 1999.
Dokokin Surutu.
Dokar katako (Babi na 386).
Dokar Ba da Lasisi na Masana'antu Yawo (Babi na 381).
Dokar Ruwa 2002.
Dokar Ruwa 2002/ no 8.
Dokar Namun daji (Kiyaye da Gudanarwa) (Babi na 376).
Asiya
China Dokar hana gurbatar iska (China).
Dokar Rigakafin Annobar Dabbobi 1997.
Asalin Dokar Muhalli.
Dokar Kula da Ruwan Sha.
Dokar Tantance Muhalli.
Dokar Kare Muhalli 1989.
Dokar Kare Muhalli ta Jamhuriyar Jama'ar Sin (Don Aiwatar da Gwaji) 1979.
Dokar Kifi 1986.
Dokar Kamun kifi (Bita na 2004).
Dokar Kula da Ambaliyar Ruwa 1997.
Dokar daji 1985.
Dokar gandun daji ta Jamhuriyar Jama'ar Sin (1998).
Dokar Grassland 1985.
Dokar Jamhuriyar Jama'ar Sin game da rigakafi da sarrafa gurbatar muhalli ta hanyar sharar gida.
Dokar Jamhuriyar Jama'ar Sin game da rigakafi da magance gurbacewar yanayi daga hayaniyar muhalli.
Dokar Jamhuriyar Jama'ar Sin game da rigakafi da hana gurbatar ruwa.
Dokar Jamhuriyar Jama'ar Sin kan kiyaye ruwa da kasa.
Doka akan Rigakafin Hamada da Sauya 2001.
Doka akan Kariyar Muhalli na Marine 1983.
Doka Kan Albarkatun Ma’adinai 1986.
Doka kan Rigakafi da Kula da Gurbacewar yanayi.
Doka kan Rigakafi da Kula da gurɓacewar yanayi 2000.
Doka kan Rigakafi da Kula da Gurbacewar Hayaniyar Muhalli 1997.
Doka kan Rigakafi da Sarrafa gurɓataccen shara.
Dokar Rigakafi da Kula da Gurbacewar Ruwa 1996.
Doka akan Haɓaka Tsabtace Tsabtace 2002.
Doka kan Kariya da Rage Masifu na Girgizar Kasa.
Dokar Kare Abubuwan Al'adu.
Dokar Kare Namun Daji 1989.
Doka akan Kariyar Namun daji (Bita na 2004).
Doka akan Ruwa da Kula da Kasa.
Dokar kare muhalli ta ruwa ta Jamhuriyar Jama'ar Sin (1983).
Dokar Kula da Gurbacewar Ruwa.
Dokar Sasanci Rigima ta Jama'a.
Dokar Gyara Gurɓatar Ƙasa da Ruwan Ƙasa.
Dokar Ruwa 1988.
Dokar Ruwa 2002 (wanda aka gyara).
Dokar Kula da Gurbacewar Ruwa (China).
Dokar Kare Namun Daji.
Indiya Dokar Ruwa (Rigakafi da Kula da Gurbacewar Ruwa), 1974.
Dokar Ruwa (Rigakafin da Kula da gurɓatawa) cess Act, 1977.
Dokar iska (Rigakafi da Kula da Gurbacewar Ruwa), 1981.
Dokar Bambancin Halittu, 2002.
Dokar Muhalli (Kariya), 1986.
Dokar Kare daji, 1980.
Dokokin Gudanar da Sharar Haɗari da Dokokin Gudanarwa, 1989.
Dokar gandun daji ta Indiya, 1927.
Dokar Shari'ar Muhalli ta Kasa, 1995.
Dokar Kotun Koli ta Ƙasa, 2010.
Ka'idojin gurɓacewar hayaniya, 2000.
Kare ire-iren Shuka da Dokar Haƙƙin Manoma na 2001.
Dokar Inshorar Lamuni ta Jama'a, 1991.
Ƙabilun da aka tsara da sauran Mazaunan gandun daji na Gargajiya (Gane Haƙƙin Daji), 2006.
Ruwa (Rigakafi da Kula da Gurbacewa), 1974.
Dokar Canjin Rayuwar Daji (Kariya), 2002.
Dokar Kare namun daji ta 1972.
Japan Dokar hana gurbatar iska.
Asalin Dokar Muhalli.
Dokar Kima Tasirin Muhalli.
Dokar Kimun kifi No 267 na 1949.
Muhimmin Doka don Ƙaddamar da Ƙwararrun Material-Cycle Society.
Dokokin Baƙi na Baƙi (Dokar Lamba 78, Yuni 2, 2004).
Doka game da Kiyayewa da Dorewar Amfani da bambance-bambancen Halittu ta hanyar Doka kan Amfani da Rayayyun halittu.
Doka Game da Inganta Ayyukan Kasuwanci tare da La'akari da Muhalli ta Ƙayyadaddun Kamfanoni, da dai sauransu, ta hanyar Sauƙaƙe Samun Bayanan Muhalli, da Sauran Ma'auni.
Doka Game da Haɓaka Matakan Jure ɗumamar Duniya.
Doka Game da Kariya na Ozone Layer Ta Hanyar Sarrafa Ƙididdigan Abubuwa da Sauran Ma'auni (Mayu 1988).
Doka Game da Haɓaka Siyan Kaya da Sabis na Abokan Hulɗa da Jiha da sauran Hukumomi.
Doka game da Amfani da Makamashi na Hankali.
Doka game da farfadowa da lalata Fluorocarbons (Dokar Farfadowa da Rushewar Fluorocarbons) (Yuni 2001).
Doka Game da Ba da rahoto da dai sauransu na Fitowa zuwa Muhalli na Musamman Abubuwan Sinadarai da Inganta Ingantaccen Gudanar da Su.
Doka Game da Matakai na Musamman akan Dioxins.
Doka don Kula da Fitarwa, Shigo da Shigo da Sauran Sharar da Sharar gida da sauran sharar fage.
Doka don Haɓaka Ƙarfafawa akan Kiyaye Muhalli da Inganta Ilimin Muhalli.
Dokar Haɓaka Maido da Hali.
Doka akan Matakai na Musamman game da Kawar da Matsalolin Muhalli da ke haifar da Sharar Sharar Masana'antu ta Musamman.
Dokar da ta shafi Kare Muhalli a Antarctica.
Dokar Dokokin Surutu.
Dokar NOx (Japan).
Dokar Kula da Wari Mai Muni.
Dokokin Dokokin Taya Masu Karatu.
Dokar Ka'idar Vibration.
Gudanar da Sharar gida da Dokar Tsabtace Jama'a.
Dokar Kula da Gurbacewar Ruwa.
Kare Namun Daji da Dokar Farauta.
Kyrgyzstan Doka akan Duniyar Dabbobi, 1999.
Doka akan Yankunan Biosphere a Jamhuriyar Kyrgyzstan, 1999.
Dokar Kare Muhalli, 1999.
Doka akan Ƙwararrun Muhalli, 1999.
Doka akan Gabaɗaya Dokokin Fasaha da ke tabbatar da Tsaron Muhalli a Jamhuriyar Kyrgyzstan, 2009.
Doka akan Kariya da Amfani da Flora, 2001.
Doka kan Kariyar Iskar Iska, 1999.
Doka kan Kariya na Ozone Layer, 2006.
Doka akan Tsaron Radiation na Jama'ar Kirgiz, 1999.
Doka akan Tushen Makamashi Masu Sabunta, 2008.
Doka akan Yankunan Halitta na Musamman, 2011.
Doka akan Dorewar Ci gaban Muhalli da Tsarin Tattalin Arziki Yssyk-Kul, 2004.
Doka akan Tafkunan Tailing da Sharar Ma'adinai, 2001.
Doka akan Sharar Samfura da Amfani, 2001.
Dokar Ruwa, 1994.
Pakistan Dokar Kare Muhalli ta Pakistan 1997.
Dokar Kare Muhalli ta Sindh 2014.
Philippines Tsarin Bayanin Tasirin Muhalli na Philippine.
Dokar Kifi ta 1932.
Lambar Muhalli ta Philippine.
Lambar gandun daji na Philippines da aka sabunta.
Lambar Ruwa ta Philippines.
Dokar Kula da Gurbacewar Ruwa (Dokar Shugaban Kasa 1181; 1977).
Tsarin Bayanin Tasirin Muhalli na Philippine (Dokar Shugaban Kasa 1586; 1978).
Dokar Tsaron Abinci ta 1985.
Abubuwan Guba da Haɗari da Dokar Kula da Sharar Nukiliya ta 1990.
Dokar Ma'adinai ta Philippines ta 1995.
Dokar Jin Dadin Dabbobi ta 1998.
Lambar Kamun Kifi ta Philippine na 1998.
Dokar Tsabtace Jirgin Sama ta 1999.
Dokokin Kula da Muhalli na Philippine na 2000.
Dokar Kare Albarkatun Daji ta 2001.
Dokar Shari'a ta 2002.
Dokar Kariya iri-iri ta Philippine ta 2002.
Dokar Tsabtace Ruwa ta 2004.
Dokar Wayar da Kan Muhalli da Ilimi ta 2008.
Dokar Canjin Yanayi na 2009.
Singapore Dokar Kariya da Muhalli (Cap 94A).
Doka Mai Haɗari (Karfafa Fitar da Fitarwa, Shigo da Shigo) (Cap. 122A).
Dokokin Parks da Bishiyoyi (Cap. 216) da ka'idojin da ke da alaƙa, Dokokin Parks da Bishiyoyi (Cap. 216 Sashe na 63) da nufin daidaita hali a cikin wuraren shakatawa da wuraren ajiyar yanayi.
Dokar namun daji (Cap. 351) da nufin kare nau'in tsiro, dabba da fungi mai suna a Singapore.
Dokar Kayayyakin Kayayyakin Kaya (Shigo da Fitarwa) (Cap. 92A) da nufin hana cinikin namun dajin da aka kare a ƙarƙashin Yarjejeniyar Ciniki ta Duniya a cikin Nauyin Ƙarfafa (CITES).
Dokar Farashin Carbon (Lamba 23 na 2018) da nufin daidaitawa da iyakance sawun carbon na ƙungiyoyin kamfanoni a Singapore.
Dokar Dorewa ta Albarkatun (Lamba 29 na 2019) da nufin adana albarkatun da kayan da ake da su.
Sri Lanka(Gudunmawar Dhanvin Nandakumaran na Kolejin Ƙofar Colombo, Sri Lanka) Dokar Muhalli ta Kasa 1980.
Manufar Dajin Farko 1929.
Dokokin Kariyar Fauna da Flora 1937.
Turai
Austria Dokar Kare Dabbobi.
Dokar Kima da Tasirin Muhalli 2000.
Dokar Tarayya mai kwanan wata 27th Nuwamba 1984 don cikakkiyar kariya ga muhalli.
Dokar Tarayya No. 33/1998 akan Ciniki na Dabbobin daji da Fauna.
Dokar Tarayya da ke gyara Dokar Ciniki Irin.
Forstgesetz 1975.
Lebensmittelsicherheits da Verbraucherschutzgesetz (LMSVG) 2006.
Bayanan Bayani na Gesetzes (UIG).
Belgium Loi du 20 janvier 1999 sur la protection du milieu marin dans les espaces marins sous juridiction de la Belgique.
Loi du 22 avril 1999 sur la zone économique exclusive de la Belgique dans la mer du Nord.
Wet van 20 januari 1999 tot bescherming van het mariene milieu in de zeegebieden onder de rechtsbevoegdheid van België.
Wet van 22 Afrilu 1999 betreffende de exclusieve economische zone van België in de Noordzee.
Bulgaria Dokar Kariya ta Masu Noma.
Gyaran dokar kare muhalli.
Dokokin Diversity na Halittu, 2002.
Dokar Kare Muhalli 2002.
Dokar gandun daji.
Dokar Farauta da Kariya na Wasan.
Dokar Kiyaye Muhalli.
Dokar Tsabtace Iskar Iska.
Doka kan wajibcin biyan diyya daga asusun gurbataccen mai.
Dokar Kariya daga Mummunan Tasirin Abubuwan Sinadarai da Shirye-shirye.
Doka akan yawon bude ido.
Doka akan Gudanar da Sharar gida 2003 (Gazette na Jiha No 86/2003).
Dokar Tsire-tsire ta 2000 (Gazette na Jiha No 29/2000).
Dokar Kariyar yanayi.
Dokar Yankunan Kare 1998 (Gazette na Jiha No 133/1998).
Kare Ruwa da Kasa Daga Dokar Gurbacewa.
Ƙa'ida kan sharuɗɗa da sharuɗɗa don aiwatar da Ƙimar Tasirin Muhalli (SG 25/18.03.2003).
Dokokin aiwatar da Doka na gandun daji.
Dokar Ruwa 1999 (Labarin Jiha Lamba 67/27.1999).
Cyprus Dokar ingancin iska 188(I)/2002.
Dokokin ingancin iska (Glaɓantar iska ta Ozone) Dokokin PI 530/2002.
Dokar ingancin iska (gyara) Dokar 53 (I)/2004.
Dokokin ingancin iska (Rufe-tsafe na shekara-shekara don wasu gurɓataccen yanayi) Dokokin PI 193/2004.
Dokokin ingancin iska (Iyakancin ƙimar Benzene da Carbon Monoxide a cikin Yanayin Ambient) Dokokin PI 516/2002.
Dokokin ingancin iska (Ozone in Ambient Air) Dokokin PI 194/2004.
Sarrafa gurɓacewar yanayi (Samar da Haɗaɗɗen Haɗaɗɗen Haɗaɗɗen Haɗaɗɗen Haɗaɗɗen Rarrabawar Man Fetur da Rarrabawa Daga Tashoshi zuwa Tashoshin Sabis) Dokokin PI 76/2003.
Sarrafa gurɓacewar yanayi (ƙonawar sharar gida mai haɗari) Dokokin PI 638/2002.
Sarrafa gurɓacewar yanayi (ƙonawar mai) Dokokin PI 529/2002.
Sarrafa Gurbacewar yanayi (ƙonawar sharar gida) Dokokin PI 284/2003.
Sarrafa Dokar Gurbacewar yanayi 187(I)/2002.
Sarrafa gurɓataccen yanayi (Iyyadewa da Kula da gurɓataccen yanayi wanda Sharar gida daga masana'antar Titanium Dioxide ya haifar) Dokokin PI 527/2002.
Sarrafa gurɓacewar yanayi (Iyakancin fitar da wasu gurɓataccen iska zuwa cikin iska daga manyan tsire-tsire masu ƙonewa) Dokokin PI 195/2004.
Sarrafa gurɓacewar yanayi (Iyakancin Haɗaɗɗen Ƙwayoyin Halittu na Halitta saboda Amfani da Abubuwan Kayayyakin Halitta a Wasu Ayyuka da Shigarwa) Dokokin PI 73/2003.
Sarrafa gurɓacewar yanayi (Maɗaukakin Ƙirƙirar Lasisi) Dokokin PI 170/2004.
Sarrafa gurɓataccen yanayi (Rigakafi da Rage gurɓatar yanayi ta Asbestos) Dokokin PI 528/2002.
Sarrafa gurɓataccen yanayi (Hana Gurɓacewar iska daga Tsirrai masu ƙonawa na gari) Dokokin PI 75/2003.
Sarrafa gurɓacewar yanayi (Tsarin Sa ido da Kula da Muhalli da Sharar gida daga Masana'antar Titanium Dioxide ke da alaƙa) Dokokin PI 545/2002.
Dokar daji 1967.
Haɗakar Rigakafin Kariya da Kulawa da Gurɓatawa 56(I)/2003.
Dokar 77 (I)/2010 don Ingancin Iskar Iska.
Kariya daga Dokar Radiation Ionizing 115(I)/2002.
Doka ta 327/2010 dangane da Ingancin Iskar Amospheric.
Jamhuriyar Czech Dokar 1991 2 Dokar Haɗin Kai.
Dokar 1992 1 akan Albashi, Ladawa don Tsayawa, da Matsakaicin Samun.
Dokar 1992 114 akan kariyar yanayi da Tsarin ƙasa.
Dokar 1995 289 Dokar daji.
Dokar 2001 100 akan kimanta tasirin muhalli.
Dokar 2001 185 akan Sharar gida.
Dokar 2001 254 Dokar Ruwa.
Dokar 2002 521 akan haɗe-haɗen rigakafi da sarrafawa (gyara).
Dokar 2004 99 akan Kifi.
Dokar 2005 7 na gyara doka No. 185/2001 Coll. akan sharar gida da kuma gyara ga wasu dokoki
Dokar 2004 382 kan kare dabbobin gona a lokacin yanka, kisa ko wasu hanyoyin kisa.
Doka 2005 424 Gyara Dokar No 382/2004 Coll. akan kare dabbobin gona a lokacin yanka, kisa ko wasu hanyoyin kisa.
Dokar 2006 346 akan shimfida ƙarin cikakkun bayanai game da kiyayewa da horar da dabbobi.
Dokar 2008 411 ƙayyadaddun nau'in dabbobin da ke buƙatar kulawa ta musamman.
Dokar 2009 3 kan cancantar ƙwararru don aikin kulawa a fagen kare dabbobi daga zalunci.
Dokar 2009 4 kan kare dabbobi yayin sufuri.
Dokar 2009 5 kan kare dabbobi a wurin taron jama'a da kuma a cikin kiwo.
Doka ta 2003 akan Tsarin Gudanar da Sharar gida na Jamhuriyar Czech.
Denmark Doka akan Samun Bayani akan Muhalli Na 292 na Afrilu 27, 1994.
Dokar kan Muhalli da Injiniyan Halitta na 356 na Yuni 6, 1991.
Dokar Kare Muhallin Ruwa na 476 na Yuni 30, 1993.
Dokar Kare Muhallin Ruwa, Dokar Tsaron jiragen ruwa, da Dokar Kasuwancin Kasuwanci (Dokar Yankunan Tattalin Arziki na Musamman) No. 394 na Mayu 22, 1996.
Doka akan Adadin Sharar gida Lamba 420 na Yuni 13, 1990.
Ƙarfafa Dokar daga Ma'aikatar Muhalli akan Ruwayoyi No. 404 na Mayu 19, 1992.
Ƙarfafa Dokar Kan Abubuwan Sinadari da Kayayyakin Lamba 21 na Janairu 16, 1996.
Doka ta Ƙarfafa kan Haraji akan Sharar da Danyen Kaya Lamba 570 na 3 ga Agusta, 1998.
Ƙaddamar Dokar Kan Samar da Ruwa.
Ƙarfafa Muhalli Da Dokar Injiniyan Halitta mai lamba 981 Na Disamba 2002.
Ƙarfafa Dokar Kare Muhalli mai lamba 698 na Satumba 22, 1998.
Dokar Gurbatacciyar Ƙasa mai lamba 370 na Yuni 2, 1999.
Dokar Dajin Danish 1989 Dokar No 383.
Estoniya Saki da gangan a cikin Muhalli na Tsarin Halittar Halittar Halitta.
Dokar Duniya.
Ƙimar Tasirin Muhalli da Dokar Tsarin Gudanar da Muhalli 2005.
Dokar Kula da Muhalli 1999 (an gyara har zuwa 2005).
Dokar Kula da Muhalli.
Dokar daji 2007.
Dokar farauta (Estonia).
Dokar Kula da Farauta.
Dokar Kare Halitta (Estonia).
Dokar yawon bude ido.
Dokar yawon bude ido 2000.
Dokar Ruwa.
Finland Dokar Bayar da Lalacewar Muhalli 1994.
Dokar kan Hukumomin Izinin Muhalli 2000.
Dokar Bayar da Tallafin Gandun Daji mai Dorewa.
Dokar Aiwatar da Dokokin Kare Muhalli.
Yi aiki da Dazuzzukan Haɗin gwiwa.
Yi aiki akan Metsähallitus.
Dokar kan Ciniki a cikin Abubuwan Haifuwa dazuzzuka.
Dokar Gudanar da Albarkatun Ruwa 2004.
Dokar Ayyukan Ruwa (119/2001).
Dokar Jin Dadin Dabbobi (Finland).
Dokar Kula da Dabbobi.
Hukunce-hukuncen Bayar da Kudaden Dazuka Mai Dorewa.
Dokar Inshorar Lalacewar Muhalli.
Dokar Kare Muhalli (Finland).
Dokar Kare Muhalli.
Dokar daji 1996.
Dokar daji.
Dokar Ƙungiyar Kula da Daji.
Dokar Kungiyar Kula da Daji.
Dokar Gwamnati Akan Tamanin Gurbacewar Kasa da Bukatun Gyara.
Hukuncin Gwamnati akan Abubuwan da ke Haɗari da cutarwa ga Muhalli na Ruwa 2006.
Dokar Gwamnati akan Maganin Ruwan Sharar Birane 2006.
Dokar farauta 1993.
Dokar Kare Halitta (1096/1996).
Dokar Kare Halitta 1997.
Dokar Sharar gida (1072/1993).
Dokar Sharar gida 1993.
Dokar Cajin Mai (894/1986).
Faransa Code de l'environnement.
Code gandun daji.
Loi du 14 avril 2006 relative aux parcs nationaux, aux parcs naturels marins et aux parcs naturels régionaux.
Loi du 30 décembre 1996 sur l'air et l'utilisation rationnelle de l'énergie.
Jamus Doka akan Kiyayewa da Kula da Muhalli (Gesetz über Naturschutz und Landschaftspflege Bundesnaturschutzgesetz BNatSchG).
Doka kan Kariya ga Cututtukan Muhalli saboda Gurbacewar iska, hayaniya da sauransu. (Gesetz zum Schutz vor schädlichen Umwelteinwirkungen durch Luftverunreinigungen, Geräusche, Erschütterungen und ähnliche Vorgänge Bundes-Immissionsschutzgesetz BImSchG).
Doka akan Ingancin Ruwan Sha (Trinkwasserverordnung TrinkwV).
Doka akan Kariyar Ƙasa (Bundesbodenschutzgesetz BBSchG).
Doka akan Gudanar da Sharar gida (Kreislaufwirtschaftsgesetz KrwG).
Doka akan Amfani da Ruwa (Wasserhaushaltsgesetz WHG).
Girka Dokar 2939 Sharar gida.
Iceland Yi aiki akan Matakan Kariya Daga Kankara da zabtarewar ƙasa, 1997.
Dokar Kariyar Radiation, 2002.
Fitar da Iskar Gas na Greenhouse Dokar No. 65, 2007
Dokar Tantance Tasirin Muhalli (Iceland) Lamba 106, 25 ga Mayu 2000.
Dokar Kula da Kamun kifi mai lamba 38, 15 ga Mayu, 1990.
Dokar Kare yanayi.
Ireland Dokar Gurbacewar iska 1987.
Dokar Kimiyya ta 2008.
Juji a Teku (gyara) Dokar 2004.
Dokar Kifi (gyara) 2003.
Foreshore da Juji a Teku (gyara) Dokar 2009.
Dokar gandun daji 1988.
Gandun daji (gyara) Dokar 2009.
Dokar Foyle da Carlingford Fisheries 2007.
Dokar Sharar Ruwa ta 1997.
No. 27/2003: Kare Dokar Muhalli 2003.
Gurbacewar Man Fetur na Teku (Alhaki na Jama'a da Diyya) (gyara) Dokar 2003.
Kariyar Dokar Muhalli 2003.
Gurbatar Teku (gyara) Dokar 1999.
Gurbatar Teku (Abubuwan Haɗari) (Diyya) Dokar 2005.
Gurbacewar Teku (Sharuɗɗa Daban-daban) Dokar 2006.
Gudanar da Sharar gida (gyara) Dokar 2001.
Dokar Ayyukan Ruwa 2007.
Dokar namun daji 1976.
Namun daji (gyara) Dokar 2000.
Ayyukan Yanayi da Ƙananan Ci gaban Carbon 2015.
Italiya Decreto Presidente 1997 357 Regolamento recante attuazione della direttiva 92/43/CEE relativa alla conservazione degli mazauninsu.
Dokar 1993-157 tana ba da kariya ga namun daji da hani kan farauta.
Legge 2002 179 Disposizioni in materia ambientale.
Decreto Lgislativo Governo 3 Afrilu 2006, n. 152, Norme a cikin materia ambientale.
Latvia Dokar Kariyar Dabbobi.
Abubuwan Sinadarai da Dokar Kayayyakin Sinadarai.
Dokar Kariyar Muhalli (Latvia).
Dokar Kifi.
Dokar gandun daji.
Dokar farauta (2003).
Doka akan Abubuwan Sinadarai da Kayayyakin Sinadarai.
Doka akan Kiyaye Nau'ukan Dabbobi da Biotopes.
Doka akan Gudanar da Motoci na Ƙarshen Rayuwa.
Doka akan Ƙimar Tasirin Muhalli (Latvia) (an gyara har zuwa 2005).
Doka akan Kariyar Muhalli (Latvia).
Doka akan Gurbacewa.
Doka akan Yankunan da aka Kare Musamman (1993).
Doka akan Zurfafan Ƙasar Ƙasa.
Dokar tattarawa (9 Janairu 2002).
Dokar Yankin Kariya (5 Fabrairu 1997).
Ƙidaya No. 118 karɓa a ranar 12 Maris 2002; "Sharuɗɗa game da Ingancin Ruwan Sama da Ruwan Ƙasa"
Dokar No. 280 24 Afrilu 2007; "Janar hanyoyin don fitowar lasisi don amfani da zurfin menu da kuma izini na hakar ma'adinai masu yaduwa, da kuma amfani da bayanan kasa"
Doka No. 34 "Sharuɗɗa game da Fitar da Abubuwan Gurɓatawa a cikin Ruwa" (22 Janairu 2002).
Ka'ida ta 475 "Tsarin da suka shafi Tsabtace da Zurfafa Nauyin Ruwan Ruwa da Tashoshin Tashar ruwa" 13 ga Yuni 2006
Dokar No. 595 An karɓa 18 Yuli 2006 "Sharuɗɗa game da Kariya na Muhalli a lokacin Ayyukan Bincike da Cire Hydrocarbons a cikin Teku"
Ka'ida ta 736 "Sharuɗɗa game da izinin yin amfani da albarkatun ruwa"; 23 Disamba 2003.
Dokar No. 779 an karɓa 19 Satumba 2006; "Tsarin hakar albarkatun ma'adinai"
Doka No. 857 "Dokoki game da Hanyoyin Tabbatar da Albarkatun Ruwan Ƙarƙashin Ƙasa da Ma'auni na Inganci" 19 Oktoba 2004.
Dokoki no 184 Abubuwan buƙatu don Ayyuka tare da samfuran Biocidal.
Dokoki mai lamba 340 akan Hanyoyi don Shigo, Sanarwa da Ƙimar Hatsari na Sabbin Abubuwan Sinadarai (6 Agusta 2002).
Dokoki kan sarrafa sharar kayan lantarki da lantarki (9 Nuwamba 2004).
Dokoki Game da Iyakance Fitowar Haɗaɗɗen Ƙirar Halitta daga Wasu Kayayyaki.
Dokoki Game da Kare Ruwa da Ƙasa daga gurɓatawa tare da Nitrates da Tushen Noma ke haifarwa.
Dokoki Game da Ƙuntatawa da Hani kan Amfani da Tallace-tallacen Abubuwan Sinadarai masu Haɗari da Haɗarin Sinadarai.
Dokoki Game da Ƙuntatawar Amfani da Sinadarai a cikin Kayan Wutar Lantarki da Lantarki.
Dokar yawon bude ido.
Dokar Kula da Sharar gida.
Lithuania Dokar Kariyar Muhalli (Lithuania).
Dokar gandun daji (Lithuania).
Doka akan Sashen Kare Muhalli.
Dokar Samar da Ruwan Sha da Sharar Ruwa.
Doka akan Kariyar Muhalli (Lithuania).
Doka akan Kayayyakin Kudi don Gudanar da Canjin Yanayi.
Doka akan Kamun Kifi.
Doka akan Gudanar da Marufi da Sharar Marufi.
Doka akan Gudanar da Sharar Radiyo.
Doka akan Ruwa.
Dokar karkashin kasa.
Luxembourg Code de l'Environnement.
Loi du 10 août 1993 dangi aux parcs naturels.
Loi du 10 ga watan 1999 dangi aux établissements classés.
Loi du 11 Mars 2008 ayant pour objet d'autoriser le Gouvernement à subventionner l'execution d'unhuitième palanquin qu nal del infrastructure touristique.
Loi du 14 avril 1992 portant réglementation de la mise sur le marché de abubuwa qui appauvrissent la.
Loi du 19 decembre 2008 dangi à l'eau.
Loi du 19 janvier 2004 damuwa la protection de la nature et des ressources naturelles.
Loi du 19 Nuwamba 2003 modifiant la loi du 10 juin 1999 dangi aux etablissements classés.
Loi du 25 avril 1970 modifiant et complétant la loi du 17 juillet 1960 portant institution d'un statut de l'hôtellerie.
Loi du 25 juin 2004, la loi dangi à la coordination de la politique nationale de développement durable a été adoptée.
Loi du 28 mai 2004 portant création d'une Administration de la gestion de l'eau.
Loi du 6 juillet 1999 portant création d'un réseau National de pistes cyclables.
Loi modifiée du 21 ga Yuni 1976 dangi à la lutte contre le bruit.
Règlement grand-ducal du 7 Maris 2003 damuwa l'évaluation des incidences de certains projets publics et privés sur l'environnement.
Règlement grand-ducal du 9 janvier 2009 damuwa la protection intégrale et partielle de certaines espèces animales de la faune sauvage.
Malta Dokar Tsabtace Jirgin Sama (Malta).
Filfla Nature Reserve Dokar.
Haɗin Kan Kariya & Ka'idojin Kulawa.
LN 13/2006 Sarrafa da Tsaro na Babban Ayyukan Rediyo da Marayu.
LN 44/03 Tsaron Nukiliya da Dokokin Kariyar Radiation, 2003.
Dokar Litter.
Wajibi na Duniya na Malta Game da Al'amuran Muhalli.
Gudanar da Dokokin ingancin Ruwan wanka, 2008.
Rigakafi da Gyara Dokokin Lalacewar Muhalli, 2008.
Ingancin Ruwan da Aka Nufi Don Dokokin Amfani da Dan Adam, 2009.
Dokokin kimanta Dabarun Muhalli, 2005.
Gudanar da Sharar gida (Gudanar da Sharar gida daga Masana'antu Masu Haɓaka da Cika Baya) Dokokin, 2009.
Dokokin Gudanar da Sharar gida (Sharar gida).
Kudin hannun jari Water Services Corporation Act
Dokokin Samar da Ruwa (gyara), 2008.
Netherlands wet.
Dokar Cadmium 1999 dokoki don samarwa da siyar da samfuran da ke ɗauke da cadmium.
Dokar Kare Muhalli.
Dokar Kula da Muhalli 2004.
Gwaje-gwaje akan Dokar Dabbobi 1997.
Flora da faunawet.
Dokar Ruwan Ruwa.
Invoeringswet Waterwet.
Dokar Kula da Ruwa.
Natuurbeschermingswet 1998.
Ƙaddamarwa.
Dokar Kare Kasa.
Waterleidingbesluit.
Waterleidingwet.
Ruwa 2008.
Rijkswaterstaatswerken rigar beheer.
Rigar Bodembescherming.
Jika Geluidhinder.
Rigar milieubeheer.
Rigar verontreiniging van oppervlaktewateren.
Norway Dokar 13 Maris 1981 no 6 da ta shafi kariya daga gurɓatawa da kuma abin da ya shafi sharar gida. An sabunta ta ƙarshe ta Dokar 10 Disamba 1999 no 83.
Dokar Kare Radiation da Amfani da Radiation 2000.
Dokar da ta shafi Biobanks 2003.
Dokar Jin Dadin Dabbobi 1974.
Dokar Al'adu ta 1978.
Dokar Bayanin Muhalli 2003.
Dokar Finnmark (2005).
Dokar gandun daji 2005.
Dokar Fasaha ta Gene 1993.
Dokar Ciniki Gas Gas 2004.
Dokar Kare Halitta 1970.
Dokar Kula da Gurbacewar Ruwa (Norway).
Dokar Kula da Guba ta 13 Maris 1981 No.6.
Dokokin da suka shafi Kula da gurɓataccen iska (ka'idojin gurɓatawa).
Dokokin da suka danganci Ƙuntatawa kan Amfani da Sinadarai da Sauran Kayayyaki masu haɗari ga Lafiya da Muhalli (ka'idojin samfur).
Dokar Kariyar Muhalli ta Svalbard 2001.
Dokokin Sharar gida (Norway).
Dokar Albarkatun Ruwa ta 2000.
Dokar Tsarin Ruwa ta 1917.
Dokar namun daji 1981.
Portugal Decreto-Lei 151B de 31 de outubro de 2013 aprova o regime jurídico da Avaliação de Impacte Ambiental (IAA)dos projetos públicos e privados suscetíveis de produzirem efeitos significativos no ambient.
Decreto-Lei 1998 236 Lei da qualidade da agua
Decreto-Lei 2007 306 Lei estabelece o regime da qualidade da água destinada ao consumo humano.
Lei 1959 2097 Lei de Bases do Fomento Piscícola nas Águas Interiores.
Lei 1987 11 Lei de Bases do Ambient.
Lei 2005 58 Lei de Agua.
Romania Doka 1995-137 Dokar Kare Muhalli.
Doka 1996-107 Dokar Ruwa.
Dokar 1996-26 Code Forest.
Doka ta 2000-182 Game da Kare Gadon Ƙasa masu Motsawa.
Doka 2001-422 Kariya na Abubuwan Tunawa da Tarihi
Doka 2006-407 Doka akan Farauta.
Doka 2008-46 Code Forestry.
Rasha Lambar gandun daji na Tarayyar Rasha.
Lambar Ruwa na Tarayyar Rasha.
Slovakia Dokar 287 1994 akan Kiyaye yanayi da yanayin ƙasa.
Dokar No. 163/2001 Coll. akan Abubuwan Sinadarai da Shirye-shiryen Sinadarai.
Dokar No. 238/1991 akan Tarin Sharar gida.
Dokar 1993 akan ƙayyadaddun yankunan da ke buƙatar kariya ta musamman na yanayi da kuma aikin gargadi da tsarin sarrafawa.
Slovenia Yi aiki akan kariya daga ionizing radiation da amincin nukiliya.
Dokar Kayayyakin Biocidal.
Dokar Kimiyya
Dokar Kayayyakin Kaya.
Dokar Gyara Dokar Kan Hanya, Batu da Sharuɗɗa don Samar da Ma'aikatar Ayyukan Jama'a na Gudanar da Sharar Abattoir da Kayayyakin Kayayyakin Dabbobi.
Hukunce-hukuncen gyare-gyare da ƙari ga dokar kan hayaniya a muhallin halitta da rayuwa.
Hukunce-hukunce kan gyare-gyare da kari ga dokar kan cajin lodin yanayi tare da fitar da iskar Carbon Dioxide.
Shawara kan canje-canje da ƙari ga dokar haraji don gurbatar iska tare da fitar da carbon dioxide.
Hukunce-hukunce kan Fitar da abubuwa zuwa cikin yanayi daga Tsirrai masu ƙona shara masu haɗari.
Doka a kan watsi da abubuwa a cikin yanayi daga lacquering shuke-shuke.
Hukunce-hukunce kan fitar da abubuwa zuwa cikin sararin samaniya daga tsirrai na ƙona sharar gida.
Ƙaddamar da ƙaddamar da abubuwa a cikin yanayi daga tsire-tsire don samarwa da sarrafa kayan itace.
Ƙaddara game da fitar da abubuwa a cikin yanayi daga tsire-tsire don samar da gubar da kayan haɗin gwiwa daga kayan albarkatun kasa na biyu.
Hukunce-hukuncen Fitar da Haɗaɗɗen Haɗaɗɗiyar Halitta zuwa Iska daga Ma'ajiyar Man Fetur da Rarraba shi daga Tashoshi zuwa Tashoshin Sabis.
Ƙaddara kan fitarwa, shigo da kaya da jigilar sharar gida.
Dokar Shigar da Abubuwa masu Hatsari da Tsirrai a cikin Ƙasa.
Ƙaddara akan Iyaka, Gargaɗi da Mahimman Mahimman Ma'auni na Abubuwan Haɗari a cikin Ƙasa.
Ƙaddara kan hanya, batu da yanayi don gudanar da sabis na jama'a na kasuwanci na sarrafa sharar rediyo.
Doka kan Hayaniya a Muhalli na Halitta da Rayuwa.
Hukunce-hukunce kan Hayaniyar Hayaniyar Ta Hanyar Hanya da Titin Railway.
Ƙaddara kan ingancin albarkatun mai game da sulfur, gubar da abun ciki na benzene.
Hukunci akan yawan sharar da ake samu daga samar da titanium dioxide da aka fitar a cikin ruwa da kuma fitar da abubuwa cikin iska daga samar da titanium dioxide.
Ƙaddara kan haraji don gurɓatar yanayi tare da fitar da carbon dioxide.
Dokar Kare Muhalli (Slovenia).
Dokar daji.
Kayan haifuwa na gandun daji suna aiki.
Gudanar da Dokar Halittun Halittu.
Dokar Kare Halitta (Slovenia).
Dokoki akan Canje-canje da Ƙarfafawa ga Dokokin Gudanar da Sharar gida waɗanda ke Kunshe da Abubuwan Guba.
Dokoki akan Ma'aunin Farko na Hayaniya da Kula da Ayyuka don Maɓuɓɓugar Hayaniyar da Sharuɗɗan aiwatar da su.
Dokoki akan Ma'auni na Farko da Kula da Ayyuka don Tushen Radiation na Electromagnetic da kuma Sharuɗɗan aiwatar da su.
Dokokin Gyara da Kari ga Dokokin Ma'aunai na Farko da Kula da Ayyuka na Fitar da Abun da ke cikin sararin samaniya daga Tushen Tushen gurɓacewar yanayi, da kuma sharuɗɗan aiwatar da su.
Dokoki akan gyare-gyare da kari ga ƙa'idodin sarrafa sharar gida.
Dokoki akan Izini don Kayayyakin Biocidal Dangane da Ganewar Juna a cikin Tarayyar Turai.
Dokoki akan Zubar da Biphenyls Polychlorinated da Polychlorinated Terphenys.
Dokoki akan fom don sanarwa na masu samar da kayan kwalliya da tsari ko sanar da sabbin samfuran kayan kwalliya kafin fara sanya su a kasuwa.
Dokoki akan Gudanar da Marufi da Sharar Marufi.
Dokoki akan lakabin kayan kwalliya.
Dokokin kan tipping sharar gida.
Dokokin kula da sharar gida daga samar da titanium dioxide.
Dokokin Kula da Mai.
Dokokin kula da gurbatar muhalli daga samar da titanium dioxide.
Dokokin Sa ido kan Seismicity a Yankuna masu Manyan Dams.
Dokoki akan ingancin makamashin ruwa.
Dokoki akan rahoton bayanai akan sinadarai.
Dokoki akan Kona Sharar gida.
Dokokin Gudanar da Sharar gida.
Dokar Ruwa.
Spain Ley 1989 4 de Conservación de los Espacios Naturales y de la flora y fauna silvestres (akan adana wurare na halitta da namun daji).
Ley 1995 38 sobre el Derecho de Acceso a la Información en materia de Medio Ambiente (kan samun damar jama'a ga bayanan muhalli).
Ley 1995 5 de Protección de los Animales (kan kare dabbobi).
Ley 2000 5 de saneamiento y depuración de aguas residuales de La Rioja (kan kula da ruwa ga yankin mai cin gashin kansa na La Rioja, dokar lardin).
Ley 2003 37 del Ruido (a amo).
Ley 2005 1 por la que se regula el régimen del comercio de derechos de emisión de gases de efecto invernadero.
Ley 2006 27 por la que se regulan los derechos de acceso a la información, de participación pública y de acceso a la justicia en materia de medio ambiente (kan samun damar jama'a don samun bayanai, sa hannun jama'a da adalci da suka shafi al'amuran muhalli). Ley 2007 26 de Responsabilidad Medioambiental (kan alhakin muhalli).
Ley 2007 32 para el cuidado de los Animales, en su explotación, transporte, experimentación y sacrificio (kan jindadin dabbobi dangane da kiwo, sufuri, gwaji da kuma yanka).
Ley 2007 34 de calidad del airre y protección de la atmósfera (kan ingancin iska da kariyar yanayi).
Ley 2010 3 por la que se aprueban medidas urgentes para paliar los daños producidos por los incendios forestales y otras catástrofes naturales ocurridos en varias Comunidades Autónomas (ya amince da ayyukan gaggawa don magance tashe-tashen hankula a cikin yankuna daban-daban).
Ley 2013 21 de Evaluación Ambiental (kan Ƙimar Tasirin Muhalli). Ley Organica 2007 16 complementaria de la Ley para el desarrollo sostenible del medio rural.
Real Decreto Legislativo 2008 2 por el que se aprueba el texto refundido de la ley de suelo (consolidated text of the Soil Law).
Sweden Dokar Jin Dadin Dabbobi (Sweden).
Dokar Jin Dadin Dabbobi.
Dokar Yankunan Kamun Kifi (SFS 1981:533).
Dokar daji 2004.
Dokar Kare Gado (Sweden) (1988:950).
Dokokin Kiyaye Gado (1988:1188).
Dokoki game da Ayyukan Muhalli masu haɗari da Kariya na Kiwon Lafiyar Jama'a (1998:899).
Doka akan Ka'idodin Ingancin Muhalli akan Jirgin Sama (2001:527).
Dokoki akan Gudanar da Filaye da Ruwa (1998:896).
Dokar Kare Shuka (2006:1010).
Dokar Yankunan Ruwa na Jama'a (Iyakoki) (SFS 1950: 595).
Dokar Kariyar Radiation (1988:220).
Lambar Muhalli ta Sweden (1998:808).
Switzerland Bundesgesetz vom 1. Yuli 1966 über den Natur-und Heimatschutz (NHG).
Bundesgesetz vom 20. Juni 1986 über die Jagd und den Schutz wildlebender Säugetiere und Vögel (Jagdgesetz, JSG).
Bundesgesetz vom 22. Dezember 1916 über die Nutzbarmachung der Wasserkräfte (Wasserrechtsgesetz, WRG).
Bundesgesetz vom 22. Juni 1877 über mutu Wasserbaupolizei.
Bundesgesetz vom 24. Janairu 1991 über den Schutz der Gewässer (Gewässerschutzgesetz, GSchG).
Bundesgesetz vom 4. Oktoba 1991 über den Wald (Waldgesetz, WaG).
Bundesgesetz über den Natur-und Heimatschutz.
Dokar Sinadarai (ChemO).
Chemikaliengebührenverordnung (ChemGebV).
Chemikalienverordnung (ChemV).
CO2-Gesetz
Dokar Kare Muhalli (Switzerland) (EPA).
Dokar Tarayya ta 7 Oktoba 1983 akan Kariya na Muhalli (Dokar Kare Muhalli, EPA).
Dokar Tarayya kan Kare Ruwa (GSchG).
Dokar Tarayya kan Hayaniyar Railways.
Dokar Tarayya akan rage CO2 hayaki.
Dokar Tarayya da ta shafi Fasahar Gene ba ta ɗan adam ba.
Dokar Tarayya da ta shafi Kare Muhalli.
Gentechnikgesetz (GTG).
Gewässerschutzgesetz (GSchG).
Gewässerschutzverordnung (GSchV).
Dokar Injiniyan Ruwa.
Jagdgesetz (JSG).
Jagdverordnung (JSV).
Luftreinhalte-Verardnung (LRV).
Lärmschutz-Verordnung (LSV).
Nationalparkgesetz.
Natur-und Heimatschutzgesetz (NHG).
Dokar Kashe Hayaniya.
Dokar 7 ga Nuwamba 2007 akan wuraren shakatawa na Muhimmancin Ƙasa (Dokar Parks, ParkO).
Dokar Kan Gurbacewar Iska.
Doka akan Kwantenan Abin Sha (VGV).
Doka akan Ƙimar Tasirin Muhalli.
Doka akan Injiniyan Ruwa (WBV).
Doka akan Samfuran Kariyar Shuka (PSMV).
Dokar Kan Railways Noise Abatement.
Dokar da ta shafi Tasiri kan Ƙasa (VBBo).
Dokokin da suka shafi Kariya daga Radiation mara amfani (NISV).
Ordonnance du 7 decembre 1998 damuwa la sécurité des ouvrages d'accumulation (Ordonnance sur les ouvrages d'accumulation, OSOA).
Ordonnance sur la chasse (OChP).
Ordonnance sur la protection contre le bruit (OPB).
Ordonnance sur la protection contre le rayonnement non ionisant (ORNI).
Ordonnance sur la protection de la nature et du paysage (OPN).
Ordonnance sur la protection de l'air (OPair).
Ordonnance sur la Protection des eaux (OEaux).
Ordonnance sur la taxe sur le CO2 (Ordonnance sur le CO2).
Ordonnance sur l'aménagement des cours d'eau (OACE).
Ordonnance sur les atteintes portées aux sols (OSol).
Ordonnance sur les emballages pour boissons (OEB).
Ordonnance sur les forêts (OFo).
Ordonnance sur les produits chimiques (OChim).
Pflanzenschutzmittelverordnung (PSMV).
Dokar Fasaha akan Waste (TVA).
Umweltschutzgesetz (USG).
Verordnung vom 12. Fabrairu 1918 über die Berechnung des Wasserzinses (Wasserzinsverordnung, WZV).
Verordnung vom 2. Fabrairu 2000 über die Nutzbarmachung der Wasserkräfte (Wasserrechtsverordnung, WRV).
Verordnung vom 25. Oktoba 1995 über die Abgeltung von Einbussen bei der Wasserkraftnutzung (WATO).
Verordnung über Belastungen des Bodens (VBBo).
Verordnung über Getränkeverpackungen (VGV).
Verordnung über den Natur-und Heimatschutz (NHV).
Verordnung über den Schutz vor nichtionisierender Strahlung (NISV).
Verordnung über mutu CO2-Abgabe (CO2-Verordnung).
Waldgesetz (WaG).
Waldverordnung (WaV).
Wasserbaugesetz (WBG).
Wasserbauverordnung (WBV).
Dokar Kariyar Ruwa (GSchV).
Turkiyya Dokar 1946-4922 akan Kare Rayuwa da Dukiya a Teku
Dokar 1956-6831 Dokar daji.
Doka 1964-12 akan Gurbacewar Ruwa ta Man Fetur.
Dokar 1982-2634 don Ƙarfafa Yawo.
Doka 1983-2872 Dokar Muhalli.
Ƙasar Ingila Dokar Alkali ta 1863.
Dokar Tsabtace Jirgin Sama 1956.
Dokar Tsabtace Jirgin Sama 1968.
Dokar Tsabtace Jirgin Sama 1993.
Dokar Tsabtace Makwabta da Muhalli 2005.
Dokar Canjin Yanayi 2008.
Canjin yanayi da Dokar Dorewar Makamashi 2006.
Dokar Makamashi 2010.
Dokar muhalli 1995.
Dokar Kare Muhalli 1990.
Dokar Kula da Ruwa da Ruwa ta 2010.
Dokar gandun daji 1991.
Game da Dokar 1880.
Dokar farauta 2004.
Dokar jigilar kayayyaki (Tsarin gurɓatawa) 2006.
Dokar Muhalli da Ƙauye ta 2006.
Dokar Tsare-tsare 2008.
Dokar Kariya da Kula da Gurɓatawa 1999.
Dokar Rage Sharar 1998.
Dokar Ruwa 2003.
Dokar 1959.
Ireland ta Arewa Dokar Kiyaye Wasan (gyara) 2002.
Ayyukan Ruwa da Ruwa (gyara) Dokar 2002
Scotland Canjin Yanayi (Scotland) Dokar 2009.
Dokar Marine (Scotland) 2010
Amurka ta Arewa
Kanada Dokar Rigakafin Gurbacewar Ruwan Arctic.
Dokar Kamun Kifi na Kanada.
Dokar gandun daji na Kanada.
Kanada Shipping Dokar.
Dokar Ruwa ta Kanada.
Dokar namun daji na Kanada.
Dokar Kimar Muhalli ta Kanada, 1992.
Dokar Kare Muhalli ta Kanada, 1999 babban yanki na dokokin muhalli na Kanada, mai mai da hankali kan "mutunta rigakafin gurɓata muhalli da kare muhalli da lafiyar ɗan adam don ba da gudummawa ga ci gaba mai dorewa." Sashen Dokar Muhalli.
Dokar Kayayyakin Haɗari (Kanada).
Dokar Yarjejeniyar Tsuntsaye Migratory Birds.
Dokar Parks ta Kasa (Kanada).
Dokar Kare Gadon Halitta (Kanada).
Dokar Kariyar Ruwa Navigable
Dokar Kayayyakin Kwari (Kanada).
Dokar Rocky Mountains Park.
Nau'in da ke cikin Risk Act.
Dokar safarar kayayyaki masu haɗari (Kanada), 1992.
Alberta Canjin Yanayi da Dokar Gyaran Gudanar da Fitarwa.
Dokar Kariya da Haɓaka Muhalli (Alberta).
Dokar Kamun Kifi (Alberta).
Dokar daji (Alberta)
Dokar Ruwa (Alberta).
Dokar namun daji (Alberta).
British Columbia Dokar Kula da Muhalli (British Columbia).
Dokar daji (British Columbia).
Dokar Ruwa (British Columbia)
Dokar Kariyar Ruwa (British Columbia).
Dokar namun daji (British Columbia).
Manitoba Tsare-tsaren Filayen Gargajiya na Gabas da Dokar Kare Musamman (Manitoba).
Dokar Kare Muhalli (Manitoba).
Dokar Muhalli (Manitoba).
Dokar daji (Manitoba).
Dokar Lardi na Lardi (Manitoba).
Dokar Kariyar Ruwa (Manitoba).
Dokar Haƙƙin Ruwa (Manitoba).
Dokar namun daji (Manitoba)
New Brunswick Dokar Tsabtace Ruwa (New Brunswick).
Dokar Kare Gado (New Brunswick).
Newfoundland Dokar Muhalli (Newfoundland).
Dokar Kimanin Muhalli (Newfoundland).
Dokar Kare Muhalli (Newfoundland)
Dokar gandun daji (Newfoundland)
Dokar Albarkatun Ruwa (Newfoundland).
Yankunan Arewa maso Yamma Dokar Kare Muhalli (Yankunan Arewa maso Yamma).
Dokar Kula da Daji (Yankunan Arewa maso Yamma).
Dokar Kare daji (Yankunan Arewa maso Yamma).
Dokar Yarjejeniyar Albarkatun Ruwa (Yankunan Arewa maso Yamma).
Yankunan Arewa Dokar Ruwa (Yankunan Arewa).
Dokar namun daji (Yankunan Arewa).
Nova Scotia Dokar Muhalli (Nova Scotia).
Manufofin Muhalli da Dokar Cigaba Mai Dorewa (Nova Scotia).
Dokar gandun daji (Nova Scotia).
Dokar Kare Albarkatun Ruwa (Nova Scotia).
Dokar namun daji (Nova Scotia).
Dokar Kariya ta Musamman (Nova Scotia).
Dokar Kare Yankunan daji (Nova Scotia)
Dokar Kasa ta Crown (Nova Scotia)
Dokar Raya Parks (Nova Scotia)
Dokar Ruwa (Nova Scotia)
Dokar bakin teku (Nova Scotia).
Dokar rairayin bakin teku da bakin teku (Nova Scotia).
Ontario Dokar Tsabtace Ruwa ta 2005 (Ontario).
Dokar Tsabtace Ruwa (Ontario).
Dokar Kimanin Muhalli (Ontario)
Dokar Haƙƙin MMuhalli.
Dokar Kare Muhalli (Ontario).
Dokar gandun daji (Ontario)
Dokar Makamashi Green (Ontario)
Dokar Gudanar da Abinci (Ontario)
Dokar Albarkatun Ruwa ta Ontario.
Dokar Magungunan Kwari (Ontario).
Amintaccen Dokar Ruwan Sha.
Dokar Rage Guba (Ontario)
Dokar Kula da Sharar gida ta 1992 (Ontario)..
Prince Edward Island Dokar Harajin Muhalli (Prince Edward Island).
Dokar Kare Muhalli (Prince Edward Island).
Dokar Kula da gandun daji (Prince Edward Island).
Dokar Ruwa da Ruwa (Prince Edward Island).
Dokar Kare namun daji (Prince Edward Island Quebec Dokar Ingantacciyar Muhalli (Quebec).
Dokar daji (Quebec)
Saskatchewan Dokar Kima Muhalli (Saskatchewan).
Dokar Kamun Kifi (Saskatchewan)
Dokar namun daji (Saskatchewan).
Yukon Dokar Muhalli (Yukon).
Dokar Kimanin Muhalli (Yukon).
Dokar Ruwa (Yukon).
Dokar namun daji (Yukon).
Mexico Ley Ambiental del Distrito Tarayya Dokar Muhalli na Tarayyar Tarayya.
Ley de Agua del Estado de Sonora Dokar Ruwa na Jihar Sonora.
Ley de Aguas del Distrito Tarayya Dokar Ruwa na Gundumar Tarayya.
Ley de Aguas Nacionales Dokar Ruwa ta Kasa.
Ley de Bioseguridad de Organismos Genéticamente Modificados Doka akan Tsarin Halitta na Halittar Halittar Halittu.
Ley de Pesca Dokar Kifi.
Ley Federal de Turismo Dokar yawon shakatawa ta Tarayya.
Ley Federal del Mar Dokar Tarayya na Teku.
Ley Forestal Dokar gandun daji.
Ley General de Bienes Nacionales Janar Dokar Kadarorin Kasa.
Ley General de Vida Silvestre Dokar namun daji ta gabaɗaya.
Ley General del Equilibrio Ecológico y la Protección al Ambient Gabaɗaya Dokar Daidaita Muhalli da Kariya na yanayi.
Amurka
Kudancin Amurka
Bolivia Dokar Hakkokin Uwar Duniya
Brazil Lei Nº 6.938/81 Lei da Política Nacional do Meio Ambiente, de 31 de agosto de 1981, que trata da Política Nacional do Meio Ambiente, seus fins da mecanismos de formulação e aplicação.
Lei Nº 7.347/85 Lei da Ação Civil Pública, de 24 de julho de 1985. Lei Nº 9.605/98 Lei de Crimes Ambientais, de 12 de fevereiro de 1998, que trata das sanções penais e administrativas derivadas de condutas e atividades lesivas ao meio ambiente.
http://www.planalto.gov.br/ccivil_03/leis/L5197.htm Lei n. 5197/67. Bayar da kariya ga fauna da abubuwan da suka dace.
Chile Ley Nº 19.300 Ley sobre bases generales del medio ambiente (Ley Nº 19300, 09 de Marzo de 1994).
Oceania
Ostiraliya Dokar Kula da Halittu 1984.
Tsabtace Dokar Makamashi 2011 (an soke a cikin 2014).
Dokar Kula da Sharar Radiyo ta Commonwealth 2005.
Dokar Kare Muhalli 1994.
Dokar Kare Muhalli da Dokokin Kare 1999 dokar muhalli ta tsakiya a Ostiraliya.
Dokar Kare Muhalli (Tsarin Ruwa) 1981.
Babban Barrier Reef Marine Park Dokar 1975
Doka ta 1989.
Dokar Majalisar Kare Muhalli ta Kasa 1994.
Dokar Bayar da Rahoto da Makamashi ta Ƙasa ta 2007.
Dokar Kariyar Ozone 1989.
Dokar Gudanar da Samfur 2011.
Dokar Ruwa 2007.
Kariyar Namun daji (Ka'idojin Fitarwa da Shigo da Shigo) Dokar 1982.
Dokar Kare Kayayyakin Kayayyakin Tarihi ta Duniya 1983.
New South Wales Dokar Tsare-tsare da Muhalli 1979
Dokar gandun daji 1916 No 55 (New South Wales).
Yankin Arewa Darwin Waterfront Corporation Dokar 2006.
Queensland Dokar gandun daji 1959 (Queensland).
Dokar Kare Halitta 1992.
Dokar Hana Makaman Nukiliya 2007 (Queensland).
Dokar Ruwa ta 2000 (Queensland)
Kudancin Ostiraliya Dokar Kare Muhalli 1993.
Dokar gandun daji 1950 (South Australia)
Dokar Albarkatun Ruwa 1997 (Kudancin Ostiraliya).
Dokar Kariyar daji 1992 (Kudancin Ostiraliya).
Tasmania Dokokin Kula da Muhalli da Gurɓatawa 1994 (Tasmania).
Dokar gandun daji 1920 (Tasmania).
Dokar Gudanar da Albarkatun Ruwa ta Rayuwa ta 1995 (Tasmania).
Dokar Kariya na Barazana ta 1995.
Dokar Gudanar da Ruwa 1999 (Tasmania).
Dokokin namun daji 1999 (Tasmania).
Victoria Dokar Kare Muhalli (gyara) 2006 (Victoria).
Dokar Garanti na Flora da Fauna 1988.
Dokar Ruwa (Gwamnatin) 2006 (Victoria).
Ruwa (Gudanar da Albarkatu) Dokar 2005 (Victoria).
Yammacin Ostiraliya Dokar Kare Muhalli 1986 (Dokar EP).
Dokokin Kariyar Muhalli (Tsarin Sharar gida) 2004.
Dokokin Kariyar Muhalli (Amo) 1997.
Dokokin Kariyar Muhalli (Cutar da Ba a Ba da izini ba) Dokokin 2004.
Dokar Lafiya 1911.
Hakkoki a Dokar Ruwa da Ban ruwa.
Dokar Kare Diversity.
Dokar Shafuka masu gurbata.
New Zealand Dokar Tsabtace Jirgin Sama 1972.
Dokokin Canjin Yanayi (Sashin Gandun daji) Dokokin 2008 (SR 2008/355).
Dokar Amsa Canjin Yanayi 2002.
Dokar Kare 1987.
Dokar muhalli 1986.
Dokokin Gobarar daji da Karkara 2005 (SR 2005/153) (tun daga 6 ga Nuwamba 2008).
Dokar gandun daji 1949.
Abubuwa masu haɗari da Sabbin Kwayoyin Halitta 1996.
Dokar Canjin Litter 2006.
Dokar Tsaro ta Marine 1971.
Dokar Parks ta Kasa 1980.
Yanki Kyautar Nukiliya ta New Zealand, Rage Makamai, da Dokar Kula da Makamai 1987.
Dokar Kariya ta Ozone Layer 1996.
Dokar Tsaro ta 1977.
Dokar Gudanar da Albarkatu ta 1991 Dokokin muhalli na farko, wanda ke bayyana dabarun gwamnati na sarrafa "muhalli, gami da iska, ƙasan ruwa, bambancin halittu, yanayin bakin teku, hayaniya, rabe-rabe, da tsare-tsaren amfani da ƙasa gabaɗaya."
Dokar Gudanar da Albarkatu ta 2005.
Dokar Tsare Sirri ta 1903.
Dokar Kula da Kasa da Koguna 1941.
Dokar Rage Sharar 2008 Babu Dokar Jama'a 89.
Dokar namun daji 1953.
|
60609 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cibiyar%20Advanced%20Propulsion%20Center | Cibiyar Advanced Propulsion Center | Cibiyar Ci Gaban Ƙaddamarwa (APC) ƙungiya ce mai zaman kanta wacce ke bada gudummawar kuɗaɗe ga bincike da ayyukan ci gaba na tushen Burtaniya waɗanda ke haɓaka fasahohin watsar da sifili. Tana da hedikwata a Jami'ar Warwick a Coventry, Ingila.
APC tana kula da asusun saka hannun jari na Fam biliyan 1, wanda masana'antar kera motoci ke bayarwa tare ta hanyar Majalisar Motoci da gwamnatin Burtaniya ta Sashen Kasuwanci da Kasuwanci (DBT) kuma Innovate UK ke gudanarwa.
Tarihi An kafa APC ne acikin 2013 a matsayin haɗin gwiwa tsakanin masana'antar kera motoci da gwamnatin Burtaniya don "bincike, haɓakawa da sayar da fasahohin abubuwan hawa na gaba". Dukkanin gwamnati da masana'antar kera motoci sun himmatu wajen saka hannun jarin fam miliyan 500 kowanne, wanda ya kai fam biliyan 1 acikin shekaru goma. Ƙirƙirar jam'iyyar APC na daga cikin dabarun sarrafa motoci na gwamnatin haɗin gwiwa.
Acikin Janairu 2014, an nada Dr Gerhard Schmidt a matsayin Shugaba da Tony Pixton a matsayin Babban Jami'in Gudanarwa. Ta sanar da zagayen farko na bayar da kudade a watan Afrilun 2014, inda ta bayar da tallafin fam miliyan 28.8 ga ayyukan da suka kai fam miliyan 133, karkashin jagorancin Cummins, Ford, GKN da JCB.
Vince Cable ce ta buɗe Cibiyar Harkokin Ci gaba a hukumance acikin Nuwamba 2014.
An naɗa Ian Constance Babban Jami'in Gudanarwa a cikin Satumba 2015. Acikin Bayanin Autumn na 2015, Chancellor, George Osborne, ya sanar da cewa APC za ta bada ƙarin kasafin kudin fam miliyan 225 don bincike da haɓaka motoci.
Gasar bayar da kudade Cibiyar Ci gaba ta Propulsion Centre tana ba da kuɗi ga ƙungiyoyin ƙungiyoyi waɗanda suka haɗa da masu kera motoci, masu samar da motoci na matakin 1, SMEs da cibiyoyin ilimi, waɗanda ke haɓaka ƙarancin fasahar wutar lantarki.
Yayi magana Cibiyar Advanced Propulsion Centre tana aiki da samfurin 'hub and speak', inda 'hub' shine hedkwatarsa a Jami'ar Warwick, kuma 'masu magana' jami'o'i ne a duk faɗin Burtaniya tare da ƙwararrun fannoni na musamman na fasahar abin hawa na sifili.
Wuraren magana:
Jami'ar Newcastle Newcastle a kan Tyne, Ingila Injin Lantarki
Jami'ar Nottingham Nottingham, Ingila Kayan Wutar Lantarki
Jami'ar Warwick Coventry, Ingila Adana Makamashi na Wutar Lantarki
Jami'ar Bath Bath, Ingila Ingantaccen Tsarin Tsarin TPS
Jami'ar Loughborough London, Ingila Cibiyar Injiniya na Dijital
Jami'ar Brighton Brighton, Ingila Taimakon Taimakon TPS
Ayyuka A watan Afrilun 2018, APC ta sanar da cewa, wani shiri da APC ta samar ya baiwa kamfanin Ford damar samar da sabbin fasahohin da ke fitar da hayaƙi mai sauki, wadda za ta fara aiki da injin ta EcoBoost mai karfin lita 1.0.
Acikin Fabrairu 2018, Nissan ya kammala wani aikin da APC ke tallafawa tare da Hyperdrive, Jami'ar Newcastle, Warwick Manufacturing Group da Zero Carbon Futures, don haɓɓaka sabon tsarin samarwa don ƙwayoyin batirin 40kWh. Ana samar da ƙwayoyin sel a Sunderland, Ingila, kuma an haɗa su da Leaf Nissan.
A watan Janairun 2018, Yasa, mai kera motocin lantarki da ke Oxfor, Ingila, ya bude wata sabuwar masana’anta don samar da injina 100,000 a duk shekara, ta hanyar amfani da tallafin APC. Ginin ya samar da guraben ayyuka 150, tare da kashi 80% na kayan da ake sa ran fitar da su zuwa kasashen waje.
Acikin watan Satumba na 2017, 'yan sanda na Birtaniyya sunyi shari'ar wasu motocin babur Suzuki Burgman masu amfani da hydrogen, wadanda aka kirkira a matsayin wani bangare na aikin da APC ta samu.
A watan Janairun 2017, tallafin da APC ta baiwa Ford damar fara gwajin gwaji na wata 12 na Transit Custom Plug-in Hybrid a birnin Landan na kasar Ingila.
Duba kuma Majalisar Motoci
Innovate UK
Sashen Kasuwanci, Makamashi da Dabarun Masana'antu
Ƙungiyar Masu Kera Motoci da Yan kasuwa
Manazarta
Hanyoyin haɗi na waje Gidan yanar gizon hukuma
Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba |
19651 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sidi%20Boushaki | Sidi Boushaki | Sidi Boushaki ko Ibrahim Ibn Faïd Ez-Zaouaoui (1394 CE 796 AH 1453 CE 857 AH) ya kasance masanin ilimin addinin maliki da aka haifa a kusa da garin Thenia, kilomita 54 gabas da Algiers. Ya tashi cikin yanayi na ruhi mai ɗabi'a da ɗabi'u na Islama.
Haihuwa da nasaba Sidi Boushaki Ez-Zaouaoui an haife shi ne a shekarar 1394 CE a cikin Col des Beni Aïcha, a ƙauyen Soumaa a cikin yankin Tizi Naïth Aïcha, a cikin yankin Khachna, ƙari na Djurdjura.
Nasabarsa shi ne Abu Ishaq Ibrahim bin Faɗd bin Moussa bin Omar bin Sa’ad bin Allal bin Saïd al-Zawawi.
Tarihin rayuwa Ya fara karatunsa a ƙauyen Thala Oufella (Soumâa) a cikin Thénia a shekarar 1398 CE, kafin ya shiga Béjaïa a cikin shekarar 1404 CE, yana da ƙuruciya, don ci gaba da karatu.
A can ya yi karatun Alqurani da fiqhun Maliki a matsayin dalibi tare da Ali Menguelleti [ar], fitaccen malamin ilimin addini daga Kabylie.
Béjaïa ya kasance a farkon karni na goma sha biyar cibiyar addini da kuma tasirin tasirin Sufism.
Ya yi niyyarsa a shekarar 1415 zuwa Tunis, inda ya zurfafa iliminsa na Maliki Madhhab.
A can ya karanci tafsirin Al-Qur'ani a wurin alkali Abu Abdallah Al Kalchani, kuma ya karbi fiqhun Malikiyya daga wurin Yaakub Ez-Zaghbi.
Ya kasance dalibin Abdelwahed Al Fariani a cikin tushe (Oussoul) na Islama.
Ya dawo cikin shekarar 1420 zuwa tsaunukan Béjaïa inda ya zurfafa cikin Larabci a Abd El Aali Ibn Ferradj.
Ya je Constantine a shekarar 1423 inda ya zauna tsawon shekaru, kuma ya sami koyarwa a cikin akidar musulmai (Aqidah) da kuma dabaru a cikin "Abu Zeid Abderrahmane", wanda ake wa lakabi da "El Bez".
Ya karanci karin magana, aya, fiqhu da kuma yawancin ilimin tauhidin na lokacin a Ibnu Marzuq El Hafid [ar] (1365 1439), malamin Maghreb da Tlemcen wanda ya ziyarci Constantine don yin wa’azin iliminsa, kada a rude shi da mahaifinsa Ibn Marzuq El Khatib (1310 1379).
Ya shiga Makka don aikin hajji da karatu, sannan ya koma Dimashka inda ya halarci karantarwar Imam Ibn al-Jazari a cikin ilimin kur'ani.
Ya mutu a shekara ta 1453, kuma an binne shi a tsaunukan da ke kusa da Zawiyet Sidi Boushaki a ƙabilarsa ta Kabyle ta Igawawen.
Zawiya Komawa cikin Kabylia a cikin fewan shekarun da suka gabata na rayuwarsa, Sidi Boushaki sannan ya kafa zawiya inda yake koyar da almajiransa (murids) bisa ga Qan uwan Qadiriyya Sufi na Sunni Sufism.
Wannan zawiya ta kasance wuri ne na tasirin ilimi da ruhaniya a cikin ƙasan Kabylia ta hanyar koyarwarsa da kwasa-kwasan gabatarwa da aka gabatar a wannan yankin wanda Oued Isser da Oued Meraldene suka kewaye shi a gaban Bahar Rum.
Da kyar aka bi umarnin Sufi na Qadiriyya a cikin wannan zawiya har tsawon ƙarni uku har zuwa lokacin da tariqa Rahmaniyya ta karɓi iko a cikin yankin Algérois da Kabylia a matsayin abin koyi na tafarkin bijirowa.
Ayyuka Ayyukansa sun shafi fannoni da dama na ilimin Musulunci, gami da:
Tafsiri da ilimin Qur'ani (al-tafsîr wa al-qirâ'ât) Tafsirin al-Zawawi shine tafsiri (tafsirin) Alqur'ani (larabci: Shari'ar Musulunci (fiqh) Tuhfat Al-Mushtaq bayani ne a takaice game da Mukhtasar Khalil a fikihun Malikiyya (Larabci: Sauƙaƙe Hanya don cirewa daga furannin Rawd Khalil bayani ne na taƙaitaccen Mukhtasar Khalil na fikihun Maliki (Larabci: Ambaliyar Kogin Nilu bayani ne game da Mukhtasar Khalil a takaice game da hukuncin Maliki (Larabci: Yaren Larabci Wakar Sidi Boushaki, Waka a cikin bayanin hukunce-hukuncen ilimin nahawu na Ibnu Hisham al-Ansari (larabci: Talkhis al-Talkhis bayani ne na littafi a kan lafazi, ma'anoni da zance (Larabci: Littafin da ke bayani kan Al-Alfiyya na Ibnu Malik (Larabci: Hotuna
Hanyoyin haɗin waje
Bayani Haihuwan 1394
Mutuwan 1453
Iyalin Boushaki
Musulmai
Musulunci
Pages with unreviewed |
22105 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yanci%20kan%20ruwa%20da%20tsaftar%20muhalli | Yanci kan ruwa da tsaftar muhalli | Yancin mutum na ruwa da tsafta
Hakkin Dan-Adam na Ruwa da Tsaftar Muhalli (HRWS) wata ka’ida ce da ta yarda da cewa tsaftataccen ruwan sha da tsaftar muhalli suna da mahimmanci ga rayuwar kowane mutum. [1] Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ta amince da shi a matsayin 'yancin dan Adam a ranar 28 ga Yulin 2010. [2]
Samun lafiya, ruwa mai tsafta da tsaftar muhalli haƙƙin ɗan Adam ne na asali.
An amince da HRWS a cikin dokokin duniya ta hanyar yarjejeniyoyin kare haƙƙin ɗan Adam, sanarwa da sauran ƙa'idodi. Wasu masu sharhi sun samo 'yancin ɗan Adam na ruwa bayan ƙudurin Babban Taro daga Mataki na 11.1 na Yarjejeniyar Tattalin Arziƙi, Tattalin Arziki da Al'adu (ICESCR), suna mai da ita ta zama ƙarƙashin dokar duniya. Sauran yarjeniyoyin da suka amince da HRWS a fili sun hada da Yarjejeniyar kawar da duk wasu nau'ikan nuna wariya ga mata (CEDAW) da kuma 1989 na 'yancin yara (CRC). Kudurin farko game da HRWS an zartar da shi ne daga Babban Taron Majalisar Dinkin Duniya da Majalisar Kare Hakkin Dan-Adam na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya a cikin shekarar 2010. [3] Sun yarda cewa akwai 'yancin ɗan adam na tsaftar da ke da alaƙa da haƙƙin ɗan adam na ruwa, tun da rashin tsafta na rage ingancin ruwa a ƙasan, saboda haka tattaunawar da ta biyo baya ta ci gaba da jaddada haƙƙin biyu tare. A watan Yulin 2010, Majalisar Dinkin Duniya (Majalisar Dinkin Duniya) Majalisar Dinkin Duniya Resolution 64/292 ta amince da 'yancin dan Adam na karbar ingantaccen, mai araha, da tsaftataccen ruwan sha da ayyukan tsafta. [4] A lokacin waccan Babban Taron, ta yarda da hakan don fahimtar jin daɗin rayuwa da dukkan haƙƙoƙin ɗan adam, ingantaccen ruwa mai tsafta gami da tsabtace muhalli a matsayin haƙƙin ɗan adam. [5] Yarda da samun damar tsabtace da tsaftataccen ruwan sha da tsafta a matsayin 'yancin ɗan adam na kyauta a cikin Babban Taron Majalisar (64/292) ya kawo mahimmancin kulawar gwamnati a duk duniya. Cikan rayuwa mai amfani da lafiya zai bayyana ta hanyar fahimtar muhimmancin samun ruwa mai tsafta da tsaftar muhalli. </[6] [7] [8]
Wani sabon kudurin Majalisar Dinkin Duniya da aka sake dubawa a shekarar 2015 ya nuna cewa hakkokin biyu sun banbanta amma sun daidaita. [9]
Kwamitin Majalisar Dinkin Duniya kan 'Yancin Tattalin Arziki, Tattalin Arziki da Al'adu a cikin Sharhi na 15 wanda aka tsara a 2002 ya ba da cikakkiyar ma'anar' yancin ɗan adam na ruwa. [10] Fassara ce ba ta ɗaure ba cewa samun ruwa sharadi ne na jin daɗin haƙƙin samun daidaituwar rayuwa, ba tare da rarrabuwa dangane da haƙƙin babban matakin samun lafiya, don haka haƙƙin ɗan adam. Sanarwar ta ce: "'Yancin mutum na ruwa ya ba kowa damar wadatacce, amintacce, karbu, mai isa ga jiki da kuma araha mai sauki don amfanin kansa da na gida." [9]
HRWS ta wajabtawa gwamnatoci su tabbatar da cewa mutane za su ji daɗin inganci, wadatacce, karɓaɓɓe, mai sauƙi, da ruwa mai tsafta da tsabtace jiki. [11] Araha mai amfani da ruwa yayi la’akari da yadda tsadar ruwa ya zama mai hana ruwa gudu har ta kai mutum na sadaukar da damar samun wasu kayayyaki da aiyuka masu mahimmanci. [12] Gabaɗaya, ƙa'idar babban yatsa don wadatar ruwa ita ce kada ta wuce kashi 3-5 cikin 100 na kuɗin shigar magidanta. [13] Samun ruwa yana la'akari da lokacin da aka ɗauka, dacewar isa ga asalin da haɗarin da ke ciki yayin isa ga asalin ruwa. [12] Ruwa dole ne ya kasance mai iya isa ga kowane dan kasa, ma’ana cewa kada ruwa ya wuce mita 1,000 ko kafa 3,280 kuma dole ne ya kasance cikin mintina 30. [14] Samuwar ruwa ya yi la’akari da yadda ake samun ruwa a wadatacce, abin dogaro da ci gaba. [12] Ingancin ruwa yana la'akari da cewa ko ruwa mai lafiya ne don amfani, gami da sha ko wasu ayyuka. [12] Don karban ruwa, dole ne ya kasance yana da wari kuma bai kamata ya zama yana da wani launi ba. [1]
ICESCRCR tana buƙatar ƙasashe masu rattaba hannu don samun ci gaba tare da girmama duk haƙƙoƙin ɗan adam, gami da na ruwa da tsafta. [11] Yakamata suyi aiki cikin sauri da inganci don haɓaka samun dama da haɓaka sabis. [11
Yanayin duniya
Hukumar Kula da Kula da Lafiya ta Duniya ta WHO UNICEF game da samar da Ruwa da Tsabtace Muhalli ta ba da rahoton cewa mutane miliyan 663 ba su da hanyoyin samun ingantattun hanyoyin samar da ruwan sha kuma sama da mutane biliyan 2.4 ba su da damar samun ayyukan tsaftar muhalli a shekarar 2015. [15] Samun ruwa mai tsafta babbar matsala ce ga sassa da yawa na duniya. Kafofin da za a yarda da su sun hada da "hanyoyin sadarwar gida, bututun jama'a, rijiyoyin burtsatse, rijiyoyin da aka killace, marmaro masu kariya da kuma tattara ruwan sama." [16] Duk da cewa kashi 9 cikin 100 na mutanen duniya ba sa samun ruwa, amma akwai "yankuna musamman da aka jinkirta, kamar Saharar Sahara Afirka [16] Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ta kara jaddada cewa "kimanin yara miliyan 1.5 'yan kasa da shekaru biyar ke mutuwa a kowace shekara kuma an rasa ranakun makaranta miliyan 443 saboda cututtukan da suka shafi ruwa da tsafta." [17]
Tushen shari'a da fitarwaAn shirya
Yarjejeniyar Kasa da Kasa kan 'Yancin Tattalin Arziki, Tattalin Arziki da Al'adu (ICESCR) na 1966 ta tsara haƙƙin tattalin arziki, zamantakewar jama'a, da al'adun da aka samo a cikin sanarwar Duniya kan' Yancin Dan Adam (UDHR) ta 1948. Babu ɗayan waɗannan takardu na farko da aka fayyace haƙƙin ɗan adam na ruwa da tsafta. Manyan yarjejeniyoyin kare haƙƙin bil'adama na ƙasa da ƙasa daga baya, duk da haka, suna da tanadi waɗanda suka bayyana haƙƙin haƙƙin ruwa da tsafta.
Yarjejeniyar kawar da dukkan nau'ikan nuna wariya ga mata ta 1979 (CEDAW) tana da Mataki na 14.2 da ke cewa "bangarorin za su dauki duk matakan da suka dace don kawar da wariyar da ake nuna wa mata a yankunan karkara don tabbatar da, bisa daidaito tsakanin maza da mata, cewa sun shiga kuma sun amfana daga ci gaban karkara kuma, musamman za su tabbatar wa mata da ‘yancin:… (h) Don jin daɗin yanayin rayuwa, musamman dangane da gidaje, tsabtace muhalli, wutar lantarki da samar da ruwa, sufuri da sadarwa.” [18 Yarjejeniyar ta 1989 game da haƙƙin yara (CRC) tana da Mataki na 24 wanda ya ba da cewa "ƙungiyoyi sun amince da haƙƙin yaro don jin daɗin mafi girman matsayin kiwon lafiya da kuma wuraren kulawa da rashin lafiya da gyara lafiyar… 2 Partiesungiyoyin Jihohi za su bi cikakken aiwatar da wannan haƙƙin kuma, musamman, za su ɗauki matakan da suka dace (c) Don yaƙi da cututtuka da rashin abinci mai gina jiki, gami da tsarin kula da lafiya na farko, ta hanyar, tsakanin su da samar da isasshen abinci mai gina jiki. abinci da tsaftataccen ruwan sha ”[19]
Yarjejeniyar 2006 kan yancin nakasassu (CRPD) tana da Mataki na ashirin da 28 (2) (a) wanda ya bukaci "bangarorin su amince da hakkin nakasassu na kariya ta zamantakewa da kuma cin gajiyar wannan 'yancin ba tare da nuna bambanci ba naƙasa, kuma za ta ɗauki matakan da suka dace don kiyayewa da haɓaka haɓakar wannan haƙƙin, gami da matakan tabbatar da daidaito tsakanin nakasassu ga ayyukan ruwa mai tsafta, da kuma tabbatar da samun dama ga ayyuka masu dacewa da araha, na'urori da sauran taimako don alaƙa da nakasa bukatun. "Dokar 'Yancin Dan Adam ta Duniya" wacce ta kunshi yarjejeniyar 1966: Yarjejeniyar Kasa da Kasa kan' Yancin Dan Adam da Siyasa (ICCPR); 1966: Labarai na 11 da na 12 na Yarjejeniyar Kasa da Kasa ta Tattalin Arziki, Tattalin Arziki, da Al'adu (ICERS); da 1948: Mataki na 25 na Sanarwar Kare Hakkin Dan-Adam na Duniya (UDHR) ya yi rubuce-rubucen juyin halittar hakkin dan Adam na ruwa da tsaftar muhalli da sauran hakkoki masu alaƙa da ruwa da za a amince da su a cikin dokar duniya. [20] [21]
Har ila yau, masanan sun yi kira ga muhimmancin yiwuwar amincewar Majalisar Dinkin Duniya game da 'yancin bil adama ga ruwa da tsaftar muhalli a ƙarshen karni na ashirin. Yunkuri biyu na farko don ayyana 'yancin ɗan adam na ruwa ya fito ne daga farfesa masanin shari'a Stephen McCaffrey na Jami'ar Pacific a 1992 [22] da Dokta Peter Gleick a 1999. [23] McCaffrey ya bayyana cewa "Irin wannan 'yancin ana iya yin tunaninsa a matsayin wani bangare na' yancin abinci ko abinci, 'yancin lafiya, ko kuma mafi akasari,' yancin rayuwa. [22] Gleick ya kara da cewa:" samun damar samun ruwa na asali haƙƙin haƙƙin ɗan adam ne a bayyane kuma a bayyane yake da goyon bayan dokokin ƙasa da ƙasa da ayyukanta na ƙasa. ”[23]
Kwamitin Majalisar Dinkin Duniya mai kula da 'Yancin Tattalin Arziki, Zamantakewa da Al'adu (CESCR) wanda ke kula da bin ka'idojin ICESCR ya zo ga yanke hukunci iri ɗaya kamar yadda waɗannan masanan suka yi da Babban Sharhi na 15 a 2002. [10] Ya gano cewa haƙƙin samar da ruwa a fakaice yana daga cikin haƙƙoƙin samun daidaituwar rayuwa kuma yana da alaƙa da haƙƙin babban matakin samun lafiya da haƙƙin samun isassun gidaje da isasshen abinci. [10] Ya bayyana cewa "'Yancin ɗan adam na ruwa ya ba kowa damar wadatacce, amintacce, karɓa, mai wadatar jiki da kuma araha don amfanin kansa da na gida. Ana samun isasshen adadin lafiyayyen ruwa don hana mutuwa daga rashin ruwa, don rage haɗarin ruwa- cuta mai alaƙa da kuma samar da abinci, girki, buƙatun tsabtace gida da na gida. "[24] Kasashe da yawa sun amince kuma a hukumance sun yarda da haƙƙin samun ruwa ya zama wani ɓangare na wajibai na yarjejeniyar da ke ƙarƙashin ICESCR (misali, Jamus; United Kingdom; [25] Netherlands [26]) bayan buga Janar Sharhi 15.
Wani tsohon mataki na karamin kwamitin Majalisar Dinkin Duniya kan Karewa da Kare Hakkokin Dan-Adam ya sake daukar wani mataki a 2005 wanda ya ba da ka'idoji don taimakawa gwamnatoci don cimmawa da mutunta 'yancin dan Adam na ruwa da tsaftar muhalli. [27] Waɗannan ƙa'idodin sun jagoranci Majalisar Rightsungiyar Kare Hakkin Dan-Adam ta Majalisar Dinkin Duniya sanya Catarina de Albuquerque a matsayin ƙwararriyar masani kan batun haƙƙin ɗan adam da ya shafi samun ruwa mai tsafta da tsaftar muhalli a shekara ta 2008. [28] Ta rubuta cikakken rahoto a shekara ta 2009 wanda ya bayyana wajibcin hakkin dan adam na tsabtace muhalli, kuma CESCR ta amsa ta hanyar bayyana cewa ya kamata dukkan jihohi su amince da tsaftar muhalli. [11]
Bayan tattaunawa mai karfi, kasashe 122 a hukumance sun amince da "'Yancin Dan Adam na Ruwa da Tsabtace Muhalli" a Babban Kudurin Majalisar 64/292 a ranar 28 ga Yulin 2010. [29] Ya yarda da haƙƙin kowane ɗan adam don samun wadataccen ruwa don amfanin kansa da na gida (tsakanin lita 50 zuwa 100 na ruwa ga kowane mutum a kowace rana), wanda dole ne ya kasance mai aminci, karɓa kuma mai araha (farashin ruwa bai wuce 3% na kudin shiga na gida), kuma ana iya samun dama ta jiki (tushen ruwan ya kasance tsakanin mita 1000 na gida kuma lokacin tarawa bai kamata ya wuce minti 30 ba). "[17] Babban taron ya ayyana cewa tsabtataccen ruwan sha" yana da mahimmanci ga cikakken jin daɗin rayuwa da duk sauran 'yancin ɗan adam [17] A watan Satumbar 2010, Kwamitin Kare Hakkin Dan-Adam na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ya zartar da ƙuduri wanda ya amince da cewa' yancin ɗan adam na samun ruwa da tsaftar muhalli wani ɓangare ne na haƙƙin samun cikakken yanayin rayuwa. [30]
An kara wa'adin Catarina de Albuquerque a matsayin "Kwararren masani kan batun hakkin dan adam da ya shafi samar da tsaftataccen ruwan sha da tsaftar muhalli" an fadada shi kuma an sauya masa suna zuwa "Mai ba da rahoto na Musamman kan 'yancin dan Adam na samun tsaftataccen ruwan sha da tsaftar muhalli" bayan shawarwari a 2010. Ta hanyar rahotonninta ga Hukumar Kare Hakkin Dan-Adam da Majalisar Dinkin Duniya, ta ci gaba da bayyana fili da abin da ke tattare da hakkin dan Adam na samun ruwa da tsaftar muhalli. A matsayinta na mai ba da rahoto na Musamman, ta yi magana kan batutuwa kamar su: Hakkokin 'Yancin Dan Adam da ke da Alaƙa da Ba da Hidimar Bautar Jiha a Ruwa da Tsaftar Muhalli (2010); [31] Biyan Kuɗi don Gano Hakkokin Ruwa da Tsafta (2011); [32] Ruwan Ruwa gudanarwa a cikin haƙƙin haƙƙin ruwa da tsaftar muhalli (2013); [33] da Dorewa da rashin komawa baya a cikin haƙƙin haƙƙin ruwa da tsafta (2013). [34] An nada Léo Heller a cikin 2014 ya zama na biyu na Musamman mai ba da rahoto game da 'yancin ɗan adam zuwa tsabtataccen ruwan sha da tsaftar muhalli.
Shawarwarin da suka biyo baya sun tsawaita wa'adin Mai ba da rahoto na Musamman kuma sun bayyana matsayin kowace jiha game da girmama waɗannan haƙƙoƙin. Babban kudurin Majalisar Dinkin Duniya na kwanan nan 7/169 na 2015 an kira shi da sanarwar "'Yancin Dan-Adam ga Ruwan Shan ruwa mai tsafta da tsaftar muhalli. [9] Ya amince da banbanci tsakanin' yancin ruwa da hakkin tsaftace muhalli. An yanke wannan shawarar ne saboda damuwa game da haƙƙin tsaftacewa ana yin watsi da shi idan aka kwatanta da haƙƙin ruwa. [35]
Kotun Tsakiyar Amurka ta 'Yancin Dan Adam
An yi la’akari da haƙƙin samun ruwa a cikin Kotun Tsakiyar Amurka ta 'Yancin Dan-Adam na Indungiyar Asalin Sawhoyamaxa da Paraguay. [36] Batutuwan sun shafi jihohi ne na rashin amincewa da haƙƙin mallakar communitiesan asalin overan asalin yankin kakanninsu. A shekarar 1991, jihar ta cire 'yan asalin garin na Sawhoyamaxa daga kasar wanda hakan ya haifar musu da rasa hanyoyin samun muhimman ayyukan yau da kullun, kamar ruwa, abinci, makaranta da kuma ayyukan kiwon lafiya. [36] Wannan ya faɗi ne tsakanin theungiyar Yarjejeniyar Amurka akan 'Yancin Dan Adam; tauye hakkin rai. [37] Ruwa yana cikin wannan haƙƙin, a zaman wani ɓangare na samun damar ƙasa. Kotuna sun bukaci a mayar da filayen, a bayar da diyya, sannan a aiwatar da kayan masarufi da aiyuka, yayin da al'umma ke cikin shirin dawo da filayensu. [38]
Cibiyar Duniya don sasanta rikice-rikicen saka hannun jari
Shari'un da ke tafe daga Cibiyar International Settlement of Settlement of Disputes (ICSID) sun shafi kwangilolin da aka kafa tsakanin gwamnatoci da hukumomi don kula da hanyoyin ruwa. Kodayake shari'o'in sun shafi tambayoyin saka hannun jari, masu sharhi sun lura cewa tasirin kai tsaye na hakkin samun ruwa a kan hukunce-hukuncen na da muhimmanci. [39] Bayanai na Bankin Duniya sun nuna cewa harkar ba da ruwa ta fara ne daga shekarar 1990 kuma ci gaban da aka samu a harkar kasuwanci ya ci gaba zuwa shekarun 2000. [40]
Azurix Corp da Argentina
Babban sananne na farko game da hakkin ruwa a cikin ICSID shine na Azurix Corp v. Argentina. [41] Rikicin ya kasance tsakanin Jamhuriyar Ajantina da Kamfanin Azurix dangane da banbancin da ya samo asali daga kwantiragin shekaru 30 tsakanin bangarorin don gudanar da aikin samar da ruwa na larduna daban-daban. An yi la'akari game da haƙƙin ruwa a bayyane yayin lokacin sasantawa don biyan diyya, inda aka gudanar da cewa Azurix na da haƙƙin dawo da adalci kan ƙimar kasuwa na saka hannun jari. Wannan ya fi maimakon dala miliyan 438.6 da aka nema, yana mai ambaton cewa dan kasuwa mai hankali ba zai iya tsammanin irin wannan dawowar ba, idan aka yi la’akari da iyaka na karin farashin ruwa da ci gaban da za a bukata don tabbatar da ingantaccen tsarin ruwa mai tsafta. [42]
Biwater Gauff Ltd v. TanzaniaEdit
Abu na biyu, irin wannan karar da ICSID ta fuskanta shine na Biwater Gauff Ltd v. Tanzania. [43] Wannan ya sake kasancewa batun kamfanin ruwa mai zaman kansa a cikin takaddama ta kwangila da gwamnati, a wannan karon Jamhuriyar Tanzania ce. Wannan kwangilar ta kasance ne don aiki da gudanar da tsarin ruwan Dar es Salaam. A watan Mayu na shekarar 2005, gwamnatin Tanzania ta kawo karshen kwangilar da Biwater Gauff saboda zargin rashin cika alkawuran aikin. A watan Yulin 2008, Kotun ta fitar da hukuncin da ta yanke game da karar, inda ta bayyana cewa gwamnatin Tanzaniya ta karya yarjejeniyar da ta kulla da Biwater Gauff. [44] Amma ba ta ba da diyyar kudi ga Biwater ba, [45] ta yarda cewa damuwar jama'a ita ce mafi muhimmanci a rigima.
'Yancin ruwa a dokar gidaShirya
Ba tare da kasancewar wata kungiya ta kasa da kasa da za ta iya aiwatar da ita ba, hakkin dan Adam na samun ruwa ya dogara ne ga ayyukan kotunan kasa. [46] An kafa tushen hakan ne ta hanyar tsarin mulkin kasa na 'yancin tattalin arziki, zamantakewa da al'adu (ESCR) ta hanyar daya na hanyoyi biyu: azaman "ka'idojin umarni" wadanda suke da manufa kuma galibi ba masu adalci bane; ko kuma kamar yadda kariya ta musamman da tilasta aiwatarwa ta kotuna. [47]
Afirka ta Kudu
A Afirka ta Kudu, haƙƙin ruwa yana cikin tsarin mulki kuma ana aiwatar da shi ta hanyar ƙa'idodi na yau da kullun. Wannan hujja ce ta sauyin sauyi na dabara ta biyu ta tsarin tsarin mulki wanda ake kira da "tsarin dokar reshe". Wannan yana nufin cewa babban yanki na abun cikin da aiwatar da haƙƙin an yi su ƙa'idar ƙa'idar gida ta yau da kullun tare da wasu tsarukan tsarin mulki. [48]
Mazaunan Bon Vista Mansions v. Kudancin Metropolitan Local Council
Babban fitina na farko da kotuna suka yi shi ne mazaunan Bon Vista Mansions v. Kudancin Metropolitan Local Council. [49] Mazauna wani rukunin gidaje (Bon Vista Mansions) ne suka kawo karar, biyo bayan yankewar ruwan da karamar hukumar ta yi, sakamakon rashin biyan kudin ruwan. Kotun ta ce bisa biyayya ga Kundin Tsarin Mulki na Afirka ta Kudu, cewa tsarin mulki ya kamata dukkan mutane su sami ruwa a matsayin 'yanci. [50]
Arin dalilan yanke shawara ya dogara ne da Janar Sharhi 12 kan Hakkin Abinci, wanda Kwamitin Majalisar UNinkin Duniya kan Tattalin Arziki, Zamantakewa da Rightsancin Al'adu ya sanya wa waɗanda ke cikin yarjejeniyar wajibcin kiyayewa da mutunta damar samun wadataccen abinci da ake da shi ta hanyar rashin aiwatarwa duk wasu matakan cin amana. [51]
Kotun ta gano cewa dakatar da tushen ruwan da ake da shi, wanda bai bi ka'idojin "adalci da ma'ana" na Dokar Sabis na Ruwan Afirka ta Kudu ba, ya saba wa doka. [52] Yana da mahimmanci a lura cewa yanke shawara ta riga ta kasance kafin a amince da Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ta Sharhi mai lamba 15. [53]
Mazibuko v. Birnin JohannesburgEdit
An ci gaba da tattauna yawan ruwan da za a bayar a Mazibuko da Birni na Johannesburg. [54] Shari'ar ta shafi rarraba ruwa ta bututu zuwa Phiri, ɗayan tsofaffin yankuna na Soweto. Wannan shari'ar ta shafi manyan batutuwa biyu: shin ko manufar garin game da samar da ruwan sha kyauta, kilogram 6 kowane wata ga kowane mai asusun a cikin garin ya ci karo da Sashe na 27 na Kundin Tsarin Mulki na Afirka ta Kudu ko Sashe na 11 na Ayyukan Ruwa. Dokar. [55] Batu na biyu kasancewar shin ko an sanya mitocin ruwa da aka riga aka biya ya halatta. An gudanar dashi a Babbar Kotun cewa dokokin garin basu bada damar sanya mitoci ba kuma sanya su haramtacce ne. Bugu da ari, yayin da mitoci suka dakatar da samar da ruwa zuwa mazauni da zarar samar da ruwan sha kyauta ya kare, wannan ana ganin dakatar da samar da ruwan ba bisa ka'ida ba. Kotun ta rike mazauna garin Phiri ya kamata a samar musu da ruwa mai sauki na lita 50 ga kowane mutum a kowace rana. [56] Aikin Cibiyar Nazarin Harkokin Shari'a (CALS) na Jami'ar Witwatersrand a Johannesburg, Afirka ta Kudu da Cibiyar Pacific a Oakland, California sun raba Kyautar Kyautar Kasuwanci ta Kasuwancin BENNY ta 2008 don aikin da suka yi a kan wannan shari'ar. [57] The Cibiyar Pacific Pacific ta ba da gudummawar shaidar shari'a bisa ga aikin Dakta Peter Gleick wanda ya bayyana 'yancin ɗan adam na ruwa da kuma ƙididdige ainihin bukatun ɗan adam na ruwa. [58]
Manyan wadanda ake kara sun kai karar zuwa kotun koli na daukaka kara (SCA) wacce ta tabbatar da cewa an tsara manufofin ruwa na gari ne bisa kuskuren kayan aiki na doka dangane da wajibin gari na samar da mafi karancin saiti a Tsarin Afirka ta Kudu, saboda haka aka kebe shi. [59] Kotun ta kuma rike adadin don kasancewar mutum mai mutunci kamar yadda sashi na 27 na kundin tsarin mulki ya nuna a zahiri lita 42 na kowane mutum a kowace rana maimakon lita 50 na kowane mutum a kowace rana. Hukumar ta SCA ta bayyana cewa sanya mitocin ruwa ya sabawa doka, amma ta dakatar da umarnin na tsawon shekaru biyu domin ba wa garin damar gyara lamarin. [60]
Batutuwan sun kara zuwa Kotun Kundin Tsarin Mulki, wacce ta ce aikin da kundin tsarin mulki ya kirkira ya bukaci jihar ta dauki matakan doka da sauran matakai a hankali don fahimtar nasarar da aka samu ta samun ruwa, a cikin wadatar da take da shi. Kotun Tsarin Mulki ta kuma tabbatar da cewa abu ne da ya shafi majalisar dokoki da bangaren zartarwa na gwamnati su yi aiki cikin kudaden da suke kashewa na kasafin kudinsu kuma cewa bin diddigin shirye-shiryensu lamari ne na bin tsarin dimokiradiyya. Saboda haka, mafi karancin abun da doka 3 (b) ta shimfida shine na tsarin mulki, wanda ke baiwa gawarwowi karkata zuwa sama kuma hakan bai dace ba ga kotu ta yanke hukuncin cimma duk wani hakki na zamantakewa da tattalin arziki da gwamnati ta dauka don aiwatarwa. 61] Maimakon kotuna sun fi mayar da hankali kan bincikensu kan ko matakan da Gwamnati take dauka suna da ma'ana, kuma ko Gwamnati tana bin manufofinta a sake duba su. [48] An soki hukuncin saboda yin amfani da "takaitaccen abin da ya shafi bangaranci na shari'a". [62]
Indiya
Laifuka biyu da suka fi shahara a Indiaregarding na hakkin bada ruwa sun nuna cewa duk da cewa ba a kare wannan a fili ba a cikin Kundin Tsarin Mulki na Indiya, amma kotunan sun fassara shi da cewa haƙƙin rayuwa ya haɗa da haƙƙin samun lafiya da isasshen ruwa. [63]
Delhi Water Supply v. Jihar HaryanaEdit
Anan takaddamar amfani da ruwa ta samo asali ne saboda gaskiyar cewa jihar Haryana tana amfani da Kogin Jamuna don ban ruwa, yayin da mazaunan Delhi suke buƙatar hakan da nufin sha. An yi la'akari da cewa amfani da gida ya wuce yadda ake amfani da ruwa kuma kotun ta yanke hukuncin cewa Haryana dole ne ta ba da isasshen ruwa don zuwa Delhi don amfani da amfanin gida. [64]
Subhash Kumar v. Jihar Bihar
Hakanan sanannen shine batun Subhash Kumar v. Na jihar Bihar, inda aka shigar da kwararar kwararar abubuwa daga kayan wanki zuwa Kogin Bokaro ta hanyar shigar da kara game da bukatun jama'a. Kotuna sun gano cewa 'yancin rayuwa, kamar yadda doka ta 21 ta kundin tsarin mulkin Indiya ta kare, ya hada da' yancin cin ruwa mara gurbatacce. [65] Shari'ar ta gaza kan hujjojin kuma an tabbatar da cewa ba a gabatar da karar ba don wata maslaha ta jama'a ba amma don bukatun mai neman ne don haka ci gaba da shari'ar na iya zama cin zarafin aiki. [64]
Hakkin Duniya na Ranar Rana
Ruwa yana da mahimmanci ga rayuwar rayayyun halittu ciki har da mutane. Sabili da haka, samun tsabtataccen ruwa wadatacce haƙƙin ɗan adam ne wanda ba za a iya cirewa ba. Saboda haka, Gidauniyar Bukatar Eco (ENF) tana ganin ya zama dole a amince da haƙƙin ruwa (tare da tabbatar da ƙarancin adadin yawan ruwa) ta hanyar ingantaccen tsarin doka. Majalisar Dinkin Duniya tare da alkawurra da dama sun wajabta ta ga dukkan kasashe don tabbatar da raba ruwa daidai tsakanin dukkan 'yan kasa. A kan haka, ENF ya fara lura da inganta bikin Ranar 'Yancin Duniya na Ruwa a ranar 20 ga Maris, ranar da Dokta Babasaheb Ambedkar ("mahaifin Indiya ta zamani") ya jagoranci satyagraha na farko a duniya don samar da ruwa a 1927. Duniya 'Yancin Ranar Ruwa ya yi kira da a zartar da doka ta musamman da ta kafa' yancin samun ruwa a duniya. A karkashin jagorancin wanda ya kirkiro ta Dr Priyanand Agale, ENF ta shirya shirye-shirye iri-iri da dama don tabbatar da yancin samun ruwa ga yan kasar ta Indiya. [66]
New Zealand
Ba a kariya ga ESCR a fili a cikin New Zealand a halin yanzu, ko dai ta Rightsancin Dan Adam ko Dokar 'Yancin Hakkoki, saboda haka ba a kare haƙƙin ruwa a wurin. [67] Lawungiyar Doka ta New Zealand a kwanan nan ta nuna cewa wannan ƙasar za ta ba da ƙarin haske ga matsayin doka na haƙƙin tattalin arziki, zamantakewa da al'adu. [68]
Amurka
A cikin Pilchen v. City of Auburn, New York, wata uwa mai suna Diane Pilchen tana zaune a matsayin hayar haya a wani gida da aka killace, wanda mai shi (mai gidan) ya kasa biyan kuɗin ruwa na wani lokaci. Birnin Auburn ya biya Pilchen bashin bashin mai gida, kuma ta sha rufe hidindinta na ruwa ba tare da sanarwa ba a lokacin da ta kasa biyan wadannan basussukan, wanda ke sa gidan ba mai zama. Gari ya la'anci gidan kuma ya tilastawa Pilchen da ɗanta su ƙaura. Pilchen ya sami wakilcin Projectungiyar Dokar Ba da Amfani da Jama'a ta New York (PULP) a cikin ƙarar. Birnin Auburn ya yi ƙoƙari ba tare da nasara ba don jayayya cewa ruwa ba haƙƙin tsarin mulki ba ne saboda ana iya amfani da ruwan kwalba a maimakon haka, wata hujja da PULP ta yi takara a matsayin wauta. A shekara ta 2010, Pilchen ta yi nasarar yanke hukunci a inda aka yanke hukuncin cewa rufe ruwa ya keta hakkinta na tsarin mulki, kuma ba za a iya biyan Pilchen da dakatar da samun ruwa ba saboda jinkirin biyan wata kudin ruwa. [69] [70 Tsayayyar Rock Sioux Tribe da .ungiyar Injiniyan Amurka Edita
Mutanen da ke zanga-zangar nuna adawa da gina bututun shiga Dakota
A cikin 2016, akwai wata fitacciyar harka da aka sani da Standing Rock Sioux Tribe da. Unitedungiyar Injiniyan Engineasa ta Amurka, inda Sioux Tribe ta ƙalubalanci ginin Dakota Access Pipeline (DAPL). Wannan bututun danyen mai ya fadada sama da jihohi hudu, wanda ya hada da farkon a Dakota ta Arewa, sannan ya ratsa ta Kudu Dakota da Iowa, ya ƙare a Illinois. Ajiyar Dutse na Tsaye yana kusa da iyakar Arewa da Dakota ta Kudu kuma an gina bututun a tsakanin rabin mil daga gare shi. Tunda an gina bututun a kusa da wurin ajiyar, kabilar sun ji tsoron cewa za a iya lalata mahimmancin tarihi da al'adun tafkin Oahe, duk da cewa bututun ba ya tafiya kai tsaye ta cikin tafkin. Tafkin Oahe yana samar da kayan masarufi na ruwa ga Kabilar Sioux kamar ruwan sha da tsafta. [71] Gina bututun mai yana nufin akwai kasadar kasadar malalar mai a cikin tafkin Oahe, wanda ya sanya kabilar ta damu. [71] Kabilar Sioux ta kai karar kamfanin na DAPL saboda sun yi amannar cewa kirkirar bututun ya saba wa Dokar Kare Muhalli ta Kasa (NEPA) da Dokar Tarihi ta Kasa (NHA). [72] Bayan bayanin 2016, kotu ba ta iya zuwa ga ƙarshe ba, don haka kotun ta yanke shawarar yin ƙarin bayani. [71] Bayan bayanai 5 da aka gabatar a 2017 da kuma bayani 1 a 2018, kotu ta ba da izinin gina bututun, amma ‘yan kabilar ta Rock suna ci gaba da gwagwarmaya don ganin an cire bututun. [73]
Australia
Hankali a cikin Ostiraliya yana kan haƙƙin Australan Asalin Australiya na ruwa da tsafta. Tarihin mulkin mallaka-mai mulkin mallaka yana nuna inuwar mulkin yau na yau wanda ke tsara amfani da ruwa ga 'yan asalin Australiya. Akwai yarjejeniyoyin gwamnatoci da yawa, amma yawancinsu basu cika ba don tasirin tasirin ikon zuwa thean asalin ƙasar na samun ruwa da tsaftar muhalli. A cikin Mabo v Queensland, 1992, an amince da haƙƙin ativean legallyan asali bisa doka a karon farko. 'Yan asalin ƙasar Australiya galibi suna da'awar alaƙar al'adu da ƙasar. Kodayake "al'adu" an san shi a kotu kamar albarkatun ƙasa, al'adun gargajiyar da ruhaniya na Aborigines don shayar da jiki suna da ban tsoro. Yana da kalubale amma ana buƙata don ƙetare darajar al'adunsu da na ruhaniya zuwa fagen shari'a. A yanzu, kusan babu wani ci gaba. [74] [75]
Dokar ruwa ta Ostiraliya tana ba da umarnin ruwan ƙasa don 'yan ƙasa waɗanda za su iya amfani da ruwan ƙasa amma ba za su iya mallaka ba. A cikin kundin tsarin mulki, duk da haka, babu wani kwatanci game da cikin ruwa da kuma na ruwa. Sabili da haka, yanayin haƙƙin haƙƙin haƙƙin ruwa raƙuman ruwa sune manyan ayyukanta na jihar. Gwamnatin Tarayyar tana samun iko kan ruwa ta hanyar aron taimakon alakar waje, gami da Bada Iko, Kasuwanci da Karfin Kasuwanci. [74]
A 2000, Kotun Tarayya ta kammala yarjejeniyar da ta ba wa masu mallakar ƙasa damar shan ruwa don abubuwan gargajiya. Koyaya, amfani ya iyakance ga mahimmancin al'ada, wanda bai haɗa da ban ruwa a zaman al'adar gargajiya ba. [74]
A watan Yunin 2004, CoAC ta kulla wata yarjejeniya tsakanin gwamnatoci kan shirin samarda Ruwa na Kasa (NWI), don inganta amincewa da 'yan asalin yankin na ruwa. Koyaya, NWI bata damu sosai game da rikitaccen tarihin mulkin-mallaka ba, wanda ya haifar da tsari ingantaccen tsarin rarraba ruwa. 'Yan asalin ƙasar Ostiraliya koyaushe suna neman haƙƙin samun ruwa.
Ra'ayoyin jama'a da yawa a matsayin ma'ana don kare haƙƙin al'umma mara ƙarfi da ke
Hikimar yalwar jam'iyya tana samun karfi, tare da ra'ayin Anthropocene da kuma amincewa da 'yan asalin kasar wadanda ke fuskantar mummunar kutse ta hakkinsu zuwa mahimmin yankinsu na ruwa da ruwa. Ra'ayoyin jamaa hanya ce ta fannoni da yawa, wanda ke amfani da dokoki daban-daban ga rukunin mutane. Akwai yarjejeniyoyi na ƙasa da ƙasa da yawa, waɗanda ke taƙaita ikon kan haƙƙin igenan asali na ruwa, amincewa da haƙƙin igenan asalin, da inganta su. Misali, sun hada da Yarjejeniyar Kasa da Kasa kan 'Yancin Dan Adam da Siyasa da kasashe 167 suka amince da ita a shekarar 1996, wanda ya kwace ikon kasa wanda ya keta hakkin' yan asalin kasar kuma ya ba da damar cin gashin kai ga 'yan asalin kasar. -Udurin kai shine ra'ayin da yakamata mutane su sami ikon sarrafa albarkatun ƙasa ba tare da ikon kansu ba. Hakanan, a cikin wannan shekarar, Yarjejeniyar Yarjejeniyar Tattalin Arziki, Tattalin Arziki da Al'adu (ICESCR) ta amince da ƙaddarar kai tsaye ga 'yan asalin ƙasar don amfanin ƙasa da ruwa. Taron Majalisar Dinkin Duniya kan Muhalli da Cigaba ya zartar da ajanda 21 wanda ke samun goyon baya daga jihohi 174, tare da kara kare 'yan asalin daga kutse daga albarkatun kasa. Akwai wasu shirye-shirye da yawa a fagen duniya da na gida. Masana da yawa game da dukansu don amfani da waɗannan ƙa'idodin ƙa'idodi daban-daban zuwa ikon da ke daidai-kan-batun. Akwai iyakoki da yawa akan wannan hanyar ta fannoni da yawa, kodayake. Wasu sharuɗɗa suna amfani da harsunan da ba a sani game da haƙƙin, wanda ke nuna shubuha. Sau da yawa wata jiha ke amfani da su don ba da ikon haƙƙin albarkatun ruwa akan takamaiman al'umma. Yawancin jihohi suna sanya doka bin ƙa'idodin al'adunsu maimakon tsarin ƙasashe. Hakanan, abun cikin kowane ka'idoji yana da fasali daban, yana haifar da "rashin daidaito" a ƙarƙashin abun ciki ɗaya, ajanda. Shubuha, dokokin al'ada, da rashin daidaito sun zama cikas don aiwatar da ra'ayoyin jamaa da yawa. Duk da wadannan matsalolin, mahangar jamaa ta samar da wasu zabin ga shugabanci don taimakawa mara karfi na zamantakewar al'umma, gami da yan asalin gari, saboda haka yana da kyau a kara bincike. [76] [88]
KungiyoyiShirya
Kungiyoyin da ke aiki kan haƙƙin ruwa da tsaftar ƙasa an jera su a ƙasa.
Organizationsungiyoyin Majalisar Dinkin Duniya Edit
OHCHR (Ofishin Majalisar Dinkin Duniya na Babban Kwamishinan 'Yancin Dan Adam)
UNDP
UNICEF
Tsabta da Ruwa ga Kowa
Hukumomin hadin gwiwar gwamnati Edita
DFID (Hukumar Hadin gwiwar Burtaniya)
GIZ (Kamfanin Tarayyar Jamus don Haɗin Kan Duniya)
SDC (Hukumar Ci Gaban da Hadin Kan Switzerland) [89]
EPA (Hukumar Kare Muhalli ta Amurka) [90]
Nonungiyoyi masu zaman kansu na duniya da hanyoyin sadarwaEdit
Aiki kan Yunwa (ACF)
Jini: Ruwa [91]
Cibiyar Tsaron Ruwa da Hadin gwiwa [92]
Freshwater Action Network (FAN) [93]
Tsarkakakken Ruwa ga Duniya [94]
Hakkin DigDeep na Tsarin Ruwa [95]
Cibiyar Pacific [96]
Aikin Ruwa [97]
Cibiyar Kasa da Kasa tare da aikin Adalcin Ruwa [98]
UUSC [99]
WaterAid
WaterLex (wanda aka daina aiki tun daga 2020) [100]
Zaman LafiyaJam
Duba kuma
Dokar Muhalli
Yaren mutanen Georgia
Dokar kare hakkin dan adam
Hydrosphere
Shekaru uku na 'yancin ɗan adam
Dokar ruwa
Ranar Ruwa ta Duniya
Lokaci Karshen Jumla
Manazarta
B a b "Shekaru Goma na Duniya don Aiki 'Ruwa na Rayuwa' 2005-2015. Yankunan Maida hankali: 'Yancin ɗan adam na samun ruwa da tsaftar muhalli". Majalisar Dinkin Duniya. An dawo da 12 Disamba 2020.
"Kuduri na 64/292: Hakkin dan Adam na samun ruwa da tsaftar muhalli". Majalisar Dinkin Duniya. Agusta 2010. An dawo da 13 Oktoba 2018.
"Kudurin da Babban Taro ya zartar" (PDF). An dawo da 27 Nuwamba Nuwamba 2020.
Baer, M. 2015. Daga Yaƙe-yaƙe na Ruwa zuwa Hakkokin Ruwa: Aiwatar da 'Yancin Mutum na Ruwa a Bolivia, Jaridar' Yancin Dan Adam, 14: 3, 353-376, DOI: 10.1080 14754835.2014.988782
UN (Majalisar Dinkin Duniya). 2010. Kudurin da babban taron ya zartar. 64/292. 'Yancin ɗan adam na samun ruwa da tsafta. A RES 64/292. New York: Majalisar Dinkin Duniya.
ND UNDP (Shirin ci gaban Majalisar Dinkin Duniya). 1997. Gudanar da Gwamnati don Dorewar Dan Adam: Takardar Manufofin UNDP. UNDP, New York, NY, Amurka. Duba http://mirror.undp.org/magnet/policy/ (isa ga 21/06/2012)
Health Kungiyar Lafiya ta Duniya (WHO) da Asusun Kula da Yara na United Nation (UNICEF). 2011. Ruwan sha: Adalci, Daidaitawa da dorewa. New York: Shirin Kula da Hadin gwiwa na WHO UNICEF (JMP) na Ruwa da Tsafta.
Health Kungiyar Lafiya ta Duniya (WHO) da Asusun Kula da Yara na United Nation (UNICEF). 2012. Cigaba akan ruwan sha da tsafta. 2012 sabuntawa. New York: Shirin Kula da Hadin gwiwa na WHO UNICEF don wadata ruwa da tsaftar muhalli.
Rights a b c "Hakkokin bil'adama ga tsaftataccen ruwan sha da tsaftar muhalli" (PDF). An dawo da 27 Nuwamba Nuwamba 2020.
B a b c 'Yan Gudun Hijira, Babban Kwamishinan Majalisar Dinkin Duniya don. "Refworld Janar Bayani Na 15: Hakkin Ruwa (Arts. 11 da 12 na Alkawari)". Refworld. An dawo da 27 Nuwamba Nuwamba 2020.
B a b c d de Albuquerque, Catarina (2014). Fahimtar 'yancin ɗan adam game da ruwa da tsaftar muhalli: Littafin Jagora daga Rapporteur na Musamman na Majalisar UNinkin Duniya (PDF). Portugal: Majalisar Dinkin Duniya. shafi na.
A b c d Roaf, Virginia; Albuquerque, Catarina de; Heller, Léo (26 Yuli 2018), "'Yancin Dan Adam Game da Ruwa da Tsabtace Muhalli", Daidaito a Ruwan Sha da Sabis na Tsafta, Abingdon, Oxon; New York, NY: Routledge, 2018.: Routledge, shafi na 26-43, doi: 10.4324 9781315471532-2, ISBN 978-1-315-47153-2, an sake dawo da su 29 ga Oktoba 2020
"III.S.8 Babban Taron Majalisar Dinkin Duniya 64/292 (Game da 'Yancin Ruwa da Tsaftar Muhalli) (28 Yuli 2010)", Dokar Kasa da Kasa da Tsarin Duniya, Martinus Nijhoff Publishers, shafi na 1-2, 2012, doi 10.1163 ilwo-iiis8, ISBN 978-90-04-20870-4, an dawo da 29 Oktoba 2020
"Shekaru na Duniya don Aiki 'Ruwa na Rayuwa' 2005-2015. Yankunan Maida hankali: 'Yancin ɗan adam na samun ruwa da tsaftar muhalli". www.un.org. An dawo da 27 Afrilu 2021.
[1] An adana 3 ga Yuli 2017 a Wayback Machine, rahoton 2015 na WHO UNICEF Hadin gwiwa Kulawa Shirin (JMP) don Samar da Ruwa da Tsaftar Muhalli
B a b Majalisar Dinkin Duniya Ta Bayyana Samun Ruwa Mai Tsabta da Tsaftar Haƙƙin Dan Adam ne. "Cibiyar Labarai ta Majalisar Dinkin Duniya. UN, 28 Yuli 2010. Yanar gizo. 20 Mar. 2014.
A b c Batutuwan Duniya a Majalisar Dinkin Duniya. "Cibiyar Labarai ta Majalisar Dinkin Duniya. UN, nd. Yanar gizo. 20 Mar. 2014.
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Available Cikakken rubutun na Yarjejeniyar kan haƙƙin ɗan yana nan: "Aka kwafa". An adana daga asali ranar 11 ga Yuni 2010. An dawo da 21 Afrilu 2010 Up Gupta, J., Ahlers, R., da Ahmed, L. 2010. rightancin ɗan adam na ruwa: Motsawa zuwa ga yarjejeniya a cikin duniya da ta keɓe. Binciken Europeanungiyar Turai da Dokar Muhalli ta Duniya, 19 (3), 294-305
Ier Meier, Benjamin Mason; Kayser, Georgia; Amjad, Urooj; Bartram, Jamie (15 Nuwamba 2012). "Aiwatar da 'Yancin Dan Adam mai Inganci ta hanyar Ruwan Sha da Tsabtace Muhalli". Rochester, NY. SSRN 2015424.
B a b [2], McCaffrey, SC "'Yancin Dan Adam Na Ruwa: Tasirin Cikin Gida da Na Kasa Da Kasa" (1992) V Georgetown Dokar Kare Muhalli ta Duniya, Fitowa ta 1, shafi na 11-24.
A b [3], Gleick, P.H. "'Yancin Dan Adam Na Ruwa" (1999) Manufofin Ruwa, Vol. 1, Fitowa ta 5, shafi na 487-503.
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"TATTALIN ARZIKI, ZAMANTAKEWA DA 'YANCIN GASKIYA Ganin haƙƙin shan ruwa da tsaftar muhalli na Rapporteur na Musamman, El Hadji Guissé" (PDF). An dawo da 27 Nuwamba Nuwamba 2020.
"Kwararren Masani kan batun wajibcin hakkin dan adam da ya shafi samar da tsaftataccen ruwan sha da tsaftar muhalli". An adana daga asali ranar 6 ga Yuli 2010. An dawo da 27 Nuwamba Nuwamba 2020.
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"Sanarwa daga Kwararren Kwararren Masani kan batun wajibcin hakkin dan adam da ya shafi tsabtataccen ruwan sha da tsaftar muhalli, Ms Catarina de Albuquerque a zama na 15 na Kungiyar Kare Hakkin Dan Adam". newsarchive.ohchr.org. An dawo da 19 Nuwamba Nuwamba.
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"OHCHR Dorewa da rashin komawa baya ga hakkokin samun ruwa da tsaftar muhalli". www.ohchr.org. An dawo da 19 Nuwamba Nuwamba.
"'Yancin Dan Adam Na Ruwa Da Tsarin Tsabta" (PDF). United Nation.
B a b Sawhoyamaxa 'Yan Asalin Jama'a da Paraguay (Kotun Kare Hakkin Dan-Adam ta Tsakiyar Amurka, 29 Maris 2006).
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[4], Networkungiyar Sadarwar Duniya don Tattalin Arziki, Zamantakewa da Al'adu RIghts, Batun ofungiyar 'Yan Asalin Sawhoyamaxa v. Paraguay.
[5], Sha'awar Jama'a ta Duniya game da Dokar Zuba Jari ta Duniya, Andreas Kulick, 2012 a 303.
Ker Bakker, Karen (27 Fabrairu 2013). "Neoliberal Versus Postneoliberal Water: Geographies of Privatisation and Resistance". Tarihin ofungiyar graungiyar grawararrun Americanwararrun Amurkawa. 103 (2): 253-260. Doi: 10.1080 00045608.2013.756246. S2CID 143834419.
Uri Azurix Corp v. Ajantina, Shari'ar ICSID Babu ARB 01/12.
[6], Azurix Corp v Argentina karar ICSID Babu ARB 01/12 a 149.
Water Biwater Gauff (Tanzania) Ltd v. Tanzania, Kotun ICSID Babu ARB 05/22.
[7], Business Human RIghts Resource Center, Biwater-Tanzania sulhu.
"Biwater v. Tanzania". UNCTAD Manufar Zuba Jari Hub. An dawo da 12 Disamba 2020.
8 [8], McGraw, George S. "Bayyanawa da Kare Hakkin Ruwa da Minarancin Mahimminsa: Ginin Shari'a da Matsayin Shari'a ta "asa" Jami'ar Loyola ta Chicago International Law Review Review Vol. 8, A'a. 2, 127-204 (2011) a 137.
[9], Natalie Baird da Diana Pickard "'Yancin tattalin arziki, zamantakewar al'umma da al'adu: shawara ne don samun turaku a tsarin mulki" [2013] NZLJ 289 at 297
A b [10], Natalie Baird da Diana Pickard "'Yancin tattalin arziki, zamantakewar al'umma da al'adu: shawara ne na samun turaku a tsarin mulki" [2013] NZLJ 289 at 298
Mazaunan Bon Vista Mansions v. Kudancin Metropolitan Local Council, Babban Kotun Afirka ta Kudu, Shari'a Mai lamba 01/12312.
[11], Tsarin Mulki na Afirka ta Kudu, Sashe na 27 (1) (a).
[12], Kwamitin kan Hakkoki na Tattalin Arziki, Zamantakewa da Al'adu, Janar Bayani 12, Hakkin wadataccen abinci (Zama na Ashirin, 1999), Majalisar Dinkin Duniya. E C.12 1999/5 (1999), wanda aka sake buga shi a Harhada Janar na Bayani da Shawarwarin Gabaɗaya waɗanda yungiyoyin Yarjejeniyar 'Yancin Dan Adam, UN Doc ta ɗauka. HRI GEN 1 Rev.6 a 62 (2003).
[13], Dokar Ayyukan Ruwa na Afirka ta Kudu [A'a. 108 na 1997] Sashe na 4 (3)
[14], Babban Maganar Majalisar Dinkin Duniya No. 15
Mazibuko da. Birnin Johannesburg, (06/13865) [2008] ZAGPHC 491; [2008] Duk SA 471 (W) (30 Afrilu 2008)
[15], Dokar Sabis na Ruwan Afirka ta Kudu. [A'a. 108 na 1997] Sashe na 11
Mazibuko da. Birnin Johannesburg, (06/13865) [2008] ZAGPHC 491; [2008] Duk SA 471 (W) (30 Afrilu 2008) a 181
16 [16] Hanyar Sadarwar Da'a
[17], Cibiyar Pacific "Cibiyar Pacific ta Bada Kyautar BENNY don inoƙari a Hukuncin Rightsancin Ruwa na Afirka ta Kudu." (2008), Cibiyar Pacific, Oakland, California
Standard Tsarin Afirka na Afirka ta Kudu 3 (b)
[18], Mazibuko da Wani v Babban Daraktan Gabatar da kararraki na Kasa (113/08) [2009] ZASCA 52; 2009 (6) SA 479 (SCA); [2009] 3 Duk SA 548 (SCA) (26 Mayu 2009)
Mazibuko da Sauran v. Birnin Johannesburg da Sauransu (CCt 39/09) [2009] ZACC 28; 2010 (3) BCLR 239 (CC); 2010 (4) SA 1 (CC) (8 Oktoba 2009)
Ston Alston Goodman, Rightsancin Humanan Adam na Duniya, Oxford University Press (2013), Lucy A. Williams, "Matsayin kotuna a cikin Quididdigar aiwatar da haƙƙin zamantakewar al'umma da tattalin arziƙi: Nazarin kwatanci", Nazarin Kotun Tsarin Mulki na 3 2010 [Afirka ta Kudu (2011) 141
[19], Amy Hardberger "Rayuwa, 'Yanci da Neman Ruwa: Tantance Ruwa a Matsayin' Yancin Dan Adam da Ayyuka da Hakkokin da yake Kirkitawa" (2005) 4 Northwest Journal of International Human Rights 331 at 352
B a b Delhi Water Water Sewage v. Jihar Haryana Ors, 1999 SCC (2) 572, JT 1996 (6) 107
[20] An adana 2 Afrilu 2012 a Wayback Machine, Tsarin Mulkin Indiya
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[21], Kwamitin Kare Hakkin Dan-Adam da Sirrin Jama'a na Kungiyar Lauyoyi ta New Zealand, Gabatarwa ga zama na 18 na Majalisar Kare Hakkin Dan-Adam, Rahoton Inuwa ga Binciken New Zealnd na 2 na Zamanin Duniya
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"WaterLex Tabbatar da 'yancin ɗan adam ga ruwa da tsaftar muhalli ta hanyar doka da sake fasalin siyasa". An dawo 30 Maris 2021.
Hanyoyin wajeEdit
Mai ba da rahoto na musamman kan haƙƙin ɗan adam na tsaftataccen ruwan sha da tsaftar muhalli daga Babban Kwamishinan Majalisar foran Adam na Majalisar Rightsan Adam
'Yancin Haƙin Mutum na Ruwa da Tsarin Tsabtace Tsarin Tsabta cikin Aiwatarwa (2009) ta GIZ
'Yancin Ruwa: Fahimtar haƙƙin yara na ruwa akan |
7334 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jerin%20gidajen%20rediyo%20a%20Najeriya | Jerin gidajen rediyo a Najeriya | Wannan jeri ne na tashoshin rediyo a kasar Nijeriya. Nijeriya kasa ce da ta bunkasa sosai wajen kafafen yada labarai musamman ma dai tashoshin rediyo. Akwai gidajen rediyo masu matsakaici da dogon zango waton AM da FM kenan, Sannan kuma akwai kananan tashoshin wadanda ake kira da FM da kuma na Yanar gizo wadanda ake kira da Internet a turance.
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100.7 UNIUYO FM (University of Uyo)
104.9 Heritage FM (Heritage Polytechnic, Eket)
107.5 Gospel Revolution FM
Jahar Anambra
88.5 Anambra Broadcasting Service, Awka
88.9 Brilla FM, Onitsha Sports
89.4- Minaj FM Obosi
89.7- City Radio, Onitsha
90.7 Anambra Broadcasting Service, Onitsha
91.5 Blaze FM, Oraifite
93.3 Madonna Radio (Madonna University) FM, Okija
94.1 Unizik (Nnamdi Azikiwe University) FM, Awka
95.3 Radio Sapientia FM, Onitsha
95.7 Rhythm FM, Awka
98.3 Ogene FM, Awka
99.1 Odenigbo FM, Obosi
102.5 Purity FM, Awka(FRCN)
103.5 Gist FM, Ogidi
91.9 Authority FM Nnewi
106.5- Alpha FM Nnobi
90.1- Lumen FM,Uga
107.1 Tansian Radio (Tashar jami'ar Tansian FM, Umunya
Jahar Bauchi
94.6 Brc 2 FM, Bauchi
98.5 Globe FM (FRCN), Bauchi
95.7 Ray Power FM, Bauchi
97.5 Albarka Radio
Jahar Bayelsa
94.7 Silverbird Rhythm FM, Oxbow Lake Swali, Yenagoa
95.5 Royal FM, Yenagoa
97.1 Bayelsa State Broadcasting Corporation (BSBC) Glory FM, Radio Bayelsa, Ekeki Yenagoa
102.5 Ray Power FM, Elebele, Yenagoa
106.5 Creek FM, Radio Nigeria, Yenagoa
Jahar Binuwai
ASKiNG RADiO Online
Radio Benue 1, Makurdi
95.0 Radio Benue, Makurdi
96.5 Joy FM, Otukpo
103.5 Harvest FM, Makurdi
99.9 Ashiwaves FM, Katsina-Ala
89.9 Benue State University, BSU FM, Makurdi
Jahar Borno
94.5 BRTV Borno Radio Maiduguri
95.3 BRTV Metropolitan FM Maiduguri
99.5 Freedom Radio Maiduguri
102.5 Peace FM (FRCN)
90.7 GAME FM
97.7 Kanem FM 108.0 Lafiya dole FM
Al- Ansar FM 96.1
Jahar Kuros ribas
104.5 Cross River Broadcasting Corporation (CRBC)
92.3 Sparkling FM, Calabar
92.6 Cross River Radio
93.1 FAD FM, Calabar
95.9 Hit FM, Calabar
99.5 Canaan City FM, Calabar
89.7 CRBC Ikom
Jahar Delta
98.7 Bridge Radio, Asaba
88.6 Melody FM, Warri
89.9 Crown FM, Effurun
93.1 Quest FM, Ughelli-Patani Road, Ogor
95.1 JFM, Otu Jeremi
96.1 Ray power FM, Oghara
97.9 Voice of Delta Radio, Asaba
100.5 Kpoko FM, Warri (Pidgin Broadcast)
100.9 Trend FM, Asaba
106.7 Rize FM, Warri [4]
103.7 Delta State University (Delsu FM), Abraka
96.5 Hot FM, Asaba
Shockwave Radio (Internet Radio) www.shockwavefm.com
83.3 Demodelsnigeria fm
Jahar Ebonyi
98.1 Salt FM, Abakaliki
101.5 Unity FM, Abakaliki
Jahar Edo
94.1 Hillside FM (Auchi Polytechnic Radio), Auchi
95.775 Edo Broadcasting Service, Aduwawa
101.5 Bronze FM (FRCN), Aduwawa
92.3 Independent Radio, Benin city
105.5 RayPower FM, Ikhuen Niro, Benin city.
92.7 K-U FM, Benin-Auchi road, Enyea bypass Benin city-Edo state.
93.7 SilverBird Rhythm FM, Ugbowo, Benin city.
97.3 Vibes FM, Benin city
90.5 Okada Wonderland FM,(Igbinedion University Radio)Okada
100.1 Uniben FM (University of Benin Radio), Benin city
96.9 Speed FM, Benin City
94.3 -*Izibili FM, Ikpoba Hill
Jahar Ekiti
234Radio Internet Radio; broadcasts from Nigeria, UK, USA and Jamaica www.234radio.com. *234Radio Akwaita kuma a manhajar Android da iOS.
100.5 Progress FM (FRCN), Ado Ekiti
91.5FM Golden voice of Ekiti (BSES)...
89.9FM Voice FM, Ado-Ekiti
Jahar Enugu
92.5 Dream FM, Enugu
100.9 -Solid FM
91.1 Lion FM, Nsukka
92.9 Coal City FM (FRCN)
828 Radio Nigeria 1 Enugu Enugu
98.7 Caritas University FM Radio
106.9 Gouni FM (Godfrey Okoye University) Radio, Enugu
106.5 Stallion FM (Federal College of Education, Ehu-Amufu)
96.7 Voice FM, Nsukka (FRCN)
96.1 Sunrise FM, Enugu
94.5 Urban Radio, Enugu
106.5 ESUT RADIO, Enugu
107.2 IMT RADIO, Enugu
Jahar Gombe
97.3 MHz Progress Radio FM
91.9 MHz Gombe (GMC) FM
93.1 MHz Ray Power FM
98.1 MHz Amana radio FM
103.5 MHz Jewel (FRCN) FM
1404 kHz Gombe (GMC) AM
Jahar Imo
Fish FM 94.4 Orient FM, Owerri.
99.5 Hot FM, Owerri.
100.5 Heartland FM, Owerri.
105.7 Zanders FM, Owerri.
97.3 Megaband Fm, Owerri
103.2 Federal Polynek Owerri FM
90.90 IMSU STAR FM
100.9 My Radio FM Owerri
1.107.3-darlyn fm owetri
Jahar Jigawa
93.5 FM Andaza
1026MW Radio Jigawa AM
95.5 Dutse New world FM (JRC)
95.5 Radio FM Hadejia (JRC)
97.5 FM Radio Kaugama (JRC)
95.5 Community FM Birnin Kudu (JRC)
99.5 Freedom Radio, Dutse
100.5 Horizon F.M Dutse, FRCN.
104.9 Sawaba fm Hadejia
Jahar Kaduna
88.9 Brila FM
89.9 Kada 2 FM, Kaduna (KSMC)
89.9 Rockside FM, Kafanchan (KSMC)
90.9 Capital Sounds FM, Kaduna (KSMC)
91.7 Liberty Radio (English) Kaduna
92.1 Karama FM, Kaduna (FRCN)
92.9 Freedom Radio FM, Kaduna
94.3 Correct fm
94.1 Queen FM, Zaria (KSMC)
96.1 Supreme FM, Kaduna (FRCN)
97.7 Alheri Radio FM, Kaduna
98.5 KASU FM (mallakin jamilar jahar Kaduna)
98.9 Invicta FM, Kaduna
102.5 Teachers Radio (Mallakin Nigeria Institute of Teachers NTI)
102.7 Spider FM(KadPoly)
103.1 Liberty Radio (Hausa) Kaduna
106.5 Ray Power FM Kaduna
639 MW Kada 1 (KSMC)
747 MW Nagarta Radio
594 MW FRCN (Hausa), Kaduna
1107 MW FRCN (Turanci), Kaduna
Jihar Kano
AM
549 Manoma Radio AM
729 Radio Kano I
FM
234Radio Broadcasts from Nigeria, UK, USA and Jamaica. Access 234Radio on www.234radio.com; Google Play Store and iOS App Store.
88.5 Dala FM
89.3 Radio Kano II FM
90.3 Express Radio
90.7 Ammaso Radio FM
91.1 Gotel FM (not on air yet)
91.3 SoundCity FM
92.5 Vision FM
93.1 Arewa Radio
94.7 Guarantee Radio 95.1 Wazobia FM
96.9 Cool FM
97.3 Rahma Radio
98.1-- Jalla Radio
98.5 --Nasara Radio FM
98.9 B.U.K FM
99.5 Freedom Radio
100.3 Hikima Radio
100.7 Correct FM
101.1 ARTV FM
103.3 Liberty Radio Kano
103.5 Pyramid FM (FRCN)
103.9 Aminci Radio
104.1_ sunna fm
106.5 Ray Power FM
Jahar Katsina
104.5 Radio Nigeria Companion FM, Katsina (FRCN)
106.5 Ray Power FM, Katsina
972 MW Katsina State Radio, Katsina
98.7 Legend FM, Daura 92.9 Hamada FM, Katsina 92.1 Vision FM, Katsina
91.5 Alfijir FM, Katsina
Jahar Kebbi
945.0 Kebbi State Radio, Birnin kebbi
103.5 Equity FM, Birnin Kebbi
92.9 Vision FM, Birnin Kebbi
Jahar Kogi
94.0 Confluence FM, Lokoja
95.5 Grace FM, Lokoja
100.9 TAO FM, Okene
101.5 Prime FM (FRCN)
97.1 Kogi FM, Egbe
Jahar Kwara
89.3 Unilorin FM
95.1 Royal FM
99.0 Midland FM (Radio Kwara), Ilorin
103.5 Harmony FM FRCN (Radio Nigeria), Idofian
106.5 Raypower FM, Ilorin
612.8 Radio Kwara, Ilorin (www.radiokwara.com)
105.7 Okin FM, Offa
101.9 Sobi FM, Ilorin
89.9 Albraka FM
Jahar Legas
234Radio Rediyon Yanar gizo mai watsa shirye sheiryen sa daga Najeriya, Birtaniya, Amurika da Jamaika adireshi www.234radio.com. 234Radio akwai shi a manhajoji na Android da iOS.
633FM Tashar radiyon Kirista
Fish FM music and voice.
ENradio Tashar Rediyo ta Musulunci a Yanar gizo, akwai shi a manhajojin Android daiOS.[www.enradio.com]
88.9 Brila FM Tashar wasanni zalla
89.7 Eko FM, Ikeja (Lagos State Radio)
90.9 Top Radio FM
91.3 Lagos Talks FM
91.7 W FM
92.3 Inspiration FM 92.9 Bond FM (FRCN)
93.7 Rhythm FM
94.1 Rainbow FM
95.1 Wazobia FM
95.7 LASU Radio (Mallakin Jami'ar Lagos dake, Ojo, Lagos)
96.1 Lagos Traffic radio
96.5 Urban96 FM, Lagos
96.9 Cool FM
97.3 Classic FM
97.7 Metro FM FRCN
98.1 SMOOTH FM, Lagos
98.5 Soundcity FM, Lagos
98.9 Kiss FM, Lagos
99.3 Nigeria Info
99.9 The Beat FM, Ikoyi Lagos
100.5 RayPower FM, Alagbado
101.5 Star FM, Ikeja
102.3 Max FM, Ikosi Ketu, Lagos
102.7 Naija FM
103.1 Unilag FM (Jami'ar Lagos)
103.5 Choice FM now Radio One FRCN
104.1 Kennis FM (Kennis Radio)
105.1 CityFM, Oregun, Lagos
105.9 NOUN FM (Mallakin makarantar National Open University of Nigeria) Victoria Island
106.5 Faaji FM (Ana kuma kiran ta da Raypower FM)
107.5 Radio Lagos, Ikeja (ana kuma kiran ta da Eko FM)
Jahar Nasarawa
92.5 NBS Keffi
95.9 Maloney FM, Keffi
97.1 Nasarawa Broadcasting Service (Lafia)
101.1 Nasarawa State Mass Communication Department FM
102.5 Precious FM (Lafia,FRCN)
108 Kizito FM
92.3 Option FM (Akwanga)
91.1 Platinum Radio, Keffi
Jahar Neja
88.5 Zuma FM, Suleja
91.2 Crystal Radio, Minna
92.3 Search FM, Minna (Federal University of Technology, Minna)
100.5 Power FM, Bida FRCN
103.9 Ultimate FM (College of Education) Minna
89.1 Click FM (Ibrahim Babangida University, Lapai) Radio
90.5 Victory FM, Minna
Jahar Ogun
87.5 Arystocratz Radio (AR87.5fm) cele ijebu-ode
89.1 Hope FM (Na jami'ar Babcock University Radio station, Ilisan-Remo)
94.1 Rainbow FM
94.5 Paramount FM, FRCN, Abeokuta
101.9 Rockcity FM, Abeokuta
90.5 OGBC FM, Abeokuta
95.9 Hebron FM (Covenant University Radio Station, Ota)
91.7 Women FM (Tashar rediyo ta mata zalla a Najeriya) Arepo, Isheri, Jahar Ogun.
104.9- S.M.A FM, IJAGUN-IKOFA
107.1 Sweet FM, Ibadan-Abeokuta Expressway, Abeokuta.
92.1 OOU FM(Na jami'ar Olabisi Onabanjo university, Ago-Iwoye)
104.1 Kennis FM Radio
88.5 Family FM Radio kalak investment building Abeokuta
603 kHz-OGBC 1,ABEOKUTA
1*7.9 Liveway Radio, KM 46, Lagos-Ibadan Expressway, Redemption Camp Mowe Ogunstate.
106.1- RCCG Radio KM 46, Lagos-Ibadan Expressway, Redemption Camp Mowe Ogunstate.
Jahar Ondo
234Radio Tashar yanar gizo, mai watsa shirye shirye daga Najeriya, Birtaniya, Jamaika da Amurika. Tana kuda a mangajar Android da iOS. Adireahi www.234radio.com
88.9 Adaba FM, Ilara-Mokin via Akure
91.9 Breez FM, Ijoka, Akure
93.1 FUTA FM (Mallakin jami'ar Federal University of Technology, Akure)
96.5 OSRC FM, Orita-Obele, Akure
102.5 Positive FM (FRCN),
94.5 Orange FM, Akure
96.1 Raypower FM,Oba-ile,Akure
101.9 Sun City Radio, Ondo City.
100.9- Eki FM, Ondo city
100.1 Kakaki Ondo Community Radio, Ondo City, (First Community Radio in Southern Nigeria)
106.5 Music Culture FM, Ondo City
107.3 Varsity Radio (AMallakin jamilar dekunle Ajasin University, Akungba-Akoko)
91.1-Excel FM Ore
104.5- Empire FM Akure, your Hit music station
Jahar Osun
89.5 Orisun FM, Ile Ife
91.7 Rave FM, Oroki Estate, Osogbo
94.5 Great FM, Obafemi Awolowo University, OAU Ile-Ife)
95.1 Raypower FM, Oke Pupa, Osogbo
95.5 Gold FM, Iloko-Ijesa road, Ilesa. (FRCN)
96.3 Odidere FM, Reality Radio-Vision Service (RRS), Sky Limit area, Iwo.
90.9 Oodua FM, Toll Gate, Ile-Ife
101.5 Crown FM, Eleyele, Ile Ife
103.1 Uniq FM, Ara Station, Okesa, Ilesa
104.5 Living Spring FM, Ile-Awiye, Oke Baale, Osogbo.
Jahar Oyo
88.1 Gravity fm, Igboho
89.1 Lead City University Campus Radio FM, Ibadan Lagos Toll Gate, Ibadan
90.1 Space FM, 136, Liberty Road, Ibadan (1st Trilingual Radio Station in Nigeria)
91.5 Star FM, Secretariat, Ibadan
92.1 Ajilete FM, Gambari, Ogbomoso
92.5 Impact Business Radio, Akobo, Ibadan (Nigeria's first Business Radio)
92.9 Royal Root FM, Jericho Area, Ibadan
93.5 Premier FM (FRCN), Dugbe, Ibadan
94.9 Thirty-Two FM, cocoa house Dugbe, Ibadan
95.1 Raypower FM, Cocoa house Dugbe Ibadan
96.3 Oke-Ogun FM, Alaga
96.7 Lagelu FM
97.9 Beat FM, Bodija, Ibadan
100.1 Jamz FM, Lagelu Estate, Felele Area, Ibadan
101.1- Parrot FM, Ogbomosho
98.5 Oluyole FM, Old Ife Road, Ibadan
99.1 Amuludun FM, Moniya, Ibadan
101.1 Diamond FM, University of Ibadan, Ibadan
105.5 Splash FM, Felele, Ibadan
100.5 Inspiration FM
102.3 Petals FM, Old Bodija, Ibadan
102.7 Naija FM, Bodija, Ibadan
103.9 King FM, Ibadan
105.9 Fresh FM Ibadan, Yinka Ayefele Music House, lagos byepass, Challenge, Ibadan. Yanar gizo: www.fresh1059fm.com
106.3 Lead Radio, Ibadan.
Shafin Yanar gizo Wellsradio, Oluyole www.wellsradio.com
756 kHz Radio O.Y.O Ile-Akade Orita Bashorun (Radio AM)
99.9- mutual fm eruwa
Prince FM Radio (Online Radio)
Lomodogs FM Nigeria, Old Ife Road, Ibadan www.lomodogsfm.com (Internet Radio)
103.5 Thrill FM, Ibadan
Jahar Filato
101.9 Jay FM, Jos
88.65 Radio Plateau 1 AM 1224, Jos
90.5 Peace FM, Jos
93.7 Rhythm FM, Jos
100.5 Raypower FM, Jos
101.5 Highland FM, Jos (FRCN)
96.1 ICEFMUJ (jami'ar Jos)
93.3- Unity FM, Jos
98.9 Rock FM (mallakin kwalejin Plataeu Polytechnic)
104.3 Tin City FM, Jos
103.9 KT FM, Bukuru
Jahar Ribas
234Radio tashar rediyo ta yanar gizo ana watsata da Najeriya, Birtaniya, Amurika da Jamaika 95.9 Cool FM
89.9 Garden City FM
97.7 Family Love FM
92.3 Nigeria Info
91.7 Wave FM
99.1 Radio Rivers
106.5 RayPower FM
93.7 Rhythm FM
98.5 Treasure FM (FRCN)
95.1 Today FM
103.7 Radio UST FM (mallakin jami'ar kimaiyya da fasaha dake jihar)
88.5 Uniport Unique FM mallakin jami'ar Fatakwal)
94.1 Wazobia FM
99.9 Beat FM Port Harcourt
92.7 Naija Fm Port Harcourt
91.1 Classic Fm Port Harcourt
99.5 Wish Fm
Jahar Sokoto
95.5 Garkuwa FM
92.5 Vision FM
97.1 Rima FM
91.9 Caliphate radio/Nagari FM
97.1 Rima Internet FM
99.5 Freedom FM
94.3- ALU YA GODE FM
Jahar Taraba
88.6 TSBS Taraba radio Mararaba
90.6 TSBS Taraba radio Jalingo
97.6 TSBS Taraba radio Serti
104.5 Gift FM Jalingo
700.47-TSBS bali redio
Jahar Yobe
89.5 FM pride of the Sahel Damaturu
Jahar Zamfara
102.5 Pride FM Gusau
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40404 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Segun%20%22Aeroland%22%20Adewale | Segun "Aeroland" Adewale | Otunba Segun Adewale, Listen wanda aka fi sani da Segun Aeroland, an haife shi a ranar 15 ga Mayu, 1966, ɗan kasuwan Najeriya ne, mai taimakon jama'a kuma ɗan siyasa na asali. Ɗan asalin Ipoti EKiti da ke karamar hukumar Ijero ta jihar EKiti a kudu maso yammacin Najeriya kuma ɗan takarar Sanatan Legas ta yamma na jam’iyyar PDP a zaɓen sanata na 2015.
Rayuwar farko An haifi Segun Adewale a cikin dangin Mista Mrs Michael Adewale na Ile Aremo Ile Ogegenijo kwatas a ranar 15 ga Mayu, 1966.
Segun Adewale ya yi karatun firamare a Makarantar Adventist Day Seventh Day, Abule Oja, Legas tsakanin 1972 zuwa 1978. A cikin 1979, iyayensa sun yanke shawarar cewa ɗansu na farko dole ne ya koma Ekiti don ya sami damar gyara shi kuma ya kasance mai kyau a cikin ƙa'idodi, dabi'u da al'adun Ekiti; don haka aka shigar da shi makarantar sakandare ta Ipoti a wannan shekarar. A makarantar, shi ne ƙaramin ɗan wasa a cikin ƙungiyar ƙwallon ƙafa. Moreso, kishinsa na taimakon jama'a ya bayyana a irin wannan shekarun yayin da yake taimakon iyalai marasa galihu a Ipoti musamman a gine-gine da sauran ayyuka marasa galihu kyauta! Ko da yake bai kammala karatunsa na sakandare a Ekiti ba, ya girma sosai don ya fahimci ɗabi'u da al'adun gargajiya waɗanda aka fi sani da matsakaicin ɗan Ekiti. Daga karshe ya kammala karatunsa na Sakandare a kwalejin Oriwu dake Ikorodu a jihar Legas a shekarar 1983, inda kuma ya lashe lambar yabo ta kwalejin.
Segun Adewale ya halarci Jami'ar Ibadan tsakanin 1986 zuwa 1990, inda ya yi digirin farko na Kimiyya a fannin kasa. Ya yi digirinsa na biyu a fannin harkokin gwamnati a Jami’ar Jihar Legas a shekarar 1995. Hakazalika ya sami Certificate a Gudanarwar Jirgin Sama da Ayyuka a cikin 2012 kuma ya sami takardar shaidar da ake buƙata a cikin Ayyukan Jirgin sama daga Cibiyar Kula da Jirgin Sama da Dispatcher (IFOD), Texas, Amurka a cikin 2013.
Bayanan sana'a A cikin 1997, Segun Adewale ya kafa nasa kamfani, Aeroland Travel Limited, kula da tafiye-tafiye na kasuwanci, Kamfanin Air Charter da kuma Kamfanin horar da Jirgin Sama. Kamfanin ya lashe kyaututtuka sama da 20, ciki har da lambar yabo ta Delta Airlines Award for Excellence a 2013, Lufthansa Top Performer 2012, British Airways No. 1 Retail Agency a Najeriya. A halin yanzu shi ne Shugaban Kamfanin Aeroland Group, Manajan Darakta/Shugaba na Skyrace Nigeria Limited, Shugaban Kwamitin Amintattun Segun Adewale Foundation for Community Development. Shi kadai ne wakili daga Najeriya a cibiyar horarwa ta Virgin Atlantic/GTMC. Shi ne mataimakin shugaban kasa, National Association of Travel Agent of Nigeria (NANTA). Baya ga kusurwar kasuwanci, Segun Deacon ne a Word of Faith Ministry (aka Winners Chapel). Ya kuma rike Otunba Bobajiro na Egbeda Land, daga Alimosho, Legas.
Sana'ar siyasa Segun Adewale ya fara siyasa tun a shekarar 1988, lokacin da ya tsaya takara kuma ya lashe zaɓen gwamnatin kungiyar dalibai ta jami’ar Ibadan sannan ya rike mukamin sakataren wasanni. A shekarar 2007, Segun Adewale ya tsaya takarar majalisar dokokin jihar Legas a kan tikitin jam’iyyar Labour, amma an cire sunansa daga katin zabe daf da zaɓen. Ya fice daga jam’iyyar Labour zuwa jam’iyyar AD na wasu watanni kafin ya sauya sheka zuwa jam’iyyar PDP a shekarar 2011 ya kuma tsaya takarar dan majalisar wakilai ta tarayya mai wakiltar mazaɓar Alimosho ta tarayya, amma Solomon Olamilekan Adeola ya sha kaye a zaɓen. na Action Congress OF Nigeria. Zaɓen dai ya fuskanci tashin hankali. A matsayinsa na mai ba da agaji, ya ba da gudummawa ga ayyukan al'umma sama da 40 waɗanda suka haɗa da ginin Mini-Bridge a Meiran, Isei-Oshun a cikin 2011 kuma ya ɗauki nauyin ɗalibai sama da 20 don samun cikakken tallafin karatu zuwa manyan makarantu daban-daban.
Kyaututtuka da nasarori Kyautar Kyauta, Sashen Nazarin Geography, Jami'ar Ibadan, Kyautar Wasanni na 1989, Zauren Nnamdi Azikiwe, Jami'ar Ibadan, Kyautar Wasannin Wasanni na 1988, Chanchaga LGA Minna, Memba na Virgin Atlantic Platinum Member Mamban British Airways Platinum Alimosho gwarzon wasanni na shekara
Nassoshi Ƴan siyasan Najeriya
Rayayyun mutane
Haihuwan 1966
Articles with hAudio |
53255 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aje%C3%A9%20Wilson | Ajeé Wilson | Ajeé Wilson dʒeɪ AH AH jay an haife ta 8 ga watan Mayu, shekara ta 1994) yar tseren tsakiyar Amurka ne wanda ta ƙware a cikin mita 800 Ita ce zakaran cikin gida na duniya na shekarar 2022 a tseren mita 800, bayan samun lambobin azurfa a 2016 da 2018 Wilson ya lashe lambobin tagulla a gasar wasannin guje-guje da tsalle-tsalle ta duniyana 2017 da 2019. Ita ce Ba’amurke ta biyu mafi sauri a kowane lokaci a cikin wasan da ya kai 1m 55.61s, kuma tana riƙe da rikodin cikin gida na Arewacin Amurka Wilson ta lashe lakabi a cikin 800 m a duka Gasar Matasa ta Duniya ta 2011 da Gasar Matasa ta Duniya ta 2012 Lokacin cin nasararta na 2:00.91 a karshen shine karo na uku mafi sauri da wata babbar makaranta ke gudanarwa a bayan Mary Cain da Kim Gallagher.
Hotuna
Ruyuwar Sirri Wilson taa halarci Kwalejin Kiwan lafiya da Kimiyya a Neptune Township, New Jersey, har zuwa shekarar 2012. Da farko ta himmatu don halartar Jami'ar Jihar Florida, kafin ta yanke shawarar zama ƙwararru. Ta sauke karatu daga Jami'ar Temple a 2016, amma tana horar da kocinta Derek Thompson da Juventus Track Club na Philadelphia.
Sana’a 2013
A cikin shekarar 2012, ta himmatu don yin takara don Seminoles na Jihar Florida a ƙarƙashin Karen Harvey, amma kwanaki kafin semester fall, ta yanke shawarar mai da hankali kan aikin haɓaka kuma ta koma wurin kocinta Derek Thompson a Jami'ar Temple Hukuncin ya samu sakamako a gasar cin kofin duniya ta IAAF Moscow 2013 inda ta yi gudun mita 800m a cikin 1:58.21 wacce ta kasance mafi karancin shekaru a Arewacin Amurka da Amurka ta zo ta biyar. 2014
Wilson ta lashe kambunta na mita 800 na cikin gida na biyu na Amurka a Gasar Waƙa da Filayen Cikin Gida na Amurka na 2014 a Albuquerque, New Mexico, cikin 2:00.43. Wilson ta lashe kambunta na farko na Babban Waje na mita 800 a Gasar Waje da Filayen Waje na Amurka na 2014 a Sacramento, California, a 1:58.70. A ranar 18 ga watan Yuli, Wilson ya yi gudun hijira na 1:57.67 don lashe gasar Diamond League Herculis Monaco 2015
Wilson ta lashe Gayyatar Armory a 2:01.7 a ranar 31 ga Janairu a birnin New York.
A Gasar Waje da Filayen Waje na Amurka a Eugene, Oregon Wilson ta sanya na 3 a tseren mita 800 a cikin 2:00.05 duk da rasa takalmi a cikin mita 200 na karshe. Ta cancanci wakiltar Amurka a tseren mita 800 a gasar wasannin guje-guje da tsalle-tsalle ta duniya a shekarar 2015 a birnin Beijing na kasar Sin amma ba ta shiga gasar ba saboda rauni.
2017
Wilson ta lashe Gayyatar Makamai na Runners Runners a New York City a tseren mita 600 cikin 1:24.28, lokaci na huɗu mafi sauri a tarihi kuma na biyu mafi sauri ta Ba'amurke a bayan tarihin ƙasar Amurka na Alysia Montaño na 1:23.59 da aka saita akan wannan. Armory oval a cikin 2013.
A ranar 21 ga watan Yuli, 2017, Wilson ya yi gudun 1:55.61 a gasar Diamond League a Monaco don karya tarihin Amurka da kusan dakika 1. Wannan lokacin yana matsayi na Wilson a lamba 20 a jerin IAAF na kowane lokaci. 2018
Wilson ta ci lambar azurfa a gasar cikin gida ta duniya a tseren mita 800 Wilson tana cikin tawagar Amurka da ke kafa rikodin cikin gida na duniya a tseren mita 4 800 a ranar 3 ga Fabrairu a Wasannin Millrose na 2018 a cikin 8: 05.89 tawagar da ta fito da Chrishuna Williams (2: 05.10), Raevyn Rogers (2: 00.45), Charlene Lipsey (2:01.98), Ajeé Wilson (1:58.37). Wilson ta lashe zinari na mita 800 a Gasar Cin Kofin NACAC ta 2018 a Toronto, Kanada, a tarihin gasar zakarun Turai da rikodin filin wasa 1:57.52. 2019
Wilson ta yi nasara a cikin 1:58.60 a Wasannin Millrose na shekarar 2019 don saita rikodin Waƙoƙi na Cikin gida da Filin 800m na Amurka rikodin NACAC 800 m A ranar 28 ga watan Yuli, a Gasar Waje da Filayen Waje ta Amurka a Des Moines, Wilson ya sanya na 1 a tseren mita 800 a cikin 1:57.72, don wakiltar Amurka a gasar tseren mita 800 a Gasar Cin Kofin Duniya na 2019 a Doha, Qatar Nasara zagaye Zakaran gasar Diamond League 800 mita: 2019 2014 (2) (800m): London Grand Prix a Glasgow, Monaco Herculis
2015 (1) (800m): New York Grand Prix
2019 (4) (800 m): Stockholm Bauhaus-galan, Monaco Herculis, Birmingham Grand Prix, Brussels Memorial Van Damme
2022 (1) (800 m): Kamila Skolimowska Memorial
Matakan Zinare na Duniya na Zinariya
2022 (1) (800 m): USATF Bermuda Wasanni
Manazarta Haifaffun 1994
Rayayyun |
52776 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khairy%20Beshara | Khairy Beshara | Khairy Beshara (Arabic; an haife shi a ranar 30 ga watan Yuni, shekara ta 1947, a Tanta, Misira) shi ne darektan fina-finai na Masar da ke aiki a masana'antar fina-fakka ta Masar tun daga shekarun 1970. An ɗauke shi daya daga cikin daraktocin Masar wadanda suka sake bayyana Realism a cikin fina-finai na Masar a cikin shekarun 1980. A cikin wani littafi na baya-bayan nan da Bibliotheca Alexandrina ta buga a shekara ta 2007 game da fina-finai 100 mafi muhimmanci a tarihin fina-fallafen Masar, an jera fina-fakkawarsa guda uku: The Collar and the Bracelet, Bitter Day, Sweet Day, da Ice Cream in Gleem Tarihin rayuwa Beshara ya kammala makarantar sakandare a Alkahira sannan ya shiga Cibiyar Nazarin Fim ta Masar inda ya kammala a shekarar 1967. Daga nan sai ya kuma tafi Warsaw, Poland, a kan zumunci na shekaru biyu inda ya sadu da matarsa ta gaba, Monika Kowalczyk Ya fara aikinsa tare da mai da hankali kan shirye-shiryen shirye-shirye sannan ya koma nuna labaran kuma ya ba da umarni ga siffofi 12 masu tsawo waɗanda aka nuna a bukukuwan fina-finai daban-daban na duniya. Yana daya daga cikin daraktocin Masar da Larabawa na farko da suka shiga cikin yin fim na dijital a ƙarshen shekarun 1990.
Hotunan fina-finai
Shirye-shiryen Bayanai da gajerun Fim Tanks Hunter (1974) Dokta na ƙauyen (1975) Gull na Tekun (1976) Haske (1977) Magana da Dutsen (1978) Fiye da Rashin Tsayawa (1980)
Ayyukan da aka yi amfani da su a Qatar (1984) __iloiloilo__
Hotuna masu ban sha'awa Bloody Destinies (1982) Kasuwanci da Aljeriya (haɗin gwiwar Masar)
Jirgin Gida No.70 (1982) constat 70
Collar da Bracelet (1986) Sweet Day, Bitter Day (1988) "kawai".Kuma mutum ne kawai
Crab (Kaboria) (1990) Sha'awar daji (1991) [Inda Aka Ɗauko Hoto da aka Yi]
Ice Cream a cikin Gleem (1992) hala Amurka Abracadabra (Amurka Shika Bika) (1993) (harbe kuma an gyara shi a Romania) Strawberry War (1993) Hasken zirga-zirga (1995) Nutshell (1995)
A Night On The Moon (2008) -Fim din dijital da aka canja zuwa 35mm-
Moondog (2012)
Gajerun fina-finai game da ci gaba a Masar Kasancewar 'yan mata
Yankewar Jinin Mata
'Yancin Yara
Mutanen da ke da nakasa
Kare Muhalli
Horar da Aiki
(Duk an yi su ne a cikin 1999)
Shirye-shiryen talabijin The Star 1999 (aukuwa 8 na TV game da rayuwar 'yar wasan Masar, Nabila Ebeid) Matsalar Ka'ida (Mas'alet Mabda') 2003 Gishiri na Duniya (Malh El 'ard) 2004 Zuciya ta Habiba ('alb Habiba) Kayan da Hunter (Alfarisa Wal Sayyad) 2007 Taron Tsaro daga Yamma (Mutanen ALHROUB ALGHARB) 2009 na Hanyar Hanyar Halitta (REESH NA3AM) 2010 Zaat (Self) 2012 Abubuwan da suka faru daga 17 zuwa 30 Things ١٧ ٣ ٠
Matar ta Biyu 2013 Mutanen Iskandariya 2014 Sulfur Red P1 2016 Ruwan Ruwan Ruwa na 2017 Karma ta la'ana 2018 Kyaututtuka Bikin Kasancewa Tankuna Hunter
Dokta na ƙauyen
1976 Kyautar Cibiyar Nazarin Kasuwanci ta Katolika
1976 Ƙungiyar Masu sukar Fim ta Masar (memba na FIRPRESCI)
1976 Leipzig 19th International Film Festival
1978 Kyautar Ƙarfafawa ta Jiha, Babban Majalisar Fasaha, Littattafai
Gull na Tekun
1977 Ƙungiyar Masu sukar Fim ta Masar (memba na FIRPRESCI)
Haske
Tattaunawar Dutse
1979 Leipzig 22nd International Festival for Short Documentary Films for Cinema and Television, Official Entry
1980 Bikin Fim na Masar na shida
1980 Ƙungiyar Masu sukar Fim ta Masar (memba na FIRPRESCI)
1989 Film Fest Munchen, Jamus ta Yamma (Shirin Kasa da Kasa)
1989 Bikin Fim na Duniya na 3, Rabat, Morocco
1989 Na 10 na Mostra De Valencia, Spain (Sashe na Bayanai)
1989 Bikin Fim na Duniya na Montreal, Kanada, Shirin "Fim na Yau, Fim na Gobe"
1993 Mostra Internazionale del Nuovo Cinema, Pesaro, Italiya
Crab (Kaboria)
1991 Ƙungiyar Masar don Fasahar Cinematographic
1991 Bikin Fim na Farko na Kasa, Alkahira, Misira
1996 "Mass Culture Modernism in Egypt" wani littafi ne na Walter Armbrust, Cambridge University Press.
Sha'awar daji
Ice Cream a cikin Gleem
Amurka Abracadabra (Amurka Shika Bika)
1994 Bikin Fim na Pyongyang na 4, Koriya
1997 Gidan Kasa da Kasa na Philadelphia, Amurka, Fim din Masar na zamani
Hasken zirga-zirga
"Jury ya yi imanin cewa 'Hasken Traffic' ya cancanci kyautar saboda ya sami nasarar zana da babbar damuwa matsalolin al'umma a cikin dare ɗaya yayin hasken zirga-zirga mai yawa na birnin Alkahira" [ana buƙatar ƙa'ida]
1997 II Cinema Dei Paesi Arabi, Cinema Del Comune Di Bologna, Italiya
A cikin Jarida Mafi kyawun fina-finai na Masar, mafi kyawun fina-fukki 15 na Masar a kowane lokaci An adana su
Duba kuma Jerin Copts
Jerin Masarawa
Manazarta Tarihin Khairy Beshara
Haɗin waje Khairy Beshara
Moondog Sirin ya ɓace
Rayayyun mutane
Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba |
13115 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kewaye%20da%20Uthman | Kewaye da Uthman | An kashe Uthman dan Affan, na uku Rashidun caliph, a ƙarshen harin da aka kaiwa gidan sa. Tun da farko zanga-zangar, an kewaye ta ta karu ne sakamakon wata barazanar da aka ce ba ta dace ba har da mutuwar mai zanga-zangar. Masu zanga-zangar sun juya ‘yan tawaye sun bukaci sabon khalifa, Uthman ya ki kuma a ranar 17 ga Yuni, 656 (35 AH), yayin da aka killace gidansa, wasu (kusan 3) masu zanga-zangar sun sami damar tsalle zuwa bayan gidansa, a inda suke ya same shi yana karatun Alqur’ani. Suka yi masa d himka a kansa kuma suka d himka shi. Mutuwar Uthman tana da tasirin gaske a duniyar Musulmi a lokacin. Ba a gabatar da tambayoyi ba game da halinsa da manufofinsa kawai ba, har ma da alaƙar da ke tsakanin Musulmi da jihar, da abubuwan da suka shafi addini game da tawaye da shugabanci, da kuma cancantar yin mulki a cikin Islama.
Bango Masu adawa da Uthman sun kewaye shi da dalilai da yawa, manyan wadannan sune nadin danginsa Banu Umayya, a matsayin gwamnonin manyan lardunan musulinci. Rashin gamsuwa da tsarin mulkinsa da gwamnatocin da ya nada ba su takaita ga lardunan da ke wajen Arabiya ba. Lokacin da dan uwan Uthman, musamman Marwan, ya sami galaba a kansa, Uthman ya rasa ikonsa na khalifanci da sahabbai da dama, ciki har da mafi yawan membobin majalisar zaba, sun janye goyon bayansu gare shi.
Tawaye Rashin yarda a karshe ya haifar da tawaye a Misira, Kufa da Basra. Lokacin da yan tawayen Masar suka taru kusa da Madina, Uthman ya nemi Ali ya yi magana da su. Wakilan hijirar da Ali ya jagotanta tare da wakilan Ansar karkashin jagorancin Muhammad dan Maslamah sun gamu da gamsassu da komawarsu ta hanyar yi musu alkawarin da sunan bada tallafi ga duk damuwar su da amincewa dasu a matsayin masu bada garantin. Saboda sasantawa da Uthman ya yi, 'yan tawayen sun koma baya. Yayin da yan tawayen suka koma Masar, wani jami'in leda ya same su daga Madina, wanda suka iske wata wasikar wacce ake zargin tana dauke da tambarin wakilcin Halifa Uthman. Wasikar ta umarci gwamnan na Masar ya kashe bangaren 'yan tawayen da zarar ta dawo gida. Masana tarihi yanzu suna ganin wasikar ba Uthman ne ya kawo ta ba, amma sakatarenta, Marwan dan Al-Hakam. Koyaya, da gano abin da wasikar ta kunsa, nan da nan sai partyyan tawayen suka fara kewaye sojojin.
Farkon Kewaye Lokacin da 'yan tawayen Masar suka koma Madina, abin haushi da wasikar hukuma da ke ba da umarnin hukunta shugabanninsu, babban alkalin alkawaran Uthman ya nemi ya yi magana da' yan tawayen kai tsaye. Uthman ya karyata duk wani ilimi game da wasikar kuma Ali da Muhammad dan Maslamah sun tabbatar da hakan. Amma a wannan lokacin zabin da 'yan tawayen suka gabatar sun nuna murabus ne ko kuma watsi da Uthman da kuma zabi wani halifa. Yayin da rikici ya barke Ali ya bar su. Ali da alama ya fashe da Uthman cikin bacin rai saboda gazawarsa ta karya tasirin Marwan akan kalifa. Ali ya shiga tsakani ne kawai bayan an sanar da shi cewa ‘yan tawayen suna hana isar da ruwa ga kalifa. Yayi kokarin rage tsananin karfin siegin daga nacewa cewa a bar Uthman ya sami ruwa. Ali ya je har ma da tura 'ya'yan nasa don kare gidan Uthman lokacin da yake cikin hatsarin za a kai masa hari. 'Yan tawayen sun yi zanga-zangar adawa da hakan kuma sun keta alfarma sakamakon hakan.
Adireshin Uthman a Masallacin Annabi A ranar juma'ar farko bayan da aka kewaye shi, Uthman yayi jawabi ga ikilisiya a masallacin. Bayan yabon Allah da albarka da fatan aminci ga Muhammad, Uthman ya gayyato hankalin mutane zuwa ga umarni a cikin Alqur’ani da ke bukatar mutane su yi biyayya ga Allah da ManzonSa, da wadanda ke da iko a cikinsu. Ya lura cewa an umarci musulmai da su sasanta dukkan al'amura ta hanyar yin shawarwari da juna. Ya ce ya bude kofofin yin shawarwari a bude. Dukkanin zarge-zargen da aka yi a kansa an yi bayanin shi sosai kuma ya nuna ba shi da gaskiya. Ya bayyana a shirye yake don magance korafin mutane na gaskiya, in da akwai. Ya lura cewa a karkashin yanayin da wasu mutane ba su sassaka ba don su haifar da hargitsi a cikin Makka. Ya ce baya tsoron mutuwa, amma baya son musulmai da laifin zubar da jini. A gareshi hadin kan al'ummar musulmin yayi matukar kauna kuma domin a sami sabani tsakanin musulmai ya umarci magoya bayan sa da su guji tashin hankali. Ya so mutane su ji tsoron Allah kuma kada su sanya hannu cikin ayyukan tauyin addinin Islama. Ya yi nuni da cewa kasashen ketare da suke yin fatali da su a karkashin nasarar da suka samu daga hannun musulmai sun tallafawa wasu makirci don murkushe addinin Musulunci. Ya gargadi mutane da kar su yi wasa a hannun makiya Musulunci. Ya yi kira ga ‘yan tawayen da su yi ritaya daga Madina. Ya so mutanen Madina su goyi bayan gaskiya da adalci da kuma hana goyon bayansu ga rebelsyan tawayen da suka lafazin barna. Da tafiyar mahajjata daga Madina zuwa Makka, an kara karfafa hannun 'yan tawayen kuma a sakamakon hakan rikicin ya kara ta'azzara. 'Yan tawayen sun san cewa bayan aikin hajji, musulmai suka taru a Makka, daga kowane bangare na duniyar musulmi, za su yi tafiya zuwa Madina don tallafawa Halifa. Don haka suka yanke shawarar daukar mataki a kan Uthman kafin aikin hajjin ya kare. Yana da alaƙa da cewa yayin juyin juya halin Mugheera bin Shu'ba ya tafi Uthman kuma ya sanya darussan matakai guda uku a gabansa, da farko, don fita don yaƙi da 'yan tawayen, na biyu, hawa raƙumi kuma zuwa Makka da na uku don zuwa Siriya Uthman ya ƙi duk shawarwarin ukun. Ya yi watsi da shawara ta farko yana cewa ba ya son ya zama halifa na farko a lokacin wanda aka zubar da jininsa lokaci. Ya ki gabatar da shawara ta biyu don tserewa zuwa Makka a doron da ya ji daga Muhammad cewa za a binne wani mutumin Quraishawa a Makka wanda zai kasance rabin azabar duniya, kuma baya son ya zama mutumin. Ya ƙi amincewa da shawara ta uku a ƙasa cewa ba zai iya barin Madina ba. Abdullah dan Salam, abokin Muhammad ya ziyarci gidan Uthman kuma an ruwaito cewa ya yi magana da maharan kamar haka: "Kada ku kashe shi. Na rantse da Allah, ba wani mutum daga cikinku zai kashe shi, amma zai sadu da Ubangiji da rauni ba tare da hannu ba, kuma lalle takobin Allah ya ci gaba da nasara, kuma lalle ne da Allah idan kuka kashe shi, to, lalle ne, Allah Ya sami abin da yake, kuma ba za ta taba fitar da ita daga gare ku. Ba a taba kashe wani Annabi ba, amma an kashe mutane sabili da shi mutum dubu 70, kuma ba a taba kashe Halifa ba, amma an kashe mutum dubu 35 a asusunsa.” Wani abokin Nayyar dan Ayyad Aslami wanda ya shiga cikin 'yan tawayen ya gargade su da shiga cikin gidan tare da kashe Uthman. Lokacin da 'yan tawayen karkashin jagorancin Nayyar dan Ayyad suka yi gaba zuwa cikin gidan, Kathir dan Salat Kundi, mai goyon bayan Uthman, ya harba kibiya wacce ta kashe Nayyar. Wannan ya fusata 'yan tawayen. Sun bukaci Kathir dan Salat Kundi a hannunsu. Uthman ya ce ba zai iya cin amanar mutumin da ya harba kibiya a cikin tsaron sa ba. Wannan ya haifar da batutuwan. Uthman ya rufe ƙofofin gidan. Hasan, Hussein, Abdullah dan Az-Zubair, Abdullah dan Umar, Muhammad ibn Talha, Marwan da kuma wasu mutane kalilan an tsare shi. Yanzu haka an fara fada a tsakanin ‘yan tawayen da magoya bayan Uthman. An samu wasu asarar rayuka a tsakanin ‘yan tawayen. Daga cikin magoya bayan Hasan, Marwan da wasu mutane da suka ji rauni.
Kashe Uthman 'Yan tawayen sun kara matsa lamba har suka isa kofar gidan Uthman suka kunna wuta. Wasu 'yan tawayen sun hau gidan maƙwabta sannan suka tsallaka zuwa gidan Uthman. A ranar 17 ga Yuli ne, 656 AZ kuma Uthman yana azumin wannan ranar. A daren jiya da ya gabata ya ga Muhammadu a cikin mafarki. Muhammad ya ce, "Idan kana so taimako za a iya aiko zuwa gare ku, kuma idan kana so za ka iya karya azuminku tare da mu a wannan maraice. Muna maraba da ku".. Uthman ya zaɓi na biyu. Wannan ya sa Uthman yasan cewa rana ce ta ƙarshe ta rayuwa. An kashe shi yayin karatun Alqurani, Aya ta Surat Baqarah "137. To, idan sun yi imani da abin da kuka yi imani da shi, to, waɗannan shiryayyu ne, kuma idan sun j ,ya, to, wadannan kawai suke a kan sabanin sihiri. Allah Ya ishe ka a kansu. Kuma Shi ne Mai ji, Masani." A cewar wasu hadisai, Alqur'anin da ya ke karantawa yana ci gaba da kasancewa a cikin kayan tarihi a Tashkent a yau. Sauran nau'ikan Alqurani, wadanda aka kiyaye su a wasu garuruwa, su ma an yi iƙirarin su ne "Al-Kur'an Uthman". A shekara ta 656, an kashe Uthman dan al-Affan. An ce wadannan mutanen suna cikin wadanda suka kashe Uthman: Muhammd dan Hazif, Dan Hazm, Kanane dan boshr Tajibi, Ummar dan Hamq Khazai, Abdul Rahman dan Udais al-Balawi da Sudan dan Hamran.
Labarin Wasanni
Manazarta
Mukaloli marasa |
26957 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Onechi%20Lwenje | Onechi Lwenje | Onechi Lwenje (an haife shi a shekara ta 1985) ɗan wasan kwaikwayo ne a sinimar Zambia. Baya ga wasan kwaikwayo, Onechi ya kasance fitaccen marubuci, mai shirya fina-finai da furodusa. A halin yanzu yana gudanar da Kamfanin Kafafen Yaɗa Labarai mai suna 'Landmark Communications Limited'.
Rayuwa ta sirri An haifi Onechi a cikin 1985 a Lusaka, Zambia wanda mahaifin sa ɗan jarida ne kuma uwa mai ilimin tattalin arziƙi a cikin iyali mai 'yan'uwa uku.
Mahaifinsa Patson Victor Robert Lwenje ya yi hidimar diflomasiyya a birnin Beijing na kasar Sin, inda Onechi ya kasance dan shekara biyu da rabi a lokacin. Patson kuma ɗan jarida ne a cikin 1980s, mai sukar kiɗa da marubucin nishaɗi.
Onechi ya kammala karatun firamare daga makarantar International School of Beijing, Nkwazi Primary and Gospel Outreach Christian Academy. Sannan ya halarci Makarantar Sakandare ta Boys Kabulunga don yin karatun sakandare kuma ya kammala karatunsa a 2002. Bayan haka, ya ci gaba da karatu a cikin Gudanar da Tsarin Bayanai a ZCAS. Ya kuma kasance ƙwararren Injiniya na Microsoft Systems kuma ya yi aiki da NCC Phoneix Contractors da Kamfanin jigilar kayayyaki na Mediterranean na ƴan shekaru.
Sana'a A cikin 1999, Onechi ya haɗu da wani aikin Zambia don samar da wasan kwaikwayo game da jigon maganin rigakafi da magunguna kuma ana kiran wannan wasan Kar. Ya yi wasan kwaikwayo a gundumomin da ke makwabtaka da makarantu kusan 10. A halin yanzu, ya yi asarar ƴan shekarun rayuwa ga kamfanin jigilar kaya. Sannan a shekara ta 2005 ya fara yin wakoki tare da shiga da mujallu da wallafe-wallafe da dama da suka hada da 'Nkhani Kulture' a 2010 da 'Nkwazi In-Flight' a 2013.
A lokaci guda, Onechi ya fito a cikin jerin shirye-shirye da tallace-tallace na Hukumar Zabe ta Zambiya (ECZ) da Zamtel Bayan kafa shi a matsayin shahararren marubuci, ya kafa Kamfanin Kafafen Sadarwa mai suna 'Landmark Communications Limited'. Aikinsa na farko shi ne Shift wanda ke watsawa a gidan rediyon kasar. Sannan ya yi fim dinsa na farko na Laifi a shekarar 2013. Fim din ya lashe kyautar kyautar mafi kyawun fim, mafi kyawun fina-finai da kuma mafi kyawun gyarawa a 2014 Zambia Film Television and Radio Awards Awards. A cikin 2013, ya zama Mataimakin Editan Mujallar jirgin sama na kamfanin jiragen sama na ƙasa da ƙasa, 'Proflight'. Sannan ya zama Babban Edita a takamaiman wallafe-wallafen masana'antu irin su 'Agri-Pro' 'Agri-Plus' da 'Zambian Mining'. An kuma karrama shi da manyan ayyuka kamar rubuta tarihin birnin Lusaka don bikin 'Lusaka 100' na karni. Onechi ya ci gaba da aiki manajan Fasahar Sadarwa na Kamfanin jigilar kayayyaki na kasa da kasa na tsawon shekaru goma. Bayan ya bar aikin, ya shiga tare da Hukumar Talla ta Afirka ta Kudu mai suna 'Jupiter Drawing Room' a matsayin marubucin kwafi. A cikin 2014, ya fara halartar Rotary Club na Lusaka Central, wanda ya canza rayuwarsa zuwa ga nasara. A cikin wannan shekarar, ya yi aiki a cikin jerin shirye-shiryen talabijin na Wasannin Ƙauna, wanda ya lashe lambar yabo ta Afirka Magic Viewer's Choice Award. A cikin 2016, ya yi aiki a matsayin 'Fletcher' a cikin Zambezi Magic TV jerin Fever A cikin wannan shekarar, ya ƙirƙiri jerin gidan yanar gizo mai suna The Adventures of Duncan Hollywood: Rise of a Zambia Superstar Ya fito ne a matsayin mai masaukin baƙi kuma mai gabatar da shirye-shiryen daya daga cikin shirye-shiryen Afirka tawa a tashar Afirka Sannan, ya fito a kashi na biyar na shirin My Lusaka kan shirin Afirka tawa da aka watsa a Amurka. A cikin 2017, an naɗa Onechi a matsayin shugaban ƙungiyar Rotary Club na Lusaka ta tsakiya na 48 ya zama mafi karancin shekaru da ya rike mukamin har zuwa yau. A matsayinsa na shugaban kasa, ya gudanar da ayyuka masu ban sha'awa kamar gina asibitin Orthopedic na Italiya, Cibiyar Horar da Ƙwararrun Matasa ta Kabulga da aikin Vita-Nov don samar da kayan aikin likita ga asibitin Chongwe da asibitin koyarwa na Jami'ar (UTH) don kula da cututtukan zuciya da zazzabi. Sannan ya gina shingen ajujuwa a cikin karkarar gundumar Chibombo Fina-finai
Manazarta
Hanyoyin haɗi na waje Ƙirƙirar Giraffe
Zodwa: Dancer, actress, stylist
Nuna ƙarin fina-finan gida
Rayayyun Mutane
Haifaffun 1985
Ƴan |
30338 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vopli%20Vidopliassova | Vopli Vidopliassova | Articles with hCards
Vopli Vidopliassova harshen Ukraine wɔpl⁽ʲ⁾i plʲɑsowɐ] kuma a gajarce VV ƙungiya ce ta mawakan 'rock' na Ukraine An halicce shi a cikin 1986 a Kyiv, a kasar Ukraine SSR na Tarayyar Soviet Ukrain ta yanzu). Shugaban kungiyar shi ne mawaki Oleg Skrypka. Vopli Vidopliasova sune wadanda suka kafa salon rock-n-roll na Ukrainian da dutsen neo-ethnic. Da farko sun rera dutsen Ukrainian a wajen Ukraine. Tasirin su ya haɗa da waƙoƙin jama'a, waƙoƙin kishin ƙasa, punk, dutse mai ƙarfi, ƙarfe mai nauyi da, kwanan nan, kiɗan lantarki.
Anyi amfani da waƙar su Den Narodzhennia a cikin fina-finai na laifuka na Russia watau Brother da Brother 2 na darektan Aleksei Balabanov Memba na ƙungiyar Oleh Skrypka shima ya fitar da kundi na solo da yawa.
A cikin shekara ta 2009, lakabin wakokin su, Kraina Mriy, sun fitar da duk kundin su kyauta a matsayin kyautar Kirsimeti. Yawancin kayansu na farko (1986-1996) suna cikin Drop C tuning.
Tarihi An kafa ƙungiyar a cikin 1986 wanda mawakan jita Yuri Zdorenko Oleksandr Pipasuka kafa, wanda ya taka leda a cikin ƙungiyar SOS tun 1984. Ya ɗauki sunansa daga Vidopliassov, wani wasan da yayi The Village of Stepanchikovo. Mawakan sun yi wasansu na farko a filin wasan dutsen Kiev a ranar 30 ga Oktoba 1987, tare da mawaƙa kuma mawaki Oleh Skrypka da mai buga ganga Serhiy Sakhno.
shawarar Pipa ya bada shawara akan sabon sunan kungiyar, wanda a lokacin ya karanta littafin Dostoevsky: hali Grigory Vidoplyasov, a cikin labari Ƙauyen Stepanchikovo ya rubuta abubuwan da aka rubuta, cike da 'kukan rai,' wanda ya kira "Vopli Vidoplyasova" (kukan Vidoplyasov, voplʲi plʲæsəvə] Ƙungiyar ta yi amfani da wannan sunan Rashanci da aka fassara tun lokacin, duk da haka sun ɗauki sigar Ukrainian Volannia Vidopliassova da harshen Ukraine, ɐ plʲɑsowɐ] don bikin Chervona Ruta a 1989.
A cikin 1989, ƙungiyar ta rubuta wani waka a Faberge Hall of Culture a Kiev, kuma ta sake shi azaman Tantsi. A wannan shekarar, sun bayyana a kan kundin Faransanci De Lenine a Lennon, sautin sauti ga wani shirin Faransanci a kan dutsen Soviet.
A cikin 1990, sun fito da albam mai suna Hey, OK akan Kobza International kuma sun bayyana a cikin kundin Kanada This Ba No Polka (rakodin 1989 Chervona Ruta) tare da waƙar "Tantsi". A shekara ta gaba, sun yi wasa a bikin Eurockeennes a Faransa, kuma an fitar da rikodin a matsayin Abo abo akan BSA Records shekara guda bayan haka. A cikin 1991, Skripka da Pipa sun koma Faransa kuma za su raba lokacinsu tsakaninta da Ukraine.
A cikin 1992, Skripka, Zdorenko, Pipa da Sakhno sun shiga Komora Studio da ke Kiev don fara rikodin abin da zai zama kundi na farko, Kraina Mriy, wanda aka saki bayan shekaru biyu. Zdorenko ya bar kungiyar a 1993, inda ya fara nasa, YaYaYa, a matsayin aikin gefe. An maye gurbinsa da Philippe Moja. Stéphane Moufflier kuma zai shiga cikin VV don maye gurbin Sakhno, wanda ya dauki hutu.
A cikin 1996, Skrypka da Pipa, waɗanda suka dawo daga Faransa (sun zauna a can tun 1990), sun koma Ukraine tare da Moufflier da sabon mawaƙin jita Gerard Christophe kuma suka fara rikodin kundi na Muzika, wanda aka saki a 1997. An fitar da guda ɗaya a cikin 1996 tare da waƙoƙi 4 daga kundin. Skrypka ya rera waka, ya tsara ganguna kuma ya buga accordion, kayan gargajiya na Ukrainian da wasu guitar, yayin da Pipa ya buga bass. Zdorenko ya buga guitar akan waƙar "Gei, liubo!" A cikin album, "Hei! Liubo!" an giciye shi da "Bogi", amma a kan guda ɗaya, ba a ƙetare shi ba kuma ƙarshensa ya fito, duk da haka a cikin abubuwan da aka tattara kwanan nan, kawai ya yanke a ƙarshen ƙarshen inda ake sa ran "Bogi" zai fara.
A cikin 1997, Mouflier da Christophe sun bar ƙungiyar kuma sun koma Faransa. Sakhno ya koma cikin band kuma Evhen Rohachevsky shiga a matsayin guitarist. Tare da wannan sabon jeri, sun fara yin rikodin kundi na uku, Khvyli Amura, wanda aka saki a cikin 2000. A wannan lokacin, Skrypka ya zama mai sha'awar kiɗan Indiya, kuma kundin yana nuna hakan, musamman a cikin waƙar Den narodjennya A shekara ta 2000, kungiyar mawakan sun ba da gudummawar waƙoƙin waƙoƙin kyauta ga Grazhdanskaya Oborona ("Pops") da Kino ("Pachka sigaret" da e dni"), kuma ya bayyana a kan Sprite Driver 2 a cikin 2001 tare da waƙar "Osen". An fassara waƙoƙin ƙarshe uku zuwa Ukrainian kuma sun bayyana a matsayin B-gefuna zuwa guda Mamay a waccan shekarar. A cikin 2002, a ƙarshe an fitar da kundi na Fayno, wanda ke nuna "Solnechnye dni" (wanda aka sake masa suna "Sonyachni dni"), "Osen" (wanda aka sake masa suna "Zoryana osin"), sigar "Mamay", wani juzu'in sake-sake. rubutaccen sigar "Pachka sigaret" (sa'an nan aka sake masa suna "Pachka tsyharok") da sigar "Pops" da aka tantance. Matsalolin asali akan Lavina Music da Misteria Zvuka sun ƙunshi waƙoƙin kyauta guda uku: ainihin sigar Rasha ta "Osen", "Pack of Sigaret" (nau'in Ingilishi na "Pachka sigaret") da "Les jours de soleil" (samun Faransanci). na "Solnechnie dni"), yana nuna yawan harsunan Oleh Skrypka.
A shekara ta 2006, Oleksandr Pipa ya bar kungiyar kuma Oleksiy Melchenko ya maye gurbinsa. Daga nan sai suka rubuta kundin Buly denky, tarin tsoffin waƙoƙin daga ƙarshen 80s da farkon 90s waɗanda ba su taɓa samun jiyya a ɗakin studio ba, amma wanda aka buga kai tsaye. A waccan shekarar, sun buga bikin “Rok-Sich” na farko, bikin da Skrypka ya fara da nufin haɓaka hazaka na gida. Dokokin Rock Sich sune cewa duk wani nau'i banda pop yana da karɓa kuma duk makada dole ne su raira waƙa a cikin Ukrainian, duk da haka VV ya karya nasu mulkin kuma ya buga "Pops" a wurin wasan kwaikwayo a cikin asalin Rashanci kuma tare da ainihin kalmomin da ba a tantance ba. An fito da wasan kwaikwayon akan CD a 2008, DVD a 2011 da LP sau biyu a 2012. Daidaitaccen sigar CD guda ɗaya na kundin Rock Sich ya yanke waƙoƙi guda biyu saboda ƙarancin sararin samaniya, amma akwai nau'in CD guda biyu tare da dawo da waƙoƙin da suka ɓace. Waƙoƙin da suka ɓace kuma suna kan vinyl da DVD.
A cikin watan Agustan 2009 sun jagoranci wani waka a bikin Ku Kasance 'Yanci wanda Gidan Rediyon Turai don Belarus ya shirya a Chernihiv Ukrain tare da Lyapis Trubetskoy, Salon Zaman Lafiya da Gashi, da kuma ƙarin makada na dutsen Belarus. Sun saki waƙoƙin "Lado" da "Chio San" a cikin 2009 da "Vidpustka" (wakar da aka sake daga na ainihi na 1987) a cikin 2010.
Sun saki Chudovy svit sabon kundin su a ranar 18 ga Oktoba 2013. "Lado", "Chio San" da "Vidpustka" sun kasance cikin kundin.
Tsakanin 2013 da 2016, ƙungiyar ta gudanar da yaƙin neman zaɓe na vinyl.
A cikin 2017, Melchenko ya bar kungiyar kuma Mykola Usaty ya maye gurbinsa.
A halin yanzu ƙungiyar tana fassara tsofaffi wakoki, waƙoƙin yaren Rashanci waɗanda ba a fitar ba daga 1980s da farkon 1990s zuwa Yukren tare da yin rikodin su don sabon kundi, wanda zai ƙare a ƙarshen 2019 ko farkon 2020.
Membobi
Membobin yanzu Oleg Skrypka jagorar vocals, accordion, guitars, saxophone, ƙaho, shirye-shirye, maɓallan madannai
Evhen Rohachevsky guitar, goyon bayan vocals
Mykola Usaty bass
Serhiy Sakhno ganguna, kaɗa, waƙoƙin goyan baya
Tsoffin mambobi Yuri Zdorenko guitar, co-guar vocals (1986-1993)
Oleksandr Pipa bass (1986-2007)
Stéphane Moufflier ganguna (1993-1996)
Philippe Moja guitar (1993-1997)
Oleksiy Melchenko bass (2007-2017)
Wakoki 1992 Abo abo 1993 Zakustyka 1994 Kraina Mriy 1997 Muzika 2000 Khvyli Amura 2002 Fayno 2006 Buly Denky 2008 VV na sceni festivalju "ROK-SICH" 2013 Chudovy svit Shirye-shiryen bidiyo A cikin shirye-shiryen bidiyo sun gano ƙaunar masana'antar mota ta Ukrainian. Saboda haka a cikin video na song Musika za a iya gani ZAZ-1105 Dana, da kuma a cikin video na song Polonyna sai mota LuAZ Volyn-1302 da tarakta HTZ T-150 da T-64B. A cikin shirin bidiyo na kwanan nan Hutu ya halarci masu canzawa guda biyu bisa ZAZ-965 da ZAZ-968
Manazarta
Hanyoyin haɗi na waje Gidan yanar gizon VV na hukuma Kungiyar mawaka na Soviet
Mawakan rock na kasar ukraine
Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba |
25595 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lesley-Ann%20Brandt | Lesley-Ann Brandt | Lesley-Ann Brandt (an haife ta 2 Disamba 1981) yar wasan kwaikwayo ce ta Afirka ta Kudu. Brandt ta yi aiki a cikin jerin shirye -shiryen talabijin na ƙasar New Zealand. Ta taka rawa a matsayin kuyanga (Naevia) a cikin shirin fim mai dogon Zango wato Spartacus: Blood and Sand Wanda duniya ta fara sanin ta akai. Tun daga Janairu 2016, ta taka rawa a matsayin Mazikeen a shiri mai dogon Zango na ƙafar talabijin mai suna Lucifer.
Rayuwar farko An haife ta a Cape Town, Afirka ta Kudu, Brandt shine Cape Colored na Indiya, Jamusanci, Dutch, da zuriyar Spain. Ta kasance mai magana da harshen Afirkaans sosai kuma ta lissafo yoga, wasan ƙwallon ƙafa, da ƙwallon kwando a cikin abubuwan da take so. A Afirka ta Kudu, ta buga wasan hockey na gasa. A cikin 1999, Brandt ya yi ƙaura zuwa Auckland, New Zealand, tare da iyayenta da kaninta Brian Brandt. Brandt ta fara aiki saye da siyarwar a cikin Auckland. kafin ta sami aiki a matsayin ƙwararriyar mai ba da shawara ta (information technology). Bayan wasu ayyukan yin tallan kayan kawa, an saka ta cikin waɗansu tallace -tallacen talabijin na New Zealand. Ta ƙaranci wasan kwaikwayo kuma an horar da ita a cikin fasahar Meisner a 2008.
Sana'a Babban rawar da Brandt ya taka muhimmiyar rawa shine a cikin jerin talabijin na New Zealand na diflomasiyya na diflomasiyya Brandt ya fito a matsayin baƙo a gidan wasan kwaikwayo na sabulu na New Zealand, Shortland Street, kuma Wannan Ba Rayuwata bane, jerin almara na kimiyya wanda aka saita a cikin 2020s a cikin garin almara na Waimoana.
Brandt ta fito a matsayin kuyanga Naevia a zangon farkon na shirin Spartacus: Blood and Sand da ministocin prequel Spartacus: Gods of the Arena. Da farko ta fara duba yiwuwar taka rawa a matsayin Sura amma daraktan simintin ya ba da shawarar ta duba aikin Naevia a maimakon haka. Brandt ba ta dawo ba domin cigaba da ɗaukar shirinSpartacus na gaba ba, sakamakon mutuwar Andy Whitfield.
Manajan ta Steven Jensen ya gaya wa TheWrap, "Tana son komawa, amma da gaske ba su sami lambar da muke nema ba." Ya ce za ta sake yin tunani "idan sun tashi tsaye". STARZ ba ta da sharhi. A ƙarshe Cynthia Addai-Robinson ya maye gurbin Brandt a matsayin Naevia. Brandt ta taka rawar gani a cikin fim ɗin New Zealand The Hopes Dreams of Gazza Snell Fim din, game da wanda hatsarin tseren kart ya rutsa da shi, an yi fim da shi a Howick, wani yanki na Gabashin Auckland. Baƙon Brandt ya yi tauraro a cikin CSI: NY Smooth Criminal" da "Food for Thought". An nuna Brandt a cikin fim InSight inda ta ke yin aikin jinya Valerie Khoury. A watan Mayu 2010, baƙon Brandt ta fito a cikin Legend of the Seeker, wani aikin Rob Tapert/ Sam Raimi da aka yi fim a New Zealand. Ta bayyana a wasan karshe na kakar wasa ta 2 "Hawaye" a cikin rawar Sister Thea. A cikin 2011, baƙuwar ta bayyana a cikin Memphis Beat na TNT, wanda ya biyo bayan matsayin jagora a matsayin Cassie a cikin mafi girman sifa ta asali ta Syfy don 2011, Zombie Apocalypse, wanda kuma ya haskaka Ving Rhames da Taryn Manning Ta fito a cikin fim ɗin fasalin Drift tare da Sam Worthington da Xavier Samuel, da Duke da CSI: NY star Carmine Giovinazzo A cikin shekarar 2013, ta taka rawar a zango na ukku na shirin Ladies Single kamar Naomi Cox. A cikin 2014, baƙo ta yi tauraro a matsayin Larissa Diaz/Copperhead akan Gotham, kuma ta bayyana azaman maimaita Lamia a cikin The Librarians.
Kyauta
A cikin 2015, ta sami nasarar Maze a cikin jerin talabijin na FOX Lucifer. Ta maye gurbin ƴar wasan kwaikwayo Lina Esco wacce aka sake ta bayan karanta teburin farko. An ba da rahoton Brandt ya gwada matsayin kuma an sake yin la'akari da shi bayan an saki Esco.
Rayuwar sirri
Brandt tana zaune ne a Los Angeles.
Aure
Brandt ta auri saurayinta na tsawon shekaru shida, ɗan wasan kwaikwayo Chris Payne Gilbert, a 2015. ɗan farko na ma'auratan shi ne Kingston Payne Brandt-Gilbert, an haife shi a watan Yulin 2017.
Fina-finai
Fim
Talabijin
Bidiyoyin kiɗa
Podcasts
Hanyoyin haɗin waje Lesley Ann Brandt Lesley -Ann Brandt ta amsa tambayoyin fan Fabrairu 2011
Manazarta
Mata yan fim
Mutanen Afirka
Mutanen Afirka ta |
46557 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Figueres | Figueres | Figueres (Da harshen Katalanci 'bishiyar', Furuci a yaren Katalanci: ɡeɾəs], ɡeɾes]; Spanish: Figueras, ɣeɾas]) itace babbar birnin comarca na Alt Empordà, ia gundumar Girona, Catalonia, Hispaniya.
A garin aka haifi mai zane Salvador Dalí, kuma akwai gidan tarihi mai suna Teatre-Museu Gala Salvador Dalí, babban gidan kayan gargajiya wanda Dalí da kansa ya tsara wanda ke jan hankalin baƙi da yawa. Har ila yau, a nan aka haifi Narcís Monturiol, wanda ya fara yin nasarar ƙirƙira jirgin ruwa mai ƙarfi na farko a duniya. Har ila yau, a nan ne aka haifi Mónica Naranjo, ɗaya daga cikin mawaƙan Hispaniya da tafi kowa shahara acikin Mutanen Espanya a tsakanin 1990s da 2000s.
Tarihi Sunan garin ya samo asali ne daga Ficaris, na asalin Visigoth. A shekarar 1267, Sarki James na na Aragon ya amince da haƙƙin fuero, amma bayan shekaru huɗu Count Ponç IV na Empúries ya cinnawa garin wuta.
A cikin 1794 Figueras ta mika wuya ga Faransa, amma an sake dawo da ita a cikin shekarar 1795. A lokacin Yaƙin Peninsular Turawan Faransa ne suka kwace yankin a 1808, Mutanen Sipaniya suka sake kwato shi a 1811, Faransawa suka sake karbe shi a cikin wannan shekarar. A lokacin yakin basasa na Sipaniya, garin ya zamo amintacce ga gwamnatin Republican, kuma jiragen saman Italiya na Nazi da na Fascist sun ta jefa bama-bamai akai-akai. Yana daya daga cikin garuruwan Kataloniya da aka fi yi masu ruwan bama-bamai a lokacin yakin basasa, a shekarar 1938, kuma, musamman, a farkon shekarar 1939, lokacin da dubban mutane suka ratsa cikin garin kan hanyarsu ta gudun hijira. Tabbas ba za a iya sanin adadin wadanda harin bam ya rutsa da su ba, amma zai kai kusan 400. Gwamnatin Republican ta Hispaniya ta gudanar da taronta na ƙarshe na yakin basasa (ranar 1 ga Fabrairu 1939) a gidan kurkukun Sant Ferran Castel Garin Figueres ta farfado tun daga 1950s, tana ƙarfafa tattalin arzikinta da masana'antun yawon shakatawa.
Muhimman wurare Sant Ferran Castle, wanda aka gina a cikin 1753 a lokacin mulkin Ferdinand VI na Spain, a wurin wani gidan zuhudu na Capuchin. Yana da shimfidar pentagonal, tare da jimlar kewayen Ikilisiyar Parish na St. Peter, a cikin Gothic Yana da nave guda ɗaya tare da ɗakin karatu na gefe.
Teatre-Museu Gala Salvador Dalí (ƙarni na 19, an sabunta shi a cikin 1960s). Ya haɗa da hasumiya daga tsohuwar ganuwar.
Gidan kayan tarihi na fasaha na Empordà, gidan kayan gargajiyar fasaha tare da ɗaruruwan na'urorin buga rubutu na tsoho
Museu de l'Emportda
Sanannun mutane Narcís Monturiol (1819-1885), injiniyan jirgin ruwa na farko kuma mai ƙirƙira.
Salvador Dalí (1904-1989), mashahurin mai fasaha a duniya
Montserrat Minobis da Puntonet (1942 2019), yar jarida ta mata
Montserrat Vilà (an haife shi a shekara ta 1964), masanin ilimin halitta
Mónica Naranjo (an haife shi a shekara ta 1974), mawaƙa kuma mai watsa shirye-shiryen talabijin
Dídac Lee (an haife shi a shekara ta 1974), ɗan kasuwa, tsohon memba na hukumar FC Barcelona
Maverick Viñales (an haife shi a shekara ta 1995), ɗan tseren MotoGP
Sílvia Soler (an haifi 1961), marubuci kuma ɗan jarida
Garuruwan Twin garuruwan 'yan'uwa An haɗa Figueres tare da: Alcalá la Real, Spain (1989)
Marignane, France (1968)
Kalisz, Poland (1986)
St. Petersburg, United States (2011)
Nassoshi Nassoshi
Adabi
Panareda Clopés, Josep Maria; Rios Calvet, Jaume; Rabella Vives, Josep Maria (1989). Guia de Catalunya, Barcelona: Caixa de Catalunya. ISBN 84-87135-01-3 (Spanish). ISBN 84-87135-02-1 (Catalan).
Majalisar Figueres Majalisar Figueres (Catalan)
Shafukan bayanan |
30024 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stefan%20Turchak | Stefan Turchak | Stefan Vasylovych Turchak Ukraine; yayi rayuwa tsakanin Fabrairu 28, 1938 Oktoba 23, 1988) ya kasance fitaccen jagorar Ukraine, ƙungiyar People's Artist na USSR (1977) kuma ya zama Laureate na Shevchenko National Prize.
Tarihin Rayuwa An haife Stefan Turchak a ƙauyen Maćkowice, wanda a cikinsa yanzu akwai Subcarpathian Voivodeship a Poland. Ya girma a Dubliany A 1955 Stefan ya kammala karatun sa daga Filaret Kolessa Lviv Music da Pedagogical School. Bayan haka, ya yi aiki a matsayin malamin Waƙa kuma yana rera waƙa a Makarantar Pedagogical ta Sokal. Sannan ya shirya wata kungiyar mawaka, wacce ta shahara a yankin Sokal saboda yadda ake gudanar da wakokin jama'a, da kuma kungiyar 'yan mata, wanda a shekarar 1957 har ma ta taka rawar gani a wasan Kiev.
Daga 1957 Turchak ya yi karatu a Lviv Conservatory (mai gudanar da aji na Mykola Kolessa), wanda ya yi nasara a 1962.
Daga shekarar 1960 zuwa 1962 ya kasance shugaba na Solomiya Kruselnytska Lviv State Academic Theatre na Opera da Ballet.
Daga 1963 zuwa 1966 da 1973 zuwa 1977 ya kasance babban jagora na National Symphony Orchestra na Ukraine SSR, daga 1967 zuwa 1973 da kuma 1977 na Kyiv Opera da Ballet Theater.
Tun daga 1966 Stefan Turchak ya zama shugaban kungiyar kade-kade da kuma shugaban Sashen Opera da Symphony Gudanar da Kyiv Conservatory (tun 1973 Mataimakin Farfesa).
Ya zauna a Kyiv kuma ya mutu a ranar 23 ga watan Oktoban, 1988. An binne Stefan Turchak a makabartar Baikove Marubucin dutsen kabarinsa shine mai sassaƙa Valentyn Znoba.
Repertoire Ayyukan kaɗe-kaɗen sa na gargajiya da na zamani sun yi fice a cikin mafi yawan repertore na S. Turchak. Har ila yau, ya ba da kulawa ta musamman ga mawaƙa da mawaƙa na Ukrainian kamar Levko Revutsky, Borys Lyatoshynsky, Heorhiy Maiboroda, Andriy Shtoharenko kuma ya zagaya kasashen waje.
Turchak shi ne darektan farko na wadannan operori:
"Zahybel eskadry Rushewar Squadron (1967), "Mamai" (1970) na Vitaliy Hubarenko "Yaroslav the Wise" na Heorhiy Maiboroda (1975);
"Masu tuta" na Oleksandr Bilash (1985).
Vitaliy Hubarenko na "Kaminnyi hospodar" (1969);
"Olha" (1982) da "Prometheus" (1986) na Yevhen Stankovych Kyaututtuka A 1973, Turchak aka bai wa ZP Paliashvili State Prize na SSR na Georgia. Daga baya ya kuma samu irin wannan lada kamar jama'ar Artist na USSR (1977), girmama Artist da kuma Order na Red Banner of Labor. A cikin 1980 ya sami lambar yabo ta Shevchenko National Prize saboda kwarewarsa na ban mamaki.
Iyali Matar Turchak, Hisela Tsypola, ta kasance mawaƙiyar opera (soprano) kuma mawaƙiyar solo na Opera na ƙasar Ukraine.
Abubuwan da ya bari Tun 1994, ake gudanar da gasar Stepan Turchak na kasa da kasa a Kyiv a kowace shekara 4. Tun 2006 ake gudanar da wannan gasa a matakin kasa da kasa.
Akwai kuma makarantun fasaha na yara a Kyiv da Dublyany, mai suna Stepan Turchak.
Manazarta
Hanyoyin haɗi na waje Stefan Turchak Bio
Haifaffun 1938
Mutuwar 1988
Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba |
34176 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sulis | Sulis | A cikin mushrikan Celtic na gida da ake yi a Birtaniya Sulis wani abin bautawa ne da ake bautawa a wurin bazara na Bath (yanzu a Somerset Romano-British ne ya bauta mata a matsayin Sulis Minerva, wanda abubuwan da aka rubuta da kuma allunan dalma da aka rubuta sun nuna cewa an haife ta duka biyu a matsayin allahiya mai gina jiki, mai ba da rai kuma a matsayin wakili mai tasiri na la'anar da masu rinjayenta ke so.
Asalin kalma Ma'anar ainihin ma'anar sunan Sulis ya kasance batun muhawara, amma yarjejeniya mai tasowa tsakanin masana ilimin harshe game da sunan a matsayin haɗin gwiwa tare da tsohon Irish súil ("ido, gani"). Tushen Proto-Celtic gama gari *sūli-, masu alaƙa da ire-iren kalmomin Indo-Turai don “rana” (cf. Homeric Greek Sanskrit sūryah, daga c suh 2 lio-) kuma an ba da shawarar, kodayake kalmomin Brittonic na "rana" (Old Breton houl, Old Welsh heul) yana nuna diphthong wanda ba ya nan daga Sulis kuma suna ba a ba da shaida a matsayin nau'i na mata ko tare da -i- inflection Pierre-Yves Lambert yayi jayayya da sigar Proto-Celtic su-wli-, wanda ya ƙunshi prefix su- ("mai kyau") a haɗe zuwa jigon fi'ili na Celtic wel- ("gani"). Sunan sirri na tsakiyar Welsh Sulgen Sulien "an haife shi daga Sulis") da sunan sirri na Breton Sul, wanda wani waliyyi na gida ya haifa, suna da alaƙa.
Cult a Bath Sulis ita ce allahn gida na maɓuɓɓugan zafi wanda har yanzu ke ciyar da wuraren wanka a Bath, wanda Romawa suka kira Aquae Sulis ("ruwa na Sulis"). Wataƙila an girmama Sulis a matsayin allahntaka mai warkarwa, wanda maɓuɓɓugar ruwan zafi na iya warkar da wahala ta jiki ko ta ruhaniya. A cewar masanin Miranda Green, al'adun Sulis a Bath yana aiki har zuwa tsakiyar karni na huɗu AZ. Sunanta da farko ya bayyana a rubuce-rubucen da aka gano a wani yanki mai faɗi a wurinta a Bath, tare da misali guda ɗaya kawai a wajen Birtaniya a Alzey, Jamus. A haikalin Romawa da ke Bath, ƙarin daɗaɗɗen daɗaɗɗen da aka yi a wurin bagadin sun nuna cewa hadaya tana da babban sashe na bautar allahiya. Wataƙila an yi amfani da wurin da ke kewaye da bagadin don yin jerin gwano da hadayun nama da ruwaye na jama'a. Yawancin abubuwan da aka samo a cikin bazara sun ƙunshi tsabar kudi da allunan la'ana (duba: Allunan da aka rubuta), tare da tsabar kuɗin Roma sama da dubu goma sha biyu da rabi da tsabar Celtic goma sha takwas da aka samu a cikin tafki. Bugu da ƙari, an kuma dawo da abubuwa waɗanda wataƙila sun kasance na sirri, kamar kayan ado, duwatsu masu daraja, faranti, kwano, kayan soja, kayan katako da fata. Tasoshin Pewter da aka samu a cikin tafki na bazara ya sa wasu masana suka kammala cewa hulɗar jiki da ruwa na iya zama mahimmanci don canja wurin kayan warkarwa, tare da waɗannan tasoshin ana amfani da su don zubar da ruwa a kan jikin baƙi. Daga shaidar rubutun jana'izar da aka gano a wurin, ya bayyana cewa maziyartan maɓuɓɓugar ruwa mai tsarki na iya haɗawa da sojoji da suka yi ritaya, sojoji masu yin yawon buɗe ido, da/ko sojoji masu neman taimako daga rauni ko rashin lafiya. Domin samun kuɗin rubutun, waɗanda suka rubuta ziyararsu da bagadai ko duwatsun kaburbura wataƙila sun kasance suna da matsayi mafi girma. Haikali zuwa Sulis Minerva an san shi da ƙona gawayi a cikin bagadin wuta maimakon itace. Da bayi ko bayi ne suka kawo wannan gawayi, waɗanda kuma za su taimaka wajen tsaftacewa da hidimar abinci na ibada. Mutum mutumin al'adun gargajiya na Sulis Minerva "ya bayyana an lalata shi da gangan" wani lokaci daga baya Antiquity, watakila ta hanyar maharan barasa, masu kishin Kirista, ko wasu sojojin.
Allunan da aka rubuta Kimanin allunan la'ana guda 130, galibi ana magana da Sulis, a cikin maɓuɓɓugar ruwa mai tsarki a wuraren wanka na Romawa a Bath. Yawanci, rubutun akan allunan da aka miƙa wa Sulis yana da alaƙa da sata; misali, na ƴan kuɗi kaɗan ko tufafi daga gidan wanka. A bayyane yake, daga salon Latin da aka yi amfani da shi British Latin da aka yi amfani da shi, cewa yawancin allunan sun fito ne daga al'ummar ƙasar. A cikin tsari, sau da yawa na doka, yare, allunan sun yi kira ga allahn Sulis da ta hukunta waɗanda suka aikata laifin da aka sani ko ba a san su ba har sai an biya su. Ana buƙatar Sulis yawanci don cutar da lafiyar jiki da tunani na mai laifi, ta hanyar hana barci, ta hanyar sa ayyukan jiki na yau da kullun su ƙare ko ma mutuwa. Wadannan wahalhalu za su gushe ne kawai idan aka mayar da dukiyar ga mai shi ko kuma a zubar da ita yadda mai shi ke so, sau da yawa ta hanyar sadaukar da ita ga baiwar Allah. Wata saƙo da aka samu a kan kwamfutar hannu a cikin Haikali a Bath (da zarar an canza lambar) ta karanta: "Docimedis ya rasa safar hannu guda biyu kuma ya nemi barawon da ke da alhakin ya rasa tunaninsu [sic] da idanu a cikin haikalin allahiya." Ana yawan rubuta allunan a cikin lamba, ta hanyar haruffa ko kalmomi da ake rubuta su a baya; Za a iya jujjuya tsarin kalmomi kuma ana iya rubuta layi a madadin kwatance, daga hagu zuwa dama sannan dama zuwa hagu (boustrophedon). Duk da yake mafi yawan rubutu daga Roman Birtaniya suna cikin Latin, rubutun biyu da aka samo a nan, waɗanda aka rubuta akan zanen gado, suna cikin yaren da ba a sani ba wanda zai iya zama Brythonic. Su ne kawai misalan rubuce-rubuce a cikin wannan harshe da aka taɓa samu. Kwamfutar kwanan wata daya tilo na tarin ita ce kwamfutar hannu Bath 94, kodayake ba a bayar da shekara tare da ranar da wata ba. Ana iya fahimtar wannan, ko da yake, idan aka kwatanta da rubutun hannu da aka yi amfani da su a kan wasu allunan, wanda ya tashi daga 'Tsohon lankwasa' na Romawa na ƙarni na biyu da na uku AZ zuwa 'Sabuwar lasifikan Romawa' na ƙarni na huɗu AD. Kamar yadda Tomlin ya yi jayayya a cikin littafinsa na shekarar 2020, wannan yana nuna shaharar rubutun, sabili da haka yuwuwar yarda da ingancin su, na aƙalla ƙarni biyu.
Syncretism tare da Minerva A Bath, an keɓe haikalin Roman ga Sulis Minerva a matsayin babban abin bautar haikalin. Wataƙila sadaukarwa ga Sulis ta wanzu a Bath kafin kasancewar Roman a yankin, ta ƙabilar Celtic Dobunni na gida, waɗanda wataƙila sun yi imani cewa Sulis yana da ikon warkarwa. Kasancewar Sulis kafin zuwan Romawa kuma an ba da shawarar ta hanyar gano tsabar shekarun Celtic Iron Age goma sha takwas a mafi ƙanƙanta matakan rukunin yanar gizon, kamar yadda Barry Cunliffe ya rubuta a cikin 1988. Wannan shine ɗayan dalilan da yasa aka fara suna Sulis a cikin syncretic Sulis Minerva. Ta hanyar Roman Minerva syncresis, daga baya masana tatsuniyoyi sun gano cewa Sulis ma allahiya ce ta hikima da yanke shawara.
Daga cikin bagadai 17 na sadaukarwa da sansanonin da aka samu a haikalin Roman a Bath, 9 sun kori Sulis Minerva ta hanyar sunanta ɗaya ko biyu. Musamman, akwai bagadai guda biyu da aka samo a Cross Bath (RIB 146) da Hot Bath (RIB 150) shafukan bi da bi, waɗanda ke jera 'Sulis Minerva' a cikakke. Bagadin da aka samu a Bath mai zafi yana karanta "Ga gunkin Sulis Minerva Sulinus, ɗan Maturus, da son rai kuma ya cika alkawarinsa" (RIB 150). Sulis ba shine kawai allahn da ke nuna syncretism tare da Minerva ba. Sunan Senua ya bayyana a kan allunan zabe masu ɗauke da hoton Minerva, yayin da Brigantia kuma yana raba halaye da yawa da ke da alaƙa da Minerva. Gano gumakan Celtic da yawa tare da allahn Romawa ɗaya ba sabon abu bane (dukansu Mars da Mercury an haɗa su tare da yawan sunayen Celtic). A gefe guda, alloli na Celtic sun yi tsayayya da syncretism; Sulis Minerva yana ɗaya daga cikin 'yan kaɗan da aka tabbatar da haɗin kai na allahn Celtic tare da takwararta na Romawa.
Sadaukarwa ga Minerva na gama-gari a cikin Birtaniya da nahiyar Turai, galibi ba tare da wani taswirar Celtic ko fassarar ba (cf. Belisama don banda ɗaya).
Ubangijin rana Dangane da ilimin asalin sunanta, da kuma wasu halaye da yawa, kamar haɗin gwiwa tare da gani, dokokin jama'a, da abubuwan da suka shafi haske, an fassara Sulis a matsayin allahntakar rana, aƙalla a zamanin Romawa.Wasu masu bincike sun kara ba da shawara a matsayin de facto Celtic hasken rana allahntaka, hade suna zama shaida na allahiya a wani wuri.
Ibadar zamani Sulis yana da adadin masu bauta na zamani a tsakanin al'ummomin Wiccan da arna. Tun daga shekarun 1998, wasu mutane har yanzu suna ajiye hadayu a cikin ruwan wanka na Romawa. Gidan kayan gargajiya na Roman Baths yana ƙarfafa baƙi su jefa tsabar kudi a cikin Bakin Da'ira, wanda aka tattara kuma ana amfani da shi don ba da kuɗin Bath Archaeological Trust.
Sulis a cikin Art da Epigraphy
Sulis Minerva shugaban An gano wani shugaban tagulla na allahiya Sulis Minerva a cikin Bath a cikin shekarar 1727 (duba saman dama), wanda mai yiwuwa ya fito ne daga wani mutum-mutumi na al'ada da ke tsaye a cikin haikalinta, kusa da Bahar Mai Tsarki. Wataƙila wannan mutum-mutumin an ajiye shi a cikin farfajiyar Haikali daga wurin bagaden hadaya. Mutum-mutumin na iya kasancewa samfuri na harsashin ginin Rum, tun daga ƙarshen ƙarni na farko AZ. Akwai wasu sanannun gilt tagulla guda biyu ne kawai daga Roman Birtaniyya.
Haikali Pediment da Gorgon ta Head An gano shi a cikin shekarar 1790, wannan pediment daga Haikali na Sulis Minerva yana da babban kan Gorgon a tsakiyarsa. Wataƙila an sassaƙa shi a ƙarni na farko AZ, da ’yan fasaha daga arewacin Gaul. Asali a tsayin mita goma sha biyar, da ginshiƙai guda huɗu suna goyan bayan pediment ɗin. Har ila yau, akwai hotuna da yawa masu raka a kan pediment, irin su Tritons (masu bautar rabin kifi da rabin maza zuwa Neptune), hular fuska mai kama da kan dolphin, ƙaramin mujiya, da Nasarar mata da ke tsaye a kan globes. Ɗaya daga cikin fassarar hoton tsakiya, yana ba da sunan sunan, shine cewa kai yana wakiltar Gorgon na tatsuniya. Kamar yadda tarihin Girkanci ke da shi, jarumi Perseus ya kashe Gorgon kuma ya ba da kai ga Athena, wanda ya sa shi a kan sulke. Don haka, gidan kayan gargajiya na Roman Baths yana nuna yiwuwar haɗi tsakanin Gorgon zuwa gunkin Sulis Minerva (Minerva kasancewar Roman daidai da Girkanci Athena). Yayin da Gorgon a kan pediment namiji ne kuma Gorgon tatsuniya mace ce, an nuna cewa an canza hoton pediment don nuna haɗe-haɗe na salon Celtic da na gargajiya. Wani fassarar kuma ita ce shugaban tsakiya yana nuna allahn ruwa, saboda kamanceceniya da sauran alloli na ruwa daga Biritaniya. Alal misali, gidan kayan gargajiya na Roman Baths yana nuna wani tasa na azurfa daga Mindenhall wanda ke nuna allahn Oceanus. A cikin labarin 2016, Eleri H. Cousins sun yi jayayya cewa yawancin hotuna a kan pediment za a iya danganta su da alamar mulkin mallaka, ciki har da Nasara, itacen oak da kuma tauraron a koli. Bugu da ƙari, Cousins sun haskaka wasu misalan irin abubuwan gine-gine na ƙarni na farko da na biyu, musamman hotunan Gorgon da aka samu a Gaul da Spain, don nuna cewa an yi amfani da Forum na Augustus a Roma a matsayin babban nau'i na archetype. A cewar Cousins, pediment da hotunansa ba kawai 'Romawa' ko 'Celtic' ba ne, amma sun samo asali ne daga cakuda salo da ra'ayoyi daga "na gida zuwa daular".
Tushen Mutum-mutumi mai kama da Altar An sami ginin mutum-mutumi mai kama da bagadi a kan shimfidar da ke kusa da matakan Haikali na Sulis Minerva. Tushen yana karanta, "Ga gunkin Sulis, Lucius Marcius Memor, boka, ya ba (wannan) kyauta" (RIB III, 3049). Wannan shine kawai sanannen misali na haruspex, ko ƙwararriyar duba wanda ya fassara haƙoran dabbobi da aka sadaukar, daga Birtaniya. Rubutun asali ya yi amfani da gajarta 'HAR' don bambanta Memor a matsayin haruspex, amma ya bayyana akwai ƙarin haruffan 'VSP' daga baya. Wannan yana iya kasancewa ƙoƙari ne na bayyana matsayinsa fiye da 'boka' na yau da kullun, kuma yana nuna cewa Memor bazai kasance a haɗe da haikalin da kansa ba, amma mai yiwuwa ya kasance memba na ma'aikatan gwamna.
Altar-kamar Dutsen kabari Wannan kabari mai kama da bagadi (duba sama a hagu) an same shi tare da kayan cinerary guda biyu a wajen birnin Bath, a cikin Ikklesiya ta Bathwick, mita 800 arewa-gabas da wuraren wanka na Roman. Dutsen kabari ya karanta, "Ga ruhohin da suka tafi; Gaius Calpurnius Receptus, firist na allahiya Sulis, ya rayu shekaru 75; Calpurnia Trifosa, 'yar'uwarsa (da) matarsa, ya kafa wannan" (RIB 155). Sunan gwauruwa Receptus, Trifosa, Hellenanci ne kuma yana nufin 'De Luxe', kuma da alama an ba ta suna lokacin da take bawa, kafin ta 'yanta ta kuma auri tsohon mai gidanta, firist Receptus.
Sulis a Adabin Zamani Sulis ya dauki hankalin marubuta da masu ba da labari da yawa. Sulis da Roman Baths an sake yin tunani a cikin ayyukan almara na tarihi masu zuwa:
Ruwan Sul (1989) Moyra Caldecott
Sirrin Flavia (2008) Lindsay Townsend
Crown na Acorns (2010) Catherine Fisher
Mai La'anta (2011) Kelli Stanley
Memento Mori: Littafin Laifi na Daular Roma (2018) Ruth Downie
Duba kuma Jerin gumakan hasken rana
Dutsen Solsbury
Ruwa da addini
Manazarta
Littafi Mai Tsarki
Hanyoyin haɗi na waje Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba |
44725 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francisca%20Oboh%20Ikuenobe | Francisca Oboh Ikuenobe | Francisca Oboh-Ikuenobe kwararriyar ilimin kasa ce daga Ubiaja a karamar hukumar Esan ta Kudu maso Gabas ta jihar Edo. Ta kware a fannin ilimin likitanci da nakasa, kuma Farfesa ce a fannin ilimin kasa a Sashen Kimiyyar Kasa da Kasa da Injiniya da Man Fetur, kuma Mataimakiyar Shugaban Harkokin Ilimi a Kwalejin Injiniya da Kwamfuta, Jami'ar Kimiyya da Fasaha ta Missouri.
Farkon aiki Oboh-Ikuenobe ta halarci St. Maria Goretti Girls Grammar School Benin-city, Nigeria. Ta samu digiri na farko a fannin ilmin kasa (Geology) a shekarar 1983, daga nan ta yi aiki a matsayin mai aikin samar da yanayin kasa a kamfanin Shell Petroleum Development Company of Nigeria da ke Legas, sannan ta yi aiki a fannin nazarin halittu da Shell a dakin gwaje-gwajensu na kasa da ke Warri Delta, kafin ta dawo mata da digiri na biyu. MSc a fannin ilimin kasa a 1987, daga Jami'ar Ife Nigeria (yanzu Jami'ar Obafemi Awolowo). Bayan haka ta rike mukamin mataimakiyar malami a Jami'ar Ife. An ba ta lambar yabo ta Commonwealth Scholarship Commission Award don digirinta na digiri a Sashen Kimiyyar Duniya, Jami'ar Cambridge (New Hall, yanzu Kwalejin Murray Edwards), wanda aka ba ta a cikin 1991 tare da rubutunta 'Palaeoenvironmental Reconstruction of E2.0 Reservoir a cikin Filin Kolo Creek, Niger Delta (Nigeria)'. Ta shiga Missouri S&T, sannan Sashen Nazarin Geology da Geophysics a 1991 a matsayin mataimakiyar farfesa a fannin ilimin kasa.
Bincike Binciken nata yana ƙarƙashin nau'ikan ilimin halittu da ilimin halitta, tare da tsohon ciki har da nazarin pollen da sauran palynomorphs a cikin sedimentation da duwatsu masu tsauri a matsayin wakili don sake gina biostratigraphic, palaeoecological da palaeoclimatic. Hakanan tana haɗa palynofacies tare da ilimin geochemistry na halitta.
Wallafe-wallafen da aka zaɓa Mathur, R., Mahan, B., Spencer, M., Godfrey, L., Landman, N., Garb, M., Pearson, G.D., Liu, S.-A., and Oboh-Ikuenobe, F.E., 2021. Fingerprinting the Cretaceous-Paleogene boundary impact with Zn isotopes. Nature Communications, 12:4128; https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-021-24419-8.
Romero, I.C., Kong, S., Fowlkes, C.C., Urban, M.A., Jaramillo, C., Oboh-Ikuenobe, F., D’Apolito, C., and Punyasena, S.W., 2020. Improving the taxonomy of fossil pollen using convolutional neural networks and superresolution microscopy. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences; www.pnas.org/cgi/doi/10.1073/pnas.2007324117.
Oboh-Ikuenobe, F.E., Antolinez-Delgado, H., and Awad, W.K., 2017. Dinoflagellate cyst assemblages, biostratigraphy and paleoenvironment of a Paleocene-Early Eocene sedimentary succession in the northern Niger Delta Basin: Comparison with low, mid and high latitude regions. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology, v. 481, p. 29-43; doi: 10.1016/j.palaeo.2017.05.020.
Barron, A., Zobaa, M.K., and Oboh-Ikuenobe, F.E., 2017. Palynological evidence for sustained deep-marine conditions during the Eocene-Miocene in the southern Gulf of Mexico distal continental margin. Geological Society of America Bulletin, v. 129, p. 218-228; doi: 10.1130/B31559.1.
Pletsch, T., Erbacher, J., Holbourne, A.E.L., Kuhnt, W., Moullade, M., Oboh-Ikuenobe, F.E., Söding, E., and Wagner, T., 2001. Cretaceous separation of Africa and South America: the view from the West African margin (ODP Leg 159). Journal of South American Earth Sciences, v. 14, p. 147-174.
Jaramillo, C.A., and Oboh-Ikuenobe, F.E., 1999. Sequence stratigraphic interpretations from palynofacies, dinocyst and lithological data of Upper Eocene-Lower Oligocene strata in southern Mississippi and Alabama, U.S. Gulf Coast. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology, v. 145, p. 259-302.
Oboh, F.E., 1992. Middle Miocene palaeoenvironments of the Niger Delta. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology, v. 92, p. 55-84.
Manazarta Rayayyun |
56599 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abbakar%20Samb%20Makharam | Abbakar Samb Makharam | Ababacar Samb Makharam (kuma Ababacar Samb-Makharam ko Samb a takaice, Dakar, Senegal, a shekarar 1934 Dakar, 1987) ɗan fim ne na Senegal, ɗan wasan kwaikwayo, marubucin allo kuma mai shirya fina-finai tare da kamfaninsa na Baobab Films.
Tarihin Rayuwa An haife shi a Dakar, Samb Makharam almajiri ne na Makarantar Sojojin Ruwa na Cibiyar Samar da Professionnelle de la Marine de Dakar a cikin 1950-1951 kuma ya yi aiki a kamfanin lauyoyi (1952-1953). Daga nan ya tafi Paris a Faransa kuma ya halarci École française de radioélectricité Rue Amyot (1954-1955, yanzu EFREI Paris). Daga shekarun 1955 har zuwa 1958 Samb Makharam ya sami horo a matsayin ɗan wasan kwaikwayo a Center d'Art Dramatique de la Rue Blanche a Paris kuma yayi a cikin fina-finai Tamango (1957) wanda John Berry da Les Tripes au soleil suka jagoranta (1958) na Claude. Bernard-Aubert.
A cikin shekarar 1955 ya kafa ƙungiyar wasan kwaikwayo ta Paris Les Griots ta haɗa nau'ikan 'yan wasan Antillean da na Afirka kamar Timité Bassori, Toto Bissainthe, Robert Liensol fr da Kuma Sarah Maldoror. Daga shekarun 1959 zuwa 1962 Samb Makharam fim din dalibi ne na cinema a Centro Sperimentale di Cinematografia (Experimental Film Center) a Rome, bayan haka ya tafi Amurka dan kara karatu (1962 1963). Ya Kuma koma Faransa dan shiga Office de Radiodiffusion Télévision Française (ORTF) a matsayin mataimakin darektan talabijin.
Da ya koma Senegal a shekarar 1964, Samb Makharam ya yi aiki da Ma'aikatar Watsa Labarai a can, ya kasance mai ɗaukar hoto tare da labaran talabijin na Senegal, kuma ya yi aiki a matsayin darekta da furodusa a Rediyo Sénégal (Dakar). A cikin shekarar 1965 ya ba da umarnin fim ɗinsa na farko Et la neige n'etait plus There was No Long Snow Snow, Kodou ya biyo baya a shekarar 1971. Samb Makharam ya kasance babban sakataren kungiyar masu shirya fina-finai ta Pan African (FEPACI) daga 1971 zuwa 1977. Ya fara sabon salo tare da rawar da ba za ta taɓa ɗauka ba ga griot na Senegal na gargajiya a cikin fim ɗinsa na shekarar 1982 Jom ou L'Histoire d'un Peuple (Jom ko Tarihin Mutane). A cikin watan Oktoba 1987 Samb Makharam ya rasu a Dakar yana da shekaru 52.
Gidan wasan kwaikwayo Tsakanin shekarun 1955 zuwa 1964 Samb Makharam a matsayin ɗan wasan kwaikwayo a cikin shirye-shirye daban-daban na ƙungiyar wasan kwaikwayo ta Paris Les Griots:
Filmography Fina-finan Samb Makharam sun haɗa da:
Manazarta
Hanyoyin haɗi na waje (There Was No Longer Snow). Video duration 20m 57s. French spoken with subtitles in English. Uploader Not That Anonymous. Consulted on 10 August 2023. Final question of a Senegalese girl: "Why isn't there black snow?" The student in love answers: "It doesn't exist, but if you like, i'll make some for you."
Rayayyun |