Tonic/medquad · Datasets at Hugging Face

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Below is an instruction from Human. Write a response. ### Instruction: What are the complications of Hemochromatosis ? ### Response: Without treatment, iron may build up in the organs and cause complications, including - cirrhosis, or scarring of liver tissue - diabetes - irregular heart rhythms or weakening of the heart muscle - arthritis - erectile dysfunction
Below is an instruction from Human. Write a response. ### Instruction: How to diagnose Hemochromatosis ? ### Response: Health care providers use medical and family history, a physical exam, and routine blood tests to diagnose hemochromatosis or other conditions that could cause the same symptoms or complications. - Medical and family history. Taking a medical and family history is one of the first things a health care provider may do to help diagnose hemochromatosis.
Below is an instruction from Human. Write a response. ### Instruction: What are the treatments for Hemochromatosis ? ### Response: Health care providers treat hemochromatosis by drawing blood. This process is called phlebotomy. Phlebotomy rids the body of extra iron. This treatment is simple, inexpensive, and safe. Based on the severity of the iron overload, a patient will have phlebotomy to remove a pint of blood once or twice a week for several months to a year, and occasionally longer.
Below is an instruction from Human. Write a response. ### Instruction: What to do for Hemochromatosis ? ### Response: Iron is an essential nutrient found in many foods. Healthy people usually absorb less than 10 percent of iron in the food they eat.6 People with hemochromatosis absorb up to 30 percent of that iron.6 People with hemochromatosis can help prevent iron overload by
Below is an instruction from Human. Write a response. ### Instruction: What to do for Hemochromatosis ? ### Response: - Hemochromatosis is the most common form of iron overload disease. Too much iron in the body causes hemochromatosis. - Inherited genetic defects cause primary hemochromatosis. - Primary hemochromatosis mainly affects Caucasians of Northern European descent.
Below is an instruction from Human. Write a response. ### Instruction: What is (are) Adrenal Insufficiency and Addison's Disease ? ### Response: Adrenal insufficiency is an endocrine, or hormonal, disorder that occurs when the adrenal glands do not produce enough of certain hormones. The adrenal glands are located just above the kidneys. Adrenal insufficiency can be primary or secondary.
Below is an instruction from Human. Write a response. ### Instruction: What are the symptoms of Adrenal Insufficiency and Addison's Disease ? ### Response: Adrenal Insufficiency The most common symptoms of adrenal insufficiency are - chronic, or long lasting, fatigue - muscle weakness - loss of appetite - weight loss - abdominal pain Other symptoms of adrenal insufficiency can include
Below is an instruction from Human. Write a response. ### Instruction: What are the treatments for Adrenal Insufficiency and Addison's Disease ? ### Response: People with adrenal insufficiency who have weakness, nausea, or vomiting need immediate emergency treatment to prevent an adrenal crisis and possible death. An injection with a synthetic glucocorticoid hormone called a corticosteroid can save a persons life.
Below is an instruction from Human. Write a response. ### Instruction: What causes Adrenal Insufficiency and Addison's Disease ? ### Response: Autoimmune disorders cause most cases of Addisons disease. Infections and medications may also cause the disease. Autoimmune Disorders Up to 80 percent of Addisons disease cases are caused by an autoimmune disorder, which is when the bodys immune system attacks the bodys own cells and organs.
Below is an instruction from Human. Write a response. ### Instruction: What causes Adrenal Insufficiency and Addison's Disease ? ### Response: A lack of CRH or ACTH causes secondary adrenal insufficiency. The lack of these hormones in the body can be traced to several possible sources. Stoppage of Corticosteroid Medication A temporary form of secondary adrenal insufficiency may occur when a person who has been taking a synthetic glucocorticoid hormone, called a corticosteroid, for a long time stops taking the medication.
Below is an instruction from Human. Write a response. ### Instruction: How to diagnose Adrenal Insufficiency and Addison's Disease ? ### Response: In its early stages, adrenal insufficiency can be difficult to diagnose. A health care provider may suspect it after reviewing a persons medical history and symptoms. A diagnosis of adrenal insufficiency is confirmed through hormonal blood and urine tests.
Below is an instruction from Human. Write a response. ### Instruction: How to diagnose Adrenal Insufficiency and Addison's Disease ? ### Response: After Addisons disease is diagnosed, health care providers may use the following tests to look at the adrenal glands, find out whether the disease is related to TB, or identify antibodies associated with autoimmune Addisons disease. - Ultrasound of the abdomen.
Below is an instruction from Human. Write a response. ### Instruction: What are the treatments for Adrenal Insufficiency and Addison's Disease ? ### Response: Adrenal insufficiency is treated by replacing, or substituting, the hormones that the adrenal glands are not making. The dose of each medication is adjusted to meet the needs of the patient. Cortisol is replaced with a corticosteroid, such as hydrocortisone, prednisone, or dexamethasone, taken orally one to three times each day, depending on which medication is chosen.
Below is an instruction from Human. Write a response. ### Instruction: What are the treatments for Adrenal Insufficiency and Addison's Disease ? ### Response: Adrenal crisis is treated with adrenal hormones. People with adrenal crisis need immediate treatment. Any delay can cause death. When people with adrenal crisis are vomiting or unconscious and cannot take their medication, the hormones can be given as an injection.
Below is an instruction from Human. Write a response. ### Instruction: How to prevent Adrenal Insufficiency and Addison's Disease ? ### Response: The following steps can help a person prevent adrenal crisis: - Ask a health care provider about possibly having a shortage of adrenal hormones, if always feeling tired, weak, or losing weight. - Learn how to increase the dose of corticosteroid for adrenal insufficiency when ill.
Below is an instruction from Human. Write a response. ### Instruction: What to do for Adrenal Insufficiency and Addison's Disease ? ### Response: Some people with Addisons disease who are aldosterone deficient can benefit from following a diet rich in sodium. A health care provider or a dietitian can give specific recommendations on appropriate sodium sources and daily sodium guidelines if necessary.
Below is an instruction from Human. Write a response. ### Instruction: What to do for Adrenal Insufficiency and Addison's Disease ? ### Response: - Adrenal insufficiency is an endocrine, or hormonal, disorder that occurs when the adrenal glands do not produce enough of certain hormones. - Addisons disease, the common term for primary adrenal insufficiency, occurs when the adrenal glands are damaged and cannot produce enough of the adrenal hormone cortisol.
Below is an instruction from Human. Write a response. ### Instruction: What is (are) Hypothyroidism ? ### Response: Hypothyroidism is a disorder that occurs when the thyroid gland does not make enough thyroid hormone to meet the bodys needs. Thyroid hormone regulates metabolismthe way the body uses energyand affects nearly every organ in the body. Without enough thyroid hormone, many of the bodys functions slow down.
Below is an instruction from Human. Write a response. ### Instruction: What is (are) Hypothyroidism ? ### Response: The thyroid is a 2-inch-long, butterfly-shaped gland weighing less than 1 ounce. Located in the front of the neck below the larynx, or voice box, it has two lobes, one on each side of the windpipe. The thyroid is one of the glands that make up the endocrine system.
Below is an instruction from Human. Write a response. ### Instruction: What causes Hypothyroidism ? ### Response: Hypothyroidism has several causes, including - Hashimotos disease - thyroiditis, or inflammation of the thyroid - congenital hypothyroidism, or hypothyroidism that is present at birth - surgical removal of part or all of the thyroid - radiation treatment of the thyroid - some medications
Below is an instruction from Human. Write a response. ### Instruction: What are the symptoms of Hypothyroidism ? ### Response: Hypothyroidism has many symptoms that can vary from person to person. Some common symptoms of hypothyroidism are - fatigue - weight gain - a puffy face - cold intolerance - joint and muscle pain - constipation - dry skin - dry, thinning hair - decreased sweating - heavy or irregular menstrual periods and impaired fertility - depression - slowed heart rate
Below is an instruction from Human. Write a response. ### Instruction: How to diagnose Hypothyroidism ? ### Response: Many symptoms of hypothyroidism are the same as those of other diseases, so hypothyroidism usually cannot be diagnosed based on symptoms alone. With suspected hypothyroidism, health care providers take a medical history and perform a thorough physical examination.
Below is an instruction from Human. Write a response. ### Instruction: What are the treatments for Hypothyroidism ? ### Response: Health care providers treat hypothyroidism with synthetic thyroxine, a medication that is identical to the hormone T4. The exact dose will depend on the patients age and weight, the severity of the hypothyroidism, the presence of other health problems, and whether the person is taking other drugs that might interfere with how well the body uses thyroid hormone.
Below is an instruction from Human. Write a response. ### Instruction: What to do for Hypothyroidism ? ### Response: Experts recommend that people eat a balanced diet to obtain most nutrients. More information about diet and nutrition can be found on the National Agricultural Library website at www.nutrition.gov. Dietary Supplements Iodine is an essential mineral for the thyroid.
Below is an instruction from Human. Write a response. ### Instruction: What is (are) Urinary Tract Infection In Adults ? ### Response: A UTI is an infection in the urinary tract. Infections are caused by microbesorganisms too small to be seen without a microscopeincluding fungi, viruses, and bacteria. Bacteria are the most common cause of UTIs. Normally, bacteria that enter the urinary tract are rapidly removed by the body before they cause symptoms.
Below is an instruction from Human. Write a response. ### Instruction: What is (are) Urinary Tract Infection In Adults ? ### Response: The urinary tract is the body's drainage system for removing wastes and extra water. The urinary tract includes two kidneys, two ureters, a bladder, and a urethra. The kidneys are a pair of bean-shaped organs, each about the size of a fist and located below the ribs, one on each side of the spine, toward the middle of the back.
Below is an instruction from Human. Write a response. ### Instruction: What causes Urinary Tract Infection In Adults ? ### Response: Most UTIs are caused by bacteria that live in the bowel. The bacterium Escherichia coli (E. coli) causes the vast majority of UTIs. Microbes called Chlamydia and Mycoplasma can infect the urethra and reproductive system but not the bladder. Chlamydia and Mycoplasma infections may be sexually transmitted and require treatment of sexual partners.
Below is an instruction from Human. Write a response. ### Instruction: How many people are affected by Urinary Tract Infection In Adults ? ### Response: Urinary tract infections are the second most common type of infection in the body, accounting for about 8.1 million visits to health care providers each year.1 Women are especially prone to UTIs for anatomical reasons. One factor is that a womans urethra is shorter, allowing bacteria quicker access to the bladder.
Below is an instruction from Human. Write a response. ### Instruction: Who is at risk for Urinary Tract Infection In Adults? ? ### Response: Although everyone has some risk, some people are more prone to getting UTIs than others. People with spinal cord injuries or other nerve damage around the bladder have difficulty emptying their bladder completely, allowing bacteria to grow in the urine that stays in the bladder.
Below is an instruction from Human. Write a response. ### Instruction: What are the symptoms of Urinary Tract Infection In Adults ? ### Response: Symptoms of a UTI vary by age, gender, and whether a catheter is present. Among young women, UTI symptoms typically include a frequent and intense urge to urinate and a painful, burning feeling in the bladder or urethra during urination. The amount of urine may be very small.
Below is an instruction from Human. Write a response. ### Instruction: How to diagnose Urinary Tract Infection In Adults ? ### Response: To find out whether a person has a UTI, the health care provider will ask about urinary symptoms and then test a sample of urine for the presence of bacteria and white blood cells, which are produced by the body to fight infection. Because bacteria can be found in the urine of healthy individuals, a UTI is diagnosed based both on symptoms and a laboratory test.
Below is an instruction from Human. Write a response. ### Instruction: What are the treatments for Urinary Tract Infection In Adults ? ### Response: Most UTIs are caused by bacteria, which are treated with bacteria-fighting medications called antibiotics or antimicrobials. The choice of medication and length of treatment depend on the patients history and the type of bacteria causing the infection. Some antibiotics may be ruled out if a person has allergies to them.
Below is an instruction from Human. Write a response. ### Instruction: How to prevent Urinary Tract Infection In Adults ? ### Response: Changing some daily habits may help a person prevent recurrent UTIs. Eating, Diet, and Nutrition Drinking lots of fluid can help flush bacteria from the system. Water is best. Most people should try for six to eight, 8-ounce glasses a day.
Below is an instruction from Human. Write a response. ### Instruction: What is (are) Diagnosis of Diabetes and Prediabetes ? ### Response: Diabetes is a complex group of diseases with a variety of causes. People with diabetes have high blood glucose, also called high blood sugar or hyperglycemia. Diabetes is a disorder of metabolismthe way the body uses digested food for energy.
Below is an instruction from Human. Write a response. ### Instruction: What is (are) Diagnosis of Diabetes and Prediabetes ? ### Response: Prediabetes is when blood glucose levels are higher than normal but not high enough for a diagnosis of diabetes. Prediabetes means a person is at increased risk for developing type 2 diabetes, as well as for heart disease and stroke. Many people with prediabetes develop type 2 diabetes within 10 years.
Below is an instruction from Human. Write a response. ### Instruction: How to diagnose Diagnosis of Diabetes and Prediabetes ? ### Response: Blood tests are used to diagnosis diabetes and prediabetes because early in the disease type 2 diabetes may have no symptoms. All diabetes blood tests involve drawing blood at a health care providers office or commercial facility and sending the sample to a lab for analysis.
Below is an instruction from Human. Write a response. ### Instruction: How to diagnose Diagnosis of Diabetes and Prediabetes ? ### Response: Health care providers test for gestational diabetes using the OGTT. Women may be tested during their first visit to the health care provider after becoming pregnant or between 24 to 28 weeks of pregnancy depending on their risk factors and symptoms. Women found to have diabetes at the first visit to the health care provider after becoming pregnant may be diagnosed with type 2 diabetes.
Below is an instruction from Human. Write a response. ### Instruction: How to prevent Diagnosis of Diabetes and Prediabetes ? ### Response: A major research study, the Diabetes Prevention Program (DPP), proved that people with prediabetes were able to sharply reduce their risk of developing diabetes during the study by losing 5 to 7 percent of their body weight through dietary changes and increased physical activity.
Below is an instruction from Human. Write a response. ### Instruction: What are the treatments for Diagnosis of Diabetes and Prediabetes ? ### Response: People can manage their diabetes with meal planning, physical activity, and if needed, medications. More information about taking care of type 1 or type 2 diabetes is provided in the NIDDK health topics: - What I need to know about Diabetes Medicines - What I need to know about Eating and Diabetes - Your Guide to Diabetes: Type 1 and Type 2
Below is an instruction from Human. Write a response. ### Instruction: What to do for Diagnosis of Diabetes and Prediabetes ? ### Response: - Tests used for diagnosing diabetes and prediabetes include the A1C testfor type 2 diabetes and prediabetesthe fasting plasma glucose (FPG) test, and the oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT). Another blood test, the random plasma glucose (RPG) test, is sometimes used to diagnose diabetes when symptoms are present during a regular health checkup.
Below is an instruction from Human. Write a response. ### Instruction: What is (are) Mntriers Disease ? ### Response: Mntriers disease causes the ridges along the inside of the stomach wallcalled rugaeto enlarge, forming giant folds in the stomach lining. The rugae enlarge because of an overgrowth of mucous cells in the stomach wall. In a normal stomach, mucous cells in the rugae release protein-containing mucus.
Below is an instruction from Human. Write a response. ### Instruction: What causes Mntriers Disease ? ### Response: Scientists are unsure about what causes Mntriers disease; however, researchers think that most people acquire, rather than inherit, the disease. In extremely rare cases, siblings have developed Mntriers disease as children, suggesting a genetic link.
Below is an instruction from Human. Write a response. ### Instruction: What causes Mntriers Disease ? ### Response: Scientists are unsure about what causes Mntriers disease; however, researchers think that most people acquire, rather than inherit, the disease. In extremely rare cases, siblings have developed Mntriers disease as children, suggesting a genetic link.
Below is an instruction from Human. Write a response. ### Instruction: How to diagnose Mntriers Disease ? ### Response: Health care providers base the diagnosis of Mntriers disease on a combination of symptoms, lab findings, findings on upper gastrointestinal (GI) endoscopy, and stomach biopsy results. A health care provider will begin the diagnosis of Mntriers disease by taking a patients medical and family history and performing a physical exam.
Below is an instruction from Human. Write a response. ### Instruction: What are the treatments for Mntriers Disease ? ### Response: Treatment may include medications, IV protein, blood transfusions, and surgery. Medications Health care providers may prescribe the anticancer medication cetuximab (Erbitux) to treat Mntriers disease. Studies have shown that cetuximab blocks the activity of epidermal growth factor receptor and can significantly improve a persons symptoms, as well as decrease the thickness of the stomach wall from the overgrowth of mucous cells.
Below is an instruction from Human. Write a response. ### Instruction: What to do for Mntriers Disease ? ### Response: Researchers have not found that eating, diet, and nutrition play a role in causing or preventing Mntriers disease. In some cases, a health care provider may prescribe a high-protein diet to offset the loss of protein due to Mntriers disease. Some people with severe malnutrition may require IV nutrition, which is called total parenteral nutrition (TPN).
Below is an instruction from Human. Write a response. ### Instruction: What to do for Mntriers Disease ? ### Response: - Mntriers disease causes the ridges along the inside of the stomach wallcalled rugaeto enlarge, forming giant folds in the stomach lining. The rugae enlarge because of an overgrowth of mucous cells in the stomach wall. - Scientists are unsure about what causes Mntriers disease; however, researchers think that most people acquire, rather than inherit, the disease.
Below is an instruction from Human. Write a response. ### Instruction: What is (are) Inguinal Hernia ? ### Response: An inguinal hernia happens when contents of the abdomenusually fat or part of the small intestinebulge through a weak area in the lower abdominal wall. The abdomen is the area between the chest and the hips. The area of the lower abdominal wall is also called the inguinal or groin region.
Below is an instruction from Human. Write a response. ### Instruction: What is (are) Inguinal Hernia ? ### Response: The inguinal canal is a passage through the lower abdominal wall. People have two inguinal canalsone on each side of the lower abdomen. In males, the spermatic cords pass through the inguinal canals and connect to the testicles in the scrotumthe sac around the testicles.
Below is an instruction from Human. Write a response. ### Instruction: What causes Inguinal Hernia ? ### Response: The cause of inguinal hernias depends on the type of inguinal hernia. Indirect inguinal hernias. A defect in the abdominal wall that is present at birth causes an indirect inguinal hernia. During the development of the fetus in the womb, the lining of the abdominal cavity forms and extends into the inguinal canal.
Below is an instruction from Human. Write a response. ### Instruction: What are the symptoms of Inguinal Hernia ? ### Response: The first sign of an inguinal hernia is a small bulge on one or, rarely, on both sides of the grointhe area just above the groin crease between the lower abdomen and the thigh. The bulge may increase in size over time and usually disappears when lying down.
Below is an instruction from Human. Write a response. ### Instruction: What are the complications of Inguinal Hernia ? ### Response: Inguinal hernias can cause the following complications: - Incarceration. An incarcerated hernia happens when part of the fat or small intestine from inside the abdomen becomes stuck in the groin or scrotum and cannot go back into the abdomen.
Below is an instruction from Human. Write a response. ### Instruction: How to diagnose Inguinal Hernia ? ### Response: A health care provider diagnoses an inguinal hernia with - a medical and family history - a physical exam - imaging tests, including x rays Medical and family history. Taking a medical and family history may help a health care provider diagnose an inguinal hernia.
Below is an instruction from Human. Write a response. ### Instruction: What are the treatments for Inguinal Hernia ? ### Response: Repair of an inguinal hernia via surgery is the only treatment for inguinal hernias and can prevent incarceration and strangulation. Health care providers recommend surgery for most people with inguinal hernias and especially for people with hernias that cause symptoms.
Below is an instruction from Human. Write a response. ### Instruction: How to prevent Inguinal Hernia ? ### Response: People cannot prevent the weakness in the abdominal wall that causes indirect inguinal hernias. However, people may be able to prevent direct inguinal hernias by maintaining a healthy weight and not smoking. People can keep inguinal hernias from getting worse or keep inguinal hernias from recurring after surgery by
Below is an instruction from Human. Write a response. ### Instruction: What to do for Inguinal Hernia ? ### Response: Researchers have not found that eating, diet, and nutrition play a role in causing inguinal hernias. A person with an inguinal hernia may be able to prevent symptoms by eating high-fiber foods. Fresh fruits, vegetables, and whole grains are high in fiber and may help prevent the constipation and straining that cause some of the painful symptoms of a hernia.
Below is an instruction from Human. Write a response. ### Instruction: What to do for Inguinal Hernia ? ### Response: - An inguinal hernia happens when contents of the abdomenusually fat or part of the small intestinebulge through a weak area in the lower abdominal wall. - A defect in the abdominal wall that is present at birth causes an indirect inguinal hernia. - Direct inguinal hernias usually occur only in male adults as aging and stress or strain weaken the abdominal muscles around the inguinal canal.
Below is an instruction from Human. Write a response. ### Instruction: What is (are) I Can Lower My Risk for Type 2 Diabetes: A Guide for American Indians ? ### Response: Diabetes causes blood glucose levels to be above normal. People with diabetes have problems converting food to energy. After food is eaten, it is broken down into a sugar called glucose. Glucose is then carried by the blood to cells throughout the body. The hormone insulin, made in the pancreas, helps the body change blood glucose into energy.
Below is an instruction from Human. Write a response. ### Instruction: What are the symptoms of I Can Lower My Risk for Type 2 Diabetes: A Guide for American Indians ? ### Response: Many people have no visible signs or symptoms of diabetes. Symptoms can also be so mild that you might not notice them. More than 5 million people in the United States have type 2 diabetes and do not know it. - increased thirst - increased
Below is an instruction from Human. Write a response. ### Instruction: Who is at risk for I Can Lower My Risk for Type 2 Diabetes: A Guide for American Indians? ? ### Response: - My mother had diabetes when I was born. - I am overweight. - I have a parent, brother, or sister with diabetes. - My family background is American Indian. - I have had gestational diabetes, or I gave birth to at least one baby weighing more than 9 pounds.
Below is an instruction from Human. Write a response. ### Instruction: Who is at risk for I Can Lower My Risk for Type 2 Diabetes: A Guide for American Indians? ? ### Response: - Reach and maintain a reasonable body weight. - Make wise food choices most of the time. - Be physically active every day. - Take your prescribed medicines. Doing these things can reduce your risk of developing type 2 diabetes. Keeping your blood pressure and cholesterol on target also helps you stay healthy.
Below is an instruction from Human. Write a response. ### Instruction: How to diagnose Treatment Methods for Kidney Failure: Hemodialysis ? ### Response: About once a month, your dialysis care team will test your blood by using one of two formulasURR or Kt/Vto see whether your treatments are removing enough wastes. Both tests look at one specific waste product, called blood urea nitrogen (BUN), as an indicator for the overall level of waste products in your system.
Below is an instruction from Human. Write a response. ### Instruction: What are the treatments for Treatment Methods for Kidney Failure: Hemodialysis ? ### Response: Your kidneys do much more than remove wastes and extra fluid. They also make hormones and balance chemicals in your system. When your kidneys stop working, you may have problems with anemia and conditions that affect your bones, nerves, and skin. Some of the more common conditions caused by kidney failure are extreme tiredness, bone problems, joint problems, itching, and "restless legs.
Below is an instruction from Human. Write a response. ### Instruction: What is (are) Insulin Resistance and Prediabetes ? ### Response: Insulin is a hormone made in the pancreas, an organ located behind the stomach. The pancreas contains clusters of cells called islets. Beta cells within the islets make insulin and release it into the blood. Insulin plays a major role in metabolismthe way the body uses digested food for energy.
Below is an instruction from Human. Write a response. ### Instruction: What is (are) Insulin Resistance and Prediabetes ? ### Response: Insulin resistance is a condition in which the body produces insulin but does not use it effectively. When people have insulin resistance, glucose builds up in the blood instead of being absorbed by the cells, leading to type 2 diabetes or prediabetes.
Below is an instruction from Human. Write a response. ### Instruction: What causes Insulin Resistance and Prediabetes ? ### Response: Although the exact causes of insulin resistance are not completely understood, scientists think the major contributors to insulin resistance are excess weight and physical inactivity. Excess Weight Some experts believe obesity, especially excess fat around the waist, is a primary cause of insulin resistance.
Below is an instruction from Human. Write a response. ### Instruction: What is (are) Insulin Resistance and Prediabetes ? ### Response: Prediabetes is a condition in which blood glucose or A1C levelswhich reflect average blood glucose levelsare higher than normal but not high enough for a diagnosis of diabetes. Prediabetes is becoming more common in the United States. The U.S. Department of Health and Human Services estimates that at least 86 million U.
Below is an instruction from Human. Write a response. ### Instruction: What are the symptoms of Insulin Resistance and Prediabetes ? ### Response: Insulin resistance and prediabetes usually have no symptoms. People may have one or both conditions for several years without knowing they have them. Even without symptoms, health care providers can identify people at high risk by their physical characteristics, also known as risk factors.
Below is an instruction from Human. Write a response. ### Instruction: What is (are) Insulin Resistance and Prediabetes ? ### Response: Metabolic syndrome, also called insulin resistance syndrome, is a group of traits and medical conditions linked to overweight and obesity that puts people at risk for both CVD and type 2 diabetes. Metabolic syndrome is defined* as the presence of any three of the following2:
Below is an instruction from Human. Write a response. ### Instruction: How to diagnose Insulin Resistance and Prediabetes ? ### Response: Health care providers use blood tests to determine whether a person has prediabetes, but they do not usually test specifically for insulin resistance. Insulin resistance can be assessed by measuring the level of insulin in the blood. However, the test that most accurately measures insulin resistance, called the euglycemic clamp, is too costly and complicated to be used in most health care providers' offices.
Below is an instruction from Human. Write a response. ### Instruction: What to do for Insulin Resistance and Prediabetes ? ### Response: Adopting healthy eating habits can help people lose a modest amount of weight and reverse insulin resistance. Experts encourage people to slowly adopt healthy eating habits that they can maintain, rather than trying extreme weight-loss solutions. People may need to get help from a dietitian or join a weight-loss program for support.
Below is an instruction from Human. Write a response. ### Instruction: What to do for Insulin Resistance and Prediabetes ? ### Response: - Insulin is a hormone that helps cells throughout the body absorb glucose and use it for energy. Insulin resistance is a condition in which the body produces insulin but does not use it effectively. - Insulin resistance increases the risk of developing type 2 diabetes and prediabetes.
Below is an instruction from Human. Write a response. ### Instruction: What is (are) Amyloidosis and Kidney Disease ? ### Response: Amyloidosis is a rare disease that occurs when amyloid proteins are deposited in tissues and organs. Amyloid proteins are abnormal proteins that the body cannot break down and recycle, as it does with normal proteins. When amyloid proteins clump together, they form amyloid deposits.
Below is an instruction from Human. Write a response. ### Instruction: What is (are) Amyloidosis and Kidney Disease ? ### Response: The kidneys are two bean-shaped organs, each about the size of a fist. They are located just below the rib cage, one on each side of the spine. Every day, the two kidneys filter about 120 to 150 quarts of blood to produce about 1 to 2 quarts of urine, composed of wastes and extra fluid.
Below is an instruction from Human. Write a response. ### Instruction: What is (are) Amyloidosis and Kidney Disease ? ### Response: Primary amyloidosis and dialysis-related amyloidosis are the types of amyloidosis that can affect the kidneys. Primary Amyloidosis of the Kidneys The kidneys are the organs most commonly affected by primary amyloidosis. Amyloid deposits damage the kidneys and make it harder for them to filter wastes and break down proteins.
Below is an instruction from Human. Write a response. ### Instruction: What are the symptoms of Amyloidosis and Kidney Disease ? ### Response: The most common sign of primary amyloidosis of the kidneys is nephrotic syndromea collection of signs that indicate kidney damage. The signs of nephrotic syndrome include - albuminuriaan increased amount of albumin, a protein, in the urine.
Below is an instruction from Human. Write a response. ### Instruction: What are the symptoms of Amyloidosis and Kidney Disease ? ### Response: The symptoms of dialysis-related amyloidosis may include - pain, stiffness, and fluid in the joints. - abnormal, fluid-containing sacs, called cysts, in some bones. - carpal tunnel syndrome, caused by unusual buildup of amyloid proteins in the wrists.
Below is an instruction from Human. Write a response. ### Instruction: How to diagnose Amyloidosis and Kidney Disease ? ### Response: A health care provider diagnoses primary amyloidosis of the kidneys with - a medical and family history - a physical exam - urinalysis - blood tests - a kidney biopsy Medical and Family History Taking a medical and family history may help a health care provider diagnose amyloidosis of the kidneys.
Below is an instruction from Human. Write a response. ### Instruction: How to diagnose Amyloidosis and Kidney Disease ? ### Response: A health care provider diagnoses dialysis-related amyloidosis with - urinalysis - blood tests - imaging tests A health care provider can use urinalysis and blood tests to detect the amount of amyloid proteins in urine and blood.
Below is an instruction from Human. Write a response. ### Instruction: What are the treatments for Amyloidosis and Kidney Disease ? ### Response: A health care provider treats primary amyloidosis of the kidneys with the following: - medication therapy, including chemotherapy - a stem cell transplant - treating other conditions Medication therapy. The goal of medication therapy, including chemotherapy, is to reduce amyloid protein levels in the blood.
Below is an instruction from Human. Write a response. ### Instruction: What are the treatments for Amyloidosis and Kidney Disease ? ### Response: A health care provider treats dialysis-related amyloidosis with - medication therapy - newer, more effective hemodialysis filters - surgery - a kidney transplant The goal of medication therapy and the use of newer, more effective hemodialysis filters is to reduce amyloid protein levels in the blood.
Below is an instruction from Human. Write a response. ### Instruction: What to do for Amyloidosis and Kidney Disease ? ### Response: - Amyloidosis is a rare disease that occurs when amyloid proteins are deposited in tissues and organs. - Primary amyloidosis and dialysis-related amyloidosis are the types of amyloidosis that can affect the kidneys. - The most common sign of primary amyloidosis of the kidneys is nephrotic syndrome.
Below is an instruction from Human. Write a response. ### Instruction: What are the treatments for What I need to know about Living with Kidney Failure ? ### Response: Kidney failure means your kidneys no longer work well enough to do their job. You need treatment to replace the work your damaged kidneys have stopped doing. The treatments for kidney failure are - hemodialysis - peritoneal dialysis - a kidney transplant
Below is an instruction from Human. Write a response. ### Instruction: What are the treatments for What I need to know about Living with Kidney Failure ? ### Response: Learning about different treatments for kidney failure will help you choose the one that best fits your lifestyle. Talk with your doctor and people on hemodialysis or peritoneal dialysis to learn about the pros and cons of each treatment. Ask your doctor about the transplant waiting list and about medicines required after a transplant.
Below is an instruction from Human. Write a response. ### Instruction: What to do for What I need to know about Living with Kidney Failure ? ### Response: Eating the right foods can help you feel better when you are on dialysis or have a kidney transplant. Staying healthy with kidney failure requires watching how much of these elements are included in your diet: - Protein is in many foods you eat.
Below is an instruction from Human. Write a response. ### Instruction: What to do for What I need to know about Living with Kidney Failure ? ### Response: - Kidney failure means your kidneys no longer work well enough to do their job. - Learning about treatments for kidney failure will help you choose the one that best fits your lifestyle. - Many people with kidney failure continue to work. - Physical activity is an important part of staying healthy when you have kidney failure.
Below is an instruction from Human. Write a response. ### Instruction: What is (are) Diverticular Disease ? ### Response: Diverticular disease is a condition that occurs when a person has problems from small pouches, or sacs, that have formed and pushed outward through weak spots in the colon wall. Each pouch is called a diverticulum. Multiple pouches are called diverticula.
Below is an instruction from Human. Write a response. ### Instruction: What is (are) Diverticular Disease ? ### Response: When a person has diverticula that do not cause diverticulitis or diverticular bleeding, the condition is called diverticulosis. Most people with diverticulosis do not have symptoms. Some people with diverticulosis have constipation or diarrhea. People may also have chronic
Below is an instruction from Human. Write a response. ### Instruction: What causes Diverticular Disease ? ### Response: Scientists are not certain what causes diverticulosis and diverticular disease. For more than 50 years, the most widely accepted theory was that a low-fiber diet led to diverticulosis and diverticular disease. Diverticulosis and diverticular disease were first noticed in the United States in the early 1900s, around the time processed foods were introduced into the American diet.
Below is an instruction from Human. Write a response. ### Instruction: What is (are) Diverticular Disease ? ### Response: Fiber is a substance in foods that comes from plants. Fiber helps soften stool so it moves smoothly through the colon and is easier to pass. Soluble fiber dissolves in water and is found in beans, fruit, and oat products. Insoluble fiber does not dissolve in water and is found in whole-grain products and vegetables.
Below is an instruction from Human. Write a response. ### Instruction: Who is at risk for Diverticular Disease? ? ### Response: Diverticulosis becomes more common as people age, particularly in people older than age 50.3 Some people with diverticulosis develop diverticulitis, and the number of cases is increasing. Although diverticular disease is generally thought to be a condition found in older adults, it is becoming more common in people younger than age 50, most of whom are male.
Below is an instruction from Human. Write a response. ### Instruction: What are the symptoms of Diverticular Disease ? ### Response: People with diverticulitis may have many symptoms, the most common of which is pain in the lower left side of the abdomen. The pain is usually severe and comes on suddenly, though it can also be mild and then worsen over several days. The intensity of the pain can fluctuate.
Below is an instruction from Human. Write a response. ### Instruction: How to diagnose Diverticular Disease ? ### Response: Diverticulosis Health care providers often find diverticulosis during a routine x ray or a colonoscopy, a test used to look inside the rectum and entire colon to screen for colon cancer or polyps or to evaluate the source of rectal bleeding.
Below is an instruction from Human. Write a response. ### Instruction: What are the treatments for Diverticular Disease ? ### Response: A health care provider may treat the symptoms of diverticulosis with a high-fiber diet or fiber supplements, medications, and possibly probiotics. Treatment for diverticular disease varies, depending on whether a person has diverticulitis or diverticular bleeding.
Below is an instruction from Human. Write a response. ### Instruction: What to do for Diverticular Disease ? ### Response: The Dietary Guidelines for Americans, 2010, recommends a dietary fiber intake of 14 grams per 1,000 calories consumed. For instance, for a 2,000-calorie diet, the fiber recommendation is 28 grams per day. The amount of fiber in a food is listed on the foods nutrition facts label.
Below is an instruction from Human. Write a response. ### Instruction: What to do for Diverticular Disease ? ### Response: - Diverticular disease is a condition that occurs when a person has problems from small pouches, or sacs, that have formed and pushed outward through weak spots in the colon wall. The problems that occur with diverticular disease include diverticulitis and diverticular bleeding.
Below is an instruction from Human. Write a response. ### Instruction: What is (are) Intestinal Pseudo-obstruction ? ### Response: Intestinal pseudo-obstruction is a rare condition with symptoms that resemble those caused by a blockage, or obstruction, of the intestines, also called the bowel. However, when a health care provider examines the intestines, no blockage exists. Instead, the symptoms are due to nerve or muscle problems that affect the movement of food, fluid, and air through the intestines.
Below is an instruction from Human. Write a response. ### Instruction: What causes Intestinal Pseudo-obstruction ? ### Response: Problems with nerves, muscles, or interstitial cells of Cajal cause intestinal pseudo-obstruction. Interstitial cells of Cajal are called pacemaker cells because they set the pace of intestinal contractions. These cells convey messages from nerves to muscles.
Below is an instruction from Human. Write a response. ### Instruction: What are the symptoms of Intestinal Pseudo-obstruction ? ### Response: Intestinal pseudo-obstruction symptoms may include - abdominal swelling or bloating, also called distension - abdominal pain - nausea - vomiting - constipation - diarrhea Over time, the condition can cause malnutrition, bacterial overgrowth in the intestines, and weight loss.
Below is an instruction from Human. Write a response. ### Instruction: How to diagnose Intestinal Pseudo-obstruction ? ### Response: To diagnose intestinal pseudo-obstruction, a health care provider may suggest the person consult a gastroenterologista doctor who specializes in digestive diseases. A health care provider will perform a physical exam; take a complete medical history, imaging studies, and a biopsy; and perform blood tests.

Below is an instruction from Human. Write a response. ### Instruction: What are the complications of Hemochromatosis ? ### Response: Without treatment, iron may build up in the organs and cause complications, including - cirrhosis, or scarring of liver tissue - diabetes - irregular heart rhythms or weakening of the heart muscle - arthritis - erectile dysfunction

Below is an instruction from Human. Write a response. ### Instruction: How to diagnose Hemochromatosis ? ### Response: Health care providers use medical and family history, a physical exam, and routine blood tests to diagnose hemochromatosis or other conditions that could cause the same symptoms or complications. - Medical and family history. Taking a medical and family history is one of the first things a health care provider may do to help diagnose hemochromatosis.

Below is an instruction from Human. Write a response. ### Instruction: What are the treatments for Hemochromatosis ? ### Response: Health care providers treat hemochromatosis by drawing blood. This process is called phlebotomy. Phlebotomy rids the body of extra iron. This treatment is simple, inexpensive, and safe. Based on the severity of the iron overload, a patient will have phlebotomy to remove a pint of blood once or twice a week for several months to a year, and occasionally longer.

Below is an instruction from Human. Write a response. ### Instruction: What to do for Hemochromatosis ? ### Response: Iron is an essential nutrient found in many foods. Healthy people usually absorb less than 10 percent of iron in the food they eat.6 People with hemochromatosis absorb up to 30 percent of that iron.6 People with hemochromatosis can help prevent iron overload by

Below is an instruction from Human. Write a response. ### Instruction: What to do for Hemochromatosis ? ### Response: - Hemochromatosis is the most common form of iron overload disease. Too much iron in the body causes hemochromatosis. - Inherited genetic defects cause primary hemochromatosis. - Primary hemochromatosis mainly affects Caucasians of Northern European descent.

Below is an instruction from Human. Write a response. ### Instruction: What is (are) Adrenal Insufficiency and Addison's Disease ? ### Response: Adrenal insufficiency is an endocrine, or hormonal, disorder that occurs when the adrenal glands do not produce enough of certain hormones. The adrenal glands are located just above the kidneys. Adrenal insufficiency can be primary or secondary.

Below is an instruction from Human. Write a response. ### Instruction: What are the symptoms of Adrenal Insufficiency and Addison's Disease ? ### Response: Adrenal Insufficiency The most common symptoms of adrenal insufficiency are - chronic, or long lasting, fatigue - muscle weakness - loss of appetite - weight loss - abdominal pain Other symptoms of adrenal insufficiency can include

Below is an instruction from Human. Write a response. ### Instruction: What are the treatments for Adrenal Insufficiency and Addison's Disease ? ### Response: People with adrenal insufficiency who have weakness, nausea, or vomiting need immediate emergency treatment to prevent an adrenal crisis and possible death. An injection with a synthetic glucocorticoid hormone called a corticosteroid can save a persons life.

Below is an instruction from Human. Write a response. ### Instruction: What causes Adrenal Insufficiency and Addison's Disease ? ### Response: Autoimmune disorders cause most cases of Addisons disease. Infections and medications may also cause the disease. Autoimmune Disorders Up to 80 percent of Addisons disease cases are caused by an autoimmune disorder, which is when the bodys immune system attacks the bodys own cells and organs.

Below is an instruction from Human. Write a response. ### Instruction: What causes Adrenal Insufficiency and Addison's Disease ? ### Response: A lack of CRH or ACTH causes secondary adrenal insufficiency. The lack of these hormones in the body can be traced to several possible sources. Stoppage of Corticosteroid Medication A temporary form of secondary adrenal insufficiency may occur when a person who has been taking a synthetic glucocorticoid hormone, called a corticosteroid, for a long time stops taking the medication.

Below is an instruction from Human. Write a response. ### Instruction: How to diagnose Adrenal Insufficiency and Addison's Disease ? ### Response: In its early stages, adrenal insufficiency can be difficult to diagnose. A health care provider may suspect it after reviewing a persons medical history and symptoms. A diagnosis of adrenal insufficiency is confirmed through hormonal blood and urine tests.

Below is an instruction from Human. Write a response. ### Instruction: How to diagnose Adrenal Insufficiency and Addison's Disease ? ### Response: After Addisons disease is diagnosed, health care providers may use the following tests to look at the adrenal glands, find out whether the disease is related to TB, or identify antibodies associated with autoimmune Addisons disease. - Ultrasound of the abdomen.

Below is an instruction from Human. Write a response. ### Instruction: What are the treatments for Adrenal Insufficiency and Addison's Disease ? ### Response: Adrenal insufficiency is treated by replacing, or substituting, the hormones that the adrenal glands are not making. The dose of each medication is adjusted to meet the needs of the patient. Cortisol is replaced with a corticosteroid, such as hydrocortisone, prednisone, or dexamethasone, taken orally one to three times each day, depending on which medication is chosen.

Below is an instruction from Human. Write a response. ### Instruction: What are the treatments for Adrenal Insufficiency and Addison's Disease ? ### Response: Adrenal crisis is treated with adrenal hormones. People with adrenal crisis need immediate treatment. Any delay can cause death. When people with adrenal crisis are vomiting or unconscious and cannot take their medication, the hormones can be given as an injection.

Below is an instruction from Human. Write a response. ### Instruction: How to prevent Adrenal Insufficiency and Addison's Disease ? ### Response: The following steps can help a person prevent adrenal crisis: - Ask a health care provider about possibly having a shortage of adrenal hormones, if always feeling tired, weak, or losing weight. - Learn how to increase the dose of corticosteroid for adrenal insufficiency when ill.

Below is an instruction from Human. Write a response. ### Instruction: What to do for Adrenal Insufficiency and Addison's Disease ? ### Response: Some people with Addisons disease who are aldosterone deficient can benefit from following a diet rich in sodium. A health care provider or a dietitian can give specific recommendations on appropriate sodium sources and daily sodium guidelines if necessary.

Below is an instruction from Human. Write a response. ### Instruction: What to do for Adrenal Insufficiency and Addison's Disease ? ### Response: - Adrenal insufficiency is an endocrine, or hormonal, disorder that occurs when the adrenal glands do not produce enough of certain hormones. - Addisons disease, the common term for primary adrenal insufficiency, occurs when the adrenal glands are damaged and cannot produce enough of the adrenal hormone cortisol.

Below is an instruction from Human. Write a response. ### Instruction: What is (are) Hypothyroidism ? ### Response: Hypothyroidism is a disorder that occurs when the thyroid gland does not make enough thyroid hormone to meet the bodys needs. Thyroid hormone regulates metabolismthe way the body uses energyand affects nearly every organ in the body. Without enough thyroid hormone, many of the bodys functions slow down.

Below is an instruction from Human. Write a response. ### Instruction: What is (are) Hypothyroidism ? ### Response: The thyroid is a 2-inch-long, butterfly-shaped gland weighing less than 1 ounce. Located in the front of the neck below the larynx, or voice box, it has two lobes, one on each side of the windpipe. The thyroid is one of the glands that make up the endocrine system.

Below is an instruction from Human. Write a response. ### Instruction: What causes Hypothyroidism ? ### Response: Hypothyroidism has several causes, including - Hashimotos disease - thyroiditis, or inflammation of the thyroid - congenital hypothyroidism, or hypothyroidism that is present at birth - surgical removal of part or all of the thyroid - radiation treatment of the thyroid - some medications

Below is an instruction from Human. Write a response. ### Instruction: What are the symptoms of Hypothyroidism ? ### Response: Hypothyroidism has many symptoms that can vary from person to person. Some common symptoms of hypothyroidism are - fatigue - weight gain - a puffy face - cold intolerance - joint and muscle pain - constipation - dry skin - dry, thinning hair - decreased sweating - heavy or irregular menstrual periods and impaired fertility - depression - slowed heart rate

Below is an instruction from Human. Write a response. ### Instruction: How to diagnose Hypothyroidism ? ### Response: Many symptoms of hypothyroidism are the same as those of other diseases, so hypothyroidism usually cannot be diagnosed based on symptoms alone. With suspected hypothyroidism, health care providers take a medical history and perform a thorough physical examination.

Below is an instruction from Human. Write a response. ### Instruction: What are the treatments for Hypothyroidism ? ### Response: Health care providers treat hypothyroidism with synthetic thyroxine, a medication that is identical to the hormone T4. The exact dose will depend on the patients age and weight, the severity of the hypothyroidism, the presence of other health problems, and whether the person is taking other drugs that might interfere with how well the body uses thyroid hormone.

Below is an instruction from Human. Write a response. ### Instruction: What to do for Hypothyroidism ? ### Response: Experts recommend that people eat a balanced diet to obtain most nutrients. More information about diet and nutrition can be found on the National Agricultural Library website at www.nutrition.gov. Dietary Supplements Iodine is an essential mineral for the thyroid.

Below is an instruction from Human. Write a response. ### Instruction: What is (are) Urinary Tract Infection In Adults ? ### Response: A UTI is an infection in the urinary tract. Infections are caused by microbesorganisms too small to be seen without a microscopeincluding fungi, viruses, and bacteria. Bacteria are the most common cause of UTIs. Normally, bacteria that enter the urinary tract are rapidly removed by the body before they cause symptoms.

Below is an instruction from Human. Write a response. ### Instruction: What is (are) Urinary Tract Infection In Adults ? ### Response: The urinary tract is the body's drainage system for removing wastes and extra water. The urinary tract includes two kidneys, two ureters, a bladder, and a urethra. The kidneys are a pair of bean-shaped organs, each about the size of a fist and located below the ribs, one on each side of the spine, toward the middle of the back.

Below is an instruction from Human. Write a response. ### Instruction: What causes Urinary Tract Infection In Adults ? ### Response: Most UTIs are caused by bacteria that live in the bowel. The bacterium Escherichia coli (E. coli) causes the vast majority of UTIs. Microbes called Chlamydia and Mycoplasma can infect the urethra and reproductive system but not the bladder. Chlamydia and Mycoplasma infections may be sexually transmitted and require treatment of sexual partners.

Below is an instruction from Human. Write a response. ### Instruction: How many people are affected by Urinary Tract Infection In Adults ? ### Response: Urinary tract infections are the second most common type of infection in the body, accounting for about 8.1 million visits to health care providers each year.1 Women are especially prone to UTIs for anatomical reasons. One factor is that a womans urethra is shorter, allowing bacteria quicker access to the bladder.

Below is an instruction from Human. Write a response. ### Instruction: Who is at risk for Urinary Tract Infection In Adults? ? ### Response: Although everyone has some risk, some people are more prone to getting UTIs than others. People with spinal cord injuries or other nerve damage around the bladder have difficulty emptying their bladder completely, allowing bacteria to grow in the urine that stays in the bladder.

Below is an instruction from Human. Write a response. ### Instruction: What are the symptoms of Urinary Tract Infection In Adults ? ### Response: Symptoms of a UTI vary by age, gender, and whether a catheter is present. Among young women, UTI symptoms typically include a frequent and intense urge to urinate and a painful, burning feeling in the bladder or urethra during urination. The amount of urine may be very small.

Below is an instruction from Human. Write a response. ### Instruction: How to diagnose Urinary Tract Infection In Adults ? ### Response: To find out whether a person has a UTI, the health care provider will ask about urinary symptoms and then test a sample of urine for the presence of bacteria and white blood cells, which are produced by the body to fight infection. Because bacteria can be found in the urine of healthy individuals, a UTI is diagnosed based both on symptoms and a laboratory test.

Below is an instruction from Human. Write a response. ### Instruction: What are the treatments for Urinary Tract Infection In Adults ? ### Response: Most UTIs are caused by bacteria, which are treated with bacteria-fighting medications called antibiotics or antimicrobials. The choice of medication and length of treatment depend on the patients history and the type of bacteria causing the infection. Some antibiotics may be ruled out if a person has allergies to them.

Below is an instruction from Human. Write a response. ### Instruction: How to prevent Urinary Tract Infection In Adults ? ### Response: Changing some daily habits may help a person prevent recurrent UTIs. Eating, Diet, and Nutrition Drinking lots of fluid can help flush bacteria from the system. Water is best. Most people should try for six to eight, 8-ounce glasses a day.

Below is an instruction from Human. Write a response. ### Instruction: What is (are) Diagnosis of Diabetes and Prediabetes ? ### Response: Diabetes is a complex group of diseases with a variety of causes. People with diabetes have high blood glucose, also called high blood sugar or hyperglycemia. Diabetes is a disorder of metabolismthe way the body uses digested food for energy.

Below is an instruction from Human. Write a response. ### Instruction: What is (are) Diagnosis of Diabetes and Prediabetes ? ### Response: Prediabetes is when blood glucose levels are higher than normal but not high enough for a diagnosis of diabetes. Prediabetes means a person is at increased risk for developing type 2 diabetes, as well as for heart disease and stroke. Many people with prediabetes develop type 2 diabetes within 10 years.

Below is an instruction from Human. Write a response. ### Instruction: How to diagnose Diagnosis of Diabetes and Prediabetes ? ### Response: Blood tests are used to diagnosis diabetes and prediabetes because early in the disease type 2 diabetes may have no symptoms. All diabetes blood tests involve drawing blood at a health care providers office or commercial facility and sending the sample to a lab for analysis.

Below is an instruction from Human. Write a response. ### Instruction: How to diagnose Diagnosis of Diabetes and Prediabetes ? ### Response: Health care providers test for gestational diabetes using the OGTT. Women may be tested during their first visit to the health care provider after becoming pregnant or between 24 to 28 weeks of pregnancy depending on their risk factors and symptoms. Women found to have diabetes at the first visit to the health care provider after becoming pregnant may be diagnosed with type 2 diabetes.

Below is an instruction from Human. Write a response. ### Instruction: How to prevent Diagnosis of Diabetes and Prediabetes ? ### Response: A major research study, the Diabetes Prevention Program (DPP), proved that people with prediabetes were able to sharply reduce their risk of developing diabetes during the study by losing 5 to 7 percent of their body weight through dietary changes and increased physical activity.

Below is an instruction from Human. Write a response. ### Instruction: What are the treatments for Diagnosis of Diabetes and Prediabetes ? ### Response: People can manage their diabetes with meal planning, physical activity, and if needed, medications. More information about taking care of type 1 or type 2 diabetes is provided in the NIDDK health topics: - What I need to know about Diabetes Medicines - What I need to know about Eating and Diabetes - Your Guide to Diabetes: Type 1 and Type 2

Below is an instruction from Human. Write a response. ### Instruction: What to do for Diagnosis of Diabetes and Prediabetes ? ### Response: - Tests used for diagnosing diabetes and prediabetes include the A1C testfor type 2 diabetes and prediabetesthe fasting plasma glucose (FPG) test, and the oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT). Another blood test, the random plasma glucose (RPG) test, is sometimes used to diagnose diabetes when symptoms are present during a regular health checkup.

Below is an instruction from Human. Write a response. ### Instruction: What is (are) Mntriers Disease ? ### Response: Mntriers disease causes the ridges along the inside of the stomach wallcalled rugaeto enlarge, forming giant folds in the stomach lining. The rugae enlarge because of an overgrowth of mucous cells in the stomach wall. In a normal stomach, mucous cells in the rugae release protein-containing mucus.

Below is an instruction from Human. Write a response. ### Instruction: What causes Mntriers Disease ? ### Response: Scientists are unsure about what causes Mntriers disease; however, researchers think that most people acquire, rather than inherit, the disease. In extremely rare cases, siblings have developed Mntriers disease as children, suggesting a genetic link.

Below is an instruction from Human. Write a response. ### Instruction: How to diagnose Mntriers Disease ? ### Response: Health care providers base the diagnosis of Mntriers disease on a combination of symptoms, lab findings, findings on upper gastrointestinal (GI) endoscopy, and stomach biopsy results. A health care provider will begin the diagnosis of Mntriers disease by taking a patients medical and family history and performing a physical exam.

Below is an instruction from Human. Write a response. ### Instruction: What are the treatments for Mntriers Disease ? ### Response: Treatment may include medications, IV protein, blood transfusions, and surgery. Medications Health care providers may prescribe the anticancer medication cetuximab (Erbitux) to treat Mntriers disease. Studies have shown that cetuximab blocks the activity of epidermal growth factor receptor and can significantly improve a persons symptoms, as well as decrease the thickness of the stomach wall from the overgrowth of mucous cells.

Below is an instruction from Human. Write a response. ### Instruction: What to do for Mntriers Disease ? ### Response: Researchers have not found that eating, diet, and nutrition play a role in causing or preventing Mntriers disease. In some cases, a health care provider may prescribe a high-protein diet to offset the loss of protein due to Mntriers disease. Some people with severe malnutrition may require IV nutrition, which is called total parenteral nutrition (TPN).

Below is an instruction from Human. Write a response. ### Instruction: What to do for Mntriers Disease ? ### Response: - Mntriers disease causes the ridges along the inside of the stomach wallcalled rugaeto enlarge, forming giant folds in the stomach lining. The rugae enlarge because of an overgrowth of mucous cells in the stomach wall. - Scientists are unsure about what causes Mntriers disease; however, researchers think that most people acquire, rather than inherit, the disease.

Below is an instruction from Human. Write a response. ### Instruction: What is (are) Inguinal Hernia ? ### Response: An inguinal hernia happens when contents of the abdomenusually fat or part of the small intestinebulge through a weak area in the lower abdominal wall. The abdomen is the area between the chest and the hips. The area of the lower abdominal wall is also called the inguinal or groin region.

Below is an instruction from Human. Write a response. ### Instruction: What is (are) Inguinal Hernia ? ### Response: The inguinal canal is a passage through the lower abdominal wall. People have two inguinal canalsone on each side of the lower abdomen. In males, the spermatic cords pass through the inguinal canals and connect to the testicles in the scrotumthe sac around the testicles.

Below is an instruction from Human. Write a response. ### Instruction: What causes Inguinal Hernia ? ### Response: The cause of inguinal hernias depends on the type of inguinal hernia. Indirect inguinal hernias. A defect in the abdominal wall that is present at birth causes an indirect inguinal hernia. During the development of the fetus in the womb, the lining of the abdominal cavity forms and extends into the inguinal canal.

Below is an instruction from Human. Write a response. ### Instruction: What are the symptoms of Inguinal Hernia ? ### Response: The first sign of an inguinal hernia is a small bulge on one or, rarely, on both sides of the grointhe area just above the groin crease between the lower abdomen and the thigh. The bulge may increase in size over time and usually disappears when lying down.

Below is an instruction from Human. Write a response. ### Instruction: What are the complications of Inguinal Hernia ? ### Response: Inguinal hernias can cause the following complications: - Incarceration. An incarcerated hernia happens when part of the fat or small intestine from inside the abdomen becomes stuck in the groin or scrotum and cannot go back into the abdomen.

Below is an instruction from Human. Write a response. ### Instruction: How to diagnose Inguinal Hernia ? ### Response: A health care provider diagnoses an inguinal hernia with - a medical and family history - a physical exam - imaging tests, including x rays Medical and family history. Taking a medical and family history may help a health care provider diagnose an inguinal hernia.

Below is an instruction from Human. Write a response. ### Instruction: What are the treatments for Inguinal Hernia ? ### Response: Repair of an inguinal hernia via surgery is the only treatment for inguinal hernias and can prevent incarceration and strangulation. Health care providers recommend surgery for most people with inguinal hernias and especially for people with hernias that cause symptoms.

Below is an instruction from Human. Write a response. ### Instruction: How to prevent Inguinal Hernia ? ### Response: People cannot prevent the weakness in the abdominal wall that causes indirect inguinal hernias. However, people may be able to prevent direct inguinal hernias by maintaining a healthy weight and not smoking. People can keep inguinal hernias from getting worse or keep inguinal hernias from recurring after surgery by

Below is an instruction from Human. Write a response. ### Instruction: What to do for Inguinal Hernia ? ### Response: Researchers have not found that eating, diet, and nutrition play a role in causing inguinal hernias. A person with an inguinal hernia may be able to prevent symptoms by eating high-fiber foods. Fresh fruits, vegetables, and whole grains are high in fiber and may help prevent the constipation and straining that cause some of the painful symptoms of a hernia.

Below is an instruction from Human. Write a response. ### Instruction: What to do for Inguinal Hernia ? ### Response: - An inguinal hernia happens when contents of the abdomenusually fat or part of the small intestinebulge through a weak area in the lower abdominal wall. - A defect in the abdominal wall that is present at birth causes an indirect inguinal hernia. - Direct inguinal hernias usually occur only in male adults as aging and stress or strain weaken the abdominal muscles around the inguinal canal.

Below is an instruction from Human. Write a response. ### Instruction: What is (are) I Can Lower My Risk for Type 2 Diabetes: A Guide for American Indians ? ### Response: Diabetes causes blood glucose levels to be above normal. People with diabetes have problems converting food to energy. After food is eaten, it is broken down into a sugar called glucose. Glucose is then carried by the blood to cells throughout the body. The hormone insulin, made in the pancreas, helps the body change blood glucose into energy.

Below is an instruction from Human. Write a response. ### Instruction: What are the symptoms of I Can Lower My Risk for Type 2 Diabetes: A Guide for American Indians ? ### Response: Many people have no visible signs or symptoms of diabetes. Symptoms can also be so mild that you might not notice them. More than 5 million people in the United States have type 2 diabetes and do not know it. - increased thirst - increased

Below is an instruction from Human. Write a response. ### Instruction: Who is at risk for I Can Lower My Risk for Type 2 Diabetes: A Guide for American Indians? ? ### Response: - My mother had diabetes when I was born. - I am overweight. - I have a parent, brother, or sister with diabetes. - My family background is American Indian. - I have had gestational diabetes, or I gave birth to at least one baby weighing more than 9 pounds.

Below is an instruction from Human. Write a response. ### Instruction: Who is at risk for I Can Lower My Risk for Type 2 Diabetes: A Guide for American Indians? ? ### Response: - Reach and maintain a reasonable body weight. - Make wise food choices most of the time. - Be physically active every day. - Take your prescribed medicines. Doing these things can reduce your risk of developing type 2 diabetes. Keeping your blood pressure and cholesterol on target also helps you stay healthy.

Below is an instruction from Human. Write a response. ### Instruction: How to diagnose Treatment Methods for Kidney Failure: Hemodialysis ? ### Response: About once a month, your dialysis care team will test your blood by using one of two formulasURR or Kt/Vto see whether your treatments are removing enough wastes. Both tests look at one specific waste product, called blood urea nitrogen (BUN), as an indicator for the overall level of waste products in your system.

Below is an instruction from Human. Write a response. ### Instruction: What are the treatments for Treatment Methods for Kidney Failure: Hemodialysis ? ### Response: Your kidneys do much more than remove wastes and extra fluid. They also make hormones and balance chemicals in your system. When your kidneys stop working, you may have problems with anemia and conditions that affect your bones, nerves, and skin. Some of the more common conditions caused by kidney failure are extreme tiredness, bone problems, joint problems, itching, and "restless legs.

Below is an instruction from Human. Write a response. ### Instruction: What is (are) Insulin Resistance and Prediabetes ? ### Response: Insulin is a hormone made in the pancreas, an organ located behind the stomach. The pancreas contains clusters of cells called islets. Beta cells within the islets make insulin and release it into the blood. Insulin plays a major role in metabolismthe way the body uses digested food for energy.

Below is an instruction from Human. Write a response. ### Instruction: What is (are) Insulin Resistance and Prediabetes ? ### Response: Insulin resistance is a condition in which the body produces insulin but does not use it effectively. When people have insulin resistance, glucose builds up in the blood instead of being absorbed by the cells, leading to type 2 diabetes or prediabetes.

Below is an instruction from Human. Write a response. ### Instruction: What causes Insulin Resistance and Prediabetes ? ### Response: Although the exact causes of insulin resistance are not completely understood, scientists think the major contributors to insulin resistance are excess weight and physical inactivity. Excess Weight Some experts believe obesity, especially excess fat around the waist, is a primary cause of insulin resistance.

Below is an instruction from Human. Write a response. ### Instruction: What is (are) Insulin Resistance and Prediabetes ? ### Response: Prediabetes is a condition in which blood glucose or A1C levelswhich reflect average blood glucose levelsare higher than normal but not high enough for a diagnosis of diabetes. Prediabetes is becoming more common in the United States. The U.S. Department of Health and Human Services estimates that at least 86 million U.

Below is an instruction from Human. Write a response. ### Instruction: What are the symptoms of Insulin Resistance and Prediabetes ? ### Response: Insulin resistance and prediabetes usually have no symptoms. People may have one or both conditions for several years without knowing they have them. Even without symptoms, health care providers can identify people at high risk by their physical characteristics, also known as risk factors.

Below is an instruction from Human. Write a response. ### Instruction: What is (are) Insulin Resistance and Prediabetes ? ### Response: Metabolic syndrome, also called insulin resistance syndrome, is a group of traits and medical conditions linked to overweight and obesity that puts people at risk for both CVD and type 2 diabetes. Metabolic syndrome is defined* as the presence of any three of the following2:

Below is an instruction from Human. Write a response. ### Instruction: How to diagnose Insulin Resistance and Prediabetes ? ### Response: Health care providers use blood tests to determine whether a person has prediabetes, but they do not usually test specifically for insulin resistance. Insulin resistance can be assessed by measuring the level of insulin in the blood. However, the test that most accurately measures insulin resistance, called the euglycemic clamp, is too costly and complicated to be used in most health care providers' offices.

Below is an instruction from Human. Write a response. ### Instruction: What to do for Insulin Resistance and Prediabetes ? ### Response: Adopting healthy eating habits can help people lose a modest amount of weight and reverse insulin resistance. Experts encourage people to slowly adopt healthy eating habits that they can maintain, rather than trying extreme weight-loss solutions. People may need to get help from a dietitian or join a weight-loss program for support.

Below is an instruction from Human. Write a response. ### Instruction: What to do for Insulin Resistance and Prediabetes ? ### Response: - Insulin is a hormone that helps cells throughout the body absorb glucose and use it for energy. Insulin resistance is a condition in which the body produces insulin but does not use it effectively. - Insulin resistance increases the risk of developing type 2 diabetes and prediabetes.

Below is an instruction from Human. Write a response. ### Instruction: What is (are) Amyloidosis and Kidney Disease ? ### Response: Amyloidosis is a rare disease that occurs when amyloid proteins are deposited in tissues and organs. Amyloid proteins are abnormal proteins that the body cannot break down and recycle, as it does with normal proteins. When amyloid proteins clump together, they form amyloid deposits.

Below is an instruction from Human. Write a response. ### Instruction: What is (are) Amyloidosis and Kidney Disease ? ### Response: The kidneys are two bean-shaped organs, each about the size of a fist. They are located just below the rib cage, one on each side of the spine. Every day, the two kidneys filter about 120 to 150 quarts of blood to produce about 1 to 2 quarts of urine, composed of wastes and extra fluid.

Below is an instruction from Human. Write a response. ### Instruction: What is (are) Amyloidosis and Kidney Disease ? ### Response: Primary amyloidosis and dialysis-related amyloidosis are the types of amyloidosis that can affect the kidneys. Primary Amyloidosis of the Kidneys The kidneys are the organs most commonly affected by primary amyloidosis. Amyloid deposits damage the kidneys and make it harder for them to filter wastes and break down proteins.

Below is an instruction from Human. Write a response. ### Instruction: What are the symptoms of Amyloidosis and Kidney Disease ? ### Response: The most common sign of primary amyloidosis of the kidneys is nephrotic syndromea collection of signs that indicate kidney damage. The signs of nephrotic syndrome include - albuminuriaan increased amount of albumin, a protein, in the urine.

Below is an instruction from Human. Write a response. ### Instruction: What are the symptoms of Amyloidosis and Kidney Disease ? ### Response: The symptoms of dialysis-related amyloidosis may include - pain, stiffness, and fluid in the joints. - abnormal, fluid-containing sacs, called cysts, in some bones. - carpal tunnel syndrome, caused by unusual buildup of amyloid proteins in the wrists.

Below is an instruction from Human. Write a response. ### Instruction: How to diagnose Amyloidosis and Kidney Disease ? ### Response: A health care provider diagnoses primary amyloidosis of the kidneys with - a medical and family history - a physical exam - urinalysis - blood tests - a kidney biopsy Medical and Family History Taking a medical and family history may help a health care provider diagnose amyloidosis of the kidneys.

Below is an instruction from Human. Write a response. ### Instruction: How to diagnose Amyloidosis and Kidney Disease ? ### Response: A health care provider diagnoses dialysis-related amyloidosis with - urinalysis - blood tests - imaging tests A health care provider can use urinalysis and blood tests to detect the amount of amyloid proteins in urine and blood.

Below is an instruction from Human. Write a response. ### Instruction: What are the treatments for Amyloidosis and Kidney Disease ? ### Response: A health care provider treats primary amyloidosis of the kidneys with the following: - medication therapy, including chemotherapy - a stem cell transplant - treating other conditions Medication therapy. The goal of medication therapy, including chemotherapy, is to reduce amyloid protein levels in the blood.

Below is an instruction from Human. Write a response. ### Instruction: What are the treatments for Amyloidosis and Kidney Disease ? ### Response: A health care provider treats dialysis-related amyloidosis with - medication therapy - newer, more effective hemodialysis filters - surgery - a kidney transplant The goal of medication therapy and the use of newer, more effective hemodialysis filters is to reduce amyloid protein levels in the blood.

Below is an instruction from Human. Write a response. ### Instruction: What to do for Amyloidosis and Kidney Disease ? ### Response: - Amyloidosis is a rare disease that occurs when amyloid proteins are deposited in tissues and organs. - Primary amyloidosis and dialysis-related amyloidosis are the types of amyloidosis that can affect the kidneys. - The most common sign of primary amyloidosis of the kidneys is nephrotic syndrome.

Below is an instruction from Human. Write a response. ### Instruction: What are the treatments for What I need to know about Living with Kidney Failure ? ### Response: Kidney failure means your kidneys no longer work well enough to do their job. You need treatment to replace the work your damaged kidneys have stopped doing. The treatments for kidney failure are - hemodialysis - peritoneal dialysis - a kidney transplant

Below is an instruction from Human. Write a response. ### Instruction: What are the treatments for What I need to know about Living with Kidney Failure ? ### Response: Learning about different treatments for kidney failure will help you choose the one that best fits your lifestyle. Talk with your doctor and people on hemodialysis or peritoneal dialysis to learn about the pros and cons of each treatment. Ask your doctor about the transplant waiting list and about medicines required after a transplant.

Below is an instruction from Human. Write a response. ### Instruction: What to do for What I need to know about Living with Kidney Failure ? ### Response: Eating the right foods can help you feel better when you are on dialysis or have a kidney transplant. Staying healthy with kidney failure requires watching how much of these elements are included in your diet: - Protein is in many foods you eat.

Below is an instruction from Human. Write a response. ### Instruction: What to do for What I need to know about Living with Kidney Failure ? ### Response: - Kidney failure means your kidneys no longer work well enough to do their job. - Learning about treatments for kidney failure will help you choose the one that best fits your lifestyle. - Many people with kidney failure continue to work. - Physical activity is an important part of staying healthy when you have kidney failure.

Below is an instruction from Human. Write a response. ### Instruction: What is (are) Diverticular Disease ? ### Response: Diverticular disease is a condition that occurs when a person has problems from small pouches, or sacs, that have formed and pushed outward through weak spots in the colon wall. Each pouch is called a diverticulum. Multiple pouches are called diverticula.

Below is an instruction from Human. Write a response. ### Instruction: What is (are) Diverticular Disease ? ### Response: When a person has diverticula that do not cause diverticulitis or diverticular bleeding, the condition is called diverticulosis. Most people with diverticulosis do not have symptoms. Some people with diverticulosis have constipation or diarrhea. People may also have chronic

Below is an instruction from Human. Write a response. ### Instruction: What causes Diverticular Disease ? ### Response: Scientists are not certain what causes diverticulosis and diverticular disease. For more than 50 years, the most widely accepted theory was that a low-fiber diet led to diverticulosis and diverticular disease. Diverticulosis and diverticular disease were first noticed in the United States in the early 1900s, around the time processed foods were introduced into the American diet.

Below is an instruction from Human. Write a response. ### Instruction: What is (are) Diverticular Disease ? ### Response: Fiber is a substance in foods that comes from plants. Fiber helps soften stool so it moves smoothly through the colon and is easier to pass. Soluble fiber dissolves in water and is found in beans, fruit, and oat products. Insoluble fiber does not dissolve in water and is found in whole-grain products and vegetables.

Below is an instruction from Human. Write a response. ### Instruction: Who is at risk for Diverticular Disease? ? ### Response: Diverticulosis becomes more common as people age, particularly in people older than age 50.3 Some people with diverticulosis develop diverticulitis, and the number of cases is increasing. Although diverticular disease is generally thought to be a condition found in older adults, it is becoming more common in people younger than age 50, most of whom are male.

Below is an instruction from Human. Write a response. ### Instruction: What are the symptoms of Diverticular Disease ? ### Response: People with diverticulitis may have many symptoms, the most common of which is pain in the lower left side of the abdomen. The pain is usually severe and comes on suddenly, though it can also be mild and then worsen over several days. The intensity of the pain can fluctuate.

Below is an instruction from Human. Write a response. ### Instruction: How to diagnose Diverticular Disease ? ### Response: Diverticulosis Health care providers often find diverticulosis during a routine x ray or a colonoscopy, a test used to look inside the rectum and entire colon to screen for colon cancer or polyps or to evaluate the source of rectal bleeding.

Below is an instruction from Human. Write a response. ### Instruction: What are the treatments for Diverticular Disease ? ### Response: A health care provider may treat the symptoms of diverticulosis with a high-fiber diet or fiber supplements, medications, and possibly probiotics. Treatment for diverticular disease varies, depending on whether a person has diverticulitis or diverticular bleeding.

Below is an instruction from Human. Write a response. ### Instruction: What to do for Diverticular Disease ? ### Response: The Dietary Guidelines for Americans, 2010, recommends a dietary fiber intake of 14 grams per 1,000 calories consumed. For instance, for a 2,000-calorie diet, the fiber recommendation is 28 grams per day. The amount of fiber in a food is listed on the foods nutrition facts label.

Below is an instruction from Human. Write a response. ### Instruction: What to do for Diverticular Disease ? ### Response: - Diverticular disease is a condition that occurs when a person has problems from small pouches, or sacs, that have formed and pushed outward through weak spots in the colon wall. The problems that occur with diverticular disease include diverticulitis and diverticular bleeding.

Below is an instruction from Human. Write a response. ### Instruction: What is (are) Intestinal Pseudo-obstruction ? ### Response: Intestinal pseudo-obstruction is a rare condition with symptoms that resemble those caused by a blockage, or obstruction, of the intestines, also called the bowel. However, when a health care provider examines the intestines, no blockage exists. Instead, the symptoms are due to nerve or muscle problems that affect the movement of food, fluid, and air through the intestines.

Below is an instruction from Human. Write a response. ### Instruction: What causes Intestinal Pseudo-obstruction ? ### Response: Problems with nerves, muscles, or interstitial cells of Cajal cause intestinal pseudo-obstruction. Interstitial cells of Cajal are called pacemaker cells because they set the pace of intestinal contractions. These cells convey messages from nerves to muscles.

Below is an instruction from Human. Write a response. ### Instruction: What are the symptoms of Intestinal Pseudo-obstruction ? ### Response: Intestinal pseudo-obstruction symptoms may include - abdominal swelling or bloating, also called distension - abdominal pain - nausea - vomiting - constipation - diarrhea Over time, the condition can cause malnutrition, bacterial overgrowth in the intestines, and weight loss.

Below is an instruction from Human. Write a response. ### Instruction: How to diagnose Intestinal Pseudo-obstruction ? ### Response: To diagnose intestinal pseudo-obstruction, a health care provider may suggest the person consult a gastroenterologista doctor who specializes in digestive diseases. A health care provider will perform a physical exam; take a complete medical history, imaging studies, and a biopsy; and perform blood tests.