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Below is an instruction from Human. Write a response. ### Instruction: What is the outlook for Transient Ischemic Attack ? ### Response: TIAs are often warning signs that a person is at risk for a more serious and debilitating stroke. About one-third of those who have a TIA will have an acute stroke some time in the future. Many strokes can be prevented by heeding the warning signs of TIAs and treating underlying risk factors.

Below is an instruction from Human. Write a response. ### Instruction: What is the outlook for Transient Ischemic Attack ? ### Response: TIAs are often warning signs that a person is at risk for a more serious and debilitating stroke. About one-third of those who have a TIA will have an acute stroke some time in the future. Many strokes can be prevented by heeding the warning signs of TIAs and treating underlying risk factors.

Below is an instruction from Human. Write a response. ### Instruction: What is (are) Porencephaly ? ### Response: Porencephaly is an extremely rare disorder of the central nervous system in which a cyst or cavity filled with cerebrospinal fluid develops in the brain. It is usually the result of damage from stroke or infection after birth (the more common type), but it can also be caused by abnormal development before birth (which is inherited and less common).

Below is an instruction from Human. Write a response. ### Instruction: What is (are) Porencephaly ? ### Response: Porencephaly is an extremely rare disorder of the central nervous system in which a cyst or cavity filled with cerebrospinal fluid develops in the brain. It is usually the result of damage from stroke or infection after birth (the more common type), but it can also be caused by abnormal development before birth (which is inherited and less common).

Below is an instruction from Human. Write a response. ### Instruction: What is the outlook for Porencephaly ? ### Response: The prognosis for children with porencephaly varies according to the location and extent of the cysts or cavities. Some children with this disorder develop only minor neurological problems and have normal intelligence, while others may be severely disabled and die before their second decade of life.

Below is an instruction from Human. Write a response. ### Instruction: what research (or clinical trials) is being done for Porencephaly ? ### Response: The National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (NINDS) and other institutes of the National Institutes of Health (NIH) conduct research related to porencephaly in laboratories at the NIH and also support additional research through grants to major medical institutions across the country.

Below is an instruction from Human. Write a response. ### Instruction: What are the treatments for Machado-Joseph Disease ? ### Response: MJD is incurable, but some symptoms of the disease can be treated. For those individuals who show parkinsonian features, levodopa therapy can help for many years. Treatment with antispasmodic drugs, such as baclofen, can help reduce spasticity. Botulinum toxin can also treat severe spasticity as well as some symptoms of dystonia.

Below is an instruction from Human. Write a response. ### Instruction: What is the outlook for Machado-Joseph Disease ? ### Response: The severity of the disease is related to the age of onset, with earlier onset associated with more severe forms of the disease. Symptoms can begin any time between early adolescence and about 70 years of age. MJD is a progressive disease, meaning that symptoms get worse with time.

Below is an instruction from Human. Write a response. ### Instruction: what research (or clinical trials) is being done for Machado-Joseph Disease ? ### Response: The National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (NINDS) conducts MJD research in its laboratories at the National Institutes of Health (NIH) and also supports MJD research through grants to major medical institutions across the country. Ongoing research includes studies to better understand the genetic, molecular, and cellular mechanisms that underlie inherited neurodegenerative diseases such as MJD.

Below is an instruction from Human. Write a response. ### Instruction: What is (are) Sleep Apnea ? ### Response: Sleep apnea is a common sleep disorder characterized by brief interruptions of breathing during sleep. These episodes usually last 10 seconds or more and occur repeatedly throughout the night. People with sleep apnea will partially awaken as they struggle to breathe, but in the morning they will not be aware of the disturbances in their sleep.

Below is an instruction from Human. Write a response. ### Instruction: What are the treatments for Sleep Apnea ? ### Response: There are a variety of treatments for sleep apnea, depending on an individuals medical history and the severity of the disorder. Most treatment regimens begin with lifestyle changes, such as avoiding alcohol and medications that relax the central nervous system (for example, sedatives and muscle relaxants), losing weight, and quitting smoking.

Below is an instruction from Human. Write a response. ### Instruction: What is the outlook for Sleep Apnea ? ### Response: Untreated, sleep apnea can be life threatening. Excessive daytime sleepiness can cause people to fall asleep at inappropriate times, such as while driving. Sleep apnea also appears to put individuals at risk for stroke and transient ischemic attacks (TIAs, also known as mini-strokes), and is associated with coronary heart disease, heart failure, irregular heartbeat, heart attack, and high blood pressure.

Below is an instruction from Human. Write a response. ### Instruction: what research (or clinical trials) is being done for Sleep Apnea ? ### Response: The National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (NINDS) and other institutes of the National Institutes of Health (NIH) conduct research related to sleep apnea in laboratories at the NIH, and also support additional research through grants to major medical institutions across the country.

Below is an instruction from Human. Write a response. ### Instruction: What is (are) Central Pontine Myelinolysis ? ### Response: Central pontine myelinolysis (CPM) is a neurological disorder that most frequently occurs after too rapid medical correction of sodium deficiency (hyponatremia). The rapid rise in sodium concentration is accompanied by the movement of small molecules and pulls water from brain cells.

Below is an instruction from Human. Write a response. ### Instruction: What are the treatments for Central Pontine Myelinolysis ? ### Response: The ideal treatment for myelinolysis is to prevent the disorder by identifying individuals at risk and following careful guidelines for evaluation and correction of hyponatremia. These guidelines aim to safely restore the serum sodium level, while protecting the brain.

Below is an instruction from Human. Write a response. ### Instruction: What is the outlook for Central Pontine Myelinolysis ? ### Response: The prognosis for myelinolysis varies. Some individuals die and others recover completely. Although the disorder was originally considered to have a mortality rate of 50 percent or more, improved imaging techniques and early diagnosis have led to a better prognosis for many people.

Below is an instruction from Human. Write a response. ### Instruction: what research (or clinical trials) is being done for Central Pontine Myelinolysis ? ### Response: The mission of the National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (NINDS) is to seek fundamental knowledge of the brain and nervous system and to use that knowledge to reduce the burden of neurological disease. The NINDS is a component of the National Institutes of Health, the leading supporter of biomedical research in the world.

Below is an instruction from Human. Write a response. ### Instruction: What is (are) Von Hippel-Lindau Disease (VHL) ? ### Response: von Hippel-Lindau disease (VHL) is a rare, genetic multi-system disorder in which non-cancerous tumors grow in certain parts of the body. Slow-growing hemgioblastomas -- benign tumors with many blood vessels -- may develop in the brain, spinal cord, the retinas of the eyes, and near the inner ear.

Below is an instruction from Human. Write a response. ### Instruction: What are the treatments for Von Hippel-Lindau Disease (VHL) ? ### Response: Treatment for VHL varies according to the location and size of the tumor. In general, the objective of treatment is to treat the tumors before they grow to a size large enough to cause permanent problems by putting pressure on the brain or spinal cord. this pressure can block the flow of cerebrospinal fluid in the nervous system, impair vision, or create deafness.

Below is an instruction from Human. Write a response. ### Instruction: What is the outlook for Von Hippel-Lindau Disease (VHL) ? ### Response: The prognosis for individuals with VHL depends on then number, location, and complications of the tumors. Untreated, VHL may result in blindness and/or permanent brain damage. With early detection and treatment the prognosis is significantly improved. Death is usually caused by complications of brain tumors or kidney cancer.

Below is an instruction from Human. Write a response. ### Instruction: what research (or clinical trials) is being done for Von Hippel-Lindau Disease (VHL) ? ### Response: The mission of the National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (NINDS) is to seek fundamental knowledge about the brain and nervous system, and to use that knowledge to reduce the burden of neurological disease. The NINDS pursues a vigorous program of research aimed at preventing and treating disorders that cause tumors in the brain and spinal cord such as VHL.

Below is an instruction from Human. Write a response. ### Instruction: What is (are) Neuroaxonal dystrophy ? ### Response: Infantile neuroaxonal dystrophy (INAD) is a rare inherited neurological disorder. It affects axons, the part of a nerve cell that carries messages from the brain to other parts of the body, and causes progressive loss of vision, muscular control, and mental skills.

Below is an instruction from Human. Write a response. ### Instruction: What are the treatments for Neuroaxonal dystrophy ? ### Response: There is no cure for INAD and no treatment that can stop the progress of the disease. Treatment is symptomatic and supportive. Doctors can prescribe medications for pain relief and sedation. Physiotherapists and other physical therapists can teach parents and caregivers how to position and seat their child, and to exercise arms and legs to maintain comfort.

Below is an instruction from Human. Write a response. ### Instruction: What is the outlook for Neuroaxonal dystrophy ? ### Response: INAD is a progressive disease. Once symptoms begin, they will worsen over time. Generally, a babys development starts to slow down between the ages of 6 months to 3 years. The first symptoms may be slowing of motor and mental development, followed by loss or regression of previously acquired skills.

Below is an instruction from Human. Write a response. ### Instruction: what research (or clinical trials) is being done for Neuroaxonal dystrophy ? ### Response: Researchers continue to search for the defective gene that causes INAD in hopes of developing drugs that can stop the disease. The National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (NINDS) conducts research related to INAD in its laboratories at the National Institutes of Health (NIH), and also supports additional research through grants to major medical institutions across the country.

Below is an instruction from Human. Write a response. ### Instruction: What are the treatments for Chiari Malformation ? ### Response: Medications may ease certain symptoms, such as pain. Surgery is the only treatment available to correct functional disturbances or halt the progression of damage to the central nervous system. More than one surgery may be needed to treat the condition. Some CMs have no noticeable symptoms and do not interfere with the person's activities of daily living.

Below is an instruction from Human. Write a response. ### Instruction: What is the outlook for Chiari Malformation ? ### Response: Many people with Type I CM are asymptomatic and do not know they have the condition. Many individuals with the more severe types of CM and have surgery see a reduction in their symptoms and/or prolonged periods of relative stability, although paralysis is generally permanent.

Below is an instruction from Human. Write a response. ### Instruction: What is (are) Neurotoxicity ? ### Response: Neurotoxicity occurs when the exposure to natural or manmade toxic substances (neurotoxicants) alters the normal activity of the nervous system. This can eventually disrupt or even kill neurons, key cells that transmit and process signals in the brain and other parts of the nervous system.

Below is an instruction from Human. Write a response. ### Instruction: What is (are) Neurotoxicity ? ### Response: Neurotoxicity occurs when the exposure to natural or manmade toxic substances (neurotoxicants) alters the normal activity of the nervous system. This can eventually disrupt or even kill neurons, key cells that transmit and process signals in the brain and other parts of the nervous system.

Below is an instruction from Human. Write a response. ### Instruction: What is the outlook for Neurotoxicity ? ### Response: The prognosis depends upon the length and degree of exposure and the severity of neurological injury. In some instances, exposure to neurotoxicants can be fatal. In others, patients may survive but not fully recover. In other situations, many individuals recover completely after treatment.

Below is an instruction from Human. Write a response. ### Instruction: what research (or clinical trials) is being done for Neurotoxicity ? ### Response: The NINDS supports research on disorders of the brain and nervous system such as neurotoxicity, aimed at learning more about these disorders and finding ways to prevent and treat them. Scientists are investigating the role occupational or environmental toxicants have on progressive neurodegenerative disorders such as Parkinson's disease, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, multiple sclerosis, and dementia.

Below is an instruction from Human. Write a response. ### Instruction: What is (are) Congenital Myasthenia ? ### Response: All forms of myasthenia are due to problems in the communication between nerve cells and muscles. Most involve the activities of neurotransmitters. Neurotransmitters are chemicals that allow neurons to relay information from one cell to the next. For neurotransmitters to be effective, the nerve cell must release the neurotransmitter properly, and the muscle cell must be able to detect the neurotransmitter and respond to its signal properly.

Below is an instruction from Human. Write a response. ### Instruction: What are the treatments for Congenital Myasthenia ? ### Response: The possibilities for treatment depend on the specific subtype of congenital myasthenia. Most treatments attempt to improve the signaling between nerve cell and muscle. These drugs include pyridostigmine, fluoxetine, ephedrine, and 3,4-diaminopyridine. Treatments to alter the immune system are not used for this form of myasthenia.

Below is an instruction from Human. Write a response. ### Instruction: What is the outlook for Congenital Myasthenia ? ### Response: The prognosis depends on the specific subtype of congenital myasthenia, the muscles involved, and the age at onset of symptoms. If a child has difficulty breathing, feeding, or swallowing, they may be vulnerable to pneumonia or respiratory failure. In other cases, weakness is stable and does not worsen over time.

Below is an instruction from Human. Write a response. ### Instruction: what research (or clinical trials) is being done for Congenital Myasthenia ? ### Response: The National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (NINDS) and other institutes of the National Institutes of Health (NIH) support research related to congenital myasthenia through grants to major research institutions across the country. Much of this research focuses on finding better ways to prevent, treat and ultimately cure disorders such as congenital myasthenia.

Below is an instruction from Human. Write a response. ### Instruction: What is (are) Attention Deficit-Hyperactivity Disorder ? ### Response: Attention deficit-hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is a neurobehavioral disorder that affects 3-5 percent of all American children. It interferes with a person's ability to stay on a task and to exercise age-appropriate inhibition (cognitive alone or both cognitive and behavioral).

Below is an instruction from Human. Write a response. ### Instruction: What are the treatments for Attention Deficit-Hyperactivity Disorder ? ### Response: The usual course of treatment may include medications such as methylphenidate (Ritalin) or dextroamphetamine (Dexedrine), which are stimulants that decrease impulsivity and hyperactivity and increase attention. Most experts agree that treatment for ADHD should address multiple aspects of the individual's functioning and should not be limited to the use of medications alone.

Below is an instruction from Human. Write a response. ### Instruction: What are the treatments for Attention Deficit-Hyperactivity Disorder ? ### Response: The usual course of treatment may include medications such as methylphenidate (Ritalin) or dextroamphetamine (Dexedrine), which are stimulants that decrease impulsivity and hyperactivity and increase attention. Most experts agree that treatment for ADHD should address multiple aspects of the individual's functioning and should not be limited to the use of medications alone.

Below is an instruction from Human. Write a response. ### Instruction: what research (or clinical trials) is being done for Attention Deficit-Hyperactivity Disorder ? ### Response: Several components of the NIH support research on developmental disorders such as ADHD. Research programs of the NINDS, the National Institute of Mental Health (NIMH), and the National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (NICHD) seek to address unanswered questions about the causes of ADHD, as well as to improve diagnosis and treatment.

Below is an instruction from Human. Write a response. ### Instruction: What is (are) Essential Tremor ? ### Response: Tremor is an unintentional, somewhat rhythmic, muscle movement involving to-and-fro movements (oscillations) of one or more parts of the body. Essential tremor (previously called benign essential tremor) is the most common form of abnormal tremor. (In some people, tremor is a symptom of a neurological disorder or appears as a side effect of certain drugs.

Below is an instruction from Human. Write a response. ### Instruction: What are the treatments for Essential Tremor ? ### Response: There is no definitive cure for essential tremor. Symptomatic drug therapy may include propranolol or other beta blockers and primidone, an anticonvulsant drug. Eliminating tremor "triggers" such as caffeine and other stimulants from the diet is often recommended.

Below is an instruction from Human. Write a response. ### Instruction: What is the outlook for Essential Tremor ? ### Response: Although essential tremor is not life-threatening, it can make it harder to perform daily tasks and is embarrassing to some people. Tremor frequency may decrease as the person ages, but the severity may increase, affecting the person's ability to perform certain tasks or activities of daily living.

Below is an instruction from Human. Write a response. ### Instruction: what research (or clinical trials) is being done for Essential Tremor ? ### Response: The National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, a unit of the National Institutes of Health (NIH) within the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, is the nation's leading federal funder of research on disorders of the brain and nervous system.

Below is an instruction from Human. Write a response. ### Instruction: What is (are) Epilepsy ? ### Response: The epilepsies are a spectrum of brain disorders ranging from severe, life-threatening and disabling, to ones that are much more benign. In epilepsy, the normal pattern of neuronal activity becomes disturbed, causing strange sensations, emotions, and behavior or sometimes convulsions, muscle spasms, and loss of consciousness.

Below is an instruction from Human. Write a response. ### Instruction: What are the treatments for Epilepsy ? ### Response: Once epilepsy is diagnosed, it is important to begin treatment as soon as possible. For about 70 percent of those diagnosed with epilepsy, seizures can be controlled with modern medicines and surgical techniques. Some drugs are more effective for specific types of seizures.

Below is an instruction from Human. Write a response. ### Instruction: What is the outlook for Epilepsy ? ### Response: While epilepsy cannot be cured, for some people the seizures can be controlled with medication, diet, devices, and/or surgery. Most seizures do not cause brain damage, but ongoing uncontrolled seizures may cause brain damage. It is not uncommon for people with epilepsy, especially children, to develop behavioral and emotional problems in conjunction with seizures.

Below is an instruction from Human. Write a response. ### Instruction: what research (or clinical trials) is being done for Epilepsy ? ### Response: Scientists are studying the underlying causes of the epilepsies in children, adults, and the elderly, as well as seizures that occur following brain trauma, stroke, and brain tumors. Ongoing research is focused on developing new model systems that can be used to more quickly screen potential new treatments for the epilepsies.

Below is an instruction from Human. Write a response. ### Instruction: What is (are) Zellweger Syndrome ? ### Response: Zellweger syndrome is one of a group of four related diseases called peroxisome biogenesis disorders (PBD). The diseases are caused by defects in any one of 13 genes, termed PEX genes, required for the normal formation and function of peroxisomes. The PBDs are divided into two groups: Zellweger spectrum disorders and Rhizomelic Chondrodysplasia Punctua spectrum.

Below is an instruction from Human. Write a response. ### Instruction: What are the treatments for Zellweger Syndrome ? ### Response: There is no cure for Zellweger syndrome, nor is there a standard course of treatment. Since the metabolic and neurological abnormalities that cause the symptoms of Zellweger syndrome are caused during fetal development, treatments to correct these abnormalities after birth are limited.

Below is an instruction from Human. Write a response. ### Instruction: What are the treatments for Zellweger Syndrome ? ### Response: There is no cure for Zellweger syndrome, nor is there a standard course of treatment. Since the metabolic and neurological abnormalities that cause the symptoms of Zellweger syndrome are caused during fetal development, treatments to correct these abnormalities after birth are limited.

Below is an instruction from Human. Write a response. ### Instruction: what research (or clinical trials) is being done for Zellweger Syndrome ? ### Response: The National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (NINDS), and other institutes of the National Institutes of Health (NIH), conduct research exploring the molecular and genetic basis of Zellweger syndrome and the other PBDs, and also support additional research through grants to major research institutions across the country.

Below is an instruction from Human. Write a response. ### Instruction: What is (are) Coma ? ### Response: A coma, sometimes also called persistent vegetative state, is a profound or deep state of unconsciousness. Persistent vegetative state is not brain-death. An individual in a state of coma is alive but unable to move or respond to his or her environment. Coma may occur as a complication of an underlying illness, or as a result of injuries, such as head trauma.

Below is an instruction from Human. Write a response. ### Instruction: What are the treatments for Coma ? ### Response: Once an individual is out of immediate danger, the medical care team focuses on preventing infections and maintaining a healthy physical state. This will often include preventing pneumonia and bedsores and providing balanced nutrition. Physical therapy may also be used to prevent contractures (permanent muscular contractions) and deformities of the bones, joints, and muscles that would limit recovery for those who emerge from coma.

Below is an instruction from Human. Write a response. ### Instruction: What is the outlook for Coma ? ### Response: The outcome for coma and persistent vegetative state depends on the cause, severity, and site of neurological damage. Individuals may emerge from coma with a combination of physical, intellectual, and psychological difficulties that need special attention. Recovery usually occurs gradually, with some acquiring more and more ability to respond.

Below is an instruction from Human. Write a response. ### Instruction: what research (or clinical trials) is being done for Coma ? ### Response: The National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (NINDS) and other institutes of the National Institutes of Health (NIH) conduct research related to coma in their laboratories at the NIH and also support additional research through grants to major medical institutions across the country.

Below is an instruction from Human. Write a response. ### Instruction: What is (are) Acute Disseminated Encephalomyelitis ? ### Response: Acute disseminated encephalomyelitis (ADEM) is characterized by a brief but widespread attack of inflammation in the brain and spinal cord that damages myelin the protective covering of nerve fibers. ADEM often follows viral or bacterial infections, or less often, vaccination for measles, mumps, or rubella.

Below is an instruction from Human. Write a response. ### Instruction: What are the treatments for Acute Disseminated Encephalomyelitis ? ### Response: Treatment for ADEM is targeted at suppressing inflammation in the brain using anti-inflammatory drugs. Most individuals respond to several days of intravenous corticosteroids such as methylprednisolone, followed by oral corticosteroid treatment. When corticosteroids fail to work, plasmapheresis or intravenous immunoglobulin therapy are possible secondary treatment options that are reported to help in some severe cases.

Below is an instruction from Human. Write a response. ### Instruction: What is the outlook for Acute Disseminated Encephalomyelitis ? ### Response: Corticosteroid therapy typically helps hasten recovery from most ADEM symptoms. The long-term prognosis for individuals with ADEM is generally favorable. For most individuals, recovery begins within days, and within six months the majority of ADEM patients will have total or near total recoveries.

Below is an instruction from Human. Write a response. ### Instruction: what research (or clinical trials) is being done for Acute Disseminated Encephalomyelitis ? ### Response: The National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (NINDS) and other institutes of the National Institutes of Health (NIH) conduct research related to ADEM in laboratories at the NIH, and also support additional research through grants to major medical institutions across the country.

Below is an instruction from Human. Write a response. ### Instruction: What is (are) Myotonia ? ### Response: Myotonia is a medical term that refers to a neuromuscular condition in which the relaxation of a muscle is impaired. It can affect any muscle group. Repeated effort will be needed to relax the muscle, although the condition usually improves after the muscles have warmed-up.

Below is an instruction from Human. Write a response. ### Instruction: What is (are) Myotonia ? ### Response: Myotonia is a medical term that refers to a neuromuscular condition in which the relaxation of a muscle is impaired. It can affect any muscle group. Repeated effort will be needed to relax the muscle, although the condition usually improves after the muscles have warmed-up.

Below is an instruction from Human. Write a response. ### Instruction: What is (are) Myotonia ? ### Response: Myotonia is a medical term that refers to a neuromuscular condition in which the relaxation of a muscle is impaired. It can affect any muscle group. Repeated effort will be needed to relax the muscle, although the condition usually improves after the muscles have warmed-up.

Below is an instruction from Human. Write a response. ### Instruction: what research (or clinical trials) is being done for Myotonia ? ### Response: The National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke supports and conducts an extensive research program on neuromuscular disorders. The goals of this research are to learn more about these disorders and to find ways to treat, prevent, and cure them.

Below is an instruction from Human. Write a response. ### Instruction: What are the treatments for Creutzfeldt-Jakob Disease ? ### Response: There is no treatment that can cure or control CJD, although studies of a variety of drugs are now in progress. Current treatment is aimed at alleviating symptoms and making the person as comfortable as possible. Opiate drugs can help relieve pain, and the drugs clonazepam and sodium valproate may help relieve involuntary muscle jerks.

Below is an instruction from Human. Write a response. ### Instruction: What is the outlook for Creutzfeldt-Jakob Disease ? ### Response: About 70 percent of individuals die within one year. In the early stages of disease, people may have failing memory, behavioral changes, lack of coordination and visual disturbances. As the illness progresses, mental deterioration becomes pronounced and involuntary movements, blindness, weakness of extremities, and coma may occur.

Below is an instruction from Human. Write a response. ### Instruction: what research (or clinical trials) is being done for Creutzfeldt-Jakob Disease ? ### Response: The mission of the National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (NINDS) is to seek fundamental knowledge about the brain and nervous system, and to use that knowledge to reduce the burden of neurological disease. The leading scientific theory at this time maintains that CJD is caused by a type of protein called a prion.

Below is an instruction from Human. Write a response. ### Instruction: What is (are) Chorea ? ### Response: Chorea is an abnormal involuntary movement disorder, one of a group of neurological disorders called dyskinesias, which are caused by overactivity of the neurotransmitter dopamine in the areas of the brain that control movement. Chorea is characterized by brief, irregular contractions that are not repetitive or rhythmic, but appear to flow from one muscle to the next.

Below is an instruction from Human. Write a response. ### Instruction: What are the treatments for Chorea ? ### Response: There is no standard course of treatment for chorea. Treatment depends on the type of chorea and the associated disease. Treatment for Huntington's disease is supportive, while treatment for Syndenham's chorea usually involves antibiotic drugs to treat the infection, followed by drug therapy to prevent recurrence.

Below is an instruction from Human. Write a response. ### Instruction: What are the treatments for Chorea ? ### Response: There is no standard course of treatment for chorea. Treatment depends on the type of chorea and the associated disease. Treatment for Huntington's disease is supportive, while treatment for Syndenham's chorea usually involves antibiotic drugs to treat the infection, followed by drug therapy to prevent recurrence.

Below is an instruction from Human. Write a response. ### Instruction: What are the treatments for Chorea ? ### Response: There is no standard course of treatment for chorea. Treatment depends on the type of chorea and the associated disease. Treatment for Huntington's disease is supportive, while treatment for Syndenham's chorea usually involves antibiotic drugs to treat the infection, followed by drug therapy to prevent recurrence.

Below is an instruction from Human. Write a response. ### Instruction: What is (are) Ohtahara Syndrome ? ### Response: Ohtahara syndrome is a neurological disorder characterized by seizures. The disorder affects newborns, usually within the first three months of life (most often within the first 10 days) in the form of epileptic seizures. Infants have primarily tonic seizures, but may also experience partial seizures, and rarely, myoclonic seizures.

Below is an instruction from Human. Write a response. ### Instruction: What are the treatments for Ohtahara Syndrome ? ### Response: Antiepileptic drugs are used to control seizures, but are unfortunately not usually very effective for this disorder. Corticosteroids are occasionally helpful. In cases where there is a focal brain lesion (damage contained to one area of the brain) surgery may be beneficial.

Below is an instruction from Human. Write a response. ### Instruction: What is the outlook for Ohtahara Syndrome ? ### Response: The course of Ohtahara syndrome is severely progressive. Seizures become more frequent, accompanied by delays in physical and cognitive development.Some children will die in infancy; others will survive but be profoundly handicapped. As they grow, some children will progress into other epileptic disorders such as West syndrome and Lennox-Gestaut syndrome.

Below is an instruction from Human. Write a response. ### Instruction: what research (or clinical trials) is being done for Ohtahara Syndrome ? ### Response: The NINDS conducts and supports an extensive research program on seizures and seizure-related disorders. Much of this research is aimed at increasing scientific understanding of these disorders and finding ways to prevent, treat, and potentially cure them.

Below is an instruction from Human. Write a response. ### Instruction: What is (are) Postural Tachycardia Syndrome ? ### Response: Postural orthostatic tachycardia syndrome (POTS) is one of a group of disorders that have orthostatic intolerance (OI) as their primary symptom. OI describes a condition in which an excessively reduced volume of blood returns to the heart after an individual stands up from a lying down position.

Below is an instruction from Human. Write a response. ### Instruction: What are the treatments for Postural Tachycardia Syndrome ? ### Response: Therapies for POTS are targeted at relieving low blood volume or regulating circulatory problems that could be causing the disorder. No single treatment has been found to be effect for all. A number of drugs seem to be effective in the short term. Whether they help in long term is uncertain.

Below is an instruction from Human. Write a response. ### Instruction: What are the treatments for Postural Tachycardia Syndrome ? ### Response: Therapies for POTS are targeted at relieving low blood volume or regulating circulatory problems that could be causing the disorder. No single treatment has been found to be effect for all. A number of drugs seem to be effective in the short term. Whether they help in long term is uncertain.

Below is an instruction from Human. Write a response. ### Instruction: what research (or clinical trials) is being done for Postural Tachycardia Syndrome ? ### Response: The National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (NINDS) and other Institutes of the National Institutes of Health (NIH) conduct research related to POTS and support additional research through grants to major research institutions across the country.

Below is an instruction from Human. Write a response. ### Instruction: What is (are) Rasmussen's Encephalitis ? ### Response: Rasmussens encephalitis is a rare, chronic inflammatory neurological disease that usually affects only one hemisphere of the brain. It usually occurs in children under the age of 10 (more rarely in adolescents and adults), and is characterized by frequent and severe seizures, loss of motor skills and speech, paralysis on one side of the body (hemiparesis), inflammation of the brain (encephalitis), and mental deterioration.

Below is an instruction from Human. Write a response. ### Instruction: What are the treatments for Rasmussen's Encephalitis ? ### Response: Anti-epileptic drugs are usually not effective in controlling seizures. Recent studies have shown some success with treatments that suppress or modulate the immune system, in particular those that use corticosteroids, intravenous immunoglobulin, or tacrolimus.

Below is an instruction from Human. Write a response. ### Instruction: What is the outlook for Rasmussen's Encephalitis ? ### Response: The prognosis for individuals with Rasmussens encephalitis varies. Despite the advances in medical treatment, none has yet been shown to halt the progress of the disease in the long term. The disorder may lead to severe neurological deficits or it may cause only milder impairments.

Below is an instruction from Human. Write a response. ### Instruction: what research (or clinical trials) is being done for Rasmussen's Encephalitis ? ### Response: The National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (NINDS) conducts research related to Rasmussens encephalitis in its laboratories at the National Institutes of Health (NIH), and also supports additional research through grants to major research institutions across the country.

Below is an instruction from Human. Write a response. ### Instruction: What is (are) Sydenham Chorea ? ### Response: Sydenham chorea (SD) is a neurological disorder of childhood resulting from infection via Group A beta-hemolytic streptococcus (GABHS), the bacterium that causes rheumatic fever. SD is characterized by rapid, irregular, and aimless involuntary movements of the arms and legs, trunk, and facial muscles.

Below is an instruction from Human. Write a response. ### Instruction: What are the treatments for Sydenham Chorea ? ### Response: There is no specific treatment for SD. For people with the mildest form, bed rest during the period of active movements is sufficient. When the severity of movements interferes with rest, sedative drugs, such as barbiturates or benzodiazepines, may be needed.

Below is an instruction from Human. Write a response. ### Instruction: What is the outlook for Sydenham Chorea ? ### Response: Most children recover completely from SD, although a small number will continue to have disabling, persistent chorea despite treatment. The duration of symptoms varies, generally from 3 to 6 weeks, but some children will have symptoms for several months. Cardiac complications may occur in a small minority of children, usually in the form of endocarditis.

Below is an instruction from Human. Write a response. ### Instruction: what research (or clinical trials) is being done for Sydenham Chorea ? ### Response: The National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (NINDS) and other institutes of the National Institutes of Health (NIH) conduct research related to SD in laboratories at the NIH, and support additional research through grants to major medical institutions across the country.

Below is an instruction from Human. Write a response. ### Instruction: What is (are) Fahr's Syndrome ? ### Response: Fahr's Syndrome is a rare, genetically dominant, inherited neurological disorder characterized by abnormal deposits of calcium in areas of the brain that control movement, including the basal ganglia and the cerebral cortex. Symptoms of the disorder may include deterioration of motor function, dementia, seizures, headache, dysarthria (poorly articulated speech), spasticity (stiffness of the limbs) and spastic paralysis, eye impairments, and athetosis (involuntary, writhing movements).

Below is an instruction from Human. Write a response. ### Instruction: What is the outlook for Fahr's Syndrome ? ### Response: The prognosis for any individual with Fahr's Syndrome is variable and hard to predict. There is no reliable correlation between age, extent of calcium deposits in the brain, and neurological deficit. Since the appearance of calcification is age-dependent, a CT scan could be negative in a gene carrier who is younger than the age of 55.

Below is an instruction from Human. Write a response. ### Instruction: what research (or clinical trials) is being done for Fahr's Syndrome ? ### Response: The NINDS supports and conducts research on neurogenetic disorders such as Fahr's Syndrome. The goals of this research are to locate and understand the actions of the genes involved in this disorder. Finding these genes could lead to effective ways to treat and prevent Fahr's Syndrome.

Below is an instruction from Human. Write a response. ### Instruction: What is (are) Lactose Intolerance ? ### Response: Lactose is a sugar found in milk and milk products. The small intestinethe organ where most food digestion and nutrient absorption take placeproduces an enzyme called lactase. Lactase breaks down lactose into two simpler forms of sugar: glucose and galactose.

Below is an instruction from Human. Write a response. ### Instruction: What is (are) Lactose Intolerance ? ### Response: Lactose intolerance is a condition in which people have digestive symptomssuch as bloating, diarrhea, and gasafter eating or drinking milk or milk products. Lactase deficiency and lactose malabsorption may lead to lactose intolerance:

Below is an instruction from Human. Write a response. ### Instruction: What is (are) Lactose Intolerance ? ### Response: Four types of lactase deficiency may lead to lactose intolerance: - Primary lactase deficiency, also called lactase nonpersistence, is the most common type of lactase deficiency. In people with this condition, lactase production declines over time.

Below is an instruction from Human. Write a response. ### Instruction: What are the symptoms of Lactose Intolerance ? ### Response: Common symptoms of lactose intolerance include - abdominal bloating, a feeling of fullness or swelling in the abdomen - abdominal pain - diarrhea - gas - nausea Symptoms occur 30 minutes to 2 hours after consuming milk or milk products.

Below is an instruction from Human. Write a response. ### Instruction: How to diagnose Lactose Intolerance ? ### Response: A health care provider makes a diagnosis of lactose intolerance based on - medical, family, and diet history, including a review of symptoms - a physical exam - medical tests Medical, family, and diet history. A health care provider will take a medical, family, and diet history to help diagnose lactose intolerance.

Below is an instruction from Human. Write a response. ### Instruction: What are the treatments for Lactose Intolerance ? ### Response: Many people can manage the symptoms of lactose intolerance by changing their diet. Some people may only need to limit the amount of lactose they eat or drink. Others may need to avoid lactose altogether. Using lactase products can help some people manage their symptoms.

Below is an instruction from Human. Write a response. ### Instruction: What to do for Lactose Intolerance ? ### Response: People may find it helpful to talk with a health care provider or a registered dietitian about a dietary plan. A dietary plan can help people manage the symptoms of lactose intolerance and make sure they get enough nutrients. Parents, caretakers, childcare providers, and others who serve food to children with lactose intolerance should follow the dietary plan recommended by the childs health care provider or registered dietitian.

Below is an instruction from Human. Write a response. ### Instruction: What to do for Lactose Intolerance ? ### Response: - Lactose is a sugar found in milk and milk products. - Lactose intolerance is a condition in which people have digestive symptomssuch as bloating, diarrhea, and gasafter eating or drinking milk or milk products. - A health care provider makes a diagnosis of lactose intolerance based on medical, family, and diet history, including a review of symptoms; a physical exam; and medical tests.

Below is an instruction from Human. Write a response. ### Instruction: What is (are) What I need to know about Crohn's Disease ? ### Response: Crohn's disease is a disease that causes inflammation,* or swelling, and irritation of any part of the digestive tractalso called the gastrointestinal (GI) tract. The part most commonly affected is the end part of the small intestine, called the ileum.

Below is an instruction from Human. Write a response. ### Instruction: What is (are) What I need to know about Crohn's Disease ? ### Response: Crohn's disease is a disease that causes inflammation,* or swelling, and irritation of any part of the digestive tractalso called the gastrointestinal (GI) tract. The part most commonly affected is the end part of the small intestine, called the ileum.

Below is an instruction from Human. Write a response. ### Instruction: What causes What I need to know about Crohn's Disease ? ### Response: Researchers are studying the possible causes of Crohns disease. Your bodys natural defense system, called the immune system, protects you from infection by fighting against bacteria, viruses, and other things that can make you sick. Researchers believe that with Crohns disease, the immune system attacks harmless bacteria and viruses.