Tonic/medquad · Datasets at Hugging Face

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Below is an instruction from Human. Write a response. ### Instruction: What are the symptoms of What I need to know about Crohn's Disease ? ### Response: Crohn's disease symptoms can be different for each person. The most common symptoms of Crohns disease are - abdominal painoften in the lower right area of the abdomen - diarrhea - bleeding in the rectum, which can be seen in a persons und
Below is an instruction from Human. Write a response. ### Instruction: How to diagnose What I need to know about Crohn's Disease ? ### Response: A doctor will perform a physical exam and tests to diagnose Crohns disease. During your visit, the doctor will ask about your symptoms and medical history. The doctor may order blood tests, which involve drawing blood at a health care providers office or commercial facility and sending the sample to a lab for analysis.
Below is an instruction from Human. Write a response. ### Instruction: What is (are) What I need to know about Crohn's Disease ? ### Response: Intestinal blockage can occur in people with Crohns disease when scar tissue blocks the intestinal passage. A narrow intestinal passage is called a stricture. When the passage blocks completely, food and stool stop moving, causing abdominal cramps and vomiting.
Below is an instruction from Human. Write a response. ### Instruction: What are the treatments for What I need to know about Crohn's Disease ? ### Response: Treatment for Crohns disease depends on - where the disease is located in the GI tract - what problems you already have from the disease - what past treatments you have had for the disease The goals of treatment are to
Below is an instruction from Human. Write a response. ### Instruction: What to do for What I need to know about Crohn's Disease ? ### Response: Your health care provider may start you on a special diet, so you get extra nutrition and calories. High-calorie liquid supplements are often used to give you the extra calories and right amount of vitamins and minerals to keep you healthy. During acute phases of the disease, you may need to receive intravenous nutrition to give the intestine a rest.
Below is an instruction from Human. Write a response. ### Instruction: What to do for What I need to know about Crohn's Disease ? ### Response: - Crohn's disease is a disease that causes inflammation, or swelling, and irritation of any part of the digestive tractalso called the gastrointestinal (GI) tract. - People with Crohns disease may have a blood relative with the disease or another type of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD).
Below is an instruction from Human. Write a response. ### Instruction: What is (are) Smoking and the Digestive System ? ### Response: The digestive system is made up of the gastrointestinal (GI) tractalso called the digestive tractand the liver, pancreas, and gallbladder. The GI tract is a series of hollow organs joined in a long, twisting tube from the mouth to the anus. The hollow organs that make up the GI tract are the mouth, esophagus, stomach, small intestine, large intestinewhich includes the colon and rectumand anus.
Below is an instruction from Human. Write a response. ### Instruction: Who is at risk for Smoking and the Digestive System? ? ### Response: Smoking has been found to increase the risk of cancers of the3 - mouth - esophagus - stomach - pancreas 3 , 4 , 5 - liver - colon - rectum
Below is an instruction from Human. Write a response. ### Instruction: What is (are) Smoking and the Digestive System ? ### Response: Smoking contributes to many common disorders of the digestive system, such as heartburn and gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD), peptic ulcers, and some liver diseases. Smoking increases the risk of Crohns disease, colon polyps, and pancreatitis, and it may increase the risk of gallstones.
Below is an instruction from Human. Write a response. ### Instruction: What to do for Smoking and the Digestive System ? ### Response: Eating, diet, and nutrition can play a role in causing, preventing, and treating some of the diseases and disorders of the digestive system that are affected by smoking, including heartburn and GERD, liver diseases, Crohns disease, colon polyps, pancreatitis, and gallstones.
Below is an instruction from Human. Write a response. ### Instruction: What to do for Smoking and the Digestive System ? ### Response: - Smoking has been found to increase the risk of cancers of the mouth, esophagus, stomach, and pancreas. Research suggests that smoking may also increase the risk of cancers of the liver, colon, and rectum. - Smoking increases the risk of heartburn and gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD).
Below is an instruction from Human. Write a response. ### Instruction: What is (are) High Blood Pressure and Kidney Disease ? ### Response: Blood pressure is the force of blood pushing against blood vessel walls as the heart pumps out blood, and high blood pressure, also called hypertension, is an increase in the amount of force that blood places on blood vessels as it moves through the body. Factors that can increase this force include higher blood volume due to extra fluid in the blood and blood vessels that are narrow, stiff, or clogged.
Below is an instruction from Human. Write a response. ### Instruction: What is (are) High Blood Pressure and Kidney Disease ? ### Response: The kidneys are two bean-shaped organs, each about the size of a fist. They are located just below the rib cage, one on each side of the spine. Every day, the two kidneys filter about 120 to 150 quarts of blood to produce about 1 to 2 quarts of urine, composed of wastes and extra fluid.
Below is an instruction from Human. Write a response. ### Instruction: What are the symptoms of High Blood Pressure and Kidney Disease ? ### Response: Most people with high blood pressure do not have symptoms. In rare cases, high blood pressure can cause headaches. Kidney disease also does not have symptoms in the early stages. A person may have swelling called edema, which happens when the kidneys cannot get rid of extra fluid and salt.
Below is an instruction from Human. Write a response. ### Instruction: How to diagnose High Blood Pressure and Kidney Disease ? ### Response: A health care provider diagnoses high blood pressure when multiple blood pressure testsoften repeated over several visits to a health care providers officeshow that a systolic blood pressure is consistently above 140 or a diastolic blood pressure is consistently above 90.
Below is an instruction from Human. Write a response. ### Instruction: How to prevent High Blood Pressure and Kidney Disease ? ### Response: The best way to slow or prevent kidney disease from high blood pressure is to take steps to lower blood pressure. These steps include a combination of medication and lifestyle changes, such as - healthy eating - physical activity - maintaining a healthy weight - quitting smoking - managing stress
Below is an instruction from Human. Write a response. ### Instruction: What to do for High Blood Pressure and Kidney Disease ? ### Response: Following a healthy eating plan can help lower blood pressure. A health care provider may recommend the Dietary Approaches to Stop Hypertension (DASH) eating plan. DASH focuses on fruits, vegetables, whole grains, and other foods that are heart healthy and lower in sodium, which often comes from salt.
Below is an instruction from Human. Write a response. ### Instruction: What to do for High Blood Pressure and Kidney Disease ? ### Response: - Blood pressure is the force of blood pushing against blood vessel walls as the heart pumps out blood, and high blood pressure, also called hypertension, is an increase in the amount of force that blood places on blood vessels as it moves through the body.
Below is an instruction from Human. Write a response. ### Instruction: What is (are) Hypoglycemia ? ### Response: Hypoglycemia, also called low blood glucose or low blood sugar, occurs when blood glucose drops below normal levels. Glucose, an important source of energy for the body, comes from food. Carbohydrates are the main dietary source of glucose. Rice, potatoes, bread, tortillas, cereal, milk, fruit, and sweets are all carbohydrate-rich foods.
Below is an instruction from Human. Write a response. ### Instruction: What is (are) Hypoglycemia ? ### Response: Hypoglycemia, also called low blood glucose or low blood sugar, occurs when blood glucose drops below normal levels. Glucose, an important source of energy for the body, comes from food. Carbohydrates are the main dietary source of glucose. Rice, potatoes, bread, tortillas, cereal, milk, fruit, and sweets are all carbohydrate-rich foods.
Below is an instruction from Human. Write a response. ### Instruction: What are the symptoms of Hypoglycemia ? ### Response: Hypoglycemia causes symptoms such as - hunger - shakiness - nervousness - sweating - dizziness or light-headedness - sleepiness - confusion - difficulty speaking - anxiety - weakness Hypoglycemia can also happen during sleep.
Below is an instruction from Human. Write a response. ### Instruction: What are the symptoms of Hypoglycemia ? ### Response: Hypoglycemia causes symptoms such as - hunger - shakiness - nervousness - sweating - dizziness or light-headedness - sleepiness - confusion - difficulty speaking - anxiety - weakness Hypoglycemia can also happen during sleep.
Below is an instruction from Human. Write a response. ### Instruction: How to prevent Hypoglycemia ? ### Response: Diabetes treatment plans are designed to match the dose and timing of medication to a person's usual schedule of meals and activities. Mismatches could result in hypoglycemia. For example, taking a dose of insulinor other medication that increases insulin levelsbut then skipping a meal could result in hypoglycemia.
Below is an instruction from Human. Write a response. ### Instruction: What are the treatments for Hypoglycemia ? ### Response: Signs and symptoms of hypoglycemia vary from person to person. People with diabetes should get to know their signs and symptoms and describe them to their friends and family so they can help if needed. School staff should be told how to recognize a child's signs and symptoms of hypoglycemia and how to treat it.
Below is an instruction from Human. Write a response. ### Instruction: What are the treatments for Hypoglycemia ? ### Response: Signs and symptoms of hypoglycemia vary from person to person. People with diabetes should get to know their signs and symptoms and describe them to their friends and family so they can help if needed. School staff should be told how to recognize a child's signs and symptoms of hypoglycemia and how to treat it.
Below is an instruction from Human. Write a response. ### Instruction: What to do for Hypoglycemia ? ### Response: Two types of hypoglycemia can occur in people who do not have diabetes: - Reactive hypoglycemia, also called postprandial hypoglycemia, occurs within 4 hours after meals. - Fasting hypoglycemia, also called postabsorptive hypoglycemia, is often related to an underlying disease.
Below is an instruction from Human. Write a response. ### Instruction: What to do for Hypoglycemia ? ### Response: Diabetes-related Hypoglycemia - When people with diabetes think their blood glucose level is low, they should check it and treat the problem right away. - To treat hypoglycemia, people should have a serving of a quick-fix food, wait 15 minutes, and check their blood glucose again.
Below is an instruction from Human. Write a response. ### Instruction: What is (are) Kidney Stones in Adults ? ### Response: A kidney stone is a solid piece of material that forms in a kidney when substances that are normally found in the urine become highly concentrated. A stone may stay in the kidney or travel down the urinary tract. Kidney stones vary in size. A small stone may pass on its own, causing little or no pain.
Below is an instruction from Human. Write a response. ### Instruction: What is (are) Kidney Stones in Adults ? ### Response: The urinary tract is the bodys drainage system for removing wastes and extra water. The urinary tract includes two kidneys, two ureters, a bladder, and a urethra. The kidneys are two bean-shaped organs, each about the size of a fist. They are located near the middle of the back, just below the rib cage, one on each side of the spine.
Below is an instruction from Human. Write a response. ### Instruction: Who is at risk for Kidney Stones in Adults? ? ### Response: Anyone can get a kidney stone, but some people are more likely to get one. Men are affected more often than women, and kidney stones are more common in non-Hispanic white people than in non-Hispanic black people and Mexican Americans. Overweight and obese people are more likely to get a kidney stone than people of normal weight.
Below is an instruction from Human. Write a response. ### Instruction: What causes Kidney Stones in Adults ? ### Response: Kidney stones can form when substances in the urinesuch as calcium, oxalate, and phosphorusbecome highly concentrated. Certain foods may promote stone formation in people who are susceptible, but scientists do not believe that eating any specific food causes stones to form in people who are not susceptible.
Below is an instruction from Human. Write a response. ### Instruction: What is (are) Kidney Stones in Adults ? ### Response: Four major types of kidney stones can form: - Calcium stones are the most common type of kidney stone and occur in two major forms: calcium oxalate and calcium phosphate. Calcium oxalate stones are more common. Calcium oxalate stone formation may be caused by high calcium and high oxalate excretion.
Below is an instruction from Human. Write a response. ### Instruction: What are the symptoms of Kidney Stones in Adults ? ### Response: People with kidney stones may have pain while urinating, see blood in the urine, or feel a sharp pain in the back or lower abdomen. The pain may last for a short or long time. People may experience nausea and vomiting with the pain. However, people who have small stones that pass easily through the urinary tract may not have symptoms at all.
Below is an instruction from Human. Write a response. ### Instruction: How to diagnose Kidney Stones in Adults ? ### Response: To diagnose kidney stones, the health care provider will perform a physical exam and take a medical history. The medical history may include questions about family history of kidney stones, diet, GI problems, and other diseases and disorders. The health care provider may perform urine, blood, and imaging tests, such as an x ray or computerized tomography (CT) scan to complete the diagnosis.
Below is an instruction from Human. Write a response. ### Instruction: What are the treatments for Kidney Stones in Adults ? ### Response: Treatment for kidney stones usually depends on their size and what they are made of, as well as whether they are causing pain or obstructing the urinary tract. Kidney stones may be treated by a general practitioner or by a urologista doctor who specializes in the urinary tract.
Below is an instruction from Human. Write a response. ### Instruction: How to prevent Kidney Stones in Adults ? ### Response: The first step in preventing kidney stones is to understand what is causing the stones to form. The health care provider may ask the person to try to catch the kidney stone as it passes, so it can be sent to a lab for analysis. Stones that are retrieved surgically can also be sent to a lab for analysis.
Below is an instruction from Human. Write a response. ### Instruction: What to do for Kidney Stones in Adults ? ### Response: - A kidney stone is a solid piece of material that forms in a kidney when substances that are normally found in the urine become highly concentrated. - Kidney stones are one of the most common disorders of the urinary tract. - Certain foods may promote stone formation in people who are susceptible, but scientists do not believe that eating any specific food causes stones to form in people who are not susceptible.
Below is an instruction from Human. Write a response. ### Instruction: What is (are) Anemia in Chronic Kidney Disease ? ### Response: Anemia is a condition in which the body has fewer red blood cells than normal. Red blood cells carry oxygen to tissues and organs throughout the body and enable them to use energy from food. With anemia, red blood cells carry less oxygen to tissues and organsparticularly the heart and brainand those tissues and organs may not function as well as they should.
Below is an instruction from Human. Write a response. ### Instruction: What is (are) Anemia in Chronic Kidney Disease ? ### Response: The kidneys are two bean-shaped organs, each about the size of a fist. They are located just below the rib cage, one on each side of the spine. Every day, the kidneys filter about 120 to 150 quarts of blood to produce about 1 to 2 quarts of urine.
Below is an instruction from Human. Write a response. ### Instruction: What causes Anemia in Chronic Kidney Disease ? ### Response: When kidneys are diseased or damaged, they do not make enough EPO. As a result, the bone marrow makes fewer red blood cells, causing anemia. When blood has fewer red blood cells, it deprives the body of the oxygen it needs. Other common causes of anemia in people with kidney disease include blood loss from hemodialysis and low levels of the following nutrients found in food:
Below is an instruction from Human. Write a response. ### Instruction: What are the symptoms of Anemia in Chronic Kidney Disease ? ### Response: The signs and symptoms of anemia in someone with CKD may include - weakness - fatigue, or feeling tired - headaches - problems with concentration - paleness - dizziness - difficulty breathing or shortness of breath - chest pain
Below is an instruction from Human. Write a response. ### Instruction: What are the complications of Anemia in Chronic Kidney Disease ? ### Response: Heart problems are a complication of anemia and may include - an irregular heartbeat or an unusually fast heartbeat, especially when exercising. - the harmful enlargement of muscles in the heart. - heart failure, which does not mean the heart suddenly stops working.
Below is an instruction from Human. Write a response. ### Instruction: How to diagnose Anemia in Chronic Kidney Disease ? ### Response: A health care provider diagnoses anemia based on - a medical history - a physical exam - blood tests Medical History Taking a medical history is one of the first things a health care provider may do to diagnose anemia.
Below is an instruction from Human. Write a response. ### Instruction: What are the treatments for Anemia in Chronic Kidney Disease ? ### Response: Depending on the cause, a health care provider treats anemia with one or more of the following treatments: Iron The first step in treating anemia is raising low iron levels. Iron pills may help improve iron and hemoglobin levels.
Below is an instruction from Human. Write a response. ### Instruction: What to do for Anemia in Chronic Kidney Disease ? ### Response: A health care provider may advise people with kidney disease who have anemia caused by iron, vitamin B12, or folic acid deficiencies to include sources of these nutrients in their diets. Some of these foods are high in sodium or phosphorus, which people with CKD should limit in their diet.
Below is an instruction from Human. Write a response. ### Instruction: What to do for Anemia in Chronic Kidney Disease ? ### Response: - Anemia is a condition in which the body has fewer red blood cells than normal. Red blood cells carry oxygen to tissues and organs throughout the body and enable them to use energy from food. - Anemia commonly occurs in people with chronic kidney disease (CKD)the permanent, partial loss of kidney function.
Below is an instruction from Human. Write a response. ### Instruction: What is (are) Lupus Nephritis ? ### Response: Lupus nephritis is kidney inflammation caused by systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE or lupus). SLE is an autoimmune diseasea disorder in which the bodys immune system attacks the bodys own cells and organs. Up to 60 percent of people with SLE are diagnosed with lupus nephritis, which can lead to significant illness and even death.
Below is an instruction from Human. Write a response. ### Instruction: What is (are) Lupus Nephritis ? ### Response: The kidneys are two bean-shaped organs, each about the size of a fist. They are located just below the rib cage, one on each side of the spine. Every day, the two kidneys filter about 120 to 150 of blood to produce about 1 to 2 quarts of urine, composed of wastes and extra fluid.
Below is an instruction from Human. Write a response. ### Instruction: What are the symptoms of Lupus Nephritis ? ### Response: The symptoms of lupus nephritis may include high blood pressure, foamy urine, and edemaswelling, usually in the legs, feet, or ankles and less often in the hands or face. Kidney problems often develop at the same time or shortly after lupus symptoms appear and can include
Below is an instruction from Human. Write a response. ### Instruction: How to diagnose Lupus Nephritis ? ### Response: Lupus nephritis is diagnosed through urine and blood tests and a kidney biopsy: - Urinalysis. Urinalysis is testing of a urine sample. The urine sample is collected in a special container in a health care providers office or commercial facility and can be tested in the same location or sent to a lab for analysis.
Below is an instruction from Human. Write a response. ### Instruction: What are the treatments for Lupus Nephritis ? ### Response: Lupus nephritis is treated with medications that suppress the immune system, so it stops attacking and damaging the kidneys. Standard treatment includes a corticosteroid, usually prednisone, to reduce inflammation in the kidneys. An immunosuppressive medication, such as cyclophosphamide or mycophenolate mofetil, is typically used with prednisone.
Below is an instruction from Human. Write a response. ### Instruction: What are the complications of Lupus Nephritis ? ### Response: In many cases, treatment is effective in completely or partially controlling lupus nephritis, resulting in few, if any, further complications. However, even with treatment, 10 to 30 percent of people with lupus nephritis develop kidney failure, described as end-stage renal disease when treated with blood-filtering treatments called dialysis or a kidney transplant.
Below is an instruction from Human. Write a response. ### Instruction: What to do for Lupus Nephritis ? ### Response: Eating, diet, and nutrition have not been shown to play a role in causing or preventing lupus nephritis. People with kidney disease that progresses may need to talk with a health care provider about changes they may need to make to their diet. People with lupus nephritis and high blood pressure may benefit from reducing sodium intake, often from salt.
Below is an instruction from Human. Write a response. ### Instruction: What to do for Lupus Nephritis ? ### Response: - Lupus nephritis is kidney inflammation caused by systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE or lupus). - The symptoms of lupus nephritis may include high blood pressure, foamy urine, and edema. - Lupus nephritis is diagnosed through urine and blood tests and a kidney biopsy.
Below is an instruction from Human. Write a response. ### Instruction: What causes Dermatitis Herpetiformis: Skin Manifestation of Celiac Disease (For Health Care Professionals) ? ### Response: Dermatitis herpetiformis is caused by the deposit of immunoglobulin A (IgA) in the skin, which triggers further immunologic reactions resulting in lesion formation. DH is an external manifestation of an abnormal immune response to gluten, in which IgA antibodies form against the skin antigen epidermal transglutaminase.
Below is an instruction from Human. Write a response. ### Instruction: How to diagnose Dermatitis Herpetiformis: Skin Manifestation of Celiac Disease (For Health Care Professionals) ? ### Response: A skin biopsy is the first step in diagnosing DH. Direct immunofluorescence of clinically normal skin adjacent to a lesion shows granular IgA deposits in the upper dermis. Histology of lesional skin may show microabscesses containing neutrophils and eosinophils.
Below is an instruction from Human. Write a response. ### Instruction: What are the treatments for Dermatitis Herpetiformis: Skin Manifestation of Celiac Disease (For Health Care Professionals) ? ### Response: The sulfone dapsone can provide immediate relief of symptoms. For patients who cannot tolerate dapsone, sulfapyridine or sulfamethoxypyridazine may be used, although these medications are less effective than dapsone. A strict gluten-free diet is the only treatment for the underlying disease.
Below is an instruction from Human. Write a response. ### Instruction: What causes Goodpasture Syndrome ? ### Response: The causes of Goodpasture syndrome are not fully understood. People who smoke or use hair dyes appear to be at increased risk for this condition. Exposure to hydrocarbon fumes, metallic dust, and certain drugs, such as cocaine, may also raise a persons risk.
Below is an instruction from Human. Write a response. ### Instruction: What are the symptoms of Goodpasture Syndrome ? ### Response: The symptoms of Goodpasture syndrome may initially include fatigue, nausea, vomiting, and weakness. The lungs are usually affected before or at the same time as the kidneys, and symptoms can include shortness of breath and coughing, sometimes with blood. The progression from initial symptoms to the lungs being affected may be very rapid.
Below is an instruction from Human. Write a response. ### Instruction: How to diagnose Goodpasture Syndrome ? ### Response: A health care provider may order the following tests to diagnose Goodpasture syndrome: - Urinalysis. Urinalysis is testing of a urine sample. The urine sample is collected in a special container in a health care providers office or commercial facility and can be tested in the same location or sent to a lab for analysis.
Below is an instruction from Human. Write a response. ### Instruction: What are the treatments for Goodpasture Syndrome ? ### Response: Goodpasture syndrome is usually treated with - immunosuppressive medications, such as cyclophosphamide, to keep the immune system from making antibodies - corticosteroid medications to suppress the bodys autoimmune response - plasmapheresisa procedure that uses a machine to remove blood from the body, separate certain cells from the plasma, and return just the cells to the persons body; the anti-GBM antibodies remain in the plasma and are not returned to the persons body
Below is an instruction from Human. Write a response. ### Instruction: What to do for Goodpasture Syndrome ? ### Response: - Goodpasture syndrome is a pulmonary-renal syndrome, which is a group of acute illnesses involving the kidneys and lungs. Goodpasture syndrome includes all of the following conditions: - glomerulonephritis - the presence of anti-glomerular basement membrane (GBM) antibodies - bleeding in the lungs - Goodpasture syndrome is fatal unless quickly diagnosed and treated.
Below is an instruction from Human. Write a response. ### Instruction: What is (are) What I need to know about Interstitial Cystitis/Painful Bladder Syndrome ? ### Response: Interstitial cystitis*painful bladder syndrome (IC/PBS) is one of several conditions that causes bladder pain and a need to urinate frequently and urgently. Some doctors have started using the term bladder pain syndrome (BPS) to describe this condition.
Below is an instruction from Human. Write a response. ### Instruction: What are the symptoms of What I need to know about Interstitial Cystitis/Painful Bladder Syndrome ? ### Response: Signs of bladder problems include - Urgency. The feeling that you need to go right now! Urgency is normal if you haven't been near a bathroom for a few hours or if you have been drinking a lot of fluids. But you may have a problem if you have strong urges before your bladder has had time to fill.
Below is an instruction from Human. Write a response. ### Instruction: What causes What I need to know about Interstitial Cystitis/Painful Bladder Syndrome ? ### Response: Many different problems can cause urgency, frequency, and bladder pain. Just a few of them are - infections - bowel disorders - endometriosistissue that normally lines the womb that appears in other places outside of the womb - bladder cancer
Below is an instruction from Human. Write a response. ### Instruction: Who is at risk for What I need to know about Interstitial Cystitis/Painful Bladder Syndrome? ? ### Response: Both men and women can get IC/PBS, though twice as many women are affected as men. It can occur at any age, but it is most common in middle age. People with IC/PBS rarely have bladder pain all the time. The pain usually comes and goes as the bladder fills and then empties.
Below is an instruction from Human. Write a response. ### Instruction: How to diagnose What I need to know about Interstitial Cystitis/Painful Bladder Syndrome ? ### Response: Finding the cause of bladder pain may require several tests. While tests may aid your doctor in making a diagnosis of IC/PBS, a careful review of your symptoms and a physical exam in the office are generally the most important parts of the evaluation.
Below is an instruction from Human. Write a response. ### Instruction: What are the treatments for What I need to know about Interstitial Cystitis/Painful Bladder Syndrome ? ### Response: No one treatment for IC/PBS has been found that works for everyone. Your doctor or nurse will work with you to find a treatment plan that meets your special needs. The plan may include diet and lifestyle changes, bladder retraining, activity and exercise, physical therapy, and various types of medicines.
Below is an instruction from Human. Write a response. ### Instruction: What to do for What I need to know about Interstitial Cystitis/Painful Bladder Syndrome ? ### Response: - Bladder problems have many possible causes. - Your doctor will need to do tests to find the cause of your bladder problems. If all the test results are normal, you may have IC/PBS. - No one treatment option for IC/PBS works for everybody. - Treatments for IC/PBS may include changing your diet and exercising.
Below is an instruction from Human. Write a response. ### Instruction: What to do for What I need to know about Interstitial Cystitis/Painful Bladder Syndrome ? ### Response: - Bladder problems have many possible causes. - Your doctor will need to do tests to find the cause of your bladder problems. If all the test results are normal, you may have IC/PBS. - No one treatment option for IC/PBS works for everybody. - Treatments for IC/PBS may include changing your diet and exercising.
Below is an instruction from Human. Write a response. ### Instruction: What are the symptoms of Hematuria (Blood in the Urine) ? ### Response: Most people with microscopic hematuria do not have symptoms. People with gross hematuria have urine that is pink, red, or cola-colored due to the presence of red blood cells (RBCs). Even a small amount of blood in the urine can cause urine to change color. In most cases, people with gross hematuria do not have other symptoms.
Below is an instruction from Human. Write a response. ### Instruction: What is (are) Hematuria (Blood in the Urine) ? ### Response: The urinary tract is the bodys drainage system for removing wastes and extra water. The urinary tract includes two kidneys, two ureters, a bladder, and a urethra. The kidneys are two bean-shaped organs, each about the size of a fist. They are located near the middle of the back, just below the rib cage, one on each side of the spine.
Below is an instruction from Human. Write a response. ### Instruction: What causes Hematuria (Blood in the Urine) ? ### Response: Hematuria can be caused by menstruation, vigorous exercise, sexual activity, viral illness, trauma, or infection, such as a urinary tract infection (UTI). More serious causes of hematuria include - cancer of the kidney or bladder - inflamm
Below is an instruction from Human. Write a response. ### Instruction: Who is at risk for Hematuria (Blood in the Urine)? ? ### Response: Almost anyone, including children and teens, can have hematuria. Factors that increase the chance a person will have hematuria include - a family history of kidney disease - an enlarged prostate, which typically occurs in men age 50 or old
Below is an instruction from Human. Write a response. ### Instruction: How to diagnose Hematuria (Blood in the Urine) ? ### Response: Hematuria is diagnosed with urinalysis, which is testing of a urine sample. The urine sample is collected in a special container in a health care providers office or commercial facility and can be tested in the same location or sent to a lab for analysis. For the test, a nurse or technician places a strip of chemically treated paper, called a dipstick, into the urine.
Below is an instruction from Human. Write a response. ### Instruction: What are the treatments for Hematuria (Blood in the Urine) ? ### Response: Hematuria is treated by treating its underlying cause. If no serious condition is causing hematuria, no treatment is needed. Hematuria caused by a UTI is treated with antibiotics; urinalysis should be repeated 6 weeks after antibiotic treatment ends to be sure the infection has resolved.
Below is an instruction from Human. Write a response. ### Instruction: What are the treatments for Hematuria (Blood in the Urine) ? ### Response: Hematuria is treated by treating its underlying cause. If no serious condition is causing hematuria, no treatment is needed. Hematuria caused by a UTI is treated with antibiotics; urinalysis should be repeated 6 weeks after antibiotic treatment ends to be sure the infection has resolved.
Below is an instruction from Human. Write a response. ### Instruction: What is (are) What I need to know about Erectile Dysfunction ? ### Response: Erectile dysfunction* is when you cannot get or keep an erection firm enough to have sex. You may have ED if you - can get an erection sometimes, though not every time - can get an erection, yet it does not last long enough for sex - are unable to get an erection at all
Below is an instruction from Human. Write a response. ### Instruction: Who is at risk for What I need to know about Erectile Dysfunction? ? ### Response: Erectile dysfunction affects men of all races and in all parts of the world. Men are more likely to have ED as they get older. For example, ED occurs in - about 12 percent of men younger than 60 - 22 percent of men age 60 to 69 - 30 perce
Below is an instruction from Human. Write a response. ### Instruction: What causes What I need to know about Erectile Dysfunction ? ### Response: Having ED can cause you to feel depressed or anxious. ED may also cause low self-esteem. When you have ED, you may not have a satisfying sex life. You may not feel as close with your sexual partner, which may strain your relationship.
Below is an instruction from Human. Write a response. ### Instruction: What causes What I need to know about Erectile Dysfunction ? ### Response: To find the cause of your ED, your doctor may - take your medical and sexual history - ask you questions about your mental health - give you a physical exam - test your blood - give you a nighttime erection test - perform an injection test - perform a Doppler penile ultrasound
Below is an instruction from Human. Write a response. ### Instruction: What are the treatments for What I need to know about Erectile Dysfunction ? ### Response: Your doctor can offer you a number of treatments for ED. For many men, the answer is as simple as taking a pill. Other men have to try two or three options before they find a treatment that works for them. Dont give up if the first treatment doesnt work. Finding the right treatment can take time.
Below is an instruction from Human. Write a response. ### Instruction: How to prevent What I need to know about Erectile Dysfunction ? ### Response: You can prevent many of the causes of ED by making healthy lifestyle choices. Following a healthy diet may help prevent ED. Quitting smoking and getting physical activity are also important ways to prevent ED. Physical activity increases blood flow throughout your body, including your penis.
Below is an instruction from Human. Write a response. ### Instruction: What to do for What I need to know about Erectile Dysfunction ? ### Response: To prevent ED, you should eat a healthy diet of whole-grain foods, fruits and vegetables, low-fat dairy foods, and lean meats. A diet that causes you to be overweight and have heart and blood vessel disease can also lead to ED. You should avoid foods high in fat and sodium, the main part of salt.
Below is an instruction from Human. Write a response. ### Instruction: What is (are) Celiac Disease ? ### Response: Celiac disease is an immune disorder in which people cannot tolerate gluten because it damages the inner lining of their small intestine and prevents it from absorbing nutrients. The small intestine is the tubeshaped organ between the stomach and large intestine.
Below is an instruction from Human. Write a response. ### Instruction: What causes Celiac Disease ? ### Response: Researchers do not know the exact cause of celiac disease. Celiac disease sometimes runs in families. In 50 percent of people who have celiac disease, a family member, when screened, also has the disease.1 A person's chances of developing celiac disease increase when his or her genestraits passed from parent to childhave variants, or changes.
Below is an instruction from Human. Write a response. ### Instruction: How many people are affected by Celiac Disease ? ### Response: As many as one in 141 Americans has celiac disease, although most remain undiagnosed.2 Celiac disease affects children and adults in all parts of the world and is more common in Caucasians and females. Celiac disease is also more common among people with certain genetic diseases, including Down syndrome and Turner syndromea condition that affects girls' development.
Below is an instruction from Human. Write a response. ### Instruction: What are the symptoms of Celiac Disease ? ### Response: A person may experience digestive signs and symptoms, or symptoms in other parts of the body. Digestive signs and symptoms are more common in children and can include - abdominal bloating - chronic diarrhea - constipation - gas - pale, foul-smelling, or fatty stool - stomach pain - nausea - vomiting
Below is an instruction from Human. Write a response. ### Instruction: How to diagnose Celiac Disease ? ### Response: A health care provider diagnoses celiac disease with - a medical and family history - a physical exam - blood tests - an intestinal biopsy - a skin biopsy Medical and Family History Taking a medical and family history may help a health care provider diagnose celiac disease.
Below is an instruction from Human. Write a response. ### Instruction: How to diagnose Celiac Disease ? ### Response: In some cases, a health care provider will order genetic blood tests to confirm or rule out a diagnosis of celiac disease. Most people with celiac disease have gene pairs that contain at least one of the human leukocyte antigen (HLA) gene variants.4 However, these variants are also common in people without celiac disease, so their presence alone cannot diagnose celiac disease.
Below is an instruction from Human. Write a response. ### Instruction: What are the treatments for Celiac Disease ? ### Response: Most people with celiac disease have a significant improvement in symptoms when they follow a gluten-free diet. Health care providers typically refer people to a dietitian who specializes in treating people with the disease. The dietitian will teach the person to avoid gluten while following a healthy and nutritious diet.
Below is an instruction from Human. Write a response. ### Instruction: What to do for Celiac Disease ? ### Response: Eating, diet, and nutrition play a significant role in treating celiac disease. People with the disease should maintain a gluten-free diet by avoiding products that contain gluten. In other words, a person with celiac disease should not eat most grains, pasta, and cereal, and many processed foods.
Below is an instruction from Human. Write a response. ### Instruction: What to do for Celiac Disease ? ### Response: - Celiac disease is an immune disorder in which people cannot tolerate gluten because it damages the lining of their small intestine and prevents absorption of nutrients. - When people with celiac disease eat foods or use products containing gluten, their immune system responds by damaging or destroying villithe tiny, fingerlike projections on the inner lining of the small intestine.
Below is an instruction from Human. Write a response. ### Instruction: What is (are) Prevent diabetes problems: Keep your nervous system healthy ? ### Response: Your nervous system carries signals between your brain and other parts of your body through your spinal cord. Nerves are bundles of special tissues that transmit these signals. The signals share information between your brain and body about how things feel.
Below is an instruction from Human. Write a response. ### Instruction: What are the symptoms of Prevent diabetes problems: Keep your nervous system healthy ? ### Response: Nerve damage symptoms depend on which nerves have damage. Some people have no symptoms or mild symptoms. Other people have painful and long-lasting symptoms. As most nerve damage develops over many years, a person may not notice mild cases for a long time. In some people, the onset of pain may be sudden and severe.
Below is an instruction from Human. Write a response. ### Instruction: What is (are) Prevent diabetes problems: Keep your nervous system healthy ? ### Response: Peripheral Neuropathy Peripheral neuropathy is the most common type of diabetic neuropathy, and it affects the sensory nerves of your feet, legs, hands, and arms. These areas of your body may feel - numb - weak - cold - burning or tingling, like pins and needles
Below is an instruction from Human. Write a response. ### Instruction: What are the treatments for Prevent diabetes problems: Keep your nervous system healthy ? ### Response: The treatment for nerve damage from diabetes is based on your symptoms. No treatment can reverse nerve damage; however, it can help you feel better. Your doctor might suggest taking low doses of medicines that both treat other health problems and help the pain of neuropathy.
Below is an instruction from Human. Write a response. ### Instruction: What to do for Prevent diabetes problems: Keep your nervous system healthy ? ### Response: You can keep your nervous system healthy by taking these steps: - Eat healthy meals and follow the meal plan that you and your doctor or dietitian have worked out. - If you drink alcoholic beverages, limit your intake to no more than one drink per day for women and two drinks per day for men.
Below is an instruction from Human. Write a response. ### Instruction: What causes Hemochromatosis ? ### Response: Primary Hemochromatosis Inherited genetic defects cause primary hemochromatosis, and mutations in the HFE gene are associated with up to 90 percent of cases.1 The HFE gene helps regulate the amount of iron absorbed from food. The two known mutations of HFE are C282Y and H63D.
Below is an instruction from Human. Write a response. ### Instruction: What are the symptoms of Hemochromatosis ? ### Response: A person with hemochromatosis may notice one or more of the following symptoms: - joint pain - fatigue, or feeling tired - unexplained weight loss - abnormal bronze or gray skin color - abdominal pain - loss of sex drive

Below is an instruction from Human. Write a response. ### Instruction: What are the symptoms of What I need to know about Crohn's Disease ? ### Response: Crohn's disease symptoms can be different for each person. The most common symptoms of Crohns disease are - abdominal painoften in the lower right area of the abdomen - diarrhea - bleeding in the rectum, which can be seen in a persons und

Below is an instruction from Human. Write a response. ### Instruction: How to diagnose What I need to know about Crohn's Disease ? ### Response: A doctor will perform a physical exam and tests to diagnose Crohns disease. During your visit, the doctor will ask about your symptoms and medical history. The doctor may order blood tests, which involve drawing blood at a health care providers office or commercial facility and sending the sample to a lab for analysis.

Below is an instruction from Human. Write a response. ### Instruction: What is (are) What I need to know about Crohn's Disease ? ### Response: Intestinal blockage can occur in people with Crohns disease when scar tissue blocks the intestinal passage. A narrow intestinal passage is called a stricture. When the passage blocks completely, food and stool stop moving, causing abdominal cramps and vomiting.

Below is an instruction from Human. Write a response. ### Instruction: What are the treatments for What I need to know about Crohn's Disease ? ### Response: Treatment for Crohns disease depends on - where the disease is located in the GI tract - what problems you already have from the disease - what past treatments you have had for the disease The goals of treatment are to

Below is an instruction from Human. Write a response. ### Instruction: What to do for What I need to know about Crohn's Disease ? ### Response: Your health care provider may start you on a special diet, so you get extra nutrition and calories. High-calorie liquid supplements are often used to give you the extra calories and right amount of vitamins and minerals to keep you healthy. During acute phases of the disease, you may need to receive intravenous nutrition to give the intestine a rest.

Below is an instruction from Human. Write a response. ### Instruction: What to do for What I need to know about Crohn's Disease ? ### Response: - Crohn's disease is a disease that causes inflammation, or swelling, and irritation of any part of the digestive tractalso called the gastrointestinal (GI) tract. - People with Crohns disease may have a blood relative with the disease or another type of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD).

Below is an instruction from Human. Write a response. ### Instruction: What is (are) Smoking and the Digestive System ? ### Response: The digestive system is made up of the gastrointestinal (GI) tractalso called the digestive tractand the liver, pancreas, and gallbladder. The GI tract is a series of hollow organs joined in a long, twisting tube from the mouth to the anus. The hollow organs that make up the GI tract are the mouth, esophagus, stomach, small intestine, large intestinewhich includes the colon and rectumand anus.

Below is an instruction from Human. Write a response. ### Instruction: Who is at risk for Smoking and the Digestive System? ? ### Response: Smoking has been found to increase the risk of cancers of the3 - mouth - esophagus - stomach - pancreas 3 , 4 , 5 - liver - colon - rectum

Below is an instruction from Human. Write a response. ### Instruction: What is (are) Smoking and the Digestive System ? ### Response: Smoking contributes to many common disorders of the digestive system, such as heartburn and gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD), peptic ulcers, and some liver diseases. Smoking increases the risk of Crohns disease, colon polyps, and pancreatitis, and it may increase the risk of gallstones.

Below is an instruction from Human. Write a response. ### Instruction: What to do for Smoking and the Digestive System ? ### Response: Eating, diet, and nutrition can play a role in causing, preventing, and treating some of the diseases and disorders of the digestive system that are affected by smoking, including heartburn and GERD, liver diseases, Crohns disease, colon polyps, pancreatitis, and gallstones.

Below is an instruction from Human. Write a response. ### Instruction: What to do for Smoking and the Digestive System ? ### Response: - Smoking has been found to increase the risk of cancers of the mouth, esophagus, stomach, and pancreas. Research suggests that smoking may also increase the risk of cancers of the liver, colon, and rectum. - Smoking increases the risk of heartburn and gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD).

Below is an instruction from Human. Write a response. ### Instruction: What is (are) High Blood Pressure and Kidney Disease ? ### Response: Blood pressure is the force of blood pushing against blood vessel walls as the heart pumps out blood, and high blood pressure, also called hypertension, is an increase in the amount of force that blood places on blood vessels as it moves through the body. Factors that can increase this force include higher blood volume due to extra fluid in the blood and blood vessels that are narrow, stiff, or clogged.

Below is an instruction from Human. Write a response. ### Instruction: What is (are) High Blood Pressure and Kidney Disease ? ### Response: The kidneys are two bean-shaped organs, each about the size of a fist. They are located just below the rib cage, one on each side of the spine. Every day, the two kidneys filter about 120 to 150 quarts of blood to produce about 1 to 2 quarts of urine, composed of wastes and extra fluid.

Below is an instruction from Human. Write a response. ### Instruction: What are the symptoms of High Blood Pressure and Kidney Disease ? ### Response: Most people with high blood pressure do not have symptoms. In rare cases, high blood pressure can cause headaches. Kidney disease also does not have symptoms in the early stages. A person may have swelling called edema, which happens when the kidneys cannot get rid of extra fluid and salt.

Below is an instruction from Human. Write a response. ### Instruction: How to diagnose High Blood Pressure and Kidney Disease ? ### Response: A health care provider diagnoses high blood pressure when multiple blood pressure testsoften repeated over several visits to a health care providers officeshow that a systolic blood pressure is consistently above 140 or a diastolic blood pressure is consistently above 90.

Below is an instruction from Human. Write a response. ### Instruction: How to prevent High Blood Pressure and Kidney Disease ? ### Response: The best way to slow or prevent kidney disease from high blood pressure is to take steps to lower blood pressure. These steps include a combination of medication and lifestyle changes, such as - healthy eating - physical activity - maintaining a healthy weight - quitting smoking - managing stress

Below is an instruction from Human. Write a response. ### Instruction: What to do for High Blood Pressure and Kidney Disease ? ### Response: Following a healthy eating plan can help lower blood pressure. A health care provider may recommend the Dietary Approaches to Stop Hypertension (DASH) eating plan. DASH focuses on fruits, vegetables, whole grains, and other foods that are heart healthy and lower in sodium, which often comes from salt.

Below is an instruction from Human. Write a response. ### Instruction: What to do for High Blood Pressure and Kidney Disease ? ### Response: - Blood pressure is the force of blood pushing against blood vessel walls as the heart pumps out blood, and high blood pressure, also called hypertension, is an increase in the amount of force that blood places on blood vessels as it moves through the body.

Below is an instruction from Human. Write a response. ### Instruction: What is (are) Hypoglycemia ? ### Response: Hypoglycemia, also called low blood glucose or low blood sugar, occurs when blood glucose drops below normal levels. Glucose, an important source of energy for the body, comes from food. Carbohydrates are the main dietary source of glucose. Rice, potatoes, bread, tortillas, cereal, milk, fruit, and sweets are all carbohydrate-rich foods.

Below is an instruction from Human. Write a response. ### Instruction: What are the symptoms of Hypoglycemia ? ### Response: Hypoglycemia causes symptoms such as - hunger - shakiness - nervousness - sweating - dizziness or light-headedness - sleepiness - confusion - difficulty speaking - anxiety - weakness Hypoglycemia can also happen during sleep.

Below is an instruction from Human. Write a response. ### Instruction: How to prevent Hypoglycemia ? ### Response: Diabetes treatment plans are designed to match the dose and timing of medication to a person's usual schedule of meals and activities. Mismatches could result in hypoglycemia. For example, taking a dose of insulinor other medication that increases insulin levelsbut then skipping a meal could result in hypoglycemia.

Below is an instruction from Human. Write a response. ### Instruction: What are the treatments for Hypoglycemia ? ### Response: Signs and symptoms of hypoglycemia vary from person to person. People with diabetes should get to know their signs and symptoms and describe them to their friends and family so they can help if needed. School staff should be told how to recognize a child's signs and symptoms of hypoglycemia and how to treat it.

Below is an instruction from Human. Write a response. ### Instruction: What to do for Hypoglycemia ? ### Response: Two types of hypoglycemia can occur in people who do not have diabetes: - Reactive hypoglycemia, also called postprandial hypoglycemia, occurs within 4 hours after meals. - Fasting hypoglycemia, also called postabsorptive hypoglycemia, is often related to an underlying disease.

Below is an instruction from Human. Write a response. ### Instruction: What to do for Hypoglycemia ? ### Response: Diabetes-related Hypoglycemia - When people with diabetes think their blood glucose level is low, they should check it and treat the problem right away. - To treat hypoglycemia, people should have a serving of a quick-fix food, wait 15 minutes, and check their blood glucose again.

Below is an instruction from Human. Write a response. ### Instruction: What is (are) Kidney Stones in Adults ? ### Response: A kidney stone is a solid piece of material that forms in a kidney when substances that are normally found in the urine become highly concentrated. A stone may stay in the kidney or travel down the urinary tract. Kidney stones vary in size. A small stone may pass on its own, causing little or no pain.

Below is an instruction from Human. Write a response. ### Instruction: What is (are) Kidney Stones in Adults ? ### Response: The urinary tract is the bodys drainage system for removing wastes and extra water. The urinary tract includes two kidneys, two ureters, a bladder, and a urethra. The kidneys are two bean-shaped organs, each about the size of a fist. They are located near the middle of the back, just below the rib cage, one on each side of the spine.

Below is an instruction from Human. Write a response. ### Instruction: Who is at risk for Kidney Stones in Adults? ? ### Response: Anyone can get a kidney stone, but some people are more likely to get one. Men are affected more often than women, and kidney stones are more common in non-Hispanic white people than in non-Hispanic black people and Mexican Americans. Overweight and obese people are more likely to get a kidney stone than people of normal weight.

Below is an instruction from Human. Write a response. ### Instruction: What causes Kidney Stones in Adults ? ### Response: Kidney stones can form when substances in the urinesuch as calcium, oxalate, and phosphorusbecome highly concentrated. Certain foods may promote stone formation in people who are susceptible, but scientists do not believe that eating any specific food causes stones to form in people who are not susceptible.

Below is an instruction from Human. Write a response. ### Instruction: What is (are) Kidney Stones in Adults ? ### Response: Four major types of kidney stones can form: - Calcium stones are the most common type of kidney stone and occur in two major forms: calcium oxalate and calcium phosphate. Calcium oxalate stones are more common. Calcium oxalate stone formation may be caused by high calcium and high oxalate excretion.

Below is an instruction from Human. Write a response. ### Instruction: What are the symptoms of Kidney Stones in Adults ? ### Response: People with kidney stones may have pain while urinating, see blood in the urine, or feel a sharp pain in the back or lower abdomen. The pain may last for a short or long time. People may experience nausea and vomiting with the pain. However, people who have small stones that pass easily through the urinary tract may not have symptoms at all.

Below is an instruction from Human. Write a response. ### Instruction: How to diagnose Kidney Stones in Adults ? ### Response: To diagnose kidney stones, the health care provider will perform a physical exam and take a medical history. The medical history may include questions about family history of kidney stones, diet, GI problems, and other diseases and disorders. The health care provider may perform urine, blood, and imaging tests, such as an x ray or computerized tomography (CT) scan to complete the diagnosis.

Below is an instruction from Human. Write a response. ### Instruction: What are the treatments for Kidney Stones in Adults ? ### Response: Treatment for kidney stones usually depends on their size and what they are made of, as well as whether they are causing pain or obstructing the urinary tract. Kidney stones may be treated by a general practitioner or by a urologista doctor who specializes in the urinary tract.

Below is an instruction from Human. Write a response. ### Instruction: How to prevent Kidney Stones in Adults ? ### Response: The first step in preventing kidney stones is to understand what is causing the stones to form. The health care provider may ask the person to try to catch the kidney stone as it passes, so it can be sent to a lab for analysis. Stones that are retrieved surgically can also be sent to a lab for analysis.

Below is an instruction from Human. Write a response. ### Instruction: What to do for Kidney Stones in Adults ? ### Response: - A kidney stone is a solid piece of material that forms in a kidney when substances that are normally found in the urine become highly concentrated. - Kidney stones are one of the most common disorders of the urinary tract. - Certain foods may promote stone formation in people who are susceptible, but scientists do not believe that eating any specific food causes stones to form in people who are not susceptible.

Below is an instruction from Human. Write a response. ### Instruction: What is (are) Anemia in Chronic Kidney Disease ? ### Response: Anemia is a condition in which the body has fewer red blood cells than normal. Red blood cells carry oxygen to tissues and organs throughout the body and enable them to use energy from food. With anemia, red blood cells carry less oxygen to tissues and organsparticularly the heart and brainand those tissues and organs may not function as well as they should.

Below is an instruction from Human. Write a response. ### Instruction: What is (are) Anemia in Chronic Kidney Disease ? ### Response: The kidneys are two bean-shaped organs, each about the size of a fist. They are located just below the rib cage, one on each side of the spine. Every day, the kidneys filter about 120 to 150 quarts of blood to produce about 1 to 2 quarts of urine.

Below is an instruction from Human. Write a response. ### Instruction: What causes Anemia in Chronic Kidney Disease ? ### Response: When kidneys are diseased or damaged, they do not make enough EPO. As a result, the bone marrow makes fewer red blood cells, causing anemia. When blood has fewer red blood cells, it deprives the body of the oxygen it needs. Other common causes of anemia in people with kidney disease include blood loss from hemodialysis and low levels of the following nutrients found in food:

Below is an instruction from Human. Write a response. ### Instruction: What are the symptoms of Anemia in Chronic Kidney Disease ? ### Response: The signs and symptoms of anemia in someone with CKD may include - weakness - fatigue, or feeling tired - headaches - problems with concentration - paleness - dizziness - difficulty breathing or shortness of breath - chest pain

Below is an instruction from Human. Write a response. ### Instruction: What are the complications of Anemia in Chronic Kidney Disease ? ### Response: Heart problems are a complication of anemia and may include - an irregular heartbeat or an unusually fast heartbeat, especially when exercising. - the harmful enlargement of muscles in the heart. - heart failure, which does not mean the heart suddenly stops working.

Below is an instruction from Human. Write a response. ### Instruction: How to diagnose Anemia in Chronic Kidney Disease ? ### Response: A health care provider diagnoses anemia based on - a medical history - a physical exam - blood tests Medical History Taking a medical history is one of the first things a health care provider may do to diagnose anemia.

Below is an instruction from Human. Write a response. ### Instruction: What are the treatments for Anemia in Chronic Kidney Disease ? ### Response: Depending on the cause, a health care provider treats anemia with one or more of the following treatments: Iron The first step in treating anemia is raising low iron levels. Iron pills may help improve iron and hemoglobin levels.

Below is an instruction from Human. Write a response. ### Instruction: What to do for Anemia in Chronic Kidney Disease ? ### Response: A health care provider may advise people with kidney disease who have anemia caused by iron, vitamin B12, or folic acid deficiencies to include sources of these nutrients in their diets. Some of these foods are high in sodium or phosphorus, which people with CKD should limit in their diet.

Below is an instruction from Human. Write a response. ### Instruction: What to do for Anemia in Chronic Kidney Disease ? ### Response: - Anemia is a condition in which the body has fewer red blood cells than normal. Red blood cells carry oxygen to tissues and organs throughout the body and enable them to use energy from food. - Anemia commonly occurs in people with chronic kidney disease (CKD)the permanent, partial loss of kidney function.

Below is an instruction from Human. Write a response. ### Instruction: What is (are) Lupus Nephritis ? ### Response: Lupus nephritis is kidney inflammation caused by systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE or lupus). SLE is an autoimmune diseasea disorder in which the bodys immune system attacks the bodys own cells and organs. Up to 60 percent of people with SLE are diagnosed with lupus nephritis, which can lead to significant illness and even death.

Below is an instruction from Human. Write a response. ### Instruction: What is (are) Lupus Nephritis ? ### Response: The kidneys are two bean-shaped organs, each about the size of a fist. They are located just below the rib cage, one on each side of the spine. Every day, the two kidneys filter about 120 to 150 of blood to produce about 1 to 2 quarts of urine, composed of wastes and extra fluid.

Below is an instruction from Human. Write a response. ### Instruction: What are the symptoms of Lupus Nephritis ? ### Response: The symptoms of lupus nephritis may include high blood pressure, foamy urine, and edemaswelling, usually in the legs, feet, or ankles and less often in the hands or face. Kidney problems often develop at the same time or shortly after lupus symptoms appear and can include

Below is an instruction from Human. Write a response. ### Instruction: How to diagnose Lupus Nephritis ? ### Response: Lupus nephritis is diagnosed through urine and blood tests and a kidney biopsy: - Urinalysis. Urinalysis is testing of a urine sample. The urine sample is collected in a special container in a health care providers office or commercial facility and can be tested in the same location or sent to a lab for analysis.

Below is an instruction from Human. Write a response. ### Instruction: What are the treatments for Lupus Nephritis ? ### Response: Lupus nephritis is treated with medications that suppress the immune system, so it stops attacking and damaging the kidneys. Standard treatment includes a corticosteroid, usually prednisone, to reduce inflammation in the kidneys. An immunosuppressive medication, such as cyclophosphamide or mycophenolate mofetil, is typically used with prednisone.

Below is an instruction from Human. Write a response. ### Instruction: What are the complications of Lupus Nephritis ? ### Response: In many cases, treatment is effective in completely or partially controlling lupus nephritis, resulting in few, if any, further complications. However, even with treatment, 10 to 30 percent of people with lupus nephritis develop kidney failure, described as end-stage renal disease when treated with blood-filtering treatments called dialysis or a kidney transplant.

Below is an instruction from Human. Write a response. ### Instruction: What to do for Lupus Nephritis ? ### Response: Eating, diet, and nutrition have not been shown to play a role in causing or preventing lupus nephritis. People with kidney disease that progresses may need to talk with a health care provider about changes they may need to make to their diet. People with lupus nephritis and high blood pressure may benefit from reducing sodium intake, often from salt.

Below is an instruction from Human. Write a response. ### Instruction: What to do for Lupus Nephritis ? ### Response: - Lupus nephritis is kidney inflammation caused by systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE or lupus). - The symptoms of lupus nephritis may include high blood pressure, foamy urine, and edema. - Lupus nephritis is diagnosed through urine and blood tests and a kidney biopsy.

Below is an instruction from Human. Write a response. ### Instruction: What causes Dermatitis Herpetiformis: Skin Manifestation of Celiac Disease (For Health Care Professionals) ? ### Response: Dermatitis herpetiformis is caused by the deposit of immunoglobulin A (IgA) in the skin, which triggers further immunologic reactions resulting in lesion formation. DH is an external manifestation of an abnormal immune response to gluten, in which IgA antibodies form against the skin antigen epidermal transglutaminase.

Below is an instruction from Human. Write a response. ### Instruction: How to diagnose Dermatitis Herpetiformis: Skin Manifestation of Celiac Disease (For Health Care Professionals) ? ### Response: A skin biopsy is the first step in diagnosing DH. Direct immunofluorescence of clinically normal skin adjacent to a lesion shows granular IgA deposits in the upper dermis. Histology of lesional skin may show microabscesses containing neutrophils and eosinophils.

Below is an instruction from Human. Write a response. ### Instruction: What are the treatments for Dermatitis Herpetiformis: Skin Manifestation of Celiac Disease (For Health Care Professionals) ? ### Response: The sulfone dapsone can provide immediate relief of symptoms. For patients who cannot tolerate dapsone, sulfapyridine or sulfamethoxypyridazine may be used, although these medications are less effective than dapsone. A strict gluten-free diet is the only treatment for the underlying disease.

Below is an instruction from Human. Write a response. ### Instruction: What causes Goodpasture Syndrome ? ### Response: The causes of Goodpasture syndrome are not fully understood. People who smoke or use hair dyes appear to be at increased risk for this condition. Exposure to hydrocarbon fumes, metallic dust, and certain drugs, such as cocaine, may also raise a persons risk.

Below is an instruction from Human. Write a response. ### Instruction: What are the symptoms of Goodpasture Syndrome ? ### Response: The symptoms of Goodpasture syndrome may initially include fatigue, nausea, vomiting, and weakness. The lungs are usually affected before or at the same time as the kidneys, and symptoms can include shortness of breath and coughing, sometimes with blood. The progression from initial symptoms to the lungs being affected may be very rapid.

Below is an instruction from Human. Write a response. ### Instruction: How to diagnose Goodpasture Syndrome ? ### Response: A health care provider may order the following tests to diagnose Goodpasture syndrome: - Urinalysis. Urinalysis is testing of a urine sample. The urine sample is collected in a special container in a health care providers office or commercial facility and can be tested in the same location or sent to a lab for analysis.

Below is an instruction from Human. Write a response. ### Instruction: What are the treatments for Goodpasture Syndrome ? ### Response: Goodpasture syndrome is usually treated with - immunosuppressive medications, such as cyclophosphamide, to keep the immune system from making antibodies - corticosteroid medications to suppress the bodys autoimmune response - plasmapheresisa procedure that uses a machine to remove blood from the body, separate certain cells from the plasma, and return just the cells to the persons body; the anti-GBM antibodies remain in the plasma and are not returned to the persons body

Below is an instruction from Human. Write a response. ### Instruction: What to do for Goodpasture Syndrome ? ### Response: - Goodpasture syndrome is a pulmonary-renal syndrome, which is a group of acute illnesses involving the kidneys and lungs. Goodpasture syndrome includes all of the following conditions: - glomerulonephritis - the presence of anti-glomerular basement membrane (GBM) antibodies - bleeding in the lungs - Goodpasture syndrome is fatal unless quickly diagnosed and treated.

Below is an instruction from Human. Write a response. ### Instruction: What is (are) What I need to know about Interstitial Cystitis/Painful Bladder Syndrome ? ### Response: Interstitial cystitis*painful bladder syndrome (IC/PBS) is one of several conditions that causes bladder pain and a need to urinate frequently and urgently. Some doctors have started using the term bladder pain syndrome (BPS) to describe this condition.

Below is an instruction from Human. Write a response. ### Instruction: What are the symptoms of What I need to know about Interstitial Cystitis/Painful Bladder Syndrome ? ### Response: Signs of bladder problems include - Urgency. The feeling that you need to go right now! Urgency is normal if you haven't been near a bathroom for a few hours or if you have been drinking a lot of fluids. But you may have a problem if you have strong urges before your bladder has had time to fill.

Below is an instruction from Human. Write a response. ### Instruction: What causes What I need to know about Interstitial Cystitis/Painful Bladder Syndrome ? ### Response: Many different problems can cause urgency, frequency, and bladder pain. Just a few of them are - infections - bowel disorders - endometriosistissue that normally lines the womb that appears in other places outside of the womb - bladder cancer

Below is an instruction from Human. Write a response. ### Instruction: Who is at risk for What I need to know about Interstitial Cystitis/Painful Bladder Syndrome? ? ### Response: Both men and women can get IC/PBS, though twice as many women are affected as men. It can occur at any age, but it is most common in middle age. People with IC/PBS rarely have bladder pain all the time. The pain usually comes and goes as the bladder fills and then empties.

Below is an instruction from Human. Write a response. ### Instruction: How to diagnose What I need to know about Interstitial Cystitis/Painful Bladder Syndrome ? ### Response: Finding the cause of bladder pain may require several tests. While tests may aid your doctor in making a diagnosis of IC/PBS, a careful review of your symptoms and a physical exam in the office are generally the most important parts of the evaluation.

Below is an instruction from Human. Write a response. ### Instruction: What are the treatments for What I need to know about Interstitial Cystitis/Painful Bladder Syndrome ? ### Response: No one treatment for IC/PBS has been found that works for everyone. Your doctor or nurse will work with you to find a treatment plan that meets your special needs. The plan may include diet and lifestyle changes, bladder retraining, activity and exercise, physical therapy, and various types of medicines.

Below is an instruction from Human. Write a response. ### Instruction: What to do for What I need to know about Interstitial Cystitis/Painful Bladder Syndrome ? ### Response: - Bladder problems have many possible causes. - Your doctor will need to do tests to find the cause of your bladder problems. If all the test results are normal, you may have IC/PBS. - No one treatment option for IC/PBS works for everybody. - Treatments for IC/PBS may include changing your diet and exercising.

Below is an instruction from Human. Write a response. ### Instruction: What are the symptoms of Hematuria (Blood in the Urine) ? ### Response: Most people with microscopic hematuria do not have symptoms. People with gross hematuria have urine that is pink, red, or cola-colored due to the presence of red blood cells (RBCs). Even a small amount of blood in the urine can cause urine to change color. In most cases, people with gross hematuria do not have other symptoms.

Below is an instruction from Human. Write a response. ### Instruction: What is (are) Hematuria (Blood in the Urine) ? ### Response: The urinary tract is the bodys drainage system for removing wastes and extra water. The urinary tract includes two kidneys, two ureters, a bladder, and a urethra. The kidneys are two bean-shaped organs, each about the size of a fist. They are located near the middle of the back, just below the rib cage, one on each side of the spine.

Below is an instruction from Human. Write a response. ### Instruction: What causes Hematuria (Blood in the Urine) ? ### Response: Hematuria can be caused by menstruation, vigorous exercise, sexual activity, viral illness, trauma, or infection, such as a urinary tract infection (UTI). More serious causes of hematuria include - cancer of the kidney or bladder - inflamm

Below is an instruction from Human. Write a response. ### Instruction: Who is at risk for Hematuria (Blood in the Urine)? ? ### Response: Almost anyone, including children and teens, can have hematuria. Factors that increase the chance a person will have hematuria include - a family history of kidney disease - an enlarged prostate, which typically occurs in men age 50 or old

Below is an instruction from Human. Write a response. ### Instruction: How to diagnose Hematuria (Blood in the Urine) ? ### Response: Hematuria is diagnosed with urinalysis, which is testing of a urine sample. The urine sample is collected in a special container in a health care providers office or commercial facility and can be tested in the same location or sent to a lab for analysis. For the test, a nurse or technician places a strip of chemically treated paper, called a dipstick, into the urine.

Below is an instruction from Human. Write a response. ### Instruction: What are the treatments for Hematuria (Blood in the Urine) ? ### Response: Hematuria is treated by treating its underlying cause. If no serious condition is causing hematuria, no treatment is needed. Hematuria caused by a UTI is treated with antibiotics; urinalysis should be repeated 6 weeks after antibiotic treatment ends to be sure the infection has resolved.

Below is an instruction from Human. Write a response. ### Instruction: What is (are) What I need to know about Erectile Dysfunction ? ### Response: Erectile dysfunction* is when you cannot get or keep an erection firm enough to have sex. You may have ED if you - can get an erection sometimes, though not every time - can get an erection, yet it does not last long enough for sex - are unable to get an erection at all

Below is an instruction from Human. Write a response. ### Instruction: Who is at risk for What I need to know about Erectile Dysfunction? ? ### Response: Erectile dysfunction affects men of all races and in all parts of the world. Men are more likely to have ED as they get older. For example, ED occurs in - about 12 percent of men younger than 60 - 22 percent of men age 60 to 69 - 30 perce

Below is an instruction from Human. Write a response. ### Instruction: What causes What I need to know about Erectile Dysfunction ? ### Response: Having ED can cause you to feel depressed or anxious. ED may also cause low self-esteem. When you have ED, you may not have a satisfying sex life. You may not feel as close with your sexual partner, which may strain your relationship.

Below is an instruction from Human. Write a response. ### Instruction: What causes What I need to know about Erectile Dysfunction ? ### Response: To find the cause of your ED, your doctor may - take your medical and sexual history - ask you questions about your mental health - give you a physical exam - test your blood - give you a nighttime erection test - perform an injection test - perform a Doppler penile ultrasound

Below is an instruction from Human. Write a response. ### Instruction: What are the treatments for What I need to know about Erectile Dysfunction ? ### Response: Your doctor can offer you a number of treatments for ED. For many men, the answer is as simple as taking a pill. Other men have to try two or three options before they find a treatment that works for them. Dont give up if the first treatment doesnt work. Finding the right treatment can take time.

Below is an instruction from Human. Write a response. ### Instruction: How to prevent What I need to know about Erectile Dysfunction ? ### Response: You can prevent many of the causes of ED by making healthy lifestyle choices. Following a healthy diet may help prevent ED. Quitting smoking and getting physical activity are also important ways to prevent ED. Physical activity increases blood flow throughout your body, including your penis.

Below is an instruction from Human. Write a response. ### Instruction: What to do for What I need to know about Erectile Dysfunction ? ### Response: To prevent ED, you should eat a healthy diet of whole-grain foods, fruits and vegetables, low-fat dairy foods, and lean meats. A diet that causes you to be overweight and have heart and blood vessel disease can also lead to ED. You should avoid foods high in fat and sodium, the main part of salt.

Below is an instruction from Human. Write a response. ### Instruction: What is (are) Celiac Disease ? ### Response: Celiac disease is an immune disorder in which people cannot tolerate gluten because it damages the inner lining of their small intestine and prevents it from absorbing nutrients. The small intestine is the tubeshaped organ between the stomach and large intestine.

Below is an instruction from Human. Write a response. ### Instruction: What causes Celiac Disease ? ### Response: Researchers do not know the exact cause of celiac disease. Celiac disease sometimes runs in families. In 50 percent of people who have celiac disease, a family member, when screened, also has the disease.1 A person's chances of developing celiac disease increase when his or her genestraits passed from parent to childhave variants, or changes.

Below is an instruction from Human. Write a response. ### Instruction: How many people are affected by Celiac Disease ? ### Response: As many as one in 141 Americans has celiac disease, although most remain undiagnosed.2 Celiac disease affects children and adults in all parts of the world and is more common in Caucasians and females. Celiac disease is also more common among people with certain genetic diseases, including Down syndrome and Turner syndromea condition that affects girls' development.

Below is an instruction from Human. Write a response. ### Instruction: What are the symptoms of Celiac Disease ? ### Response: A person may experience digestive signs and symptoms, or symptoms in other parts of the body. Digestive signs and symptoms are more common in children and can include - abdominal bloating - chronic diarrhea - constipation - gas - pale, foul-smelling, or fatty stool - stomach pain - nausea - vomiting

Below is an instruction from Human. Write a response. ### Instruction: How to diagnose Celiac Disease ? ### Response: A health care provider diagnoses celiac disease with - a medical and family history - a physical exam - blood tests - an intestinal biopsy - a skin biopsy Medical and Family History Taking a medical and family history may help a health care provider diagnose celiac disease.

Below is an instruction from Human. Write a response. ### Instruction: How to diagnose Celiac Disease ? ### Response: In some cases, a health care provider will order genetic blood tests to confirm or rule out a diagnosis of celiac disease. Most people with celiac disease have gene pairs that contain at least one of the human leukocyte antigen (HLA) gene variants.4 However, these variants are also common in people without celiac disease, so their presence alone cannot diagnose celiac disease.

Below is an instruction from Human. Write a response. ### Instruction: What are the treatments for Celiac Disease ? ### Response: Most people with celiac disease have a significant improvement in symptoms when they follow a gluten-free diet. Health care providers typically refer people to a dietitian who specializes in treating people with the disease. The dietitian will teach the person to avoid gluten while following a healthy and nutritious diet.

Below is an instruction from Human. Write a response. ### Instruction: What to do for Celiac Disease ? ### Response: Eating, diet, and nutrition play a significant role in treating celiac disease. People with the disease should maintain a gluten-free diet by avoiding products that contain gluten. In other words, a person with celiac disease should not eat most grains, pasta, and cereal, and many processed foods.

Below is an instruction from Human. Write a response. ### Instruction: What to do for Celiac Disease ? ### Response: - Celiac disease is an immune disorder in which people cannot tolerate gluten because it damages the lining of their small intestine and prevents absorption of nutrients. - When people with celiac disease eat foods or use products containing gluten, their immune system responds by damaging or destroying villithe tiny, fingerlike projections on the inner lining of the small intestine.

Below is an instruction from Human. Write a response. ### Instruction: What is (are) Prevent diabetes problems: Keep your nervous system healthy ? ### Response: Your nervous system carries signals between your brain and other parts of your body through your spinal cord. Nerves are bundles of special tissues that transmit these signals. The signals share information between your brain and body about how things feel.

Below is an instruction from Human. Write a response. ### Instruction: What are the symptoms of Prevent diabetes problems: Keep your nervous system healthy ? ### Response: Nerve damage symptoms depend on which nerves have damage. Some people have no symptoms or mild symptoms. Other people have painful and long-lasting symptoms. As most nerve damage develops over many years, a person may not notice mild cases for a long time. In some people, the onset of pain may be sudden and severe.

Below is an instruction from Human. Write a response. ### Instruction: What is (are) Prevent diabetes problems: Keep your nervous system healthy ? ### Response: Peripheral Neuropathy Peripheral neuropathy is the most common type of diabetic neuropathy, and it affects the sensory nerves of your feet, legs, hands, and arms. These areas of your body may feel - numb - weak - cold - burning or tingling, like pins and needles

Below is an instruction from Human. Write a response. ### Instruction: What are the treatments for Prevent diabetes problems: Keep your nervous system healthy ? ### Response: The treatment for nerve damage from diabetes is based on your symptoms. No treatment can reverse nerve damage; however, it can help you feel better. Your doctor might suggest taking low doses of medicines that both treat other health problems and help the pain of neuropathy.

Below is an instruction from Human. Write a response. ### Instruction: What to do for Prevent diabetes problems: Keep your nervous system healthy ? ### Response: You can keep your nervous system healthy by taking these steps: - Eat healthy meals and follow the meal plan that you and your doctor or dietitian have worked out. - If you drink alcoholic beverages, limit your intake to no more than one drink per day for women and two drinks per day for men.

Below is an instruction from Human. Write a response. ### Instruction: What causes Hemochromatosis ? ### Response: Primary Hemochromatosis Inherited genetic defects cause primary hemochromatosis, and mutations in the HFE gene are associated with up to 90 percent of cases.1 The HFE gene helps regulate the amount of iron absorbed from food. The two known mutations of HFE are C282Y and H63D.

Below is an instruction from Human. Write a response. ### Instruction: What are the symptoms of Hemochromatosis ? ### Response: A person with hemochromatosis may notice one or more of the following symptoms: - joint pain - fatigue, or feeling tired - unexplained weight loss - abnormal bronze or gray skin color - abdominal pain - loss of sex drive