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Below is an instruction from Human. Write a response. ### Instruction: What are the treatments for Intestinal Pseudo-obstruction ? ### Response: A health care provider will treat intestinal pseudo-obstruction with nutritional support, medications, and, in some cases, decompression. Rarely, a person will need surgery. If an illness, a medication, or both cause intestinal pseudo-obstruction, a health care provider will treat the underlying illness, stop the medication, or do both.

Below is an instruction from Human. Write a response. ### Instruction: What to do for Intestinal Pseudo-obstruction ? ### Response: Researchers have not found that eating, diet, and nutrition play a role in causing or preventing intestinal pseudo-obstruction. Following special diets usually does not help improve the disorder. However, eating frequent, small meals with pureed foods or liquids may ease digestion.

Below is an instruction from Human. Write a response. ### Instruction: What to do for Intestinal Pseudo-obstruction ? ### Response: - Intestinal pseudo-obstruction is a rare condition with symptoms that resemble those caused by a blockage, or obstruction, of the intestines, also called the bowel. However, when a health care provider examines the intestines, no blockage exists. Instead, the symptoms are due to nerve or muscle problems that affect the movement of food, fluid, and air through the intestines.

Below is an instruction from Human. Write a response. ### Instruction: What is (are) Acromegaly ? ### Response: Acromegaly is a hormonal disorder that results from too much growth hormone (GH) in the body. The pituitary, a small gland in the brain, makes GH. In acromegaly, the pituitary produces excessive amounts of GH. Usually the excess GH comes from benign, or noncancerous, tumors on the pituitary.

Below is an instruction from Human. Write a response. ### Instruction: What are the symptoms of Acromegaly ? ### Response: The name acromegaly comes from the Greek words for "extremities" and "enlargement," reflecting one of its most common symptomsthe abnormal growth of the hands and feet. Swelling of the hands and feet is often an early feature, with patients noticing a change in ring or shoe size, particularly shoe width.

Below is an instruction from Human. Write a response. ### Instruction: What causes Acromegaly ? ### Response: Acromegaly is caused by prolonged overproduction of GH by the pituitary gland. The pituitary produces several important hormones that control body functions such as growth and development, reproduction, and metabolism. But hormones never seem to act simply and directly.

Below is an instruction from Human. Write a response. ### Instruction: How many people are affected by Acromegaly ? ### Response: Small pituitary adenomas are common, affecting about 17 percent of the population.1 However, research suggests most of these tumors do not cause symptoms and rarely produce excess GH.2 Scientists estimate that three to four out of every million people develop acromegaly each year and about 60 out of every million people suffer from the disease at any time.

Below is an instruction from Human. Write a response. ### Instruction: How to diagnose Acromegaly ? ### Response: Blood tests If acromegaly is suspected, a doctor must measure the GH level in a persons blood to determine if it is elevated. However, a single measurement of an elevated blood GH level is not enough to diagnose acromegaly: Because GH is secreted by the pituitary in impulses, or spurts, its concentration in the blood can vary widely from minute to minute.

Below is an instruction from Human. Write a response. ### Instruction: What are the treatments for Acromegaly ? ### Response: Currently, treatment options include surgical removal of the tumor, medical therapy, and radiation therapy of the pituitary. Goals of treatment are to - reduce excess hormone production to normal levels - relieve the pressure that the growing pituitary tumor may be exerting on the surrounding brain areas - preserve normal pituitary function or treat hormone deficiencies - improve the symptoms of acromegaly

Below is an instruction from Human. Write a response. ### Instruction: What are the treatments for Acromegaly ? ### Response: Currently, treatment options include surgical removal of the tumor, medical therapy, and radiation therapy of the pituitary. Goals of treatment are to - reduce excess hormone production to normal levels - relieve the pressure that the growing pituitary tumor may be exerting on the surrounding brain areas - preserve normal pituitary function or treat hormone deficiencies - improve the symptoms of acromegaly

Below is an instruction from Human. Write a response. ### Instruction: What are the treatments for Acromegaly ? ### Response: No single treatment is effective for all patients. Treatment should be individualized, and often combined, depending on patient characteristics such as age and tumor size. If the tumor has not yet invaded surrounding nonpituitary tissues, removal of the pituitary adenoma by an experienced neurosurgeon is usually the first choice.

Below is an instruction from Human. Write a response. ### Instruction: What is (are) What I need to know about Cirrhosis ? ### Response: Cirrhosis* is scarring of the liver. Scar tissue forms because of injury or long-term disease. Scar tissue replaces healthy liver tissue and blocks the normal flow of blood through the liver. A healthy liver - makes proteins - helps fight infections - cleans the blood - helps digest food - stores a form of sugar that your body uses for energy

Below is an instruction from Human. Write a response. ### Instruction: What are the symptoms of What I need to know about Cirrhosis ? ### Response: You may have no symptoms in the early stages of cirrhosis. As cirrhosis gets worse you may - feel tired or weak - lose your appetite - feel sick to your stomach - lose weight - notice red, spider-shaped blood vessels under your skin

Below is an instruction from Human. Write a response. ### Instruction: How to diagnose What I need to know about Cirrhosis ? ### Response: Your doctor will examine you and may perform - blood tests to see whether your liver is working properly - imaging tests, which may show the size of your liver and show swelling or shrinkage - a liver biopsy, in which a doctor uses a ne

Below is an instruction from Human. Write a response. ### Instruction: What are the treatments for What I need to know about Cirrhosis ? ### Response: Once you have cirrhosis, nothing can make all the scar tissue go away. But treating the cause will keep cirrhosis from getting worse. For example, if cirrhosis is from heavy alcohol use, the treatment is to completely stop drinking alcohol. If cirrhosis is caused by hepatitis C, then the hepatitis C virus is treated with medicine.

Below is an instruction from Human. Write a response. ### Instruction: What are the treatments for What I need to know about Cirrhosis ? ### Response: If too much scar tissue forms, your liver could fail. Then you will need a liver transplant. A liver transplant can return you to good health. For information about liver transplantation, see the booklet What I need to know about Liver Transplantation from the National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases (NIDDK).

Below is an instruction from Human. Write a response. ### Instruction: How to prevent What I need to know about Cirrhosis ? ### Response: To prevent cirrhosis, - see your doctor for treatment of your liver disease. Many of the causes of cirrhosis are treatable. Early treatment may prevent cirrhosis. - try to keep your weight in the normal range. Being overweight can make several liver diseases worse.

Below is an instruction from Human. Write a response. ### Instruction: What to do for What I need to know about Cirrhosis ? ### Response: - Cirrhosis is scarring of the liver. Scar tissue replaces healthy liver tissue. - Some common causes of cirrhosis include heavy alcohol use, hepatitis infections, and nonalcoholic fatty liver disease. - In the early stages of cirrhosis, you may have no symptoms.

Below is an instruction from Human. Write a response. ### Instruction: What is (are) Monogenic Forms of Diabetes: Neonatal Diabetes Mellitus and Maturity-onset Diabetes of the Young ? ### Response: MODY is a monogenic form of diabetes that usually first occurs during adolescence or early adulthood. However, MODY sometimes remains undiagnosed until later in life. A number of different gene mutations have been shown to cause MODY, all of which limit the ability of the pancreas to produce insulin.

Below is an instruction from Human. Write a response. ### Instruction: What is (are) Monogenic Forms of Diabetes: Neonatal Diabetes Mellitus and Maturity-onset Diabetes of the Young ? ### Response: Testing for monogenic diabetes involves providing a blood sample from which DNA is isolated. The DNA is analyzed for changes in the genes that cause monogenic diabetes. Abnormal results can determine the gene responsible for diabetes in a particular individual or show whether someone is likely to develop a monogenic form of diabetes in the future.

Below is an instruction from Human. Write a response. ### Instruction: What to do for Monogenic Forms of Diabetes: Neonatal Diabetes Mellitus and Maturity-onset Diabetes of the Young ? ### Response: - Mutations in single genes can cause rare forms of diabetes. - Genetic testing can identify many forms of monogenic diabetes. - A physician evaluates whether genetic testing is appropriate. - A correct diagnosis aided by genetic testing can lead to optimal treatment.

Below is an instruction from Human. Write a response. ### Instruction: What is (are) Gallstones ? ### Response: Gallstones are hard particles that develop in the gallbladder. The gallbladder is a small, pear-shaped organ located in the upper right abdomenthe area between the chest and hipsbelow the liver. Gallstones can range in size from a grain of sand to a golf ball.

Below is an instruction from Human. Write a response. ### Instruction: What is (are) Gallstones ? ### Response: The biliary tract consists of the gallbladder and the bile ducts. The bile ducts carry bile and other digestive enzymes from the liver and pancreas to the duodenumthe fi rst part of the small intestine. The liver produces bilea fl uid that carries toxins and waste products out of the body and helps the body digest fats and the fat-soluble vitamins A, D, E, and K.

Below is an instruction from Human. Write a response. ### Instruction: What causes Gallstones ? ### Response: Imbalances in the substances that make up bile cause gallstones. Gallstones may form if bile contains too much cholesterol, too much bilirubin, or not enough bile salts. Scientists do not fully understand why these imbalances occur. Gallstones also may form if the gallbladder does not empty completely or often enough.

Below is an instruction from Human. Write a response. ### Instruction: Who is at risk for Gallstones? ? ### Response: Certain people have a higher risk of developing gallstones than others:2 - Women are more likely to develop gallstones than men. Extra estrogen can increase cholesterol levels in bile and decrease gallbladder contractions, which may cause gallstones to form.

Below is an instruction from Human. Write a response. ### Instruction: What are the symptoms of Gallstones ? ### Response: Many people with gallstones do not have symptoms. Gallstones that do not cause symptoms are called asymptomatic, or silent, gallstones. Silent gallstones do not interfere with the function of the gallbladder, liver, or pancreas. If gallstones block the bile ducts, pressure increases in the gallbladder, causing a gallbladder attack.

Below is an instruction from Human. Write a response. ### Instruction: What is (are) Gallstones ? ### Response: People who think they have had a gallbladder attack should notify their health care provider. Although these attacks usually resolve as gallstones move, complications can develop if the bile ducts remain blocked. People with any of the following symptoms during or after a gallbladder attack should see a health care provider immediately:

Below is an instruction from Human. Write a response. ### Instruction: How to diagnose Gallstones ? ### Response: A health care provider will usually order an ultrasound exam to diagnose gallstones. Other imaging tests may also be used. - Ultrasound exam. Ultrasound uses a device, called a transducer, that bounces safe, painless sound waves off organs to create an image of their structure.

Below is an instruction from Human. Write a response. ### Instruction: What are the treatments for Gallstones ? ### Response: If gallstones are not causing symptoms, treatment is usually not needed. However, if a person has a gallbladder attack or other symptoms, a health care provider will usually recommend treatment. A person may be referred to a gastroenterologista doctor who specializes in digestive diseasesfor treatment.

Below is an instruction from Human. Write a response. ### Instruction: What to do for Gallstones ? ### Response: Factors related to eating, diet, and nutrition that increase the risk of gallstones include - obesity - rapid weight loss - diets high in calories and refi ned carbohydrates and low in fi ber People can decrease their risk of gallstones by maintaining a healthy weight through proper diet and nutrition.

Below is an instruction from Human. Write a response. ### Instruction: What to do for Gallstones ? ### Response: - Gallstones are hard particles that develop in the gallbladder. - Imbalances in the substances that make up bile cause gallstones. Gallstones may form if bile contains too much cholesterol, too much bilirubin, or not enough bile salts. Scientists do not fully understand why these imbalances occur.

Below is an instruction from Human. Write a response. ### Instruction: What is (are) Microscopic Colitis: Collagenous Colitis and Lymphocytic Colitis ? ### Response: Microscopic colitis is an inflammation of the colon that a health care provider can see only with a microscope. Inflammation is the bodys normal response to injury, irritation, or infection of tissues. Microscopic colitis is a type of inflammatory bowel diseasethe general name for diseases that cause irritation and inflammation in the intestines.

Below is an instruction from Human. Write a response. ### Instruction: What is (are) Microscopic Colitis: Collagenous Colitis and Lymphocytic Colitis ? ### Response: The colon is part of the gastrointestinal (GI) tract, a series of hollow organs joined in a long, twisting tube from the mouth to the anusa 1-inch-long opening through which stool leaves the body. Organs that make up the GI tract are the - mouth - esophagus - stomach - small intestine - large intestine - anus

Below is an instruction from Human. Write a response. ### Instruction: What causes Microscopic Colitis: Collagenous Colitis and Lymphocytic Colitis ? ### Response: The exact cause of microscopic colitis is unknown. Several factors may play a role in causing microscopic colitis. However, most scientists believe that microscopic colitis results from an abnormal immune-system response to bacteria that normally live in the colon.

Below is an instruction from Human. Write a response. ### Instruction: What are the symptoms of Microscopic Colitis: Collagenous Colitis and Lymphocytic Colitis ? ### Response: The most common symptom of microscopic colitis is chronic, watery, nonbloody diarrhea. Episodes of diarrhea can last for weeks, months, or even years. However, many people with microscopic colitis may have long periods without diarrhea. Other signs and symptoms of microscopic colitis can include

Below is an instruction from Human. Write a response. ### Instruction: How to diagnose Microscopic Colitis: Collagenous Colitis and Lymphocytic Colitis ? ### Response: A pathologista doctor who specializes in examining tissues to diagnose diseasesdiagnoses microscopic colitis based on the findings of multiple biopsies taken throughout the colon. Biopsy is a procedure that involves taking small pieces of tissue for examination with a microscope.

Below is an instruction from Human. Write a response. ### Instruction: What are the treatments for Microscopic Colitis: Collagenous Colitis and Lymphocytic Colitis ? ### Response: Treatment depends on the severity of symptoms. The gastroenterologist will - review the medications the person is taking - make recommendations to change or stop certain medications - recommend that the person quit smoking

Below is an instruction from Human. Write a response. ### Instruction: What to do for Microscopic Colitis: Collagenous Colitis and Lymphocytic Colitis ? ### Response: To help reduce symptoms, a health care provider may recommend the following dietary changes: - avoid foods and drinks that contain caffeine or artificial sugars - drink plenty of liquids to prevent dehydration during episodes of diarrhea - eat a milk-free diet if the person is also lactose intolerant - eat a gluten-free diet

Below is an instruction from Human. Write a response. ### Instruction: What to do for Microscopic Colitis: Collagenous Colitis and Lymphocytic Colitis ? ### Response: To help reduce symptoms, a health care provider may recommend the following dietary changes: - avoid foods and drinks that contain caffeine or artificial sugars - drink plenty of liquids to prevent dehydration during episodes of diarrhea - eat a milk-free diet if the person is also lactose intolerant - eat a gluten-free diet

Below is an instruction from Human. Write a response. ### Instruction: What to do for Microscopic Colitis: Collagenous Colitis and Lymphocytic Colitis ? ### Response: To help reduce symptoms, a health care provider may recommend the following dietary changes: - avoid foods and drinks that contain caffeine or artificial sugars - drink plenty of liquids to prevent dehydration during episodes of diarrhea - eat a milk-free diet if the person is also lactose intolerant - eat a gluten-free diet

Below is an instruction from Human. Write a response. ### Instruction: What to do for Microscopic Colitis: Collagenous Colitis and Lymphocytic Colitis ? ### Response: - Microscopic colitis is an inflammation of the colon that a health care provider can see only with a microscope. - The two types of microscopic colitis are collagenous colitis and lymphocytic colitis. - The exact cause of microscopic colitis is unknown. - Microscopic colitis is most common in females age 50 years or older.

Below is an instruction from Human. Write a response. ### Instruction: What is (are) Fecal Incontinence ? ### Response: Fecal incontinence, also called a bowel control problem, is the accidental passing of solid or liquid stool or mucus from the rectum. Fecal incontinence includes the inability to hold a bowel movement until reaching a toilet as well as passing stool into ones underwear without being aware of it happening.

Below is an instruction from Human. Write a response. ### Instruction: Who is at risk for Fecal Incontinence? ? ### Response: Nearly 18 million U.S. adultsabout one in 12have fecal incontinence.1 People of any age can have a bowel control problem, though fecal incontinence is more common in older adults. Fecal incontinence is slightly more common among women. Having any of the following can increase the risk:

Below is an instruction from Human. Write a response. ### Instruction: What is (are) Fecal Incontinence ? ### Response: The GI tract is a series of hollow organs joined in a long, twisting tube from the mouth to the anus. The movement of muscles in the GI tract, along with the release of hormones and enzymes, allows for the digestion of food. Organs that make up the GI tract are the mouth, esophagus, stomach, small intestine, large intestinewhich includes the appendix, cecum, colon, and rectumand anus.

Below is an instruction from Human. Write a response. ### Instruction: What causes Fecal Incontinence ? ### Response: Fecal incontinence has many causes, including - diarrhea - constipation - muscle damage or weakness - nerve damage - loss of stretch in the rectum - childbirth by vaginal delivery - hemorrhoids and rectal prolapse - rectocele - inactivity

Below is an instruction from Human. Write a response. ### Instruction: How to diagnose Fecal Incontinence ? ### Response: Health care providers diagnose fecal incontinence based on a persons medical history, physical exam, and medical test results. In addition to a general medical history, the health care provider may ask the following questions: - When did fecal incontinence start? - How often does fecal incontinence occur? - How much stool leaks? Does the stool just streak the underwear? Does just a little bit of solid or liquid stool leak out or does complete loss of bowel control occur? - Does fecal incontinence involve a strong urge to have a bowel movement or does it happen without warning? - For people with hemorrhoids, do hemorrhoids bulge through the anus? Do the hemorrhoids pull back in by themselves, or do they have to be pushed in with a finger? - How does fecal incontinence affect daily life? - Is fecal incontinence worse after eating? Do certain foods seem to make fecal incontinence worse? - Can passing gas be controlled?

Below is an instruction from Human. Write a response. ### Instruction: What to do for Fecal Incontinence ? ### Response: Dietary changes that may improve fecal incontinence include - Eating the right amount of fiber. Fiber can help with diarrhea and constipation. Fiber is found in fruits, vegetables, whole grains, and beans. Fiber supplements sold in a pharmacy or in a health food store are another common source of fiber to treat fecal incontinence.

Below is an instruction from Human. Write a response. ### Instruction: What is (are) Fecal Incontinence ? ### Response: Fecal incontinence can cause embarrassment, fear, and loneliness. Taking steps to cope is important. The following tips can help: - carrying a bag with cleanup supplies and a change of clothes when leaving the house. - finding public restrooms before one is needed.

Below is an instruction from Human. Write a response. ### Instruction: What to do for Fecal Incontinence ? ### Response: - Fecal incontinence, also called a bowel control problem, is the accidental passing of solid or liquid stool or mucus from the rectum. Fecal incontinence includes the inability to hold a bowel movement until reaching a toilet as well as passing stool into ones underwear without being aware of it happening.

Below is an instruction from Human. Write a response. ### Instruction: What is (are) What I need to know about Diverticular Disease ? ### Response: Diverticular* disease affects the colon. The colon is part of the large intestine that removes waste from your body. Diverticular disease is made up of two conditions: diverticulosis and diverticulitis. Diverticulosis occurs when pouches, called diverticula, form in the colon.

Below is an instruction from Human. Write a response. ### Instruction: What causes What I need to know about Diverticular Disease ? ### Response: Doctors are not sure what causes diverticular disease. Many think a diet low in fiber is the main cause. Fiber is a part of food that your body cannot digest. It is found in many fruits and vegetables. Fiber stays in the colon and absorbs water, which makes bowel movements easier to pass.

Below is an instruction from Human. Write a response. ### Instruction: What are the symptoms of What I need to know about Diverticular Disease ? ### Response: The symptoms for diverticulosis and diverticulitis are different. Diverticulosis. Many people don't have symptoms, but some people have cramping, bloating, and constipation. Some people also have bleeding, inflammation, and fistulas. If you are bleeding, bright red blood will pass through your rectum.

Below is an instruction from Human. Write a response. ### Instruction: What are the symptoms of What I need to know about Diverticular Disease ? ### Response: The symptoms for diverticulosis and diverticulitis are different. Diverticulosis. Many people don't have symptoms, but some people have cramping, bloating, and constipation. Some people also have bleeding, inflammation, and fistulas. If you are bleeding, bright red blood will pass through your rectum.

Below is an instruction from Human. Write a response. ### Instruction: What are the treatments for What I need to know about Diverticular Disease ? ### Response: Treatment for diverticular disease depends on how serious the problem is and whether you are suffering from diverticulosis or diverticulitis. Most people get better by changing their diet. If you have rectal bleeding, you need to go to the hospital so a doctor can find the part of your colon that is bleeding.

Below is an instruction from Human. Write a response. ### Instruction: What are the treatments for What I need to know about Diverticular Disease ? ### Response: Treatment for diverticular disease depends on how serious the problem is and whether you are suffering from diverticulosis or diverticulitis. Most people get better by changing their diet. If you have rectal bleeding, you need to go to the hospital so a doctor can find the part of your colon that is bleeding.

Below is an instruction from Human. Write a response. ### Instruction: What are the treatments for What I need to know about Diverticular Disease ? ### Response: A doctor may prescribe antibiotics and recommend following a liquid diet. Most people get better with this treatment. Some people may need surgery and other treatments. - Surgery. Serious problems from diverticulitis are treated with surgery.

Below is an instruction from Human. Write a response. ### Instruction: What is (are) What I need to know about Diverticular Disease ? ### Response: Eat a high-fiber diet to help prevent problems. Talk to your doctor about using fiber products like Benefiber, Citrucel, or Metamucil. Daily use can help you get the fiber you need if you do not get it through your diet. Ask your doctor about which food choices are right for you.

Below is an instruction from Human. Write a response. ### Instruction: What to do for What I need to know about Diverticular Disease ? ### Response: - Diverticular disease is more common in people as they grow older. - A low-fiber diet is the most likely cause of the disease. - Most people are treated with a high-fiber diet and pain medication. - Add whole grain foods, high-fiber fruits, and vegetables to your diet.

Below is an instruction from Human. Write a response. ### Instruction: What are the treatments for Kidney Failure: Choosing a Treatment That's Right for You ? ### Response: If you have advanced chronic kidney disease (CKD), you may soon need treatment to do the work your kidneys can no longer do. Learning about your treatment options for kidney failure will help you make the best choice for you. Each treatment has pros and cons.

Below is an instruction from Human. Write a response. ### Instruction: What is (are) Kidney Failure: Choosing a Treatment That's Right for You ? ### Response: The kidneys are two bean-shaped organs, each about the size of a fist. They are located just below the rib cage, one on each side of the spine. Every day, the two kidneys filter about 120 to 150 quarts of blood to produce about 1 to 2 quarts of urine, composed of wastes and extra fluid.

Below is an instruction from Human. Write a response. ### Instruction: What is (are) Kidney Failure: Choosing a Treatment That's Right for You ? ### Response: Chronic kidney disease means you have damaged kidneys that cannot filter blood normally. Wastes then build up in your blood, harming your body. Kidney disease usually does not get better and may lead to kidney failure. If your kidneys fail, current treatment options can help you live a longer, healthier life.

Below is an instruction from Human. Write a response. ### Instruction: What are the treatments for Kidney Failure: Choosing a Treatment That's Right for You ? ### Response: You have three treatment options to choose from to filter your blood. A fourth option offers care without replacing the work of the kidneys. None of these treatments helps the kidneys get better. However, they all can help you feel better.

Below is an instruction from Human. Write a response. ### Instruction: What is (are) Kidney Failure: Choosing a Treatment That's Right for You ? ### Response: Purpose of Hemodialysis The purpose of hemodialysis is to filter your blood. This type of dialysis uses a machine to remove harmful wastes and extra fluid, as your kidneys did when they were healthy. Hemodialysis helps control blood pressure and balance important minerals, such as potassium, sodium, calcium, and bicarbonate, in your blood.

Below is an instruction from Human. Write a response. ### Instruction: What is (are) Kidney Failure: Choosing a Treatment That's Right for You ? ### Response: Purpose of Peritoneal Dialysis The purpose of peritoneal dialysis is to filter wastes and extra fluid from your body. This type of dialysis uses the lining of your bellythe space in your body that holds your stomach, bowels, and liverto filter your blood.

Below is an instruction from Human. Write a response. ### Instruction: What is (are) Kidney Failure: Choosing a Treatment That's Right for You ? ### Response: What should I know about kidney transplantation? The purpose of kidney transplantation is to surgically place a healthy kidney from a donora person who has just died or a living person, most often a family memberinto your body. A kidney from someone who has just died is a deceased donor kidney.

Below is an instruction from Human. Write a response. ### Instruction: What are the treatments for Kidney Failure: Choosing a Treatment That's Right for You ? ### Response: Conservative management for kidney failure is the choice to say no to or stop dialysis treatments. For many people, dialysis not only extends life, it also improves the quality of life. For others who have serious conditions in addition to kidney failure, dialysis may seem like a burden that only prolongs suffering.

Below is an instruction from Human. Write a response. ### Instruction: What to do for Kidney Failure: Choosing a Treatment That's Right for You ? ### Response: All of the treatment options for kidney failure require changes and restrictions in your diet. Hemodialysis Hemodialysis has the most restrictions. You should watch how much water and other liquids you get from food and drinks and avoid getting too much sodium, often from salt; potassium; and phosphorus.

Below is an instruction from Human. Write a response. ### Instruction: What to do for Kidney Failure: Choosing a Treatment That's Right for You ? ### Response: - You have three treatment options to choose from to filter your blood. A fourth option offers care without replacing the work of the kidneys. - Hemodialysis - Peritoneal dialysis - Kidney transplantation - Conservative management - None of these treatments helps the kidneys get better.

Below is an instruction from Human. Write a response. ### Instruction: What is (are) What I need to know about Hirschsprung Disease ? ### Response: Hirschsprung* disease (HD) is a disease of the large intestine that causes severe constipation or intestinal obstruction. Constipation means stool moves through the intestines slower than usual. Bowel movements occur less often than normal and stools are difficult to pass.

Below is an instruction from Human. Write a response. ### Instruction: What is (are) What I need to know about Hirschsprung Disease ? ### Response: The large intestine, which includes the colon and rectum, is the last part of the digestive tract. The large intestines main job is to absorb water and hold stool. The rectum connects the colon to the anus. Stool passes out of the body through the anus. At birth, the large intestine is about 2 feet long.

Below is an instruction from Human. Write a response. ### Instruction: What causes What I need to know about Hirschsprung Disease ? ### Response: People with HD have constipation because they lack nerve cells in a part or all of the large intestine. The nerve cells signal muscles in the large intestine to push stool toward the anus. Without a signal to push stool along, stool will remain in the large intestine.

Below is an instruction from Human. Write a response. ### Instruction: What causes What I need to know about Hirschsprung Disease ? ### Response: Before birth, a childs nerve cells normally grow along the intestines in the direction of the anus. With HD, the nerve cells stop growing too soon. Why the nerve cells stop growing is unclear. Some HD is inherited, meaning it is passed from parent to child through genes.

Below is an instruction from Human. Write a response. ### Instruction: What are the symptoms of What I need to know about Hirschsprung Disease ? ### Response: The main symptoms of HD are constipation or intestinal obstruction, usually appearing shortly after birth. Constipation in infants and children is common and usually comes and goes, but if your child has had ongoing constipation since birth, HD may be the problem.

Below is an instruction from Human. Write a response. ### Instruction: How to diagnose What I need to know about Hirschsprung Disease ? ### Response: HD is diagnosed based on symptoms and test results. A doctor will perform a physical exam and ask questions about your childs bowel movements. HD is much less likely if parents can identify a time when their childs bowel habits were normal.

Below is an instruction from Human. Write a response. ### Instruction: What are the treatments for What I need to know about Hirschsprung Disease ? ### Response: Pull-through Procedure HD is treated with surgery called a pull-through procedure. A surgeon removes the segment of the large intestine lacking nerve cells and connects the healthy segment to the anus. The pull-through procedure is usually done soon after diagnosis.

Below is an instruction from Human. Write a response. ### Instruction: What to do for What I need to know about Hirschsprung Disease ? ### Response: - Hirschsprung disease (HD) is a disease of the large intestine that causes severe constipation or intestinal obstruction. People with HD are born with it. - The large intestine, which includes the colon and rectum, is the last part of the digestive tract.

Below is an instruction from Human. Write a response. ### Instruction: What to do for What I need to know about Physical Activity and Diabetes ? ### Response: - Starting a physical activity program can help you lose weight or keep a healthy weight and keep your blood glucose levels on target. - Always talk with your health care team before you start a new physical activity program. - Ask your health care team if you need to change the amount of medicine you take or the food you eat before any physical activity.

Below is an instruction from Human. Write a response. ### Instruction: What is (are) Hyperthyroidism ? ### Response: Hyperthyroidism is a disorder that occurs when the thyroid gland makes more thyroid hormone than the body needs. Hyperthyroidism is sometimes called thyrotoxicosis, the technical term for too much thyroid hormone in the blood. Thyroid hormones circulate throughout the body in the bloodstream and act on virtually every tissue and cell in the body.

Below is an instruction from Human. Write a response. ### Instruction: What is (are) Hyperthyroidism ? ### Response: The thyroid is a 2-inch-long, butterfly-shaped gland weighing less than 1 ounce. Located in the front of the neck below the larynx, or voice box, it has two lobes, one on each side of the windpipe. The thyroid is one of the glands that make up the endocrine system.

Below is an instruction from Human. Write a response. ### Instruction: What causes Hyperthyroidism ? ### Response: Hyperthyroidism has several causes, including - Graves disease - thyroid nodules - thyroiditis, or inflammation of the thyroid - consuming too much iodine - overmedicating with synthetic thyroid hormone, which is used to treat underactive thyroid

Below is an instruction from Human. Write a response. ### Instruction: What are the symptoms of Hyperthyroidism ? ### Response: Hyperthyroidism has many symptoms that can vary from person to person. Some common symptoms of hyperthyroidism are - nervousness or irritability - fatigue or muscle weakness - heat intolerance - trouble sleeping - hand tremors - rapid

Below is an instruction from Human. Write a response. ### Instruction: How to diagnose Hyperthyroidism ? ### Response: Many symptoms of hyperthyroidism are the same as those of other diseases, so hyperthyroidism usually cannot be diagnosed based on symptoms alone. With suspected hyperthyroidism, health care providers take a medical history and perform a thorough physical exam.

Below is an instruction from Human. Write a response. ### Instruction: What are the treatments for Hyperthyroidism ? ### Response: Health care providers treat hyperthyroidism with medications, radioiodine therapy, or thyroid surgery. The aim of treatment is to bring thyroid hormone levels to a normal state, thus preventing long-term complications, and to relieve uncomfortable symptoms.

Below is an instruction from Human. Write a response. ### Instruction: What to do for Hyperthyroidism ? ### Response: Experts recommend that people eat a balanced diet to obtain most nutrients. More information about diet and nutrition is provided by the National Agricultural Library at www.nutrition.gov. Dietary Supplements Iodine is an essential mineral for the thyroid.

Below is an instruction from Human. Write a response. ### Instruction: What to do for Hyperthyroidism ? ### Response: - Hyperthyroidism is a disorder that occurs when the thyroid gland makes more thyroid hormone than the body needs. - Hyperthyroidism is most often caused by Graves disease, an autoimmune disorder. Other causes include thyroid nodules, thyroiditis, consuming too much iodine, and overmedicating with synthetic thyroid hormone.

Below is an instruction from Human. Write a response. ### Instruction: What is (are) Polycystic Kidney Disease ? ### Response: Polycystic kidney disease is a genetic disorder that causes numerous cysts to grow in the kidneys. A kidney cyst is an abnormal sac filled with fluid. PKD cysts can greatly enlarge the kidneys while replacing much of their normal structure, resulting in chronic kidney disease (CKD), which causes reduced kidney function over time.

Below is an instruction from Human. Write a response. ### Instruction: What causes Polycystic Kidney Disease ? ### Response: A gene mutation, or defect, causes polycystic kidney disease. Genes provide instructions for making proteins in the body. A gene mutation is a permanent change in the deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) sequence that makes up a gene. In most cases of PKD, a person inherits the gene mutation, meaning a parent passes it on in his or her genes.

Below is an instruction from Human. Write a response. ### Instruction: How many people are affected by Polycystic Kidney Disease ? ### Response: Estimates of PKDs prevalence range from one in 400 to one in 1,000 people.1 According to the United States Renal Data System, PKD accounts for 2.2 percent of new cases of kidney failure each year in the United States. Annually, eight people per 1 million have kidney failure as a result of PKD.

Below is an instruction from Human. Write a response. ### Instruction: What is (are) Polycystic Kidney Disease ? ### Response: Autosomal dominant PKD is the most common form of PKD and the most common inherited disorder of the kidneys.3 The term autosomal dominant means a child can get the disorder by inheriting the gene mutation from only one parent. Each child of a parent with an autosomal dominant mutation has a 50 percent chance of inheriting the mutated gene.

Below is an instruction from Human. Write a response. ### Instruction: What are the symptoms of Polycystic Kidney Disease ? ### Response: In many cases, PKD does not cause signs or symptoms until cysts are half an inch or larger. When present, the most common symptoms are pain in the back and sidesbetween the ribs and hipsand headaches. The pain can be temporary or persistent, mild or severe.

Below is an instruction from Human. Write a response. ### Instruction: What are the complications of Polycystic Kidney Disease ? ### Response: The complications of autosomal dominant PKD include the following: - Pain. Cyst infection, other types of urinary tract infections (UTIs), bleeding into cysts, kidney stones, or stretching of the fibrous tissue around the kidney because of cyst growth can cause pain in the area of the kidneys.

Below is an instruction from Human. Write a response. ### Instruction: What is (are) Polycystic Kidney Disease ? ### Response: Autosomal recessive PKD is a rare genetic disorder that affects the liver as well as the kidneys. The signs of autosomal recessive PKD frequently appear in the earliest months of life, even in the womb, so health care providers often call it infantile PKD. In an autosomal recessive disorder, the child has to inherit the gene mutation from both parents to have an increased likelihood for the disorder.

Below is an instruction from Human. Write a response. ### Instruction: What are the symptoms of Polycystic Kidney Disease ? ### Response: An early sign of autosomal recessive PKD is an enlarged kidney, seen in a fetus or an infant using ultrasound. Kidney function is crucial for early physical development, so children with autosomal recessive PKD and decreased kidney function are usually smaller-than-average size, a condition called growth failure.

Below is an instruction from Human. Write a response. ### Instruction: What are the complications of Polycystic Kidney Disease ? ### Response: Babies with the most severe cases of autosomal recessive PKD often die hours or days after birth because they cannot breathe well enough to sustain life. Their lungs do not develop as they should during the prenatal period. Pressure from enlarged kidneys also contributes to breathing problems.

Below is an instruction from Human. Write a response. ### Instruction: How to prevent Polycystic Kidney Disease ? ### Response: Scientists have not yet found a way to prevent PKD. However, people with PKD may slow the progression of kidney damage caused by high blood pressure through lifestyle changes, diet, and blood pressure medications. People with PKD should be physically active 30 minutes a day most days of the week.

Below is an instruction from Human. Write a response. ### Instruction: What to do for Polycystic Kidney Disease ? ### Response: A dietitian specializes in helping people who have kidney disease choose the right foods and plan healthy meals. People with any kind of kidney disease, including PKD, should talk with a dietitian about foods that should be added to their diet and foods that might be harmful.

Below is an instruction from Human. Write a response. ### Instruction: What to do for Polycystic Kidney Disease ? ### Response: - Polycystic kidney disease (PKD) is a genetic disorder that causes numerous cysts to grow in the kidneys. - A gene mutation, or defect, causes polycystic kidney disease. - Autosomal dominant PKD is the most common form of PKD and the most common inherited disorder of the kidneys.

Below is an instruction from Human. Write a response. ### Instruction: What is (are) Nutrition for Advanced Chronic Kidney Disease in Adults ? ### Response: CKD usually takes a long time to develop and does not go away. In CKD, the kidneys continue to workjust not as well as they should. Wastes may build up so gradually that the body becomes used to having those wastes in the blood. Salts containing phosphorus and potassium may rise to unsafe levels, causing heart and bone problems.

Below is an instruction from Human. Write a response. ### Instruction: What is (are) Nutrition for Advanced Chronic Kidney Disease in Adults ? ### Response: MNT is the use of nutrition counseling by a registered dietitian to help promote a medical or health goal. A health care provider may refer a patient to a registered dietitian to help with the patient's food plan. Many insurance policies cover MNT when recommended by a health care provider.

Below is an instruction from Human. Write a response. ### Instruction: What is (are) Nutrition for Advanced Chronic Kidney Disease in Adults ? ### Response: As CKD progresses, people often lose their appetites because they find that foods do not taste the same. As a result, they consume fewer caloriesimportant units of energy in foodand may lose too much weight. Renal dietitians can help people with advanced CKD find healthy ways to add calories to their diet if they are losing too much weight.