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<s>[INST] පහත මාතෘකාව සම්බන්ධයෙන් විස්තර සපයන්න: ඉන්දීය ක්‍රිකට් කණ්ඩායමේ ශ්රී ලංකා තරඟ සංචාරය 2015 [/INST] The Indian cricket team toured Sri Lanka from 6 August to 1 September 2015 to play a tour match and three Test matches.[1] On 27 June, Sri Lankan batsman Kumar Sangakkara said he would retire from international cricket after the second Test of the series.[2] The Board of Control for Cricket in India(BCCI) and Sri Lanka Cricket Board confirmed the schedule of India's tour to Sri Lanka in August to September 2015. The tour started with a three-day warm-up game against Sri Lanka Board President's XI, followed by three Test matches. The Test matches were played at Galle, P Sara Oval, and SSC Colombo.[3] The Indian team arrived in Sri Lanka on 4 August 2015.[4]
Three different openers for India Shikhar Dhawan (134), Lokesh Rahul (108) and Cheteshwar Pujara(145) made centuries in the series. This was fifth time in Test history. The last happened in 1970 Ashes by John Edrich, Geoff Boycott and Brian Luckhurst for England.[5]
India won the three-match series 2–1, with Virat Kohli winning his first Test series as captain of India, and this was the first series win by India in Sri Lanka since 1993.[6] This series win also gave India their first overseas Test series victory since the 2011 tour in the West Indies. </s> |
<s>[INST] පහත මාතෘකාව සම්බන්ධයෙන් විස්තර සපයන්න: පාරින්ද රණසිංහ [/INST] ශ්රී ලංකා ශ්‍රේෂ්ඨාධිකරණයේ 38 වැනි අගවිනිසුරුවරයා වූ විනිසුරු කේ. ඒ. පාරින්ද රණසිංහ ශ්රී ලාංකික විනිසුරුවරයෙකි. ඔහු ආසියානු අපරාධ වැළැක්වීමේ පදනමේ සභාපතිවරයා ද වේ.
කොළඹ රාජකීය විද්‍යාලයෙන් අධ්යාපනය ලැබූ රණසිංහ කොළඹ නීති විද්‍යාලයෙන් නීතිවේදී උපාධිය හැදෑරීමට සමත් විය. ඉන් පසුව ඔහු අධිකරණ සේවයට බැඳෙනවා. ඔහුගෙන් පසුව හර්බට් තම්බයියා පත් විය.
යොමු කිරීම්
Year of birth missing (living people)
ජීවමාන ජනයා </s> |
<s>[INST] පහත මාතෘකාව සම්බන්ධයෙන් විස්තර සපයන්න: මධ්‍යම ඇමරිකාව [/INST] උතුරු ඇමරිකාව හා දකුණු ඇමරිකාව යා කෙරෙන බිම් තීරුව. මෙක්සිකෝවට දකුණු දෙසින් පැනමා රට දක්වා සියලු රටවල් මීට අයත් වේ. </s> |
<s>[INST] පහත මාතෘකාව සම්බන්ධයෙන් විස්තර සපයන්න: කාඕ කාඕ රාජධානි තුන [/INST] ක්රි.ව. 191 දී අධිරාජ්‍යයාගේ නෑයෙකු වන ලී යු බලා පත්කිරීම පිළිබඳ සහාය රජයේ නිලධාරින් අතර සාකච්ඡා පැවතුණු අතර, ක්‍රමයෙන් එහි සාමාජිකයන් අතර අවුල් වියවුල් ඇතිවිය. හැන්ස් පාලකයෝ බලය තහවුරු කිරීම වෙනුවට තම පෞද්ගලික හමුද බලය වැඩිකර ගැනීමේ අරමුණින් යුතුව, (මෙම රාජ්‍ය අස්ථාවර අවස්ථාවේ දී පවා) එකී බලධරයන් බොහෝ දෙනා කටයුතු කර ඇත. හෑන්ස් අධිරාජ්‍යය යුධකාමීන් කීපදෙනෙකු අතර බෙදී යන ලදී. යු ආන් ෂාඕ තම උසස් නිලධාරියෙකු වන හෑන් ෆු උපක්‍රමයෙන් හා වංචාවෙන් පළවා හැර යේ ප්රදේශයේ උතුරු කොටසේ බලට තහවුරු කරගත්තේය. කහ ගංගාවේ උතුරු කොටස වන කෝකෝ පාලනය පැවති කළ ගෝන්ග් ෂුන් සෑන්ට එරෙහිව, යු ආන් හි දකුණු දිග දක්වා ද යු ආන් ෂු හා ලියු බියාඩි නම් හුවායි ගංගා නිම්න ප්රදේශය හා යැංග්සි ප්රදේශය පාලනය කළ නායකයින් ට එරෙහිව ද සටන් කළේය. ඇත දකුණු දිග ප්රදේශයේ තරුණ සටන්කාමීයෙකු වන සුන්සේ විසින් සුන් ජි ආන්ගේ අකල් මරණයෙන් පසු එම ප්රදේශයේ බලය තහවුරු කරගෙන ඔහුගේ පහළ පෙළේ නිලධාරියෙකු වන යු ආන් ෂුං හට එහි පාලනය භාර කරන ලදී. බටහිර දෙසින් වූ සිය පාලන ලියු සෑංග් විසින් අල්ලාගත් අතර වයඹ දිග පෙදෙස එනම් ඩෝංග් ෂුඩ් මුල් පතාන ප්රදේශය පාලනය කරන ලද්දේ සිලියැංග් හි මා ටොග් වැනි සුඵ පරිමාණ යුධකාමීන් කිහිප දෙනෙක් විසිනි.
තම සාර්ථක්තවය ගැන දැඩි ආත්ම විශ්වාසයකින් සිටි ඩොංග් සුඩ් තමා විසින්ම හදාවාඩාගත් පුත්‍රයෙකු වන ල් බුහා මයිලනුවන් වූ වැංග් යුන් අතින් මරණයට පත් වු අතර ඊට එරෙහිව ඩොංග් සුමිගේ ආධාරකරුවන් වන ලි සියු, ග්ඕ සි , සෑංග් ජි (භූගේ සියුගේ මයිලනුවන්) සහ පැන්චවු විසින් වෑන් යුන් හා ඔහුගේ මුළු පවුලම ඝාතනය කරන ලදී. උතුරු ප්රදේශයේ විසු යුද කාමියෙකු වන සැංග් යැංග් වෙතට පලාගිය ලු යු ආන් ෂා ඕ හා සම්බන්ධ වනතුරු ඔහු සමඟ විමසුවේය. නමුත් පැහැදිලි ලෙසම ලු යු තුළ වෙනත් අයෙකුට ආධාර කිරීමේ ප්‍රයත්නයක් දක්නට ලැබිණි.
ක්රි.ව. 195 අගෝස්තු සියැංග් අධිරාජ්‍යයා ආධාරකරුවන් සොයා ගනු පිණිස ලී රජුගේ පාලන ප්‍රදේශයෙන් පැනගොස් නැගෙනහිර දෙසට ඉත අන්තරායික ගමනය යෙදුණි. ක්රි.ව. 196 වන විට කාඕ කාඕ විසින් ඔහුව පිළිගන්නා විට ඔහු සුළු පරිමාණ බලකාමීන් හා එකතු වී හෝ සිටියේය.
මෙම පූර්ව උපදේශ සුන් යුගේ යොජනාවක් වූ අතර කාඕ කාඕ ට ඉතා වැදගත් ප්‍රවණතාවක් විය. පාලන තන්ත්‍රය ස්ථාපිත කිරීම සඳහා අනෙකුත් යුධකාමීන් පාලනය කරගෙන ඔවුන් තමන්වෙත නම්මවා ගැනීමේ නිත්‍යානුකූල අයිතියක් කාඕ කාඕ වෙත ඇති බවත් එය කළහැක්කේ නියම අධිරාජ්‍යයාට ආධාර කිරීමෙන් බවත් සුන් යු අවධාරණය කළේය.
වෙරි රාජධානියේ පුරෝගාමි ප්රදේශ පාලනය කළ කාඕ කාඕ තම හමුදාව 189 දී ශිත සෘතුවේ දී වර්ධනය කර ගත්තේය. යුධෝපක්‍රම කීපයක් හා සටන් කීපයකට පසුව එහු ඩයි ප්රදේශය පාලනයට ගෙන කහ ගංඟා විප්ලවකාමින්ගේ පිල් කිහිපයක්ම පරාජයට පත් කළේය. මෙහේතුවෙන් ෂැංග් මිආමි හා මෙන් ගොන්ස් විසින් පාලනය කළ දේශීය යුධ හමුදාවන්ගේ ආධාරය ඔහු වෙත ලැබිණි. මෙය ඔහුගේ ප්රථම විශාල හමුදාව වූ අතර ඔහු ආසන්න වශයෙන් කහ තලප්පාකති විප්ලවකරුවන් 300,000 ක් පමණ තම හමුදාවට බදවා ගැනීමට සමත් විය. එසේම නැගෙනහිර ක්වින්ගේ ප්රදේශයේ කල්ලි හමුදා කණ්ඩායක්ද තම හමුදාවට එක්කර ගත්තේය. 196 දී ඔහු අධිරාජ්‍ය අධිකරණයක් ජු චැන්ග් හි විශාල බදු බරක් පැටවුවද (50% - 60% වගා ඵලදාව) ගොවියන් මෙසේ වඩාත් ස්ථාවර හා ආරක්ෂිත ස්ථානයක වගා කිරීමට කැමති විය. මෙය පසුව ඔහුගේ දෙවන සාර්ථක්වය ලෙස නම් කරන ලදී.
රාජධානි තුන - ෂූන්ග් ලියෑන්ගේ උතුරු ගවේෂණය
ෂූන්ග් ලියෑන්ගේ දකුණේ යුධ මෙහෙයුම සාර්ථකව අවසන් වීමත් සමඟම වූ-ෂු සහ ෂු හමුදාවන්ගේ මිත්‍ර සන්ධානයද අවසන් වීම නිසා ෂු හමුදා භට පිරිස් උතුරේ සටන් සඳහා යොමු විය. ක්රි.ව. 227 දී ෂුන්ග් ලියෑන් තම ප්‍රධාන ෂු භට පිරිස් හැන්‍ෂන්ග් ගේ දෙසට මාරු කර, වෙයි(Wei) සමඟ එක්ව ඊසාන දෙසින් සටන් ආරම්භ කළේය. ෂුන්ග් තම හමුදාවන් කිෂාන් ප්රදේශය දෙසට මෙහෙයවන අතරතුරදී සතුරු හමුදාවන් නොමඟ යැවීමට ජී දුර්ගය දෙසින් පහර දෙන ලෙසට ජනරාල් ෂැයෝ සුන් (Zhaoyun) හට අණ කළේය. කෙසේ වුවත් පෙරමුනේ සටන් වදින මා ෂු හමුදාවන් උපක්‍රමශිලිව පසුබැසීම නිසා ෂු භට පිරිස්ද නැවත පිටුපසට ගැනීමට සිදුවිය. ඊළග හයවසර තුළදී ෂුන්ගේ ලියෑන් ප්‍රහාර කිහිපයක් සිදුකිරීමට උත්සාහ කළද, සැපයුම් අවහිරතා නිසා ජයග්‍රහණය සීමා විය.
ෂුන්ගේ ලියෑන් තම අවසාන විශිෂ්ට යුධ මෙහෙයුම වෙයි (wei) ගංගාවේ දකුණු තැනිතලාවේ දී 234 දී මෙහෙයවන ලදි. කෙසේ වුවත් ෂුන්ග් ලියෑන්ගේ මරණයත් සමඟම ෂු හමුදා පසුපසට ගැනීමට සිදු වුවත්, වෙයි ගේ මෙහෙයවීම යටතේ සටන් ඉදිරියට කරගෙන යන ලදි.
ෂුන්ග් ලියෑන්ගේ මරණය පිළිබඳ සීමා යී දැනගැනීමත් සමඟ ඉතා තදින් ප්‍රහාර එල්ල වීම නිසා ඉක්මණින්ම ප්‍රතිප්‍රහාර එල්ල කරමින් පසුබෑමට ෂු හමුදාවන්ට සිදුවිය.
රක්ත ගල්පර සංග්‍රාමය
208 දී කාඕ කාඕ අධිරාජ්‍යය ඉක්මනින් ඒකාබද්ධ කිරීමට දකුණට අඛණ්ඩව ඉදිරියට ගියෝය. ලියු බියාවෝ ගේ පුතු වු ලියු කොන්ග් ලියන්ගේ පළාත යටත් කරගත් අතර, කාවෝට ජියන්ග්ලින් වලින් සෑහෙන විශාල කොටසක් අල්ලා ගැනීමට හැකි විය. කෙසේ වුවත් පහළ යැන්ග්සි වල සන්සේ හට විරෝධය පෑම ජයග්‍රාහී සන් කුවන් දිගින් දිගටම කරගෙන ගියේය. ඔහුගේ උපදේශකයා වු ලුසු, උතුරින් මෑතකදී පැමිණි සරණාගතයකු වු ලියු බී සමඟ මිත්‍ර සන්ධානයක් ගොඩනගා ගත්තේය. සන්සේ ගේ දිව්රීමෙන් බැඳුනු සොහොයුරා වන සොවුයු සන් කුවන්ගේ ගුවන් හමුදාවේ අණ දෙන නිළධාරියෙකු ලෙස පත්කර ඔහු සමඟ සන් පවුලේ පරිනත නිළධාරියෙකු වන චෙන්ග් පූ තැබීය. ඔවුන්ගේ 50,000 පමණ සංයුක්ත හමුදාව කාඕ කාඕගේ නැව් හමුදාවට 200,000 පමණ ශක්තිමත් බලකායක් එම සීත සෘතුවේ දී රෙඩ් ක්ලිෆ් වලදී මුණ ගැසුණි. පෙර සුදානමක් නොමැති හමුදා ගැටුමකින් පසුව කාඕ කාඕගේ නැව් හමුදාවට මෙය වෙඩි තැබීමේ සැලසුමින් ආක්‍රමණය පටන් ගැණුනු අතර එය කාඕ කාඕ තීරණාත්මක පරාජයකට පත් කර, අතර ඔහුගේ හමුදාව නැවතත් සීසිකඩ කරවා උතුරට පලවා හැරියේ ය. රොඩි කිලිෆ් වලදී ලබා ගත් එක්සත් ජයග්‍රහණයෙන් ලියුබි යන සන් කුවන්ගේ මෙන්ම ෂූ හා වූ ප්‍රදේශවල ද පැවැත්ම ස්ථාවර වුයේය.
නැවතත් උතුරට පැමිණීමෙන් පසු කාඕ කාඕ 211 දී ඔහුගේ බලය තහවුරු කර ගනිමින් උතුරු බටහිර ප්රදේශ වල සියලු දෑ ලබා ගත්තේය. ඒ පිළිබද ඔහු සතුටට පත්විය. ඔහු ප්‍රගතියකින් යුතුව ඔහුගේ තත්ත්වයන් හා බලය වැඩිකර ගත්තේ ය. එසේම අවසානයේ 217 දී ඔහුව පාලනය කළ රූකඩ හැන් අධිරාජ්‍යයා විසින් වෙයි හි කුමරයා ලෙස ඔහු පත්කරන ලදි. ලියු බී දුර්වල ජින්ග් හමුදා නායකයින් වන හැන්ෂෝන්, ජින් ෂොවුන්, ෂාවෝ ෆදන් හා ලියු ඩියු පරාජයට පත් කරමින් සිය ප්‍රදේශයට ඇතුලු වී පසුව 214 දී ජින් ප්රදේශයේ අණ දෙන්නා වු ගුවන් යු ඉවත් කර ලියු සැන්ග් එහි පාලකයා ලෙස පත් විය. දකුණු නැගෙනහිර හා හිනී හි කාඕ කාඕට එරෙහිව පැවති ආරක්ෂක ක්‍රියාවලි‍වලදී චි වසර ගණනාවක් මැදිහත් වූ සන් කුවන් පසුව ඔහුගේ අවදානය ජින් කලාපයට හා මධ්‍යම යැන්ග්සි කලාපයට යොමු කළේය. සන්ධානයන් අතර ආතතියක් දෘශ්‍යමාන ලෙසද වර්ධනය විය. 219 දී ලියුවේ ජයග්‍රාහිව ෆැන් ෂොන්ග් කාඕ කාඕ ගෙන් බලෙන් අල්ලා ගත්තේය. එසේම ගුවන් යු ෆැන් යටත් කර ගැනීම සඳහා වැටලීමේ නිරතව තිබු නිසා සන් කුවන්ගේ ප්‍රධාන අණ දෙන්නා වු ලු මෙන්ග් රහසේම ජින් කලාපය යටත් කරගත්තේය.ඔහුගේ බලකාය ගුවන් යානා බලෙන් හරවා ගන්නා ලදි.
සටහන්
|Three_Kingdoms Zhuge_Liang.27s_Northern_Expeditions
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<s>[INST] පහත මාතෘකාව සම්බන්ධයෙන් විස්තර සපයන්න: ස්වින්ග් නර්තන [/INST] ස්වින්ග් ඩාන්ස්' යනු 1920, 30 හා 40 දශකවලදී ජෑස් සංගීතයට අනුව රිද්මයානුකූල පැද්දිම නර්තනයක් කොට ගත් ජන කණ්ඩායමක් විසින් ගොඩනගනු ලැබුවකි. නමුත් මෙම නර්තන ආකාරය ජෑස් සංගීතයේ රිද්මය දක්වා දිවයයි. වඩාත් ප්රචලිත නර්තන කණ්ඩායමක් වන්නේ ලින්ඩා බෝච් නැමැති කණ්ඩායමයි.මෙය එදා පටන් අද දක්වා පැවත එන සහකාර නර්තනයකි. මෙම නර්තන වැඩි වශයෙන් දක්නට ලැබෙන්නේ අප්‍රිකානු ඇමරිකන් ජන සමුහ, අප්‍රිකානු ඇමරිකන් නර්තන ශීල්පින්, (වැල්බෝ ආ ඇන්ජලෝ) මෙන්ම ඇමරිකානු හා අනෙකුත් ජන සමාජ තුළය. මෙම පැද්දෙන නර්තනයේ මුල් ආකාරයන් ලෙස 'බ්ලැක් බොටම්',"චාල්ස්ටන්", "ටැබ්ඩාන්ස්", ඩික්සිලන්ඩ් ජෑස් හැඳින්විය හැකිය. දකුණු ඇමරිකන් හි නව සර්ලියන්ස් හි මෙම නර්තන සම්ප්‍රදාය ගොඩ නැගි ඇත. මෙම නර්තන උතුරු දිශාවේ පිහිටි නිව්යෝර්ක්, කැන්සාසිටි, හා චිකාගෝ යන නගර කරා 1920 දී ව්යාප්ත වුණි. ගම්බද කළු ජාතිකයන් ද පිඩාවලින් මිදිමට උතුරට සංක්‍රමණය වූහ. ජිම්ක්‍රෝලෝස්, ලින්චින් ප්‍රදේශවල හා පසුව දකුණේ පැවැති රැකියා වියුක්තිය එහි පැවැති අවනතිය ඊට හේතුවිය. ස්වින්ජෑස් බටහිර අප්‍රිකානු සහ ඇමරිකන් අප්‍රිකානු නර්තනය හා සංගීතයෙහි ස්වර සංයෝග විදහා පායි. මෙය 'ස්ව කාල' සහ 'අට වන ස්වර' නොහොත් තුන්පියවර වශයෙන්ද එහි නාද වන රිද්මයන්ගේ වෙනස් විම්ද කාලය අනුව පරතරයද වේ. වර්තමානයේ බොහෝ දියුණු රටවල මෙම ස්වින්ග් ඩාන්ස් ශෛලයන් දක්නට තිබේ. ලින්ට් හෝප් වඩාත් ප්රචලිත වුවත් ඒ ඒ රටවල නගරවල රග දැක්වෙන නර්තනයන් අනුව එකිනෙක වෙනස් වේ. සෑම ප්‍රාදේශිය ස්වින්ඩාන්ස් සමාජයක් තුළ ඊට ආවේණික සංස්කෘතියන් හා ස්වින්ග් ඩාන්ස් භාවිතා වන විවිධ ආකාරයන් ද වෙයි.
සටහන් </s> |
<s>[INST] පහත මාතෘකාව සම්බන්ධයෙන් විස්තර සපයන්න: 1 පරාක්‍රමභාහු රජු [/INST]
Welcome to SL Wikipedia HSL Academy
මහා පරාක්‍රමභාහු රජු (ක්රි.ව 1153 – 1185)
හැදින්වීම
පළමු වන විජයභාහු රජුගේ නැගනිය වූ මිත්තා කුමරියගේ සැමියා වූයේ පාංඩ්‍ය වංශික කුමාරයෙකි. මේ තිදෙනාට පුතුන් තිදෙනෙක් සිටින ලදී (මානාභරණ, ශ්රී වල්ලභ, කීර්ති ශ්රී මේඝ) මානාභරණ කුමාරයා රත්නාවලි කුමරිය ස්වරණපාවා ගත් අතර පරාක්‍රමභාහු ඔහුන් දෙදෙනාගේ පුත්‍රයා විය.චිත්‍රා හා ප්‍රභාවති නමින් දූවරු දෙදෙනෙක් ද විය.
පරාක්‍රමභාහු කුමාරයා ශිල්ප හදාරමින් කලක් රුහුණේ මහානාගහුල ගත කරන ලදී. කුමරා රජරටට ගොස් එහි විස්තර සොයා බැලීමට අදහස්කොට රජරට බලා ගොස් එහි තොරතුරු සොයාබලන ලදී.කිත්සිරි මේඝවර්ණ රජුගෙන් පසු දක්කිණ දේශයේ රජකම ලබාගන්නා ලදී.
1 පරාක්‍රමභාහු නමින් රජවීමෙන් පසු කෘෂිකර්මාන්තය නගාසිටුවීම උදෙසා විශාල වාරිකර්මාන්ත ඉදිකරන ලදී.ක්රි.ව 1186 දී ඔහු මිය යන ලදී.
මහා පරාක්‍රමභාහු රාජ්‍ය සමය
පරාක්‍රමභාහු රජු පිලිබද හැදෑරීමේදී අවධි දෙකකට අවධානය යොමුකල යුතුය.
1. දක්කිණ දේශයේ පාලනය කල සමය
2. මුලු රටම පාලනය කල සමය
මේ අවදිය පිලිබද අධ්‍යනය කිරීමේ දී මූලාශ්ර කිහිපයක් භාවිතා කල හැකිය.
1. මහාවංශය දෙවැනි කොටස
2. දෙවනගල ලිපිය
3. සංගමුවිහාර ලිපිය
4. ගල්විහාර ලිපිය
5. ආර්පාක්කම් ලිපිය
දක්කිණ දේශයේ පාලනය
දක්කිණ දේශයේ සිය පාලන මධ්‍යස්ථානය ලෙස පරාක්‍රම පුරය හෙවත් නූතන පඩුවස්නුවර තෝරාගත් මේ තුමා අනාගත යුද්ධයක් වෙනුවෙන් අවශ්‍ය සංවිධාන කටයුතු සිදු කරන ලදී.දෙවැනි ගජභාහු රජුගෙන් රජරට අත්පත් කර ගැනීමේ අරමුණින් ආර්ථික ශක්තිය හායුධමය ශක්තිය සැලසුම් කරන ලදී.
දක්කිණ දේශයේ සිටි තරුණයින් බදවාගනිමින් හමුදාව ගොඩනගන ලදී. හදිසි අවස්ථාවකදී පහර දීම සදහා ග්‍රාමීය තරුණ පිරිස් පුහුණු කරන ලදී.කේරල දේශයෙන් ගෙන්වාගත් අංගම්පඩි හමුදාව විදේශ හමුදාව ගලස පවත්වාගන්නා ලදී.හමුදාව මෙහෙය වීම සදහා සේනාපති වරු පත්කරන ලදී.අවශ්‍ය ස්ථාන වල බලකොටු තනවා යුද ශක්තිය ඇතිකරන ලදී.
දක්කිණ දේශයේ පාලකයා වශයෙන් සිය ආර්තිකය ශක්තිමත් කිරීම සදහා ක්‍රියාමාර්ග කිහිපයක් අනුගමනය කරන ලදී.
1. දැදුරු ඔය යෝජනා ක්රමය
2. කලු ගඟ යෝජනා කුමය
දැදුරු ඔයේ ස්ථාන 3ක් හරස්කොට අමුණු බැද ජලය ලබාගෙන කුඹුරු කරවන ලදී. උදා - කොට්ටබද්ධ අමුණ, සූකරනිජ්ජර අමුණ, දෝරගන්කිත අමුණ
කලු ගඟ ආශ්‍රිතව පස්යෙදුම් රටේ පැවැති වගුරු බිමේ ජලය බැසයාමට සලස්වා වගාවට සරිලන ආකාරයෙන් සංවර්ධනය කරන ලදී. දක්කිණ දේශයේ පැවැති වැවු 53 ක් ප්‍රතිසංස්කරණය කරන ලදී. කුඩා පඬා වැව අක්කර 1200 ක් දක්වා විශාල කර බෑණා සමුද්‍රය හෙවත් පළමු වන පරාක්‍රම සමුද්‍රය කරවන ලදී. කොළඹ, කල්පිටිය, උරුවෙල යන වරායන් නවීන නරමින් විදේශ වෙලදාම දියුණු කරන ලදී.
ගජභාහු රජු සමග සටන් වෑදීම සදහා පොළොන්නරුව රාජධානිය කරා යන අතරමග දී මලය කදුකරය භාරව සිටි රත්ථඩංඩනායකව තමාට පක්ශපාති කරගෙන ගජභාහු රජු සමග සටන් බිමට පිවිස සටන් කිරීමට යන අවස්ථාවේ භික්ෂූන් වහන්සේලාගේ මැදිහත් වීවෙන් මෙම සටන ගිවිසුමක් අනුව නතර කරන ලදී. ඒ ගිවිසුම සංගමුවිහාර ලිපිය ලෙස හදුන්වයි.
ගජභාහු‍ගේ මරණයෙන් පසු තමාට බලය හිමිවිමට නියමිතව සිටියත් මානාභරණ බලහත්කාරයෙන් සිහසුන ලබා ගන්නා ලදී. මානාභරණ සමග ද සටන් වැද රාජ්‍ය අත්පත්කරගෙන මුලු රටම එක්සේසත් කරන ලදී.
මුලු රටම පාලනය කරන සමය
ක්රි.ව 1153 දී පොලළාන්නරුව අල්ලාගත් පරාක්‍රමභාහු රජු පලමුවන පරාක්‍රමභාහු නමින් පාලනය කරන ලදී රුහුණේ ඇති වූ කැරැල්ලද මැඩ පවත්වන ලදී.
මේතුමා වාරිකර්මාන්ත රාශියක් කර කෘෂිකරමාන්තය දියුණු කරන ලදී.
මහ වැවු 163
කුඩා වැවු 2376
අමුණු 165
ඇල මාර්ග 391
මේ අතර පරාක්‍රම සමුද්‍රය, අංගමැඩිල්ල අමුණ ප්‍රධාන වේ
මේ තුමා දේශිය මෙන්ම විදේශිය වෙළදාමද දියුනු කරන ලදී. කාම්බෝජය සමග සබදතා ගොඩ නගා ඇත.
මේ තුමා විහාරාරාම රාශියක් ප්‍රතිසංස්කරණය කෙරූ අතර විහාරාරාම රාශියක් කරවන ලදී
E.g. - ආලාහන විහාර සංකීර්ණය, ථූපාරාම විහාරය, ලංකා තිලක විහාරය, ගල් විහාරය, කිරි වෙහෙර, ජේතවනාරාමය ඒ අතර ප්‍රධාන වේ.
ලංකා ඉතිහාසය 5 වන පාඩම නිමයි.
“දැයේ දරුවන්ගේ නෙත් පෑදීම අපගේ අරමුණයි “
මෙම ලිපිය සේදුපත් බැලීමකින් තොරව රචනා කෙරුණු බව කරුණාවෙන් සලකන්න.
මෙයට
Director
HSL Academy
H.M.J.A.Herath
Wendesiwaththa
Hettipola
ඔබට පැන නැගෙන අධ්‍යාපනික ගැටලු අපවෙත එවන්න.
මාගේ විද්‍යුත් තැපෑල
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අපගේ ෆේස්බුක් අඩවිය
HSL Academy
අපගේ දුරකථන අංක
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076 4348295
Wikipedia නිදහස් විශ්ව කෝශය වෙත පිවිසි ඔබට අපගේ ප්‍රණාමය
2020/02/07 වන දින රචනා කරන ලදී. </s> |
<s>[INST] පහත මාතෘකාව සම්බන්ධයෙන් විස්තර සපයන්න: විකිපීඩියා පරිපාලකවරු [/INST] විකිපීඩියා නම් අන්තර්ජාල විශ්වකෝෂය තුල, පරිපාලක ධූරය සඳහා සාර්ථක ඉල්ලීමකින් අනතුරුව, විශ්වාසදායක පරිශීලකයන් පරිපාලකයන් ලෙසින් පත් කල හැකිව ඇත. සිංහල විකිපීඩියාවෙහි පරිපාලකවරුන් සංඛ්‍යාවක් සිටිති ( වන විට). අනෙකුත් සංස්කාරකවරුන් හා සසඳන විට, පරිපාලකවරුන්ට අමතර තාක්ෂණික වරප්‍රසාද තිබේ.
විකිපීඩියාවෙහි පරිපාලකයෙක් වීම යන්න බොහෝ විට නිරූපණය කෙරෙන්නේ "පිසදමනය දීම [හෝ ගැනීම]" ලෙසින් වන අතර, එය වෙනත් තැන්හීද එලෙසින්ම භාවිතා වන ප්‍රකාශයකි. 2006 වසරෙහිදී ද නිව්යොර්ක් ටයිම්ස් පුවත්පත වාර්තා කලේ, විකිපීඩියාව තුල එකල සිටි 1,000 පමණ පරිපාලකවරු , "භූගෝලීය වශයෙන් ප්‍රකීර්ණක" බවයි.
භූමිකාව
පරිපාලක වරප්‍රසාද ප්‍රදානය ලැබුමෙන් අනතුරුව, කිසියම් රාජකාරි ඉටු කරනු වස් පරිශීලකයෙකුට අමතර කෘත්‍යයන් සඳහා සම්ප්‍රවේශයන් ලැබෙයි. මේවා අතර, "අපිරිසිදු දේ ශුද්ධ පවිත්‍ර කිරීම", නුසුදුසු යැයි සැලකෙන ලිපි මකා දැමීම, පිටු ආරක්ෂණය කිරීම (එම පිටුව සඳහා සංස්කරණ වරප්‍රසාද සීමා කිරීම), සහ කඩාකප්පල්කාරී පරිශීලකයන්ගේ ගිණුම් වාරණය කිරීම වෙයි. පරිශීලකයෙක් වාරණය කිරීම සිදු කල යුත්තේ විකිපීඩියාවේ ප්‍රතිපත්ති වලට අනුකූලව වන අතර මෘදුකාංග විසින් ස්ථීර ලෙසින් ලොග ගත කෙරෙන වාරණය සඳහා හේතුව සඳහන් කල යුතුය. "සංස්කරණ වාසි දිනීම" සඳහා මෙම වරප්‍රසාදය භාවිතා කිරීම නුසුදුසු බවට සැලකෙයි.
ආශ්‍රිත </s> |
<s>[INST] පහත මාතෘකාව සම්බන්ධයෙන් විස්තර සපයන්න: ශ්රී ලාංකිකයන් ශ්‍රමිකයන් ලෙස සෞදි අරාබිය වෙත යාම [/INST] මෙරටින් ශ්‍රමිකයන් යැවෙන මැද පෙරදිග කලාපයේ රටවල් අතුරින් ප්‍රධාන තැන සෞදි අරාබියට හිමිවේ.
<center>
2009 සිට 2013 දක්වා පිටත්වූ ගණන හා 2013 ගැහැණු පිරිමි අනුපාතය දක්වා ඇත.
මෙරට ශ්‍රමිකයන් දරුණුවට පීඩාවට පත්වන රටක් ලෙසද සෞදි අරාබිය සැලකේ. </s> |
<s>[INST] පහත මාතෘකාව සම්බන්ධයෙන් විස්තර සපයන්න: ලලිත් ඇතුලත්මුදලි ඝාතනය [/INST] ශ්රී ලංකාවේ හිටපු වෙළෙඳ, ජාතික ආරක්ෂක, කෘෂිකර්ම කැබිනට් අමාත්‍ය හා ආරක්ෂක නියෝජ්‍ය අමාත්‍ය ලලිත් ඇතුලත්මුදලි, 1993 අප්‍රේල් 23 වන දින කිරුලපන දී ශ්රී ලංකා වේලාවෙන් ප. ව. 8.10 ට (2.10 ප.ව. UTC) ඝාතනය කෙරිණි. . බස්නාහිර පළාත සඳහා 1993 මැයි මාසයේදී පැවැත්වීමට නියමිතව තිබූ පළාත් සභා මැතිවරණයට සති 4 කට පමණ පෙර රැස්වීමක් අමතමින් සිටියදී ඇතුලත්මුදලි මහතා වෙඩි තැබීමකට ලක්ව මාරක තුවාල ලැබීය.
ශ්රී ලංකා පොලීසිය සහ ස්කොට්ලන්ඩ් යාඩ් විසින් වෙන් වෙන් වශයෙන් පවත්වන ලද පරීක්ෂණ වලින් නිගමනය වූයේ ඝාතනය සිදු කරන ලද්දේ එල්ටීටීඊ යට සම්බන්ධව සිටි අප්පයියා බාලක්‍රිෂ්නන් හෙවත් රගුනාදන් නමැති දෙමළ තරුණයා විසින් බවය. කෙසේවෙතත් මෙම නිගමන පිළිබඳ මහජනතාව පුළුල් ලෙසින් සැක සිතුවේ එකල පැවැති දේශපාලන සන්දර්භය නිසාවෙනි. 1995 දී, ජනාධිපති චන්ද්‍රිකා බණ්ඩාරනායක කුමාරතුංග විසින් ඇතුලත්මුදලි ඝාතනය පිළිබඳ වගවිභාග කීරීම සඳහා ජනාධිපති කොමිසමක් පත් කරන ලද්දේ ඇයගේ 1994 ජනාධිපතිවරණ මැතිවරණ ව්‍යාපාර පොරොන්දුවක්ද ඉටු කරනු පිණිසය. 1997 ඔක්තෝම්බර් 7 වන දිනදී භාරදුන් අවසාන කොමිසම් වාර්තාව විසින් දැක්වුනේ හිටපු ජනාධිපති රණසිංහ ප්‍රේමදාස (1988–93) සහ ඔහුට කිට්ටුවෙන් වූ ආරක්ෂක හමුදා කාර්ය මණ්ඩලය ඇතුලත්මුදලි ඝාතනයට සෘජු ලෙස වග කිය යුතු බවයි. මින් පසුව ආරක්ෂක හමුදා සාමාජිකයන් හා පාතාල සාමාජීකයන් කිහිප දෙනෙකු අත් අඩංගුවට ගැනිණි. ඝාතනයක් සිදුකිරීමට කුමන්ත්‍රණ කිරීම, උදව් වීම, සහ අනුබල දීම වෙනුවෙන් මොවුන් හට අවසානයේදී චෝදනා ගොනු කරන ලදි. නඩුව අතරතුරදී චූදිතයන් තිදෙනෙක් මරා දමනු ලැබුවේ ඝාතනය පිළිබඳ තවත් සැකයන් හා ගැටළු ඉස්මතු කරමිනි. මෑත ශ්රී ලාංකීය ඉතිහාසයේ වඩාත්ම මතභේදකාරී දේශපාලනමය ඝාතනය ලෙසින් ලලිත් ඇතුලත්මුදලි නඩුව තව දුරටත් පවතියි.
පසුබිම
රණසිංහ ප්‍රේමදාස සමග පැවති ආතතිය
ලලිත් ඇතුලත්මුදලි යනු 1977-88 දක්වා පැවති ජනාධිපති ජේ.ආර්. ජයවර්ධනගේ රජයේ අතිශයින් ප්‍රමුඛ හා බලවත් ඇමතිවරයෙක් විය. ඔහු, අග්‍රාමාත්‍යය රණසිංහ ප්‍රේමදාස සහ මහවැලි සංවර්ධන අමාත්‍ය ගාමිණී දිසානායක යන්නන් 1988 දී පැවැති ශ්රී ලංකාවේ ජනාධිපතිවරණය සඳහා තරගවැදීමට බොහෝ සෙයින් ඉඩ ඇත්තන් ලෙසින් සැලකුණහ . අවසානයේදී අග්‍රාමාත්‍යය රණසිංහ ප්‍රේමදාස නම් කරනු ලැබිණි. අවසානයේදී අග්‍රාමාත්‍යය රණසිංහ ප්‍රේමදාස නම් කරනු ලැබිණි. ජනාධිපති ප්‍රේමදාසයන්ගේ මැතිවරණ ජයග්‍රහණයට අනතුරුව අග්‍රාමාත්‍යය තනතුර සඳහා ඇතුලත්මුදලි හා දිසානායක මහත්වරුන් අතුරින් එක් අයෙකු තෝරාගනු ලැබෙතැයි අපේක්ෂා කෙරිණි. එනමුදු එම දෙදෙනාම මග හරිමින්, ප්‍රේමදාස මහතා අග්‍රාමාත්‍යය ලෙසින් පත් කලේ ඩී.බී. විජේතුංග මහතාවය. 1989දී, ප්‍රේමදාස මහතා විසින් ඔහුගේ කිට්ටුතම හිතවන්තයෙක් වූ බී. සිරිසේන කුරේ මහතාව එජාපයේ ජාතික සංවිධායක තනතුරට පත්කලේ ලලිත් ඇතුලත්මුදලි මහතා නොසලකාහරිමිනි. මෙලෙසින්ම, රජය හා පක්ෂය තුල වැදගත් තනතුරු මාලාවක් ඇතුලත්මුදලි සහ දිසානායක මහත්වරුන්ට අහිමි කරන ලදි. මෙම ක්‍රියාවන් නිසා පක්ෂයේ ප්‍රේමදාස පාර්ශ්වය හා ඇතුලත්මුදලි පාර්ශ්වය අතර ඉමහත් ආතතියක් ඇති විය. ඇතුලත්මුදලි මහතාගේ කිට්ටු හිතවන්තයෙකුවූ නාට්ය රචක ලක්ෂ්මන් පෙරේරා අතුරුදහන් වීමද මෙම භේදය තීව්‍ර කිරීමට හේතු පාදක විය.
දෝෂාභියෝග යෝජනාව
මෙහි ප්‍රතිඵලය වූයේ ඇතුලත්මුදලි පාර්ශ්වය විසින් 1991දී ජනාධිපති ප්‍රේමදාසට එරෙහිව දෝෂාභියෝග යෝජනාවක් ගෙන ඒමයි. නිත්‍යානුකූල නොවන ඉඩම් ගණුදෙනු සහ කැබිනට් මණ්ඩලයේ උපදේශන ලබා නොගැනීම (හා එමනිසා ව්‍යවස්ථාව උල්ලංඝනය කිරීම) ඇතුළු බලය අනිසි ලෙසින් භාවිතා කිරීමෙහි ප්‍රෝක්ත අවස්ථා 24 ක් මෙම යෝජනාවට ඇතුලත් කර තිබුණි. 1991 ඔක්තෝම්බර් මාසයේදී පාර්ලිමේන්තුවේ කථානායක විසින් ප්‍රතික්ෂේප කරන ලද මුත්, මෙම යෝජනාව, ප්‍රේමදාස රජය ඉමහත් අන්තරායයකට හෙලීය. මින් අනතුරුව, ඇතුලත්මුදලි සහ දිසානායක මහතුන් ඔවුන්ගේ අමාත්‍ය තනතුරු වලින් ඉල්ලා අස්වූහ. ඔවුන් සහ ඔවුන්ගේ මිත්‍ර පාක්ෂිකයන් පක්ෂයෙන් නෙරපා දැමිණි.
ප්‍රජාතන්ත්‍රවාදී එක්සත් ජාතික පෙරමුණ පිහිටුවීම
1991 නොවැම්බර් 28 දිනදී ඔවුහූ ප්‍රජාතන්ත්‍රවාදී එක්සත් ජාතික පෙරමුණ (ප්‍රඑජාපෙ) නමින් වෙන්වූ දේශපාලන පක්ෂයක් පිහිටුවා ගත්හ. ඇතුලත්මුදලි මහතා එහි පක්ෂ නායකයා ලෙසින් තෝරා පත් කර ගැණිනි. 1991-92 අතරතුර කාලයේදී සිව් වතාවක්, ඇතුලත්මුදලි මහතා සහ ඔහුගේ ආධාරකරුවන්, ජනාධිපතිවරයාගේ ආධාරකරුවන් හෝ මැරයන් යැයි සැකකෙරෙනවුන් අතින් කායික වශයෙන් ප්‍රහාර වලට ලක් වූහ. මෙම සිද්ධීන් ඇති වූයේ 1991 නොවැම්බර් 2 දින පන්නලදී, 1992 අප්‍රේල් 23දින මඩපාතදී, 1992 අගෝස්තු 7 දින කොටුව දුම්රියපොළ අසලදී, සහ 1992 අගෝස්තු 29 දින දෙහිවලදී යන වශයෙනි. 1993 මාර්තු 16 වනදිනදී, පළාත් සභා හය විසුරුවා හැරිය රජය ප්රකාශයට පත් කලේ මැතිවරණ දිනයන් 1993 මැයි 17 දිනට යෙදී ඇති බවයි. තරග කිරීම සඳහා නාම යෝජනා භාර දුන් ඇතුලත්මුදලි මහතා, ප්‍රඑජාපෙ වෙනුවෙන් බස්නාහිර පළාත් සභාවේ ප්‍රධාන අමාත්‍ය තනතුර සඳහා තරග වැදුනි.
ඝාතනය
1993 අප්‍රේල් 23 දින බොරැල්ලේ, අලුත්කඩේ සහ කිරුලපන රෑස්වීම් ගණනාවක් ඇමතීමට ඇතුලත්මුදලි මහතාට නියමිතව තිබුණි. වෙනත් රැස්වීම් දෙකක් ඇමතීම නිම කල ඔහු කිරුලපන වෙත ලඟාවූයේ ප.ව. 8:00 වන විටය. මෙම ස්ථානයේ 1,000 පමණ ජනකායක් රැස්ව සිටියහ. වර්ෂාව පැවැති හෙයින්, ජනයා වේදිකාව කිට්ටුවට පැමිණි අතර, සමහරු එහි යටට පවා පැමිණියහ. හදිසියේම, ඇතුලත්මුදලි මහතා කිට්ටුවට පැමිණි පුද්ගලයෙක් තුවක්කුවක් අමෝරා ඔහුට 3 වතාවක් වෙඩි තැබීය. මෙම අවස්ථාවෙහිදී, තිලක් ශාන්ත නමැති ඇතුලත්මුදලි මහතාගේ කායාරක්ෂකයා විසින් ප්‍රහාරකයා වෙත වෙඩි තබා ඇති අතර ඔහුගේ දකුණු උදරයට තුවාල සිදු කර ඇත. ප්‍රහාරකයාද ආරක්ෂකයාට පෙරළා වෙඩි තබමහින් පලා ගොස් ඇත. ඇතුලත්මුදලි මහතා රෝහල වෙත රැගෙන ගිය අතර සිදුවූ තුවාල නිසාවෙන් ප.ව. 8:50 ට පමණ මිය ගියේය.
අපරාධය සිදුවූ ස්ථානයට පොලීසිය පැමිණ ප්‍රදේශයට මුර වළල්ලක් යෙදීය. කෙසේවුවද පසුව සිදු කෙරුණු සෝදිසි මෙහෙයුම් වලින් ප්‍රතිඵලයක් නොවීය. ඇතුලත්මුදලි මහතාට වෙඩි කැබූ වේදිකාවේ සිට මීටර 200 ක් පමණ ඔබ්බෙහි වූ මරා දැමුණු සිරුරක් පොලීසිය වෙත හමු වූයේ පසුදින (24) උදය වරුවේදී පමණි. මැගසින දෙකක් සමගින් ස්වයංක්‍රීය මිමී9 පිස්තෝලයක් සහ සජීව උණ්ඩ වෙඩිමුර කිහිපයක්, හිස් පතොරම් කොපු, අත් බෝම්බයක්, ජාතික හැඳුනුම් පතක් සහ මුදල් ස්වල්පයක් පොලිසිය විසින් සොයා ගති.
ආශ්‍රිත
ඝාතනයන්
ලලිත් ඇතුලත්මුදලි
ශ්රී ලංකාව </s> |
<s>[INST] පහත මාතෘකාව සම්බන්ධයෙන් විස්තර සපයන්න: නාරම්මල ප්‍රාදේශීය ලේකම් කොට්ඨාසය [/INST] නාරම්මල ප්‍රාදේශීය ලේකම් කොට්ඨාසය යනු, ශ්රී ලංකාවේ, වයඹ පළාතේ, කුරුණෑගල දිස්ත්‍රික්කයේ, පිහිටි ප්‍රාදේශීය ලේකම් කොට්ඨාසයකි.
= ජනගහනය
ග්‍රාම නිළධාරි වසම්
ආර්ථිකය
ප්‍රාදේශීය ලේකම්වරුන්
ආශ්‍රිත ලිපි
ශ්රී ලංකාවේ ප්‍රාදේශීය ලේකම් කොට්ඨාස
ශ්රී ලංකාවේ පළාත්
ශ්රී ලංකාවේ පරිපාලන දිස්ත්‍රික්ක
මූලාශ්ර
Divisional Secretariats Portal
ශ්රී ලංකාවේ ප්‍රාදේශීය ලේකම් කොට්ඨාස
කුරුණෑගල දිස්ත්‍රික්කය </s> |
<s>[INST] පහත මාතෘකාව සම්බන්ධයෙන් විස්තර සපයන්න: පාකිස්තාන නිදහස් කුසලානය 2017 [/INST]
සංචිත
විස්සයි20 තරගාවලිය
පළමු තරගය
දෙවන තරගය
තුන්වන තරගය
References
External links
Series home at ESPN Cricinfo
2017 in Pakistani cricket
International cricket competitions in 2017
Current cricket tours
Multi-national cricket tours of Pakistan </s> |
<s>[INST] පහත මාතෘකාව සම්බන්ධයෙන් විස්තර සපයන්න: නෙමටෝඩ් [/INST] නෙමටෝඩ් හෝ වට පනුවන් පරපෝෂිත කුලයන් 80000 කින් එකකි. මොවුන් ජලජ ජීවින් වන අතර අනෙකුත් සත්ව ජනගහනයන්ට වඩා ඉහලම ස්ථානයක සිටී. මෙම පරපෝෂිතයන් ඇන්ටාක්ටිකාවේ සාග අගල්තුල වාසස්ථානය කොට ගනී. තවද, මනුෂ්‍ය, සත්වයා සහ පැළෑටි තුලත් පරපෝෂිතයන් වාසස්ථානය කොට ගනී. නෙමටෝඩ් මුල්වරට 1808දී රුඩෝල්ෆි විසින් හැඳින් වූයේ නෙමටොයිඩියා යනුවෙනි. ඉන්පසුව එය නෙමටෝඩ් යනුවෙන් හැඳින් වූයේ 1837 බර්මීස්ටර් විසින්ය.
ජීවියෝ
ජීව විද්‍යාව </s> |
<s>[INST] පහත මාතෘකාව සම්බන්ධයෙන් විස්තර සපයන්න: බෙම්මුල්ලේ ධර්මසේන වෙද මහත්තයා [/INST] බෙම්මුල්ලේ ධර්මසේන වෙද මහත්තයා එසේත් නැත්නම් නාඩි වෙද මහත්තයා, ශ්රී ලංකාවේ වෙසෙන සිංහල වෙද මහතෙකි. අක්‍ෂි රෝග සඳහා විශේෂයි.
මූලාශ්ර
ආශ්‍රිත
ආයුර්වේදය
සිංහල වෙදකම
සිංහල වෙදකම </s> |
<s>[INST] පහත මාතෘකාව සම්බන්ධයෙන් විස්තර සපයන්න: පළමුවන ටොලමි සෝටර් [/INST] ටොලමි I සෝටර් (; , Ptolemaîos Sōtḗr "ටොලමි නම් ගැලවුම්කරු"; ක්රි.පූ. 367 පමණ – ක්රි.පූ. 282 ජනවාරි) ලෙස හැඳින්වෙන්නේ උතුරු ග්‍රීසියේ මැසිඩෝනියානු රාජධානියේ මහා ඇලෙක්සැන්ඩර් රජුගේ සහායක සහ ඉතිහාසඥයායි. ඔහු පසුව ඇලෙක්සැන්ඩර්ගේ පැරණි අධිරාජ්යයේ කොටසක්ව තිබූ ඊජිප්තුවේ පාලකයා බවට පත් විය. ක්රි.පූ. 305/304 සිට සිය මරණය තෙක්ම ටොලමි ටොලමයික ඊජිප්තුවේ පාරාවෝ ලෙස කටයුතු කළේ ය. ඔහු විසින් ආරම්භකරන ලද ටොලමයික රාජවංශය ක්රි.පූ. 30 ක්ලියෝපැට්‍රාගේ මරණය තෙක්ම ඊජිප්තුවේ පාලනය හෙබවූ අතර, එය ඊජිප්තුව හෙලනිස්තික රාජධානියක් බවටත්, ඇලෙක්සැන්ඩ්‍රියාව ග්රීක සංස්කෘතියේ කේන්ද්‍රස්ථානයක් බවටත් පත්කරලීමට සමත් විය.
මේවත් බලන්න
ටොලමයික ඊජිප්තුවේ ඉතිහාසය
සෙරපිස්, ටොලමි විසින් ප්‍රවර්ධනය කළ ග්රීක-ඊජිප්තු දේවතාවා
ආශ්‍රේයයන්
උද්ධෘත
මූලාශ්ර
ග්‍රන්ථාවලිය
Walter M. Ellis: Ptolemy of Egypt, London: Routledge. 1993.
Christian A. Caroli: Ptolemaios I. Soter – Herrscher zweier Kulturen, Konstanz: Badawi. 2007.
McKechnie, Paul and Jennifer A. Cromwell (eds). Ptolemy I and the Transformation of Egypt, 404–282 BCE. Leiden, NL; Boston, MA: Brill, 2018. .
බාහිර සබැඳි
Ptolemy Soter I at LacusCurtius — (Chapter II of E. R Bevan's House of Ptolemy, 1923)
Ptolemy I (at Egyptian Royal Genealogy, with genealogical table)
Livius, Ptolemy I Soter by Jona Lendering
Ptolemy I Soter entry in historical sourcebook by Mahlon H. Smith
A genealogical tree of Ptolemy, though not necessarily reliable Alexander the Great
ක්රි.පූ. 360 දශකයේ උපත්
ක්රි.පූ. 280 දශකයේ මරණ
ක්රි.පූ. 4වන සියවසේ පාරාවෝවරු
ක්රි.පූ. 3වන සියවසේ පාරාවෝවරු
ටොලමයික රාජවංශයේ පාරාවෝවරු </s> |
<s>[INST] පහත මාතෘකාව සම්බන්ධයෙන් විස්තර සපයන්න: කොච්චි [/INST]
ආශ්‍රිත
මිරිස්
මාළු මිරිස්
කොච්චි </s> |
<s>[INST] පහත මාතෘකාව සම්බන්ධයෙන් විස්තර සපයන්න: ශ්රී ලංකා කණිෂ්ඨ විශ්වවිද්‍යාලය [/INST] ලංකා කනිෂ්ඨ විශ්ව විද්යාලයේ ශ්රී ලංකාව වටා විවිධ ස්ථානවල විද්යාල කිහිපයක් තිබුණු 1969 සිට 1972 දක්වා ශ්රී ලංකාව තුල ක්‍රියාත්මක වු විශ්ව විද්යාලයක් විය.1972 වර්ෂයේ එය විසුරුවා හරින ලද අතර සමහර විශ්වවිද්යාල කොලිජියන් 1995 වසරේ සිට ශ්රී ලංකා උසස්තාක්ෂණය ආයතනයන් වෙත පවරා ගන්නා ලදි.
කණිෂ්ඨ විද්යාලය පිළිබඳ සංකල්පය ලෝකය පුරාම ශීඝ්රයෙන් ව්යාප්ත වෙමින් තිබුනු සමයක. ලංකා ප්රජාතාන්ත්රික සමාජවාදී ජනරජයේ මැදිහත් වීමේන් කනිෂ්ඨ විශ්ව විද්යාල හයක් , 1969 දී පිහිටුවන ලදී.1966 අංක 20 දරන උසස් අධ්යාපන පනතේ xvi කොටසට අනුව ලංකා කණිෂ්ඨ විශ්ව විද්යාල පිහිටුවීම සඳහා විධිවිධාන සලසා ඇත. මෙම විශ්ව විද්යාල සංවර්ධනය වෙමින් පවතින රටක මානව අවශ්යතා සපුරාලීම සඳහා නිර්මාණය කර ඇති ප්රායෝගික පක්ෂපාතීත්වයන් සහිත පාඨමාලා සපයන විශ්වවිද්‍යාලක් වේ. කණිෂ්ඨ විද්යාලයේ මූලික අරමුණ වන්නේ ද්විතීයික මට්ටමෙන් ඔබ්බට දීර්ඝ කිරීම මගින් අධ්යාපනයට ඇතුල්වන ශිෂ්‍යයන් සංඛ්‍යාව ඉහල නැංවිමය.
ලංකා කනිෂ්ඨ විශ්ව විද්යාල අදහස එවකට අධ්යාපන හා සංස්කෘතික කටයුතු අමාත්යවරයා විසින් යෝජනා කරන ලදී.එවක අධ්යාපන ඇමතිව සිටි එම්.ආර්.ඒ. ඊරියගොල්ල ඇමතිවරයා 1965 දී උසස් අධ්යාපනය ආයතනයන්නිරීක්ෂණය සඳහා එක්සත් ජනපදයට ගියේය. එහිදි ඇමෙරිකාවේ දකුණු කැලිෆෝනියාවේ කණිෂ්ඨ විශ්ව විද්යාලය දුටු ඔහු ඔහු මවිතයට පත්වු අතර . "අර්ධ වෘත්තීය අධ්යාපනය ලබා දීමට අධිෂ්ඨානශීලී උනන්දුවක් හා අධිෂ්ඨානයකින් යුතුව නැවත ලංකාවට පැමිණියේය. ඔහු ජාතිය වෙනුවෙන් "කණිෂ්ඨ විශ්ව විද්යාල පද්ධතිය ශ්රී ලංකාවේට හදුන්වා දිමට මුල පිරුවේය. බොහෝ අධ්යාපනඥයින් සහ දේශපාලඥයින් මෙම කර්තව්‍යය සඳහා සහයෝගය දැක්වීය.
1968 වසන්තයේ පළමු පීඨ කණ්ඩායම බඳවා ගැනිමත් සමඟම 1967-68 කාලසටහන් හා වැඩමුලු එවකට මෙම විශ්වවිද්‍යාලය පිහිටුවිම සඳහා මුල්වි සිටි මහාචාර්යවරුන්ගෙන් හතරෙන් එකක් වන චාර්ල්ස් සී කොලීන්ස් විසින් සැලසුම් කරන ලදි. එය මහාචාර්ය හන් සහ වෛද්ය විජේවර්ධන මහතාගේ කාර්යය ඵල දැරිමක් විය. ජාතියේ ඉතිහාසයේ ප්රථම වතාවට, කණිෂ්ඨ විශ්ව විද්යාලවල පද්ධතිය අරම්භය සනිටුහන් වුයේ එසේය. </s> |
<s>[INST] පහත මාතෘකාව සම්බන්ධයෙන් විස්තර සපයන්න: පිටි මකුණා [/INST] Mealybug is the common name of insects in Pseudococcidae, a family of unarmored scale insects found in moist, warm climates. They are considered pests as they feed on plant juices of greenhouse plants, house plants and subtropical trees.
Mealybugs are sexually dimorphic, meaning that the sexes have distinct morphological differences. Females are nymphal, exhibit reduced morphology, and are wingless, though unlike many female scale insects, they often retain legs and can move. The females do not change completely and are likely to be neotenic (exhibiting nymphal characteristics). Males are winged and do change completely during their lives. Since mealybugs (as well as all other Hemiptera) are hemimetabolous insects, they do not undergo complete metamorphosis in the true sense of the word, i.e. there are no clear larval, pupal and adult stages, and the wings do not develop internally. However, male mealybugs do exhibit a radical change during their life cycle, changing from wingless, ovoid nymphs to "wasp-like" flying adults.
Mealybug females feed on plant sap, normally in roots or other crevices. They attach themselves to the plant and secrete a powdery wax layer (therefore the name mealybug) used for protection while they suck the plant juices. The males on the other hand, are short-lived as they do not feed at all as adults and only live to fertilize the females. Male citrus mealy bugs fly to the females and resemble fluffy gnats.
Some species of mealybug lay their eggs in the same waxy layer used for protection in quantities of 50–100; other species are born directly from the female.
The most serious pests are mealybugs that feed on citrus; other species damage sugarcane, grapes, pineapple (Jahn et al. 2003), coffee trees, cassava, ferns, cacti, gardenias and orchids. Mealybugs only tend to be serious pests in the presence of ants because the ants protect them from predators and parasites. Mealybugs also infest some species of carnivorous plant such as Sarracenia (pitcher plants), in such cases it is difficult to eradicate them without repeated applications of insecticide such as diazinon. Small infestations may not inflict significant damage. In larger amounts though, they can induce leaf drop.
ඇතුලත් විශේෂ
Maconellicoccus hirsutus - රෝස වද පිටිමකුණා, මිදි පිටිමකුණා
Planococcus citri - සීදරන් පිටිමකුණා
Pseudococcus viburni - අළු පිටිමකුණා
මර්දනය
උවදුර පැමිණිමත් සමඟ ම පාලනය කළ යුතු හෙයින් කෘෂි විද්යාකඥයින් ගේ උපදෙස් ලබා ගැනීම අත්‍යාවශ්‍ය වෙයි. පිටිමකුණා ශාක විශේෂ අතර වේගයෙන් පැතිරි යන බැවින් එය පාලනය කිරිම සදහා විකල්ප ක්‍රමවේද මෙන්ම කෘමිනාශක භාවිතය ද යොදා ගත හැකිය. පිටිමකුණා කිසියම් ප්‍රදේශයක විශාල ගහණයක් ලෙස පැතීරි සිටී නම් , එවන් ප්‍රදේශයකට කෘමි නාශක වැනි කෘතීම රසායනික ද්‍රව්‍ය ඉසීම පරිසර හානිකර මෙන් ම සත්ව ජිවිත වලට ද හානියක් විය හැකිය. ජනාකීර්ණ නාගරික ප්‍රදේශවල පැතිරෙන පිටිමකුණු උවදුර පාලනය කිරිමට කෘතිම රසායනික ද්‍රව්‍ය කිසිසේත් සුදුසු නොවන්නේ එමගින් මිනිස් ජිවිත වලට හා පරිසරයට වඩා ප්‍රබල හානියක් සිදු විය හැකි බැවිනි.
මේ වන විටත් කෘෂිකර්ම දෙපාර්තමේන්තුව මගින් පිටිමකුණු උවදුර මර්දනය කිරිම සදහා කෘමිනාශක වර්ග කීපයක් නිර්දේශ කර ඇත. නිර්දේශ කර ඇති මිල අඩු කෘමි නාශක වලින් , පිටිමකුණා නිසිලෙස මර්දනය වීමක් සිදු නොවන බැවින් ඒවා ද භාවිත කිරිම පරිසර හානියට මෙන්ම සත්ත්ව ජිවිත හානියට ද හේතු වෙයි. එබැවින් ඉක්මනින් කෘමි පාලනය කිරිම සදහාත් පරිසරයට අවම බලපෑමක් ඇති වන ලෙසත්, නිර්දේශ කර ඇති කෘමි නාශක ද්රිව්යස කීපයක් වෙයි. කෙසේ වෙතත් මේ සදහා වඩාත් සුදුසු කෘමිනාශක ය කුමක් ද යන්න සෙවීමේ පර්යේෂණ තවමත් කෘසිකර්ම දෙපාර්තමේන්තුව සිදු කරමින් පවති.
කෘමිනාශක භාවිතයෙන් තොරව පිටිමකුණා මර්දනය කළ හැකි සරල ම ක්රතමය වන්නේ ආසාදනයට ලක් ව ඇති හෝ සම්පුර්ණයෙන් විනාශ වී ගිය ශාක පත්රේ හා අතු රිකිලි ගෙඩි ප්රදධාන අතු කපා ඉවත් කර එම භුමිය තුල දි ම ගිනි තබා විනාශ කිරිමය. මෙය පිටිමකුණා මර්දනය කිරිමට තිබෙන සරල සාර්ථක ක්රුම වේදයක් වෙයි. එහෙත් මෙය මුල් අවස්ථාවේ දී ම කළ යුක්තක් ද වෙයි. කපන ලද අතු රිකිලි කඩා දැමු ගෙඩි මෙන් ම මුලින් ම උදුරා දැමු ගස් හෝ පැළෑටි එකතු කොට ගොඩ ගසා තැබීම නොකළ යුතුය. දින දෙක තුනක් හෝ එසේ තැබීමෙන් අවට පරිසරයට පිටිමකුණන්ගේ පැතිරිම වැළැක්විය නොහැකි වෙයි.
සබන් මිශ්රන ජලය ශාක පත්රක වලට දියර ඉසිනයක් මගින් ඉසීම ද තවත් ක්රඑමයකි. මෙය අඹ ගස් , දෙල් ගස් වැනි විශාල ශාක වලට සාර්ථක ක්රිමවේදයක් නොවුනත් කුඩා පදුරු සහිත ශාක වලට හෝ එසේ නොවන ශාක වලට සාර්ථක ක්ර මවේදයක් වන්නේ මුළු ශාකයට ම සබන් දියර ඉසිනය මගින් ඉසීමට හැකියාවක් තිබෙන බැවිනි.
සබන් කුඩු තේ හැදි දෙකක් භුමි තෙල් තේ හැදි එකක් සමග මිශ්ර. කර එම මිශ්ර ණය ජලය ලීටර් එකකට දිය කර අත් ඉසිනයක් ආධාරයෙන් කෘෂි භෝග නොවන ශාක වන ක්රෝාටන් වැනි විසිතුරු පැල වලට ඉසිම එහි සිටින පිටිමකුණා නැසීමට සාර්ථක ක්රාම වේදයකි. මෙය වරින් වර කීප සැරයක් ඉසීම අනිවාර්යයෙන් ම කළ යුතු වෙයි.
කෘෂිකර්ම දෙපාර්තමේන්තුව මගින් නිර්දේශිත කෘමිනාශක වන ඉමිඩග්ලෝප්රීජඩ්, තයෝමෙතොක්සාම්,ලොප්රිිඩා, ඇඩ්මයර්, ඇසිටමිප්රිවඩ් සහ මොස්පිලාන් ද භාවිත කළ හැකි අතර ඒවා දෙන උපදෙස් අනුව නියමිත මාත්රාමව ජල පරිමාවක දිය කර ගැනිම අත්යවවශය වෙයි.
සමුද්දේශ
Jahn, G. C. and J.W. Beardsley 1994. Big-headed ants, Pheidole megacephala: Interference with the biological control of gray pineapple mealybugs. In D.F. Williams [ed.] "Exotic Ants: Biology, Impact and Control of Introduced Species." Westview Press, Oxford, 199-205.
Jahn, G. C. and J.W. Beardsley 1998. Presence / absence sampling of mealybugs, ants, and major predators in pineapple. J. Plant Protection in the Tropics 11(1):73-79.
Jahn, Gary C., J. W. Beardsley and H. González-Hernández 2003. A review of the association of ants with mealybug wilt disease of pineapple. Proceedings of the Hawaiian Entomological Society. 36:9-28.
බාහිර සබැඳුම්
Paracoccus marginatus, papaya mealybug on the UF / IFAS Featured Creatures Web site
BBC gardening advice, mealybugs
CISR - Vine Mealybug Center for Invasive Species Research summary on Vine Mealybug
කෘමීන්
පලිබෝධකයින් </s> |
<s>[INST] පහත මාතෘකාව සම්බන්ධයෙන් විස්තර සපයන්න: තුඩුගල තෙන්නකෝන් පරපුර [/INST]
ආරම්භය
ශ්රී ලංකාවේ ශේෂ ප්‍රභලතම රාජ රුධිරය සහිත පෙළපත.(කෝට්ටේ රජවරුන්ගේ පරම්පරා තෝම්බුවේ පුරුක්-තුඩුගල විසිදාගම වස්කඩුව පොතුපිටිය බණ්ඩාරවලිය )
කෝන් වරුන්ගේ ඉතිහාසය කෝට්ටේ යුගයේ මුල් භාගය දක්වා ඈතට දිවෙන අතර කෝන් යන්න ප්‍රධානියා යන්න මලයාලම් බසින් යෙදූ වචනයක් බව විද්වත් මතයයි. කෝට්ටේ සමයේ දී ඉන්දියාවේ සිට මෙරට රජ කරවන්නට සුදුසු කුමරෙකු ගෙන්වා ගත්තේ සොලී රටෙනි. නමුත් ඔහු රජ බව නොලද අතර ඔහුගේ පරපුර කළුතර ප්රදේශය නින්දගම් ලද බව කියැවේ. මෙම පරපුර පසු කාලයේදී තුඩුගල රජ පරපුර නමින් ප්‍රකට වූ අතර තෙන්නකෝන් බණ්ඩාරවලිය ලෙසත් තුඩුගල විසිදාගම බණ්ඩාරවලිය ලෙසත් පිළිගන්නේ මෙම පරපුරයි. කළුතර දිස්ත්‍රික්කයේ පස්‍යොදුනේ සහ රයිගම් නින්දගම් ලත් මුල්ම තැනැත්තා තින්තාඩු මුඩිත්ත තෙන්නකෝන් පෙරුමාල් බව ඉතිහාසයේ සඳහන් වේ. බණ්ඩාරවලිය ට අනුව දෙවුන්දර දේවාලයේ නිත්‍ය භාරකාරීත්වය ලද බවද කියැවේ.ඔහු හය වන පරාක්‍රමබාහු රජුගේ මස්සිනා බව කියැවෙන අතර කෝට්ටේ චිත්‍රකූඨ මළුවේදී එම පරපුර ට භුක්තිදක්වා ලෙසින් තුඩුගල විසිදාගම ගම් පිරිනැමූ බව සඳහන්වේ.
- තෙන්නකෝන් තින්නඩු මුඩිත්තන පෙරුමාල් කතා පුවත -
(තුඩුගල ධම්මජෝති හිමියන්ගේ තුඩුගල සහ විසිදාගම පැවති බණ්ඩාරවලිය/ තුඩුගල වීදාගම පේවති බණ්ඩාරවලිය - කොළඹ කෞතුකාගාර පුස්කොළ පොත් අංක 2023,2024)
”කෝට්ටේ නුවර රජ පැමිණි මහ රාජෝත්තමයාණන් වහන්සේගේ ඇවෑමෙන් රාජ්‍යයට නිසි කුමාරකෙනෙකු නැති නිසා ඒ වේලාවට සොළී රට රජ කරන සොළී මහා රාජෝත්තමයන් වහන්සේගේ බෑනා වන කුමාර කෙනෙකු ඇති බව සමහර මන්ත්‍රීවරු දන්නා නිසා රහසට බෑනාවන කුමාරයා කෝට්ටේ නුවර රජකමට එවන හැටියට සොළී මහා රාජෝත්තමයන් වහන්සේට හසුන් ඇරිය තැනේදි ඒ මහා රාජෝත්තමයන් වහන්සේ විසින් එව්ව බෑනා වන කුමාරයා නැවු නැග මුහුදෙන් එන වේලාවට අලකේශ්වර මන්ත්‍රීකියන අමත්‍යයානෝ අල්ලස් දෙමින් රජ පැමිනි නිසා ඇමැතිවරු ඒ කුමාරයා කොළඹට ගොඩ නොබස්වා මුන්නේස්සරමට ගොඩ බස්සා මායාදුනු කෝරළයට කැඳවාගෙණ ගොස් අපි ඉල්ලූවිටක දෙන හැටියට රුකුළ මහතෙරුන්ට රහසින් පරිස්සම කරන හැටියට භාරදුන්හ.ඒ නායක තෙරුන්වහන්සේ රහසින් කුමාරයා රුකුලවත්තේ පරෙස්සං කරන වේලාවට-කෝට්ටේනුවර රජ පැමිනි අලකේශ්වර මන්ත්‍රින් රයිගම් නුවරදී නැතිකර දමා රුකුලවත්තේ වැඩ සිටිය කුමාරයා වැඩමවා ගෙණ කෝට්ටේ නුවර රජ පමුණුවා ”රුකුල පරාක්‍රමබාහු මහා රාජෝත්තමයා” යන නමින් ප්‍රසිඬව රාජ්‍යශ්‍රියාව කරවදාරණ ප්‍රසතාවට සොළී රට රජ කල මාමා වන මහරාජෝත්තමයන්ගේ ඇවෑමෙන් මස්සිනාවන කුමාරයා රජපැමිණ ”තෙන්නකෝන් තින්නඩුමුඩිත්තන පෙරුමාල්” කියා ඔටුණු දරා රජකරන ප්‍රස්තවාට මෙම සොළී රටට යුද්ධය මරාටි රජ්ජුරුවෝ පැමිණ....ජයගන්ඩ බැරි නිසා නැවු නැගී කොළඹ තොටට ගොඩබසින්ට එන බව ශ්රී ලංකේශ්වර වූ උතුම් රුකුල පරාක්‍රමබාහු රජුට සැලකරවූ තැනේදී ඊට බොහෝසේ කරුණා සන්තෝශ වී...... විසිදාගම,තුඩුගල,මඩුගම,හේනේගම පරවෙනි හැටියට ලැබී.....පස්යොදුන් කෝරළයත් පාඩාගල යන ගමට සතර මාඉම් ඇතුව අවුරුද්දකට ”දෙවුන්දර උත්පලවර්ණ ශ්රී විෂ්ණු දිව්‍ය රාජෝත්තමයාණන් වහන්සේගේ දේව මන්දිරයට” පඬුරු පණම් දහසයක් දෙමින් මෙම තෙන්නකොන් තින්නඩු මුඩිත්තන පෙරුමාළුන්ගේ දරුමුණුබුරු පරම්පරාවට භුක්තිවිඳිනා හැටියට ජයවර්ධන කෝට්ටේ නුවර චිත්‍රකූට මණ්ඩපයේදී සන්නස් වික්‍රමසිංහ සේනාධිපතීන් ඇතුළුව බොහෝ මුදලිවරුන් මධ්‍යයෙහිදී ශ්රී සන්නස සමග වෙනත් බොහෝ තානාන්තරවල් දෙවා වදාළහ."
වස්කඩුව පාලනයට ක්රි.ව.1660 දී පමණ මුඩිත්ත පෙරුමාලයන්ගේ මී මුණුබුරු කෙනෙකු (තුඩුගලගේ දොන් ජුවාන් පෙරේරා පෙරුමාල්) පැමිණි අතර පසු කාලයේ දී පනාපිටිය මල් අස්නේ ගමේ විසූ එම තැනැත්තා ගේ එකම දියණිය (තුඩුගලගේ දෝන ලුසියා පෙරුමාල්-දෝන ලෙක්ස්-ධර්මසේන සොහොන් භූමියේ ශිලා ඵලක[විපත 1771]) යකුන්දූවේ බණ්ඩාරවලිය ට අයත් යකුන්දූවේ හිටිරාළලාගේ දොන් ගිමාරිස් පෙරේරා ධර්මසේන තෝම්බු විදානේ නොහොත් ධර්මරාළ ධර්මසේන සොහොන් භූමියේ ශිලා ඵලක [විපත 1767]-පෙරිය ධර්මසේන මුදියන්සේ සමඟ විවාහ පත් වූ බව වස්කඩුවේ ශ්රී සුභූති හිමියන්ගේ වර්ශකණ්ඩරාෂ්ට්‍රය කෘතියේ සඳහන් වේ.
තුඩුගලගේ දොන් ජුවාන් පෙරේරා ගේ දොන් සයිමන් නැමති පුතුගේ පරිවාරය පැහැදිලි සේයාවන් ඇතිව ඉදිරියට පැවත ආ අතර රේන්ද කර්මාන්තයේ ප්‍රබලයෝ වූ සේදවත්තේ වලව්වේ දොන් පිලිප් ජුවාන් හයවෙනි මුණුබුරු පරම්පරාවට අයත් වේ. දොන් පිලිප්ගේ පියා කළුතර පනාපිටිය ග්‍රාමයේ ඉඩම් හිමි වැවිලි කරුවෙකු වූ අතර කුරුඳු වගාවේ පරතෙර්ට පත්වූවෙකු විය.
19 - 20 සියවස
තුඩුගලගේ පරපුර බෞතීස්ම ලබා පසු කාලේ තුඩුගලගේ දොන් තෙන්නකෝන් සේනාරත්න ලෙසින් පැවත ආ අතර පවුල් සංස්ථා බෙදී යෑම මත විශාල පවුල් ගසක ස්වාභාවයක් ගත්තේය. ඉන් එක් ප්‍රභල පවුල් ගස විජේවර්ධන නම්බුනාම ලත් සේදවත්තේ වලව්වේ පිරිසයි. සේනාරත්න නම්බුනාම ලත් පිරිස පනාපිටිය වලව්වේය. දොන් ජුවාන් රාළහාමිගේ වැඩිමල් දියණියගේ පාර්ශවය යකුන්දූවේ හිටිරාළලාගේ නාමයෙන් හිටිගේ මැස්ටියගේ උණම්බුවේ කඩුකෝන් ආදී නාම රැසකින් ව්යාප්ත වූ අතර වස්කඩු බද්දේ පට්ටිකාරවාසල වලව්වේ මූලස්ථානය කරගත් යකුන්දූවේ හිටිරාළලාගේ පරපුර ක්රි.ව.1850දී කාලයේ දී අවසන් වී ගොස් සුසෙව්හේවගේ පරපුර බලවත් විය.තුඩුගල පරපුරේ මෑත කාලීන සුවිශාල නැගීම සිදුවූ වේ සේදවත්තේ වලව්වේ තුඩුගලගේ දොන් පිලිප් විජේවර්ධන කුමරුන්ගේ සමයේ දීය.ලංකාවේ ධන කුවේර්‍යන් අතර මුල් ස්ථානයට පත් ඔහු සතු ඉඩම් අක්කර ගනන දෙවනි වූවේ හෙන්‍රි සොය්සා මහතාගේත් මහමුදලි සොලමන් ඩයස් බණ්ඩාරනායක මුදලි තුමාගේ ඉඩම් ප්‍රමාණයට පමණි. පිලිප් කුමරුගේ වත්කම නිසාවෙන් ඉංග්රීසි ආණ්ඩුවෙන් ඔහුට ශ්රී විජයවර්ධන ගරු නම්බු සහිත කෝරළේ මුදලි තානාන්තරයක් පිදූහ.එසේම කෝට්ටේ පරම්පරා තෝම්බුවට අයත් තම පරපුරේ අතීත ශ්රී විභූතිය කැළණි විහාරයේ උරුමය සනිටුහන් කරමින් එහි ඉපැරැණි සිරියාව ගෙන ඒමට විශාල කැපවීමක් සිදු කළේය. පිළිප් ගේ කාලාත්‍රයා වූ වෑවගේ දෝන හෙලේනා විජේවර්ධන ළමාතැනී බොදු ඉතිහාසයේ නොමැකෙන සළකුණු තැබු අයෙකි. දොන් රිචඩ් විජේවර්ධන මැතිතුමාගේ ලේඛහවුස් මන්දිරය වර්ථනාමය දක්වාම ලංකාවේ පත්තර මහගෙදර යි.ලංකාවේ පලමු විධායක ජනපති වූ ජේ.ආර්. ජයවර්ධන මැතිතුමා දොන් පිලිප් මුදලි තුමා ගේ මුණුබුරු කෙනෙකු වන අතර බොහෝ සමයක් ලංකාවේ අග්‍රාමාත්‍ය ධූරයේ කටයුතු කරමින් 2022 වසරේ ලංකාවේ විධායක ජනපති ධූරයට පත් රනිල් වික්‍රමසිංහ මැතිඳු දොන් පිලිප් මුදලි තුමා ගේ මීමුණුබුරු කෙනෙකු වේ.
දොන් තෙලේනිස් රාළහාමි
කළුතර දිස්ත්‍රික්කයේ කලපුගම සිටි විදානේ වරයෙක් වූ එතුමා කොහු කර්මාන්තය හරහා යම් දියුණුවක් ලබා සිටි පුද්ගලයෙකි.
දොන් පිලිප් මුදලිතුමා සහ දෝන හෙලේනා විජේවර්ධන ළමාතැනී
තුඩුගල පරපුරේ මෑත කාලයේ නැගීම සිදුවූවේ තුඩුගලගේ දොන් පිලිප් විජේවර්ධන මුදලිතුමා නිසාවෙනි.කැලණියේ වත්මන් නවෝදය අරම්භ වන්නේ 1888 දීය. ඒ හෙලේනා විජයවර්ධන ළමාතැනිගේ ප්රධානත්වයෙන් සිදුකළ කැලණි විහාරය ප්රතිසංස්කරණ ක්‍රියාවලිය මගිනි. මෙම විජයවර්ධන පරපුර හා බැඳුණු තවත් පරම්පරා කිහිපයක් තිබේ. ඒ සේනානායක, ජයවර්ධන, ආටිගල, මීදෙණිය, දුනුවිල, වැනි මෙරට වැදගත් පරපුර කිහිපයකි. කැලණියට ඉතා සමීපකමක් ඇති මෙම පවුල් පරපුරේ එකිනෙකාගේ බැඳීම් ඇතිවූ ආකාරය පිළිබඳව රසවත් කතාවක් තිබේ. ගොවිගම කුලයේ ධනවතුන් අතර සිටි ප්‍රධාන පෙළේ ධනවතකු බවට පත්ව සිටි ඩී.සී.ජී. ආටිගලයන්ගේ දියණියන් තිදෙනාගේ විවාහවලින් මෙම පරපුර කිහිපයේ සබඳතාව බිහිවෙයි. ලොකු දුව ඇලිස් විවාහ වූයේ ජෝන් කොතලාවලයන්ගේ පියා වූ ජේ.එම්. කොතලාවල සමගය. දෙවන දුව ලීනා විවාහ වූයේ ජනාධිපති ජේ.ආර්. ජයවර්ධනයන්ගේ පියාගේ සහෝදරයා වූ ටී.ඩබ්ලිව්. ජයවර්ධන සමගය. බාල දියණිය වූ ඇලන් ආටිගල විවාහ වූයේ අගමැති ඩී.එස්. සේනානායකයන්ගේ සහෝදරයා වූ එෆ්.අාර්. සේනානායක සමගය. ඊට අමතරව තවත් ධනවත් හා බලවත් පවුලක් වූ දොන් පිලිප් විජේවර්ධනයන්ගේ දියණිය වූ ඇග්නස් විජේවර්ධන හා විවාහ වූයේ ජනාධිපති ජේ.ආර්.ගේ පියා වූ ඊ.ඩබ්ලිව්. ජයවර්ධන සමගය.
දොන් පිලිප් විජේවර්ධනගේ පුතා වූ ඩී.ආර්. විජේවර්ධන උඩරට ප්‍රමුඛ පවුලක් වූ ජේ.එම්. මීදෙණිය අදිකාරම්ගේ දියණිය වූ රූබි මීදෙණිය සමගද, එෆ්.ආර්. සේනානායකගේ සහෝදරයන් දෙදෙනකු වූ ඩී.එස්. සේනානායක හා ඩී.සී. සේනානායක උඩරට පවුලකට අයත් ආර්.එම්. දුනුවිලගේ දියණියන් දෙදෙනා සමගද විවාහවූහ.
සල්පිටිගම් කෝරළයේ උපන් දොන් චාල්ස් මොරිස් ආටිගල (1834 - 1901) කෝපි වගාවෙන්, මිනිරන් කර්මාන්තයෙන් හා අරක්කු වෙළෙඳාමෙන් ධනවත් වූ අයෙකි. එදා සේවකයින් 2500 ක් පමණ සේවය කළ කහටගහ මිනිරන් පතල් සමූහයේ හිමිකරුවා වූයේද ඔහුය. දොන් ස්ටෙපර් සේනානායක හා පිටිගම් කෝරලයේ බෝතලේ ගමේ උපත ලැබුවෙකි.
ඔහුට අඹේපුස්ස, මීරිගම හා පුස්සහේව යන ස්ථානවල මිනිරන් පතල් හා අඹේපුස්ස මිනිරන් පතලේ පමණක් කම්කරුවෝ තුන්දහසක් (3000) සේවය කළහ.
මීගමුව, ගිරිඋල්ල හා පස්යාල ප්‍රදේශවල අරක්කු රේන්ද අයත්ව තිබුණේද ඔහුටය. අගමැති ඩී.එස්. සේනානායක මහතා ඇතුළු පුතුන් පස්දෙනෙකුගේ පියා වූ ඔහු මිනිරන් කර්මාන්තය සඳහා අතගැසුවේ වයස අවුරුදු 18 දීය.
ග්‍රෑන්ඩ්පාස්හි සේදවත්තේ දොන් පිලිප් විජයවර්ධන, ලීමෝල් හා දැව හා ගඩොල් සැපයුම්කරුවෙකුද විය. ඔහුගේ ලී මෝල කැලණි ගඟ අසල පිහිටි තිබු අතර ඒ යුගයේ කොළඹ නගරයේ ඇතිවී තිබු ඉදිකිරීම් සංවර්ධනයත් සමග ඔහු ඉතා ධනවතකු බවට පත්විය. ඉතාම ධනවත් හා කුලවත් පරපුරකින් ඔහු විවාහය සිදුකරගත් අතර ඒ ප්‍රධාන පෙළේ ව්‍යාපාරිකයකු වූ ආර්නෝලිස් ඩෙෆ්ගේ දියණිය වූ හෙලේනා ඩෙප් සමගය. පිලිප් විජයවර්ධන සමග වූ විවාහයෙන් පසුව හෙලේනා ඩෙප් හෙලේනා විජයවර්ධන නම් වන්නීය.
ඔවුන් යුවලට දාව දරුවන් හත්දෙනෙකු වූ අතර ඉන් දෙදෙනෙක් කේම්බ්‍රිජ් විශ්වවිද්‍යාලයේ උපාධිධාරීන් වූහ. රිචඩ් විජයවර්ධන නීති උපාධිධාරීයකුවූ අතර එඩ්වඩ් විජයවර්ධන වෛද්ය උපාධිධරයෙකු විය. රිචඩ් හෙවත් ඩී.ආර්. විජයවර්ධන අග්නිදිග අාසියාවේ විශාලතම පුවත්පත් සමාගම බවට පත්වූ ලේක්හවුස් හි නිර්මාතෘවරයාය. ඩී.ආර්. විජයවර්ධන මීදෙණිය අදිකාරම්ගේ දෙවැනි දුව රූබි මෙනෙවිය සමග විවාහවන විට වැඩිමහල් දියණිය විවාහවූයේ පාර්ලිමේන්තුවේ කතානායකවරයෙකු වූ ෆ්‍රැන්සිස් මොලමුරේ සමගය.
හේලේනා හා පිලිප් යුවළගේ බාල දියණිය අක්‍ෂි ශල්‍ය වෛද්‍යවරයෙකු වූ ආතර් සෙනෙවිරත්න සමග විවාහ වූ අතර වැඩිමහල් දියණිය වූ ඇග්නස් විවාහ වූයේ ශ්‍රේෂ්ඨාධිකරණ විනිසුරුවරයෙකු වූ ඊ.ඩබ්ලිව්. ජයවර්ධන සමගය. (ජේ.ආර්.ගේ පියා) ඩී.
ඩී.ආර්. විජයවර්ධන මහතාගේ දියණියක් වූ නාලනී විජයවර්ධන විවාහ වූයේ අධිනීතිඥයකු වූ එස්මන්ඩ් වික්‍රමසිංහ සමගය. රනිල් වික්‍රමසිංහ මහතා එම දෙපළගේ පුත්‍රයායි.
මෙම පරපුරට දේශපාලනයට සබඳතා පවත්වන්නේ ජයවර්ධන පරපුරිනි. ජේ.ආර්.ගේ පියා වූ ඊ.ඩබ්ලිව් ජයවර්ධනයේ සහෝදරයා වූ හෙක්ටර් ජයවර්ධන වඩාත්ම කැපී පෙනෙන දේශපාලනඥයා විය.
උගත් ලංකික නියෝජිතයා තෝරාගැනීම සඳහා පැවැති තරඟයේදී ‘‘කරාව’’ නියෝජිතයා පරාජය කිරීම සඳහා යොදාගත් රාමනාදන් තුරුම්පුවේ නිර්මාතෘවරයා වූයේ හෙක්ටර්ය. ඉන්දියාවේ විශ්‍රාම
දොන් රිචඩ් විජේවර්ධන මැතිතුමා
ආර්. විජේවර්ධන මහතාගේ පුත්‍රයෙකු වන රංජිත් විජයවර්ධන මහතා විවාහවූයේ ඩී.එස්. සේනානායකගේ පුත්‍රයා වන රොබට් සේනානායක මහතාගේ දියණිය වූ රන්ජනී සේනානායක සමග වූ අතර එම විවාහය ජයවර්ධන හා කොතලාවල පවුල් එකට ඒකරාශී කළ වැදගත් පුරුකක් විය.
ජේ.ආර්.ජයවර්ධන මැතිතුමා
රනිල් වික්‍රමසිංහ මැතිතුමා </s> |
<s>[INST] පහත මාතෘකාව සම්බන්ධයෙන් විස්තර සපයන්න: 557 [/INST] ග්‍රෙගරි දිනදසුනේ අවුරුදු </s> |
<s>[INST] පහත මාතෘකාව සම්බන්ධයෙන් විස්තර සපයන්න: යථාර්ථය [/INST]
දර්ශනය හා දර්ශනවාදය හා යථාර්ථය (Vision Views & Reality)
යථාර්ථය පිළිබදව ප්‍රත්‍යක්ෂයෙන් හෙවත් කිසියම් ප්‍රතිපත්ති හෝ ඉගෙනුම් මාර්ගයක් අනුගමනය කිරීමෙන් ලබන අත්දැකීමක් - දර්ශනය (vision) ලෙසද, යථාර්ථය පිළිබදව මති මතාන්තර වශයෙන් වූ දැකීම් (views) හෙවත් විශ්වාසයන් - දර්ශනවාදයන් ලෙසද සැලකිය හැක.
දර්ශනය (Vision)
ත්‍රිවේදය, ත්‍රිපිටකය, ශු.බයිබලය, ශු.කෝරාණය ආදී ග්‍රන්ථ තුළින් කරනු ලබන හෙළිදරව් කිරීම්.
උපනිෂදයෙහි ඉගැන්වෙන පරිදි යමෙකු පුද්ගල ආත්මය හා විශ්වීය ආත්මය වන බ‍්‍රහ්මන් එකමය යනුවෙන් අවබෝධ කර ගැනීම මෝක්ෂය සාක්ෂාත් කරගැනීම වන්නේය.
ශු.බයිබලයෙහි - පියාණන් වහන්සේ, පුත්‍රයාණන් වහන්සේ හා ශුද්ධාත්මයාණන් වහන්සේ එකමය යි අවබෝධ කරගැනීම විමුක්තිය හෙවත් ගැලවීම වන්නේය.
"The Christian Gnostics practiced a spirituality more similar to Eastern traditions than to the Western Christianity we know today. 'Gnostic' is Greek for 'knower' and it is 'Gnosis' or 'Knowledge' that they were seeking. Unlike the blind faith demanded by today's Churches, 'Gnosis' meant direct, mystical experience of the divine, which was to be found by individual spiritual evolution to Self-Realisation, and not within the confines of intellectual dogma. The experience of Gnosis was trans-rational and non-intellectual.
අල්.කුරාණයෙහි - පිළිගැනීම වන්නේ දෙවියන් රූපයකින් නොවන බවයි, එය ප්‍රත්‍යක්ෂ කිරීම මාර්ගය වේ.
☀මා දෙවියන් විශ්වාස කරන අතර ඔහුව ඔහුගේ නම්වලින් හා ගුණාංග වලින් දනිමි. මම ඔහුගේ සියලු විධාන පිළිගනිමි. විශ්වාසය පවතින්නේ හදවතේ සහ බුද්ධියේ වේ. හදවත සහ බුද්ධිය පිළිබඳ කරුණු වලදී කෙනෙකුට යමෙකු රැවටීමට හැකිවෙනවා පමණක් නොව ඔහුවම රවටාගෙන සිටිය හැක. ඔහු තමා මුඃමීන් (විශ්වාසවන්තයා) කෙනෙකු නොවන නමුත් තමා මුඃමීන් යැයි සිතයි. එමනිසා මෙය සනාථ කිරීමට අවශ්යතා ඇත: ඒ පුද්ගලයෙකුගේ වචන සහ පුද්ගලයෙකුගේ ක්‍රියාවන් වේ. කෙනෙකුගේ වචන අසත්‍ය නම් ඔහු තුළ ඇත්තේ වචනයට පමණක් සීමා වූ විශ්වාසයකි. ඔහු විශ්වාසවන්තයෙක් නොවේ. එමෙන්ම පුද්ගලයෙකුගේ ක්‍රියාවන් මගින්ද ඔහුගේ විශ්වාසය ගැන ප්‍රකාශ වන බව සැලකේ. මක් නිසාද යත් කුරානයේ :ඔබ ඔබගේ දිව සමග විශ්වාසවන්තයෙකු වන්න! ඔබගේ ක්‍රියාවන් සමග විශ්වාසවන්තෙයෙකු වන්න
ත්‍රිපිටකයට අනුව යථාර්ථය අවබෝධ කිරීම යනු නිවන් දැකීමයි.
ඇත හා නැත යන අන්ත දෙකෙන් ම තොරවූ ත්‍රිලක්ෂණ දර්ශනය හා මජ්ජිම පටිපදාව (අරි අටැගි මග) අනුගමනයෙන් සිදුවන චතුරාර්‍ය සත්‍යාවබෝධයයි. (යථාභූතං ඤාණදස්සනං) එය ලෝකාවබෝධය ලෙසද, සත්‍යයාවබෝධය ලෙසද හදුන්වයි. ලෝකයෙන් එතෙරවීම ලොකෝත්තරත්වය ලෙසද, ලෝකයට අයත්ව යටත්ව පැවතීම ලෞකිකත්වය ලෙසද සලකයි.
මෙම ලෝකය යනු කුමක්ද?
දුක්ඛ සමුදය නිරෝධ මාර්ග යන චතුරාර්‍යය සත්‍ය ධර්මයට අනුව දුකෙහි නිවීම ම නිරෝධය බැවින්, දුක යන්න ලෝකය හා සමාන අර්ථ ගන්නා බව පෙනේ.
සත්‍යය
සත්‍යය යන්න සම්මුතිසත්‍යය හා පරමාර්‍ථසත්‍යය යනුවෙන් දෙයාකාරයකින් අභිධර්මයේදී විග්‍රහ වේසම්මුති නම් ගෙය, පුටුව, රථය, මිනිසා දෙවියා ආදියයි.පරමාතර්‍ නම් චිත්ත, චෛතසික, රූප, හා නිබ්බාන යන්නයි.
ධම්මතාව
මනෝ පුබ්බංගමා ධම්මා - මනෝ සෙට්ඨා මනෝමයා - සියලු ධර්මයෝ මනසේ ම නිර්මාණයෝ ය. මනස ම ප්‍රමුඛ වේ ශ්‍රේෂ්ඨ වේ. මනසාචේ පසන්නේන - භාසතීවා කරෝතිවා .. කර්මය අනුව සිදුවන විපාකදීමේ ක්‍රියාවලිය. යහපත් ක්‍රියාවට හොද විපාක ආදීවයෙන් ප්‍රතික්‍රියාවක් ඇතිවීම.
ග්රීක දර්ශනයට අනුව යථාර්ථය යනු කුමක්දැයි විමසමු.
ප්ලේටෝට අනුව -ඔහුගේ විකල්පනය වූයේ ඥානය නම් ප්‍රත්‍යක්ෂ්‍ය නොව අනුස්මෘතිය යැයි කියාය.
ඔහුගේ සුප්‍රසිද්ධ ලෙන් උපමාව අනුව යථාර්ථාවබෝධය උපන්ගෙයි සිරකුටියකින් නිදහස්වීමක් ලෙස පෙන්වා දෙයි.
"ප්ලේටෝ සිය දර්ශනය ඉදිරිපත් කරන්නේ ඥාන විභාගය, සත්භාවවේදය, ආචාර ධර්ම හා රසඥානය යනාදියෙන් පාරභෞතිකව ලෝකය වටහා ගන්නා ආකාරයක් හැටියටයි. ප්ලේටෝ ට පසුකාලීන ව එන සියලු දාර්ශනිකයන් කරන්නේ මේ දර්ශනික සම්ප්‍රදායෙන් මිනිසා නැමති සිරකරුවා අන්ධකාරයෙන්, මායාවෙන් හා අසත්‍ය නැමති වහල් භාවයන් වලින් මුදවන්නට ගන්නා දාර්ශනික උත්සාහයන් යැයි සැලකේ."
ඔහු සාමාන්‍යයන් පිළිබද ගැටලුවේ සැලකෙන අන්දමින් ලෝකය විග්‍රහ කිරීම සදහා රූප(form) හා නාම(idea) යන සංකල්ප භාවිතා කරන බව අනුමාන කළහැකියි. මෙහි රූප යන්න මනසින් ස්වායත්ත වූ වස්තුවක් ලෙස සලකා ඇත. වදනක අර්ථය පිළිබදව "මඩ" යනු කුමක්ද? යන විග්‍රහය අනුව වඩාත් ගැඹුරෙන් සිතා ඇත.
Without void no objects or particles can exist. In this void the ancient philosophers in Greece describe a primal material called the “boundless”, from which all other elements emerge.
දර්ශනවාදය (Views) - isms
Buddhism, Catholicism, Hinduism, Muslim, etc.. මෙම වාදයන් හි පොදු ලක්ෂණය නමි ඇත හෝ නැත යන අන්ත දෙකින් කිසියම් එක් අන්තයකට බරව මතයක් දැරීමයි. එනම් ස්ථීර වූ සදාකාලික පැවැත්මක් හෝ නොපැවැත්මක් - ශුන්‍යතාවක් - පිළිගැනීමයි.
නූතන බටහිර දර්ශනයට අනුව
ඩෙකාට් ට අනුව - දෙවියන් වහන්සේගේ පැවැත්ම සාධනය කරයි.
ප්‍රත්‍යක්ෂමය ඥානය පරම නියත ස්වරූපයෙන් අවිශ්වාසයෙන් තොරව පිළිගත නොහැකි බව පෙන්වා දෙයි. එසේ වූවද සර්ව බලධාරී, සර්ව ව්‍යප්ත වූ දෙවියන් වහන්සේගේ පැවැත්ම සාධනය කරයි.
Nihilism - ශුන්‍යතාව දැක්මක් ලෙස සාධනය කරයි.
Voidness is that which stands right in the middle between this and that. The void is all-inclusive, having no opposite–there is nothing which it excludes or opposes. It is living void, because all forms come out of it and whoever realizes the void is filled with life and power and the love of all beings…
~ Bruce Lee, Tao of Jeet Kune Do
ථේරවාදී බෞද්ධ දැක්මට අනුව
නැවත නැවත සිදුවන ඉපදීම දුකකි. එහි නැවැත්ම නිවීමයි.
මහායාන බෞද්ධ දැක්මට අනුව
සියලු සත්වයන් බුද්ධත්වයට පත්වන බව. එතෙක් සියල්ලෝ බෝධිසත්ත්වයන් වෙත්, ඔවුහු ධර්මකායයෙහි අවතාර වශයෙන් මහායානිකයෝ සලකති. බුදුන් වහන්සේ ජාති, ජරා, ව්‍යාධි, මරණයන්ට ලක් නොවන විවිධ අවතාරයන්ගෙන් පෙනී සිටින සදාකාලික ද උතුමෙකු ලෙසින් හඳුන්වා දී ඇත. මහායාන බුදු දහමෙහි ඉතා ජනපි‍්‍රය අංගයක් වන ත්‍රිකාය සංකල්පයට අයත් ධර්මකාය සංකල්පය දාර්ශනික සංකල්පයකි.
හින්දු දැක්මට අනුව
ලෝකයේ පැවැත්ම නටරාජ සංකේතානුසාරයෙන් පෙන්වා දෙයි. පුද්ගලයා තුළ ආත්මය යනුවෙන් හදුන්වන නිත්‍ය පදාර්ථයක් ඇතැයි බොහෝ හින්දුහු විශ්වාස කරති. ඒකත්වවාදය අනුව මෙම පුද්ගල ආත්මය අවසාන විග‍්‍රහයේදී විශ්ව ආත්මය වන බ‍්‍රහ්මන්ගෙන් වෙනස් නොවේ.
ඉස්ලාම් ආගමට අනුව
ඉස්ලාම් යන වචනයේ අරුත වන්නේ "අවනතිය" නොහොත් මුළුමනින්ම දෙවියන් (අරාබි: الله ; අල්ලාහ්) ට යටත් වීමයි. මුස්ලිම්වරු විශ්වාස කරනුයේ දෙවියන් අල්-කුරානය දෙවියන්ගේ අවසන් මාර්ගෝපදේශකයා වන මුහම්මද් ට ලබා දුන් බවත්, අල්-කුරානය සහ සුන්නහ්ව (මුහම්මද්ගේ වචන සහ ක්රියා) ඉස්ලාමයේ මූලධර්ම මූලාශ්ර වන බවයි. මුස්ලිම්වරයෙක් ස්වකීය ඉච්ඡාවන් ආශාවන් දමනය කරමින් යටපත් කරමින් ඉස්ලාමීය රාමුව තුළ දිවි පැවැත්ම පවත්වා ගෙන යෑම සඳහා දරන වෑයම, උත්සාහය සටන ජිහාද් යන්නෙහි මූලික අර්ථයයි. ඉස්ලාම් විශ්වාසයට අනුව ඉස්ලාම් භක්තිකයන් ඔවුන් ජීවත්ව සිටි කාලයේදී සිදු කරන ලද කි‍්‍රයාවන් අනුව දෙවියන් අතින් විනිශ්වයකට ලක්වන අතර ඒ අනුව පුනරුත්ථාපනය ලබයි. මේ පිළිබඳ විස්තරයන් කුරානයේ සහ හදීස් හි අන්තර්ගතය වේ.
යථාර්ථය (Reality)
යථාර්ථය ප්‍රත්‍යක්ෂයෙන් හෙවත් කිසියම් ප්‍රතිපත්ති හෝ ඉගෙනුම් මාර්ගයක් අනුගමනය කිරීමෙන් ලබන අත්දැකීමක් - දර්ශන ප්‍රතිලාභයක් (vision) ලෙසද,
යථාර්ථය පිළිබදව මති මතාන්තර වශයෙන් වූ දැකීම් (views) හෙවත් විශ්වාසයන් - දර්ශනවාදයන් ලෙසද සැලකිය හැක.
ලෝකයේ පැවැත්ම පිළිබද විග්‍රහයන්
ද්වයතාව - In Buddhist philosophy
During the classical era of Buddhist philosophy in India, philosophers such as Dharmakirti argue for a dualism between states of consciousness and Buddhist atoms (the basic building blocks that make up reality), according to "the standard interpretation" of Dharmakirti's Buddhist metaphysics.[6] Typically in Western philosophy, dualism is considered to be a dualism between mind (nonphysical) and brain (physical), which ultimately involves mind interacting with the physical brain, and therefore also interacting with the micro-particles (basic building blocks) that make up the brain tissue. Buddhist dualism, in Dharmakirti’s sense, is different in that it is not a dualism between the mind and brain, but rather between states of consciousness (nonphysical) and basic building blocks (according to the Buddhist atomism of Dharmakirti, Buddhist atoms are also nonphysical: they are unstructured points of energy). Like many Buddhists from 600-1000 CE, Dharmakirti’s philosophy involved mereological nihilism, meaning that other than states of consciousness, the only things that exist are momentary quantum particles, much like the particles of quantum physics (quarks, electrns, etc.).[citation needed]
සමුද්දේශ
දර්ශනවාදය
දර්ශනය </s> |
<s>[INST] පහත මාතෘකාව සම්බන්ධයෙන් විස්තර සපයන්න: ජේම්ස් ලව්ලොක් [/INST]
මූලාශ්ර
External links
James Lovelock's personal website
James Lovelock index page by Environmentalists For Nuclear Energy
"Why Gaia is wreaking revenge on our abuse of the environment": Article about Lovelock published in the 'Independent'
"Nuclear power is the only green solution": Lovelock article published in the 'Independent'
Friends of James Lovelock
Biography of James Lovelock
BBC Radio interview transcript from Belief series in 2003
Nuclear Spin page examining Lovelock's history
evaluates Lovelock's terraforming proposal
Interviews
Enjoy life while you can, Decca Aitkenhead, The Guardian, March 1, 2008.
Climate Change on the Living Earth, Public lecture by James Lovelock, The Royal Society, October 29, 2007.
The Prophet of Climate Change, Jeff Goodell, Rolling Stone, October 17, 2007.
Creel Commission: reflections on meeting James Lovelock and a recent interview with him
Is the future nuclear? BBC News HardTalk Interview (30 minute RealVideo from July 2004)
The whole world in our hands, Guardian Interview from September 2000
Radio interview with James Lovelock, KQED San Francisco, September 13, 2006
'We should be scared stiff', The Guardian, March 15, 2007
Audio interview from The Guardian, December 4, 2006
Audio interview from Ideas:How to think about science, Canadian Broadcasting Corporation, January 2, 2008. (Real Audio)
Portraits Parlés by Ariane Laroux : Interview and portrait of Jim Lovelock, éditions of L'Age d'homme (2008)
One last chance to save mankind New Scientist, January 23, 2009.
1919 උපත්
පරිසරවේදීන්
ග්‍රන්ථ කර්තෘ
විද්‍යාඥයෝ </s> |
<s>[INST] පහත මාතෘකාව සම්බන්ධයෙන් විස්තර සපයන්න: ඉලංගෙයි තමිළ් අරසු කච්චි [/INST] ඉලංගෙයි තමිළ් අරසු කච්චි (ITAK) () යනු රටෙහි ශ්රී ලාංකීක දෙමළ වාර්ගීය සුළුතරය නියෝජනය කරන ශ්රී ලාංකීක දේශපාලන පක්ෂයකි. එය පළමුවෙන් ආරම්භ කරන ලද්දේ 1949 දී සමස්ත ලංකා දෙමළ කොංග්‍රසයෙන් (ACTC) බිඳී ගිය පාර්ශවයක් ලෙසිනි. 1972දී ITAK පක්ෂය ACTC සහ ලංකා කම්කරු කොංග්‍රසය (CWC) හා එක්ව දෙමළ විමුක්ති පෙරමුණ පිහිටුවා ගත් අතර, එහි නම පසුව දෙමළ එක්සත් විමුක්ති පෙරමුණ ලෙසින් වෙනස් කරන ලදි. 2004 වන තුරු නිද්‍රාශීලිව සිටි ITAK පක්ෂය දෙඑවිපෙ හි සිදුවූ බිඳීමකට අනතුරුව යළිත් සක්‍රීය දේශපාලන පක්ෂයක් ලෙසින් යළි-ස්ථාපිත විය. ITAK යනු දෙමළ ජාතික සන්ධානයෙහි සංඝටක පක්ෂයකි.
ආශ්‍රිත
ශ්රී ලංකාවේ දේශපාලන පක්ෂ
දෙමළ ඊලම
ශ්රී ලංකාවේ දෙමළ දේශපාලන පක්ෂ </s> |
<s>[INST] පහත මාතෘකාව සම්බන්ධයෙන් විස්තර සපයන්න: නොරැහැන් රවුටරය [/INST] නොරැහැන් රවුටරයක් යනු රවුටරයක කෘත්‍යයන් ඉටු කරන මෙවලමක් වන අතර නොරැහැන් ප්‍රවේශ්‍ය ස්ථානයක සහ ජාල ස්විච්චයක කාර්යයන්ද ඉටු කරයි. ඒවා සාමාන්ය වශයෙන් භාවිතා කරන්නේ සංදාම (කේබල) සම්න්ධතාවයක් විරහිතව අන්තර්ජාලයට හෝ පරිගණක ජාලයකට හෝ ප්‍රවේශ්‍යයක් ඇති කර ගැනීමටයි. රැහැන්ගත පෙදෙසි ජාලයක් (පෙදෙසි ජාලය) තුල, පරිපූර්ණ ලෙසින් නොරැහැන් පෙදෙසි ජාලයක් (නොරැහැන් පෙදෙසි ජාලය) තුල , හෝ රැහැන්ගත/නොරැහැන් ජාල සම්මිශ්‍රණයක් තුල මෙය ක්‍රියාත්මක විය හැක.
අන්තර්ජාලය </s> |
<s>[INST] පහත මාතෘකාව සම්බන්ධයෙන් විස්තර සපයන්න: ගිලියන් ඇන්ඩර්සන් [/INST] ගිලියන් ලේ ඇන්ඩර්සන්, (උපත අගෝස්තු 9, 1968) යනුවෙන් හැඳින්වෙන්නේ ඇමරිකානු-බ්‍රිතාන්‍ය චිත්‍රපට, රූපවාහිනී සහ වේදිකා නිළියක, ක්‍රියාකාරිනියක සහ ලේඛිකාවකි. ඇය නිරූපණය කළ වඩාත් ප්‍රකට චරිත අතර සුප්‍රකට ද එක්ස්-ෆයිල්ස් දීර්ඝ කතාමාලාවේ එෆ්බීඅයි විශේෂ නියෝජිත ඩේනා ස්කලී, ටෙරන්ස් ඩේවීස්ගේ ද හවුස් ඔෆ් මර්ත් (2000) චිත්රපටයේ ලිලී බාර්ට්, සහ බීබීසී අපරාධ රූපවාහිනී මාලා නාට්‍යයක් වූ ද ෆෝල් හි ඩීඑස්අයි ස්ටෙලා ගිබ්සන් යන චරිත ප්‍රධාන වේ.
ආශ්‍රේයයන්
බාහිර සබැඳි
ගිලියන් ඇන්ඩර්සන් සඳහා Emmys.com හි ඇති තොරතුරු
1968 උපත්
ජීවත්වන්නෝ
20වන සියවසේ ඇමරිකානු නිළියෝ
21වන සියවසේ ඇමරිකානු නිළියෝ
21වන සියවසේ ඇමරිකානු ලේඛිකාවෝ </s> |
<s>[INST] පහත මාතෘකාව සම්බන්ධයෙන් විස්තර සපයන්න: සංස්ථාපිත ව්‍යවහාරය [/INST]
නීතිගත සංස්ථා --සංස්ථාපිත පුද්ගලත්වය
නීතිගත සංස්ථා වල එක් ප්‍රධාන නෛතික ලක්ෂණයක් වන්නේ ඒවාට වෙන ම නෛතික පුද්ගලත්වයක් හිමි වීම හෙවත් කෘතිම පුද්ගලයෙක් වීමයි. කෙසේ වෙතත් වෙන ම නෛතික පුද්ගලත්වය ඉංගී්‍රසි නීතිය තුල 1895 දී සාමි මංතී්‍ර මණ්ඩලය ූඅලඔමඔන ව. ූඅලඔමඔන ්‍ය ඡඔ. නඩුවේ දී තහවුරු කරන තුරු පිළිගැනීමට ලක් නොවීය. නමුත් වර්තමානයේ දී සමාගම් වෙනම නෛතිකත්වයක් ඇති ආයතනයක් ලෙස ලොව පුරා පිළිගැනීමට ලක් වී ඇත.
වෙන ම නෛතික පුද්ගලත්වයක් පැවතීම නිසා විශෙෂයෙන් ම කුඩා පවුල් සමාගම් සම්බන්ධයෙන් නිතර ම අපේක්ෂා නොකල ප්‍රති විපාකයන් ඇතිවේ.
ඹ ව ඹ නඩුවේ දී බිරිඳ විසින් සැමියාට එරෙහිව ලබා ගත් එළිදරව් නියෝගය සැමියාගේ ආයතනය සම්බන්ධයෙන් බල නොපාන අතර එය නියෝගයේ දක්වා නොමැති අතර් ඔහුගෙන් වෙනස් වන එකක් බවටත් අධිකරණය විසි තීන්දු කරන ලදී.
ඟඅචඅඋරඅ ව ණඔරටහඑරන ංසසඋරඅනචඑ ඡඔ ළටඩ නඩුවේ දී රක්ෂණ ආවරණයක් යටතේ හිමිකම ක් දැව සඳහා වූ එම රක්ෂණාවරණය අයිතිකරුගේ නමින් තිබී පසුව තමාට පූර්ණ වශයෙන් අයිති වූ සමාගමේ නමට පැවරීම නිසා පැවරුමට පසුව විනාශ වූ එම දැව තොගය සමාගමට අයිති එකක් මිස ඔහුට අයිති නොවන අතර තව දුරටත් ඒ සඳහා ඔහුට රක්ෂනීය බැඳීමක් නොමැති බවත් නිසා ඔහුට හිමිකම ක් නොමැතී බව තීන්දු විය.
වෙන ම නෛතික පුද්ගලත්වය බදු සැලසුමවල දී ඒකාබද්ධ කණ්ඩායම් සඳහා වඩා නම්‍යශීලී ලෙස කටයුතු කිරීමට ඉඩ සලසන අතර බහු ජාතික සමාගම් වලට සිය එතෙර කාර්්‍යයන් හි වගකීම් කළමනාකාරීත්වයට අවස්ථාව ක් ලබාදේ. (ංඩඅමස ව ඡඅපඑ ඊනඩඋසටරඉඑස පලච බලන්න)
ඇතැම් විටක දී අධිකරණය විසින් සංස්ථාව නමැති කඩතුරාව බිඳ දමමින් ඒ පසුපස සිටිනන් පිළිබඳ සොයා බලා සෘජුවම වගකීම පවරයි. මේ සඳහා බොහෝ විට දිය හැකි උදාහරණ නම්
• සමාගම නමට පමණක් පවතින්ක් වන අවස්ථාවේ දී
• සමාගම එහි සාමාජිකයනගේ සහ පාලකයන්ගේ නියෝජිතයෙකු පමණක් වන අවස්ථාවේ දී
• සමාගමේ නියෝජිතයෙකු යම් ප්‍රකාශනයක් හෝ ක්‍රියාවක් සම්බන්ධයෙන් පීද්ගලිකව ම වගකීම බාර ගන්නා අවස්ථාවේ දී
• සමාගම වංචා සහගත ක්‍රියාවක හෝ වෙනත් වැරදි සගහත ක්‍රියාවක යෙදී සිටින අවස්ථාවේ දී
• ගිවිසුම හෝ නීතිය අර්ථකථනයේ දී තනි සමාගමට සීමා නොවී ඒකාබද්ධ කණ්ඩායම ට යොමු කිරීම
• නීිතිය මඟින් අවසර ලබා දී අවස්ථාවේ දී (උදා සමාගම් කොටස් කරුවන් පරිසර සංරක්ෂණ නීති කඩ කළ අවස්ථාවක දී)
• බොහෝ විනිශ්චයන් හී දී සමාගම අනිවර්්‍යය බංකොලොත් භාවයකට පත්මෙින් තිබිය දී දිගටම කටයුතු කර ගෙන යන විටදී පුද්ගලික වෙළඳ පාඩු පිළිබඳ සැලකිලිමත් වන ලෙස අධ්‍යක්ෂකවරුනට බල කිරීම
නීතිය </s> |
<s>[INST] පහත මාතෘකාව සම්බන්ධයෙන් විස්තර සපයන්න: කනිශ්ක [/INST] වෙනත් භාවිතයන් සඳහා, කනිෂ්ක (වක්‍රෝත්තිහරණය) බලන්න .
පළමුවන කනිෂ්ක ( ග්රීක-බැක්ටීරියානු : κανηþκε කනෙක් , බ්‍රාහ්මී : කේ-අයි-ආකා , සංස්කෘත : कनिष्क ), හෝ දෙවන සියවසේ කුෂාන් රාජවංශයේ අධිරාජ්‍යයා වූ මහා කනිෂ්කා (ක්රි.ව. 127-150), ඔහුගේ හමුදා, දේශපාලන හා අධ්‍යාත්මික ජයග්‍රහණ සඳහා ප්‍රසිද්ධය. පැවතෙන්නන්ගෙන් Kujula Kadphises , කුශාන් රජ අධිරාජ්යයේ නිර්මාතෘ, කණිෂ්ක දක්වා වෙරළට Bactria දී අධිරාජ්යයක් පාලනය කිරීමට පැමිණි Pataliputra මත Gangetic සරල . ඔහුගේ අධිරාජ්යයේ ප්‍රධාන අගනුවර පිහිටා තිබුණේ පුරුපුර නම් ස්ථානයේ ය කපීසා හි තවත් ප්‍රධාන අගනුවරක් සමඟ ගාන්ධාර .
ඔහුගේ ජයග්රහන හා අනුග්රහය බුදු දහම වන සංවර්ධනය තුළ වැදගත් භූමිකාවක් ඉටු සේද මාවත , සහ තුළ මහායාන බුදු දහම සම්ප්රේෂණය හරහා ගන්ධාර සිට Karakoram කිරීමට පරාසයක චීනය . ක්රිස්තු වර්ෂ 127 දී පමණ ඔහු වෙනුවට ග්රීක විසින් Bactrian අධිරාජ්යයේ පාලනයේ නිල භාෂාව ලෙස.
කලින් විශාරදයින් විශ්වාස කළේ කනිෂ්ක ක්රි.ව. 78 දී කුෂාන් සිංහාසනයට පත්වූ බවත්, මෙම දිනය සාකා දිනදර්ශන යුගයේ ආරම්භය ලෙස භාවිතා කළ බවත්ය. කෙසේ වෙතත්, ඉතිහාස ians යින් මෙම දිනය කනිෂ්කගේ ප්‍රවේශ දිනය ලෙස තවදුරටත් සලකන්නේ නැත. ක්රි.ව. 127 දී කනිෂ්ක සිංහාසනාරූ to වූ බව ෆෝක් ගණන් බලා තිබේ.
අන්තර්ගතය
1පෙළපත්
2දකුණු හා මධ්‍යම ආසියාවේ ජයග්‍රහණ
3කනිෂ්කගේ කාසි
3.1හෙලෙනිස්ටික් අවධිය
3.2ඉරාන / ඉන්දියානු අවධිය
4කනිෂ්ක සහ බුද්ධාගම
4.1බෞද්ධ කාසි
4.1.1ස්ථාවර බුදුන්
4.1.2"ශාක්‍යමුණි බුදුන්"
4.1.3"මෛත්‍රෙය බුද්ධ"
4.2කනිෂ්ක යටතේ බෞද්ධ ප්‍රතිමාව
4.3කනිෂ්ක ස්ථූපය
4.4බෞද්ධ සම්ප්‍රදායේ කනිෂ්ක
4.5බුද්ධාගම චීනයට සම්ප්රේෂණය කිරීම
5මෙයද බලන්න
6පාද සටහන්
7යොමුව
8බාහිර සබැඳි
පෙළපත් [ සංස්කරණය ]
කනිෂ්කා යනු යූෂි ජනවර්ගයේ කුෂාන් ය . ඔහුගේ මව් භාෂාව නොදනී. මෙම Rabatak ශිලා සඳහා භාවිත කරන්නේ ග්රීක තිර රචනය ලෙස විස්තර කරන භාෂාවක් ලිවීමට, ආර්ය බොහෝ ඉඩ කඩ පත්රය - (αρια) Bactrian ආවේණික ඒරියනා , ක වූ නැගෙනහිර ඉරාන භාෂාව පිළිබඳ මැද ඉරාන කාලය. කෙසේ වෙතත්, දේශීය විෂයයන් සමඟ සන්නිවේදනය පහසු කිරීම සඳහා මෙය කුෂාන්වරුන් විසින් අනුගමනය කරනු ලැබීය. කුෂාන් ප්‍රභූන් එකිනෙකා අතර කතා කළේ කුමන භාෂාවෙන්ද යන්න නිශ්චිත නැත.
රබාටාක් සෙල්ලිපිය ලෙස හැඳින්වෙන කුෂාන් රජවරුන්ගේ ආකර්ෂණීය පෙළපතක් මගින් පෙන්නුම් කරන පරිදි කනිෂ්කා , විමා කඩ්ෆිසෙස්ගේ අනුප්‍රාප්තිකයා විය . කනිෂ්කා අනෙකුත් කුෂාන් පාලකයන් සමඟ ඇති සම්බන්ධය රබාටැක් සෙල්ලිපියේ විස්තර කර ඇති අතර කනිෂ්කා ඔහුගේ කාලය දක්වා පාලනය කළ රජවරුන්ගේ ලැයිස්තුවක් සාදයි: කුජුලා කඩ්ෆිසෙස් ඔහුගේ සීයා ලෙස, විමා තක්ටු ඔහුගේ සීයා ලෙස, විමා Kadphises "රජු: තම පියා, සහ තමා කණිෂ්ක ලෙස Kujula Kadphises (ඔහුගේ) සීයා, සහ රජ Vima Taktu (ඔහුගේ) මාමණ්ඩිය වූද, හා රජු Vima Kadphises(ඔහුගේ) පියා සහ * තමා වෙනුවෙන්, කනිෂ්ක රජු ”
කුණු හා මධ්‍යම ආසියාවේ ජයග්‍රහණ [ සංස්කරණය ]
රබාටාක් සෙල්ලිපියට අනුව කනිෂ්කා (තිත් රේඛාව) යටතේ කුෂාන් ප්රදේශ (සම්පූර්ණ රේඛාව) සහ කුෂාන් ආධිපත්‍යයේ උපරිම ප්‍රමාණය .
කනිෂ්කගේ අධිරාජ්‍යය නිසැකවම අති විශාලය. එය දකුණු උස්බෙකිස්තානය හා ටජිකිස්තානය එම amu Darya (උතුරු සිට දීර්ඝ Oxus උතුරු බටහිර) උතුරු ඉන්දියාවේ, ඈත ලෙස Mathura දකුණු නැගෙනහිර (මෙම Rabatak ශිලා ඔහු පවත්වන පවා කියා Pataliputra හා ශ්රී චම්පා) ද, සහ තම දේශය ඇතුළත් කාශ්මීර් එහිදී නගරයේ Kanishkapur (නූතන විය, Kanispora දුර නොවන ඔහු නමින් නම්), Baramula අලිමංකඩ හා තවමත් විශාල ස්තූපයක් පදනම අඩංගු වේ.
නූතන චීනයේ ඛෝටාන් හි හමු වූ කනිෂ්කාගේ ලෝකඩ කාසිය .
මධ්‍යම ආසියාව කෙරෙහි ඔහු සතු බලය පිළිබඳ දැනුම එතරම් හොඳින් තහවුරු වී නොමැත. මෙම පසු හැන් යුත් ග්රන්ථයක්, Hou Hanshu , සාමාන්ය රාජ්යයන් බැන් Chao අසල සටන් Khotan තරුණයකුව (චීන:謝) නමින් එසේ නොදන්නා කුෂාන් ප්රතිරාජයා විසින් නායකත්වය .70,000 පුරුෂයන් කුෂාන් හමුදාව සමග ක්රි.ව 90. බෑන් චාවෝ ජයග්‍රාහී යැයි කියා සිටි අතර, කුෂාන්වරුන්ට දැවෙන පෘථිවි ප්‍රතිපත්තියක් භාවිතා කරමින් පසුබැසීමට බල කෙරුනි . වන භූමි ප්රදේශ Kashgar , Khotan හා Yarkand තුළ චීන පරායත්තයන් විය Tarim ද්රෝණියේ , නවීන Xinjiang . කනිෂ්ක කාසි කිහිපයක් තාරිම් ද්රෝණියේ තිබී සොයාගෙන තිබේ .
දකුණු ආසියාව සහ රෝමය අතර ගොඩබිම ( සේද මාවත ) සහ මුහුදු වෙළඳ මාර්ග පාලනය කිරීම කනිෂ්කගේ ප්‍රධාන අධිරාජ්‍ය අරමුණු වලින් එකක් බව පෙනේ.
කනිෂ්කාගේ කාසි
කනිෂ්කාගේ කාසි වල ඉන්දියානු , ග්රීක , ඉරාන සහ සුමේරෝ - එලමයිට් දේවතාවන්ගේ රූප නිරූපණය වන අතර, ඔහුගේ විශ්වාසයන්හි ආගමික සමමුහුර්තතාව පෙන්නුම් කරයි . කනිෂ්කගේ පාලන සමයේ ආරම්භයේ සිටම කාසි ග්රීක භාෂාවෙන් හා පිටපතෙන් ජනප්‍රවාද ගෙන ඇති අතර ග්රීක දේවත්වයන් නිරූපණය කරයි. පසුකාලීන කාසි වල පුරාවෘත්තයන් බැක්ට්‍රියන් , කුෂාන්වරු කථා කළ ඉරාන භාෂාව වන අතර ග්රීක දේවත්වයන් ඊට අනුරූප ඉරාන භාෂාවෙන් ආදේශ විය. කණිෂ්ක කාසි සියලු - මෙම Bactrian භාෂාවෙන් පුරාවෘත්තය සමග පවා අය - / S / (නියෝජනය කිරීමට එක් අමතර glyph (Ϸ) බව නවීකරණය ග්රීක තිර රචනය ලියා ඇත sh), 'කු ෂන් ' සහ 'කනි ෂා කා' යන වචනයේ මෙන් .
ග්රීක පුරාවෘත්තය සහ හෙලෙනිස්ටික් දේවත්වය හෙලියෝස් සමඟ කනිෂ්කා I ගේ රන් කාසිය . (ක්රි.ව. 120).
ප්‍රතිවිරුද්ධ: කනිෂ්ක සිටගෙන, බර කුෂාන් කබායකින් හා දිගු බූට් වලින් සැරසී, උරහිස් වලින් පිටවන ගිනිදැල්, ඔහුගේ වම් අතේ ප්‍රමිතියක් තබාගෙන පූජාසනයක් මත පූජාවක් කිරීම. ග්රීක පුරාවෘත්තයක් ΒΑΣΙΛΕΩΝ ΚΑΝΗ ΒΑΣΙΛΕΥΣ Ϸ ΚΟΥ "[කාසිය] කණිෂ්ක ක, රජවරුන්ගේ රජ".
ආපසු හැරවීම: හෙලෙනිස්ටික් ශෛලියේ හීලියෝස් සිටගෙන, දකුණු අතෙන් බෙනෙඩිෂන් අභිනය සාදයි. ග්රීක පිටපතේ පුරාවෘත්තය: ΗΛΙΟΣ හීලියෝස් . කනිෂ්ක මොනොග්‍රෑම් ( තම්ගා ) වමට.
රජු සාමාන්යයෙන් කාසි වල දිගු රැවුලකින් සැරසී සිටින රැවුල වවා ඇති අතර කලිසම වළලුකර අසල රැස් වී ඇති අතර උරහිස් වලින් ගිනිදැල් පිටවෙයි. ඔහු විශාල වටකුරු බූට් සපත්තු පැළඳ සිටින අතර දිගු කඩුවකින් හා ලේන්සුවකින් සන්නද්ධව සිටී. ඔහු නිතරම පූජාසනයක් මත පූජාවක් කරන බව පෙනේ. කනිෂ්කගේ ජීවිතාරක්ෂක හුණුගල් සහනවල පහළ භාගය ඒ හා සමාන ඇඳුමින් සැරසී ඇති අතර, ඔහුගේ කබායට යටින් තද එම්බ්‍රොයිඩර් අතිරික්තයක් සහ ඔහුගේ කලිසමේ ආලෝකය එක්රැස් වූ වළලු යටින් ඔහුගේ බූට් සපත්තු සවි කර ඇති අතර එය තලේබාන් විනාශ කරන තෙක් කාබුල් කෞතුකාගාරයේ ඉතිරි විය. </s> |
<s>[INST] පහත මාතෘකාව සම්බන්ධයෙන් විස්තර සපයන්න: මානව කායච්ඡේද විද්‍යාව [/INST] මිනිස් සිරුරේ රූප විද්‍යාව පිළිබදව කෙරෙන විද්‍යාත්මක අධ්‍යයනයක් ලෙස මූලිකව දැක්විය හැකිය. මෙය නැවත දළ කාලච්ජේද විද්‍යාව හා අන්වීක්ෂ කායවිච්ජේද විද්‍යාව ලෙස බෙදා ඇත.
දල කායච්චේද විද්‍යාව anthropotomy ලෙසද හදුන්වන අතර එය පියවි ඇසින් දැකිය හැකි ව්‍යුහ පිළිබද අධ්‍යයනයයි. ඉතා කුඩා ව්‍යුහ අන්වීක්ෂකයෙන් බලා සිදුකරන විද්‍යාව අන්වීක්ෂ කාය විච්ජේද විද්‍යාවයි. මෙහිදි පටක විද්‍යාව (පටක සංවිධානය ගැන අධ්‍යයනය කරයි) සෛල විද්‍යාව (සෛල පිළිබද අධ්‍යයනය) ද අඩංගුය. කායවිච්ජේද විද්‍යාව කායික විද්‍යාව ක්‍රියාකාරීත්වය පිළිබදව අධ්‍යයනයන්) ජීව රසායනය (ජීව ව්‍යුහ වල හා ඇති රසායනය පිළිබද අධ්‍යයනය) අත්‍යවශ්‍ය මූලික වෛද්ය අංශ වන අතර සාමාන්යයෙන් එකවර උගන්වයි. සමහර මුහුණත් වලින් මානව කායවිච්ජේද විද්‍යාව කලල විදයාව සන්සන්දනාත්මක කායවිච්චේද විද්‍යාව, සන්සන්දනාත්මක කලල විද්‍යාව සමාන සමීපතාවයක් දක්වයි. එසේ වන්නේ පරිණාමයේ පොදු මූලයන් උදා - ලෙස මිනිස් ශරීරය බොහෝ දුරට ආදි කුහර රටාව පවත්වාගෙන ඇති අතර එය බොහෝ පෘෂ්ඨිමය ශ්‍රිතයන්ගේ මූලික ඒකක නැවත යොදන අයුරින් පිහිටා ඇත. එය කොදු ඇට පෙලේ පර්ශු කුඩුවේ හා ඉතා මූලික කලල අවස්ථාවල පහසුවෙන් හදුනාගත හැක. මිනිස් ශරීරයේ ජීව විද්‍යාත්මක පද්ධති වලින් සෑදි ඇත. ඒවා සෛල හා සම්බන්ධක පටක වලින් තැනුනු පටකද පටක වලින් තැනුනු ඉන්ද්‍රියයන් ද අඩංගු වේ. (මෙම විදයාවේ අතීතය විශේෂිත අතර කාලයක් තිස්සේ ශරීරයේ ව්‍යුහ හා ඉන්දින් වල ක්‍රියාකාරීත්වය නොනවත්වා අධ්‍යයනයක යෙදුනි. ඒ සදහා වු ක්‍රම විධි ද ඉතා පුදුම පලවන ලෙස වර්ධනය වී නරක් නොවන සේ තබා ගත් මෘත දේහ යොදා ගැනීමේ සිට සංකිර්ණ තාක්ෂණික ක්‍රමතෙක් (20 සියවසේ දී වර්ධනය වු) වර්ධනය වී ඇත)
Regional groups
හිස හා ගෙල - උරස් දොරටුව සිට ඉහළට ඇති සියලු දේ ඇතුළත් වේ.
ඉහල ගාත්‍රය - අත, මැණික් කටුව, යටි බාහුව, වැලමිට, බාහුව සහ උරහිස ඇතුළත් වේ.
උරස - පපුව ප්රදේශයේ උරස් දොරටුව සිට මහා ප්‍රාචීරය තෙක් ඇතුළත් වේ.
උදරය - මහා ප්‍රාචීරයේ සිට ශ්‍රෝණි දාරය හෙවත් ශ්‍රෝණි දොරටුව තෙක් සියලුම කොටස් ඇතුළත් වේ.
කොන්ද - කශේරුව සහ එහි කොටස්. කශේරුකා, ත්‍රිකාස්ථිය, අනුත්‍රිකාස්ථිය හා අන්තර් කශේරුක මඩල ඊට අයත් වේ
ශ්‍රෝණිය සහ පෙරිනියම - ශ්‍රෝණි දාරයේ සිට ශ්‍රෝණි ප්‍රාචීරය තෙක් කොටස් ශ්‍රෝණියට අයත්\ වේ. පෙරිනියම යනු ප්‍රජනන ඉන්ද්‍රීන් සහ අධෝ මාර්ගය අතර පිහිටි පෙදෙසයි
අධර(පහළ) ගාත්‍රය - ඉකිලි (වංක්ෂණ) බන්ධනි ප්‍රදේශයට පහළින් ඇති සියලු කොටස්. උකුළ ,කලව, කෙණ්ඩ , වළළුකර, දණහිස සහ පාතලය ඇතුළත් වේ.
ප්‍රධාන ඉන්ද්‍රිය පද්ධතීන්
සංසරණ පද්ධතිය - රුධිරයදේහය සහ පෙනහළු අතර පොම්ප කරන සහ ප්‍රවාහණය කරන පද්ධතියයි. හෘදය රුධිරය සහ රුධිරවාහිණි වලින් සමන්විතය.
ආහාර ජීරණ පද්ධතිය - අධෝ මාර්ගය ගුදය, බඩවැල, අග්නාශය, පිත්තාශය, ආමාශය, අන්තසෝත්‍රය, අක්මාව සහ ඛේට ග්‍රන්ථි වලින් සමන්විතය, ආහාර ජීර්ණ සහ සැකසුම් ක්‍රියාවලිය සදහා සෑදුණු පද්ධතියකි.
අන්තරා සර්ගි පද්ධතිය - අධිවෘක්කග්‍රන්ථි, පැරාතයිරොයිඩ් ග්‍රන්ථිය, තයිරොයිඩ් ග්‍රන්ථීය, කේතු දේහය, පිටියුටරි ග්‍රන්ථිය, හයිපොකැලමස යන ග්‍රන්ථීන්ගෙන් සාදන හෝමෝන ආධාරවයන් දේහය තුළ සන්නිවේදන කටයුතු කරනු ලබයි.
ප්‍රතිශක්ති කරණ පද්ධතිය - පිලිකා සෛල සහ විෂබීජ හඳුනා ගනිමින් ඒවා විනාශ කොට දේහයට ආරක්ෂාව සලසයි.
පිට වැස්ම - සම, නියපොතු සහ කොණ්ඩය
වසා පද්ධතිය - සිරුරේ සෛල සහ රුධිරය අතර වසා ගැටිති සහ වසා නාල උපයෝගිකර ගනිමින් වසා සංසරණය කරයි. මෙයට වසා , වාසා ගැටති වාසා නාල සහ ප්‍රතිශක්ති කරණ පද්ධතියේ සුදු රුධිරාණු සහ සෙම් ගෙඩිද ඇඩ්නොයිඩ් ග්‍රන්ථිය , තයිමස් ග්‍රන්තිය සහ ප්ලිහාවද උපකාරී වේ
පේශී පද්ධතිය - මාංශ පේශී උපයෝගි කර ගනිමින් චලනය සිදු කරයි.
ස්නායු පද්ධති ය - මොලය, සුසුම්නාව, පර්යන්ත ස්නායු සහ ස්නායු උපයෝගි කර ගනිමින් තොරතුරු ලබාගැනීම, ප්‍රවාහණය කිරීම සහ සැකසීම සිදු කරනු ලබයි.
ප්‍රජනක පද්ධතිය - ඩිම්බ කෝෂ, පැලෝපීය නාල, ගර්භාෂය, යෝනි මාර්ගය, ක්ෂීර ග්‍රන්ති , වෘෂණ කෝෂ, ශුක්‍ර නාල කුපර් ග්‍රන්ථින්, පුරහ්ස්ථි ග්‍රන්ථිය, අපසාහී වාහිනිය සහ ශිෂ්නයෙන් සැදුම් ලද්දකි.
ශ්වසන පද්ධතිය - ශ්වසන ක්‍රියාවලිය සඳහා උපකාරී වන ග්‍රසනිකාව, ස්වරාලය, ශ්වාස නාලය, අනු හ්\වාස නාලිකා, පෙනහළු සහ මහා ප්‍රාචිරයෙන් යුක්තවෙයි.
කංකාල පද්ධතිය - අස්ථි, කාටිලේජ්, ඛණ්ඩරා, බන්ධන වලින් සෑදී ඇත. දේහයට ව්‍යුහාත්මක උපකාරය සහ ආරක්ෂාව ලබාදෙයි.
මුත්‍රා පද්ධතිය - මුත්‍රා බහිස්‍රාවය, අයන තුලිතතාවය සහ දේහ තරල තුලිතාවය පවත්වා ගනී. වකුගඩු, මුත්‍රාවාහිණි, මුත්‍රාශය සහ මුත්‍ර මාර්ගයෙන් සැදුම් ලද්දකි.
ආශ්‍රිත ලිපි
අන්තරාසර්ග පද්ධතිය
විද්‍යාව </s> |
<s>[INST] පහත මාතෘකාව සම්බන්ධයෙන් විස්තර සපයන්න: ගෝනමාළු [/INST] ඉතාම දුර්ලභ කෙසෙල් ප්‍රභේදයකි. ව්‍යාජ කඳ කොළ පැහැතිය. පත්‍ර කඳ කොළ පැහැතිය. ව්‍යාජ කඳ මීටර් 3-3.5 උස් වන අතර පත්‍ර කඳ මීටර් 0.2-1 උස්ව වැඩේ. කඳ විශාල ලෙස මහත් වේ. පත්‍ර නටුවේ රතු පාට දාරයක් ඇත. පත්‍ර නටුව පිටතට වක් වී නොමැත. පත්‍රයේ මැද නාරටිය රතු පැහැතිය. පත්‍ර තලයේ උඩ පෘෂ්ඨය තද කොළ පාටය, යටි පෘෂ්ඨය ලා කොළ පාටය. මෙම කෙසෙල් කැනක ඇවරි 4-7 ක් පමණ ලබාගත හැකිය. මෙම කෙසෙල් කැනක ගෙඩි 60-100 ක් පමණ ලබාගත හැකිය. මෙම කෙසෙල් ගෙඩිවක් සාමාන්යයෙන් සෙ.මී. 20 පමණ දිග වන අතර පරිධිය සෙ.මී. 15 - 20 පමණ වේ. මෙම කෙසෙල් ප්‍රභේදය ඉදුණු විට කහ පැහැයට හැරේ. කැනේ මැද නාරටිය කහ පාටට හුරු කොළ පැහැතිය. මෙම කෙසෙල් ප්‍රභේදයට වෙළඳපොලෙහි ඉතාම ඉහළ වටිනාකමක් පවතී. මෙම කෙසෙල් ප්‍රභේදයට සාමාන්යයෙන් වෙළඳපොලෙහි සොයාගත නොහැක. මෙම කෙසෙල් ප්‍රභේදයේ තොරතුරු අල්පය. මෙම කෙසෙල් ප්‍රභේදයේ වඳ වී යාමේ තර්ජනයට මුහුණ පා සිටියි. </s> |
<s>[INST] පහත මාතෘකාව සම්බන්ධයෙන් විස්තර සපයන්න: පද්ධති විශ්ලේෂණය (Systems Analysis) [/INST] ශක්‍යතා වාර්තාව පිළිබදව ව්‍යාපෘතිය භාර කමිටුව මගින් නව පද්ධතියක අවශ්‍යතාව ගැන සෑහීමකට පත්වුවහොත් ඒ පිළිබදව සවිස්තරාත්මක අධ්‍යයනයක යෙදීමට ව්‍යාපෘති කමිටුව තීරණය කරයි. ඒ අනුව ශක්‍යතා අධ්‍යයන වාර්තාව ඔස්සේ ලබාදී ඇති කරුණු තව දුරටත් විමර්ශනයට ලක්කෙරේ. නව පද්ධතියේ අරමුණු, ඊට අදාල විෂය සන්ධාරය,අවශ්‍ය වන භෞතික හා මානව සම්පත්,සහ යෝජිත නව පද්ධතිය සංවර්ධනය කිරීමේදී ඇතිවිය හැකි ගැටළු හා සීමා ආදිය පිළිබදව මෙහදී විශේෂයෙන් සලකා බලනු ලැබේ. එසේම පද්ධති විශ්ලේෂණ ක‍්‍රියාවලියේ දී ආයතනයේ ව්‍යුහය පිළිබඳවත් , කළමනාකරණ මට්ටම් සහ මෙහෙයුම් මට්ටම් පිළිබදවත්, සවිස්තරාත්මක තොරතුරු රැස්කර ගැනීමක් සිදු කරනු ලැබේ. ඊට හේතුව යෝජිත නව පද්ධතිය මගින් කළමනාකරුවන්ගේ සහ පරිශීලකයන්ගේ අවශ්යතා සපුරාලිය යුතු වීමය. ඒ අනුව පද්ධති විශ්ලේෂණ අවධියේදී දත්ත එක්රැස් කිරීම සහ දත්ත තොරතුරු බවට පත්කිරීම තුළින් පද්ධතියේ අවශ්යතා සවිස්තරාත්මකව විමර්ශනයට ලක් කෙරේ.(RS) </s> |
<s>[INST] පහත මාතෘකාව සම්බන්ධයෙන් විස්තර සපයන්න: මහින්ද දේශප්‍රිය [/INST] ලංකාවේ මැතිවර්ණ කොමසාරිස්.
සුනන්ද දේශප්‍රියගේ අයියා </s> |
<s>[INST] පහත මාතෘකාව සම්බන්ධයෙන් විස්තර සපයන්න: රත්මල් [/INST] රත්මල් - Ixora coccinea යන උද්භිද විද්‍යාත්මක නමින් හඳුන්වන Rubiaceae පවුලට අයත් ඉන්දියාව, බංග්ලාදේශය සහ ශ්රී ලංකාව ජන්ම භූමිය කරගත් රත් පැහැති මල් පිපෙන කුඩා ප්‍රමාණයේ පඳුරු විශේෂයකි. </s> |
<s>[INST] පහත මාතෘකාව සම්බන්ධයෙන් විස්තර සපයන්න: Transifex [/INST]
අංග
සහාය දක්වන නිකුතු පාලන පද්ධති
ඉතිහාසය
කාල රේඛාව
මූලාශ්ර
බාහිර සබැදි
Transifex.net homepage
Transifex.org homepage -- Development Portal
Transifex blog
Transifex on Freenode
Indifex Site -- The company behind Transifex
Transifex appliance on rBuilder </s> |
<s>[INST] පහත මාතෘකාව සම්බන්ධයෙන් විස්තර සපයන්න: ජෝන් ලොගී බෙයාඩ් [/INST]
රූපවාහිනී අත්හදා බැලීම්
රූපවාහිනිය කීපදෙනෙකුගේ සොයා ගැනීම්වල ප්‍රතිඵලයක් වුවද වඩා ඉහළ දියුණුවක් මේ ක්ෂේත්‍රය තුළ ඇති කළ පුද්ගලයන් අතර මුල් ආරම්භකරුවෙකු ලෙස මොහුගේ නම ඉතිහාස ගතවනු ඇත. පරාවර්තිත ආලෝකයක් තුළ අඩු හඬ ස්වරූපයක් යටතේ චංචල වන සජීව ඡායාරූප ප්‍රතිබිම්බයන් නිෂ්පාදනය කිරීමේ ගෞරවය ඔහුට හිමි වේ. අනෙකුත් නිර්මාණකරුවන්ට මෙවැනි සොයා ගැනීමක් කිරීමට අපහසු වුවද ජෝන් ලොගී බෙයාර්ඩ් සිය ඡායාරූප විද්‍යූත් තාක්ෂණය හා සංඥා පද්ධතීන්ගේ තත්ත්වයන් දියුණු කරමින් විද්‍යූත් ඡායාරූප හා රූප විශාල කරණ වීඩියෝ භාවිතයෙන් මෙම නිර්මාණය සිදුකර ඇත.
රූපවාහිනී පද්ධතිය දියුණූ කිරීම සඳහා 1924 දී ඔහු ගත් පළමු උත්සාහයේදී ඔහුගේ පරීක්ෂණ සඳහා නිප්කොව් තැටි (Nipkow disk) භාවිතා කළ අතර ඒ පිළිබඳ එළිදැක්වීමක් Radio Times මඟින් කරන ලදී. එසේ කරන ලද්දේ සම යාන්ත්‍රිකව සම කාර්ය රූපවාහිනී ක්රමය මගින් අඳුරු සේයාවේ ප්‍රතිබිම්බය විකාශනය කරමිනි. මේ විකාශනය කරන ලද්දේ ලන්ඩන්හි පිහිටි සිය විද්‍යාගාරයේදී තම නලියන අතැඟිලි වලින්මය. ප්රථම වරට මහජන දර්ශනයක් සඳහා අඳුරු සේයා ප්‍රතිබිම්බයන් රූපවාහිනී මගින් විකාශනය කළේ 1925 මාර්තු 25 ලන්ඩන්හි පිහිටි සෙල්ප්‍රිඩජස් දෙපාර්තමේන්තු ගොඩනැගිල්ලේදීය.
1925 ඔක්තෝම්බර් 02 දින ඔහුට සිය විද්‍යාගාරයේදී ඉතා සාර්ථකව පළමු රූපවාහිනී පින්තූරය අඩු ස්වරයකින් යුක්තව විකාශනය කිරීමට හැකිවිය. එහිදී තත්පරයට පින්තූර 05 ක් ලැබෙන සේ සිරස් රේඛා 30 න් සියුම් ලෙස ලබා ගත් ප්‍රතිබිම්බයක් වන එහි ව්‍යාජ වූ තුන්වාදියෙකුගේ හිසකුත් සමග විය.එය “ස්ටුකි බිල්” (“Stooky Bill”) යන අනවර්ථ නාමයෙන් හැඳින්වුණි.එම පරීක්ෂණ අවස්ථාවේදීම පහළ මාලයට ගිය බෙයාර්ඩ් විසින් එහි සේවය කළ විසි හැවිරිදි විලියම් එඩ්වඩ් ටෙයින්ටන් කැටුව විත් මිනිස් රූපයක් කෙසේ විකාශනය වෙයිද යන්න පරීක්ෂණය කරන ලදී. ඒ අනුව සම්පූර්ණ හඬකින් විකාශය වූ පළමු මිනිස් ප්‍රතිබිම්භය ලෙස විලියම් එඩ්වඩ් පත්වුණි.
රූපවාහිනී සම්ප්රේෂණය
1927 දී ජෝන් ලොගී බෙයාඩ් විසින් “දිගු-දුර රූපවාහිනී තරංගයක්" සැතපුම් 438 දිග දුරකථන මාර්ගයක් ඔස්සේ ලන්ඩන් හා ග්ලාස්ගෝ(Glasgow) අතර සම්ප්රේෂණය කරන ලදී.ඒ අනුව බෙයාඩ් ලොව පළමු දිගු-දුර රූපවාහිනි දර්ශනය, සම්ප්රේෂණය කරන ලද්දේ ග්ලාස්ගෝ කේන්ද්‍රස්ථානයේ සිට කේන්ද්‍ර හෝටලය (central Hotel) කරා.ය අනතුරුව ඔහු බෙයාඩ් රූපවාහිනී ප්‍රවර්ධන ආයතනය පිහිට වූ අතර, 1928 දී අත්ලාන්තික් සාගරය හරහා ලන්ඩන් සිට හාට්ස්ඩාලේ දක්වා ප්රථම රූපවාහිනි සම්ප්‍රේෂණයත් නිව්යොක්හිහා ප්රථම BBC රූපවාහිනී වැඩසටහන් සම්ප්‍රේෂණයත් සිදුකළේය. 1929 නොවැම්බර්හිදී ප්‍රශයේ බර්නාඩ් කාටන් සමඟ එක්ව ඔහු එරට පළමු රූපවාහිනී ආයතනය වන "රූපවාහිනී බෙයාඩ් නාටන් (Télévision-Baird-Natan )" ආයතනය ඇති කළේය. "එප්සොම් ඩර්බි" (Epsom Derby) නම් පළමු සජීවි වැඩසටහන 1931 දී විකාශය කිරීමටද ඔහු පුරෝගාමී විය.එමෙන්ම ඔහු 1930 දී "ලන්ඩන් කොලීසියම්", "බර්ලින්", "පැරිස්" හා "ස්ටොක්හොල්ම්" හිදී අඩි 2 x 2 ප්‍රමාණයේ රූප රාමුවක් රූපවාහිනී ශාලා පද්ධතියක ප්‍රදර්ශනය කළේය. 1939 වන විට ඔහු තම ශාලා ප්‍රක්ෂේපණ පද්ධතිය බොක්සිං ක්‍රීඩා තරඟයක් පෙන්වීමට හැකි අයුරින් අඩි 15 x අ 12 රූප රාමුවක් වන පරිදි වැඩි දියුණු කර සිටියේය.
1929 සිට 1932 දක්වා 30-මාර්ග බෙයාඩ් පද්ධතියක් භාවිතයෙන් BBC සම්ප්‍රේෂකයන් ඔස්සේ රූපවාහිනී වැඩසටහන් ප්රචාරණය කිරීම සිදුවිය. 1932-1935 දක්වා BBC ආයතනයේ වැඩසටහන් ඔවුන් සතු 16 පෝට්ලන්ඩ් මැදිරියේ දී නිෂ්පාදනය කළේය. 1936 නොවැම්බර් හිදී BBC ය ඔවුන්ගේ බෙයාඩ් 240 මාර්ග සම්ප්රේෂණය, EMI ඉලෙක්ට්රොනික සුපිරික්සීම් පද්ධතියකට මාරු කරන ලදී. එය මැක්රොනී සමඟ සංයුක්ත කිරීමෙන් පසු මෑතකදී එම පද්ධතිය 405-මාර්ග බවට පත්කර තිබේ. බෙයාඩ් පද්ධතියේ කැමරා රැගෙන යාමේ අපහසුව නිසාම, වර්ෂ 1937 දී BBC ය බෙයාඩ් පද්ධතිය ඔස්සේ කෙරෙන සම්ප්‍රේෂණ කටයුතු අතහැර දමන ලදී.
අයිසැක් ෂොන්බර්ග් යටතේ අලුතින් පටන් ගත් EMI - මාර්කෝනි( RCA හා ව්ලැද්මීර් ස්වොරියකින්ගේ බලපත්‍රවලට පරිශීලනයටද ඉඩකඩ ලබාදී තිබිණි) ආයතනයේ ඉලෙක්ට්රොනික රූපවාහිනී පද්ධතිය හා බෙයාඩ් රූපවාහිනී පද්ධතිය ප්‍රතිස්ථාපනය කරන ලදී. එසේම ෆිලියෝ T. ෆැන්ස්වරක්ගේ ඉලෙක්ට්රොනික රූප උපකරණ,පරිශීලනය කිරීමට( බලපත්‍ර සම්මුතියක ආධාරයෙන්) බෙයාඩ් ආයතනයට අවස්ථාව ලැබිණි.කෙසේ වුවත් මෙම රූප විච්ඡේදක කැමරාව ආලෝක සංවේදීතාවයෙන් තොර වූ අතර, එයට වැඩි දීප්තියක්ද අවශ්‍ය වුයේය.
බෙයාඩ් විසින් ඉලෙක්ට්රොනික රූපවාහිනී ක්ෂේත්‍රයට ඉමහත් දායකත්වයක් දැක්වීය.පාට පෙරනයක් සවිකල කවයක් ඉදිරියෙන් වූ කැරකෙන කැතෝඩ කිරණ නලයක් ආධාර කරගනිමින් වර්ෂ 1939 දී, ඔහු විසින් වර්ණ රූපවාහිනී දර්ශන පෙන්වන ලදී. පසුව මෙම ක්රමය ඇමරිකාවේ CBS හා RCA මඟින් ද ට ගැනිණි. 1944 අගෝස්තු 16 වැනි දින ඔහු ලොව ප්රථම සම්පූර්ණ ඉලෙක්ට්රොනික වර්ණ රූපවාහිනී දර්ශනයපෙන්වන ලදී. ඔහු තීරු 600 වර්ණ පද්ධතියකින් ය යුත් රූපයක් නිර්මාණය කිරීමට 6 වරක් ප්‍රස්තාර කරන (scanning) ත්‍රිත්ව-වියමනක් (triple interlacing) යොදාගන්නා ලදී. 1943 දී ඇතිවූ යුද්ධයෙන් පසුව නැවතත් රූපවාහිනී සම්ප්‍රේෂණ සිදුකිරීම පිළිබදව සොයාබැලීම සඳහා හැන්කී කොමිටිය පත්කරන ලදී. බෙයාඩ් විසින් තමන්ගේ තීරු 1000 ටෙලික්‍රෝම් ඉලෙක්ට්රොනික වර්ණ පද්ධතිය, යුද්ධයෙන් පසු රූපවාහිනී සම්ප්‍රේෂණ සිදුකිරීමේ සම්මතය බවට පත්කරගන්නා ලෙස හැන්කී කොමිටියට ඒත්තු ගැන්වීය. හැන්කී කොමිටියේ සැලසුම් සියල්ලම පාහේ පාර්ශ්විකව යුද්ධයෙන් පසු අඩපණ විය.ඒ ඒවා නැවත ප්‍රතිසංස්කරණය අභියෝගයක් වීම නිසාය.එහෙත් මොනොත්රෝම් 405-තීරු සම්මතය 1985 දක්වා සමහර ප්‍රදේශවල දිගටම පැවතිණ. දශක 3 කින් පසුව 625-තීරු පද්ධතිය 1964 දී හඳුන්වා දුන් අතර 1967 දී PAL වර්ණ පද්ධතිය හඳුන්වා දෙන ලදී.
ප්රථම මහජන ප්‍රදර්ශනය
1926 ජනවාරි මස 26 වනදා බෙයාඩ් විසින් ලන්ඩන් හි සොහෝ දිස්ත්‍රික්කයේ 22 වන ෆ්‍රිත් මාවතේ වූ ඔහුගේ විද්‍යාගාරයේ දී රාජකීය ආයතනයේ සාමාජිකයන්ට හා ද ටයිම්ස් හි වාර්තාකරුවෙකුට විකාශනය නැවත වරක් පෙන්වන ලදී. මෙම කාලය වන විට ඔහු පරිලෝකන ශීඝ්‍රතාව තත්පරයකට රූප 12.5ක් දක්වා වැඩි දියුණු කර තිබිණි. මෙය සත්‍ය රූපවාහිනී පද්ධතියක ලොව ප්රථම ප්‍රදර්ශනය වූ අතර ශබ්දය සමඟ චලනය වන සජීවී රූප විකාශනය කළ හැකි රූපවාහිනිය ද විය.
ඔහු 1928 ජූලි 3 වැනිදා ලෝකයේ ප්රථම වර්ණ සම්ප්රේෂණය ප්‍රදර්ශනය කළේය. මේ සඳහා ඔහු සම්ප්‍රේෂණ හා ප්‍රතිග්‍රාහක කෙළවරවල පරිලෝකනය කිරීමේ තැටි දඟර උපකරණ 3 ක් පමණ යොදා ගත් අතර එක් එක් දඟරය වෙනස් ප්‍රාථමික වර්ණවල පෙරහනක් සමඟ විය.ප්‍රතිග්‍රාහක අන්තයෙහි ආලෝක ප්‍රභව තුනක් හා ඒවායේ දීප්තිය විචල්‍ය කිරීමට කොමියුටේටරයකින් ද යුක්ත විය. එම වර්ෂයේ දීම ඔහු ත්‍රිමාණේක්ෂ රූපවාහිනී දර්ශන නිරූපණය කළේය. 1932 දී අධි කෙටි තරංග සම්ප්රේෂණය නිරූපණය කළ පළමු වැන්නා බවට ද ඔහු පත්විය.
රූපවාහිනී </s> |
<s>[INST] පහත මාතෘකාව සම්බන්ධයෙන් විස්තර සපයන්න: පැදකුණු කිරීම [/INST] යමකට තම ගෞරවය දක්වන ක්‍රමයකි. හින්දූන් ආදී අනෙකුත් ජාතීන් හෝ ආගමිකයින් හෝ විසින් මෙන්ම සිංහලයන් විසින්ද යමකට තම ගෞරවය දැක්වීමට මෙම ක්රමය භාවිතා කරති.
වදන
පැදකුණු යන වචනය ප්‍රදක්ෂිණා යන සකු වදනට ඥාති පදයකි. දකුණු යන කොටසෙන් දක්ෂිණාවර්ත බව හෝ දකුණත යොමුවීම හැඟෙයි.
ක්රමය
ගෞරවයට බඳුන්වන්නාවූ වස්තුව දෙසට තම දකුණු පැත්ත යොමුවනසේ අදාල වස්තුව වටා ගමන්කිරීම මෙහිදී සිදු කෙරේ. සාම්ප්‍රදායිකව බොහෝවිට 7 වාරයක් පැදකුණු කිරීම සිදුවේ.
අවස්ථා
ආගමික
වෙනත්
සිංහල දේවාගම </s> |
<s>[INST] පහත මාතෘකාව සම්බන්ධයෙන් විස්තර සපයන්න: ප්‍රසන්න බද්දෙවිතාන [/INST] දිවයිනේ සිටින ප්‍රවීන රසායන විද්යා දේශකයෙක් වන ප්‍රසන්න බද්දෙවිතාන මහතා මේ වනවිට දිවයිනේ ජනප්‍රියම රසායන විද්යා පෞද්ගලික පන්ති පවත්වන ගුරුවරයෙකු බවටද පත්ව ඇත.
ඔහු මේ වනවිට කළුතර , ගම්පහ , නුගේගොඩ හා ගාල්ල යන නගරවල පෞද්ගලික පන්ති මෙහෙයවනු ලබයි. </s> |
<s>[INST] පහත මාතෘකාව සම්බන්ධයෙන් විස්තර සපයන්න: කකෙකොමි [/INST] කකෙකොමි (駆込み女と駆出し男; කකෙකොමි ඔන්නා තෝ කකෙදෂි ඔතොකෝ) යුනවෙන් හැඳින්වෙන්නේ 2015 ජපන් ජිදයිගෙකි නාට්ය චිත්‍රපටයකි. මෙය අධ්‍යක්ෂණය කරන ලද්දේ මසාටෝ හරාඩා විසිනි. මෙය ජපානයේ ප්‍රදර්ශනය ඇරඹුණේ 2015 මැයි 16 දින ය.
චරිත නිරූපණය
යෝ ඔයිසුමි, ෂින්ජිරෝ නකමුරා ලෙස
එරිකා ටොඩා, ජොගෝ ලෙස
හිකරි මිට්සුෂිමා, ඔගින් ලෙස
රිනා උචියාමා, යූ තොගසාකි ලෙස
හනා හිසුකි, හෝෂූනි ලෙස
මිදොරිකෝ කිමුරා, ඔකත්සු ලෙස
කත්සුමි කිබා, රිහෙයි ලෙස
නිෂ්පාදනය
කකෙකොමිහි තිරරචනය සඳහා පාදක වී ඇත්තේ හිසසුෂි ඉනොවේ විසින් රචිත ටොකෙයිජි හනදයොරි නවකථාවයි.
මෙම චිත්‍රපටය රූගත කෙරුණේ හිමෙජිහි එන්ග්යෝ-ජි විහාරයේ ය. අධ්‍යක්ෂක මසාටෝ හරාඩා මෙම ස්ථානය පළමු වරට දැක තිබුණේ The Last Samurai චිත්‍රපටය රූගත කරන අතරතුර ය.
පිළිගැනීම
මෙම චිත්රපටයේ ආරම්භක සති අන්තයේම එය ජපන් බොක්ස් ඔෆීස් අතින් යෙන් මිලියන 157.585ක ආදායමක් හිමි කරගැනීමට සමත් විය.
ආශ්‍රේයයන්
බාහිර සබැඳි
駆込み女と駆出し男(2015) සඳහා allcinemaහි ඇති ගිණුම
駆込み女と駆出し男 සඳහා KINENOTEහි ඇති ගිණුම
2010 දශකයේ නාට්ය චිත්‍රපට
මසාටෝ හරාඩා අධ්‍යක්ෂණය කළ චිත්‍රපට
ජපන් නාට්ය චිත්‍රපට
ජපන් චිත්‍රපට
ජිදයිගෙකි චිත්‍රපට </s> |
<s>[INST] පහත මාතෘකාව සම්බන්ධයෙන් විස්තර සපයන්න: සුමි-එ චිත්‍ර කලාව [/INST] තනි වර්ණයක තීන්ත භාවිත කොට තෙත උරා ගන්නා කඩදාසි මත චිත්‍ර ඇඳීමේ සම්ප්‍රදාය ජපානයේ සුමි-එ නමින් හැඳින්වේ.සුං යුගයේ චීනයේ සුයිබොකු නමින් ප්‍රචලිතව පැවති මෙම සම්ප්‍රදාය, චීන සෙන් භික්ෂුවක වන ලන්-චි-තාඕ-ලූං ගේ ආගමනයත් සමග ක්රි.ව. 13 වැනි ශත වර්ෂයේ මැද භාගයේ දී පමණ ජපානයට හඳුන්වා දෙනු ලැබිණි.චීන තීන්ත චිත්‍ර එරට විසූ විශිෂ්ට සිත්තරුන් විසින් දීර්ඝ කාලයක් තිස්සේ වර්ධනය කළ සම්ප්‍රදායකි.
තනි වර්නයක් භාවිතා කිරීම
විවිධ වර්ණ භාවිත කරමින් චිත්‍ර ඇඳි ඔවුහු වර්ණයන්හි ශක්‍යතා මැනවින් හඳුනාගත්තෝ වූහ. ඒ හේතුව නිසාම දෘශ්‍ය ලෝකයෙහි තථ්‍ය ස්වභාවය බහුල ලෙස වර්ණ යොදා පිටපත් කරනු වෙනුවට තනි වර්ණයකින් ප්‍රහර්ෂයක් ලබා දිය හැකි බව අවබෝධ කොට ගත්තෝ වුහ. මෙම අවබෝධයට හේතු වුයේ සෙන් හෙවත් ධ්‍යාන බුදු දහමයි.
සෙන් දහම
සෙන් දහම චීනයට හඳුන්වා දුන් කාලය පිළිබඳව හා හඳුන්වා දුන් පුද්ගලයන් පිළිබඳ විවිධ මත පවතී. එසේ වුවද මේ පිළිබඳ වඩාත් ප්රචලිත මතය වන්නේ සෙන් දහම ප්රථම වතාවට චිනයට හඳුන්වා දෙනු ලැබුවේ ක්‍රිව 520 දී බෝධිධර්ම නම් ඉන්දීය භික්ෂුවක් විසින් බවයි. මෙම මතය පළ කරන හිරෝෂි කනසාවා සෙන් නිකායේ ඉතිහාසය බෙහෙවින් අපහැදිලි වුව ද, ජපානයේ සෑම සෙන් භික්ෂුවක්ම තමන් බෝධිධර්ම භික්ෂුවගේ පරපුර හා සම්බන්ධ බව පවසන්නේ යයි සඳහන් කරයි. හියුගෝ මන්ස්ටර්බර්ගේ අදහස වන්නේ ද සෙන් දහම ක්රි. ව. 520 දී චීනයට හඳුන්වා දෙනු ලැබුවේ බෝධිධර්ම භික්ෂුව විසින් බවයි. ජපාන දරුවන් බෝධිධර්ම භික්ෂුවට ඉමහත් ගරු සත්කාර පුදන බවත්, ඔවුන්ගේ ප්‍රියතම ක්‍රීඩා භාණ්ඩය වන දෙපා නැති, රතු, වටකුරු බෝනික්කා දීර්ඝකාලීනව ධ්‍යාන වැඩීමෙන් දෙපා අහිමි වූ බෝධිධර්ම භික්ෂුව නිරූපණය කරන බව ද පවසයි.
චීනයේ සිට පැමිණි ශුන්ජෝ නමැති ශිංගොං භික්ෂුව (ක්රි.ව. 1166-1227) කියොතෝහි සෙන්යු-ජි නම් භාවනාව සඳහා ම කැප වූ ආයතනයක් 13 වැනි ශත වර්ෂයේ මුල් කාලයේ පිහිටුවීමත් සමග සෙන් දහමේ මුල් බීජ ජපානයේ වපුරනු ලැබිණි. නරා යුගයේ දි ජපානයට හඳුන්වා දෙනු ලැබූ සෙන් ධර්මය එවක ජපානයේ පැවති තෙන්දායි හා ශිංගොං නම් වු නිකායයන් හා සමාග්‍රහණව පැවතිණි. ක්‍රිව 1141-1215 අතර කාලයේ විසු එයිසායි නමැති භික්ෂුවක් විසින් රින්සායි නම් නිකාය ස්ථාපිත කිරිමෙන් අනතුරුව එය ස්වාධීන නිකායක් බවට පත් විය. සෙන් ශික්ෂූන්ගේ දින චර්යාව හා ආගමික වතාවත් දැඩි පාලනයක් ඇතිව සිදු විය. සෙන් ආචාර්යවරුන් හා ශිෂ්‍යයින් අතර බැඳීම බෙහෙවින් වැදගත් සේ සැලකූ අතර එය සෙන් සම්ප්‍රදායේ ආරක්ෂාව හා පැවැත්මට හේතුවන බව පිළිගැනුනි.
චින්සෝ යනුවෙන් හැඳින්වුණු චීන ආචාර්යවරයාගේ ප්‍රතිරූප චිත්‍රය යථෝක්ත ආගමික වාතාවරණයෙහි වැදගත් අංගයක් විය. සෙන් භික්ෂුවක් තම ආචාර්යවරයාගෙන් මෙන්ම ස්වාධීනව වාසය කරන්නට තරම් ධර්ම ඥානය ලබා ගත් කළ, ආචාර්යවරයාගේ ප්‍රතිරූපයක් ශිෂ්‍යයාට පිරිනැමේ. බුද්ධ මනස පුද්ගලයාගෙන් පුද්ගලයාට සම්ප්රේෂණය කිරිම සඳහා ශිෂ්‍යයා ලබා ගත් හැකියාවට ලැබෙන තිළිණයකි. එය සෙන් නිකායෙහි හෘදයාංගම සම්ප්‍රදායක්ව පැවතිණි.
චින්සෝ
සම්ප්‍රදායික සුත්‍ර හා ප්‍රතිමා වලට වඩා සෙන් විහාරස්ථානවල චින්සෝ නම් වු සෙන් ප්‍රතිරූප තැන්පත් කිරීම වැදගත් සේ සැලකේ. චින්සෝ නිර්මාණයන්හි චීන සුං ශෛලියේ ආභාසය ප්‍රකටව පෙනුනි. චීන ආලේබ්‍ය චිත්‍ර සම්ප්‍රදායේ මුලික ශිල්ප ධර්මය වනුයේ පෞරුෂය තත්ත්වානුරූපීව නිරූපණය කිරිමයි. දේහ ලක්ෂණ තත්ත්වාකාරයෙන් නිරූපණය කිරිම මගින් විෂය පිළිබඳ අභ්‍යන්තර සාරය කලාකරුවාට ග්‍රහණය කරගැනිම පහසු වේ. බෙහෙවින් පරමාදර්ශී හා ඒකාකාරී ආකාරයකින් මුර්ති නෙලීම ප්‍රචලිතව පැවැති යුගයක ඉහත කී කරුණු බෙහෙවින් විප්ලවකාරී විය.
සුං ශිල්ප ක්‍රමයේ මුබ්‍ය ලක්ෂණය වූයේ තත්ත්වානුරූපී ස්වභාවය මවාපානුවස් ලාලිත්‍යයෙන් යුත් සජීවී රේබා භාවිත කිරීමයි. විශේෂයෙන් ම මුහුණ අවධාරණයෙන් යුතුව දැක්විණි. හිසකෙස් සෙසු අඟපසඟ හා සජිවී ඇස් නිර්මාණය කළේ සියුම් රේබා භාවිතයෙනි. ක්රි.ව. 1271 දී කරන ලද ලන්-චි-තාඕ-ලූං ප්‍රතිරූපයේ මේ ලක්ෂණ සියල්ලක් ම අඩංගුය. ජපානයේ තිබෙන පැරණි ම චින්සෝ රූපයක් වන මෙය චීන චිත්‍රයක් හැටියට ඇතැම්හු සලකති.
මේ ප්‍රතිරූප චිත්‍රය ජපානයේ සෙන් සම්ප්‍රදායට අයත් චිත්‍රවල සමාරම්භය සනිටුහන් කරයි. චින්සෝ හා සංකල්පමය වශයෙන් සමාන වන තවත් චිත්‍ර විශේෂයක් සොහිසෝ යන නමින් ජපානයේ ප්‍රචලිතව තිබිණි. සෙන් දහම සම්ප්රේෂණය කළ සංඝ පීතෘවරුන්ගේ ප්‍රතිරූප මෙනමින් හැඳින්විණි.
මෙම චිත්‍රය තාඕ-ලූං ගේ ප්‍රතිරූපයට වඩා තෙලිකූර හැසිරවීම අතින් වැඩි දක්‍ෂතාවක් පෙන්නුම් කරයි. රේබා ආරම්භයේදී ප්‍රබල හා කැපී පෙනෙන ස්වභාවයකින් යුක්ත වන අතර අනතුරුව සිහින් හෝ ඝන බවට පත් වි සජීවී හා රිද්මයානුකූල බවක් ලබා දෙයි. ගසක් යට සිටින දරුම නම් චිත්‍රය මුල් චිත්‍රයට වඩා අඩ සියවසකින් පැරණි වන අතර එය සෞන්දර්යාත්මක බවින් වඩාත් පරිපූර්ණය. ඉදිරි සියවස් එකහමාරකට පමණ ආදර්ශයක් හා රිද්මයක් සැපයූ මෙම චිත්‍ර දෙක ජපන් තීන්ත චිත්‍ර සම්ප්‍රදායේ බෙහෙවින් අගනා නිර්මාණ දෙකක් හැටියට සැලකිය හැකිය.
පැරණි යුගයට අයත් චිත්‍ර
පැරණි යුගයට අයත් ශේෂ වූ චිත්‍ර අතුරින් වැඩි ප්රමාණයක් කොනෆූසියානු තාඕ හා බෙඃද්ධ සම්ප්‍රදාය විසින් පූජර්භ සේ සලකනු ලැබු මානුෂික හෝ අධි මානුෂික පුද්ගලයන් නිරූපණය කරයි. ජපානයේ තීන්ත චිත්‍ර සම්ප්‍රදායේ මුල් අවධියේ දී තාඕ කොන්ෆූසියානු හා සාම්ප්‍රදායික බෞද්ධ චිත්‍ර සාපේක්ෂ වශයෙන් අල්පය. සෙන් දහමේ මුලික හරය අන් දේවල් හා සම්මිශ්‍රණය නොවී පවත්වා ගැනිමට තිබු අවශ්‍යතාව ඉන් පිළිබිඹු වේ. භු දර්ශන හා මල්, කුරුල්ලන් සහිත චිත්‍ර ද නිරූපනය වූයේ ස්වල්ප වශයෙනි. චිත්‍රයට නගන ලද බෞද්ධ විෂයන් අතර දරුම, කන්නොන්, ශාබ, මංජු හා හොතේ ප්‍රධාන විය.
සම්ප්‍රදායික බෞද්ධ කලාවේ නිරූපණය වු ශාක්‍යමුණි, කන්නොන් හෙවත් අවලෝකිතේශ්වර හා මංජු ශ්රී ආදින් නිරූපණය කළ ද පරමාර්ථ වශයෙන් විශාල වෙනසක් දක්නට ලැබුණි. පර්වතයකින් පහළට බසින ශාක්‍යමුණි රූපය පැරණි බෞද්ධ කලාවේ චිත්‍ර නිරූපණය කළ අධිමානුෂික හා ලෝකෝත්තර ස්වභාවයට බෙහෙවින් පටහැනි වෙයි. සුදු පැහැති චීවරයකින් වැසුණු අවලෝකිතේශ්වර රූපය කඳු පාමුලක පිහිටි දිය ඇල්ලක් අසල භාවනානුයෝගීව සිටිනු දක්වයි.
පැරණි බෞද්ධ කලාවෙහි ඔවුන් නිරූපණය වූයේ විසිතුරු පාරාදීසවල වැඩවසන කල්පිත පුද්ගලයන් ලෙසටයි. ප්‍රතිමා ශිල්පයේ ඇති වූ මෙම වෙනස්කමට හේතු වූයේ ඔවුන් පූජාර්භ වස්තුන් ලෙස සැලකීමට වඩා චිත්ත ධෛර්යය වඩවන ආදර්ශ බවට පත් කිරීමයි. තීන්ත චිත්‍ර ඇඳීමෙහි නියැලූණු චීන සිත්තරුන් වෘත්තීය චිත්‍ර ශිල්පියෝ වූහ. නමුත් සුමි-එ සම්ප්‍රදායේ සිත්කළු හා සරල බව හේතුවෙන් දකුණු චීනයේ මෙන්ම ජපානයේ ද සෙන් භික්ෂුන්ගේ අවධානය ඒ කෙරෙහි යොමු විය. දවසේ දීර්ඝ කාලයක් භාවනානුයෝගීව වැඩ විසූ සෙන් භික්ෂූහු විරාමයක් ලද විට චිත්‍ර ඇඳීමෙහි නිරත වූහ. මේ හෙයින් මුල්කාලීන සුමි-එ චිත්‍ර බොහොමයකට ආගමික විෂයයන් ප්‍රස්තුත විය. කල්යත්ම අත්දැකිම් හා පළපුරුද්ද ලැබු සෙන් යතිවරු භූ දර්ශන චිත්‍ර ඇඳීම ආරම්භ කළහ. ජපානයේ සුමි-එ සම්ප්‍රදාය විකසිත වූයේ භූ දර්ශන චිත්‍ර ආශ්‍රයෙනි. ක්රි. ව. 14 වැනි ශත වර්ෂයේ මැද භාගයේ පමණ ජීවත් වූමොකුවාන් සහ කාඕ සුමි-එ සම්ප්‍රදායට චිත්‍ර ඇඳි මුල්කාලීන සෙන් යතිවරු වූහ. ක්රි. ව. 1333 දී පමණ චීනයට ගිය මොකුවාන් දස වසරකට පමණ පසු මියගිය බව පැවසේ. මොකුවාන් ගේ ශෛලිය චීන සිත්තරෙකුවු මු-චි ගේ ශෛලියට බෙහෙවින් සමානය.
හොතේ නම් සංචාරත භික්ෂුව නිරූපණය කරන මෙම චිත්‍රය මොකුවාන්ගේ නිර්මාණයකි. ජපන් ජාතිකයන් අතර පවත්නා විශ්වාසයකට අනුව වාසනාවට අධිපති දෙවිවරු සත් දෙනෙක් වෙති. හොතේ ඉන් එක් අයෙක් වන අතර ඔහු බෞද්ධ සම්ප්‍රදායට අයත් වූවකු සේ සැළකේ. හොතේ ගේ රූප ස්වභාව පිළිබඳ ජපන් ජාතිකයන් අතර පවත්නා හැඟීම සෙන් දහමින් මොකුවාන් ලද අභාසය හා සුමි-ඒ සම්ප්‍රදාය පිළිබඳ ඔහුගේ පරිචය මෙම හොතේ නම් චිත්‍රයෙන් ධ්වනිත වේ. හොතේ ගේ වටකුරු වූ නිරාවරණ උදරය ඔහුගේ අති මහත් ආත්මය පිළිබිඹු කරයි. උර මත වූ රිටෙහි එල්ලූණු පැස ඔහු ස්ථිර වාසස්ථානයක් නැති තැනින් තැන සංචාරය කරන පුද්ගලයකු බව පෙන්වයි. සිනාමුසු මුහුණ සියලූ බන්ධනයන්ගෙන් මිදුණු සැහැල්ලූ ජීවිතය පෙන්නුම් කරයි. කප්පිත්සු හෙවත් වියළි තෙලිකූර පාවිච්චි කිරීම මොකුවාන්ගේ ශිල්ප ක්‍රමයකි. වියළි බුරුසුවෙහි වෙන් වුණු කෙඳි සේද හෝ කඩදාසි මත තීන්ත ඇතිරීම සඳහා භාවිත කිරීමෙන් චිත්‍රයේ නිරුපණය වන වස්තුවල නැමි හා හිසකෙස් නිරූපණය කරනු ලැබේ. මොකුවාන් විසින් චිත්‍ර අඳිනු ලැබූයේ බෙහෙවින් සවිඥානකවය. එය හුදු ප්‍රකාශන අවියක් ලෙස පමණක් නොසැලකීය. එහි ප්‍රතිඵලය වූයේ එම මාධ්‍යයට ආවේණික වූ නිශ්චිත ගුණාංගයන් වර්ධනය විමය. හිස් වූ කඩදාසිය මත ඔහුගේ කුඩා එහෙත් අර්ථපූර්ණ රුව තියුණු ලෙස නෙත ගැටේ. සුමි-එ චිත්‍ර කලාවෙහි වැදගත් ම ලක්ෂණය වු රේබාවේ ප්‍රකාශනාත්මක බව මේ චිත්‍රයේ මූලික හරය කලාත්මකව ඉදිරිපත් කිරීමෙහිලා හේතු වී තිබේ. උරය මත වූ රිට හා වස්ත්‍රයේ ඇතැම් ස්ථාන තියුණු කළු පැහැයෙන් ද වරෙක කුරුටු ගෑ ආකාරයෙන් ද තවත් විටෙක බොඳ වූ අළු පැහැය යෙදීමෙන් ද මෙකී අර්ථවත් භාවය ලබා දී තිබේ. පසුබිමෙහි ශුන්‍ය බව චිත්‍රයෙහි අර්ථවත් බව මෙන් ම සුමි-එ චිත්‍ර කලාවේ හා සෙන් දහමේ අර්ථය ද අපූර්වත්වයකින් යුතුව ඉදිරිපත් කරයි.
මුල් අවධිය
සුමි-එ චිත්‍ර කලාවේ මුල් අවධියේ දී හොතේ සහ ධර්ම නම් භික්ෂූන්ට අමතරව භාවනානුයෝගීව වාසය කරමින් සිට රහත් භාවයට පත් වූ භික්ෂූන් හා සෙන් ධර්මයට අනුග්‍රහයක් දැක්වූ භික්ෂූන්ගේ රූප ද චිත්‍රයට නගනු ලැබිණි. නමුත් සෙන් ධර්මය ප්‍රතිමා හා චිත්‍ර වන්දනාමාන කිරීම අනුමත නොකළ හෙයින් සුමි-එ සම්ප්‍රදායේ දෙවන අවධිය මුළුමනින්ම භූ දර්ශන චිත්‍ර සඳහා වෙන් වුණි. ස්වභාව සෞන්දර්යය චිත්ත ඒකාග්‍රතාවට හේතු වන බව සෙන් බුදු දහමේ පිළිගැනීමයි. සෙන් ආශ්‍රම පිහිටා තිබෙන්නේද බෙහෙවින් චිත්තාකර්ශණීය භුමි ප්‍රදේශයන්හිය. මේ නිසා භූ දර්ශන චිත්‍රවලින් කඳු-හෙල්, තුරු-ලතා, ඇළ-දොළ, ගංගා, පක්‍ෂීන් හා හිමෙන් වැසුණු ප්රදේශ නිරුපණයට සුමි-එ සිත්තරු මහත් අභිරුචියක් දැක්වූහ. චීන ආභාසය ලැබූ භූ දර්ශන චිත්‍ර කලාවේ නිමග්න වූ මුල්කාලීන සිත්තරෙකු ලෙස ජොසෙත්සු හැඳින්විය හැකිය. කියෝතෝවේ පිහිටි ශෝකොකු-ජී නම් ප්‍රසිද්ධ සෙන් ආශ්‍රමයේ විසූ ඔහු පහළොස් වැනි සියවසේ මුල් කාලයේ ජීවත් වූවෙකි. ඔහුගේ නිර්මාණ අතුරින් ඉතිරිව පවතින්නේ ලබු කබලකින් මසෙකු ඇල්ලීමට තැත් කරන මිනිසකු ඇක්වෙන චිත්‍රයකි. සුං යුගයේ චීන චිත්‍රයට බෙහෙවින් සමාන වූ මෙය සෙන් දහමේ එක් මූල ධර්මයක් ප්‍රකාශ කරයි. සෙන් දහමෙහි ධර්ම දේශනා පිළිබඳ විශ්වාසයක් නැත. මෙම චිත්‍රයෙන් ප්‍රකාශ වන්නේ ද පරම සත්‍යය යනු කවරේදැයි වචනයෙන් විස්තර කිරිම ලබු කබලකින් මසකු අල්ලන්නාක් සේ ම දුෂ්කර කාර්යයක් බවයි.
ශුබුන්
ජොසෙත්සුගේ ශිෂ්‍යයකු වන ශුබුන් දහතුන් වැනි සියවසේ චීනයේ විසූ සුයිබොකු සිත්තරුන් අනුව යමින් තව ශෛලිය සකස් කර ගත්තෙකි. උණගස් සහිත පරිසරයක පිහිටි ආශ්‍රමයක් අසල සිට වනපොත් කරන භික්ෂුවක් දැක්වෙන චිත්‍රය ශුබුන්ගේ උසස් නිර්මාණයකි.
භික්ෂුව කඳු බෑවුමෙහි පිහිටි අසපුව ඉදිරියේ සිටී. ඔහු අවට පරිසරය බෙහෙවින් සිත්කළුය. කඳු පාමුලෙහි ගලා යන ගඟ හරහා වූ පාලමකින් මෙගොඩ එන පුද්ගලයෙකි. චිත්‍රයේ සෙසු ප්රදේශ හිස්ය. මීදුමෙන් වැසුනාක් මෙනි. විශ්වයේ විශාලත්වය හමුවේ පුද්ගලයා කෙතරම් කුඩා දැයි ප්‍රශ්න කරන්නට මෙන් භික්ෂු රූපය බෙහෙවින් කුඩාවට දක්වා තිබේ. කෝණික රේබා භාවිතය, ඇතැම් ස්ථාන අඳුරු කර ඇති අයුරු හා දුර ළඟ පෙන්වීමේ උපක්‍රම ආදිය තීන්ත චිත්‍ර මාධ්‍යයෙහි ශුබුන්ගේ පරිචය ප්‍රකාශ කරයි. එසේම චීනයේ සුං සිත්තරුන්ගේ අභාසය ද මැනවින් ප්‍රකට කරයි.
සෙස්ෂු
සුමි-එ සම්ප්‍රදායෙහි දකින්නට ලැබුණු චීන ලක්ෂණ ඉවත් කොට එය ජපන් ලක්ෂණ සහිත කලාවක් බවට පත් කරන ලද්දේ ශුබුන්ගේ ශිෂ්‍යයකු වන සෙස්ෂු විසිනි. ක්රි. ව. 1420-1506 අතර කාලයේ ජීවත් වූ සෙස්ෂු ද සෙන් භික්‍ෂුකි. චීනයේ සංචාරයකින් පසු ක්රි. ව. 1469 දී ජපානයට පැමිණි ඔහු චීනයේ සුං හා යුඇන් කලාව පිළිබඳ හොඳ අධ්‍යයනයක් කළ පුද්ගලයෙකු සේ සැලකේ. ඔහු කියෝතෝ නගරයෙහි වාසයෙන් සෑහීමකට පත් නොවී ගම්බද සංචාරයට පෙළඹුණේය. බොහෝ සිත්තරුන් තනි වර්ණයෙන් චිත්‍ර කිරීමට ලැදියාවක් දැක්වුව ද සෙස්ෂු තම සිතැඟි පරිදි අවශ්‍ය අවස්ථාවල බහු වර්ණ භාවිත කළේය. මේ හේතුව නිසා ඔහුගේ චිත්‍රවලට විවිධ හේතු වස්තු විෂය වූ අතර ඒවා බෙහෙවින් ප්‍රකාශනාත්මක විය. වසරේ ඍතු හතර දැක්වෙන චිත්‍රය සෙසෂු ගේ චිත්‍ර අතර ජනප්‍රිය වූවක් විය. සෙස්ෂුගේ භූ දර්ශන චිත්‍රවල අවකාශය හිස්ව දක්නට නොලැබේ. යථාරූපී හා භාවරූපී ලක්ෂණ මිශ්‍රව පවතී. සෙස්ෂුගේ විසිරුණු තීන්ත ශිල්ප ක්රමය බෙහෙවින් චමත්කාරජනකය. මේ සඳහා තෙත් වූ තෙලි කූරක් භාවිත කරයි. කඩදාසි මත තීන්ත ඇතිරීම නිදහස්ව හා වේගයෙන් සිදු කෙරේ.
මෙම චිත්‍රයේ දෘශ්‍යමාන වන්නේ තීන්ත පැල්ලමක් පමණි. නමුත් පරීක්‍ෂාවෙන් බැලු කල කඳු පර්වත, කටු පඳුරු හා කුඩා ගෙයක් ද මිනිස් රූප දෙකක් ද දකින්නට ලැබේ. සෙන් දහමට අනුව ආත්මාවබෝධය ලැබෙන්නේ දීරීඝකාලීනව කෙරෙන ධර්ම අධ්‍යයනයකින් හෝ භාවනාවකින් නොවේ. එය එක් මොහොතක ක්‍ෂණයකින් ඇතිවන්නකි. ඔහුගේ විසිරුණු තීන්ත ශිල්ප ක්රමය ද එම දර්ශනය හා බෙහෙවින් අනුකූල වෙයි. සෙන් ධර්මයෙහි ප්‍රකට ඉගැන්වීමක් වන ශුන්‍යතා සංකල්පය මෙහි මැනවින් ප්‍රදර්ශනය වෙයි. පසුබිම මුබ්‍ය වශයෙන් ශුන්‍යය.
විවිධ ශෛලීන්
ක්රි. ව. 1504-1589 දක්වා කාලයේ ජීවත් වූවා යැයි සැලකෙන සෙසොන්, සෙස්ෂුගෙන් පෝෂණය ලබා ස්වාධීන ශෛලියක් ගොඩනගාගත් සිත්තරෙකි. හොන්ෂු දුපතේ ඊසානදිග කොටසේ ජීවත් වූ ඔහු චීන චිත්‍ර හා සෙස්ෂුගේ චිත්‍ර අධ්‍යයනය කර ඇති බවක් පෙනෙන්නට තිබේ. සුළග හා රළ නැමැති ඔහුගේ චිත්‍රය බෙහෙවින් ප්‍රකාශනාත්මක වූවකි.
ක්රි. ව. 1436-1500 දක්වා කාලයට අයත් වන කානෝ මොසොනොබු සෙස්ෂුගේ සමකාලීනයකු හා ශුබුන්ගේ ශිෂ්‍යයකු විය. සමුරායිවරයෙකු වූ මොසොනොබු වෘත්තීය සිත්තරෙකු විය. ඔහු පාලකයාගේ නිල සිත්තරා වශයෙන් පත්වීම ඔහු අයත්වූ කානෝ ගුරුකුලය වඩාත් ප්‍රබල වීමට හේතුවක් විය.
ක්රි. ව. 1476-1559 දක්වා කාලයට අයත් වන කානෝ මොසොනොබු කානෝ ගුරුකුලයේ නියම ආරම්භකයා වශයෙන් හැඳින්විය හැකිය. ඔහු විසින් විවිධ ශෛලීන්ට අනුව චිත්‍ර අඳිනු ලැබිණි. චීන ශෛලිය මෙන් ම සමකාලීන ජපන් ශෛලීන්ද අත්හදා බැලු බව පෙනේ. තීන්ත චිත්‍ර ක්රමය ප්රචලිත වීමට පෙර ජපානයේ ප්‍රචලිතව පැවති යමතෝ-එ ශෛලියට දීප්තිමත් වර්ණ හඳුන්වා දුන්නේ මොසොනොබුය. පක්‍ෂීන් සහ දිය ඇල්ල දැක්වෙන චිත්‍රය මොසොනොබු ගේ උසස් නිර්මාණයකි. බෙහෙවින් නැවුම් බවක් ගත් මෙම චිත්‍රය සරල සෞන්දර්යයක් මෙන්ම සැරසිලි කලාවක ලක්ෂණ ද අන්තර්ගතව තිබේ.
මින් අනතුරුව ජපන් සිත්තරු බොහොමයක් ජපන් ශෛලිය හා චීන තීන්ත චිත්‍ර ශෛලිය යන දෙක ම අනුගමනය කරමින් චිත්‍ර අඳින්නට වුහ. හසෙගාවා තෝහකු එවැනි සිත්තරෙකි. ඔහුගේ වඳුරන් නිරුපනය කරන කළු සුදු චිත්‍රය තීන්ත චිත්‍ර සම්ප්‍රදායට අයත් විශිෂ්ට නිර්මාණයකි. වඳුරන් චිත්‍රයේ පෙරබිමට ගෙන තිබේ. අනවශ්‍ය විස්තර සියල්ලම ඉවත් කර බෙහෙවින් සරල සුන්දරත්වයක් පෙන්නුම් කර තිබේ. පසුබිම ශුන්‍යය. බොඳ වූ රේබා වඳුරන්ගේ ශරීරයේ ලොම් සහිත ස්වභාවය හඟවයි. තෝහකු සෙස්ෂු හා චීන සිත්තරෙකු වන මු-චිගෙන් ආභාසය ලබා තිබේ.
සුමි-එ කලාව ඔපවත් වූයේ සෙන් දහමේ ආභාසයෙනි. සෙන් දර්ශනයට අනුව මිනිසාගේ ප්‍රකෘති චිත්තය පවිත්‍රය. ශුන්‍යය. එය අපවිත්‍ර වන්නේ බාහිර අරමුණු හා ගැටීමෙනි. සිත නැවතත් ශුන්‍ය තත්ත්වයට පත් කර ගැනීම අවශ්‍යය. එසේ කළ හැකි වන්නේ භාවනානුයෝගිව සිටීමෙන් පමණක් නොවේ. දෛනික වැඩ කටයුතු සිහි නුවණින් යුතුව ඉටු කිරීමෙන් ද ජවන් සිත පවිත්‍ර
කළ හැකිය. මේ හෙයින් සෙන් යතිවරු විවිධ සමාජ කාර්යයන්හි නිරත වූහ. සුමි-එ චිත්‍රකලාව මෙන් ම උද්‍යාන සැලසුම්කරණය ද නෝ රංග කලාව ද සෙන් දහමේ සෞන්දර්යාත්මක චින්තනයෙන් පෝෂණය ලැබ වර්ධනය විය.
උද්‍යාන සැලසුම්කරණය සෙන් දහම පිවිසිමට පෙර සිට ම ජපානයේ පැවතුනකි. එසේ වුව ද එම සම්ප්‍රදායට ගාම්භීර බවක් හා අර්ථවත් බවක් ලබා දුන්නේ සෙන් ධර්මයයි. සුමි-එ සිත්තරුන් අලංකාර වර්ණ බාහුල්‍යය ප්‍රතිකේ‍ෂ්ප කලා මෙන් ඇතැම් සෙන් යතිවරු වැලි සහ ගල් පමණක් උද්‍යාන සැළසුම් සඳහා භාවිත කළහ. උද්‍යාන අලංකරණය හා සුමි-එ සම්ප්‍රදාය අතර දැඩි සබඳතාවක් පවතී. සුමි-එ සිත්තරුන් තම චිත්‍රයන්හි ශුන්‍ය ප්රදේශ බහුල වශයෙන් දැක්වූවාක් මෙන් වියලි උද්‍යානයන් හි ද සුදු වැලි ඇතිරූ ප්රදේශ ශුන්‍යව පවතී. මනාව ඔප දමන ලද සැරසිලි සහිත නෝ වේදිකාව ද සෙන් දහමේ ශුන්‍යතා සංකල්පයට මනා නිදසුනකි. සෙන් දහම අධ්‍යයනය කළ හෝ නොකළ පුද්ගලයන් පවා ඉන් ඇති වී තිබෙන සංස්කෘතික චර්යා රටාවේ කොටස්කරුවන් බවට පත්ව තිබේ. සෙන් දහම එරට සෞන්දර්යට නව පරිමාණයක් එක්කිරීම ඊට හේතුවයි.
චිත්‍ර කලාව
ජපානය </s> |
<s>[INST] පහත මාතෘකාව සම්බන්ධයෙන් විස්තර සපයන්න: යකුසා [/INST] සමහරවිට ලෙසින්ද හැඳින්වෙන, යනු, ජපානයේ පාරජාතික සංවිධානාත්මක අපරාධ සම්මේලයක සාමාජිකයෝ වෙති. ජපාන පොලීසිය සහ, පොලිසියේ ආරාධනය පරිදී මාධ්‍යය විසින්, ඔවුන් හැඳින්වෙන්නේ ලෙසින් වන අතර, යකුඩා විසින් ඔවුන්ව හඳුනාගනු ලබන්නේ ලෙසිනි. ඔවුන්ගේ දැඩි සද්චර්යා මාලාව සහ අතිශයින් සංවිධානාත්මක ආකාරය පිළිබඳව යකුසාවරුන් කුප්‍රකට වෙති. ජපාන මාධ්‍යය තුල එහි විශාල උපස්ථිතියක් පෙන්නුම් කරන අතර ඇස්තමේන්තුගත සාමාජිකයන් 103,000 හා සමගින් අන්තර්ජාතික ලෙසින් ක්‍රියාත්මක වෙති.
යකුසා යනු ලොව විශාලතම අපරාධ සංවිධානය වෙයි.
සම්භවයේ කොටස්
යකුසා සංවිධානයන්හී තනි සම්භවයක් පිළිබඳ අවිනිශ්චතාවයක් තිබුණද, බොහෝ නූතන යකුසා සංවිධාන ව්‍යුත්පන්න වී ඇත්තේ, ප්‍රාථමික වශයෙන් නීතිවිරෝධි, සොරකම් කෙරුණු හෝ කඩමාලු භාණ්ඩ ගෙන් ගෙට විකිණීමෙහි යෙදුනු මධ්‍ය-එඩෝ යුග (1603–1868): තෙකීයා සංවිධානය වෙතින් සහ, සුදූ කෙලිය හා සම්බණ්ධවූ හෝ එහි යෙදුනු හෝ බකුතෝ සංවිධානය වෙතින් පැනනැඟුනු වර්ග දෙක වෙතිනි.
එඩෝ යුගයේදී "තෙකීයා" (තොරොම්බල්කාරයෝ) සැලකුණේ පහළම පැලැන්තියේ සාමාජීය කණ්ඩායම් අතුරින් එකක් ලෙසිනි. ඔවුන්ගේම සංවිධාන ගොඩනැගීම ආරම්භ කරත්ම, වෙළෙඳ කුටි වෙන් කර දීම සහ ඔවුන්ගේ වාණිජමය ක්‍රියාකාරකම් සඳහා ආරක්ෂාව සැපයීම වැනි වාණිජය හා බැඳි යම් පරිපාලනමය යුතුකම් ඉටු කිරීම ඔවුන් භාර ගත්හ. ෂින්ටො උත්සව පැවැත්වෙද්දී, මෙම තොරොම්බල්කරුවෝ වෙළෙඳ කුටි විවෘත කල අතර සමහරක් සාමාජිකයන් ඒවායේ ආරක්ෂාව සැපයීම සඳහා ආරක්ෂකයන් ලෙසින් බඳවා ලනු ලැබූහ. වෙළෙඳ කුටි වෙන්කිරීම සහ සල්පිළ තුලදී ආරක්ෂාව සැපයීම වෙනුවෙන් එක් එක් තොරොම්බල්කාරයා විසින් කුළියක් ගෙවනු ලැබිණි.
සටහන් </s> |
<s>[INST] පහත මාතෘකාව සම්බන්ධයෙන් විස්තර සපයන්න: අතිරස [/INST] Rice, Brown Sugar, Cardamon, Dried Ginger, Baking Powder, Water and Salt
සිංහල කැවිලි වර්ගයකි. උත්සව වල දී, විශේෂයෙන් සිංහල අලුත් අවුරුද්දේ දී වැදගත් වන කැවිලි වර්ගයකි.
සිංහල කැවිලි </s> |
<s>[INST] පහත මාතෘකාව සම්බන්ධයෙන් විස්තර සපයන්න: ගැබොන් [/INST] ගැබොන් රාජ්‍ය අප්‍රිකාවේ බටහිර දිශාවේ මැද පිහිටා ඇති රටකි. දේශ සීමාවන් වනුයේ බටහිර ගිනියා බොක්කද, වයඹින් සමක(Equatorial) ගිනියාව, උතුරින් කැමරූනයද, නැගෙනහිරින් සහ දකුණින් වක්‍රකාරව වට කරනකොන්ගෝ ජනරජය යනාදියයි. ආසන්න වශයෙන් එහි වපසරිය වර්ග කි.මී. 270,000 ක් වේ. ගණන් බලන ලද ජනගහනය 1,500,000 කි. අගනුවර, විශාලතම නගරයද වන්නේ ලිබුවීල් (Libreville) ය.
1960 අගෝස්තු 17 වන දින ප්‍රංශ රාජ්‍යයෙන් නිදහස ලත් තැන් පටන් මෙම ජනරජය ජනාධිපතිවරැන් තිදෙනෙකු විසින් පාලනය කරන ලද්දේය. 1990 මුල් භාගයේ දී ගැබොන් රාජ්යයන් විසින් බහු පක්ෂ ක්‍රමයක් ද, වඩා විනිවිද භාවයකින් යුතු මැතිවරණ ක්‍රියාවලියකට ඉඩ සලසන නව ප්‍රජාතන්ත්‍රික ආණ්ඩුක්‍රම ව්‍යවස්ථාවක් ද හදුන්වා දෙන ලදි. රාජ්‍ය ආයතන බොහොමයක් ද ප්‍රතිසංස්කරණය කෙරිණි. බහුලව තිබෙන ස්වාභාවික සම්පත් ද සමග අල්ප ජනගහන සංයුතිය ද විදේශිය පෞද්ගලික ආයෝජන ද කලාපයේ ඉතා සමෘද්ධිමය රටවලින් එකක් බවට, ගැබොන් රාජ්‍යය පත්කරන්නට හේතුකාරක විය. උපසහරා අප්‍රිකාවේ ඉහලම මානව සංවර්ධන දර්ශකය වාර්තාවන්ගේ ගැබොන් රාජ්‍යයෙනි.
ආශ්‍රිත
අප්‍රිකානු රටවල් </s> |
<s>[INST] පහත මාතෘකාව සම්බන්ධයෙන් විස්තර සපයන්න: කෝටෑංජන අගය [/INST] කෝටෑංජන අගය හෙවත් කොට් අගය යනු යම්කිසි කෝණයක් සඳහා ගණනය කරනු ලබන ත්‍රිකෝණමිතික අනුපාතයකි. මෙය දත්ත ගොනු සඳහා වන සමහර මෘදුකාංගවල ද පැතුරුම්පත් සඳහා වන සමහර මෘදුකාංගවාල ද සමහර පරිගණක භාෂාවල ද ත්‍රිකෝණමිතික ශ්‍රිතයක් ලෙසින් දක්නට ලැබේ. මෙම අනුපාතය තේරුම් ගැනීම සඳහා ඍජුකෝණී ත්‍රිකෝණයක් භාවිතා කළ යුතුය.
ඉහත දැක්වෙන ABC ත්‍රිකෝණයේ ABC කෝණය α වන අතර ACB කෝණය β බව රූපයෙන් පැහැදිලි වනු ඇත. එසේම CAB කෝණය අංශක 90ක් බැවින් මෙය ඍජු කෝණී ත්‍රිකෝණයක් සේ සැලකේ.
යම්කිසි කෝණයක කෝටෑංජන අගය යනු එම කෝණය සහිත ඍජුකෝණී ත්‍රිකෝණයක එම කෝණයට බද්ධ පාදය එහි විරුද්ධ පාදයෙන් බෙදූ විට ලැබෙන ප්‍රතිඵලයයි.
එනම් කෝටෑංජන අගය = බද්ධ පාදය / විරුද්ධ පාදය
මෙම නීතිය ABC හා ACB යන කෝණවලට යෙදූ විට
කොට් α = AB / AC හා කොට් β = AC / AB බව පැහැදිලි වනු ඇත. කෝණය අංශකවලින් දී ඇති විට, විශේෂ කෝණ කිහිපයක කොට් අගයයන් පහත දැක්වේ.
කොට් 0 අනන්තයට එළඹේ යැයි සලකනු ලැබේ.
කොට් 30 =
කොට් 45 =
කොට් 60 =
කොට් 90 =
ඇත්ත වශයෙන්ම කෝටෑංජන අගය හෙවත් කොට් අගය යනු ටැංජන අගයේ පරස්පරයයි.
එනම් කොට් අගය = 1 / ටෑන් අගය
ත්‍රිකෝණමිතිය </s> |
<s>[INST] පහත මාතෘකාව සම්බන්ධයෙන් විස්තර සපයන්න: සිද්ධ යකඩ [/INST] සිද්ධ යකඩ යනු, චීනචට්ටි වල කාබන් අන්තර්ගතයට (2.1% සිට 4%) හාත්පසින් වෙනස්, ඉතා අඩු කාබන් අන්තර්ගතයක් (0.04 සිට 0.08%) සහිත යකඩ මිශ්ර ලෝහයක් වන අතර, ලෝබොර නමින් හැඳින්වෙන තන්තුමය අන්තර්ගත බරෙන් 2% දක්වා එහි අඩංගු වෙයි. යකඩ සහ ලෝබොර අන්තර්ගතයන්ගේ අඩ-විලීන ස්කන්ධයක් වන එය, නිරේධනය කල විට හෝ විකල ලක්ෂ්‍යය දක්වා නැවූ විට හෝ, ලී වල දක්නට ලැබෙන වැනි "කණිකා" රටාවක් පෙන්නුම් කරයි. සිද්ධ යකඩ, දැඩි, ආහන්‍ය, තන්‍ය සහ පහසුවෙන් පෑස්සිය හැකි වෙයි. වානේ නිෂ්පාදනයෙහි කාර්යසාධක ක්‍රම ප්‍රවර්ධනය කිරීමට පෙර හා විශාල ප්‍රමාණයන්ගෙන් වානේ තොගයන් අත තිබීමට ප්රථම, වඩාත් සුලබ ආහන්‍ය යකඩ වර්ගය වූයේ සිද්ධ යකඩ වෙයි. වානේ බවට ප්‍රසාදනය කෙරුමට අමු ද්‍රව්‍යයක් ලෙසින් සිද්ධ යකඩ ප්‍රමාණවත් තරමක් භාවිතා කරන ලද අතර, එය ප්‍රධාන වශයෙන් භාවිතා කෙරුණේ කඩු, හැඳි ගෑරෙප්පු, නියන, පොරෝ සහ අනෙකුත් තියුණු මුවහතැති ආයුධ මෙන්ම දුනු සහ පීරී තැනීමටය. යකඩ-ආවරණිත යුද්ධනැව් සහ දුම්රිය මාර්ග භාවිතයට ගැනුමත් හා සමගම, සිද්ධ යකඩ සඳහා ඉල්ලුම කූටප්‍රපාප්ත වූයේ 1860 ගණන් වලදී වන අතර, මෘදු වානේ වල භංගූරභාවය වැනි තත්ත්වය පිළිබඳ ගැටළු විසඳාගෙන එහි මිල අඩුවී පුළුල් ලෙසින් සපයාගත හැකිවූ විට සිද්ධ යකඩ වල පරිහානිය ඇතිවිය.
ඒවා මෘදු වානේ වලින් තැනීම ඇරඹීමට පෙර, බොහෝ දේවල්, සිද්ධ යකඩ වලින් තැනුනු අතර, ඒවා අතර මිටියම්, ඇණ, කම්බි, දම්වැල්, පීලි, දුම්රිය ඈඳුම්, ජල සහ හුමාල නල, මුරිච්චි, පොට ඇණ, අශ්ව ලාඩම්, අත් වැල්, දැවමය පියසි රාමු සැකිලි සඳහා තහඩු සහ, විසිතුර යකඩ වැඩ වූහ.
වාණිජ පරිමාණයෙන් සිද්ධ යකඩ තවදුරටත් නිපදවනු නොලැබේ. සිද්ධ යකඩ වලින් තැනී යැයි විස්තර කෙරෙන, නිරාපද පීලි, උද්‍යාන භාණ්ඩ සහ ගේට්ටු වැනි නිෂ්පාදියන්, සදනු ලබන්නේ මෘදු වානේ වලිනි. එම විස්තරය තවම ඒවා සඳහා භාවිතා කෙරෙන්නේ, ඒවා තැනීම සිද්ධ කෙරෙන්නේ (සාදන අන්දම) අතින් බැවිනි.
නාමකරණය
"සිද්ධ" යන වචනය, "වැඩ කිරීම" වන ක්‍රියාපදයෙහි පුරාතන අතීත කාල කෘදන්තය වන අතර, එබැවින් "සිද්ධ යකඩ " යන්නෙහි වචනාර්ථය වන්නේ "වැඩ සිදුකල යකඩ" වෙයි. සිද්ධ යකඩ යනු, භාණ්ඩය සඳහා පොදු නාමයක් වන නමුදු, ලෝකුරුවෙකු හෝ අනෙකුත් ආචාරියෙකු විසින් නිපැයුනු, නිමාවට පත් යකඩ භාණ්ඩ සඳහාද භාවිතා වෙයි. සිද්ධ යකඩ මෙන් නොව, චීනචට්ටි, භංගූර වන අතර සහ උණු හෝ සිසිල් හෝ තත්ත්වයෙන් එය භාවිතයෙන් කර්මාන්ත කල නොහැක. මිටියකින් පහරදුනහොත් චීනචට්ටි බිඳී යෑ හැක.
ආශ්‍රිත
භාහිර සබැඳි
ලෝහ කර්මාන්ත
ගොඩනැගිලි ද්‍රව්‍ය
ගෘහ නිර්මාණ ශිල්පමය මූලාවයව
උද්‍යාන අංග
ෆෙරස් මිශ්ර ලෝහ
යකඩ </s> |
<s>[INST] පහත මාතෘකාව සම්බන්ධයෙන් විස්තර සපයන්න: ටොර්ස්ටන් හා [/INST] කිම් ගොඩාල් (ඉංග්රීසි: Kim Godal) යන අන්වර්ථ නාමයෙන් ද හැඳින්වෙන ටොර්ස්ටන් හා (ඉංග්රීසි: Torsten Haß, 21 නොවැම්බර් 1970), කවියෙකු, නාට්ය රචකයෙකු, නවකතාකරුවෙකු, ලේඛකයෙකු සහ පුස්තකාලාධිපති වරයෙකි. නිදසුනක් වශයෙන්, ඔහු Bibliotheken für Dummies ලිවීය. පොත ඔක්ටෝබර් 2019 හි ප්රකාශයට පත් කරන ලද අතර ඉහළ ඉල්ලුමක් හේතුවෙන් දෙවරක් නැවත මුද්රණය කරන ලදී. 2020 අවසානය වන විට පොත් 60,000 කට ආසන්න ප්රමාණයක් ඉල්ලා ඇත. පොතට සමාලෝචන කිහිපයක් ලැබී ඇති අතර බොහෝ විශ්ව විද්යාල වල භාවිතා වේ. උදාහරණ:
ටුබින්ගන් විශ්ව විද්යාලයේ පුස්තකාලය (බැඩන්-වුර්ටෙම්බර්ග්),
බොචුම් විශ්ව විද්යාලයේ පුස්තකාලය (උතුරු රයින් - වෙස්ට්පාලියා),
බිංගන්හි කාර්මික විශ්ව විද්යාලයේ පුස්තකාලය (රයින්ලන්ඩ්-පැලටිනේට්)
පොත්
ප්රබන්ධ නොවන
Bibliotheken für Dummies (2019), සම කර්තෘ ඩෙට්ලෙව් ෂ්නයිඩර්-සුඩර්ලන්ඩ් (ඉංග්රීසි: Detlev Schneider-Suderland)
Arbeitgebermarke Bibliothek mit k(l)einem Budget : eine Einführung mit Übungen (2021)
Vahīṅ dekhiye : Festschrift für Hellmut Vogeler (1996); සංස්කාරකයෙකු ලෙස
Das Ende der Gemütlichkeit : Entwurf eines Fundraising-Konzepts für kleinere und mittlere Wissenschaftliche Bibliotheken (2021)
Dieses Buch ist für die Tonne : Einführung in den klassischen Zynismus (Kynismus) (2020), සම කර්තෘ මැක්සිමිලියන් ස්පන්බ්රකර් (ඉංග්රීසි: Maximilian Spannbrucker)
Wohnriester und Erbbau : ein aktuelles Fallbeispiel (2021)
නවකතා
Das Kartenhaus : ein Betrugs-Roman (2002)
Der König des Schreckens : ein Vatikan-Krimi (2013)
Männchensache : Rechtsfälle zur Vorbereitung im Geschlechterkampf – Roman (2009)
Morddeich : und andere Kurzprosa (2021)
Die Schwarze Zeit : ein Mittelalter-Roman (2006)
Die Schwarze Zeit II : Aphrodites Puppen – Roman (2007)
Die Schwarze Zeit III : Metathronos – Roman (2008)
Die Schwarze Zeit IV : Agonie – Roman (2009)
Die Schwarze Zeit V : Staub – Roman (2010)
Die Schwarze Zeit VI : Terra re-mota – Roman (2011)
Totenmelodie : ein Kurpfalz-Krimi (2017)
Totenquintett : ein Kurpfalz-Krimi (2018)
Totentraum : ein Kurpfalz-Krimi (2019)
නාට්ය
En Nuit : Dramolett (2021)
Omega oder Das Hochzeitsmahl : Drama (2020)
Die Staatsschuld – In a State of Bonds : Drama (2003)
කවි
Das Christkind taumelt betrunken im Wald, der Weihnachtsmann torkelt nicht minder : Winter- und Weihnachts-Gedichte (2020)
Es wiehert der Gaul, es graset das Pferd. Es machte auch nichts, wär’s mal umgekehrt : Liebes-Gedichte und andere (2020)
මූලාශ්ර
බාහිර ලිපි
KVK දත්ත සමුදාය (ජර්මනිය, ඔස්ට්රියාව, ස්විට්සර්ලන්තය, WorldCat), සෙවුම් ප්රතිඵල Torsten Haß
KVK දත්ත සමුදාය (ජර්මනිය, ඔස්ට්රියාව, ස්විට්සර්ලන්තය, WorldCat), සෙවුම් ප්රතිඵල Kim Godal
ප්රවර්ගය:1970 උපත්
ප්රවර්ගය:සාහිත්ය
ප්රවර්ගය:ලේඛකයන් </s> |
<s>[INST] පහත මාතෘකාව සම්බන්ධයෙන් විස්තර සපයන්න: 1014 [/INST]
වසර () යනු ජූලියානු දින දසුන ප්‍රකාර, දිනයකින් ඇරඹෙන අවුරුද්දක් (බැඳිය විසින් මුළු දින දසුන දක්වනු ඇත) විය. </s> |
<s>[INST] පහත මාතෘකාව සම්බන්ධයෙන් විස්තර සපයන්න: ප්‍රේමය නම් [/INST]
රංගනය
ශ්‍යාම් ප්‍රනාන්දු
සමනලී ෆොන්සේකා
සුරංග රණවක
බුද්ධදාස විතානච්චි </s> |
<s>[INST] පහත මාතෘකාව සම්බන්ධයෙන් විස්තර සපයන්න: පදුමරාග [/INST] රතුකැට </s> |
<s>[INST] පහත මාතෘකාව සම්බන්ධයෙන් විස්තර සපයන්න: සෙවන් සමුරායි [/INST] යනු අකිරා කුරොසවා විසින් සම-රචනය, සංස්කරණය, සහ අධ්‍යක්ෂණය සිදුකරන ලද 1954 ජපාන වික්‍රමාන්විත නාටක චිත්‍රපටයකි. මෙම චිත්‍රපටය දිගහැරෙන්නේ ජපානයේ ප්‍රාන්තාන්තර යුධ ගැටුම් පැවැති යුගයෙහිදී වර්ෂ 1587 දීය. අස්වැන්න නෙලීමෙන් පසුව තම බෝග සොරා ගැනුමට නිතිපතා පැමිණෙන දාමරිකයන් කණ්ඩායමක් හා සටන් වැදීමට ස්වාමීන් විරහිත සමුරායි වරුන් (රෝනින්) සත් දෙනෙකු කුලියට ගන්නා ගොවියන්ගේ ගමක් පිළිබඳ කතාවක් එයින් දැක්වෙයි.
සෙවන් සමුරායි යන්න මෙතෙක් ගැනුනු විශිෂ්ටතම හා මහත් ආභාසාත්මක චිත්‍රපට අතුරින් එකක් බවද, දිගු කාල පරිච්ඡේදයක් පුරාවට බටහිර ලෝකයේ ප්‍රචලිතව පවතින ජපන් චිත්‍රපට අතුරින් එකක් බවද සැලකෙයි. ජනප්‍රිය මෙන්ම විවේචනාත්මක පිළිගැනීම් වලට මෙය ලක්විය; සියළු කල් විශිෂ්ටතම චිත්‍රපට දැක්වුනු 1982 වසරේ සයිට් ඇන්ඩ් සවුන්ඩ් විවේචකයන්ගේ ලැයිස්තුවෙහි ඉහළම ස්ථාන තුන වෙත මෙය තේරුණු අතර, 1992 සහ 2002 දී අධ්‍යක්ෂක වරුන්ගේ ඉහළම චිත්‍රපට දහය අතරට තේරුණි.
කතා වස්තුව
කොල්ලකෑමේ යෙදුනු දාමරිකයන් රැලක් කඳු පෙදෙසක පිහිටි ගොවි ගම්මානයක් වෙත පිවිසුනු මුත්, මෙම ගම්මානය මෑතදී කොල්ලකෑ බව ඔවුන්ගේ නායකයා හඳුනාගන්නා බැවින්, ඔහු තීරණය කරන්නේ තවද මාස කිහිපයකින් පැමිණෙන අස්වනු නෙලීමෙන් පසු වන තුරු එය කොල්ලකෑමෙන් වැලකීම සුදුසු බවයි. මෙම සංවාදය ගම්වැසියෙකුගේ කණවැකෙයි. ගොවින් එකතුවී ගමේ වෘද්ධයා කරා යන අතර, ඔහු විසින් තීරණය කොට ප්‍රකාශ කරනුයේ, ගම ආරක්ෂා කිරීම සඳහා ඔවුන් විසින් සමුරායි වරුන් කුළියට ගත යුතු බවයි. පිරිනැමිය හැකි වෙනයම් වේතනයක් ඔවුන් වෙත නොමැති හෙයින්, වෘද්ධයා ඔවුන්ට පවසන්නේ "කුසගින්නෙහි සිටින සමුරායි වරුන් සොයන ලෙසයි."
මිනිසුන් කිහිපදෙනෙකු නගරයට ගොස් වෘද්ධයාගේ උපදෙස් ප්‍රකාර ක්රියා කල මුත්, ඔවුන් කතාබහ කල සෑම සමුරායි වරයෙක්ම කාර්යය භාරගැනීම ප්‍රතික්ෂේප කරති. සොරකු විසින් ප්‍රාණ ඇපයට ගත් කුඩා පිරිමි දරුවකු, පළපුරුදු සමුරායිවරයෙකු වන කැම්බයි විසින් දක්ෂ ලෙසින් මුදා ගන්නා අයුරු ඔවුහූ දැක බලා ගනිති. කට්සුෂිරෝ නම් තරුණ සමුරායිවරයෙක් මෙයින් චිත්ත ප්‍රමෝදයට පත්ව ඔහුගේ අනුගාමිකයෙක් බවට පත්වීමට අවසර ඉල්ලා සිටියි.
ආශ්‍රිත </s> |
<s>[INST] පහත මාතෘකාව සම්බන්ධයෙන් විස්තර සපයන්න: ගුවේරා වාදය [/INST] ගුවේරා වාදය යනු, කොමියුනිස්ට් විප්ලව සිද්ධාන්තයක් සහ කියුබානු විප්ලවයේ ප්‍රධාන චරිතයක් වූ මාක්ස්වාදී විප්ලවවාදියෙක් වූ අර්නස්ටෝ "චේ" ගුවේරා හා සම්බන්ධිත ගරිල්ලා යුද්ධ ක්‍රම හමුදාමය උපායමාර්ගයකි. සීතල යුද්ධය පැවති කාල පරිච්ඡේදයෙහි, එක්සත් ජනපදය සහ සෝවියට් සංගමය ප්‍රතියුක්ත යුද්ධ මාලාවක් ඔස්සේ ගැටුනු අතර, මේවා අතර විශේෂයෙන් කැපී පෙනුනේ, යටත්විජිත මුදවාගැනුම ඇතුලත්, තුන්වන ලෝකයේ සංවර්ධනය වන ජාතීන් හා සම්බන්ධිත අරගලයන් වෙති. </s> |
<s>[INST] පහත මාතෘකාව සම්බන්ධයෙන් විස්තර සපයන්න: සමාජානුෙයා්ජනය [/INST] සමාජානුෙයා්ජනය </s> |
<s>[INST] පහත මාතෘකාව සම්බන්ධයෙන් විස්තර සපයන්න: මරබා කෝපි [/INST] මරබා කෝපි (; ) වගා කෙරෙන්නේ දකුණු රුවන්ඩාවේ මරබා ප්රදේශයේ ය.
මරබාහී කෝපි ගස් කොෆියා ඇරාබිකා විශේෂයෙහි බර්බන් වර්ගයට අයත් වන අතර උස්-උන්නතාංශයක් සහිත කඳුවල සරුසාර යමහල් පසෙහි වගාකෙරෙති. මෙහි ඵලදාව බොහෝවිට නෙළාගනු ලබන්නේ මාර්තු සහ මැයි අතර වැසි සමයේ දී ය. ඉන් පසු මෙම ඵලදාව මරබා හි සේදුම් මධ්‍යස්ථානයක් වෙත ගෙන යන අතර එහිදී මෙහි ඇට වෙන් කර වියළා ගනු ලැබේ. විවිධ අවස්ථා වලදී තෝරගත් බීජ ගුණාත්මක භාවය අනුව නැවත වර්ග කිරීමට ලක්වන අතර ගෙවීම් සිදු කරනුයේ සපයන ලද බීජ වල ගුණාත්මකභාවය සහ ප්‍රමාණාත්මක භාවය මත ය.
මෙම බීජ විවිධ කර කිරීම් මධ්‍යස්ථාන වලට විකිණුම් කරන අතර ගුණාත්මක බවින් වැඩි බීජ මිළට ගනු ලබන්නේ එක්සත් රාජධාණියේ Union Coffee Roasters සමගම සහ ඇමෙරිකානු සමාගමක් වන Community Coffee සමාගම විසිණි. මින් එක්සත් රාජධාණියේ සමාගම Fairtrade-certified සහිතක ලද්දකි. රුවන්ඩා කෝපි කර කරන්නන් මිළට ගනු ලබන කෝපි බීජ නිකුත් කරනු ලැබෙන්නේ දේශීය වෙළඳපොළට ය. 2,000 කට අධික වූ කුඩා පරිමාණ වගා කරුවන් කෝපි වගා කරනුයේ 1999 දී පිහිට වනු ලැබූ Abahuzamugambi නම් සමාගම යටතේ ය. 2000 වර්ෂයේදී මෙම සංගමයට රුවන්ඩා ජාතික විශ්වවිද්‍යාලය (NUR) සහ PEARL සමාගම එක් වීමත් සමග කෝපි වල ගුණාත්මක භාවය වර්ධනය වූ අතර වෙළෙදපොල ඉල්ලුමද ඉතා සීග්‍රයෙන් ඉහළ ගියේය. මෙම කෝපි බීර සෑදීමට ද යොදා ගැනෙයි.
ඉතිහාසය
මුලාරම්භය
රුවන්ඩා ජනපදිකයන් යටත් විජිත සමයේ සිටම මෙම කෝපි නිශ්පාදනයේ නියුතු වූහ. නමුත් 1999 වන තුරුම එම නිශ්පාදිතයන් වර්ග කෙරුනේ "C" කාණ්ඩයට ය. මේ හේතුව නිසා ලෝක වෙළෙඳපොලෙහි රුවන්ඩා නිශ්පාදිත සඳහා නිසි මිළක් නොලැබුණි. අස්වැන්න නිසි පරිදි සේදීමකට ලක් කර වෙළෙඳපොලට නිකුත් කිරීමත්, නිසි කාර්යක්ෂමභාවයක් නොමති කමත් හේතු කොට ගෙන මෙම වෙළෙඳපොල අස්ථාවරත්වයට හේතු විය. මේ හේතුකොට ගෙන ගැණුම්කරුවන් කෝපි කිලෝග්‍රැමයක් මිළට ගනු ලැබුවේ ඇ.ඩො. 0.33ක් වැනි සුළු මුදලකට බැවින් වගාකරුවන්ගේ ආර්ථික මට්ටම ඉතා පහත් මට්ටමක විය. 1999 යේ දී කෝපි වගා කරුවන් 220ක් එකතුව මරබා දිස්ත්‍රික්කයේ දී සංගමයක් පිහිටුවගත් අතර එහි ප්‍රදාන අරමුණ වූයේ මෙම ගැණුම් මිල ඉහළ නංවා ගැනීමයි. 1994 දී රුවන්ඩාවේ සිදු වූ වර්ග භේද ගැටුම් හේතුවෙන් අහිමි වූවන් මෙන්ම ගැටුම් වලට සම්බන්ධ යැයි සිරගත වූවන්ද බොහෝමයක් කෝපි වගකරුවන් විය. මෙම අරගල වලින් අනතුරුව කඩා වැටී තිබූ කෝපි කර්මාන්තය නගා සිටු වීම ද මෙම සංගමයේ අරමුණු ලෙස සටහන් විය. මෙහි නම ලෙස Abahuzamugambi යන්න තෝරගත් අතර එය Kinyarwanda භාෂාවෙන් අරමුණක් සඳහා එකමුතුව වැඩ කිරීම යන අරුත් දෙන්නකි. ( Kinyarwanda යනු රුවන්ඩා උප භාෂාවාකි) මෙම සමාගම මගින් අස්වැන්න අතරමැදියන් නොමැතිව කිගාලි නගරයෙහි නිර්යාතකරුවන් ට විකිණීමෙන් ශුද්ධ ලාභය වැඩි කර ගැනීමට කටයුතු කළහ. මෙහිදී උපයන ලාභය කොටස් කර නැවත බීජ ලබා ගැනීමටත්, පොහොර ලබා ගැනීමටත්, උපකරණ ලබා ගැනීමටත් යොදවන ලදී. 2000 වර්ෂයේ දී මරබා නගරාධිපති විසින් කරනු ලද ඉල්ලීමකට අනුව ""බුතාරේ"" ප්රදේශයේ පිහිටා ඇති රුවන්ඩා ජාතික විශ්ව විද්යාලය (UNR) මගින් සංවර්ධන සහයෝගයන් සැපයීමට එකඟ විණි. පසුව විශ්වවිද්‍යාලයය සම්බන්ධීකරණය මගින් "රුවන්ඩා කෘෂිකර්මාන්තය වැඩිදියුණු කිරීමේ සහයෝගීතා කමිටුව" හෙවත් PEARL සංගමය පිහිටුවන ලදී. එය 2001 පෙබරවාරි මස සිට ඇමෙරිකානු අන්තර්ජාතික සංවර්ධන මණ්ඩලය, මිචිගන් විශ්වවිද්‍යාලය, ටෙක්සාස් විශ්වවිද්‍යාලය, රුවන්ඩා ජාතික කෘෂිකර්ම පර්යේෂණ මද්‍යස්ථානය, කිගාලි තාක්ෂණ මද්‍යස්ථානය,වැනි ආයතන සමග එක්ව කටයුතු කිරීම ඇරඹිණි. මෙහිදී ඇමෙරිකානු වෙළෙඳපොල සදහා ගුණාත්මක භාවයෙන් යුතු කෝපි නිෂ්පාදනය අරමුණු විය. මරබා කෝපි නිෂ්පාදකයින්ගේ මූලික අවශ්‍යතාවය වූයේ සේදුම් මද්‍යස්ථානයක් පිහිටුවා ගැනීම ය.මෙහිදී කෝපි වල ඇති සීනි සහිත සිවිය ඉවත් කෙරෙන අතර බීජ නෙළාගනීමෙන් පැය 12ක් ඇතුළත මෙම ඉවත්කිරීම සිදු නොකළහොත් කෝපි රසය නියමාකාරයෙන් පවත්වා ගැනීමට නොහැකි වේ. ඔවුන් 2001 ජුලි මස ක්යරුම්බො ප්රදේශයේ දී පළමු සේදුම්හළ් විවෘත කළ අතර ඒ සඳහා ආධාර සැපයූවේ PEARL සංවිධානය විසිණි. පළමු වරට මෙහි සේදුමට ලක්වූ කෝපි ප්‍රමාණය කිලෝ ග්‍රෑම් 200 උනු අතර 2002 දී එක්වර සේදිය හැකි ප්‍රමාණය වැඩි කිරීමට පියවර ගැණිනි.
අන්තර් ජාතික පිළිගැනීම
PEARL ආයතනය විකුණුම්කරුවන් සමග සම්බන්ද වෙමින් රුවන්ඩා වෙළෙඳපොල පුළුල් කිරීමට කටයුතු කිරීමේ ප්‍රතිඵලයක් ලෙස 2002 වසරේ දී හි community coffee හි නියෝජිතයෙක් රුවන්ඩාවට පැමිණියේ ය. එවකට රුවන්ඩා ජනපති පෝල් කගාමේ ද මෙම අවස්ථාවට සහභාගී විණි. මෙම අවස්ථාව රුවන්ඩා ජනතාවට කොතරම් වැදගත් විණි දැයි එමගින් වැටහේ. කෝපි කිලෝ ග්‍රෑම් 18,000ක් මිළට ගත් සමාගම කිලෝ ග්‍රෑමයකට ඇ.ඩො.3 බැගින් ගෙවන ලදී. ලුසියානාවට අපනයනය කෙරුණු මරබා කෝපි එහිදී වියළා community coffee ආයතනයේ නිශ්පාදිත සමග මුහු කරන ලදී. මෙය ඇමෙරිකානු වියළීමේ මද්‍යස්ථානයක් සහ අප්‍රිකානු කෝපි සමාගමක් අතර සිදු වූ පළමු ඍජු ගණුදෙනුව විය.
Comic Relief පුණ්‍යාධාර සංගමය ද මරබා ව්‍යාපෘතිය සඳහා දායක වීණි. ඉන් පසු 2001 වසරේ පැවති රතු නාස් ව්‍යාපාරය(Red Nose Day campaign) හෙතුවෙන් පවුම් මිලියන 55 ක ව්‍යපෘති එක්සත් රාජධානියෙන් සහ වෙනත් අප්‍රිකානු රටවලින් ලැබිණි.
වර්තමාන පුනරුදය : නිදහස සහ කෝපි බීර
2003 වසර ආරම්භයත් සමඟ PEARL ආයතනය Abahuzamugambi සංගමයට ලබා දුන් මූල්‍යමය ආධාර අඩු කල අතර ඔවුන් ගොවියන් සමඟ සෘජුව කටයුතු කිරීමට පටන් ගත්හ. එමඟින් ගොවියන් හට ණය පහසුකම් සැපයුණු අතර තම ජීවන තත්වය නගා සිටුවා ගැනීමට අවශ්‍ය ණය පහසුකම්, පශු සම්පත් ණයාධාර, දැරිය හැකි වෛද්ය රක්ෂණ පහසුකම්, සහ අධ්යාපන පහසුකම් සැලසිණි. මෙම වසරේ මාර්තු වන විට මරබා ප්රදේශයේ සමූපකාර බැංකුවක් විවෘත වූ බැවින් ගොවියන්ගේ මුදල් ගම් මට්ටමින්ම කළමණාකරනය කරගත හැකි විය. ඒ සඳහා බුතාරේ නගරය වෙත යන දිගු ගමන තවදුරටත් අනවශ්‍ය විය.
2004 අග භාගය වන විට ලන්ඩන් කර්මාන්ත ශාලවක් වන Meantime Brewing විසින් මරබා කෝපි යොදා ගනිමින් නිෂ්පාදනය කළ කෝපි බීර වෙළෙඳපොලට නිකුත් කෙරිණි. මෙය සීත කළ මධ්‍යසාර මිශ්‍රිත පෙණ නැංවූ කෝපි පානයක් ලෙස මෙන්ම ආහාර ජීර්ණ පහසුකාරකයක් ලෙස ද භවිතා කෙරෙ යි. brewer සමාගම මරබා හි චොක්ලට් සහ වැනිලා රසැති කෝපි තම නිශ්පදනයන් ට යොදා ගත්තේ දකුණු දිග අප්‍රිකානු කෝපි වල ඇති තිත්ත රසය ප්‍රතික්ෂේප කරමිණි. මුල් බීර වල අඩංගු වූ 4%ක කැෆේන් ප්‍රමාණයම මෙම කෝපි හි අඩංගු වීම නිසා එය ඉතා ඉක්මනින් වෙළෙඳපොල ආක්‍රමණය කල අතර සෑන්ස්බරී ඇතුළු නගර වල ඉතා හොඳ අළෙවියක් දැක්විය. 2006 වන විට එක්සත් රාජධාණිය තුල ස්ථාපිතව තිබූ Fairtrade සහතික ලත් ආයතනයන් දෙකෙන් එකක් වූයේ beverage සමාගමයි. එය මේ දක්වාම නිශ්පාදන කටයුතු සඳහා යොදා ගනු ලබන්නේ මරබා කෝපි වන අතර එය දනට එංගලන්තයේ ඇති එකම කෝපි බීර නිශ්පාදනායතනය වේ. එය 2006 ලෝක බීර තරඟාවලියේ දී රන් පදක්කම දිනා ගනු ලැබිණි.
භූ ගෝලීය පිහිටුම සහ දේශගුණය
මරබා කෝපි වැවෙනුයේ දකුණු රුවන්ඩාවේ 2°35′S 29°40′E ඛණ්ඩාංක පිහිටුමකිණි. දළ වශයෙන් ගත් කල එය බුටාරෙ නගරයේ සිට කිලෝ මීටර 12 ක් සහ කිගාලි නගරයේ සිට කිලෝ මීටර 150ක් දුරින් වූවකි. මරබා ව්‍යපෘතිය ආරම්භ වූයේ බුතාරේ ප්රදේශයේ වුවද වර්තමානයේ එම ප්රදේශය අයත් වෙන්නේ හුයේ දිස්ත්‍රික්කයට ය. ඒ 2006යේ සිට ක්‍රියාත්මක වූ දේශීය රාජ්‍ය පනත යටතේ ය. මෙම ප්රදේශය අධික කඳු සහිත වන අතර එයට හේතුව ලෙස බටහිර පැළුම් මිටියාවතට(Western rift valley) සහ න්යුන්ග්වේ(Nyungwe) වැසි වනාන්තරයට ළංව පිහිටිම දැක්විය හැකිය. එසේම මෙම ප්රදේශය යමහල් වලින් විදාරණය වූ සරු පසින් ද සාරවත් ය. කෝපි සඳහා සුදුසු වන්නේ මුහුදු මට්ටමේ සිට මීටර් 1,700 සහ 2,100 උසින් පිහිටි ප්රදේශ ය.විශේෂයෙන්ම තද බෑවුම් සහිත පේසාදිත කඳු මේ සඳහා ඉතා යෝග්‍ය වේ. එමෙන්ම සෙන්ටි මීටර් 115 ක සාමාන්ය වර්ෂාපතනයක් ලැබීම මෙම ප්රදේශ කෝපි වගාවට හිතකර වීමට තවත් හේතුවකි. උස් අක්ෂාංශ උෂ්ණත්වය පහත් හෙළන අතර අවුරුද්ද පුරාවටම සෙන්ටිග්‍රේට් අංශක 20ක පමණ සාමන්‍යයක පවත්වා ගනී.
නිශ්පාදන චක්‍රය
ප්‍රධාන අස්වනු නෙළීමේ කාලය එළඹෙන්නේ වැසි සමයේ ය. එනම් මාර්තු සහ මැයි අග දක්වා කාලය තුල ය. එම කාලය තුල ගොවියන් විසින් තම අස්වන්න අතින් නෙළාගන්නා අතර සැන්දෑ කාලයේ දී එම ඵළදාව කෙසෙල් කොළ වලින් සාදන ලද විශේෂ බඳුනක සේදුම් මද්‍යස්ථාන වෙත ගෙන යනු ලැබේ. තාක්ෂණවේදීන් විසින් ලැබෙන අස්වන්නෙන් ඉස්තරම් තත්වයේ තද රතු පැහැ බීජ වෙන් කරගන්නා අතර ඉතිරිය අඩු මිලකට මරබා දේශීය වෙළෙඳපොලට නිකුත් කරනු ලබයි. මෙම කිලෝ ග්‍රෑමයක් සඳහා ඇ.ඩො.0.1 ගෙවනු ලැබෙන අතර මෙම ගෙවීම සිදු වන්නේ සති 2කට වරකි. එනම් සති දෙකකදී එක් එක් ගෙවිය විසින් ලබා දුන් මුළු බීජ ප්‍රමාණයට අදාල මුදල සති 2කට වරක් ඔවුන්ගේ බැංකු ගිණුමට හර කිරීමට සන්විධානය ක්රියා කරනු ලබයි. හොඳ තත්වයේ බීජ තෝරගත් පසු ඉක්මණින් සේදීමේ ක්‍රියාවලිය ආරම්භ වේ. සේදීමේ ක්‍රියවලිය ඉක්මණින් සිදු නොකිරීම හේතුවෙන් සීනි සහිත බීජ සිවිය පැසීමකට ලක් වන අතර එමගින් රසය වෙනස් වීම සිදු වේ. තාක්ෂණවේදීන් විසින් මෙම කෝපි බීජ ගිල්වා සිවිය ඉවත්කිරීමට යන්ත්‍රයකට අතුලු කරනු ලබයි. මෙහිදී ද නොගිළී ඉපිලෙන බීජ තෝරා වෙන් කරන අතර එවා ද නැවත දේශීය වෙළෙඳපොලට නිකුත් කරනු ලබයි. මෙම බීජ එකට සම්බන්ධ කර ඇති යන්ත්‍ර 3ක් හරහා යැවෙන අතර එහිදී කෝපි සිවිය ඉවත් කිරීම, කම්පිත පෙරනයක් හරහා සිවිය රහිත කෝපි බීජ යැවීම ආදිය සිදු වේ.මෙම කම්පනය වන පෙරණය තුලින් ඉතා හොඳ තත්වයේ බීජ වෙන් කර ගන්නා අතර එම බීජ "A" කාණ්ඩයට අයත් ලෙස වර්ග කෙරේ. "A"කාණ්ඩයට අයත් බීජ දින 2ක් සහ "B" කාණ්ඩයට අයත් බීජ පැය 15-20 අතර කාලයක් ජලයේ ගිල්වා තබනු ලැබේ. මෙම ක්‍රියවලිය හේතුවෙන් ඉතිරිව ඇති සීනි ආවරණයද ඉවත් වන නමුත් එමඟින් රසයට හානියක් නොවේ. මෙසේ සකස් කර ගත් පසුද නැවත නැවත සේදුම් වලට ලක් කරන බීජ මඳ ආලෝකය සහිත ස්ථානයක දමා වියළා ගනු ලබයි. මෙම කාල සීමාව හිරු එළිය ලැබෙන අයුරු මත රදා පවතී. මෙම අවසාන අදියර කෝපි බීජ වල අඩංගු ජල ප්‍රමාණය 40% සිට 12% දක්වා අඩු කරනු ලබයි.
මෙලෙස සකස් කර ගත් බීජ ඉන්පසු යැවෙනුයේ "කීසී" නගරයේ පිහිටි තාක්ෂණාගාරයක් වෙතට ය. මෙහිදී ගනකම් සිවිය නැවත ඉවත් කෙරෙන අතර අවසන් තත්ව පර්යේෂණ ක්‍රියාවලියකට එම බීජ යටත් කෙරේ. එය යන්ත්‍ර භාවිතයෙන් කෙරෙන්නක් නොවෙන අතර පළපුරුදු කාන්තාවන් විසින් මෙම තත්වයෙන් ඉහළ බීජ වෙන් කරනු ලැබේ.
නිෂ්පාදිත සහ ගැණුම්කරුවන්
2006 වසරේ වසරේ සිට වසරක ට කිලෝ ග්‍රෑම් 80ක් නිෂ්පාදනය කළ අතර කිලෝ ග්‍රෑම් 40ක් ඇමෙරිකාවට ද කිලෝ ග්‍රෑම් 40ක් එක්සත් රාජධානියට ද අපනයනය කරන ලදී.
මෙම කෝපි පහත නිෂ්පාදන සඳහා යොදා ගනී.
Maraba Bourbon coffee, විසින් නිශ්පාදනය කරන එක්සත් රාජධානිය සඳහා කරනු ලබන අපනයන කිරීම් සඳහා.
Café de Maraba, රුවන්ඩා වියළුම් කරුවන් විසින් දේශීය වෙළෙඳපොලට නිකුත් කරන ලබන කෝපි නිපැයුම්.
Meantime Coffee, Meantime Breweries of London මඟින් නිපදවන බීර සඳහා.
මේවාද බලන්න
කෝපි
සබැඳි පිටු
Coffee, Fairtrade & Rwanda Booklet
Partnership for Enhancing Agriculture in Rwanda through Linkages (PEARL)
The Abahuzamugambi Coffee Cooperative (pearl.org.rw)
Profile of the Abahuzamugambi Coffee Farmers' Co-operative, Rwanda (fairtrade.org.uk)
The Abahuzamugambi Co-operative, Rwanda (peopleandplanet.org) </s> |
<s>[INST] පහත මාතෘකාව සම්බන්ධයෙන් විස්තර සපයන්න: කොමියස් [/INST] කොමියස් යනු, මුලින්ම ගෝල් දේශයෙහිද, ඉන්පසුව බ්‍රිතාන්‍යයෙහිද, ඇට්‍රබේට්ස් නම් බෙල්ජීය ජාතිය ක්‍රිපූ පළමුවන සියවසෙහිදී පාලනය කල ඓතිහාසික රජෙකු විය.
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සීසර්ගේ මිත්‍ර පාක්ෂිකයා
ක්‍රිපූ 57දී, ජුලියස් සීසර් විසින් ඇට්‍රබේට්ස් යටත්කරගැනුමෙන් පසුව, ඔහුගේ කොමෙන්ටාරි ඩි බෙල්ලො ගාලිකෝ ප්‍රකාර, ඔහු විසින් ගෝත්‍රයෙහි රජු ලෙසින් කොමියස් පත් කෙරිණි. ක්‍රිපූ 55 දී බ්‍රිතාන්‍යය වෙත සීසර්ගේ පළමු ගවේෂණයට පෙර, සීසර්ට ප්‍රතිරෝධ සටන් නොකරන ලෙසට බ්‍රිටන්වරුන් කැමැති කරවා ගැනීමට සීසර්ගේ රාජ්‍යතාන්ත්‍රික තානාපතියෙකු ලෙසින් කොමියස් යැවුනේ, දිවයිනෙහි කිසියම් අධිකාරියක් තමන් වෙත ඇති බව සීසර් විශ්වාස කල හෙයිනි. කෙසේවෙතත්, ඔහු සපැමිණි විගසින් අත්අඩංගුවට ගැනිණි. සීසර් ගොඩබැසීම වලක්වා ගැනුමට බ්‍රිටන්වරු අපොහොසත්වූ විට, ගනුදෙනු කතිකාවන්හී කොටසක් ලෙසින් කොමියස් බාර දෙන ලදි. තවදුරටත් පැමිණි බ්‍රිතාන්‍ය ප්‍රහාර පරාජය කිරීමට, සහාය වනු ලෙස තම ගෝත්‍රයෙන් කුඩා අශ්වාරෝහක සෙබල කණ්ඩායමක් සැපයීමට කොමියස්හට හැකි විය. බ්‍රිතාන්‍යය වෙත සීසර්ගේ දෙවන ගවේෂණය තුලදී, කොමියස් විසින්, බ්‍රිතාන්‍ය නායක කැසිවලෝනස්ගේ යටත්වීම පිළිබඳ කතිකාකොට මන්ත්‍රණය කරන ලදි.
ආශ්‍රිත </s> |
<s>[INST] පහත මාතෘකාව සම්බන්ධයෙන් විස්තර සපයන්න: ඊගල්ස් කන්ද [/INST] ඊගල්ස් කන්ද යනු චිලී දේශයේ පිහිටා ඇති ජෛව බූවියේ පිහිටි කබ්රේරෝ නගර සභාවේ කිලෝමීටර 6 ක් පමණ දකුණු දෙසටය. එහි ජනගහණය 6,090 කි.
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මුලාශ්‍ර </s> |
<s>[INST] පහත මාතෘකාව සම්බන්ධයෙන් විස්තර සපයන්න: අන්සැරි එක්ස් (X) කුසලානය [/INST] අන්සැරි එක්ස් (X) කුසලානය
“Ansari X PRIZE” යනු නව අජටාකාශ යානා තැනීමේ අභියෝගයකි. එහි වටිනාකම ඇමරිකානු ඩොලර් 10,000,000කි. සති දෙකක කාලය තුළ දී මිනිසුන් සහිත අභ්යාrවකාශ යානයක් දෙවරක් අභ්යා.වකාශගත කිරීම මෙම අභියෝගයයි. එයට සහභාගී විය හැක්කේ රාජ්ය්ය නොවන සංවිධානවලට පමණක් වන අතර එහි අරමුණ වූයේ අඩු වියදම් අභ්යාවවකාශ චාරිකා දිරි ගැන්වීමයි.
2004 ඔක්තෝබර් 4 දා (පළමු චන්ද්රියකාව ගුවන්ගත කිරීමෙන් වසර 47 පසු) Burt Rutan විසින් සැලසුම් කරන ලද අභ්යා වකාශ යානයක් මෙම අභියෝගය ජය ගන්නා ලදී. එයට මූල්යරමය ප්රසතිපාදන සපයනු ලැබුවේ මයික්රෝසොෆ්ට් සමාගමේ සම නිර්මාතෲ පෝල් ඇලන් විසිනි. ජයග්රා්හකයාට ඇ.ඩො. මිලියන 10 ත්යාාග මුදල පිරිණැමුන ද ඒ වන විට නව තාක්ෂණික දියුණු කිරීම සඳහා ඔවුහු ඇ.ඩො. මිලියන 100 අධිකව වැය කර තිබුණි.
මෙයට පසු 2006 ඔක්තෝබරයේ දී දෙවන අභියෝගය Archon X PRIZE , 2006 ඉදිරිපත් කෙරුණි. ඉන්පසු තෙවන හා සිව්වන අභියෝග ලෙස Automotive X PRIZE ද පිරිනමන ලදී. (2007 සැප්තැම්බර්වලදී) සිව්වැනි ත්යාeගය වූ Google Lunar X PRIZE ඉදිරිපත් කරන ලදී.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ansari_X_PRIZE </s> |
<s>[INST] පහත මාතෘකාව සම්බන්ධයෙන් විස්තර සපයන්න: පරිගණක - අර්ථ දැක්වීම [/INST] ඇතැම් අවස්ථාවල පරිගණකය යන පදය පටු ආකාරයෙන් අර්ථ දක්වා ඇත. උපයෝජන ලෙස 1989 ACM වාර්තාවේ පරිගණකය යනු කිසියම් පුහුණුවක්, ශික්ෂණයක් ලෙස අර්ථ දක්වා ඇත.
පරිගණක යනු තොරතුරු, විස්තර කරන හා පරිණාමනය කරන ඒවායේ සිද්ධාන්ත විශ්ලේෂණය, සැලසුම් කිරීම, කාර්යක්ෂමතාව, ක්‍රියාවට නැංවීම හා යෙදුම් පිළිබඳ ගණිතමය ක්‍රියාලිය පිළිබඳව ක්‍රමානුකූලව අධ්‍යයනය කිරීමයි. පරිගණකය යන්න තුළ සැඟවී ඇති මූලික ප්‍රශ්නය වන්නේ “ස්වයංක්‍රීය කළ හැක්කේ මොනවාද?” (කාර්යක්ෂමය) යන්නයි.
2005 පරිගණක විෂය නිර්දේශයද පරිගණකය යන්නෙහි අර්ථය ඒ තුළ අඩංගු කරුණු (content) මත රඳා පවතින බව හඳුනාගෙන ඇත.
පරිගණකයට වඩා විශේෂ වූ වෙනත් අර්ථ දැක්වීම් ද ඇත. ඒවා මෑත භාවිතා වන සන්දර්භය මත පදනම් වේ. උදාහරණයක් ලෙස තොරතුරු පද්ධති විශේෂඥයෙක් මෘදුකාංග ඉංජිනේරුවෙකුට වඩා වෙනස් ලෙස පරිගණකය දකිනු ලබයි. සන්දර්භය නොසලකා හැරිය විට පරිගණකය වඩා සංකීර්ණ හා අපහසු වෙයි. සමාජමය පරිගණක හොඳින් සිදු කරන මිනිසුන් අවශ්‍ය නිසා අප විසින් මෙය වෘත්තියක් ලෙස පමණක් නොව ශික්ෂණයක් ලෙසද සිතිය යුතුය.
පරිගණකය යන වදන ගණන් කිරීම හා ගණනය කිරීම් යන පද සමග තුල්‍යාර්ථ දෙයි. මුල් කාලයේ යාන්ත්‍රික පරිගණක යන්ත්‍ර හැඳින්වීමට මෙය යොදා ගන්නා ලදී.
References
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computing#Definitions </s> |
<s>[INST] පහත මාතෘකාව සම්බන්ධයෙන් විස්තර සපයන්න: නත්තල් ගස් වගා කිරීම [/INST] නත්තල් ගස් වගා කිරීම යනු කෘෂිකාර්මික,වන වගා සහ උද්‍යාන වගාවේ නියැලෙන්නන් විශේෂයෙන් නත්තල් ගස් සඳහාම පාවිච්චි කරන්නා වූ පයින්(Pine),ස්පෘස්(Spruce) හා fපර්(Fir) වැනි ශාක විශේෂ වගා කිරීමයි. නත්තල් ගස් වගා කිරීමේ ගොවිපලක් මුලින්ම ස්ථාපනය වූයේ 1901 දී වූවද, බොහෝ පාරිභෝගිකයන් 1930 හා 1940 ගණන් වනතුරුම තමාට අවශ්‍ය ශාක ලබා ගත්තේ වනාන්තරයෙනි.නත්තල් ගස් වගා කිරීම වරකදී ප්‍රමිතියෙන් අඩු ගොඩබිම් වගා කිරීම සඳහා යෙදූ ජීව්‍ය විකල්පයක් ලෙස යොදා ගත් නමුත් කෘෂි කර්මාන්තයේ දියුණුවත් සමඟ එම අනුදැනුම වෙනස් වී ඇත.ගුණාත්මක භාවයෙන් යුත් ප්‍රශස්ථ අස්වැන්නක් ලබා ගැනීම සඳහා වගාබිම් සමතලා විය යුතු අතර, යටි වගාවෙන් හා දිරාපත් වන ශේෂ කොටස් වලින් තොර විය යුතු බව දැන් සැලකේ.
පයින් හා fපර් ශාක විශේෂ වල පුළුල් භේද ගණනාවක් නත්තල් ගස් ලෙස වගා කළ ද ඒවායින් වඩා ජනප්‍රිය විශේෂ ඇත්තේ අතලොස්සක් පමණි. එක්සත් ජනපදය තුළ ඩොග්ලස් fපර්( Doglas fir), ස්කොට්ස් fපර්(Scots fir), fප්රේසර් fපර්(Fraser fir) යන ශාක විශේෂ හොඳින් අලෙවි වන විශේෂ වේ. එක්සත් රාජධානිය තුළ හොඳින් අලෙවි වන විශේෂ වනුයේ නෝර්මැනන් fපර්(Nordmann fir) හා නෝර්වේ ස්පෘස්(Norway spruce) යන ශාක විශේෂ වන අතර මේවා යුරෝපය තුළද ජනප්‍රිය වෙමින් පවතී. අනෙකුත් ඕනෑම කේතුධර ශාකයක් මෙන්ම නත්තල් ගස් ද පලිබෝධකයන්ට පහසුවෙන් ගොඳුරු විය හැකි ශාක වේ. කෘමි පලිබෝධකයන් අතර adelgids සහ කූඩිත්තන් වඩාත් සුළභ ගැටළුව වී ඇති අතර ඕක් ශාක ක්ෂණික මිය යාම(sudden oak death) කැලිෆෝනියාවේ ගොවිපල වල වර්ධනය වෙමින් පවතින ගැටළුවක් වේ. පලිබෝනාශක භාවිතය, ජෛව විවිධත්වයට බලපෑම් ඇති කළ හැකි බැවින්, නත්තල් ගස් වගාව පරිසරවේදීන්ගේ විවේචනයටද ලක් වූ කරුණක් වී ඇත.
වගාවේ අවසාන පියවර වන අස්වැන්න ලබා ගැනීම ක්‍රම කිහිපයකින් සිදු වන අතර වඩා ජනප්‍රිය එක් ක්‍රමයක් වන්නේ; පාරිභෝගිකයාට සිය වගා බිමට ඇතුල් වීමට ඉඩ දී, මිලයට ගන්නා ගස් වර්ග තෝරා ගෙන, ඔවුන් විසින්ම ඒවා කපා ගැනීමේ ක්‍රමයයි. තවත් සමහර ගොවීන් ශාක මූල ගෝල(balled roots) සහිතව පෝච්චි තුළ වගා කරන අතර ඒවා නත්තල් සඳහා භාවිතා කර ආපසු වගා කර නැවත ඒවා ඊළඟ වසර සඳහාද භාවිතා කරනු ලැබේ. එක්සත් ජනපදය නත්තල් ගස් වල ප්‍රවේණි සංයුතිය පිලිබඳව පර්යේශණ පවත්වා ඇති අතර, වඩා හොඳ ජාන දර්ශ සහිත බීජ නිපදවා ඇත. ගුණාත්මක බවින් වැඩි හා හොඳ අස්වැන්නක් ලබා දෙන නත්තල් ශාක මෙම බීජ වගා කිරීමෙන් ලබා ගත හැක. කැනඩාව හා එක්සත් ජනපදය විසින් නත්තල් ගස් කැපීම සඳහා නීතිමය ප්‍රමිති තත්ත්වයන් ප්රකාශයට පත් කර ඇත.
ඉතිහාසය
සදාහරිත ශාක වගා කිරීමේ පුරුද්ද, විශේෂයෙන් නත්තල් ගස් ලෙස ඒවා යොදා ගැනීම හා අලෙවි කිරීම 1901 වසරේ පටන් අතීතයක සිට සිදු වූවකි. 1901 දී නිව් ජර්සි වල ට්රෙින්ටොන්(Trenton) හිදී නෝර්වේ ස්පෘස්(norway spruce) ශාක 25000 කින් යුත් ගොවිපලක් ආරම්භ කරන ලදී. නිව්යෝර්ක් නගරයට අලෙවිය සඳහා ගොවියකු විසින් කැට්ස්කිල් (Catskill) කඳුවැටියෙන් ගෙනෙන ලද ශාක අලෙවි කිරීමෙන් ඊට අවුරුදු 50කට පෙර නත්තල් ගස් සඳහා වෙළඳ පොළ ආරම්භ වූ බව සඳහන් වේ. මෙසේ අලෙවිය ආරම්භ කර තිබියදීත්, බොහෝ මිනිසුන් 1930 හා 1940 ගණන් වනතුරු වනාන්තරයට ගොස් නත්තල් ගස් කපා ගෙනවිත් ඇත. බොහෝ ශාක වගා කර ඇත්තේ දෙවැනි ලෝක සංග්‍රාරමයට පසුවයි. 1950 ගණන් වලින් පසුව පාරිභෝගික ඉල්ලුම අනුව ගොවීන් විසින් ශාක කප්පාදු කර සකස් කිරීම ආරම්භ කරන ලදී. 1960 - 1970 අතරතුර කාලයේදී නත්තල් ගස් වෙලඳපොල වැඩි දියුණු වූ නමුත් 1980 ගණන් වල අග භාගයේදී ස්වාභාවික නත්තල් ගස් සඳහා වෙළඳ පොල හා මිල පහත බසින ලදී. 21-වන ශත වර්ෂය මුල් භාගයේ දී ලෝකය පුරා විකුණන ලද කෘතිම නොවන ස්වාභාවික නත්තල් ගස් අතරින් 98% ක්ම ශාක ගොවිපල් වල වගා කරන ලදී.
වගා කිරීම
භූමිය සහ දේශගුණය
නත්තල් ගස් වගා කිරීම සඳහා හොඳම පිහිටීම පලිබෝධක අවහිරතා වලින් තොර සාපේක්ෂව තැනිතලා පොළවයි.අතීතයේ දී නත්තල් ගස් වගා කරන්නන් ඔවුන්ගේ වගා බිම් ස්ථාපනය කර ඇත්තේ කෘෂිකාර්මික මුඩුබිම් හෝ කෘෂිකර්මය සඳහා එතරම් හිතකර නොවන බිම් වලයි. කෙසේ වෙතත් නූතන නත්තල් ගස් වගා කරන්නන් තම අවධාරණය ප්‍රමිතියෙන් ඉහල ශාක වලට යොමු කර ඇති අතර භූමි ගුණාත්මක භාවය පිළිබඳ අපේක්ෂාව ද ඉහල ගොස් ඇත. ඇත්තවශයෙන්ම සමහර fප්රේසර් fපර්(Fraser fir) වැනි ශාක විශේෂ, අඩු ගුණාත්මක බවින් යුත්, ආන්තික ගොවිබිම් වල වගා කළ නොහැක. බෑවුම් හෝ ප්‍රපාත සහිත ඉඩම් වලට වඩා සමතලා බිම් මේ සඳහා යෝග්‍ය වන්නේ බෑවුම් සහිත ඉඩම් පොහොර ඛාදනයට හා ක්ෂීරණයට ලක් වීමට ඇති ඉඩ කඩ වැඩි බැවිනි. ගල් පර්වත, ආවරණ වැට වල් යනාදී සැලකිය යුතු බාධක තිබීමද මෙම වගාවට අහිතකර වේ. අනෙකුත් ශාක හා බෝග වලට මෙන්ම, නත්තල් ශාක සඳහා ද වර්ධනය සඳහා වූ විශේෂිත පෝශක ද්‍රව්‍යය අවශ්‍ය වේ. ඉතා වැදගත් මූලද්‍රව්‍යයද 16ක් මෙහි වර්ධනයට අවශ්‍ය අතර ඒවා වාතයෙන් සහ ජලයෙන් ලබා ගනී. තවද හයිඩ්රදජන්, කාබන් හා ඔක්සිජන් නයිට්රවජන්, පොස්පරස්, පොටෑසියම්, කැල්සියම්, මැග්නීසියම්, සල්ෆර්, බෝරෝන්, තඹ, ක්ලෝරීන්, මැග්නීසියම්, මොලිබ්ඩේනිම්, යකඩ, සින්ක් යන මේවා පසෙන් ලබා ගනී. අත්‍යාවශ මූල ද්‍රව්‍ය පසෙන් ලබා ගත නොහැකි අවස්ථා වලදී, ඒ සඳහා පොහොර කෘතිමව යොදනු ලැබේ. පස පිළිබඳව සළකා බැලිය යුතු අනෙකුත් වැදගත් කරුණු වනුයේ පසේ PH අගය හා ජලය ගලා බසින ආකාරයයි. සමහර පාංශු තත්ත්වයන්ගේ ගැලපීම ශාක වර්ගය මත රඳා පවතී. පයින් ශාක සාමාන්යයෙන් වැලි සහිත හෝ වැලි ලෝම පස සඳහා අනුවර්තී වන අතර සුදු ස්පෘස්(White spruce) හා ඩොග්ලස් fපර්( Doglas fir) වැනි fපර් ශාක; සිනිඳු වයනයක් ඇති ලෝම් පසට හා මැටි ලෝම් පසට වැඩි කැමැත්තක් දක්වයි. සමහර ශාක ඕනෑම ආකාරයේ පසක වර්ධනය වන නමුත් නත්තල් ශාක වඩා හොඳින් වර්ධනය වීම සඳහා හොඳින් ජලය ගලා බැස යන බිමක් තිබිය යුතුයි.
දේශගුණික බලපෑම අනිකුත් කෘෂිකාර්මික වගාවන්ට සේම වේ. ශීත සෘතුවේදී ඇති වන අධික ශීතල සහ උණුසුම් හා වියලි අන්ත තත්ත්වයන් නිසා අස්වැන්න කැපීමෙන් පසු වගාවට නැවත ගොඩ නැගිය නොහැකි හානි සිදුවිය හැකියි. බලාපොරොත්තු වන කාලයට කලින් හිම වැටීම ආරම්භ වුව හොත්, අස්වැන්න කපා ගැනීම සහ ඒවා නැව් ගත කිරීම දුෂ්කර වීමට හෝ සම්පූර්ණයෙන්ම නොහැකි වීමට ද ඉඩ ඇත.
ශ්‍රමය හා උපකරණ
නත්තල් ගස් වගා කිරීම අධික ලෙස ශ්‍රමය වැය වන ක්‍රියාවලියකි.ශාක වගා කිරීමට පෙර විශාල ගස් හා ගල් වැනි බාධක ඉවත් කිරීම සඳහා යන්ත්‍ර මඟින් බිම පෙරලා සකස් කිරීම භූමියේ ස්වාභාවය හා තත්වය මත කළ යුතු වේ.යටි වගාව විශාල වශයෙන් ඇත්නම්, බිම කොටා සකස් කිරීම සිදු කෙරේ. බිම කොටා සකස් කිරීම ගස් හා වල් පැලෑටි වල ඉතිරි වූ කොටස් ඉවත් කිරීමට පහසු වේ.දැවමය ශාක හා වල් පැලෑටි යන දෙකම වගාවට පෙර පාලනය කිරීම අවශ්‍ය වන අතර මෙය බහුල වශයෙන් කරනු ලබන්නේ රසායනික වල්නාශක යෙදීමෙනි. මීට අමතරව සමහර පොහොර වර්ගද වගා කිරීමට පෙර හඳුන්වා දිය යුතුවේ.මෙසේ බීජ පැල සිටුවීමට පෙර කරනු ලබන දේවල්, නත්තල් ගස් වගාව සාර්ථක කර ගැනීම සඳහා ඉතා වැදගත් වේ.
ගස් වගා කිරීමෙන් පසුවද කළයුතු දේ ඇත. සත්ත්ව පලිබෝධකයන් විශේෂයෙන් කෘමීන් සහ රෝග නිරන්තරයෙන් අධීක්ෂණය කරමින් පාලනය කළ යුතුය. නත්තල් ගස් වල ලාක්ෂණික වෙළඳ සළකුණු හැඩය ලබා ගැනීම සඳහා, පැළ සිටුවීමෙන් පසුව වසර දෙකේ සිට හතර දක්වා කාලයේදි, විශේෂයෙන් බොහෝ පයින් හා fපර් විශේෂ සඳහා කප්පාදු කිරීම අවශ්‍ය වේ. කප්පාදු නොකිරීම හෝ එය ප්‍රමාද විම නිසා ශාක වැස්ම අතර ඇති වන පරතරය වැඩි වන අතර එවිට ශාක අලෙවි කිරීම අපහසු වේ. ස්කොට්ස් පයින් (Scots pine) වැනි සමහර පයින් විශේෂ සුප්ත කාල වලට හසුවීම් නිසා පත්‍ර කහ වීමට ලක්වේ.
උපකරණ සඳහා වැය වන මුදල විශාල වශයෙන් වෙනස් වේ. නත්තල් ගස් වගාවක් සඳහා සාමාන්යයෙන් අවශ්‍ය වන උපකරණ නම්, පළිබෝධනාශක ඉසින උපකරණ, ට්‍රැක්ටර් යන්ත්‍ර, මුවහත් කරන උපකරණ යනාදියයි.ඇමරිකන් ඩොලර් 4000ක් පමණ වන යාන්ත්‍රික පැළ සිටුවනයක් අත්‍යාවශ්‍ය නොවුණද, ගොවියන් සඳහා ශ්‍රමය ඉතිරි කර දෙන සුඛෝපභෝගි උපකරණයකි. නත්තල් ගස් වගාවේ ජීවය වූ බීජ පැළ ගොවීන්ට පැළ තවාන් වලින් මිලදී ගත හැක. ඔරෙගන්(Oregan)හි එක් ගොවියෙක්ට පැළ 1000ක් සඳහා ඇමරිකන් ඩොලර් 200-300 මුදලක් වැය කොට බීජ පැල මිලයට ගත හැක. එක් ගොවියෙක් තොග වෙළෙන්දෙක් ලෙස ඔහුගේ අවසන් අස්වැන්නෙන් එක් ශාකයක් ඇමරිකන් ඩොලර් 20 බැගින් අලෙවි කරනා අතර අනිකුත් වියදම් කපා හැරිය විට එක් ගසකින් ඇමරිකන් ඩොලර් 2-3 අතර ලාභයක් ලැබේ.
ගස්
උතුරු ඇමරිකවේ වෙළදපොලෙහි හොඳින්ම විකිනෙන විශේෂ අතර ස්කොට්ස් පයින් (Scots pine), ඩොග්ලස් fපර්(Doglas fir), නෝබල් fපර්(Noble fir), බල්සම් fපර්(Balsam fir), fප්රේසර් fපර්(Fraser fir), වර්ජිනියා fපර්(Virginia fir), සහ නැගෙනහිර සුදු පයින්(Eastern White pine) මුල් තැනක් ගනී. එසේද වුවත් අනිකුත් විශේෂද වගා කොට අලෙවි කෙරේ. උදාහරණයක් ලෙස ඇල්බමා (Albama)හි නත්තල් ගස් ලෙස වගා කෙරෙන ශාක ලෙස නැගෙනහිර සුදු පයින්(Eastern White pine), රෙඩ්සිඩාර්(Redcedar), වර්ජිනියා පයින් (Virginia pine), ලීලෑන්ඩ් සයිප්රතස්(Leyland Cypress) සහ ඇරිසෝනා සයිප්රeස්(Arizona Cypress) සඳහන් කළ හැක. එක්සත් ජනපදයේ වාර්ෂිකව වගා කෙරෙන ශාක අතරින් වැලි පයින්(Sand Pine) සහ ස්පෘස් පයින්(Spruce Pine) 20,000ක් ෆ්ලොරීඩා(Florida) හි වගා කෙරේ.
මහා බ්‍රිතාන්‍යයේ වඩාත් ජනප්‍රිය විශේෂය නෝර්ඩ්මන් fපර්( Nordmann fir) වේ. බ්‍රිතාන්‍යයේ ජනප්‍රිය අනිකුත් විශේෂ වන්නේ නෝර්වේ ස්පෘස්(Norway Spruce) සහ ස්කොට්ස් පයින්(Scots Pine) ය. එයින් ස්කොට්ස් පයින්(Scots Pine)තරමක් දුර්ලභ වන අතර පත්‍ර පහසුවෙන් කැපිය නොහැකි තියුණු කූරු සහිත වේ.
එක්සත් ජනපදයේ ශාන්තිකර වයඹ දිගෙහි(Pacific NorthWest)ප්‍රධාන වශයෙන් නත්තල් ගස් වගා කරන ප්රදේශ වල ප්‍රාථමික ශාක විශේෂය ලෙස වගා කෙරෙන්නේ ඩොග්ලස් fපර්(Douglas fir) ශාකයයි. ශාන්තිකර උතුරෙ(Pacific North) හි හරි අඩක්ම වගා කරනුයේ ඩොග්ලස් fපර්(Douglas fir) ශාකයයි. ඩොග්ලස් fපර්(Douglas fir) ශාකය නත්තල් ගස් ලෙස අලෙවි කිරීමට ප්‍රමාණවත් තරම් මේරීම සඳහා වසර 5-7 දක්වා කාලයක් ගතවේ. මෙම ප්රදේශයේ සුලභව ඇති තවත් ශාකයක් වන නෝබල් fපර්( Noble fir), ඩොග්ලස් fපර්(Douglas fir) හා ග්‍රෑන්ඩ් fපර්(Grand fir) ශාක වලට වඩා වැඩි මිලක ඉල්ලුමක් ඇත. මුළු අස්වැන්නෙන් 10% ක් පමණ මින් ලැබෙන අතර අනෙක් විශේෂ වලින් ලැබෙන්නේ 3-5% ප්‍රමාණයකි.
fප්රේසර් fපර්(Fraser fir) වැවෙන්නේ උතුරු ඇමෙරිකවේ උතුරු කැරොලිනා(North Carolina) හි පිහිටි ඇපලිචින් කඳුවැටි (Appalachian Mountains ) වල වන අතර නත්තල් ගස් අතරින් වටිනාම සහ වඩාත් ජනප්‍රිය ශාකය ලෙසද සැලකේ.දකුණු එක්සත් ජනපදයේ ජනප්‍රියම නත්තල් ශාක විශේෂය වනුයේ වර්ජිනියා පයින්(Virginia Pine) ශාක විශේෂයි. කැනඩාවේ සුදු පයින්(White Pine), සුදු ස්පෘස්(White Spruce), ස්කොට්ස් පයින්(Scots Pine), නීල ස්පෘස්(Blue Spruce) සහ යන ශාක බහුලව වගා කරනු ලැබේ.ඔන්ටාරියෝ(Ontario) හි එක් ප්‍රාන්තයක, ගෘහස්ථව හා අපනයනය කිරීම සඳහා සැම විටම වගා කරන ප්‍රමුඛ ශාකය වන්නේ ස්කොට්ස් පයින්(Scots Pine)ය. ලෝකයේ අනෙකුත් ප්රදේශ වල ස්වාභාවික නත්තල් ගස් හා වගා කළ විවිධ වූ ශාක ප්‍රභේද ජනප්‍රිය වේ. යුරෝපය තුළ නෝර්වේ ස්පෘස්(Norway Spruce) ජනප්‍රිය වේ.
පළිබෝධකයන්, රෝග සහ වල්පැලෑටි
බොහොමයක් කේතුධර ශාක වගා කිරීමේදී ශාක මුහුණ දෙන පළිබෝධකයන් වන්නේ Balsam woolly adelaide ඇතුළු තවත් Adelaide වර්ග සහ කූඩිත්තන්ය. පයින් ශූට් කුරුමිණියන්(Pine Shoot Beetle) සහ ජිප්සි සලබයා(Gypsy Moth) වැනි ආක්‍රමණශීලී කෘමි විශේෂ ද නත්තල් ගස් වගාවට තර්ජනයක් වේ. නත්තල් ගස් දිලිර පරපෝශිතයන්ටද ගොදුරු විමේ අවදානමක් ඇත. මේ නිසා ඇති වන රෝගය මුල් කුණු වීමේ රෝගයයි. එසේම කැලිෆෝනියා, වොෂින්ටන්, ඔරෙගන් සහ බ්‍රිතාන්‍යය කොලොම්බියා වල ඕක් ශාක ක්ෂණික මිය යාම(sudden oak death) බහුලව ඇත. R. pseudotsugae සහ Rhabdocline weirii වැනි ශාක රෝග කාරක වලට ගොඩුරු වීමේ අවදානම ඩොග්ලස් fපර් (Doglas fir) ශාක සඳහා විශේෂයෙන් ඇත. R. weirii ආසාදනය වන්නේ ඩොග්ලස් fපර් (Doglas fir) ශාකයට පමණි.මෙම රෝග කාරකය ඩොග්ලස් fපර් ශාකය විකිණීමට නොහැකි තත්ත්වයට පත් කරන අතර, පොදුවේ නත්තල් ගස් වගා කර්මාන්තයට රෝග කාරකයන් තදින් බලපායි. මුවන් සහ බිම් ලේනුන් ද නත්තල් ගස් වගාවට තර්ජයක් වේ. මුල් හා අංකුර කා දැමීම ඔවුන් කරන හානියයි. පයින් ග්‍රෝස්බීක්(Pine Grosbeak) ඇතුළු සමහර කුරුල්ලන්ද පලිබෝධක වන අතර කේතුධර අංකුර ඔවුන් ආහාරයට ගනී. ස්කොට්ස් පයින්(Scots Pine), නැගෙනහිර සුදු පයින්(Eastern Pine) සහ රතු පයින්(Red Pine) මෙන්ම ස්පෘස්(Spruce) ශාකද ඉහත පලිබෝධකයන්ට ගොදුරු වේ. කුඩා වල් පැලෑටි මෙන්ම, විශාල දැව ශාකද ජලය සහ පෝශක සඳහා නත්තල් ගස් සමඟ තරඟ කරයි. එනිසා රසායනික වල්නාශක යෙදීම, තණකොළ කැපීම වැනි පාලන ක්‍රම යෙදීම අවශ්‍ය වේ.
ගුණාත්මභාවය
කැනඩාවේ ඔන්ටාරිඕ(ontario) හිදී, ප්‍රාදේශීය ගොවි ඵලදාව ප්‍රමිතිකරණය හා විකිණීම පිලිබඳ පනත යටතේ 1965 දී නත්තල් ගස් වලද ගුණාත්වකභාවය ප්‍රමිතිකරණය කිරීම ඇතුලත් කරන ලදී. ඔන්ටාරිඕ ප්‍රමිතින් නීති ගත වුවද, එක්සත් ජනපදයේ ප්‍රමිති පද්ධති නීතිගත වී නැත. මේ හේතුව නිසා ඇමරිකවේ ශාක වවන්නන්ට තමාටම ආවේණික ප්‍රමිති පද්ධතියක් සාදා ගන්නා ලදී. මෙම ප්‍රමිති පද්ධති ස්ථාපනය කරන ලද්දේ එක්සත් ජනපදයේ කෘෂිකාර්මික දෙපාර්තමේන්තුවේ(USDA)ග්‍රේණි ගත කිරීම් පටිපාටියට අනුව වුවද මෙම පද්ධති ඒවා මතම පදනම් නොවේ. එක්සත් ජනපදයේ කෘෂිකාර්මික දෙපාර්තමේන්තුවේ නත්තල් ගස් සඳහා ප්‍රමිති කරන සම්මුති ක්‍රියාත්මක කරන ලද්දේ 1989 ඔක්තොබර් මස 30 වන දින සිටයි. මේ යටතේ කප්පාදු කරන ලද හෝ නොකරන ලද කේතුධර ශාක සාමන්‍යයෙන් නත්තල් ගස් ලෙස විකිණීමට පුළුවන.
අස්වැන්න
නත්තල් ගස් විවිධ මාර්ග මඟින් අලෙවි කිරීමට පුළුවන. සමහරු තෝරා කපා ගැනීමේ ක්‍රමයද, සමහරු ගොවිපලෙන් කෙලින්ම කපා ගැනීමේ ක්‍රමයද තෝරා ගැනේ. මොවුන් පාරිභෝගිකයන්ට වගා කල ඉඩමට යාමට ඉඩදී නත්තල් ගස් තෝරා ගෙන, ඔවුන්ට ඒවා කපා ගැනීමට ඉඩ සලසයි. තොග වෙලදාම් මෙහෙයුම් වලදී කම්කරු ශ්‍රමය වැඩියෙන් වැය වන්නේ තොග වශයෙන් කැපීම, ගොඩ ගැසීම හා මහා මාර්ගය දක්වා ප්‍රවාහනය කිරීම කල යුතු බැවිනි. ඊට අමතරව මෙම ක්‍රියාවලිය නොවැම්බරයේ ඉතා කෙටි කාලයකදී නිම කර අවසන් කල යුතුවේ. එසේම ගොවීන් පැල තවාන් සඳහා සහ නැවත භාවිතා කල හැකි වන පරිදි විකුණා නත්තල් ගස් මුල් පිටින් උඳුරා සකස් යුතුවේ. ඒ ක්‍රමයට පැළ කලින් උඳුරා සකස් කළ යුතුය. සාමාන්යයෙන් නත්තල් ගසක් වර්ධනය වී මේරීම සඳහා වසර 6 සිට 10 දක්වා කාලයක් ගතවේ.
1980 ගණන් වල විශාල ගොවිපල වල් වලින් ගස් අස්වැන්න ඉවත් කිරීම සඳහා හෙලිකොප්ටර් භාවිතා කිරීමට පටන් ගෙන ඇත. ඔරෙගන් හි අමතර පාරවල් හිඟ නිසා අක්කර 1200ක(හෙක්ටර් 490)ක ගොවිපලකින් වසරකට නත්තල් ගස් 200,000 ක් දක්වා ඉවත් කිරීමට හෙලිකොප්ටර් යොදා ගෙන ඇත. අස්වැන්න කපා ගැනීමත්, අලෙවියත් අතර කාලය අඩු කිරීමට හෙලිකොප්ටර් භාවිතයෙන් හැකිවේ. අස්වැන්න ලෙස කපා ගන්නා සියළු ඒවා වගා කළ ශාක නොවේ. උදාහරණයක් ලෙස බ්‍රිතාන්‍ය කොළොම්බියා සහ කැනඩා වල 900,000 පමණ අස්වැන්න ලෙස කපා ගන්නා ගස් ලැබෙන්නේ පයින් සහ fපර් ශාක මඟිනි. වන නිලධාරින්ගේ පූර්ව අවසරයන් ලබාගෙන, නත්තල් ගස් කැපීමට, බ්‍රිතාන්‍ය වන අමාත්‍යංශය, පළාතේ පදිංචි කරුවන්ට ඉඩ ලබා දී ඇත. එක්සත් රාජධානියේ, එක්සත් ජනපද වන සේවා හා ඉඩම් කළමනාකරණ කාර්යාංශය විසින් ජාතික වන පද්ධතියට අයත් රජයේ ඉඩම් වල නත්තල් ගස් කැපීම සඳහා අවසර ලබා දී ඇත.
ගොවීන්
නත්තල් ගස් වගා කරුවන් පූර්ණ කාලීන හෝ අර්ධ කාලීන ගොවීන් ලෙස ක්‍රියාත්මක වේ. 1967 දී නත්තල් ගස් වගාව ආරම්භ කළ මිනිසෝටා (Minnesota) හි ගොවියෙක් එය ව්‍යාපාරයක් දක්වා ස්ථාපනය කරන ලදී. අනිකුත් ගොවීන් විශ්‍රාම යාම හෝ පාසල් අරමුදල් සඳහා අමතර ආදායමක් ලබා ගැනීම උදෙසා නත්තල් ගස් වග කිරීම හෝ ආරම්භයේ දී නත්තල් ගස් ගොවිපලවල් ලෙස ස්ථාපන කරනු නොලැබූ ගොවිපලවල් වල රැකියාව කරන ලදී. බොහෝ නත්තල් ගස් වගා කරන්නා වූ රටවල විවිධ වූ ජාතික වගා කරන්නන් ගේ සංගම් බිහි වී ඇත. එක්සත් රාජධානියේ ශාක වගා කරන්නන්ගේ සංගමය මහා බ්‍රිතාන්‍යයේ සහ උතුරු අයර්ලන්තයේ නත්තල් ගස් වවන ගොවීන්ට සාමාජිකත්වය සඳහා වෙළඳ සංගම් විවෘත වී ඇත. ජාතික නත්තල් ගස් සංගමය එක්සත් ජනපදයේ ද ඊට සමානව ක්‍රියාත්මක වී සේවා ලබා දෙයි.
පාරිසරික බලපෑම
එක්සත් ජනපදයේ ජාතික නත්තල් ශාක සංගමය (NCTA) සජීවී නත්තල් ශාක කෘතිම ආදේශක වලට වඩා පරිසර හිතකාමී බව පෙන්වා දෙමින් ඒවාට අනුබල දෙනු ලබයි. NCTA පවසන අන්දමට නත්තල් ගස් වගාවක සෑම අක්කරයක්ම මිනිසුන් 18 කගේ දෛනික ඔක්සිජන් අවශ්යනතාව සපුරාලයි. එක්සත් ජනපද වල පමණක් ඇති අක්කර 50,000(හෙක්ටෙයාර් 200,000) ක ශාක වගාව මඟින් නිපදවන ඔක්සිජන් ප්ර්මාණය මිනිසුන් මිලියන 9 කගේ දෛනික අවශ්යිතාවයට සෑහේ. NCTA තවදුරටත් පවසන අන්දමට මෙම වගාවෙන් පස ස්ථාවර වන අතර ජල සැපයුම් ආරක්ෂා කොට වනජීවි පරිසරයට සපයයි. තවද කර්මාන්ත නිසා ඇති වන කාබන් ඩයොක්සයිඩ් ප්ර්මාණය අඩු කිරීමටද නත්තල් ගස් වගාව හේතු වේ. ස්වාධීන ජීවන චක්රො ඇගයුම් අධ්යමයනයක්(LCA) අනුව තිරසාර සංවර්ධනය පිලිබඳ විශේෂඥ යන් පවසන අන්දමට ස්වාභාවික ශාක මඟින් නිපදවන හරිතාගාර වායු ප්රයමාණය කිලෝ ග්රෑේම් 3.1 ක් වනවිට ඒ හා සමාන කෘතිම ශාක මගින් වසරකට කිලෝ ග්රෑපම් 8.1 ක් හරිතාගාර වායු නිපදවයි. BBC හි "ගෙවතු වගාව (Gardening)" වෙබ් අඩවිය පවසන අන්දමට, වඩාත්ම පරිසර හිතකාමී ලෙස නත්තල් ගස් ලබා ගන්නා ක්ර මය වන්නේ, සෘජුවම ගොවිපල වලින් ශාක ලබා ගැනීමේ ක්ර මයයි. අනෙක් ධනාත්මක පරිසර හිතකාමී ක්රෘමය වන්නේ සජීවී නත්තල් ගස් ලබා ගැනීමේ ක්රබමයයි. නෙබ්රාිස්කා විශ්ව විද්යා ලයේ පර්යේශකයන් සඳහන් කරන අන්දමට විශාල වශයෙන් යළිත් භාවිතා කරන නත්තල් ගස් යොදා ගැනීම පාංශූ ඛාදනය වළකන බාධක සේ ක්රිවයා කිරීම එහි ඇති අනිකුත් වාසි තත්ත්වයක් අතර ප්රාධාන තැනක් ගනී. එසේම නැවත භාවිතයන්ගේ තවත් ධනාත්මක පැත්තක් වන්නේ පෞද්ගලික පොකුණු වල මත්ස්යා වාසස්ථාන සැපයීමටත්, පක්ෂින්ට ආහාර සැපයීමට අවස්ථා සැපයීමටත් අවකාශ ලැබීම වේ. 2002 වසරේ දී වර්මොන්ට් හි ෆ්යාලී(Fairlee) වල පිහිටි බර්ච් දෙනිය(Birch Meadow) ගොවිපලේ, අධි වර්ධනය වූ නත්තල් ගස්, අධික ලෙස ඛාදනයට ලක් වූ කනෙටිකට්(Connecticut) ගංඟාවෙහි බෑවුම් දිගට අඩි 1,200 ක් දවා නැවත තැන්පත් කිරීමේ ව්යාකපෘතියක් කර ඇත.
පර්යේෂණ
ආයතන
ඔරෙගන් විශ්ව විද්යාලයේ(OSU) වන වගා අංශයේ බොහෝ පර්යේෂකයන් නත්තල් ගස් පිලිබඳ විවිධ පර්යේෂණ කරන ලදී. වන සම්පත් දෙපාර්තමේන්තුවේ රික් ෆ්ලෙචෙර් විසින් නත්තල් ගස් වල ප්‍රවේණි විද්‍යාව, ඒවාට පොහොර යෙදිය යුතු ආකාරය, රෝග පාලනය යනාදිය ගැන පර්යේෂණය කරයි. ඒ අතර චැඩ් ලෑන්ඩ්ග්රදන් නත්තල් ගස් වල ප්‍රවේණි විද්‍යාව සහ රෝග පාලනය ගැන අවධාරණය යොමු කර ඇත. මොවුන් දෙදෙනාම දෙපාර්තමේන්තුවේ පරිස විද්‍යාව සහ වන වගාව අංශයේ පර්යේෂණ සිදු කරයි. ඕසු විශ්ව විද්යාලයේ වන විද්‍යාව පිළිබඳ දෙපාර්තමේන්තුවේ මයික් බොන්ඩි කරන ලද පර්යේෂණයක දී පොහොර දැමීම, ඵලදාව ලබා ගැනීම සහ රවේණි විද්‍යාව මෙන්ම ස්වාභාවික හා කෘතිම ශාක පුනර්වර්ධන පද්ධති පිලිබඳව ද පරීක්ෂණ සිදු කරන ලදී. 1990 ගණන් මැද භාගයේදී ට්‍රියෝ පර්යේෂණ වලදී ප්‍රාථමික අවධානය යොමු වූයේ වඩා හොඳ නත්තල් ගස් බීජ තොග ලබා ගැනීම පිලිබඳවයි. මෙහි ප්‍රථිඵලයක් ලෙස ප්‍රවේණිකව වැඩි දියුණු කල ගුණාත්මක පරිණත ශාක ලබා ගැනීමට හැකි විය. නව මෙක්සිකෝ ජනපදයේ කෘෂිකාර්මික පර්යේෂණ මධ්‍යයණස්ථානයේදී මේ සමාන පර්යේෂණ සිදු කරන ලදී.
එක්සත් ජනපදයේ නත්තල් ගස් වගා කරන්නන් ප්‍රාදේශීය මට්ටමින් ඔවුන්ගේම පර්යේෂණ වැඩි සටහන් කරන ලදී. උතුරු කැරොලිනා ජනපදයේ විශ්ව විද්යාලය පූර්ණ කාලීය කාර්ය මණ්ඩලයක් ශාක නිශ්පාදනය පිලිබඳ කරුණු සෙවීම සඳහා කැප වී සිටින ලදී.උතුරු කැරොලිනා ජනපදයේ විශේෂඥයන් සහ අධ්‍යයන දෙපාර්තමේන්තුව නත්තල් ගස් පිලිබඳ ප්‍රවේණි වැඩ සටහන් දියත් කිරීම සඳහා අවශ්‍ය ද්‍රව්‍ය සපයමින් තිරසාර කෘෂි කර්මය හා පලිබොධ පාලනය පිලිබඳ උපදෙස් හා ආධාර ලබා දෙන ලදී.
ජාන තාක්ෂණික පර්යේෂ
කර්මාන්ත වර්ගීකරණය කිරීම
නත්තල් ගස් වගාව කිරීම සඳහා විවිධ වූ ක්ෂේත්‍ර වලට(වන විද්‍යාව, උද්‍යාන විද්‍යාව, කෘෂි කර්මය)අදාළ වූ දක්ෂතා සහ ක්‍රියාකාරකම් අවශ්‍ය වන අතර එය වෙනම විශේෂ කාණ්ඩයකට අයත් වේ.එක්සත් ජනපදයේ කම්කරු නීති සංග්‍රහයේ 29 වන වගන්තියට අනුව නත්තල් ගස් පැළ සිටුවීම, රැක බලා ගැනීම හා කැපීම වගා මෙහෙයුම් නොවන බව සැලකේ. එක්සත් ජනපදයේ ගොවි ජන සේවා ඒජන්සිය(The U.S. Farm Service Agency /FSA) මඟින් නත්තල් ගස් අස්වැන්න රැස් කිරීම සඳහා රක්ෂණ ලබා නොදෙන අතර ඒ සඳහා විකල්ප වැඩසටහනක් ලෙස රක්ෂණය නොවූ අස්වනු සඳහා දෙනු ලබන දීමනාව ලබා දීම සිදු කෙරේ. එක්සත් ජනපදයේ සංගණන කාර්යාංශය 1997 දක්වා කෘෂිකර්ම සංඝණන සිදු කරන ලද අතර එහි වාර්තා වලට නත්තල් ගස් ගොවිබිම් පිලිබඳ වාර්තා ඇතුලත් කර නැත. 1997න් පසුව කෘෂි සංඝණන අධිකාරිය එක්සත් ජනපදයේ කෘෂි දෙපාර්තමේන්තුව ගෙන යාමෙන් පසු නත්තල් ගස් සංඝණන එයට ඇතුලත් කර ඇත.
සංස්කෘතික වැදගත්කම
එක්සත් ජනපදයේ නත්තල් ගස් ගොවිබිම් නැරඹීම නත්තල් නිවාඩු චාරිත්‍රයක් බවට පත් වී ඇත. මෙය චාරිත්‍රයක් ලෙස ඇතුලත් කරන ලද්දේ නත්තල් ගස් ගොවිබිම් හිමියන් විසින්මය. එක් මිනිසොටා(Minnesota) හි ගොවිබිමක චාරිත්‍රයක් වන්නේ ගැනුම් කරුවන් ඔවුන්ගේම නත්තල් ගස් අසල සිට ඡායා රූප ගැනීමයි. එවිට ඔවුනට පසු කාලීනව නැවත පැමිණි පසු ඔවුන්ගේ එම ඡායාරූපය "මතක බිත්තිය"(Wall of Memories) හි දැක බලා ගත හැක. අනෙක් ගොවිබිම්ද එකම පවුලේ පරම්පරා කිහිපයකට ශාක සැපයීම නිසා මෙය එක් එක් පවුලේ චාරිත්‍රයක් බවට පත් වී ඇත. 2006 New York ජනපද කෘෂිකර්ම කොමසාරිස් වන පැට්‍රික් බ්‍රෙනන්(Patrick H. Brennan) ප්‍රාදේශීය නත්තල් ගස් ගොවිබිම් වලින් මිලදී ගැනීම් දිරි ගන්වන ලදී. එසේම New York නත්තල් ශාක වගා කරන්නන්ට සහයෝගයක් ලෙස ප්‍රකාශයක් නිකුත් කරන ලද අතර එහි දැක්වෙන්නේ
ඇතැම් ගොවිබිම් නත්තල් ගස් කැපීමට වඩා වැඩි යමක් ලබා දෙයි. මේ සඳහා එළිමහන් හා නිවාඩුව තේමා කරගත් ක්‍රියාකාරකම්, වැගන(Wagon) පැදවීම, උණු කොකෝවා හෝ සයිඩර්(Cider) පානය කිරීම, නත්තල් සීයා බැලීම, කැටයම් කැපීම යනාදී දේ සිදු විය. බොහොමයක් ගොවිබිම් පාසල් සඳහා ප්‍රායෝගිකව සහභාගි වීමට ක්ෂේත්‍ර චාරිකා සඳහා අනුග්‍රාහකත්වය ලබා දෙයි. කැන්සාස්() හි එක්තරා වගා කරන්නෙකු තරයේ කියා සිටියේ පීඩිත ආර්ථිකය වැනි වෙනත් ව්‍යාපාර වලට බලපාන ගැටළු නත්තල් ගස් ගොවිපලවල් වලට බලනොපාන බවයි. ඔහු තව දුරටත් කිය සිටියේ ආර්ථිකය, කාළගුණය වැනි කිසිඳු සාධකයකින් නත්තල් ගස් මිලදී ගැනීම වැළැක්විය නොහැකි බවයි.
යොමුව
<div class="references-small" style="-moz-column-count: 2; column-count: 2;">
Anonymous. Tree shortage threatens Christmas, Metro (London), November 28, 2006. Retrieved September 3, 2007.
Barney, D.L., and Finnerty, T.L. Christmas trees is this the crop for you?, (PDF), Alternative Agricultural Enterprises, College of Agricultural and Life Sciences, University of Idaho, June 1995. Retrieved September 3, 2007.
Bondi, Mike. An Introduction to Growing Christmas Trees, Oregon State University Extension Service, Oregon State University, via Washington State University. Retrieved September 4, 2007.
Brown, James H., et al. Bulletin 670: Choice of Lands for Christmas Trees, Ohio Christmas Tree Producers Manual, Ohio State University. Retrieved August 25, 2007.
Brown, James H., et al. Bulletin 670: Plantation Establishment and Management: Preplanting Land Preparation, Ohio Christmas Tree Producers Manual, Ohio State University. Retrieved August 25, 2007.
Chastagner, Gary A., and Benson, D. Michael. The Christmas Tree: Traditions, Production and Diseases, Plant Management Network International, (authors from North Carolina State University and Washington State University), October 13, 2001. Retrieved September 4, 2007.
Cornell University, Rhabodocline Needlecast (Rhabdocline weirii), Department of Plant Pathology. Retrieved September 7, 2007.
Day, Eric. Insect Pests of Christmas Trees slides, Insect Identification Laboratory, Department of Entomology, Virginia Tech, January 2002. Retrieved September 3, 2007.
Christmas tree, Gardening, BBC. Retrieved September 3, 2007.
Hart, John, et al. Christmas Tree Nutrient Management Guide for Western Oregon and Washington, (PDF), OSU Extension Service, Oregon State University, February 2004. Retrieved September 3, 2007.
Hickman, Leo. Is it OK . . . to get a Christmas tree?, Guardian (UK), December 6, 2005. Retrieved September 3, 2007.
HM Revenue & Customs, Nurseries and Market Gardens - definition, Business Income Manual (Contents), BIM62601, 2003–2007. Retrieved September 10, 2007.
Johnson, James E. et al. Tree Crops for Marginal Farmland: Christmas Trees With a Financial Analysis, Virginia Cooperative Extension, Virginia Tech, March 1997. Retrieved September 3, 2007.
Kalkstein, Meghan. Christmas tree harvest, KVAL News Channel 13 (Eugene, Oregon), November 18, 2006. Retrieved September 5, 2007.
Koelling, Melvin and Dornbush, Laurie J. Growing Christmas Trees in Michigan, Forestry Area Of Expertise (AOE) Team, Michigan State University Extension, Michigan State University. Retrieved September 6, 2007.
Leuty, Todd. Christmas tree production, Ontario Ministry of Agriculture, Food and Rural Affairs, March 26, 1999; July 31, 2003. Retrieved September 3, 2007.
National Christmas Tree Association, Real Christmas Trees are a Benefit to the Environment". Retrieved September 3, 2007.
Preston, Holly Hubbard. For a Very Merry Christmas, Invest in Trees for the Season, International Herald Tribune, December 23, 2000. Retrieved September 3, 2007.
Schmitz, John. Fungal disease of true firs attacking Christmas trees, The Capital Press, June 28, 2002, via Washington State University. Retrieved September 3, 2007.
Sidebottom, Jill R. Frequently Asked Questions about Christmas Tree Farms and Pesticides, Mountain Horticultural Crops Research & Extension Center, North Carolina State University, October 30, 2006. Retrieved September 3, 2007.
United States Department of Agriculture, Christmas Tree Pest Manual, Michigan State University Extension, 1997–1998. Retrieved September 7, 2007.
United States Department of Agriculture, United States Standards for Grades of Christmas Trees, (PDF file), Agricultural Marketing Service, October 30, 1989, reprinted January 1997. Retrieved September 6, 2007.
University of California, Berkeley, A Christmas Tree Grower’s Guide to Sudden Oak Death (Phytophthora ramorum), (PDF file), College of Natural Resources, November 20, 2006. Retrieved September 3, 2007.
Wolford, Ron. Christmas Tree Facts, Christmas Trees & More, University of Illinois. Retrieved August 25, 2007.
Wolford, Ron. Tree Types, Christmas Trees & More, University of Illinois. Retrieved September 3, 2007.
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බාහිර සබැදි
Attack of the Mutant Artificial Trees, Flash game, from the NCTA
Canadian Christmas Tree Growers Association, Canada
Christmas Tree Magazine'', trade publication
British Christmas Tree Growers Association, Great Britain
National Christmas Tree Association, United States
CNN: Growers tag 'green' Christmas trees </s> |
<s>[INST] පහත මාතෘකාව සම්බන්ධයෙන් විස්තර සපයන්න: ස්කැන්ඩියම් [/INST] ස්කැන්ඩියම් යනු පරමාණුක ක්‍රමාංකය 21 වු Sc සංකේතයෙන් හදුන්වනු ලබන මූල ද්‍රව්‍යකි. රිදීපැහැති-සුදු ආන්තරික ලෝහයක් වන එය ඓතිහාසික වශයෙන් සමහර අවස්ථා වලදී යිට්‍රියම් සහ ලැන්තනයිඩ හා සමගින් විරල පාංශු මූලද්‍රව්‍යයක් ලෙස වර්ගීකරණය කර ඇත. එය ස්කැන්ඩිනේවියාවේහීදී හමුවූ යුක්සෙනයිට් සහ ගැඩොලිනයිට් යන ඛනිජයන්හී වර්ණාවලී විශ්ලේෂණය මගින් 1879 දී සොයා ගන්නා ලදී.
දැනට ස්කැන්ඩියම් ලෝහය බොහෝ තැන්පතු දුලබව පාංශු සහ යුරේනියම් සමග සම්මිශ්‍රණය වී පවතී. නමුත් ලෝපස් වලින් මෙම ලෝහය වෙන්කරගනු ලබන්නේ ලෝකයේ ඉතා සුළු පතල් සංඛ්‍යාවකිනි. මක්නිසාදයත් එය ඉතා දුලබ වීමත් ස්කැන්ඩියම් ලෝහය වෙන්කර ගැනීමට ඉතා දුෂ්කර වීමත් නිසාය. එය මුලින්ම කරනලද්දේ 1937 දී වන අතර ස්කැන්ඩියම් වල භාවිතයන් දියුනු වීමටත් පෙර, 1970 වන තුරුම එය කරන ලදී. ස්කැන්ඩියම් සොයගැනීමේ සුබවාදී ප්‍රතිපලයක් වශයෙන් 1970 දී ඇලුමීනියම් මිශ්ර ලෝහය සොයාගන්නා ලදී.
ස්කන්ඩියම් ලෝහය සාදන සංයෝග වල ගුණ සැලකීමේදී එය ඇලුමීනියම් සහ යිට්‍රියම් සාදන සංයෝග අතර මධ්‍යස්තව පවතී. ස්කැන්ඩියම් සහ මැග්නීසියම් ලෝහය අතර හැසිරීමෙහි හරස් සම්බන්ධයක් පවතින අතර එය බෙරලියම් සහ ඇලුමීනියම් අතර පවතින්නාක් මෙනි. 3 වන කාණ්ඩයේ මූලද්‍රව්‍ය සාදන සංයෝග සැලකීමෙදී ස්කැන්ඩියම් වල ප්‍රධාන ඔක්සිකරණ තත්වය වන්නේ +3 ය.
ගුණාංග
මූලද්‍රව්‍යයේ රසායනික ලක්ෂණ
ස්කැන්ඩියම් ලෝහය රිදීපැහැති පෙනුමක් ඇති මෘදු ලෝහයකි. එය වාතය සමග සාදන ඔක්සිඩය තරමක් කහ පැහැති හෝ රතු පැහැති වර්ණයක් ගනී. එය වාතයේ ස්ථායි වන අතර තනුක අම්ල වල යන්තමින් දියවේ. එහි නිර්මාණය වී ඇති විනිවිද නොයන නිෂ්ක්‍රීය පටලය හේතුවෙන් එය නයිට්‍රික් අම්ලය (HNO3) 1:1 මිශ්‍රාණය හයිඩ්‍රොෆ්ලුඔරික් අම්ලය (HF) සමග ප්‍රතික්‍රියා නොකරයි.
සමස්ථානික
ස්කැන්ඩියම්හි ස්වාභාවිකවම 7/2 න්‍යෂ්ටික සැකැස්ම සහිතව S45 සමස්ථානිකය පවතී. අර්ධ ආයුකාලය දින 83.8 වන Sc46 සමස්ථානිකය සහිත, අර්ධ ආයුකාලය දින 3.35 වන Sc47 සමස්ථානිකය සහිත, අර්ධ ආයුකාලය පැය 43.7 වන Sc48 සමස්ථානිකය සහිත වඩාත්ම ස්ථයි විකිරණශීලී සමස්ථානික දහතුනක් හදුනගෙන තිබේ. ඉතිරි සියලුම විකිරනශීලී සමස්ථානික සඳහා පැය 4 කටත් වඩා අඩු අර්ධ ආයු කාලයක් පවතින අතර ඉන් බහුතරයක්ම සඳහා මිනිත්තු 2 කටත් වඩා අඩු අර්ධ ආයු කාලයක් පවතී. තවද මෙම මූලද්‍රව්‍යය සඳහා මිතස්ථායීතාවයන් පහක් පවතින අතර ඉන් වඩාත් ස්ථායි වන්නේ Sc44m (t1/2 = 58.6 h).
ස්කැන්ඩියම්හි සමස්ථානික පරාසය Sc36 සිට Sc60 දක්වා පවතී. Sc45 ස්ථායී සමස්ථානිකයට වඩා පහත් ස්කන්ධයේ මූලික ක්ෂය අවස්ථාව ඉලෙක්ට්‍රෝන ග්‍රාහක වන අතර ඉහළ ස්කන්ධ අවස්ථාව බීටා විමෝචනය වේ. Sc45 වඩා පහළ පරමාණුක ස්කන්ධයක් ඇති ආරම්භක ක්ෂය නිෂිපාදිත කැල්සියම් සමස්ථානික වන අතර ඉහළ පරමාණුක ස්කන්ධයක් ඇති ආරම්භක ක්ෂය නිශ්පාදිත ටයිටේනියම් නිෂ්පාදක වේ.
සුලභත්වය
පෘථිවියේ කබොල්ලෙහි ඇති සුලභව ඇති කෝබෝල්ට් ප්‍රමානණය සමග සසඳන කල (20-30 ppm) ස්කැන්ඩියම් ප්‍රමාණය ඉතා දුලබ නොවේ. එය ගණන් බලා ඇති අයුරින් 18 පා.ප.මි සිට 25 පා.ප.මි අතර පරාසයක පවතී. පෘථිව්යේ පනස්වන ප්‍රධානතම මූලද්‍රව්‍යය ( පෘථිවි කබොල්ලෙහි තිස්පස්වන සුලභතම මූලද්‍රව්‍යය, නමුත් සූර්යාගේ විසිතුන්වන ප්‍රධානතම මූලද්‍රව්‍යය ) ස්කැන්ඩියම් වේ. කෙසේනමුත්, ස්කැන්ඩියම් ව්‍යාප්තව පවතින අතර එය ස්වල්ප වශයෙන් බොහෝ ලෝහ තුල එකතුව පවතී. ස්කැන්ඩිනේවියා සහ මැඩගස්කර් ප්රදේශ වල ඇති දුලබ ලෝහ වන තෝර්ට්වීටයිට්, යුක්සෙනයිට් සහ ගැඩොලිනයිට් යන ලෝහ ප්‍රභව වල පමණක් මෙම ලෝහය අන්ත්‍ර්ගත බව හඳුනාගෙන ඇත. තෝර්ට්වීටයිට් තුළ ස්කැන්ඩියම්, ස්කැන්ඩියම්(ΙΙΙ) ඔක්සයිඩය ලෙස 45% දක්වා ප්‍රමාණයකට අඩංගු විය හැක.
ස්කැන්ඩියම් වල ස්ථායි අවස්ථාව supernovas තුළ r-process මගින් සාදනු ලබයි.
නිෂ්පාදනය
ස්කන්ඩියම් හි ස්කැන්ඩියම් ඔක්සයිඩය ලෝක නිෂ්පාදනය වසරකට ටොන් 2ක් පමණ වේ. මූලික නිෂ්පාදනය කි.ග්‍රෑම් 400 වන අතර ඉතිරිය සීතල යුද්ධය සමයේදී රුසියාවේ තොග ලෙස රැස්කර තැබීය. 2003 වර්ෂයේ දී ස්කැන්ඩියම් නිෂ්පාදනය කරනු ලැබුවේ පතල් තුනක පමණි. යුරේනියම් සහ යකඩ පතල් යුක්‍රේනයේ ස්වෝටි වූඩි හි ද, දුලබ භූ පතල් චීනයේ බයන් ඔබෝ වල සහ ඇපටයිට් පතල් රුසියාවේ කෝලා පෙනිසියුලියා වල ද විය. සෑම අවස්ථාවකම ස්කැන්ඩියම් අනෙක් මූලද්‍රව්‍ය නිස්සරණයේ දී ලැබුන අතුරු ඵලයක් වන අතර එය ස්කැන්ඩියම් ඔක්සයිඩ් ලෙස විකුණන ලදී.
ස්කන්ඩියම් ලෝහයේ වසරක නිෂ්පාදිත ඇණවුම කි.ග්‍රෑම් 10 ක් වේ. ඔක්සයිඩය ස්කැන්ඩියම් ෆ්ලුඔරයිඩ් බවට පරිවර්තනය කරන අතර ලෝහ කැල්සියම් සමග ඔක්සිහෘත කරනු ලබයි. ඉහළ ස්කැන්ඩියම් අන්තර්ගතයක් ඇති තෝර්ට්වීටයිට් (Sc,Y)2(Si2O7) සහ කෝල්බෙකයිට් (ScPO4.2H2O) ලෝහ තැන්පතු මැඩගස්කර් සහ නෝර්වේ ඊව්ලන්ඩ් ඊව්ජ් ප්රදේශ අවට පවතින අතර නමුත් ඒවා විනාශ වී නැත.
ස්කන්ඩියම්හි වානිජ භාවිතයන් නිසා එහි විශ්වාසවන්ත බව, ආරක්ශාකාරී බව, ස්ථායී බව සහ දිගුකාලීන නිෂ්පාදනය සීමා වී ඇත. පහත් තත්වයේ භාවිතයන් තිබියදීත් ස්කන්ඩියම් හි සැලකියයුතු ප්‍රතිලාභ සැලසේ. විශේෂයෙන්ම අලුමීනියම් මිශ්ර ලෝහය තුළ 0.5% තරම් කුඩා ප්රමාණයක් ස්කැන්ඩියම් පවතී. ස්කැන්ඩියම්- ස්ථායී සර්කෝනියා ඝන ඔක්සයිඩ ඉන්ධන කෝෂ වල ඉහල කාර්යක්ෂම තාවයකින් යුත් විද්‍යුත් විච්ඡේද්‍යයක් ලෙස භාවිත කරන බැවින් වෙළඳ පළ ඉල්ලුම ඉහළ නැග ඇත.
සංයෝග
රසායනවිද්‍යාවේ දී සම්පූර්නයෙන්ම වාගේ Sc3+ වැනි ත්‍රිසංයුජ අයණ ප්‍රමුඛ තැනක් ගනී. පහත දැක්වෙන වගුව දක්වන පරිදි රසායනික ගුණ වලට අනූව M3+ අයණ වල අරය සැලකීමේදී ස්කැන්ඩියම් අයණයේ අරය ඇලුමීනියම් වලට වඩා යිට්‍රියම් අයණයේ අරයට වඩා සමාන වේ. මෙම සමානතාවය හේතුවෙන් ස්කැන්ඩියම් බොහෝ විට ලැන්තනයිඩ ශ්‍රේණියේ මූලද්‍රව්‍යයක් ලෙස වර්ග කරනු ලැබේ.
ඔක්සයිඩ සහ හයිඩ්‍රොක්සයිඩ
ඔක්සයිඩ [[Sc2O3]] සහ හයිඩ්‍රොක්සයිඩ Sc(OH)3 උභයගුණී වේ.
Sc(OH)3 + 3OH- → Sc(OH)63-
Sc(OH)3 + 3OH+ + 3H2O →[Sc(H2O)6]3+
ස්කන්ඩියම් ඔක්සයිඩ් හිඩ්‍රොක්සයිඩ් (ScO(OH)) වල α සහ γ අවස්ථාවන් වල සහ ඇලුමීනියම් ඔක්සයිඩ් හිඩ්‍රොක්සයිඩ් ප්‍රතිපූර්ණ සමාන ව්‍යුහයන් පවතී. Sc3+ ජලීය ද්‍රාවනයක් ජල විච්ඡේදනය වීම හේතුවෙන් ආම්ලික වේ.
හේලයිඩ සහ ව්‍යාජහේලයිඩ
හේලයිඩ ScX3 (X= Cl, Br,I) ජලයේ ඉතා ඉක්මනින්ම දියවේ. නමුත් ScF3 ජලයේ දිය නොවේ. සියලු හේලයිඩ හතරෙහිම ස්කැන්ඩියම් හි සංයුජතාව 6 වේ. මෙහි හේලයිඩ ලුවිස් අම්ල වේ. උදා: ScF3 වෙඩිපුර ෆ්ලුඔරයිඩ් ඇති ද්‍රාවණයක දිය වී [ScF6]3- සාදයි. Sc(ΙΙΙ) හි නියම සංයුජතාව 6 වේ. සංයුජතා අංකය 8 සහ 9 විශාල Y3+ සහ Li3+ අයණ වලට පොදු වේ ස්කැන්ඩියම්(ΙΙΙ) ට්‍රිෆ්ලේට් සමහර අවස්ථා වලදී කාබනික රසායනයේ දී ලුවිස් අම්ල උත්ප්‍රේරක ලෙස භාවිත කෙරේ.
කාබනික ව්‍යුත්පන්න
ලැන්තනයිඩ වල ක්‍රියාකාරීත්වයට සමානව ස්කැන්ඩියම් ද සයික්ලොපෙන්ටඩිනයිල් ලිගන්ඩ (Cp) සමග ලෝහ-කාබනික ශ්‍රේණියක් සාදනු ලබයි. උදාහරණයක් වශයෙන් පෙන්ටමෙතිල්සයික්ලොපෙන්ටඩිනයිල් ලිගන්ඩයේ ව්‍යුත්පන්නයට අදාලව ක්ලෝරීන්-bridge dimer, [ScCp2Cl]2 ගත හැක.
දුර්ලභ ඔක්සිකරණ තත්වයන්
ස්කන්ඩියම් +3 ඔක්සිකරණ අවස්ථාවෙදී හැරුනුකොට අනෙක් ඔක්සිකරණ අවස්ථා වලදී සාදන සංයෝග ඉතා දුලබ වන නමුත් ඒවා විශේෂ ගතිලක්ෂණ වලින් යුක්ත වේ. නිල්-කලු සංයෝගය CsScCl3 ඉන් සරළම එකකි. මෙම ද්‍රව්‍යයෙහි ව්‍යුහය සැලකීමේ දී ස්කැන්ඩියම් (ΙΙ) වටා බන්ධන විසිරී පවතින ආකාරයෙන් දිස්වේ. ස්කැන්ඩියම් හයිඩ්‍රයිඩ් පිළිබඳ අවබෝධයක් නොමැති වුවද එය ස්කැන්ඩියම් (ΙΙ) හි සැලීන් හයිඩ්‍රයිඩය මෙන් නොපෙන්වයි. බොහෝ මූලද්‍රව්‍යයන් ඊට අනුරූපව හැසිරුනද, පරමාණු දෙකක් ඇති ස්කැන්ඩියම් හයිඩ්‍රයිඩ් වර්ණාවලීක්ෂයට අනූව වායු අවස්ථාවේ දී ඉහළ උෂ්නත්වයක පවතී. ස්කැන්ඩියම්හි බෝරයිඩ සහ කාබයිඩ ස්ටොයිකියෝමිතියක් නොපෙන්වයි. මක්නිසාදයත් එය යාබදව පිහිටි මූලද්‍රව්‍යයන් දෙකක් නිසාවෙනි.
ඉතිහාසය
ආවර්තිතා වගුවේ නිර්මාතෘ වන දිමිත්‍රි මැන්ඩලීව් 1869 දී පරමාණුක ස්කන්ධය 40 ත් 48 ත් අතර වන ඒක-බෝරෝන් මූලද්‍රව්‍යයක් පවතින බව අනාවැකි පළ කරන ලදී. ලාස් ෆෙඩ්‍රික් නීලසන් සහ ඔහුගේ කණ්ඩායම විසින් යුක්සෙනයිට් සහ ගැඩොලිනයිට් ලෝහ තුළ තිබී මෙය අනාවරනය කරගන්නා ලදී. නීල්සන් විසින් ඉතා පිරිසිදු ස්කැන්ඩියම් ඔක්සයිඩ් ග්‍රෑම් 2ක් පිළියෙල කර ගන්නා ලදී. ඔහු ලතින් භාෂාවේ එන "ස්කැන්ඩිනේවියා" අර්ථය ඇතිව එම මූලද්‍රව්‍යය ස්කැන්ඩියම් ලෙස නම්කරන ලදී. නීලසන්ට මැන්ඩලීව් ගේ අනවැකිය පිළිබඳ හරිහැටි අවබෝධයක් නොවිනි. නමුත් පර් ටියෝඩෝ ක්ලීව් එහි අනුරූපතාවය හඳුනාගෙන මැන්ඩලීව් හට දැනුම්දෙන ලදී.
පොටෑසියම්, ලිතියම් සහ ස්කැන්ඩියම් ක්ලෝරයිඩ්ස් සහිත සුද්‍රාව්‍ය මිශ්‍රණයක් සෙල්සියස් අංශක 700-800 ක උෂ්නත්වයකදී විද්‍යුත් විච්ඡේදනය කිරීමෙන් ස්කැන්ඩියම් ලෝහය පළමු වරට 1937 දී නිෂ්පාදනය කරන ලදී. පළමු පවුම 99% පිරිසිදු ස්කැන්ඩියම් ලෝහයෙන් 1960 දී නිපදවන ලදී. ඇමෙරිකානු පේටන්ට් බලපත්‍රය අනූව 1971 දී ඇලුමීනියම් මිශ්ර ලෝහ භාවිතය ආරම්භ විය. ඇලුමීනියම්-ස්කැන්ඩියම් මිශ්ර ලෝහ භාවිතයද සෝවියට් සමාජවාදී ජනරජ සමූහ ආණ්ඩුව කාලයේදී දියුණු විය.
භාවිතයන්
ඇලුමීනියම් ලෝහය සමග ස්කැන්ඩියම් මිශ්ර වී තිබීම හේතුවෙන් ඌෂ්නාදික කලාප වල භවිත කරන වෙල්ඩින් කරන ලද ඇලුමීනියම් උපකරණ වල සිදුවන අතිරිත්ත grain growth සීමාකරනු ලබයි. මේහේතුවෙන් සුබදායී ප්රතිඵල දෙකක් ලැබේ. අනෙක් ඇලුමීනියම් මිශ්ර ලෝහ පවතින අවස්ථාවයන්ට වඩා Al2Sc අවක්ෂේපය කුඩා ස්ඵටික ආකාරයෙන් පවතින අතර age-hardening ඇලුමීනියම් මිශ්ර ලෝහයේ grain සීමාවේ පවතින අවක්ෂේපිත නොවූ පරිමාව අඩුකරනු ලබයි. මෙම් ප්‍රතිපල දෙකම මිශ්ර ලෝහයේ භාවිතය වැඩිකිරීමට හේතු වේ. කෙසේ නමුත්, ටයිටේනියම් මිශ්ර ලෝහ සැහැල්ලුබවින් හා ශක්තිමත් බවින් සමතැනක් ගන්නා අතර ලාභ දායක මෙන්ම පුළුල්ව භාවිතා කරනු ලබයි.
ස්කැන්ඩියම් හි ප්‍රධාන භාවිතයක් වන්නේ එය ඇලුමීනියම් සමග තනන මිශ්ර ලෝහය සැහැල්ලු බවින් යුක්ත නිසා ගුවන්යානා නිෂ්පාදනය කරන කර්මාන්තයේ දී ඒවායේ කොටස් තැනීමට යොදගනී. මෙම මිශ්ර ලෝහයේ ස්කැන්ඩියම් ලෝහය 0.1% ත් 0.5% ත් අතර ප්රමාණයක් පවතී. විශේෂයෙන්ම මිග්-21 සහ මිග්-29 වැනි රුසියානු යුද්ධමය අහස් යානා සඳහා ඔවුන් මෙම මිශ්ර ලෝහය භාවිත කරන ලදී.
වැඩි සවිශක්තියක් ඇතයි සැලකෙන බේස්බෝල් පිති සහ පා පැදි රාමු සහ කොටස් ඇතුළු සමහර ක්‍රීඩා උපකරණ ස්කැන්ඩියම්-ඇලුමීනියම් මිශ්ර ලෝහයෙන් තනා ඇත. ලැක්ට්‍රෝස් පිති ද ටයිටේනියම් හි ශක්තිමත් බව වඩි කිරීමට ස්කැන්ඩියම්-ඇලුමීනියම් මිශ්ර ලෝහය භාවිතා කර නිපදවා ඇත. ඇමෙරිකානු ගිනි අවි නිෂ්පාදන සමාගමක් වන ස්මිත් සහ වෙස්සන් සමගම ද ස්කැන්ඩියම් මිශ්ර ලෝහය යොදගෙන රාමු සමගින් රිවෝල්වර ද කාබන් සහිත දැඩි වානේ හෝ ටයිටේනියම් යොදගෙන සිලින්ඩර ද නිපදවනු ලබයි.
ආසන්න වශයෙන් 20 කි.ග්‍රැ. (SC2O3 වශයෙන්) පමණ වාර්ශිකව විසර්ජන ලාම්පු නිපදවීම සඳහා ස්කැන්ඩියම් ඇමරිකානු එක්සත් ජනපදය තුළදී යොදාගනු ලැබේ. ස්කැන්ඩියම් අයඩයිඩ් සමගින් සෝඩියම් අයඩයිඩ් යොදගෙන රසදිය-හුමාල පහන නවීකරණය කර ලෝහ-හේලයිඩ පහන නිපදවන ලදී. ටීවී කැමරා සමගින් ප්‍රමාණවත්පරිදි සමානව හිරුඑළිය ට හොඳ වර්ණ- අභිජනනයක් ලබා දෙන මෙම ලාම්පුව ඉහළ වර්ණ පරිවර්තක දර්ශකයක් සහිත සුදු ආලෝක ප්‍රභවයකි. ලෝක ව්‍යාප්තව වසරකට 80 කි.ග්‍රැ. පමණ ස්කැන්ඩියම් ලෝහ හේලයිඩ/ආලෝක බල්බ සඳහා යොදා ගනු ලබයි. ප්රථම ස්කැන්ඩියම් යොදගෙන සාදන ලද ලෝහ හේලයිඩ ලාම්පුව සඳහා පේටන්ට් බලපත්‍රය හිමි වූයේ General Elecric වෙතට වන අතර ආරම්භයේ දී උතුරු ඇමරිකානු එක්සත් ජනපදයේ දී නිපදවන ලදුවද ඔවුන් දැන් සියලුම ප්‍රධාන කාර්මික රටවල නිපදවයි. Sc46 විකිරණශීලී සමස්ථානික ඉන්ධන පිරිපහදුවේ දී tracing agent ලෙස යොදා ගනී. ස්කැන්ඩියම් ට්‍රයිෆ්ලේට් කාබනික රසායනයේදී ලිවිස් අම්ල උත්ප්‍රේරකයක් ලෙස භාවිත කෙරේ.
සෞඛ්‍යය සහ ආරක්ෂාව
මූලද්‍රව්‍යයමය ස්කැන්ඩියම් විෂ නොමැති ද්‍රව්‍යයක් ලෙස සලකනු ලබන අතර කුඩා සතුන් යොදගෙන ස්කැන්ඩියම් සහිත සංයෝග මගින් කුඩා පරීක්ෂන සිදුකර ඇත. මීයන් සඳහා මධ්‍යම ප්‍රමාණයේ පන නසන බෙහෙතක් (LD50) වන ස්කැන්ඩියම් (ΙΙΙ) ක්ලෝරයිඩ් සොයාගෙන ඇති අතරඑය 4 මි.ග්‍රැ/කි.ග්‍රැ ප්රමාණයක් intraperitoneal සඳහා ද 755 මි.ග්‍රැ/කි.ග්‍රැ ප්රමාණයක් ඔරල් ඇඩ්මිනිස්ට්‍රේෂ්න් සඳහාද වේ. මෙම ප්‍රතිඵලයන්ට අනූව වැටහෙන පරිදි ස්කැන්ඩියම් වල සංයෝග මධ්‍යම ප්‍රමාණයේ විෂ සහිත සංයෝග ලෙස සැලකිය යුතුය.
මෙයටද පිවිසෙන්න
Rare earth element
මූලාශ්ර
වැඩිදුර කියැවීම
Eric Scerri, The Periodic System, Its Story and Its Significance, Oxford University Press, New York, 2007.
බාහිර සබැඳි
WebElements.com – ස්කැන්ඩියම්
ආන්තරික ලෝහ
මූලද්‍රව්‍යය </s> |
<s>[INST] පහත මාතෘකාව සම්බන්ධයෙන් විස්තර සපයන්න: සමාජ සුභසාධන ව්‍යවසායකත්වය [/INST]
සමාජ ව්‍යවසායකත්වය යනු
සමාජ ව්‍යාවස්ථායකයාගේ කාර්ය භාරයයි. සමාජ ව්‍යවසායකයා යනු සමාජයේ ප්‍රශ්න හදුනාගෙන ඒවා ව්‍යවසායක මුලධර්ම භාවිතයෙන් විසඳන හා කළමනාකරණය කරන පුද්ගලයෙකි. මොහු සමාජයේ සැබෑ ධනාත්මක වෙනසක් ඇති කරයි. ව්‍යාපාර ව්‍යවසායකයා සාර්ථකත්වය , ලාභය හා ප්‍රතිලාභ මගින්ද සමාජ ව්‍යවසායකයා සාර්ථතක්වය සමාජ ව්‍යවසායකයෝ බොහෝ විට පුණ්‍ය ආයතන, සමාජ කණ්ඩායම්වලද බෙහොමයක් රාජ්‍ය හා පෞද්ගලික ආයතනවලද සේවය කරයි.
ඉතිහාසය
1960-1970 අතර කාල පරිච්ඡේදයේ සිදුවු සාමජිය වෙනසත් සමග "සමාජ ව්‍යවසායකයා " හා "සමාජ ව්‍යවසායකත්වය " යන පදයන් සාහිත්‍යයේ මුලවරට යෙදුනි. Ashoke හි ආරම්භකරු වන bill Drevton හා Chaorles Lecdbeter වැන්නන් නිසා මෙම පදය 1982-1992 කාලයේදි වඩා පුළුල්ව භාවිත වන්නට විය. 1950-1990 කාලයේ වඩා ක්‍රියාකාරි සමාජ ව්‍යවසායකයා වුයේ Miched youngය Horword විශ්වවිද්‍යාලයේ මහාචාර්ය Donile bell විසින් Miched young ව සමාජිය ආයතන වල සාර්ථකත්වය වන්නේ සමාජිය ව්‍යවසායකයා ලෙස හඳුන්වාදී ඇත. මෙලෙස හැඳින්වුයේ එංගලන්තයේ සමාජ ව්‍යවසායකත්වය පිළිබද පාසල් අතුළු ආයතන 60 කට අධික ප්රමාණයක් නිර්මාණය කර ඔහු දැක්වු දායකත්වය නිසාය.
මෙම පදයන් අළුත් වුවත් සමජ ව්‍යාවසායකත්වය හා සමාජ ව්‍යවාසායකයෝ ගැන ඉතිහාසයේ උදාහරණ ඇත. (උදා ලෙස පලමු හෙද පාසල ආරම්භ කර වාර්ථමා හේද(Nurse) සේවයේ නිර්මාතෘ (Florence Nightnglae) දැක්විය හැකිය.
එතෙම සමුපකාර ව්‍යාපාරය හඳුන්වාදුන් Robet owen ඉන්දියාවේ ඉඩම් පර්ත්‍යාග ක්රමය ඇරඹු Vinoba Bhaove ද උදාහරණයක් ලෙස ගත හැකිය. 19 හා 20 වැනි සියවස්වල සාර්ථක සමාජ ව්‍යවසායකයෝ, ප්‍රජාව රාජ්‍ය හා ව්‍යාපාරයන් අතර මධ්‍යස්ථ ප්‍රතිපත්තියක් අනුගමනය කරමින් සමාජ සුභ සාධක කටයුතු පාසල් හා සෞඛ්‍යයන්ට සේවය කිරිමට මහජන සේවයනට අනුබල ලබා දුනි.
සමාජ සුභසාධක ව්‍යවසායකත්වය
සමාජ සුභසාධක ව්‍යවසායකයකුගේ වැඩ පිළිවෙල සමාජ සුභසාධක ව්‍යවසායකත්වය ලෙස හැඳින්වේ. සමාජයේ ඇති ගැටලූ හඳුනාගෙන, ඒවා නිවැරදි කිරීම සඳහා ව්‍යවසායකත්ව මූලධර්ම මත පදනම්ව ව්‍යාපාරයක් පවත්වාගෙන යන්නා සමාජ සුභසාධක ව්‍යවසායකයෙකු ලෙස හැඳින්වේ. සමාජ සුභසාධක ව්‍යවසායකයෙකු සිය ව්‍යපාරයේ සාර්කත්වය මනිනුයේ ව්‍යාපාරය තුළින් සමාජය තුළ ඇති කරන වෙන බලපෑම පදනම් කරගෙන වුවත් මුදල් ඉපයීම අරමුණු කරගත් වාණිජමය ව්‍යවසායකයන් සිය ව්‍යාපාරයේ සාර්කත්වය මනිනුයේ තමන්ට ලැබෙන ලාභය මෙන්ම අනෙකුත් වාසිද සළකා බලාය. සමාජ සුභසාධක ව්‍යවසායකයෙකු බොහෝ විට ක්‍රියාත්මක වනුයේ ලාභ නොලබන සංවිධාන සහ පුරවැසි කමිටු හරහා වන අතර ඔවුන් පුද්ගලික අංශයේ හෝ රාජ්‍ය අංශයේ සේවය කරති.
යටගියාව
සමාජ සුභසාධක ව්‍යවසායකයා සහ සමාජ සුභසාධක ව්‍යවසායකත්වය යන පද මුලින්ම සමාජගත වූයේ 1960 සහ 1970 දශකවලය. 1980 සහ 1990 දශකවලදී එය පුළුල් ලෙස භාවිතා විය. මෙයට මූලික වූයේ අශෝක සංවිධානයේ නිර්මාතෘ බිල් ඩ්‍රෝටන් සහ චාර්ල්ස් ලීඞ් බීටර් ආදීන්ගේ අනුග්‍රහයයි. 1950 සහ 1990 අතරතුර සිටි ප්‍රමුඛ සහ සාර්ථක සමාජ සුබ සාධක ව්‍යවසායකයෙකු ලෙස හාවඞ් විශ්ව විද්යාලයේ මහාචාර්ය ඩැනියෙල් බෙල් විසින් 1980 දී මයිකල් යංග්ව හඳුන්වා දෙනු ලැබිණි. ඔහු එංගලන්තයේ සමාජ සුභසාධක ව්‍යවසායකයන් වෙනුවෙන් ඇති කරන ලද පාසල් පෙලද ඇතුළුව ලොව වටා සංවිධාන 60 කට අධික ප්රමාණයක් ඇති කරන ලදී. අදාළ කොන්දේසි නවමු වුවත් ඉතිහාසය පුරාම සමාජ සුභසාධක ව්‍යවසායකයන් සහ සමාජ සුභසාධක ව්‍යවසායකත්වය දකින්නට ලැබේ. ඓතිහාසික වශයෙන් පිළිගැනීමට පාත්‍රවූ සමාජ සුභසාධක ව්‍යවසායකයන් අතර පළමු සාත්තුසේවා විදුහල සහ සාත්තුසේවය පිහිටවූ ෆ්ලොරෙන්ස් නයිටිංගේල්, සමුපකාර සේවාව ආරම්භ කළ රොබට් ඔවන් සහ ඉන්දියාවේ ඉඩම් බෙදාදීමේ ව්‍යාපාරයේ නිර්මාතෘ විනෝබා භාවේ ද ප්‍රමුඛත්වයක් ගනී. 19 වන සහ 20 වැනි ශතවර්ෂ වලදී බොහෝ සාර්ථක සමාජ සුභසාධක ව්‍යවසායකයන් එතෙක් රාජ්‍ය අංශයෙන් ඉටුවූ සමාජ සුභසාධන සේවා, පාසල් සංවර්ධනය සහ සෞඛ්‍ය සේවය කෙරෙහි රාජ්‍ය සහ ව්‍යාපාරිකයන් යොමුකිරීමට මැදිහත්ව කටයුතු කළහ.
සටහන්
{|
සමාජ විද්‍යාව </s> |
<s>[INST] පහත මාතෘකාව සම්බන්ධයෙන් විස්තර සපයන්න: ඉඩෝ (භාෂාව) [/INST] ඉඩෝ භාෂාව යනු විවිධ පසුබිම් වලින් එන පිරිස් හට යොදා ගත හැකි නිර්මාන කරනලද පොදු විකල්ප අන්තර්ජාතික භහසාවකි. එය නිර්මාණය කර ඇත්තේ ව්‍යාකරණ, අක්ෂර වින්‍යාස හා කෝෂවිද්‍යාව ඉතාමත් ක්‍රමවත් කරමින්, ඉගෙනීම හා පාවිච්චිය පහසු කිරීමටයි. මේ අයුරින් ඉඩෝ වර්ග කර ඇත්තේ අතිරේක අන්තර්ජාතික භහසාවක් ලෙසයි. එය එස්පෙරාන්ටීඩෝ යැයි, එස්පෙරාන්ටෝ වලින් බිඳි ආ භහසාවලින්, අතිශය ප්‍රසිද්ධියක් ඉසුලූ භහසාවකි.
ඉඩෝ, ඉන්ග්‍රීසි භහසාව මෙන්, අකුරු විසිහයේ (26) ලතින් අකරාදිය යොදාගනී. එය ප්‍රංෂ, ඉතාලියානු, ස්පාඤ්ඤ, ඉංග්රීසි, ජැර්මාණු හා රුසියන් බසින් වචන අයත් කරගෙන ඇති අතර එස්පෙරාන්ටෝ භහසාව දන්නා කෙනෙකුට ඉතාමත් ලෙහෙසියෙන් තේරුම් ගත හැකිය.
The Little Prince හා Gospel of Luke ඇතුළු කෘථි රැසක් ඉඩෝ බසට පරිවර්ථනය වී ඇත. 2000 වර්ෂය වනවිට ඉඩෝ කථා කරන පිරිස 100-200 පමණ විය.
ඉතිහාසය
අථිරේක විශ්ව දෙවන බසක් හෝ නව බසක් නිර්මානය කිරීම යන සංකල්ප අළුත් ඒවා නොවේ. පළමුවන් ගොඩනැගුනු භාෂාව ලින්ගුවා ඉග්නෝටා (Lingua Ignota) නමින් හැඳින් වේ. එය දොළොස් වන සියවසේ නිර්මාණය කරන ලද්දකි. එහෙත් 1879යේ වොල්පියුක් බස නිර්මාණය වී ප්‍රචාරය කරන තෙක් මෙවැනි කෘත්‍රීම භාෂා පිළිබඳ නැඹුරුවක් බොහෝ දෙනෙක් තුල පැවතියේ නැහැ. 1887 වර්ෂයේ සිට එස්පෙරාන්ටෝ භාෂාව වඩාත් ප්‍රඡලිත වුනා. මීට අමතරව ලතින් සෛන් ෆ්ලෙක්සියොන් (Latino sine Flexione) සහ ඉඩියොම් නිවුට්‍රල් (Idiom Neutral) භාසා එකතු වුනා. මේ කාල පරිච්ඡේදයේදී ප්‍රංෂ ගණිතඥ්ඥ ලුයී කුතුරාට් "අථිරේක අන්තර්ජාථික භාෂාවක් සම්මත කරගැනීමට නියෝත මණ්ඩලයක්" (Delegation for the Adoption of an International Auxiliary Language) පත් කළා.
ඩිගිටල් යුගය
තවමත් ඉඩෝ භහසාව ඉගෙනීමට උද්‍යෝගී පිරිස් ඇති අතර, අන්තර්ජාලය ඔස්සේ මෙම බස තව තවත් ප්‍රඡලිත වෙනවා. Yahoo! සමඟ ඉඩෝ ඉගෙන ගැනීමට එහි "Idolisto" නැමැති කණ්ඩායමක් පෙනී සිටී. එයින් විසි හතර දෙනෙකුගේ සාම්පලයකින් 54% 2002-2005 වසර වලත්, 32% 1990-2002 දක්වාත්, 8% ඊට පෙර සිටමත් ඉඩෝ බස ඉගෙන ගනිමින් සිටි බව වාර්ථා වේ.
වෙනස් කම්
1922 වසරේ සිට වෙනස්කම් කීපයක්ම ඉඩෝ හට ඇතුලත් කර තියෙනවා.
ස්වර විද්‍යාව
ඉඩෝ හට පණකුරු ශබ්දාණු පහක් තිබේ. [e] හා [ɛ] පණකුරුද [o] හා [ɔ] පණකුරුද භාෂාව පරිශීලී කරන්නාගේ කැමැත්ත මත මාරු කළ හැකිය. /au/ හා /eu/ වචන මූලයන්හීදී සංයුක්ත ස්වර වන අතර උපසර්ග ලෙස භාවිතා වෙද්දී වෙනස් නොවේ.
අක්ෂර වින්‍යාසය
ව්‍යාකරණ
වෙනත්
යොමුව </s> |
<s>[INST] පහත මාතෘකාව සම්බන්ධයෙන් විස්තර සපයන්න: විශ්ව නීති.The Universal Low [/INST]
විශ්ව නීති.The Universal Law </s> |
<s>[INST] පහත මාතෘකාව සම්බන්ධයෙන් විස්තර සපයන්න: නවදුර්ගා [/INST] නවදුර්ගා (සංස්කෘත: नवदुर्गा, සාහිත්ය. දුර්ගාගේ ස්වරූප නවය) යනුවෙන් හැඳින්වෙන්නේ හින්දු ආගමෙහි එන දුර්ගා දෙවඟනගේ ස්වරූප නවයකි. විශේෂයෙන්ම නවරාත්‍රී උත්සවයේ දී මෙම ස්වරූප නවයේ සෑම ස්වරූපයක්ම රාත්‍රී නවයක් පුරා පිළිවෙලින් වන්දනාමාන කිරීම සිදුවේ. දුර්ගාගේ (පාර්වතී) ස්වරූප නවය මෙසේ ය: ශෛලපුත්‍රී, බ්‍රහ්මචාරිනී, චන්ද්‍රඝණ්ටා, කුෂ්මාණ්ඩා, ස්කන්දමාතා, කාත්‍යායිනී, කාල්රාත්‍රී, මහාගෞරී සහ සිද්ධිධාත්‍රී ය.
නව දුර්ගා දෙවඟනන් පිළිබඳව කතාව පාර්වතියගේ දිවියේ නොයෙකුත් අවධීන් වටා ගෙටී ඇති බව පෙනී යන්නකි. එමෙන්ම කාන්තාවකගේ දිවි මඟ හා එතුළින් සමාජයට සිදුවන යහපත පිළිබඳව නව දුර්ගාවන්ගේ කතාව තුළ අන්තරගතය.
තොරතුරු
01.ශෛලපුත්‍රි දේවිය
ආදි ශක්තිය සතී දේවිය ලෙස උපත ලැබීම...
ආදිශක්ති මාතාව ප්රථම වරට සතී දේවිය ලෙස දක්ෂ ප්‍රජාපතීට දාව ප්‍රසූති දේවියගේ කුසින් බිහිවිණ. ඇය කුඩා කාලයේ පටන් ශිව භක්තිකයකු විය. නමුත් ප්‍රජාපතී දක්ෂ ශිව දෙවියන් කෙරෙහි කැමැත්තක් දැක්වූයේ නැත. නමුදු සති දේවිය ඇයගේ දැඩි භක්තිය නිසාම කෙසේ හෝ ශිව දෙවියන් සමඟ විවහා වෙන්නේ ප්‍රජාපති දක්ෂගේ තීරණයට විරුදධව යමිනි.
ශිව දෙවියන් සමඟ සතී විවහා වෙයි...
පසුව කෛලාශයේ ශිව දෙවියන් සමඟ ඉතාමත් යහපත් යුග දිවියක් ගෙවන සති දේවිය එක් දිනක් සියලූම දෙවි දේවතාවුන් යම් කාර්යයක් සඳහා නික්මෙණු දුටු ඇයට අසන්නට ලැබෙන්නේ තම පියාගේ මැඳුරේ යාගයක් පවතින බවයි. ඒ සඳහා ශිව සතී යුවළට ආරාධනාවක් ලැබී නොතිබිණ.
සතී දේවියගේ මරණය...
ඇය අනාරාධිතවම යාගයට යයි. එහිදී ප්‍රජාපති දක්ෂ ශිව දෙවියන්ට අවමන් කරයි. එහිදී සතී දේවිය එම අවමන් සමඟ තවත් දිවි ගෙවීමට නොහැකිව යාග ගින්නට ආරාධනා කොට තම සිරුර දවා ගනී. මෙය ඇසූ ශිව දෙවියන් කෝපාවිශ්ටව වීරභද්‍රව මවයි.භද්‍රකාලියව ද කැඳවයි. ඔවුහූ මහා සංහාරයක් කරති. ප්‍රජාපතී දක්ෂගේ හිස වීරභද්‍රයන් විසින් දෙකට කොට යාග ගින්නේ පුළුස්සා දමයි.
දෙවිවරුන්ගෙන් ශිව දෙවියන්ට ආයාචනයක්...
පසුව ශිව දෙවියන්ගේ විසින් ශිව දෙවියන්ට ආයාචනා කරයි. දක්ෂට එළු හිසක් සමඟ පුනර්ජීවය ලැබේ.
දක්ෂට එළු හිසක් ලැබීමට හේතුව ලෙස සමහර මූළාශ්‍ර වල සඳහන් වනුයේ නන්දි ගවයාට කළ අපහසයකදී නන්දි ගවයා විසින් පෙරළා දක්ෂට ශාප කරනුයේ ඔහුටද සත්ව හිසක් ලැබෙන ලෙසයි.
ශක්ති පීඨ පිහිටුවීම....
වීරභද්‍රගේ කෝපය භද්‍රකාලිය සන්සිඳවයි. නමුදු සතියගේ සිරුර ඔසවා මහා තාණ්ඩය සිදු කරන ශිව දෙවියන්ගේ කෝප ගින්නෙන් විශ්වය විනාශ වීමට සැරසේ. ඒ බව දක්නා මාහා විෂ්ණු දෙවියන් තම චක්‍රයෙන් සතී දේවියගේ සිරුර කොටස් වලට වෙන් කරයි. ඒවා පෘථිවියේ විවිධ ස්ථාන මත ස්ථාපිත වේ. ඒවා ශක්ති පීඨ ලෙස හඳුන්වයි.
නැවත උපතකට පසුබිමක්...
සතී දේවියගේ නික්මීමෙන් පසු මහා දෙවියන් හුදකලා භාවනායෝගී දිවියක් ගත කළා. විශ්වයට මෙම කාලයේදී අඳුරු කාලඡේදයක් උදා විය. විශ්වයේ සන්තුලනයට ආදිශක්තිය නැවත ජන්මය ලබා ගැනීම අවැසි විය.
පසුව දෙවිවරු බ්‍රහ්ම දෙවියන්ගෙන් මේ ගැන විමසුවා. මෙතෙක් කල් අදෘශ්‍යමානව සිටි ආදිශක්තිය ඔවුන් ඉදිරියේ ප්‍රකටව තමා හිමාවන් රජුගේ හා මේනාවතියගේ දියණියකව හිම වනයේ උපත ලබන බව සනාථ කළා.
සමහරක් මූලාශ්ර පවසන පරදි ප්‍රජාපතී දක්ෂගේ මිණිබිරියන් තෙදෙනෙකු සනත් කුමාරවරුන්ගෙන් ශාපයක් ලබනවා මනුලොව උපත ලබන්නට. පසුව සමාව ඇයැදීමෙන් පසු ඔවුන් ආශිර්වාද ලබනවා රාධා රාණියගේ, සීතා හෙවත් ජානකියගේ හා ආදිශක්ති දේවියගේ උප්පත්තීන් වලදී මව් තනතුරු ලබන්නට. ඒ අනුවයි මේනාවන් උපත ලබන්නේ.
අසිරිමත් ආදිශක්තියගේ පහළ වීම...
හිමාලාධිපති යුවල ආදිශක්තිය වෙනුවෙන් වෘත රැක මහා තපසක් සිදු කරයි. ආදි ශක්තිය ඔවුන් ඉදිරියේ පෙනී සිට ඔවුනගේ දරුවකු ලෙස උපත ලබන බවට වරම් දෙනු ලැබීය. මේනාවන් ගැබ් ගෙන දස මසක් ඇවෑමයෙන් දියණික බිහි කරන අතර එදින සමස්ත විශ්වය පුරාම සුභ නිමිති පහළ වෙනවා. සියලුම දෙවිදේවතාවියන් මේ සුභ අවස්ථාවට සාක්ෂි ලබා දෙන්න හිමාල මාළිගයට රැස් වූ අතර ලක්ෂ්මිය හා සරස්වතිය මෙතුමිය මේ විශ්වය තුළට පිළිගනු ලබනවා එතුළින් ත්‍රිදේවියන් සම්පූර්ණ විය.
thumb|ත්‍රිදේවියන්
පර්වත රජුගේ දියණිය යන අර්ථයෙන් ඇයට පාර්වතී යන නාමය ද එමෙන්ම සෛලපුත්‍රි යන නාමයද ලැබෙනවා.
උපතින් පසු දෙමාපියන්ගේ ආදරය හා රැකවරණය පිට පාර්වතිය හැඳී වැඩිණ. ඇයට තම පෙර ජන්මය හෝ තමා සැබෑ අනන්‍යතාව ගැන මතකයක් නොමැතිව සාමාන්ය යෞවනියක බවට පත්වේ.
ශෛලපුත්‍රි නාමයේ අරුත...
ශෛල (ශිලා) නම් පාෂාණයි. එය හිමාලයයි. පුත්‍රි නම් දියණියයි. එවිය මෙහි සමස්ත අර්ථය ශෛලපුත්‍රි ලෙස ගත හැකිය.
ශෛලපුත්‍රි දේවියගේ නිරූපණය
ශෛලපුත්‍රි දේවිය ස්වරූපයක් ලෙස වන්දනා කිරීමෙදී ඇය ගවයකු පිට ත්‍රිශූලයක් හා පද්මයක් සහිතව නිරූපණය කරයි.
එතුමිය කාන්තාවක් දියණියක ලෙස ගෙවන අවධිය නිරූපණය කරයි. කන්තාවක් තම උපතින් පසු ප්‍රථමයෙන්ම උරුම කරගන්නේ දියණියකගේ භූමිකාවයි. එම භූමිකාව ශෛලපුත්‍රි දේවියගේ චරිතය තුළින් කදිමට ගම්‍යමාන වේ.
ආශ්‍රේයයන්
Dictionary of Hindu Lore and Legend () by Anna Dhallapiccola
බාහිර සබැඳි
නව්දුර්ගා
හින්දු දෙවඟනෝ
|} </s> |
<s>[INST] පහත මාතෘකාව සම්බන්ධයෙන් විස්තර සපයන්න: හංවැල්ල [/INST] හංවැල්ල යනු ශ්රී ලංකාවේ බස්නාහිර පළාත තුල කොළඹ දිස්ත්‍රික්කයේ පිහිටා තිබෙන නගරයකි. නගරය කැලණි ගඟ ඉවුරට මායිම්ව පිහිටා තිබේ.
පිහිටීම
ඉතිහාසය
පැරණි බලකොටු නුවරක් වූ මෙම නුවර අතීතයේ ගුරුබැවිල නම් විය.
ආශ්‍රිත
ශ්රී ලංකාවේ නගර සහ ගම්මාන
ශ්රී ලංකාවේ බස්නාහිර පළාතේ ජනාකීර්ණ ප්රදේශ </s> |
<s>[INST] පහත මාතෘකාව සම්බන්ධයෙන් විස්තර සපයන්න: එංගලන්ත ක්‍රිකට් කණ්ඩායමේ ශ්රී ලංකා තරග සංචාරය 1993 [/INST] එංගලන්ත ක්‍රිකට් කණ්ඩායම කෙටි තරග සංචාරයක් සදහා ඉන්දීය සංචාරයෙන් පසුව ශ්රී ලංකාවට පැමිණිය අතර ඉන්දියාවේදී එක්දින තරගමාලාව සම කර ගත් නමුත් ටෙස්ට් තරගමාලාව පරාජයට පත්විය. කෙසේ වෙතත් ශ්රී ලංකාවට පැමිණි එංගලන්ත කණ්ඩායමට සිදුවූයේ තරගමාලා දෙකම පරාජයට පත් වීමටයි. එනම් එකම ටෙස්ට් තරගයෙන් හා තරග 2 කින් යුත් එදිජා තරගමලාවද 2-0 ලෙසිනි.
ටෙස්ට් තරගමාලාව
එකම ටෙස්ට් තරගය
එදිජා තරගමාලාව
1වන තරගය
2වන තරගය
බාහිර සබැදි
Series home </s> |
<s>[INST] පහත මාතෘකාව සම්බන්ධයෙන් විස්තර සපයන්න: ආයි [/INST] ආයි යනු පුරාතන ඊජිප්තුවේ 18වන රාජවංශයේ උපාන්තික පාරාවෝවරයෙකි. ඔහු ඊජිප්තුවේ කිරුළ අවුරුදු හතරක් වැනි කෙටිකාලයක් (ක්රි.පූ 1323-1319 හෝ ක්රි.පූ. 1327–1323 විය හැක, මෙය අනුගමනය කරන කාලානුක්‍රමය මත පවසා ඇත) හොබවා ඇත. ඔහු ඔහුට පෙර රාජ්‍ය කළ පාරාවෝවරුන් දෙදෙනකුට හෝ ඇතැම්විට තිදෙනකුට සමීප උපදේශකවරයකු ලෙස සේවය කොට ඇත. තූතන්කමූන්ගේ සමයේ සිහසුන පිටුපස සිටි බලවේගය ඔහු වන්නට ඇතැයි පැවසේ. ආයිගේ පෙරනාමය නැතහොත් රාජකීය නාමය—ඛෙපර්ඛෙපරුරේ—යන්නයි. මෙහි අරුත "රාගේ සදාකාලික විද්‍යාමාන වීම" වන අතර, ඔහුගේ උපන් නාමය ආයි ඉට්-නෙට්ජර් හෙවත් 'ආයි, දෙවියන්ගේ පියා' යන්නයි. ආයිගේ යැයි පැහැදිළිව සැළකිය හැකි වාර්තා සහ ස්මාරක දුර්ලභ ය. එයට හේතුව ඔහුගේ රාජ්‍යසමයේ කෙටි බව නොවේ. ඔහුගේ අන්ප්‍රාප්තිකයා වූ හොරෙම්හෙබ් විසින් ඔහු ඇතුළු ජනප්‍රිය නොවූ අමර්ණ යුගයේ පාරාවෝවරුනට එරෙහිව ක්‍රියාත්මක කළ ඩැම්නේෂියෝ මෙමොරියේ ආකාරයේ ප්‍රතිපත්තියයි.
සම්භවය
සාමාන්යයෙන් විශ්වාස කෙරෙන්නේ ආයි යනු අඛ්මිම්හි ස්වදේශික ඊජිප්තුවාසියකු බවයි. ඔහුගේ කෙටි රාජ්‍ය සමයේ ඔහු විසින් අඛ්මිම්හි ශෛලමය කුඩා දෙව් මැදුරක් ඉදිකොට එය එහි ප්‍රාදේශික දෙවියා වූ මින් වෙනුවෙන් පුදකොට ඇත. අඛ්මිම්හි මින් දෙවිඳුන්ගේ පූජකවරයකු සහ එම නගරයේ අධිකාරිවරයකු වූ යුයා සහ ඔහුගේ බිරිඳ වූ ට්ජුයු ආයිගේ දෙමාපියන් වන්නට ඇතැයි සැලකේ. එය එසේ වී නම්, ආයි අර්ධ-ඊජිප්තුවකු, එනම් ඇතැම්විට සිරියානු රුධිරය දරන්නකු ලෙස සැලකෙන්නේ යුයා යන නාමය ඊජිප්තුවට නුහුරු නාමයක් වීම නිසායි. මේ හේතුවෙන් ඔහුට විදේශ සම්භවයක් ඇතැයි යෝජනා වී ඇත. යුයා IIIවන අමෙන්හොටෙප් රජුගේ රාජසභාවේ බලවත් වංශවතකු වූ අතර, ඔහුට රජුන්ගේ නිම්නයේ සොහොන්ගැබ සාදාගැනීමේ විරළ වරප්‍රසාදය ද හිමි වූයේ යුයාගේ දියණිය වූ ටියේ අමෙන්හොටෙප්ගේ අගබිසව වීම නිසායි. ආයිගේ යැයි විශ්වාස කෙරෙන ස්මාරක සහ යුයාගේ මමියේ ස්මාරක අතර ඇති භෞතික සමානත්වයක් නම් ඔවුන් දෙදෙනාම එහි සමාන නම් සහ තනතුරුවලින් දක්වා තිබීමයි.
අමර්ණ යුගය
ඔහු පිළිබඳ නිශ්චිතවම දන්නා තොරතුරක් නම් අක්නාටන් රජසමයේ ඔහුට අමර්ණාහි සොහොන්ගැබක් (දකුණු සොහොන්ගැබ 25) තනාගැනීමට අවසර ලැබී ඇති බවයි. මෙකල ඔහුට "රජුගේ සියලු අසුන් පරීක්ෂා කරන්නා" යන සෙන්පති තනතුරට පමණක් දෙවැනි වූ හමුදාවේ රථාචාර්ය අංශයේ ඉහළම නිලය හිමි විය. ඔහුගේ උසස්වීමට පෙර ඔහු පළමුව හමුදා අණදෙන නිලධාරියකු, සහ අනතුරුව අශ්ව පරීක්ෂකයකු ලෙස සේවය කොට ඇත. මේ තනතුරු ඔහුගේ සොහොන්ගැබ සඳහා නිර්මාණය කළ භාණ්ඩ අතර වූ මංජුසාවක සඳහන්ව ඇත. මෙම සොහොන්ගැබෙහි අන්තර්ගත ඔහුගේ අනෙකුත් තනතුරු අතර, රජුගේ දකුණු පස චාමරධාරියා, ඔහුගේ ප්‍රිය රජුගේ වැඩබලන ලේකම්, සහ දෙවියන්ගේ පියා යන තනතුරු ද වේ. 'රජුගේ දකුණු පස චාමරධාරියා' යන්න ඉතා වැදගත් තනතුරක් වූ අතර, ඔහු පාලකයාගේ 'සවන' බඳු විය. අවසානයේ දැක්වෙන දෙවියන්ගේ පියා යන තනතුර ආයි සමග වඩාත් සම්බන්ධ නාමයක් වන අතර, පසුව ඔහු පාරාවෝවරයා වූ විට එම නාමය ඔහුගේ රාජකීය නාමයට සම්බන්ධ කරගන්නා ලදී.
මෙම නාමය මගින් ඔහු පාරාවෝගේ මාමණ්ඩිය වූ බව අදහස් වෙතැයි පැවසේ. මෙය ඔහු යුයා සහ ට්ජුයුගේ පුත්‍රයා සහ ටියේගේ සොයුරා හෝ අර්ධ-සොයුරා බවට සාධක සපයයි. ඒ අනුව ඔහු IIIවන අමෙන්හොටෙප්ගේ මස්සිනා සහ අක්නාටන්ගේ මාතෘ පාර්ශ්වීය මාමා වූ බව යෝජනා වී ඇත. ආයි යනු සැබවින්ම IIIවන අමෙන්හොටෙප්ගේ ජ්‍යෙෂ්ඨ යුධ නිලධාරියකු වූ යුයාගේ පුතු නම්, ඔහු සිය පියාගේ අඩිපාරේ යමින් පියාගේ මරණින් පසු යුධ කටයුතු මෙහෙයවන්නට ඇත. මීට අමතරව ආයිගේ දියණියක් අක්නාටන් සමග විවාහ වූ බව පැවසේ. මෙම දියණිය අක්නාටන්ගේ ප්‍රධාන බිසව වූ නෙෆර්ටිටි විය හැක. නමුත් මෙම කල්පිතය නිවැරදිව සනාථ කිරීමට සාක්ෂි හමු වී නොමැත. මෙම වාදයන් දෙක සම්පූර්ණයෙන්ම එකිනෙකට පරස්පර නැත. නමුත් මේවා රාජකීය පවුල ඊජිප්තුවේ සම්ප්‍රදායික දෙවිවරුන් ඇදහීමට පිටුපා, වසර දොළහකට අධික කාලයක් ඒකදේවවාදය ඇදහූ අක්නාටන්ගේ අමර්ණ යුගයේ ආයි ඉසිලූ ඉහළ තනතුර සමග ඇති සම්බන්ධය පැහැදිළි කිරීමට උපකාරී වේ යැයි සිතිය හැක. ඇතැම්විට ආයි, අක්නාටන් රාජ්‍ය සමයේ ඔහුගේ අනුගාමිකයකු වන්නට ඇත.
අක්නාටන් යටතේ සේවය කළ සමයේ ඉදි කළ ආයිගේ අමර්ණ සොහොන්ගැබෙන් “ආටෙන් සඳහා භක්ති ගීතාව” ද හමු වී ඇත. මෙය අක්නාටන්ගේ නියමය අනුව සිදුවූවක් වැනි ය. එසේවුව ද ආටෙන් දෙවියන් සෙසු සියලු දෙවියනට වඩා උසස් කිරීමට ආයි එකඟ වූ බවට ද සාක්ෂි හමු වී නැත. මේ අනුව පැහැදිළි වන්නේ ඔහු අක්නාටන්ගේ ආගමික විප්ලවය විශ්වාස කොට ඇති බවයි. ආයිගේ බිරිඳ වූ ටෙයි සාමාන්ය වැසියකු ලෙස උපත ලැබුව ද, ඇයට පාරාවෝගේ මහා රාජකීය බිරිඳගේ කිරිමව යන නාමය ලබා දී ඇත. ඇය නෙෆර්ටිටිගේ මව වූවා නම් ඇයට හිමි විය යුත්තේ පාරාවෝගේ මහා රාජකීය බිරිඳගේ මව යන රාජකීය නාමයයි. මේ අනුව ටෙයි ඇගේ සුළුමව වන්නට ඇත. ඇතැම් අමර්ණ සොහොන් දේවස්ථානවල "මුට්" යනුවෙන් නම ආරම්භ වන පාරාවෝගේ මහා බිරිඳගේ සොයුරිය යන නාමය ඉසිලූ කාන්තාවක් පිළිබඳ සටහන්ව ඇත. එම තැනැත්තිය ආයිට දාව සිය බිරිඳ වූ ටෙයිට උපන් දියණියක යැයි සැලකේ. එසේම ආයිගේ අනුප්‍රාප්තිකයා වූ හොරෙම්හෙබ්, මුට්නොඩ්ජ්මෙට් නැමැති කාන්තාවක් හා විවාහ වී ඇත.
තූතන්කමූන්
ආයිගේ රාජ්‍ය සමයට පෙර රාජ්‍ය පාලනය කළේ තූතන්කමූන් රජු විසිනි. ටුටන්ඛාමුන් රාජ්‍යත්වයට පත් වන විට ඔහුගේ වයස අවුරුදු අටක් හෝ නවයක් වූ අතර, එකල නව ඒකදේවවාදය සහ පැරණි බහුදේවවාදය අතර විශාල ඝට්ටනයක් පැවතිණි. ඔහුට ඔහුගේ රාජ්‍ය කටයුතු සඳහා උපකාර කරන ලද්දේ පෙර රජුගේ සමීපතම උපදේශකයන් දෙදෙනකු වූ ප්‍රධාන අමාත්‍ය ආයි සහ හමුදා සෙන්පති හොරෙම්හෙබ් විසිනි. ආයිගේ මඟපෙන්වීම යටතේ සිදු වූ ටුටන්ඛාමුන්ගේ අවුරුදු නවයක රාජ්‍ය සමය තුළ ක්‍රමයෙන් පැරණි දෙවිවරුන් වන්දනය යළි ස්ථාපනය කෙරුණු අතර, අක්නාටන් යටතේ ප්‍රභූත්වය අහිමි වූ අමුන් පූජකවරුන්ගේ බලය ප්‍රතිෂ්ඨාපනය කිරීම ද සිදු විය.
ඊජිප්තුවේදියකු වන බොබ් බ්‍රයර් යෝජනා කරන්නේ සිහසුනට පත් වීමේ අපේක්ෂාවෙන් යුතුව ආයි විසින් ටුටන්ඛාමුන් ඝාතනය කරන්නට ඇති බවයි. මෙය 1968දී ටුටන්ඛාමුන්ගේ සිරුරේ එක්ස්-කිරණ අධ්‍යයන මත පදනම්ව ප්‍රකාශ කෙරුණකි. එසේම ඔහු පවසා ඇත්තේ ආයිගේ නියෝග අනුව අන්ඛෙසෙනමුන් සහ ඇය සමග විවාහ වීමට සිටි හිටයිට් කුමරුන්ව ද ඝාතනය කෙරෙන්නට ඇති බවයි. නමුත් මෙම ඝාතන කල්පිතය සියලු විද්වතුන් විසින් පිළිගන්නේ නැත. නැෂනල් ජියෝග්‍රැෆික් (2005 අගකාලයේ ප්‍රකාශිත) සඟරාව විසින් ගන්නා ලද මමියේ වඩාත් විස්තරාත්මක CT-පරිලෝකන අනුව ප්‍රකාශ කෙරුණේ ටුටන්ඛාමුන් මියගොස් ඇත්තේ බ්‍රයර් පැවසූ පරිදි හිසට පහර දීමකින් නොවන බවයි. නැෂනල් ජියෝග්‍රැෆික් වෝහාරිකවිද්‍යා පර්යේෂකයන් නව මතයක් එළිදක්වමින් කියා සිටියේ ටුටන්ඛාමුන් මියගියේ ඔහුගේ තදබල ලෙස බිඳුණු පාදයේ ඇති වූ ආසාදනයකින් බවයි. ටුටන්ඛාමුන්ගේ බොහෝ රූපවල ඔහු සැරයටියක් අතැතිව ඇවිදින අයුරු නිරූපණය කොට ඇත්තේ මේ නිසායි. මෙම තත්ත්වය ඔහුගේ පියාගේ පාර්ශ්වයෙන් ඔහුට උරුම වූ ප්‍රවේණික තත්ත්වයක් වූ spina bifida නිසා ඇති වී යයි විශ්වාස කෙරේ. ටුටන්ඛාමුන්ගේ හිස්කබලෙහි ඇති අස්ථි බිඳීම් ඔහුගේ මරණින් පසු හොවාඩ් කාටර් විසින් කරන ලද අධ්‍යයනයක දී සිදුවූයේ යැයි විශ්වාස කෙරනේනේ "මෙම අස්ථි කැබලි පාරාවෝවරයාගේ මරණින් මතු ජීවිතය සඳහා පරිරක්ෂණයට භාවිත කරන එම්බාම් දියරයෙන් පෙඟී නොතිබීම නිසායි." කෙසේනමුත් බ්‍රයර් පවසා ඇත්තේ හිස්කබලේ අස්ථි බිඳීම, ටුටන්ඛාමුන් ඝාතනය කෙරුණු බවට වූ මතයට අදාළ නොවන බවයි. එය එම්බාම්කරුවන් අතින් සිදු වූවක් වන්නට ඇතැයි ඔහු විශ්වාස කරයි. බ්‍රයර් ඝාතනයට හේතුසාධකය ලෙස ඉදිරිපත් කරන්නේ හිසට පහරදීමක් වූ බව නිරූපණය කෙරෙන හිස්කබල පත්ළේ ඇති අඳුරු ලපයයි. ආචාර්ය ජෙරල්ඩ් අර්වින් ද මේ කරුණ සම්බන්ධයෙන් බ්‍රයර් සමග එකඟ වේ.
CT-පරිලෝකන ප්රතිඵල ප්රකාශයට පත් වීමත් සමග බොහෝ විද්‍යාඥයෝ මෙම සොයාගැනීම් අනුමත කළහ. නමුත් ඇතැම් විද්වතුන් තවමත් විශ්වාස කරන්නේ ටුටන්ඛාමුන්ගේ මරණයේ අබිරහස තවමත් විසඳී නැති බවත්, එය ඝාතනයක් වන්නට ඇති බවත් ය. මීට සමගාමීව ඝාතන න්‍යාය අනුමත කරමින්, CT පරිලෝකන මඬුල්ලේ අනාවරණ පිළිබඳ සැකපහළ කරමින් රචිත කෘති ගණනාවක් ඇත. ඒවායේ මෙම ඝාතනය වස දීමක් වැනි වෙනත් ක්‍රම මගින් සිදු වූ බව දක්වා ඇත. 2010දී, සාහි හවාස්ගේ නායකත්වයෙන් යුත් පර්යේෂක කණ්ඩායමක් වාර්තා කළේ ඔහු මියගොස් ඇත්තේ මැලේරියාව සහ කොහ්ලර්ගේ රෝගය නිසා ඇති වූ සංකූලතා හේතුවෙන් බවයි. නමුත් හැම්බර්ග්හි නිවර්තන වෛද්‍යවිද්‍යාව සඳහා වූ බර්නාඩ් නොක්ට් ආයතනය විශ්වාස කරන්නේ ඔහුගේ මරණය දෑකැති සෛල රෝගය නිසා ඇති වූවක් බවයි. ඔහුගේ දණහිසේ වූ ආසාදනය සහ බොහෝ විට ඉහත හේතුව නිසා ටුටන්ඛාමුන් මියයන්නට ඇත. ආයිගේ දේහය ටුටන්ඛාමුන් වෙනුවෙන් රජුන්ගේ නිම්නයේ බටහිර පෙදෙසේ ඉදිකළ සොහොන්ගැබෙහි (KV 23) තැන්පත් කළ අතර, ටුටන්ඛාමුන්ගේ දේහය ආයි වෙනුවෙන් රජුන්ගේ නිම්නයේ නැගෙනහිර පෙදෙසේ ඉදිකළ සොහොන්ගැබේ (KV 62) තැන්පත් කරන ලදී.
පාරාවෝ ලෙස පාලනය
18 හෝ 19 වියේ දී ටුටන්ඛාමුන් මියයාමත්, ඔහුට සිහසුනට උරුමකරුවකු නොසිටීමත් නිසා රාජ්‍යයේ බලය ප්‍රධාන අමාත්‍ය ආයි අතට පත් විය. ආයි මියගිය රජු වෙනුවෙන් අවමංගල වතාවත් ඉටුකළ අතර, අනුප්‍රාප්තිකයාගේ ධුරය හොබවනු නිරූපණය කොට ඇත. ආයි බලයට පත්වීම ප්රකාශයට පත්කළ අවස්ථාව නිශ්චිතව හඳුනාගෙන නැත. ටුටන්ඛාමුන් විසින් හමුදාවේ සෙන්පතියා වූ හොරෙම්හෙබ්ට සැබැවින්ම "idnw" හෙවත් "භූමි ද්විත්වයෙහි අධිපතියාගේ නියෝජ්‍යයා" යන තනතුර ප්‍රදානය කොට තිබූ නිසා හොරෙම්හෙබ් මේ ලාබාල රජුගේ අනුප්‍රාප්තිකයා වන්නට ඇතැයි සැලකේ. මේ අනුව පෙනෙන්නේ සිය රාජ්‍යත්වය සහතික කරගනු පිණිස ආයි විසින් ටුටන්ඛාමුන්ගේ වැන්දඹුව වූ අන්ඛෙසෙනමුන් සමග විවාහ වී හොරෙම්හෙබ් අභිබවා යන්නට ඇති බවයි.
ආයි සැබැවින්ම බලවත් චරිතයක් වූ බව, ටුටන්ඛාමුන් සහ අක්නාටන් යන දෙදෙනා සමීපයේ වසර 25ක පමණ කාලයක් දේශපාලන බලය හෙබවීමෙන් පෙනී යයි. නමුත් දැඩි ධුරාවලික සමාජයක් වූ පුරාතන ඊජිප්තුවේ සිහසුනට පත්වීමට එය ප්‍රමාණවත් නොවූ නිසා, රාජකීය-නොවන උපතක් ඇති ඔහු සිය රාජ්‍යත්වය නීත්‍යානුකූල කරගැනීම පිණිස ටුටන්ඛාමුන්ගේ වැන්දඹුව විවාහ කරගන්නට ඇත.
බලයට පත්වන විට බොහෝ වයස්ගතව සිටි බැවින් ආයිට ඊජිප්තුව පාලනය කළ හැකි වූයේ වසර හතරක් පමණි. මේ යුගයේ දී, පැරණි ආගමික සම්ප්‍රදායයන් යළි ශක්තිමත් කෙරුණු අතර, ඔහු සිය පෞද්ගලික ප්‍රයෝජනය සඳහා මෙඩිනෙට් හබු මතකාගාර දෙවොල ඉදිකරන ලදී. ටුටන්ඛාමුන් සහ ආයි යටතේ සේවය කළ යුධ නිලධාරියකු වූ ද, ආයිගේ තේරූ අනුප්‍රාප්තිකයා වූ ද නැඛ්ට්මින් නැමැත්තාගේ ශිලා ස්තම්භයේ (බර්ලින් 2074) දිනය සඳහන් වන්නේ ආයිගේ රාජ්‍ය සමයේ සමයේ වර්ෂය 4, IV අඛෙට් දිනය 1 යනුවෙනි. මැනෙතෝගේ සංග්‍රහයේ සඳහන් වන්නේ හොරෙම්හෙබ් විසින් වර්ෂ හතරක් සහ එක් මාසයක් පාලනය ගෙනගිය බවයි. වර්ෂය 4 ඇතුළත් ශිලාව සැලකූ විට මෙය ආයි පිළිබඳව අදාළ වන බව වටහාගත හැක. කෙසේවුවත්, අදවන විට විශ්වාස කෙරෙන්නේ මෙම පුද්ගලයා වෙනුවට මැනතෝ කළ ආකාරයට හොරෙම්හෙබ් රජු ඇතුළත් කොට ඔහුගේ රාජ්‍ය සමය දශකයකින් වැඩි කොට එනම්, වර්ෂ දාහතරකුත් සහ මාසයක් දක්වා වැඩිකළ යුතු බවයි. එම නිසා ආයිගේ නිශ්චිත රාජ්‍ය සමයේ දිග නිවැරදිව නොදනී. ඇතැම්විට ඔහු වසර හතක සිට නවයක් දක්වා රාජ්‍ය පාලනය කළා විය හැකියි. ඔහුගේ අනුප්‍රාප්තිකයා වූ හොරෙම්හෙබ් විසින් ඔහුගේ බොහෝ ස්මාරක සහ මෙඩිනෙනට් හබුහි මතකාගාර දේවස්ථානය විනාශ කොට හෝ බලෙන් පැහැරගෙන ඇති නිසා මේ පිළිබඳ තොරතුරු දැනගැනීම අපහසු ය.
රාජකීය අනුප්‍රාප්තිය
සිය මරණයට පෙර ආයි නැඛ්ට්මින් සිය අනුප්‍රාප්තිකයා ලෙස නම්කළේ ය. කෙසේනමුත්, ආයිගේ සැලසුම සාර්ථක නොවූ අතර, නැඛ්ට්මින් වෙනුට හොරෙම්හෙබ් ඊජිප්තුවේ 18වන රාජවංශයේ අවසාන පාරාවෝවරයා බවට පත් විය. නැඛ්ට්මින් ආයි විසින් අනුප්‍රාප්තිකයා කිරීමට අදහස් කළ බවට ප්‍රබල සාක්ෂියක් ආයිගේ සමයේ නිමවූ බවට සැකකෙරෙන නැඛ්ට්මින් සහ ඔහුගේ බිරිඳ නිරූපිත ද්විත්ව අවමංගල මූර්තියක ශිලා ලේඛනයකින් ලැබේ. මෙහි නැඛ්ට්මින්හට පැහැදිළිව rpat (කිරුළහිමි කුමරු) සහ zA nzw (රජුගේ පුත්‍රයා) යන නාමයන් ලබා දී තිබේ. මේ අනුව අපට එළැඹිය හැකි එකම නිගමනය නම් නැඛ්ට්මින් යනු ආයිගේ පුත්‍රයකු හෝ හදාගත් පුත්‍රයකු බවත්, ආයි විසින් හොරෙම්හෙබ් වෙනුවට නැඛ්ට්මින්ට රාජ්‍යය පැවරීමට අදහස් කළ බවත් ය. ඊජිප්තුවේදීන් වන ඒඩන් ඩොඩ්සන් සහ ඩියෑන් හිල්ටන් ඉහත ප්‍රතිමාව පිළිබඳ පවසන්නේ:
"'ගේ රජුගේ පුත්‍රයා' යන්නට පසු (සිංහල වරනැගුම අනුව මෙහි දී නම් පෙර) යෙදී ඇති කොටස කැඩීගොස් ඇත. මේ පිළිබඳ නොයෙකුත් විවාද පවතින අතර එය 'කුෂ්' යන්න වූයේ නම් නැඛ්ට්මින් නුබියාවේ උපරාජයා ලෙස දැක්වෙන අතර, එසේ නොවී එය 'ඔහුගේ දේහය' වූයේ නම් එමගින් ඔහු සැබෑ රාජකීය පුත්‍රයකු බව දැක් වේ. නැඛ්ට්මින් උපරාජයකු බවට වෙනත් සාධක නොමැති බැවින්,--මේ යුගයේ කාර්යාලයේ වෙනත් පුද්ගලයකු [පේසර් I] සිටි බවට සාක්ෂි ඇති නිසා--ඉහත දෙවනුව සඳහන් කළ විසඳුම සත්‍ය වන්නට හැකියි සිතිය හැක. ටුටන්ඛාමුන්ගේ භූමදානයට නැඛ්ට්මින් එවැනි නාමයක් භාවිත නොකර අවමංගල උපාංග සපයා ඇති බැවින්, පසුව ආයිගේ රාජ්‍ය සමයේ ඔහු රජුගේ පුත්‍රයා යන නාමය ලබන්නට ඇතැයි සැලකේ. ඉහත මතය අනුව නැඛ්ට්මින්ගේ ප්‍රතිමාවට කිසිවකු විසින් සිතාමතා හානි සිදුකර ඇත්තේ අවසාන පාලකයින්ගේ ද්වේශයට ලක් වූ අමර්ණ පාරාවෝවරුන් අතර ආයි ද සිටීම නිසා විය හැක."
විපාකය
හොරෙම්හෙබ් පාරාවෝ බවට පත් වූ පසු, ඔහුගේ ප්‍රධාන ක්‍රියාවන් අතර එකක් ලෙස ඒකදේවවාදයට සම්බන්ධ සියලු සැඳහුම් අතුගා දැමීම සැලකෙයි. මෙහි දී ඔහුට ආසන්න පෙර රජවරුන්ගේ නම්, විශේෂයෙන් ආයිගේ නම් ඓතිහාසික වාර්තාවලින් මකා දැමීම සිදු විය. හොරෙම්හෙබ් ආයිගේ භූමදානය කෙළෙසූ අතර, ආයිගේ WV23 සොහොන්ගැබේ බිතුසිතුවම් අතර වූ ආයිගේ බොහෝ රාජකීය කාර්ටුෂයන් මකා දැමී ය. එසේම ඔහුගේ ශෛලමය මිනීපෙට්ටිය කැබලිවලට කඩා ඇත. කෙසේනමුත්, මෙම මිනීපෙට්ටියේ පියන 1972දී ඔටෝ ෂැඩන් නැමැති ඇමරිකානු ඊජිප්තුවේදියා විසින් සොයාගන්නා ලදී. ෂැඩන් 2006දී රජුන්ගේ නිම්නයේ KV63 සොහොන්ගැබ විවෘත කිරීමට ද දායක වී ඇත. එය ආයිගේ කාර්ටුෂය නිරුපද්‍රිතව දරාසිටියේ ය. මෙම මිනීපෙට්ටිය රජුගේ සොහොන්ගැබේ සුන්බුන් අතර වළලා තිබිණි. මීට අමතරව මෙඩ්නෙට් හබුහි ආයිගේ මතකාගාර දෙවොල ද හොරෙම්හෙබ් සිය භාවිතයට යොදා ගත්තේ ය. 1930 දශකයේ මුල්කාලයේ මෙම දෙවොලේ කැනීම් කළ යුවෝ හෝල්ෂර් (1878–1963) ආයි-හොරෙම්හෙබ්ගේ මතකාගාර දේවස්ථානය පිළිබඳ පහත රසවත් කරුණු අනාවරණය කරයි:
'යම්තැනක කාර්ටුෂයක් සංරක්ෂණය වී තිබුණ ද, එහි අයිගේ [ආයිගේ] නාමය මකා දමා එහි ඔහුගේ අනුප්‍රාප්තිකයා වූ හොරෙම්හබ්ගේ නම යොදා ඇත. මෙසේ සියල්ල සිදුවුවද එක් නිදර්ශනයක් ඔහුගේ දර්ශනයට හසුනොවී එහි වෙනසක් සිදුකොට නැත. මෙලෙසින් අයි විසින් අරඹා නිමකළ දෙවොලේ, අවම වශයෙන් අනර්ඝ සිතුවම් සහිත පසුපස කුටියවත් ඔහුගේ අනුප්‍රාප්තිකයා විසින් පැහැරගෙන ඇති අතර, එතැන් පටන් මෙය හාර්ම්හබ්ගේ දෙවොල ලෙස හැඳින්විණි. දෙවොල් ගබඩාවේ වයින් බඳුන්වල ඇබවල ඇති මුද්‍රාවන්හි සටහන්ව ඇත්තේ: "හාර්ම්හබ්ගේ දෙවොලේ වයින්"යනුවෙනි.'
පවුල
ආයි, යුයා සහ තුයාගේ පුත්‍රයා ලෙස සැලකෙන අතර, එය එසේ වී නම් ඔහු IIIවන අමෙන්හොටෙප් රජුගේ බිරිඳ වූ ටියේ රැජිනගේ සහ අමුන්ගේ වක්තෘවරයා වූ අනෙන්ගේ සොහොයුරා වේ. එවිට ඔහු අක්නාටන් සහ ස්මෙන්ඛ්කරේ යන පාරාවෝවරුන්ගේ මාමණ්ඩිය ද වේ. ඔහුගේ ආරූඪ කරගත් බිසව වූයේ ආයිගේ තේරූ අනුප්‍රාප්තිකයා වූ නැඛ්ට්මින්ගේ මව වූ ඉයුයි නැමැත්තියයි. ඔහුගේ මහා රාජකීය බිරිඳ වූයේ නෙෆර්ටිටි රැජිනගේ කිරිමව වූ ටෙයි නැමැත්තියයි.
අක්නාටන්ගේ බිසව වූ නෙෆර්ටිටි රැජිනගේ සහ මුට්බෙන්රෙට් හෙවත් මුට්නොඩ්ජ්මෙට්ගේ පියා ආයි විය. මුට්නොඩ්ජ්මෙට් හොරෙම්හෙබ්ගේ බිරිඳ විය. ආයි විසින් සිහසුනට තේරූ අනුප්‍රාප්තිකයා හා ඔහුගේ පුත්‍රයකු යැයි සැලකෙන නැඛ්ට්මින්ගේ මව වූ "මින් පූජකවරිය සහ අයිසිස් ගායිකාව" වූ ඉයුයි ඔවුන්ගේ ද මව ලෙස සැලකේ. එමනිසා ආයි යනු මෙරිටාටෙන් රැජින, මෙකෙටාටෙන්, අන්ඛෙසෙනමුන් රැජින, නෙෆර්නෙෆරුආටෙන් ටැෂෙරිට්, නෙෆර්නෙෆරුරේ සහ සෙටෙපෙන්රේ යන තැනැත්තියන්ගේ මුත්තණුවන් වන්නට ඇතැයි විශ්වාස කෙරේ.
ප්රබන්ධ තුළ
ආයි දුෂ්ට චරිතයක් ලෙස ලුෂියන් ඩි ජියෙටර්ගේ පැපිරස් චිත්‍රකතා පොත් මාලාවේ 17වන ග්‍රන්ථයේ නිරූපණය කොට ඇත (Tutankhamun, The Assassinated Pharaoh).
ආයි ප්‍රධාන චරිතය ලෙස පී. සී. ඩොහර්ටිගේ තුන්ඈඳුතු පුරාතන ඊජිප්තු නවකථා වන An Evil Spirit Out of the West, The Season of the Hyaena සහ The Year of the Cobra තුළ නිරූපණය කොට ඇත.
කෙරී ග්‍රීන්වූඩ්ගේ නවකථාවක් වන Out of the Black Land තුළ ඔහු සිය එකම අරමුණ ධනය රැස්කිරීම වූ බලලෝභී දුෂ්ට චරිතයක් ලෙස නිරූපණය කොට ඇත.
ඔහුගේ චරිතය වුල්ෆ්ගැං හෝහ්ල්බීන්ගේ Die Prophezeihung (වක්තෘවරයා) තුළ ද නිරූපිත ය.
ආයිගේ චරිතය ප්‍රධාන චරිතයක් ලෙස මිචෙල් මොරාන්ගේ වඩාත් අලෙවි වන නවකථාවක් වූ නෙෆර්ටිටි තුළ නිරූපිත ය.
ලුසිල් මොරිසන්ගේ යොවුන් නවකථාවක් වූ The Lost Queen of Egypt (1937) තුළ ප්‍රධාන දුෂ්ටයා ආයි ය.
ඔහු මයිකා වෝල්ටරිගේ ඓතිහාසික නවකථාවක් වන The Egyptian තුළ ද නිරූපිත ය.
බෙන් කිංස්ලි විසින් ආයිගේ චරිතය Tut රූපවාහිනී කතාමාලාවක් තුළ නිරූපණය කළේ ය.
18වන රාජවංශයේ කාලය වෙත කාලතරණය කිරීමක් පිළිබඳ කියැවෙන මිස්ටර් පී‍බොඩි ඇන්ඩ් ෂර්මන් චිත්‍රපටය තුළ ආයි නිරූපිත ය.
මේවාත් බලන්න
ඊජිප්තුවේ දහඅටවන රාජවංශය
මූලාශ්ර
වැඩිදුර කියවීමට
ජූර්ගන් වොන් බෙකරැත්, Chronologie des Pharaonischen Ägypten, MÄS 46 (Philip von Zabern, Mainz: 1997), පි. 201
බාහිර සබැඳි
ආයිගේ සොහොන්ගැබ
ක්රි.පූ. 1320 දශකයේ මරණ
ඊජිප්තුවේ දහඅටවන රාජවංශයේ පාරාවෝවරුන්
පුරාතන ඊජිප්තුවේ ඓතිහාසික මකාදැමීම්
ඊජිප්තුවේ දහඅටවන රාජවංශයේ අමාත්‍යවරුන්
අමර්ණ යුගය
උපන් වර්ෂ නොදන්නා පුද්ගලයින්
ආයි </s> |
<s>[INST] පහත මාතෘකාව සම්බන්ධයෙන් විස්තර සපයන්න: රණ හංසි [/INST]
රංගනය
අනෝජා වීරසිංහ
කමල් අද්දරරාච්චි
දිල්හානි ඒකනායක
ක්ලීටස් මෙන්ඩිස්
ඩිලානි අබේවර්ධන
ශෂි විජේන්ද්‍ර
බන්දු සමරසිංහ
කුෂාණි සඳරේඛා
සචිනි පෙරේරා
දීපානි සිල්වා
සුසිලා කූරගම
එලන් සිල්වෙස්ටර්
සුරේනි සෙනරත්
මාක් සැම්සන්
මර්වින් ජයතුංග
සුනිල් හෙට්ටිආරච්චි
රොනී ලීච්
ටෙඩී විද්‍යාලංකාර
ටිරෝන් මයිකල්
කපිල සිගේරා
චන්දු ඉඹුලාන ලියනආරච්චි
සරත් දයානන්ද
නිර්මාල්
ගීතයන්
ගීත ප්‍රබන්ධය - ධර්මසිරි ගමගේ, ආචාර්ය අජන්තා රණසිංහ, සමන් චන්ද්‍රනාත් වීරසිංහ, හේමසිරි හල්පිට
ගීත ගායනය - වික්ටර් විජයන්ත, මායා දමයන්ති පෙරේරා, කුෂාණි සඳරේඛා, සචිනි නිරාශා, සුනිල් පෙරේරා
අම්මා රන්කිරි පෙව් දිනේ - මායා දමයන්ති පෙරේරා, කුෂාණි සඳරේඛා, සචිනි පෙරේරා
හෝ කවුද කවුද මේ - වික්ටර් විජයන්ත, මායා දමයන්ති පෙරේරා
පෙම් පාට දේදුන්න - වික්ටර් විජයන්ත, මායා දමයන්ති පෙරේරා
ඒ මොකද මල්ලී - සුසිල් පෙරේරා
මල් සිනා පා - කුෂාණි සඳරේඛා, සචිනි පෙරේරා
අම්මා රන් කිරි පෙව් දිනේ - කුෂාණි සඳරේඛා, සචිනි පෙරේරා, මායා දමයන්ති පෙරේරා
නිෂ්පාදනය
අංග රචනය - ජී. ඩී. නන්දසේන සහාය ප්‍රියන්ත රණතුංග
කලා අධ්‍යක්ෂණය - තිස්ස වීරවර්ධන
නැටුම් අධ්‍යක්ෂණය - මල්ලිකා කීර්ති
පසුබිම් සංගීතය, දෙබස් පටිගත කිරීම සහ ශබ්ද පරිපාලනය - ජෝර්ජ් මනතුංග
ශබ්ද සහාය - පාලිත පෙරේරා, පර්සි ගුණවර්ධන, සරත් සිරිබද්ධන
චිත්‍රාගාර හා රසායනාගාර කටයුතු හා කැමරා උපකරණ - ටී. කේ. චිත්‍රාගාරය
රසායනාගාර සහාය - කේ. ඒ. ඇන්ඩි සිංඤෝ, ඩබ්ලිව්. ඒ. ඒ. තිලකරත්න, ජී. චමින්ද සෙනෙවිරත්න, කීර්ති පුෂ්පකුමාර, එච්. ඒ. ප්‍රේමදාස, නිශාන්ත විජේසිංහ
නිශ්චල ඡායාරූප - සුරංග රංජිත්
නාමාවලිය - තිලක් ගුණතිලක
දළ සේයාපට සැකසීම - චන්ද්‍රසේන රූබසිංහ
ශබ්ද මිශ්‍රණය - ලයනල් ගුණරත්න
ශබ්ද ඉංජිනේරු - එම්. ඒ. ඒ. අල්විස්
කොණ්ඩා සැරසිලි - වික්ටර් ලොයිඩ් සහාය බෙනඩික් පෙරේරා
පුපුරණ ද්‍රව්‍ය සැපයීම - කරුණාදාස අතුරුගිරිය
කැමරා සහාය - ලලිත් තෝමස්, ෆ්‍රෑන්ක්ලීන් රූප්, ජෝන් මරියදාස්, චමින්ද
ගීත පටිගත කිරීම - ඔගී ස්ටුඩියෝ
නිෂ්පාදන සහාය - සරත් දයානන්ද, ප්‍රේමචන්ද්‍ර කුරේ </s> |
<s>[INST] පහත මාතෘකාව සම්බන්ධයෙන් විස්තර සපයන්න: නර්තන චිකිත්සාව [/INST] නර්තන චිකිත්සාව, හෝ නර්තන චලන චිකිත්සාව (DMT) යනු භාවාත්මක, ඥානාත්මක, සාමාජීය, චර්යාත්මක සහ භෞතික අවශ්යතා සඳහා චලනය සහ නර්තනය මනෝරෝග චිකිත්සක ලෙසින් භාවිතා කිරීම වෙයි.
ආශ්‍රිත </s> |
<s>[INST] පහත මාතෘකාව සම්බන්ධයෙන් විස්තර සපයන්න: රත්නපුර මැතිවරණ දිස්ත්‍රික්කය [/INST] රත්නපුර මැතිවරණ දිස්ත්‍රික්කය යනු ශ්රී ලංකාවේ 1978 ආණ්ඩුක්‍රම ව්‍යවස්ථාව විසින් ශ්රී ලංකාවේ සැදුණු බහු-මන්ත්‍රී මැතිවරණ දිස්ත්‍රික්ක 22 අතුරින් එකකි. සබරගමුව පළාතේ පිහිටි රත්නපුර පරිපාලන දිස්ත්‍රික්කය හා සමග මෙම මැතිවරණ දිස්ත්‍රික්කය සමීපවර්තී වෙයි. වර්තමානයෙහිදී ශ්රී ලංකාවේ පාර්ලිමේන්තුවෙහි මන්ත්‍රීවරුන් 225 අතුරින් 10 දෙනෙකු මෙම දිස්ත්‍රික්කය විසින් තෝරා පත් කරනු ලබන අතර 2010 දී එහි ලියාපදිංචි ඡන්දදායකයන් 734,651 සිටියහ.
1982 ජනාධිපතිවරණය
1982 ඔක්තොම්බර් 20 දිනදී පැවැත්වුනු පළමුවන ජනාධිපතිවරණයේදී මෙම දිස්ත්‍රික්කය සඳහා ප්‍රතිඵලය:
ආශ්‍රිත
මැතිවරණ දිස්ත්‍රික්ක - ශ්රී ලංකා </s> |
<s>[INST] පහත මාතෘකාව සම්බන්ධයෙන් විස්තර සපයන්න: ගං ඌරා [/INST]
See also
ECODIPTERA
Exotic pet
Extensive farming
Factory farming
Intensive farming
Taboo meat
Footnotes
References
Animal Welfare AVMA Policy on Pregnant Sow Housing
CAST Scientific Assessment of the Welfare of Dry Sows kept in Individual Accommodations- March 2009
External links
An introduction to pig keeping
JJ Genetics, gilt pig breeders
Swine Study Guide from UC Davis
British Pig Association
The process of pig slaughtery
Swine Care
Globe and Mail article Canada's transgenic Enviropig is stuck in a genetic modification poke
පශු සම්පත්
Pork
Sequenced genomes </s> |
<s>[INST] පහත මාතෘකාව සම්බන්ධයෙන් විස්තර සපයන්න: 765 [/INST] ග්‍රෙගරි දිනදසුනේ අවුරුදු </s> |
<s>[INST] පහත මාතෘකාව සම්බන්ධයෙන් විස්තර සපයන්න: පුංචි දඔදිව [/INST]
පිහිටීම
රත්නපුර සිට සිරිපාගම පාරේ මල්වලට පැමිණ දකුණට හැරී වේවැල්වත්ත පාරේ ගලබඩ හන්දිය දක්වා ගමන් කොට වමට ඇති පාරේ කි.මී.8ක් ගිය විට "පුංචි දඔදිව විහාරය" හමුවේ.
පුංචි දඹදිව පුදබිමේ බිහිවීම
වර්ෂ 1981ක් වූ අප්‍රියෙල් මස 14 වන දින ගලබඩ රාජ්‍ය වැව්ල්ලේ ලදුකැළෑ බිමකට වැඩම කළ පූජ්‍ය ගරු ගිලීමලේ චන්ද්‍රාලෝක ස්වාමීන් වහන්සේ අවට ගම්වාසීන්ගේ සහය ඇතිව වල් සෙවිලි කරන ලද ඉටි රෙදි වලින් වටකල කුඩා පැල්පතක් තනාගෙන පදිංචි වූ අතර ඒ සමගම ආගමික වතාවත් ඉටුකිරීම සඳහා කොළ අතු සෙවිලි කළ ධර්ම ශාලාවක් තනා එහි ප්රථම පින්කම් උත්සවය වර්ෂ 1981ක් වූ වෙසක් මස පුර පසළොස්වක පොහෝ දින සිදු කරන ලදී. පළමු පිංකමට විශාල පිංවතුන් පිරිසක් එක්රැස් වූ අතර දිනෙන් දින පොදු මහජනතාවගේ ඇල්ම බැල්ම වැඩිවෙමින් පවතින මේ පුංචි විහාරස්ථානයේ ස්ථිර ධර්මශාලා මන්දිරයක් ගොඩනැඟීම ආරම්භ කරන ලදී. එම ධර්මශාලා මන්දිරය අඩි 70ක් දිග අඩි 30ක් පළල ගොඩනැඟිල්ලක් වූ අතර එහි කාමර කීහිපයක් සංඝාවාසයට වෙන් කරන ලදී. වර්ෂ 1982ක් වූ ජුනි මස 03 වෙනි දින ආරම්භ කළ මෙම ධර්මශාලා මන්දිරයේ වැඩ ඉතා ඉක්මනින් අවසන් විය.
කාලයාගේ ඇවෑමෙන් මෙම පුදබිම ඉතා වේගයෙන් දියුණු වූ අතර ලක් වැසියන්ගේ හා ලෝ වැසියන්ගේ නෙත් සිත් ඇද බැඳ ගන්නා ස්ථානයක් බවට පත් විය. මෙම සිද්ධස්ථානය ඉදිවීමේ මූලික අරමුණ වූයේ දඹදිව පුදබිම වන්දනා කරගැනීමට ඇති අපහසුව මතය. මේ අඩුපාඩුව දුරලීම සඳහා පුංචි දඹදිව විහාරස්ථානයේ වැඩ කටයුතු කෙරුණු අතර මේ වනවිටත් එහි ඉදිරි ගොඩනැඟීම් කටයුතු සිදුවෙමින් පවතී. මේ සියලු නිර්මාණයන් අවසන් වූ පසු දඹදිව යාමට නොහැකි අයටද "පුංචි දඹදිව" පුදබිමට පැමිණ සතර සිද්ධස්ථාන වැඳ පුදා ගැනීමට හැකිවනු ඇත.
ලෝකයේ ප්රථම අසූමහ ශ්‍රාවක පස්විසි බුදු රජ මහා විහාරය
1986 ජුනි මස 20 වෙනි දින ශ්රී ලංකා ප්රජාතාන්ත්රික ජනරජයේ ප්රථම විධායක ජනාධිපති ජේ ආර් ජයවර්ධන ශ්‍රීමතානන් අතින් විවෘත වුණු මෙම විහාර මන්දිරය අවුරුදු 2යි, මාස 10ක් වැනි කෙටි කලක් තුළදී ඉතා උසස් විස්කම් නිර්මාණයක් බවට පත්විය. තිලොවට තිලක වූ සම්මා සම්බුදු රජාණන් වහන්සේ එදා දඹදිව ජේතවනාරාමයේ තනතුරුලාභී අසූමහා ශ්‍රාවක මහ රහතන් වහන්සේලා පිරිවරාගෙන ධර්ම සාකච්ඡා පැවැත්වූ අයුරු විදහා දැක්වෙන අනඟිභවනීය දම්සභා මණ්ඩපයක් ඇතුළුව සාරාසංඛ්‍ය කල්ප ලක්ෂයක් තුළ මෙලොවට පහළ වී වදාළ දීපංකර බුදුරජාණන් වහන්සේගේ පටන් කාශ්‍යප නම් වූ බුදුරජාණන් වහන්සේ දක්වා බුදුරජාණන් වහන්සේලාගේ පිළිරූ ඉදිකර, මෙම විහාර මන්දිරය ඉදිකර ඇත.
මෙම මහා විහාර මන්දිරය මෙසේ හඳුන්වනු ලබන්නේ ගෞතම මහා බෝසතාණන් වහන්සේ සාරාසංඛ්‍ය කල්ප ලක්ෂයක් තුළ මෙලොව පහළ වී වදාළ දීපංකර නම් වූ බුදුරජාණන් වහන්සේලා විසි හතර නමකගේ නියත විවරණ ලබන අවස්ථා දැක්වෙන සූවිසි විවරණය විහාර මන්දිරයේ පිට මාලයේ නිරූපණය කර ඇති නිසාය. මෙහි ප්‍රධාන මැද මාලයේ ඇත්තේ තනතුරුලාභී අසූමහ ශ්‍රාවක මහ රහතන් වහන්සේලා පිරිවරාගෙන දඹදිව ජේතවනාරාමයේ දම්සභා මණ්ඩපයේ ධර්ම සාකච්ඡා පවත්වනු ලැබූ අනඟිභවනීය නිර්මාණයයි. ඒ අනුව සූවිසි බුදුන්ගේ ප්‍රතිමාවන් 24ක් අසූමහ ශ්‍රාවක මහ රහතන් වහන්සේලාගේ ප්‍රතිමා 80ක් යන මේ සියලු ප්‍රතිමා එකම වහලක් යට එකම ස්ථානයක එකම විහාර මන්දිරයක් තුළ නිර්මාණය කර තිබෙන එකම ස්ථානය ශ්රී ලංකාවේ පමණක් නොව සමස්ථ ලෝකයේම ඇත්තේ මේ ස්ථානයේ පමණක් නිසාත් "ලෝකයේ ප්රථම අසූමහා ශ්‍රාවක පස්විසි බුදු රජ මහා විහාරය" නමින් මෙය හඳුන්වයි.
ශ්රී ලංකාවේ විශාලතම ධර්මශාලා මන්දිරය
තම ගුරු දේවයන් වහන්සේට උපහාරයක් වශයෙන් කුඩාවේ ශ්රී අභිනවාරාමාධිපති අතිපූජ්‍ය කුඩාවේ විනයනංශ නායක ස්වාමීන්ද්‍රයන් වහන්සේ නමින් නම් කරන ලද අතර "ශ්රී විනයවංශ ධර්මශාලා මන්දිරය" නමින් මෙයට නම් තබන ලදී.
වාර්ෂික මුරදානය පැවැත්වීම සඳහාත් පෙහෙවත් සමාදන් වීම සඳහාත් වන්දනාමාන කටයුතු කිරීම සඳහාත් මෙම දිවයින පුරා ජීවත් වන ජනතාව අති විශාල වශයෙන් දිනපතා විහාරස්ථානයට පැමිණෙන බැවින් ඒ අයට නවාතැන් පහසුකම් සැලැස්වීමට ක්‍රියාමාර්ගයක් ලෙස මෙම ධර්මශාලා මන්දිරය ඉදි විය.එහි ප්‍රතිඵලයක් වශයෙන් අඩි 203ක් දිග අඩි 62ක් පළල සුවිශාල ධර්මශාලා මන්දිරයක් ගොඩනැඟීමට වර්ෂ 1987 ජනවාරි මස 13 වෙනි දින ඒ සඳහා මුල්ගල තැබූ අතර විවිධ ගැටලු මැද වුවද වසර තුනක් වැනි කෙටි කලක් තුළ තනා නිම කරන ලදී 1990-04-21 දින ශ්රී ලංකා ජනරජයේ විධායක ජනාධිපති වන ශ්‍රීමත් රණසිංහ ප්‍රේමදාස මැතිතුමා අතින් විවෟත විය.
ශ්රී ලංකාවේ එකම දෙමහල් සෑය
1993ක් වූ නොවැම්බර් මස 11 වෙනි දින මෙයට මුල්ගල තැබූ අතර 2003 ජූලි මස 06 වෙනි දින ශ්රී ලංකාවේ හිටපු අග්‍රාමාත්‍ය ගරු රනිල් වික්‍රමසිංහ මැතිතුමා අතින් මෙම බුදු රජ විහාර භූමියේ චෛත්‍ය රාජයාණන් වහන්සේ විවෘත කරන ලදී.මේ සුවිශාල චෛත්‍ය නිර්මාණය සිංහල රජ දවසේ සිට මේ දක්වා සබරගමු පළාත තුළ ඉදි වූ සුවිශාලම චෛත්‍ය වන අතර ශ්රී ලංකාව තුළ ඉදිවූ එකම දෙමහල් මහා සෑය බවට පත්වී ඇත මේ සෑ රදුන්ගේ ගර්භය දෙමහල්ය.පහත් බිම් මාලයේ සම්බුදු පියාණන් වහන්සේගේ දස පාරමිතා පුවත් නිර්මාණය කර ඇති අතර ජාතක කතා වස්තු රාශියක් නිර්මාණය කර ඇත.මෙහි උඩු මාලයේ මහා භද්‍රකල්පය තුළ ලොවට පහළ වී වදාළ කකුසඳ බුදුරජාණන් වහන්සේ,කෝනාගම බුදුරජාණන් වහන්සේ,ගෞතම බුදුරජාණන් වහන්සේ, යන සතර බුදුවරයින් වහන්සේලාගේ ප්‍රතිමා සතර ද සධාතුක ධාතු නිදන් කළ චෛත්‍යයද නිර්මාණය කර ඇත.මෙහි වැඩ නිම කිරීමට කෝටි දෙකක් පමණ වැය වී ඇති අතර මෙම දෙමහල් සෑය සිත්ගන්නා සුලු අංගයක් බවට "පුංචි දඔදිව" සිද්ධස්ථානය තුල පත් වී ඇත.
ජය ශ්රී බෝධීන් වහන්සේ
දඔදිව ඉන්දියාවේ මධ්‍ය දේශයේ වැඩ වසන උතුම් වූ විජ ශ්රී ජය ශ්රී මහා බෝධීන් වහන්සේගේ ආරක්ෂාව පිණිස රන් වැටක් හා උතුම් වූ වජ්‍රාසනයට ආවරණය පිණිස රන් වියනක්ද ශ්රී ලංකාවේ හිටපු ජනාධිපති ශ්‍රීමත් රණසිංහ ප්‍රේමදාස මැතිතුමා විසින් පූජා කරන ලදී.2003ක් වූ ඔක්තෝම්බර් මස 28 වෙනි දින දුර්වර්ණ වූ රන් වියන හා රන් වැට රත් ගඟ පුංචි දඔදිව මහා විහාරාධිපති අති පූජ්‍ය ගරු ගිලීමලේ චන්ද්‍රාලෝක මහා හිමියන් වහන්සේගේ මූලිකත්වයෙන් අලුත්වැඩියා කටයුතු සිදු කර උත්සවශ්‍රීයෙන් විවෘත කෙරිණි.මෙම පිංකම සිහිපත් වීම පිණිස යම්කිසි සිහිවටනයක් මෙන් පිංකම් සංවිධායක කමිටුව කරන ලද ඉල්ලීම අනුව බෝධිකාරක මණ්ඩලය මහා බෝධි සමාගම බිහාර් ප්‍රාන්ත රාජ්‍යය යන ආයතන මඟින් ගත් තීරණය මත බෝධීන් වහන්සේගේ ශාඛාවක් ලබා දෙන ලදී.මෙම බෝධි අංකුරය ශ්රී ලංකාද්වීපයට වැඩමකොට යේ වඩා හිඳුවා රෝපණය කිරීමට සුදුසු බව එහි නිලධාරීන් විසින් තීරණය කිරීමෙන් අනතුරුව වර්ෂ 2006ක් වූ මාර්තු මස 27 වෙනි දින රෝපණය කරන ලදී.පසුව විශේෂිත වූ බෝධි මණ්ඩපයක් සාදා එහි බෝධීන් වහන්සේ රෝපණය කරන ලදී.මෙම බෝධි ශාඛා රෝපණය දේවානම්පියතිස්ස මහ රජු දවස සංඝමිත්තා තෙරණිය විසින් වැඩමවා අනුරාධපුර මහමෙව්නාවේ රෝපණය කරන ලද ශ්රී මහ බෝධි ශාඛාවෙන් පසු මෙරටට වැඩමවා පුංචි දඔදිව රෝපණය කරන ලද දෙවන බෝධි ශාඛා වහන්සේ ලෙස ඉතිහාසයට මතු දින එක්වනු ඇත.
පුංචි දඔදිව පුදබිමේ ඇති අනෙකුත් සිද්ධස්ථාන හා ඉදිරි කටයුතු
දඔදිව බුද්ධ භූමි මෙන්ම දඔදිව සතර සිද්ධස්ථාන වැඳ පුදා ගැනීම පිණිස බෞද්ධයන් තුළ ඇති අභිරුචිය ඉතා ඉහළ වුවද ඒ සඳහා වැය වන මුදල විශාල වන බැවින් එය අසීරු කටයුත්තකි. මෙම අඩුපාඩුව දුටු විහාරාධිපති පූජ්‍ය ගරු නායක ස්වාමීන්ද්‍රයන් වහන්සේ තබන ප්රථම පියවර වශයෙන් පිරිනිවන් මංචකය සෑදීමේ කටයුත්තට 2002.05.28 වෙනි දින මුල්ගල තබන ලදී. දඔදිව කුසිනාරා නුවර මල්ල රජ දරුවන්ගේ උපවර්තන සල් උයනේදී නිර්මිත පරිවාර විහාරයේදී අනුරූ ප්‍රතිමා වහන්සේ ලෝකයේ දෙවන වරට මෙම පුදබිමේ ඉදි විය. පසුව මෙම පිරිනිවන් මංචක ප්‍රතිමාවේ සිරස් ධාතූන් වහන්සේ නිදන් කිරීම සිදු වූ අතර මෙම පිරිනිවන් මංචක විහාරස්ථානය ඇති වීමෙන් පසු අසූ මහා ශ්‍රාවක බුද්ධ විහාරය, "පුංචි දඔදිව" නමින් භාවිතා කරන්නට විය.
එසේම මෙම විහාරස්ථානයට බුරුම දේශයෙන් වැඩම කරවන ලද බුද්ධ ප්‍රතිමා වහන්සේ වඩා හිඳුවීම පිණිස නව බුද්ධ මන්දිරයක් සාදවන ලදී. මෙම පින් බිමේ ප්‍රධාන විහාර මන්දිරයට ඉදිරියෙන් ශ්රී පාදස්ථානය, දිවාගුහා විහාරස්ථානය සහ මෙම ප්රදේශය ආරක්ෂා කොට රැකබලා ගැනීමේ කාර්යභාරය දරන දහසක් නයින් සෝවාන් ඵලයෙහි පිහිටුවා ශ්‍රීමත් සුමන් සමන් දෙවියන් වැඩ සිටින දේව මන්දිරය පිහිටා ඇත. දෙමහල් සෑ රදුන් වෙත පිවිසෙන ආරම්භක ස්ථානයේ ඉදිකර ඇති දොළොස්මහේ පහන් ගෙය මුළු පරිසරයම ආලෝකවත් කරමින් නොකඩවා නොනිමී දැල්වෙනු ඇත. මෙම දොළොස්මහේ පහන් ගෙය වටා සිසිල් ජලයෙන් පිරී පොකුණ සිත් ඇදගන්නා සුළුය.
මෙම පුණ්‍ය භූමිය වන්දනා කර ගැනීම සඳහා පැමිණෙන සංඝ රත්නය සඳහා නේවාසික පහසුව පිණිස සිව්මහල් සංඝාවාස ගොඩනැඟිල්ලක් තැනීම දැනට නිමවෙමින් පවතී. එසේම දඹදිව සතර සිද්ධස්ථාන ද ඉදිවෙමින් පවතී. පිරිනිවන් මංචක ප්‍රතිමා වහන්සේගේ අනුරූ ප්‍රතිමා වහන්සේ ඉදිකර අවසන් කර ඇත. බුදුන් වහන්සේගේ උත්පත්තිය සිදු වූ ලුම්බිණි විහාරය, බුද්ධත්වයට පත් වූ බුද්ධගයා විහාරය, මංගල ධර්ම දේශනා පැවැත්වූ දඔදිව මිගාදය ඉදිකිරීමේ කටයුතු දැනට නිමවෙමින් පවතී. ශ්රී ලාංකික බෞද්ධයන් වන අපට "පුංචි දඔදිව" පූජා භූමිය ඉතා වටිනා සිද්ධස්ථානයකි.
උපුටා ගැනීම්
"විස්කම් නිර්මාණයක වගතුග"
ගිලීමලේ නුගවෙල </s> |
<s>[INST] පහත මාතෘකාව සම්බන්ධයෙන් විස්තර සපයන්න: Heladiva Raz Holdings(Pvt) Limited (හෙලදිව රාස් හෝල්ඩිංග්ස්) [/INST] Company </s> |
<s>[INST] පහත මාතෘකාව සම්බන්ධයෙන් විස්තර සපයන්න: ලතින් සභාව [/INST] ලතින් සභාව යනු කතෝලික සභාව තුල පිහිටි ස්වාධිකාරි හෝ සුයි ඉයුරිස් විශේෂිත සභාවකි. එවන් සුයි ඉයුරිස් විශේෂිත සභා 24 ක් කතෝලික සභාව තුල වන අතර, අනෙක්වා නැගෙනහිර කතෝලික සභා වෙති. ජනවන්දනාමය පිළිවෙත (උත්සව, පූජක වේෂ්ටන, ගායනා, භාෂාව), ඇදහිලි චාරිත්‍ර, දේවධර්මය, ධර්ම නීතිය සහ, ආගමික උපදේශකවරුන් (එකිනෙකා එකම බලප්‍රදේශය තුල සිටියද) යන දෙයින් ඒවා එකිනෙකින් වෙනස් වෙතත්, ඒවා සියල්ලම එකම විශ්වාසය දරන අතර, කතෝලික වීමෙහි ආවශ්‍යයික ගුණාංගයක් ලෙසින් රෝමයේ රාජගුරුප්‍රසාදින්වහන්සේ (පාප්වහන්සේ) යටතේ සංධාන ගතවීම සලකති.
මේවා අතුරින් ලතින් සභාව විශාලතම වන අතර, අනෙක් සියල්ල එක් කලද එයට වඩා සාමාජිකත්වය අතරින් ඉහළ අගයයක් දරයි. එය පැනනැගුනේ බටහිර යුරෝපයෙහි සහ උතුරු අප්‍රිකාවෙහි වන අතර, වරක් රෝමානු අධිරාජ්‍යයෙහි ග්‍රහණයට නතු වී තිබුණු මෙම ප්රදේශය පුරා, ලතින් භාෂාව මැනවින් තේරුම් ගත හැකිව හා කතා කල හැකිව තිබුණි. එය සමහරවිට බටහිර සභාව ලෙසින් හැඳින්වෙයි. ගණනින් 23 ක්වූ, අනෙකුත් සියළු සුයි ඉයුරිස් විශේෂිත සභාවන්, ඈත පෙරදිග ජනිතවූ අතර, එබැවින් සාමුහික වශයෙන් නැගෙනහිර කතෝලික සභා ලෙසින් හැඳින්වෙයි. ජනගහන සංක්‍රමණයන් නිසා, මෙම සුයි ඉයුරිස් විශේෂිත සභාවන් සියල්ලෙහි සාමාජිකයන්, ඒවායේ සම්භවය සිදුවූ ප්‍රදේශවලට තවදුරටත් සීමාවී නොසිටින අතර ලොව පුරා දැකිය හැකිය.
බටහිර ක්‍රිස්තියානි ආගම
කතෝලික පද
රෝමානු කතෝලික සුයි ඉයුරිස් විශේෂිත සභා </s> |
<s>[INST] පහත මාතෘකාව සම්බන්ධයෙන් විස්තර සපයන්න: සිංහාවලෝකණය [/INST] {{Infobox film
| name =
| image = Sinhavalokanaya.jpg
| alt =
| caption =
| film name =
| director = සුනෙත් මාලිංග ලොකුහේවා
| producer =
| writer =
| screenplay =
| story =
| based on =
| starring = ඩෙලොන් ජයසිංහ
රයිනි චාරුකා
මේනක රාජපක්ෂ
තිලකරත්න දිල්ෂාන්
| narrator =
| music =
| cinematography =
| editing =
| studio =
| distributor =
| released =
| runtime =
| country = ශ්රී ලංකා
| language = සිංහල
| budget =
| gros </s> |
<s>[INST] පහත මාතෘකාව සම්බන්ධයෙන් විස්තර සපයන්න: මව්ලිඩ් [/INST] මව්ලිඩ් ( مَولِد النَّبِي මව්ලිඩු න්-නබබීයි, “අනාගතවක්තෘවරයාගේ උපත”, විටෙක සරල ලෙසින් කථා ව්‍යවහාර අරාබි භාෂාවෙහි مولد වෙනත් බොහෝ ශබ්ද නැගීම් අතර මව්ලිඩ්, මෙව්ලිඩ්, මෙව්ලිට්, ම්‍යුලුඩ් ලෙසින්ද දැක්වෙන; සමහරවිට ميلاد මිලාඩ්) යනු, ඉස්ලාමීය දින දසුනෙහි තුනවන මාසය වන රබීය අල්-අවුවල් මාසයෙහිදී යෙදෙන, ඉස්ලාමීය අනාගතවක්තෘ මුහමද් තුමාගේ උපන්දිනය සිහි කෙරෙන දිනයයි.
සුෆී සාන්තුවරයන් වැනි අනෙකුත් ඓතිහාසික ආගමික තැනැත්තන්ගේ උපන්දින උත්සව සඳහා ප්‍රජාතීය පදයක් ලෙසින්, මව්ලිඩ් පදය, ඊජිප්තුව වැනි, ලොව සමහරක් කොටස් වලදී ව්‍යවහාර වෙයි. </s> |
<s>[INST] පහත මාතෘකාව සම්බන්ධයෙන් විස්තර සපයන්න: බෘෘනයි හී කාන්තාවෝ [/INST] බෲනයි හී කාන්තාවෝ යනු, බෲනයි දරුස්සලාම් තුල ජීවත් වන කාන්තාවන් වෙති. ඔවුන්ගේ ඉස්ලාමීය සමාජ අනුවාදය පරිදී, බෲනයි කාන්තාවන් සැලකෙන්නේ "ඉතා ඉහළ තත්ත්වයක්" සහිත අයවළුන් ලෙසටයි.
කාන්තාවන්ගේ අයිතිවාසිකම් ආරක්ෂා කිරීමට, රජය විසින් ප්‍රයත්නයන් දරා ඇත. </s> |
<s>[INST] පහත මාතෘකාව සම්බන්ධයෙන් විස්තර සපයන්න: කර්මාන්ත ශාලා ගොවිතැන් කිරීම - ඉතිහාසය [/INST] 18 වන සියවස අතරතුරදි කෘෂිකර්මාන්තය විසින් වඩාත් ත්‍රීව්‍ර ක්‍රම උකහා ගන්නා ලදී. මෙම නිෂ්පාදනයේ වැඩිවීම හොදින්ම ලාක්ෂණය කරණය වුයේ කෘෂිකාර්මික විප්ලවය මගිනි. එහිදි ගොවිතැන් කිරීම් තාක්ෂණික ක්‍රම වල වැඩිදියුණු කිරීම් සැලකිය යුතු ලෙස වැඩි වු ඵලදාවක් කරා මග එලි පෙහෙලි කරළ අතර කාර්මික විප්ලවය අතරතුරදී ජනගහනය නාගරී කරණය වීමට සහය ලබාදුනි.
19 වන සියවසේ පසුභාගයේදී ආරම්භ වු කෘෂිකර්මාන්තමය නව හදුන්වාදීම් මගින් අනෙකුත් කර්මාන්තයන්හි විශාල නිපදවීම් වල දියුණු වීම් සමග කෘෂිකර්මය සමාන කරන කරවන ලදී. ශාක නිෂ්පාදනයේ අත්‍යවශ්‍ය සාධක ලෙස නයිට්‍රජන් හා පොස්පර්ස් හදුනා ගැනීම මගින් කෘතිම පොහොර නිෂ්පාදනයට බමග පෑදු අතර එමගින් කෘෂිකර්මාන්තයේ තවත් ත්‍රීව්‍ර ආකාර නිර්මාණය කරන ලදී. 20 වන සියවසේ පළමු දශක දෙක තුනදී විටමින් හා සත්ත්ව පෝෂණයේ එහි කාර්යය භාර්යය හදුනා ගැනීම විටමින් සපායාදීම් වලට මග පාදා දුන් අතර එමගින් 1920 දශකයේදී සමහරක් පශු සම්පත් ගෘහස්ථව සෑදීමට ඉඩ ලබාදුනි. ප්‍රතිජීවක හා එන්නත් හදුන්වාදීම මගින් රෝග අවම කිරීමේ පහසුකම සැලසුන නිසා පශු සම්පත් විශාල ප්‍රමාණ වලින් සෑදීමේ පහසුකම ඇතිවෙයි. දෙවන ලෝක යුද්ධයේ භාවිතය සදහා වැඩි දියුණු කරන ලද රසායනික ද්‍රව්‍ය කෘතිම පලිබෝධ නාශක වලට මග විවරකර දුනි. නාවුක ජාල හා ත්ක්ෂණික ක්‍රම වල දියුණු වීම් මගින් කෘෂිකාර්මික නිෂ්පාදන විශාල දුරවල් හරහා බෙදාහැරීමට ඉඩ පහසුකම් සලසා ඇත.
BBC සේවයට අනුව, ආනයනික මස් පිලිබද බ්‍රිතාන්‍යයේ විශ්වාසය අඩුකිරීම සදහා නව තාක්ෂණික ක්‍රම හදුන්වාදීම මගින් ගොවීන් උනන්දු කිරීම සදහා 1947 දී නව කෘෂිකාර්මික පනතක් මගින් සහනාධාර ලබාදීමත් සමග බ්‍රිතාන්‍යයේ කර්මාන්තශාලා ගොවිතැන් කිරීම් ආරම්භ විය. එක්සත් ජාතීන් කියා සිටින්නේ සත්ත්ව නිෂ්පාදන ත්‍රීව්‍ර කරණය ඔවුන් විසින් නිරීක්ෂණය කරනු ලැබ ඇත්තේ ආහාර ආරක්ෂණ සපයන මාර්ගයක් ලෙස බවයි. 1964 දී The Guardian හි කෘෂිකාර්මික ලියුම්කරුවා පහත පරිදි ලියන ලදී.
කර්මාන්තශාලා වගාකිරීම්, අප එයට කැමති වුවත් නැති වුවත් අප අතර රැදී සිටිම සදහා පැමිණ ඇත. මෙම රළ ප්‍රවාහය, සත්ත්ව වේදීන්ගේ මාංශික හඩාවැටීම් වලින්, සාම්ප්‍රදායික ගොවිතැන් කිරීමේ ක්‍රම සදහා වන බලපෑම මගින් හෝ ජීවිතයේ ප්‍රාදේශීය ආකාරය සදහා වු භාවාත්මක ප්‍රවේශය මගින් නැවත හැරි නොයනු ඇත. ආහාර ප්‍රතිසම්පාදනයේ අනාගතය ස්පර්ශ කරමින් ආර්ථික හා දේශපාලනික දියුණූවීම් වල විශේෂිත කොටසක් වු පශු පාලන අංශය මත එතරම් සාර්ථකත්වයක් නොලැබු වර්ෂයක් තුලදී වඩාත් දුරදක්නා අයෙකු විසින් ත්‍රීව්‍ර ගොවිතැන් කරණයේ ගොඩනැංවීම ප්‍රධාන දියුණු වීම ලෙස නම් කරනු ඇත.
References
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Factory_farming#History </s> |
<s>[INST] පහත මාතෘකාව සම්බන්ධයෙන් විස්තර සපයන්න: කොත්මලේ වේල්ල [/INST]
මෙයද බලන්න
ශ්රී ලංකාවේ ජල වේලි
ශ්රී ලංකාවේ බලාගාර ලැයිස්තුව
කඩදොර විහාරය
ශ්රී ලංකාවේ ජලවිදුලි බලාගාර </s> |
<s>[INST] පහත මාතෘකාව සම්බන්ධයෙන් විස්තර සපයන්න: ගජපති අධිරාජ්‍යය [/INST] ගජපති අධිරාජ්‍යය ස්ථාපනය කරන ලද්දේ සූර්යවංශ හෙවත් රෞත්‍රය රාජවංශය විසින් වන අතර, ඔවුහු ඉන්දියානු උපමහාද්වීපයෙහි වූ මධ්‍යකාලීන හින්දු රාජවංශයක් වූහ. ක්රි.ව. 1434 සිට 1541 දක්වා කාලයෙහි ඕද්‍රදේශ (වර්තමාන ඔඩිෂා සහ උතුරු වෙරළබඩ ආන්ධ්‍ර) ප්‍රදේශයහි පාලනය ඔවුන් යටතේ පැවතිණි. කපිලේන්ද්‍ර දේව රජු යටතේ අධිරාජ්යයක් දක්වා වර්ධනය වූ ගජපතීහු උතුරින් පහළ ගංගා ප්රදේශයේ සිට දකුණෙහි කාවේරි ප්රදේශය තෙක් සිය ආධිපත්‍යය පැතිරවූහ.
මේවාත් බලන්න
නැගෙනහිර ගංග රාජවංශය
පූසපති
ආශ්‍රේයයන්
ග්‍රන්ථාවලිය
ඉන්දියාවේ රාජවංශ
1434 දී ස්ථාපිත රාජ්‍ය සහ භූමි
ඔඩිෂාවේ ඉතිහාසය
ආන්ධ්‍ර ප්‍රදේශ් හි ඉතිහාසය
ඔඩිෂාවේ රාජවංශ
හින්දු රාජවංශ
සූර්යවංශ </s> |
<s>[INST] පහත මාතෘකාව සම්බන්ධයෙන් විස්තර සපයන්න: පැසිස්ට්වාදී ආර්ථීකය [/INST] පැසිස්ට්වාදී ආර්ථික විද්‍යාව යනු, පැසිස්ට් රජයන් විසින් ක්‍රියාත්මක කළ ආර්ථික ප්‍රතිපත්තිවේ. පැසිස්ට්වාදය යන පදය, 20 වැනි සියවසේ ආරම්භයේ සිට එහි මැද භාගය දක්වා, යුරෝපයේ ඇතැම් ප්‍රදේශවල (සහ ඇතැමුන්ට අනුව, ලතින් ඇමරිකාවේ) පැවති, දැඩි දේශාභිමානී හැසිරීම් හා ආධිපත්‍යකින් හැඳින්වීමට භාවිතා කෙරිණි. “පැසිස්ට්වාදය” සඳහා, පිළිගත් තනි නිර්වචනයක් නැත. පැසිස්ට්වාදීන් ලෙස හඳුනාගන්නා බොහෝ කණ්ඩායම්, තමන්ව හඳුන්වා ගැනීමට එම පදය භාවිතා නොකරති. එසේම පැසිස්ට්වාදය යන පදය, විස්තරාත්මක පදයක් ලෙස ව්‍යවහාර නොකරන අතර, වර්තමානයේ ප්‍රශංසාත්මක පදයක් හෝ දේශපාලන විශේෂණයක් ලෙස ප්‍රධාන වශයෙන් භාවිතා නොකෙරේ. පැසිස්ට්වාදී චින්තනය ආර්ථික ගැටලු පිළිබඳව කලාතුරකින් සලකනු ලබන අතර ඊට අමතරව, මෙමගින් පැසිස්ට්වාදී ආර්ථික විද්‍යාවේ ඕනෑම සාපේක්ෂ අධ්‍යාපනයකට බාධා ඇති කරයි.
එසේ වුවද, වෙනත් ක්‍රමවලින් වෙන්කර හදුනාගත හැකි, පැසිස්ට් ජාතීන් සතු ලක්ෂණ සහිත, පැසිස්ට්වාදී දේශපාලන ආර්ථිකයක් ඇතැයි, සමහර විද්වතුහු හා විශ්ලේෂකයෝ තර්ක කරති. පැසිස්ට්වාදී ආර්ථික අතර සමහර සමානකම් පැවතුනද, පැසිස්ට් ආර්ථික සංවිධාන සඳහා විශේෂ ආකාරයක් නැතැයි තවත් පිරිසක් තර්ක කරති. කිහිප දෙනෙකු, නූතන සුභසාධන තත්වයන් තුළ, පුළුල්වන එක්සත් ජනපදයේ බලය පදනම් වූ බහු ජාතික ධනවාදය තුළ, රජය හා පෞද්ගලික ව්‍යවසාය අතර නව සමායතන සම්බන්ධතාවය තුළ හා සමාජ ප්‍රජාතන්ත්‍රවාදී ආර්ථීක ප්‍රතිපත්ති තුළ, පැසිස්ට්වාදී ආර්ථීක ප්‍රතිපත්තිවල ප්‍රතිරාවයන් දකී.
පැසිස්ට්වාදී ආර්ථිකයේ පොදු ලක්ෂණ
ප්රථම පැසිස්ට්වාදී සංචලන, පළමු ලෝක යුද්ධයේ අවසාන වර්ෂවල ඇතිවිය. ඔවුන්, ජාතික පුනරුප්පත්තියක් අපේක්ෂා කළ අතර, සමාජයට හා සංස්කෘතික පරිහානිය ඇතිකිරීම පිළිබඳව ලිබරල්වාදයට සමාජවාදයට හා භෞතිකවාදයට දෝෂාරෝපණය කරන ලදී. එසේම ඔවුන් සම්ප්‍රදායික, ගතානුගතික වටිනාකම් වලට ආපසු ගමන් කිරීමටද පක්ෂග්‍රාහී විය (නව දේශපාලන ක්‍රමයක් තුළින් මෙයට ලඟාවීමට ඔවුන් යෝජනා කලද).
ජාතියක සංස්කෘතික හා අධ්‍යාත්මික වශයෙන් නව පිබිදීමක් ඇතිවූවිට, සමෘද්ධිය ස්වභාවිකවම ඒ පසුපස පැමිණෙන බව පැසිස්ට්වාදී විශ්වාසයකි. එහි ප්‍රතිඵලයක් ලෙස, ආර්ථීකය වැඩි වැදගත්කමක් නැති දෙයක් ලෙස, පැසිස්ට්වාදීන් සැලකූ අතර ඔවුන්ට පැහැදිලි ආර්ථික දර්ශනයක් නොමැති විය. පැසිස්ට්වාදී පක්ෂයක විවිධ සාමාජිකයන්, ඔවුන් සහාය දෙන ආර්ථීක ප්‍රතිපත්ති පිළිබඳව නිරතුරුවම ප්‍රතිවාදී ප්‍රකාශ සිදු කළ හැකිය. බලයේ සිටියදී, පැසිස්ට්වාදීන් බොහෝවිට දේශපාලන අරමුණු සඳහා වඩාත් සුදුසුයැයි ඔවුන් විශ්වාස කළ ආර්ථීක වැඩසටහන් තෝරාගනු ලැබිණි. බොහෝ කල් පැවති පැසිස්ට්වාදී පාලනයන් (ඉතාලියේ බෙනිටෝ මුසෝලිනිගේ පාලනය වැනි) මඟින්, කාලයෙන් කාලයට ඔවුන්ගේ ආර්ථික ප්‍රතිපත්තිවල ප්‍රබල වෙනස්කම් ඇති කෙරිණි.
එපමණක් නොව, පැසිස්ට්වාදීන්ට ඔවුන්ගේ ආර්ථික තීරණ හැඩගස්වන දේශපාලන දර්ශන ගණනාවක් ඇත. මෙයින් පළමුවැන්න, සමාජවාදයට හා ලිබරල් ධනවාදයට එරෙහි මූලික පැසිස්ට්වාදී විරෝධතාවයි. ආර්ථික විද්යා විෂය තුළට ඔවුන්ගේ අදහස් ක්‍රියාත්මක කිරීමෙන්, “තුන්වන මාර්ගයක්” නිරූපණය කරන බවට පැසිස්ට්වාදීන් තර්ක කළ අතර, ඔවුන් සංස්ථාගතවීමට හා පංති සහයෝගීතාවයට පක්ෂපාතීවිය. විෂමතාවයන් හා වෙනස් සමාජ පංති පැවතීම වාසිදායක විය හැකි යැයි ඔවුන් විශ්වාස කළ නමුත් (සමාජවාදී දර්ශනයට පටහැනිව), මෙම පංති අතර සම්බන්ධතාවලට මැදිහත්වීමේ වගකීමක් රජයට ඇති බවටද ඔවුන් විසින් තර්ක කරන ලදී. (ලිබරල් ධනවාදීන්ගෙන් දර්ශනයට පටහැනිව)
පැසිස්ට්වාදීන් විසින් නිදහස් වෙළඳ ධනවාදී හෝ කොමියුනිට්ස්වාදී නොවන, යථාර්තවාදී ආර්ථීක විකල්පයක් සපයන ලදි. පැසිස්ට්වාදී ආර්ථීකවල ආවේණික ලක්ෂණයක් වුයේ, ආර්ථීක පාලනය කළහැකි බවයි. එනම්, රජය විසින් ඍජු බලපෑමක් සිදුකරන හා සම්පත් හා නිෂ්පාදිත බෙදාහැරීම ඵලදායීව පාලනය කරන ආර්ථිකයක් වීමයි.
සාමාන්යයෙන්, ඇතැම් කර්මාන්ත ජනසතු කිරීමට අමතරව, පැසිස්ට් ආර්ථික, පෞද්ගලික දේපල හා පෞද්ගලික මූලාරම්භ මත පදනම් වූ නමුත් රජයට කරන සේවය මත මේවා අවිනිශ්චිත විය.
මානව සම්බන්ධතාවන්ගේ සමාජ ඩාවින්වාදී දෘෂ්ඨියෙන්ද, පැසිස්ට්වාදය ක්‍රියාත්මකවිය. ඔවුන්ගේ අරමුණ ප්‍රබලයන්ට අනුබලදීම හා දුබලයන් ඉවත් කිරීමයි. ආර්ථික භාවිතය අතින් මෙහි අදහස, වෘත්තීය සමිති හා වැඩකරන පංතියේ වෙනත් ආයතන විනාශ කරමින්, සාර්ථක ව්‍යාපාරිකයන්ගේ උනන්දුව වැඩි කිරීමයි. සංස්ථාපිත බලය ආරක්ෂා කිරීම පැසිස්ට්වාදයේ අවශ්‍ය කොටසක් බව ලෝරන්ස් බ්රිට් යෝජනා කරයි. ‘පෞද්ගලික අංශයට වගකියන බදු ගෙවන්නන්, පැසිස්ට්වාදය මගින් ඇති කරයි’ යනුවෙන් ඉතිහාසඥ ගටෙනෝ සල්වෙමිනි විසින් 1936 දි තර්ක කරන ලදී. මන්ද, “රජය පෞද්ගලික ව්‍යවසායවල අත්වැරදීම්වලට ගෙවනු ලබයි.පෞද්ගලික අංශ හා පුද්ගලයන් ලාභය ලබන අතර, පාඩු පොදු සමාජමය අතර බෙදී යයි.”
අවසාන වශයෙන්, පැසිස්ට්වාදය දැඩි හමුදා පාලනයක් විය. එනිසාම, පැසිස්ට්වාදීන් නිරතුරුව යුධ වියදම් කැපී පෙනෙන ලෙස වැඩිකළ අතර, ඔවුන්ගේ ආර්ථික සංවර්ධනය සඳහා ප්‍රධානම හේතුව, ශක්තිමත් හමුදාවක ආධාරය සහිතව, ශක්තිමත් ආර්ථිකයක් ඇතිකිරීමට ඔවුන් තුළ වූ බලාපොරොත්තුවයි. පැසිස්ට් රජයන් මඟින් පෞද්ගලික ලාභ සෙවීම ධෛර්යමත් කළ අතර විශාල ව්‍යාපාරවලට ප්‍රතිලාභ පිරි නැමිණි. නමුත්, අනෙක් අතට සියලු ආර්ථීක ක්‍රියාකාරකම් ජාතියේ යහපතට කළ යුතු යැයි නියම විය. බොහෝ සිද්ධීන්වලදී, විදේශ වෙළෙඳාම සම්පූර්ණයෙන්ම තහනම් කිරීම හෝ අධෛර්යමත් කිරීම මෙයින් අදහස් කෙරිණි. අනවශ්‍ය තරම් ජාත්‍යන්තර වෙළෙඳාමේ නිරතවීම මගින් ජාතික ආර්ථීකය, ජාත්‍යන්තර ප්‍රාග්ධනය මත යැපෙන තත්ත්වයකට පත්වන බව, ඔවුහු විශ්වාස කළහ. එමනිසා ජාත්‍යන්තර ආර්ථික සම්බාධක පැනවීමට ඔවුහු ක්රියා කළහ. සමෘද්ධිය(autarky) ලෙස හැඳින්වූ ආර්ථීක ස්වයං පෝෂණය, බොහෝ පැසිස්ට් රජයන්ගේ ප්‍රධානම අරමුණක් විය. </s> |
<s>[INST] පහත මාතෘකාව සම්බන්ධයෙන් විස්තර සපයන්න: Divisional Hospital (Type A) [/INST] Divisional Hospital (Type A) යනු ශ්රී ලංකාවේ රෝහල් වර්ගීකරණයේ භාවිතා කරන ප්‍රවර්ගයකි. </s> |
<s>[INST] පහත මාතෘකාව සම්බන්ධයෙන් විස්තර සපයන්න: මැදින් අව අටවක [/INST] චන්ද්‍ර දිනදසුන් වලට අනුව මැදින් මාසයේ 23වන තිථියයි. මැදින් මාසයේ අව පක්ෂයේ 8වන තිථියයි.
ආශ්‍රිත ලිපි
චන්ද්‍ර මාස
පෝය
මැදින්
චන්ද්‍ර දිනදසුනේ අව පක්ෂයේ දින </s> |
<s>[INST] පහත මාතෘකාව සම්බන්ධයෙන් විස්තර සපයන්න: 1975 සිංහල චිත්‍රපට ලැයිස්තුව [/INST] 1975 වර්ෂයේ තිරගත වූ සිංහල චිත්‍රපට ලැයිස්තව පහත දැක්වේ.
මේවාද බලන්න
සිංහල සිනමාව
සිංහල චිත්‍රපට ලැයිස්තුව </s> |
<s>[INST] පහත මාතෘකාව සම්බන්ධයෙන් විස්තර සපයන්න: ෆිලිප් හියුස් [/INST] ෆිලිප් ජොයෙල් හියුස් (30 නොවැම්බර් 1988 – 27 නොවැම්බර් 2014) යනු, දකුණු ඕස්ට්‍රේලියාව සහ වෙරෙස්ටර්ෂයර් වෙනුවෙන් දේශීය ක්‍රිකට් ක්‍රීඩා කල, ඕස්ට්‍රේලියානු ටෙස්ට් සහ එක්-දින ජාත්‍යන්තර (එදිජා) ක්‍රිකට් ක්‍රීඩකයෙක් විය. ඔහු වමතින් පිත්ත හැසිරවූ ඉනිම ආරම්භ කල පිතිකරුවකු වූ අතර, වයස අවුරුදු 20 ක් වත්ම, 2009 වසරෙහිදී සිය ටෙස්ට් මංගලාවතරණය සිදු කිරීමට පෙර, තරග වාර දෙකක් තුලදී නිව් සවුත් වේල්ස් කණ්ඩායම වෙනුවෙන් ක්‍රීඩා කලේය.
එංගලන්තයේ පැවති 2009 අළු බඳුන තරගාවලිය තුලදී, ඔහු කණ්ඩායමෙන් ඉවත් කර තිබුණේ, කෙටි පන්දු වලට එරෙහිව ඔහු තුල ඇති බවට ප්‍රත්‍යක්ෂ කර ගෙන තුබූ දුර්වලතා නිසා වන අතර, ඔහු වෙනුවට ෂේන් වෙටේසන් ක්‍රීඩාවෙහි යෙදවිණි. පකිස්තානයට එරෙහිව 2010 ජනවාරි මසදී ඔහු යළිත් තරග කිරීමට තෝරා ගත් අතර, 2010 මාර්තු මාසයේදී නවසීලන්තයට එරෙහිව ඔහු යළිත් තෝරා ගත් අවස්ථාවෙහිදී, දෙවන-ඉනිමෙහි ලකුණු හඹායෑමේදී නොදැවී ලකුණු 86 ක් රැස් කර ගත්තේය.
2010/11 අළු බඳුන තරගාවලියේදී, 17-පුද්ගල ටෙස්ට් සමූහයෙන් හියුස් මුලදී අත්හැර තිබුනද, සයිමන් කැටිච් වෙත තුවාල සිදුවීම නිසා, පර්ත්හී තෙවන ටෙස්ට් තරගයට තෝරා ගන්නා ලදි . තරගාවලිය තුල හියුස්ගේ ක්‍රීඩාකිරීමේ කෞශල්‍යය සාපේක්ෂ වශයෙන් දුර්වල මට්ටමක පැවතියද, 2010/11 තරග වාරයේ අවසන් කාලයේදී නිව් සවුත් වේල්ස් කණ්ඩායම සඳහා හොඳ ක්‍රීඩා කිරීම් මට්ටමක සිටි බැවින්, අගෝස්තු/සැප්තැම්බර් 2011 ශ්රී ලංකාවේ ඕස්ට්‍රේලියානු කණ්ඩායමේ සංචාරය සඳහා කණ්ඩායමෙහි රඳවා ගන්නා ලදි. ශ්රී ලංකාවට එරෙහි තරග මාලාවේ තෙවන සහ අවසන් ටෙස්ට් තරගයෙහිදී හියුස් ලකුණු 126 ක් රැස් කල අතර ඊළඟට පැවැති දකුණු අප්‍රිකාවේ ඕස්ට්‍රේලියානු සංචාරයෙහිදී ලකුණු 88 ක් රැස් කර ගති.කෙසේවෙතත්, 2011–12 වසරෙහිදී නවසීලන්තය විසින් ඕස්ට්‍රේලියාවේ කල සංචාරය තුලදී, මාටින්ගේ පන්දු වෙත පහර එල්ලකල විට ගප්ටිල් විසින් උඩ පන්දුව රැකීම නිසා පිට පිට සතර වතාවක් හියුස් දැවී යෑම නිසා, ඔහු කණ්ඩායමෙන් ඉවත් කොට, එඩ් කවන් ඒ වෙනුවට කණ්ඩායමට එක් කෙරිණි.
ඔහු කණ්ඩායමෙන් කපා හැරීමෙන් පසුව, බිග් බෑෂ් ලීගයේ ක්‍රිඩා කිරීම හියුස් විසින් මදකට නතර කලේ ඔහුගේ ක්‍රීඩා විලාසය සරි කර ගැනීම සඳහාය. වොරෙස්ටර්ෂයර් කණ්ඩායම සමගින් කොන්ත්‍රාත්තුවක් අත්සන් කල හියුස්, ප්‍රධාන වශයෙන් අංක 3 ස්ථානයෙහි ක්‍රීඩා කරමින් ඵලබර ක්‍රීඩා වාරයක් භුක්ති වින්දේ පළමු පෙල ක්‍රිකට් මාදිළියෙහි ලකුණු 35 ක සාමාන්‍යයක්ද, වි20 ක්‍රිකට් මාදිළියෙහි ලකුණු 100 ක සාමාන්‍යයක්ද, එදිජා ක්‍රිකට් මාදිළියෙහි ලකුණු 83 ක සාමාන්‍යයක්ද රඳවා ගනිමිනි. වෙරෙස්ටර්ෂයර් සඳහා ඔහුගේ ප්‍රබල ක්‍රීඩා වාරය හියුස් විසින් තවත් ඔප නංවා ගත්තේ, නිව් සවුත් වේල්ස් ප්‍රාන්තය වෙත ක්‍රීඩාකිරීම වෙනුවට දකුණු ඕස්ට්‍රේලියා ප්‍රාන්තය වෙත ක්‍රීඩාකිරීම තෝරාගෙන එය මනා කෞෂල්‍යයක් සමගින් ඉටු කිරීමෙනි. ක්‍රිකට් ඕස්ට්‍රේලියා හී එකල ජාතික තේරීම් කමිටුවෙහි සභාපති, ජෝන් ඉන්ටරෑරිටි විසින් සටහන් කර ගත්තේ, ඕස්ට්‍රේලියාවේ අනාගත කණ්ඩායමෙහි හියුස් වැදගත් භූමිකාවක් ඉටු කල යුතු බවයි.
ඔහුගේ හොඳ ක්‍රීඩා ස්වරූපය වෙනුවෙන් හියුස් වෙත 2012 වසරෙහිදී ප්‍රතිලාභ ලැබුනේ, පළමුව 2012–13 වසරෙහිදී ශ්රී ලංකාව විසින් ඕස්ට්‍රේලියාවේ කල සංචාරය සඳහා ඕස්ට්‍රේලියාවේ ටෙස්ට් කණ්ඩායම වෙනුවෙන් තෝරා ගැනීමෙන්ද , ඉන්පසුව එම තරග සංචාරයෙහිම පළමු එදිජා දෙක සඳහා ඕස්ට්‍රේලියානු එදිජා සමූහය සඳහා තෝරා ගැනුමෙනි. 2013 ජනවාරි 11 දිනදී, එදිජා ක්‍රිකට් ඉතිහාසය තුල සිය මංගලාවතරණයෙහිදී ශතකයක් රැස් කල පළමු ඕස්ට්‍රේලියානු පිතිකරුවා වීමට හියුස් සමත්වූ අතර, මෙම ප්‍රයාණය ඔහු සාක්ෂාත් කරගත්තේ ශ්රී ලංකාවට එරෙහිව මෙල්බර්න්හී පැවැති තරගයෙහිදීය. මෙතුවක් කල්, ටෙස්ට් තරගයකදී පිට පිට ශතක රැස් කල ලාබාලම ක්‍රීඩකයා වීමටද හියුස් සමත්වූ අතර, මෙම ප්‍රයාණය ඩර්බන් හිදී ඔහු සාක්ෂාත් කර ගත්තේ, 2009 වසරෙහිදී දකුණු අප්‍රිකාවට එරෙහිවය.
2014 නොවැම්බර් 25 දිනදී, සිඩ්නි ක්‍රිකට් පිටියෙහිදී (SCG) පැවති ෂෙෆීල්ඩ් පළිහ තරගයකදී, බවුන්සර පන්දුවක් වැදීම නිසා, කශේරු ධමනි විච්ඡේදනය සිදුවීමෙන් මොළයේ රුධිර වහනයක් ඇති කර ලීම නිසා, පිටිය තුල සිහිසුන්ව හියුස් ඇද වැටුනේය. ඕස්ට්‍රේලියානු කණ්ඩායම් වෛද්‍යවර පීටර් බ්‍රක්නර් සටහන් කර ගත්තේ, මෙවැනි සිදුවීම් 100 ක් පමණක් මෙතුවක් වාර්තාවී ඇති බවත්, ඒ අතුරින් "ක්‍රිකට් පන්දුවක් නිසා සිදුවී ඇතැයි වාර්තා වී ඇත්තේ එක් අවස්ථාවක් පමණක්" බවත්ය. සෙන්ට් වින්සන්ට්ස් රෝහල වෙත ඔහු ගෙන ගිය අතර, එහිදී ශල්‍යකර්මයන්ට භාජනය කරනු ලැබ, ප්‍රේරිත අධිමූර්ඡා තත්ත්වයක හා දැඩි සත්කාර යටතේ අවදානම් තත්ත්වයක පසුවිය. 2014 නොවැම්බර් 27 දිනදී ඔහු මියගියේ, යළි සිහිය නොලබාමය.
ආශ්‍රිත
1988 උපත්
2014 මරණ </s> |
<s>[INST] පහත මාතෘකාව සම්බන්ධයෙන් විස්තර සපයන්න: ද කිං'ස් ඩ්‍රීම් [/INST] ද කිං'ස් ඩ්‍රීම් () නැතහොත් ඩ්‍රීම් ඔෆ් ද එම්පරර් හෙවත් ද ග්‍රේට් කිං'ස් ඩ්‍රීම් හා ඩ්‍රීම් ඔෆ් ද කිං යන නාමයන්ගෙන් හැඳින්වෙන්නේ දකුණු කොරියානු රූපවාහිනී කතාමාලාවකි. දකුණු කොරියාවේ KBS1 නාළිකාව ඔස්සේ විකාශය ආරම්භ වූ මෙය 2012 සැප්තැම්බර් 8 සිට 2013 ජූනි 9 වන දින දක්වා විකාශය කෙරුණේ සෙනසුරාදා සහ ඉරිදා දිනවල ය. මෙය එරට වේලාවෙන් 21:40ට කථාංග 70කින් යුක්තව විකාශය විය.
ෂින් චං-සොක් සහ කිම් සං-හ්වි විසින් අධ්‍යක්ෂණය කරන ලද මෙම රූපවාහිනී කතාමාලාව යූ දොං-යූන් සහ කිම් සොන්-දොක් යන කතුවරුන්ගේ රචනාවකි. මෙහි ප්‍රධාන චරිත නිරූපණය කරනු ලබන්නේ චෝයි සූ-ජොං, කිම් යු-සොක්, පාක් ජූ-මි, හොං ඉයුන්-හී සහ ලී යොං-ආ යන නළු නිළි පිරිස විසිනි. මෙය නිෂ්පාදනය කරන ලද්දේ හන් ජූන්-සෝ විසිනි.
කථාපුවත
කිම් චුන්චු යනු සිල්ලා රාජධානියේ ජින්ජි රජුගේ මුණුපුරායි. ඔහුගේ මුත්තණුවන් වන ජින්ජි රජුව සිහසුනෙන් නෙරපීමත් සමග, චුන්චු හට සිල්ලාවේ සිහසුනට උරුමකරුවකු වීමේ අවස්ථාව ගිලිහී යයි. ඔහුට පසුව කිම් යුෂින් නැමැත්තකු මුණ ගැසේ. ඔවුහු දෙදෙනා හොඳ මිතුරන් බවට පත් වෙති. පසුව චුන්චු සිල්ලාවේ 29වන පාලකයා වන මුයොල් රජු ලෙස සිහසුනට පත් වේ. ඔහු කොරියානු අර්ධද්වීපයේ පැවති පුරාතන තුන් රාජධානි වන ගොගුර්යෝ, බෙක්ජේ සහ සිල්ලා යන රාජධානි එක්සත් කරයි. කිම් යුෂින් පසුව කොරියානු ඉතිහාසයේ විසූ ශ්‍රේෂ්ඨතම සෙන්පතීන්ගෙන් අයකු බවට පත් වේ.
මෙම කතාමාලාව සිල්ලාවේ ජින්ජි රජ (ක්රි.ව. 576 - 579), සිල්ලාවේ ජින්ප්යොං රජ (579 – 632), සිල්ලාහි සොන්දොක් රැජින (632 – 647), සිල්ලාහි ජින්දොක් රැජින (647 – 654) සහ සිල්ලාවේ මුයොල් (654 – 661) යන රජවරුන්ගේ සහ රැජිනියන්ගේ රාජ්‍ය සමයයන් තුළින් ඉදිරියට ගලා යයි.
චරිත නිරූපණය
ප්‍රධාන චරිත
චෝයි සූ-ජොං, කිම් චුන්චු ලෙස; පසුව සිල්ලාහි මුයොල් රජු බවට පත් වූ
චේ සං-වූ, ළමා චුන්චු ලෙස
කිම් යු-සොක්, කිම් යුෂින් ලෙස
නෝ යොං-හක්, ළමා යුෂින් ලෙස
පාක් ජූ-මි, දියොක්මාන් කුමරිය ලෙස; පසුව සොන්දොක් රැජින (කථාංග 8-18)
හොං ඉයුන්-හී, දියොක්මාන් කුමරිය ලෙස; පසුව සොන්දොක් රැජින (කථාංග 19-70)
සොන් ජූ-ආ, ළමා දියොක්මාන් ලෙස
ලී යොං-ආ, ස්‍යූංමාන් රැජින ලෙස
කිම් හ්යුන්-සූ, ළමා ස්‍යුංමාන් ලෙස
සොන් යෝ-ඉයුන්, ස්‍යුංමාන් කුමරිය ලෙස; පසුව ජින්දොක් රැජින ලෙස
සහායක චරිත
කිම් චුන්චුගේ පවුල
ජුං දොං-හ්වන්, කිම් යොංචුන් ලෙස (චුන්චුගේ මාමණ්ඩිය)
ජෝ ක්‍යුං-සූක්, චොන්මියොං කුමරිය ලෙස (චුන්චුගේ මව)
චූ සෝ-යොං, බෝරා කුමරිය ලෙස (චුන්චුගේ ප්රථම බිසව)
ලිනා, කිම් මුන්හුයි ලෙස; පසුව මුන්මියොං රැජින ලෙස (චුන්චුගේ දෙවන බිසවයි. යුෂින්ගේ සොයුරියයි.)
ග්‍රීනා පාක්, ගොතාසෝ ලෙස
ජුං දා-බින්, ළමා ගොතාසෝ ලෙස
ලී ජොං-සූ, කිම් බොප්මින් ලෙස; පසුව මුන්මු රජු
කිම් ජින්-සොං, ළමා බොප්මින් ලෙස
ජොන් ක්වං-ජින්, කිම් ඉන්මුන් ලෙස
චෝයි ක්‍යු-හ්යුන්, ජේඋයි ලෙස
ජෝ යොං-ජින්, ළමා කිම් ජොංමියොං ලෙස
කිම් යුෂින්ගේ පවුල
චෝයි ඉල්-හ්වා, කිම් සෝහ්යොන් ලෙස (යුෂින්ගේ පියා)
කිම් දොං-යූන්, තරුණ සෝහ්යොන් ලෙස
කිම් යේ-ර්යොං, මන්මියොං මැතිණිය (යුෂින්ගේ මව)
කිම් හ්‍යුං-මි, ලාබාල මන්මියොං ලෙස
මින් ජි-ආ, කිම් බෝහුයි ලෙස (යුෂින්ගේ සොයුරිය)
කිම් හ්යුන්-සූක්, ජේමේ ආර්යාව ලෙස
කිම් දොං-යූන්, කිම් සක්වං ලෙස
බෙක් ස්‍යුං-වූ, කිම් වොන්සුල් ලෙස
ලී ස්‍යුල්-බි, ජිසෝ ආර්යාව ලෙස (යුෂින්ගේ තෙවන භාර්යාව සහ චුන්චුගේ දියණියයි)
සිල්ලා රාජකීය නිවස
කිම් හා-ක්‍යූන්, ජින්ප්යොං රජු ලෙස
ජුං ජේ-සූන්, සදෝ වැන්දඹු රැජින ලෙස
හොං ඉල්-ක්වොන්, ගල්මුන්වං ගුක්බන් ලෙස (ජින්ප්යොංගේ සොහොයුරා)
ජෝ යැං-ජා, මන්හෝ වැන්දඹු රැජින ලෙස
ඉම් නන්-හ්‍යුං, මායා රැජින ලෙස
ලී සි-වොන්, බෝර්යං කුමරිය ලෙස
ජං මින්-ක්‍යෝ, බෝරෝ කුමරු ලෙස
චුන් බෝ-ග්‍යුන්, මන්හ්වා ලෙස
සිල්ලා වංශවතුන් සහ දේශපාලනඥයින්
ඉම් හ්‍යුක්, කිම් අල්චොන් ලෙස
සියෝ ඉන්-සොක්, සුක්‍යුලියොං ලෙස
ලී වූ-සුක්, ඉයුල්ජේ ලෙස
චෝයි චොල්-හෝ, බිදාම් ලෙස
පාක් චිල්-යොං, කිම් හුජික් ලෙස
යැං ජේ-සුං, ඉම් ජොං ලෙස
ලී ඉල්-ජේ, හොරිම් ලෙස
බේ දෝ-හ්වන්, යොම් ජං ලෙස
කිම් කි-දූ, ලාබාලා යොම් ජං ලෙස
බෙක් ජේ-ජින්, මන්චුන් ලෙස
කං ජි-හූ, යොම් ජොං ලෙස
කිම් මියුං-ගූක්, ගූම් කං ලෙස
ලී වොන්-සොක්, සාජින් ලෙස
සිල්ලාහි පුනරුදය
පාක් ජේ-වූං, කිම් හ්‍යුම්-සුන් ලෙස
කිම් හ්‍යුක්, ගොම් ගූන් ලෙස
චෝයි වං-සූන්, යේ වොන් ලෙස
ලී මියුං-හෝ, යං දෝ ලෙස
ජුං වූක්, ගූන් ක්වන් ලෙස
යූ මින්-හෝ, චුන් ක්වං ලෙස
යූන් හොං-බින්, ක්වන් චං ලෙස
කිම් ජි-හූන්, බන් ගුල් ලෙස
ලී වොන්-බල්, කිම් පුමිල් ලෙස
චෝයි ක්‍යු-හ්වන්, කිම් ජින්ජු ලෙස
ජුං දොං-ක්‍යු, කිම් ජින්හ්‍යුම් ලෙස
වෙනත් සිල්ලාහි පුද්ගලයින්
ලී දේ-රෝ, වොන්ග්වං භික්ෂුව ලෙස
ජෝ ජේ-වන්, බෙක් සොක් ලෙස
චෝයි බොම්-හෝ, චන්දොක් ලෙස
ලී චුල්-මින්, චිල්සුක් ලෙස
යොම් චොල්-හෝ, සොක්පුම් ලෙස
කිම් හොං-ප්යෝ, කිම් පුම්සොක් ලෙස
ලී බ්යුං-වූක්, ගොම් ඉල් ලෙස
කිම් තේ-හ්‍යුං, කංසු ලෙස
කිම් හ්‍යුං-ඉල්, දොංතේචොන් ලෙස
ග්වයිමුන්දන්
ජං දොං-ජික්, බිහ්යොං ලෙස
කිම් ක්‍යුං-ර්යොං, නන්ස්‍යුං ලෙස
ලී ජුං-යොං, ගිල්දල් ලෙස
නෝ යොං-ජෝ, ලාබාලා ඔන් ගූන්හේ ලෙස
ලී සේ-යොං, චුන් ග්වන්-න්‍යෝ ලෙස
කිම් ජින්-යි, සිනෝ ලෙස
හොං සූ-ආ, යොන්හ්වා ලෙස
කං යේ-සෝ, ලාබාල යොන්හ්වා ලෙස
ලී ආහ්-යි, චාබි ලෙස
ලී හ්යේ-ඉන්, ලාබාල චාබි ලෙස
ජං ජූන්-න්‍යුං, මෝචුක් ලෙස
මායා, හොරාං ලෙස
කිම් හ්යුන්-ජුං, ම්යෝරාං ලෙස
ගොගුර්යෝ
චෝයි දොං-ජූන්, යොන් ගේසොමුන් ලෙස
ආන් ෂින්-වූ, බෝජං රජු ලෙස
කිම් සොන්-දොං, නෝයි ඉයුම්ෂින් ලෙස
බෙක්ජේ
පාක් චුල්-හෝ, මු රජු ලෙස
ලී ජින්-වූ, උයිජා රජු ලෙස
චා ගි-හ්වන්, ග්යේරු ලෙස
ගොං ජුං-හ්වන්, බුයෝ යුං ලෙස
හියෝ ජුං-මින්, බුයෝ තේ ලෙස
කිම් මින්-කි, බුයෝ හ්යෝ ලෙස
ජං තේ-සුං, බුයෝ පුං ලෙස
චෝයි ජේ-සුං, ග්යේබෙක් ලෙස
ජෝ ඉයුන්-සූක්, ග්යේබෙක්ගේ බිරිඳ ලෙස
කිම් චුල්-කි, දෝචුං ලෙස
කිම් යොං-කි, බොක්සින් ලෙස
චෝයි වූ-ජූන්, යුන් චුං ලෙස
කිම් වොන්-බේ, සොං චුං ලෙස
ඉම් බ්යුං-කි, හොංසු ලෙස
වොන් සොක්-යොන්, සන්ග්යොං ලෙස
චෝයි දොං-යුබ්, උයිජික් ලෙස
හොං ඉන්-යොං, හ්වා-සි ලෙස
ජුං ස්‍යුං-වූ, දෝජිම් ලෙස
ජෝ තේ-බොං, චුංස්‍යුං ලෙස
ටෑං රාජවංශය
යූන් ස්‍යුං-වොන්, ටයිෂොං අධිරාජයා ලෙස
සියෝ දොං-සූ, ගඔෂොං අධිරාජයා ලෙස
ජුං හ්‍යුං-චේ, සෝ ජොං-බං ලෙස
බං හ්‍යුං-ජූ, දොං බෝ-ර්යං ලෙස
සුන් දොං-හ්‍යුක්, යු ඉන්-වොන් ලෙස
කිම් යොං-සුන්, යු ඉන්-ග්වේ ලෙස
චෝයි නක්-හී, සොන් ඉන්-සා ලෙස
ඕ සං-හූන්, ටෑං සෙන්පතියෙක් ලෙස
ජපානය
කිම් මින්-ක්‍යූං, සයිමෙයි අධිරාජිනිය ලෙස
ආන් හොං-ජින්, ටෙන්ජි අධිරාජයා ලෙස
නෝ ස්‍යුං-ජින්, ෆුජිවරා නෝ කමතරි ලෙස
ජුං ජින්-ගක්, සෝගා නෝ ඉරුකා ලෙස
ඓතිහාසික තොරතුරු
ජින්ජි රජුව සිහසුනෙන් නෙරපා දැමුණේ මිෂිල් බිසව විසින් මෙහෙයවූ කුමන්ත්‍රණයක් මගිනි. අනතුරුව ජින්ප්යොං රජු සිල්ලාවේ සිහසුනට පත් විය. ජින්ප්යොං රජුට පුතුන් නොසිටි බැවින් සිය දියණිය වූ සොන්දොක්ව සිය උරුමකරු ලෙස තෝරා ගන්නා ලදී. මෙය පෙරනොවූ විරූ අත්දැකීමක් වුව ද, එමගින් සිල්ලාවේ ජනයා එතරම් පුදුමයට පත් නොවී ය. එයට හේතුව එම යුගයේ මව්බිසෝවරුන් සහ අනුරාජිනියන් වැනි කාන්තාවන් රාජ්‍ය උපදේශිකාවන් ලෙස කටයුතු කර තිබීම නිසායි. - මීට අමතරව ජින්ප්යොං සිහසුනට පැමිණියේ ද මීෂිල් බිසව විසින් මෙහෙයවන ලද කුමන්ත්‍රණයක් මගිනි. මෙකල රාජධානිය පුරා කාන්තාවන් පවුල්වල ප්‍රධානීන් වූ අතර පීතෘවංශීය මෙන්ම මාතෘවංශීය ප්‍රවේණි ක්‍රම ද පැවතිණි. සිල්ලාව තුළ, කාන්තාවන්ගේ තත්ත්වය සාපේක්ෂව ඉහළ මට්ටමක පැවතිණි. සොන්දොක්ගේ සාර්ථක රාජ්‍ය සමය සිල්ලාවේ තවත් රාජ්‍යාධිකාරී රැජිනියන් දෙදෙනකු සඳහා පූර්වාදර්ශයක් විය.
රැජින බවට පත්වීමට ප්රථම සොන්දොක්, දියොක්මාන් කුමරිය (හන්ජා: 德曼) ලෙස හැඳින්විණි. සම්ගුක් සගි අනුව, ඇය සිල්ලාහි ජින්ප්යොං රජුගේ පළමු දියණිය වෙයි. නමුත් වෙනත් ඓතිහාසික වාර්තා අනුව, ඇය ජින්ප්යොං රජුගේ දියණියන් අතුරින් දෙවැන්නායි. ඇය ඇගේ වැඩිමහල් සොයුරිය වූ චොන්මියොං කුමරියට වඩා බෙහෙවින් බාල ය. ඇයගේ බෑනා සහ චොන්මියොං කුමරියගේ පුත්‍රයා පසුකලෙක සිල්ලාහි මුයොල් ලෙස රාජ්‍යත්වයට පත් විය. සොන්දොක්ගේ අනෙක් සොයුරිය වූ සොන්හ්වා කුමරිය පසුකලෙක බෙක්ජේහි මු සමග විවාහ වී බෙක්ජේහි උයිජාගේ මව බවට පත් වූවා ය. නමුත් සොන්හ්වාගේ පැවැත්ම මතභේදාත්මක ය. එයට හේතුව 2009දී හමු වූ සාක්ෂියකට අනුව උයිජා රජුගේ මව ඓතිහාසික වාර්තාවල සඳහන් පරිදි සොන්හ්වා කුමරිය නොව සාතෙක් රැජින බව සඳහන් වේ.
සොන්දොක් රැජිනගේ මරණින් පසු සිල්ලා රාජධානියේ සිහසුනට පත් ජින්දොක් රැජින සිල්ලාවේ දෙවන රාජ්‍ය කරන රැජිනිය වූවා ය. සිල්ලාවේ අනන්‍ය කුල ක්‍රමයේ ඉහළම කුලය වූ සොංගොල් කුලයේ අවසන් රාජ්‍ය පාලකයා වූයේ ද ඇයයි. ඇග් සැබෑ නාමය ස්‍යුංමන් යන්නයි. ඇගේ පියා වූ කිම් ගුක්බන්, ජින්ප්යොං රජුගේ බාලම සොහොයුරා වූ අතර, ඇගේ මව වොල්ම්යොං ආර්යාව නම් වූවා ය. ඇගේ සත් අවුරුදු රාජ්‍ය පාලන සමය තුළ, ජින්දොක් රැජින ප්‍රධාන වශයෙන්ම සිය අවධානය යොමුකළේ රාජ්‍යයේ විදේශ ප්‍රතිපත්තිය පිළිබඳවයි. කිම් යුෂින් නැමැති සෙන්පතියාගේ ආධාර ඇතිව ඇය සිල්ලා රාජ්‍යයේ ආරක්ෂාව ශක්තිමත් කිරීමට සමත් වූ අතර, ටෑං චීනය සමග ඇගේ රාජධානියේ සම්බන්ධතා ද වැඩි දියුණු කිරීමට උත්සාහ ගත්තා ය. මෙම උත්සාහයන් පසුකලෙක තුන් රාජධානි (සිල්ලා, බෙක්ජේ, සහ ගොගුර්යෝ) එක්සත් කිරීමට පදනම දැමූයේ යැයි කීම අසත්‍යයක් නොවේ.
ආශ්‍රේයයන්
මේවාත් බලන්න
ක්වීන් සොන්දොක්
බාහිර සබැඳි
ද කිං'ස් ඩ්‍රීම් නිල KBS වෙබ්අඩවිය
ද ග්‍රේට් කිං'ස් ඩ්‍රීම් සඳහා හන්සිනෙමාහි ඇති ගිණුම
කොරියානු-භාෂා රූපවාහිනී වැඩසටහන්කරණය
කොරියානු විකාශන පද්ධතියේ රූපවාහිනී නාට්ය
2012 දකුණු කොරියානු රූපවාහිනී කතාමාලා ඇරඹීම්
2013 දකුණු කොරියානු රූපවාහිනී කතාමාලා අවසන් වීම්
2010 දශකය තුළ දකුණු කොරියානු රූපවාහිනී කතාමාලා
සිල්ලාව පසුබිමෙහි නිර්මාණය වූ රූපවාහිනී කතාමාලා
දකුණු කොරියානු ඓතිහාසික රූපවාහිනී කතාමාලා
රූපවාහිනී කතාමාලා </s> |
<s>[INST] පහත මාතෘකාව සම්බන්ධයෙන් විස්තර සපයන්න: සිම්බු [/INST] සිලම්බරසන් තෙසිංගු රාජේන්ද්‍ර දෙමළ චිත්‍රපට නළුවෙක්, නිෂ්පාදකයෙක්, තිර රචකයෙක් සහ සංගීත අධ්‍යක්ෂකවරයෙකි. ඔහු චිත්‍රපට කර්මාන්තයට කළ සේවය වෙනුවෙන් 2022 ජනවාරි 11 දින තමිල්නාඩුවේ වේල්ස් විශ්ව විද්‍යාලයෙන් ගෞරව ආචාර්ය උපාධියක් ලබා ගත්තේය. "Bigg Boss Ultimate" වැඩසටහනේ Bigg Boss දෙමළ OTT අනුවාදය Simbu විසින් සත්කාරකත්වය දරනු ඇත.
යොමු කිරීම </s> |
<s>[INST] පහත මාතෘකාව සම්බන්ධයෙන් විස්තර සපයන්න: ග්රීක දර්ශනවාදීන් [/INST] ක්රි.පූ. හයවන ශත වර්ෂයේ මුල් භාගයේ දී සුළු ආසියාවේ මිලේටස් නැමැති නගරය ප්‍රධාන කොට ග්රීක දර්ශනය ආරම්භ වූවායැයි පිළිගැනේ. සත්‍ය ලබා ගැනීමට ඇති මේ ලැදිකම ක්රි.ව. 529 තෙක් විහිදී ගිය බව පෙනේ. එයට වර්ෂ 2000 කට පමණ පසු අද පවා ග්රීක දර්ශනය හැදෑරීමට උත්සාහ දැරීමෙන් එහි ඇති වැදගත්කම ප්‍රකට වේ.
තේල්ස් විසින් ක්රි.පූ. 585 දී සූර්‍ය්‍ය ග්‍රහණයක් පිළිබද අනාවැකියකි පළ කිරීමේ සිට ඇරිස්ටෝටල් මියගිය ක්රි.පූ. 322 දක්වා ඇති ශත වර්ෂ දෙකහමාර ඇතුළතය ඉතාමත් උසස් හා පලදායී බටහිර දාර්ශනික මතයක් ලොවට ලැබුණේ.
බාහිර සබැදි
දර්ශනය
දර්ශනිකයින් ලැයිස්තුව
මූලාශ්ර
දර්ශනය </s> |
<s>[INST] පහත මාතෘකාව සම්බන්ධයෙන් විස්තර සපයන්න: බෝධිසත්ත්ව චිත්තය [/INST] අවලෝකිතේශ්වර බෝධිසත්වයින්.....
බෝධි සත්වයින් හා මහා සත්වයින් හැටියට හදුන්වන්නේ යම් දවසක බුද්ධත්වය බලාපොරොත්තුවෙන් පාරමිතා පුරනා අයයි. ලංකාවේ මේ බෝධිසත්ව සංකල්පය මුල් බැසගෙන නොතිබෙන්න පධානතම හේතුව තමයි ඉන්දීය හා හින්දු සංකල්ප. නමුත් මහායානික සංස්කෘතිය තුළ බෝධි සත්ව වන්දනාව පැහැදිලිවම තිබෙන දෙයික්. ඇතැම්වට දේව සංකල්පනා අත හැර බෝධි සත්ව වන්දනාව බොහෝ දුරට අනුමත කළ හැකි වන්නේ ඔවුන් යම් දිනක බුද්ධත්වයට පත්වෙන නිසා වෙනි. ඇතැම් විට අපි සමන් දෙවියන් වශයෙන් හදුන්වන දෙවියන් සමන්ත භදු බෝධි සත්වයන් හැටියට මහායානිකව හදුන්වන බව කරැණු සමීක්ෂණයේදී පැහැදිලිවේ. දළ සයකින් යුත් සුදු හස්ති රාජයෙකු පිට නැගි ධර්මය රකින්නන් ආරක්ෂා කිරිමට මන්ත භදු බෝධි ත්වයින් බැදී සිටියි.
බෝධි සත්වයින් සිය ගණනක් පිළිබද මහායානයේ විස්තරවේ. ඒ අනුව මෛත්තිරී බෝධි සත්වයින් (ඊළගට බුදුවන) අක්ෂයමති බෝධ් සත්වයින්, වෛරෝචන සත්වයින්, පද්ම පානී සත්වයින්, වජ්ර පානී සත්වයින් යනුවෙන් දහස් ගණනක් ඇත.
අවලෝකිතේශවර බෝධි සත්වයින්ද යම් කාලයක ලොවුතුරා බුද්ධත්වය වෙනුවෙන් පාරමිත පුරනා අයෙකි. ඔහු විශ්වයේ පහල වුන සිය ගණනක් බුදුවරැන්ට දානමානාදියෙන් සංගූහ කර බොහෝ පාර්ථනා කර ඇත. සත්වයා කෙරෙහි අපරිමිත වු මහා කරැනාවක් ඇති නිසා ඔහු කළ පාර්ථනා අතර යම් සත්වයෙක් කරදරයට පත්ව සිටින විට ඔහුගේ නාමය ිහිපත් කරයි නම් ඔහුට ඉතා ඉක්මණින් පිහිට ලැබේවායි අධීෂ්ඨාන කර ඇත එම නිසා,
ඔබ යම් පීඩාවක් විදිමින් සිටීනම්- යම් විපතකට පත්ව සිටී නම්- කරකියාගත නොහැකි අවස්ථාවකදී එකම මනසකින් යුතුව අවලෝකිතේශ්වර බොධිසත්වයින්ගේ නම හඩ නගා කියා උපකාර පතන්න. ඔබේ දුක් කරදර නැතිව යෑමට එය පිටුවහලක් වනු ඇත. අවලෝකිතේශ්වර නම් බෝධිසත්වයින්ට ඒ නම ලැබී ඇත්තේ ද එම නිසා වෙනි. මෙය බුදුරජාණන් වහන්සේ සද්ධර්මපුණ්ඩරීක සුතු දේශනාව සිදුකිරීමට පථම අක්ෂයමතී බෝසතුන් විසින් විමසන ලද කාරණාවකට දුන් පිළිතුරයි. </s> |
<s>[INST] පහත මාතෘකාව සම්බන්ධයෙන් විස්තර සපයන්න: බාහුබලි: ද බිගිනිං [/INST] බාහුබලි: ද බිගිනිං (සිංහල: බාහු බලය ඇත්තා) යනු එස්. එස්. රාජමෞලි විසින් අධ්‍යක්ෂණය කරන ලද 2015 ඉන්දියානු වීරකථා ෆැන්ටසි චිත්‍රපටයකි. ශෝබු යාර්ලගද්දා සහ ප්‍රසාද් දේවිනේනි විසින් නිෂ්පාදනය කරන ලද මෙය, තෙලිඟු සහ දෙමළ භාෂාවලින් සමගාමීව රූගත කරන ලද කොටස් දෙකකින් යුත් චිත්‍රපට මාලාවේ පළමු චිත්‍රපටය වේ. චිත්රපටයේ ප්‍රධාන චරිත නිරූපණය කරන්නේ ප්‍රභාස්, රානා දග්ගුබාති, තමන්නා සහ අනුෂ්කා ෂෙට්ටි විසිනි. සත්‍යරාජ්, රම්‍යා ක්‍රිෂ්ණන්, නසාර්, ආදිවි සේෂ්, තානිකෙල්ල භරනි සහ සුදීප් මෙහි සහාය චරිත නිරූපණය කරනු ලබයි. චිත්රපටයේ ධ්වනිපථය සහ පසුබිම් සංගීත නිර්මාණය සිදු කරන ලද්දේ එම්. එම්. කීරවානි විසින් වන අතර, සිනෙමාරූපණය, සංස්කරණය, කලා අධ්‍යක්ෂණය සහ දෘශ්‍ය ප්‍රයෝග මෙහෙයවීම සිදුකරන ලද්දේ පිළිවෙලින් කේ. කේ. සෙන්තිල් කුමාර්, කෝටගිරි වෙන්කටේස්වරා රාඕ, සාබු සිරිල් සහ වී. ශ්‍රීනිවාස් මෝහන් විසිනි.
කෝටි 180ක (බිලියන 1.8) අයවැයක් සහිතව නිපදවූ මෙම චිත්‍රපටය ලොව පුරා මුදාහැරුණේ 2015 ජූලි 10 දින ය. විචාරකයින් වෙතින් යහපත් ප්‍රතිචාර ලද මෙය ඉන්දියාව තුළ ඉහළම ආදායම් ලබන ඉන්දියානු චිත්‍රපටය, ගෝලීයව තෙවන ඉහළම ආදායම ලද ඉන්දියානු චිත්‍රපටය, ලොව පුරා කෝටි 650කට (බිලියන 6.5) අධික සමස්ත ආදායමක් ලබාගත් ප්රථම සහ එකම දකුණු ඉන්දියානු චිත්‍රපටය, හින්දි හඬකැවූ ප්‍රභේදයෙන් ලොවු පුරා කෝටි 100කට (බිලියන 1) අධික ආදායමක් ලබාගත් හින්දි-නොවන චිත්‍රපටය, සර්වකාලීන ඉහළම ආදායම ලබන තෙලිඟු චිත්‍රපටය ද වේ.
වින්සන්ට් ටැබයිලොන් විසින් සංස්කරණය කරන ලද චිත්රපටයේ අන්තර්ජාතික ප්‍රභේදය විවිධ චිත්‍රපට උළෙලවල්වල දී තිරගත කෙරිණි. එය හොඳම ෆැන්ටසි චිත්‍රපටය සඳහා සැට්ර්න් සම්මානය සහ ඇමරිකානු විද්යා ප්රබන්ධ, ෆැන්ටසි සහ සංත්‍රාස චිත්‍රපට පිළිබඳ ඇකඩමියේ සම්මාන සඳහා නිර්දේශ ද විය. මෙහි තෙලිඟු ප්‍රභේදය 63වන ජාතික චිත්‍රපට සම්මාන උළෙලේ දී හොඳම වෘත්තාන්ත චිත්‍රපටය-ස්වර්ණ පද්ම සම්මානය සහ හොඳම විශේෂ ප්‍රයෝග යන සම්මාන හිමි කරගත්තේ ය.
කථාපුවත
දකුණු ඉන්දියාවේ පුරාතන මහිෂ්මතී අධිරාජ්යයේ රාජ මාතාව වන සිවගාමී (රම්‍යා ක්‍රිෂ්ණන්) තුවාල ලබා සිටින අතර, ඇය දැවැන්ත දිය ඇල්ලක් අසල ගුහාවක් තුළින් දරුවකු සමග පැමිණෙයි. ඇය තමන් පසුපස ලුහුබැඳ පැමිණි සෙබලුන්ව මරාදමන අතර, දරුවා රැකගැනීමේ අරමුණින් සිය දිවිය කැප කරයි. ඇය ජලය තුළින් ඇවිද යන්නේ දරුවාව ජලයෙන් ඉහළට ඔසවා තබාගනිමිනි. එම ප්රදේශයේ ප්‍රාදේශික ගෝත්‍රික ප්‍රජාවක් විසින් දරුවාව බේරාගන්නා අතර, ගෝත්‍රයේ රැජින වන සංගා (රෝහිනී) දරුවාව හදාවඩා ගනියි. ඇය එම දරුවාව ‘ශිවුදු’ ලෙස නම්කරයි. සංගා සිය ගෝත්‍රයේ වැසියන්ට දිය ඇල්ල හරහා වූ රහස් මාර්ගය අවහිර කරන ලෙස පවසන්නේ ඇගේ පුත්‍රයාව ඇය අසලම තබාගැනීමේ අපේක්ෂාවෙනි.
ශිවුදු (ප්‍රභාස්) මේ වනවිට ශක්තිමත් තරුණයකු බවට පත්ව සිටින අතර, ඔහු දිය ඇල්ල තරණය කොට ඉහළට යාමේ අපේක්ෂාවෙන් පසුවෙයි. ඔහු ඒ සඳහා ප්‍රයත්න දැරුව ද එය අසාර්ථක වේ. එක් දිනෙක, ඔහු තරුණියකට අයත් දිය ඇල්ලෙන් පහළට ඇදවැටුණු දැව වෙස්මුහුණක් සොයාගනියි. එම තරුණිය‍ගේ අනන්‍යතාව සොයාගැනීමේ අභිප්‍රායෙන් පෙළෙන ඔහු කෙසේ හෝ සාර්ථකව කන්ද තරණය කරයි.
දිය ඇල්ල මුදුනේ දී, ශිවුදු අනාවරණය කරගන්නේ වෙස්මුහුණ අවන්තිකා (තමන්නා) නැමැති රණකාමී කැරළිකාරියකට අයත් බවයි. ඇගේ කණ්ඩායම මහිෂ්මතී රාජධානියේ භල්ලලදේව අධිරාජයාට (රානා දග්ගුබාති) එරෙහිව ගරිල්ලා සටන් දියත් කරති. මෙම කණ්ඩායමේ අරමුණ වන්නේ වසර 25ක් පුරා මාලිගයේ එළිමහනේ යදම් ලා බැඳ තැබූ ඔවුන්ගේ හිටපු රැජිනිය වන දේවසේනා (අනුෂ්කා ෂෙට්ටි) මුදවාගැනීමයි. එදිරියේ දී පැවැත්වෙන උත්සවයේ දී රැජිනියව බේරා ගැනීමට අවන්තිකාට අවස්ථාව ලබා දී ඇත.
අවන්තිකා මහිෂ්මතිය කරා යන ගමනේ දී ඇයට ශිවුදු හමුවේ. මුලින් ඇය මුරණ්ඩු තැනැත්තියක වුව ද, අවන්තිකා ඔහු සමග ප්‍රේමයෙන් බැ‍ඳෙන්නේ ශිවුදු දිය ඇල්ල තරණය කොට පැමිණ ඇත්තේ තමන්ව සොයාගෙන බව දැනගැනීමෙන් පසුවයි. ඇයට උපකාර කිරීමට ප්‍රතිඥා දෙන ශිවා මහිෂ්මතී රාජ්‍යය වෙත ඇතුළු වන්නේ දේවසේනා රැජිනව බේරාගැනීම පිණිසයි. මේ අවස්ථාවේ අධිරාජයා විසින් සිවිල් වැසියන්ගේ සියලුම රත්රන් පැහැරගෙන ඉන් ඔහුගේ දැවැන්ත ප්‍රතිමාවක් තනා ඇත. අඩි 100ක් උසැති මෙම ප්‍රතිමාව උත්සවයේ දී නගරයේ මධ්‍යයේ ස්ථාපනය කිරීමට නියමිත ය. ප්‍රතිමාව ස්ථාපනය කිරීමේ දී, ප්‍රතිමාව ඇද වැටෙන්නට යන අතර එයට යටවී කම්කරුවන් 100ක් මරණයට පත්වන්නට යන බැව් පෙනේ. නමුත් වෙස්වලාගත් ශිවුදු ඔවුනට ආරක්ෂිතව ප්‍රතිමාව පිහිටුවීමට උපකාර කරයි. නමුත් ශිවුදුගේ මුහුණ දකින එක් වහල් සෙවකයකු "බාහුබලි" යනුවෙන් හඬනගයි. මෙම රාවය මුළු මහත් ජනයා අතරම පැතිරයන්නේ භල්ලලදේව අධිරාජයාට මරු පහරක් එල්ල කරමිනි. සවස් යාමයේ භල්ලල සිය සෙබලුන් අතර මෙය විමර්ශනය කරන අවස්ථාවේ, ශිවුදු පෙනීසිටින අතර ඔහු දේවසේනා ද රැගෙන මාලිගයෙන් පලා යයි. ශිවුදු ඇය සමග පලායන නමුත් දක්ෂ රණකාමියකු සහ රජුගේ රාජකීය වහලකු වන කට්ටප්පා (සත්‍යරාජ්) ඔවුන් පසුපස ලුහුබඳියි. ශිවුදු විසින් භල්ලලගේ එකම පුත්‍රයා වන භද්‍ර කුමරුන්ගේ (ආදිවි සේෂ්) හිසගසා දැමීමත් සමග, කට්ටප්පා සිය ආයුධ පහත හෙළන්නේ ශිවුදු යනු හිටපු රජ අමරේන්ද්‍ර බාහුබලි (ප්‍රභාස්) සහ දේවසේනාගේ පුත් මහේන්ද්‍ර බාහුබලි බව වටහා ගැනීමෙනි.
අමරේන්ද්‍ර බාහුබලිගේ අතීතය පිළිබඳ ආවර්ජනය කෙරේ. අමරේන්ද්‍රගේ පියා වූ වික්‍රමදේව මහිෂ්මතී රාජ්‍යයේ රජු ලෙස තෝරාපත් කරගැනීම ඔහුගේ වැඩිමහල් සොහොයුරා වන බිජ්ජලදේවගේ (නසාර්) නොසතුටට හේතුවෙයි. ඔහු සිතන්නේ සිය ආබාධිතතාව හේතුවෙන් මෙය තමන්ට කළ මදිපුංචිකමක් ලෙසයි. වික්‍රමදේව මියයන්නේ මහිෂ්මතී සිහසුනට උරුමකරුවකු නම් නොකර ය. ඔහුගේ රැජින අමරේන්ද්‍ර නම් පුතුව බිහි කිරීමෙන් පසුව මියයයි. බිජ්ජලගේ බිසව වන සිවගාමී කට්ටප්පාගේ සහාය ඇතිව රාජධානිය පාලනය කිරීමේ වගකීම භාරගන්නේ නව රජකු පත්කරන තෙක් ය. එසේම ඇය බිළිඳ අමරේන්ද්‍ර හදාවඩා ගැනීමේ වගකීම ද භාරගන්නේ ඔහුව බාහුබලි ලෙස නම්කරමිනි. ඇය බාහුබලිව සිය පුත්‍රයා වන භල්ලලදේව සමග හදාවඩා ගනියි. කුමාරවරුන් දෙදෙනා එකට හැදී වැඩෙන අතර, කලා, විද්යා, වෙස්වලා ගැනීම්, දේශපාලනය සහ රණකාමය ඇතුළු සියලු ක්ෂේත්‍රවලින් ඔවුන්ව පුහුණු කෙරේ. නමුත් රාජ්‍යත්වය කෙරෙහි ඔවුන් දෙදෙනා තුළ ඇති ආකල් බෙහෙවින් වෙනස් යත අමරේන්ද්‍ර බාහුබලි (ප්‍රභාස්) නිදහස් මතධාරියකු වන අතර සැමදෙනාටම කරුණාව දක්වයි. නමුත් භල්ලල දේව (රානා දග්ගුබාති) අනුකම්පා විරහිත පුද්ගලයකු වන අතර, කෙසේ හෝ සිය අරමුණු ඉටු කරගැනීමට ප්‍රයත්න දරන්නෙකි. ඔහු සිය පියා සමග එක්ව කිහිප වරක්ම බාහුබලි මරාදැමීමට කුමන්ත්‍රණය කරයි.
කාලකේයවරුන් මහිෂ්මතිය සමග යුද්ධයක් අරඹන විට සිවගාමී පොරොන්දු වන්නේ කාලකේය රජුගේ හිස දසා දමන තැනැත්තා රාජධානියේ අනාගත රජු බවයි. එසේම ඇය සියලු ආයුධ කුමාරවරුන් දෙදෙනා අතර සමව බෙදිය යුතු බව ද පවසයි. නමුත් භල්ලලගේ ජයග්‍රහණය උදෙසා බිජ්ජලදේව කමුන්ත්‍රණය කොට බාහුබලිට බාල ආයුධ ලබා දෙයි. යුද්ධයේ දී මහිෂ්මතියට අවාසිදායක අවස්ථාවක් පෙනීගිය විට අමරේන්ද්‍ර සිය සෙබලුන් දිරි ගන්වමින් සිය දිවි දෙවැනි කොට සතුරු හමුදා වනසා දමයි. කාලකේය රජුව (ප්‍රභාකර්) මරාදමන්නේ භල්ලල දේව විසින් වුව ද, සිවගාමී විසින් අමරේන්ද්‍ර බාහුබලි නව අධිරාජයා ලෙස නම් කරන්නේ ඔහුගේ ශ්‍රේෂ්ඨත්වය සහ සටනේ දී දැක්වූ නායකත්වය හේතුවෙනි.
මෙම අතීතාවර්ජනයෙන් පසුව, සංගා විසින් අමරේන්ද්‍රගේ වත්මන් තතු විමසීමේ දී කඳුළු පිරි දෑසින් යුතුව පවසන්නේ ඔහු මියගිය බවයි. චිත්‍රපටය සමාප්ත වන්නේ ඔහුගේ මරණයට වගකිව යුතු කට්ටප්පා බව අනාවරණය කිරීමෙනි.
චරිත නිරූපණය
ප්‍රභාස්, ශිවුදු හෙවත් මහේන්ද්‍ර බාහුබලි සහ අමරේන්ද්‍ර බාහුබලි ලෙස
රානා දග්ගුබාති, භල්ලල දේව/ පල්ලලතේවන් ලෙස
අනුෂ්කා ෂෙට්ටි, මහාරාණි දේවසේනා ලෙස
තමන්නා, අවන්තිකා ලෙස
රම්‍යා ක්‍රිෂ්ණන්, සිවගාමී ලෙස
සත්‍යරාජ්, කට්ටප්පා ලෙස
නසාර්, බිජ්ජලදේව ලෙස
රෝහිනී, සංගා ලෙස
තානිකෙල්ල භාරණි, ස්වාමිජී ලෙස
ආදිවි සේෂ්, භද්‍ර ලෙස
ප්‍රභාකර්, කාලකේයවරුන්ගේ රජු ලෙස
සුදීප් (පසුබිම් රංගනය), අස්ලම් ඛාන් ලෙස
එස්. එස්. රාජමෞලි (පසුබිම් රංගනය), දෛවඥයා ලෙස
නෝරා ෆටේහි (පසුබිම් රංගනය), කොළ පැහැ සැට්ටය හැඳි නළඟන ලෙස
ස්කාලට් මෙලිෂ් විල්සන් (පසුබිම් රංගනය), තැඹිලි පැහැ සැට්ටය හැඳි නළඟන ලෙස
ස්නේහා උපධ්‍යායි (පසුබිම් රංගනය), නිල් පැහැ සැට්ටය හැඳි නළඟන ලෙස
රාකේෂ් වරේ, භල්ලලදේවගේ මිතුරා ලෙස
තේජා කාකුමානු, සාකේතුඩු ලෙස
භාරනි, මර්තාණ්ඩ ලෙස
සුබ්බරායා ෂර්මා
අආත්‍ය, රාජ ගුරු ලෙස
නිෂ්පාදනය
බාහුබලි: ද බිගිනිං නිෂ්පාදනය කරන ලද්දේ ඉන්දියාවේ හයිදරාබාද් මූලික කරගත් තෙලිඟු භාෂා චිත්‍රපට මධ්‍යස්ථානය වන ටොලිවුඩයේ ය. මෙම චිත්‍රපට මාලාව මෙතෙක් ඉන්දියාවේ නිර්මිත වියදම් අධිකම චිත්‍රපට යැයි විශ්වාස කෙරේ. 2011 පෙබරවාරි මස, එස්. එස්. රාජමෞලි නිවේදනය කළේ ඔහුගේ ඉදිරි චිත්රපටයේ ප්‍රභාස් රඟන බව ය. 2013 ජනවාරියේ දී, ඔහු නිවේදනය කළේ තමන් නිර්මාණය කරමින් පවතින චිත්රපටයේ නම බාහුබලි බවයි. චිත්රපටයේ සැබෑ නිෂ්පාදන කටයුතු ආරම්භ වූයේ 2013 ජූලි 6 දින කුර්නූල්හි ශිලා උද්‍යානයේ ය. චිත්රපටයේ දිය ඇලි සහිත දර්ශන රූගත කෙරුණේ කේරළයේ අතිරපිල්ලි ඇල්ලේ ය. මහිෂ්මතී රාජධානිය සඳහා දැවැන්ත පසුතල හයිදරාබාදයේ රාමෝජි චිත්‍රපට නගරයේ ඉදි විය. චිත්රපටයේ හිම දර්ශන රූගත කෙරුණේ බල්ගේරියාවේ ය. රාජමෞලිගේ බොහෝ චිත්‍රපට සඳහා තිර රචනය සිදුකළ තිර රචක, කේ. වී. විජයේන්ද්‍ර ප්‍රසාද්ම නැවත වරක් බාහුබලි සඳහා කථා පුවත රචනා කළේ ය. චිත්‍රපටය වසරක පූර්ව නිෂ්පාදන ක්‍රියාවලියකට යටත් වූ අතර, එහි දී කථා පුවරු දළ රූ 15,000ක් නිර්මාණය කෙරිණි. මෙය ඉන්දියානු චිත්‍රපටයක් සඳහා මෙතෙක් නිර්මාණය වූ වැඩිම කථා පුවරු සංඛ්‍යාව ද වේ. චිත්රපටයේ දර්ශනවලින් සියයට 90කට වැඩි ප්රමාණයක් දෘශ්‍යමය වශයෙන් වැඩිදියුණු කළ දර්ශන වූ අතර, නිෂ්පාදකයා අනුව ලොව පුරා VFX ශිල්පීන් 600කට අධික පිරිසක් අංශ 18ක් ඔස්සේ සේවයෙහි නියුතු වූහ. මෙහි මූලිකත්වය ගන්නා ලද්දේ හයිදරාබාද්හි මකුට VFX සහ ෆයර්ෆ්ලයි, හයිදරාබාදයේ සහ චෙන්නායිහි ප්‍රසාද් ස්ටූඩියෝස්, හයිදරාබාදයේ අන්නපූර්ණ ස්ටූඩියෝස්, මැලේසියාවේ ටාවු ෆිල්ම්ස්, සහ දකුණු කොරියාවේ ඩාන්සිං ඩිජිටල් ඇනිමේෂන් ඇන්ඩ් මැක්‍රොග්‍රාෆ් යන ආයතන විසිනි. මින් පෙර ද එස්. එස්. රාජමෞලි සමග කටයුතු කොට අත්දැකීම් ඇති මකුට VFX ආයතනය ප්‍රධාන දෘශ්‍ය ප්‍රයෝග චිත්‍රාගාරය ලෙස භාවිතා විය. චිත්රපටයේ සිනෙමාරූපණය සිදුකරන ලද්දේ කේ. කේ. සෙන්තිල් කුමාර් විසින් දින 380ක් ඔස්සේ ය. මෙහි දී ඔහු විසින් Arri Alexa XT කැමරාවක් සමග මාස්ටර් ප්‍රයිම් කාචයක් භාවිතා කරන ලදී. මෙය ඩිජිටල් කැමරාවක් ආධාරයෙන් කළ රාජමෞලිගේ පළමු චිත්‍රපටය ද වේ. චිත්රපටයේ දර්ශනවලින් බොහෝමයක් රූගත කෙරුණේ ARRIRAW ආකෘතියෙන් 4:3 දර්ශනානුපාතයෙනි. මන්දිත චලන දර්ශන සඳහා 120 fps ශීඝ්‍රතාවෙන් යුතු ARRIRAW 16.9 භාවිතා විය. සම්මත ARRIRAW ආකෘතියට වඩා විශාල රූප රාමු ලබාගැනීමේ දී පූර්ණ 3.4K සංවේදකය භාවිතා වන ඕපන් ගේට් ආකෘතිය භාවිතයෙන් VFX දර්ශනවල උපරිම ගුණාත්මක භාවය තහවුරු කරගන්නා ලදී. ඉන්දියානු චිත්‍රපටවල ප්රථම වරට, 4K චිත්‍රපට මුද්රණය 1:1.88ක දර්ශනානුපාතයෙන් යුතුව පරිවර්තනය කෙරුණේ තිරවල උපරිම සිනෙමා අත්දැකීම ලබාගත හැකි ආකාරයෙනි. මෙය නිෂ්පාදකයා පැවසූ පරිදි 4K ප්‍රක්ෂේපක ක්රමය හා ගැළපෙන සේ සකස් කෙරිණි. චිත්රපටයේ නිෂ්පාදන නිර්මාණවේදියා වූ සාබු සිරිල් සෙබලුන් සඳහා අවශ්‍ය වූ අසිපත්, ශීර්ෂාවරණ සහ සන්නාහ ඇතුළත් වෙනස් වර්ගවල ආයුධ 10,000ක් පමණ නිර්මාණය කළේ ය. අසිපත්වල සැහැල්ලුභාවය වෙනුවෙන් ලෝහ වෙනුවට කාබන්-තන්තු භාවිතා කෙරිණි. කලා අධ්‍යක්ෂකවරයා පැවසූයේ එම අමුද්‍රව්‍යයම හෙලිකොප්ටර් තල සෑදීමට භාවිතා වන බවයි. චිත්රපටයේ එන භල්ලල දේවගේ අඩි 100ක් උසැති ප්‍රතිමාවේ හිස නිර්මාණය කිරීමට 3D මුද්‍රණ තාක්ෂණය භාවිතා විය. මෙහි සන්නාහවලට සැහැල්ලුභාවයක් සහ සම් වැනි ස්වරූපයක් ගෙනදීම සඳහා ඒවා ෆ්ලෙක්සි ෆෝම් භාවිතාකොට නිර්මාණය කෙරිණි. මෙහි දෘශ්‍ය ප්‍රයෝග නියාමක ලෙස වී. ශ්‍රීනිවාස් මෝහන් තෝරාගැනුණු අතර, මෙහි සංස්කාරකවරයා වූයේ කෝටගිරි වෙන්කටේස්වරා රාඕ ය. පී. එම්. සතීෂ් මෙහි ශ්‍රව්‍ය නිර්මාණවේදියා වූ අතර, පීටර් හේන් මෙහි ක්‍රියාදාම ජවනිකා සම්බන්ධයෙන් කටයුතු කළේ ය. මෙහි වස්ත්‍ර නිර්මාණය සිදුකරන ලද්දේ රාමා රාජමෞලි සහ ප්‍රසාන්ති තිපිර්නේනි විසිනි. මෙහි පෙළ නිෂ්පාදකවරයා වූයේ එම්. එම්. ශ්‍රීවල්ලි ය.
දෘශ්‍ය ප්‍රයෝග
ජාතික සම්මාන ලාභී වී. ශ්‍රීනිවාස් මෝහන් බාහුබලිහි දෘශ්‍ය ප්‍රයෝග නියාමක ලෙස කටයුතු කළේ ය. චිත්‍රපටය 90%ක් පමණම CGI නිර්මාණවලින් යුත් අතර එය VFX දර්ශන 2500කින් පමණ සමන්විත ය. හයිදරාබාද් මූලික කරගත් මකුට VFX ආයතනය ප්‍රධාන දෘශ්‍ය ප්‍රයෝග චිත්‍රාගාරය ලෙස තෝරාගැනිණි. එය චිත්රපටයේ පරිගණක-ජනිත රූවලින් 50%කට වැඩි ප්රමාණයක් සඳහා දායකත්වය දැක්වී ය. මකුට ආයතනය විසින් දායකත්වය සැපයූ නිර්මාණවලින් සමහරක් ලෙස අඩි 1500ක් උසැති දියඇල්ල ජීවමාන ලෙස නිර්මාණය කිරීම, දැවැන්ත කඳු සහ මහිෂ්මතී රාජධානිය ඇතුළු මහා භූමිදර්ශන, එහි දේවාල සහ මාලිගා ඇතුළත් විය. දැවැන්ත දිය ඇල්ල නිර්මාණය කිරීම සඳහා වසර 2කට ආසන්න කාලයක් ගතවූයේ මකුට ආයතනයට තරල ගතික සහ සමාකරණ සංකීර්ණභාවයන් සමග කටයුතු කිරීමට සිදුවූ හෙයිනි. දිය ඇල්ල ඇතුළත් සෑම රූප රාමුවක්ම නවතම පසුතලයක් නිර්මාණය කිරීමට සමාන යැයි මකුට පවසයි.
හයිදරාබාද් පාදක කරගත් ෆයර්ෆ්ලයි ක්‍රියේටිව් ස්ටූඩියෝව ප්‍රධාන වශයෙන්ම චිත්රපටයේ මිනිත්තු 25කට ආසන්න කාලයක් දිවෙන යුධ දර්ශන සම්බන්ධයෙන් කටයුතු කළේ ය. මිට අමතරව ෆයර්ෆ්ලයි ක්‍රියේටිව් විසින් දිය යට VFX රූපරාමු සහ කාලකේය චරිත ගොඩනැගීමට උපකාරී විය. මැලේසියාවේ ටාවු ෆිල්ම්ස් වෙතින් CGI බයිසන් ගව රුව නිර්මාණය කළ අතර, හයිදරාබාදයේ ප්‍රසාද් EFX ආයතනය පූර්ව සහ පශ්චාත් යුධ දර්ශන කිහිපයක් ඩිජිටල් බහුගුණකරණයට දායක විය. මීට අමතරව ප්‍රසාද් ආයතනය විසින් මෙහි එක් දර්ශනයක කට්ටප්පාගේ ත්‍රිමාණ රුවක් නිර්මාණය කොට වෙනත් අමතර නළුවකුගේ සිරුරට එම හිස ඇතුළත් කොට සකසන ලදී.
හයිදරාබාදයේ ශ්‍රැෂ්ති VFX ආයතනය ෆයර්ෆ්ලයි ස්ටූඩියෝස් සමග මෙහි යුධ ජවනිකා කිහිපයක් ඩිජිටලීකරණය කොට නිර්මාණය කිරීමට දායක විය. හයිදරාබාදයේ අන්නපූර්ණ ස්ටූඩියෝස් ආයතනය චිත්රපටයේ ඩිජිටල් අතරමැදි සහකරු ලෙස තෝරාගැනුණු අතර, ඔවුනගේ කාර්යාභාරය වූයේ සංස්කරණය සඳහා හොඳම වර්ණ සහ ශ්‍රව්‍ය ගුණාංග එකතු කොට එය ඩිජිටලීකෘත අයුරින් පෝෂණය කිරීමයි.
බාහුබලි සහ ජුරාසික් වර්ල්ඩ් චිත්‍රපටවල එකම VFX කණ්ඩායම සේවය කරන බවට වූ මාධ්‍ය වාර්තාවලට පිළිතුරු දෙමින් නිෂ්පාදක ශෝබු යාර්ලගද්දා පැවසූයේ එවැනි කිසිදු දායකත්වයක් නොමැති බවත්, එය අන්තර්ජාල ඕපාදූපයක් බවත් ය. ක්වාර්ට්ස් සමග සම්මුඛ සාකච්ඡාවක දී, මකුට VFXහි සම ආදිකර්තෘ පැවසූයේ, "බාහුබලිහි වැඩි ප්රමාණයක් සංවර්ධනය කෙරුණේ හයිදරාබාදයේ ටොලිවුඩයේ ය. එහි දී දේශීය දක්ෂතා උපයෝගී කරගැනිණි. ප්‍රධාන වශයෙන් එය නිවසේම හැදුණු දක්ෂතාවන්ගෙන් නිපදවූ නිවසේම සැදූ වෘත්තාන්තයකි."
සංගීතය
රාජමෞලිගේ මස්සිනා වූ එම්. එම්. කීරවානි චිත්රපටයේ සංගීත නිර්මාණය සිදුකළ අතර, ශබ්ද පරිපාලනය සිදුකරන ලද්දේ කල්‍යාන් කෝඩුරි විසිනි.
මුදාහැරීම
2015 ජූලි 10 දින තෙලිඟු, දෙමළ, හින්දි සහ මලයාලම් භාෂාවලින් ලොව පුරා සිනමාහල් 4,000ක චිත්‍රපටය මුදාහැරිණි. මින් වාර්තාගත සිනමාහල් 1600ක තෙලිඟු බසින් ද, 1500ක හින්දි බසින් ද, 350ක දෙමළ සහ 225ක මලයාලම් භාෂාවලින් තිරගත විය. මෙම දිනයට එක් දිනකට පෙර බ්ලූස්කයි සිනමොස් ආයතනය විසින් ඇමරිකා එක්සත් ජනපදය තුළ සිනමාහල් 135ක මෙම චිත්‍රපටය මුදාහරින ලදී. මෙහි මංගල දර්ශනයක් ජූලි 9 දින හයිදරාබාද්හි ප්‍රසාද්ස් IMAXහි ද පැවැත්විණි. කේරළයේ චිත්‍රපටය මුදාහැරීමට බාධා පැමිණියේ ප්‍රේමම් නම් මලයාලම් චිත්රපටයේ චෞරත්ව සිදුවීමක් නිසා සිනමාහල්වල කොටසක් වසාදැමීම හේතුවෙනි. මේ නිසා මුදාහැරුණේ සිනමාහල් කිහිපයක පමණි. චිත්රපටයේ තෙලිඟු ප්‍රභේදය ඉදිරිපත් කරන ලද්දේ කේ. රාඝවේන්ද්‍ර රාඕ විසිනි. දෙමළ ප්‍රභේදය කේ. ඊ. ඥානවේල් රාජා, හ්‍රී තේනන්දල් ෆිල්ම්ස් සහ යූවී ක්‍රියේෂන්ස් වෙතින් ද හින්දි ප්‍රභේදය කරන් ජොහාර් වෙතින් ද, මලයාලම් ප්‍රභේදය ග්ලෝබල් යුනයිටඩ් මීඩියා වෙතින් ද ඉදිරිප්ත කරන ලදී. චිත්රපටයේ අන්තර්ජාතික ප්‍රභේදය සැබෑ ප්‍රභේදයට වඩා මිනිත්තු 20ක් දිගින් අඩු අතර, එය නිමවන ලද්දේ වින්සන්ට් ටැබයිලොන් විසිනි. මෙය බුසන් අන්තර්ජාතික චිත්‍රපට උළෙලේ දී තිරගත විය. 2015 නොවැම්බරයේ ඊ ස්ටාර් ෆිල්ම්ස් මගින් චීනය තුළ සිනමාහල් 5000කට අධික සංඛ්‍යාවක මෙය ප්‍රදර්ශනය කිරීමට නිෂ්පාදකයින් සැලසුම් කොට ඇත. චීනය තුළ මෙලෙසින් මුදාහළ දැවැන්තම ඉන්දියානු චිත්‍රපටය බවට බාහුබලි පත්වන්නේ 2015 මැයි 22 දින මුදාහළ PK චිත්‍රපටය අභිබවා යමිනි. මෙම චිත්‍රපටය ජපානයේ ද මුදාහැරීමට නියමිතව තිබිණි. ජපානයේ අන්තර්ජාතික චිත්‍රපට මුදාහැරීමේ ක්ෂේත්‍රයේ ප්‍රමුඛයකු වන ට්වින් කෝ සමාගම චිත්රපටයේ තිරගත කිරීම් අයිතිය හිමි කරගෙන ඇත. නිෂ්පාදක ශෝබු යාර්ලගද්දා බුසන් ආසියානු චිත්‍රපට වෙළඳපොලේ ආයෝජනය කොට ඇති අතර, ඔහු හෙළි කළේ මෙම චිත්‍රපටය ලතින් ඇමරිකාව, ජර්මනිය සහ යුරෝපා රටවල ද ප්‍රදර්ශනය කිරීමට සැලසුම් කොට ඇති බවයි. MVP එන්ටර්ටේන්මන්ට් ආයතනය විසින් මෙම චිත්‍රපටය තායිලන්තය, වියට්නාමය, ලාඕසය, කාම්බෝජය, මියන්මාරය සහ ටිමෝර්-ලෙස්ටේ රටවල ප්‍රදර්ශනය සැලුසම් කොට ඇත. ලතින් ඇමරිකානු රටවල චිත්රපටයේ ප්‍රදර්ශන අයිතිය සන් ඩිස්ට්‍රිබියුෂන් සමාගම විසින් අත් කරගත් අතර, තායිවානයේ ප්‍රදර්ශන අයිතිය ක්‍රියේටිව් සෙන්චරි එන්ටර්ටේන්මන්ට් ආයතනය විසින් හිමි කරගන්නා ලදී. කොරියාව තුළ චිත්‍රපටය එන්ටර්මෝඩ් සංස්ථාව වෙතින් ප්‍රදර්ශනය කිරීමට නියමිත ය. අන්තර්ජාතික මුදාහැරීම සඳහා හස්තයක් ලෙස ක්‍රියාකරන අර්කා ඉන්ටර්නැෂනල් ආයතනය විසින් චිත්‍රපටය ජර්මනිය සහ වෙනත් රටවල් 70ක ්‍රපදර්ශනයට විධිවිධාන යොදා තිබිණි.
ප්‍රති-නිකුතුව
මෙම චිත්රපටයේ දෙවන කොටස වන බාහුබලි 2: ද කන්ක්ලූෂන් 2017 අප්‍රේල් 28 දින මුදාහැරීමට සැලුසම් කොට ඇති හෙයින්, මෙහි නිෂ්පාදකයින් සහ බෙදාහරින්නන් විසින් මෙම පළමු කොටස 2017 අප්‍රේල් 7 යළි ප්‍රදර්ශනය කිරීමට නියමිත ය.
අන්තර්ජාතික චිත්‍රපට උළෙලවල්
මෙම චිත්‍රපටය විවිධ චිත්‍රපට උළෙලවල්හි දී ප්‍රදර්ශනය කෙරිණි. මේ අතරට බුසන් අන්තර්ජාතික චිත්‍රපට උළෙලේ Open Cinema Strand, හේග් ඉන්දියානු චිත්‍රපට උළෙල, ස්පාඤ්ඤයේ සිට්ගෙස් චිත්‍රපට උළෙල, ප්‍රංශයේ යුටෝපියේල්ස් චිත්‍රපට උළෙල, තායිවානයේ තායිපේ ගෝල්ඩන් හෝර්ස් චිත්‍රපට උළෙල, එස්තෝනියාවේ ටැලීන් බ්ලැක් නයිට්ස් චිත්‍රපට උළෙල, පැරීසියේ ලේ’ට්‍රේන්ජ් අන්තර්ජාතික චිත්‍රපට උළෙල, පෝලන්ත‍යේ ෆයිව් ෆ්ලේවර්ස් චිත්‍රපට උළෙල, හොනලුලුහි හවායි අන්තර්ජාතික චිත්‍රපට උළෙල, බෙල්ජියමේ බ්‍රසල්ස්හි බ්‍රසල්ස් අන්තර්ජාතික මනඃකල්පිත චිත්‍රපට උළෙල, ප්‍රංශයේ කාන් චිත්‍රපට උළෙල, රුමේනියාවේ ට්‍රාන්සිල්වේනියා අන්තර්ජාතික චිත්‍රපට උළෙල පැරීසියේ ලේ ග්‍රෑන්ඩ් රෙක්ස්, කර්ජා පොල්ට් සංත්‍රාස චිත්‍රපට උළෙල, ෆේස්ටිවල් ඩි ලැකාමෝ, 8වන BRICS සමුළුව, සහ ගෝවේ 2016 ඉන්දියාවේ අන්තර්ජාතික චිත්‍රපට උළෙල Indian Panorama අංශය අයත් වේ. චිත්රපටයේ අන්තර්ජාතික ප්‍රභේදය චීනය, ජපානය, කොරියාව, තායිවානය, ඉන්දුනීසියාව, තායිලන්තය, වියට්නාමය, ලාඕසය, කාම්බෝජය, මියන්මාරය, පිලිපීනය, ටිමෝර්-ලෙස්ටේ සමග ඇතැම් යුරෝපීය සහ ලතින් ඇමරිකානු රටවල ප්‍රදර්ශනය කෙරිණි.
අලෙවිකරණය
චිත්රපටයේ අලෙවිකරණය ඇරඹියේ එස්. එස්. රාජමෞලිගේ රූගත කිරීම්වලට වසර දෙකකට පෙර, ෆේස්බුක් සහ යූටියුබ් ඔස්සේ ප්‍රේක්ෂක ව්‍යාපාරයක් සමගිනි. අර්කා මීඩියා වර්ක්ස් යූටියුබ් නාළිකාව ඔස්සේ කෙටි ප්‍රවර්ධන වීඩියෝ පට කිහිපයක් මුදාහැරුණු අතර, එමගින් මුහුරත් පෝස්ටර සහ චිත්රපටයේ ප්‍රධාන නළු නිළියන් සිය උපන්දින සමරන අයුරු නිරූපණය විය. චිත්‍රපටයේම ප්‍රවර්ධනයේ කොටසක් ලෙස බාහුබලි චරිතය විසින් භාවිතා කළ කිරුළ හයිදරාබාදයේ කොමික් කොන් හි දී ප්‍රදර්ශනය කෙරිණි. මෙහි තවත් අංගයක දී තෝරාගත් ජයග්‍රාහකයින්ට චිත්රපටයේ පසුතල නැරඹීමට අවස්ථාව ලබාදෙන ලදී. මීට අමතරව චිත්‍රපට කණ්ඩායම විසින් චිත්‍රපටය පිළිබඳ නවතම පුවත් ලබාදීමට WhatsApp පණිවිඩ සේවාවක් ද ක්‍රියාත්මක කරන ලදී. 2015 ජූලි 22, ගිනස් ලෝක වාර්තා කමිටුව විසින් 2015 ජූනි 27 කෝචිහි බාහුබලි ශ්‍රව්‍ය නිකුතුවේ දී නිර්මිත පෝස්ටරය ලොව විශාලතම පෝස්ටරය යැයි අනුමත කරන ලදී. 4,793.65 m²ක (51,598.21 ft²) වර්ගඵලයක් පුරා පැතිරි මෙම පෝස්ටරය මුදුන්පත් කරගත්තේ ග්ලෝබල් යුනයිටඩ් මීඩියා සමාගම විසිනි. (මෙම වාර්තාව MSG-2 The Messenger චිත්රපටයේ 5,969.61 m² වර්ගඵලයෙන් යුත් පෝස්ටරයත් සමග බිඳවැටිණි.) හඩ්හඩ් සුළිසුළඟ සඳහා පීඩාවට පත්වූවන්ට උපකාර කිරීම වෙනුවෙන් බාහුබලි කණ්ඩායම විසින් මේමු සෛතම් නම් විශේෂ අංගයක් සංවිධානය කරන ලදී. චිත්‍රපට මුදාහැරීමෙන් පසු, අලෙවිකරණය කණ්ඩායම විසින් බාහුබලි චිත්‍රපට චරිත හඳනාගැනීම උදෙසා අන්තර්ක්‍රියාකාරී ප්‍රශ්නාවලියක් ද සංවිධානය කරන ලදී. හයිදරාබාදයේ රාමෝජි චිත්‍රපට නගරය තුළ චිත්‍රපට කෞතුනාගාරයක් තැනීමට නිෂ්පාදකයින් විසින් සැලසුම් කොට ඇති අතර, මෙහි දී චිත්රපටයේ භාවිතා වූ ආයුධ, සන්නාහ සහ වස්ත්‍ර ප්‍රදර්ශනය කිරීමට නියමිත ය. මෙය ඉන්දියානු චිත්‍රපට ඉතිහාසයේ පෙර නොවූ විරූ සිදුවීමකි. මෙම කෞතුකාගාරය බාහුබලි 2: ද කන්ක්ලූෂන් චිත්‍රපටය මුදාහැරීඹට පෙර හෝ මුදාහැර මඳ කලකට පසුව සම්පූර්ණ කිරීමට යෝජිත ය. චිත්රපටයේ වෙබ්අඩවිය වෙළඳ භාණ්ඩ ප්‍රර්ධනය කරන අතර, මේ අතරට ඇඟලුම්, උපකරණ සහ චිත්රපටයේ විවිධ සිහිවටන ඇතුළත් ය.
ඉන්දියානු සිනමාවට වසර 100ක් සපිරීම නිමිත්තෙන් සංජීව් භාස්කර් විසින් අධ්‍යක්ෂණය කළ BBC නාළිකාවේ වාර්තා වැඩසටහනක් වූ ඉන්දීය සිනමාවේ වසර 100ක් නම් වැඩසටහනට මෙම චිත්‍රපටය ද ඇතුළත් විය.
බෙදා හරින්නා
2014 ජූලි ආරම්භයේ චිත්රපටයේ පළමු කොටසේ කර්ණාටක සහ කේඩෙඩ් (රායලසීමා) ප්රදේශයේ බදාහැරීමේ අයිතීන් ප්‍රමුඛ බෙදා හරින්නකුට අලෙවි කෙරුණේ කට ය. මේ අතරට කඩාපා, කුර්නූල්, අනන්තපූර්, චිට්ටූර් සහ බෙල්ලරි කලාපවලින් හමුවූ ක මුදල ද ඇතුළත් ය. එම අවස්ථාවේම, චිත්රපටයේ නිසාම් ප්රදේශයේ සිනමාහල් බෙදාහැරීම් අයිතීන් දිල් රාජු විසින් මිලදී ගන්නා ලද්දේ ක මුදලකටයි. ඔහු මුදල තහවුරු නොකළ ද, දිල් රාජු සම්මුඛ සාකච්ඡාවක දී ඩෙකෑන් ක්‍රෝනිකල් පුවත්පතට පැවසූයේ ඔහු පළමු කොටසේ නිසාම් ප්රදේශයේ අයිතීන් මිලදී ගත් බවත්, එහි දෙවන කොටසේ අයිතීන් ද මිලදී ගැනීමට අපේක්ෂාවෙන් සිටින බවත් ය. බ්ලූස්කයි සිනෙමාස් විසින් එක්සත් ජනපදය සහ කැනඩාවේ බෙදාහැරීම් අයිතීන් තමන් සතු කරගන්නා ලදී.
විචාරක පිළිගැනීම
විචාරකයින් විසින් චිත්රපටයේ අධ්‍යක්ෂණය, තාක්ෂණික අගයයන් සහ රංගන ශිල්පීන්ගේ ප්‍රතිභාව අගය කොට ඇත. ද හොලිවුඩ් රිපෝටර් පාදක කරගත් ලීසා ට්සේරිං රචනා කොට ඇත්තේ, "මෙහි කථාව කිහිප වරක් අසා ඇත— ශ්‍රේෂ්ඨත්වය වෙනුවෙන් උපන් බිළිඳකු දුෂ්ට බලවේග වනසයි— නමුත් දක්ෂ දකුණු ඉන්දීය අධ්‍යක්ෂක එස්. එස්. රාජමෞලිගේ විශ්වසනීය දෑතින් බාහුබලි: ද බිගිනිං නව ජීවයක් ලබා ඇත." ස්ක්‍රීන් ඩේලි වෙනුවෙන් ඇලන් හන්ටර් රචනාකොට තිබුණේ, "චිත්රපටයේ කථාව ගලායාමේ පුළුල් භාවය සහ මන්දිත-චලන ජවනිකා සඳහා අධ්‍යක්ෂකවරයා දක්වන අතිශය ප්‍රියභාවය මෙහි ඇති දුර්වලතා වුවත්, මෙය තවමත් ප්‍රබෝධකර, සුගම වීර කථාවකි. බාහුබලි: ද බිගිනිං තුළ කම්මැලි ජවනිකා ඇත්තේ කිහිපයකි. ජන මන පිනවන තෙලිඟු-භාෂා වීර කාව්‍යයක් වන මෙය ඉන්දියාව තුළ බොක්ස් ඔෆීස් වාර්තා බිඳහෙළයි." ද ගාඩියන් සඟරාවේ මයික් මැකහිල් චිත්‍රපටයට තරු පහෙන් හතරක් ලබාදෙමින් චිත්‍රපටය අගය කොට ඇත. ද හෆිංටන් පෝස්ට්හි සුප්‍රතීක් චැටර්ජී ලියා ඇත්තේ, "කෙසේනමුත්, සැමදෙනාම පවසන පරිදි, බාහුබලි: ද බිගිනිං වැදගත් ජයග්‍රහණයකි. දෝෂ සහගත වුවත් මෙහි රාජමෞලි ඇද දමා ඇත්තේ ප්‍රාතිහාර්යයකි. එසේවුව ද, ඉන්දියාවේ අවදානමක් ගැනීමට අකමැති චිත්‍රපට නිර්මාණ පසුබිම තුළ, චිත්‍රපටය අවසන් වන්නේ හිංසාකාරී උච්චස්ථානයෙනි. (ඊළඟ වර්ෂයේ එන බාහුබලි 2: ද කන්ක්ලූෂන් සඳහා මග පාදමිනි) නමුත් ඔහුගේ තනි නිර්භීත දැක්ම වෙනුවෙන් අත්පොලසන් නැගිය යුතු ය."
Firstpostහි දීපාංජන පාල් රචනා කොට ඇත්තේ, "මෙම සටන රාජමෞලිගේ බලවත් සංචාරයයි. එය විසිතුරු ය. මනා නර්තන රචනයක් සහිත අතර, ත්‍රාසජනක ජවනිකා කිහිපයක් ද ඇත. ප්‍රභාස් සහ දගුබාති යන දෙදෙනාම වෙනස් ශෛලීන් දෙකකින් යුත් රණකාමීන් ලෙස හැසිරේ. සටනේ ප්‍රතිඵලයේ විස්මයක් නැත. නමුත් ප්‍රේක්ෂකයන් ඇඳබැඳ තබාගැනීමට ප්‍රමාණවත් තරමේ උපායයන් එය සතුව පවතියි. කෙසේනමුත්, දැවැන්තම විස්මය රඳා පවතින්නේ චිත්රපටයේ අවසන් ජවනිකාවේ ය. එමගින් ඊළඟ වර්ෂයේ ඒමට නියමිත චිත්රපටයේ දෙවන කොටසක් පිළිබඳ ඉඟියක් ලැබේ. මෙය 2016 වර්ෂය පිළිබඳ පැතුමක් තබාගැනීමට අවස්ථාව ලබා දෙයි." ද ඉන්ඩියන් එක්ස්ප්‍රස්හි ශුභ්‍රා ගුප්තා චිත්‍රපටය අගය කොට ඇත්තේ: "මෙහි ආරම්භක රූපරාමුවල සිටම, 'බාහුබලි' නොයෙකුත් පූර්වනිමිති ග්‍රහණය කොටගෙන ඇත: ක්‍රියාදාම සහ ප්‍රේම වෘත්තාන්ත, ආදරය සහ ද්‍රෝහීභාවය, වීර්යය සහ දුර්වලබාවය මින් පෙන්වයි. සරලව පැවසුවහොත් 'බාහුබලි' ආකර්ෂණීයයි." ද හින්දු පුවත්පත වෙනුවෙන් සිය විචාරයෙහි සංගීතා දේවි දණ්ඩූ රචනා කර ඇත්තේ, "චිත්රපටයේ පසු භාගයේ වැදගත් ස්ථානයක් හිමි කරගන්නා යුධ දර්ශන ඉන්දියානු සිනමාවේ අප මෙතෙක් දුටු හොඳම දර්ශන වේ. මෙම දර්ශන නෙත්තාකර්ෂණීය අතර එමගින් සිනෙමාරූපකයා (කේ. කේ. සෙන්තිල් කුමාර්) සහ දෘශ්‍ය ප්‍රයෝග කණ්ඩායමේ ඇති තාක්ෂණික දක්ෂභාවය පෙනේ. දියඇල්ල, ගුප්ත වනාන්තර සහ ගිරිකුළුවලට ඉහළින් වූ ජලතල මෙන්ම ප්‍රධාන නළු නිළි යුවළ ප්‍රේක්ෂකයා මවිතයට පත්කරයි."
Rediffහි සුකන්‍යා වර්මා මෙයට තරු පහෙන් හතරක් ලබාදෙමින් පැවසූයේ, එය ‘දැවැන්ත, උපායශීලී තල්ලුවක්!' ලෙසයි. Koimoi පාදක කරගත් අර්චිතා කාශ්‍යප් ද එම ඇගයුමම ලබාදෙමින් පැවසූයේ, "මෙහි යුධ දර්ශන හෙවත් අසිපත් සටන් නැතහොත් දෘශ්‍ය ආකර්ෂණය නිමා මෙය නැරඹිය යුතුම වේ. එස්. එස්. රාජමෞලි සහ ඔහුගේ ප්‍රධාන මිනිසුන් වන ප්‍රභාස් සහ රානා හට ප්‍රණාමය පුදකළ යුත්තේ චිත්‍රපටය වෙනුවෙන් වසර ගණනාවක් සිය කාලය කැපකිරීම වෙනුවෙනි. සැබැවින්ම පරිකල්පනය සහ ඉන්දියානුභාවය අතින්, බාහුබලි නැවුම් ආරම්භයක් වනු ඇත." ෆිල්ම්ෆෙයාර්හි රචිත් ගුප්තා චිත්‍රපටයට තරු හතරක් (තරු 5න්) ලබාදෙමින් සාරාංශ කොට දැක්වූයේ, "බාහුබලි සැබැවින්ම වීරකථා අත්දැකීමකි. මෙහි කථාව මෙතරම් තෙහෙට්ටු නොවූයේ නම් එය සර්වකාලීන සම්භාව්‍ය කෘතියක් ලෙසින් ඉතිහාස ග්‍රන්ථවලට එක්වනු ඇත. නමුත් ගැටලුව එය නොවේ. රාජමෞලිගේ අදහස්වලින් පෝෂණය වී තිබුණ ද, මෙහි කථාව ගලායාමේ දෝෂයක් පවතියි. මෙය ඉන්දියාවේ මල අධිකම චිත්‍රපටය වීමට නිසැකවම සුදුසු ය. මෙය වඩාත් නැරඹිය යුතු අත්දැකීමකි." ඩෙකෑන් ක්‍රෝනිකල් පුවත්පතේ සුපර්ණා ෂර්මා චිත්රපටයේ දෙවන අර්ධය අගය කරමින් ලියා ඇත්තේ, "රජමෞලි විසින් විරාමයෙන් පසුව එහි අග කොටසට සියලු ශ්රී විභූතිය මුසු කොට ඇත. මේ නිසායි, චිත්‍රපටයට වීර කාව්‍යයක් ලෙස ගලායාමට හැකිව ඇත්තේ." ඉන්ඩියා ටුඩේ පුවත්පතේ සුහානි සිං පැවසූයේ චිත්‍රපටය වින්දනීය අතර තාර්කික බවයි. එසේම ඇය තවදුරටත් පැවසූයේ, "එස්. එස්. රාජමෞලි සහ ඔහුගේ කණ්ඩායම විසින් රසවත් දඩබ්බර පෙරදිග වීර ක්‍රියාවක් නිර්මාණය කොට ඇත. බාහුබලි අන්තර්ජාතික මට්ටම හා සම කළ හැකි යැයි ඇතැමෙකුට සිතීමට පුළුවන. අවසානයේ මිනිත්තු 45ක් පමණම පවතින සටන මෙහි ඇති උච්චතම අවස්ථාවන්ගෙන් එකක් පමණක් නොව, ඉන්දීය සිනමාවේ කලාතුරකින් දක්නට ලැබෙන නෙත්කලු ක්‍රියාදාම ජවනිකාවකි. මෙවැනි තවත් එකක් මෙහි දෙවන කොටසේ දී ඉදිරිපත් කිරීමට රාජමෞලිට හැකිවේ නම් එහි දී ඔහු සිනමා ඉතිහාස ග්‍රන්ථවල සිය නම සනිටුහන් කරගනු ඇත. අපට නැවත මහිෂ්මතී රාජධානිය දැකගන්නට බලාසිටිය නොහැකියි." Mid Day වෙනුවෙන් ශුභා ෂෙට්ටි සහා රචිත විචාරයෙහි මෙම චිත්‍රපටයට තරු හතරක් ලබාදී ඇති අතර, ඇය පවසා ඇත්තේ, "'බාහුබලි' නරඹන අතරතුර යම් වේලාවකට, ඔබ ඔබගේම හනුව බිම තිබී සොයාගනීවි. එයට හේතුව මෙය හුදු චිත්‍රපටයක් නොව විශ්වාස කළ නොහැකි තරම් ත්‍රාසජනක ෆැන්ටසි චාරිකාවක් හෙයිනි." මෙම විචාරය මගින් තවදුරටත් මෙහි පෙනුම අගය කොටඇත්තේ, "චිත්රපටයේ සෑම මුහුණුවරක් වෙනුවෙන්ම–ක්‍රියාදාම, මන කළඹන පසුතල සහ නර්තන රචනය– අධ්‍යක්ෂකවරයා අගය කළ යුතු අතර, එමගින් මෙම දැවැන්ත වීර කාව්‍යය ජීවමාන කොට ඇත. ශිවා විසින් අවන්තිකාගේ සළු උනා දමමින් ඇගේ ස්ත්‍රී ස්වරූපය ඇයට වටහාදෙන අවස්ථාව දැක්වෙන ගීතය නම් සැබැවින්ම මැණිකකි."
බොක්ස් ඔෆීස්
බාහුබලි: ද බිගිනිං චිත්‍රපටය එය මුදා හළ ප්රථම දිනයේම ලොව පුරා ක මුදලක් උපයාගත්තේ ය. මෙය එතෙක් ඉන්දියානු චිත්‍රපටයක් ලද ඉහළම ආදායම විය. නමුත් 2016දී ක මුදලක් උපයා ගනිමින් කබාලි චිත්‍රපටය මෙය අභිබවා යාමට සමත් විය. එහි පළමු දිනයේම එක්සත් ජනපදය තුළ චිත්‍රපටය ක මුදලක් උපයාගත්තේ ය. සියලු ප්‍රභේදවලින් ලොව පුරා ප්‍රදර්ශනයෙන් පළමු සති අන්තයේ ලද ආදායම ක් විය. මෙය මෙතෙක් ඉන්දියානු චිත්‍රපටයක් ලද තෙවන ඉහළම ආදායම වේ. මුදාහැර පළමු සතිය තුළ චිත්‍රපටය ලොව පුරා කට ආසන්න ආදායමක් උපයා ගැනීමට සමත් විය. මෙය ලොව පුරා ක ආදායම ඉක්මවූ ප්රථම දකුණු ඉන්දියානු චිත්‍රපටය බවට පත්වූයේ දින 9ක් ඇතුළත මෙම කඩඉම වෙත ළඟාවෙමිනි. අනතුරුව දින 15ක් ඇතුළත ලොව පුරා ක ආදායමක් උපයා ගැනීමට සමත් විය. සාර්ථක ලෙස දින 24ක් ඇතුළත සීමාව වෙත ළඟාවීමට චිත්‍රපටය සමත් විය. දින 50 අවසන් වන විට, International Business Times පුවත්පතේ ඇස්තමේන්තු අනුව චිත්‍රපටය ලොව පුරා ප්‍රදර්ශනයෙන් ආසන්න වශයෙන් ක සමස්ත ආදායමක් උපයාගෙන තිබිණි. අද වනවිට, චිත්රපටයේ සමස්ත ආදායම අගයෙහි පවතියි. බාහුබලි: ද බිගිනිං චිත්‍රපටය ඉන්දියාව තුළ පමණක් කට වඩා ඉපැයූ අතර, ඉන්දියාවේ ඉහළම ආදායම් ලද චිත්‍රපටය බවට පත්වූයේ PK (2015) චිත්‍රපටය තබා තිබූ ආදායම් වාර්තාව ඉක්මවා යමිනි.
ඉන්දියාව
බාහුබලි: ද බිගිනිං ආන්ධ්‍ර ප්රදේශය සහ තෙලංගානාව තුළ 100ක ප්‍රතිශතයක නිල කාලයකට හිමිකම් කී අතර, තමිල් නාඩු, කේරළ සහ කර්ණාටක ප්‍රාන්තවල එය සියයට 70ක ප්‍රතිශතයකින් පැවතියේ ය. භාෂා ප්‍රභේද හතරෙන්ම (තෙලිඟු, දෙමළ, මලයාලම් සහ හින්දි) ඉන්දියාව තුළ පළමු ප්‍රදර්ශන දිනයේම ක පමණ සමස්ත ආදායමක් හිමි කරගැනීමට මෙය සමත් විය. හින්දි ප්‍රභේදය ක පමණ ශුද්ධ ආදායමක් උපයාගත් අතර, එය මෙතෙක් හින්දි හඬකැවූ චිත්‍රපටයක් ලද ඉහළම ආරම්භක ආදායම වේ. ඉන්දියාව තුළ පළමු දින ප්‍රදර්ශනයෙන් බාහුබලි ලද ආදායම කි. හින්දි ප්‍රභේදය පළමු සති අන්තය තුළ පමණ ශුද්ධ ආදායමක් උපයාගැනීමට සමත් විය.
ඉන්දියාව තුළ පළමු සති අන්තයේ මෙහි තෙලිඟු ප්‍රභේදය පමණත් කට ආසන්න ශුද්ධ ආදායමක් උපයාගෙන ඇත. මේ අනුව මෙහි ප්‍රභේද සියල්ලෙන්ම පළමු සති අන්තය වන විට චිත්‍රපටය පමණම ශුද්ධ ආදායමක් උපයාගෙන තිබිණි. මෙය ඉන්දියාවේ චිත්‍රපටයක් ලද සිව්වන ඉහළම ආරම්භක සති අන්ත ආදායම වේ. පළමු සතිය තුළ මෙහි හින්දි ප්‍රභේදය ක පමණ ශුද්ධ ආදායමක් හිමි කරගෙන ඇත. පළමු සතිය තුළ සියලු ප්‍රභේදවලින් බාහුබලි: ද බිගිනිං චිත්‍රපටය කට අධික ශුද්ධ ආදායමක් උපයාගෙන තිබිණි. දෙවන සති අන්තය තුළ මෙය තවත් ක ශුද්ධ ආදායමක් උපයාගත් අතර, දින දහයක් ඇතුළත මෙහි සමස්ත ශුද්ධ ලාභය ක් විය. මුම්බායි කලාපය තුළ මෙහි හින්දි ප්‍රභේදය කට අධික ශුද්ධ ආදායමක් උපයාගෙන තිබිණි.
විදේශ
අන්තර්ජාතික වෙළඳපොල තුළ පළමු දිනයේම ක ආදායමක් උපයාගැනීමට මෙම චිත්‍රපටය සමත් විය. සති අන්තයේ ඇ.ඩො. මිලියන 3.5ක ආදායමක් සහ තිරයකට ඩො. 15,148ක මධ්‍යන්‍ය ආදායමක් මෙය උපයාගත්තේ ය. චිත්‍රපටය එක්සත් ජනපද සහ කැනේඩියානු බොක්ස් ඔෆීස් තුළ නවවන ස්ථානයට ප්‍රදර්ශනය අරඹමින් දින තුන්ක ඇතුළත ඩො. 4,630,000ක මුදලක් උපයාගත් අතර, 2015 ජූලි 10-12 සති අන්තයේ ඩො. 3,250,000ක ආදායමක් ලබාගැනීමට එය සමත් විය. එක්සත් රාජධානිය සහ අයර්ලන්තය තුළ බාහුබලි: ද බිගිනිං චිත්රපටයේ තෙලිඟු ප්‍රභේදය £66,659ක ආදායමක් උපයාගත් අතර, දෙමළ ප්‍රභේදය ඕස්ට්‍රේලියාව තුළ දෙවන සති අන්තය (17 – 19 ජූලි 2015) තෙක් A$194,405ක් උපයාගත්තේ ය. මෙහි දෙමළ ප්‍රභේදය මැලේසියාව තුළ MYR 663,869ක ආදායමක් උපයා ගත්තේ ය. චීනය තුළ ආරම්භක සති අන්තයේ දී චිත්‍රපටය ක මුදලක් උපයා ගැනීමට සමත් විය. එය එරට තුළ ( මිලියන 77.8) ක සමස්ත ආදායමක් උපයාගත්තේ ය. මෙලෙසින් චිත්‍රපටය විදෙස් ප්‍රදර්ශනය තුළින් $ මිලියන 10.94ක සමස්ත බොක්ස් ඔෆීස් ආදායම්ක උපයා ගත්තේ ය.
ධ්වනිපථය
සම්මාන සහ නිර්දේශ
මතභේදය
චිත්රපටයේ දෙමළ ප්‍රභේදය චිත්රපටයේ භාවිතා වූ වචනයක් හේතුවෙන් මතභේදයට මුහුණපෑවේ ය. 2015 ජූලි 22 දින, දාලිත් කණ්ඩායමක් වූ පුරාට්චි පුලිකල් ඉයක්කම් කල්ලිය විසින් චිත්රපටයේ දෙමළ ප්‍රභේදය තිරගත වූ මදුරෛහි 'ටැමිල්, ජයා' සංකීර්ණය ඉදිරිපිට පෙට්‍රල් බෝම්බ ප්‍රහාර එල්ල කළහ. පුරාට්චි පුලිකල් ඉයක්කම් නැමැති දාලිත් කල්ලිය මෙම විරෝධතාවෙහි නියැළුණේ චිත්රපටයේ අන්තර්ගත පෙළක් වන පගඩෛක්කු පිරන්දවන් යන්න අරුන්තතියර් දාලිත් උපකුලය හැඳින්වීමට වාර්ගික හින්දුවරුන් භාවිතා කරන අපහාසාත්මක යෙදුමක් වීම නිසායි. දෙමළ ප්‍රභේදයෙහි දෙබස් රචක මධන් කාර්කි විසින් දාලිත්වරුන්ගේ මනෝභාවය පිළිබඳ ඇතිවූ සිත් රිදවීමට සමාව අයැද සිටියේ ය.
දෙවන කොටස
මෙහි දෙවන කොටස වන බාහුබලි 2: ද කන්ක්ලූෂන් චිත්‍රපටය 2017 අප්‍රේල් 28 දින මුදාහැරිණි.
මේවාත් බලන්න
වියදම් අධිකම ඉන්දියානු චිත්‍රපට ලැයිස්තුව
ඉහළම ආදායම් ලබන ඉන්දියානු චිත්‍රපට ලැයිස්තුව
ආශ්‍රේයයන්
බාහිර සබැඳි
2015 චිත්‍රපට
බාහුබලි
ඉන්දියානු චිත්‍රපට
2010 දශකයේ ක්‍රියාදාම චිත්‍රපට
අධි ෆැන්ටසි චිත්‍රපට
ඉන්දියානු ක්‍රියාදාම චිත්‍රපට
ඉන්දියානු වීරකථා විත්‍රපට
ඉන්දියානු යුධ චිත්‍රපට
බහුභාෂා චිත්‍රපට
දෙමළ-භාෂා චිත්‍රපට
තෙලිඟු-භාෂා චිත්‍රපට
ඉන්දියානු ඓතිහාසික චිත්‍රපට
ප්රබන්ධ-භාෂා චිත්‍රපට
2010 දශකය තුළ දෙමළ-භාෂා චිත්‍රපට
2010 දශකයේ තෙලිඟු-භාෂා චිත්‍රපට
පුරාතන ඉන්දියාව පසුබිමෙහි රූගත වූ චිත්‍රපට
චාලකුඩියෙහි රූගත වූ චිත්‍රපට
එම්. එම්. කීරවානිගේ චිත්‍රපට ස්වර ලිපි නිර්මාණ
ජාතික චිත්‍රපට සම්මාන (ඉන්දියාව) ජයග්‍රාහකයින්
එස්. එස්. රාජමෞලි අධ්‍යක්ෂණය කළ චිත්‍රපට
පරිගණක-ජනිත රූ භාවිතා වන චිත්‍රපට
හින්දියෙන් හඬකැවුණු තෙලිඟු-භාෂා චිත්‍රපට
මලයාලම් බසින් හඬකැවුණු තෙලිඟු-භාෂා චිත්‍රපට
හොඳම වෘත්තාන්ත චිත්‍රපටය ජාතික චිත්‍රපට සම්මාන ජයග්‍රාහකයින් </s> |
<s>[INST] පහත මාතෘකාව සම්බන්ධයෙන් විස්තර සපයන්න: සර්බියානු මෙහෙයුම [/INST] සර්බියානු මෙහෙයුම () යනු, පළමුවන ලෝක යුද්ධය ආරම්භයේ දී සර්බියාවට එරෙහිව දියත් කළ හමුදා මෙහෙයුම් මාලාවක් වේ.
ආශ්‍රිත
පළමුවන ලෝක යුද්ධය කාලයේ ඇල්බේනියාව
මූලාශ්ර
භාහිර සබැඳි </s> |
<s>[INST] පහත මාතෘකාව සම්බන්ධයෙන් විස්තර සපයන්න: දුර [/INST] දුර යනු, වස්තූන් කෙතරම් ඈතින් පවතියිද යන්න පිළිබඳ සංඛ්‍යාමය විස්තරය වෙයි. </s> |
<s>[INST] පහත මාතෘකාව සම්බන්ධයෙන් විස්තර සපයන්න: රෞරවය [/INST] අෂ්ඨ මහා නරක අතුරින් සිව් වන නරකය වන මෙම නරකයේ උපත ලබන සත්ත්වයෝ ඉතා විෂ දුමකින් පිළිස්සෙන බැවින් නිතරම වේදනාවෙන් හඬන බව ධර්මයේ සඳහන් වේ. මෙම නිරය දූම රෝරුව හෙවත් රෞරව නිරය ලෙස හැඳින්වේ.
සතුන් මැරීම, සොරකම් කිරීම, මත්ද්‍රව්‍ය භාවිතය, ජල මූලාශ්ර කෙළසීම වැනි අකුසල කර්ම කළවුන් කර්මානුරූපීව මෙම නිරයේ උපත ලබති. පාපී පුද්ගලයන්ට අල්ලස් දී ඔවුන් ලවා විවිධ දුසිරිත් සිදු කර ගත්තවුන්ද මෙම මහා නිරයේ පැසෙති.
මිනිස් හට හාරසියයක් අවුරුදු තුසිත පුරයේ දෙවියන්ට එක් දවසක් වෙයි. එදවසින් හාරදහසක් අවුරුදු එහි දෙවියන්ට ආයුෂ ය. ඒ දිව්‍යායුෂ රෞරව නරකයේ එක් දවසක් වෙයි. එදවසින් හාරදහසක් අවුරුදු ඒ නරකයෙහි ආයුෂ ය. මිනිස් ලොව වර්ෂ ප්‍රමාණයෙන් වර්ෂ පණස්හත් කෝටි හැටලක්‍ෂයක් මේ නිරයට එක් දිනයකි. එබඳු දින 30ක් මාසයකි. මාස 12ක් අවුරුද්දකි. එබඳු වසර හාරදහසක් රෞරව නරකයේ පරමායුෂ වන්නේ ය. </s> |
<s>[INST] පහත මාතෘකාව සම්බන්ධයෙන් විස්තර සපයන්න: කුමාර සමයම [/INST] සබරගමු ශාන්තිකර්ම” යනු සබරගමු පළාතට පමණක් ආවේණික අදටත් ඉතාම පැරණි ගම්වල ඉඳහිට හෝ සිදු කෙරෙන සෞන්දර්ය අතින් පරිපූර්ණ ජීවමාන කලාවකි.
සබරගමු ගැමි ජීවිත හා සහසම්බන්ධ ව්‍යවහාරික භාෂාව, සංස්කෘතිය, ආගම හා අභිචාර මෙන්ම ඇදහිලි හා විශ්වාස ආදී සියල්ලක්ම මෙම සම්ප්‍රදායේ ශාන්තිකර්ම හා අත්‍යන්තයෙන් බැඳී පවතී. අනෙකුත් උපසංස්කෘතීන් හා සසඳා බැලූ කල සබරගමු උපසංස්කෘතිය මහා සංස්කෘතියේ සාරය උකහා ගත්ත ද අදටත් නොඉඳුල් දේශීයත්වයෙන් යුතුව දැකිය හැකි වේ. සබරගමු නර්තනය ද එම සංස්කෘතියේ නිතර කථා බහට ලක් නොවන එහෙත් එසේ කථාබහට ලක්විය යුතු සංස්කෘතික අංගයකි. විවිධ හේතුන් මත ක්‍රමක්‍රමයෙන් අභාවයට යන සබරගමු ශාන්තිකර්ම වත්මන් සමාජයට නැරඹීමේ වාසනාව අල්ප වුව ද අප ඒ පිළිබඳව කිසියම් අවබෝධයක් ලැබීම පිණිස මේ තොරතුරු ඉදිරිපත් කරමු.
සබරගමු නර්තන සම්ප්‍රදාය තුළ යක්ෂයන්, දෙවියන් හා ග්‍රහයන් වෙනුවෙන් පවත්වන ශාන්ති කර්ම රැසකි. ඒ අතුරින් “වටකුමාර සමයම” යනු යකුන් විෂයෙහි පවත්වනු ලබන තොවිලයකි. ගැබ්ගත් කාන්තාවන්ට සෙත් ශාන්තිය ලබා ගැනීම වටකුමාර සමයමෙන් අපේක්ෂා කෙරේ. සබරගමු සංස්කෘතිය තුළ වටකුමාර සමයම, වටයක්කාරිය, වටයක් තොවිලය, කුමාර සමයම. කුමාර තොවිලය, කුමාර යකුම ආදී නම් රැසකින් මෙම ශාන්තිකර්මය හඳුන්වනු ලබයි. ගැබ් නොගන්නා කාන්තාවන්ට ගැබක් අපේක්ෂාවෙන් ද, ගැබ්ගෙන සිටින කාන්තාවන්ට සෙත ශාන්තිය පතා ද, දාරකෝත්පත්තියෙන් අනතුරුව දරුවා ආරක්ෂා කර ගැනීමට ද අතීත ගැමියන් මෙම ශාන්තිකර්මය පවත්වා ඇති බව විද්වත් මතයයි. මෙම ශාන්තිකර්මයේ පුද ලබන ප්‍රධාන යක්ෂයා වන්නේ වටකුමාර යක්ෂයාය. ලාංකේය මහා සංස්කෘතිය තුළ වටකුමාරයා හෙවත් කළුකුමාරයා යනු කාන්තාවන්ට වින කරන යක්ෂයා යැයි පොදු මතයක් පවතී. සබරගමුවාසී යකැදුරන්ට අනුව වටකුමරු යනු එම කළුකුමාරයාගේම එක් අවතාරයකි. ඔවුන් පවසන අයුරින් කළුකුමාරයාට අවතාර පහකි. අඳුන්කුමරා, සඳුන්කුමරා, කළුකුමරා, තොටකුමරා හා වටකුමරා යනු එම අවතාර පහයි. මොවුන් කාන්තාවන්ට විවිධ අයුරින් වින කරන බව අතීතයේ සිටම ඔවුන්ගේ පිළිගැනීමයි. එම දෝෂයන්ගෙන් අත්මි¼දීම උදෙසා වටකුමාර යකුට පිදවිලි දී ඔහු සතුටු කර සෙත් ශාන්තිය ලබා ගැනීම අරමුණු කරගෙන මෙම ශාන්තිකර්මය පැරණි ගැමියන් විසින් පවත්වයි.
උපත් කතාව.
වටකුමාර සමයම උපත් කතාව සෘජුවම වටකුමාරයාට සම්බන්ධ වූවකි. ඔහුගේ ස්වභාවය පිළිබඳ කුමාර සමයමේ එන ශාන්තිකර්ම ගීත සාහිත්ය මඟින් විස්තර කරනුයේ මෙලෙසිනි.
වතක ඔවිඳු කුරු මුරු වූ කිවිඳුට
අණක වතක සර සිව්නෙක කිරුළද
වතක එරන් පැහැ කළු වතකුත් හැඳ
උපත කියමි වටකුමරුන්ගේ සොඳ
එම පුරාවෘත්ත කතාවට අනුව ශී‍්‍ර දේවි නම් බිසවට බොක්සැල්ල මහසොප් මහතෙරණුවන් වහන්සේ දැක අධික රාග සිත් ඇති වී සිහිනයක් දැකීමෙන් ගැබ් ගනී. බමුණු මතය වූයේ බිසව පිරිමි දරුවෙකු කුසේ දරා සිටින බවයි. බිසව විසින් දස එකඩ මසකින් එම කුමරුවන් ප්‍රසූත කරන අතර, ඔහු “ශී‍්‍ර සිද්දත්ත” නම් විය. සත් හැවිරිදි වියේදී සිද්දත්ත නමින්ම මහණ දිවියට ඇතුළු වන ඔහු තරුණ වියට එළඹ දිනක් අනුරාධපුර වටදාගෙයක සක්මන් කරමින් සිටියදී රූමත් කුමාරිකාවක් දැක රාගසිත් ඇතිව වටදාගෙයින් වැටී තිබේ. අනතුරුව වම් ඇලය බිඳී ස්තී‍්‍රන් කෙරෙහි ආලයෙන් රකුසු වේශයක් මැවුණු බව අතීත ගැමියන්ගේ විශ්වාසයයි. මෙම පුරාණ කතාව කුමාර තොවිලයේ අන්තර්ගත කුමාර පෙළපාලි ආශිර්වාද ගායනා තුළ කාව්‍ය රසයෙන් පිරිපුන්ව විස්තර කර ඇත.
බොක්සැල්ලේ නිරිඳුහට - එළඳ බිසව සත හට
රුවින් මන සහතුට - එළඳ පාවා දී නිරිඳු හට
එළඳ ලිය රූපත් - දුට අය කරති අගපත්
ලඳ බොලඳ යහපත් - වියදරු දොල දුකින් උපතක්
එක්මස දෙමස යන - තුන්මස හාරමසයෙන්
පස්මස සමස යන - සත්මසින් කිරි එරෙති එම දින
අටමස පසු වෙමින - නම මසට නම් වෙමින.
දස එකඩ මාසයෙන් - උපන් කුමරෙක් එදා මෙලෙසින්.
මනෝ විද්‍යාත්මක
චිකිත්සනයක් වන අයුරු
ගැබිණි කාන්තාවන්ට හා දරුවෙකු අපේක්ෂාවෙන් සිටින කාන්තාවන්ට මානසික සුවතාවය යනු දිව්‍ය සැපතකි. නිරවුල් මනසකින් යුක්ත වීම දරුවෙකු කුස දරා සිටින කාන්තාවකට අත්‍යවශ්‍ය තත්ත්වයකි. මෙම ශාන්තිකර්මය හරහා අවිඥානිකව සිදුවන්නේ මනස නිරවුල් කිරීම හා මානසික තෘප්තිය ලබා දීමයි. ගායන, නර්තන, වාදන හා හාස්‍යජනක නාට්‍යමය අංග හරහා ශාන්තිකර්ම ඇදුරන් ආතුර මනස රස වින්දනයට යොමු කරවා නිවා සනසනු ලැබේ. බෞද්ධ දර්ශනයේ ආභාසය ලබා පෝෂණය වී ඇති උක්ත ශාන්තිකර්මයේ සිත නිරවුල් කිරීමේ මාර්ගය ලෙස කලාව තෝරාගෙන ඇත්තේ බුදුන් පවා සෞන්දර්යය රසවිඳ ඇති නිසාවෙනි. බුදුන් වහන්සේ යනු “අහසින් වැටෙන වර්ෂාවේ පවා අනුපමේය සෞන්දර්යයක් දුටු මහා ශාස්තෘවරයෙකු” බව සෞන්දර්යයවාදීන්ගේ මතයයි. මෙම ශාන්ති කර්මයේ ගීත හා නාට්‍යමය අවස්ථා වලදී දරුවෙකු ලබා ගැනීමත්, දරුවෙකු කුස දරා සිටින අවස්ථාවක හැසිරිය යුතු ආකාරයත්, එහිදී සිදුවන ශාරීරික වෙනස්කම් ආදියත්, දොලදුක් පිළිබඳවත් රසවත්ව ඉදිරිපත් කරමින් ආතුරයාට දරුවෙකු පිළිබඳ බලාපොරොත්තුවක් ඇති කරයි. ගර්භණී සමයේදී ඇතිවන දොලදුක් පිළිබඳ එහි “දොල උපත” නම් නාට්‍යමය අංගයේදී මෙලෙස විස්තර කෙරේ.
අරුචි වෙමින් කට කෙලද පෙරෙන්නේ
එරුචි වෙමින් ගුරු ගල් ගෙන කන්නේ
රසැති දෙයක් මෙන් ඇඹුල්ම කන්නේ
පැමිණි මෙදුක් කෙලෙස ද ඉවසන්නේ
ගර්භණී කාන්තාවක ලෙස සැරසී රඟමඬලට පැමිණෙන යකැදුරා බෙර වාදකයා සමඟ සංවාදයක යෙදේ. හාස්‍ය රසයෙන් යුතුව සිදුවන මෙම සංවාදය තුළ ව්‍යාංගාර්ථයෙන් ලිංගිකත්වය හා ගර්භණී සමයේ ඇතිවන ශාරීරික අපහසුතා පිළිබඳ කියවේ. හාස්‍ය ඉපදවීමත්, ඒ හරහා සිදුවන මානසික සහනයත් ආතුරයාට තම අරමුණ ඉටුකර ගැනීමට මඟ පාදනු ලැබේ. පූජාවිධි රටාව අවසානයේ සබරගමු ශාන්තිකර්ම සම්ප්‍රදායටම ආවේණික සළුසැලීම නම් චාරිත්‍රය සිදුකරන අතර, එහිදී සළුවක් යොදා ගනිමින් ආතුරයාට සෙත් කරන ප්‍රධාන ඇදුරා ආතුරයාට වටකුමාරයාගේ දෝෂයක් ඇත්නම් මේ මොහොතේ පටන් ඒ සියලු දෝෂයන් විනාශ වූ බව පවසා මානසික සහනය සලසයි. අතීත ඇදුරන් ශාන්තිකර්ම හරහා සිදුකරන ලද්දේ මානසික චිකිත්සාවක් බව මේ අනුව පැහැදිලි වේ. බෞද්ධ දර්ශනයට අනුව යමින් චිත්ත සමාධිය ඇති කිරීම ඔස්සේ බොහෝ රෝග වලින් මිදීමේ හැකියාව ඇති බව “වටයක්කාරිය ශාන්ති කර්මය” හරහා අතීත ඇදුරන් අපට පැහැදිලි කර දී තිබෙන්නේ මේ අයුරිනි.
අද වනවිට තාක්ෂණික දියුණුවත්, සාමාන්ය ජනයා මෙවන් යාතුකර්ම විශ්වාස නොකිරීමත්, ශාන්ති කර්මයක් පැවැත්වීමට අධික වියදමක් දැරීමට සිදුවීමත්, ශාන්තිකර්ම ශිල්පීන් දුර්ලභ වීමත් ආදී කරුණු හේතුකර ගනිමින් සබරගමු වටකුමාර සමයම නම් ශාන්ති කර්මය අභාවයට යමින් පවතියි. මේ වන විට මෙම ශාන්ති කර්මය සිදුවන්නේ ඉතාම කලාතුරකිනි. එය ද විනෝදාස්වාදය, විශ්වවිද්යාල විද්‍යාර්ථීන්ගේ දැනුම උදෙසා හෝ සංස්කෘතික කලාංගයක් ලෙස සංරක්ෂණය කිරීමේ අරමුණ පෙරදැරිවයි.
සටහන රඹුක්කන කීර්ති එස්.කුමාර </s> |
<s>[INST] පහත මාතෘකාව සම්බන්ධයෙන් විස්තර සපයන්න: ජාත්‍යන්තර නීතිය [/INST] පොදු ජාත්‍යන්තර නීතියට ව්‍යවස්ථාවක් සැකසීම සඳහා එක්සත් ජාතීන්ගේ සංවිධානය නිර්මාණය කිරීමේ අදහස දෙවන ලෝක යුද්ධ සමයේදී ඇති වූවකි.
ජාත්‍යන්තර නීතිය ලෙසින් හැඳින්වෙන්නේ ජාතික රාජ්යයන් ප්‍රකාශිතව හා ව්‍යංගයෙන් පිලිගත් වටිනාකම් හා ප්‍රමිතීන්ට ගරුකරමින් කටයුතු කරන ගිවිසුම් පද්ධතියකි. පුද්ගලික තැනැත්තන් වෙනුවට ජාතික රාජ්යයන් සම්බන්ධයෙන් අදාලවන බැවින් එය අනෙක් නීති පද්ධතීන්ගෙන් වෙනස් වෙයි. කෙසේ වෙතත් ජාත්‍යන්තර නීතිය යන යෙදුම එකිනෙකට වෙනස් දැනුම් පද්ධතීන් තුනක් විසින් යොදාගනු ලැබේ.
එක්සත් ජාතීන්ගේ සමුද්‍රිය නීතිය, ජාත්‍යන්තර අපරාධ නීතිය සහ ජිනීවා සම්මුති ඇතුලත් වන පොදු ජාත්‍යන්තර නීතිය
කිසියම් නඩුවක් විභාග කළයුතු අධිකරණ බලය
අදාල අධිකරණ බලයන් තුලදී අදාල කරගත යුතු නීතිය කුමක්ද යන ප්‍රශ්නවලට පිලිතුරු සපයන පුද්ගලික ජාත්‍යන්තර නීතිය හෝ නීති අතර ගැටුම
ප්‍රජාතික නෛතික පද්ධතියක් සමඟ කටයුතු කිරීමේදී ජාතික රාජ්‍යයන්ගේ නීති පද්ධතීන් පිලිගත නොහැකි තත්වයට පත්වීම සුවිශේෂ ලක්ෂණයක් වන වර්තමාන කලාපීය ගිවිසුම් සම්බන්ධයෙන් අවධානයක් යොමු කරන ප්‍රජාතික නීතිය හෝ ප්‍රජාතික සංවිධානයන් පිලිබඳ නීතිය
නීතිය </s> |
<s>[INST] පහත මාතෘකාව සම්බන්ධයෙන් විස්තර සපයන්න: අලෙවිකරණයේදී හඳුන්වාදීමේ කි‍්‍රයාවලිය [/INST] අලෙවිකරණයේදී යොදාගන්නා විවිධ ආකාරයෙන් පණිවුඩ ලබාදීමෙන් ආගන්තුකයන් කොටසක් තම පාරිභෝගිකයන් බවට හරවා ගැනීමට අවස්ථාව ලැබී ඇත.
ප්රචාරණය
x මුදල් ගෙවා පොදුජනතාව අතර ප්රචලිත කිරීම
x පොදු ජනතාව ඉලක්ක කරයි
x දැන්වීමට ඇතුලත් වියයුතු සංදර්භය නිෂ්පාදකයාට තීරණය කළහැක
x හාත්පස පැතිරෙන මාධ්‍යයක් වීම
සාර්ථක ප‍්‍රචාරණයක කාර්යයන් හා වාසි
x අලෙවිකරුගේ කාර්ය පහසු කරයි
x ප‍්‍රචාරණයෙන් කෙරෙන ප‍්‍රතිරූපය රැක ගැනීමට නිෂ්පාදකයාට බලපෑමක් වීම
x බාල නිෂ්පාදන සහ බොරු ප‍්‍රචාර පිළිබඳව පාරිභෝගිකයන්ට අනතුරු හැඟවීම මෙන්ම ඔවුන් ආරක්ෂා කිරීම
x නිෂ්පාදකයාට මහ පරිමානයෙන් නිෂපාදනයට යොමුවීමට හැකිවීම
x නිතර සිහි කැඳවීම
x අඛන්ඩ නිෂ්පාදනයක් පවත්වාගෙන යාමට හැකිවීම
x කීර්ති නාමය වර්ධනය වීම
x ජීවන තත්වය ඉහල යෑම
x ජනපි‍්‍රයතාවය වැඩිවීමත් සමග මිල අඩු කිරීම
x තරඟකරුවන්ගේ භාණ්ඩ පිළිබඳ සහ ඒවායේ අඩුපාඩුකම් පිළිබඳ නිෂ්පාදකයන් සහ තොග වෙළෙන්දන් දැනුවත් වීම
අරමුණු
x හොඳින් දන්නා භාණ්ඩ සම්බන්ධ ඉල්ලීම පවත්වා ගැනීම
x අළුත් හෝ නොදන්නා භාණ්ඩ හඳුන්වා දීම
x හොඳින් දන්නා භාණ්ඩ සඳහා ඉල්ලූම වැකරීම
හොඳ ප‍්‍රචාරණයක් සඳහා අවශ්‍ය දේ
x අවධානය ආකර්ශනය කර ගැනීම
x උනන්දුව වැඩිකිරීම
x අභිලාෂයන් ඇති කරවීම
x ප්රතිඵල සහිතවීම
වෙළඳ ප‍්‍රචාරණ ව්‍යාපාරයකට අත්‍යවශ්‍ය පියවර
x වෙළඳ පර්යේෂණ
x ඉලක්කයන් ඇතිකිරීම
x ප‍්‍රතිපාදන වෙන් කිරීම
x මාධ්‍යය තෝරා ගැනීම (රූපවාහිනි, පුවත්පත්, ගුවන් විදුලිය)
x සහභාගී වන ශිල්පීන් තෝරා ගැනීම
x නිර්මාණය සහ වදන් පෙල
x සම්බන්ධීකරණය
x අත්හදා බැලීමේ පරීක්ෂණයේ ප්රතිඵල </s> |
<s>[INST] පහත මාතෘකාව සම්බන්ධයෙන් විස්තර සපයන්න: චිලි ජනරජය [/INST] නිල බලයෙන් ජනරජයක් වන චිලි දේශය දකුණු ඇමරිකා මහද්විපයට අයත් රාජ්‍යකි උතුරින්පේරැ දේශයෙන් ද ඊසාන බොලිවියාවෙන් ද නැගෙනහිරින් ආජන්ටිනායවෙන් ද මායිමි වන මෙය ඇනඩිස් කදු පන්තිය සහ පැසිපික් සාගරය අතර සිහින් තිරැවක විහිද පවති රටෙ භුමියෙන් බහුතරය ඇන්ඩිස් කදු වලින් වැසි පවති මෙය දකුණු ඇමරිකාවෙ පිහිටි රටවල් අතුරින් බ්‍රසිලයෙන් මායිමි නොවන රටවල් දෙකින් එකකි පළාත් 15 ට බෙදි ඇති මෙරට අභ්‍යන්තරයට වන්නට පහත් භුමින් ගෙන් යුක්ත වෙයි බටහිරට වන්නට ඇන්ඩිස් කදු පන්තින්හි ගිනි කදු ද ඇත චිලි වල ෙද්ශගුනය සැලකිෙමි දි රට මැදට වන්නට මධ්‍යධරණි ෙද්ශගුනයක් දක්නට ලැෙබි නැෙගනහිරට සහ ගිනි ෙකාන ෙදසට වන්නට ෙතත් අර්ධ ශුෂ්ක ලක්ෂණ දක්නට ලැෙබි
ඉතිහාසය
අද චිලි නම් වන මෙහි නිමින භුමින් සහ යවෙරළාශිතව පෙදෙස් වසර 10,000 ට පෙරදි ස්වදේශිය සංක්‍රමණිකයන්ගේ වාස භුමියක් ව පැවතිණි 16 වන සියවසේ ස්පාඤ්ඤයින්ගේ ආගමනයට පෙර මෙහි දකුණු පෙදෙසේ අරෝකැනියන්වරැ අතින් පාලනය වු අතර උතුරැ පෙදෙස් ඉන්කා අධිරාජ්‍ය විසින් පාලනය කරනු ලැබිය පේරැ දේශගවෙශක‍යෙකු වු ෆැන්සිස්කෝ පිසාරෝ මෙහි දකුණු ප්රදේශය යටත් කර ගැනිමට එවනු ලැබුවත් ඔහුට එය ඉටු කර ගත නොහැකි විය 1540 දි පෙඩ් රෝඩි වැල්ඩිවියා චිලි දේශය වෙත ළගා වි ඇරෝකැනියන්වරැ ගේ විරෝධය නොසලකා සන්තියාගෝ නගරය සොයා ගනු ලැබු අතර ලා සෙරිනා කන්සෙප්සියන් සහ වැල්ඩිවියා නගර ස්තාපිත කරනු ලැබිය රටෙි ස්වදේශිය වැසියන් අතර යුදමය තත්වයක් ඇතිවිමත් සමගම ස්පාඤ්ඤයින් චිලි දේශය යටත් කරගනු ලැබිය ඉන් පසු ඔවුන් චිලි දේශය තුළ ගැමි සමාජය වර්ධනය කර විශාල ගොවිපලවල් ඇති කරමින් ඒවායේ ස්වදේශිය ජනයා වැඩ කිරිමට යොදා ගනු ලැබිය යටත් විජිත සමයේ චිලි දේශය ප්‍රධාන වශයෙන් පේරැ ප්‍රතිරාජ පදවිය යටතේ යැපෙන්නට විය නමුත් 1978 දි මෙය පේරැ දේශයට අයත් සමිපුර්ණයෙන්ම වෙන්වි පවතින කොටසක් බවට පත් විය 1810 දි චිලි දේශය තුළ ස්වාධිනත්වය උදෙසා ජුවාන් මාටිනෙස් ඩිරොසෑස් සහ බර්නාඩෝ ඕ හිජින්ස් ගේ නායකත්වයෙන් කැරැල්ලක් ඇති විය එම සටන්1810-1814 දක්වා පැවති නමුත් එම උත්සාහයන් ව්‍යර්ථ විය පසුව ජෝස් ඩි සැන් මාටින් ගේ ඉතා දැඩි නායකත්වය යටතේ 1817 දි නැවතත් සටන් කිරිමට පටන් ගැණිනි එහි ප්‍රතිපලයක් ලෙස 1818 පෙබරවාරි 12 වෙනි දින චිලි දේශයට සිය ස්වාධිනත්වය ප්‍රකාශ කිරිමට හැකි විය
රටෙි ස්වදේශිය වැසියන් අතර යුදමය තත්වයක් ඇතිවිමත් සමගම ස්පාඤ්ඤයින් චිලි දේශය යටත් කරගනු ලැබිය ඉන් පසු ඔවුන් චිලි දේශය තුළ ගැමි සමාජය වර්ධනය කර විශාල ගොවිපලවල් ඇති කරමින් ඒවායේ ස්වදේශිය ජනයා වැඩ කිරිමට යොදා ගනු ලැබිය යටත් විජිත සමයේ චිලි දේශය ප්‍රධාන වශයෙන් පේරැ ප්‍රතිරාජ පදවිය යටතේ යැපෙන්නට විය නමුත් 1978 දි මෙය පේරැ දේශයට අයත් සමිපුර්ණයෙන්ම වෙන්වි පවතින කොටසක් බවට පත් විය 1810 දි චිලි දේශය තුළ ස්වාධිනත්වය උදෙසා ජුවාන් මාටිනෙස් ඩිරොසෑස් සහ බර්නාඩෝ ඕ හිජින්ස් ගේ නායකත්වයෙන් කැරැල්ලක් ඇති විය එම සටන්1810-1814 දක්වා පැවති නමුත් එම උත්සාහයන් ව්‍යර්ථ විය පසුව ජෝස් ඩි සැන් මාටින් ගේ ඉතා දැඩි නායකත්වය යටතේ 1817 දි නැවතත් සටන් කිරිමට පටන් ගැණිනි එහි ප්‍රතිපලයක් ලෙස 1818 පෙබරවාරි 12 වෙනි දින චිලි දේශයට සිය ස්වාධිනත්වය ප්‍රකාශ කිරිමට හැකි විය
https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B6%9C%E0%B7%9C%E0%B6%B1%E0%B7%94%E0%B7%80:Pho41211.jpg
ජන සංයුතිය
චිලි ජන රජෙය් ජනගහනෙයන් බහුතරය සුදු ජාතිකයන් සහ සුදු ජාතික -අැමරින්දියානු මිශ්ර ජාතින් ෙගන් යුක්ත ෙවි සිය ප්‍රධාන අැදහිම වනුෙය් ෙරා්මානු කෙතා්ලික
ප්‍රොතෙස්ත්‍රන්ත්‍ර සහ යුදෙවි ඇදහිමිද ප්‍රචලිතව පවති
ආර්ථිකය
වත්මන් චිලි ආර්ථිකය දකුණු ඇමරිකා මහද්විපයේ රටවල් අතර ස්ථාවර සහ සමෘද්ධිමත් ආර්ථිකයකි රටෙ ආර්ථිකය විශාල වශයෙන් ලෝහ අපනයනය පාදක කොට ගත්තකි මොවුන්ගේ වටිනාම ලෝහ සමිපත කොපර් වන අතර ලෝකයේ විශාලතම කොපර් නිෂ්පාදකයා වන්නේ ද චිලි දේශයයි රටෙ වැසියන්ගෙන්15% ක් කෟෂි කර්මාන්තය ජිවනෝපාය කර ගෙන ඇත ප්‍රධාන කෟෂි භෝග ලෙස මිදි ඇපල් පෙයාස් එෑණු ඉරිගු තිරිගු ඔටි ගමිම්රිස් හාතවාරිය සහ බෝංචි වගා කරයි ගවයින් කුකුළන් සහ බැටලුවන් වැනි සත්ව පාලනයද ඇත ධිවර කර්මාන්තය දැව කර්මාන්තයද ප්‍රධාන වෙයි මත්ස්‍ය ආහාර රෙදි පිළි දැව ආහාර දව්‍ය ද නිෂ්පාදනය කරයි රටෙ ප්‍රධාන වෙළද සහකරැවන් ලෙස ඇමරිකාව චිනය බ්‍රසිලය ආජන්ටිනාව සහ දකුණු කොරියාව සමිබන්ධවෙ
රජය හා දේශපාලනය
පරිපාලන කොට්ඨාශ
චිලී 15 ප්රදේශ, ජනාධිපති විසින් පත් කරන ලද ඉන්ටෙන්ඩන්ට් ප්රධානත්වයෙන් සෑම බෙදා ඇත. මෙම ප්රදේශ තවදුරටත් ද ජනාධිපති විසින් පත් කරනු පළාත් ආණ්ඩුකාරවරුන් සමග, පළාත් වෙන් කරනු ලැබේ. අවසාන වශයෙන් එක් එක් පළාත මහ නගර සභා, සිව් අවුරුදු කාලසීමාවකට පත් එහි ම නගරාධිපති සහ සභාව සමග එක් එක් විසින් පරිපාලනය කරනු ලබන කොමියුනයන් බෙදා ඇත. එක් එක් ප්රදේශය නමක් සහ උතුරේ සිට දකුණ දක්වා පවරා රෝමානු ඉලක්කම, විසින් නම් කරන ලද ඇත. එකම ව්යතිරේකය ආර්.එම් (Región Metropolitana) නම් වන සන්තියාගෝ මෙට්රොපොලිටන් ප්රදේශය යි. දෙකක් නව කලාප 2006 දී නිර්මාණය සහ ඔක්තෝබර් 2007 දී සමුපකාර බවට පත් විය කළ බවත්; දකුණු (ප්රදේශය XIV) ලොස් Ríos, හා උතුරේ හම්බන්තොට, වයි පරිනකොත (ප්රදේශය පෙළ). මෙම අංකන ක්රමය සාමාන්යයෙන් 2006 ප්රතිසංස්කරණ පෙර මෙට්රොපොලිටන් කලාපය වේ යැයි උපකල්පනය ප්රදේශය පාප්, හැරී.
කෙටියෙන්
අගනුවර *සන්තියාගෝ
විශාලතම නගරය *සන්තියාගෝ
රාජ්‍ය භාෂාව *ස්පාඤ්ඤ භාෂාව
රජය *ජන රජයකි
ජනාධිපති *මයිකල් බැචිලටි
ජනගහනය *15,116,435
දළ දේශිය නිෂ්පාදනය *243.357$බිලියන
ඒක පුද්ගල ආදායම *14,529$
මානව සංවර්ධන දර් *0.878
මුදල් වර්ගය *පෙසෝ
අන්තර් ජාතික සංකේතය *.cl
ජාතික සං‍කේත
ජාතික පුෂ්පය *copihue
ජාතික සත්වයා *andean condor
ජාතික වෘකෂය *ara
ජාතික ක්‍රිඩා *chilean rodeo
මුලාශ්‍ර
තරැණයා 2009,11,26
චිලි </s> |
<s>[INST] පහත මාතෘකාව සම්බන්ධයෙන් විස්තර සපයන්න: මියාගි ප්‍රාන්තය [/INST] , ජපානයේ පිහීටි ප්‍රාන්තයකි.
ආශ්‍රිත
ජපානය
ජපානය
මියාගි ප්‍රාන්තය
තෝහොකු කලාපය
ජපානයේ ප්‍රාන්ත
1871 establishments in Japan </s> |
<s>[INST] පහත මාතෘකාව සම්බන්ධයෙන් විස්තර සපයන්න: සිනමා ක්‍රමවේදය [/INST] සිනමාව යන පදය මගින් චිත්‍රපටි, කලාවක් ලෙස චිත්‍රපට චිත්‍රපටි ක්ෂේත්‍රය සහ චිත්‍රපට කර්මාන්තය යන සියල්ල හැඳින්විය හැකිය. සිනමා නිර්මාණයන් සිදු කිරීමේදී විවිධ රූපරාමු කැමරා මගින් පටිගත කිරීම් නැතහොත් සජීවිකරණ ක්‍රම භාවිතය මගින් රූපරාමු නිර්මාණය හෝ විශේෂ ප්‍රයෝග භාවිතා කිරීම සිදුකෙරේ.
චිත්‍රපට නිෂ්චිත සංස්කෘතීන් මගින් නිර්මාණය කෙරුණු සංස්කෘතිකමය මානව කෘතීන් ලෙස සැලකිය හැකිය. පෙරළා ඒවා මගින් සංස්කෘතිය වෙත ද බලපෑම් ඇති කරයි. ප්රචලිත විනෝදාස්වාද ක්‍රමයක් මෙන්ම පුරවැසි අධ්යාපනය (හෝ අධි ශික්ෂණය) සඳහා ප්‍රබල ක්‍රමවේදයක් සහ කලාත්මක නිර්මාණයක් ලෙස චිත්‍රපට සැලකිය හැකිය. සිනමාවෙහි දෘෂ්‍ය ගුණය හේතුවෙන් එය සතුව විශ්වීය සන්නිවේදක හැකියාවක් පවතියි. ඇතැම් චිත්‍රපට හඬකැවීම් හෝ උපසිරැසි (මෙහිදි සංවාද පරිවර්තනය කොට ඉදිරිපත් කෙරෙයි) යොදාගැනීමෙන් ලොව පුරා ප්‍රසිද්ධ නිර්මාණ බවට පත්ව ඇත.
සාම්ප්‍රදායික ක්‍රමයේදී චිත්‍රපටයක් තනි තනි රූපරාමු රැසකින් යුක්ත වේ. මෙම රූපරාමුව එකදිගට වේගවත්ව ප්‍රදර්ශනය කරන විට නිරීක්ෂකයා හට චලනයක් සිදුවේ යැයි හැඟේ. මෙහිදී රූපරාමු මාරුවන අයුරු නිරීක්ෂකයා හට දැකිය නොහැකිවේ. ඊට හේතුව ඇස තුළ අපට පෙනෙන යම් වස්තුවක්, එම වස්තුව මුල් පිහිටුමෙන් ඉවත් වු පසුව ද තත්පරයකින් කුඩා කාලයක් දක්වා එම රූපය පැවතීමේ ආචරණයයි. (Persistence of Vision) ඒ අනුව නිරීක්ෂකයන් චලනයක් සිදුවේ යැයි තීරණය කරන අතර ඒ සඳහා බීටා චලනය නම් මානසික ආචරණය හේතුවේ.
චිත්‍රපටි හැඳින්වීමට භාවිතා වන ඉංග්රීසි වචනය “Film” නම්වේ. මෙය අතීතයේදී චිත්‍රපටි පටිගත කිරීම සහ ප්‍රදර්ශනය සඳහා භාවිතා කළ මූලික මාධ්‍ය වන ඡායාරූප පටල (Photographic film – Film Stock) හැදින්වීම සඳහා භාවිතා වූ ඉංග්රීසි වචනයෙන් බිඳී ආ පදයකි. චිත්‍රපටියක් හැඳින්වීම සඳහා ඉංග්රීසි බසින් විවිධ නම් භාවිතා කළ හැකිය. (picture, picture show, photo play, flick සහ වඩාත් පොදුවේ movie) මෙම ක්ෂේත්‍රය හැඳින්වීමට භාවිතා වන අනෙකුත් පදයන් අතරට රිදී තිරය වැනි යෙදුම් පෙන්වා දිය හැකිය. (the big screen, the silver screen, the cinema, the movies)
සටහන්
සිනමාව </s> |
<s>[INST] පහත මාතෘකාව සම්බන්ධයෙන් විස්තර සපයන්න: 2009 කොළඹ මරාගෙන මැරෙන ගුවන් ප්‍රහාරය [/INST] 2009 පෙබරවාරි 20 වැනිදා දෙමළ ඊළාම් විමුක්ති කොටි සංවිධානයේ ගුවන් ශාඛාව විසින් ශ්රී ලංකාවේ කොළඹ නගරය අවට හමුදා ස්ථාන ඉලක්ක කර ගුවනින් මරාගෙන මැරෙන ප්‍රහාරයක් එල්ල කරන ලදී. සැප්තැම්බර් 11 ප්‍රහාර අනුකරණය කරමින්, එනම් ඉලක්ක වෙත ගුවන් යානා ඝට්ටනය වෙන ලෙස පියාසර කිරීමට සැලසුම් කරන්නට ඇතැයි සැළකේ. ප්‍රහාරකයන්ට සැලසුම් කරන ලද ඉලක්ක වලට ළඟා වීමට ඉඩ නොලැබුනු අතර, ශ්රී ලංකා ගුවන් හමුදාව විසින් ඔවුන්ව බිම හෙළන ලදීය. එහෙත්, එක් ගුවන් යානයක් කොළඹ රජයේ ගොඩනැගිල්ලකට කඩා වැටුනු අතර එයින් දෙදෙනෙක් ජීවිතක්ෂයට පත්වී 50 කට අධික පිරිසකට තුවාල සිදු විය. </s> |
<s>[INST] පහත මාතෘකාව සම්බන්ධයෙන් විස්තර සපයන්න: 1636 [/INST]
ක්රි.ව. 1636
ග්‍රෙගරි දිනදසුනේ අවුරුදු </s> |
<s>[INST] පහත මාතෘකාව සම්බන්ධයෙන් විස්තර සපයන්න: පවරන්නෝ (C++) [/INST] C++ පරිගණක ක්‍රමලේඛනයෙහිදී, විබෙදන්නන් යනු සම්මත එකතුවෙහි වැදගත් සංරචකයකි. සම්මත එකතුව විසින් කන්ටේනර ලෙසින් පොදුවේ හැඳින්වෙන වන, ලැයිස්තුව සහ කුලකය වැනි, බොහෝ දත්ත ව්‍යුහ සපයයි. මෙම කන්ටේනර තුල පවතින පොදු ගති ලක්ෂණයක් වන්නේ ක්‍රමලේඛයේ සම්පාදනය තුලදී ඒවායේ තරම වෙනස් කර ගැනීමට ඇති හැකියාවය. මෙය සාක්ෂාත් කරගැනුම සඳහා, සාමාන්යයෙන් යම් ආකාරයක ගතික මතක විබෙදුමක් අවශ්‍ය වෙයි. විබෙදන්නන් දෙන ලද කන්ටේනරයක් සඳහා වන මතකය විබෙදුම සහ නිදහස් කිරීම(allocation and deallocation) වෙනුවෙන් ලැබෙන ඉල්ලීම් සියල්ල හසුරුවයි. C++ සම්මත එකතුව සාමාන්යයෙන් භාවිතා වන පොදු කාර්යය විබෙදන්නන් සපයන අතර ක්‍රමලේඛකයා(:en:programmer)ට තමන් නිර්මාණය කල විබෙදන්නන්ද සැපයිය හැක.
විබෙදන්නන් සම්මත අච්චු එකතුවේ(:en:Standard Template Library)(STL) කොටසක් ලෙස නිමවන ලද්දේ ඇලෙක්සැන්ඩර් ස්ටෙපනොෆ්(:en:Alexander Stepanov) විසිනි. ඒවා නිපදවීමේ අරමුණ වූයේ සම්මත එකතුව වඩාත් නම්‍යශීලී කිරීම සහ මතක ආකෘතියෙන් (memory model) නිදහස් කර ක්‍රමලේඛකයාට නිර්මාණය කරන ලද සූචක(pointer) සහ යොමු(reference) ආකාර සම්මත එකතුවත් සමඟ භාවිතා කිරීමට ඉඩ දීමටය. කෙසේ වෙතත් STL C++සම්මත(:en:C++ standard) යක් බවට පත්කිරීමේ ක්‍රියාවලියේදී, මතක ආකෘතිය සම්පූර්නයෙන්ම උපුටා ගැනීම(abstraction ) නිසා පිළිගත නොහැකි කාර්ය ඵල(performance) ප්‍රශ්න මතුවන බව C++ ප්‍රමිතිකරණ කමිටුවට අවබෝධ විය. මෙයට පිළියමක් ලෙස විබෙදන්නන්ගේ අවශ්‍යතාවය වඩාත් සීමා කරන ලදී. මෙහි ප්‍රතිඵලයක් ලෙස විබෙදන්නන් විසින් සපයන වෙනස්කම් කිරීමේ හැකියාව ස්ටෙපනොෆ්ගේ දැක්මෙහි වූවාට වඩා වැඩියෙන් සීමා වී තිබේ.
එහෙත්, වෙනස් කල විබෙදන්නන් අවශ්‍යය වන අවස්තා බොහෝ ඇත. වෙනස් කල හැකි විබෙදන්නන් අවශ්‍යය වීමට පොදු වූ හේතු කිහිපයක් නම් මතක සංසද(:en:memory pool) භාවිතා කර විබෙදුමේ කාර්ය ඵලය වර්ධනය කරගැනීම සහ පොදුවේ බෙදාගත් මතකය (:en:shared memory) හෝ එකතු කර ගත් අනවශ්‍යය(garbage-collected) මතකය වැනි විවිධ මතක ආකාර වලට ප්‍රවේශය සංක්‍ෂිප්තකරණයයි. සාමාන්යයෙන්, කුඩා ප්‍රමාණයේ මතකයන් බහුලව විබෙදන අවස්තාවලදී විශේෂ වූ විබෙදන්නෙක් සිටීම වාසිදායකය.
පසුබිම
ඇලෙක්සැන්ඩර් ස්ටෙපනොෆ්(:en:Alexander Stepanov) සහ මෙන්ග් ලී සම්මත අච්චු එකතුව(:en:Standard Template Library), C++(:en:C++) ප්‍රමිතිකරණ කමිටුවට 1994 වසරේ මාර්තු මාසයේදි ඉදිරිපත් කලේය. සම්මත එකතුවට මූලික අනුමැතිය ලැබුනමුත් ගැටළු කිහිපයක් පැන නැගුනි. විශේෂයෙන් කන්ටේනර එකතුව මතක ආකෘතියෙන් (memory model) නිදහස් කර සාදන ලෙස ස්ටෙපනොෆ්ට උපදෙස් ලැබුනි. මෙය විබෙදන්නන් නිර්මාණය කිරීමට හේතු විය. එහි ප්‍රතිඵලයක් ලෙස සියලුම STL කන්ටේනර අතුරු මුහුනත් විබෙදන්නන් පිළිගන්නා අයුරින් නැවත ක්‍රමලේඛනය කරන්නට සිදු විය.
STL C++ සම්මත එකතුව(:en:C++ Standard Library)ට එකතු කරන්නට වෙහෙස වුන කාලයේදී ඇන්ඩෘ කෝනින්ග්(Andrew Koenig) සහ බියානෙ ස්ට්‍රවුස්ටෘප්(:en:Bjarne Stroustrup) සමඟ එක්ව වැඩ කරන්නට ස්ටෙපනොෆ්ට අවස්ථාව ලැබුනි.
කමිටුව මගින් ඒ දක්වා අනුමත නොවූ සමහර භාෂා ලක්ෂණ විබෙදන්නන් ගැනවූ මුල්ම යෝජනාව තුල අන්තර්ගත විය. මෙම ලක්ෂණ එවකට තිබූ කිසිඳු සම්පාදකය(:en:compiler)කින් සම්පාදනය කල නොහැකි වූ නිසා බියානෙ [ස්ට්‍රවුස්ටෘප්] සහ ඇන්ඩෘ [කෝනින්ග්] දෙදෙනාගේ කාලයෙන් වැඩි කොටසක් ගත වූයේ එම ලක්ෂණ නිවැරදිව භාවිතා කර ඇත්දැයි බැලීම සඳහායි.
මතක ආකෘතිය සම්පූර්නයෙන්ම සංක්‍ෂිප්තකරණය ස්ටෙපනොෆ්ගේ අදහස වුවත්, එමගින් කාර්යක්ෂමතාව අඩුවීමේ අවදානමක් පවතින බව ප්‍රමිතිකරන කමිටුවට අවබෝධ විය. මෙය වැලක්වීම සඳහා අමතර කාර්යයන් කිහිපයක් කිරීමට සිදු විය. විශේෂයෙන්, කන්ටේනර ක්‍රමලේඛනයේදී විබෙදන්නාගේ සූචක සහ අදාළ නිඛිලමය ආකාර(integral types) සඳහා වන ආකාර අර්ථ දැක්වීම(type definitions) සාමාන්‍යය(default) විබෙදන්නා සපයන ඒවාට සමාන බව උපකල්පනය කරන අතර දෙන ලද විබෙදන්නන් ආකාරයක නිදර්ශනය(instances ) සෑමවිටම සමාන ලෙස සංසන්දනය කරයි. මෙමගින් පළමු සැලැස්මේ අඩංගු වූ දේ ඵලදායී ලෙස වෙනස් කරන ලදී. විබෙදන්නන් ඵලදායී ලෙස භාවිතා කිරීමට නම් යොමු(references) වලට අදාලව භාෂාවේ අභ්‍යන්තර වෙනසක් සිදු කල යුතු බව ස්ටෙපනොෆ් පැවසීය.
C++ සම්මතයෙහි 2011 සංශෝධනයට(2011 revision of the C++ Standard) අනුව දෙන ලද ආකාරයක විබෙදන්නන් සමාන ලෙස සංසන්දනය කරන සහ සාමාන්‍යය සූචක භාවිතා කිරීමට අවශ්‍යය මුගටි වචන (weasel words) ඉවත් කර ඇත. මෙමගින් විබෙදන්නන් වඩාත් ප්‍රයෝජනවත් ලෙස භාවිතා කිරීමට අවස්ථාව ලැබී ඇත. සංශෝධිත සම්මතයන්ට අනුව විබෙදන්නන්ගේ C++ ආමන්ත්‍රණ ආකෘතීන්(C++ address model)වලට ව්‍යාප්තවීම පෙන්වීමේ හැකියාව ඉවත් කර ඇත.
අවශ්යතා
ඕනෑම විබෙදන්නෙකුට අවශ්‍ය දේවල් සහිත සරණිය(class)ක්, විබෙදන්නෙක් ලෙස භාවිත කල හැක. විශේෂයෙන්, T ආකාරයේ වස්තුවකට මතකය විබෙදා දීමේ හැකියාවකින් යුක්ත වීමට සරණියක් A වස්තූන් පොදුවේ ප්‍රකාශ කිරීමේදී සහ T ආකාරයේ වස්තූන් වෙත යොමු හෝ සූචක ප්‍රකාශ කිරීම සඳහා A::pointer, A::const_pointer, A::reference, A::const_reference, සහ A::value_type ආකාර සැපයිය යුතුය. එමෙන්ම A::size_type ආකාරයේ, A ලෙස අර්ථ දක්වන ලද විබෙදන ආකෘතියක වස්තුවකට තිබිය හැකි විශලතම තරම නිරූපනය කල හැකි නිලකුණු ආකාරයක් සැපයිය යුතුය. තවද, විබෙදන ආකෘතියේ සූචක)(pointer) 2ක් අතර වෙනස නිරූපනය කල හැකි ලකුණක් සහිත නිඛිලමය(integral) A::difference_type ආකාරයක්ද සැපයිය යුතුය.
එහෙත් සම්මත එකතු ක්‍රමලේඛනයේදී විබෙදන්නන්ගේ A::pointer සහ A::const_pointer යනු T* සහ T const* හි ආකාර අර්ථ දැක්වීම(:en:typedef) ලෙස උපකල්පනය කරයි, පොදු විබෙදන්නන්ව අනුමත කිරීමට එකතු ක්‍රමලේඛකයන්ව දිරිමත් කර ඇත.
A විබෙදන්නෙකුට T ආකාරයේ වස්තු සඳහා A::pointer A::allocate(size_type n, A<void>::const_pointer hint = 0) මුද්‍රාව සහිතව සාමාජික ශ්‍රිතයක් පැවතිය යුතුය. මෙහි ඵලය විබෙදූ T ආකාරයේ වස්තු n ප්රමාණයක් සහිත අරාව(array)ක පළමු අංගයේ සූචකය ලැබේ; මතකය පමණක් විබෙදේ, වස්තූන් නොසෑදේ. තවද, යොමු ප්රදේශය(locality) වර්ධනය කිරීම සඳහා මතක විබෙදුම සිදුවිය යුතු ස්ථානය ගැන ඉඟියක් ලෙස අනවශ්‍ය සූචකයක්(A මගින් විබෙදූ වස්තුවක් දක්වන) භාවිතා කල හැක.
අනුරූප void A::deallocate(A::pointer p, A::size_type n) සාමාජික ශ්‍රිතය, A::allocate ශ්‍රිතයේ මුල් ආයාචනයේ(invocation) ඵලයක් වන ඕනෑම සූචකයක් සහ නිදහස් කිරීමට අවශ්‍යය අංග ගණන පිළිගනී. A::max_size() යන සාමාජික ශ්‍රිතයේ ඵලය වන්නේ A::allocate ශ්‍රිතයේ ආයාචනයෙන්(invocation) සාර්ථකව විබෙදෙන T ආකාරයේ උපරිම වස්තු සංඛ්‍යාවයි. සාමාන්යයෙන් ඵලය ලෙස ලැබෙන අගය A::size_type(-1) / sizeof(T) ආකාර වේ. තවද, A::address යන සාමාජික ශ්‍රිතයට A::reference දුන් විට ඵලය ලෙස වස්තුවකට ආමන්ත්‍රණයේ(address) සූචකය A::pointer ලැබේ.
වස්තු නිර්මාණය හා විනාශ කිරීම, විබෙදුම හා නිදහස් කිරීම යන ක්‍රියාවලදී වෙනමම සිදුවේ. විබෙදන්නා සතුව වස්තු නිර්මාණය හා විනාශ කිරීම උදෙසා සාමාජික ශ්‍රිතයන් 2ක් පැවතිය යුතුය. පිළිවෙලින් A::construct සහ A::destroy ශ්‍රිතයේ අර්ථ විචාරය පහත ආකාර විය යුතුය.
template <typename T>
void A::construct(A::pointer p, A::const_reference t) { new ((void*) p) T(t); }
template <typename T>
void A::destroy(A::pointer p){ ((T*)p)->~T(); }
ඉහත කේතය, placement new යන කාරක රීති භාවිතා කිරීම සහ destructor යන්න කෙලින්ම ආමන්ත්‍රණය කරයි.
නිර්මාණය කල විබෙදුම්
කාර්ය ඵලය වැඩිකර ගැනීම සහ මතකය භාවිතය දියුනු කර ගැනීම නිර්මාණය කල විබෙදුම් භාවිතා කිරීමේ අරමුණයි. සාමාන්‍යය විබෙදුම් මතකය විබෙදීමට operator new භාවිතා කරයි. සාමාන්‍යය විබෙදුම C heap allocation functions වටා සිහින් තීරයක් ලෙස ක්‍රමලේඛනගත කර ඇත, මෙය විශාල කොටස් ලෙස මතකය විබෙදන කන්ටේනර(vector සහ :en:deque ) වලට සාර්ථක වුවත්, කුඩා ප්‍රමාණයන්ගෙන් නිතර මතකය විබෙදන කන්ටේනර(map සහ list) වලට මෙමගින් මතකය විබෙදීම සාමාන්යයෙන් සෙමින් සිදුවේ.
කාර්ය ඵලය වැඩි කිරීමේ ප්‍රසිද්ධ ක්‍රමයක් නම් මතක සංසද(:en:memory pool) පදනම් කරගත් විබෙදන්නෙක් නිර්මාණය කිරීමයි. මෙහිදී එක්වරම මතකයෙන් විශාල ප්‍රමාණයේ කොටසක් වෙන්කෙරේ. නිර්මිත විබෙදන්නා සෑම විබෙදුමකදීම මතක සංසදයට සූචකයක් ඵලය ලෙස සපයයි. මතක සංසදය තුළ ආයුකාළය(lifetime) අවසන් වන විට මතකය නිදහස් වීම සිදු වේ. මතක සංසද පදනම් කරගත් විබෙදන්නෙක්ට උදාහරනයක් මෙහි ඇත.:en:Boost C++ Libraries
මතකය පාදක වූ වැරදි නිවැරදි කිරීම(:en:debugging) සඳහා යොදා ගැනීම නිර්මිත විබෙදන්නන්ගේ තවත් ප්‍රයෝජනයකි. වැරදි නිවැරදි කිරීමට අදාල තොරතුරු(debugging information) ගබඩා කරගැනීමට අමතර මතකයක් වෙන් කරන විබෙදන්නෙක් නිර්මාණය කර මෙය සිදු කල හැක.
භාවිත
සම්මත කන්ටේනරයක් භාවිතා කරන විට, සාමාන්යයෙන් std::allocator<T>: වන අච්චුව(template)ක් හරහ විබෙදන්නා හඳුන්වයි.
namespace std {
template <class T, class Allocator = allocator<T> > class vector;
// ...
අනෙක් සියලුම සරණි අච්චු මෙන්ම සම්මත අච්චු එකතුවේ ඇති එකිනෙකට වෙනස් විබෙදුම් පරාමිතීන් සහිත කන්ටේනර වල අවස්ථා(instantiations)ද එකිනෙකට වෙනස් වේ. std::vector<int> පරමිතියක් අපේක්ෂාවෙන් සිටින ශ්‍රිතයක් vector ආකාරය පමණක් පිළිගනී.
:en:C++11 හි විබෙදන්නන්ට කල සංශෝධන
නවතම C++ සම්මත අනුව විශයපථ(scoped) විබෙදන්නන්ට ඉඩ ලබා දෙන ලෙස විබෙදුම් අතුරු මුහුණත වැඩි දියුනු කර ඇත. එම නිසා දාමයක්(nested) ලෙස මතකය විබෙදීමට අවශ්‍යය කන්ටේනර වලට ඔවුන්ගේ විබෙදන්නාගෙන්ම මතකය වෙන්කල හැක.
යොමුව
බාහිර සබැඳි
CodeGuru: Allocators (STL).
An introductory article "C++ Standard Allocator, An Introduction and Implementation".
A custom allocator implementation based on malloc
C++ Standard Library
Generic programming
Articles with example C++ code </s> |
<s>[INST] පහත මාතෘකාව සම්බන්ධයෙන් විස්තර සපයන්න: වැල්ලවත්ත-ගල්කිස්ස මැතිවරණ කොට්ඨාසය [/INST] වැල්ලවත්ත-ගල්කිස්ස මැතිවරණ කොට්ඨාසය යනු අගෝස්තු 1947 සහ මාර්තු 1960 අතරතුර කාලයේදී ලංකාවේ පැවැති මැතිවරණ කොට්ඨාශයකි. මෙම කොට්ඨාසය නම් ලද්දේ, බස්නාහිර පළාතේ, කොළඹ දිස්ත්‍රික්කයේ, කොළඹ නගරයට නගරාසන්න පෙදෙස් වූ වැල්ලවත්ත සහ ගල්කිස්ස අනුව යමිනි.
1947 පාර්ලිමේන්තු මහා මැතිවරණය
23 අගෝස්තු 1947 සිට 20 සැප්තැම්බර් 1947 දක්වා කාලය අතරතුරදී පැවැත්වුණු පළමුවන පාර්ලිමේන්තු මැතිවරණයෙහි මෙම මැතිවරණ කොට්ඨාසය සඳහා ප්රතිඵල:
1952 පාර්ලිමේන්තු මහා මැතිවරණය
24 මැයි 1952 සහ 30 මැයි1952 දක්වා කාලය අතරතුරදී පැවැත්වුණු දෙවන පාර්ලිමේන්තු මැතිවරණයෙහි මෙම මැතිවරණ කොට්ඨාසය සඳහා ප්රතිඵල:
1956 පාර්ලිමේන්තු මහා මැතිවරණය
5 අප්‍රේල් 1956 සහ 10 අප්‍රේල් 1956දක්වා කාලය අතරතුරදී පැවැත්වුණු තෙවන පාර්ලිමේන්තු මැතිවරණයෙහි මෙම මැතිවරණ කොට්ඨාසය සඳහා ප්රතිඵල:
ආශ්‍රිත
ශ්රී ලංකාවේ පැරණි මැතිවරණ කොට්ඨාස
කොළඹ දිස්ත්‍රික්කය </s> |