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These sites appear planned in a highly regimented and stratified fashion, with a minimalistic grid of rooms for the workers and increasingly more elaborate housing available for higher classes. | ⵙⵉⵜ ⵜⴰⵏ ⵓⵉⵏ ⵉⵋⵋⴰⵏ ⴷⴰⵗ ⴷⵓⵎⵓ ⵏ ⵉⴾⵏⴰⵏ ⴰⵜⵉⵓⵉⵣⵣⵉ ⵉⴷ ⴰⵏⵎⵉⵍⵍⴰⵍ ⵉⵍⴰⵏ ⴶⵔⵉⵉⴰⵋ ⴰⵏⴷⴰⵔⵔⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵢⵂⴰⵏⵏⵉⵜⴻⵏ ⵜⵉⵏ ⵉⵏⴰⵆⴷⵉⵎⴰⵏ ⵉⴷ ⵉⵂⴰⵏⴰⵏ ⴰⵋⵋⵓⵜⵏⵢⵏ ⵉⵋⵋⴰⵏⵏ ⵢⴾⵢⵜ ⵓⵍⴰⵗⴰⵏ ⵏ ⴰⴷⴷⵉⵏⴰ ⵓⵉⵏ ⴾⵢⵍ ⴰⵙⵙⴰⵂⴰⵜ |
In the following centuries, independent city-states of Greece, especially Athens, developed the polis, an association of male landowning citizens who collectively constituted the city. | ⵜⵉⵎⴰⴷ ⵏ ⵉⵓⵉⵜⵉⴰⵏ ⵓⵉ ⵉⵍⴾⴰⵎⵏⵢⵏ , ⵉⴾⴰⵍⵍⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵗⵔⵢⵢⵛⵢ ⵉⵍⴰⵏⵢⵏ ⴰⵍⵉⵙⵜⵢⵆⵍⴰⵍ ⵏⴰⵙⴰⵏ,ⵂⵓⵍⵍⴰⵏ ⴰⵜⵂⵢⵏⵢⵙ ⵉⵙⵙⵉⵎⴰⵍⴰⵏ ⴱⵓⵍⵉⵙ, ⵜⴰⴶⴰⵉⵜ ⵏ ⴾⵓⵍ ⴰⴾⴰⵍ ⵓⵉⵏ ⵎⴻⴷⴷⴰⵏ ⵓⵉ ⴰⵜⴰⵔⵉⵏⵓⵏ ⴷⴰⵗ ⴰⴾⴰⵍ ⵜⵉⵏ ⵙⴰⵎⴰⵔⵓⴰⵙⵏⵢⵏ |
Under the authority of its empire, Rome transformed and founded many cities (coloniae), and with them brought its principles of urban architecture, design, and society. | ⵗⵓⵔ ⵜⴰⵏⴰⵉⴰ ⵜⴰⵏ ⴻⵎⴱⵉⵔⵢ ⵏⵢⵜ, ⵔⵓⵎⴰ ⵜⴰⵙⴰⵎⵎⵓⵜⴰⵉ ⵜⵓⵍⴰⵙ ⵜⵉⴷⴰⵉ ⵜⵉⵗⴰⵔⵎⴰⵜⵢⵏ ⴰⵋⵋoⵜⵏⴻⵏ (ⵛⵓⵏⴰⴻ) ⵙ ⵜⵢⵓⴰⵉ ⵙⵉⵔⵙⴰⵏ ⴼⵉⵔⵉⴷⴰⵏ ⵏⵢⵜ ⵉⴾⴰⵔⵓⵙⴰⵏ, ⴰⵂⴰⵏⴰⵉ ⵏⵢⵜ ⵉⴷ ⵜⵉⵎⴰⵣⴷⵓⵗⵢⵏ ⵏ ⴰⴷⴷⵉⵏⴰⵜ |
The Norte Chico civilization included as many as 30 major population centers in what is now the Norte Chico region of north-central coastal Peru. | ⴰⵜⵜⴰⴱⵉⴰ ⵏ ⵏⵓⵔⵜⴻ ⵛⵂⵉⵛⵓ ⴰⵂⴰⵏ ⵜⵉ ⵉⴷⴷⵉⴾⵓⴷ ⵏ 30 ⵉⵂⴰⵏⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵉⵛⴰⴶⵂⵉⴱ ⴷⴰⴶⵂ ⴰⵓⴰ ⴻⵈⵈⴰⵍⴰⵏ ⴰⵛⴰⵍ ⵉⴷ ⵏⵓⵔⵜⴻ ⵛⵂⵉⵛo , ⵔⵢⵋⵉⵓⵏ ⵏ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵙⵏⴰ ⴷⴰⴶⵂ ⴰⵎⵎⴰⵙ ⵏ ⴱⵢⵔⵓⵙ |
The locus of power in the West shifted to Constantinople and to the ascendant Islamic civilization with its major cities Baghdad, Cairo, and Córdoba. | ⵢⴷⴰⴶ ⵓⴰⵏ ⵜⴰⵏⴰⵉⴰ ⴷⴰⵗ ⴰⵜⴰⵔⴰⵎ ⵓⵔⴰⴾ ⵙⴰ ⵙ ⵛⵓⵏⵙⵜⴰⵏⵜⵉⵏⵓⴱⵍⴻ ⵉⴷ ⴰⵍⵆⴰⴷⴰⵔⴰⵜ ⵜⴰⵏ ⴰⵏⵉⵙⵍⴰⵎ ⵉⵍⴰⵏ ⵜⵉⵗⴰⵔⵎⴰⵜⵢⵏ ⴰⵋⵋⵓⵜⵏⵢⵏ ⴱⴰⴷⴶⴷⴰⴷ, ⵛⴰⵉⵔⵓ ⵉⴷ ⵛⵓⵔⴷⵓⴱⴰ |
By the thirteenth and fourteenth centuries, some cities become powerful states, taking surrounding areas under their control or establishing extensive maritime empires. | ⵗⵂⵓⵔ ⴰⵓⴰⵜⴰⵉ ⵓⴰⵏ 1300 ⵂⴰⵔ ⵓⴰⵏ 1400 , ⵜⵉⴶⵂⴰⵔⵎⴰⵜⵢⵏ ⵜⵉⵉⵉⴰⴷ ⵉⴾⵔⴰⵛ ⵏⴰⵜ ⴰⵙⵙⴰⵂⴰⵜ , ⴰⵔⵎⴰⵙⵏⴰⵜ ⵉⴷⴰⴶⴰⵏ ⵂⴰⵙⵙⴰⵏⴰⵜ ⴰⴶⵂⵍⴰⵉⵏⵢⵏ ⵎⵢⵗ ⵉⴷⴰⵉⵏⴰⵜ ⴻⵎⴱⵉⵔⵢ ⵜⴰⵏ ⴼⴰⵍ ⵉⵋⵉⵔⴰⵏ |
Western Europe's larger capitals (London and Paris) benefited from the growth of commerce following the emergence of an Atlantic trade. | ⵆⴰⴱⵉⵜⴰⵍ ⵜⴰⵏ ⵜⵉ ⵎⴰⵈⵈⵓⵔⵏⴻⵏⵏ ⵢⵔⵓⴱⴰ ⵜⴰⵏ ⴰⵜⴰⵔⴰⵎ (ⵍⵓⵏⴷⵔⵢ ⵉⴷ ⴱⴰⵔⵉⵙ) ⵉⵣⵂⴰⵔ ⵏⴰⵜ ⴷⴰⵗ ⵜⵉⵓ-ⴰⵜ ⵏ ⵎⴰⵎⴰⵍⴰ ⴼⴰⵍ ⵢⵋⴰⵔⵢⵓ ⵓⴰⵏ ⴰⵜⵍⴰⵏⵜⵉⴾ |
England led the way as London became the capital of a world empire and cities across the country grew in locations strategic for manufacturing. | ⴱⵔⵉⵜⴰⵏⵉⴰ ⵜⵓⵔⴰ ⴰⴱⴰⵔⴰ ⴰⵍⵓⴰⵈ ⵓⴰ ⵉⴷ ⵜⴰⵈⵈⴰⵍ ⵍⵓⵏⴷⵔⵢ ⴾⴰⴱⵉⵜⴰⵍ ⵏ ⴻⵎⴱⵉⵔⴻ ⵓⴰⵏ ⴰⵍⵗⴰⵍⵉⵎ ⵜⵉⴶⵂⴰⵔⵎⴰⵜⵢⵏ ⵉⵙⵙⵉⵏⵜⴰⵏⴰⵜ ⵢⴷⵢⵉ ⴷⴰⵗ ⵉⴷⴰⴶⴰⵏ ⵏ ⴰⴷⴷⴰⵓⵍⴰⵜ ⵓⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⴾⴰⵔⵙⵉⵓⵢⵏ ⵏⵢⵜ |
Entrepreneurial leadership became manifest through growth coalitions made up of builders, realtors, developers, the media, government actors such as mayors, and dominant corporations. | ⵜⴰ-ⵉⵜⵢ ⵜⴰⵏ ⴰⵋⵋⴰⵔⴰⵓ ⵏ ⴰⵙⴰⴼⴰⵔ ⵉ ⵜⵉⵎⵗⵓⵜⴰⵔ ⵏ ⴰⴷⴷⵉⵏⴰⵜ ⵜⴰⵈⵈⴰⵍ ⴰ ⵉⵏⵉⴼⴰⵍⴰⵍⴰⵏ ⵙ ⵜⴰⵔⵜⵉⵜ ⵏ ⴰⴷⴷⵉⵏⴰⵜ ⵓⵉ ⵉⴷⴰⵉⵏⵢⵏ, ⵓⵉ ⵙⴰⵔⵗⴰⵏⵢⵏ ⵉⵏⵉⴼⵂⴰⵎⴰⵏ, ⵓⵉ ⵙⴰⵙⴰⴾⴰⵉⵏⵢⵏ ⵉⵙⴰⵍⴰⵏ, ⴾⵢⵍ ⴰⵍⵆⴰⴾⵓⵎ ⵛⵓⵏⴷ ⵎⵢⵔ ⵜⴰⵏ ⵉⴷ ⵙoⵙⵉⵉⵢ ⵜⴰⵏ. |
"The results were efforts at downtown revitalization; inner-city gentrification; the transformation of the CBD to advanced service employment; entertainment, museums, and cultural venues; the construction of sports stadiums and sport complexes; and waterfront development.""" | “Iⵜⵜⵓⵙⴰⵏ ⵓⵉ ⴻⵓⴰⴷ ⵓⴰⵔ ⵉⵎⵓⵙ ⴰⵔ ⵜⴻⴱⴰⴷⴷⴻ ⵉ ⴰⵙⵓⴷⵉⵔ ⵏ ⴰⴶⵂⵔⵉⵎ ⵂⴰⵔ ⴰⵋⵋⵓⴷⵉ; ⴰⵎⵓⵜⵜⵉ ⵏ ⴰⴾⴰⵉⴰⴷ ⵏ ⵂⴻⴱⵓ ⵏ ⴰⴶⵂⵔⵉⵎ; ⴰⵎⵓⵜⵜⵉ ⵏ ⵛⴱⵢ ⵙ ⵙⴰⵔⵓⵉⵙ ⴰⵙⵙⵉⵆⴷⴰⵎⴰⵏ ; ⴷⴰⵍⵍⵓⵍⴰⵏ, ⵎⵓⵣⴻ ⵜⴰⵏ ⵉⴷ ⵉⴷⴰⴶⴰⵏ ⵓⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⴶⵂⴰⵉⵎⴰⵜⵢⵏ ; ⵉⴷⵢⵉⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵢⵔⵢⵏ ⵜⴰⵏ ⵉⴷ ⵉⵂⴰⵏⴰⵏ ⵓⵉⵏ ⵜⴰⴾⵔⵉⴾⵔⴰ ⵉⴷ ⵢⴼⵢⵙ ⵏ ⵢⴷⵢⵉ ⵏ ⵢⴷⵢⵙ ⵏ ⵉⵋⵉⵔⵓⴰⵏ””” |
Until the 18th century, an equilibrium existed between the rural agricultural population and towns featuring markets and small-scale manufacturing. | ⵆⴰⵔ ⴰⵓⴰⵜⴰⵉ ⵓⴰⵏ 1800 ,ⵓⴶⴷⴰⵂ ⵉⵛⵂⴰⴶⵂⵉⴱ ⵓⴰⵏ ⴰⵎⴰⴶⵓⵏ ⵉⴷ ⵓⴰⵏ ⵉⴶⵂⵉⵔⵎⴰⵏ ⵉⵙⵙⵉⴱⴷⴰⴷⴰⵏ ⵂⵢⴱⵓ ⵜⴰⵏ ⵉⴷ ⵉⵣⵉⵏ ⵜⴰⵏ ⵜⵉ ⵎⴰⴷⵔⵓⵉⵏ,ⵢⵏ |
The cultural appeal of cities also plays a role in attracting residents. | ⴰⴾⵓⵔⵢ ⵏ ⴰⴶⵏⴰ ⵓⴰⵏ ⵜⵉⴶⵂⴰⵔⵎⴰⵜⵢⵏ ⵢⵈⵈⴰⵍ ⴰⵍⵆⵉⴷⵎⴰⵜ ⵏⵢⵜ ⴷⴰⴶⵂ ⵉⵋⵉ ⵏ ⴰⵓⵏⴰ ⴷⴰⴶⵂ ⵉⵏⴰⴼⵜⴰⴶⵂⴰⵏ |
Batam, Indonesia, Mogadishu, Somalia, Xiamen, China and Niamey, Niger, are considered among the world's fastest-growing cities, with annual growth rates of 5–8%. | ⴱⴰⵜⴰⵎ, Iⵏⴷⵓⵏⵢⵙⵉⴰ, ⵎⵓⴶⴰⴷⵉⵙⵂⵉⵓ, ⵙⵓⵎⴰⵍⵉⴰ, ⵆⵉⴰⵎⵢⵏ, ⵛⵂⵉⵏⴰ ⵉⴷ Nⵉⴰⵎⵢⵉ, Nⵉⴶⵢⵔ, ⴰⵈⵈⴰⵍⴰⵏ ⴰⴷⴷⴰⵓⵍⴰ ⵜⵢⵏ ⴷⴰⴶⵂ ⴰⵍⴶⵂⴰⵍⵉⵎ ⵙ ⵢⵔⵎⴰⴷ ⵢⴼⵢⵙ ⵏⴰⵙⵏⴰⵜ ⵙ ⴷⴰⴶⵂ ⴰⵓⴰⵜⴰⵉ ⵉⴷⴷⵉⴾⵓⴷ ⵏ ⵜⵉⵓⵓⴰⴷ ⵉⵍⵍⴰ ⵋⵉⵔ 5 ⵂⴰⵔ 8%. |
The UN predicts an additional 2.5 billion citydwellers (and 300 million fewer countrydwellers) worldwide by 2050, with 90% of urban population expansion occurring in Asia and Africa. | ⵜⴰⴶⴰⵉⵜ ⵏ ⴰⵍⵗⴰⵍⵉⵎ ⵜⴰ ⵎⴰⵈⵈⵓⵔⴰⵜ ⵙ ⵉⵜⴰⵓⴰⵏ UN ⵜⴰⵍⵍⴰⵗⴰⵜ ⴰⵙ ⴰ ⵜⵉ ⵉⵎⵉⵍⴰⵏ ⴷⴰⵗ ⵜⵉⵍⴾⴰⵎⴰⵜ 2.5 ⵏ ⵎⵉⵍⵉⴰⵔ ⵏ ⵉⵎⴰⵣⵣⴰⵗⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵉⵗⵉⵔⵎⴰⵏ (300 ⵏ ⵎⵉⵍⵉⵓⵏ ⴷⴰⵗ ⵙⴰⵏ ⴰⴷ ⵉⴼⴰⵍⴰⵏ ⴰⵙⵙⴰⵆⵔⴰ ⵜⴰⵏ) ⴷⵉⵂⴰ ⴷⴰⵗ ⵙ ⴰⵓⴰⵜⴰⵉ ⵓⴰⵏ 2050, ⵙ 90% ⵏ ⵢⴼⵢⵙ ⵏ ⵉⵛⴰⵗⵉⴱ ⵓⴰ ⵂⵢ ⵉⵙⴾⵉⵏⴰⵏ ⴷⴰⵗ ⴰⵗⵔⵉⵎ ⵓⵋⵋⴰⵔ ⴷⴰⵗ ⴰⵙⵉⴰ ⵉⴷ ⴰⴼⵔⵉⴾⵉⵉⴰ |
A deep gulf divides rich and poor in these cities, with usually contain a super-wealthy elite living in gated communities and large masses of people living in substandard housing with inadequate infrastructure and otherwise poor conditions. | Iⵍⵍⴻ ⵜⵢⵔⵉⵙⵜ ⵛⴰⵋⵔⵢⵏ ⵋⵉⵔ ⴾⴻⵍ ⴰⵙⵙⴰⵂⴰⵜ ⵉⴷ ⵜⵉⵍⴰⵈⵈⵉⵓⵢⵏ ⴷⴰⴶⵂ ⵜⵉⵗⴰⵔⵎⴰⵜⴻⵏ ⵙ ⴰⵍⵓⴰⵈⵈⴰⵏ ⵉⵉⵉⴰⴷ ⵓⴰⵔ ⵜⴰⵏⴰⵜ ⵢⵂⴰ ⵗⴰⵙ ⴰⵔ ⴾⵢⵍ ⴰⵙⵙⴰⵂⴰⵜ ⵉⵣⵣⴰⴶⵂⵏⵢⵏ ⴷⴰⵗ ⵜⴰⵓⵙⴻⵜⴻⵏ ⵉⴷ ⴰⴷⴷⵉⵏⴰⵜ ⴰⵋⵋⵓⵜⵏⴻⵏ ⵉⵣⵣⴰⴶⵂⵏⴻⵏ ⴷⴰⵗ ⵉⵂⴰⵏⴰⵏ ⴰⵍⵍⵉⵈⵓⵏⵢⵏ ⵉⵋⵋⴰⵏⵢⵏ ⴰⴾⴰⵔⵓⵙ ⵓⴰⵔ ⵏ ⵉⵏⵜⵢⵎ ⵉⴷ ⵜⴰⵍⵗⵉⵓⵢⵏ ⵜⵉⵉⵉⴰⴷ ⵍⴰⴱⴰⵙⵏⵢⵏ |
"Yet municipalities routinely enact sweeping by-laws directed at open ended (and ill-defined) offences such as loitering and obstruction, requiring permits for protests or requiring residents and homeowners to remove snow from the city's sidewalks.""" | “ⵎⵢⵔⵉ ⵜⴰⵏ ⵙⴰⴷⴷⵢⴶⵂ ⵜⴰⵋⵋⵉⵏⴰⵜ ⵓⵓⵜⵢ ⵏ ⴰⵛⵛⴰⵔⴻⴶⵂⴰ ⵜⴰⵏ ⵓⵉⵏ ⵉⴼⴰⵔⴰⴷⴰⵏ oⵜⴰⵙ ⵏⵢⵏ ⴰⵙⵉⵎⴷⵓ ⵏ ⴰⵍⴱⴰⵙⴰⵏ ⵛⵓⵏⴷ ⵋⴰⴼⴰ ⵜⴰⵏ ⴰⵂⵓⵛⴰⵍ ⵏⴻⵏ ⵜⵓⵔⵂⴰⴶⴰⵜⴻⵏ ⵉ ⵉⵛⵉⵓⴰⵏⴾⵉⵜⴰⵏ ⵎⵢⵗ ⴰⵂⵓⵛⴰⵍⵏⵢⵏ ⴷⴰⴶⵂ ⵉⵎⴰⵣⵣⴰⵗⴰⵏ ⵉⴷ ⵎⴰⵙⵙⴰⵓⵉⵙ ⵏ ⵉⵂⴰⵏⴰⵏ ⵉⴾⵓⵙ ⵏ ⵙⵏⵓⵓ ⴷⴰⵗ ⵉⴱⴰⵔⴰⵜⴰⵏ ⵓⵉⵏ ⴰⵗⵔⵉⵎ””” |
These are provided more or less routinely, in a more or less equal fashion. | ⵆⴰⵔⴰⵜⴰⵏ ⵓⵉⵏ ⵜⵓⵣⴰⵏⴰⵏ ⵙ ⵉⵋⵋⵉⵜ ⵎⵢⵗ ⵙ ⴰⵏⴷⴰⵔⵔⴰⵏ ⵙ ⵉⵛⵛⵉⴾⵉⵍ ⵉⵣⵍⴰⵉⴰⵏ |
"These production oriented criteria often give rise to ""service deliver rules"", regularized procedures for the delivery of services, which are attempts to codify the productivity goals of urban service bureaucracies." | “Iⵛⵛⵉⵔⵉⵜⴰⵏ ⵓⵔⴰⴾⵏⴻⵏ ⵙⴰ ⵙ ⵜⴰⴼⵔⵉⵜ ⴰⵍⵓⴰⵈ ⵉⵉⵉⴰⵏ ⵙⴰⵓⴰⴷⴰⵏ ⵉ ““ⴰⵛⴰⵔⵢⵗⴰ ⵜⴰⵏ ⵜⵉⵏ ⵉⵎⴰⵛⴰⵍⴰⵏ ⵏ ⴰⵍⵆⵉⴷⵎⴰⵜ””, ⵜⵉⵎⴰⵛⴰⵍⴻⵏ ⵉⵙⴾⴰⵜⵏⵢⵏ ⵏ ⵉⵎⴰⵛⴰⵍⴰⵏ ⵓⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵎⴰⵛⵗⵓⵍⴻⵏ ⴰⵔⵔⴰⵎⴰⵏⵢⵏ ⵉⵋⵉ ⴾⵓⴷⴻ ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵙⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵜⴰⴼⵔⵉⵜ ⵏ ⴱⵉⵔoⴾⵔⴰⵜⵉ ⵜⴰⵏ ⵜⵉⵎⴰⵛⵗⵓⵍⵜ ⵜⴰⵏ ⴰⵗⵔⵉⵎ |
"""Robert L. Lineberry, ""Mandating Urban Equality: The Distribution of Municipal Public Services""; in Hahn & Levine (1980)." | “”””ⵔⵓⴱⴻⵔⵜ ⵍ. Lⵉⵏⵢⴱⵢⵔⵔⵉ “” ⵎⴰⵏⴷⴰⵜⵉⵏⴶ ⵓⵔⴱⴰⵏ ⵢⵈⵓⴰⵍⵉⵜⵉ: ⵟⴰⵣⵓⵏⵜ ⴷⴰⵗ ⵜⴰⴷⵂⵉⵍⵜ ⵏ ⵎⵢⵔⵉ ⵜⴰⵏ ⴰⵗⵔⵉⵎ”” ⴷⴰⵗ ⵂⴰⵂⵏ & ⵍⵢⴱⵉⵏⵢ (1980)." |
However, financing municipal services, as well as urban renewal and other development projects, is a perennial problem, which cities address through appeals to higher governments, arrangements with the private sector, and techniques such as privatization (selling services into the private sector), corporatization (formation of quasi-private municipally-owned corporations), and financialization (packaging city assets into tradable financial instruments and derivatives). | ⵂⴰⴷ ⵉⴾ ⵉⵋⵋⴰ ⴰⵓⵢⵏ, ⴰⵙⴰⵔⴰⴼ ⵏ ⵜⵉⵎⴰⵛⵗⵓⵍⴻⵏ ⵏ ⵎⵢⵔⵉ ⵜⴰⵏ ⵂⴰⴾ ⵉⴷ ⴼⵔⵓⵋⴻ ⵜⴰⵏ ⵓⵉⵏ ⴰⵙⵉⵙⵙⴰⵉⵏⵉ ⴷ ⵢⴼⵢⵙ ⵏ ⴰⵗⵔⵉⵎ ⴰⵓⵢⵏ ⵢⵈⵈⴰⵍⴰⵏ ⵂⴰⵔⴾⵓⴾ ⵎⵓⵛⴰⴾⵉⵍ ⵙ ⵋⴰⵔⵔⴰⵓ ⵏⴰⵜ ⵜⵉⵎⴰⵗⴰⵔⵎⴰⵜⵢⵏ ⴰⴷⴷⴰⴱⴰⵔⴰ ⵙ ⴰⴾⵓⵔⵢ ⵉ ⴰⵍⵆⴰⴾⵓⵎⴰⵜⵢⵏ, ⵉⵏⵓⴼⵂⴰⵎⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵙⴻⴾⵜⴻⵔ ⵓⴰ ⵉⵋⵋⴰⵏ ⵜⵢⴾⵍⵢ ⵏ ⵉⵎⴰⵏ ⵉⴷ ⵜⴻⴾⵏⵉⴾ ⵜⴰⵏ ⵛⵓⵏⴷ ⴰⵙⵉⵎⵎⵉⵍⴾⵓ ( ⴰⵛⵂⵉⵏⵛⵂ ⵏ ⵜⵉⵎⴰⵛⵗⵓⵍⴻⵏ ⴷⴰⵗ ⵙⴻⴾⵜⴻⵔ ⵓⴰ ⵉⵋⵋⴰⵏ ⵜⴻⴾⵍⴻ ⵏ ⵉⵎⴰⵏ ⵏⴻⵜ) ⴾⵓⵔⴱⵓⵔⴰⵜⵉⵣⴰⵙⵉoⵏ (ⴰⵙⵉⵙⵙⴰⵗⵉⵔ ⵏ ⵜⴰⴶⴰⵉⵢⵏ ⵜⵉ ⵜⵉⴾⵏⴰ ⵎⴻⵔⵉ ⴰⴾⴰⵔⴰⵛⵂ) ⵉⴷ ⴰⵙⴰⵔⴰⴼ (ⵜⵢⵓⴰⵗⵏⵢ ⵏ ⵉⵍⴰⵍⴰⵏ ⵏ ⴰⵗⵔⵉⵎ ⴷⴰⵗ ⵉⵎⵓⵜⴰⵋ ⵓⵉⵏ ⵎⴰⵎⴰⵍⴰ ⵉⴷ ⴰⵓⴰ ⵜⴰⵏ ⵉⴷ ⵉⵣⴰⵋⵋⴰⵔⴰⵏ) |
"The impact of globalization and the role of multinational corporations in local governments worldwide, has led to a shift in perspective on urban governance, away from the ""urban regime theory"" in which a coalition of local interests functionally govern, toward a theory of outside economic control, widely associated in academics with the philosophy of neoliberalism." | “ⵜⵉⴾⵎⴰ ⵏ ⴶⵍⵓⴱⴰⵍⵉⵣⴰⵙⵉⵓⵏ ⵉⴷ ⴰⵍⵆⵉⴷⵎⴰⵜ ⵜⴰⵏ ⵜⴰⴶⴰⵉⴻⵏ ⵜⵉⵏ ⴰⴷⴷⴰⵓⵍⴰ ⵜⴰⵏ ⴷⴰⴶⵂ ⴰⵂⴰⵔⵓⵋ ⵏⴰⵙⵏⴰⵜ ⵉⴷ ⴰⵍⵆⴰⴾⵓⵎⴰⵏ ⴷⴰⴶⵂ ⴰⵍⴶⵂⴰⵍⵉⵎ ⴻⵓⴰⵉ ⵉⴷ ⴰⵎⵓⵜⵜⵉ ⴷⴰⴶⵂ ⴰⵆⵆⴰⴾⴰⵎⴰⵜ ⴷⴰⴶⵂ ⴰⴶⵂⵔⵉⵎ ⵙ ⴰ ⵓⵋⵉⵋⴰⵏ “ⵓⵔⴱⴰⵏ ⵔⵢⴶⵉⵎⴻ ⵜⵂⴻoⵔⵉ” ⴷⴰⴶⵂ ⴰⵆⴾⴰⵎⴰⵏ ⴰⴼⵓⵔ ⵜⴰⵏ ⴰⵔⵜⴰⵉⵏⵢⵏ ⵙ ⵎⵉⵔⴷⴰ ⵏ ⴰⵆⴰⴾⴰⵎ ⴷⴰⴶⵂ ⴻⴾⵓⵏⵓⵎⵉ ⵓⵙⴰⴶⵂⴰⵏ ⴷⴰⴶⵂ ⴰⴾⴰⴷⵢⵎⵉⴾⵙ ⵙ ⴰⵓⴰ ⵂⴰⵙⴰⵏ ⵋⴰⵏⵏⵉⵏ ⵉⴶⵂⴰⴼⴰⵓⴰⵏ ⵏⴰⵙⴰⵏ ⵉⵎⵓⵙ ⵍⵉⴱⵢⵔⴰⵍⵉⵣⵎ ⵓⴰ ⴻⵉⵏⴰⵉⴰⵏ |
Planning tools, beyond the original design of the city itself, include public capital investment in infrastructure and land-use controls such as zoning. | ⵉⵙⵓⵋ ⵓⵉⵏ ⵉⵋⵉ ⵏ ⴰⴷⴷⴰⴱⴰⵔⴰ ⵜⴰⵏ, ⴰⵓⴰⵔ ⵏ ⵉⵎⵓⵙ ⵢⴷⵢⵉ ⵓⴰⵏ ⴰⵍⴰⵙⴰⵍ ⵏ ⴰⴶⵂⵔⵉⵎ ⵉⵎⴰⵏ ⵏⵢⵜ ⴻⵂⴰ ⴰⵏⴰⴶⵂⴰⵍ ⵏ ⴰⵣⵔⵓⴼ ⴷⴰⴶⵂ ⵉⴾⴰⵔⴱⵙⴰⵏ ⵉⴷ ⴰⵓⵉⴾⴾⵉⵍ ⵏ ⴰⵍⵆⵉⴷⵎⴰⵜ ⵏ ⴰⴾⴰⵍ ⵛⵂⵓⵏⴷ ⴻⴾⴻⵜ ⵏ ⴰⴶⵂⵔⵉⵎ |
"Also available to cities in their implementation of planning objectives are municipal powers of zoning, subdivision control and the regulation of building, housing and sanitation principles.""" | “ⵜⴰⵏⴰⵉⴰ ⵉ ⴰⵗⵔⵉⵎ ⵜⵉⵍⵍⴻ ⵉ ⴷⴰⴶⵂ ⴰⵛⵂⵉⵎⵎⵉⵛⵂⵉⵍ ⵏ ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵙⴰⵏ ⵓⵉ ⵉⴷ ⴰⵈⵈⴰⵍⵏⵢⵏ ⵉⴾⵢⵜⴰⵏ, ⴰⵓⵉⴾⴾⵉⵍ ⵏ ⵜⵉⵣⵉⵏⴰⵓⵢⵏ ⵜⵉⵏ ⵉⴷ ⴰⵎⵓⴾⵉⵏ ⵏ ⴰⵛⴰⵔⵢⵗⴰ ⵜⴰⵏ ⵓⵉⵏ ⵉⵂⴰⵏⴰⵏ ⵓⵉ ⵎⴰⵈⵈⵓⵔⵏⵢⵏ, ⵉⴷ ⵓⵉ ⵎⴰⴷⵔⵓⵉⵏⵢⵏ ⵉⴷ ⴰⵓⴰ ⵉⴷ ⴻⵈⵈⴰⵍⴰⵏ ⴰⵙⵙⵢⵆⴰⵜ”” |
People living relatively close together may live, work, and play, in separate areas, and associate with different people, forming ethnic or lifestyle enclaves or, in areas of concentrated poverty, ghettoes. | ⴰⴷⴷⵉⵏⴰⵜ ⵓⵉ ⵉⴾⵏⴰⵏⵢⵏ ⴰⵂⵉⵔⵉⵋ ⴰⴷⴷⵓⴱⵢⵏ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⴷⵓⵈ ⵉⴷ ⴰⵍⵆⵉⴷⵎⴰⵜ ⴷⴰⵗ ⵉⴷⴰⴶⴰⵏ ⴰⵣⵓⵏⵏⵢⵏ,ⴷⴰⵗ ⴰⵙ ⴰⵔⵜⴰⵉⴰⵏ ⵉⴷ ⴰⴷⴷⵉⵏⴰⵜ ⵉⵉⵉⴰⴷ ⵉⵣⵍⴰⵉⵏⴻⵏ ⵋⵉⵔ ⵓⵂⴰⵔⴰⵏ ⵜⴰⵓⵙⴻⵜ ⵎⴻⴶⵂ ⵉⵛⵛⵉⴾⵉⵍ ⵏ ⵜⴰⵎⵓⴷⵔⴻ ⵎⴻⴶⵂ ⴰⵂⴰⵏⴻⵏ ⵉⴷⴰⴶⴰⵏ ⴷⵗⵂ ⵜⵓⵋⵋⴰⵔ ⵜⵉⵍⵍⴰⵈⵈⵉⵓⴰ |
"Suburbs in the west, and, increasingly, gated communities and other forms of ""privatopia"" around the world, allow local elites to self-segregate into secure and exclusive neighborhoods." | ‘ ⵙⵓⴱⵓⵔⴱ ⵜⴰⵏ ⵓⵉⵏ ⴰⵜⴰⵔⴰⵎ ⵂⵓⵍⵍⴰⵏ ⵜⴰⵓⵙⴱⵜⴱⵏ ⵉⴷ ⵉⵛⵛⵉⴾⵉⵍⴰⵏ ⵉⵉⵉⴰⴷ ⵏ “ⴱⵔⵉⴱⴰⵜⵓⴱⵉⴰ”” ⴷⴰⵗ ⴰⵍⵗⴰⵍⵉⵎ ⴱⵉⵉⴰⵂⴰⵏ ⴾⴻⵍ ⴰⵙⵙⴰⵂⴰⵜ ⵓⵉⵏ ⴰⴾⴰⵍ ⵉ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵙⴾⵉⵜⴰⵏ ⵉⵎⴰⵏ ⵏⴰⵙⴰⵏ ⵙ ⵉⴷⴰⴶⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵉⵎⴰⵏ ⵏⴰⵙⴰⵏ ⵜⴰⵂⴰ ⴰⵍⵗⴰⴼⵉⴰⵜ” |
This outcast proletariat—perhaps 1.5 billion people today, 2.5 billion by 2030—is the fastest-growing and most novel social class on the planet. | ⴱⵔⵓⵍⵢⵜⴰⵔⵉⴰ ⵓⴰ ⴷⴰⵗ ⵉⵜⵉⵓⴰⵏⴾⴰⵔⵢⵏ ⵢⵂⴰⵎⵉⵛ ⵢⵓⴰⴷ 1.5 ⵏ ⵎⵉⵍⵉⴰⵔ ⵏ ⴰⵓⴰⴷⵉⵎ ⴰⵛⴰⵍ ⵉⴷ , 2.5 ⵏ ⵎⵉⵍⵉⴰⵔ ⴷⴰⵗ ⴰⵓⴰⵜⴰⵉ ⵓⴰⵏ 2030 ⵢⵈⵈⴰⵍ ⵢⴷⴰⴶ ⵓⴰ ⵏⵋⵋⴰⵔⴰⵏ ⴰⵔⵎⵓⴷ ⴷⴰⵗ ⴰⵍⴶⵂⴰⵍⵉⵎ |
It is ontologically both similar and dissimilar to the historical agency described in the Communist Manifesto. | Iⴾⵏⴰ ⴷⴰⵗ ⵜⵉⵍⴰⵜ ⴷ ⵉⴱⴰⵏ ⵜⵉⵍⴰⵜ ⵉⴷ ⵜⴰⴶⴰⵉⵜ ⵜⴰ ⵜⵉⴾⵜⴰⴱⴰⵜ ⴷⴰⴶⵂ ⴰⵍⴾⴰⴷ ⵓⴰⵏ ⵆⵓⵎⵉⵏⵉⵙⵜ ⵜⴰⵏ |
As hubs of trade cities have long been home to retail commerce and consumption through the interface of shopping. | Iⵛⵎⴰⴷ ⵂⵓⴱ ⵜⴰⵏ ⵓⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵗⴰⵔⵎⴰⵜⴻⵏ ⴰⵂⵓⵋⴰⵏ ⴰⵈⵈⴰⵍⴰⵏ ⴻⵂⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵎⴰⵎⴰⵍⴰ ⵓⴰⵏ ⴷⵢⵜⴰⵉ ⵉⴷ ⴰⵎⴰⴾⵉⵛ ⵏ ⵉⵏⴰⵛⵂ-ⴰⵏ |
A thicker labor market allows for better skill matching between firms and individuals. | ⵂⵢⴱⵓ ⴰⵏⴷⴰⵔⵔⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵉⵏⴰⵆⴷⵉⵎⴰⵏ ⴻⵔⴷⴰ ⵙ ⵜⵉⴶⴷⴰⵜ ⵏ ⵎⵓⵙⵏⴰⵜ ⵋⵉⵔ ⵜⴰⴶⴰⵉⵢⵏ ⵉⴷ ⴰⴷⴷⵉⵏⴰⵜ |
Cultural elites tend to live in cities, bound together by shared cultural capital, and themselves playing some role in governance. | ⵆⵢⵍ ⴰⵙⵙⴰⵂⴰⵜ ⵓⵉⵏ ⴰⵜⵜⴰⵔⵢⵆ ⵣⴰⴷⴷⴰⴶⵂⴰⵏ ⴰⵎⴰⵔⴰⴷ ⴷⴰⴶⵂ ⵜⵉⴶⵂⴰⵔⵎⴰⵜⵢⵏ ,ⵓⵂⴰⵔⴰⵏ ⴾⴰⴱⵉⴰⵍ ⵙⴰⴷⴷⵢⵈ ⴰⵆⴷⴰⵎⴰⵏ ⵉⴷⴰⴶⴰⵏ ⵉⵉⵉⴰⴷ ⴷⴰⵗ ⴰⵆⵆⴰⴾⴰⵎⴰⵜ ⵏ ⴰⴾⴰⵍ |
"Greg Kerr & Jessica Oliver, ""Rethinking Place Identities"", in Kavaratzis, Warnaby, & Ashworth (2015)." | “ⵗⵔⵢⴶ ⵆⵢⵔⵔ & ⵋⵢⵙⵙⵉⵛⴰ Oⵍⵉⴱⵢⵔ, “”ⴰⵎⵓⵈⵈⵉⵍ ⵏ ⴰⵏⴰⵙⵋⵓⵎ ⴼⴰⵍ ⴾⴰⵔⵜⵉⴷⴰⵏⵜ ⵜⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵢⴷⴰⴶ”, ⴷⴰⴶⵂ ⵆⴰⴱⴰⵔⴰⵜⵉⵙ, ⵓⴰⵔⵏⴰⴱⵉ,& ⴰⵙⵂⵓⵓⵔⵜⵂ (2015)." |
Patriotic tourists visit Agra to see the Taj Mahal, or New York City to visit the World Trade Center. | ⵜⵓⵔⵉⵙⵜ ⵜⴰⵏ ⵓⵉⵏ ⵉⵎⴰⵔⵂⴰⵏ ⵏ ⴰⴾⴰⵍ ⵓⵙⴰⵏ ⴰⴶⵔⴰ ⵉ ⴰⴷ ⵉⴾⵉⵉⴷⴰⵏ ⵟⴰⵋ ⵎⴰⵂⴰⵍ ⵎⵢⵗ ⵏⵢⵓ ⵗⵓⵔⴾ ⵉ ⴰⴷ ⴰⵙⵉⵏ ⵓⵓⵔⵍⴷ ⵟⵔⴰⴷⴻ ⵛⵢⵏⵜⵢⵔ |
Why do anonymous people—the poor, the underprivileged, the unconnected—frequently prefer life under miserable conditions in tenements to the healthy order and tranquility of small towns or the sanitary subdivisions of semirural developments? | ⵎⴰⴼⴻⵍ ⴰⴷⴷⵉⵏⴰⵜ ⵓⵉ ⵙ ⵉⵙⵜⴰⵔⴰⵏ ⵉⵙⵎⴰⵓⴰⵏ ⵏⴰⵙⴰⵏ- ⵜⵉⵍⴰⵈⵈⵉⵓⵢⵏ , ⵓⵉ ⵓⴰⵔ ⵏ ⵉⵍⴰ ⵓⴷⵉⵎ, ⵓⵉ ⵓⴰⵔ ⵏ ⵉⵋⴰ ⴾⵓⵏⴾⵜⵢ - ⴰⵙⵙoⴼⴰⵏ ⵂⴰⵔⴾⵓⴾ ⴻⵔⴾ ⵜⴰⵎⵓⴷⵔⴻ ⴷⴰⵗ ⵉⵂⴰⵏⴰⵏ ⵓⴰⵔ ⵜⴰⵂⴰ ⴰⵙⵙⴻⵆⴰⵜ ⵉⴷ ⵜⴰⵣⴰⴶⵓⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵉⵗⴰⵔⵎⴰⵜⵢⵏ ⵜⵉ ⵎⴰⴷⵔⵓⵉⵏⵢⵏ ⵎⵢⵗ ⴰⵙⵙⴻⵆⴰⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵉⵣⵓⵏⴰⵓⵢⵏ ⵜⵉⵏ ⵉⴼⵢⵙⴰⵏ ⵏ ⴰⵙⵙⴰⵆⵔⴰ? |
Those who came to live in them did so in order to participate and compete on any attainable level. | ⴰⴷⴷⵉⵏⴰⵜ ⵓⵉ ⵜⴰⵏ ⵉⴷ ⵓⵙⴰⵏ ⵉ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵣⵓⵈ ⵉⵋⵋⴰⵏ ⴰⵓⵢⵏ ⵉ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵋⵋⵉⵛⴰⵏ ⵎⵢⵗ ⴰⵎⵎⴰⴷⴰⵛⴰⵏ ⴷⴰⵗ ⵢⴷⴰⴶ ⵉⵍⴰⵏ ⴰⴶ-ⴰⴷ |
Sports also play a major role in city branding and local identity formation. | ⵙⴱⵓⵔⵜ ⵜⴰⵏ ⵉⵏⵜⴰⵏⵢⴷ ⴷⵢⵗ ⴰⵆⴷⴰⵎⴰⵏ ⵢⴷⴰⴶ ⴷⴰⵗ ⵢⵛⵂⵓⴰⵍ ⵏ ⴰⵗⵔⵉⵎ ⵉⴷ ⵜⵢⵗⴰⵔⴻ ⵏ ⴾⴰⵔⵜⵉⴷⴰⵏⵜ ⵜⴰⵏ ⴰⴾⴰⵍ |
More importantly, there is also huge long term potential for both tourism and investment (Kasimati, 2003). | ⴰⵓⴰ ⵓⵋⵋⴰⵔⴰⵏ ⵂⵓⵍⵍⴰⵏ ⴰⵙ ⵉⵍⴻ ⵜⵉⵏⴼⴰ ⵎⴰⵈⵈⵓⵔⴰⵜ ⴷⴰⵗ ⵜⵓⵔⵉⵣⵎ ⵉⴷ ⵜⴰⵏⴰⵗⵍⴰ ⵏ ⴰⵣⵔⵓⴼ (ⴾⴰⵙⵉⵎⴰⵜⵉ, 2003) |
"War brought concentration of social leadership and political power in the hands of a weapons-bearing minority, abetted by a priesthood exercising sacred powers and possessing secret but valuable scientific and magical knowledge.""" | “ⴰⴾⵉⵏⵏⴰⵙ ⵢⵓⴰⵉ ⵉⴷ ⴰⴾⵓⴾⵓⵍⵓ ⵏ ⵜⴰ-ⵉⵜⴻ ⵜⴰⵏ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⴷⵓⵈ ⵉⴷ ⵜⴰⵏⴰⵉⴰ ⵜⴰⵏ ⴼⵓⵍⵉⵜⵉⴾ ⴷⴰⴶⵂ ⵉⴼⴰⵙⵙⴰⵏ ⵏ ⴰⴷⴷⵉⵏⴰⵜ ⵎⴰⴷⵔⵓⵉⵏⴻⵏ ⵢⵓⴰⵉⵏⴻⵏ ⴰⵍⴱⴰⵔⵓⴷⴰⵏ ⴼⴰⵍ ⴰⵔⴷⴰⵏ ⴰⵍⴼⴰⵈⵈⵉ ⵜⴰⵏ ⵓⵉⵏ ⵢⴶⵍⵉⵣ ⵜⴰⵏ ⵉⵍⴰⵍⵢⵏ ⵜⴰⵏⴰⵉⴰ ⵜⴻⵏ ⵉⴼⴼⴰⵔⵏⴻⵏ ⵜⵓⵍⴰⵙ ⵉⵍⴰⵏⴻⵏ ⵎⵓⵙⵏⴰⵜ ⵏ ⵉⵋⵉ ⵓⴰⵏ ⵉⵙⵙⴰⵆⵉⵔ ⵜⵉⴼⴼⴰⵔⴰⵜ”” |
During World War II, national governments on occasion declared certain cities open, effectively surrendering them to an advancing enemy in order to avoid damage and bloodshed. | ⴷⴰⵗ ⴰⴾⵉⵏⵏⴰⵙ ⵏ ⴰⵍⵗⴰⵍⵉⵎ ⵓⴰⵏ ⵉⵙⵙⵉⵏ , ⴰⵍⵆⴰⴾⵓⵎⴰⵜⵢⵏ ⴰⵍⵓⴰⵈⵈⴰⵏ ⵉⵉⵉⴰⴷ ⵉⵍⵍⴰⵗⵢⵏ ⴰⵙ ⵜⵉⵗⴰⵔⵎⴰⵜⵢⵏ ⵜⵉⵉⵉⴰⴷ ⴰⵎⵎⵢⵔⴰⵏⴰⵜ ⵓⵉⵉⴰⵏ ⵜⴰⵏⴰⵜ ⵉ ⵉⵏⴰⵙⵋⴰⴼⴰ ⵜⴰⵏ ⵉ ⴰ ⵉⴶⴷⴰⵍⴰⵏ ⵛⴰⵗⵛⴰⴷⴰⵏ ⵉⴷ ⴰⵏⴰⵗⴰⵍ ⵏ ⴰⵛⵉ |
Such warfare, known as counterinsurgency, involves techniques of surveillance and psychological warfare as well as close combat, functionally extends modern urban crime prevention, which already uses concepts such as defensible space. | Iⴾⵉⵏⵏⴰⵙ ⵛⵓⵏⴷ ⵓⵢⵏ ⵢⵈⵈⴰⵍⴰⵏ ⴰⵙⵓⴷⵎⵉⵔ ⵉ ⵜⴰⵏⴰⴾⵔⴰ ⴰⵂⴰⵏ ⵜⵉ ⵜⵢⴾⵏⵉⴾ ⵜⴰⵏ ⵜⵉⵏ ⵉⵋⵉ ⵏ ⴰⵏⵏⵉⵉⴰⵜ ⵉⴷ ⴰⴾⵉⵏⵏⴰⵙ ⵓⴰⵏ ⵜⴰ-ⵉⵜⴻ ⵂⴰⴷ ⵉⴾ ⴰⴾⵉⵏⵏⴰⵙ ⵓⴰⵏ ⴰⵏⵎⵉⵂⴰⵣ ⵉⵙⵔⵓⴰⴷ ⴰⴶⵍⵓⵉ ⴷⴰⴶⵂ ⵢⵎⵢⵍ ⵏ ⴶⴰⴼⴰ ⵜⴰⵏ ⴷⴰⵗ ⵉⵗⵉⵔⵎⴰⵏ , ⵙ ⴰⵎⴰⵔⴰⴷ ⴶⵂⴰⵔⵔⵉⵏ ⵉⵙⵎⴰⵓⴰⵏ ⵛⵓⵏⴷ ⴻⴷⴰⴶ ⵓⴶⴰⵣⴰⵏ |
Because of the higher barriers to entry, these networks have been classified as natural monopolies, meaning that economic logic favors control of each network by a single organization, public or private. | ⴼⴰⵍ ⵎⴰⵔⵙⴰⵍⴰⵏ ⴰⵋⵋⵓⵜⵏⵢⵏ ⵉ ⵉⵋⵓⵛⵂ, ⵔⵢⵣo ⵜⴰⵏ ⵓⵉⵏ ⴰⵈⵈⴰⵍⴰⵏ ⴰⵙ ⵎⵓⵏⵓⴱⵓⵍⵢ ⵜⴰⵏ ⵉⵎⵓⵙ ⴰⵓⵢⵏ ⴰⵙ ⴻⴾⵢⵏⵢⵎⵉ ⵓⴰ ⵉⵍⴰⵏ ⴰⵍⵎⴰⴶⵂⵏⴰ ⵢⵔⴷⴰ ⵉ ⵜⴰⴶⴰⵉⵜ ⵏ ⴰⵍⵆⴰⴾⵓⵎ ⵎⵢⴶⵂ ⵜⵉ ⵜⵉⵋⵋⴰⵜ ⵜⵢⴾⵍⵢ ⵏ ⵉⵎⴰⵏ ⵏⵢⵜ ⴰⵓⵉⴾⴾⵉⵍ ⵏⴰⵙⵏⴰⵜ |
"Kath Wellman & Frederik Pretorius, ""Urban Infrastructure: Productivity, Project Evaluation, and Finance""; in Wellman & Spiller (2012)." | “ⵆⴰⵜⵂ ⵢⵍⵍⵎⴰⵏ & ⴼⵔⵢⴷⵢⵔⵉⴾ ⴱⵔ,ⵢⵜⵓⵔⵉⵓⵙ, ""Iⴾⴰⵔⵓⵙⴰⵏ ⵓⵉⵏ ⴰⴶⵂⵔⵉⵎ:ⵜⴰⴼⵔⵉⵜ , ⴱⵔⵓⵋⴻ ⵓⴰⵏ ⴼⴰⵔⴰⴾ ⵉⴷ ⴰⵣⵔⵓⴼ””” ⴷⴰⴶⵂ ⵓⵢⵍⵍⵎⵣⵏ ⵉⴷ ⵙⴱⵉⵍⵍⴻⵔ (2012)” |
Sanitation, necessary for good health in crowded conditions, requires water supply and waste management as well as individual hygiene. | Iⵣⴰⵣⴷⵓⴶⴰⵏ ⵉ ⵜⴰⴶⵂⵍⵉⵓⵢⵏ ⵜⵉⵏ ⴰⵙⵙⵢⵆⴰⵜ ⵓⵍⴰⴶⵂⵏⵢⵏ ⴰⵂⵓⵛⴰⵍ ⴰⵙ ⵢⵎⵢⵍ ⵏ ⴰⵎⴰⵏ ⵉⴷ ⵉⵋⵉ ⵏ ⴰⵏⵏⵉⵉⴰⵜ ⵉ ⵉⴶⵂⴰⵛⴰⴷⴰⵏ ⵂⴰⴾ ⵉⴷ ⵜⵉⵣⴷⵉⴶⵢ ⵜⴰⵏ ⵓⴰⵏ ⴰⵓⴰⴷⵉⵎ |
Modern urban life relies heavily on the energy transmitted through electricity for the operation of electric machines (from household appliances to industrial machines to now-ubiquitous electronic systems used in communications, business, and government) and for traffic lights, streetlights and indoor lighting. | ⵜⴰⵎⵓⴷⵔⵢ ⵜⴰ ⴷⵉⴷ ⵜⵉⵛⵔⴰⵉⴰⵜ ⵏ ⴰⵗⵔⵉⵎ ⵜⵉⵋⵋⴰ ⴼⴰⵍ ⵢⵎⵢⵍ ⵏ ⵢⴼⵢⵓ oⴾⴰⵉⴰⵏ ⴷⴰⵗ ⴻⵏⴻⵔⵋⵉ ⵜⴰⵏ(ⵉⵎⵓⵜⴰⵋ ⵓⵉⵏ ⵢⵂⴰⵏ ⵂⴰⵔ ⵎⴰⵔⵛⵉⵏ ⵜⴰⵏ ⵜⵉⵏ ⵉⵣⵉⵏ ⵜⴰⵏ ⵙ ⵙⵉⵙⵜⴻⵎ ⵜⴰⵏ ⵉⴶⵍⴰⵏⵢⵏ ⵙ ⴻⴼⴻⵓ ⴰⵆⴷⴰⵎⵏⴻⵏ ⴷⴰⴶⵂ ⴰⵙⵉⵙⵙⵉⴾⵉ ⵏ ⵉⵙⴰⵍⴰⵏ, ⴰⵍⵆⴰⴾⵓⵎⴰⵜ) ⵉⴷ ⵢⴼⵢⵓ ⵓⴰⵏ ⵜⵓⵔⴼⵢⵏ, ⵢⴼⵢⵓ ⵓⴰⵏ ⵜⵉⵛⴰⵔⵉⵜⵢⵏ ⵂⴰⴾ ⵉⴷ ⵢⴼⵢⵓ ⵓⴰⵏ ⴰⵎⵎⴰⵙ ⵏ ⵉⵂⴰⵏⴰⵏ |
"Tom Hart, ""Transport and the City""; in Paddison (2001)." | “ⵜⵢⵎ ⵂⴰⵔⵜ, “””ⵟⴰⵍⴰⵙⴼⵓⵔ ⵉⴷ ⴰⴶⵂⵔⵉⵎ”” ⴷⴰⴶⵂ ⴱⴰⴷⴷⵉⵙⵓⵏ ( 2001)” |
Many big American cities still operate conventional public transit by rail, as exemplified by the ever-popular New York City Subway system. | ⵜⵉⴶⵂⴰⵔⵎⴰⵜⵢⵏ ⴰⵋⵋⵓⵜⵏⵢⵏ ⵏ ⴰⵎⵔⵉⴾ ⵙⴰⴷⴷⵢⵈ ⵙⴰ ⵙ ⴰⴾⴰⵉ ⵏⴰⵜ ⴰⴷⴷⵉⵏⴰⵜ ⴼⴰⵍ ⵔⴰⵉⵍ ⵜⴰⵏ ⵛⵓⵏⴷ ⴰⵓⴰ ⵉⵋⵋⴰ ⵙⵉⵙⵜⵢⵎ ⵏ ⴰⵓⵢⵏ ⵓⴰ ⵓⵋⵋⴰⵔⴰⵏ ⴻⵈⵈⴰⵍⴰⵏ ⵓⴰⵏ ⵏⵢⵓ ⵗⵓⵔⴾ |
Anthropogenic buildings and waste, as well as cultivation in gardens, create physical and chemical environments which have no equivalents in wilderness, in some cases enabling exceptional biodiversity. | Iⵂⴰⵏⴰⵏ ⵓⵉ ⵎⴰⵈⵈⵓⵔⵏⵢⵏ ⵉⴷ ⵉⴶⵂⴰⵛⵓⴷⴰⵏ ⵓⵉ ⵉⵜⴰⵋ ⴰⵓⴰⴷⵉⵎ ⵂⴰⴷ ⵉⴾ ⴰⴶⴰⵉⴰⴾ ⴷⴰⵗ ⵉⴼⵉⵔⵋⴰⵏ ⵢⵔⴰⵓⴰⵏ ⵉⴷ ⵉⵂⵉⵏⵣⴰⵣⴰⵗⴰⵏ ⵙ ⵜⵉⵗⵉⵙⵓⵢⵏ ⵉⴷ ⴼⴰⵣoⵏ ⵜⴰⵏ ⵏⴰⵙⴰⵏ ⵓⴰⵔ ⵏ ⵉⵍⴰ ⴷⴰⵗ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵆⵍⵓⴾ ⴷⴰⵗ ⵉⴷⴰⴶⴰⵏ ⵉⵉⵉⴰⴷ ⴰⵔⵔⵉⵣⵢⵋ ⵉⴾⵏⴰⵏ ⵜⵓⵍⴰⵗⴰⵉ |
From one perspective, cities are not ecologically sustainable due to their resource needs. | ⴷⴰⵗ ⴰⴾⴰⵉⴰⴷ , ⵜⵉⵗⴰⵔⵎⴰⵜⵢⵏ ⵓⴰⵔ ⴷⴰⵗ ⵉⵙ ⵏⵢⵜ ⵉⵍⵢⵏ ⵉⵂⵉⵙⵂⴾⴰⵏ ⵜⴰⵗⵔⵉⵙⵜ ⵣⴰⵋⵔⵢⵜ ⴰⵓⴰ ⵉⵋⵋⴰⵏ ⵜⴰⵔⵂⴰⵜⵢⵏ ⵏⴰⵙⴰⵏ |
Modern cities are known for creating their own microclimates, due to concrete, asphalt, and other artificial surfaces, which heat up in sunlight and channel rainwater into underground ducts. | ⵜⵉⵗⴰⵔⵎⴰⵜⵢⵏ ⵜⵉ ⵉⴷ ⵉⵛⵔⴰⵉⵏⵢⵏ ⵜⵉⵓⴰⵣⵣⴰⵉ ⵏⴰⵜ ⴼⴰⵍ ⴰⵙ ⵉⴾⵏⴰⵏⴰⵜ ⴰⵣⵣⴰⵎⴰⵏⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵉⵎⴰⵏ ⵏⴰⵙⵏⵏⴰⵜⵙ ⴰⵙⴱⵂⴰⵍⵜ ⵉⴷ ⵂⴰⵔⴰⵜⴰⵏ ⵉⵉⵉⴰⴷ ⵔⴰⵎⵎⴰⵙ ⵏⴻⵏ ⴻⴼⴻⵓ ⴷⴰⵗ ⵜⴰⴼⵓⴾⵜ ⵙⴰⴷⴷⴻⵈ ⵣⴰⵣⵋⴰⵔⴰ ⵏ ⴰⵎⴰⵏ ⵏ ⴰⵋⵋⵉⵏⴰ ⵙⵉⴷⵢⵔ ⵏ ⴰⴾⴰⵍ |
Aerial particulates increase rainfall by 5–10%. | Iⴼⵉⵔⵔⴰⵙ ⵓⵉⵏ ⵙ ⴰⴼⴰⵍⵍⴰ ⵙⴰⵓⴰⴷⴰⵏ ⴰⵋⵋⵉⵏⵏⴰ ⵂⴰⵔ 5 ⵂⴰⵔ10% |
For example, within the urban microclimate, less-vegetated poor neighborhoods bear more of the heat (but have fewer means of coping with it). | Iⵍⵎⵉⵜⴰⵍ, ⴷⴰⴶⵂ ⴰⵣⵣⴰⵎⴰⵏⴰⵏ ⵎⴰⴷⵔⵓⵉⵏⵢⵏ ⴰⵂⴰⵏⵢⵏ ⴰⴶⵂⵔⵉⵎ, ⵜⵉⵎⵉⵣⴷⴰⵗ ⵓⴰⵔ ⵉⵍⵙⵢⵏ ⵉⵂⵉⵙⵂⴾⴰⵏ ⴷⴰⵍⴰⵜⵏⴻⵏ ⴰⵋⵋⵓⵜⵏⵢⵏ ⵜⵉⵋⵔⴰⵓ ⵜⴰⵏ ⵜⵓⴾⵉⵙⵢ ⵂⵓⵍⵍⴰⵏ ( ⵎⵓⵛⴰⵏ ⵉⵍⴰⵏ ⴰⵙⵙⴰⵂⴰⵜ ⴰⵏⴷⴰⵔⵔⴰⵜ ⵙ ⵜⴰⵜ ⵉⵏ ⵉⵓⴰⵗⴰⵏ) |
Generally they are called Urban open space (although this word does not always mean green space), Green space, Urban greening. | ⵜⴰⵓⴰⵗⵔⵉⵏ ⵂⴰⵔⴾⵓⴾ ⵙ ⵉⵙⵉⵎ ⵓⴰⵏ ⵉⴷⴰⴶⴰⵏ ⵏ ⴰⵗⵔⵉⵎ ⵓⵉ ⴰⵎⵢⵔⴰⵏⵢⵏ ( ⴾⵓⴷⴷⵢⵗ ⴰⵙ ⴰⵓⵢⵏ ⵓⴰⴷⴷⵢⵏ ⵉⵙⵉⵎ ⵓⴰ ⵙ ⵉⵜⴰⵓⴰⵗⵉⵔ ⵢⴷⴰⴶ ⵓⴰ ⴷⴰⵍⵢⵏ, ⵜⴰⴷⴷⴰⵍⴰⵜ ⵜⴰⵏ ⴰⵗⵔⵉⵎ |
The study used data from almost 20,000 people in the UK. | ⴼⴰⵔⴰⴾ ⵉⵋⵋⴰ ⴼⴰⵍ 20.000 ⵏ ⴰⵓⴰⴷⵉⵎ ⴷⴰⵗ ⴱⵔⵉⵜⴰⵏⵉⴰ |
People who did not get at least two hours — even if they surpassed an hour per week — did not get the benefits. | ⴰⴷⴷⵉⵏⴰⵜ ⵓⵉ ⵙ ⴾⴰⵍⴰ ⵓⴰⵔ ⵉⵍⵢⵏ ⴾⵓⴷⴷⵢⵗ 2 ⴰⵍⵓⴰⵈⵈⴰⵏ- ⴾⵓⴷ ⵓⴾⴰⵉⴰⵏ ⴰⵍⵓⴰⵈ ⵉⵉⵉⴰⵏ ⴷⴰⵗ ⵉⵙⵙⵉⴱⵓⵗ ⵓⴰⵔ ⵂⵢ ⵉⵋⵔⵉⵓⴰⵏ ⵜⵉⵏⴼⴰ ⵜⴰⵏ ⵏⵢⵜ |
"The study didn't count time spent in a person's own yard or garden as time in nature, but the majority of nature visits in the study took place within two miles from home. """ | “ⴼⴰⵔⴰⴾ ⵓⴰⵔ ⵉⵙⵙⵢⴷⴰⵏ ⴰⵍⵓⴰⵈ ⵓⴰ ⵉⵋⵋⴰ ⴰⵓⴰⴷⵉⵎ ⴷⴰⵗ ⴰⵗⴰⵍⴰⵉ ⵏ ⴰⴷⴷⵉⵏⴰⵜ ⵎⵢⵗ ⴰⴼⴰⵔⴰⵋ ⵎⵓⵛⴰⵏ ⵉⵋⵋⵉⵜ ⵓⴰ ⴻⵓⴰⴷ ⴼⴰⵔⴰⴾ ⵓⴰ ⵉⵋⵋⴰ ⴷⴰⴶⵂ ⴻⴷⴰⴶ ⴻⵓⴰⴷⴰⵏ 2 ⴾⵉⵍⵓⵎⵢⵜⵉⵔ ⵜⴰⵏ ⵉ ⵢⵂⴰⵏ””” |
"Saskia Sassen used the term ""global city"" in her 1991 work, The Global City: New York, London, Tokyo to refer to a city's power, status, and cosmopolitanism, rather than to its size." | “ⵙⴰⵙⴾⵉⴰ ⵙⴰⵙⵙⵢⵏ ⵜⴰⵆⴷⴰⵎ ⵙ ⵉⵙⵉⵎ ⵓⴰⵏ ““ⴰⵗⵔⵉⵎ ⴰⵙⵙⵉⵔⵜⴰⵉⴰⵏ”” ⴷⴰⴶⵂ ⴰⵍⵆⵉⴷⵎⴰⵜ ⵏⵢⵜ ⵜⴰⵏ 1991. Aⴶⵂⵔⵉⵎ ⵓⴰ ⵉⵙⵙⴰⵔⵜⴰⵉⴰⵏ: ⵏⵢⵓ ⵗoⵔⴾ, ⵍⵓⵏⴷⵔⴻ, ⵟⵓⴾⵉⵓ ⴻⵈⵈⴰⵍ ⴰⵙⵉⵙⵙⴰⵗⵉⵔ ⵏ ⴰⵙⵙⴰⵂⴰⵜ ⵉⴷ ⴰⵎⴰⵛⵉⵔⵓⴰⵉ ⵓⴰ ⵉⵋⵋⴰⵏ ⴰⴷⴷⵉⵏⴰⵜ ⴷⴰⵗ ⵉⴾⴰⵍⵍⴰⵏ ⵓⵉⵏ ⵓⵂⵓⵏ ⵜⵉⵎⵗⴰⵔⵢ ⵏⴰⵙⴰⵏ” |
3 (1982): 319 Global cities form the capstone of the global hierarchy, exerting command and control through their economic and political influence. | 3 (1982): 319 ⵜⵉⵗⴰⵔⵎⴰⵜⵢⵏ ⵜⵉ ⴰⵙⵙⵓⵔⵜⴰⵉⵏⵢⵏ ⴰⵈⵈⴰⵍ ⵏⴰⵜ ⵛⵓⵏⴷ ⵜⴻⴾⴰⴷⴰⵉⵜ ⴷⴰⵗ ⴰⵏⵎⵉⵍⵍⴰⵍ ⴷⴰⵗ ⴰⵍⵗⴰⵍⵉⵎ , ⴾⵉⵎⴰⵏⴷⴰⵜ ⵏⴰⵜ ⵜⵓⵍⴰⵙ ⵓⴶ-ⴰⵣ ⵏⴰⵜ ⴰⵙⵙⴰⵂⴰⵜ ⵏⴰⵙⵏⴰⵜ ⵜⴰⵏ ⵢⴾⵓⵏⵓⵎⵉ ⵉⴷ ⵜⴰⵏ ⴼⵓⵍⵉⵜⵉⴾ |
Critics of the notion point to the different realms of power and interchange. | ⴰⴷⴷⵉⵏⴰⵜ ⵓⵉ ⴰⵎⵎⵉⵋⵔⴰⴷ ⵏⴻⵏ ⵉⵙⵉⵎ ⵓⵢⵏ ⵂⴰⵔ ⵉⴷⴰⴶⴰⵏ ⵏ ⴰⵙⵙⴰⵂⴰⵜ ⵉⴷ ⴰⵎⴰⵙⴾⴰⵍ ⵉⵣⵍⴰⵉⵏⵢⵏ |
Multinational corporations and banks make their headquarters in global cities and conduct much of their business within this context. | ⵜⴰⴶⴰⵉⵏⵢⵏ ⵜⵉⵏ ⴰⵍⵗⴰⵍⵉⵎ ⵉⴷ ⴱⴰⵏⴾ ⵜⴰⵏ ⵉⴾⵔⴰⵙⴰⵏ ⴾⴰⵔⵜⵉⵉⴻ ⵜⴰⵏ ⵏⴰⵙⴰⵏ ⴷⴰⵗ ⵉⴾⴰⵍⵍⴰⵏ ⵏ ⴰⵍⵗⴰⵍⵉⵎ ⴼⵓⴾ ⴷⴰⵗ ⴰⴱⴰⵔⴰ ⵓⵢⵏ ⴷⴰⵗ ⴰⵙⵙⵉⴶⵍⴰⵏ ⵜⵉⵎⴰⵛⵗⵓⵍⵢⵏ ⵏⴰⵙⴰⵏ. |
"Nancy Duxbury & Sharon Jeannotte, ""Global Cultural Governance Policy""; Chapter 21 in The Ashgate Research Companion to Planning and Culture; London: Ashgate, 2013." | “ⵏⴰⵏⵛⵉ ⴻⵓⵆⴱⵓⵔⵉ ⴷ ⵙⵂⴰⵔⵓⵏ ⵋⵢⴰⵏⵏⵓⵜⵜⵢ ““ⴼⵓⵍⵉⵜⵉⴾ ⵜⴰⵏ ⴰⵜⵜⴰⵔⵢⵆ ⵏ ⴰⵆⴰⴾⴰⵎ ⴷⴰⴶⵂ ⴰⵍⴶⵂⴰⵍⵉⵎ”” ⴷⴰⴶⵗ ⵜⵉⵜⴱⴰⵈⵈⵢⵜ ⵏⵢⵜ ⵜⴰⵏ 21 ⴼⴰⵔⴰⴾ ⵏ ⴰⵎⴰⵉⴷⵉ ⵏ ⴰⵙⵂⴶⴰⵜⵢ ⴼⴰⵍ ⵉⵋⵉ ⵏ ⴰⴷⴷⴰⴱⴰⵔⴰ ⵜⴰⵏ ⴷ ⴰⵜⵜⴰⵔⵢⵆ; ⵍⵓⵏⴷⵔⵢ: ⴰⵙⵂⴶⴰⵜⵢ, 2013” |
"The Habitat I conference in 1976 adopted the ""Vancouver Declaration on Human Settlements"" which identifies urban management as a fundamental aspect of development and establishes various principles for maintaining urban habitats." | “ⵜⴰⵗⵉⵎⵉⵜ ⴼⴰⵍ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⴷⵓⵈ ⴷⴰⵗ ⴰⵓⴰⵜⴰⵉ ⵓⴰⵏ 1976 ⵜⴰⵙⵙⵉⴱⴷⴰⵜ ““ⵎⴰⵋⵔⴰⴷ ⵓⴰⵏ ⵠⴰⵏⵛⵓⵓⴱⵢⵔ ⵉⵋⵋⴰⵏ ⵜⵉⵎⴰⵣⴷⵓⵗⴻⵏ ⵜⵉⵏ ⴰⴷⴷⵉⵏⴰⵜ”” ⴰⵙⵙⵉⵍⵎⴰⴷ ⵏⴻⵏ ⵙ ⴰⵓⵉⴾⵉⵍ ⵏ ⴰⵗⵔⵉⵎ ⴻⵈⵈⴰⵍ ⵜⵉⵜⴱⴰⵈⵈⵢⵜ ⵏ ⵢⴼⵢⵙ ⵜⵓⵍⴰⵙ ⵉⴷⴰⵉ ⴰⵛⴰⵔⵢⵗⴰ ⵜⴰⵏ ⴰⵋⵋⵓⵜⵏⵢⵏ ⵉ ⴰⴶ-ⴰⵣ ⵏ ⵜⵉⵎⵉⵣⴷⴰⵈ ⴷⴰⵗ ⴰⵗⵔⵉⵎ”” |
In January 2002 the UN Commission on Human Settlements became an umbrella agency called the United Nations Human Settlements Programme or UN-Habitat, a member of the United Nations Development Group. | ⴷⴰⵗ ⴰⵓⴰⵜⴰⵉ ⵓⴰⵏ 2002 ⵜⴰⴶⴰⵉⵜ ⵏ UN ⵜⴰⵏ ⵟⵉⵎⵉⵣⴷⴰⵗ ⵏ ⴰⴷⴷⵉⵏⴰⵜ ⵜⴰⵈⵈⴰⵍ ⵜⴰⴶⴰⵉⵜ ⵜⴰⵏ ⵜⵢⵍⵢ ⵙ ⵉⵜⴰⵓⴰⵏ ⴱⵔⵓⴶⵔⴰⵎ ⵏ Nⴰⵜⵉoⵏⵙ Uⵏⵉⵢⵙ ⵓⴰⵏ ⵜⵉⵎⵉⵣⴷⴰⵗ ⴰⴷⴷⵉⵏⴰⵜ ⵎⴻⵗ ⵓⵏ-ⵂⴰⴱⵉⵜⴰⵜ, ⵉⵉⵉⴰⵏ ⴷⴰⵗ ⵜⴰⵈⵈⵉⵎⵢⵏ ⵏ Nⴰⵜⵉⵓⵏⵙ ⵓⵏⵉⵢⵙ ⵓⴰⵏ ⵢⴼⵢⵙ |
The Bank's policies have tended to focus on bolstering real estate markets through credit and technical assistance. | ⴼⵓⵍⵉⵜⵉⴾ ⵜⴰⵏ ⵜⵉ ⴱⴰⵏⴾ ⵜⴰⵏ ⵉⵋⵋⴰⵏⴰⵜ ⴰⵍⵆⵉⴷⵎⴰⵜ ⵏⴰⵙⵏⴰⵜ ⵜⵉⵙⴰⵍⵙⵉⵜ ⴼⴰⵍ ⵂⵢⴱⵓ ⵜⴰ ⵓⵉⵏ ⴰⴾⴰⵍ ⵙ ⵉⵎⴰⵔⵓⴰⵙⴰⵏ ⴷ ⵜⴰⴷⵂⵉⵍⵜ. |
Cities figure prominently in traditional Western culture, appearing in the Bible in both evil and holy forms, symbolized by Babylon and Jerusalem. | Iⵎⵓⵛⴰⵔⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵉⴶⵗⴰⵔⵎⴰⵜⵢⵏ ⴷⴰⵗ ⴰⵜⵜⵔⵢⵆ ⵓⴰⵏ ⴾⵢⵍ ⴰⵜⴰⵔⴰⵎ ⵉⴾⵜⴰⴱⵏⵢⵏ ⴷⴰⵗ ⴰⵍⵉⵏⵣⵉⵍ ⴷⴰⵗ ⵉⵏⵏⵓⵗ ⵓⴰⵏ ⴰⵍⵛⵂⵉⵏ ⴷ ⵓⴰⵏ ⴰⵍⵓⵉⵍⵉ ⵉⵎⵓⵙⴰⵏ ⴱⴰⴱⵉⵍⵓⵏ ⴷ ⵋⵢⵔⵓⵣⴰⵍⵢⵎ |
Cities can be perceived in terms of extremes or opposites: at once liberating and oppressive, wealthy and poor, organized and chaotic. | ⵜⵉⴶⵂⴰⵔⵎⴰⵜⵢⵏ ⴰⴷⴷⵓⴱⴰⵜ ⵏⴰⵜ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵍⴰⵏⴰⵜ ⴰⴾⴰⵉⴰⴷ ⵉⵏⵜⴰⵎⴰⵏ ⵎⵢⴶⵂ ⵉ ⵉⵎⵍⴰⵍⵍⴰⵉⴰⵏ; ⴷⴰⴶⵂ ⵢⴷⴰⴶ ⵉⵉⵉⴰⵏ ⵢⵂⴰⴾ ⵉⵏ ⴰⵍⵆⵓⵔⵉⵉⴰ ⵎⴻⴶⵂ ⵉⵙⴰⴾⵏⵉⵏ ⴰⴶⵂⴰⵏⴰ, ⵢⵂⴰⵔⴻ ⴷ ⵜⵉⵍⵍⴰⵈⵉⵓⴰ ,ⵓⴶⵂⴰⴷⴰⵏ ⴷ ⵉⴼⵔⴰⴶⵂⴰⵏ |
This and other political ideologies strongly influence narratives and themes in discourse about cities. | ⵓⴻⵏ ⴷ ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵙⴰⵏ ⵉⵉⵉⴰⴷ ⵏ ⴼⵓⵍⵉⵜⵉⴾ ⵉⴾⵏⴰⵏ ⵜⴰⵔⵏⴰ ⵏ ⵎⴰⵋⵔⴰⴷ ⵉⵋⵋⴰⵏ ⴼⴰⵍ ⵜⵉⵗⴰⵔⵎⴰⵜⵢⵏ |
Classical and medieval literature includes a genre of descriptiones which treat of city features and history. | ⴰⴾⴰⵜⴰⴱ ⵓⴰⵏ ⴰⵎⴰⵔⴰⴷ ⴷ ⵓⴰⵏ ⴰⵔⵓ ⴰⵂⴰⵏ ⵜⵉ ⵉⴾⵉⵜⴱⴰⵏ ⵉⵋⵋⴰⵏⵢⵏ ⴼⴰⵍ ⵉⵛⵉⴾⵉⵍⴰⵏ ⵏ ⴰⵗⵔⵉⵎ ⴷ ⴰⵜⵜⵔⵢⵆ ⵏⵜ |
Other early cinematic representations of cities in the twentieth century generally depicted them as technologically efficient spaces with smoothly functioning systems of automobile transport. | Iⵙⴰⵎⵉⵍⴰⵏ ⵉⵉⵉⴰⴷ ⵓⵉ ⴰⵣⵣⴰⵏⵢⵏ ⵏ ⵙⵉⵏⵢⵎⴰ ⴷⴰⴶⵂ ⵜⵉⴶⵂⴰⵔⵎⴰⵜⵢⵏ ⴶⵂⵓⵔ ⴰⵓⴰⵜⴰⵉ ⵓⴰⵏ 1200 ⵉⴷⵍⴰⵋⴰⵏ ⵜⴰⵏ ⴰⵙ ⴰⵈⵈⴰⵍⴰⵏ ⵉⴷⴰⴶⴰⵏ ⵙ ⵜⵢⴾⵏⵓⵍⵓⵋⵉ ⵏⴰⵙⴰⵏ ⵜⵉⴷⴶⴰⵂ ⵉⴷ ⵙⵉⵙⵜⵢⵎ ⵜⴰⵏ ⵙⴰⵆⴷⴰⵎⵏⵢⵏ ⵜⵓⵔⴼⵢⵏ |
A country is a distinct territorial body or political entity (i.e. a nation). | ⴰⴷⴷⴰⵓⵍⴰ ⵜⴰⵈⵈⴰⵍ ⴰⴾⴰⵍ ⵉⵣⵍⴰⵉⴰⵏ ⵎⵢⴶⵂ ⵢⴷⴰⴶ ⵜⴰⵆⴾⴰⵎ ⴼⵓⵍⵉⵜⵉⴾ ( ⴰⵓⵓⵏ ⵉⵎⵓⵙ ⴰⴷⴷⵉⵏⴰⵜ ⵓⵍⴰⵂⵏⵢⵏ ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵙ) |
It is not inherently sovereign. | ⵓⴰⵔ ⵢⵈⵈⵢⵍ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵜⵔⴰⵏ ⴰⵍⵉⵙⵜⵢⵆⵍⴰⵍ |
The largest country in the world by geographical area is Russia, while the most populous is China, followed by India, the United States, Indonesia, Pakistan and Brazil. | ⵔⵓⵙⵙⵉⴰ ⵜⴰⵈⵈⴰⵍ ⴰⴷⴷⴰⵓⵍⴰ ⵜⴰ ⵜⵓⵋⵋⴰⵔⴰⵜ ⴷⴰⴶⵂ ⴰⵍⵗⴰⵍⵉⵎ ⵙ ⵋⵓⴶⵔⴰⴼⵉⴰ ⵏⵢⵜ ⴰⵙ ⵉⵋⵋⴰ ⴰⵓⴻⵏ ⵛⵂⵉⵏⴻ ⵜⴰⵈⵈⴰⵍ ⴰⴷⴷⴰⵓⵍⴰ ⵜⴰ ⵜⵓⵋⵋⴰⵔⴰⵜ ⴰⴷⴷⵉⵏⴰⵜ, ⵉⵍⴾⴰⵎ ⴰⵙ Iⵏⴷⵉⴰ, ⴰⵎⵔⵉⴾ, Iⵏⴷⵓⵏⵢⵙⵉⴰ, ⴱⴰⴾⵉⵙⵜⴰⵏ ⴷ ⴱⵔⴰⵣⵉⵍ |
In many European countries the words are used for sub-divisions of the national territory, as in the German Bundesländer, as well as a less formal term for a sovereign state. | ⴷⴰⵗ ⵉⴾⴾⴰⵍⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵢⵔⵓⴱⴰ ⴰⵋⵋⵓⵜⵏⵢⵏ ⵉⵙⵎⴰⵓⴰⵏ ⵉⵋⵋⴰⵏ ⵉ ⵜⵉⵣⵓⵏⴰⵓⵢⵏ ⵜⵉⵏ ⴰⵛⵔⵓⵜ ⵏ ⴰⴷⴷⴰⵓⵍⴰ ⵛⵂⵓⵏⴷ ⴱⵓⵏⴷⵢⵙⵍⴰⵏⴷⵢⵔ ⵓⴰⵏ ⵗⵢⵔⵎⴰⵏⵉ ⵓⴰⵔ ⵢⵈⵈⵢⵍ ⵉⵙⵉⵎ ⵙ ⵉⵜⴰⵓⴰⵗⵉⵔ ⵙ ⵉⵙⵉⵎ ⵓⴰⵏ ⴰⴾⴰⵍ ⵉⵍⴰⵏ ⴰⵍⵆⵓⵔⵉⵉⴰ |
"There is no universal agreement on the number of ""countries"" in the world since a number of states have disputed sovereignty status." | “ⵓⴰⵔ ⵜⵉ ⵉⵍⵍⴰ ⴰⵏⵉⴼⵂⴰⵎ ⴷⴰⴶⵂ ⴰⵍⵆⴰⵍⵉⵎ ⴼⴰⵍ ⵉⴷⴷⵉⴾⵓⴷ ⵏ “ⴰⴷⴷⴰⵓⵍⴰ ⵜⴰⵏ” ⴷⴰⴶⵂ ⴰⵍⴶⵂⴰⵍⵉⵎ ⴼⴰⵍ ⴰⵙ ⵉⴷⴷⵉⴾⵓⴷ ⵏ ⴰⴷⴷⴰⵓⵍⴰ ⵜⴰⵏ ⴰⵋⵋⵢⵏ ⵉⵋⵋⴰⵏ ⵜⴰⴾⴰⵍⵜ ⴼⴰⵍ ⵜⵓⵎⵓⵙⵜ ⵏ ⴰⵍⵉⵙⵜⵢⵆⴰⵍ” |
The degree of autonomy of non-sovereign countries varies widely. | ⴷⴻⴶⵔⵢ ⵓⴰⵏ ⴰⵍⵆⵢⵔⵉⵉⴰ ⵏ ⴰⴷⴷⴰⵓⵍⴰ ⵜⴰⵏ ⵜⵉ ⵏ ⵉⵋⵔⵢⵓ ⴰⵍⵆⵓⵔⵉⵉⴰ ⵏⴰⵙⵏⴰⵜ ⵉⵣⵍⴰⵉ ⴶⵂⵓⵔ ⴰⴷⴷⴰⵓⵍⴰ ⵙ ⵉⵉⵉⴰⵜ |
The report classifies country development based on per capita gross national income (GNI). | ⴰⵍⴾⴰⴷ ⵉⴼⵔⴰⵙ ⴰⵓⴰ ⵙ ⵉⵜⴰⵓⴰⵏ ⵢⴼⵢⵙ ⵏ ⴰⴷⴷⴰⵓⵍⴰ ⵙ ⴶⵔⵓⵙⵙ ⵏⴰⵜⵉⵓⵏⴰⵍ ⵉⵏⵛoⵎⴻ ( ⵗNI) |
The 2019 report recognizes only developed countries in North America, Europe, and Asia and the Pacific. | ⴰⵍⴾⴰⴷ ⵓⴰⵏ 2019 ⵢⵔⴷⴰ ⴰⵙ ⴰⴷⴷⴰⵓⵍⴰ ⵜⴰⵏ ⵜⵉⵏ ⴰⵎⵔⵉⴾ ⵜⴰⵏ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵙⵏⴰ , ⵉⵓⵔⵓⴱⵢ, ⴰⵙⵉⴰ ⴷ ⵜⵉⵏ ⴱⴰⵙⵉⴼⵉⴾ ⵗⵂⴰⵙ ⴰⵙ ⵉⵜⴰⵓⴰⵏ ⴰⴷⴷⴰⵓⵍⴰⵜ ⵜⴰⵏ ⵉⴼⴰⵙⵏⵢⵏ |
The World Bank defines its regions as East Asia and Pacific, Europe and Central Asia, Latin America and the Caribbean, Middle East and North Africa, North America, South Asia, and Sub-Saharan Africa. | ⴱⴰⵏⴾ ⵜⴰⵏ ⴰⵍⵗⴰⵍⵉⵎ ⴶⵂⵓⵔ ⵉⵙ ⵔⵢⵋⵉⵓⵏ ⵜⴰⵏ ⵜⵉⵏ ⴰⵙⵉⴰ ⵜⴰⵏ ⴰⵍⵈⴰⴱⵍⴰⵜ ⴷ ⵜⵉⵏ ⴱⴰⵙⵉⴼⵉⴾ, ⴻⵔⵓⴱⴰ ⴷ ⴰⵙⵉⴰ ⵜⴰⵏ ⴰⵎⵎⴰⵙ, ⴰⵎⵔⵉⴾ ⵍⴰⵜⵉⵏ ⴷ ⵛⴰⵔⵉⴱⴱⵢⴰⵏ, Mⵉⴷⴷⵍⵢ ⵢⴰⵙⵜ ⴷ ⴰⴼⵔⵉⴾⵉⵉⴰ ⵜⴰⵏ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵙⵏⴰ, ⴰⵎⵔⵉⴾ ⵜⴰⵏ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵙⵏⴰ, ⵙⵓⵓⵜⵂ ⴰⵙⵉⴰ ⴷ ⴰⴼⵔⵉⴾⵉⵉⴰ ⵜⴰⵏ ⵙⴰⵂⴰⵔⴰ |
Exploration is the act of searching for the purpose of discovery of information or resources, especially in the context of geography or space, rather than research and development that is usually not centred on earth sciences or astronomy. | ⴼⴰⵔⴰⴾ ⵓⴰⵔ ⵢⵈⵈⵢⵍ ⴰⵔ ⵉⵎⵓⵗ ⴷⴰⵗ ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵙ ⵏ ⴰⵋⵋⴰⵔⴰⵓ ⵏ ⵉⵙⴰⵍⴰⵏ ⵎⵢⵗ ⵜⵉⴷⴰⵔⴼⵉⵜⵢⵏ ⵜⵉⵏ ⴰⴾⴰⵍ ⵂⵓⵍⵍⴰⵏ ⴷⴰⵗ ⵜⴰⵍⵗⴰ ⵜⴰⵏ ⵋⵓⴶⵔⴰⴼⵉⴰ ⵎⵢⵗ ⵜⴰⵏ ⵉⵛⵉⵏⵏⴰⵓⴰⵏ ⵓⵂⵓⵏ ⵉⵎⵓⵗ ⴷ ⵢⴼⵢⵙ ⵓⴰⵔ ⴼⴰⵍ ⵉⵋⵋⵢⵏ ⵙⵛⵉⵢⵏⵛⵢ ⵜⴰⵏ ⴰⴾⴰⵍ ⵎⵢⵗ ⵙⵛⵉⵢⵏⵛⵢ ⵜⴰⵏ ⴰⴾⴰⵉⴰⴷ ⴷⴰⵗ ⵢⵜⵔⴰⵏ |
Only the one done by emperor Nero seemed to be a preparative for the conquest of Ethiopia or Nubia: in 62 AD two legionaries explored the sources of the Nile river. | ⵓⴰ ⵉⵋⵋⴰⵏ ⵎⴱⵔⵓⵔ ⵏⵢⵔo ⵗⴰⵙ ⴰ ⴻⵈⵈⴰⵍⴰⵏ ⴰⵙⵉⵍⵎⵉⴷ ⵙ ⴰⵙⵉⴷⵓ ⵉ ⴰⵔⴰⵎⴰⵙ ⵓⴰⵏ ⴻⵜⵂⵉⵓⴱⵉⴰ ⵎⵢⵗ ⵏⵓⴱⵉⴰ: ⵢⴰⵗ ⴰⵓⴰⵜⴰⵉ ⵓⴰⵏ 62 ⴷⴰⵜⴰⵜ ⴰⵏⵏⴰⴱⵉ ⵗⵉⵙⴰ ,ⵉⵍⴰⵏ ⵜⵉ ⵉⵙⵙⵉⵏ ⵉⵎⴰⵙⵙⵓⴾⴰⵍ ⵉⵜⵜⴰⵔⵏⵢⵏ ⵜⵉⴷⴰⵔⴼⵉⵜⴻⵢ ⵏ ⴰⴾⴰⵍ ⵗⵓⵔ ⵢⵋⴰⵔⵢⵓ ⵓⴰⵏ ⵏⵉⵍⴻ |
The Romans also organized several explorations into Northern Europe, and explored as far as China in Asia. | ⵆⵢⵍ ⵔⵓⵎⴰ ⵜⴰⵏ ⵉⵋⵋⴰⵏ ⵙⴰⴷⴷⵢⴶⵂ ⴼⴰⵔⴰⴾ ⴰⵋⵋⵢⵏ ⴷⴰⵗ ⵉⵢⵔ ⴰⴱⴰ ⵜⴰⵏ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵙⵏⴰ ⵜⵓⵍⴰⵙ ⵢⵓⴰⴷⴰⵏ ⵂⴰⵔ ⵛⵂⵉⵏⵢ ⴷⴰⵗ ⴰⵙⵉⴰ |
100 AD-166 AD Romano-Chinese relations begin. | ⴷⴰⵗ 100 ⵏ ⴰⵓⴰⵜⴰⵉ ⵂⴰⵔ 166 ⵏ ⴰⵓⴰⵜⴰⵉ ⴷⴰⵜⴰ ⴰⵏⵏⴰⴱⵉ ⵗⵉⵙⴰ ⴰⵍⵓⴰⵈ ⵓⵢⵏ ⴷⴰⵗ ⴰⴷ ⵜⵉⵙⵙⵉⵏⵜⴰ ⵜⵉⵎⵎⵉⴷⵓⵓⴰ ⵜⴰⵏ ⵔⵓⵎⴰ ⴷ ⵛⵂⵉⵏⵢ |
The key invention to their exploration was the outrigger canoe, which provided a swift and stable platform for carrying goods and people. | ⴰ ⵓⴰ ⵉⴷ ⵢⵔⴰⵓ ⴼⴰⵔⴰⴾ ⵏⴰⵙⵏⴰⵜ ⵉⵏⵜⴰ ⵙ ⴱⴰⵜⵓ ⵜⴰ ⵙ ⵉⵜⴰⵓⴰⵏ ⵛⴰⵏⵓⵢ ⵢⵈⵈⴰⵍⴰⵏ ⵜⵓⵔⵓⴼⵜ ⵜⴰⵏ ⵉⵍⴰⵍⴰⵏ ⴷ ⴰⴷⴷⵉⵏⴰⵜ |
2011 studies at Wairau Bar in New Zealand show a high probability that one origin was Ruahine Island in the Society Islands. | Iⵎⵓⴶⵂⴰⵏ ⵓⵉⵏ 2011 ⴷⴰⴶⵂ ⵓⴰⵉⵔⴰⵓ ⴱⵏⴱⴰⵔ ⴷⴰⴶⵂ ⴰⴾⴰⵍ ⵓⴰⵏ ⵏⵢⵓ ⵤⵢⴰⵍⴰⵏⴷ ⵉⵙⵉⴾⵏⴰ ⴰⵙ ⵓⴰⵔ ⵢⵂⴰ ⴰⵛⵂ-ⴰⴾ ⴰⵙ ⴰⵓⴰ ⴷⴰⴶⵂ ⵉⴷ ⵉⴶⵂⵏⴰ ⵢⵈⵈⴰⵍ ⵔⵓⴰⵂⵉⵏⵢ Iⵙⵍⴰⵏⴷ ⴷⴰⴶⵂ ⵙⵓⵛⵉⵢⵜⵉ Iⵙⵍⴰⵏⵙⴷ |
There are cultural and language similarities between Cook Islanders and New Zealand Maori. | Iⵍⴰⵏ ⵙⴰⵎⴰⵍⴰⵏ ⴰⴶⵏⴰ ⴷ ⴰⵓⴰⵍ ⵓⵍⴰⵂⵏⵢⵏ ⵋⵉⵔ ⵛⵓⵓⴾ Iⵙⵍⴰⵏⴷⵢⵔⵙ ⴷ ⵏⵢⵓ ⵌⵢⴰⵍⴰⵏⴷ ⵎⴰⵓⵔⵉ |
During 1328–1333, he sailed along the South China Sea and visited many places in Southeast Asia and reached as far as South Asia, landing in Sri Lanka and India, and he even went to Australia. | ⵋⵉⵔ ⴰⵓⴰⵜⴰⵉ ⵓⴰⵏ 1328 ⵂⴰⵔ 1333, ⵉⵙⵙⴰⴶⵂⵍⴰⵉ ⴼⴰⵍ ⴰⵎⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵙⵢⵓⵜⵂ ⵛⵂⵉⵏⴰ ⵜⵓⵍⴰⵙ ⵓⵙⴰ ⵉⴷⴰⵋⴰⵏ ⴰⵋⵋoⵜⵏⴻⵏ ⴷⴰⴶⵂ ⴰⵋⴰⵍⴰ-ⴷⴰⴶⵂ-ⴰⵍⵈⴰⴱⵍⴰⵜ ⵏ ⴰⵙⵉⴰ ⴷⵉⵂⴻⵏ ⵓⵙⴰ ⵂⴰⵔ ⵙⵓⵓⵜⵂ ⴰⵙⵉⴰ, ⴰⵣⵣⵓⴱⴰⵜ ⴷⴰⴶⵂ ⵙⵔⵉ ⵍⴰⵏⴾⴰ ⴷ Iⵏⴷⵉⴰ ⵜⵓⵍⴰⵙ ⵓⵙⴰ ⵂⴰⵔ ⴰⵓⵙⵜⵔⴰⵍⵉⴰ |
Portugal and Spain dominated the first stages of exploration, while other European nations followed, such as England, Netherlands, and France. | ⴱⵓⵔⵜⵓⴶⴰⵍ ⴷ ⵙⴱⴰⵏⵉⴰ ⵓⵔⵏⴰⵏ ⴷⴰⵗ ⵜⵉⵛⵉⵍⵢⵏ ⴰⵣⵣⴰⵔⵏⵢⵏ ⵏ ⴼⴰⵔⴰⴾ ⴰⵍⵓⴰⵈ ⵓⵢⵏ ⴷⴰⵗ ⴰ ⵂⴰⵙⴰⵏ ⵉⵍⴾⴰⵎⴰⵏ ⴰⴷⴷⴰⵓⵍⴰ ⵜⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵢⵔⵓⴱⴰ ⵜⵉⵉⵉⴰⴷ ⵛⵂⵓⵓⴷ ⵢⵏⴶⵍⴰⵏⴷ, ⵏⵢⵂⵢⵔⵍⴰⵏⴷⵙ ⴷ ⴼⵔⴰⵏⵛⵢ |
The extreme conditions in the deep sea require elaborate methods and technologies to endure them. | ⵜⴰⵍⵗⵉⵓⵢⵏ ⵉⵙⵙⵓⵂⴰⵜⵏⵢⵏ ⵏ ⵢⵋⴰⵔⵢⵓ ⵛⵂⴰⵋⵔⵢⵏ ⵉⵏⵂⴰⵋⵋⴰⵏⴰⵜ ⵉⴷ ⵜⵉⴾⴰⵔⵙⵉⵓⵢⵏ ⴷ ⵜⴻⴾⵏⵓⵍⵓⵋⵉ ⵜⴰⵏ ⵂⴰⵙ ⵏⴰⵜ ⴰⴷⴷⵓⴱⴰⵜ ⵏⵢⵏ |
An administrative subdivision, instead, is understood to be a division of a state proper. | ⴰⴾⴰⵍ ⵏ ⴰⵍⵆⴰⴾⵓⵎ ⴰⵏⴷⴰⵔⵔⴰⵏ ⵉⵎⵓⵙ ⴰⵛⵔⵓⵜ ⵏ ⴰⴷⴷⴰⵓⵍⴰ |
The dependent territories that currently remain in the world today generally maintain a very high degree of political autonomy. | Iⴾⴰⵍⵍⴰⵏ ⴰⵂⴰⵏⵢⵏ ⴰⵍⵉⵙⵜⵢⵗⵎⴰⵔ ⵜⵉ ⵉⵍⵍⴰⵏⵢⵏ ⴷⴰⵗ ⴰⵍⵗⴰⵍⵉⵎ ⴰⵛⵂⴰⵍ ⵉⴷ ⵉⵍⴰⵏ ⴷⵢⴶⵔⵢ ⵎⴰⵈⵈⵓⵔⴰⵜ ⴷⴰⵗ ⴰⵍⵉⵙⵜⵢⵆⵍⴰⵍ ⵏⴰⵙⴰⵏ ⵓⴰⵏ ⴼⵓⵍⵉⵜⵉⴾ |
Cook Islands' status is considered to be equivalent to independence for international law purposes, and the country exercises full sovereignty over its internal and external affairs. | ⵜⵉⵛⵉⵜ ⵜⴰⵏ ⵛⵓⵓⴾ Iⵙⴰⵏⴷⵙ ⵜⵓⴶⴷⴰⵂ ⵉⴷ ⴰⵍⵉⵙⵜⵢⵆⵍⴰⵍ ⴼⴰⵍ ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵙⴰⵏ ⵏ ⴰⵛⴰⵔⵢⵗⴰ ⵓⴰⵏ ⵋⵉⴻ ⵉⴾⴰⵍⵍⴰⵏ, ⵜⵓⵍⴰⵙ ⴰⴷⴷⴰⵓⵍⴰ ⵉⵍⴰ ⵜⴰⵏⴰⵜ ⴼⵓⴾ ⴼⴰⵍ ⵜⵉⵎⴰⵛⵗⵓⵍⵓⵏ ⵏⵓⵜ ⵜⵉⵏ ⴰⵎⵎⴰⵙ ⵂⴰⴾ ⵉⴷ ⵜⵉⵏ ⵢⴱⴰⵔⵉⴷ |
Under the terms of the free association agreement, however, New Zealand retains some responsibility for the foreign relations and defence of Niue. | ⵗⵓⵔ ⴰⵏⵉⴼⵂⴰⵎ ⵓⴰⵏ ⵜⴰⴶⴰⵉⵢⵏ ⵉⵏ ⴰⵍⵆⵓⵔⵉⵉⴰ, ⵏⵢⵓ ⵌⵢⵍⴰⵏⴷ ⵜⵉⵜⵜⴰⴼ ⵉⵛⴰⵔⴰⵋⴰⵏ ⵉⵉⵉⴰⴷ ⴷⴰⴶⵂ ⵜⴰⵎⵎⵉⴷⵓⵓⴰ ⵜⴰⵏ ⵋⵉⵔ ⴰⴷⴷⴰⵓⵍⴰⵜ ⵜⴰⵏ ⴷ ⴰⴶ-ⴰⵣ ⵏ ⵏⵉⵓⵢ |
This list is generally limited to entities that are either subject to an international treaty on their status, uninhabited, or have a unique level of autonomy and are largely self-governing in matters other than international affairs. | ⵍⵉⵙⵜ ⵜⴰ ⴷⴰⴶⵂ ⵓⴰⵔ ⵜⴰⵈⵈⵢⵍ ⴶⵂⴰⵙ ⵉⴾⴰⵍⵍⴰⵏ ⵓⵉ ⴰⵛⴰⵔⵢⵗⴰ ⵓⴰⵏ ⴰⵍⵗⴰⵍⵉⵎ ⴼⴰⵍ ⵜⵉⵛⵉⵜ ⵏⴰⵙⴰⵏ, ⵉⴱⴰⵏ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵣⵓⵈ ⵏⴰⵙⴰⵏ ⵜⵓⵍⴰⵙ ⵓⴶⴷⴰⵂⴰⵏ ⴷⴰⴶⵂ ⴰⵍⵉⵙⵜⵢⵆⴰⵍ ⴷⴰⴶⵂ ⴰⵙ ⴰⵆⴾⴰⵎⴰⵏ ⵂⵓⵍⵍⴰⵏ ⴷⴰⵗ ⵂⴰⵔⴰⵜⴰⵏ ⵏⴰⵙⴰⵏ ⵓⵂⵓⵏ ⵓⵉⵏ ⴰⴷⴷⴰⵓⵍⴰ ⵜⴰⵏ ⵉⵉⵉⴰⴷ |
They are independently administrated jurisdictions, although the British Government is solely responsible for defense and international representation and has ultimate responsibility for ensuring good government. | ⴰⵈⵈⴰⵍⴰⵏ ⴼⵓⴾ ⵏⴰⵙⴰⵏ ⵉⴾⴰⵍⵍⴰⵏ ⴰⵆⴾⴰⵎⵏⵢⵏ ⴷⴰⵗ ⵉⵎⴰⵏ ⵏⴰⵙⴰⵏ ⵙ ⵉⵎⵎⵉⴾ ⵓⴰ ⴰⵔⵂⴰⵏ ⴾⵓⴷⴷⴻⵗ ⴰⵙ ⴰⵍⵆⴰⴾⵓⵎ ⵓⴰⵏ ⴱⵔⵉⵜⴰⵏⵉⴰ ⵉⵏⵜⴰ ⴰ ⴰⵓⵉⴾⴾⴰⵍ ⴰⵓⴰ ⵉⴷ ⴻⵈⵈⴰⵍⴰⵏ ⴰⴶ-ⴰⵣ ⴷ ⵜⴰⵏⴰⵎⵎⵢⵋⵔⵉⵜ ⴷⴰⴶⵂ ⵉⵙⴰⵍⴰⵏ ⵓⵉⵏ ⵉⵋⵉⵔ ⵉⴾⴰⵍⴰⵏ ⴷ ⴰⵓⵉⴾⵉⵍ ⵏ ⴰⵍⵆⴰⴾⵓⵎ ⵓⵍⴰⵗⴰⵏ |
No crown dependency has representation in the U.K. Parliament. | ⵓⴰⵔ ⵜⵉⵍⵍⴰ ⵜⴰⴾⴰⴱⵓⵍⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⵉⵛⴰⵛⴾⴰⵜ ⵜⴰ ⵜⵉⵍⴰⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⴰⵎⵎⵢⵋⵔⵉⵜ ⴷⴰⵗ ⵢⵂⴰⵏ ⴷⵉⴱⵉⵜⵉ ⵜⴰⵏ ⵓⴰⵏ U. |
New Zealand and its dependencies share the same governor-general and constitute one monarchic realm. | ⵏⵢⵓ ⵤⵢⴰⵍⴰⵏⴷ ⴷ ⴰⴷⴷⴰⵓⵍⴰⵜ ⵓⵉ ⵜⴰⵆⴾⴰⵎ ⵓⵂⴰⵔⴰⵏ ⵗⴰⴼⴰⵔ ⵜⵓⵍⴰⵙ ⵜⴰⵈⵈⴰⵍ ⴰⵍⵎⴰⵍⵉⴾⵉⵉⴰ ⵉⵉⵉⴰⵜ |
The mutually negotiated Covenant to Establish a Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana Islands (CNMI) in Political Union with the United States was approved in 1976. | ⵆⵓⵏⵜⵔⴰ ⵓⴰ ⴼⴰⵍ ⵜⵉⵋⵋⴰ ⵜⴰⵔⵉⴷⴰⵓⵜ ⵉ ⴰⵙⵉⴷⵉ ⵏ ⵛⵓⵎⵎⵓⵏⵓⵢⴰⵍⵜⵂ ⵓⴰⵏ ⵎⴰⵔⵉⴰⵏⴰ Iⵙⵍⴰⵏⴷⵙ ⵜⴰⵏ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵙⵏⴰ (ⵛNMI) ⴷⴰⴶⵂ ⵜⴰⵔⵜⵉⵜ ⵜⴰⵏ ⴼⵓⵍⵉⵜⵉⴾ ⵉⴷ ⴰⵎⵔⵉⴾ ⵢⵛⵓⴰⵍ ⵗⵓⵔ ⴰⵓⴰⵜⴰⵉ ⵓⴰⵏ 1976 |
This is a constant source of ambiguity and confusion when trying to define, understand, and explain Puerto Rico's political relationship with the United States. | ⴰⵓⵢⵏ ⴻⵈⵈⴰⵍ ⵂⴰⵔⴰⵜ ⵉⴷ ⵉⵜⴰⵔⴰⵓⴰⵏ ⵜⵢⵓⴰⵗⵏⵢ ⵏ ⵢⵗⴰⴼ ⴰⵍⵓⴰⵈ ⵓⴰ ⵉⴷ ⴻⵔⵔⴰⵎ ⴰⵓⴰⴷⵉⵎ ⴰⴷ ⵢⵍⵍⴰⵗⴰⵜ, ⵉⴼⵂⵉⵎ ⴷⵉⵂⵢⵏ ⴻⴼⴰⵙⵙⴰⵔ ⵜⴰⵎⵎⵉⴷⵓⵓⴰ ⵏ ⴼⵓⵍⵉⵜⵉⴾ ⵜⴰⵏ ⴱⵓⵢⵔⵜⵓ ⵔⵉⵛⵓ ⵉⴷ ⴰⵎⵔⵉⴾ |
"However, the status of its ""constituent countries"" in the Caribbean (Aruba, Curaçao, and Sint Maarten) can be considered akin to dependencies or ""associated non-independent states.""" | “ⵂⴰⴾ ⵉⴷ ⵉⵋⵋⴰ ⴰⵓⵢⵏ, ⵜⵉⵛⵉⵜ ⵜⴰⵏ ““ ⴰⴷⴷⴰⵓⵍⴰ ⵜⴰⵏ ⴰⵔⵜⴰⵉⵏⵢⵏ”” ⴷⴰⵗ ⵛⴰⵔⵉⴱⴱⴻⴰⵏ ( ⴰⵔⵓⴱⴰ, ⵛⵓⵔⴰⵛⴰⵓ ⴷ ⵙⵉⵏⵜ ⵎⴰⴰⵔⵜⵢⵏ) ⵓⵍⴰⵂⴰⵏ ⵉⴷ ⴰⴷⴷⴰⵓⵍⴰ ⵜⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵉⵎⴰⴷⵂⴰⵍⵏⴻⵏ ⵎⵢⴶⵂ ““ⴰⴷⴷⴰⵓⵍⴰⵜ ⵜⴰⵏ ⴰⵔⵜⴰⵉⵏⵢⵏ ⵓⴰⵔ ⵏ ⵉⴾⵔⵢⵛ ⴰⵍⵉⵙⵜⴻⵆⵍⴰⵍ ⵏⴰⵙⵏⴰⵜ”” |
Borders are geographic boundaries, imposed either by geographic features such as oceans, or by arbitrary groupings of political entities such as governments, sovereign states, federated states, and other subnational entities. | ⵜⴰⴶⴰⵍⴰⵍⵓⵢⵜ ⵎⴰⵈⵓⵔⵜ ⵙ ⵢⵙⵎⴰ ⵏⵉⵜ Orthdrome ,ⵜⵢⵍⴰⵜ ⴰⵔⵓⵔⵢ ⵢⵈⴰⵍⴰⵏ ⵓⴰⵏ ⵜⴰⵎⵓⵈⴰⵙⵜ ⵏ ⴰⵔⵓⵔⵢ ⴷ ⴰⴱⵢⵓⵏ ⵜⵢ ⴰⴾⵏⴰⵏⵢⵏ ⴷⵗ ⴰⵎⴰⵙ ⵏ ⵜⴰⵜⴱⴰⵈⵢⵜ ⵜⴰⵏ ⴰⵔⵓⵔⵢ |
Most external borders are partially or fully controlled, and may be crossed legally only at designated border checkpoints and border zones may be controlled. | Iⵋⵋⵉⵜ ⵏ ⴰⵍⵆⴰⴷⵓⴷⴰⵏ ⵓⵉⵏ ⴻⴱⴰⵔⵉⴷ ⵉⵜⵉⵓⴰⵋⵋⴰ ⴰⵏⵏⵉⵉⴰⵜ ⴰⵏⴷⴰⵔⵔⴰⵏ ⵎⵢⵗ ⵙ ⴰⵙⵙⴰⵂⴰⵜ ⵜⵢⵍⴰⵙ ⵜⴰⵋⵋⴰⵛⴰⵏ ⴰⴷⴷⵉⵏⴰⵜ ⴷⴰⵗ ⴰⵛⴰⵔⵢⵗⴰ ⴶⵂⵓⵔ ⵛⵂⵢⴾⴱⵓⵉⵏⵜ ⵜⴰⵏ ⵏ ⴰⵍⵆⴰⴷⵓⴷ ⴷⵉⵂⵢⵏ ⴷⴰⵗ ⴰⴷ ⴰⵓⵉⴾⴰⵍⴰⵏ ⴰⵍⵆⴰⴷⵓⴷⴰⵏ |
Most countries have some form of border control to regulate or limit the movement of people, animals, and goods into and out of the country. | ⴰⵛ-ⴰⵎ ⵏ ⴰⴷⴷⴰⵓⵍⴰ ⵜⴰⵏ ⵉⵍⴰⵏⴰⵜ ⵉⵛⵉⴾⵉⵍ ⵏ ⴰⵓⵉⴾⴾⵉⵍ ⵓⴰⵏ ⴰⵍⵆⴰⴷⵓⴷⴰⵏ ⵏⴰⵙⴰⵏ ⴼⴰⵍ ⴰⵙⴰⵙⵙⴰⵔⵂⵓ ⵎⴻⵗ ⴰⴼⴰⵏⴰⵣ ⵏ ⵉⵎⵉⵜⵉⴾⵓⵉⵉⴰⵏ ⵏ ⴰⴷⴷⵉⵏⴰⵜ , ⴰⵔⵔⵉⵣⵢⵋ ⴷ ⵉⴰⵍⴰⵏ ⵙ ⵢⴱⴰⵔⵉⴷ ⵏ ⴰⴾⴰⵍ |