Tamazight-NLP/NLLB-Seed_Tamasheq-Tifinagh-Script huggingface dataset:
English: Despite a frantic steelwork construction pace of about four floors per week, no workers died during the construction of the skyscraper's steelwork.
Tamasheq: ⵎⴰⵛⴰⵏ ⴷⴰⵗ ⴰⵎⵉⴾ ⴰⵏ ⵜⵢⴱⴰⴷⵢ ⴰⵏ ⵜⴰⵎⵓⵈⵓⵏⵜ ⵜⴰⵏ ⵜⴰⵔⵜⵉⵜ ⴰⵏ ⵜⵉⵣⵓⵍⵉⵉⴰⵓⵉⵏⵢⵏ ⵉⵓⴰⴷⵏⵢⵏ ⵉⴾⵓⵣ ⵂⵉⵏⴰⵏ ⴷⴰⵗ ⴰⵙⴰ ⵂⴰⴷⴰⵏ, ⵓⴰⵍⴰ ⵉⵉⴰⵏ ⵢⵎⴰⵛⴰⵗⴰⵍ ⵓⴰⵔⵜⴰⴱⴰ ⴷⴰⵗ ⵓⴶⵓⴷ ⵓⴰⵏ ⵜⴰⵎⵓⵈⵓⵏⵜ ⵜⴰ ⵜⴰⵔⵜⵉⵜ ⵜⴰⵏ ⵜⵉⵣⵓⵍⵉⵉⴰⵓⵉⵏⵢⵏ ⵜⴰⵏ ⴰⴾⵉⵔⴾⵉⵔ-ⴰⵏ ⵛⵉⵏⴰⵓⴰⵏ.
English: 40 Wall Street and the Chrysler Building started competing for the distinction of "world's tallest building".
Tamasheq: "40 ⴰⵏ ⵓⴰⵍⵍ ⵙⵜⵔⵢⵢⵜ ⴰⴷ ⵛⵂⵔⵉⵙⵍⵢⵔ ⴱⵓⵉⵍⴷⵉⵏⴶ ⴰⴷⴰⵗ ⴰⵙⵉⵏⵜⴰⵏⴰⵜ ⵎⴰⴶⵔⴰⴷ ⴼⴰⵍ ⵜⴰⴱⵉⴷⴰⵓⵜ ⴰⵏ ""ⵏⵢⵂⴰⵏ ⵓⴰ ⵓⴶⴰⵔⴰⵏ ⵜⴰⵎⵗⵉⵔⵢ ⴷⴰⵗ ⴰⴷⵓⵏⵉⵉⴰⵜ"".
English: On October 23, 1929, one week after surpassing the Woolworth Building's height and one day before the catastrophic Wall Street Crash of 1929 started, the spire was assembled.
Tamasheq: ⴷⴰⵗ 23 ⵓⴰⵜⵓⴱⵔⵢ 1929, ⴰⵙⴰ ⵂⴰⴷⴰⵏ ⴷⴰⵔⴰⵜ ⵓⴾⵓⵉ ⴰⵏ ⵜⵢⴱⴰⴷⵢ ⵜⴰⵏ ⵓⵓⵓⵍⵓⴰⵔⵜⵂ ⴱⵓⵉⵍⴷⵉⵏⴶ ⴰⴷ ⴰⵛⴰⵍ ⵉⵉⴰⵏ ⴷⴰⵜ ⵙⴰⵏⵜⵓ ⵏⴰⵙⵓⵗⵙⵉⴷ ⵏⴰⵗⴰⵛⴰⴷ ⵓⴰⵏ ⵓⴰⵍⵍ ⵙⵜⵔⵢⵢⵜ ⵓⴰⵏ 1929, ⴰⵎⵓⵔ ⵢⵈⴰⵍ ⴰⵉⵢⵔⵜⴰⵉⴰⵏ.
English: Even the New York Herald Tribune, which had virtually continuous coverage of the tower's construction, did not report on the spire's installation until days after the spire had been raised.
Tamasheq: ⵏⵢⵓ ⵗⵓⵔⴾ ⵂⵢⵔⴰⵍⴷ ⵟⵔⵉⴱⵓⵏⵢ ⵢⵎⴰⵏⵢⵙ, ⵓⴰⵉⴶⴰⵏ ⵜⴰⵛⴰⵔⵜ ⵙⴰⵛⵓⴰⵔ ⵉⴾⴰ ⴰⵙⴷⴰⵜ ⴰⵏ ⵜⴰⵎⵓⵈⵓⵏⵜ ⵜⴰⵏ ⴰⵗⴰⵍⴰⵉ, ⴰⵙⴰⵏ ⴷⴰⵗ ⵉⴶⵉ ⵓⴰⵏ ⴰⵎⵓⵔ ⴰⵙ ⵂⴰⵔⴰⵜ ⴰⵏ ⵂⴰⴷⴰⵏ ⴷⴰⵔⴰⵜ ⵜⴰⵓⴰⴼ ⴰⵏⵢⵙ.
English: In the lobby of the building, a bronze plaque that read "in recognition of Mr. Chrysler's contribution to civic advancement" was unveiled.
Tamasheq: ⴷⴰⵗ ⵂⴰⵍⵍ ⵓⴰⵏ ⵙⵓⵍⵓ, ⵜⴰⵙⵓⵉⴼ ⵜⴰⵏ ⴱⵓⴾⵓ ⵉⵓⴰⵔ ⴰⵎⵉⴾ "ⴷⴰⵗ ⵜⴰⵎⵓⵣⵉⵢ ⴰⵏ ⵜⴰⵎⵓⵈⵓⵏⵜ ⵜⴰⵏ ⵎ.ⵛⵂⵔⵉⵙⵍⵢⵔ ⴷⴰⵗ ⵉⴾⵉ ⵏⴰⵙⴷⴰⵜ ⴰⵏ ⵜⴰⵔⵜⵉⵜ"ⵢⵈⴰⵍ ⴰⵜⵓⴰⵏⴰⵏ.
English: The Chrysler Building was appraised at $14 million, but was exempt from city taxes per an 1859 law that gave tax exemptions to sites owned by the Cooper Union.
Tamasheq: ⵛⵂⵔⵉⵙⵍⵢⵔ ⴱⵓⵉⵍⴷⵉⵏⴶ ⵢⵈⴰⵍ ⴰⵓⵉⴷⴰⵏ ⴰⵙ 14 ⵎⵉⵍⵍⵉⵓⵏⵜⴰⵏ ⴰⵏ ⴷⵓⵍⵍⴰⵔⵙ, ⵎⴰⵛⴰⵏ ⵢⵈⴰⵍ ⴰⵙⵉⴾⵏⴰⵏ ⵍⴰⵎⴷⵓ ⵏⴰⵗⵔⵎ ⵉⵢ ⴰⵙⵓⵂⵓⵙⴾⵓ ⵏⴰⵛⵉⵔⵉⵗⴰ ⵓⴰⵏ 1859 ⵢⵔⴷⴰⵏ ⴰⴷⵉⵙⵉⴼⵉⵍ ⵍⴰⵎⴷⵓ ⵉⵢ ⴷⴰⴶⴰⵏ ⴰⵍⴰⵏ ⵛⵓⵓⴱⵢⵔ ⵓⵏⵉⵓⵏ.
English: Van Alen's satisfaction at these accomplishments was likely muted by Walter Chrysler's later refusal to pay the balance of his architectural fee.
Tamasheq: ⵜⵉⴶⵉⴷⴰⵂⵜ ⵜⴰⵏ ⴱⴰⵏ ⴰⵍⵢⵏ ⴼⴰⵍ ⵉⴶⵉⵜⴰⵏⵢⵙ ⴰⵏ ⵏⴰⵙⵉⴱⴰⴱⴰⵏ ⵢⵈⴰⵍ ⴰⵉⴶⵎⴰⴷ ⴰⵙⴰⵂⴰⵜ ⴼⴰⵍ ⵜⵓⵏⴶⵉⵜ ⴷⴰⵗ ⴰⴼⴰⵍⴰ ⴰⵏ ⵓⴰⵍⵜⵢⵔ ⵛⵂⵔⵉⵙⵍⵓ ⵢⵔ ⵉⴰ ⴷⵉⵣⵉⵍ ⵂⴰⴷⵉ ⵏⴰⵍⵓⴰⵈ ⵏⴰⵛⵉⵗⵉⵍ ⴰⵏⵢⵙ.
English: However, the lawsuit against Chrysler markedly diminished Van Alen's reputation as an architect, which, along with the effects of the Great Depression and negative criticism, ended up ruining his career.
Tamasheq: ⴰⴶⵓⴷⵢⵏⴷⴰⵗ, ⴰⵛⵉⵔⵉⵗⴰ ⴰⵙⵓⵂⵢⵏ ⵓⴰⵏ ⵛⵂⵔⵉⵙⵍⵢⵔ ⴰⵙⵉⵏⵜⴰ ⵙⴰ ⵓⵗⴰⴷⴰⵏ ⵏⴰⵏⵎⴰⵗⵏⴰ ⵓⴰⵏ ⴱⴰⵏ ⴰⵍⵢⵏ ⴰⵙ ⵢⵈⴰⵍ ⵢⵎⴰⵛⴰⵗⴰⵍ, ⵎⴰⵎⴰⵙ, ⴷⴰⵔ ⵍⴰⵍⴰⵏ ⵓⴰⵏ ⵟⴰⵎⴰⵈⴰⵔⴰⵜ ⵟⴰⵎⴰⴶⵔⵉⵣⵜ ⴰⴷ ⵜⴰⵣⵎⵉⵜⵢⵏ ⴰⵋⴰⵔⵏⵢⵏ, ⴰⵙⵎⴰⵏⴷⴰ ⴷⴰⵗ ⴰⵗⴰⵛⴰⴷ ⵏⴰⵛⵉⵗⵉⵍ ⴰⵏⵢⵙ.
English: In 1944, the corporation filed plans to build a 38-story annex to the east of the building, at 666 Third Avenue.
Tamasheq: ⴷⴰⵗ 1944, ⵜⴰⵔⵜⵉⵜ ⵜⴰⵙⵉⵏⵙⴰ ⴰⴷⴰⴱⴰⵔⴰⵜⴰⵏ ⴼⴰⵍ ⵓⵗⵉⵏ ⴰⵏ ⵓⴰ ⵙⴰⵙⵉⵏ ⴰⵏ 38 ⵉⵂⵉⵏⴰⵏ ⴷⴰⵗ ⴰⵍⵈⵉⴱⵍⴰⵜ ⴰⵏ ⵏⴰⵂⴰⵏ, ⴷⴰⵗ 666 ⴰⵏ ⵓⴰⵙⴾⴰⵔⴰⴷ ⵜⴰⴷⴰⴱⴰⵉⵜ.
English: The stone for the original building was no longer manufactured, and had to be specially replicated.
Tamasheq: ⵜⴰⵂⵓⵏ ⵜⴰⵏ ⵢⵂⴰⵏ ⵓⴰⵏ ⵙⴰⵏⵜo ⴰⴱⴰⵙ ⵜⴰⵈⴰⵍ ⴰⵉⵜⴰⵓⴰⴶⵢⵏ.ⵟⴰⵂⵓⵏ ⵜⴰⵏ ⵢⵂⴰⵏ ⵓⴰⵏ ⵙⴰⵏⵜⵓ ⴰⴱⴰⵙ ⵜⴰⵈⴰⵍ ⴰⵉⵜⴰⵓⴰⴶⵢⵏ.
English: The family sold the building in 1953 to William Zeckendorf for its assessed price of $18 million.
Tamasheq: ⵜⵢⵔⵓⵢ ⵜⴰⵛⵉⵏⵛⴰⵂⵉⴷ ⵢⵂⴰⵏⵢⵙ ⴷⴰⵗ 1953 ⵉⵢ ⵓⵉⵍⵍⵉⴰⵎ ⵤⵢⴰⴾⵢⵏⴷⵓⵔⵜ ⴼⴰⵍ ⴰⵍⵂⴰⴾ ⴰⵓⵉⴷⴰⵏ ⴰⵙ 18 ⵎⵉⵍⵍⵉⵓⵏⵜⴰⵏ ⴰⵏ ⴷⵢⵍⵍⴰⵔⵙ.
English: At the time, it was reported to be the largest real estate sale in New York City's history.
Tamasheq: ⴷⴰⵗ ⵢⵂⴰⵏⵉⵏ, ⴰⵎⵓⵙ ⵓⴰ ⵓⴶⴰⵔⴰⵏ ⵜⴰⵎⵗⵉⵔⵢ ⵏⴰⵙⵓⴾ ⴰⵏ ⵜⴰⵎⵓⵈⵓⵏⵢⵏ ⴷⴰⵗ ⴰⵓⴰ ⴷⵓⴾⴰⵉⴰⵏ ⴷⴰⵗ ⴰⵗⵔⵉⵎ ⵓⴰⵏ ⵏⵢⵓ ⵗⵓⵔⴾ.
English: In 1961, the building's stainless steel elements, including the needle, crown, gargoyles, and entrance doors, were polished for the first time.
Tamasheq: ⴷⴰⵗ 1961, ⵂⴰⵔⴰⵜⴰⵏ ⵓⴰⵏ ⵜⴰⵣⵓⵍⵉ ⵓⴰⴷ ⵜⴰⴶⵉⵛ ⵜⵢⵏⵢⴾ ⴰⵏ ⵏⴰⵂⴰⵏ, ⴰⵜⴰⵎⵓⵙⴰⵏ ⵜⴰⵍⴰⵈ, ⵜⴰⴾⵓⵎⴱⵓⵜ, ⵉⵎⴰⵓⴰⵏ ⴰⴷ ⴰⵛⴰⵔ ⵓⵉ ⵏⵓⴶⵉⵛ, ⴰⵈⴰⵍⴰⵏ ⴰⵉⴾⵏⴰⵏ ⴷⴰⵗ ⵜⵉⵂⵓⵙⴰⵉ ⴷⴰⵗ ⵢⵂⴰⵏⴷⴰⴶ ⵓⴰⵏ ⵙⴰⵏⵜⵓ.
English: The company purchased the building for $35 million.
Tamasheq: ⵜⴰⴷⴰⵓⵜ ⵜⴰⵛⵉⵏⵛⴰ ⵢⵂⴰⵏ ⴰⵏ 35 ⵎⵉⵍⵍⵉⵓⵏⵜⴰⵏ ⴰⵏ ⴷⵓⵍⵍⴰⵔⵙ.
English: The spire underwent a restoration that was completed in 1995.
Tamasheq: ⴰⵎⵓⵔ ⵉⴶⵔⴰⵓ ⵉⴾⴰⵏⴰⵏ ⴰⵎⵉⵏⴷⴰⵏⵢⵏ ⴷⴰⵗ 1995.
English: The cleaning received the New York Landmarks Conservancy's Lucy G. Moses Preservation Award for 1997.
Tamasheq: Iⴼⴰⵔⴰⴷⴰⵏ ⵉⴶⵔⴰⵓⴰⵏ ⵍⵓⴰⵉ ⵗ. ⵎⵓⵙⵢⵙ ⴷⵔⵢⵙⵢⵔⵗⴰⵜⵉⵓⵏ ⴰⵓⴰⵔⴷ ⵓⴰⵏ ⵏⵢⵓ ⵗⵢⵔⴾ ⵍⴰⵏⴷⵎⴰⵔⵜⴾⵙ ⵛⵓⵏⵙⵢⵔⴱⴰⵏⵛⵉ ⴷⴰⵗ 1997.
English: In June 2008, it was reported that the Abu Dhabi Investment Council was in negotiations to buy TMW's 75% economic interest, a 15% interest from Tishman Speyer Properties in the building, and a share of the Trylons retail structure next door for US$800 million.
Tamasheq: ⴷⴰⵗ ⵋⵓⵉⵏ 2008, ⵢⵈⴰⵍ ⴰⴶⵔⴰⵓⴰⵏ ⴰⵙ ⴰⵓⵏⵙⵢⵉⵍ ⵓⴰⵏ ⵜⴰⴷⵂⵉⵍⵢⵏ ⵜⴰⵏ ⴰⴱⵓ ⵢⵂⴰⴱⵉ ⵢⵈⴰⵍ ⴷⴰⵗ ⵜⴰⵎⴷⴰⵍ ⴼⴰⵍ ⴰⴷⵉⵛⴰⵏⵛⵓ ⵜⴰⴷⵂⵉⵍ ⵜⴰⵏ ⵜⵢⵓⴰⴷⵢⵏ ⴰⵏ 75% ⵓⴰⵏ ⵟⵎⵓ, ⵜⴰⴷⵂⵉⵍ ⴰⵏ 15% ⴰⵏ ⵟⵉⵛⵎⴰⵏ ⵙⴷⵢⵉⵢⵢⵔ ⴷⵔⵓⴷⵢⵔⵜⵉⵢⵙ ⴷⴰⵗ ⵢⵂⴰⵏ, ⴰⴷ ⵢⴷⴰⴶⴰⵔ ⵓⴰⵏ ⵜⴰⵏⵎⵉⵜⴰⴼⵜ ⵜⴰⵏ ⴰⵛⵉⵏⵛⵢ ⴷⴰⵗ ⴱⴰⴷⴰⵏ ⵢⵏ ⵟⵔⵉⵍⵓⵏⵙ ⴷⴰⵗ ⴷⵢⴷⵢⵙ ⴰⵏ 800 ⵎⵉⵍⵍⵉⴰⵏⵜⴰⵏ ⴰⵏ ⴷⵓⵍⵍⴰⵔⵙ ⵓⵙ.
English: This resulted in a 21% decrease in the building's total energy consumption, a 64% decrease in water consumption, and an 81% rate of waste being recycled.
Tamasheq: ⴰⵓⵢⵏ ⴰⵍⵉⵍ ⵉⴰⵗⴰⵛⴰⴷ ⴰⵏ 21% ⵏⴰⴷⴰⴾⴰⵍ ⴷⴰⴾ ⵏⴰⵙⴰⵂⴰⵜ ⵓⴰⵏ ⵢⵂⴰⵏ, ⵓⴰⵏ 64% ⴰⵏ ⵏⴰⴷⴰⴾⴰⵍ ⵏⴰⵎⴰⵏ ⴰⴷ 81% ⵂⴰⴷⵉ ⵓⴰⵏ ⵏⴰⵙⵉⵎⵓⵙⵓⵗⵉⵍ ⵏⵉⵏⵉⴾⴰⵍⴰⵏ.
English: The Ethics of Philosophical Practice."
Tamasheq: ""ⵎⴰⴶⵔⴰⴷ ⵓⴰⵏ ⵉⴶⵉ ⴰⵏ ⵏⵓⵣⴶⵓⵎⴰⵏ"".
English: """Philosophy is rationally critical thinking, of a more or less systematic kind about the general nature of the world (metaphysics or theory of existence), the justification of belief (epistemology or theory of knowledge), and the conduct of life (ethics or theory of value)."
Tamasheq: """ⴰⵎⵉⴶⵔⵉⴷⴰⵏ ⴰⵈⴰⵍⴰⵏ ⴰⵏⵓⵣⴶⵓⵎ ⵓⵗⴰⴷⴰⵏ ⴷⴰⵗ ⵜⵉⵣⵎⵉⵜ, ⴷⴰⵗ ⴰⵍⵎⴰⵗⵏⴰ ⵓⴶⴰⵔⴰⵏ ⵎⵢⵗ ⵎⴰⴷⵔⵉⵉ ⴷⴰⵗ ⴰⵎⵉⴾ ⵏⵉⵏⵉⵜⴰⵏ ⴼⴰⵍ ⴰⴾⴰⵍ ⵏⴰⵍⵎⴰⵆⵏⴰ ⴰⴷⵓⵏⵉⵉⴰⵜ (ⴰⵏⵉⵣⴶⴰⵎ ⵎⵢⵗ ⴰⵍⵎⴰⵗⵏⴰ ⵓⴰⵏ ⵜⴰⵎⵓⴷⵔⵢ), ⴰⵙⵉⴷⵓⵜⵓ ⴰⵏ ⴰⵍⵗⵉⴱⴰⴷⴰⵜ (ⴰⵍⵎⴰⵗⵏⴰⵜⴰⵏ ⵎⵢⵗ ⴰⵎⵉⴾ ⵓⴰⵏ ⵜⵢⵎⵓⵣⵓⵜ), ⴰⴷ ⴰⵙⵉⵙⵉⵗⵉⴷ ⴰⵏ ⵜⴰⵎⵓⴷⵔⵢ (ⵎⴰⴶⵔⴰⴷ ⵎⵢⵗ ⴰⵎⵉⴾ ⵓⴰⵏ ⴰⴼⵉⵈⴰⵍ)."""
English: Metaphysics replaces the unargued assumptions embodied in such a conception with a rational and organized body of beliefs about the world as a whole.
Tamasheq: ⴷⴰⵗ ⴰⵓⴰ ⴰⵜⴰⵓⴰⵏⵂⴰⵉⴰⵏ ⵉⵂⴰ ⵢⴷⴰⴶ ⴰⵏ ⵎⴰⵗⵓⵍⴰⵏ ⴰⵏ ⵎⴰⴶⵔⵉⴷⴰⵏ ⴰⵂⴰⵏⵢⵏ ⴷⴰⵗ ⴰⴼⴰⵂⴰⵎⴰⵜ ⴰⵏ ⵜⴰⵗⵉⵙⴰ ⵏⵉⴶⵉ ⵏⴰⴷⴰⴱⴰⵔⴰ ⴰⴷ ⴰⵍⵎⴰⵗⵏⴰ ⴰⵏ ⴰⵙⵉⴷⴰⵓⵏⵢⵏ ⵉⵢ ⴰⵍⵗⵉⴱⴰⴷⴰⵜ ⴷⴰⵗ ⴰⴷⵓⵏⵉⵉⴰⵜ ⴷⴰⵗ ⵜⴰⵔⵜⵉⵜ ⴰⵏⵢⵙ.
English: In the 19th century, the growth of modern research universities led academic philosophy and other disciplines to professionalize and specialize.
Tamasheq: ⴷⴰⵗ 19ⵢ ⵜⵢⵎⵢⴷⵢ ⵏⴰⵓⴰⵜⴰⵉ, ⴼⵉⵓⴰⴼ ⴰⵏ ⵓⵏⵉⵗⵢⵔⵙⵉⵜⵢⵜⴰⵏ ⴷⴰⵗ ⵓⵎⴰⵗⴰⵓⴰⵏ ⴰⵎⵓⵜⴰⵉⵏⵢⵏ ⵉⵢ ⵜⴰⵣⴰⵔⵜ ⴰⵏ ⵎⴰⴶⵔⴰⵏⴷ ⴰⵏ ⵎⴰⵗⵔⴰⵏ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵉⴰⴷ ⴰⵎⵉⴾⴰⵏ ⵓⵉ ⵓⴶⴰⵔⵏⵢⵏ ⵜⴰⵎⵓⵙⵏⵢ ⴰⴷ ⴷⴰⵣⴰⵓⴰⵉ ⴰⵏⵢⵙ.
English: In Against the Logicians the Pyrrhonist philosopher Sextus Empiricus detailed the variety of ways in which the ancient Greek philosophers had divided philosophy, noting that this three-part division was agreed to by Plato, Aristotle, Xenocrates, and the Stoics.
Tamasheq: ⴷⴰⵗ ⴰⵍⴾⵉⵜⴰⴱⴰⵏ ⵏⵢⵙ ‘ⴰⴶⴰⵉⵏⵙⵜ ⵜⵂⵢ ⵍⵓⴶⵉⵛⵉⴰⵏⵙ, ⵢⵏⴰⵎⵢⴶⵔⵉⴷ ⴷⵉⵔⵔⵂⵓⵏⵉⵙⵜⵢ ⵙⵢⵆⵜⵓⵙ Eⵎⴱⵉⵔⵉⵛⵓⵙ ⵉⴾⵜⴰⴱ ⵜəⵎⵣⵓⵏⴰⵓⵢⵏ ⴰⵏ ⵜⴰⴱⵉⴷⴰⵓⵢⵏ ⴰⵏ ⴰⵎⵉⴾⴰⵏ ⵓⴰⵙ ⴰⵏⴰⵎⴰⴶⵔⴰⴷⴰⵏ ⵓⴰⵏ ⵗⵔⵉⴰⵢ ⵜⴰⵏ ⵏⵓⵔⵓ ⴰⴱⴷⴰⵏ ⴰⵎⵉⴶⵔⵉⴷⴰⵏ, ⴰⵜⴰⵎⵓⵙⴰⵏ ⵜⴰⵣⵓⵏⵢ ⵜⵢⵏⴷⴰⵗ ⴷⴰⵗ ⴾⴰⵔⴰⴷⴰⵜ ⵜⴰⵣⵓⵏⴰⵓⵢⵏ ⵜⴰⵈⴰⵍ ⴰⵉⵢⵔⴷⴰⵏ ⴰⵙ ⴱⵍⴰⵜⵓⵏ, ⴰⵔⵉⵙⵜⵓⵜⵢ, ⵆⵉⵏⵓⵛⵔⴰⵜⵢ ⴰⴷ ⵙⵜⵓⵉⵛⵉⵢⵏⵜⴰⵏ.
English: Other ancient philosophical traditions influenced by Socrates included Cynicism, Cyrenaicism, Stoicism, and Academic Skepticism.
Tamasheq: ⴷⴰⵗ ⴰⵜⵓⵉⴶⴰⵣ ⵏⵉⵉⴰⴷ ⴰⵏ ⵎⴰⴶⵔⵉⴷⴰⵏ ⴰⵔⵓⵏⵢⵏ ⵙⴰⴷⴶⴰⵍ ⵙⵓⵛⵔⴰⵜⵢ, ⵏⴰⵏⴰⵂⵢⵜ ⴰⵉⵏⵉⵙⵎⵢ, ⴰⵉⵔⵉⵏⴰⵉⵛⵉⵙⵎⵢ, ⵙⵜⵉⵢⵛⵉⵙⵎⵢ ⴰⴷ ⵙⵛⵢⴱⵜⵉⵛⵉⵙⵎⵢ ⴰⵏ ⵜⴰⵎⵓⵙⵏⴰⵓⵢⵏ.
English: Some key Medieval thinkers include St. Augustine, Thomas Aquinas, Boethius, Anselm and Roger Bacon.
Tamasheq: ⴷⴰⵗ ⵓⵉ ⴷⴰⵣⴰⵔⵏⵢⵏ ⴾⴰⵍ ⵏⵓⵣⴶⵓⵎⴰⵏ ⵓⴰⵏ ⵏⴰⵂⴰⵏⵉⵏ ⵉⵂⵢⵏ ⵙⴰⵉⵏⵜ ⴰⵓⴶⵓⵙⵜⵉⵏ, ⵟⵂⵓⵎⴰⵙ ⵓⴰⵏ ⴰⵈⵓⵉⵏ, ⴱⵓⵉⵛⵢ, ⴰⵏⵙⵢⵍⵎⵢ ⴰⴷ ⵔⵓⴶⵢⵔ ⴱⵓⵛⵓⵏ.
English: Major modern philosophers include Spinoza, Leibniz, Locke, Berkeley, Hume, and Kant.
Tamasheq: ⵓⵉ ⴷⴰⵣⴰⵔⵏⵢⵏ ⴰⵏⴰⵎⵢⴶⵔⵉⴷⴰⵏ ⴰⵏ ⵎⵓⵙⴰⵏⴰⵏ ⴰⵈⴰⵍⴰⵏ ⵙⵎⵙⴱⵉⵏⵓⵣⴰ, ⵍⵢⵉⴱⵏⵉⵣ, ⵍⵓⵛⴾⵢ, ⴱⵢⵔⴾⵢⵍⵢⵉ, ⵂⵓⵎⵢⴰⴷ ⵆⴰⵏⵜ.
English: Babylonian astronomy also included much philosophical speculations about cosmology which may have influenced the Ancient Greeks.
Tamasheq: ⴷⵎⴰⵗⴰⵔ ⵓⴰⵏ ⵢⵜⵔⴰⵏ ⴰⴷ ⵛⵉⵏⴰⵓⴰⵏ ⴱⴰⴱⵉⵍⵓⵏⵉⵢⵏ ⵉⵍⴰ ⵉⵏⵜⴰⴷⴰⵗ ⵉⵏⵓⵣⴶⴰⵎ ⴰⵋⵓⵜⵏⵢⵏ ⴷⴰⵗ ⵎⴰⴶⵔⵉⴷⴰⵏ ⴼⴰⵍ ⵜⴰⵗⴰⵔⵢ ⵜⴰⵏ ⵣⴰⵍⵢⵗⴰⵜ ⵜⴰⵛⴰⵍⴰⵍⴰⵜ ⵗⵔⵢⵛⵜⴰⵏ ⵓⵉ ⴰⵔⵓⵏⵢⵏ.
English: Later Jewish philosophy came under strong Western intellectual influences and includes the works of Moses Mendelssohn who ushered in the Haskalah (the Jewish Enlightenment), Jewish existentialism, and Reform Judaism.
Tamasheq: ⴰⴶⵓⴷⵉⵉⴰⵏ, ⴰⵎⵉⴶⵔⵉⴷⴰⵏ ⵓⴰⵏ ⵋⵓⵉⵗⵢⵜⴰⵏ ⵜⴰⴶⵔⴰⵓ ⴰⵛⵉⵍⵢⵍⴰⵏ ⴰⵏ ⵜⴰⵎⵓⵙⵏⵢ ⴰⵋⵓⵜⵏⵢⵏ ⴰⵏ ⵏⴰⴶⴰⴷⴰⵍ ⴰⵏ ⵜⴰⴼⵓⴾ ⴰⴷ ⵜⴰⵍⴰ ⴰⵛⵉⵗⵉⵍⴰⵏ ⵓⴰⵏ ⵎⵓⵙⵢⵙ ⵎⵢⵏⴷⵢⵍⵙⵙⵓⵂⵏ, ⵓⴰ ⴰⵜⵓⴰⵣⴰⵉⴰⵏ ⴰⵙ ⵂⴰⵙⴾⴰⵍⴰⵂ (ⵜⴰⵏⵓⵔⵢ ⵜⴰⵏ ⵋⵓⵉⵗⵢⵜⴰⵏ), ⵜⴰⵎⵓⴷⵓⵔⵢⵏ ⵜⴰⵏ ⵋⵓⵉⴼⵜⴰⵏ ⴰⴷ ⵋⵓⴷⴰⵉⵙⵎⵢ ⴰⵜⵉⵓⴰⵙⴰⵎⴰⵜⴰⵉⴰⵏ.
English: Islamic philosophy is the philosophical work originating in the Islamic tradition and is mostly done in Arabic.
Tamasheq: ⴰⵎⵉⴶⵔⵉⴷⴰⵏ ⵓⴰⵏ ⴰⵏⵉⵙⵍⴰⵎ ⵢⵈⴰⵍ ⴰⵛⵉⵗⵉⵍ ⴰⵏ ⵎⴰⴶⵔⴰⴷ ⴰⴷⵉⴼⴰⵍⴰⵏ ⴰⵓⴰ ⴷⵉⵜⴰⵓⴰⴶⴰⵣⴰⵏ ⴷⴰⵗ ⴰⵏⵉⵙⵍⴰⵎ ⴰⴷ ⵉⴶⴰⵏ ⵉⵏⵜⴰⴷⴰⵗ ⴷⴰⵗ ⵜⴰⵔⴰⴱ.
English: Early Islamic philosophy developed the Greek philosophical traditions in new innovative directions.
Tamasheq: ⴰⵎⵉⴶⵔⵉⴷⴰⵏ ⵏⴰⵏⵉⵙⵍⴰⵎ ⴰⵔⵓⵓⴰⵏ ⴷⴰⵗ ⴼⴰⵓⴰⴼ ⵜⴰⵏ ⴰⵜⵓⵉⴶⴰⵣ ⴰⵏ ⵎⴰⴶⵔⵉⴷⴰⵏ ⵓⴰⵏ ⴶⵔⵢⴰⵈⵓⵢⵜⴰⵏ ⴷⴰⵗ ⵙⴰⵍⴰⵏ ⴰⴶⵓⴷⵢⵏⴷⴰⵗ ⴰⵏ ⵜⴰⵎⵓⵜⴰⵉⵢⵏ.
English: The work of Aristotle was very influential among philosophers such as Al-Kindi (9th century), Avicenna (980 – June 1037) and Averroes (12th century).
Tamasheq: ⴰⵛⵉⵗⵉⵍⴰⵏ ⵓⴰⵏ ⴰⵔⵉⵙⵜⵓⵜⵢ ⴰⴶⵔⴰⵓⴰⵏ ⴰⵛⴰⵍⴰⵍⴰⵜ ⵎⴰⵈⴰⵔⴰⵏ ⴼⴰⵍ ⵏⴰⵎⵉⴶⵔⵉⴷⴰⵏ ⴰⵜⴰⵎⵓⵙⵏⵢⵏ ⴰⵍ-ⵆⵉⵏⴷⵉ (9ⵢ ⵜⵢⵎⵢⴷⵢ ⵏⴰⵓⴰⵜⴰⵉ), ⴰⵗⵉⴰⵉⵢⵏⵏⵢ (980 – ⵋⵓⵉⵏ 1037) ⴰⴷ ⴰⵗⵢⵔⵔⵓⵉⵙ (12ⵢ ⵜⵢⵎⵢⴷⵢ ⵏⴰⵓⴰⵜⴰⵉ).
English: Ibn Khaldun was an influential thinker in philosophy of history.
Tamasheq: Iⴱⵏ ⵆⵂⴰⵍⴷⵓⵓⵏ ⵢⵈⴰⵍ ⴰⵣⴰⵏⴰⵣⴶⴰⵎ ⴰⵛⵍⴰⵍⴰⵏ ⴷⴰⵗ ⴰⵎⵉⴾ ⵓⴰⵏ ⵎⴰⴶⵔⵉⴷⴰⵏ ⴰⵏ ⵜⴰⵏⴼⴰⵙ.
English: Indian philosophical traditions share various key concepts and ideas, which are defined in different ways and accepted or rejected by the different traditions.
Tamasheq: ⴰⵜⵓⵉⴶⴰⵣⴰⵏ ⵓⴰⵏ ⵎⴰⴶⵔⵉⴷⴰⵏ ⵏⵉⵏⴷⵉⵢⵏⵜⴰⵏ ⵜⵓⵣⴰⵏ ⵏⴰⵏⵉⵉⴰⵜⴰⵏ ⴰⴷ ⵏⵓⵣⴶⵓⵎⴰⵏ ⴰⵜⴱⴰⵜⵏⵢⵏ, ⴰⵈⴰⵍⵏⵢⵏ ⴰⵜⵉⵓⴰⵣⴰⵉ ⴰⵙ ⵜⴰⴱⵉⴷⴰⵓⵢⵏ ⴰⵎⵉⴾⴰⵏ ⴰⴷ ⵜⴰⵔⵉⴷⴰⵓ ⵎⵢⵗ ⵜⵓⵏⴶⵉⵜ ⴼⴰⵍ ⵜⴰⴱⵉⴷⴰⵓⵢⵏ ⴰⵏ ⵏⴰⵜⵓⵉⴶⴰⵣⴰⵏ.
English: Indian philosophy is commonly grouped based on their relationship to the Vedas and the ideas contained in them.
Tamasheq: ⴰⵎⵉⴶⵔⵉⴷⴰⵏ ⵓⴰⵏ ⵉⵏⴷⵉⵢⵏⵜⴰⵏ ⴰⵈⴰⵍⴰⵏ ⴰⵎⵓⵙⴰⵏ ⴰⵉⵢⵔⵜⴰⵉⴰⵏ ⴷⴰⵗ ⵜⴰⴱⵉⴷⴰⵓⵜ ⴰⵎⵉⴾⴰⵏ ⴷⴰⵔ ⴱⵢⴷⴰⵙ ⴰⴷ ⵏⵓⵣⴶⵓⵎⴰⵏ ⴰⵜⴰⵏⴰⵂⴰⵏⵢⵏ.
English: The schools which align themselves with the thought of the Upanishads, the so-called "orthodox" or "Hindu" traditions, are often classified into six darśanas or philosophies:Sānkhya, Yoga, Nyāya, Vaisheshika, Mimāmsā and Vedānta.
Tamasheq: ⵍⵉⴰⵓⵉⵜⴰⵏ ⵜⴰ ⴰⵎⵉⵜⴰⵔⵜⴰⵔⵏⵢⵏ ⴼⴰⵍ ⴰⵏⵓⵣⴶⵓⵎ ⵓⴰⵏ ⵓⴱⴰⵏⵉⵛⴰⴷⵙ, ⴰⵜⵓⵉⴶⴰⵣⴰⵏ ⵓⵉ ⵙⵉⵜⴰⵓⴰⵏⴰ "ⵓⵔⵜⵂⵓⴷⵓⵆⵢⵙ" ⵎⵢⵗ "ⵂⵉⵏⴷⵓⵓⵢⵙ", ⴰⵈⴰⵍⴰⵏ ⴰⴶⵓⴷⵉⵉⴰⵏ ⴰⴾⵉⵜⵍⵢⵏ ⴷⴰⵗ ⵙⴰⴷⵉⵙ ⴷⴰⵔⵙⴰⵏⴰⵙ ⵎⵢⵗ ⴰⵎⵉⴶⵔⵉⴷⴰⵏ ⵓⴰⵏ ⵙⴰⵏⴾⵂⵉⴰ ⵗⵓⴶⴰ, ⵏⵉⴰⵉⴰ, ⴱⴰⵉⵛⵢⵛⵉⴾⴰ, ⵎⵉⵎⴰⵎⵙⴰ ⴰⴷ ⴱⵢⴷⴰⵏⵜⴰ.
English: They also reflect a tolerance for a diversity of philosophical interpretations within Hinduism while sharing the same foundation.
Tamasheq: ⴰⵙⵉⵎⴰⵍⴰⵉⵍⴰⵉ ⵉⵏⵜⴰⴷⴰⵗ ⴰⵍⵗⴰⴼⵉⵉⴰⵜ ⴷⴰⵗ ⴰⵋⵢⵏ ⴰⵜⵉⴱⵉⴷⴰⵓⵢⵏ ⴰⵏ ⵎⴰⴶⵔⵉⴷⴰⵏ ⴷⴰⵗ ⴰⵎⴰⵙ ⴰⵏ ⵂⵉⵏⴷⵓⵓⵉⵙⵎⵢ ⴷⴰⴾ ⴷⴰⵗ ⵜⵓⵣⴰⵏⵜ ⴰⵏ ⵓⵉⵏⵉⵏⴷⴰⵗ ⵙⴰⵏⵜⵓ.
English: There are also other schools of thought which are often seen as "Hindu", though not necessarily orthodox (since they may accept different scriptures as normative, such as the Shaiva Agamas and Tantras), these include different schools of Shavism such as Pashupata, Shaiva Siddhanta, non-dual tantric Shavism (i.e. Trika, Kaula, etc.).
Tamasheq: Iⵍⴰⵏⵜⵉ ⴷⵢⵈⴰⵏⵢⵏ ⵉⵉⴰⴷ ⵍⵉⴰⵓⵉⵜⴰⵏ ⴰⵏ ⵏⵓⵣⴶⵓⵎⴰⵏ ⴰⵈⴰⵍⵏⵢⵏ ⴰⴶⵓⴷⵉⵉⴰⵏ ⴰⵜⵉⵓⴰⴶⴰⵏ ⵙⵓⵏⴷ "ⵉⵏⴷⵓⵓⵉⵙⵜⵢⵙ", ⴰⵂⵓⵙⴾⴰⵜ ⴰⵙ ⵓⴰⵔⴰⵈⵢⵍⵏⴰⵜ ⴰⵉⴼⴰⵏ ⵓⵔⵜⵂⵓⴷⵓⵆⵢⵙ (ⴼⴰⵍⴰⵙ ⴰⴷⵓⴱⴰⵜⵏⴰⵜ ⵜⴰⵔⵉⴷⴰⵓ ⵜⴰⵏ ⵂⴰⴷⵉ ⴰⵏ ⴾⵉⵜⴱⴰⵏ ⵙⵓⵏⴷ ⵓⵗⴰⴷⴰⵏ, ⴰⵜⴰⵎⵓⵙⴰⵏ ⴰⴶⴰⵎⴰⵙ ⴰⴷ ⵟⵔⴰⵏⵜⵔⴰⵙ ⵛⵉⵗⴰ), ⴰⵓⵢⵏ ⴰⵜⵉⵂⴰⵏ ⵂⴰⴷⵉ ⵍⵉⴰⵓⵉⵜⴰⵏ ⵜⴰⵏ ⵛⴰⵗⵉⵙⵎⵢ ⴰⵜⴰⵎⵓⵙⵏⵢⵏ ⴱⴰⵛⵓⴷⴰⵜⴰ, ⵙⵂⴰⵉⴱⴰ ⵙⵉⴷⴷⵂⴰⵏⵜⴰ, ⵙⵂⴰⴱⵉⵙⵎⵢ ⵜⴰⵏⵜⵔⵉⵈⵓⵢ ⵓⵉⵏⴰⵏ ⵢⵈⵢⵍ ⴰⵙⵉⵏ (ⴰⵜⴰⵎⵓⵙⴰⵏ ⵟⵔⵉⴾⴰ, ⵆⴰⵓⵍⴰ, ⵉⵉⴰⴷ).
English: The denial that a human being possesses a "self" or "soul" is probably the most famous Buddhist teaching.
Tamasheq: ⵜⵉⵏⴰ ⵜⴰⵏ ⴼⴰⵍ ⴰⴶⵓⴷⵉⵉⴰ ⵉⵍⴰ "ⴰⵏⵢⵙ" ⵎⵢⵗ "ⵜⵢⵍⵢ" ⵢⵈⴰⵍ ⴰⵎⵓⵙⴰⵏ ⴰⵙⵉⵗⵉⵔ ⵓⵏ ⴱⵓⵓⴷⴷⵂⵉⵙⵜⵢ ⵓⴰ ⵓⴶⴰⵔⴰⵏ ⴰⵙⵓⵂⵓ.
English: Jain philosophy is one of the only two surviving "unorthodox" traditions (along with Buddhism).
Tamasheq: ⴰⵎⵉⴶⵔⵉⴷⴰⵏ ⵓⴰⵏ ⵋⴰⵉⵏⵜⴰⵏ ⵢⵈⴰⵍ ⵉⵉⴰⵏ ⴷⴰⵗ ⵓⴰⵏⵉⵙⵉⵏ ⴰⵜⵓⵉⴶⴰⵣⴰⵏ ⵗⴰⵙ "ⵓⵉⵏⴰⵏ ⵢⵈⵢⵍ ⵓⵔⵜⵂⵓⴷⵓⵆⵢⵙ" ⵉⵍⴾⴰⵎⵏⵢⵏ (ⴷⴰⵔ ⴱⵓⵓⴷⴷⵂⵉⵙⵜⵢ).
English: Jain thought holds that all existence is cyclic, eternal and uncreated.
Tamasheq: ⴰⵏⵓⵣⴶⵓⵎ ⵓⴰⵏ ⵋⴰⵉⵏⵜⴰⵏ ⵉⴷⴶⴰⵍ ⴰⵙ ⵜⴰⵎⵓⴷⵔⵢ ⴷⴰⴾ ⵜⴰⵈⴰⵍ ⴰⵉⵜⴰⵏⴰⵍⴰⵙⴰⵏ, ⵂⴰⵔⴾⵓⴾ ⴰⴷ ⵓⵉⵏⴰⵏ ⵜⵉⵓⵓⴶⵓ.
English: In these regions, Buddhist thought developed into different philosophical traditions which used various languages (like Tibetan, Chinese and Pali).
Tamasheq: ⴷⴰⵗ ⴾⴰⵍⴰⵏ ⵉⵉⴰⴷ, ⴰⵏⴰⵣⴶⵓⵎ ⵓⴰⵏ ⴱⵓⵓⴷⴷⵂⵉⵙⵜⴰⵏ ⴰⴶⴰⵜ ⴷⴰⵗ ⴶⴰⵔ ⵜⴰⵓⵙⴰⵜⵢⵏ ⵜⵉⵉⴰⵜⴰⵓⵢⵏ ⴷⴰⴾⴰⵍⵏⵢⵏ ⵜⵉⵎⵓⴰⵂⴰⵆ ⴰⴶⴰⵜⵏⵢⵏ ( ⵙⵓⵏⴷ ⵜⵉⴱⵉⵜⴰⵉⵏ, ⵜⴰⴰⵂⵉⵏⵓⴰⵜ ⴰⴷ ⴷⴰⵍⵉ).
English: The philosophy of the Theravada school is dominant in Southeast Asian countries like Sri Lanka, Burma and Thailand.
Tamasheq: ⵜⴰⵉⴰⵜⵢ ⵜⴰⵏ ⵍⵉⴰⵓⵉ ⵟⵂⵢⵔⴰⴱⴰⴷⴰ ⵜⵓⴶⴰⵔ ⴷⴰⵆ ⴾⴰⵍⴰⵏ ⵓⵉⵏ ⴰⵙⵉⵢ ⵜⴰⵏ ⵢⵎⴰⵉⵏⴰⴶ-ⴰⵍⵈⵉⴱⵍⴰⵜ ⵙⵓⵏⴷ ⵙⵔⵉ ⵍⴰⵏⴾⴰ, ⴱⵉⵔⵎⴰⵏⵉⵢ ⴰⴷ ⵟⵂⴰⵉⵍⴰⵏⴷⵢ.
English: After the death of the Buddha, various groups began to systematize his main teachings, eventually developing comprehensive philosophical systems termed Abhidharma.
Tamasheq: ⴷⴰⵔⴰⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵜⴰⵏ ⴰⵏ ⴱⵓⵓⴷⵂⴰ, ⴶⵔⵓⴷⵜⴰⵏ ⴰⴶⴰⵜⵏⵢⵏ ⴰⵙⵙⴰⵏⵜⴰⵏ ⴰⵙⴰⵎⴰⴷⴰⵓ ⵜⴰⵎⵓⵙⵏⴰⵓⵢⵏ ⵜⵉ ⴰⵣⴰⵔⵏⵢⵏ,ⵉⵢ ⴰⵙⴶⴰⵜ ⵉⵎⴷⴰⵏ ⵉⵢ ⴰⵎⴰⵔⵜⵉ ⴰⵏ ⵜⵉⵉⴰⵜⴰⵓⵢⵏ ⵉⵎⴷⴰⵏⵢⵏ ⴰⵙ ⵉⵜⵓⴰⵏⵉ ⴰⴱⵂⵉⴷⵂⴰⵔⵎⴰ.
English: There were numerous schools, sub-schools, and traditions of Buddhist philosophy in ancient and medieval India.
Tamasheq: Iⵍⴰⵏⴰⵜ ⵍⵉⴰⵓⵉⵜⵢⵏ ⴰⴶⵓⵜⵏⵢⵏ, ⴷⴰⵓ ⵍⵉⴰⵓⵉⵜⵢⵏ ⴰⴷ ⵜⴰⵓⵙⴰⵜⵢⵏ ⴰⵏ ⵜⴰⵉⴰⵜⵢ ⵜⴰⵏ ⵆⵓⵔⴷⵉⵙⵜⴰⵏ ⴷⴰⵆ Iⵏⴷⵢ ⵜⴰⵜⴰⵔⵓⵓⴰⵜ ⴰⴷ ⵎⵉⴷⵉⵉⴱⴰⵍⵢ.
English: These philosophical traditions developed metaphysical, political and ethical theories such Tao, Yin and yang, Ren and Li.
Tamasheq: ⵜⵉⵓⵙⴰⵜⵢⵏ ⵜⵉⵏ ⵜⴰⵉⴰⵜⵢ ⴰⵙⴶⴰⵜⴰⵏ ⵜⵉⵎⴾⴰⵔⴰⵓⵢⵏ ⵢⵏ ⵜⵉⵎⵓⵙⵏⴰⵓⵢⵏ,ⴼⵓⵍⴰⵜⵉⴾ ⴰⴷ ⵜⵉⵎⵓⴶⵉⵜⵢⵏ ⵙⵓⵏⴷ ⵟⴰⵓ,ⵗⵉⵏ ⴰⴷ ⵗⴰⵏⴶ, ⵔⵢⵏ ⴰⴷ ⵍⵉ.
English: Neo-Confucianism came to dominate the education system during the Song dynasty (960–1297), and its ideas served as the philosophical basis of the imperial exams for the scholar official class.
Tamasheq: ⵜⵉⵏⴰⵉⵜ ⵜⴰⵏ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵏⴷⴰ ⴰⵙ ⴰⵍⵎⴰⵆⵏⴰ ⵓⴰⵏ ⵜⴰⵆⴰⵔⵢ ⴰⴶⵓⴷ ⵓⴰⵏ ⴰⵍⵆⴰⵉⴰⵍ ⴰⵎⴰⵏ ⵙⵓⵏⴶ ( 960-1297),ⵉⵣⴰⵔ ⵜⴰⵏⴰⵜⵢⵏ ⴰⵍⵉⵍⵏⴰⵜ ⵉⴷⵢⵔ ⴰⵏ ⵎⴰⴶⵔⴰⴷⴰⵏ ⴶⵓⵔ ⵉⵔⵓⵎⴰⵏ ⵉⵙⵂⴰⵎⵏⵢⵏ ⴰⵏ ⵜⴰⵆⴰⵛⴰⵎⵜ ⵜⴰⵏ ⴾⴰⵍ ⵎⵓⵙⴰⵏⴰⵏ ⵏⴰⵆⴰⵈⵓⵎ.
English: During later Chinese dynasties like the Ming Dynasty (1368–1644) as well as in the Korean Joseon dynasty (1392–1897) a resurgent Neo-Confucianism led by thinkers such as Wang Yangming (1472–1529) became the dominant school of thought, and was promoted by the imperial state.
Tamasheq: ⵗⵓⵔ ⵜⵢⵔⵓⵢ ⵓⵉⵏ ⴰⵂⵉⵏⵓⴰⵜⴰⵏ ⵜⴰⴷ-ⴷⵉⵎⴰⵍⴰⵜ ⵙⵓⵏⴷ ⵜⵢⵔⵓⵢ ⵜⴰⵏ ⵎⵉⵏⴶ (1368-1644)ⴰⴷ ⵜⵢⵔⵓⵢ ⵜⴰⵏ ⴰⵓⵔⵉⵢⵏⵜⴰⵏ ⵓⵙⵢⵓⵏ (1392-1897),ⵓⵏ ⵏéⵓ-ⴾⵓⵏⴼⵓⵙⵉⴰⵏⵉⵙⵎⵢ ⵉⵣⴶⴰⵔⴰⵏⵉⴷ, ⴰⵏⵉⵎⴰⵓⴰⵍⵏⵢⵏ ⴰⵙ ⵓⵉ ⵣⵉⵏⵓⵣⴶⵓⵎⵉⵜⵏⵢⵏ ⵙⵓⵏⴷ ⵓⴰⵏⴶ ⵗⴰⵏⴶⵎⵉⵏⴶ (1472-1529), ⵢⵈⴰⵍ ⵍⵉⴾⵓⵉ ⵜⴰⵏ ⴰⵏⵓⵣⴶⵓⵎ ⵓⴰ ⵓⴶⴰⵔⴰⵏ ⵉⵣⴰⵔ ⴰⵙⵓⵔⴷⴰ ⴼⴰⵍ ⴰⴾⴰⵍ ⵓⴰ ⵓⴶⴰⵔⴰⵏ.
English: In the Modern era, Chinese thinkers incorporated ideas from Western philosophy.
Tamasheq: ⵗⴰⵔ ⴰⵣⴰⵎⴰⵏ ⵓⴰⵏ ⵉⵙⵂⵔⴰⵉ, ⵉⵣⵉⵏⵓⵣⴶⴰⵎ ⵓⵉⵏ ⴰⵂⵉⵏⵓⵉⵜⴰⵏ ⵉⴶⴰⵙⵂⴰⵏ ⵉⵏⵓⵣⴶⴰⵎ ⵓⵉⵏ ⵎⴰⴶⵔⴰⴷ ⵓⴰⵏ ⴾⴰⵍ ⵢⴶⴰⴷⴰⵍ ⴰⵏ ⵜⴰⴼⵓⴾ.
English: For example, New Confucianism, led by figures such as Xiong Shili, has become quite influential.
Tamasheq: ⵗⵓⵔ ⵙⵓⵏⴷ,ⵜⵉⵏⵉⴰ ⵜⴰⵏ ⴾⵓⵏⴼⵓⵙⵉⴰⵏⵉⵙⵎⵢ,ⴰⵙ ⴰⵏⵢⵂⴰⴷⴰⵏ ⴰⴷⵉⵏⴰⵜ ⵙⵓⵏⴷ ⵆⵉⵓⵏⴶ ⴱⵂⵉⵍⵉ, ⵢⵈⴰⵍⵉⴷ ⴰⵉⴾⵏⴰⵏ ⴰⴷⴶⵓⵍ.
English: Another trend in modern Japanese philosophy was the "National Studies" (Kokugaku) tradition.
Tamasheq: "ⴰⵙⵙⵓⵂⵓ ⵉⵉⴰⵏ ⴰⵏ ⵉⵎⴰⴶⵔⵉⴷⴰⵏ ⵓⵉⵏ ⵋⴰⴷⵓⵏ ⴰⵉⵏⴰⵉⴰⵏ ⵢⵈⴰⵍ ⵜⵉⴶⵓⵣⵙⵜ ⵜⴰⵏ "ⵜⵢⵈⴰⵔⴰⵓⵢⵏ ⵏⵉⴾⴰⵍⴰⵏ"" ( ⵆⵓⴾⵓⴶⴰⴾⵓ).(ⵆⵓⴾⵓⴶⴰⴾⵓ)ⵜⵉⴶⵓⵣⵙⵜ ".
English: During the 17th century, Ethiopian philosophy developed a robust literary tradition as exemplified by Zera Yacob.
Tamasheq: Ɣⵓⵔ 17ⵢ ⵜⵢⵎⵢⴷⵢ ⵏⴰⵓⴰⵜⴰⵉ, ⵎⴰⴶⵔⴰⴷ ⵓⴰⵏ ⵢⵜⵂⵉⵓⴱⵉⵢ ⴰⵙⵉⵎⵗⴰⵔ ⴰⵏ ⵜⵉⴶⵢⵣⵙⵜ ⵏⵉⴾⴰⴱⴰⵏ ⵜⴰⵙⵓⵂⵢⵜ,ⵙⵓⵏⴷ ⴰⵣⵓⵣⵉ ⵤⵢⵔⴰ ⵗⴰⴰⵓⴱ.
English: Another feature of the indigenous American worldviews was their extension of ethics to non-human animals and plants.
Tamasheq: ⴷⴱⴰⴷⵉ ⵉⵉⴰⵏ ⴰⵏ ⵂⴰⵏⴰⵉⴰⵏ ⵏⴰⴷⵓⵏⵉⴰ ⵉⵎⵓⵣⴰⵗⴰⵏ ⵓⵉⵏ ⴰⵎⵢⵔⵉⵈⵓⵢ ⴰⵈⴰⵍⴰⵏ ⴰⴼⴰⵜⴰⵗ ⴰⵏ ⵎⴰⴶⵔⴰⴷ ⵉⵢ ⵎⵓⴷⴰⵔⴰⵏ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵂⵉⵙⵂⴾⴰⵏ ⵓⴰⵔⵢⵏ ⵢⵈⵢⵍ ⴰⴷⵉⵏⴰⵜ.
English: The theory of Teotl can be seen as a form of Pantheism.
Tamasheq: ⵜⴰⵎⵓⵙⵏⵢ ⵜⴰⵏ ⵟⵢⵓⵜⵍ ⵜⴰⴷⵓⴱⴰⵜ ⴰⵜⴰⵈⵉⵍ ⵙⵓⵏⴷ ⵉⵔⵉ ⵓⴰⵏ ⴱⴰⵏⵜⵂⵉⵉⵙⵎⵢ.
English: Nevertheless, U.S. Department of Education reports from the 1990s indicate that few women ended up in philosophy, and that philosophy is one of the least gender-proportionate fields in the humanities, with women making up somewhere between 17% and 30% of philosophy faculty according to some studies.
Tamasheq: ⴰⵓⵢⵏⴷⴰⴾ, ⵉⵙⴰⵍⴰⵏ ⵓⵉⵏ ⵢⴷⴰⴶ ⵓⴰⵏ ⴰⵎⵢⵔⵉⴰⴰⵉⵏⵜⴰⵏ ⴰⵏ ⵜⵢⵗⴰⵔⵢ ⵜⴰⵏ ⵢⵍⴰⵏ ⵓⵉⵏ 1990 ⴰⵙⵉⴾⵏⴰⵏⵢⵏ ⴰⵙ ⴰⵏⴷⴰⵔⴰⵏ ⴷⴰⵗ ⴷⵢⴷⵢⵏ ⵂⴰⵏⴰⵜ ⵎⴰⴶⵔⴰⴷⴰⵏ,ⵉⵣⴰⵔ ⵎⴰⴶⵔⴰⴷⴰⵏ ⴰⴾⴰⵍⴰⵏ ⵜⴰⴱⵢⵔⴰⵜ ⵜⴰⵏ ⵜⵉⵎⵓⵙⵏⴰⵓⵢⵏ ⵏⴰⴷⵉⵏⴰⵜ ⴷⵉⵂⴰ ⴰⴷ ⴰⵋⵉⵜ ⴰⵏ ⴷⵢⴷⵢⵏ ⵜⵉⴼⵏⴰⵣ ⵂⵓⵍⵢⵏ, ⴷⵢⴷⵢⵏ ⵜⵉⵓⴰⴷⵏⵢⵏ ⵋⴰⵔ 17% ⴰⴷ 30% ⴰⵏ ⵉⵎⴰⵙⴰⵗⴰⵔ ⴰⵏ ⵎⴰⴶⵔⴰⴷ ⵗⵓⵔ ⵜⵢⵗⴰⵔⴰⵓⵢⵏ ⵜⵉⵉⴰⴷ.
English: See also "Characteristics and Attitudes of Instructional Faculty and Staff in the Humanities."
Tamasheq:  ⴰⵏⵂⵉⵉ ⵂⴰⵔⵓⴰ"ⵜⴰⵍⵗⵉⵓⵢⵏ ⴰⴷ ⵜⴰⵍⵗⴰ ⵜⴰⵏ ⵉⵎⴰⵙⴰⵗⵔⴰ ⴰⴷ ⴰⴷⵉⵏⴰⵜ ⴷⴰⵗ ⴰⴷⵓⵏⵉⴰⵜ."
English: Its primary investigations include how to live a good life and identifying standards of morality.
Tamasheq: ⵓⵎⴰⵗⴰⵓⴰⵏ ⵎⴰⵈⵓⵔⵏⵢⵏ ⵉⵍⴰⵏⵜ ⴼⴰⵍ ⴰⵎⵉⴾ ⴰⴶⴰⵉ ⴰⵏ ⵜⴰⵎⵓⴷⵔⵢ ⵜⴰⵂⵓⵙⴾⵢⵜ ⴰⴷ ⵓⵣⵉⵉ ⵉⵢ ⵜⵉⴷⵉⵜ ⴰⵏ ⵎⴰⴶⵔⴰⴷ.
English: Epistemologists examine putative sources of knowledge, including perceptual experience, reason, memory, and testimony.
Tamasheq: ⴷⴱⵉⵙⵜⵓⵍⵓⴶⵓⵢⵙ ⴾⴰⵉⴰⴷⴰⵏ ⵉⴷⴰⴶⴰⵏ ⴰⵜⵉⵓⴰⵣⴰⵉⵏⵢⵏ ⵉⵢ ⵜⴰⵎⵓⵙⵏⵢ, ⴷⴰⵗ ⵜⵉⵂⴰ ⵎⵓⵙⵏⴰⵜ ⵜⴰⵜⵉⵓⴰⴶⵔⴰⵓⴰⵜ,ⵜⵉⴷⵉⵜ, ⵜⴰⴾⵉⵜⴰⵓⵜ ⴰⴷ ⵜⴰⴶⵓⵂⵢ.
English: It arose early in Pre-Socratic philosophy and became formalized with Pyrrho, the founder of the earliest Western school of philosophical skepticism.
Tamasheq: ⵜⵉⵣⴶⴰⵔⵉⴷ ⵙⵂⵉⴾ ⴷⴰⵗ ⵎⵉⴶⵔⵉⴷⴰⵏ ⵓⵉⵏ ⴷⴰⵜ ⵙⵓⴰⵔⴰⵜⵢ ⵉⵣⴰⵔ ⵜⴰⵜⵓⴰⵣⴰⵉ ⴰⴷ ⴷⵉⵔⵔⵂⵓ,ⴰⵎⵉⵣⴰⵔ ⴰⵏ ⵍⵉⴰⵓⵉ ⵜⴰⵣⴰⵔⴰⵜ ⵜⴰⵏ ⵢⴶⴰⴷⵢⵍ ⴰⵏ ⵜⴰⴼⵓⴾ ⵉⵢ ⴰⵙⵂⴰⴱⴰⴶ ⴰⵏ ⵎⴰⴶⵔⴰⴷⴰⵏ.
English: Empiricism places emphasis on observational evidence via sensory experience as the source of knowledge.
Tamasheq: ⵎⵓⵙⵏⴰⵜ ⵜⵉⴱⴷⴰⴷ ⴼⴰⵍ ⵜⵉⴷⵉⵜ ⵏⴰⵂⴰⵏⴰⵉ ⴼⴰⵍ ⵎⵓⵙⵏⴰⵜ ⵏⵉⵎⴰⵏ ⵙⵓⵏⴷ ⵢⴷⴰⴶ ⵉⵢ ⵜⴰⵎⵓⵙⵏⵢ.
English: Rationalism is associated with a priori knowledge, which is independent of experience (such as logic and mathematics).
Tamasheq: ⵜⵉⴷⵉⵜ ⵜⴰⵔⵜⴰⵉ ⴰⴷ ⵜⴰⵎⵓⵙⵏⵢ ⴷⴰⵗ ⵜⵉⵣⴰⵔⵜ,ⵜⴰⵙⵉⵏⴰⴼⵍⴰⵉⴰⵜ ⵉⵢ ⵜⴰⵎⵓⵙⵏⵢ ( ⵙⵓⵏⴷ ⵜⵉⴷⵉⵜ ⴰⴷ ⵢⴷⴰⵏⴰⵏ).
English: Metaphysics includes cosmology, the study of the world in its entirety and ontology, the study of being.
Tamasheq: ⵎⵉⵜⴰⴱⵂⵉⵙⵉⵈⵓⵢ ⵜⴰⵍⴰ ⴾⵓⵙⵎⵓⵍⵓⴶⵉⵢ ⴰⵍⵎⵓⴷ ⵏⴰⴷⵓⵏⵉⴰ ⴷⴰⴾ ⴰⴷ ⵓⵏⵜⵓⵍⵢⴶⵉⵢ, ⴰⵍⵎⵓⴷ ⵏ ⵎⵓⴷⴰⵔⴰⵏ
English: Essence is the set of attributes that make an object what it fundamentally is and without which it loses its identity while accident is a property that the object has, without which the object can still retain its identity.
Tamasheq: ⵎⴰⵏⵂⵓⵉ ⵜⵉⴷⴰⵓⵜ ⴰⵏ ⵉⵂⵓⴾ ⵓⵉⵏ ⵜⴰⴶⴰⵏⵢⵏ ⴷⴰⵗ ⵂⴰⵔⴰⵜ ⴰⵓⴰ ⵢⵈⴰⵍ ⵙⴰⴷⵢ ⴰⵏⵜⴰⵏⵢⴷ ⴰⵙⴱⴰ ⵎⵓⵣⵉⴰⵜ ⵗⵓⵔ ⵢⴶⴰⴷⴰⵍ ⵢⵈⴰⵍ ⵜⴰⴾⵔⵉⵛⵜ ⵜⴰ ⵉⵍⴰ ⵂⴰⵔⴰⵜ,ⵜⴰⵙ ⴰⵏⵜⴰ ⵂⴰⵔⴰⵜ ⴰⴷⵓⴱⴰⵜ ⵂⴰⵔⵓⴰ ⵉⴶⵓⵣ ⵎⵓⵣⵉⴰⵜ ⵉⵏⵢⵙⵙ.
English: Because sound reasoning is an essential element of all sciences, social sciences and humanities disciplines, logic became a formal science.
Tamasheq: ⴼⴰⵍⴰⵙ ⵎⴰⴶⵔⴰⴷ ⵓⴰ ⵛⴰⴷⵉⴶⴰⵏ ⵢⵈⴰⵍ ⵂⴰⵔⴰⵜ ⵎⴰⵈⴰⵔⴰⵏ ⴰⵏ ⵜⵉⵎⵓⵙⵏⴰⵓⵢⵏ ⴾⵓⵍ,ⵜⵉⵎⵓⵙⵏⴰⵓⵢⵏ ⴰⵏ ⵜⴰⵔⵜⵉⵜ ⴰⴷ ⴰⵎⴰⴾⴰⵜⴰⵏ ⵏⴰⴷⵉⵏⴰⵜ, ⵜⵉⴷⵉⵜ ⵜⴰⵈⴰⵍⵉⴷ ⵜⴰⵎⵓⵙⵏⵢ ⵜⴰⴾⵏⴰⵜ.
English: New York: Oxford University Press.
Tamasheq: ⵏⵢⵓ ⵗⵓⵔⴾ : ⵓⵆⴼⵓⵔⴷ ⵓⵏⵉⴱⵢⵔⵙⵉⵜⵉ ⴱⵔⵢⵙⵙ.
English: However, most students of academic philosophy later contribute to law, journalism, religion, sciences, politics, business, or various arts.
Tamasheq: ⴰⴶⵓⴷⵢⵏ,ⴰⵋⵓⵜ ⴰⵏ ⴾⴰⵍ ⵜⵢⵗⴰⵔⵢ ⴷⴰⵗ ⵎⴰⴶⵔⴰⴷ ⴰⵏ ⵎⵓⵙⴰⵏⴰⵏ ⴰⵍⵉⵍⴰⵏ ⴷⴰⵔⴰⵜ ⴰⵓⴰ ⵉⵢ ⵜⴰⴱⵢⵔⴰⵜ, ⵉⵢ ⵋⵓⵔⵏⴰⵍⵜⴰⵏ,ⵉⵢ ⵜⴰⵏⴰⵙⵍⵉⵎⴰ,ⵉⵢ ⵜⵉⵎⵓⵙⵏⴰⵓⵢⵏ,ⵉⵢ ⴼⵓⵍⴰⵜⵉⴾ, ⵉⵢ ⵂⴰⵔⴰⵜⴰⵏ ⵎⵢⵗ ⵜⵉⵎⵓⵙⵏⴰⵓⵢⵏ ⴰⴶⵓⵜⵏⵢⵏ.
English: In analytic philosophy, philosophy of language investigates the nature of language, the relations between language, language users, and the world.
Tamasheq: ⵢⴰⵗ ⵎⴰⴶⵔⴰⴷ ⵉⴾⵏⴰⵏ,ⵎⴰⴶⵔⴰⴷ ⵓⴰⵏ ⴱⴰⵜⵓ ⵢⵗⵔⴰ ⵉⵔⵉ ⴰⵏ ⴱⴰⵜⵓ,ⵜⴰⵔⵜⵉⵜ ⵋⴰⵔ ⴱⴰⵜⵓ, ⵉⵎⴰⵜⴾⴰⵍⴰⵏ ⴰⵏ ⴱⴰⵜⵓ ⴰⴷ ⴰⴷⵓⵏⵉⴰ.
English: These writers were followed by Ludwig Wittgenstein (Tractatus Logico-Philosophicus), the Vienna Circle as well as the logical positivists, and Willard Van Orman Quine.
Tamasheq: Iⵎⴰⵏⴰⵂⴰⴷⴰⵏ ⴰⵜⵓⴰⵍⴾⴰⵎⴰⵏ ⵉⵢ ⵍⵓⴷⵓⵉⴶ ⵓⵉⴼⴶⵢⵏⵙⴼⵢⵉⵏ (ⵟⵔⴰⴰⵜⵓⵙ ⵍⵓⴶⵉⴰⵓ-ⴷⵂⵉⵍⵓⵙⵓⴷⵂⵉⴰⵓⵙ),ⴰⴼⴰⵔⴰⵋ ⵓⴰⵏ Ɣⵉⵢⵏⵏⵢ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵏⴰⴼⵍⴰⵙ ⵓⵗⴰⴷⵏⵢⵏ, ⴰⴷ ⵓⵉⵍⵍⵉⴰⵔⴷ ⴱⴰⵏ ⵓⵓⵎⴰⵏ ⵔⵓⵉⵏⵢ.
English: He criticized conventionalism because it led to the bizarre consequence that anything can be conventionally denominated by any name.
Tamasheq: ⵓⵣⴰⵎ ⵜⴰⵔⴰⴷⴰⵓⵜ ⴼⴰⵍⴰⵙ ⵉⵙⴰⴾⵏⴰ ⵗⵓⵔ ⵉⵂⵓⴾ ⵓⴰⵔⵢⵏ ⵜⴰⴾⵏⴰ ⴰⵙ ⴰⴷⵓⴱⴰⵜ ⴰⴷⴰⴾⴰⵍ ⵜⴰⵔⴷⴰ ⵉⵂⵓⴾ ⴰⵏ ⵉⵙⵙⵉⵎ ⴾⵉⵍ.
English: To do this, he pointed out that compound words and phrases have a range of correctness.
Tamasheq: ⵗⵢ ⵉⴶⵓⵉ,ⵉⴶⴰ ⵙⵢⴶⵔⴰⵂ ⴰⵙ ⵜⵉⴼⵢⵔ ⴰⴷ ⵜⵉⴼⵢⵔ ⴰⴶⴰⵜⵏⵢⵏ ⵍⴰⵏⵢⵏ ⵜⴰⴶⵓⵜⵢ ⴰⵏ ⴰⵎⵓⴾⴰⵏ.
English: However, by the end of the Cratylus, he had admitted that some social conventions were also involved, and that there were faults in the idea that phonemes had individual meanings.
Tamasheq: ⴰⴶⵓⴷⵢ ⵢⵏ, ⵗⵓⵔ ⵙⴰⵎⴰⵏⴷo ⴰⵏ ⴰⵔⴰⵜⵉⵍⵢ,ⵉⵍⴰ ⵜⴰⵔⴷⴰ ⴰⵙ ⵜⵉⵔⴰⴷⴰⵓⵢⵏ əⵏ ⵜⵉⵎⴰⵜⴰⵓⵢⵏ ⵜⵉⵉⴰⴷ ⴰⵈⴰⵍⵏⴰⵜ ⴷⵢⵗ ⴰⵉ-ⵂⴰⵏ, ⵉⵣⴰⵔ ⴰⵏⴰⵣⴶⵓⵎ ⵓⴰⵙ ⵉⴶⵓⵉⵜⴰⵏ ⵉⵍⴰⵏⵢⵏ ⵜⴰⵏⴰⵓⵢⵏ ⴰⵏ ⴰⵓⴰⴷⴰⵎ ⵉⴾⵔⴰⵛ ⵜⵉⵎⵓⴾⴰⵏⴰⵜⵢⵏ ⴰⴱⵔⴰⵔⵏⵢⵏ.
English: He separated all things into categories of species and genus.
Tamasheq: ⴰⵣⵓⵏ ⵉⵔⵉⵜⴰⵏ ⴰⵏ ⵂⴰⵔⴰⵜⴰⵏ ⵜⵉⵓⵙⴰⵜⵢⵢⵏ ⴰⴷ ⵎⵉⵍⵂⴰⵓⴰⵏ ⴾⵓⵍ.
English: However, since Aristotle took these similarities to be constituted by a real commonality of form, he is more often considered a proponent of "moderate realism".
Tamasheq: “ⴰⴶⵓⴷⵢⵏ,ⵙⵓⵏⴷ ⴰⵔⵉⵙⵜⵓⵜⵢ ⵉⴶⴰ ⴰⵙ ⵎⵉⵍⵂⴰⵓⵢⵏ ⴰⵈⴰⵍⵏⴰⵜ ⴰⵔⵜⴰⵉⵏⵢⵏ ⴼⴰⵍ ⴰⴷⴰⵓⵍⴰⵜ ⵜⴰⴷⵓⵜⵢⵜ ⵉⵢ ⴰⵙⵢⵗⴰⵜ,ⵢⵈⴰⵍ ⴰⴶⵓⴷ ⵉⵉⴰⵏ ⵙⵓⵏⴷ ⵎⴰⵙⵙⵉⵙ ⴰⵏ ""ⴰⵙⴰⴷⴰⵜⵓ ⵉⴼⵏⴰⵣⴰⵏ.""
English: This lektón was the meaning (or sense) of every term.
Tamasheq: ⵍⵢ ⴾⵜⵓⵏ ⵓⴰ ⵢⵈⴰⵍ ⴰⵙⵙⴰⴾⴰⵏ ( ⵎⵢⵗ ⵙⴰⴾⵏⵓ ) ⵉⵢ ⵎⴰⴶⵔⴰⴷ ⴾⵓⵍ.
English: There were several noteworthy philosophers of language in the medieval period.
Tamasheq: Iⵍⴰⵏⵜ ⴾⴰⵍ ⵎⴰⴶⵔⴰⴷ ⴰⵋⵓⵜⵏⵢⵏ ⵎⴰⴶⵔⴰⴷ ⵉⵍⴰⵏ ⵜⴰⵎⵗⴰⵔ ⴷⴰⵗ ⴰⵣⴰⵎⴰⵏ ⵉⵛⴰⵎⴰⵏ.
English: The scholastics of the high medieval period, such as Ockham and John Duns Scotus, considered logic to be a scientia sermocinalis (science of language).
Tamasheq: ⵆⴰⵍ ⵜⵢⵗⴰⵔⵢ ⵓⵉⵏ ⵋⵉⵏⴰⵋ ⴰⵣⴰⵎⴰⵏ ⴰⵔⵓⵓⴰⵏ,ⵙⵓⵏⴷ Oⴰⴾⵂⴰⵎ ⴰⴷ ⵋⵢⴰⵏ ⴹⵓⵏⵙ ⵙⴰⵓⵜ,ⵋⴰⵏ ⵜⵉⴷⵉⵜ ⵙⵓⵏⴷ ⵙⵛⵉⵢⵏⵜⵉⴰ ⵙⵢⵔⵎⵓⵛⵉⵏⴰⵍⵉⵙ ( ⵎⵓⵙⵏⴰⵜ ⵓⴰⵏ ⵎⴰⴶⵔⴰⴷ ).
English: The phenomena of vagueness and ambiguity were analyzed intensely, and this led to an increasing interest in problems related to the use of syncategorematic words such as and, or, not, if, and every.
Tamasheq: ⴰⵍⵓⴰⵈⴰⵜⴰⵏ ⵓⵉⵏ ⵉⴱⴰⵏ ⴰⵍⴰⵗⵉ ⴰⴷ ⵓⴼⴰⵔ ⴰⵜⵓⴰⴾⵉⴰⴷⴰⵏ ⵂⵓⵍⵢⵏ, ⴰⵓⵢⵏ ⴷⴰⵗ ⴰⴷ ⵓⵔⴰⵓⴰⵏ ⵜⵉⵓⴰƭ ⴰⵏ ⵜⴰⵏⴼⵓ ⵉⵢⵜⴰⵔⴰⵈⴰⵜⴰⵏ ⴰⵔⵜⴰⵉⵏⵢⵏ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵋⵉ ⴰⵏ ⵉⵔⵉⵜⴰⵏ ⴰⵏ ⵜⵉⴼⵢⵔ ⵙⵓⵏⴷ ⴰⴷ, ⵎⵢⵗ, ⵓⴰⵔ, ⴰⴷ ⴾⵓⵍ.
English: The suppositio of a term is the interpretation that is given of it in a specific context.
Tamasheq: ⵔⵓⵔⴷⴰ ⴰ ⴰⵏ ⵎⴰⴶⵔⴰⴷ ⵜⴰⵈⴰⵍ ⴰⵍⴰⵗⵉ ⴰⵜⵉⵓⴰⴾⴼⴰⵏ ⴷⴰⵗ ⵜⴰⴱⴻⵔⴰⵜ .
English: Such a classification scheme is the precursor of modern distinctions between use and mention, and between language and metalanguage.
Tamasheq: Iⴾⴰⵜⴰⴱ ⵓⴰⵏ ⴰⵙⵙⴰⵎⴰⵙⴰⴷⴰⵓ ⵢⵈⴰⵍ ⴰⵎⵉⵣⴰⵔ ⴰⵏ ⴱⴰⴷⵉⵓⴰⵏ ⵉⵛⵔⴰⵉⵏⵢⵏ ⵋⴰⵔ ⵉⵋⵉ ⴰⴷ ⴰⵙⵙⴰⴾⴰⵏ,ⴰⴷ ⵋⴰⵔ ⵎⴰⴶⵔⴰⴷ ⴰⴷ ⵋⴰⵏⴰⵋⵎⴰⴶⵔⴰⴷ.
English: One part of the common sentence is the lexical word, which is composed of nouns, verbs, and adjectives.
Tamasheq: ⴰⵛⵔⵓⵜ ⴰⵏ ⵜⴰⴼⵢⵔ ⴰⵔⵜⴰⵉⵏⵢⵏ ⵢⵈⴰⵍ ⵜⵢⴼⵢⵔⵜ ⵟⴰⵏⵣⵓⵔⵜ,ⵜⴰⵔⵜⴰⵉⴰⵜ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵙⵎⴰⵓⴰⵏ,ⴰⴷ ⵎⴰⴶⵔⴰⴷⴰⵏ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵎⴰⵍⴰⵗⵉ.
English: Philosophical semantics tends to focus on the principle of compositionality to explain the relationship between meaningful parts and whole sentences.
Tamasheq: ⴰⵙⵙⴰⴾⴰⵏ ⴰⵏ ⵎⴰⴶⵔⴰⴷ ⵓⵔⴰⴾ ⵉⵢ ⴰⵋⴰⵍⴰⵉ ⴼⴰⵍ ⵜⴰⵂⴰⵛⵉⵍⵜ ⵜⴰⵏ ⵉⵋⵉⵜⴰⵏ ⵉⵢⴰⵍⴰⵗⵉ ⵉⵢ ⵜⵉⵎⵉⴷⵉⵓⴰ ⵋⴰⵔ ⵉⴷⴰⵋⴰⵏ ⵓⵉⵏ ⴰⵍⴰⵗⵉ ⴰⴷ ⵜⵉⴼⵢⵔ ⴰⵎⴷⴰⵏⵢⵏ.
English: It is possible to use the concept of functions to describe more than just how lexical meanings work: they can also be used to describe the meaning of a sentence.
Tamasheq: ⴰⴷⵓⴱⴰⵜ ⵉⵋⵉ ⵜⴰⵏ ⵎⵓⵙⵏⴰⵜ ⵉⵢ ⴰⵙⵙⴰⴾⴰⵏ ⵓⵋⴰⵔⴰⵏ ⴰⵛⴰⵗⴰⵍⴰⵏ ⵓⵉⵏ ⵉⵍⴰⵗⵉⵜⴰⵏ ⵜⴰⵏⵣⵓⵔⵜ : ⴰⴷⵓⴱⴰⵜⵏⴰⵜ ⴷⵢⵗ ⴰⴷ ⴰⵜⵓⴰⵜⴰⵍⵏⴰⵜ ⵉⵢ ⴰⵙⵙⴰⴾⴰⵏ ⵜⴰⵏⵏⴰ ⴰⵏ ⵜⵉⴼⵢⵔ.
English: A propositional function is an operation of language that takes an entity (in this case, the horse) as an input and outputs a semantic fact (i.e., the proposition that is represented by "The horse is red").
Tamasheq:  ⵔⵢⵎⴰⵛⴰⵗⴰⵍⵜ ⵜⵉⵏⵏⴰ ⵜⴰⵈⴰⵍ ⵢⵏⴰⵂⴰⵋ ⴰⵏ ⵎⴰⴶⵔⴰⴷ ⵉⴾⴰⵍⴰⵏ ⵎⵓⵣⵗⴰⵜ ( ⴷⴰⵗ ⴰⵍⵓⴰⵈ ⵓⵢⵏ,ⵢⴱⴰⵋⵢ) ⵙⵓⵏⴷ ⵓⴶⵉⵛ ⴰⴷ ⵜⵉⵔⴰⵓⵜ ⴰⵏ ⵉⵋⵉ ⵜⴰⵏⵏⴰ (ⴰⴷⴰⵗ-ⵜⵉ-ⴷⵉⵍⴰ ⵜⴰⵏⵏⴰ ⵜⴰⵙⵉⴾⵏⴰⵜ ⴼⴰⵍ "ⵢⴱⴰⵋⵢ ⵙⴰⴶⴰⵗⴰⵏ").
English: Is language acquisition a special faculty in the mind?
Tamasheq: ⴰⴶⴰⵔⴰⵓ ⴰⵏ ⵎⴰⴶⵔⴰⴷ ⵢⵈⴰⵍ ⵎⵓⵙⵏⴰⵜ ⵎⴰⵈⴰⵔⴰⵜ ⵉⵢ ⴰⵏⵉⴰⵜ?
English: The first is the behaviorist perspective, which dictates that not only is the solid bulk of language learned, but it is learned via conditioning.
Tamasheq: ⵔⴰ ⵜⴰⵣⴰⵔⴰⵜ ⵜⴰⵈⴰⵍ ⴰⵎⴰⴾ ⵏⴰⵍⵎⵓⴷ ⴰⵏ ⵜⴰⵍⵗⴰ,ⵓⴰⵔⵢⵏ ⵉⵋⵉⵏ ⵗⴰⵙ ⴰⴶⴰⴷⴰⵂⴰⵜ ⴰⵏ ⵎⴰⴶⵔⴰⴷ ⴰⵜⵓⴰⵍⵎⴰⴷ,ⵎⴰⵛⴰⵏ ⴰⵜⵓⴰⵍⵎⴰⴷ ⴰⵙ ⴰⵎⴰⴾ.
English: Nativist models assert that there are specialized devices in the brain that are dedicated to language acquisition.
Tamasheq: Iⵔⵉⵜⴰⵏ ⴰⵏ ⴾⴰⵍ ⵜⵉⵔⵓⴰ ⴰⵍⴰⵗⵢⵏ ⴰⵙ ⵉⵍⴰⵏⵜ ⵂⴰⵔⴰⵜⴰⵏ ⴰⴼⵔⴰⵏⵢⵏ ⴷⴰⵗ ⵢⵗⴰⴼ ⴰⵈⴰⵍⵏⵢⵏ ⴰⵉⴾⴰⵏ ⵎⵓⵙⵏⴰⵜ ⴰⴰⵏ ⵎⴰⴶⵔⴰⴷ.
English: Linguists Sapir and Whorf suggested that language limited the extent to which members of a "linguistic community" can think about certain subjects (a hypothesis paralleled in George Orwell's novel Nineteen Eighty-Four).
Tamasheq: ⵆⴰⵍ ⵎⴰⴶⵔⴰⴷ ⵔⴰⴷⵉⵔ ⴰⴷ Wⵂⵓⵔⴼ ⵉⵏⵏⴰⵏ ⴰⵙ ⵎⴰⴶⵔⴰⴷ ⵢⵣⴰⵉⴷ ⴰⵍⵎⴰⵗⵏⴰⵜ ⴷⴰⵗ ⵜⴰⵏ ⵎⴰⵙⵙⴰⵓⵉⵙ "ⵜⴰⵔⵜⵉⵜ ⴰⵏ ⵎⴰⴶⵔⴰⴷ"ⴰⴷⵓⴱⵢⵏ ⴰⴷ ⴰⴼⴰⵏⵙⵉⵏ ⵉⵢ ⴱⴰⵜⵓⵜⴰⵏ ⵉⵉⴰⴷ ( ⵜⵓⵔⴷⵙ ⵜⵉⴶⴰⵛⴰⵜ ⴰⵎⵙⵉⴷⴰⵗ ⴷⴰⵗ ⴰⵍⴾⵉⵜⴰⴱ ⵓⴰⵏ ⵗⵢⵓⵔⴶⵢ ⵓⵓⵓⵢⵍⵍ, ⵏⵉⵏⵢⵜⵢⵢⵏ Eⵉⴶⵂⵜⵉ-ⴼⵓⵓⵔ).
English: The stark opposite to the Sapir–Whorf position is the notion that thought (or, more broadly, mental content) has priority over language.
Tamasheq: ⴷⴰⵗ ⴰⵏⵎⴰⵛⵔⵉ ⴰⵏ ⵢⴷⴰⴶ ⵓⴰⵏ ⵔⴰⴷⵉⵔ-Wⵂⵓⵔⴼ ⵉⵍ ⴰⵏⵉⴰⵜ ⴰⵙ ⴰⵏⵓⵣⴶⵓⵎ (ⵎⵢⵗ,ⵜⴰⵂⵓⵔⵓⵜ ⵂⵓⵍⵢⵏⵢⵔ,ⵎⵢⵔⵜⴰⵉ ⵏⴰⵏⵉⴰⵜ) ⴷⴰⵗ ⵜⵉⵣⴰⵔⵜ ⴼⴰⵍ ⵎⴰⴶⵔⴰⴷ.
English: Another argument is that it is difficult to explain how signs and symbols on paper can represent anything meaningful unless some sort of meaning is infused into them by the contents of the mind.
Tamasheq: ⵜⵢⴷⵢⵜ ⵢⵉⵡⵜ ⵜⴰⵈⴰⵍ ⴰⵙ ⴰⵙⵙⵓⵂⴰⵜ ⴰⵍⴰⵈⵢ ⵏⴰⵍⵎⴰⵗⵏⴰⵜ ⵓⴰⵙ ⵜⵔⵎⵜⴰⴷ ⴰⴷ ⵙⵇⵉⵍⴰⵏ ⴷⴰⵍⴰⵍⵇⴰⴷⴰⴷⵓⴱⵏⴰⵙⵙⵇⴰⵏ ⵂⴰⵔⴰⵜⴰⵏ ⴰⵍⴰⵗⵉ ⴰⵔⵢⵙ ⴰⵎⴰ ⵜⵏⵏⴰ ⵓⴰⵔⵏ ⵜⴰⵈⵍ ⵢⴳⵢⴼⵍ
English: Another tradition of philosophers has attempted to show that language and thought are coextensive – that there is no way of explaining one without the other.
Tamasheq: ⵔⵉⴶⵣⴰ ⵉⵉⴰⵜ ⴰⵏ ⵎⴰⴶⵔⴰⴷ ⵜⵓⵔⴰⵎ ⴰⵙⵙⴰⴾⴰⵏ ⵏⴰⵙ ⵎⴰⴶⵔⴰⴷ ⴰⴷ ⴰⵏⵉⴰⵜ ⴰⵈⴰⵍⴰⵏ ⴰⵎⵣⵉⴶⵔⵉ-ⴰⵙ ⵓⴰⵔⵜⵉⵍⴰ ⴰⴷⴰⴱⴰⵔⴰⵜ ⴰⵏ ⴰⵍⴰⵗⵉ ⵏⵉⵉⴰⵏ ⵓⴰⵍⴰ ⵓⴰⵉⴰⴷⴰⵏ.
English: To an extent, the theoretical underpinnings to cognitive semantics (including the notion of semantic framing) suggest the influence of language upon thought.
Tamasheq: ⵢⴰⵗ ⴰⵎⴰⴾ ⵉⵉⴰⵏ, ⵉⵙⵙⴰⵏⵉⴰⵓⴰⵏ ⴰⵏ ⵜⴰⵎⵉⵙⵏ ⵓⴰⵏ ⵜⴰⵏⵏⴰ ⵏⴰⵍⵎⵓⴷ (ⵜⵛⴰ ⵎⵓⵙⵏⴰⵜ ⵜⴰⵏ ⴰⵏⵂⴰⵋ ⵜⴰⵏⵏⴰ) ⴰⵙⵙⵉⵏⴰⵂⴰⵋⴰⵏ ⴰⴷⴶⵓⵍ ⴰⵏ ⵎⴰⴶⵔⴰⴷ ⴼⴰⵍ ⴰⵏⴰⵣⴶⵓⵎ.
English: There are studies that prove that languages shape how people understand causality.
Tamasheq: ⵔⵉⵗⴰⵔ ⵜⵉⵉⴰⴷⴰⵙⵙⵉⴾⵏⴰⵏⴰⵜ ⴰⵙ ⵜⵉⵎⵓⵛⴰⵗ ⵜⴰⴶⴰⵏⴰⵜ ⴰⵍⵎⴰⵗⵏⴰ ⵓⴰⵙ ⴰⴷⵉⵏⴰⵜ ⴰⵙⵙⴰⵏⴰⵏ ⵉⵋⵉ.
English: However, Spanish or Japanese speakers would be more likely to say "the vase broke itself".
Tamasheq: "ⴰⴶⵓⴷⵢⵏ,ⴾⴰⵍ ⵢⵙⴷⴰⴶⵏⵓⵍⵜⴰⵏ ⵎⵢⵗ ⵋⴰⴷⵓⵏⵜⴰⵏ ⴰⵈⴰⵍ ⵂⵓⵍⵢⵏ ⴰⵙⵎⴰⵏ ⵏⴰⵙⵙⴰⵏ ⵜⴰⵏⵏⴰ "ⴰⴰⵓⵙⵙ ⵢⵔⵣⴰ ⴰⴷ ⵎⴰⵏⴻⵙⵙ"."
English: Spanish and Japanese speakers did not remember the agents of accidental events as well as did English speakers.
Tamasheq: ⴷⴷⴰⴶⵏⵓⵍⵜⴰⵏ ⴰⴷ ⵋⴰⴷⵓⵏⴰⵉⵜⴰⵏ ⵓⴰⵔ ⴾⴰⵜⴰⵓⴰⵏ ⵎⴰⵙⵙⴰⵓⴰⵙ ⴰⵏ ⵎⵢⵛⵍⴰⵏ ⴰⴷ ⵂⴰⵔⵓⴰ ⵉⵏⴶⵍⵉⵙⵂⵜⴰⵏ.
English: In one study German and Spanish speakers were asked to describe objects having opposite gender assignment in those two languages.
Tamasheq: ⵢⴰⵗ ⵜⵢⵗⴰⵔⵢ ⵉⵉⴰⵜ,ⵏⴰⵙⵉⵙⵜⴰⵏ ⴶⵢⵔⵎⴰⵏⵜⴰⵏ ⴰⴷ ⴾⴰⵍ ⵢⵙⴷⴰⴶⵏⵓⵍⵜⴰⵏ ⵙⴰⴾⵏⴰⵏ ⵂⴰⵔⴰⵜⴰⵏ ⵓⵉⵙ ⴰⵍⵎⴰⵗⵏⴰ ⴰⵏⵉⵎⴰⵛⵔⴰⵉ ⴷⴰⵗ ⵜⵉⵎⵓⵛⴰⵗ ⵜⴰⵙⵙⴰⵏⵢⵏ.
English: To describe a "bridge", which is feminine in German and masculine in Spanish, the German speakers said "beautiful", "elegant", "fragile", "peaceful", "pretty" and "slender", and the Spanish speakers said "big", "dangerous", "long", "strong", "sturdy" and "towering".
Tamasheq: ⵗⵢ ⴰⵙⵙⴰⴾⴰⵏ ⴰⵏ "ⴰⴷⵎⴰⵔ,"ⵢⵈⴰⵍⴰⵏ ⵓⴰⵏ ɗⵢⴷⵢⵏ ⵗⵓⵔ ⴰⵍⵍⴰⵎⴰⴶⵏⵢ ⴰⴷ ⵓⴰⵏ ⵎⴻⴷⴰⵏ ⵗⵓⵔ ⵢⵙɗⴰⴶⵏⵓⵍ, ⴶⵢⵔⵎⴰⵏⵜⴰⵏ ⴰⵏⵏⴰⵏ "ⴰⵂⵓⵙⴾⴰⵜ", "ⵜⵢⵍⴰⵙⵢ","ⵜⴰⵍⴰⵎⴷⵢ","ⵢⵔⴰⵣⵉ","ⵉⴾⵏⴰ", ⵉⵣⴰⵔ "ⵙⴰⴷⵉⴷ", ⵉⵣⴰⵔ ⵢⵙⴷⴰⴶⵏⵓⵍⵜⴰⵏ ⵉⵏⴰⵏ "ⵎⴰⵈⴰⵔ", "ⵓⴰⵔⴰⵂⵓⵙⴾⴰⵜ", "ⵣⴰⴶⵔⴰⵜ ", "ⴰⵙⵓⵂⴰⵜ ", "ⵂⴰⵔⵓ" , ⵉⵣⴰⵔ "ⴰⵛⴰⵂⴰⵛⴰⵍ ."
English: Whether each alien was friendly or hostile was determined by certain subtle features but participants were not told what these were.
Tamasheq: ⵜⴰⵍⵗⴰ ⴰⵏ ⵜⴰⵎⵉⴷⵉⵓⴰ ⵎⵢⵗ ⴰⵣⴰⵍⴰⵉ ⴰⵏ ⴰⵍⵛⵉⵏ ⴾⵓⵍ ⴰⵜⵉⵓⴰⵍⵎⴰⴷ ⴰⵙ ⵜⵉⵎⵢⵣⵍⴰⵉⵢⵏ ⵜⵉⵉⴰⴷ ⵙⴰⴷⵉⴷⵏⵢⵏ,ⵎⴰⵛⵢⵏ ⵉⵎⵓⴶⴰⵛⴰⵏ ⵓⴰⵔ ⴰⵍⵎⵢⴷⴰⵏ ⵗⵓⵔ ⵜⵉⵏ ⴰⵍⴾⵓⵎ.
English: For the rest, the aliens remained nameless.
Tamasheq: ⵗⵢ ⴰⵓⴰ ⴰⴷⴰⵈⵉⵎⴰⵏ, ⴰⵍⵛⵉⵏⴰⵏ ⴰⵈⵉⵎⴰⵏ ⵓⴰⵍⴰ ⵉⵙⵙⴰⵎ.
English: It was concluded that naming objects helps us categorize and memorize them.
Tamasheq: ⴰⵜⴰⵙⴰⴱⴷⴰⴷ ⴰⵙ ⵉⵋⵉ ⵏⵉⵙⵙⴰⵎ ⵉⵢ ⵂⴰⵔⴰⵜⴰⵏ ⴰⵍⵉⵍⴰⵏⴰⵗ ⵉⵢ ⵢⴱⴰɗⵉ ⵏⴰⵙⵙⴰⵏ ⵜⴰⵏⵏⴰ ⴰⴷ ⴰⵍⵎⵓⴷ ⵏⴰⵙⵙⴰⵏ.
English: Within this area, issues include: the nature of synonymy, the origins of meaning itself, our apprehension of meaning, and the nature of composition (the question of how meaningful units of language are composed of smaller meaningful parts, and how the meaning of the whole is derived from the meaning of its parts).
Tamasheq: ⵢⴰⵗⴷⴰⵋ ⵓⵢⵏ,ⵉⵙⵙⴰⵙⵜⴰⵏ ⵓⴰⵔⴰⵏ ⴰⴾⵜⵓⴱ ⴼⴰⵍ ⵉⵔⵉ ⴷⴰⵗ ⵎⵉⵍⵂⴰⵓ,ⵙⴰⵏⵜⵓⵜⴰⵏ ⴰⵏ ⴰⵓⴰ ⴷⴰⵔⵜⵉⴷⵉⵍⴰ ⴰⵏⵜⴰ ⵉⵎⴰⵏⵢⵙ,ⴰⵜⴾⵓⵍ ⵏⴰⵏⴰⵗ ⴰⵏ ⴰⵍⴰⵗⵉ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵔⵉ ⵓⴰⵏ ⴰⴾⴰⵜⴰⴱ ( ⴰⵙⵙⵢⵙⵜⴰⵏ ⵓⴰⵏ ⵎⵓⵙⵏⴰⵜ ⵏⴰⵍⵎⴰⵗⵏⴰⵜ ⵜⵉⵔⵜⴰⵉ ⴰⵜⵉⵓⴰⵙⴰⵏⵢⵏ ⴰⵏ ⵎⴰⴶⵔⴰⴷ ⴰⵔⵜⴰⵉⵏⴰⵜ ⴰⴷ ⵜⵉⴷⴰⴶⴰⵜⵢⵏ ⴰⵜⵉⵓⴰⵙⴰⵏⵢⵏ ⵎⴰⴷⵔⵓⵉⵏⵢⵏ ⴰⴷ ⴰⵍⵎⴰⵗⵏⴰ ⵓⴰ ⴷⴰⵔⵜⵉⴷⵉⵍⴰ ⴾⵓⵍ ⵉⵣⴶⴰⵔⵉⴷ ⵉⵢ ⴰⵍⴰⵗⵉ ⴰⵏ ⵜⵉⴷⴰⴶⴰⵜⵢⵏ ⵏⵢⵙⵙ).
English: The ideational theory of meaning, most commonly associated with the British empiricist John Locke, claims that meanings are mental representations provoked by signs.
Tamasheq: ⵔⴰⵎⵓⵙⵏⵢ ⴰⵏ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵏⵂⵓⵉⵜ ⵉⵢ ⴰⵍⴰⵗⵉ,ⵢⵔⵜⴰⵉ ⴰⵍⵓⴰⵈ ⴰⴷ ⵜⵢⵔⵎⵉⵜ ⵜⴰⵏ ⴱⵔⵉⵜⴰⵏⵏⵉⵈⵓⵢ ⵋⵓⵂⵏ Lⵓⴰⴾⵢ,ⴰⵗⵢⵍ ⵉⵍⴰⵗⵉⵜⴰⵏ ⴰⵈⴰⵍⴰⵏ ⵉⵎⴰⵏⴰⵂⴰⴷⴰⵏ ⴰⵋⵓⵔⴰⵜⵏⵢⵏ ⴰⵜⵉⵓⴰⴷⵍⴰⵎⵏⵢⵏ ⴰⵙ ⵜⵉⵎⵜⴰⵔ.
English: (See also Wittgenstein's picture theory of language.)
Tamasheq: (ⴰⵂⴰⵏⴰⵉ ⴷⵢⵗ ⴰⵏ ⵜⴰⵎⵓⵙⵏⴻ ⵜⴰⵈⴰⵍⴰⵜ ⴰⵙⵙⵓⵔⴰ ⴰⵏ ⵎⴰⴶⵔⴰⴷ ⵓⴰⵏ ⵓⵉⴼⴶⵢⵏⵙⵜⵢⵉⵏ) .
English: Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press.
Tamasheq: ⵛⴰⵎⴱⵔⵉⴷⴶⵢ, Mⴰⵙⵙⴰⵛⵂⵓⵙⵢⵜⵜⵙ : ⵂⴰⵔⴱⴰⵔⴷ Uⵏⵉⴱⵢⵔⵙⵉⵜⵉ Pⵔⵢⵙⵙ.
English: The reference theory of meaning, also known collectively as semantic externalism, views meaning to be equivalent to those things in the world that are actually connected to signs.
Tamasheq: ⵔⴰⵎⵓⵙⵏ ⵜⴰⵏ ⵜⴰⵎⵓⵣⵉⵢ ⴰⵏ ⴰⵍⴰⵗⵉ,ⵢⵈⴰⵍ ⴰⵜⵉⵓⴰⵣⴰⵉⴰⵏ ⵙⴰⵋⴰⵜ,ⴷⴰⵓ ⵉⵙⵙⴰⵎ ⵓⴰⵏ ⴰⵣⴰⴶⵓⵔ ⴰⵏ ⵜⴰⵏⵏⴰ,ⵉⵋⴰ ⴰⵙ ⴰⵍⴰⵗⵉ ⵓⴶⴷⴰⵂ ⴰⴷ ⵂⴰⵔⴰⵜⴰⵏ ⴷⴰⵗ ⴰⴷⵓⵏⵉⴰ ⵢⵈⴰⵍⵏⵢⵏ ⴰⵙ ⵜⵉⴷⵉⵜ ⵢⵛⵓⴰⵍⴰⵏ.
English: The traditional formulation of such a theory is that the meaning of a sentence is its method of verification or falsification.
Tamasheq: ⵎⴰⴶⵔⴰⴷ ⴰⵜⵉⵓⴰⴶⴰⵣⴰⵏ ⴰⵏ ⵜⴰⵎⵓⵙⵏⵢ ⵢⵈⴰⵍ ⵜⴰⵏⵏⴰ ⴰⵏ ⵜⴰⴼⵢⵔ ⵢⵈⴰⵍ ⵜⴰⵎⴾⴰⵔⵢ ⵜⴰⵏ ⵓⵎⴰⵗ ⵎⵜⵗ ⴰⵗⴰⵛⴰⴷ.
English: In this version, the comprehension (and hence meaning) of a sentence consists in the hearer's ability to recognize the demonstration (mathematical, empirical or other) of the truth of the sentence.
Tamasheq: ⴷⴰⵗ ⵜⵢⴼⵢⵔⵜ ⵜⴰ,ⴰⵍⴰⵎⴰⴷⴰⵜ (ⴰⴷ ⵜəⵏⵏⴰ) ⴰⵏ ⵜⴰⴼⵢⵔⵜ ⵢⵈⴰⵍ ⵗⵓⵔ ⵜⴰⴷⴰⴱⵉⵜ ⴰⵏ ⵢⵎⴰⵙⵙⴰⴶⴰⴷⴰⵜ ⵜⴰⵔⴰⴷⴰⵓⵜ ⴰⵏ ⴰⵙⵙⴰⴾⴰⵏ (ⵉⵎⴰⴷⵉⵏⴰⵏ,ⵜⵉⵔⵎⴰ ⵎⵢⵗ ⵉⵉⴰⵏ)ⵓⴰⵏ ⵜⵉⴷⵉⵜ ⵜⴰⴼⵢⵔⵜ.
English: A pragmatic theory of meaning is any theory in which the meaning (or understanding) of a sentence is determined by the consequences of its application.
Tamasheq: ⵜⴰⵎⵓⵙⵏⵢ ⴰⵏ ⵜⵉⵙⵙⵉⵜ ⴰⵏ ⴰⵍⴰⵗⵉ ⵢⵈⴰⵍ ⵜⴰⵎⵓⵙⵏⵢ ⴾⵓⵍ ⵜⴰⵉⵂⴰ ⴰⵍⴰⵗⵉ (ⵎⵢⵗ ⴰⵋⴰⵔⴰⵂⴰⵜ) ⴰⵏ ⵜⴰⴼⵢⵔⵜ ⴰⵍⵎⵓⴷ ⴰⵏ
English: Gottlob Frege was an advocate of a mediated reference theory.
Tamasheq: ⵗⵓⵜⵜⵍⵓⴱ Fⵔⵢⴶⵢ ⵢⵈⴰⵍ ⵢⵎⴰⵔⵂ ⴰⵏ ⵜⴰⵎⵓⵙⵏⵢ ⵜⴰⵏ ⵎⵓⵣⵉⴰⵜ ⵓⴰⵔⵢⵏ ⵜⴰⵔⵜⵢⵉ.
English: Such a thought is abstract, universal and objective.
Tamasheq: ⴰⵏⴰⵣⴶⵓⵎ ⵓⵢⵏ ⵉⴼⴰⵔ,ⵎⴰⵈⴰⵔ ⴰⴷ ⴰⴷⴰⵜⵓ.
English: Referents are the objects in the world that words pick out.
Tamasheq: Iⵂⵓⴾ ⴰⵎⵓⵙⴰⵏ ⵂⴰⵔⴰⵜⴰⵏ ⵓⵉⵏ ⴰⴷⵓⵏⵉⴰ ⵓⵉ ⴷⴰⵋⴰⵔⴰⵓⴰⵏ ⴰⴷ ⴷⵉⵋⴰⵔⴰⵓⵏⴰⵜ ⵜⴰⴼⵢⵔ.
English: He viewed proper names of the sort described above as "abbreviated definite descriptions" (see Theory of descriptions).
Tamasheq: ."Iⵋⴰ ⵉⵙⵎⴰⵓⴰⵏ ⵓⵉ ⴰⵂⵓⵙⴾⴰⵜⵏⵢⵏ ⴰⵏ ⵉⵔⵉ ⴰⵜⵉⵓⴰⵍⴰⵗⵢⵏ ⵙⴰⴼⴰⵍⴰ ⵙⵓⵏⴷ ""ⵉⵜⵓⴰⵍⴰⵗⵉⵜⴰⵏ ⴰⵍⴰⵗⵉ ⴶⴰⵣⴰⵍⴰⵏ)."ⴰⵂⴰⵏⴰⵉ ⴰⵏ ⵜⴰⵎⵓⵙⵏⵢ ⵜⴰⵏ ⵉⵜⵓⴰⵍⴰⵗⵉⵜⴰⵏ)."
English: Such phrases denote in the sense that there is an object that satisfies the description.
Tamasheq: ⴰⵍⵗⴰⵔⵓⴼⴰⵏ ⵉⵉⴰⴷ ⵓⴰⵔ ⴷⴰⴾⴰⵍⴰⵏ ⴰⵓⴰⴾⴰⵍ ⴷⵉⵂⴰ ⴰⵜⵉⵍⴰ ⵂⴰⵔⴰⵜ ⵓⴰ ⵉⴼⴰⵏⵏ ⴰⵍⴰⵗⵉ.
English: On Frege's account, any referring expression has a sense as well as a referent.
Tamasheq: ⴼⴰⵍ ⵢⴷⴰⵏ ⵓⴰⵏ ⴼⵔⵢⴶⵢ, ⵎⴰⴶⵔⴰⴷ ⴾⵓⵍ ⴰⵜⵉⵓⴰⵙⵙⴰⵏⴰⵏ ⵉⵍⴰ ⵎⵓⵙⵏⴰⵜ ⵙⴰⵏⵢⵂⴰⵍ.
English: Despite the differences between the views of Frege and Russell, they are generally lumped together as descriptivists about proper names.
Tamasheq: Ɣⵓⵔ ⵉⵣⴰⵍⴰⵉⴰⵏ ⵋⴰⵔ ⵉⴷⴰⵋⴰⵏ ⵓⵉⵏ ⵏⴰⵂⴰⵏⴰⵉ ⴰⵏ ⴼⵔⵢⴶⵢ ⴰⴷ ⵔⵓⵙⵙⵢⵍⵍ,ⴰⵈⴰⵍⴰⵏ ⵙⵓⵏⴷ ⵉⵍⴰⵗⵉⵜⴰⵏ ⴰⵏ ⵉⵙⵎⴰⵓⴰⵏ ⴰⵂⵓⵙⴾⴰⵜⵏⵢⵏ.
English: Consider the name Aristotle and the descriptions "the greatest student of Plato", "the founder of logic" and "the teacher of Alexander".
Tamasheq: "ⴰⵜⴾⴰⵍⴰⵜⴰⵏⴰⵗ ⵉⵙⵙⴰⵎ ⵓⴰⵏ ⴰⵔⵉⵙⵜⵓⵜⵢ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵍⴰⵗⵉⵜⴰⵏ ⵢⵎⴰⵗⴰⵔ ⵓⴰ ⵎⴰⵗⴰⵔⴰⵏ ⴰⵏ ⴱⵍⴰⵜⵓⵏ"", "ⵢⵎⴰⵏⴰⵂⴰⴷ ⵎⴰⵙⵙⴰⵗⴰⵔ" ⴰⴷ"ⵢⵎⴰⵙⵙⴰⵗⴰⵔ ⴰⵏ ⴰⵍⵢⵆⴰⵏⴷⵔⵢ ".""
English: He may have existed and not have become known to posterity at all or he may have died in infancy.
Tamasheq: ⴰⴷⵓⴱⴰⵜ ⴰⴶⴰⵔⴰⵓ ⵏⴰⵎⵢⵍ ⴰⵙ ⵓⴰⵔⵉⴶⵔⵢⵓ ⵎⵓⵣⵉⴰⵜ ⵜⴰⵏ ⴰⵋⵉⵍⴰⵏ ⵎⵢⵗ ⴰⴱⴰⵜ ⵗⵓⵔ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⴷⵔⵉⵜ.
English: But this is deeply counterintuitive.
Tamasheq: ⵎⴰⴰⵂⴰⵏ ⴰⵓⵢⵏ ⵣⴰⴶⵔⴰⵜ ⴼⴰⵍ-ⵎⵓⵙⵏⴰⵜ.
English: Questions inevitably arise on surrounding topics.
Tamasheq: ⴰⵙⵙⴰⵙⵜⴰⵏⴰⵏ ⵣⴰⴶⴰⵔⴰⵏⵉⴷ ⴷⴰⵗ ⵉⴱⴰⵏ ⵜⴰⵏⵂⴰⵜ ⴼⴰⵍ ⴱⴰⵜⵓⵜⴰⵏ ⵓⵂⴰⵣⵏⵢⵏ.
English: David Kellogg Lewis proposed a worthy reply to the first question by expounding the view that a convention is a rationally self-perpetuating regularity in behavior.
Tamasheq: ⴷⴰⵢⵉⴷ ⵆⵢⵍⵍⵓⴶⴶ ⵍⵢⵓⵉⵙ ⴰⵙⵉⵏⴰⵂⴰⵋⴰ ⴰⵙⵙⵓⴷⵎⴰⵔ ⵉⴾⵔⴰⵛⴰⵏ ⵉⵙⵙⴰⵎ ⵗⵓⵔ ⴰⵙⵙⵢⵙⵜⴰⵏ ⵓⴰⵣⴰⵔⴰⵏ ⴷⴰⵗ ⵜⴰⵏⵏⴰ ⵉⵢ ⴰⵏⴰⵣⴶⵓⵎ ⵉⵢ ⵜⴰⵔⴰⴷⴰⵓⵜ ⵢⵈⴰⵍ ⵎⵉⵍⵂⴰⵓ ⵜⴰⴷⵓⵜⵢⵜ ⴰⵏ ⵜⴰⵂⴰⵋⵉⵜ ⴷⴰⵗ ⵜⵢⵎⴰⵛⴰⵍⵜ.
English: Noam Chomsky proposed that the study of language could be done in terms of the I-Language, or internal language of persons.
Tamasheq: ⵏⴰⵎ ⴰⵂⵓⵎⵙⴾⵉ ⴰⵙⵙⵉⵏⴰⵂⴰⵋⴰ ⴰⵣⴰⵓⴰⵉ ⴰⵏ ⵎⴰⴶⵔⴰⴷ ⴰⴷⵓⴱⴰⵜ ⵉⵋⵉ ⴷⴰⵗ ⵎⴰⴶⵔⴰⴷ,ⵎⵢⵗ ⵎⴰⴶⵔⴰⴷ ⴷⴰⵗ ⴰⵎⴰⵙⵙ ⵏⴰⴷⵉⵏⴰⵜ.
English: One fruitful source of research involves investigation into the social conditions that give rise to, or are associated with, meanings and languages.
Tamasheq: ⵜⴰⴱⵢⵔⴰⵜ ⵜⴰⴼⴰⵜ ⵉⵢ ⵓⵎⴰⵗ ⵙⴰⵔⵜⴰⵉ ⵓⵎⴰⵗ ⴰⵏ ⴰⵍⵎⴰⵗⵏⴰⵜⴰⵏ ⴰⵏ ⵜⴰⵎⵓⴷⵔⴰⵓⵢⵏ ⵓⵉ ⵂⴰⴾⴰⵏⵢⵏ ⵢⴷⴰⵋ ⵗⵓⵔ, ⵎⵢⵗ ⴰⵔⵜⴰⵉⴰⵏ ⵗⵓⵔ, ⵉⵍⴰⵗⵉⵜⴰⵏ ⴰⴷ ⵎⴰⴶⵔⴰⴷⴰⵏ.
English: The presumptions that prop up each theoretical view are of interest to the philosopher of language.
Tamasheq: Iⵏⴰⵂⴰⵋⵉⵜⴰⵏ ⵓⵉ ⴰⵍⵉⵍⵏⵢⵏ ⴰⵍⵎⴰⵗⵏⴰ ⵏⴰⵂⴰⵏⴰⵉ ⴰⵏ ⵜⴰⵎⵓⵙⵏⵢ ⴰⵈⴰⵍⴰⵏ ⴰⵂⵓⵙⴾⵢⵏ ⴼⴰⵍ ⵎⵉⴶⵔⵉⴷⴰⵏ ⴰⵏ ⵎⴰⴶⵔⴰⴷ.
English: Rhetoric is the study of the particular words that people use to achieve the proper emotional and rational effect in the listener, be it to persuade, provoke, endear, or teach.
Tamasheq: ⵜⴰⵎⵓⵙⵏⵢ ⴰⵏ ⵎⴰⴶⵔⴰⴷ ⵜⴰⵈⴰⵍ ⴰⵍⵎⵓⴷ ⴰⵏ ⵜⴰⴼⵢⵔ ⴰⴱⴷⴰⵏⵏ ⵜⵉⴷⴰⴾⴰⵍⴰⵏ ⴰⴷⵉⵏⴰⵜ ⵉⵢ ⴰⴶⴰⵔⴰⵓ ⵉⵋⵉ ⵏⴰⵎⴰⵜⵓⵙⵓ ⴰⴷ ⴰⴷⴰⵜⵓ ⵉⴾⵏⴰⵏ ⵗⵓⵔ ⵢⵎⴰⵙⴰⴶⴰⴷ,ⵉⵢ ⵜⴰⴼⵍⴰⵙⵜ,ⵜⴰⴷⵍⴰⵎⵜ,ⵜⴰⵔⵂⴰ ⵎⵢⵗ ⴰⵙⵙⴰⵗⴰⵔ.
English: It also has applications to the study and interpretation of law, and helps give insight to the logical concept of the domain of discourse.
Tamasheq: ⵜⴰⵍⴰ ⴷⵜⵗ ⴰⵏ ⵉⵋⵉⵜⴰⵏ ⴷⴰⵗ ⴰⵍⵎⵓⴷ ⴰⴷ ⴰⵍⴰⵗⵉ ⴰⵏ ⵜⵓⵔⵂⴰⵋⴰⵜ, ⵉⵣⴰⵔ ⵉⴶⵔⴰⵓ ⴰⵏ ⴰⵍⵎⵓⴷ ⴰⵏ ⵎⵓⵙⵏⴰⵜ ⵜⴰⴷⵓⵜⵢⵜ ⵢⴷⴰⵋ ⴰⵏ ⵎⴰⴶⵔⴰⴷ.
English: The idea of language is often related to that of logic in its Greek sense as "logos", meaning discourse or dialectic.
Tamasheq: ⴰⵏⵉⵉⴰⵜ ⴰⵏ ⵎⴰⴶⵔⴰⴷ ⵢⵔⵜⴰⵉ ⴰⵍⵓⴰⵈ ⵉⵉⴰⵏ ⴰⴷ ⵓⴰⵏ ⵜⵉⴷⵉⵜ ⴷⴰⵗ ⵎⵓⵙⵏⴰⵜ ⵓⴰⵏ ⴶⵔⵢⴰ ⴰⵏ ""ⵍⵍⵓⴶⵓⵙ"", ⴷⴰⵗ ⵜⵉⴷⵉⵍⴰ ⴱⴰⵜⵓ ⵎⵢⵗ ⴰⵍⵎⴰⵗⵏⴰ ⴰⵏ ⵜⵉⴷⵉⵜ.
English: Heidegger combines phenomenology with the hermeneutics of Wilhelm Dilthey.
Tamasheq: ⵆⵢⵉⴷⵢⴶⴶⵢⵔ ⴰⵙⵙⴰⵔⵜⴰⵉ ⵂⴰⵔⴰⵜⴰⵏ ⵜⴰⵋⴰⵏⵢⵏ ⴷⴰⵗ ⴰⵍⵓⴰⵈ ⵉⵉⴰⵏ ⴰⴷ ⴰⵍⴰⵗⵉ ⵓⴰⵏ ⵓⵉⵍⵂⵢⵍⵎ ⵢⵉⵉⵍⵜⵓⵢⵉ.
English: For example, Sein (being), the word itself, is saturated with multiple meanings.
Tamasheq: ⵙⵓⵏⴷ, ⴷⴰⵗ ( ⵓⵗⴰⵍ),ⵜⵢⴼⵢⵔⵜ ⵉⵎⴰⵏ ⵏⵢⵙⵙ,ⵜⴰⵎⴰⴷⴰ ⵍⴰⵗⵉⵜⴰⵏ ⴰⵋⵓⵜⵏⵢⵏ.
English: Heidegger claims writing is only a supplement to speech, because even readers construct or contribute their own "talk" while reading.
Tamasheq: "ⵂⵢⵉⴷⵢⴶⴶⵢⵔ ⴰⵍⵉⵗⴰⵜ ⴰⵙ ⴰⵈⴰⵜⴰⵜⴰⴱ ⵢⵈⴰⵍ ⴰⵙⵙⵉⵓⴰⴷ ⵉⵢ ⵜⴰⵏⵏⴰ, ⴼⴰⵍⴰⵙ ⵉⵎⴶⴰⵗⵔⴰ ⵉⵎⴰⵏⵢⵙⵙ ⴾⴰⵔⴰⵙⵙⴰⵏ ⵎⵢⵗ ⵜⵉⵓⵉⴰⵏⵉⴷ ""ⵎⴰⴶⵔⴰⴷ"" ⵏⴰⵙⵙⴰⵏ ⴷⴰⵗ ⵜⵢⵗⴰⵔⵢ.
English: In Truth and Method, Gadamer describes language as "the medium in which substantive understanding and agreement take place between two people.
Tamasheq: "ⴷⴰⵗ ⵜⵉⴷⵉⵜ ⴰⴷ ⵜⴰⵎⴾⴰⵔⵢ,ⵗⴰⴷⴰⵎⵢⵔ ⵉⵜⴰⵍⴰⵗⴰⵜ ⵎⴰⴶⵔⴰⴷ ⵙⵓⵏⴷ "" ⵜⵢⵗⴰⵔⵉⵜ ⴷⴰⵗ ⵜⴰⵏ ⴰⵍⵎⵓⴷ ⴰⴷ ⵜⴰⵔⴰⴷⴰⵓⵜ ⴰⵏ ⵂⴰⵔⴰⵜ ⴰⵔⵜⴰⵉ ⵋⴰⵔ ⴰⵙⵙⴰⵏ ⴰⴷⵉⵏⴰⵜ"".
English: Paul Ricœur, on the other hand, proposed a hermeneutics which, reconnecting with the original Greek sense of the term, emphasized the discovery of hidden meanings in the equivocal terms (or "symbols") of ordinary language.
Tamasheq: ⴱⴰⵓⵍ ⵔⵉⵛⵓⵢⵓⵔ, ⵈⵓⴰⵏⵓⵉ, ⵉⵏⵏⴰ ⴰⵍⴰⵗⵉ ⵓⴰ, ⴰⵙⵙⵉⵎⴰⵙⵙⴰⵗⴰⵍ ⴰⴷ ⴰⵍⴰⵗⵉ ⴰⵏ ⴶⵔⵢⴰ ⴰⵂⵓⵙⴾⵢⵏ ⴰⵏ ⵜⵉⴼⵢⵔ, ⵋⴰⵏ ⵉⴷⵓⴷ ⴼⴰⵍ ⴰⴶⴰⵔⴰⵓ ⴰⵏ ⴰⵍⴰⵗⵉ ⵉⴼⴰⵔⴰⵏ ⴷⴰⵗ ⵜⵉⴼⵢⵔ ⵓⴶⴷⴰⵂⵏⵢⵏ (ⵎⵢⵗ ""ⵢⵛⵓⴰⵍ"") ⴰⵏ ⵎⴰⴶⵔⴰⴷ ⵓⴰⵔⵢⵏ ⴰⵙⵙⴰⴾⴰⵉ".
English: It allows them to take advantage of and effectively manipulate the external world in order to create meaning for themselves and transmit this meaning to others.
Tamasheq: ⵜⴰⴶⵔⴰⵓⴰⵙⴰⵏ ⴰⵔⴰⴾⴰⴱ ⵏⴰⵛⵔⵓⵜ ⴰⴷ ⵓⴷⴷⴰⴼ ⴰⵙⵙⵓⵂⵢⵏ ⵏⴰⴷⵓⵏⵉⴰ ⵜⴰⵏ ⴰⴶⴰⵎⴰ ⵉⵢ ⵉⵋⵉ ⴰⵏ ⴰⵍⴰⵗⵉⵢ ⵎⴰⵏⴰⵙⵙⴰⵏ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵂⵓⴾ ⴰⵏ ⴰⵍⴰⵗⵉ ⵉⵢ ⵓⵉⵉⴰⴷⵏⵢⵏ.
English: Some important figures in the history of semiotics, are Charles Sanders Peirce, Roland Barthes, and Roman Jakobson.
Tamasheq: Iⵙⵙⴰⴾⵏⵉⵜⴰⵏ ⵉⵉⴰⴷ ⵉⴾⵏⴰⵏⵢⵏ ⴰⵏ ⵜⴰⴼⵓⵏⵙⵜ ⵜⴰⵏ ⴰⵍⴰⵗⵉ ⴰⵈⴰⵍⴰⵏ ⵛⵂⴰⵔⵍⵢⵙ ⵙⴰⵏⴷⵢⵔⵙ ⴱⵉⵢⵔⵔⵢ, ⵙⵓⵍⴰⵏⴷ ⴱⴰⵔⵜⵂⵢⵙ ⴰⴷ ⵔⵓⵎⴰⵏ ⵋⴰⴾⵓⴱⵙⵓⵏ.
English: 19th century romanticism emphasised human agency and free will in meaning construction.
Tamasheq: ⵔⵓⵎⴰⵏⵜⵉⵙⵎⵢ ⵓⴰⵏ 19ⵢ ⴰⵏ ⵜⴰⵎⵢⴷⵢ ⵏⴰⵓⴰⵜⴰⵉ ⵉⵋⴰ ⴰⵙⵙⵉⵓⴰⴷ ⴼⴰⵍ ⵢⵂⴰⵏ ⴰⵏ ⴰⴷⵉⵏⴰⵜ ⴰⴷ ⵢⵎⴰⵏⴰⵂⴰⴷ ⴷⴰⵗ ⴰⴾⴰⵔⴰⵙⵙ ⴰⵏ ⵜⴰⵏⵏⴰ.
English: Humanistic views are challenged by biological theories of language which consider languages as natural phenomena.
Tamasheq: Iⵂⴰⵏⴰⵉⴰⵏ ⵏⴰⴷⵉⵏⴰⵜ ⴰⵜⵉⵓⴰⵙⴰⵗⴰⵍⴰⵏ ⴷⴰⵗ ⴰⵙⵙⴰⵙⵜⴰⵏ ⴼⴰⵍ ⵜⵉⵎⵓⵙⵏⴰⵓⵢⵏ ⴰⵏ ⵜⴰⵍⴰ ⴰⵏ ⵎⴰⴶⵔⴰⴷⴰⵏ ⵉⵋⴰⵏⵢⵏ ⵉⵎⴰⴶⵔⵉⴷⴰⵏ ⵙⵓⵏⴷ ⵂⴰⵔⴰⵜ ⵉⴾⵏⴰⵏ.
English: In Neo-Darwinism, Richard Dawkins and other proponents of cultural replicator theories consider languages as populations of mind viruses.
Tamasheq: ⴷⴰⵗ ⵜⴰⵎⵓⵙⵏⵢ ⴰⵏ ⴰⵙⵙⴰⵏⴰⴼⵔⴰⵏ ⵔⵉⵛⵂⴰⵔⴷ ⵢⴰⵓⴾⵉⵏⵙ ⴰⴷ ⴾⴰⵍ ⵜⴰⵎⵓⵙⵏⴰⵓⵢⵏ ⵉⵉⴰⴷ ⴰⵏ ⴰⵙⵓⴷⵎⴰⵔ ⵉⵋⴰⵏ ⵎⴰⴶⵔⴰⴷⴰⵏ ⵙⵓⵏⴷ ⴰⴷⴰⵓⴰⵍⴰⵏ ⵓⵉⵏ ⵢⵎⴰⵍⵙⵉ ⴰⵏⵉⴰⵜ.
English: Some have said that the expression stands for some real, abstract universal out in the world called "rocks".
Tamasheq: "Iⵉⴰɗ ⵉⵏⵏⴰⵏ ⴰⵙ ⵜⴰⵏⵏⴰ ⵜⴰⵙⵉⴾⵏⴰ ⵉⵍⴰⵏ ⴰⴷⴰⵜⵓ ⴰⴷ ⵓⴼⴰⵔ ⴷⴰⵗ ⴰⴷⵓⵏⵉⴰ ⵙⵉⵜⴰⵓⵏⴰ ""ⵜⵉⵂⵓⵏ"".
English: The issue here can be explicated if we examine the proposition "Socrates is a Man".
Tamasheq: ⴰⵜⴰⵔⴰⵈⴰ ⴷⵉⵂⴰ ⴰⴷⵓⴱⴰⵜ ⴰⴷⴰⴾⴰⵍ ⴰⵜⵓⴰⵍⴰⵗⵉ ⴰⵙ ⵏⴰⴾⵉⴰⴷ ⵜⴰⵏⵏⴰ ⴰⵙ "ⵙⵓⴰⵔⴰⵜⵢ ⵢⵈⴰⵍ ⴰⵂⴰⵍⴰⵙ".""
English: These two things connect in some way or overlap.
Tamasheq: ⵆⴰⵔⴰⵜⴰⵏ ⵓⵉⵏ ⴰⵙⵙⵉⵏ ⴰⴷⵢⵓⴰⵏ ⵉⵢ ⴰⵍⵎⴰⵗⵏⴰⵜ ⵉⵉⴰⵜ ⵎⵢⵗ ⵜⵉⵎⴰⵈⵓⵙⴰⵏ.
English: Another perspective is to consider "man" to be a property of the entity, "Socrates".
Tamasheq: ."ⴷⴰⵗ ⵎⴰⵏⵂⵓⵉ ⵉⵉⴰⵜ ⵜⴰⵈⴰⵍ ⴰⵜⴾⵓⵍ ""ⴰⵂⴰⵍⴰⵙⵙ"" ⵙⵓⵏⴷ ⵜⴰⵜⵓⴰⴾⵔⴰⵛⵜ ⴰⵏ ⵂⴰⵔⴰⵜ, ""ⵙⵓⵛⵔⴰⵜⵢ".""
English: Some of the most prominent members of this tradition of formal semantics include Tarski, Carnap, Richard Montague and Donald Davidson.
Tamasheq: ⵋⴰⵔ ⴰⴷⵉⵏⴰⵜ ⵓⵉ ⴰⴾⵏⴰⵏⵏ ⵓⵋⴰⵔⵏⵢⵏ ⴰⵏ ⵜⵉⴶⵣⴰ ⵜⴰⵏ ⵜⴰⵏⵏⴰ ⵜⴰⴷⵓⵜⵢⵜ ⵂⴰⵏ ⵟⴰⵔⵙⴾⵉ, ⴰⴰⵔⵏⴰⴷ,ⵔⵉⴰⵂⴰⵔⴷ, ⵎⵓⵏⵜⴰⴶⵓⵢ, ⴰⴷ ⵢⵓⵏⴰⵍⴷ ⵢⴰⵗⵉⴷⵙⵓⵏ.
English: They did not believe that the social and practical dimensions of linguistic meaning could be captured by any attempts at formalization using the tools of logic.
Tamasheq: ⵓⴰⵔ ⴰⵈⵢⵍ-ⴰⵙ ⵉⴾⵢⵜⴰⵏ ⵏⴰⴷⵉⵏⴰⵜ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵋⵉⵜⴰⵏ ⵉⵢ ⵜⴰⵏⵏⴰ ⴰⵏ ⵎⴰⴶⵔⴰⴷ ⴰⴷⵓⴱⵢⵏ ⴰⵜⵓⴰⵔⵎⴰⵙ ⴼⴰⵍ ⵉⵔⵓⵎ ⴾⵓⵍ ⴰⵏ ⴰⵣⴰⵣⴶⴰⵔ ⵉⴷⴰⴾⴰⵍⴰⵏ ⵂⴰⵔⴰⵜⴰⵏ ⵓⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⴷⵉⵜ.
English: Many of its ideas have been absorbed by theorists such as Kent Bach, Robert Brandom, Paul Horwich and Stephen Neale.
Tamasheq: ⴰⵋⵓⵜ ⴰⵏ ⵉⵏⴰⵣⵋⴰⵎ ⴰⵜⵓⴰⴶⴰⵛⴰⵏ ⴼⴰⵍ ⵎⵓⵙⵙⴰⵏⴰⵏ ⵙⵓⵏⴷ ⵆⵢⵏⵜ ⴱⴰⴰⵂ, ⵔⵓⴱⵢⵔⵜ ⴱⵔⴰⵏⴷⵓⵎ, ⴱⴰⵓⵍ ⵂⵓⵔⵓⵉⵛⵂ ⴰⴷ ⵙⵜⵢⴱⵂⵢⵏ ⵏⵢⴰⵍⵢ.
English: In Word and Object, Quine asks readers to imagine a situation in which they are confronted with a previously undocumented, group of indigenous people where they must attempt to make sense of the utterances and gestures that its members make.
Tamasheq: ⴰⵗ ⵓⵢⵔⴷ ⴰⵏⴷ Oⴱⵋⵢⵛⵜ, ⵔⵓⵉⵏⵢ ⴰⵙⵙⵉⵙⵜⴰⵏ ⵉⵎⴰⵗⵔⴰⵏ ⵉⴰⴷ ⵣⴰⵏⴰⵣⵋⵓⵎⵉⵏ ⵜⵢⴷⴰⵋⵉⵜ ⵜⴰ ⴷⴰⵗ ⴰⵎⵋⴰⵉⵂⴰⵏ ⵉⵢ ⵜⴰⵔⵜⵉⵜ ⴰⵏ ⵎⵓⵣⴰⵗⴰⵏ ⵓⴰⵔⵢⵏ ⵉⵍⴰ ⵂⴰⵔⵓⴰ ⴰⵍⴾⴰⴷⴰⵏ ⴰⴷ ⴷⵉⵂⴰⴷ ⵉⴰⵎⴰⴷⴰⵔⵎⴰⵏⵏ'ⵢⵙⵜ ⴰⵏ ⵜⴰⵏⵏⴰ ⵉⵢ ⵜⴰⵏⵏⴰ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵙⵙⴰⴾⵏⴰ ⵉⵢ ⴰⴷⵉⵏⴰⵜ ⵉⵏⵢⵙⵙ.
English: All that can be done is to examine the utterance as a part of the overall linguistic behaviour of the individual, and then use these observations to interpret the meaning of all other utterances.
Tamasheq: ⴰⵓⴰⴷⵓⴱⵢⵏ ⴾⵓⵍ ⵉⵋⵉ ⵢⴾⴰⵍ ⴰⵂⴰⵏⴰⵉ ⴰⵏ ⵜⴰⵏⵏⴰ ⴰⵙ ⵜⴰⵈⴰⵍ ⴰⵛⵔⵓⵜ ⴰⵏ ⵜⴰⵍⵗⴰ ⴰⵏ ⵎⴰⴶⵔⴰⴷ ⵎⴰⵈⴰⵔⴰⵏ ⴰⵏ ⴰⵓⴰⴷⴰⵎ, ⵉⵣⴰⵔ ⵉⵋⵉ ⴰⵏ ⵜⴰⵏⵏⴰ ⴰⵏ ⵜⴰⵏⵏⴰ ⵜⴰⵏ ⵜⴰⵏⴰⵓⵢⵏ ⵜⵉⵉⴰⴷⵏⵢⵏ.
English: For Quine, as for Wittgenstein and Austin, meaning is not something that is associated with a single word or sentence, but is rather something that, if it can be attributed at all, can only be attributed to a whole language.
Tamasheq: ⵗⵢ ⵔⵓⵉⵏⵢ, ⵙⵓⵏⴷ ⵉⵢ ⵓⵉⵜⵜⴶⵢⵏⵙⵜⵢⵉⵏ ⴰⴷ ⴰⵓⵙⵜⵉⵏ, ⵜⴰⵏⵏⴰ ⵓⴰⵔ ⵜⴰⵈⵢⵍ ⵂⴰⵔⴰⵜ,ⴰⵙ ⵓⴰⵔⵢⵏ ⴰⴷⵓⴱⴰⵜ ⴰⴷ ⴰⵜⵓⴰⵂⴰⴾ, ⵓⴰⵔ ⴰⴷⵓⴱⵢⵜ ⴰⵜⴰⵈⴰⵍ ⴰⵔⵉⵙ ⵎⴰⴶⵔⴰⴷ ⵉⵎⴷⴰⵏ.
English: The specific instances of vagueness that most interest philosophers of language are those where the existence of "borderline cases" makes it seemingly impossible to say whether a predicate is true or false.
Tamasheq: " Iⴷⴰⴶⴰⵏ ⵓⵉ ⴰⴾⵏⴰⵏⵢⵏ ⵓⵗⵢⴷ ⵉⵋⵔⴰⵣⴰⵏ ⵂⵓⵍⵢⵏ ⵉⵢ ⵎⵉⴶⵔⵉⴷⴰⵏ ⴰⵏ ⵎⴰⴶⵔⴰⴷ ⴰⵈⴰⵍⴰⵏ ⵓⵉ ⴰⵙ ⴷⴰⵗ ⴰⵂⴰⵍⴰⴾⴰⵜ ⵉⵢ ""ⴷⴰⵗ ⵙⴰⵎⴷⵓ""ⵉⵜⴰⵋ ⵎⵉⵍⵂⴰⵓ ⵉⵢ ⵉⴱⴰⵏ ⵜⴰⵏⵏⴰ ⴰⵙ ⵜⵢⴼⵢⵔⵜ ⵜⴰⴷⵓⵜⵢⵜ ⵎⵢⵗ ⵜⴰⴱⵉⵂⴰⵓⴰⵜ".
English: The philosophy of mathematics is the branch of philosophy that studies the assumptions, foundations, and implications of mathematics.
Tamasheq: ⵎⴰⴶⵔⴰⴷ ⵓⴰⵏ ⵎⴰⵉⵏⴰⵏ ⵢⵈⴰⵍ ⵜⵢⵣⵢⵓⵜ ⵜⴰⵏ ⵎⴰⴶⵔⴰⴷ ⵍⴰⵎⴰⴷⴰⵜ ⵜⵉⵎⵓⵙⵏⴰⵓⵢⵏ, ⵉⵋⵉⵜⴰⵏ ⴰⴷ ⵜⴰⵔⵜⴰⵉ ⴰⵏ ⵎⴰɗⵉⵏⴰⵏ.
English: Today, some philosophers of mathematics aim to give accounts of this form of inquiry and its products as they stand, while others emphasize a role for themselves that goes beyond simple interpretation to critical analysis.
Tamasheq: ⴰⴰⵂⴰⵍⵉ, ⵉⵏⴰⵎⴰⴶⵔⴰⴷ ⵉⵉⴰⴷ ⴰⵏ ⵎⴰⴷⵉⵏⴰⵏ ⵜⴰⵏⴰⴷ ⴰⵙ ⵜⴰⴾⴰⵜⴰⵓⵜ ⵉⵢ ⵉⵔⵉ ⵏⵓⵎⴰⵗ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵋⵉⵜⴰⵏ ⴰⵙ ⴰⵓⴰⵎⵓⵙⵙⴰⵏ, ⴰⵍⵓⴰⵈ ⵓⵢⵏ ⵉⵉⴰⴷ ⵜⴰⵋⴰⵏ ⴰⵛⴰⴾⵢⵍ ⴼⴰⵍ ⴰⵛⴰⵗⴰⵍ ⵏⴰⵙⵙⴰⵏ ⵂⵉⵏ ⵓⴾⴰⵉⴰⵏ ⴰⵍⴰⵗⵉ ⵂⴰⵔ ⵗⵓⵔ ⵓⵎⴰⵗ ⴰⵙⵓⵂⵢⵏ
English: Greek philosophy on mathematics was strongly influenced by their study of geometry.
Tamasheq: ⵎⴶⵔⴰⴷ ⵓⴰⵏ ⴶⵔⵢⴰⵈⵓⵢ ⴰⵏ ⵎⴰⴷⵉⵏⴰⵏ ⵉⵓⴰⵔ ⴰⵙ ⴰⵙⵙⴰⵂⴰⵜ ⴼⴰⵍ ⴰⵍⴰⵎⴰⴷ ⵓⴰⵏ ⴰⵙⵙⴰⴾⴰⵏ ⴰⵏ ⵂⴰⵔⴰⵜⴰⵏ.
English: Therefore, 3, for example, represented a certain multitude of units, and was thus not "truly" a number.
Tamasheq: " ⴷⴰⵗ ⵉⴾⵓⵉ,ⵙⵓⵏⴷ, 3, ⴰⵙⵉⴾⵏⴰⵏ ⵂⴰⵔⴰⵜ ⴰⵏ ⵜⴰⵔⵜⴰⵉ ⴰⵋⵉⵜⵏⵢⵏ, ⵉⵣⴰⵔ ⵓⴰⵔ ⴰⵈⵢⵍⵏⴰⵜ "ⵂⵓⵍⵢⵏ ⴰⵎⴰⴷⵉⵏ".
English: These earlier Greek ideas of numbers were later upended by the discovery of the irrationality of the square root of two.
Tamasheq: Iⵏⴰⵣⵋⴰⵎ ⵓⵉ ⴰⵣⴰⵔⵏⵢⵏ ⴰⵏ ⴶⵔⵢⵛⵈⵓⵢ ⴼⴰⵍ ⵎⴰⴷⵉⵏⴰⵏ ⴰⵎⴷⴰⵗⵓⴰⵙⴰⵏ ⴷⴰⵗ ⴰⵙⴷⴰⵜ ⴼⴰⵍ ⴰⵋⴰⵔⴰⵓ ⴰⵏ ⵉⴱⴰ ⵜⵉⴷⵉⵜ ⴰⵏ ⴰⵎⴰⴷⵉⵏ ⵎⴰⵈⴰⵔⴰⵏ ⵏⴰⵙⵙⵉⵏ.
English: According to legend, fellow Pythagoreans were so traumatized by this discovery that they murdered Hippasus to stop him from spreading his heretical idea.
Tamasheq: Ɣⵓⵔ ⵜⴰⴼⵓⵏⵙⵜ, ⴱⵉⵜⵂⴰⴶⵓⵔⵜⴰⵏ ⵓⵉⵉⴰⴷⴷⵢⵏ ⴰⵔⵎⴰⵗⴰⵏ ⴼⴰⵍ ⵜⴰⵋⵔⴰⵓⵜ ⴼⴰⵍ ⴰⵏⵗⴰⵏ ⵂⵉⵜⵜⴰⵙⵓⵙ ⵉⵢ ⴰⴷⴰⵋⴰⵍ ⴰⵏ ⴰⵙⵋⴰⵜ ⴰⵏ ⴰⵏⵉⵉⴰⵜ ⵉⵏⵢⵙⵙ ⴰⵜⵉⵓⴰⵏⵂⴰⵉⴰⵏ.
English: It is a profound puzzle that on the one hand mathematical truths seem to have a compelling inevitability, but on the other hand the source of their "truthfulness" remains elusive.
Tamasheq: "ⵜⴰⵙⵙⴰⵙⴰⴷⴰⵔⵜ ⵜⴰⵜⵉⵍⴰⵈⵢⵜ ⴰⵙ, ⴷⴰⵗ ⴰⵛⵔⵓⵜ,ⵜⵉⴷⵉⵜ ⴰⵏ ⵎⴰⴷⵉⵏⴰⵏ ⵜⵓⵍⴰⵂ ⴷⵉⴱⴰⵏ ⴰⴷⴰⴶⴰⵍ ⵓⴰⵔ ⴰⵙⵓⵂⴰⵜ, ⵎⴰⵛⴰⵏ ⴰⴷ,ⴷⴰⵗ ⴰⵛⵔⵓⵜ ⵉⵉⴰⵏ,ⵜⴰⴱⵢⵔⴰⵜ ""ⴰⵏ ⵜⵉⴷⵉⵜ"" ⵜⴰⵈⴰⵍ ⴰⵓⴰⵔⵢⵏ ⵉⴼⴰⵜⵓⴰⴼⴰⴼ".
English: Three schools, formalism, intuitionism, and logicism, emerged at this time, partly in response to the increasingly widespread worry that mathematics as it stood, and analysis in particular, did not live up to the standards of certainty and rigor that had been taken for granted.
Tamasheq: ⵆⴰⵔⴰⴷⴰⵜ ⵍⵉⴰⵓⵉⵜⵢⵏ, ⵉⵙⴰⴾⵏⴰ, ⵉⵍⵎⵓⴷⴰⵏ ⴰⴷ ⵉⴶⵓⵉⴰⵏ,ⵉⵣⴶⴰⵔⴰⵏⵉⴷ ⴷⴰⵗ ⴰⵣⴰⵎⴰⵏ, ⴷⴰⵗ ⵢⴷⴰⵋ ⴷⴰⵗ ⴰⵙⵓⴷⵎⴰⵔ ⴰⵏ ⵜⴰⵔⴰⵎⵢⵗⵜ ⵜⴰⵋⴰⵜⴰⵜ ⴼⴰⵍ ⵎⴰⴷⵎⴷⵉⵏⴰⵏ ⴰⵙ ⴰⵓⴰⵈⴰⵍⴰⵏ,ⴰⴷ ⴰⴾⴰⵉⴰⴷ ⴷⴰⵗ ⵜⵉⵣⴰⵔⵜ, ⵓⴰⵔ ⵢⵈⵢⵍ ⵗⵓⵔ ⴰⵙⵉⵓⴰⴷ ⵎⵉⴶⴷⴰⵂⴰⵜ ⵉⵢ ⴰⵙⴷⴰⵜⵓ ⴰⴷ
English: As the century unfolded, the initial focus of concern expanded to an open exploration of the fundamental axioms of mathematics, the axiomatic approach having been taken for granted since the time of Euclid around 300 BCE as the natural basis for mathematics.
Tamasheq: Ɣⵓⵔ ⵉⴾⵓⵉ ⵏⵢⵍⴰⵏ,ⵢⴷⴰⴶ ⴰⵏ ⵜⴰⵏⴼⵓ ⵓⴰⵏ ⵙⴰⵏⵜⵓ ⵂⴰⵔⵓⵓ ⵉⵢ ⵓⵎⴰⵗ ⴰⵎⵢⵔⴰⵏ ⴰⵏ ⵏⴰⵂⴰⵋⴰⵏ ⴰⵣⴰⵔⵏⵢⵏ ⵓⵉⵏ ⵎⴰⴷⵉⵏⴰⵏ, ⵉⵂⵓⵣ ⴰⵏ ⵏⴰⵂⴰⵋⴰⵜⴰⵏ ⴰⵜⵉⵓⴰⵋⴰⵏⵢⵏ ⵙⵓⵏⴷ ⴰⵜⵉⵓⴰⵋⴰⵏ ⴷⴰⵗ ⴰⵣⴰⵎⴰⵏ ⵜⴰⵏ ⵢⵓⴰⵍⵉⴷⵢ, ⵉⴱⵔⵢⵜ 300 ⴷⴰⵔⴰⵜ ⵋ.-ⴰ.ⵙⵓⵏⴷ ⵢⴷⴰⴶ ⵉⴾⵏⴰⵏ ⵓⴰⵏ ⵎⴰⴷⵉⵏⴰⵏ.
English: In mathematics, as in physics, new and unexpected ideas had arisen and significant changes were coming.
Tamasheq: ⴷⴰⵗ ⵎⴰⴷⵉⵏⴰⵏ, ⴰⴷ ⴷⴰⵗ ⵎⵓⵣⵉⴰⵜ ⵎⵓⴷⴰⵔⴰⵏ, ⵉⵏⴰⵣⵋⴰⵎ ⴰⵉⵏⴰⵉⵏⵢⵏ ⵓⴰⵔⵢⵏ ⴰⵜⵓⴰⵙⵙⴰⵏ ⵉⵣⵋⴰⵔⴰⵏⵉⴷ ⴰⴷ ⵙⴰⵎⵓⵜⴰⵉ ⴰⴾⵏⴰⵏⵢⵏ ⴰⵈⴰⵍⴰⵏ ⴰⴷⵉⵎⴰⵍⴰⵏ.
English: I do not think that the difficulties that philosophy finds with classical mathematics today are genuine difficulties; and I think that the philosophical interpretations of mathematics that we are being offered on every hand are wrong, and that "philosophical interpretation" is just what mathematics doesn't need.
Tamasheq: ." ⵓⴰⵔ ⴰⵗⵢⵍⴰⵗ ⴰⵙ ⴰⵙⵓⵂⵓⵜⴰⵏ ⵓⵉ ⴷⴰⵗ ⵜⵎⴰⵈⵓⵙⴰⵏ ⵎⴰⴶⵔⴰⴷⴰⵏ ⵢⵛⴰⵍⵉ ⴰⴷ ⵎⴰɗⵉⵏⴰⵏ ⵉⴾⵏⴰⵏⵢⵏ ⴰⵈⴰⵍⴰⵏ ⴰⵙⵓⵂⵓⵜⴰⵏ ⴰⴷⵓⵜⴰⵜⵏⵢⵏ; ⵉⵣⴰⵔ ⴰⵏⵉⵣⵋⴰⵎⵢⵗ ⴰⵙ ⵉⵍⴰⵗⵓⵜⴰⵏ ⴰⵏ ⵎⴰⴶⵔⴰⴷⴰⵏ ⵓⵉ ⵂⴰⵏⴰⵗ ⵂⴰⴾⴰⵏ ⵗⴰⵔ ⵉⵋⴰⵎ ⴰⵏ ⴻⴷⴰⵋ ⵓⴾⴰⵉⴰⵏ, ⵉⵣⴰⵔ "ⴰⵍⴰⵗⵉ ⴰⵏ ⵎⴰⴶⵔⴰⴷ" ⵢⵈⴰⵍ ⴰⵓⴰ ⵓⴰⵔ ⴰⴷⴰⵔⴰⵔⴰⵔ ⵎⴰⴷⵉⵏⴰⵏ".
English: Many working mathematicians have been mathematical realists; they see themselves as discoverers of naturally occurring objects.
Tamasheq: Iⵏⴰⵎⵓⴷⴰⵏ ⴰⵋⴰⵜⵏⵢⵏ ⴰⴼⵔⴰⵏⵢⵏ ⵢⵈⴰⵍⴰⵏ ⵉⵎⴰⵏⴰⵏ ⴰⵏ ⵜⵉⴷⵉⵜ ⴰⵏ ⵎⴰⴷⵉⵏⴰⵏ; ⴰⵏⵉⵎⴰⵜⴾⴰⵍⴰⵏ ⵙⵓⵏⴷ ⵉⵎⴰⴶⵔⴰⵓⴰⵏ ⴰⵏ ⵂⴰⵔⴰⵜⴰⵏ ⵉⴾⵏⴰⵏⵢⵏ.
English: Certain principles (e.g., for any two objects, there is a collection of objects consisting of precisely those two objects) could be directly seen to be true, but the continuum hypothesis conjecture might prove undecidable just on the basis of such principles.
Tamasheq: ⵜⴰⵏⴰⵜⵢⵏ ⵜⵉⵉⴰⴷ (ⵙⵓⵏⴷ, ⵉⵢ ⴰⵎⵓⵙⵙⴰⵏ ⴰⵙⵙⵉⵏ ⵂⴰⵔⴰⵜⴰⵏ, ⵉⵍⴻⵜ ⴰⵎⵙⴰⴷⴰⵓ ⴰⵏ ⵂⴰⵔⴰⵜⴰⵏ ⴰⵔⵜⴰⵉⵏⵢⵏ ⴰⵜⴰⵎⵓⵙⵙⴰⵏ ⴷⴰⵗ ⵂⴰⵔⴰⵜⴰⵏ ⵓⵉⵏ ⴰⵙⵙⵉⵏ)ⴰⴷⵓⴱⵢⵏ ⴰⵜⵓⴰⵏⵂⴰⵉ ⴰⴶⵓⴷⵜⵏⴷⴰⵗ ⵙⵓⵏⴷ ⵜⵉⴷⵉⵜ, ⵎⴰⵛⴰⵏ ⴰⵍⴰⵓⴰⵉ ⴰⵏ ⵜⵓⵗⴰⵍⵜ ⵜⴰⵏ ⵜⴰⴷⴰⵓⵜ ⵜⴰⴷⵓⴱⴰⵜ ⵓⵗⴰⵍ ⵓⴰⵔⵢⵏ ⵉⵜⴱⵢⵜ ⴼⴰⵍ ⵉⵉⴰⵏ ⵏⴰⴷⴰⵋ ⵓⴰⵏ ⵜⴰⵏⴰⵜⵢⵏ.
English: Both Plato's cave and Platonism have meaningful, not just superficial connections, because Plato's ideas were preceded and probably influenced by the hugely popular Pythagoreans of ancient Greece, who believed that the world was, quite literally, generated by numbers.
Tamasheq: ⴰⵎⴰⵛⴰⵔ ⵓⴰⵏ ⴱⵍⴰⵜⵓⵏ ⴰⴷ ⴱⴰⵜⵓ ⵓⴰⵏ Pⵍⴰⵜoⵏ ⵉⵍⴰⵏ ⴰⵙⵙⵉⵏⴰⵏ ⵜⵉⵔⵜⴰⵉ ⴰⵏ ⵜⴰⵏⴰⵓⵢⵏ, ⴰⴷⵢⵏ ⵗⴰⵙ ⵎⵓⵙⵏⴰⵜⵢⵏ,ⴼⴰⵍⴰⵙ ⴰⵏⴰⵣⴶⴰⵎ ⵓⴰⵏ ⴱⵍⴰⵜⵓⵏ ⴰⵜⵓⴰⵍⴾⴰⵎⴰⵏⵉⴷ ⴰⴷ ⵜⵉⵋⵔⴰ ⵜⴰⴷⵓⵜⵢⵜ ⴼⴰⵍ ⵓⵉ ⵉⴾⵏⴰⵏ ⴰⵜⵓⴰⵣⵉ ⴰⵏ ⴾⴰⵍ ⴱⵉⵜⵂⴰⴶⵓⵔⵢ ⵓⵉⵏ ⵗⵔⵉⵛⵢ ⵜⴰⵔⵓⵓⴰⵜ, ⴰⵗⵢⵍⵏⵢⵏ ⴰⴷⵓⵏⵉⴰ ⵜⴰⴾⴰⵍ
English: This view bears resemblances to many things Husserl said about mathematics, and supports Kant's idea that mathematics is synthetic a priori.)
Tamasheq: ⴷⴷⴰⴶ ⴰⵏ ⵎⴰⵏⵂⵓⵉ ⵉⵙⵙⴰⴾⵏⴰ ⵎⵉⵍⵂⴰⵓⵢⵏ ⴷⴰⵗ ⵂⴰⵔⴰⵜⴰⵏ ⴰⵋⵉⵜⵏⵢⵏ ⵉⵏⵏⴰ ⵂⵓⵙⵙⵢⵔⵍ ⴼⴰⵍ ⵎⴰⴷⵉⵏⴰⵏ, ⵉⵣⴰⵔ ⴰⵍⵉⵍ ⴰⵏⵉⴰⵜ ⵓⴰⵏ ⵆⴰⵏⵜ ⴰⵙ ⵎⴰⴷⵉⵏⴰⵏ ⴰⵎⴰⵔⵜⵉ ⴰⵙ ⵜⵉⵣⴰⵔⴰⵜ).
English: Full-blooded Platonism is a modern variation of Platonism, which is in reaction to the fact that different sets of mathematical entities can be proven to exist depending on the axioms and inference rules employed (for instance, the law of the excluded middle, and the axiom of choice).
Tamasheq: Iⵎⴰⴶⵔⵉⴷ ⴰⵎⴷⴰⵏⵢⵏ ⵢⵈⴰⵍ ⴰⵎⵍⴰⵍⵉ ⵉⵛⵔⴰⵉⴰⵏ ⴰⵏ ⵎⵉⴶⵔⵉⴷⴰⵏ, ⴷⴰⵗ ⴰⵙⵓⵗⴰⵍ ⴰⵙ ⴰⵎⴰⴾ ⴰⵓⴰⴷⴰⵎ ⴰⴷⴱⴱⴰⵜ ⴰⵙⵙⴰⴾⴰⵏ ⴰⵏ ⵜⴰⵎⵓⴷⵔⵢ ⴰⵏ ⵂⴰⵔⴰⵜⴰⵏ ⴰⵜⴰⵍⴰⵏⵢⵏ ⴰⵏ ⵎⴰⴶⵔⴰⴷⴰⵏ ⴷⴰⵗ ⵉⴱⵔⵢⵜ ⵏⴰⵙⵙⴰⴾⴰⵏ ⴰⴷ ⵜⴰⵏⴰⵜⵢⵏ ⵋⴰⵏⵢⵏ ⴰⵏ ⵜⵉⴷⵉⵜ (ⵙⵓⵏⴷ, ⵜⴰⵂⴰⵛⵉⵍⵜ ⵜⴰⵏ ⴰⵎⴰⵙⵙ ⵜⴰⵣⵋⴰⵔⴰⵜ, ⴰⴷ ⴰⵎⴰⴾ ⵓⴰⵏ ⴰⵜⴾⵓⵍ).
English: Set-theoretic realism (also set-theoretic Platonism) a position defended by Penelope Maddy, is the view that set theory is about a single universe of sets.
Tamasheq: ⴰⵙⵙⴰⴷⴰⵜⵓ ⵉⵢ ⵜⴰⴷⴰⵓⵜ ⴰⵏ ⵜⴰⵎⵓⵙⵏⵢ (ⴰⴷ ⵜⴰⴷⴰⵓⵜ ⴰⵏ ⵜⴰⵎⵓⵙⵏⵢ ⵜⴰⵏ ⴱⵍⴰⵜⵓⵏ), ⵢⴷⴰⵋ ⴰⵜⵉⵓⴰⴶⴰⵣⴰⵏ ⴼⴰⵍ ⴱⵢⵏⵢⵍⵓⴱⵢ ⵎⴰⴷⴷⵉ, ⵢⵈⴰⵍ ⵜⵓⵏⵏⴰ ⴰⵙ ⵎⵓⵙⵏⴰⵜ ⴰⵏ ⵜⵉⴷⴰⵓⵢⵏ ⵢⵈⴰⵍ ⵣⴰⵍⵢⵗⴰⵜ ⴰⵏ ⵜⵉⴷⴰⵓⵢⵏ.
English: They attributed the paradox to "vicious circularity" and built up what they called ramified type theory to deal with it.
Tamasheq: "ⴰⴾⴼⴰⵏ ⴰⵙⵙⴰⴱⴰⵂⵓ ⵉⵢ ""ⴰⵋⵍⴰⵍⵓⵉ ⵢⵗⵛⴰⴷⴰⵏ"" ⵉⵣⴰⵔ ⴰⴾⵔⴰⵙⵙⴰⵏ ⴰⵓⴰⵙ ⵋⴰⵏⵢⵏ ⵜⴰⵎⵓⵙⵏⵢ ⴰⵏ ⵉⵔⵉⵜⴰⵏ ⴰⵣⵓⵏⵢⵏ ⵉⵢ ⴰⵏⴰⴱⴰⴷⴰⴷ ".
English: Even Russell said that this axiom did not really belong to logic.
Tamasheq: ⵔⵓⵙⵙⵢⵍⵍ ⵉⵎⴰⵏⵢⵙⵙ ⵉⵏⵏⴰ ⵜⴰⵏⵏⴰ ⵓⴰⵔ ⵜⴰⵜⵓⴰⴾⵔⴰⵛ ⴰⵙ ⵜⵉⴷⵉⵜ ⵗⵓⵔ ⵜⵉⴷⵉⵜ.
English: Frege required Basic Law V to be able to give an explicit definition of the numbers, but all the properties of numbers can be derived from Hume's principle.
Tamasheq: ⴼⵔⴶⵢ ⵔⵂⴰ ⵜⴰⵂⴰⵛⵉⵍⵜ ⵎⴰⵈⴰⵔⴰⵜ Ɣ ⵉⵢ ⵜⴰⴷⴰⴱⵉⵜ ⴰⵏ ⵉⵂⵓⴾ ⴰⵏ ⵜⴰⵏⵏⴰ ⵜⴰⴾⵏⴰⵜ ⴰⵏ ⵎⴰⴷⵉⵏⴰⵏ, ⵎⴰⵛⴰⵏ ⵜⴰⵍⴰⵜⵢⵏ ⴾⵓⵍ ⴰⵏ ⵎⴰⴷⵉⵏⴰⵏ ⴰⴷⵓⴱⴰⵜⵏⴰⵜ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵣⵋⴰⵔⵏⴰⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⵏⴰ ⵜⴰⵏ ⵂⵓⵎⵢ.
English: But it does allow the working mathematician to continue in his or her work and leave such problems to the philosopher or scientist.
Tamasheq: ⵎⴰⵛⴰⵏ ⴰⵓⵢⵏ ⵉⵋⵔⴰⵓ ⵉⴰ ⴾⴰⵍ ⵎⴰⴷⵉⵏⴰⵏ ⴷⴰⵗ ⴰⵛⴰⵗⴰⵍ ⴰⵏ ⴰⵍⴾⵓⵎ ⴰⵏ ⴰⵛⴰⵗⴰⵍ ⴰⴷ ⵜⵉⵉⴰ ⴰⵏ ⵜⴰⵔⴰⵈⴰⵜⴰⵏ ⵉⴻ ⴰⵓ ⵎⴰⴶⵔⴰⴷ ⵎⴰⵗ ⵉⵢ ⴰⵎⵓⵙⵙⴰⵏ.
English: Hilbert aimed to show the consistency of mathematical systems from the assumption that the "finitary arithmetic" (a subsystem of the usual arithmetic of the positive integers, chosen to be philosophically uncontroversial) was consistent.
Tamasheq: ⵂⵉⵍⴱⵢⵔⵜ ⵉⴾⴰⵉⴰⴷ ⵉⵢ ⴰⵙⵙⴰⴾⴰⵏ ⴰⵏ ⴰⵙⵙⴰⵂⴰⵜ ⴰⵏ ⴰⵙⴷⵉⵓⴰⵏ ⵎⴰⴷⵉⵏⴰⵏ ⴷⴰⵗ ⴰⵜⴾⵓⵍ ⴰⵏ ⵜⵓⵗⴰⵍⵜ ""ⵙⴰⵎⴰⵏⴷⵓ ""ⵉⵏⴰⵎⵓⴷⴰⵏ (ⴷⴰⵓ-ⵜⴰⵔⵜⴰⵉ ⵜⵉⵏ ⵉⵎⵓⴷⴰⵏ ⴰⵜⵓⴰⵋⴰⵏⵢⵏ ⴰⵏ ⵎⴰⴷⵉⵏⴰⵏ ⵎⴰⵈⵓⵔⵏⵢⵏ,ⴰⵏⵉⴼⵔⴰⵏⵢⵏ ⵉⵢ ⵓⵗⴰⵍ ⵉⵎⴰⴶⵔⵉⴷⴰⵜⴰⵏ ⵓⴰⵔⴰⵏ ⴰⵎⴰⴷⴰⵛ) ⴰⵈⴰⵍⴰⵏ ⴰⵙⵓⵂⵢⵏ.
English: Thus, in order to show that any axiomatic system of mathematics is in fact consistent, one needs to first assume the consistency of a system of mathematics that is in a sense stronger than the system to be proven consistent.
Tamasheq: ⵙⵓⵏⴷ, ⵉⵢ ⴰⵙⵙⴰⴾⴰⵏ ⴰⵙⴷⴰⵓ ⵏⴰⵎⴰⴾ ⵓⴰⵏ ⵎⴰⴷⵉⵏⴰⵏ ⵢⵈⴰⵍ ⴰⵣⴰⵉⴰⵏ,ⴰⵍⵎⴰⴷ ⴰⵎⴰⴾ ⴰⵏ ⵜⴰⵣⴰⵉⵜ ⴰⵏ ⵎⴰⴷⵉⵏⴰⵏ ⵜⴷⵈⴰⵍⴰⵜ ⴷⴰⵗ ⵢⴷⴰⴶ ⴰⵙⵙoⵂⵢⵏ ⴰⵎⵢⴾ ⵓⴰⵙ ⵏⴰⵔⵂⴰ ⴰⵙⴰⵍⵎⴰⴷ ⴰⵏ ⵜⴰⵣⴰⵉⵜ.
English: Other formalists, such as Rudolf Carnap, Alfred Tarski, and Haskell Curry, considered mathematics to be the investigation of formal axiom systems.
Tamasheq: ⵉⵏⴰⵙⴰⵍⵎⴰⴷ ⵉⵉⴰⴷ,ⵙⵓⵏⴷ ⵔⵓⴷⵓⵍⴼ ⵛⴰⵔⵏⴰⴷ, ⴰⵍⴼⵔⵢⴷ ⵜⴰⵔⵙⴾⵉ ⴰⴷ ⵂⴰⵙⴾⵢⵍⵍ ⵛⵓⵔⵔⵉ, ⵉⵋⴰⵏ ⵉⵎⴰⴷⵉⵏⴰⵏ ⵙⵓⵏⴷ ⴰⵎⴰⴾ ⴰⵏ ⴰⵍⵎⵓⴷ ⵉⴾⵏⴰⵏ.
English: The more games we study, the better.
Tamasheq: ⵜⴰⵂⴰⵋⵉⵜ ⴰⵏ ⴰⵍⵎⵓⴷ ⴰⵏ ⴰⴷⴰⵍ, ⵢⵈⴰⵍ ⴰⵛⴰⵎⴰⵏ.
English: The main critique of formalism is that the actual mathematical ideas that occupy mathematicians are far removed from the string manipulation games mentioned above.
Tamasheq: ⵜⵢⵣⵎⵉⵜ ⵜⴰⵏ ⵂⵓⵍⵍⴰⵏ ⵏ ⴼⵓⵔⵎⴰⵍⵉⵣⵎ ⵢⵈⵈⴰⵍ ⵉⵏⴰⵣⵋⴰⵎ ⵓⵉ ⵓⵎⴰⵔ ⵏⵢⵏ ⵙⵉⴰⵏⵜⵉⴼⵉⴾ ⵜⴰⵏ ⴰⵔⵓⵓⴰⵏ ⵉⴷ ⴰⵎⵓⴾⴰⵙⴰⵏ ⴷⴰⵗ ⴷⴰⵍⵍⵓⵍⴰⵏ ⵓⵉ ⵙ ⵉⵜⴰⵓⴰⵏ ⵙ ⴰⴼⴰⵍⵍⵣ
English: Brouwer, the founder of the movement, held that mathematical objects arise from the a priori forms of the volitions that inform the perception of empirical objects.
Tamasheq: ⴱⵔⵓⵓⵓⵢⵔ, ⵢⵎⴰⵏⴰⵂⴰⴷ ⴰⵏ ⴰⵎⵔⵓⵎⴰⵔ, ⴰⵍⵉⵍ ⴰⵙ ⵂⴰⵔⴰⵜⴰⵏ ⵓⵉⵏ ⵎⴰⴷⵉⵏⴰⵏ ⵉⵣⵋⴰⵔⴰⵏⵉⴷ ⵉⵔⵉⵜⴰⵏ ⵉⵢ ⵜⴰⵣⴰⵔⵜ ⴰⵏ ⴰⵎⴰⴾⴰⵜⴰⵏ ⵜⴰⵍⴰⵗⴰⵜⵏⵢⵏ ⴰⵍⵎⵓⴷ ⴰⵏ ⵂⴰⵔⴰⵜⴰⵏ ⴼⴰⵍ ⵜⵉⵔⵎⴰⵓⵢⵏ.
English: The axiom of choice is also rejected in most intuitionistic set theories, though in some versions it is accepted.
Tamasheq: ⵜⴰⵙⴰⵜⴰⵗⵂⴰⵍ ⵜⴰⵏ ⵏⵢⴼⵔⴰⵏ ⵜ-ⴰⵈⵈⴰⵍ ⴷⵢⵗ ⴰⵏⴾⵓⵔⴰⵏ ⵎⴰⵋⵎⵓⵗⴰⵜ ⴰⵋⵓⵜⵏⵢⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵢⵓⵔⵉ ⴾⵓⴷⴷⵢⵗ ⴰⵙ ⴷⴰⵗ ⴰⵏⵏⵓⵙⵆⴰ ⵜⴰⵏ ⵏⵢⵜ ⵜⵉⵉⵉⴰⴷ ⵜⵉⵋⴰ ⴼⴰⵍ -ⴰⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⵎⵢⵔⴷⵓⵜ
English: In this view, mathematics is an exercise of the human intuition, not a game played with meaningless symbols.
Tamasheq: ⴷⴰⵗ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵏⵂⵓⵉⵜ ⵜⵢⵏ, ⵉⵎⴰⴷⵉⵏⴰⵏ ⴰⵈⴰⵍⴰⵏ ⵉⵋⵉ ⴰⵏ ⴰⵍⴰⵎⴰⴷ ⵏⴰⴷⵉⵏⴰⵜ,ⵉⴷⵢⵏ ⴰⴷⴰⵍ ⵉⴷⴰⵍⴰⵏ ⴷⴰⵗ ⵢⵛⵓⴰⵍ ⵉⵜⵉⵓⴰⴷⴶⴰⵍⴰⵏ ⴰⵏ ⵜⴰⵏⵏⴰ.