Tamazight-NLP/NLLB-Seed_Tamasheq-Tifinagh-Script huggingface dataset:
English: Tracery is practical as well as decorative, because the increasingly large windows of Gothic buildings needed maximum support against the wind.
Tamasheq: ⵜⵔⴰⵛⴻⵔⵉ ⴻⵈⵈⴰⵍ ⴷⴰⵗ ⴻⴷⴰⴶ ⵉⵉⵉⴰⵏ ⴰ ⵜⵉ ⵉⵍⵍⴰⵏ ⴷ ⵂⴰⵔⴰⵜ ⵏ ⴰⴷⴰⵍoⵋ ⴼⴰⵍ ⴰⵙ ⴼⴰⵏⴻⵜⵉⵔ ⵜⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵉⴷⴻⵉⴰⵏ ⵓⵉⵏ ⵗⵓⵜⵂⵉⵛ ⵎⴰⵈⵈⵓⵔⵏⴻⵏ ⴰⵔⵂⴰⵏ ⴰ ⵉⵙⵙⵓⵂⴻⵏ ⴷⴰⵗ ⴰⴷⵓ.
English: Plate tracery reached the height of its sophistication with the 12th century windows of Chartres Cathedral and in the "Dean's Eye" rose window at Lincoln Cathedral.
Tamasheq: “Iⴱⴰⴶⴰⵏ ⵜⴰ ⵜⵉⴼⵉⵜⴰⵍⵍⴰⵙⴰⵜ ⵜⴻⵓⴰⴷ ⴰⵣⵓⴾ ⵏⴻⵜ ⵓⴰⵏ ⵎⵉⵍⵗⴰⵓ ⵗⵓⵔ ⴼⴰⵏⴻⵜⵉⵔ ⵜⴰⵏ ⵉⴾⵏⴰⵏⴻⵏ ⴷⴰⵗ ⴰⵓⴰⵜⴰⵉ ⵓⴰⵏ 1200 ⵏ ⵆⴰⵜⴻⴷⵔⴰⵍ ⵜⴰⵏ ⵛⵂⴰⵔⵜⵔⴻⵙ ⴷ ⴼⴰⵏⴻⵜⵉⵔ ⵓⴰ ⵛⴰⴶⴰⵗⴰⵏ ⵏ ““ⴹⴻⴰⵏ’ⵙ ⴻⵉⴻ”” ⴷⴰⵗ ⵆⴰⵜⴻⴷⵔⴰⵍ ⵜⴰⵏ ⵍⵉⵏⵛoⵍⵏ”.
English: Stone bar-tracery, an important decorative element of Gothic styles, first was used at Reims Cathedral shortly after 1211, in the chevet built by Jean D'Orbais.
Tamasheq: ⵜⵔⴰⵛⴻⵔⵉ ⵏ ⴰⴱⵍⴰⵗ ⵏ ⵜⴰⵂⵓⵏⵜ, ⵉⵉⵉⴰⵏ ⴷⴰⵗ ⵜⵉⵜⴱⴰⵈⵈⴰ ⵏ ⵉⵛⵛⵉⴾⵉⵍⴰⵏ ⵏ ⴰⴷⴰⵍⵓⵋ ⴰⵙⵙⵓⵂⴻⵏ ⵏ ⵗoⵜⵂⵉⵛ, ⵓⴰ ⴻⵣⵣⴰⵔⴰⵏ ⵉⵋⵋⴰ ⴷⴰⵗ ⵆⴰⵜⴻⴷⵔⴰⵍ ⵜⴰⵏ ⵈⴻⵉⵎⵙ ⴷⴰⵔⴰⵜ 1211 ⴰ ⴰⵏⴷⴰⵔⵔⴰⵏ, ⴷⴰⵗ ⵛⵂⴻvⴻⵜ ⵉⴷⴰⵉ ⵍⴻⴰⵏ ⴻ’Oⵔⴱⴰⵉⵙ
English: Bar-tracery became common after c.1240, with increasing complexity and decreasing weight.
Tamasheq: ⴱⴰⵔ-ⵜⵔⴰⵛⴻⵔⵉ ⴻⵈⵈⴰⵍ ⴰ oⵂⴰⵔⴰⵏ ⴷⴰⵔⴰⵜ ⵛ.1240 ⵙ ⵜⵉⵓ-ⴰⵜ ⵜⵉⵣⵍⴰⵉⴰⵜ ⴷ ⴰⴼⴰⵏⴰⵣ ⴷⴰⵗ ⴰⵣⵓⴾ
English: Rayonnant also deployed mouldings of two different types in tracery, where earlier styles had used moulding of a single size, with different sizes of mullions.
Tamasheq: ⵈⴰⵉoⵏⵏⴰⵏⵜ ⴻⵆⴷⴰⵎ ⵙ ⵉⵙⵙⵉⵏ ⵉⵛⵛⵉⴾⵉⵍⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵎⵓⵍ ⵜⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵔⴰⵛⴻⵔⵉ, ⴰ ⵉⵋⵋⴰ ⴰⵓⴻⵏ ⵉⵛⵛⵉⴾⵉⵍⴰⵏ ⵓⵉ ⴰⵣⵣⴰⵔⵏⴻⵏ ⴰⵆⴷⴰⵎⴰⵏ ⵙ ⵉⴷⴷⵉⴾⵓⴷ oⵍⴰⵂⴰⵏ , ⵉⵍⴰⵏ ⵎⵓⵍⵍⵉoⵏ ⵜⴰⵏ ⵙ ⵉⵣⵍⴰⵉⴰⵏ ⵉⴷⴷⵉⴾⵓⴷⴰⵏ ⵏⴰⵙⴰⵏ.
English: The mullions of Geometrical style typically had capitals with curved bars emerging from them.
Tamasheq: ⵎⵓⵍⵍⵉⵓⵏ ⵜⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵉⵛⵛⵉⴾⵉⵍ ⵓⴰⵏ ⵜⴻⴶⴰⵎⵛⴰⴾⵜ ⵉⵍⴰ ⴾⴰⴱⵉⵜⴰⵍ ⵜⴰⵏ ⵏⴻⵜ ⵉⴷ ⵜⵉⵣⵓⵍⵉ ⵜⴻⵏ ⴰⴾⵔⴰⵎⴱⴰⵉⵏⴻⵏ ⵉⴷ ⵉⵣⴰⵋⴰⵔⵏⴻⵏ ⴷⴰⵗ ⵙⴰⵏ.
English: The mullions were in consequence branched into Y-shaped designs further ornamented with cusps.
Tamasheq: ⵎⵓⵍⵍⵉoⵏ ⵜⴰⵏ ⵉⵋⵋⴰⵏ ⵉⵙⵓⴷ ⵓⴰⵏ ⵗ ⴷⴰⵗ ⵉⵗⴰⵏⵏⵉ ⵜⴰⵏ ⵉⴷⵍⴰⵋ ⵏⴻⵏ ⵙ ⵛⵓⵙⵓ ⵜⴰⵏ
English: Second Pointed (14th century) saw Intersecting tracery elaborated with ogees, creating a complex reticular (net-like) design known as Reticulated tracery.
Tamasheq: Iⵣⵣⵓⴶ ⵓⴰⵏ ⵉⵙⵙⵉⵏ (ⴷⴰⵗ ⴰⵓⴰⵜⴰⵉ ⵓⴰⵏ 1400) ⵉⵙⵙⵉⴾⵏⴰ ⵜⵔⴰⵛⴻⵔⵉ ⵜⴰⵎⵎⵓⵈⵈⴰⵙⴰⵜ ⵜⵉⴾⵏⴰⵜ ⵙ ⵓⴶⴻⴻⵙ, ⵜⵉⴾⵏⴰ ⵉⵗⴰⵏⵏⵉ ⵏ ⵜⴰⵙⴻⵍⵙⵉⵜ ⵎⴰⵈⵈⵓⵔⴰⵏ ⵉⵍⴰⵏ ⵉⵙⵉⵎ ⵜⵔⴰⵛⴻⵔⵉ ⵜⴰⵏ ⵜⴰⵙⴻⵍⵙⵉⵜ
English: These shapes are known as daggers, fish-bladders, or mouchettes.
Tamasheq: ⴻⵓⵎⵓ ⵜⴰⵏ ⵓⵉⵏ ⵉⵜ ⵉⵓⴰⵣⵣⴰⵉⴰⵏ ⵙ ⵉⵙⵉⵎ ⵓⴰⵏ ⵜⵉⵙⵓⴷⵉⴼⴻⵏ, ⵜⴰⵙⴰⵉⴰⵙ ⵏ ⴻⵎⴰⵏ, ⵎoⵓⵛⵂⴻⵜⵜⴻ ⵜⴰⵏ
English: Perpendicular strove for verticality and dispensed with the Curvilinear style's sinuous lines in favour of unbroken straight mullions from top to bottom, transected by horizontal transoms and bars.
Tamasheq: ⵙⵜⵔⴱⵓⴻ ⵜⴰⵏ ⴰⵎⵎⵓⵈⵈⴰⵙ ⵏⴻⵏ ⴷⴰⵗ ⵜⴰⵛⵛⵉⵋⵔⵉⵜ ⵜoⵍⴰⵙ ⴰⵣⵓⵏⵏⴻⵏ ⵉⴷ ⵉⵛⵉⴾⵉⵍ ⵏ ⵉⵉⴰⴾⴰ ⵜⴰⵏ ⴰⴾⵔⴰⵎⴱⴰⵉⵏⴻⵏ ⵙ ⵎⵓⵍⵍⵉoⵏ ⵜⴰⵏ oⵗⴰⴷⵏⴻⵏ ⵙ ⴰⴼⴰⵍⵍⴰ ⵂⴰⵔ ⵙ ⵉⴷⴻⵔ , ⴰⵣⵓⵏⵏⴻⵏ ⵜⵔⴰⵏⵙⵓⵎ ⵜⴰⵏ ⴷ ⵜⵉⴱⵓⵔⵉⵋⴻⵏ
English: The transoms were often topped by miniature crenellations.
Tamasheq: ⵜⵔⴰⵏⵙoⵎ ⵜⴰⵏ ⴰⵍⵓⴰⵈⵈⴰⵏ ⵉⵉⵉⴻⴷ ⴻⵂⴰ ⵙ ⴰⵏ ⵛⵔⴻⵏⴻⵍⵍⴰⵜⵉoⵏ ⵙ ⴰⴼⴰⵍⵍⴰ.
English: It frequently covered the facades, and the interior walls of the nave and choir were covered with blind arcades.
Tamasheq: Iⵍⵙⴰ ⵂⴰⵔⴾⵓⴾ ⵙ ⴷⴰⵜⴰ ⵜⴰⵏ ⴷ ⴰⵎⵎⴰⵙ ⵏ ⵉⵗⴰⵍⴰⵉⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵏⴰvⴻ ⴷ ⵛⵂⵓⵉⵔ ⵉⵍⵙⴰⵏ ⵙ ⴰⵔⵛⴰⴷⴻ ⵜⴰⵏ ⴰⴷⵉⵔⵗⴰⵍⵏⴻⵏ
English: 2 Vaults Barrel or groin Ribbed Ribbed vaults appeared in the Romanesque era and were elaborated in the Gothic era.
Tamasheq: 2 ⴱⴰⵓⵍⵜ ⴱⴰⵔⵔⴻⵍ ⵜⴰⵏ ⵎⴻⵗ ⴶⵔoⵉⵏ ⵈⵉⴱⴱⴻⴷ vⴰⵓⵍⵜⵙ ⴰⵂⴰⵏ ⴷⴰⵗ ⴰⵣⵣⴰⵎⴰⵏ ⵓⴰⵏ ⵈoⵎⴰⵏⴻⵙⵈⵓⴻ ⵜⵓⵍⴰⵙ ⴰⵗⵏⴰⵏ ⴷⴰⵗ ⴰⵣⵣⴰⵎⴰⵏ ⵓⴰⵏ ⵗⵓⵜⵂⵉⵛ
English: They have a long nave making the body of the church, where the parishioners worshipped; a transverse arm called the transept and, beyond it to the east, the choir, also known as a chancel or presbytery, that was usually reserved for the clergy.
Tamasheq: Iⵍⴰⵏ ⵏⴰⴱⴻ ⵛⴰⵋⵔⴻⵏ ⵉⵋⵋⴰⵏ ⵜⴰⵗⵉⵙⵙⴰ ⵏ ⴻⴶⵍⵉⵣ ⴻⴷⴰⴶ ⵓⴰ ⴷⴰⵗ ⵗⴰⴱⴱⴰⴷⴰⵏ ⴱoⵎⴱⴻⵔⵜⴰⵏ ; ⴰⴼⵓⵙ ⵏ ⵜⵔⴰⵏⵙⴱⴻⵔⵙⴻ ⵙ ⵙⵉⵙⵎ ⵏⴻⵜ ⵜⵔⴰⵏⵙⴻⴱⵜ ⴷ ⴰⴼⴰⵍⵍⴰ ⵏⴻⵜ ⵙ ⴰⵍⵈⵉⴱⵍⴰⵜ, ⵛⵂⵓⵉⵔ ⵙ ⵉⵙⵉⵎ ⵏⴻⵜ ⵉⵉⵉⴰⵏ ⵛⵂⴰⵏⵛⴻⵍ ⵎⴻⵗ ⴱⵔⴻⵙⴱⵉⵜⴻⵔⵔⵉ ⵙ ⴾⴰⵍⴰ ⵜⴰⵈⵈⴰⵍ ⴻⴷⴰⴶ ⵉⵎⵉⵣⴰⵔⴰⵏ ⵏ ⴾⴻⵍ ⴰⴷⴷⵉⵏ
English: A passage called the ambulatory circled the choir.
Tamasheq: ⴻⴷⴰⴶ ⵙ ⵉⵙⵉⵎ ⵏⴻⵜ ⵛⵂoⵉⵔ ⵜⴰⵏ ⵜⴰⵗⵉⵍⵍⵉⵓⴰⵉⵜ ⵜⵉⵎⴰⵜⴰⴾⵓⴰⵉⴰⵜ
English: The early cathedrals, like Notre-Dame, had six-part rib vaults, with alternating columns and piers, while later cathedrals had the simpler and stronger four-part vaults, with identical columns.
Tamasheq: ⵆⴰⵜⴻⴷⵔⴰⵍ ⵜⴰⵏ ⵜⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵣⴰⵔⴰⵜ ⵛⵓⵏⴷ ⵏoⵜⵔⴻ-ⴹⴰⵎⴻ, ⵜⵉⵍⴰ ⴷⴰⵗ ⴰⵛⵔⵓⵜ ⵙⵉⴷⵉⵙⴰⵜ ⵜⵉⵋⵉⵜⵜⴰⵓⴻⵏ, ⵉⴷ ⵉⵜⴰⵔⵜⴰⵔⴰⵏ ⵜⵉⵏⴰⵎⵓⵛⵔⴰⵉⵏⴻⵏ ⴷ ⵜⵉⵋⵉⵜⵜⴰⵓⴻⵏ ⴰⵙ ⵉⵋⵋⴰ ⴰⵓⴻⵏ ⵆⴰⵜⴻⴷⵔⴰⵍ ⵜⴰⵏ ⵜⵉⵏ ⵓⵛⵔⴰⵉ ⵉⵍⴰⵏⴰⵜ ⴰⴾⴾoⵣⴰⵜ ⵜⵉⵋⵉⵜⵜⴰⵓⴻⵏ ⵔⴰⵈⵈoⵙⵏⴻⵏ ⵜoⵍⴰⵙ ⴰⵙⵙoⵂⴰⵜ ⵏⴻⵏ ⵙ oⵍⴰⵂⴰⵏ ⵉⵜⴰⵔⵜⴰⵔⴰⵏ ⵏⴰⵙⵏⴰⵜ.
English: Transepts were usually short in early French Gothic architecture, but became longer and were given large rose windows in the Rayonnant period.
Tamasheq: ⵜⵔⴰⵏⵙⴻⴱⵜ ⵜⴰⵏ ⵂⴰⵔⴾⵓⴾ ⵉⴶⴰⵛⵓⵍⵏⴻⵏ ⴷⴰⵗ ⴻⴷⴻⵉ ⵓⴰⵏ ⵜⵉⵣⴰⵔⴰⵜ ⵏ ⴼⵔⴰⵏⵛⴻ ⵎⵓⵛⴰⵎ ⵛⵂⴰⵋⵔoⵜⴰⵏ ⵜⵓⵍⴰⵙ ⵉⴾⵔⴰⵛⴰⵏ ⴼⴰⵏⴻⵜⵉⵔ ⵜⴰⵏ ⵛⵂⴰⵋⵋⴰⵗⵏⴻⵏ ⴷⴰⵗ ⴰⵣⵣⴰⵎⴰⵏ ⵓⴰⵏ ⵔⴰⵉoⵏⵏⴰⵏⵜ
English: In England, transepts were more important, and the floor plans were usually much more complex than in French cathedrals, with the addition of attached Lady Chapels, an octagonal Chapter House, and other structures (See plans of Salisbury Cathedral and York Minster below).
Tamasheq: ⴻⴰⵗ ⴻⵏⴶⵍⴰⵏⴷ, ⵟⵔⴰⵏⵙⴻⴱⵜ ⵜⴰⵏ ⴰⵈⵈⴰⵍⴰⵏ ⴰ ⴰⵙⵙoⵂⴻⵏ ⵜoⵍⴰⵙ ⴰⴷⴷⴰⴱⴰⵔⴰ ⵜⴰⵏ ⵏⴰⵙⴰⵏ ⴰⵈⵈⴰⵍⴰⵏ ⵂⴰⵔⴾⵓⴾ ⴰ ⵂⴰⵔⵉⴾⴰⵏ ⵂⵓⵍⵍⴰⵏ ⴼⴰⵍ ⵆⴰⵜⴻⴷⵔⴰⵍ ⵜⴰⵏ ⵓⵉⵏ ⴼⵔⴰⵏⵛⴻ ⵙ ⵜⴰⵙⵉⵓⴰⵜ ⵏ ⵍⴰⴷⵉ ⵛⵂⴰⴱⴻⵍ ⵜⴰⵏ oⵙⴰⵗⵏⴻⵏ, ⴻⵂⴰⵏ ⵉⵛⵉⵎⴰⵎⴰⴶⴰⵏ ⵜoⵍⴰⵙ ⵉⴷⴻⵉⴰⵏ ⵉⵉⵉⴰⴷ ( ⵉⴾⵉⵉⴷ ⴷⴰⵗ ⵆⴰⵜⴻⴷⵔⴰⵍ ⵜⴰⵏ ⵙⴰⵍⵉⵙⴱⵓⵔⵉ ⴷ ⵗoⵔⴾ ⵎⵉⵏⵙⵜⴻⵔ ⵙ ⵉⴷⴻⵔ)
English: An elevation typically had four levels.
Tamasheq: ⵜⵉⵛⵉⵋⵔⵉⵜ ⵂⴰⵔⴾⵓⴾ ⵜⵉⵍⴰ ⴰⴾⴾoⵣ ⵉⵂⴰⵏⴷⴰⴶⴰⵏ
English: Above that was a narrower gallery, called the triforium, which also helped provide additional thickness and support.
Tamasheq: ⴱ ⴰⴼⴰⵍⵍⴰ ⵜⵉⵍⵍⴻ ⵜⴻⵗⴻⵛⵜ ⴾⴰⵔⵓⵣⴰⵜ ⵙ ⵉⵙⵉⵎ ⵏⴻⵜ ⵜⵔⵉⴼⵓⵔⵉⵓⵎ ⵜⵉⴷⵂⴰⵍⴰⵜ ⴷⴰⵗ ⵜⴰⵙⵉⵓⵉⵜ ⵏ ⵜⴰⵙⵙⵉⴷⵉⵜ ⴷ ⴰⵙⴰⵙⵙⵓⵂⵉ
English: This system was used at Noyon Cathedral, Sens Cathedral, and other early structures.
Tamasheq: ⴱⵉⵙⵜⴻⵎ ⵓⴻⵏ ⴻⵆⴷⴰⵎ ⴷⴰⵗ ⵆⴰⵜⴻⴷⵔⴰⵍ ⵜⴰⵏ ⵏⵓⵉⵓⵏ, ⵆⴰⵜⴻⴷⵔⴰⵍ ⵜⴰⵏ ⴱⴻⵏⵙ ⴷ ⵉⴷⴻⵉⴰⵏ ⵉⵉⵉⴰⴷ ⴰⵣⵣⴰⵔⵏⴻⵏ
English: The tribune disappeared, which meant that the arcades could be higher.
Tamasheq: ⴱⴰⵜⵎⴰ ⴰⵙⵙⵓⵋⴰⵍⴰⵏ ⴰⵓⴻⵏ ⴰⵎoⵙ ⴰⵙ ⴰⵔⵛⴰⴷⴻ ⵜⴰⵏ ⴰⴷ ⵛⵉⵋⵔⵉⵜⴰⵏ
English: A similar arrangement was adapted in England, at Salisbury Cathedral, Lincoln Cathedral, and Ely Cathedral.
Tamasheq: ⴰⵎⵓⴾⵉⵏ oⵍⴰⵂⴰⵏ ⵉⵋⵋⴰ ⴷⴰⵗ ⴻⵏⴶⵍⴰⵏⴷ, ⴷⴰⵗ ⵆⴰⵜⴻⴷⵔⴰⵍ ⵜⴰⵏ ⵙⴰⵍⵉⵙⴱⵓⵔⵉ,ⵆⴰⵜⴻⴷⵔⴰⵍ ⵜⴰⵏ ⵍⵉⵏⵛoⵍⵏ ⴷ ⵆⴰⵜⴻⴷⵔⴰⵍ ⵜⴰⵏ ⵍⵉⵉ
English: This was made possible by the development of the flying buttress, which transferred the thrust of the weight of the roof to the supports outside the walls.
Tamasheq: ⴰⵓⴻⵏ ⴰⵙⵙⴰⵔⵗⴰⵙ ⵉⴷ ⴻⴼⴻⵙ ⵏ ⴼⵍⵉⵉⵏⴶ ⴱⵓⵜⵜⵔⴻⵙⵙ ⵙⵉⴾⵉ ⴰⵣⵓⴾ ⵏ ⵜⴰⵏⴷⴰ ⵙ ⵉⵙⵉⴶⴱⴰⵍ ⵓⵉⵏ ⴰⵋⵋⴰⵎⴰ ⵏ ⵉⵗⴰⵍⴰⵉⴰⵏ
English: Beauvais Cathedral reached the limit of what was possible with Gothic technology.
Tamasheq: ⵆⴰⵜⴻⴷⵔⴰⵍ ⵜⴰⵏ ⴱⴻⴰⵓⴱⴰⵉⵙ ⵜ ⴻⵓⴰⴷ ⵜⴰⵙⵉⴱⴷⵉⵜ ⵏ ⴰⵓⴰ ⵉⵍⴰⵏ ⴰⵍⵎⴰⵗⵏⴰ ⴷⴰⵗ ⵜⴻⴾⵏoⵍoⵋⵉ ⵜⴰⵏ ⵗoⵜⵂⵉⵛ
English: Gothic facades were adapted from the model of the Romanesque facades.
Tamasheq: ⵙ ⴷⴰⵜⴰ ⵜⴰⵏ ⵗoⵜⵂⵉⵛ ⴰⵙⵉⴶⴱⴰⵔⴰⵏ ⵉⵛⵛⵉⴾⵉⵍ ⵏ ⵙ ⴷⴰⵜⴰ ⵜⴰⵏ ⵓⵉⵏ ⵔⵓⵎⴰⵏⴻⵙⵈⵓⴻ
English: The sculpture of the central tympanum was devoted to the Last Judgement, that to the left to the Virgin Mary, and that to the right to the Saints honoured at that particular cathedral.
Tamasheq: ⵙⵛⵓⵍⴱⵜⵓⵔⴻ ⵜⴰⵏ ⵜⵉⵎⴱⴰⵏⵓⵎ ⵓⴰⵏ ⴰⵎⵎⴰⵙ ⴻⵈⵈⴰⵍ ⵉ ⴰⵛⴰⵍ ⵓⴰ ⵜⵉⵍⴾⴰⵎⴰⵜ , ⵙ ⵜⵉⵛⴰⵍⴶⴰⵉ ⵏⴻⵜ ⵎⴰⵔⵉⴰⵎⴰ ⵜⴰⵏ ⵜⴰⵍⵓⵉⵍⵉⵜ ⵜoⵍⴰⵙ ⵙ ⴰⵗⵉⵍ ⴰⵍⵓⴰⵍⵉ ⵜⴰⵏ ⵉⵋⵔⴰⵓ ⵏⴻⵏ ⵙⴻⵎⵗⴰⵔ ⴷⴰⵗ ⵆⴰⵜⴻⴷⵔⴰⵍ ⵜⵉⵂⴻⵏ ⴷⴰⵗ
English: They followed the doctrine expressed by Saint Thomas Aquinas that beauty was a "harmony of contrasts."
Tamasheq: “Iⵍⴾⴰⵎⴰⵏ ⵉ ⵎⵉⵔⴷⴰ ⵙ ⴰⵍⵍⴰⵗⴰⵜ ⵟⵂoⵎⴰⵙ ⴰⵈⵓⵉⵏⴰⵙ ⵙ ⵜⵉⵂⵓⵙⵙⴰⵉ ⴻⵈⵈⴰⵍ ⵏⴰⵜ ““ ⴰⵂⴰⵔoⵋ ⵏ ⵂⴰⵔⴰⵜⴰⵏ ⵉⵣⵍⴰⵉⵏⴻⵏ”””
English: In England the rose window was often replaced by several lancet windows.
Tamasheq: ⴻⴰⵗ ⴻⵏⴶⵍⴰⵏⴷ ⴼⴰⵏⴻⵜⵉⵔ ⵓⴰ ⵛⴰⴶⴰⵗⴰⵏ ⴰⵍⵓⴰⵈⵈⴰⵏ ⵉⵉⵉⴰⴷ ⵛⴰⵔⵔⴰⵉⴰⵏ ⵜⵉ ⴼⴰⵏⴻⵜⵉⵔ ⵜⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵍⴰⵏⵛⴻⵜ ⴰⵋⵋoⵜⵏⴻⵏ
English: The portals were crowned with high arched gables, composed of concentric arches filled with sculpture.
Tamasheq: ⴰⵍⴱⴰⴱⴰⵏ ⵉⵍⵙⴰⵏ ⵜⴰⵏ ⴰⵔⵛⵂⴻⴷ ⴶⴰⴱⵍⴻ ⵜⴰⵏ ⵛⵂⴰⵋⵔoⵜⵏⴻⵏ ⴰⵔⵜⴰⵉⵏⴻⵏ ⵜⵉⵛⴰⵏⴶⵉⵓⴻⵏ ⵉⴷⵏⴰⵉ ⵙⵛⵓⵍⴱⵜⵓⵔⴻ
English: The towers were adorned with their own arches, often crowned with pinnacles.
Tamasheq: ⵜoⵓⴻⵔ ⵜⴰⵏ ⵉⴷⵍⴰⵋⴰⵏ ⵜⴰⵏ ⵜⵉⵛⴰⵏⴶⵉⵓⴻⵏ ⵏⴰⵙⴰⵏ , ⴰⵍⵓⴰⵈⵈⴰⵏ ⵉⵉⵉⴰⴷ ⵒⵉⵏⵏⴰⵛⵍⴻ ⵜⴰⵏ
English: While French cathedrals emphasised the height of the facade, English cathedrals, particularly in earlier Gothic, often emphasised the width.
Tamasheq: ⵆⵓⴷ ⵉⵏⵜⴰ ⵆⴰⵜⴻⴷⵔⴰⵍ ⵜⴰⵏ ⵜⵉⵏ ⴼⵔⴰⵏⵛⴻ ⵉⵋⵋⴰⵏ ⴰⵜ ⴰⵏⵏⵉⵉⴰⵜ ⵉ ⴰⵣⵓⴾ ⵓⴰⵏ ⴷⴰⵜⴰ ⵜⴰⵏ, ⵆⴰⵜⴻⴷⵔⴰⵍ ⵜⴰⵏ ⵜⵉⵏ ⵉⵏⴶⵍⴰⵏⴷ ⵂⵓⵍⵍⴰⵏ ⵜⴰⵏ ⵗoⵜⵂⵉⵛ ⵜⴰⵣⵣⴰⵔⴰⵜ ⵉⵏⵜⴰ ⵜⴰⵋⵋⴰ ⴰⵏⵏⵉⵉⴰⵜ ⵉ ⵜⴰⵂⵔⵉⴾⴻ
English: He broke away from the French emphasis on height, and eliminated the column statutes and statuary in the arched entries, and covered the facade with colourful mosaics of biblical scenes (The current mosaics are of a later date).
Tamasheq: ⴰⵣⵓⵏ ⵉⴷ ⴰⵏⵏⵉⵉⴰⵜ ⵜⴰ ⵜⵉⵋⵋⴰ ⴼⵔⴰⵏⵛⴻ ⵉ ⴰⵣⵓⴾ, ⵉⴾⴾⴰⵙ ⴰ ⵂⵉⵏ ⵜⴰⵎⵙⵉⵍ ⵜⴰⵏ ⵜⵉⵏ ⵉⵜⴰⵔⵜⵔⴰⵏ ⴷⴰⵗ ⵓⵋⵉⵋ ⵏ ⵜⵉⵛⴰⵏⴶⴰⵉ , ⵉⵙⵉⵍⵙⴰ ⵙ ⴷⴰⵜⴰ ⵙ ⴷⵓⵎⵓ ⵜⴰⵏ ⴰⵋⵋoⵜⵏⴻⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵉⵏⴼⵓⵙⴻⵏ ⵜⵉⵏ ⴰⵍⵉⵏⵋⵉⵍ (ⵎoⵙⴰⵉⵛ ⵜⴰⵏ ⵜⵉⵏ ⴰⵎⴰⵔⴰⴷ ⵉⵋⵋⴰⵏ ⴰⵜ ⴷⴰⵗ ⵉⵓⵉⵜⵉⴰⵏ ⵓⵉⵏ ⵓⵛⵔⴰⵉ
English: The sculptor Andrea Pisano made the celebrated bronze doors for Florence Baptistry (1330–1336).
Tamasheq: ⴰⵏⴷⵔⴻⴰ ⵏ ⵉⵋⵋⴰ ⴰⵍⴱⴰⴱⴰⵏ ⵏ ⴱⵔⵓⵏⵣⴻ ⵉ ⴼⵍⵓⵔⴻⵏⵛⴻ ⴱⴰⴱⵜⵉⵙⵜⵔⵉ ⵗⵓⵔ ⴰⵓⴰⵜⴰⵉ ⵓⴰⵏ (1330-1336)
English: There is usually a single or double ambulatory, or aisle, around the choir and east end, so parishioners and pilgrims could walk freely easily around east end.
Tamasheq: Iⵍⵍⴻ ⵂⴰⵔⴾⵓⴾ, ⵂⴰⵔⴰⵜ ⵉⵉⵉⴰⵏ ⵎⴻⵗ ⵉⵙⵉⵉⵏ ⵜ ⵉ ⵛⵉⵓⵉⵏⴾⵉⵜ ⵏⴻⵏ ⵎⴻⵗ ⴰⴱⴰⵔⴰ ⴻⴷⴻⵙ ⵏ ⵛⵂoⵉⵔ ⵙ ⴰⵍⵈⵉⴱⵍⴰⵜ ⵏ ⴰⵎⵉⵏⴷⵉ ⵏⴻⵜ, ⵉ ⴰ ⵉⵋⵔⴰⵓⴰⵏ ⵉ ⴱoⵎⴱⴻⵔ ⵜⴰⵏ ⴷ ⵉⵎⴰⵙⵂⵓⵋⴰⵋ ⴰⵛⵉⵓⵉⵏⴾⵉ ⵔⴰⵈⵈⵉⵙⴰⵏ ⴻⴷⴻⵙ ⵏ ⴰⵎⵉⵏⴷⵉ ⵏ ⴰⵍⵈⵉⴱⵍⴰⵜ
English: Abbot Suger first used the novel combination rib vaults and buttresses to replace the thick walls and replace them with stained glass, opening up that portion of the church to what he considered "divine light".
Tamasheq: ‘ ⴰⴱⴱoⵜ ⵙⵓⴶⴻⵔ ⴻⵆⴷⴰⵎ ⵙ ⵜⵉⵣⴰⵔⴰⵜ ⵙ ⴰⵍⴾⵉⵜⵜⴰⴱ ⵏ ⵔⵉⴱ vⴰⵓⵍⵜ ⴷ ⴱⵓⵜⵜⵔⴻⵙⵙ ⵉ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵛⵔⵉ ⵉⵗⴰⵍⴰⵉⴰⵏ ⵙⴰⴷⴻⴷⵏⴻⵏ ⴷ ⴰⵛⴰⵔⴰⵉ ⵏⴰⵙⴰⵏ ⵙ ⴰⵍⴾⴰⵙⴰⵏ ⵉⴷⵍⴰⵋⵏⴻⵏ, ⵜⴰⵔⵂⵉⵏⴻⵏ ⴻⵎ ⵏ ⴻⴶⵍⵉⵣ ⵙ ⴰⵓⴰ ⵙ ⵉⵜⴰⵓⴰⵏ “”ⴻⴼⴻⵓ ⵏ ⴰⵎⴰⵆⵍⴰⴾ””
English: There are three such chapels at Chartres Cathedral, seven at Notre Dame de Paris, Amiens Cathedral, Prague Cathedral and Cologne Cathedral, and nine at Basilica of Saint Anthony of Padua in Italy.
Tamasheq: Iⵍⵍⴰⵏ ⵜⵉ ⵛⵓⵏⴷ ⴾⴰⵔⴰⴷ ⵛⵂⴰⴱⴻⵍ ⵜⴰⵏ ⵓⵉⵏ ⴷⴰⵗ ⵆⴰⵜⴻⴷⵔⴰⵍ ⵜⴰⵏ ⵛⵂⴰⵔⵜⵔⴻⵙ , ⴰⵙⵙⴰ ⴷⴰⵗ ⵏoⵜⵔⴻ ⴻⴰⵎⴻ ⴷⴻ ⴱⴰⵔⵉⵙ, ⴷⴰⵗ ⵆⴰⵜⴻⴷⵔⴰⵍ ⵜⴰⵏ ⴰⵎⵉⴻⵏⵙ, ⵆⴰⵜⴻⴷⵔⴰⵍ ⵜⴰⵏ ⴱⵔⴰⴶⵓⴻ ⴷ ⵆⴰⵜⴻⴷⵔⴰⵍ ⵜⴰⵏ ⵛoⵍⵓⴶⵏⴻ ⴷ ⵜⴰⵣⴰ ⴷⴰⵗ ⴱⴰⵙⵉⵍⵉⵛⴰ ⵜⴰⵏ ⴰⵏⵜⵂoⵏⵉ ⵓⴰⵏ ⴰⵍⵓⵉⵍⵉ ⵏ ⴱⴰⴷⵓⴰ ⴷⴰⵗ Iⵜⴰⵍⵉⴰ“Iⵍⴻ ⴷⴻⴾⵔⴻ ⵜⴰⵗⴰⵉⵎⵉⵜ ⵜⴰⵏ ⵙⴰⵏⴰⵜ ⵏ ⵏⵉⵛⴻⴰ ⴷⴰⵗ ⴰⵓⴰⵜⴰⵉ ⵓⴰ ⵜⴰⵍⵍⴰⵗⴻⵜ “ⴰⵙⵉⵔⵜⴰⵉ ⵏ ⵜⴰⵙⵓⴻⵔⴰ ⵜⴰⵏ ⵜⵉⵏ ⴾⴻⵍ ⴰⴷⴷⵉⵏ ⵓⴰⵔ ⵂⴻ ⵜⴰⵏⴰⵜ ⴰⵗⴷⵉⵎⴰⵏ ⴰⵔⵜⵉⵙⵜ ⵜⴰⵏ ⵗⴰⵙ; ⵎⴰⵋⵔⴰⴷ ⵓⴻⵏ ⵉⵣⵋⴰⵔ ⵉⴷ ⵉⵛⵉⵔⵉⵜⴰⵏ ⵓⵉ ⵜⵉⵋⵋⴰ ⴻⴶⵍⵉⵣ ⵆⴰⵜⵓⵍⵉⴾ ⴷ ⴰⵍⴰⵙⴰⵍ ⵓⴰⵏ ⴰⴷⴷⵉⵏ”
English: An edict of the Second Council of Nicaea in 787 had declared: "The composition of religious images is not to be left to the inspiration of artists; it is derived from the principles put in place by the Catholic Church and religious tradition.
Tamasheq: “Iⵍⴻ ⴷⴻⴾⵔⴻ ⵜⴰⵗⴰⵉⵎⵉⵜ ⵜⴰⵏ ⵙⴰⵏⴰⵜ ⵏ ⵏⵉⵛⴻⴰ ⴷⴰⵗ ⴰⵓⴰⵜⴰⵉ ⵓⴰ 787 ⵜⴰⵍⵍⴰⵗⴻⵜ “ⴰⵙⵉⵔⵜⴰⵉ ⵏ ⵜⴰⵙⵓⴻⵔⴰ ⵜⴰⵏ ⵜⵉⵏ ⴾⴻⵍ ⴰⴷⴷⵉⵏ ⵓⴰⵔ ⵂⴻ ⵜⴰⵏⴰⵜ ⴰⵗⴷⵉⵎⴰⵏ ⴰⵔⵜⵉⵙⵜ ⵜⴰⵏ ⵗⴰⵙ; ⵎⴰⵋⵔⴰⴷ ⵓⴻⵏ ⵉⵣⵋⴰⵔ ⵉⴷ ⵉⵛⵉⵔⵉⵜⴰⵏ ⵓⵉ ⵜⵉⵋⵋⴰ ⴻⴶⵍⵉⵣ ⵆⴰⵜoⵍⵉⴾ ⴷ ⴰⵍⴰⵙⴰⵍ ⵓⴰⵏ ⴰⴷⴷⵉⵏ”
English: Gradually, as the style evolved, the sculpture became more and more prominent, taking over the columns of the portal, and gradually climbing above the portals, until statues in niches covered the entire facade, as in Wells Cathedral, to the transepts, and, as at Amiens Cathedral, even on the interior of the facade.
Tamasheq: ⴰⵍⵓⴰⵈ ⵓⴰ ⵉⴷ ⵉⵛⵛⵉⴾⵉⵍ ⵉⵜⵉⵎⵉⵜⵜⵉⵉ, ⵙⵛⵓⵍⵒⵜⵓⵔⴻ ⵜⴰⵏ ⴰⵙⵙⵉⵏ ⵜⴰⵏⴰⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⵗⴰⵔⴻ , ⵛⴰⵔⵔⴰⵉ ⵏⴰⵜ ⵉⵜⴰⵔⵜⴰⵔⴰⵏ ⵓⵉⵏ ⴰⵍⴱⴰⴱ ⵜoⵍⴰⵙ ⴼⴰⵜⵜⴰⵏ ⴰⵜ ⴰⵍⴱⴰⴱⴰⵏ ⵂⴰⵔ ⵙⵜⴰⵜⵓⴻ ⵜⴰⵏ ⵜⵉ ⴰⵂⴰⵏⴻⵏ ⵉⵏⴰⴱⴰⵋⵋⴰⵏ ⵉⵍⵙⴰⵏ ⴰⵜ ⵙ ⴷⴰⵜⴰ ⴼⵓⴾ ⵛⵓⵏⴷ ⴷⴰⵗ ⵆⴰⵜⴻⴷⵔⴰⵍ ⵜⴰⵏ ⵓⴻⵍⵍⵙ ⵂⴰⵔ ⵟⵔⴰⵏⵙⴻⴱⵜ ⵜⴰⵏ ⴷ ⵛⵓⵏⴷ ⴷⴰⵗ ⵆⴰⵜⴻⴷⵔⴰⵍ ⵜⴰⵏ ⴰⵎⵉⴻⵏⵙ ⵂⴰⴾ ⵉⴷ ⴷⴰⵗ ⴰⵎⵎⴰⵙ ⵏ ⵙ ⴷⴰⵜⴰ.
English: This set a pattern of complex iconography which was followed at other churches.
Tamasheq: ⴰⵓⴻⵏ ⵉⴾⵏⴰ ⵉⵛⵛⵉⴾⵉⵍ ⵏ ⵉⴾⵓⵏⵓⴶⵔⴰⴼⵉ ⵙ ⵉⵍⴾⴰⵎⴰⵏ ⴻⴶⵍⵉⵣ ⵜⴰⵏ
English: The tympanum over the central portal on the west façade of Notre-Dame de Paris vividly illustrates the Last Judgement, with figures of sinners being led off to hell, and good Christians taken to heaven.
Tamasheq: ⴱⵉⵓⴰⵏⵓⵎ ⴼⴰⵍ ⴰⵍⴱⴰⴱ ⵓⴰⵏ ⴰⵎⵎⴰⵙ ⵏ ⵙ ⴷⴰⵜⴰ ⵓⴰⵏ ⴰⵜⴰⵔⴰⵎ ⵏ ⵏoⵜⵔⴻ-ⵉⴰⵎⴻ ⴷⴻ ⴱⴰⵔⵉⵙ ⴻⵈⵈⴰⵍ ⵂⵓⵍⵍⴰⵏ ⴰ ⵉⵙⵓⴷⴰⵜⵜⴻⵏ ⴰⵛⴰⵍ ⵓⴰⵏ ⵜⵉⵍⴾⴰⵎⴰⵜ, ⵉⵓⴰⵔⴰⵏ ⵜⴰⵍⵉⵓⴻⵏ ⵏ ⴰⴷⴷⴷⵉⵏⴰⵜ ⵓⵉⵏ ⵉⵏⴰⵙⴱⴻⴾⴾⵉⴷⴰⵏ ⵉⴾⴾⴰⵏⴻⵏ ⴻⴼⴻⵓ ⴷ ⴾⵔⵉⴾⴻⵏ ⵜⴰⵏ ⵓⵉ oⵍⴰⵗⵏⴻⵏ ⵉⴾⴾⴰⵏⴻⵏ ⴰⵍⵋⴰⵏⵏⴰⵜ
English: The torments of hell were even more vividly depicted.
Tamasheq: ⴰⵍⵗⴰⵣⴰⴱⴰⵏ ⵓⵉⵏ ⴻⴼⴻⵓ ⵉⵏⵜⴰⵏⴻⴷ ⴷⴻⵗ ⵉⴾⵏⴰⵏ ⴰⴷⴰⵍⴰⵋ
English: They were part of the visual message for the illiterate worshippers, symbols of the evil and danger that threatened those who did not follow the teachings of the church.
Tamasheq: ⴰⵈⵈⴰⵍⴰⵏ ⴰⵛⵂⵔⵓⵜ ⵏ ⵎⴰⵋⵔⴰⴷ ⵉⵍⴰⵏ ⴰⴾⴰⵉⴰⴷ ⵉ ⵉⵏⴰⵗⴱⴰⴷⴰⵏ ⵓⵉⵏ ⵉⵎⴰⵋⵂⴰⵍⴰⵏ, ⵉⵛⵉⴾⵉⵍⴰⵏ ⵏ ⴰⵍⵛⵉⵏ ⴷ ⵜⴰⵍⴱⴰⵙ ⵓⵉ ⴰⵙⵋⵔⴰⵓ ⵏⴻⵏ ⴰⵎⵉⵜⵜⵉⵙⵓ ⴰⴷⴷⵉⵏⴰⵜ ⵓⵉ ⵓⴰⵔ ⵏ ⴰⵔⴷⴻⵗ ⵙ ⵜⴻⵗⴰⵔⴻ ⵜⵉⵏ ⴻⴶⵍⵍⵉⵣ
English: They were replaced with figures in the Gothic style, designed by Eugène Viollet-le-Duc during the 19th-century restoration.
Tamasheq: Iⵛⵂⵔⴰⵉⴰⵏ ⵜⴰⵏ ⴰⴷⴷⵉⵏⴰⵜ ⵉⵉⵉⴰⴷ ⴷⴰⵗ ⵉⵛⵂⵉⴾⵉⵍ ⵓⴰⵏ ⵗoⵜⵂⵉⵛ ⴻⵗⵏⴰ ⴻⵓⴶèⵏⴻ ⵠⵉoⵍⵍⴻⵜ-ⵍⴻ-ⴻⵓⵛ ⴷⴰⵗ ⴰⵎⴰⵙⵓⵗⴰⵍ ⵏ ⴰⵓⴰⵜⴰⵉ ⵓⴰⵏ 1900
English: Religious teachings in the Middle Ages, particularly the writings of Pseudo-Dionysius the Areopagite, a 6th-century mystic whose book, De Coelesti Hierarchia, was popular among monks in France, taught that all light was divine.
Tamasheq: ⵜⴻⵗⴰⵔⴻ ⵜⴰⵏ ⴰⴷⴷⵉⵏ ⴷⴰⵗ ⵉⵓⵉⵜⵉⴰⵏ ⵓⵉⵏ ⴰⵔⵓ ⵂⵓⵍⵍⴰⵏ ⵉⴾⵉⵜⴱⴰⵏ ⵓⵉ ⵉⵋⵋⴰ ⴱⵙⴻⵓⴷo-ⴻⵉoⵏⵉⵙⵉⵓⵙ ⵜⵂⴻ ⴰⵔⴻⴱⵓⴰⴶⵉⵜⴻ, ⵂⴰⵔⴰⵜ ⴷⴰⵗ ⴰⵍⵛⵉⵏⴰⵏ ⵓⵉⵏ ⴰⵓⴰⵜⴰⵉ ⵓⴰⵏ 6 ⵙ ⴰⵍⴾⵉⵜⵜⴰⴱ ⵏⴻⵜ , ⴻⴻ ⵛoⴻⵍⴻⵙⵜⵉ ⵂⵉⴻⵔⴰⵔⵛⵂⵉⴰ, ⴻⵈⵈⴰⵍ ⴰ ⵉⵍⴰⵏ ⵉⵙⵉⵎ ⴷⴰⵗ ⴱoⵎⴱⴻⵔⵜⴰⵏ ⵏ ⴼⵔⴰⵏⵛⴻ, ⵉⵙⵙⴰⵗⵔⴰ ⴰⵙ ⴰⵏⵏⵓⵔ ⴼⵓⴾ ⴻⵈⵈⴰⵍ ⴰ ⵉⴷ ⵉⴼⴰⵍⴰⵏ ⴰⵎⴰⵆⵍⴰⴾ.
English: The windows on the north side, frequently in the shade, had windows depicting the Old Testament.
Tamasheq: ⴼⴰⵏⴻⵜⵉⵔ ⵜⴰⵏ ⵏ ⴰⵛⵔⵓⵜ ⵓⴰⵏ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵙⵏⴰ ⵙ ⵉⵋⵋⵉⵜ ⴷⴰⵗ ⵜⴻⵍⴰⵉ, ⵉⵍⴰⵏ ⴼⴰⵏⴻⵜⵉⵔ ⵜⴰⵏ ⵉⴷⵍⴰⵋ ⵏⴻⵏ ⴰⵍⴾⵉⵜⵜⴰⴱ ⵓⴰⵏ ⴰⵜⵜⴰⵓⵔⴰⵜ.
English: The details were painted onto the glass in vitreous enamel, then baked in a kiln to fuse the enamel on the glass.
Tamasheq: Iⴼⴰⵙⵙⵉⵔⴰⵏ ⵉⴷⵍⴰⵋⴰⵏ ⴼⴰⵍ ⴰⵍⴾⴰⵙ ⵉⵋⵋⴰⵏ ⴼⴰⵏⵜⵉⵔ ⴷⵉⵂⴻⵏ ⵉⴱⵙⴰⵉ ⴷⴰⵗ ⴼⵓⵔ ⵉ ⴰⴷ ⵉⴱⵙⴰⵉ ⴼⴰⵍ ⴰⵍⴾⴰⵙ
English: Sainte-Chapelle became the model for other chapels across Europe.
Tamasheq: ⵙⴰⵉⵏⵜⴻ-ⵛⵂⴰⴻⴻⵍⵍⴻ ⵜⴰⵈⵈⴰⵍ ⴷⵓⵎⵓ ⵉ ⵛⵂⴰⴱⴻⵍ ⵜⴰⵏ ⵜⵉ ⵉⴰⴷⵏⴻⵏ ⴷⴰⵗ ⴻⵔⵓⴱⴰ
English: Clear glass was dipped into coloured glass, then portions of the coloured glass were ground away to give exactly the right shade.
Tamasheq: ⴰⵍⴾⴰⵙ ⵣⴰⵔ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵍⵎⴰⵗ ⴷⴰⵗ ⴰⵍⴾⴰⵙ ⵏ ⴷⵓⵎⵓ ⵜⴰⵏ , ⴷⵉⵂⴻⵏ ⵉⵛⵔⵓⵜⴰⵏ ⵏ ⴰⵍⴾⴰⵙ ⵓⴰⵏ ⴷⵓⵎⵓ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵣⵉⴷⴰⵏ ⵉ ⴰⴷ ⴰⴾⴼ ⵉⵏ ⵜⴻⵍⴰⵉ ⵜⴰⵏ ⵜoⵍⴰⵗⴰⵜ
English: One of the most celebrated Flamboyant buildings was the Sainte-Chapelle de Vincennes (1370s), with walls of glass from floor to ceiling.
Tamasheq: Iⵉⵉⴰⵏ ⴷⴰⵗ ⴻⴷⴻⵉⴰⵏ ⵏ ⴼⵍⴰⵎⴱⵓⵉⴰⵏⵜ ⵉⵍⴰⵏⴻⵏ ⵉⵙⵉⵎ ⵂⵓⵍⵍⴰⵏ ⴻⵂⴻⵏ ⵙⴰⵉⵏⵜⴻ ⵛⵂⴰⴱⴻⵍⵍⴻ ⴷⴻ ⵠⵉⵛⴻⵏⵏⴻⵙ (ⴰⵓⴰⵜⴰⵉ ⵓⴰⵏ 1370), ⵉⵍⴰⵏ ⵉⵗⴰⵍⴰⵉⴰⵏ ⵏ ⴰⵍⴾⴰⵙ ⵗⵓⵔ ⵙⵉⴷⴻⵔ ⵂⴰⵔ ⵙ ⴰⴼⴰⵍⵍⴰ.
English: The stained glass windows were extremely complex and expensive to create.
Tamasheq: ⴼⴰⵏⴻⵜⵉⵔ ⵜⴰⵏ ⵏ ⴰⵍⴾⴰⵙ ⵓⵉ ⵉⵋⵋⴰⵏⴻⵏ ⵙⵉⴶⵏⵉ ⵉⴾⵏⴰⵏ ⵜⴰⵎⵗⴰⵔⴻ ⵂⵓⵍⵍⴰⵏ ⵜoⵍⴰⵙ ⴰⵙⵙoⵂⴰⵜ ⴻⵗⴰⵏⵏⵉ ⵏⴰⵙⴰⵏ
English: The rose was a symbol of the Virgin Mary, and they were particularly used in churches dedicated to her, including Notre-Dame de Paris.
Tamasheq: ⴱⴰⵛⵓⵗⴻ ⵜⴰⵈⵈⴰⵍ ⴻⵛⵓⴰⵍ ⵏ ⵎⴰⵔⵉⵉⴰⵎⴰ ⵜⴰⵏ ⵜⴰⵍⵓⵉⵍⵉⵜ ⵜoⵍⴰⵙ ⵓⴰⵔ ⴰⵂⴻⵏ ⴰⵔ ⴻⵍⴶⵉⵣ ⵜⴰⵏ ⵗⴰⵙ ⵂⴰⵙ ⴰⵙⵉⵜⴱⴰⵜ ⵏⴻⵏ ⴻⵂⴰ ⵏoⵜⵔⴻ-ⴻⴰⵎⴻ ⴷⴻ ⴱⴰⵔⵉⵙ
English: The Palais de la Cité in Paris, close to Notre-Dame de Paris, begun in 1119, which was the principal residence of the French kings until 1417.
Tamasheq: ⴻⴰⵗ ⴱⴰⵍⴰⵉⵙ ⴷⴻ ⵍⴰ ⵛⵉⵜⵉ ⵓⴰⵏ ⴱⴰⵔⵉⵙ, ⴻⵂⵓⵣⴰⵏ ⵏⵓⵜⵔⴻ-ⴹⴰⵎⴻ ⴷⴻ ⵓⴰⵔⵉⵙ, ⵉⵙⵙⵉⵏⵜⴰ ⴷⴰⵗ ⴰⵓⴰⵜⴰⵉ ⵓⴰⵏ 1119 ⴻⵈⵈⴰⵍⴰⵏ ⴻⴷⴰⴶ ⵓⴰⵏ ⵜⵉⴷⵉⵜⵜ ⵏ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⴷⵓⵈ ⵏ ⴰⵍⵎⴰⵍⴰⴾⵉ ⵜⴰⵏ ⵓⵉⵏ ⴼⵔⴰⵏⵛⴻ ⵂⴰⵔ ⴰⵓⴰⵜⴰⵉ ⵓⴰⵏ 1417
English: However, it was soon made obsolete by the development of artillery, and in the 15th century it was remodelled into a comfortable residential palace.
Tamasheq: ⵂⴰⴾ ⵉⴷ ⵉⵋⵋⴰ ⴰⵓⴻⵏ, ⵉⴾⴾⴰⵙ ⴷⴰⵗ ⵉⵙ ⴻⴼⴻⵙ ⵏ ⴰⵍⴱⴰⵔⵓⴷⴰⵏ ⵜⵉⵎⴱⴻ ⵜoⵍⴰⴷ ⴷⴰⵗ ⴰⵓⴰⵜⴰⵉ ⵓⴰⵏ 1500, oⵍⴰⵙ ⵉⵋⵋⵉ ⵏ ⴷⵓⵎⵓ ⵉⵉⵉⴰⵏ ⵉ ⴰⴷ ⴻⵈⵈⵉⵍ ⴻⴷⴰⴶ ⵏ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⴷⵓⵈ oⵍⴰⵗⴰⵏ
English: The oldest existing example in England is probably the Mob Quad of Merton College at Oxford University, constructed between 1288 and 1378.
Tamasheq: ⴰⵍⵎⵉⵜⴰⵍ ⵓⴰ ⴻⵔⵓ ⵓⴰⵏ ⵉⵜⵉ ⵉⵍⵍⴰⵏ ⴷⴰⵗ ⴻⵏⴶⵍⴰⵏⴷ ⵓⴰⵔ ⴻⵂⴰⵎⵉⵛ ⴰⵙ ⴻⵈⵈⴰⵍ ⵎⵓⴱ ⵈⵓⴰⴷ ⵓⴰⵏ ⵎⴻⵔⵜoⵏ ⵛoⵍⵍⴻⴶⴻ ⴷⴰv Oⵆⴼoⵔⴷ ⵓⵏvⴻⵔⵙⵉⵜⵉ ⵉⴷⴰⵉⴰⵏ ⵋⵉⵔ ⴰⵓⴰⵜⴰⵉ ⵓⴰⵏ 1288 ⴷ ⴰⵓⴰⵜⴰⵉ ⵓⴰⵏ 1378
English: A similar kind of academic cloister was created at Queen's College, Oxford in the 1140s, likely designed by Reginald Ely.
Tamasheq: Iⵛⵉⴾⵉⵍ oⵍⴰⵂⴰⵏ ⵏ ⴰⵛⴰⴷⴻⵎⵉⵛ ⵛⵍoⵉⵙⵜⴻⵔ ⴻⵗⵏⴰ ⵉⴷ ⴷⴰⵗ ⵈⵓⴻⴻⵏ’ⵙ ⵛoⵍⵍⴻⴶⴻ ⴷⴰⵗ oⵆⴼoⵔⴷ ⴷⴰⵗ ⴰⵓⴰⵜⴰⵉ ⵓⴰⵏ 1140 ⵙ ⴻⵂⴰⵎⵉⵛ ⵈⴻⴶⵉⵏⴰⵍⴷ ⴻⵍⵉ ⴰ ⵜⵉ ⵉⴷ ⴻⵗⵏⴰⵏ
English: Some colleges, like Balliol College, Oxford, borrowed a military style from Gothic castles, with battlements and crenolated walls.
Tamasheq: ⵍⴰⴾⴾoⵍ ⵜⴰⵏ ⵉⵉⵉⴰⴷ ⵛⵓⵏⴷ ⵍⴰⴾⴾoⵍ ⴰⵏ ⴱⴰⵍⵍⵉo, oⵆⴼoⵔⴷ, ⵙ ⴰⵎⴰⵔⵓⴰⵙⴰⵏ ⵉⴷ ⵉⵛⵛⵉⴾⵉⵍ ⵏ ⵎⵉⵍⵉⵜⴻⵔ ⴷⴰⵗ ⵛⵂⴰⵜo ⵜⴰⵏ ⵜⵉⵏ ⵗoⵜⵂⵉⵛ ⵉⵍⴰⵏ ⵉⵗⴰⵍⴰⵉⴰⵏ ⵜⵉ ⴰⵗⵍⴰⵙ ⵏⴻⵏ ⴷ ⴰⵙⵉⵂⴰⴷⴰⴷ ⵏⴻⵏ
English: He wrote in 1447 that he wanted his chapel "to proceed in large form, clean and substantial, setting apart superfluity of too great curious works of entail and busy moulding."
Tamasheq: “Iⴾⵜⴰⴱ ⴷⴰⵗ ⴰⵓⴰⵜⴰⵉ ⵓⴰⵏ 1447 ⴰⵙ ⴻⵔⵂⴰ ⵛⵂⴰⴱⴻⵍ ⵏⴻⵜ ““ⵉⵙⵉⵏⵜⴰ ⵙ ⵉⵛⵛⵉⴾⵉⵍ ⵎⴰⵈⵈoⵔⴰⵏ , ⵣⴰⴷⴷⵉⴶⴰⵏ ⵜoⵍⴰⵙ ⵎⴰⵈⵈoⵔⴰⵏ, ⵉⵣⵍⴰⵉⴰⵏ ⵉⵋⵋⵉⵜ ⵓⴰⵔ ⵏ ⵉⵏⴼⴰ ⵂⴰⵔⴰⵜ ⵏ ⴰⵍⵆⵉⴷⵎⴰⵜⴻⵏ ⵎⴰⵈⵈoⵔⵏⴻⵏ ⵏ ⵜⴰⴼⵍⵉⵙⵜ ⴷ ⵉⴾⴰⵏⵏⴰⵏ ⴰⵣⵉⴶⴰⵜⵏⴻⵏ”””
English: The walls had two levels of walkways on the inside, a crennellated parapet with merlons, and projecting machicolations from which missiles could be dropped on besiegers.
Tamasheq: Iⵗⴰⵍⴰⵉⴰⵏ ⵉⵍⴰⵏ ⵉⵙⵙⵉⵏ ⵉⵂⴰⵏⴷⴰⴶⴰⵏ ⵏ ⴰⵛⵉⵓⵉⵏⴾⵉ ⴷⴰⵗ ⴰⵎⵎⴰⵙ , ⴱⴰⵔⴰⴱⴻⵜ ⴰⵙⵉⵂⴰⴷⴰⴷⴰⵏ ⵙ ⵎⴻⵔⵍoⵏ ⵜⴰⵏ ⵜoⵍⴰⵙ ⵜⴰⵣⵉⵣⵋⴰⵔⴰⵜ ⵎⴰⵛⵂⵉⵛoⵓⵍⵉ ⵜⴰⵏ ⵙ ⴰⴷⴷoⴱⴰⵜ ⵏⴰⵜ ⵎⵉⵙⵉⵍ ⴰⵏ ⴰⴷ ⵜ ⴰⵓⵉⵋⵉⵔ ⵏⴰⵜ ⴼⴰⵍ ⵉⵏⴰⴷⵍⴰⵎⴰⵏ
English: Castles were surrounded by a deep moat, spanned by a single drawbridge.
Tamasheq: ⵛⴰⵜo ⵜⴰⵏ ⴻⵗⵍⴰⵉ ⵜⴰⵏⴰⵜ ⵉⴷ ⵜⴻⵗⴻⵛⵜ ⵛⴰⵋⵔⴻⵜ ⴰⴾⴾoⴾⴰⵍ ⴱⴰⵔⴰⵋ ⵓⴰ ⵙ ⵉⵜⵉⵓⴰⵏ ⴻⵔⴰⵓⴱⵔⵉⴷⴶⴻ
English: One good surviving example is the Château de Dourdan, near Nemours.
Tamasheq: ⴰⵍⵎⵉⵜⴰⵍ ⵉⵉⵉⴰⵏ ⵓⵍⵗⴰⵏ ⵉⴷⴷⴰⵔⴰⵏ ⴻⵈⵈⴰⵍ ⵛⵂⴰⵜⴻⴰⵓ ⴷⴻ ⴻⵓⵓⵔⴷⴰⵏ ⴻⴷⴻⵙ ⵏ ⵏⴻⵎoⵓⵔⵙ
English: The conversion implied compromises since Latin churches are oriented towards the East and mosques are oriented towards Mecca.
Tamasheq: ⴰⵎⵓⵜⵜⵉ ⴰⵂⴰⵏ ⵜⵉ ⵉⵏ ⴰⴼⵂⴰⵎⴰⵏ ⴰⵛⵎⴰⴷ ⴻⴶⵍⵉⵣ ⵜⴰⵏ ⵓⵉⵏ ⵍⴰⵜⵉⵏ ⴰⵂⴰⵍ ⴰⵏ ⵙⴰ ⵙ ⴰⵍⵈⵉⴱⵍⴰⵜ ⵜoⵍⴰⵙ ⵜⵉⵎⵉⵣⵋⵉⴷⴷⴰⵓⴻⵏ ⴰⵂⴰⵍ ⵏⴰⵜ ⵙ ⴰⵙ ⵎⴰⴾⴾⴰⵜ
English: Lala Mustafa Pasha Mosque, in Famagusta, Northern Cyprus.
Tamasheq: ⵜⴰⵎⵉⵣⵋⵉⴷⴷⴰ ⵜⴰⵏ ⵍⴰⵍⴰ ⵎⵓⵙⵜⴰⴼⴰ ⴱⴰⵙⵂⴰ ⴷⴰⵗ ⴼⴰⵎⴰⴶⵓⵙⵜⴰ ⴷⴰⵗ ⵟⴰⵎⴰⵙⵏⴰ ⵏ ⵛⵉⴱⵔⵓⵙ
English: The Gothic style began to be described as outdated, ugly and even barbaric.
Tamasheq: Iⵛⵉⴾⵉⵍ ⵓⴰⵏ ⵗoⵜⵂⵉⵛ ⵉⵙⵙⵉⵏⵜⴰ ⴰⵣⴰⵋⴰⵔ ⵏ ⴰⵙ ⵉⵏⴼⴰ ⵂⴰⵔⴰⵜ , ⵉⵍⴰⵛ ⵜoⵍⴰⵙ oⴷⴰⵏ ⵉⵏ ⴷⴰⵗ ⵜⴰ-ⵉⵜⴻ
English: Ireland was an island of Gothic architecture in the 17th and 18th centuries, with the construction of Derry Cathedral (completed 1633), Sligo Cathedral (c. 1730), and Down Cathedral (1790–1818) are other examples.
Tamasheq: Iⵔⴻⵍⴰⵏⴷ ⵜⴰⵈⵈⴰⵍ ⴰⴾⴰⵍ ⵏ ⴻⴷⴻⵉ ⵓⴰⵏ ⵗoⵜⵂⵉⵛ ⵋⵉⵔ ⴰⵓⴰⵜⴰⵉ ⵓⴰⵏ 1700 ⴷ ⵓⴰⵏ 1800 ⵉⴷ ⵜⵉⴷⴰⵉ ⵆⴰⵜⴻⴷⵔⴰⵍ ⵜⴰⵏ ⴻⴻⵔⵔⵉ (ⵜⵉⵎⴷⴰⵜ ⴷⴰⵗ ⴰⵓⴰⵜⴰⵉ ⵓⴰⵏ 1633), ⵆⴰⵜⴻⴷⵔⴰⵍ ⵜⴰⵏ ⵙⵍⵉⴶo (ⵛ.1730), ⴷ ⵆⴰⵜⴻⴷⵔⴰⵍ ⵜⴰⵏ ⴻoⵓⵏ (1790 ⵂⴰⵔ 1818) ⴰⵈⵈⴰⵍⴰⵏ ⴰⵍⵎⵉⵜⴰⵍ ⴰⵏ.
English: The two western towers of Westminster Abbey were constructed between 1722 and 1745 by Nicholas Hawksmoor, opening a new period of Gothic Revival.
Tamasheq: ⵜⴻⵓⴻⵔ ⵜⴰⵏ ⵜⵉⵏ ⵙⴰⵏⴰⵜⴰⵜ ⴰⵜⴰⵔⴰⵎ ⵏ ⵓⴻⵙⵜⵎⵉⵏⵙⵜⴻⵔ ⴰⴱⴱⴻⵉ ⵉⴷⴰⵉ ⵜⴰⵏⴰⵜ ⵏⵉⵛⵂⵓⵍⴰⵙ ⵂⴰⵓⵙⴾⵙⵎⵓⵓⵔ ⵋⵉⵔ ⴰⵓⴰⵜⴰⵉ ⵓⴰⵏ 1722 ⴷ 1745, oⵔⴰⵂⴰⵏ ⴰⵣⵣⴰⵎⴰⵏ ⴻⵉⵏⴰⵉⴰⵏ ⵏ ⴰⵙⵓⴷⴰⵔ ⴻⵉⵏⴰⵉⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵗoⵜⵂⵉⵛ
English: This period of more universal appeal, spanning 1855–1885, is known in Britain as High Victorian Gothic.
Tamasheq: ⴰⵣⵣⴰⵎⴰⵏ ⵓⴻⵏ ⵏ ⵉⵗⴰⵔⴰⵏ ⴷⴰⵗ ⴰⵍⵗⴰⵍⵉⵎ ⵉⵋⵋⴰⵏⴻⵏ ⵋⵉⵔ ⴰⵓⴰⵜⴰⵉ ⵓⴰⵏ 1855 ⵂⴰⵔ 1885, ⵉⵙⵙⴰⵏⴰⵏ ⵜⵉ ⴰⴷⴷⵉⵏⴰⵜ ⴷⴰⵗ ⴱⵔⵉⵜⴰⵏⵉⴰ ⵙ ⵉⵙⵉⵎ ⵓⴰⵏ ⵗoⵜⵂⵉⵛ ⵓⴰ ⵎⴰⵈⵈoⵔⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵠⵉⵛⵜoⵔⵉⴰ.
English: From the second half of the 19th century onwards, it became more common in Britain for neo-Gothic to be used in the design of non-ecclesiastical and non-governmental buildings types.
Tamasheq: ⴻⴰⵗ ⵜⴰⵣⵓⵏⴻ ⵏ ⴰⵓⴰⵜⴰⵉ ⵓⴰⵏ 1900, oⵂⴰⵔⴰⵏ ⴰⴷⴷⵉⵏⴰⵜ ⴷⴰⵗ ⴱⵔⵉⵜⴰⵏⵉⴰ ⴰⵆⴰⴷⴰⵎ ⵏ ⵏⴻo-ⴶoⵜⵂⵉⵛ ⴷⴰⵗ ⵉⵗⴰⵏ ⴰⵏ ⵏⴰⵙⴰⵏ ⵉ ⵉⵛⵛⵉⴾⵉⵍⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵉⵂⴰⵏⴰⵏ ⵓⵉ ⵓⴰⵔ ⵏ ⴰⵈⵈⴻⵍ ⵓⵉ ⵏ ⴰⴷⴷⵉⵏ ⴷ ⵓⵉ ⵏ ⴰⵍⵆⴰⴾⵓⵎ
English: Landscape architects work on structures and external spaces in the landscape aspect of the design – large or small, urban, suburban and rural, and with "hard" (built) and "soft" (planted) materials, while integrating ecological sustainability.
Tamasheq: “ⴰⵍⴱⴰⵏⵏⴰ ⵜⴰⵏ ⵓⵉⵏ ⴰⵎⴰⴶoⵏ ⴼⴰⵍ ⵉⴷⴻⵉⴰⵏ ⴷ ⵉⵂⴰⵏⴷⴰⴷⴰⵏ ⵓⵉⵏ ⴰⵋⵋⴰⵎⴰ ⴷⴰⵗ ⴰⵎⴰⴶⵏ ⵏ ⵉⵗⴰⵏⵏⵉ- ⵎⴰⵈⵈⵓⵔⴰⵏ ⵎⴻⵗ ⵎⴰⴷⵔoⵉⴰⵏ, ⴻⵂⴰⵏ ⴰⵗⵔⵉⵎ, ⵙⵓⴱⵓⵔⴱ ⴷ ⴰⵙⵙⴰⵆⵔⴰ ⵜoⵍⴰⵙ ⵉⴷ ⵉⵙⵓⵋ “ⴰⵙⵙⵓⵂⴰⵜ ⵏⴻⵏ (ⵉⴷⴰⵉⵏⴻⵏ) ⴷ “”ⵍⴰⵎⵎⴻⴷⵏⴻⵏ”” (ⵙⴰⵏⴶⴰⵜ) , ⴷⴰⵗ ⴰⵙ ⵜⴰⵏ ⴰⵗⴰⵍⴰⵙ ⵏ ⴰⵂⵉⵏⵣⴰⵣⴰⵗ”
English: They can also review proposals to authorize and supervise contracts for the construction work.
Tamasheq: ⴰⴷⴷⵓⴱⴻⵏ ⴰⴷ ⵙⴰⵎⵎⵓⵜⵉⵉⴰⵏ ⴰⴷⴷⴰⴱⴰⵔⴰ ⵜⴰⵏ ⵉ ⴰⴷ ⴰⴾⴼ ⵉⵏ ⵜⵓⵔⵂⴰⴶⴰⵜ ⴷ ⴰⵓⵉⴾⴾⵉⵍ ⵏ ⵉⵏⵉⴼⵂⴰⵎⴰⵏ ⵓⵉⵏ ⴰⵍⵆⵉⴷⵎⴰⵜ ⵜⴰⵏ ⴻⴷⴻⵉ
English: The first person to write of making a landscape was Joseph Addison in 1712.
Tamasheq: ⴰⵓⴰⴷⵉⵎ ⵓⴰ ⴻⵣⵣⴰⵔⴰⵏ ⵉⴾⵜⴰⴱⴰⵏ ⵉⵋⵉ ⵏ ⴰⵎⴰⴶⵓⵏ ⵓⴰⵔ ⴻⵈⵈⴻⵍ ⴰⵔ ⵋoⵙⴻⴱⵂ ⴰⴷⴷⵉⵙoⵏ ⴷⴰⵗ ⴰⵓⴰⵜⴰⵉ ⵓⴰⵏ 1712
English: During the latter 19th century, the term landscape architect began to be used by professional landscapes designers, and was firmly established after Frederick Law Olmsted, Jr. and Beatrix Jones (later Farrand) with others founded the American Society of Landscape Architects (ASLA) in 1899.
Tamasheq: ⴻⴰⵗ ⵓⵛⵔⴰⵉ ⵏ ⴰⵓⴰⵜⴰⵉ ⵓⴰⵏ 1900, ⵉⵙⵉⵎ ⵓⴰⵏ ⴰⵎⴰⴶoⵏ ⵉⵙⵙⵉⵏⵜⴰⵏ ⵙⵉⵔⵙ ⴾⴻⵍ ⵉⵗⴰⵏⵏⵉ ⵜⴰⵏ ⵓⵉⵏ ⴰⵎⴰⴶoⵏ ⴰⵍⵆⵉⴷⵎⴰⵜ ⵜoⵍⴰⵙ ⵉⴾⵏⴰⵉ ⴼⵔⴻⴷⴻⵔⵉⵛⴾ ⵍⴰⵓ Oⵍⵎⵙⵜⴻⴷ, ⵋⵔ ⴻⴷⴻⵉ ⵂⵓⵍⵍⴰⵏ ⴷ ⴱⴻⴰⵜⵔⵉⵆ ⵋoⵏⴻⵙ ( ⴷⴰⵔⴰⵜ ⴰⵓⴰ ⴼⴰⵔⵔⴰⵏⴷ) ⵉⴷ ⵉⵉⵉⴰⴷ ⴰⵗⵏⴰⵏ ⵉⴷ ⴰⵎⴻⵔⵉⵛⴰⵏ ⵙoⵛⵉⴻⵜⵉ oⴼ ⵍⴰⵏⴷⵙⵛⴰⴱⴻ ⴰⵔⵛⵂⵉⵜⴻⵛⵜⵙ (ⴰⵙⵍⴰ) ⴷⴰⵗ ⴰⵓⴰⵜⴰⵉ ⵓⴰⵏ 1899
English: Their projects can range from site surveys to the ecological assessment of broad areas for planning or management purposes.
Tamasheq: ⴼⵔoⵋⴻ ⵜⴰⵏ ⵏⴰⵙⴰⵏ ⵉⵋⵋⴰⵏ ⵗⵓⵔ ⴼⴰⵔⴰⴾ ⵜⴰⵏ ⵓⵉⵏ ⵙⵉⵜ ⵜⴰⵏ ⴷ ⴰⵎⵉⵉⵉⵣ ⵏ ⴰⵂⵉⵏⵣⴰⵣⴰⵗ ⵏ ⵉⵂⴰⵏⴷⴰⴶⴰⵏ ⵓⵉ ⵎⴰⵈoⵔⵏⴻⵏ ⵉ ⴰⴷⴷⴰⴱⴰⵔⴰ ⵎⴻⵗ ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵙⴰⵏ ⵏ ⴰⴷⴰⵎⴰⵏ
English: Their work is embodied in written statements of policy and strategy, and their remit includes master planning for new developments, landscape evaluations and assessments, and preparing countryside management or policy plans.
Tamasheq: ⴰⵍⵆⵉⴷⵎⴰⵜ ⵏⴰⵙⴰⵏ ⵜⴰⵂⴰ ⵎⴰⵋⵔⴰⴷⴰⵏ ⵉⴾⵜⴰⴱ ⵏⴻⵏ ⵏ ⴼoⵍⵉⵜⴾ ⴷ ⵜⵉⴾⴰⵔⵙⴰⵉ ⵜⵓⴰⵙ ⵜⴰⵎⵛⵗⵓⵍⵜ ⵏⴰⵙⴰⵏ ⴻⵂⴻⵜ ⵎⵓⵙⵏⴰⵜ ⵏ ⵉⵋⵉ ⵏ ⴰⴷⴷⴰⴱⴰⵔⴰ ⵉ ⴻⴼⴻⵙ ⴻⵉⵏⴰⵉⴰⵏ, ⴰⵎⵉⵉⵉⵣ ⵏ ⴰⵎⴰⴶⵓⵏ ⴷ ⴰⵙⵉⴷⵓ ⵉ ⴰⴶ-ⴰⵣ ⵏ ⴰⵙⵙⴰⵆⵔⴰ ⵎⴻⵗ ⴰⴷⴷⴰⴱⴰⵔⴰ ⵜⴰ ⵓⵉⵏ ⴼoⵍⵉⵜⵉⴾ
English: In recent years the need and interest of therapeutic gardens have been increasingly rising.
Tamasheq: ⴻⴰⵗ ⵉⵓⵉⵜⵉⴰⵏ ⴻⵉⵏⴰⵉⵏⴻⵏ ⴷⴻⵔⵂⴰⵏ ⵏ ⴷ ⴰⴼoⵔ ⴷⴰⵗ ⵉⴼⵉⵔⵋⴰⵏ ⵓⵉⵏ ⴰⵙⵙⴻⵆⴰⵜ ⵉⴾⵏⴰⵏ ⵜⵉⵓ-ⴰⵜ
English: Among these were Central Park in New York City, Prospect Park in Brooklyn, New York and Boston's Emerald Necklace park system.
Tamasheq: ⴻⴰⵗ ⵓⵉⵏ ⴻⵂⴻⵏ ⵙⵉⵙⵜⴻⵎ ⵓⴰⵏ ⵛⴻⵏⵜⵔⴰⵍ ⴱⴰⵔⴾ ⴷⴰⵗ ⵏⴻⵓ ⵗⵓⵔⴾ ⵛⵉⵜⵉ, ⴱⵔⵓⵙⴱⴻⵛⵜ ⴱⴰⵔⴾ ⴷⴰⵗ ⴱⵔⵓⵓⴾⵍⵉⵏ, ⵏⴻⵓ ⵗⵓⵔⴾ ⴷ ⵓⴰⵏ ⴻⵎⴻⵔⴰⵍⴷ ⵏⴻⵛⴾⵍⴰⵛⴻ ⴱⴰⵔⴾ ⵓⴰⵏ ⴱⵓⵙⵜoⵓⵏ
English: She was design consultant for over a dozen universities including: Princeton in Princeton, New Jersey; Yale in New Haven, Connecticut; and the Arnold Arboretum for Harvard in Boston, Massachusetts.
Tamasheq: ⵜⴰⵈⵈⴰⵍ ⵜⴰⵏⵓⵛⴰⵎⵜ ⴷⴰⵗ ⵎⵓⵙⵏⴰⵜ ⵜⴰⵏ ⴻⵗⴰⵏ ⴷⴰⵗ ⵎⴰⵔⴰⵓ ⵍⴰⴾⴾⵓⵍⴰⵏ ⵎⴰⵈⵈⵓⵔⵏⴻⵏ ⵉⴷ ⵉⵙⵙⵉ ⴻⵂⴰ: ⵓⵔⵉⵏⵛⴻⵜⵓⵏ ⴷⴰⵗ ⴱⵔⵉⵏⵛⴻⵜⵓⵏ, ⵏⴻⵓ ⵋⴻⵔⵙⴻⵉ, ⵗⴰⵍⴻ ⴷⴰⵗ ⵏⴻⵓ ⵂⴰvⴻⵏ, ⵛoⵏⵏⴻⵜⵉⵛⵓⵜ ⴷ ⴰⵔⵏⵓⵍⴷ ⴰⵔⴱⵓⵔⴻⵜⵓⵎ ⵉ ⵂⴰⵔvⴰⵔⴷ ⴷⴰⵗ ⴱⵓⵙⵜⵓⵏ, ⵎⴰⵙⵙⴰⵛⵂⵓⵙⵙⴻⵜⵜⵙ
English: Urban Planners are qualified to perform tasks independent of landscape architects, and in general, the curriculum of landscape architecture programs do not prepare students to become urban planners.
Tamasheq: ⵆⴻⵍ ⵎⵓⵙⵏⴰⵜ ⵓⵉⵏ ⴰⵈⵈⵓⴷ ⵏ ⵉⵗⵉⵔⵎⴰⵏ ⵉⵍⴰⵏ ⵎⵓⵙⵏⴰⵜ ⵜⴰⵏ ⵉⵋⵋⵉ ⵏ ⴰⵍⵆⵉⴷⵎⴰⵜⴻⵏ ⴷⴰⵗ ⵓⴰⵔ oⵂⴻⵔⴰⵏ ⵉⴷ ⴰⵍⴱⴰⵏⵏⴰ ⵜⴰⵏ ⵓⵉⵏ ⴰⵎⴰⴶⵓⵏ ⵜⵓⵍⴰⵙ ⵜⴻⵗⴰⵔⴻ ⵜⴰⵏ ⵎⵓⵙⵏⴰⵜ ⵜⴰⵏ ⴻⴷⴻⵉ ⵓⴰⵔ ⵜⴰⵋ ⴰⵜⵜⴰⵍⴰⴱⴰ ⵜⴰⵏ ⴾⴻⵍ ⵎⵓⵙⵏⴰⵜ ⵏ ⴰⵈⵈⵓⴷ ⵏ ⵉⵗⵉⵔⵎⴰⵏ
English: Roberto Burle Marx in Brazil combined the International style and native Brazilian plants and culture for a new aesthetic.
Tamasheq: ⵈoⴱⴻⵔⵜⵓ Bⵓⵔⵍⴻ ⵎⴰⵔⵆ ⴷⴰⵗ ⴱⵔⴰⵣⵉⵍ ⴰⵙⵙⵉⵔⵜⴰⵉ ⵉⵛⵛⵉⴾⵉⵍ ⵓⴰⵏ ⵋⵉⵔ ⵉⴾⴰⵍⵍⴰⵏ ⴷ ⴻⵎⴰⵗⵜ ⵓⴰⵏ ⴱⵔⴰⵣⵉⵍⵉⴰ ⴷ ⴰⴶⵏⴰ ⵉ ⴰⴷⴰⵍoⵋ ⴻⵉⵏⴰⵉⴰⵏ
English: He popularized a system of analyzing the layers of a site in order to compile a complete understanding of the qualitative attributes of a place.
Tamasheq: Iⵣⵉⵣⵋⴰⵔ ⵉⵙⵉⵎ ⵏ ⵙⵉⵙⵜⴻⵎ ⵏ ⴰⵎⵉⵉⵉⵣ ⵏ ⵍⴰⵉⴻⵔ ⵜⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵙⵉⵜ ⵉ ⴷ ⴰⵙⵙⴰⵔⵜⵉ ⴰⴼⴰⵂⴰⵎ ⵉⵎⴷⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵉⵛⵛⵉⴾⵉⵍⴰⵏ ⵓⵍⴰⵗⵏⴻⵏ ⵏ ⴻⴷⴰⴶ
English: Once recognized by AILA, landscape architects use the title 'Registered Landscape Architect' across the six states and territories within Australia.
Tamasheq: ⴰⵍⵓⴰⵈ ⵓⴰ ⴼⴰⵍ ⴰⵙ ⴻⵔⴷⴰ ⴰⵉⵍⴰ, ⴰⵍⴱⴰⵏⵏⴰ ⵜⴰⵏ ⵉⵏ ⴰⵎⴰⴶⵓⵏ ⵙ ⴰⵆⴷⴰⵎⴰⵏ ⵉⵙⵉⵎ ⵓⴰⵏ ‘ⵈⴻⴶⵉⵙⵜⴻⵔⴻⴷ ⵍⴰⵏⴷⵙⵛⴰⴱⴻ ⴰⵔⵛⵂⵉⵜⴻⵛⵜ’ ⴷⴰⵗ ⴰⴷⴷⴰⵓⵍⴰ ⵜⴰⵏ ⵙⴰⴷⵉⵙⴰⵜ ⴷ ⵉⴾⴾⴰⵍⵍⴰⵏ ⵏ ⴰⵓⵙⵜⵔⴰⵍⵉⴰ
English: Within NZ, Members of NZILA when they achieve their professional standing, can use the title Registered Landscape Architect NZILA.
Tamasheq: ⴻⴰⵗ ⵏⵤ, ⴰⴷⴷⵉⵏⴰⵜ ⵓⵉ ⴰⵂⴰⵏⴻⵏ ⵏⵤIⵍⴰ ⴰⵍⵓⴰⵈ ⵓⴰ ⵉⴷ ⴻⵓⴰⴷⴰⵏ ⵎⵓⵙⵏⴰⵜ ⵜⴰⵏ ⵜⵉⴷⵉⵜⵜ ⴰⴷⴷoⴱⴻⵏ ⴰⵆⴰⴷⴰⵎ ⵙ ⵉⵙⵉⵎ ⵓⴰⵏ ⵈⴻⴶⵉⵙⵜⴻⵔⴻⴷ ⴰⵔⵛⵂⵉⵜⴻⵛⵜ ⵍⴰⵏⴷⵙⵛⴰⴱⴻ
English: ILASA's mission is to advance the profession of landscape architecture and uphold high standards of professional service to its members, and to represent the profession of landscape architecture in any matter which may affect the interests of the members of the institute.
Tamasheq: ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵛⴰⵍⵜ ⵏ Iⵍⴰⵙⴰ ⵜⴰⵈⵈⴰⵍ ⴰ ⵂⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵏⴾⵉⵛ ⴰⵍⵆⴷⵉⵎⴰⵜ ⵜⴰⵏ ⴻⴷⴻⵉ ⵏ ⴰⵎⴰⴶⵓⵏ ⵜⵓⵍⴰⵙ ⵜⴰⵗⵍⵉⵙ ⵉⵛⵉⵔⵉⵜⴰⵏ ⵓⵉ ⵙ ⵜⵉⵋⵍⴰ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵛⵗⵓⵍⵜ ⵜⴰⵏ ⵉⵏⴰⵆⴷⵉⵎⴰⵏ ⵏⴻⵜ ⴷ ⴰⵙⵉⵎⴰⵍ ⵏ ⴰⵍⵆⵉⴷⵎⴰⵜ ⵜⴰⵏ ⴻⴷⴻⵉ ⵓⴰⵏ ⴰⵎⴰⴶⵓⵏ ⴷⴰⵗ ⵂⴰⵔⴰⵜ ⴼⵓⴾ ⵉⴷ ⴻⵈⵈⴰⵍ ⴰ ⵉⴾⵎⴰⵏ ⵉⵏⴰⵆⴷⵉⵎⴰⵏ ⵓⵉⵏ ⵜⴰⴶⴰⵉⵜ ⵜⴻⵏ
English: At present there are fifteen accredited programmes in the UK.
Tamasheq: ⵂⴰⵔ ⴰⵎⴰⵔⴰⴷ ⵉⵍⵍⴰⵏ ⵜⵉ ⵎⴰⵔⴰⵓ ⴱⵔⵓⴶⵔⴰⵎ ⵜⴰⵏ ⵉⴷ ⵙⴰⵎⵓⵙ ⴼⴰⵍ ⴻⵔⴷⴰⵗ ⴰⵍⵆⴰⴾⵓⵎ ⵓⴰⵏ ⵓⵆ
English: In 2008, the LI launched a major recruitment drive entitled "I want to be a Landscape Architect" to encourage the study of Landscape Architecture.
Tamasheq: “ⴻⴰⵗ ⴰⵓⴰⵜⴰⵉ ⵓⴰⵏ 2008, ⵍI ⵜ ⵉⵋⵋⴰ ⴷⴻⵔⵂⴰⵏ ⵏ ⴰⴷⴰⴾⴰⵍ ⵏ ⴰⴷⴷⵉⵏⴰⵜ ⵉⵙⵉⵎ ⵏⴻⵜ “ⴰⵔⵂⴻⵗ ⴰⴷ ⴰⵈⵈⵉⵍⴰ ⴰⵍⴱⴰⵏⵏⴰ ⵏ ⴰⵎⴰⴶⵓⵏ”” ⵉ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵙⵙⵉⵓⵉⴷⴰⵏ ⴷⴻⵔⵂⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵜⴻⵗⴰⵔⴻ ⵜⴰⵏ ⴻⴷⴻⵉ ⵓⴰⵏ ⴰⵎⴰⴶoⵏ”
English: Several states require passage of a state exam as well.
Tamasheq: ⴰⴷⴷⴰⵓⵍⴰ ⵜⴰⵏ ⴰⵋⵋoⵜⵏⴻⵏ ⴰⵣⵉⵍⵣⴰⵎ ⵏⴰⵜ ⵜoⵍⴰⵙ ⵉⵋⵉ ⵏ ⴻⴶⵣⴰⵎⵉⵜ ⵏ ⴰⴷⴷⴰⵓⵍⴰ
English: By the 6th century BC, the sand already covered the statues of the main temple up to their knees.
Tamasheq: ⴻⴰⵗ ⴰⵓⴰⵜⴰⵉ ⵓⴰⵏ 6 ⴷⴰⵜⴰ ⵏ ⴰⵏⵏⴰⴱⵉ ⵗⵉⵙⴰ , ⴰⴾⴰⵍ ⵉⵍⵙⴰⵏ ⵜⵉ ⵜⵉⵎⵙⴰⵍ ⵜⴰⵏ ⵏ ⴻⵂⴰⵏ ⵏ ⴰⵗⴰⴱⴰⴷ ⵗⵓⵔ ⴰⴼⴰⵍⵍⴰ ⵏⴻⵜ ⵂⴰⵔ ⵜⵉⵏⵙⴰⵓⴻⵏ ⵏⴰⵙⴰⵏ
English: One scheme to save the temples was based on an idea by William MacQuitty to build a clear freshwater dam around the temples, with the water inside kept at the same height as the Nile.
Tamasheq: ⴰⴷⴷⴰⴱⴰⵔⴰ ⵉⵉⵉⴰⵏ ⵉ ⴰⵗⴰⵍⴰⵙ ⵏ ⵉⵂⴰⵏⴰⵏ ⵓⵉⵏ ⴰⵗⴰⴱⴰⴷ ⵉⵋⵋⴰ ⴼⴰⵍ ⵎⵉⵔⴷⴰ ⵓⴰⵏ ⵓⵉⵍⵍⵉⴰⵎ ⵎⴰⵛQⵓⵉⵜⵜⵉ ⵉ ⴰⴷ ⵉⴷⵉ ⴱⴰⵔⴰⵋ ⵏ ⴰⵎⴰⵏ ⵓⵉⵏ ⵜⴻⵙⴰⵙⴻ ⴻⴷⴻⵙ ⵏ ⵉⵂⴰⵏⴰⵏ ⵓⵉⵏ ⴰⵗⴰⴱⴰⴷ ⵙ ⴰⵂⴰⵏ ⴰⵎⴰⵏ ⴰⵗⵍⴰⵙⵏⴻⵏ ⵓⴶⴷⴰⵂⵏⴻⵏ ⵉⴷ ⵏⵉⵍⴻ ⵜⵉⵛⵉⵋⵔⵉⵜ
English: They considered that raising the temples ignored the effect of erosion of the sandstone by desert winds.
Tamasheq: Iⵋⵋⴰ ⵗⵓⵔ ⵙⴰⵏ ⴰⵙ ⴻⴷⴻⵉ ⵏ ⵉⵂⴰⵏⴰⵏ ⵓⵉⵏ ⴰⵗⴰⴱⴰⴷ ⵉⵙⴰⵜⴰⵓⴰ ⵉⵏ ⴻⵛⴻⵔ ⵏ ⵜⵉⵂⵓⵏ ⵙ ⴰⴷⵓⴷⴰⵏ ⵓⵉⵏ ⴰⵎⴰⴶⵓⵏ
English: Between 1964 and 1968, the entire site was carefully cut into large blocks (up to 30 tons, averaging 20 tons), dismantled, lifted and reassembled in a new location 65 metres higher and 200 metres back from the river, in one of the greatest challenges of archaeological engineering in history.
Tamasheq: ⵋⵉⵔ ⴰⵓⴰⵜⴰⵉ 1964 ⴷ 1968, ⵙⵉⵜ ⴼⵓⴾ ⵉⵋⵋⴰ ⵜⴰⵣⵓⵏⴻ ⵜⵓⵗⴰⴷⴰⵜ ⵏ ⵉⴼⵔⵓⵙⴰⵏ ⵎⴰⵈⵈⵓⵔⵏⴻⵏ (ⵂⴰⵔ 30 ⵏ ⵜⵓⵏ, ⴰⵓⴰ ⵉⴷ ⵓⵔⴰⴾⴰⵏ 20 ⵏ ⵜⵓⵏ) ,ⵉⴼⵜⴰⵉⴰⵏ, ⵉⵜⴾⴰⵍⴰⵏ ⵜⵓⵍⴰⵙ ⵓⵍⴰⵙ ⴰⵎⴰⵙⵉⴷⴰⵓ ⴷⴰⵗ ⴻⴷⴶ ⴻⵉⵏⴰⵉⴰⵏ ⵏ 65 ⵏ ⵎⴻⵜⴰⵔ ⴷ 200 ⵏ ⵎⴻⵜⴰⵔ ⵙⵉⵂⴰ ⵙ ⴻⵋⴰⵔⴻⵓ , ⵉⵉⵉⴰⵏ ⴷⴰⵗ ⵜⴰⵙⵉⵙⵉⵏⴷⴰⵔⵜ ⵉ ⴾⴻⵍ ⵜⴻⵗⴰⵔⴻ ⵏ ⴰⴶⵏⴰ ⵓⴰⵏ ⴰⵍⵆⵉⴷⵎⴰⵜⴻⵏ ⵜⵉⵏ ⴰⴷⴷⵉⵏⴰⵜ ⴷⴰⵗ ⴰⵜⵜⴰⵔⴻⵆ
English: Many visitors also arrive by plane at an airfield that was specially constructed for the temple complex, or by road from Aswan, the nearest city.
Tamasheq: Iⵏⴰⴼⵜⴰⵗⴰⵏ ⴰⵋⵋⵓⵜⵏⴻⵏ ⵓⵙⴰⵏ ⵉⴷ ⴷⴰⵗ ⴰⴱⵉⵓⵏ ⴻⵗⴰⵔⵗⴰⵔ ⵓⴰⵏ ⴰⴱⵉⵓⵏ ⵜⴰⵏ ⵉⴷⴰⵉⴰⵏ ⵗⴰⵙ ⴻⵂⴰⵏ ⵓⴰⵏ ⴰⵗⴰⴱⴰⴷ ⵎⴻⵗ ⴰⴱⴰⵔⴰ ⵙ Aⵙⵓⴰⵏ , ⴰⵗⵔⵉⵎ ⵓⴰ ⴻⵂⴰⵏ ⴻⴷⴻⵙ ⵂⵓⵍⵍⴰⵏ
English: The colossal statues along the left-hand wall bear the white crown of Upper Egypt, while those on the opposite side are wearing the double crown of Upper and Lower Egypt (pschent).
Tamasheq: ⵜⵉⵎⵙⴰⵍ ⵜⴰⵏ ⵜⵉ ⵎⴰⵈⵈⵓⵔⵏⴻⵏ ⴷⴰⵗ ⴰⵛⵔⵓⵜ ⵏ ⴰⵗⴰⵍⴰⵉ ⵓⴰⵏ ⵜⵉⵛⴰⵍⴶⴰⵉ ⵉⵓⴰⵔ ⵜⴰⵏⴰⵜ ⵜⴰⴾⴰⴱⵓⵜ ⵜⴰ ⵎⴰⵍⵍⴰⵜ ⵏ ⵓⴱⴱⴻⵔ ⴻⴶⵉⴱⵜ ⴰⵙ ⵉⵋⵋⴰ ⴰⵓⴻⵏ ⵜⵉ ⵏ ⴰⵛⵔⵓⵜ ⵓⴰⵏ ⴰⵗⵉⵍ ⵜⴰⴾⴰⴱⵓⵜ ⵜⴰ ⵜ ⴰⵏⵏⵉⵜⴼⴰⵙⴰⵜ ⵏ ⵓⴱⴱⴻⵔ ⴷ ⵍⵓⵓⴻⵔ ⴻⴶⵉⵒⵜ (ⴱⵙⵛⵂⴻⵏⵜ)
English: The most famous relief shows the king on his chariot shooting arrows against his fleeing enemies, who are being taken prisoner.
Tamasheq: ⴻⴻⴷⴰⵓⵉⵜ ⵜⴰⵏ ⵂⵓⵍⵍⴰⵏ ⵜⴰⵈⵈⴰⵍ ⴰⵙⵓⴾⵏⵉ ⵏ ⴰⵍⵎⴰⵍⵉⴾ ⴼⴰⵍ ⵜⵓⵔⴾⴰ ⵏⴻⵜ ⵉⵋⵋⴰⵔ ⵉⵏ ⴰⵍⵍⴰⵗⴰⵏ ⵏⴻⵜ ⵙ ⵉⵏⴰⴷⵍⴰⵎⴰⵏ ⵏⴻⵜ ⵓⵉ ⵓⵛⴰⵍⵏⴻⵏ ⴰⵈⵈⴰⵍ ⵏⴻⵏ ⴾⴻⵍ ⴾⴰⵙⴰⵓ.
English: There are depictions of Ramesses and Nefertari with the sacred boats of Amun and Ra-Horakhty.
Tamasheq: Iⵍⵍⴰⵏ ⵜⵉ ⵉⴷⴰⵍⵓⵋⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵙⴰⵎⴻⵙⵙⴻⵙⴻⵙ ⴷ ⵏⴻⴼⴻⵔⵜⴰⵔⵉ ⵉⴷ ⴱⴰⵜⵓ ⵜⵏ ⵜⵉⵏ ⵜⴰⵍⵓⵉⵍⵉⵜⴻⵏ ⵏ ⴰⵎⵓⵏ ⴷ ⵔⴰ-ⵂⵓⵔⴰⴾⵂⵜⵉ
English: These dates are allegedly the king's birthday and coronation day, respectively.
Tamasheq: Iⵛⵉⵍⴰⵏ ⵓⵉⵏ ⴰⵈⵈⴰⵍⴰⵏ ⵓⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵓⵉⵜ ⵏ ⴰⵍⵎⴰⵍⵉⴾ ⴷ ⴰⵛⴰⵍ ⵓⴰⵏ ⴻⵈⵈⵉⵎ ⴼⴰⵍ ⵜⴻⵆⵉⴰⵎⵜ
English: In fact, according to calculations made on the basis of the heliacal rising of the star Sirius (Sothis) and inscriptions found by archaeologists, this date must have been October 22.
Tamasheq: ⴻⴰⵗ ⵎⴻⴷⴰⵏⴰⵏ ⵉⵋⵋⴰⵏⴻⵏ ⴼⴰⵍ ⴰⵜⴾⵓⵍ ⵏ ⵜⴰⵜⵔⵉⵜ ⵜⴰⵏ ⵙⵉⵔⵉⵓⵙ (ⵙⵓⵜⵂⵉⵙ) ⴷ ⵉⴾⵉⵜⴱⴰⵏ ⵉⵋⵔⴰⵓⴰⵏ ⴾⴻⵍ ⴼⴰⵔⴰⴾ ⵓⵉⵏ ⴰⴶⵏⴰ ⵏ ⵜⴰⵎⵓⵣⴷⵓⵈ ⵏ ⴰⴷⴷⵉⵏⴰⵜ, ⴰⵛⴰⵍ ⵓⴻⵏ ⴰⴷⴷⵓⴱⴰⵜ ⴰⵙ ⴻⵈⵈⴰⵍ ⴰⵛⴰⵍ ⵓⴰⵏ 22 ⵏ ⴰⵉⵓⵔ ⵓⴰⵏ ⴻⵉⴷ ⴻⵍ ⴼⵉⵜⵔ.
English: This was in fact the second time in ancient Egyptian history that a temple was dedicated to a queen.
Tamasheq: ⴰⵓⴻⵏ ⴻⵈⵈⴰⵍ ⴰⵍⵓⴰⵈ ⵓⴰⵏ ⵉⵙⵙⵉⵏ ⴷⴰⵗ ⴰⵜⵜⴰⵔⴻⵆ ⵓⴰⵏ ⴰⵔⵓ ⵏ Eⴶⵉⴱⵜ ⴻⵂⴰⵏ ⵓⴰⵏ ⴰⵗⴰⴱⴰⴷ ⵉⵋⵋⴰ ⴰⵍⵎⴰⵍⵉⴾⴰⵜ
English: Traditionally, the statues of the queens stood next to those of the pharaoh, but were never taller than his knees.
Tamasheq: ⴻⴰⵗ ⴰⵍⴰⵙⴰⵍ, ⵜⵉⵎⵙⴰⵍ ⵜⴰⵏ ⵜⵉⵏ ⴰⵍⵎⴰⵍⵉⴾⴰⵜ ⵜⴰⵏ ⴰⵣⵣⵓⴾⴰⵜ ⵏⴰⵜ ⴻⴷⴻⵙ ⵏ ⵜⵉⵏ ⴼⴰⵔⵗⴰⵓⵏⴰ ⵎⵓⵛⴰⵎ ⴾⴰⵍⴰ ⵓⴰⵔ ⵉⵋⵋⴻⵏⴰⵜ ⵜⵉⵛⵉⵋⵔⵉⵜ ⵜⵓⴾⴰⵉⴰⵜ ⵉⴼⴰⴷⴷⴰⵏ ⵏⴻⵜ
English: The capitals of the pillars bear the face of the goddess Hathor; this type of column is known as Hathoric.
Tamasheq: ⵆⴰⴱⵉⵜⴰⵍ ⵜⴰⵏ ⵜⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵋⵉⵜⵜⴰⵓⴻⵏ ⵉⵓⴰⵔ ⵜⴰⵏⴰⵜ ⵓⴷⵉⵎ ⵏ ⵂⴰⵜⵂⵓⵔ; ⵉⵛⵛⵉⴾⵉⵍ ⵏ ⴻⵜⴰⵔⵜⴰⵔ ⵓⴻⵏ ⵉⵜⴰⵓⴰⵏ ⵂⴰⵙ ⵂⴰⵜⵂⵓⵔⵉⵛ.
English: On the south and the north walls of this chamber there are two graceful and poetic bas-reliefs of the king and his consort presenting papyrus plants to Hathor, who is depicted as a cow on a boat sailing in a thicket of papyri.
Tamasheq: ⴻⴰⵗ ⵉⵗⴰⵍⴰⵉⴰⵏ ⵓⵉⵏ ⴰⴶⴰⵍⴰ ⴷ ⵓⵉⵏ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵙⵏⴰ ⵏ ⵜⴻⵂⴰⵏⵏⵉⵜ ⵜⴻⵏ ⵉⵍⵍⴰⵏ ⵜⵉ ⵉⵎⴰⴶⵓⵏⴰⵏ ⵉⵙⵙⵉⵏ ⵏ ⴰⵍⵎⴰⵍⵉⴾ ⴷ ⵛⵓⵏⴷ ⵉⵏⵜⴰ ⵙⴰⴾⵏⵉⵏⴻⵏ ⵉⵂⵉⵛⴾⴰⵏ ⵓⵉⵏ ⴱⴰⴱⵉⵔⵓⵙ ⵂⴰⵔ ⵍⴰⵜⵂⵓⵔ ⵉⴷⵍⴰⵋⴰⵏ ⵛⵓⵏⴷ ⵜⴰⵙ ⴼⴰⵍ ⴱⴰⵜⵓ ⴷⴰⵗ ⵜⴰⵏⴰⴱⴰⵋⵜ ⵏ ⴱⴰⴱⵉⵔⵉ
English: None of the current buildings are believed to date from before the 17th century, but they were likely built with the same construction methods and designs as had been used for centuries before.
Tamasheq: ⵓⴰⵔ ⵜⵉ ⵉⵍⵍⴰ ⴷⴰⵗ ⵉⴷⴻⵉⴰⵏ ⵙ ⵉⵓⴰⵔ ⵎⵉⵔⴷⴰ ⵏ ⴰⵙ ⵉⵋⵋⴰⵏ ⴰⴷ oⵔⴰⴾⴰⵏ ⵉ ⴰⵓⴰⵜⴰⵉ ⵓⴰⵏ 1700 ⵎⵓⵛⴰⵎ ⴻⵂⴰⵎⵉⵛ ⴰⵙ ⵉⴷⴰⵉⴰⵏ ⵙ ⵉⵛⵉⴾⵉⵍ ⴷ ⵉⵗⴰⵏⵏⵉ ⵜⴰⵏ ⵓⵍⴰⵂⴰⵏ ⵛⵓⵏⴷ ⵉⵎⵎⵉⴾ ⵓⴰ ⵙ ⴰⵆⴷⴰⵎⴰⵏ ⴰ ⵉⵍⴰⵏ ⵜⵉⵎⴰⴷ ⵏ ⴰⵓⴰⵜⴰⵉ ⴷⴰⵜⴰ ⴰⵓⴰ
English: Other kasbahs and ksour were located all along this route, such as the nearby Tamdaght to the north.
Tamasheq: ⵆⴰⵙⴱⴰⵂ ⵜⴰⵏ ⵉⵉⵉⴻⴷ ⵉⴷ ⴾⵙoⵓⵔ ⴰⵂⴰⵏ ⴼⵓⴾ ⵏⴰⵙⴰⵏ ⴰⴱⴰⵔⴰ ⵓⴻⵏ, ⵛⵓⵏⴷ ⵓⴰⵏ ⴻⴷⴻⵙ ⵏ ⵟⴰⵎⴷⴰⵗⵜ ⵙ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵙⵏⴰ.
English: The village's buildings are grouped together within a defensive wall that includes corner towers and a gate.
Tamasheq: Iⴷⴻⵉⴰⵏ ⵓⵉⵏ ⵜⴰⵗⵔⵉⵎⵜ ⵉⴷⴷⴻⵓⴰⵏ ⴷⴰⵗ ⴻⴷⴰⴶ ⵉⵉⵉⴰⵏ ⴷⴰⵗ ⴰⵗⴰⵍⴰⵉ ⵜⴰⵏ ⴻⵗⵍⴰⵙⴰⵏ ⴰⵂⴰⵏ ⵜⵓⵓⴻⵔ ⵜⴰⵏ ⵜⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵙⵉⵋⴻⵏ ⴷ ⴰⵍⴱⴰⴱ
English: The village also has a number of public or community buildings such as a mosque, a caravanserai, a kasbah (castle-like fortification) and the Marabout of Sidi Ali or Amer.
Tamasheq: ⵜⴰⵗⵔⵉⵜ ⵉⵏⵜⴰ ⴷⴻⵗ ⵜⵉⵍⴰ ⵉⴷⴷⵉⴾⵓⴷ ⵏ ⵉⴷⴻⵉⴰⵏ ⵏ ⴰⴷⴷⵉⵏⴰⵜ ⵎⴻⵗ ⵏ ⵜⴰⵓⵙⴻⵜⴻⵏ ⵛⵓⵏⴷ ⵜⴰⵎⵉⵣⵋⵉⴷⴷⴰ, ⵛⴰⵔⴰvⴰⵏⵙⴻⵔⴰⵉ, ⴾⴰⵙⴱⴰⵂ (ⴻⴷⴻⵉ ⵛⵂⵓⵏⴷ ⵛⵂⴰⵜⵓ) ⴷ ⴰⵍⴼⴰⵈⵈⵉ ⵏ ⵙⵉⴷⵉ ⴰⵍⵉ ⵎⴻⵗ ⴰⵎⴻⵔ
English: It was made of compressed earth and mud, usually mixed with other materials to aid adhesion.
Tamasheq: Iⴾⵏⴰ ⵙ ⴾⴰⵍ ⴷ ⵜⴰⵍⴰⵈ ⴰⵔⵜⴰⵉⵏⴻⵏ ⵙ ⵂⴰⵔⴾⵓⴾ ⴰⵔⵜⴰⵉⴰⵏ ⵉⴷ ⵉⵙⵓⵋ ⵉⵉⵉⴰⴷ ⵉ ⴰⵙⴰⵔⵗⵉⵙ ⵏ ⴰⵍⴰⵜⵓⵗ
English: The Aswan Dam, or more specifically since the 1960s, the Aswan High Dam, is the world's largest embankment dam, which was built across the Nile in Aswan, Egypt, between 1960 and 1970.
Tamasheq: ⴱⴰⵔⴰⵋ ⵓⴰⵏ ⴰⵙⵓⴰⵏ ⵎⴻⵗ ⴰ ⵉⵋⵋⴰ ⴰⵓⴰⵜⴰⵉ ⵓⴰⵏ 1960 , ⴱⴰⵔⴰⵋ ⵏ ⴰⵙⵓⴰⵏ ⵓⴰ ⵎⴰⵈⵈⵓⵔⴰⵏ ⴻⵈⵈⴰⵍ ⴱⴰⵔⴰⵋ ⵏ ⴰⵍⵗⴰⵍⵉⵎ ⵓⴰ ⵓⵋⵋⴰⵔⴰⵏ ⴰⴷⵉⴷⵉ ⵉⴷⴰⵉⴰⵏ ⴼⴰⵍ Nⵉⵍⴻ ⴷⴰⵗ ⴰⵙⵓⴰⵏ, ⴻⴶⵉⴱⵜ ⵋⵉⵔ ⴰⵓⴰⵜⴰⵉ ⵓⴰⵏ 1960 ⵂⴰⵔ 1970
English: Like the earlier implementation, the High Dam has had a significant effect on the economy and culture of Egypt.
Tamasheq: ⵛⵓⵏⴷ ⴻⴷⴻⵉ ⵏⴻⵜ ⵓⴰⵏ ⵜⵉⵣⴰⵔⴰⵜ, ⴱⴰⵔⴰⵋ ⵓⴰ ⵎⴰⵈⵈⵓⵔⴰⵏ ⵉⵍⴰ ⵜⵉⴼⴰ ⵎⴰⵈⵈⵓⵔⴰⵜ ⴷⴰⵗ ⵜⴰⵎⵓⴷⵔⴻ ⵏ ⴰⴷⴷⵉⵏⴰⵜ ⴷ ⴰⴶⵏⴰ ⵓⴰⵏ ⴻⴶⵉⵜ
English: However, this natural flooding varied, since high-water years could destroy the whole crop, while low-water years could create widespread drought and consequently famine.
Tamasheq: ⴰⵙ ⵉⵋⵋⴰ ⴰⵓⴻⵏ, ⴰⵏⴰⵋⴰⵉ ⵏ ⴰⵎⴰⵏ ⵓⴻⵏ ⵉⵣⵍⴰⵉ, ⴰⵍⵓⴰⵈ ⵓⴰ ⵉⴷ ⵉⵓⵉⵜⵉⴰⵏ ⵓⵉ ⴷⴰⵗ ⵉⵋⵋⵉⵜ ⵏ ⴰⵎⴰⵏ ⴻⵗⴰⵛⴰⴷ ⵜⴰⴷⴰⵎⵓⵜ ⴼⵓⴾ ⵏⴻⵜ ⴰⵙ ⵉⵋⵋⴰ ⴰⵓⴻⵏ ⴰⵎⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵉⵓⵉⵜⵉⴰⵏ ⵓⵉ ⴷⴰⵔⵓⵙⵏⴻⵏ ⵗⴰⵏ ⵉⵏ ⵜⴰⵙⵉⵗⴻⵗⵜ ⵎⴰⵈⵈⵓⵔⴰ ⴷ ⵎⴰⵏⵏⴰ
English: Instead the Nile Valley Plan by the British hydrologist Harold Edwin Hurst was favored, which proposed to store water in Sudan and Ethiopia, where evaporation is much lower.
Tamasheq: ⴰⴷⴷⴰⴱⵔⴰ ⵓⴰⵏ Eⵗⴰⵔ ⵓⴰⵏ ⵏⵉⵍⴻ ⵉⵋⵋⴰ ⵂⵉⴷⵔⵓⵍⵓⴶⵉⵙⵜ ⵂⴰⵔⵓⵍⴷ Eⴷⵓⵉⵏ ⵂⵓⵔⵙⵜ ⵓⴰⵏ ⴻⵏⴶⵍⴰⵏⴷ ⵉⵏⵜⴰ ⴰ ⵓⴼⴰⵏ, ⵉⵋⵋⴰⵏ ⴰⴷⴷⴰⴱⴰⵔⴰ ⴰⵗⴰⵍⴰⴼ ⵏ ⴰⵎⴰⵏ ⴷⴰⵗ ⵙⵓⴷⴰⵏ ⴷ ⴻⵜⵂⵉⵓⴱⵉⴰ ⵉⵂⴰⵏⴷⴶⴰⵏ ⵙ ⴰⴼⴰⵏⴰⵣ ⵏ ⴰⵎⴰⵏ ⵉ ⵎⴰⴷⵔⵓⵉⴰⵏ
English: Initially, both the United States and the USSR were interested in helping development of the dam.
Tamasheq: ⵙ ⵜⵉⵣⴰⵔⴰⵜ ⴰⴷⴷⴰⵓⵍⴰ ⵜⴰⵏ ⴰⵎⵔⵉⴾ ⴷ ⵓⵙⵙⵔ ⴾⴰⵍⴰ ⴻⵈⵈⴰⵍ ⵉⵛⴰⵗⵉⵍ ⵜⴰⴷⵂⵉⵍⵜ ⵏ ⴻⴼⴻⵙ ⵓⴰⵏ ⴱⴰⵔⴰⵋ ⵜⴰⵏ
English: At that time the U.S. feared that communism would spread to the Middle East, and it saw Nasser as a natural leader of an anticommunist procapitalist Arab League.
Tamasheq: ⴰⴶⵓⴷ ⵓⵢⵏ ⴷⴰⵗ, ⵢⵜⴰⵣⵓⵏⵉ ⵉⵋⴰⵛ ⵜⴰⵏ ⴰⵎⴰⵜⵜⵉⵙⵓ ⵏ ⴰⵙ ⴾⵓⵎⵉⵏⵉⵣⵎ ⴰⴷ ⴰⵏⴾⵉⵛ ⵂⴰⵔ ⴰⵛⵛⴰⵔⵉⴾⴰ ⵜⴰⵏ ⵜⵉⵏ ⴰⵍ-ⴰⵓⵙⴰⵜ ⵜⵓⵍⴰⵙ ⵂⴰⵏⵏⴰⵉⴰⵏ ⵏⴰⵙⵙⵢⵔ ⴰⵙ ⴰⵎⵓⵙ ⴰⵏⴰⵎⵓⴾⴰⵍ ⵉⵍⴾⴰⵎⴰⵏ ⵉ ⴾⴰⴱⵉⵜⴰⵍⵉⵙⵜ ⵜⴰⵏ ⵜⵓⵍⴰⵙ ⵓⴰⵔ ⵏ ⴰⵆⵉⵢⵣ ⵙ ⴾⵓⵎⵉⵏⵉⵣⵎ ⴷⴰ ⴰⴷⴷⴰⵓⵍⴰ ⵜⴰⵏ ⵜⵉⵏ ⴰⵔⴰⴱⴰⵏ
English: After the UN criticized a raid by Israel against Egyptian forces in Gaza in 1955, Nasser realized that he could not portray himself as the leader of pan-Arab nationalism if he could not defend his country militarily against Israel.
Tamasheq: ⴷⴰⵔⴰⵜ ⴰⵙ ⵓⵏⵓ ⵓⵣⴰⵎ ⴰⴾⵉⵏⴰⵙ ⵓⴰ ⵍⴰⵏⴰⵜⴰⵏ ⵜⴰⵏ Iⵙⵔⴰⵉⵍ ⴷⴰⵔ ⵎⴰⵔⵏⴰⵏ ⵓⵉ ⵎⵉⵙⵔⵜⴰⵏ ⴷⴰⵗ ⵗⴰⵣⴰ ⴷⴰⵗ 1955, ⵏⴰⵙⵙⵢⵔ ⵉⴶⴰ ⴰⵙ ⵓⴰⵔⴰⴷⵓⴱⴰⵜ ⵓⴶⵓⵣ ⴰⵙ ⵎⵎⵉⵍⵉⵜⴰⵉⵜⴰⵏ ⵏⴰⴾⴰⵍ ⴰⵏⵢⵙ ⴼⴰⵍ Iⵙⵔⴰⵉⵍ.
English: Nasser did not accept these conditions, and consulted the USSR for support.
Tamasheq: ⵏⴰⵙⵙⵢⵔ ⵓⴰⴷⵉⵔⵓⴷⵓ ⵂⴰⵔⴰⵜⴰⵏ ⵓⴰⵏ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵙⴰⵙⵜⴰⵏ ⴷⴰⵔ ⵜⴰⴷⵂⵉⵍ ⵜⴰⵏ ⵓⵔⵙⵙ.
English: Dulles was angered more by Nasser's diplomatic recognition of China, which was in direct conflict with Dulles's policy of containment of communism.
Tamasheq: ⴷⵓⵍⵍⵢⵙ ⵢⵈⴰⵍ ⴰⵣⴰⵔⴰⵜ ⵉⵂⴰ ⴰⵙ ⵜⵉⵎⵓⵣⵉⵢ ⵜⴰ ⴰⵍⴾⴰⴷⴰⵏ ⵓⴰⵏ ⵛⵂⵉⵏⵢ ⵉⵢ ⵏⴰⵙⵙⵢⵔ, ⴰⴾⵏⴰⵙⴰⵏ ⴰⴶⵓⴷⵢⵏⴷⴰⵗ ⴰⴷ ⵜⴰⵏⴰⵉⴰ ⵜⴰⵏ ⵏⵓⴾⵓⵙ ⴰⵏ ⵏⵉⵎⵉⵔⵜⴰⵉⴰⵏ ⵓⵉ ⵢⵓⵍⵍⵢⵙ.
English: He was also irritated by Nasser's neutrality and attempts to play both sides of the Cold War.
Tamasheq: ⴷⵈⴰⵍ ⴷⴰⵗ ⴰⵉⵂⴰⵏ ⵜⵢⵔⴰⵣⵢ ⴰⵏ ⵏⴰⵙⵙⵢⵔ ⴰⴷ ⴷⵉⵔⵓⵎⴰⵏ ⵏⴰⵙ ⵏⵓⴶⵉⵛ ⴷⴰⵗ ⴷⴰⴶⴰⵏ ⵓⵉ ⵏⴰⵙⵉⵏ ⴷⴰⵗ ⴰⴾⵉⵏⴰⵙ ⵓⴰⵏ ⵜⵉⵙⵉⵎⴷⵢ.
English: The enormous rock and clay dam was designed by the Soviet Hydroproject Institute along with some Egyptian engineers.
Tamasheq: ⵓⴰⵎⴰⵈⴰⵔⴰⵏ ⴰⴾⵉⵏⴰⵙ ⴰⵏ ⵜⵓⵂⵓⵏ ⴰⴷ ⵜⴰⵍⴰⵈ ⴰⴷⴰⵗ ⵉⴶⴰ Iⵏⵙⵜⵉⵜⵓⵜ ⵙⵓⴱⵉⵉⵜⵉⵈⵓⵢ ⵓⴰⵏ ⴰⵎⴰⵏ ⴰⵏ ⴷⴰⵓⵍⴰ ⴷⴰⵔ ⵂⴰⵔⴰⵜ ⴷⴰⵗ ⵎⵓⵙⴰⵏⴰⵏ ⵓⵉ ⵢⴶⵉⴱⵜⵉⵢⵏⵜⴰⵏ
English: Conversely, the dam flooded a large area, causing the relocation of over 100,000 people.
Tamasheq: ⴰⵏⵉⵎⵉⵙⴾⴰⵍⴰⵏ, ⴰⴾⵉⵏⴰⵙ ⵉⵍⵙⴰ ⵢⴷⴰⴶ ⵎⴰⵈⴰⵔⴰⵏ, ⵉⴶⴰⵏ ⵉⵂⵉⵏⴰⵏ ⵏⴰ ⵉⵓⴰⴷⴰⵏ 100 000 ⵏⴰⴷⵉⵏⴰⵜ.
English: The assessment of the costs and benefits of the dam remains controversial decades after its completion.
Tamasheq: ⵜⵉⵓⴰⵜ ⴰⵏ ⵏⵢⵣⴰⵓⵢ ⴰⴷ ⴶⴰⵔⴰⵓⴰⵏ ⵏⴰⴾⵉⵏⴰⵙ ⵉⵍⴰⵏⵜ ⴷⴰⵗ ⵎⴰⴶⵔⵉⴷⴰⵏ ⴰⵓⴰⴷⵏⵢⵏ ⵜⵉⵎⵉⵔⵓⵢⵏ ⵏⵢⵍⴰⵏ ⴷⴰⵔⴰⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⵓⵈⵓⵏⵜ ⴰⵏⵢⵙ.
English: Not taking into account the negative environmental and social effects of the dam, its costs are thus estimated to have been recovered within only two years.
Tamasheq: ⴷⴰⵗ ⵓⴰⵔⴰⵂⵢⵏ ⴰⴶⵉⵜⴰⵏ ⵓⵉ ⵏⴰⴾⴰⵍ ⴰⴷ ⵜⵢⵔⵓⵢⵜⵜⵏ ⵓⵉ ⵏⴰⵏ ⵓⴶⴷⵢⵂ ⵏⴰⴾⵉⵏⴰⵙ, ⵓⵔⴷⴰⵏ ⴰⴷⵉⵛ ⴰⵙ ⵢⵣⴰⵓⵢ ⵓⵢⵏ ⴰⴷⴰⵗ ⴷⵉⵣⴶⴰⵔ ⴰⵙⵉⵏ ⵢⵍⴰⵏ ⵗⴰⵙ.
English: Another observer disagreed and he recommended that the dam should be torn down.
Tamasheq: Iⵉⴰⵏ ⴰⵎⴰⵏⵂⴰⵉ ⵓⴰⴷ ⴷⵢⵔⴷⴰ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵏⴰ ⴰⴶⵎⵉⴷⵉⵏ ⴰⴾⵉⵏⴰⵙ.
English: The dam mitigated the effects of floods, such as those in 1964, 1973, and 1988.
Tamasheq: ⴰⴾⵉⵏⴰⵙ ⵉⴼⵏⴰⵣ ⵉⵆⴰⵛⴰⴷⴰⵏ ⵏⴰⵎⴰⵏ, ⵙⵓⵏⴷ ⵓⴰⵏ 1964, 1973 əⴷ 1988.
English: A new fishing industry has been created around Lake Nasser, though it is struggling due to its distance from any significant markets.
Tamasheq: ⵜⴰⵉⵏⴰⵉⴰⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⵓⴾⵔⵓⵙⵜ ⵏⵓⴾⵉⵙ ⴰⵏ ⵎⴰⵏⴰⵏ ⴰⴷⴰⵗ ⵜⵉⴶⴰ ⴷⵢⴷⵢⵙ ⴰⵏ ⵍⴰⵛ ⵏⴰⵙⵙⵢⵔ, ⴰⵂⵓⵙⴾⴰⵜ ⴰⵙ ⵜⴰⵂⴰ ⴰⵙⵓⵂⵢⵏ ⴼⴰⵍ ⵙⴰⵍⴰⵏ ⵏⵉⴶⵉⴶ ⴰⵏ ⵂⵢⴱⵓⵜⴰⵏ ⵓⵉ ⵜⴰⵏⴼⵓ ⴷⴰⴾ.
English: About half a million families were settled on these new lands.
Tamasheq: ⴰⵉⵓⴰⴷⴰⵏ ⵜⵉⵣⵓⵏⵢ ⴰⵏ ⵎⵉⵍⵍⵉⵉⴰⵓ ⴰⵏ ⵜⵢⵔⵓⵢⵜⵢⵏ ⴰⵈⴰⵍⴰⵏ ⴰⵉⴷⴰⴾⴰⵏ ⴰⴾⴰⵍ ⵓⴰⵉⵏⴰⵉⴰⵏ.
English: On other previously irrigated land, yields increased because water could be made available at critical low-flow periods.
Tamasheq: ⵗⵓⵔ ⴾⴰⵍⴰⵏ ⵉⵉⴰⴷ ⴰⵉⵏⴰⵉⵏⵢⵏ ⴷⵓⴱⴷⴰⴶ, ⴰⴶⴰⵔⴰⵓ ⴰⵓⵉⴷ ⴼⴰⵍⴰⵙ ⴰⵎⴰⵏ ⴰⴷⵓⴱⵢⵏ ⴰⵔⴰⵈⴰⵍⴰⵏ ⴰⵜⵉⵍⴰⵏ ⴰⵍⵓⴰⵈⴰⵏ ⴰⵙⵓⵂⴰⵜⵏⵢⵏ ⴰⴷ ⵓⵉⵜⵉⵍⴰ ⵜⴰⵏⴼⵓ.
English: In Sudan, 50,000 to 70,000 Sudanese Nubians were moved from the old town of Wadi Halfa and its surrounding villages.
Tamasheq: ⴷⴰⵗ ⵙⵓⵓⴷⴰⵏ, 50 000 à 70 000 ⵏⵓⴱⵉⵢⵏⵙ ⵙⵓⵓⴷⴰⵏⴰⵉⵜⴰⵏ ⴰⵂⵓⴰⵏ ⴷⴰⵗ ⴰⵆⵔⴰⵎ ⵓⴰⵏ ⵓⴰⴷⵉ ⵂⴰⵍⴼⴰ ⴰⴷ ⴼⵉⵏⵜⴰⵜⴰⵏ ⴷⴰⵗ ⴰⵂⴰⵣ ⵏⴰⵙⴰⵏ.
English: The government developed an irrigation project, called the New Halfa Agricultural Development Scheme to grow cotton, grains, sugar cane and other crops.
Tamasheq: ⵗⵓⴱⵢⵔⵏⵢⵎⴰ ⴰⵙⵢⵓⴰⴷⴰⵏ ⴷⴰⵓⵍⴰ ⵜⴰⵏ ⴰⵙⵉⴶⴰⵍ ⵏⴰⵎⴰⵏ, ⴰⵆⵔⴰⵜⴰⵜ ⵏⵢⵓ ⵂⴰⵍⴼⴰ ⴰⴶⵔⵉⵛⵓⵍⵜⵓⵔⴰⵍ ⵢⵢ ⴱⵢⵍⵓⴱⵎⵢⵏⵜ ⵙⵛⵂⵢⵎⵢ, ⴼⴰⵍ ⴰⴷⵉⴶⵉⵉⴾⴰⵏ ⵂⴰⴱⵓ, ⴰⵜⴰⵆⴰⵎ, ⴰⵋⴰⴱⴰⵍ ⵓⴰⵏ ⴰⵙⵓⴾⴰⵔ ⴰⴷ ⵙⵉⴶⵉⴰⴾ ⵉⵉⴰⴷ.
English: Housing and facilities were built for 47 village units whose relationship to each other approximated that in Old Nubia.
Tamasheq: Iⵂⵏⴰⵏ ⴰⴷ ⴷⴰⴶⴰⵏ ⴰⵈⴰⵏⴰⵏ ⵉⵢ 47 ⵜⴰⵏⵎⵉⵜⴰⴼⵢⵏ ⴰⵏ ⴾⴰⵍ ⴼⵉⵏⵜⴰ ⴰⵙ ⴰⵓⴰ ⵉⵍⴰⵏ ⴶⴰⵔⵢⵙⴰⵏ ⵢⵈⴰⵍ ⵙⵓⵏⴷ ⵓⴰ ⵔⵓⵓⴰⵏ ⴰⵏ ⵏⵓⴱⵉⵢ.
English: The nutrient value added to the land by the sediment was only 6,000 tons of potash, 7,000 tons of phosphorus pentoxide and 17,000 tons of nitrogen.
Tamasheq: ⵜⴰⵏⴼⵓ ⵙⴰⴷⵓⴰⵍⴰⵏ ⵜⴰⵓⵉⴷⴰⵜ ⴷⴰⵗ ⴰⴾⴰⵍ ⴰⵙ ⵛⵔⵉⵎⵛⵔⴰⵎⴰⵏ ⵢⵈⴰⵍ 6 000 ⵜⵓⵏⵏⵢⵜⴰⵏ ⴰⵏ ⵙⵓⵙⵓ, 7 000 ⴰⵏ ⵜⵓⵏⵏⵢⵜⴰⵏ ⴱⵢⵏⵜⵓⵆⵉⴷⵢ ⵓⴰⵏ ⴱⵂⵓⵙⴱⵂⴰⵜⵢ ⴰⴷ 17 000 ⴰⵏ ⵜⵢⵏⵏⵢⵜⴰⵏ ⵏⴰⵣⵓⵓⵢ.
English: Soil salinity also increased because the distance between the surface and the groundwater table was small enough (1–2 m depending on soil conditions and temperature) to allow water to be pulled up by evaporation so that the relatively small concentrations of salt in the groundwater accumulated on the soil surface over the years.
Tamasheq: ⵆⴰⴷⵉ ⵏ ⵜⵢⵙⴰⵎⵜ ⴷⴰⵗ ⴰⴾⴰⵍ ⵉⵏⵜⴰⴷⴰⵗ ⴰⵓⵉⴷ ⴼⴰⵍ ⴰⵙ ⴰ-ⵓⴰ ⵉⵍⴰⵏ ⵋⴰⵔ ⴰⵔⵓⵔⵉ ⴷ ⵜⴰⴱⴰⵍ ⵜⴰⵏ ⴰⵎⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵙⵉⴷⵢⵔ ⵏ ⴰⴾⴰⵍ ⵢⵈⵈⴰⵍ ⵂⵓⵍⵍⵢⵏ ⴰⵏⴷⴰⵔⴰⵏ (1 ⵂⴰⵔ 2 ⵎ ⵙ ⴱⴰⴷⴷⴰⵏ ⵏ ⴰⴾⴰⵍ ⴷ ⵜⴰⴾⴰⵙⵜ) ⴼⴰⵔ ⴰⵔⵓⴷⴰⴱⵢⵏ ⴰⵎⴰⵏ ⴰⴷⴰⵎⴰⵙⵓⴰⵍ ⵙ ⴰⴷⵓ, ⴰⵓⵢⵏ ⴷⴰⵗ ⵂⴰⵔ ⵜⴰⵎⵙⵓⴷⵉⵓⵢⵏ ⵜⴰⵏ ⵓⴰⵏⴰⵏ ⵉⵍⴰ ⴰⵙⴰⵂⴰⵜ ⴰⵏ ⵜⵢⵙⵉⵎⵜ ⴷⴰⵗ ⴰⵎⴰⵏ ⴼⴰⵍ ⴰⵔⵓⵔⵉ ⵏ ⴰⴾⴰⵍⴰ ⴰ ⵉⵍⴰⵏ ⵢⵍⴰⵏ
English: By the 1950s only a small proportion of Upper Egypt had not been converted from basin (low transmission) to perennial (high transmission) irrigation.
Tamasheq: ⴷⴰⵗ ⵓⵉⵜⵉⴰⵏ ⵓⵉ 1950, ⵉⵉⴰⵏⴷⴰⵗ ⵢⴷⴰⴶ ⴰⴷⵉⵔⴰⵏ ⴰⵏ ⵂⴰⵓⵜⵢ-ⵢⴶⵉⴱⵜⵢ ⵓⴰⵔⵢⵈⵢⵍ ⴰⵜⵓⴰⵙⴰⵎⴰⵍⴰⵉⴰⵏ ⵙⴰⵙⵓⵉⵜⴰⵏ ⵓⴰⵏ ⴱⴰⵙⵙⵉⵏ (ⵂⴰⵏ ⵉⵍⴰⵏⵢⵏ ⵉⵂⵓⴾ) ⵂⴰⴷ ⴰⵙⴰⵙⵓ ⴰⵙⵓⵂⵢⵏ (ⵉⵂⴰⴾⴰⵏ ⵙⴰⵙⵂⴰⵜ).
English: S. haematobium has since disappeared altogether.
Tamasheq: ⴰⵔⵓ, ⵙ. ⴰⵂⵢⵎⴰⵜⵓⴱⵉⵓⵎ ⴷⴰⴾⵉⵏⵢⵙ ⴰⵎⵍⴰⵓⴰⵜ.
English: This means that the dead storage volume would be filled up after 300–500 years if the sediment accumulated at the same rate throughout the area of the lake.
Tamasheq: ⴰⵓⵢⵏ ⴰⴷⴰⵔⴷⵉⵍⴰ ⵂⴰⴷⵉ ⴰⵏ ⵜⴰⵣⵎⵙⵓⴷⵓⵜ ⴰⵏ ⵜⵢⵎⴰⵍⴰⵍⵜ ⵜⴰⵈⴰⵍ ⴰⵉⵜⴾⴰⵔⴰⵏ ⴷⴰⵗ 300 ⵂⴰⵔ 500 ⵏⵢⵍⴰⵏ ⴰⵙ ⴰⵛⵔⵉⵎⵛⵔⴰⵎⴰⵏ ⵜⴰⵎⵙⵓⴷⵓⵓⴰⵏ ⴰⵙ ⵓⵍⴰⵏ ⴷⴰⵗ ⴷⴰⴶⴰⵏ ⴼⵓⴾ ⵓⴰⵏ ⵢⴱⴰⵏⴶ.
English: After construction of the dam, aquatic weeds grew much faster in the clearer water, helped by fertilizer residues.
Tamasheq: ⴷⴰⵔⴰⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⵓⵈⵓⵏⵜ ⵜⴰⵏ ⵜⴰⴱⴰⴶⴰⵓⵜ, ⴰⵍⵉⵎⴰⵣ ⵓⴰⵉⵋⴰⵔⴰⵏ ⵏⴰⵎⴰⵏ ⵉⴷⵓⴰⵍⴰⵏⵉⴷ ⵙⴰⵋⵉⵜ ⵓⴶⴰⵔⴰⵏ ⵓⵔⵎⴰⴷ ⴷⴰⵗ ⴰⵎⴰⵏ ⵛⴰⴷⵉⴶⵏⵢⵏ, ⵙⵉⵍⵉⵍⴰⵏ ⵔⵉⵎⵛⵔⴰⵎⴰⵏ ⴰⵏ ⴱⴰⵔⵋⵉⵜⴰⵏ.
English: Mediterranean fishing and brackish water lake fishery declined after the dam was finished because nutrients that flowed down the Nile to the Mediterranean were trapped behind the dam.
Tamasheq: ⵓⴾⵉⵙ ⴰⵏ ⵎⴰⵏⴰⵏ ⴷⴰⵗ ⵎⵢⴷⵉⵜⵢⵔⵔⴰⵏⵢ ⴰⴷ ⴷⴰⵗ ⵢⴱⴰⴶ ⵏⴰⵎⴰⵏ ⵓⴰⵏ ⵙⴰⵓⵎⴰⵜⵔⵢ ⵉⴼⵏⴰⵣ ⴷⴰⵔⴰⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⵓⵈⵓⵏⵜ ⵜⴰⵏ ⵜⴰⴱⴰⴶⴰⵓⵜ, ⴼⴰⵙ ⵉⵛⵉⵛⴾⴰ ⵓⵉ ⴷⵉⴼⴰⵍⵏⵢⵏ ⵏⵉⵍ ⴰⴷ ⵙⵉⴱⵔⵢⵜ ⴰⵏ ⵎⵢⴷⵉⵜⵢⵔⵔⴰⵏⵢ ⴰⵈⴰⵍⴰⵏ ⴰⵉⴼⵜⴰⵉⴰⵏ ⴷⴰⵔⴰⵜ ⵜⵢⴱⴰⴶⴰⵓⵜ.
English: A concern before the construction of the High Dam had been the potential drop in river-bed level downstream of the Dam as the result of erosion caused by the flow of sediment-free water.
Tamasheq: ⴰⵛⴰⵍⴰⵍⴰⵜ ⴷⴰⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⵓⵈⵓⵏⵜ ⵜⴰⵏ ⵂⴰⵓⵜ ⴱⴰⵔⵔⴰⴶ ⵜⴰⵈⴰⵍ ⴰⵉⴼⴰⵏⴰⵣ ⴰⵙⵓⵂⵢⵏ ⴰⵏ ⵂⴰⴷⵉ ⵏⴰⵙⴰⵔⵢⵔⵢ ⵓⴰⵏ ⴰⵛⴰⵛⵉⵍ ⵓⴰ ⵙⴰⴱⴰⴷⴰⵉⴰⵏ ⴷⴰⵗ ⵜⵢⴱⴰⴶⴰⵓⵜ ⴼⴰⵍ ⵙⴰⵍⴰⵏ ⵏⴰⵆⴰⵛⴰⴷ ⵉⴶⴰⵏⵢⵏ ⴼⴰⵍ ⵜⴰⵏⴰⵣⴰⵎⴰⵔⵢⵏ ⵓⵉⵔⵂⵉⵂⴰ ⵢⵔⴾⵉⵛⵆⵉⵍ.
English: The red-brick construction industry, which consisted of hundreds of factories that used Nile sediment deposits along the river, has also been negatively affected.
Tamasheq: ⴷⵂⴰⵏ ⵓⴰ ⵜⴰⵎⵓⵈⵓⵏⵢⵏ ⴰⵏ ⴼⴰⵔⴰⵋⵉⵜⴰⵏ ⵛⴰⵋⴰⵆⵏⵢⵏ, ⵓⴰ ⵉⵜⴰⴶⴰⵏ ⵜⵉⵎⴰⴷⵢ ⵏⵓⵙⵉⵏⵜⴰⵏ ⴷⴰⴾⴰⵍⵏⵢⵏ ⵜⴰⵎⵙⵓⴷⵓⵓⵢⵏ ⵏⵢⵔⴾⵉⵛⵉⵆⵉⵍ ⵓⴰⵏ ⵏⵉⵍ ⴼⴰⵍ ⵢⵎ ⵏⴰⴱⴰⵏⴶ, ⵉⵏⵜⴰⴷⴰⵗ ⵢⵈⴰⵍⴰⵏ ⴰⵉⵋⴰⵔⴰⵏ.
English: Because of the lower turbidity of the water sunlight penetrates deeper in the Nile water.
Tamasheq: ⴼⴰⵍ ⵙⴰⵍⴰⵏ ⴰⵏ ⵜⴰⵏⴰⵣⴰⵎⴰⵔⵢⵏ ⵏⴰⵎⴰⵏ, ⵜⴰⵏⵓⵔⵢ ⴰⵏ ⵜⴰⴼⵓⴾ ⵜⵉⴶⴰⵙⵂ ⵉⴷⵢⵔ ⵏⴰⵎⴰⵏ ⵓⵉ ⵏⵉⵍ.
English: Construction work began in 1995 and, after some US$220 million had been spent, the complex was officially inaugurated on 16 October 2002.
Tamasheq: ⴰⵛⵉⴷⵉⵍ ⴰⵏ ⵜⴰⵎⵓⵈⵓⵏⵢⵏ ⴰⴷⴰⵗ ⴰⵙⵉⵏⵜⴰ 1995 ⴰⴷ, ⴷⴰⵔⴰƭ ⵜⵢⵜⴰⵜⵢ ⴰⵏ 220 ⵎⵉⵍⵍⵉⵓⵏⵜⴰⵏ ⴰⵏ ⴷⵓⵍⵍⴰⵔⵙ ⵓⴰⵏ ⴰⵎⵢⵔⵉⴰⴰⵉⵏⵜⴰⵏ, ⴰⵛⵉⵗⵉⵍ ⵜⴰⵈⴰⵍ ⴰⵜⵉⵓⴰⵣⴰⵉⴰⵏ ⴷⴰⴷ 16 ⵓⴰⵜⵓⴱⵔⵢ 2002.
English: The recreation of the ancient library was not only adopted by other individuals and agencies, it garnered support from Egyptian politicians.
Tamasheq: ⴰⵙⴰⵎⵓⵙⵓⵗⵉⵍ ⴰ-ⵏ ⵢⴷⴰⴶ ⵓⴰⵏ ⴰⵍⴾⴰⴷⴰⵏ ⵓⴰⵏ ⴰⵔⵓ ⵓⴰⵔ ⵢⵈⵈⵢⵍ ⵗⴰⵙ ⴰ ⵉⵜⴾⴰⵍⴰⵏ ⴰⴷⴷⵉⵏⴰⵜ ⵉⵋⵔⴰⵓ ⵜⴰⴷⵂⴰⵍⵜ ⵏ ⴾⵢⵍ ⴼⵓⵍⵉⵜⵉⴾ ⵓⵉⵏ ⵎⴰⵙⴰⴰⵔ
English: UNESCO's involvement beginning in 1986 created a great opportunity for the project to truly be international in focus.
Tamasheq: ⵓⴶⵉⵛ ⵓⴰⵏ ⵓⵏⵢⵙⵛO ⴷⴰⵗ 1986 ⵉⴶⴰ ⵉⵢ ⴷⴰⵓⵍⴰ ⴰⵜⴰⵈⵉⵍ ⴰⵙ ⵜⵉⴷⵉⵜ ⴷⴰⵗ ⴰⵙⵉⵔⵉⴰⵉⴰⵏ ⵉⴾⴰⵍⴰⵏ.
English: This architectural team consisted of ten members representing six countries.
Tamasheq: ⴰⵍⴱⴰⵏⵏⴰ ⵜⴰⵏ ⵓⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵜⴰⵈⵈⵉⵎⵜ ⴰⵂⴰⵏ ⵜⴰⵏ ⵎⴰⵔⴰⵓ ⵏ ⵙⴰⴷⵉⵙ ⴰⴷⴷⴰⵓⵍⴰ ⵜⴰⵏ
English: The first pledges were made for funding the project at a conference held in 1990 in Aswan: USD $65 million, mostly from the MENA states.
Tamasheq: ⵓⵉⴷⴰⵣⴰⵔⵏⵢⵏ ⵎⵓⵔⴷⴰⵜⴰⵏ ⴰⵏ ⵜⴰⴷⵂⵉⵍ ⵜⴰⵏ ⴷⴰⵓⵍⴰ ⴰⵈⴰⵍⵏⴰⵜ ⴰⵉⴶⴰⵏ ⵗⵓⵔ ⵜⵉⴷⴰⵓⵜ ⵜⴰⴶⴰⵜ ⴷⴰⵗ 1990 ⵗⵓⵔ ⴰⵙⵙⵓⵓⴰⵏ : 65 ⵎⵉⵍⵍⵉⵓⵏⵜⴰⵏ ⴰⵏ ⴷⵓⵍⵍⴰⵔⵙ ⵓⵙ, ⴰⴷⵉⴼⴰⵍⴰⵏ ⵉⵏⵜⴰⴷⴰⵆ ⴰⴾⴰⵍ ⵏⴰⴷⴰⴶ ⵓⴰⵏ ⵎⵢⵏⴰ.
English: In 2010, the library received a donation of 500,000 books from the National Library of France, Bibliothèque nationale de France (BnF).
Tamasheq: ⴷⴰⵗ 2010, ⵢⵂⴰⵏ ⵓⴰ ⵏⴰⵍⴾⴰⴷⴰⵏ ⵉⴶⵔⴰⵓ ⵜⴰⴷⵂⵉⵍ ⴰⵏ 500 000 ⴰⵍⴾⵉⵜⴰⴱ ⵓⴰⵏ ⵂⵉⵏⴰⵏ ⵏⴰⵍⴾⴰⴷⴰⵏ ⵏⴰⴾⴰⵍ ⵓⴰⵏ ⴼⵔⴰⵏⴰⵢ (ⴱⵏⴼ).
English: The main reading room stands beneath a 32-meter-high glass-panelled roof, tilted out toward the sea like a sundial, and measuring some 160 m in diameter.
Tamasheq: ⴷⵂⴰⵏ ⵓⴰⵏ ⵜⴰⵗⴰⵔⵢ ⴰⵣⴰⵔⴰⵏ ⴰⵉⵂⴰ ⴷⴰⵓ ⵜⴰⵙⴰⵏⴾⵔⵓⵜ ⴰⵏ ⵜⵉⵙⵢⵜ ⴰⵏ 32 ⵎⵢⵜⵔⵢⵜⴰⵏ ⴷⴰⵗ ⵜⴰⴱⴰⴷⵢ, ⵜⴰⴾⵓⵜⴰⵔ ⵙⴰⴱⵔⵢⵜ ⵏⴰⴶⴰⵔⵢⵓ ⵙⵓⵏⴷ ⵜⵢⵙⴰⵉⵜ ⴰⵏ ⵜⴰⴼⵓⴾ, ⴰⴷ ⵜⴰⵓⴰⴷ ⴰⴶⴷⴰⵂⴰⵏ ⴰⴷ 160 ⵎ ⴷⴰⵗ ⴰⵎⴰⵙ.
English: Holding approximately 1,316 artifacts, the Antiquities Museum collection provides a glimpse into Egyptian history from the Pharaonic era to the conquest of Alexander the Great to the Roman civilizations before the advent of Islam across Egypt.
Tamasheq: Iⵂⴰ ⴰⵉⵓⴰⴷⴰⵏ 1 316 ⴰⵏ ⵂⴰⵔⴰⵜ, ⵉⵙⴰⵍⴰⵏ ⵓⵉ ⵎⵓⵙⵉⵢ ⵜⴰⵏ ⵢⵂⴰⵏⵉⵏ ⵂⴰⴾⵓ ⴰⵂⴰⵏⴰⵉ ⴰⵏ ⵜⴰⴼⵓⵙⵢⵏ ⵏⵢⴶⵉⴷⵜⵉⵢⵏⵜⴰⵏ, ⵓⴰⵏ ⴰⵍⵓⴰⵈ ⵓⴰⵏ ⴼⴰⵔⴰⵓⵜⴰⵏ ⴷⴰⵗ ⴰⴾⵉⵏⴰⵙ ⵓⴰⵏ ⴰⵍⵢⵆⴰⵏⴷⵔⵢ ⵓⴰ ⵎⴰⵈⴰⵔⴰⵏ, ⴷⴰⵗ ⴰⵙⵉⵎⴰⵔ ⴰⵏⵉⵉⴰⵜⴰⵏ ⵓⴰⵏ ⵔⵓⵎⴰⵉⵏⵜⴰⵏ, ⴷⴰⵜ ⴰⴶⴰⴷ ⴰⵏ Iⵙⵍⴰⵎ ⴷⴰⵗ ⵎⵉⵙⵔ.
English: Microfilm: This section includes microfilms of around 30,000 rare manuscripts and 50,000 documents, as well as a collection from The British Library of around 14,000 Arabic, Persian, and Turkish manuscripts, which is considered the largest collection in Europe.
Tamasheq: ⵎⵉⵛⵔⵓⴼⵉⵍⵎⵙ : ⵜⵢⴷⴰⴶⵉⵜ ⵔⵢⵏ ⵜⵉⵍⴰ ⵙⵉⵍⵎⴰⵜⴰⵏ ⴰⵏⴷⵉⵔⴰⵜⵏⵢⵏ ⴰⵓⴰⴷⵏⵢⵏ 30 000 ⵉⴾⵜⴰⴱⵢⵏ ⵙⴰⴼⵓⵙ ⵓⴰⵏⴰⵏⵜⵉⵍⴰ ⴰⴷ 50 000 ⵏⴰⴾⴰⴷⴰⵏ, ⴰⴷ ⵙⴰⵍⴰⵏ ⵓⵉ ⴱⵔⵉⵜⵉⵛ ⵍⵉⴱⵔⴰⵔⵉ ⵏⵉⴶoⵎⵉⵛ 14 000 ⴰⴾⵉⵜⴱⴰⵏ ⵏⴰⴼⵓⵙ ⵏⴰⵔⴰⴱⵢ, ⴷⵢⵔⵙⴰⵏⵜⴰⵏ ⴰⴷ ⵜⵓⵔⴰⵜⴰⵏ, ⴰⵈⴰⵍⴰⵏ ⵙⵓⵏⴷ ⵓⵉ ⵓⴶⴰⵔⵏⵢⵏ ⴰⵙⴰⵍⴰⵏ ⴰⵏ ⵢⵓⵔⵓⴱⵢ.
English: However, in 2010 the library received an additional 500,000 books from the Bibliothèque nationale de France.)
Tamasheq: ⴰⴶⵓⴷⵢⵏⴷⴰ, ⴷⴰⵗ 2010, ⵢⵂⴰⵏ ⵓⴰⵏ ⴰⵍⴾⴰⴷⴰⵏ ⵉⴶⵔⴰⵓ 500 000 ⵏⴰⵍⴾⵉⵜⴰⴱⴰⵏ ⵎⴰⵈⵓⵔⵏⵢⵏ ⴰⵏ ⵢⵂⴰⵏ ⵓⴰⵏ ⴰⵍⴾⴰⴷⴰⵏ ⵓⴰⵏ ⵢⴷⴰⴶ ⵓⴰⵏ ⴼⵔⴰⵏⵙⵉⵉⴰ.)
English: The Great Mosque of Djenné is a large banco or adobe building that is considered by many architects to be one of the greatest achievements of the Sudano-Sahelian architectural style.
Tamasheq: ⵜⴰⵎⵉⵣⴶⵉⴷⴰ ⵜⴰ ⵎⴰⵈⴰⵔⴰⵜ ⴰⵏ ⵢⵋⵢⵏⵏⵢ ⴰⵜⴰⵈⴰⵍ ⵢⵂⴰⵏ ⵎⴰⵈⴰⵔⴰⵏ ⴰⵏ ⵜⴰⵍⴰⵈ ⵎⵢⵗ ⴷⵉⵙⵢ ⵜⴰ ⵜⴰⵈⴰⵍⴰⵜ ⵉⵢ ⴰⵋⵢⵏ ⵎⵓⵗⴰⵏⴰⵏ ⵙⵓⵏⴷ ⵂⴰⵔⴰⵜ ⵓⴰ ⵓⴶⴰⵔⴰⵏ ⵉⴶⵉ ⵜⴰⵎⵓⵈⵓⵏⵢⵏ ⵙⵓⵓⴷⴰⵏⵢ-ⵙⴰⵂⵢⵍⵜⴰⵏ.
English: The earliest document mentioning the mosque is Abd al-Sadi's Tarikh al-Sudan which gives the early history, presumably from the oral tradition as it existed in the mid-seventeenth century.
Tamasheq: ⵓⴰⵔⵓⵓⴰⵏ ⴰⴾⴰⵜⴰⵏ ⵜⴰⵂⴰ ⵜⴰⵎⵉⵣⴶⵉⴷⴰ ⵢⵈⴰⵍ ⵟⴰⵔⵉⴾⵂ ⴰⵍ-ⵙⵓⵓⴷⴰ ⴰⵏ ⴰⴱⴷ ⴰⵍ-ⵙⴰⴷⵉ ⵓⴰ ⵉⴼⴰⵏ ⵜⴰⵏⴼⵓⵙⵜ ⵜⴰⵜⵓⵔⵓⵓⴰⵏ, ⵜⵓⵍⴰⵂⴰⵜ ⴰⴷ ⵜⵢⴷⴰⴶⵉⵜ ⵜⴰⵏ ⵜⴰⵏⴼⴰⵙ ⴰⵏ ⵎⴰⴶⵔⴰⴷ ⴰⵎⵓⵙⵏⵓⵏ ⴰⵜⵉⵍⴰⵏ ⴷⴰⵗ ⴰⵎⴰⵙ ⴰⵏ 17 ⵜⵢⵎⵢⴷⵢ ⵏⴰⵓⴰⵜⴰⵉ.
English: His immediate successor built the towers of the mosque while the following Sultan built the surrounding wall.
Tamasheq: ⴰⵎⴰⵛⵔⴰⵉ ⴰⵏⵢⵙ ⵓⴶⵓⴷⵢⵏⴷⴰⵗ ⵢⵈⴰⵏ ⴰⵂⴰⵣⴰⵏ ⴰⵏ ⵜⴰⵎⵉⵣⴶⵉⴷⴰ ⴰⵓⵢⵏⴷⴰⵗ ⵙⵓⵍⵜⴰⵏ ⵓⴰ ⴰⵍⴾⴰⵎⴰⵏ ⵢⵈⴰⵏ ⴰⵗⴰⵍⴰ ⵏⴰⵎⴰⵙ.
English: This would have been the building that Caillié saw.
Tamasheq: ⴰⵜⴰⵈⴰⵍⴰⵏ ⵢⵂⴰⵏ ⵓⴰⵉ ⴰⵏⵂⴰⵉ ⴰⴰⵉⵍⵍⵉⵉ.
English: The new mosque was a large, low building lacking any towers or ornamentation.
Tamasheq: ⵜⴰⵎⵉⵣⴶⵉⴷⴰ ⵜⴰ ⵜⴰⵉⵏⴰⵉⴰⵜ ⵜⴰⵈⴰⵍⴰⵜ ⵢⵂⴰⵏ ⵎⴰⵈⴰⵔⴰⵏ ⵉⴷⴰⵔ, ⵓⵉ ⵉⵂⴰ ⴰⵗⴰⵍⴰⵉ ⵎⵢⵆ ⴰⴷⴰⵍⴰⴶ.
English: The rebuilding was completed in 1907 using forced labour under the direction of Ismaila Traoré, head of Djenné's guild of masons.
Tamasheq: ⵜⴰⵎⵓⵈⵓⵏⵜ ⴰⴷⴰⵗ ⵜⴰⵎⵉⵏⴷⴰ 1907 ⴷⴰⵗ ⴰⵛⵉⵗⵉⵍ ⴰⵏ ⵜⴰⵂⴰⵛⵉⵍⵜ ⴷⴰⵗ ⵜⵉⵣⴰⵔⵜ ⴰⵏ Iⵙⵎⴰⵉⵍⴰ ⵟⵔⴰⵓⵔⵉ, ⴰⵏⴰⵎⵓⴾⴰⵍ ⵓⴰⵏ ⴷⴰⵓⵍⴰ ⵜⴰⵏ ⵎⴰⵛⴰⵗⴰⵍⴰⵏ ⵓⴰⵏ ⵢⵋⵢⵏⵏⵉ.
English: There has been debate as to what extent the design of the rebuilt mosque was subject to French influence.
Tamasheq: ⴰⵙⵓⵙⵜⴰⵏ ⵓⴰⵏ ⴰⴷⵉⵍⵎⴰⴷ ⵎⴰⵎⵓⵙ ⴰⵍⵎⴰⵗⵏⴰ ⵓⴰⵏ ⴰⵏⵉⴾⵎⴰⵎ ⴰⵏ ⵜⴰⵎⵉⵣⴶⵉⴷⴰ ⵜⴰⵈⴰⵍⴰⵜ ⴰⵙⵉⴷⴰⵔⴶⴰⵏ ⵉⵢ ⵛⵓⵂⵉⵛⵉⵍ ⵓⴰⵏ ⴼⵔⴰⵏⵛⴰⵉⵙⵜⴰⵏ ⵢⵈⴰⵍ ⴰⵜⵉⵓⴰⴶⵔⴰⴷⴰⵏ.
English: He thought that the cones made the building resemble a baroque temple dedicated to the god of suppositories.
Tamasheq: ⴰⵗⵢⵍ ⴾⵓⵏ ⵜⴰⵏ ⵓⵉ ⵉⵋⴰⵏⵢⵏ ⵙⵉⵙⴰⵍⴰⵂⴰⵏ ⴰⴾⴰⵔⵢⵙ ⵉⴷ ⵢⵂⴰⵏ ⵓⴰⵏ ⴰⵗⴰⴱⴰⴷ ⵏ ⴰⵎⴰⵆⵍⴰⴾ ⵓⴰⵏ ⴰⵜⵜⴰⵆⴰⵎⵉⵍ.
English: He also says that local people were so unhappy with the new building that they refused to clean it, only doing so when threatened with prison.
Tamasheq: ⴰⵍⴰⵗⴰⵜ ⴷⵢⴾⵈⴰⵏⵢⵏ ⴰⵙ ⵉⵎⵓⴷⴰⴾⴰⵏ ⴰⵈⴰⵍⴰⵏ ⴰⵙ ⵓⴰⴷⴰⵔⵂⵢⵏ ⵢⵂⴰⵏ ⵓⴰⵉ ⴰⵉⵏⴰⵉⴰⵏ ⵙⵓⴶⴰⵉⴰⵏ ⵉⴰ ⵜⴰⴼⵔⵉⴷⴰⵏ, ⴰⵙ ⵓⵉⵜⴰⵜⵉⴶⵉⵏ ⵓⴶⵓⴷ ⵓⴰⴷⴰⵈⴰⵍⴰ ⴰⵜⵉⵓⴰⵙⴰⵂⴰⵛⴰⵍⴰⵏ ⵉⵢ ⴾⴰⵙⵓ.
English: The larger tomb to the south contains the remains of Almany Ismaïla, an important imam of the 18th century.
Tamasheq: ⴰⵙⴰⵙⵓ ⵓⴰ ⵓⴶⴰⵔⴰⵏ ⵜⴰⵎⵗⵉⵔⵢ ⴷⴰⵗ ⵢⵎⴰⵉⵏⴰⴶ ⵏⴰⴾⴰⵍ ⴰⵓⴰⴷⵉⵈⵉⵉⵎⴰⵏ ⴷⴰⵗ ⴰⵍⵎⴰⵎⵉ Iⵙⵎⴰⵉⵍⴰ, ⴰⵍⵉⵎⴰⵎ ⵉⵓⴰⵔ ⵙⴰⵔⵂⵓ ⵓⴰⵏ 18ⵢ ⵜⵢⵎⵢⴷⵢ ⵏⴰⵓⴰⵜⴰⵉ.
English: In some cases, the original surfaces of a mosque have even been tiled over, destroying its historical appearance and in some cases compromising the building's structural integrity.
Tamasheq: ⴷⴰⵗ ⵂⴰⴷⴰⴶⴰⵏ ⵉⵉⴰⴷ, ⴰⴷⴰⴶⴰⵏ ⵓⵉ ⴷⴰⵣⴰⵔⵏⵢⵏ ⴰⵏ ⵜⴰⵎⵉⵣⴶⵉⴷⴰ ⴰⵈⴰⵍⴰⵏ ⴰⵜⵓⴰⵙⴰⵍⵙⴰⵏ ⴰⵙ ⴰⴰⵔⵔⵓⵜⴰⵏ ⴰⵏⴶⴰⵏⵢⵏ ⴰⵎⵉⴾ ⴰⵏⵢⵙ ⵓⴰⵏ ⵜⴰⵏⴼⵓⵙⵜ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵣⴰⵣⴶⴰⵔⴰⵏ ⴷⴰⵗ ⵂⴰⵏⴷⴰⴶⴰⵏ ⵉⵉⴰⴷ ⴷⴰⴾ ⴰⵏ ⵜⵉⵂⵓⵙⴰⵉ ⵏⴰⵂⴰⵏⵢ.
English: In 1996, Vogue magazine held a fashion shoot inside the mosque.
Tamasheq: ⴷⴰⵆ 1996, ⵎⴰⴶⴰⵣⴰ ⴱⵓⴶⵓⵢ ⵉⴶⴰⵏ ⵜⵉⴷⴰⵓⵜ ⴰⵏ ⴼⴰⵜⵓⵜⴰⵏ ⵉⴾⵏⴰⵏⵢⵏ ⴷⴰⵗ ⴰⵎⴰⵙ ⴰⵏ ⵜⴰⵎⵉⵣⴶⵉⴷⴰ.
English: It is accessed by six sets of stairs, each decorated with pinnacles.
Tamasheq: ⴰⵙ ⵉⵜⴰⵓⴰⴶⴰⵛ ⵙⴰⴷⵉⵙ ⵙⵓⴾⵓⵏⴾⴰⵏ, ⴰⵙⵜⴰⵙⴰ ⴰⴷⵍⴰⴶ ⴰⵙ ⴷⵉⵏⴰⴰⵍⵢ.
English: The prayer wall or qibla of the Great Mosque faces east towards Mecca and overlooks the city marketplace.
Tamasheq: ⴰⵗⴰⵍⴰ ⵓⴰⵏ ⵜⵓⵎⴰⵜ ⵎⵢⵆ ⵈⵉⴱⵍⴰ ⵓⴰⵏ ⵟⴰⵎⵉⵣⴶⵉⴷⴰ ⵟⴰⵎⴰⵈⴰⵔⴰⵜ ⴰⵙⵜⵉⵏⴰⴷ ⴰⵍⵈⵉⴱⵍⵜ, ⵙⵉⴱⵔⵢⵜ ⴰⵏ ⵎⴰⴾⴰⵜⵢ, ⴰⴷ ⵜⴰⵎⵓⵈⵓⵏⵜ ⵜⴰⵏ ⵢⴷⴰⴶ ⵓⴰⵏ ⵂⵢⴱⵓ ⵏⴰⵗⵔⵉⵎ.
English: The cone shaped spires or pinnacles at the top of each minaret are topped with ostrich eggs.
Tamasheq: ⴰⵎⵓⵔⴰⵏ ⵎⵢⵗ ⴰⵎⵙⵓⴷ ⵓⴰⵏ ⴰⵓⵏⵉⴾ ⵗⵓⵔ ⵢⵎ ⵓⴰⵏ ⵂⴰⴾ ⴷⴰⵗ ⵙⴰⵗⵍⴰⵉ ⴰⵈⴰⵍⵏⵢⵏ ⴰⵜⵉⴰⵜⵉⵓⴰⵔⴰⵏ ⴷⴰⵗ ⵜⴰⵙⴰⴷⴰⵍⵜ ⵏⴰⴶⴰⵉⵉⵙ.
English: The small, irregularly-positioned windows on the north and south walls allow little natural light to reach the interior of the hall.
Tamasheq: ⵜⵉⵙⴰⵏⴾⴰⵔⵓⵜⵢⵏ ⵜⴰⵏⴷⵉⵔⴰⵏⵜⵢⵏ, ⴰⵂⴰⵏⵢⵏ ⵙⴰⵎⵉⴾ ⵢⴱⴷⴰⵏ ⴰⵗⴰⵍⴰ ⵓⴰⵏ ⴰⵜⴰⵔⴰⵎ ⴰⴷ ⴷⵢⵎⴰⵉⵏⴰⴶ, ⵜⵉⵉⵉⵏⴰⵜⵉⴷ ⵜⴰⵏⵓⵔⵢ ⴰⵏⴷⵉⵔⴰⵜ
English: The imam conducts the prayers from the mihrab in the larger central tower.
Tamasheq: ⴰⵍⵉⵎⴰⵎ ⵉⵜⵉⵣⴰⵔ ⴷⴰⵗ ⵜⵓⵎⴰⵜ ⵂⴰⵔⵓⴰ ⵗⵓⵔ ⵎⵉⵂⵔⴰⴱ ⵜⴰⵂⴰⵜ ⴷⴰⵗ ⴰⵗⴰⵍⴰⵉ ⵓⴰ ⵎⴰⵈⴰⵔⴰⵏ ⵏⴰⵎⴰⵙ.
English: To the right of the mihrab in the central tower is a second niche, the pulpit or minbar, from which the imam preaches his Friday sermon.
Tamasheq: ⴷⴷⴰⴶ ⵓⴰ ⵎⵉⵂⵔⴰⴱ ⵏⴰⵗⴰⵍⴰⵉ ⵓⴰ ⵎⴰⵈⴰⵔⴰⵏ ⵏⴰⵎⴰⵙ ⵉⵍⴰⵉ ⵓⴰ ⵙⴰⵙⴰⵏ ⴰⵏ ⵏⵉⴰⵂⵢ, ⵢⵙⴰⵙⴰⵔ ⵉⵢⵆ ⵎⵉⵏⴱⴰⵔ, ⵗⵓⵔ ⴰⵍⵉⵎⴰⵏ ⴰⴶⴰⵏⵓ ⴰⵙⵉⵎⵉⵏⵢⵙ ⵓⴰ ⵙⴰⵙⴰⵏ ⴰⵏ ⵏⴰⵍⵋⵓⵎⴰⵗⴰⵜ.
English: The walls of the galleries facing the courtyard are punctuated by arched openings.
Tamasheq: ⴰⵗⴰⵍⵍⴰⵏ ⵓⵉⵏ ⵜⵢⵔⵉⵙⵢⵏ ⵉⴾⵉⴰⴷ ⵏⵢⵏ ⴰⵔⵔⴰⵆⴱⴰ ⵂⴰⵏ ⵜⴰⵏ ⵜⵉⴰⵋ ⵉ ⴰⵍⴱⴰⵔoⴷⴰⵏ .
English: Rather than a single central niche, the mihrab tower originally had a pair of large recesses echoing the form of the entrance arches in the north wall.
Tamasheq: ⴰⵙ ⵉⵉⴰⴷⴰⵗ ⵏⵉⴰⵂⵢ ⵏⴰⵎⴰⵙ, ⴰⵗⴰⵍⴰⵉ ⴰⵏ ⵎⵉⵂⵔⴰⴱ ⵉⵍⴰ ⴷⴰⵗ ⵙⴰⵏⵜⵓ ⴰⵙⴰⵏ ⵎⴰⵈⵓⵔⵏⵢⵏ ⵙⵓⵙⵓⵂⴰ ⵜⴰⴶⴰⵏⵢⵏ ⵢⵎⴰⵙⵍⵉ ⵓⵍⴰⵂⴰⵏ ⴰⴷ ⵎⵓⵔⴰⵏⴰⵏ ⵓⵉ ⵏⵓⴶⵉⵛ ⵏⴰⵗⴰⵍⴰ ⵙⴰⵜⴰⵔⴰⵎ.
English: It requires several days to cure but needs to be periodically stirred, a task usually falling to young boys who play in the mixture, thus stirring up the contents.
Tamasheq: ⴰⵙⴰⴷⵢⵏ ⴰⵋⵓⵜⵏⵢⵏ ⵉⵂⴰⴷⴰⵏ ⴼⴰⵍ ⴰⵙⵓⵙⵓⵂⵢⵏ, ⵎⴰⵛⴰⵏ ⴰⵙⴰⴷⵢⵏ ⴰⵜⵓⵉⵙⵉⵎⵉⵍⵉⵍⵉⵉ ⵙⴰⵍⵓⴰⵈⴰⵏ, ⵜⴰⴷⴰⵗⴰⵜ ⵜⴰⵍⵙⴰⵜ ⵉⵏⵜⴰⴷⴰⵗ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⴷⵔⵉⵜ ⵜⴰ ⵎⵢⴷⵉⵏ ⵓⵉ ⵜⴰⴶⴰⵏⵢⵏ ⴰⵙⵉⵔⵜⴰⵉⴰⵏ, ⵙⴰⵎⵍⵉⵍⵉⵉⴰⵏ ⴰⵓⴰ ⵜⵉⵂⴰⵏ
English: A race is held at the beginning of the festival to see who will be the first to deliver the plaster to the mosque.
Tamasheq: ⴷⴰⵗ ⵙⴰⵏⵜⵓ ⵏⴰⴷⴰⵍⴰⵏ, ⵜⴰⴶⵓ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵛⴰⴶⴰ ⴼⴰⵍ ⴰⴷⴰⵜⵓⵉⵙⵉⵏ ⵎⵉ ⵢⵈⴰⵍⴰⵏ ⵓⴰ ⴰⵣⴰⵔⴰⵏ ⵉⵢ ⴰⴷⴰⵓⵉⴷ ⵜⴰⵙⵓⵉƭ ⴰⵏ ⵜⴰⵎⵉⵣⴶⵉⴷⴰ.
English: In 1930, an inexact replica of the Djenné Mosque was built in the town of Fréjus in southern France.
Tamasheq: ⴷⴰⵗ 1930, ⵎⴰⴶⵔⴰⴷ ⵓⴰⵏⴰⵏ ⵓⵋⴷ ⴰⵏ ⵜⴰⵎⵉⵣⴶⵉⴷⴰ ⵜⴰⵏ ⵢⵋⵢⵏⵏⵉ ⵜⴰⵈⴰⵍ ⴰⵉⴶⴰⵏ ⴷⴰⵗ ⴰⵗⵔⴰⵎ ⵓⴰⵏ ⵂⵔⵉⵋⵓⵙ, ⴷⴰⵗ ⵢⵎⴰⵉⵏⴰⴶ ⴰⵏ ⵔⴰⵏⵙⵉⵉⴰ.
English: The original mosque presided over one of the most important Islamic learning centers in Africa during the Middle Ages, with thousands of students coming to study the Quran in Djenné's madrassas.
Tamasheq: ⵜⴰⵎⵉⵣⵋⵉⴷⴰ ⵜⴰⵏ ⵜⵉⴷⵉⵜ ⵜⴰⵣⴰⵔⴰⵜ ⵏ ⵉⵉⵉⴰⵜ ⵜ ⴰⵎⵓⵙⴰⵏ ⵙⴰⵏⵜⴰⵔ ⵜⴰⵏ ⵓⵉ ⴰⵣⵣⴰⵔⵏⵢⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵢⵗⴰⵔⵢ ⵏ ⴰⵍ-ⵉⵙⵍⴰⵎ ⴷⴰⵗ ⴰⴼⵔⵉⴾⵉⵉⴰ ⴷⴰⵗ ⵎⵓⵉⵢⵏ ⵙ ⴰⴼⴷⴰⵏ ⴰ-ⵏ ⵉⵎⴰⵗⵔⴰⵏ ⵜⴰⴾ ⵉⵏ ⵜⵢⵗⴰⵔⵢ ⵜⴰⵏ ⴰⵍⵈⵓⵔⴰⵏ ⴷⴰⵗ ⵎⴰⴷⵔⴰⵙⴰ ⵜⴰⵏ ⵢⵋⵢⵏⵏⵉ.
English: On 20 January 2006 the sight of a team of men hacking at the roof of the mosque sparked a riot in the town.
Tamasheq: 20 ⵋⴰⵏⵗⵉⵢⵔ 2006, ⴰⵂⴰⵏⴰⵉ ⴰⵏ ⵎⵢⴷⵉⵏ ⴰⴷⵢⵓⵏⵢⵏ ⵉⴶⴰⵛⴰⵏ ⴰⴼⴰⵍⴰ ⴰⵏ ⵜⴰⵎⵉⵣⴶⵉⴷⴰ ⴰⵙⵉⴾⴰⵔⴰⵏ ⴰⵜⵈⵉⵔ ⴷⴰⵗ ⴰⵗⵔⴰⵎ.