Tamazight-NLP/NLLB-Seed_Tamasheq-Tifinagh-Script huggingface dataset:
English: Basically, the Hague Convention for the Protection of Cultural Property in the Event of Armed Conflict and the UNESCO Convention for the Protection of Cultural Diversity deal with the protection of culture.
Tamasheq: ⵜⴰⵏⵎⵢⵔⴷⵓⵜ ⵜⴰⵏ ⵂⴰⵉⵢ ⴼⴰⵍ ⴰⵍⵗⵉⵍⵍⴰⵙ ⵏ ⴰⴶⵏⴰ ⴰⵔⵉⵣⵣⵢⵋ ⴷⴰⵗ ⴰⵣⵣⴰⵎⴰⵏ ⵏ ⴰⴾⵉⵏⵏⴰⵙ ⵏ ⴾⵢⵍ ⵢⴼⵢⵓ ⴷ ⵜⴰⵏⵎⵢⵔⴷⵓⵜ ⵜⴰⵏ ⵓⵏⵢⵙⵛⵓ ⴼⴰⵍ ⴰⵍⵗⵉⵍⵍⴰⵙ ⵏ ⴰⵏⵎⵉⵣⵍⴰⵉ ⵏ ⴰⴶⵏⴰ
English: Under international law, the UN and UNESCO try to set up and enforce rules for this.
Tamasheq: ⵢⴰⵗ ⴰⵛⵂⴰⵔⵢⵗⴰ ⵓⴰ ⵋⴰⵔ ⵉⴾⴰⵍⵍⴰⵏ , ⵓⵏ ⴷ ⵓⵏⵢⵙⵛO ⵢⵔⴰⵎ ⴰⴷ ⵢⵋ ⵜⵓⵍⴰⵙ ⴰⵙⴰⵆⴷⵉⵎ ⵏ ⴰⵛⵂⴰⵔⵢⵗⴰ ⵜⴰⵏ ⴼⴰⵍ ⴰⵓⵢⵏ
English: The target of the attack is the identity of the opponent, which is why symbolic cultural assets become a main target.
Tamasheq: Iⵜⵜⵓⵙ ⵏ ⵜⴰⴷⵍⵉⵎⵜ ⵜⵢⵏ ⴰⵎⵓⵙ ⵜⵓⵎⴰⵙⵜ ⵏ ⵆⴰⵙⵉⵎ ,ⴰⵓⵢⵏ ⴷⴰⵗ ⴰ ⴼⴰⵍ ⵉⵍⴰⵍⴰⵏ ⴰⵋⵋⵓⵜⵏⵢⵏ ⵏ ⴰⴶⵏⴰ ⴰⵈⵈⴰⵍⴰⵏ ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵙ ⵓⴰ ⵓⵋⵋⴰⵔⴰⵏ
English: A festival is an event ordinarily celebrated by a community and centering on some characteristic aspect of that community and its religion or cultures.
Tamasheq: ⵜⴰⵎⴰⴷⴰⵛⵂⵜ ⵜⴰⵈⵈⴰⵍ ⵂⴰⵔⴰⵜ ⵙ ⵜⴰⵋ ⵜⴰⵓⵙⵢⵜ ⴰⵎⵓⴷ ⵏⵢⵜ ⵜⵓⵍⴰⵙ ⵉⵋⵋⴰ ⴼⴰⵍ ⵂⴰⵔⴰⵜ ⵏ ⵙⴰⵎⴰⵍⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵜⴰⵓⵙⵢⵜⵢⵏ ⵜⵢⵏ ⴷ ⴰⴷⴷⵉⵏ ⵎⵢⵗ ⴰⴶⵏⴰ ⵜⴰⵏ
English: Next to religion and folklore, a significant origin is agricultural.
Tamasheq: ⴰⵜⵜⴰⵔⵢⵆ ⵓⴰⵏ ⵜⵉⵓⵓⵉⵋⵋⴰⵙⵜ ⵉⵏⵜⴰ ⴰ ⵉⵍⴾⵎⴰⵏ ⵉ ⵓⴰⵏ ⴰⴷⴷⵉⵏ ⴷⴰⵍⵍⵓⵍ
English: Festivals often serve to fulfill specific communal purposes, especially in regard to commemoration or thanking to the gods, goddesses or saints: they're called patronal festivals.
Tamasheq: ⵜⵉⵎⴰⴷⴰⵛⵂⵢⵏ ⴰⵍⵓⴰⵈ ⵉⵉⵉⴰⵏ ⵜⴰⵋⵋⴰⵛⵂ ⵏⴰⵜ ⵢⴷⴰⴶ ⵏ ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵙⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵜⴰⵓⵙⵢⵜ ⵂⵓⵍⵍⴰⵏ ⵜⵉⵛⵂⵉⵍⵢⵏ ⵎⵢⵗ ⴰⵍⵆⵢⵔ ⵉ ⵉⵎⴰⵆⵍⴰⴾⴰⵏ, ⵜⵉⵎⴰⵆⵍⴰⴾⵢⵏ ⵎⵢⵗ ⴰⵍⵓⴰⵍⵉ ⵜⵏ: Iⵙⵎⴰⵓⴰⵏ ⵏⴰⵙⴰⵏ ⵜⵉⵎⴰⴷⴰⵛⵂⵢⵏ ⵜⵉⵏ ⴰⵍⵓⴰⵍⵉ ⵜⴰⵏ
English: In Ancient Greece and Rome, festivals such as the Saturnalia were closely associated with social organisation and political processes as well as religion.
Tamasheq: ⵢⴰⵗ ⵗⵔⵢⵢⵛⵢ ⴷ ⵔⵓⵎⴰ ⵓⵉⵏ ⴰⵔⵓ, ⵜⵉⵎⴰⴷⴰⵛⵂⵢⵏ ⵛⵂⵓⵏⴷ ⵙⴰⵜⵓⵔⵏⴰⵍⵉⴰ ⵉⴾⵏⴰⵏⵢⵏ ⴰⵙⵙⴰⵗ ⵉⴷ ⵜⴰⴶⴶⴰⵉⵢⵏ ⵏ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⴷⵓⵗ ⴷ ⵜⵉⵎⵉⵜⵉⴾⵓⴰⵉⵢⵏ ⵏ ⴼⵓⵍⵉⵜⵉⴾ ⵂⴰⴾ ⵉⴷ ⵜⵉⵏ ⴰⴷⴷⵉⵏ
English: In Middle English, a "festival dai" was a religious holiday.
Tamasheq: “ ⴷⴰⵗ ⵎⵉⴷⴷⵍ ⴷⵏⴶⵍⵉⵙⵂ, ‘“ⵜⴰⵎⴰⴷⴰⵛⵂⵜ ⴷⴰⵉ’’’ⵢⵈⵈⴰⵍ ⴰⵛⵂⴰⵍ ⵏ ⴰⴷⴷⵉⵏ “
English: The term "feast" is also used in common secular parlance as a synonym for any large or elaborate meal.
Tamasheq: “” Iⵙⵉⵎ ⵓⴰⵏ “”ⴰⵎⵓⴷ” ⵉⵏⵜ ⴷⵢⵗ ⵉⵜⴰⵓⴰⵔ ⴷⴰⵗ ⵜⵢⴾⵍⴰⵉ ⵓⴰⵔ ⵏ ⴰⵈⵈⵢⵍ ⵜⴰⵏ ⴰⴷⴷⵉⵏ ⵢⵈⵈⴰⵍⴰⵏ ⵏ ⴰⵍⵎⴰⵗⵏⴰ ⵓⵍⴰⵂⴰⵏ ⵉ ⴰⵎⴰⵏⵙⵉ ⴼⵓⴾ ⵎⴰⵈⵈⵓⵔⴰⵏ ⵓⵍⴰⵗⴰⵏ”
English: The most important religious festivals such as Christmas, Rosh Hashanah, Diwali, Eid al-Fitr and Eid al-Adha serve to mark out the year.
Tamasheq: ⵜⵉⵎⴰⴷⴰⵛⵂⵢⵏ ⵏ ⴰⴷⴷⵉⵏ ⵉⴾⵏⴰⵏⵢⵏ ⵜⵓⵍⴰⵗⴰⵉ ⵛⵂⵓⵏⴷ ⴰⵎⵓⴷ ⵏ ⴾⵔⵉⴾⵢⵏ ⵔⵓⵙⵂ ⵂⴰⵙⵂⴰⵏⴰⵂ, ⵢⵉⵓⴰⵍⵉ, ⵢⵉⴷ ⴰⵍ-ⴼⵉⵜⵔ ⴷ ⵢⵉⴷ ⴰⵍ-ⴰⴷⵂⴰ ⴰⵈⵈⴰⵍⴰⵏ ⵢⵂⵓⴰⵍ ⵉ ⴰⵓⴰⵜⴰⵉ
English: An early example is the festival established by Ancient Egyptian Pharaoh Ramesses III celebrating his victory over the Libyans.
Tamasheq: ⴰⵍⵎⵉⵜⴰⵍ ⵢⵣⵣⴰⵔⴰⵏ ⴰⵎⵓⵙ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⴷⴰⵛⵂⵜ ⵉⵋⵋⴰⵏ Fⴰⵔⵗⴰⵓⵏⴰ ⵏ ⵎⴰⵙⴰⵔ ⵜⴰⵏ ⴰⵔⵓ ⵔⴰⵎⵙⵢⵙ III ⵉⵋⵋⴰⵏ ⴷⴰⵍⵍⵓⵍ ⵏ ⵜⴰⵔⵏⴰ ⴼⴰⵍ ⴾⵢⵍ Lⵉⴱⵉⴰ
English: There are numerous types of festivals in the world and most countries celebrate important events or traditions with traditional cultural events and activities.
Tamasheq: Iⵍⵍⴰⵏ ⵉⵛⵂ(ⵉⴾⵉⵍⴰⵏ ⴰⵋⵋⵓⵜⵏⵢⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵉⵎⴰⴷⴰⵛⵂⵢⵏ ⴷⴰⵗ ⴰⵍⵗⴰⵍⵉⵎ ⵜⵓⵍⴰⵙ ⴰⴷⴷⴰⵓⵍⴰ ⵜⴰⵏ ⴰⵋⵋⵓⵜⵏⵢⵏ ⵜ ⴰⵋⵋⵉⵏⴰⵜ ⴰⵎⵓⴷ ⵏ ⵜⵓⵎⴰⵙⵢⵏ ⵏ ⵆⴰⴷⴰⵙ ⵜⴰⵏ ⵜⵉⵏ ⴰⴶⵏⴰ ⵜⴰⵏ ⴷ ⵜⵉⵎⴰⵛⵂⵗⵓⵍⵢⵏ
English: Ancient Egyptian festivals could be either religious or political.
Tamasheq: ⵜⵉⵎⴰⴷⴰⵛⵂⵢⵏ ⵜⵉⵏ ⵎⴰⵙⴰⵔ ⵏ ⴰⵔⵓ ⴰⴷⴷⵓⴱⴰⵜ ⵏⴰⵜ ⴰⴷ ⴰⵈⵈⵉⵍ ⵏⴰⵜ ⵜⵉⵏ ⴰⴷⴷⵉⵏ ⵎⵢⵗ ⵜⵉⵏ ⴼⵓⵍⵉⵜⵉⴾ
English: The Sed festival, for example, celebrated the thirtieth year of an Egyptian pharaoh's rule and then every three (or four in one case) years after that.
Tamasheq: ⵢⴰⵗ ⴰⵍⵎⵉⵜⴰⵍ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⴷⴰⵛⵂⵜ ⵜⴰⵏ ⵙⵢⴷ ⵉ ⵜⴰⵋ ⴰⵎⵓⴷ ⵏⵢⵜ ⴷⴰⵗ 30 ⵏ ⴰⵓⴰⵜⴰⵉ ⵏ ⴰⵆⴰⴾⴰⵎ ⵏ ⴼⴰⵔⵗⴰⵓⵏⴰ ⵓⴰⵏ ⵎⴰⵙⴰⵔ ⵜⵓⵍⴰⵙ ⵂⴰⴾ ⴾⴰⵔⴰⴷ (ⵎⵢⵗ ⴰⴾⴾⵓⵣ ⴰⵍⵓⴰⵈ ⵉⵉⵉⴰⵏ) ⵉⵓⵉⵜⵉⴰⵏ ⴷⴰⵔⴰⵜ ⴰⵓⴰ
English: In the Christian liturgical calendar, there are two principal feasts, properly known as the Feast of the Nativity of our Lord (Christmas) and the Feast of the Resurrection (Easter), but minor festivals in honour of local patron saints are celebrated in almost all countries influenced by Christianity.
Tamasheq: ⴷⴰⵗ ⴰⵍⵈⵓⴷⴷⴰⵙ ⵏ ⴾⵔⵉⴾⵢⵏ ⵜⴰⵏ ⵓⴰⵏ ⵜⴰⵈⵈⴰⵏ ⴷ ⵉⵛⵂⵉⵍⴰⵏ , ⵉⵍⵍⴰⵏ ⵜⵉ ⵉⵙⵙⵉⵏ ⵉⵎⴰⴷⴷⴰⵏ ⵜⵉⵓⴰⵙⵙⴰⵏ ⵏⵢⵏ ⵙ ⴰⵎⵓⴷ ⵓⴰⵏ ⵟⵉⵓⵉⵜ ⵏ ⴰⵎⴰⵆⵍⴰⴾ ⵏⴰⵏⴰⵗ (ⵛⵂⵔⵉⵙⵜⵎⴰⵙ) ⴷ ⴰⵎⵓⴷ ⵓⴰⵏ ⴱⴰⵗⴰⵙ (Eⴰⵙⵜⵢⵔ) ⵎⵓⵛⵂⴰⵎ ⵜⵉⵎⴰⴷⴰⵛⵂⵢⵏ ⵜⵉ ⵎⴰⴷⵔⵢⵉⵏⵢⵏ ⵉ ⴰⵍⵓⴰⵍⵉ ⵜⴰⵏ ⵓⵉⵏ ⴰⴾⴰⵍ ⵜⴰⵋ ⵉ ⵏⴰⵜ ⴷⴰⵗ ⴰⴷⴷⴰⵓⵍⴰ ⵜⴰⵏ ⴼⵓⴾ ⴷⴰⵗ ⵓⵋⵋⴰⵔ ⴰⴷⴷⵉⵏ ⵓⴰⵏ ⴾⵔⵉⴾⵢⵏ ⵜⴰⵏ
English: Buddhist religious festivals, such as Esala Perahera are held in Sri Lanka and Thailand.
Tamasheq: ⵜⵉⵎⴰⴷⴰⵛⵂⵢⵏ ⵜⵉⵏ ⴰⴷⴷⵉⵏ ⵓⴰⵏ ⴱⵓⴷⴷⵂⵉⵙⵜ ⵜⴰⵏ ⵛⵂⵓⵏⴷⵢⵙⴰⵍⴰ ⴱⵢⵔⴰⵂⵢⵔⴰ ⵜⴰⵋ ⵉ ⵏⴰⵜ ⴷⴰⵗ ⵙⵔⵉ Lⴰⵏⴾⴰ ⴷ ⵟⵂⴰⵉⵍⴰⵏⴷ
English: Film festivals involve the screenings of several different films, and are usually held annually.
Tamasheq: ⵜⵉⵎⴰⴷⴰⵛⵂⵢⵏ ⵏ ⴼⵉⵍⵎ ⵜⴰⵏ ⵢⵂⴰ ⴰⵙⵓⴾⵏⵉ ⵏ ⴼⵉⵍⵎ ⵜⴰⵏ ⴰⵋⵋⵓⵜⵏⵢⵏ ⵉⵣⵍⴰⵉⵏⵢⵏ ⵜoⵍⴰⵙ ⵜⴰⵋ ⵉ ⵏⴰⵜ ⴰⵓⴰⵜⴰⵉ ⴼⵓⴾ
English: There are also specific beverage festivals, such as the famous Oktoberfest in Germany for beer.
Tamasheq: ⵜ-ⵉⵍⵍⵢ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⴷⴰⵛⵂⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵢⵙⴰⵙⵢ ⵛⵂⵓⵏⴷ ⵜⴰⵏ ⴰⵍⵆⴰⵎⴰⵔ ⵙ ⵉⵣⵋⴰⵔ ⵉⵙⵉⵎ ⵏⵢⵜ ⵂⵓⵍⵍⴰⵏ ⴷⴰⵗ ⴰⵍⵍⵢⵎⴰⴶⵏⵢ
English: Ancient Egyptians relied upon the seasonal inundation caused by the Nile River, a form of irrigation, which provided fertile land for crops.
Tamasheq: ⴷⴰⵗ ⵎⴰⵙⴰⵔ ⵜⴰⵏ ⴰⵔⵓ ⵉⵋⵋⴰⵏ ⴼⴰⵍ ⴰⵜ ⵉⵗⴰⵛⵂⴰⴷⴰⵏ ⵏ ⴰⵎⴰⵏ ⵙ ⴰⴷⴷⵉⵍⵉⵍ ⵏⴰⵙⴰⵏ ⵢⵋⴰⵔⵢⵓ ⵓⴰ ⵎⴰⵈⵈⵓⵔⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵏⵉⵍⵢ ⴷⵓⵎⵓ ⵏ ⴰⵙⵉⵙⵓⵉ ⵢⵂⴰⴾ ⵉⵏ ⴰⴾⴰⵍ ⵍⴰⵎⵎⵢⴷⴰⵏ ⵉ ⵜⴰⴷⴰⵎⵓⵜ
English: Dree Festival of the Apatanis living in Lower Subansiri District of Arunachal Pradesh is celebrated every year from July 4 to 7 by praying for a bumper crop harvest.
Tamasheq: ⵜⴰⵎⴰⴷⴰⵛⵂⵜ ⵜⴰⵏ ⵢⵔⵉ ⵏ ⴰⴱⴰⵜⴰⵏⵉⵙ ⵉⵣⵣⴰⵗⴰⵏ ⴷⴰⵗ ⵙⵓⴱⴰⵏⵙⵉⵔⵉ ⵢⵉⵙⵜⵔⵉⵛⵜ ⵓⴰⵏ ⴰⵓⵏⴰⵛⵂⴰⵍ ⴱⵔⴰⴷⵢⵙⵂ ⵉⵜⴰⵋ ⴰⵎⵓⴷ ⵏⵢⵜ ⴰⵓⴰⵜⴰⵉ ⴼⵓⴾ ⴷⴰⵗ ⴰⵛⵂⴰⵍ ⵓⴰⵏ 4 ⵂⴰⵔ ⵓⴰⵏ 7 ⵏ ⴰⵉⵓⵔ ⵓⴰⵏ ⵋⵓⵓⵉⵍⵉⵉⴰⵜ ⵙ ⴰⵎⵓⴷ ⵉ ⵜⴰⴷⴰⵎⵓⵜ ⵜⵉⴾⵏⴰⵜ ⵜⵓⵍⴰⵗⴰⵉ
English: A holiday is a day set aside by custom or by law on which normal activities, especially business or work including school, are suspended or reduced.
Tamasheq: ⴰⵛⴰⵍ ⵏ ⵜⴰⵙⴰⵏⴼⵓⵜ ⵢⵈⵈⴰⵍ ⴰⵛⴰⵍ ⵉⵙⴾⴰⵜ ⴰⴶⵏⴰ ⵎⵢⵗ ⴰⵛⵛⴰⵔⵢⵗⴰ ⵙ ⴰⵍⵆⵉⴷⵎⴰⵜⵢⵏ ⵜⵉⵏ ⴰⵍⵎⴰⵗⵏⴰ ⵂⵓⵍⴰⵏ ⵛⴰⵓⴰⵔⴰ ⵜⴰⵏ ⵎⵢⵗ ⴰⵍⵆⵉⴷⵎⴰⵜ ⵜⴰⵏ ⵍⴰⴾⴾⵓⵍ ⵜⴰⵙⵉⴾⴾⴰⵔ ⵎⵢⵗ ⵜ-ⵉⴼⵏⴰⵣ
English: The degree to which normal activities are reduced by a holiday may depend on local laws, customs, the type of job held or personal choices.
Tamasheq: ⴷⴷⴰⴶ ⵓⴰ ⵙ ⵉⴼⵏⴰⵣ ⴰⵛⴰⵍ ⵓⴰⵏ ⵜⴰⵙⴰⵏⴼⵓⵜ ⴰⵍⵆⵉⴷⵎⴰⵜⵢⵏ ⵜⵉⵏ ⴰⵍⵎⴰⵗⵏⴰ ⵉⵣⵍⴰⵉ ⴷⴰⵗ ⴰⵛⵛⴰⵔⵢⵗⴰ ⵜⴰⵏ ⵓⵉⵏ ⴰⴾⴰⵍ ,ⴰⴶⵏⴰ ⵜⴰⵏ, ⴷⵓⵎⵓ ⵏ ⴰⵍⵆⵉⴷⵎⴰⵜ ⵎⵢⵗ ⵏⵢⴼⵔⴰⵏ ⵓⴰ ⵉⵋⴰ ⴰⵓⴰⴷⵉⵎ
English: In most modern societies, however, holidays serve as much of a recreational function as any other weekend days or activities.
Tamasheq: ⵢⴰⵗ ⵜⵉⵎⵉⵣⴷⴰⵗ ⵜⵉⵏ ⴰⵎⴰⵔⴰⴷ, ⵂⴰⴾ ⵉⴷ ⵉⵋⵋⴰ ⴰⵙ ⵉⵛⵂⵉⵍⴰⵏ ⵓⵉⵏ ⵜⴰⵙⴰⵏⴼⵓⵜ ⴰⵈⵈⴰⵍⴰⵏ ⵂⵓⵍⵍⴰⵏ ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵙ ⵏ ⴰⵙⵓⴼ ⵛⵂⵓⵏⴷ ⵉⵛⵂⵉⵍⴰⵏ ⵓⵉ ⵉⴰⴷⵏⵢⵏ ⵉⴷ ⵓⴰⵔ ⵜ ⵉⵍⴰ ⴰⵍⵆⵉⴷⵎⴰⵜ
English: In some cases, a holiday may only be nominally observed.
Tamasheq: ⴷⴰⵗ ⵉⵂⴰⵏⴷⴰⴶⴰⵏ ⵉⵉⵉⴰⴷ, ⴰⵛⵂⴰⵍ ⵓⴰⵏ ⵜⴰⵙⴰⵏⴼⵓⵜ ⴰⴷⴷⵓⴱⵢⵏ ⴰⴷⴷⵉⵏⴰⵜ ⴰ ⵂⴰⵙ ⴰⵋ ⵉⵏ ⴰⴾⴰⵉⴰⴷ ⵙ ⵉⵙⵉⵎ
English: The modern use varies geographically.
Tamasheq: ⴰⵆⴰⴷⴰⵎ ⵓⴰⵏ ⴰⵎⴰⵔⴰⴷ ⵉⵣⵍⴰⵉ ⵙ ⵋⵓⴶⵔⴰⴼⵉⴰ ⵜⴰⵏ
English: For example, Monkey Day is celebrated on December 14, International Talk Like a Pirate Day is observed on September 19, and Blasphemy Day is held on September 30.
Tamasheq: ⴰⵍⵎⵉⵜⴰⵍ,ⴰⵛⴰⵍ ⵓⴰⵏ ⴾⴰⵉⴰ ⵉ ⵜⴰⵋ ⴰⵎⵓⴷ ⵏⵢⵜ ⴷⴰⵗ ⴰⵛⴰⵍ ⵓⴰⵏ 14 ⵏ ⴰⵉⵓⵔ ⵓⴰⵏ ⴹⵉⵙⴰⵎⴱⴰⵔ, Iⵏⵜⵢⵔⵏⴰⵜⵉⵓⵏⴰⵍ ⵟⴰⵍⴾ ⵛⵓⵏⴷ ⴰⵛⴰⵍ ⵓⴰⵏ ⴱⵉⵔⴰⵜ ⵉ ⵜⴰⵋ ⴰⵎⵓⴷ ⵏⵢⵜ ⴷⴰⵗ ⴰⵛⴰⵍ ⵓⴰⵏ 19 ⵏ ⴰⵉoⵔ ⵓⴰⵏ ⵙⵓⵜⴰⵎⴱⴰⵔ ⴷ ⴰⵛⴰⵍ ⵓⴰⵏ ⴰⵜⵜⴰⵋⴷⵉⴼ ⵉ ⵜⴰⵋ ⵉⵏ ⴰⵛⴰⵍ ⵓⴰⵏ 30 ⵏ ⴰⵉⵓⵔ ⵓⴰⵏ ⵙⵓⵜⴰⵎⴱⴰⵔ
English: Jehovah's Witnesses annually commemorate "The Memorial of Jesus Christ's Death", but do not celebrate other holidays with any religious significance such as Easter, Christmas or New Year's.
Tamasheq: “ ⵆⵢⵍ ⵜⴰⴶⵓⵂⵢ ⵜⴰⵏ ⵓⵉⵏ ⵋⵢⵂⵓⴱⴰⵂ ⵜⴰⵋ ⵉⵏ ⴰⵓⴰⵜⴰⵉ ⴼⵓⴾ ⴰⵎⵓⴷ ⵏ ‘’Iⵙⵉⴾⵜⴰ ⵏ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵜⵜⴰⵏⵜ ⵜⴰⵏ ⴰⵏⵏⴰⴱⵉ ⵗⵉⵙⴰ”” ⵎⵓⵛⴰⵎ ⵓⴰⵔ ⵜⴰⵋ ⵉⵏ ⴰⵎⵓⴷ ⵓⴰⵏ ⵉⵛⵉⵍⴰⵏ ⵓⵉ ⵉⴰⴷⵏⵢⵏ ⵏ ⵜⴰⵙⴰⵏⴼⵓⵜ ⵙ ⴰⵍⵎⴰⵗⵏⴰ ⵏ ⴰⴷⴷⵉⵏ ⵛⵓⵏⴷ ⵢⵙⵜⵢⵔ, ⵛⵂⵔⵉⵙⵜⵎⴰⵙ ⵎⵢⵗ ⵜⵢⵉⵏⴰⵉⴰ ⵏ ⴰⵓⴰⵜⴰⵉ””
English: Ahmadi Muslims additionally celebrate Promised Messiah Day, Promised Reformer Day, and Khilafat Day, but contrary to popular belief, neither are regarded as holidays.
Tamasheq: Iⵏⴰⵙⵍⵉⵎⴰⵏ ⵓⵉⵏ ⴰⵂⵎⴰⴷⵉ ⵉⵙⵙⵢⵓⴰⴷⴰⵏ ⴰⵎⵓⴷ ⵏ ⴱⵔⵓⵎⵉⵙⵢⴷ ⵎⵓⵙⵙⵉⴰⵂ ⴹⴰⵉ, ⴱⵔⵓⵎⵉⵙⵢⴷ ⵙⵓⴼⵓⵔⵎⴻⵡⵢⵔ ⵢⴰⵉ ⴷ ⵆⵉⵍⴰⴼⴰ ⵢⴰⵉ ⵎⵓⵛⵂⴰⵎ ⴰ ⵉⵣⵍⴰⵉⴰⵏ ⵉⴷ ⴰⵓⴰ ⴰⵗⵉⵍⴰⵏ ⴰⴷⴷⵉⵏⴰⵜ , ⵓⴰⵔ ⵜⴰⵏ ⵢⵂⴰ ⵉ ⵢⵈⵈⴰⵍⴰⵏ ⴰⵛⵂⴰⵍ ⵏ ⵜⴰⵙⴰⵏⴼⵓⵜ
English: Celtic, Norse, and Neopagan holidays follow the order of the Wheel of the Year.
Tamasheq: Iⵛⵂⵉⵍⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵜⴰⵙⴰⵏⴼⵓⵜ ⵓⵉⵏ ⵛⵢⵍⵜⵉⵛ, ⵎⵓⵔⵙⵢ ⴷ ⵎⵓⵓⴱⴰⴶⴰⵏ ⵉⵍⴾⴰⵎⴰⵏ ⵉ ⵓⵂⵢⵢⵍ ⵓⴼ ⵜⵂⵢ ⵗⵢⴰⵔ
English: Researchers in bioarchaeology combine the skill sets of human osteology, paleopathology, and archaeology, and often consider the cultural and mortuary context of the remains.
Tamasheq: ⵆⵢⵍ ⴼⴰⵔⴰⴾ ⴷⴰⵗ ⴱⵉⵓⴰⵔⵛⵂⴰⵢⵓⵍⵓⵓⴶⵉ ⴰⵙⵙⵉⵔⵜⴰⵉⴰⵏ ⵎⵓⵙⵏⴰⵜ ⵏⴰⵙⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵂⵓⵎⴰⵏ ⵓⵙⵜⵢⵓⵍⵓⴶⵉ, ⴱⴰⵍⵢⵓⴱⴰⵜⵂⵓⵍⵓⴶⵉ ⴷ ⴰⵔⵛⵂⴰⵢⵓⵍⵓⴶⵉ ⵜⵓⵍⴰⵙ ⴰⵍⵓⴰⵈ ⵉⵉⵉⴰⵏ ⵉⵋⵔⴰⵂⴰⵏ ⵉⵏ ⵜⴰⵍⵗⴰ ⵜⴰⵏ ⴰⴶⵏⴰ ⴷ ⵉⵗⴰⵙⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵉⵏⴰⵎⵓⵜⵜⴰⵏ
English: Evolutionary psychology is the study of psychological structures from a modern evolutionary perspective.
Tamasheq: ⴷⴱⵓⵍⵓⵜⵉⵓⵏⴰⵔⵉ ⴱⵙⵉⵛⵂⵓⵍⵓⴶⵉ ⵜ ⴰⵎⵓⵙ ⵜⵢⵗⴰⵔⵢ ⵏ ⵙⴱⵉⵛⵂⵓⵍⵓⴶⵉⵛⴰⵍ ⵙⵜⵔⵓⵛⵜⵓⵔⵢⵙ ⵏ ⴰⴾⴰⵉⴰⴷ ⵓⴰⵏ ⴰⵎⴰⵔⴰⴷ ⵉⴾⴾⴰⵏ ⵙ ⴷⴰⵜⴰ
English: Human behavioral ecology is the study of behavioral adaptations (foraging, reproduction, ontogeny) from the evolutionary and ecologic perspectives (see behavioral ecology).
Tamasheq: ⵂⵓⵎⴰⵏ ⴱⵢⵂⴰⴱⵉⵓⵔⴰⵍ ⵢⵛⵓⵍⵓⴶⵉ ⴰⵎⵓⵙ ⵜⵢⵗⴰⵔⵢ ⵏ ⴰⵍⵎⵓⴷ ⵏ ⴰⵍⵆⴰⵍ (ⵉⵎⵓⵗ ⵉ ⵜⵢⵜⴰⵜⵢ,ⴰⴾⴰⵔⴰⵛ ⵏ ⴰⵔⴰⵜⴰⵏ, ⵜⴰⴷⴰⵓⵍⴰ ) ⴷⴰⵗ ⵉⴾⴰⵉⴰⴷⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵉⴾⵉ ⵙ ⴷⴰⵜⴰ ⴷ ⵢⵛⵓⵍⵓⴶⵉ ( ⵉⴾⵉⵉⴷ ⵢⵛⵓⵍⵓⴶⵉ)
English: Paleoanthropology is the study of fossil evidence for human evolution, mainly using remains from extinct hominin and other primate species to determine the morphological and behavioral changes in the human lineage, as well as the environment in which human evolution occurred.
Tamasheq: ⴱⴰⵍⵢⵓⴰⵏⵜⵂⵔⵓⵢⵓⵍⵓⴶⵉ ⴰⵎⵓⵓⵙ ⵜⵢⵗⴰⵔⵢ ⵏ ⴰⵙⵉⴷⵓⵜⵜⵉⵉ ⵏ ⵉⵗⴰⵙⴰⵏ ⵓⵉⵏ ⴰⵔⵓ ⵉ ⵉⴾⵉ ⵙ ⴷⴰⵜⴰ ⵏ ⴰⴷⴷⵉⵏⴰⵜ ⵂⵓⵍⵍⴰⵏ ⵙ ⴰⵆⴰⴷⴰⵎ ⵏ ⵉⵗⴰⵙⴰⵏ ⴰⵎⵓⵜⵏⵢⵏ ⵏ ⵂⵓⵎⵉⵏⵉⵏ ⴷ ⵉⵛⵂ-ⵉⴾⵉⵍⴰⵏ ⵉⵉⵉⴰⴷ ⵉ ⵎⵓⵙⵏⴰⵜ ⵏ ⵉⵎⵓⵜⵉⵉⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵜⴰⵗⵉⵙⵙⴰ ⴷ ⴰⵍⵆⴰⵍ ⵏ ⵏⴰⵙⴰⴱ ⵓⴰⵏ ⴰⵓⴰⴷⵉⵎ ⵂⴰⴾ ⵉⴷ ⴰⵂⵉⵏⵣⴰⵣⴰⵗ ⵓⴰ ⴷⴰⵗ ⵉⵋⵋⴰ ⴰⵎⵓⵜⵜⵉ ⵓⵢⵏ
English: The name is even relatively new, having been 'physical anthropology' for over a century, with some practitioners still applying that term.
Tamasheq: Iⵙⵉⵎ ⵓⵢⵏ ⵢⵉⵏⴰⵉ , ⵉⵍⴰ “ⵢⵂⵉⵙⵉⵛⴰⵍ ⴰⵏⵜⵂⵔⵓⴱⵓⵍⴰⴶⵉ” ⵂⴰⵔ ⵉⴾⵔⴰⵛⵂ ⵜⵢⵎⵢⴷⵢ ⵏ ⴰⵓⴰⵜⴰⵉ ⵂⴰⵔ ⵎⵓⵎⴰⵔⵉⵙ ⵜⴰⵏ ⵉⵉⵉⴰⴷ ⵉⵙⵙⵉⵏⵜⴰⵏ ⵜⵢⵗⴰⵔⵢ ⵏ ⵉⵙⵉⵎ ⵢⵏ
English: Some editors, see below, have rooted the field even deeper than formal science.
Tamasheq: ⵢⴷⵉⵜⵓⵔ ⵜⴰⵏ ⵉⵉⵉⴰⴷ, ⵉⴾⵉⵉⴷ ⵙⵉⴷⵢⵔ, ⵉⵙⵙⵢⵓⴰⴷⴰⵏ ⵉⴾⵢⵓⴰⵏ ⵏ ⴰⴱⴰⵔⴰ ⵓⵣⵏ ⵂⵓⵍⵍⴰⵏ ⴰ ⵓⵋⵋⴰⵔⴰⵏ ⴰⵓⴰ ⵂⴰⵙ ⵜ ⵉⵋⵋⴰ ⵙⵛⵉⵢⵏⵛⵢ
English: This became the main system through which scholars thought about nature for the next roughly 2,000 years.
Tamasheq: ⴰⵓⵢⵏ ⵢⵈⵈⴰⵍ ⵙⵉⵙⵜⵢⵎ ⵓⴰⵏ ⴰⵎⵎⴰⵙ ⵙ ⵜⴰⵋ ⵉⵏ ⵉⵎⴰⵗⵔⴰⵏ ⵎⵢⴷⵔⴰⵏ ⴼⴰⵍ ⴰⵂⵉⵏⵣⴰⵣⴰⵗ ⵉ 2000 ⵏ ⴰⵓⴰⵜⴰⵉ ⵓⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵍⴾⴰⵎⴰⵜ
English: He also wrote about physiognomy, an idea derived from writings in the Hippocratic Corpus.
Tamasheq: ⵓⵍⴰⵙ ⴰⴾⵓⵜⵓⴱ ⴼⴰⵍ ⴼⵉⵣⵉⵓⵏⵓⵎⵉ, ⴰⵏⵓⵙⵋⵓⵎ ⵉⴷ ⵉⵣⵋⴰⵔⴰⵏ ⵉⴾⵓⵜⵓⴱⵓⵏ ⴷⴰⵗ ⴼⵉⴱⴱⵓⵛⵔⴰⵜⵉⵛ ⵆⵓⵔⴱⵓⵙ
English: In the 19th century, French physical anthropologists, led by Paul Broca (1824-1880), focused on craniometry while the German tradition, led by Rudolf Virchow (1821–1902), emphasized the influence of environment and disease upon the human body.
Tamasheq: ⴷⴰⵗ ⴰⵓⴰⵜⴰⵉ ⵓⴰⵏ 1900, ⴱⵂⵉⵙⵉⵛⴰⵍ ⴰⵏⵜⵂⵔⵓⴱⵓⵍⵓⴶⵉⵙⵜ ⵜⴰⵏ ⵓⵉⵏ ⴼⵔⴰⵏⵙ ⵙ ⴻⵡⵢⵣⵣⴰⵔ ⴱⴰⵓⵍ ⴱⵔⵓⵛⴰ ( ⴰⵓⴰⵜⴰⵉ ⵓⴰⵏ 1824 ⵂⴰⵔ 1880) ⵉⵋⵋⴰⵏ ⴰⵆⵍⵉⴷⵎⴰⵜ ⴼⴰⵍ ⵛⵔⴰⵏⵉⵓⵎⵢⵜⵔⵉ ⴰⵙ ⵉⵋⵋⴰ ⴰⵓⵢⵏ ⴷⴰⵗ ⵜⵓⵎⴰⵙⵜ ⵜⴰⵏ ⴰⵍⵍⵢⵎⴰⴶⵏⵢ ⵙ ⵢⵣⵣⴰⵔ ⵔⵓⴷⵓⵍⴼ ⴱⵉⵔⵛⵂⵓⵓ (ⴰⵓⴰⵜⴰⵉ ⵓⴰⵏ 1821 ⵂⴰⵔ 1902) ⵉⵙⵙⵢⵓⴰⴷ ⴰⵙⵙⴰⵂⴰⵜ ⵏ ⴰⵂⵉⵏⵣⴰⵣⴰⵗ ⴷ ⵜⵓⵔⵂⵉⵏⵏⴰ ⴼⴰⵍ ⵜⴰⵗⵉⵙⵙⴰ ⵏ ⴰⵓⴰⴷⵉⵎ
English: He changed the focus from racial typology to concentrate upon the study of human evolution, moving away from classification towards evolutionary process.
Tamasheq: Iⵙⴰⵎⵎⵓⵜⴰⵉ ⴰⵍⵆⵉⴷⵎⴰⵜ ⵏⵢⵜ ⴼⴰⵍ ⵔⴰⵛⵉⴰⵍ ⵜⴱⵓⵍⵓⴶⵉ ⵉ ⴰⴷ ⵢⵆⴷⴰⵎ ⴼⴰⵍ ⵜⵢⵗⴰⵔⵢ ⵏ ⴰⵎⵓⵜⵜⵉ ⵏ ⴰⵓⴰⴷⵉⵎ , ⵉⵛⵂⵉⵏⴾⴰⵛⵂ ⴼⴰⵍ ⴰⵎⴰⵙⴾⴰⵜ ⵙ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵜⵉⴾⴰⵉ ⵜⴰⵏ ⵉⴾⵉ ⵏ ⵙ ⴷⴰⵜⴰ
English: A race is a grouping of humans based on shared physical or social qualities into categories generally viewed as distinct by society.
Tamasheq: ⵜⴰⵓⵙⵢⵜ ⵜⴰⵈⵈⴰⵍ ⵜⴰⵈⵈⵉⵎⵜ ⵏ ⴰⴷⴷⵉⵏⴰⵜ ⵜⵉⵋⴰⵜ ⴼⴰⵍ ⵉⵎⵎⵉⴾⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵜⴰⵗⵉⵙⵙⴰ ⵎⵢⵗ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⴷⵓⵈ ⵙ ⵉⵂⴰⵏⴷⴰⴶⴰⵏ ⴰⵏⵎⴰⵣⵍⴰⵉ ⵏⵢⵏ ⴷⴰⵗ ⴰⴾⴰⵉⴰⴷ ⵓⴰⵏ ⴰⴷⴷⵉⵏⴰⵜ
English: Modern science regards race as a social construct, an identity which is assigned based on rules made by society.
Tamasheq: ⵙⵛⵉⵎⵢⵏⵛⵢ ⵜⴰⵏ ⴰⵎⴰⵔⴰⴷ ⵉⵋⵋⴰ ⵗⵓⵔ ⵉⵙ ⴰⵙ ⵜⴰⵓⵙⵢⵜ ⵜ ⴰⵈⵈⴰⵍ ⴰⴾⴰⵔⵓⵙ ⵏ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⴷⵓⵈ, ⵜⵓⵎⴰⵙⵜ ⵜⴰⵜ ⵉⵋⵔⴰⵓ ⴰⵜ ⵜⴰⵗⵏⴰⵜ ⵙ ⴰⵛⵂⴰⵔⵢⵗⴰ ⵜⴰⵏ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⴷⵓⵈ
English: Still others argue that, among humans, race has no taxonomic significance because all living humans belong to the same subspecies, Homo sapiens sapiens.
Tamasheq: ⴰⴷⴷⵉⵏⴰⵜ ⵉⵉⵉⴰⴷ ⵂⴰⵔ ⴰⵋⵋⵓⴷⵉ ⵋⴰⵏ ⵉⵏ ⴷⴰⵗ ⴰⴷⴷⵉⵏⴰⵜ, ⵜⴰⵓⵙⵢⵜ ⵓⴰⵔ ⵉⵜ ⵉⵍⴰ ⴰⵍⵎⴰⵗⵏⴰ ⵏ ⴰⵙⴰⴾⴰⵜ ⴼⴰⵍ ⴰⵙ ⴰⴷⴷⵉⵏⴰⵜ ⴼⵓⴾ ⵉⵣⵋⴰⵔⴰⵏ ⵉⴷ ⵉⵛⵂ-ⵉⴾⵉⵍⴰⵏ ⵢⵍⴰⵂ ⵏⵢⵏ ⵏ ⵂⵓⵎⵓ ⵙⴰⴱⵉⵢⵏⵙ
English: In South Africa, the Population Registration Act, 1950 recognized only White, Black, and Coloured, with Indians added later.
Tamasheq: ⴷⴰⵗ ⵔⵓⵓⵜⵂ ⴰⴼⵔⵉⵛⴰ, ⴱⵓⴱⵓⵍⴰⵜⵉⵓ ⵔⵢⴶⵉⵙⵜⵔⴰⵜⵉⵓⵏ ⴰⵛⵜ ⴷⴰⵗ ⴰⵓⴰⵜⴰⵉ ⵓⴰⵏ 1950 ⵓⴰⵢ ⵉⵙⵙⵢⵏ ⵗⴰⵙ ⴼⴰⵍ ⵉⴾⵓⴼⴰⵔ, ⵉⵎⵉⴾⵓⴰⵍⴰⵏ ⴷ ⴰⴷⴷⵉⵏⴰⵜ ⵓⵉⵏ ⴷⵓⵎⵓ ⵜⴰⵏ ⴰⵔⵜⴰⵉⵏⵢⵏ ⵉⴷ ⵉⵋⵋⴰⵛⵂⴰⵏ Iⵏⴷⵉⴰⵏ ⵜⴰⵏ ⴷⴰⵔⴰⵜ ⴰⵓⴰ
English: The United States Census Bureau proposed but then withdrew plans to add a new category to classify Middle Eastern and North African peoples in the U.S. Census 2020, over a dispute over whether this classification should be considered a white ethnicity or a separate race.
Tamasheq: ⴱⵉⵔⴰⵓ ⵏ ⴰⵎⵢⵔⵉⴾ ⵓⴰⵏ ⵟⵓⴷⴰⵏⵜ ⵉⵜⴾⴰⵍ ⴰⴷⴷⴰⴱⴰⵔⴰ ⵎⵓⵛⵂⴰⵎ ⵉⴾⴾⴰⵙ ⵉⴷ ⴰⴷⴷⴰⴱⴰⵔⴰ ⵜⴰⵏ ⵉ ⴰⵙⵉⵓⴰⴷ ⵏ ⵢⴷⴰⴶ ⵢⵉⵏⴰⵉⴰⵏ ⵉ ⵢⴾⵢⵜ ⵏ ⴰⴷⴷⵉⵏⴰⵜ ⵓⵉⵏ ⴰⵍⵈⵉⴱⵍⴰⵜ ⴷ Eⵎⴰⵉⵏⴰⵋ ⵏ ⴰⴼⵔⵉⴾⵉⵉⴰ ⴷⴰⵗ ⵜⵓⴷⴰⵏⵜ ⵏ ⴰⵎⵢⵔⵉⴾ ⵜⴰⵏ 2020 ⴼⴰⵍ ⴰⵎⵛⵂⵉⴾⴾⵉ ⵏ ⴰⵙ ⴰⵎⴰⵙⴾⴰⵜ ⵓⵢⵏ ⵢⵈⵈⴰⵍ ⵏ ⵜⴰⵓⵙⵢⵜ ⵜⴰⵏ ⵉⴾⵓⴼⴰⵔ ⵎⵢⵗ ⵜⴰⵓⵙⵢⵜ ⵜⴰⵣⵓⵏⴰⵜ
English: The establishment of racial boundaries often involves the subjugation of groups defined as racially inferior, as in the one-drop rule used in the 19th-century United States to exclude those with any amount of African ancestry from the dominant racial grouping, defined as "white".
Tamasheq: “ ⴰⵙⵉⵎⴰⵍ ⵏ ⴰⵍⵆⴰⴷⵓⴷⴰⵏ ⵓⵉⵏ ⵜⴰⵓⵙⵢⵜ ⵢⵂⵢ ⴰⵍⵓⴰⵈ ⵉⵉⵉⴰⵏ ⴰⵛⵂⵉⵏⵉⵛⵂ ⵉⵋⵋⴰⵏⴰⵜ ⵜⴰⵈⵈⵉⵎⵢⵏ ⴰⵎⵓⵙ ⵏⵢⵏ ⵜⴰⵓⵙⵢⵜⵢⵏ ⵎⴰⴷⵔⵓⵉⵏⵢⵏ ⴼⴰⵍ ⴰⵙ ⴷⴰⵗ ⴰⵛⵂⴰⵔⴻⵗⴰ ⵓⴰⵏ ⵜⴰⵜⴱⴰⵈⵢⵜ ⵉⵉⵉⵉⴰⵜ ⵏ ⴰⵛⵂⵏⵉ ⵓⴰⵏ ⴰⵎⵢⵔⵉⴾ ⴷⴰⵗ ⴰⵓⴰⵜⴰⵉ ⵓⴰⵏ 1900 ⵉ ⴰⵙⴾⵓⵜ ⵏ ⴰⴷⴷⵉⵏⴰⵜ ⴼⵓⴾ ⵓⵉ ⵉⵍⴰⵏⵢⵏ ⵉⵓⵉⵛⵂⴰⵔⴰⵏ ⵉⴷ ⵉⴼⴰⵍ ⵏⵢⵏ ⴰⴼⵔⵉⴾⵉⵉⴰ ⴷⴰⵗ ⵜⴰⵈⵈⵉⵎⵜ ⵏ ⵜⴰⵙⵢⵜ ⵜⴰⵏ “”ⵉⴾⵓⴼⴰⵔ””
English: According to geneticist David Reich, "while race may be a social construct, differences in genetic ancestry that happen to correlate to many of today's racial constructs are real."
Tamasheq: “ⴷⴰⵗ ⴰⵓⴰ ⴰⵍⵍⴰⵗⴰⵜ ⵗⵢⵏⵢⵜⵉⵛⵉⵙⵜ ⴹⴰⴱⵉⴷ ⵔⵢⵉⵛⵂ “”ⴰⵍⵓⴰⵈ ⵓⴰ ⵉⴷ ⵜⴰⵓⵙⵢⵜ ⵜ ⴰⴷⴷⴰⴱⴰⵜ ⴰ ⵜ ⴰⵈⵈⵉⵍ ⵢⴷⵢⵉ ⵏ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⴷⵓⵈ ⴰⵏⵎⵉⵣⵍⴰⵉⴰⵏ ⴷⴰⵗ ⴶⵢⵏⵢⵜⵉⵛ ⴰⵏⵛⵢⵙⵜⵔⵉ ⵉ ⴰⵂⴰⵔⵓⵋ ⵏ ⵉⴾⴰⵔⵓⵙⴰⵏ ⴰⵋⵋⵓⵜⵏⵢⵏ ⵏ ⵜⴰⵓⵙⵢⵜ ⴰⵈⵈⴰⵍⴰⵏ ⵜⵉⴷⵉⵜⵜ ⴰⵎⴰⵔⴰⴷ””
English: Other dimensions of racial groupings include shared history, traditions, and language.
Tamasheq: Iⴷⴷⵉⴾⵓⴷ ⵜⴰⵏ ⵉⵉⵉⴰⴷ ⵏ ⵜⴰⵈⵈⵉⵎⵢⵏ ⵏ ⵜⴰⵓⵙⵢⵜ ⵢⵂⵢⵏ ⴰⵜⵜⴰⵔⵢⵆ, ⵜⵓⵎⴰⵙⵢⵏ ⴷ ⴰⵓⴰⵍ ⵓⵂⴰⵔⵏⵢⵏ
English: Socioeconomic factors, in combination with early but enduring views of race, have led to considerable suffering within disadvantaged racial groups.
Tamasheq: ⵎⴰⵔⵙⴰⵍⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵙⵓⵛⵉⵓⵢⵛⵓⵏⵓⵎⵉⵛⵙ ⴷⴰⵗ ⴰⵔⵜⴰⵉⴰⵏ ⵉⴷ ⵉⴾⴰⵉⴰⴷⴰⵏ ⵓⵉ ⴰⵣⵣⴰⵔⵏⵢⵏ ⵏ ⵜⴰⵓⵙⵢⵜ ⵢⵓⴰⵉⴰⵏ ⵉⴷ ⵜⵉⵙⵏⴰⵏⵜ ⵎⴰⵈⵈⵓⵔⵏⵢⵏ ⵙ ⵜⴰⵈⵈⵉⵎⵢⵏ ⵏ ⵜⴰⵓⵙⵢⵜ ⵉⴾⵎⴰ ⴰⵓⵢⵏ
English: Racism has led to many instances of tragedy, including slavery and genocide.
Tamasheq: ⴰⵏⵎⵉⴾⴰⴷ ⵢⵔⴰⵓ ⵉⴷ ⴰⵍⵎⵉⵜⴰⵍ ⵜⴰⵏ ⴰⵋⵋⵓⵜⵏⵢⵏ ⵏ ⴰⵗⴰⵛⵂⴰⴷ ⵢⵂⴰ ⵜⴰⴾⵉⵍⵓⵓⴰ ⴷ ⵢⵎⵢⵙ ⵏ ⵜⴰⵈⵈⵉⵎⵜ ⵏ ⴰⴷⴷⵉⵏⴰⵜ
English: Because in some societies racial groupings correspond closely with patterns of social stratification, for social scientists studying social inequality, race can be a significant variable.
Tamasheq: ⴼⴰⵍ ⴰⵙ ⴷⴰⵗ ⵜⵉⵎⵉⵣⴷⴰⵗ ⵜⵉⵉⵉⴰⴷ ⵜⴰⵈⵈⵉⵎⵢⵏ ⵏ ⵜⴰⵓⵙⵢⵜ ⵓⵍⴰⵂ ⵏⴰⵜ ⵂⵓⵍⵍⴰⵏ ⵉⴷ ⴷⵓⵎⵓ ⵜⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵜⴰⴱⴰⵈⴰⵜ ⵜⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⴷⵓⵈ ⴼⴰⵍ ⴰⵙ ⵙⵓⵛⵉⵓⵍⵓⴶⵉⵙⵜ ⵜⴰⵏ ⵓⵉⵏ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⴷⵓⵈ ⵗⴰⵔⵔⵉⵏ ⵏⵓⵏ ⴰⵏⵛⵂⵉⵛⵂ-ⴰⵎ ⵏ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⴷⵓⵈ, ⵜⴰⵓⵙⵓⵜ ⵜ ⴰⴷⴷⵓⴱⴰⵜ ⴰ ⵜⴰⵈⵈⵉⵍ ⵂⴰⵔⴰⵜ ⵎⴰⵈⵈⵓⵔⴰⵏ
English: For example, in 2008, John Hartigan, Jr. argued for a view of race that focused primarily on culture, but which does not ignore the potential relevance of biology or genetics.
Tamasheq: ⴰⵍⵎⵉⵜⴰⵍ , ⴷⴰⵗ ⴰⵓⴰⵜⴰⵉ ⵓⴰⵏ 2008, ⵋⵓⵂⵏ ⵂⴰⵔⵜⵉⴶⴰⵏ,ⵋⵔ ⴰⵍⵍⴰⵗⴰⵜ ⴰⴾⴰⵉⴰⴷ ⵏ ⵜⴰⵓⵙⵢⵜ ⵉⵋⵋⴰⵏ ⵙ ⵜⵉⵣⴰⵔⴰⵜ ⴼⴰⵍ ⴰⴶⵏⴰ ⵎⵓⵛⵂⴰⵎ ⵓⴰⵔ ⵂⵉⵏ ⵏ ⴰⵜⵓⵓⴰ ⴰⵈⵈⵓⴷ ⵏ ⴱⵉⵓⵍⵓⴶⵉ ⴷ ⴶⵢⵏⵢⵜⵉⵛⵙ
English: In this way the idea of race as we understand it today came about during the historical process of exploration and conquest which brought Europeans into contact with groups from different continents, and of the ideology of classification and typology found in the natural sciences.
Tamasheq: ⴷⴰⵗ ⴰⴱⴰⵔⴰ ⵓⵢⵏ ⴰⵏⴰⵙⵋⵓⵎ ⵓⴰⵏ ⵓⴰ ⵙ ⵏ ⴰⴼⵂⴰⵎ ⵜⴰⵓⵙⵢⵜ ⴰⵛⵂⴰⵍ ⵉⴷ ⵓⵙⴰ ⵉⴷ ⴰⵍⵓⴰⵈ ⵓⴰⵏ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵜⵉⴾⵓⴰⵉⵜ ⵏ ⴰⵜⵜⴰⵔⵢⵆ ⵜⴰⵏ ⵉⵜⵓⵔ ⴷ ⵉⴼⵓⴾⴾⵉⵔⴰⵏ ⵉⴷ ⵢⵓⴰⵉ ⵏⵢⵏ ⵆⵢⵍ Eⵔⵢⴱⴰ ⴰⴷ ⴰⵎⵎⵓⵈⵉⵙⴰⵏ ⵉⴷ ⵜⴰⵈⵈⵉⵎⵢⵏ ⵏ ⵉⵎⴰⴷⵍⴰⵏ ⵉⵉⵉⴰⴷ ⵜⵢⵍⴰⵙ ⴼⴰⵍ ⵎⵢⴷⵔⴰⵏ ⵏ ⴰⵙⴾⵓⵜ ⴷ ⵉⵛⵂ-ⵉⴾⵉⵍ ⵓⴰ ⵉ ⵜⴰⵋⵔⴰⵓⴰⵏ ⴷⴰⵗ ⵏⴰⵜⵓⵔⴰⵍ ⵙⵛⵉⵢⵏⵛⵢⵙ
English: A set of folk beliefs took hold that linked inherited physical differences between groups to inherited intellectual, behavioral, and moral qualities.
Tamasheq: ⵜⴰⵈⵈⵉⵎⵜ ⵏ ⵎⵢⴷⵔⴰⵏ ⵜⴰⵏ ⵏ ⴰⴷⴷⵉⵏⴰⵜ ⵓⵙⴰⵗⴰⵏ ⴰⵏⵎⵉⵣⵍⴰⵉⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵉⵗⵉⵙⵓⵢⵏ ⴰⵈⵈⴰⵍ ⵏⵢⵏ ⵉⴰⵔⵉⵙⵓⵏ ⵜⴰⵏ ⵋⵉⵔ ⵜⴰⵈⵈⵉⵎⵢⵏ ⵜⵉⵏ ⵋⴰⵓⴷⴰ ⵜⴰⵏ ⵜⵉⵏ ⵜⴰ-ⵉⵜⵢ, ⴰⵍⵆⴰⵍ ⴷ ⴰⵍⵎⴰⵗⵏⴰ ⴰⵈⵈⴰⵍⵏⵢⵏ ⵉⴰⵔⵉⵙⵓⵏ ⵜⴰⵏ
English: The 1735 classification of Carl Linnaeus, inventor of zoological taxonomy, divided the human species Homo sapiens into continental varieties of europaeus, asiaticus, americanus, and afer, each associated with a different humour: sanguine, melancholic, choleric, and phlegmatic, respectively.
Tamasheq: ⴰⵎⴰⵙⴾⴰⵜ ⵓⴰⵏ 1735 ⵉⵋⵋⴰ ⵛⴰⵔⵍ Lⵉⵏⵏⴰⵢⵓⵙ, ⵢⵎⴰⵗⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵤⵓⵓⵍⵓⴶⵉⵛⴰⵍ ⵜⴰⵆⵓⵏⵓⵎⵉ ⴰⵣⵓⵏ ⵉⵛⵂ-ⵉⴾⵉⵍⴰⵏ ⵏ ⴰⴷⴷⵉⵏⴰⵜ ⵂⵓⵎⵓ ⵙⴰⴱⵉⵢⵏⵙ ⵙ ⵉⵛⵂ-ⵉⴾⵉⵍⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵉⵎⵉⴷⵍⴰⵏ ⵓⵉⵏ ⵢⵓⵔⵓⴱⴰⵢⵓⵙ, ⴰⵙⵉⴰⵜⵉⵛⵓⵙ, ⴰⵎⵢⵔⵉⵛⴰⵏⵓⵙ ⵜⵓⵍⴰⵙ ⴷⴰⵔⴰⵜ ⴰⵓⴰ ⵉⵉⵉⴰⵏ ⴼⵓⴾ ⵓⵙⴰⵗⴰⵏ ⵉⵍⴰ ⴼⵓⴾⴰⵂⴰⵜ ⵉⵣⵍⴰⵉⴰⵏ: ⵏ ⴰⵛⵂⵏⵉ, ⵏ ⴰⵙⵓⴼ, ⴰⵎⴰⵜⵜⵉⵙⵓ ⴷ ⵜⴰⵏⴰⵙⵎⵓⵜ ⵉⵉⵉⴰⵏ ⴼⵓⴾ
English: Blumenbach also noted the graded transition in appearances from one group to adjacent groups and suggested that "one variety of mankind does so sensibly pass into the other, that you cannot mark out the limits between them".
Tamasheq: “ ⴱⵍⵓⵢⵎⵢⵏⴱⴰⵛⵂ ⵉⵏⵜⴰ ⴷⵢⵗ ⵉⴾⵜⴰⴱ ⴼⴰⵍ ⴰⴾⴾⴰⵉ ⵏ ⵜⵓⵍⴰⵜⵢⵏ ⵗⵓⵔ ⵜⴰⵈⵈⵉⵎⵜ ⵉⵉⵉⴰⵜ ⵙ ⵜⴰⵈⵈⵉⵎⵢⵏ ⵏ ⵙⵉⴷⵢⵔ ⵜⵓⵍⴰⵙ ⵉⵋⵋⴰ ⴷⵢⵔⵂⴰⵏ ⵏ ⴰⵙ ‘’’ ⵉⵛⵂ-ⵉⴾⵉⵍ ⵉⵉⵉⴰⵏ ⵏ ⴰⴷⴷⵉⵏⴰⵜ ⵓⴰⵔ ⵉⵜⵉⴾⵉ ⵙ ⵓⵉ ⵉⴰⴷⵏⵢⵏ, ⴰⵙ ⵓⴰⵔ ⴰⴷⴷⵓⴱⴰⵜ ⴰⵓⴰⴷⵉⵎ ⴰⵛⵂⵉⵓⴰⵍ ⵏ ⴰⵍⵆⴰⴷⵓⴷⴰⵏ ⵋⴰⵔ ⵢⵙⵙⴰⵏ’’’
English: It was further argued that some groups may be the result of mixture between formerly distinct populations, but that careful study could distinguish the ancestral races that had combined to produce admixed groups.
Tamasheq: ⴰⵜ ⵓ-ⴰ-ⵍⴰⵗⴰⵜ ⵙⵉⵂⵢⵏ ⴰⵙ ⵜⴰⵈⵈⵉⵎⵢⵏ ⵜⵉⵉⵉⴰⴷ ⴰⴷⴷⵓⴱⴰⵜ ⵏⴰⵜ ⴰⵙ ⴰⵈⵈⴰⵍ ⵏⴰⵜ ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵙ ⵢⵓⴰⴷ ⴰⵎⴰⵔⵜⴰⵉ ⵋⵉⵔ ⵉⵛⵂⴰⵗⵉⴱ ⵜⴰⵏ ⵋⵉⵔ ⴰⵔⵓ ⵎⵓⵛⵂⴰⵎ ⵜⵢⵗⴰⵔⵢ ⵜⵉⵋⴰⵜ ⵙ ⴰⵍⵎⴰⵗⵏⴰ ⵜ ⴰⴷⴷⵓⴱⴰⵜ ⴰⵏⵎⵉⵣⵍⴰⵉ ⵏ ⵜⴰⵓⵙⵢⵜⵢⵏ ⵜⵉⵏ ⴰⵔⵓ ⵜⵉ ⴰⵔⵜⴰⵉ ⵏⵢⵏ ⵉ ⴰⴾⴰⵔⴰⵛⵂ ⵏ ⵜⴰⵈⵈⵉⵎⵢⵏ ⴰⵏⵗⴰⵎⴱⴰⵍ ⵏⵢⵏ
English: New studies of culture and the fledgling field of population genetics undermined the scientific standing of racial essentialism, leading race anthropologists to revise their conclusions about the sources of phenotypic variation.
Tamasheq: ⵜⵉⵗⵉⵔ ⵢⵉⵏⴰⵉⵏⵢⵏ ⵏ ⴰⴶⵏⴰ ⴷ ⴰⴱⴰⵔⴰ ⵏ ⴶⵢⵏⵢⵜⵉⵛⵙ ⵜⴰⵏ ⵉⵛⵂⴰⵗⵉⴱ ⵉⵎⵎⴰⵔ ⵢⴷⴰⴶ ⵓⴰⵏ ⵙⵛⵉⵢⵏⵛⵢ ⵜⴰⵏ ⵔⴰⵛⵉⴰⵍ ⵢⵙⵙⵢⵏⵜⵉⴰⵍⵉⵙⵎ ⵢⵓⴰⵉⴰⵏ ⵉⴷ ⵔⴰⵛⵢ ⴰⵏⵜⵂⵔⵓⴱⵓⵍⵓⴶⵉⵙⵜ ⵜⴰⵏ ⴰⴷ ⴰⵈⵈⵉⵍⴰⵏ ⴷⴰⵗ ⵉⴶⵣⴰⵎⵉⵜ ⵏ ⵆⴰⵜⵉⵎ ⵜⴰⵏ ⴼⴰⵍ ⴰⵜⵜⴰⵔⵢⵆ ⵓⴰⵏ ⴱⵂⵢⵏⵓⵜⵉⴱⵉⵛ ⴱⴰⵔⵉⴰⵜⵉⵓⵏ
English: Studies of human genetic variation show that human populations are not geographically isolated, and their genetic differences are far smaller than those among comparable subspecies.
Tamasheq: ⵜⵉⵗⵉⵔ ⵏ ⴶⵢⵏⵢⵜⵉⵛ ⴱⴰⵔⵉⴰⵜⵉⵓⵏ ⵜⴰⵏ ⴰⵓⴰⴷⵉⵎ ⴰⵙⵓⴾⵏⴰⵏ ⴰⵙ ⵉⵛⵂⴰⵗⵉⴱ ⵜⴰⵏ ⵓⵉⵏ ⴰⴷⴷⵉⵏⴰⵜ ⵓⴰⵔ ⵉⵙⴾⵢⵜⴰⵏ ⴷⴰⵗ ⵋⵓⴶⵔⴰⴼⵉⴰ ⵜⵓⵍⴰⵙ ⴰⵏⵎⵉⵣⵍⴰⵉⴰⵏ ⵓⵉⵏ ⵢⵜⴰⵔⵉ ⵉⴾⵏⴰⵏ ⵜⴰⵎⵎⴰⴷⵔⵉⵜ ⵂⵓⵍⵍⴰⵏ ⴷⴰⵗ ⵓⵉ ⵉⵛⵂ-ⵉⴾⵉⵍⴰⵏ ⵓⵉ ⴷⴰⵔ ⵓⴶⴷⴰⵂⴰⵏ
English: Andreasen cited tree diagrams of relative genetic distances among populations published by Luigi Cavalli-Sforza as the basis for a phylogenetic tree of human races (p. 661).
Tamasheq: ⴰⵏⴷⵔⵢⴰⵙⵢⵏ ⴰⵍⵍⴰⵗⴰⵜ ⴾⴰⵔⴰⴷ ⴷⵉⴰⴶⵔⴰⵎ ⵜⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵋⵢⵏⵢⵜⵉⴾ ⴷⴰⵗ ⵉⵛⵛⴰⵗⵉⴱ ⵜⴰⵏ ⵉⵣⵉⵣⵋⴰⵔ ⵍⵓⵉⴶⵉ ⵛⴰⴱⴰⵍⵍⵉ-ⵙⴼⵓⵔⵣⴰ ⴼⴰⵍ ⴰⵍⴾⴰⴷ ⵛⵓⵏⴷ ⴰⵙ ⵢⵈⵈⴰⵍ ⵜⵉⵋⵉⵜⵜⴰⵓⵜ ⵏ ⴰⵂⵉⵛⴾ ⴼⵉⵍⵓⵋⵢⵏⵢⵜⵉⴾ ⵓⴰⵏ ⵜⴰⵓⵙⴰⵜⵢⵏ ⵏ ⴰⴷⴷⵉⵏⴰⵜ (ⴱ.661)
English: Marks, Templeton, and Cavalli-Sforza all conclude that genetics does not provide evidence of human races.
Tamasheq: ⵎⴰⵔⴾⵙ, ⵟⵢⵎⴱⵍⵢⵜⵓⵏ ⴷ ⵛⴰⴱⴰⵍⵍⵉ-ⵙⴼⵓⵔⵣⴰ ⴼⵓⴾ ⵏⴰⵙⴰⵏ ⴰⵙⵉⵍⵎⴰⴷⴰⵏ ⴰⵙ ⴶⵢⵏⵢⵜⵉⵛⵙ ⵓⴰⵔ ⵜ ⴰⵈⵈⵢⵍ ⴰⵙⵉⴷⵓⵜⵜⵉ ⵏ ⵜⴰⵓⵙⵢⵜⵢⵏ ⵏ ⴰⴷⴷⵉⵏⴰⵜ
English: For example, with respect to skin color in Europe and Africa, Brace writes:To this day, skin color grades by imperceptible means from Europe southward around the eastern end of the Mediterranean and up the Nile into Africa.
Tamasheq: ⴰⵍⵎⵉⵜⴰⵍ, ⴷⴰⵗ ⵙⵢⵎⵗⴰⵔ ⵏ ⴷⵓⵎⵓ ⵏ ⵜⴰⵗⵉⵙⵙⴰ ⴷⴰⵗ ⵢⵔⵓⴱⴰ ⴷ ⴰⴼⵔⵉⴾⵉⵉⴰ , ⴱⵔⴰⵛⵢ ⵉⵍⴾⵜⴰⴱ: ⴰⵛⵂⴰⵍ ⵉⴷ, ⴷⵓⵎⵓ ⵏ ⵜⴰⵗⵉⵙⵙⴰ ⵉⵙⴾⴰⵜⴰⵏ ⵉⵙⵓⵋ ⵓⴰⵔ ⵏ ⵉⵍⴰ ⴰⴾⴰⵉⴰⴷ ⴷⴰⵗ ⴰⵛⵂⵔⵓⵜ ⵏ ⵢⵔⵓⴱⴰ ⵓⴰⵏ ⵢⵎⴰⵉⵏⴰⴶ ⵢⴷⵢⵙ ⵏ ⴰⵛⵂⵔⵓⵜ ⵓⴰ ⴰⵍⵈⵉⴱⵍⴰⵜ ⵏ ⵎⵢⴷⵉⵜⵢⵔⵔⴰⵏⵏⵢⵢ ⵜⵓⵍⴰⵙ ⵗⵓⵔ ⵢⵋⴰⵔⵢⵓ ⵓⴰⵏ ⵏⵉⵍⵢ ⴷⴰⵗ ⴰⴼⵔⵉⴾⵉⵉⴰ
English: He further argued that one could use the term race if one distinguished between "race differences" and "the race concept".
Tamasheq: “ ⴰⵍⵍⴰⵗⴰⵜ ⴷⴰⵔⴰⵜ ⴰⵓⴰ ⴰⵙ ⴰⴷⴷⵓⴱⴰⵜ ⴰⵓⴰⴷⵉⵎ ⴰⵆⴰⴷⴰⵎ ⵏ ⵉⵙⵉⵎ ⵓⴰⵏ ⵜⵓⵙⵢⵜ ⴰ ⴼⴰⵍ ⵉⵣⵍⴰⵉ ⵋⵉⵔ “””ⴰⵏⵎⵉⵣⵍⴰⵉⴰⵏ ⵓⵉⵏ ⵜⴰⵓⵙⵢⵜ”” ⴷ “”ⵉⵙⵉⵎ ⵓⴰⵏ ⵜⴰⵓⵙⵢⵜ”
English: In short, Livingstone and Dobzhansky agree that there are genetic differences among human beings; they also agree that the use of the race concept to classify people, and how the race concept is used, is a matter of social convention.
Tamasheq: ⵍⵉⴱⵉⵏⴶⵙⵜⵓⵏⵢ ⴷ ⵢⵓⴱⵣⵂⴰⵏⵙⴾ ⴰⵔⴷⴰⵂⴰⵏ ⴰⵙ ⵉⵍⵍⴰⵏ ⴰⵏⵎⵉⵣⵍⴰⵉⴰⵏ ⴷⴰⵗ ⵢⵜⴰⵔⵉ ⴷⴰⵗ ⴰⴷⴷⵉⵏⴰⵜ; ⴰⵔⴷⴰⵂⴰⵏ ⵂⴰⵔ ⴰⵋⵋⵓⴷⵉ ⴼⴰⵍ ⴰⵆⴰⴷⴰⵎ ⵏ ⵉⵙⵉⵎ ⵓⴰⵏ ⵜⴰⵓⵙⵢⵜ ⵉ ⴰⵙⴾⵓⵜ ⵏ ⴰⴷⴷⵉⵏⴰⵜ ⴷ ⵉⵎⵎⵉⴾ ⵓⴰ ⵙ ⵢⵆⴷⴰⵎ ⵉⵙⵉⵎ ⵓⴰⵏ ⵜⴰⵓⵙⵢⵜ ,ⵢⵈⵈⴰⵍ ⴰⵏⴰⴼⵂⴰⵎ ⵏ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⴷⵓⵈ
English: As the anthropologists Leonard Lieberman and Fatimah Linda Jackson observed, "Discordant patterns of heterogeneity falsify any description of a population as if it were genotypically or even phenotypically homogeneous".
Tamasheq: “Iⵎⵎⵉⴾ ⵓⴰ ⵙ ⵉⴾⵉⴰⴷⴰⵏ ⴰⵏⵜⵂⵔⵓⴱⵓⵍⵓⴶⵉⵙⵜ ⵜⴰⵏ ⵍⵢⵓⵏⴰⵔⴷ ⵍⵉⵢⴱⵢⵔⵎⴰⵏ ⴷ ⴼⴰⵜⵉⵎⴰⵂ ⵍⵉⵏⴷⴰ ⵋⴰⵛⴾⵙⵓⵏ “”ⴷⵓⵎⵓ ⵜⴰⵏ ⵓⴰⵔ ⵏ ⵓⵗⵢⴷ ⵏ ⵂⵢⵜⵢⵔⵓⴶⵢⵏⵢⵉⵜⵉ ⵉⵙⴰⵎⵎⵓⵜⴰⵉ ⴰⴼⵉⵙⵙⴰⵔ ⵏ ⵉⵛⵂⴰⵗⵉⴱ ⴼⵓⴾ ⵛⵂⵓⵏⴷ ⵗⴰⵙ ⴾⴰⵍⴰ ⴰⵏⵎⴰⵔⵜⴰⵉ ‘’
English: The mid-20th-century anthropologist William C. Boyd defined race as: "A population which differs significantly from other populations in regard to the frequency of one or more of the genes it possesses.
Tamasheq: “ⵢⴰⵗ ⵜⴰⵣⵓⵏⵢ ⵏ ⴰⵓⴰⵜⴰⵉ ⵓⴰⵏ 2000, ⴰⵏⵜⵂⵔⵓⴱⵓⵍⵓⴶⵉⵙⵜ ⵓⵉⵍⵍⵉⴰⵎ ⵛ. ⴱⵓⵉⴷ ⵉⵋⵋⴰ ⴰⵍⵎⴰⵗⵏⴰ ⵏ ⵜⴰⵓⵙⵢⵜ: “”ⵉⵛⵂⴰⵗⵉⴱ ⵉⵣⵍⴰⵉⴰⵏ ⵂⵓⵍⵍⴰⵏ ⵉⴷ ⵉⵛⵂⴰⵗⵉⴱ ⵜⴰⵏ ⵉⵉⵉⴰⴷ ⵙⵉⵂⴰ ⵙ ⵉⴷⴷⵉⴾⵓⴷ ⵏ ⴶⵢⵏⵢ ⵉⵉⵉⴰⵏ ⵎⵢⵗ ⴰⵋⵋⵓⵜⵏⵢⵏ ⵉⵍⴰⵂ”
English: Moreover, the anthropologist Stephen Molnar has suggested that the discordance of clines inevitably results in a multiplication of races that renders the concept itself useless.
Tamasheq: ⴰⵏⵜⵂⵔⵓⴱⵓⵍⵓⴶⵉⵙⵜ ⵙⵜⵢⴱⵂⵢⵏ ⵎⵓⵍⵏⴰⵔ ⵉⵏⵜⴰ ⴷⵢⵗ ⴰⵍⵍⴰⵗⴰⵜ ⴰⵙ ⵉⴱⴰⵏ ⴰⵈⵈⵓⴷ ⵏ ⵛⵍⵉⵏⵢⵙ ⵉⵜⴰⵔⴰⵓ ⵉⴷ ⴰⵏⴰⵜⴼⴰⵙ ⵏ ⵜⴰⵓⵙⵢⵜⵢⵏ ⵉⵋⵋⴰⵏⵢⵏ ⵉⵙⵉⵎ ⵉⵎⴰⵏ ⵏⵢⵜ ⵓⴰⵔ ⵏ ⵉⵍⴰ ⴰⵍⵆⵉⴷⵎⴰⵜ
English: Joanna Mountain and Neil Risch cautioned that while genetic clusters may one day be shown to correspond to phenotypic variations between groups, such assumptions were premature as the relationship between genes and complex traits remains poorly understood.
Tamasheq: ⵋⵓⴰⵏⵏⴰ ⵎⵓⵓⵏⵜⴰⵉⵏ ⴷ ⵏⵢⵉⵍ ⵔⵉⵙⵂ ⴰⵔⴷⴰⵂⴰⵏ ⴰⵙ ⴰⵍⵓⴰⵈ ⵓⴰ ⵉⴷ ⴶⵢⵏⵢⵜⵉⵛ ⵛⵍⵓⵙⵜⵢⵔⵙ ⵜ ⴰⴷⴷⵓⴱⴰⵜ ⴰⵛⵂⴰⵍ ⵉⵉⵉⴰⵏ ⴰⴷ ⵜⵉⵍⵓ ⵉⴷ ⴱⵂⵢⵏⵓⵜⵉⴱⵉⵛ ⴱⴰⵔⵉⴰⵜⵉⵓⵏⵙ ⵋⵉⵔ ⵜⴰⵈⵈⵉⵎⵢⵏ ,ⵎⵉⵔⴷⴰ ⵜⴰⵏ ⵛⵂⵓⵏⴷ ⵓⵉⵏ ⴰⵔⵔⵢⵔⴰⴷⴰⵏ ⴼⴰⵍ ⴰⵙ ⴰⵂⴰⵔⵓⵋ ⵋⵉⵔ ⴶⵢⵏⵢ ⵜⴰⵏ ⴷ ⵙⴰⵎⴰⵍⴰⵏ ⵎⴰⵈⵈⵓⵔⵏⵢⵏ ⵓⴰⵔ ⵉⴾⵏⴰ ⴰⵜ ⵓ ⴰⴼⵂⴰⵎ ⵂⵓⵍⵍⴰⵏ
English: Any category you come up with is going to be imperfect, but that doesn't preclude you from using it or the fact that it has utility."
Tamasheq: “ ⴷⴷⴰⴶ ⴼⵓⴾ ⴷⴰⵔ ⵉⴷ ⵓⵙⴰ ⴰⵓⴰⴷⵉⵎ ⴰⴷ ⵜ ⴰⵈⵈⵉⵍ ⴰ ⵓⴰⵔ ⵏ ⵓⵗⵢⴷ ⵎⵓⵛⵂⴰⵎ ⵓⴰⵔ ⵜ ⴰⴶⴷⴰⵍ ⵉ ⴰⵓⴰⴷⵉⵎ ⴰⵆⴰⴷⴰⵎ ⵏⵢⵜ ⵎⵢⵗ ⴰⵙ ⵜⴰⵈⵈⴰⵍ ⵂⴰⵔⴰⵜ ⵉⵍⴰⵏ ⵜⵉⵏⴼⴰ””
English: This assumed three population groups separated by large geographic ranges (European, African and East Asian).
Tamasheq: ⴰⵓⵢⵏ ⴰⵎⵓⵙ ⴾⴰⵔⴰⴷⴰⵜ ⵜⴰⵈⵈⵉⵎⵢⵏ ⵏ ⵉⵛⵂⴰⵗⵉⴱ ⴰⵣⵓⵏⴰⵏ ⵉⵜⴰⵔⵜⴰⵔⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵋⵓⴶⵔⴰⴼⵉⴰ ⵎⴰⵈⵈⵓⵔⵏⵢⵏ (ⵏ ⵢⵔⵓⴱⴰ, ⵏ ⴰⴼⵔⵉⴾⵉⵉⴰ ⴷ ⵏ ⴰⵙⵉⴰ ⵜⴰⵏ ⴰⵍⵈⵉⴱⵍⴰⵜ)
English: Anthropologists such as C. Loring Brace, the philosophers Jonathan Kaplan and Rasmus Winther, and the geneticist Joseph Graves, have argued that while there it is certainly possible to find biological and genetic variation that corresponds roughly to the groupings normally defined as "continental races", this is true for almost all geographically distinct populations.
Tamasheq: “” ⴰⵏⵜⵂⵔⵓⴱⵓⵍⵓⴶⵉⵙⵜ ⵜⴰⵏ ⵛⵂⵓⵏⴷ ⵛ. ⵍⵓⵔⵉⵏⴶ ⴱⵔⴰⵛⵢ , ⴼⵉⵍⵓⵣⵓⴼ ⵜⴰⵏ ⵂⵓⵏⴰⵜⵂⴰⵏ ⵆⴰⴱⵍⴰⵏ ⴷ ⵔⴰⵙⵓⵙ ⵓⵉⵏⵜⵂⵢⵔ ⴷ ⴶⴻⵡⵢⵏⵢⵜⵉⵛⵉⵙⵜ ⵊⵓⵙⵢⵢⵂ ⵗⵔⴰⴱⵢⵙ ⴰⵍⵍⴰⵗⵢⵏ ⴰⵙ ⴰⵍⵓⴰⵈ ⵓⴰ ⵉⴷ ⴰⴷⴷⵓⴱⴰⵜ ⴰⵜ ⵉⵋⵔⴰⵓ ⵏ ⴱⵉⵓⵍⵓⴶⵉⵛⴰⵍ ⴷ ⴶⵢⵏⵢⵜⵉⵛ ⴱⴰⵔⵉⴰⵜ ⵓⵏ ⵓⵍⴰⵂ ⵏⵢⵏ ⵂⵓⵍⵍⴰⵏ ⵉⴷ ⵜⵈⵈⵉⵎⵢⵏ ⵙ ⴰⵍⵎⴰⵗⵏⴰ ⵏⴰⵙⵏⴰⵜ “”ⵛⵓⵏⵜⵉⵏⵢ ⵢⵏⵜⴰⵍ ⵔⴰⵛⵢⵙ””, ⴰⵓⵢⵏ ⵢⵈⵈⴰⵍ ⵜⵉⴷⵉⵜⵜ ⴼⴰⵍ ⵉⵛⵂⴰⵗⵉⴱ ⵜⴰⵏ ⵉⵣⵍⴰⵉⵏⵢⵏ ⴷⴰⵗ ⵋⵓⵔⴶⵔⴰⴼⵉⴰ”
English: Weiss and Fullerton have noted that if one sampled only Icelanders, Mayans and Maoris, three distinct clusters would form and all other populations could be described as being clinally composed of admixtures of Maori, Icelandic and Mayan genetic materials.
Tamasheq: ⵓⵢⵉⵙⵙ ⴷ ⴼⵓⵍⵍⵢⵔⵜⵓⵏ ⵉⴾⵜⴰⴱⴰⵏ ⴰⵙ ⴰ ⴼⴰⵍ ⵜ ⵉⵍⵍⴰ Iⵛⵢⵍⴰⵏⴷⵢⵔⵙ ⵉⵉⵉⴰⵏ, ⵎⴰⵉⴰⵏⵙ ⴷ ⵎⴰⵔⵓⵔⵉⵙ, ⴾⴰⵔⴰⴷ ⵉⴱⴰⵔⵏⴰⵎⵉⵛⵂⴰⵏ ⵉⵣⵍⴰⵉ ⵏⵢⵏ ⴰⴷ ⴰⴾⵏⵉⵏ ⵜⵓⵍⴰⵙ ⵉⵛⵂⴰⵉⴱⴰⵏ ⴼⵓⴾ ⵓⵉ ⵉⴰⴷⵏⵢⵏ ⴰⴷⴷⵓⴱⵢⵏ ⴰⵜ ⵓ ⴰⴼⴰⵙⴰⵔⴰⵏ ⵛⵂⵓⵏⴷ ⴰⵏⵗⴰⵎⴱⴰⵍ ⵏ ⵉⵙⵓⵋ ⵏ ⵎⴰⵓ ⵓⵔⵉ, Iⵛⵢⵍⴰⵏⴷⵉⵛ ⴷ ⵎⴰⵉⴰ
English: Moreover, the genomic data underdetermines whether one wishes to see subdivisions (i.e., splitters) or a continuum (i.e., lumpers).
Tamasheq: ⵗⵢⵏⵢⵎⵉⵛ ⴹⴰⵜⴰ ⴰⵙⵉⵍⵎⴰⴷ ⴾⵓⴷ ⵉⵏⵜⴰ ⵉⵍⵍⵢ ⵉ ⴰⴷⵓⵔⵂⴰⵏⴰⵏ ⴰⴾⴰⵉⴰⴷ ⵏ ⵜⵉⵣⵓⵏⴰⵓⵢⵏ (ⴰⵓⵢⵏ ⴰⵎⵓⵙ ,ⵙⴱⵍⵉⵜⵜⵢⵔ) ⵎⵢⵗ ⵉⴾⵉ (ⴰⵓⵢⵏ ⴰⵎⵓⵙ, ⵍⵓⵎⴱⵢⵔⵙ
English: Alongside empirical and conceptual problems with "race", following the Second World War, evolutionary and social scientists were acutely aware of how beliefs about race had been used to justify discrimination, apartheid, slavery, and genocide.
Tamasheq: “ ⵎⵓⵛⵂⴰⴾⵉⵍ ⵜⴰⵏ ⵓⵉⵏ ⴰⴾⴰⵉⴰⴷ ⴷ ⵓⵉⵏ ⵜⴰ-ⵉⵜⵢ ⵜⴰⵏ ⵉⴷ “ⵜⴰⵓⵙⵢⵜ” ,ⵉⴷ ⵓⵙⴰⵏⵢⵏ ⵗⵓⵔ ⴰⴾⵉⵏⵏⴰⵙ ⵏ ⴰⵍⵗⴰⵍⵉⵎ ⵓⴰⵏ ⵉⵙⵙⵉⵏ, ⵢⴱⵓⵍⵓⵜⵉⵓⵏⴰⵔ ⴷ ⵙⵓⵛⵉⴰⵍ ⵙⵛⵉⵢⵏⵜⵉⵙ ⵜⴰⵏ ⵉⵙⵙⴰⵏⴰⵏ ⵂⵓⵍⵍⴰⵏ ⵉⵎⵎⵉⴾ ⵓⴰ ⵙ ⵎⵢⴷⵔⴰⵏ ⵜⴰⵏ ⴼⴰⵍ ⵜⴰⵓⵙⵢⵜ ⴰⵜ ⴰⵆⴰⴷⴰⵎ ⵉ ⵉⵂⵓ ⵏ ⴰⵍⵎⴰⵗⵏⴰ ⵉ ⴰⵏⵎⵉⵣⵍⴰⵉ ,ⴰⴱⴰⵔⵜⵂⵢⵉⴷ, ⵜⴰⴾⴾⵉⵍⵓⵓⴰ ⴷ ⵢⵎⵢⵙ ⵏ ⵜⴰⵓⵙⵢⵜ””
English: Craig Venter and Francis Collins of the National Institute of Health jointly made the announcement of the mapping of the human genome in 2000.
Tamasheq: ⵛⵔⴰⵉⴶ ⵢⵏⵜⵢⵔ ⴷ ⴼⵔⴰⵏⵛⵉⵙ ⵛⵓⵍⵍⵉⵏⵙ ⵏ ⵏⴰⵜⵉⵓⵏⴰⵍ Iⵏⵙⵜⵉⵜⵓⵜⵢ ⵓⴰⵏ ⴰⵙⵙⵢⵆⴰⵜ ⴰⵍⵍⴰⵗⵢⵏ ⵙ ⴰⴾⵉⵔⴷⵉ ⵏ ⴶⵢⵏⵓⵎⵢ ⵓⴰⵏ ⴰⵓⴰⴷⵉⵎ ⴷⴰⵗ ⴰⵓⴰⵜⴰⵉ ⵓⴰⵏ 2000
English: It's not a scientific one.
Tamasheq: ⵓⴰⵔ ⵢⵈⵈⵢⵍ ⵂⴰⵔⴰⵜ ⵏ ⵙⵛⵉⵢⵏⵢ
English: Anthropologist Stephan Palmié has argued that race "is not a thing but a social relation"; or, in the words of Katya Gibel Mevorach, "a metonym", "a human invention whose criteria for differentiation are neither universal nor fixed but have always been used to manage difference."
Tamasheq: “ ⴰⵏⵜⵂⵔⵓⴱⵓⵍⵓⴶⵉⵙⵜ ⵙⵜⵢⴱⵂⴰⵏ ⴱⴰⵎⵉⵢ ⴰⵍⵍⴰⵗⴰⵜ ⴰⵙ ⵜⴰⵓⵙⵢⵜ”” ⵓⴰⵔ ⵜ ⴰⵈⵈⵢⵍ ⵂⴰⵔⴰⵜ ⵎⵓⵛⵂⴰⵎ ⴰⵂⴰⵔⵢⵋ ⵏ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⴷⵓⵈ”” ⵎⵢⵗ ⴷⴰⵗ ⵎⴰⵋⵔⴰⴷ ⵓⴰⵏ ⵆⴰⵜⵉⴰ ⵗⵉⴱⵍ ⵎⵢⴱⵓⵔⴰⵛⵂ “”ⵜⴰⵏⴶⴰⵍⵜ” , ⵢⵗⴰⵏⵏⵉ ⵏ ⴰⵓⴰⴷⵉⵎ ⵙ ⵉⵛⵂⵉⵔⵉⵜⴰⵏ ⵏⵢⵜ ⵉ ⴰⵏⵎⵉⵣⵍⴰⵉ ⵓⴰⵔ ⴰⵎⵢⵙⴰⵏ ⴰ ⵉⵍⵙⴰⵏ ⴰⵍⵗⴰⵍⵉⵎ ⵎⵢⵗ ⴰ ⴰⵣⵣⵓⴾⵢⵏ ⵎⵓⵛⵂⴰⵎ ⵉⵋⵋⴰⵏ ⵂⴰⵔⴾⵓⴾ ⵉ ⴰⵆⴰⴾⴰⵎ ⴼⴰⵍ ⴰⵏⵎⵉⵣⵍⴰⵉ””
English: There, racial identity was not governed by rigid descent rule, such as the one-drop rule, as it was in the United States.
Tamasheq: ⵜⵓⵎⴰⵙⵜ ⵏ ⵜⴰⵓⵙⵢⵜ ⵓⴰⵔ ⴼⴰⵍ ⴰⵙ ⵢⵆⴾⵢⵎ ⴰⵛⵂⴰⵔⵢⵗⴰ ⴰⵙⵙⵓⵂⵢⵏ ⵛⵂⵓⵏⴷ ⴰⵛⵂⴰⵔⵢⵗⴰ ⵓⴰⵏ ⵜⵉⵜⴱⴰⵈⵢⵜ ⵏ ⴰⵛⵂⵏⵉ ⵉⵉⵉⴰⵜ ⵉⵎⵎⵉⴾ ⵓⴰ ⵙ ⵉⵋⵋⴰ ⴷⴰⵗ ⴰⵎⵢⵔⵉⴾ
English: These types grade into each other like the colors of the spectrum, and not one category stands significantly isolated from the rest.
Tamasheq: Iⵛⵛⵉⴾⵉⵍⴰⵏ ⵓⵉⵏ ⵉⵙⴾⴰⵜⴰⵏ ⵋⵉⵔ ⵉⵎⴰⵏ ⵏⴰⵙⴰⵏ ⵛⵓⵏⴷ ⴷⵓⵎⵓ ⵜⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵙⴱⵢⴾⵜⵔⵓⵎ ⵜⵓⵍⴰⵙ ⵓⴰⵔ ⵜ ⵉⵍⵍⴰ ⵢⴷⴰⴶ ⵢⵂⴰⵏ ⴰⵛⵔⵓⵜ ⴼⴰⵍ ⵓⵉ ⵉⴰⴷⵏⵢⵏ
English: New Jersey: Prentice Hall Inc, 1984.
Tamasheq: ⵏⵢⵓ ⵋⵢⵔⵙⵓⵉ: ⴱⵔⵢⵏⵜⵉⵛⵢ ⵂⴰⵍⵍ Iⵏⵛ, 1984
English: In European context, historical resonance of "race" underscores its problematic nature.
Tamasheq: “ ⴷⴰⵗ ⵜⴰⵗⴰ ⵜⴰⵏ ⵢⵔⵓⴱⴰ, ⵢⵎⴰⵙⵍⵉ ⵏ ⴰⵜⵜⴰⵔⵢⵆ ⵏ “ⵜⴰⵓⵙⵢⵜ” ⵢⵈⵈⴰⵍ ⵓⵛⵂⵓⴰⵍ ⵏ ⴰⵏⵏⵓⵗ ⵏ ⵎⵓⵛⵂⴰⴾⵉⵍ”
English: The concept of racial origin relies on the notion that human beings can be separated into biologically distinct "races", an idea generally rejected by the scientific community.
Tamasheq: “ Iⵙⵉⵎ ⵓⴰⵏ ⴰⵜⵜⵔⵢⵆ ⵏ ⵜⴰⵓⵙⵢⵜ ⵉⵋⵋⴰ ⴼⴰⵍ ⵜⴰ-ⵉⵜⵢ ⵜⴰⵏ ⴰⵙ ⴰⴷⴷⵉⵏⴰⵜ ⴰⴷⴷⵓⴱⵢⵏ ⵜⵓⵣⴰⵏⵜ ⵙ “ⵜⴰⵓⵙⵢⵜⵢⵏ” ⵏ ⴰⴱⴰⴾⵓⵔⵜ ⵉⵣⵍⴰⵉⵏⵢⵏ, ⵜⴰ-ⵉⵜⵢ ⵜⴰⵏⴾⵓⵔ ⴰⵍⵋⴰⵎⴰⵗⴰⵜ ⵜⴰⵏ ⵙⵛⵉⵢⵏⵛⵢ
English: In the United States most people who self-identify as African American have some European ancestors, while many people who identify as European American have some African or Amerindian ancestors.
Tamasheq: ⴷⴰⵗ ⴰⵎⵢⵔⵉⴾ ⴰⴷⴷⵉⵏⴰⵜ ⴰⵋⵋⵓⵜⵏⵢⵏ ⵓⵉ ⵗⴰⵔⵔⵉⵏⵢⵏ ⵉⵎⴰⵏ ⵏⴰⵙⴰⵏ ⵙ ⴾⵢⵍ ⴰⴼⵔⵉⴾⵉⵉⴰ ⵓⵉⵏ ⴰⵎⵢⵔⵉⴾ ⵉⵍⴰⵏ ⵉⵓⵉⵛⵂⴰⵔⴰⵏ ⵉⵉⵉⴰⴷ ⵏ ⵢⵔⵢⴱⴰ ⴰⵙ ⵉⵋⵋⴰ ⴰⵓⵢⵏ ⴰⴷⴷⵉⵏⴰⵜ ⵓⵉ ⵗⴰⵔⵔⵉⵏⵢⵏ ⵉⵎⴰⵏ ⵏⴰⵙⴰⵏ ⵙ ⴾⵢⵍ ⵢⵔⵓⴱⴰ ⵓⵉⵏ ⴰⵎⵢⵔⵉⴾ ⵉⵍⴰⵏ ⵉⵓⵉⵛⵂⴰⵔⴰⵏ ⵉⵉⵉⴰⴷ ⵏ ⴰⴼⵔⵉⴾⵉⵉⴰ ⵎⵢⵗ ⴰⵎⵢⵔⵉⴷⵉⵢⵏ ⵜⴰⵏ
English: The criteria for membership in these races diverged in the late 19th century.
Tamasheq: Iⵛⵂⵉⵔⵉⵜ ⵉ ⵉⵋⵋⵓⵛⵂ ⵏ ⵜⴰⵓⵙⵢⵜⵢⵏ ⵜⵉⵏ ⵓⴰⵔ ⵓⵍⴰⵂ ⴷⴰⵗ ⴰⵎⵉⵏⴷⵉ ⵏ ⴰⵓⴰⵜⴰⵉ ⵓⴰⵏ 1900
English: Amerindians continue to be defined by a certain percentage of "Indian blood" (called blood quantum).
Tamasheq: “ ⴰⵎⵢⵔⵉⴷⵉⴰⵏ ⵜⴰⵏ ⵂⴰⵔ ⴰⵋⵋⵓⴷⵉ ⵜ ⴰⵜⵓⴰⵙⴰⵏⴰⵏ ⵙ ⵉⴷⴷⵉⴾⵓⴷ ⵏ “ⴰⵛⵂⵏⵉ ⵏ ⵢⵏⴷⵓ ⵜⴰⵏ” (ⵙ ⵉⵙⵉⵎ ⵏⵢⵜ ⴰⵛⵂⵏⵉ ⵓⴰⵏ ⵈⵓⴰⵏⵜⵓⵎ)”
English: This rule meant that those that were mixed race but with some discernible African ancestry were defined as black.
Tamasheq: ⴰⵛⵂⴰⵔⵢⵗⴰ ⵓⵢⵏ ⴰⵍⵎⴰⵗⵏⴰ ⵏⵢⵜ ⴰⵙ ⴰⴷⴷⵉⵏⴰⵜ ⵓⵉⵏ ⵜⴰⵓⵙⵢⵜⵢⵏ ⴰⵔⵜⴰⵉ ⵏⵢⵏ ⵎⵓⵛⵂⴰⵎ ⵉⵍⴰⵏ ⵉⵓⵉⵛⵂⴰⵔⴰⵏ ⵏ ⴰⴼⵔⵉⴾⵉⵉⴰ ⴰⵎⵓⵙⴰⵏ ⵉⵎⵉⴾⵓⴰⵍⴰⵏ
English: The term "Hispanic" as an ethnonym emerged in the 20th century with the rise of migration of laborers from the Spanish-speaking countries of Latin America to the United States.
Tamasheq: “ Iⵙⵉⵎ” ⵓⴰⵏ “”ⵂⵉⵙⵆⴱⴰⵏⵉⵛ”” ⴰⵎⵓⵙⴰⵏ ⵜⴰⵙⴰⵙⵙⴰⵗⵔⴰⵓⵜ ⵏ ⵜⴰⵓⵙⵢⵜ ⴷⴰⴱ ⴰⵓⴰⵜⴰⵉ ⵓⴰⵏ 2000 ⵗⵓⵔ ⵜⵉⵓ-ⴰⵜ ⵏ ⵉⵙⵉⴾⵉⵍⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵉⵏⴰⵆⴷⵉⵎⴰⵏ ⵗⵔⵓ ⴰⴷⴷⴰⵓⵍⴰ ⵜⴰⵏ ⵏ ⴰⵎⵢⵔⵉⴾ ⵍⴰⵜⵉⵏ ⵓⵉ ⵙⴰⵓⴰⵍ ⵏⵢⵏ ⵙⴱⴰⵏⵉⴰ ⵂⴰⵔ ⴰⴷⴷⴰⵓⵍⴰⵜ ⵜⴰⵏ ⵢⵜⴰⵣⵓⵏⵉ”
English: Three factors, country of academic education, discipline, and age, were found to be significant in differentiating the replies.
Tamasheq: ⵆⴰⵔⴰⵜⴰⵏ ⴾⴰⵔⴰⴷ ⵏ ⴰⴷⴷⴰⵓⵍⴰ ⵜⴰⵏ ⵜⵢⵗⴰⵔⵢ , ⵎⴰⵋⴰⵍ ⴷ ⴰⵓⴰⵜⴰⵉ ⴰⵈⵈⴰⵍⴰⵏ ⴰⵙ ⴰⵎⵓⵙⴰⵏ ⴰⵙⵓⵂⵢⵏ ⴷⴰⵗ ⴰⵏⵎⵉⵣⵍⴰⵉ ⵏ ⴰⵍⵓⴰⵣⴰⴱⴰⵏ
English: In 2007, Ann Morning interviewed over 40 American biologists and anthropologists and found significant disagreements over the nature of race, with no one viewpoint holding a majority among either group.
Tamasheq: ⴷⴰⵗ ⴰⵓⴰⵜⴰⵉ ⵓⴰⵏ 2007, ⴰⵏⵏ ⵜⴰⵙⵙⵉⵜⴰⵏ ⴰ ⵓⵋⵋⴰⵔⴰⵏ 40 ⵏ ⴱⵉⵓⵍⵓⴶⵉⵙⵜ ⴷ ⴰⵏⵜⵂⵔⵓⴱⵓⵍⵓⴶⵉⵙⵜ ⵜⴰⵏ ⴷⵉⵂⵢⵏ ⵜⵉⵋⵔⴰⵓ ⵉⴱⴰⵏ ⵜⴰⵏⵎⵢⵔⴷⵓⵜ ⵎⴰⵈⵈⵓⵔⴰⵜ ⴼⴰⵍ ⴰⵏⵏⵓⵗ ⵏ ⵜⴰⵓⵙⵢⵜ ⵙ ⵓⴰⵔ ⵜ ⵉⵍⵍⴰ ⵎⴰⵋⵔⴰⴷ ⵓⵋⴰⵔⴰⵏ ⵓⵉⵏ ⵜⴰⵈⵈⵉⵎⵜ ⵜⴰ ⵉⴰⴷⴰⵜ
English: While he can see good arguments for both sides, the complete denial of the opposing evidence "seems to stem largely from socio-political motivation and not science at all".
Tamasheq: “ ⵆⵓⴷⴷⵢⵗ ⴰⵙ ⴰⴷⴷⵢⴱⴰⵜ ⴰⴾⴰⵉⴰⴷ ⴷⴰⵗ ⵉⵙⵉⴷⵓⵜⵜⴰ ⵓⵍⴰⵗ ⵏⵢⵏ ⴷⴰⵗ ⵉⵛⵂⵔⵓⵜⴰⵏ ⴼⵓⴾ, ⴰⵙⴰⴱⴱⴰⵂⵓ ⵉⴾⵎⴰⵍⴰⵏ ⴰⵙⵉⴷⵓⵜⵜⵉ ⵏ ⴰⵛⵂⵔⵓⵜ ⵓⴰ ⵉⴰⴷⴰⵏ “”ⵙ ⵜⴰⵏⵏⴰⴷ ⵉⵣⵋⴰⵔ ⵉⴷ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵜⵉⴾⵓⴰⵉⵜ ⵏ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⴷⵓⵈ ⴷ ⴼⵓⵍⵉⵜⵉⴾ ⵓⴰⴷⴷⵢⵏ ⵙⵛⵉⵢⵏⵛⵢ””
English: In partial response to Gill's statement, Professor of Biological Anthropology C. Loring Brace argues that the reason laymen and biological anthropologists can determine the geographic ancestry of an individual can be explained by the fact that biological characteristics are clinally distributed across the planet, and that does not translate into the concept of race.
Tamasheq: ⴷⴰⵗ ⴰⵍⵓⴰⵣⴰⴱ ⵉ ⵎⴰⵋⵔⴰⴷ ⵏ ⵗⵉⵍⵍ, ⵢⵎⴰⵙⵙⴰⵗⴰⵔ ⵓⴰⵏ ⴱⵉⵓⵍⵓⴶⵉ ⵜⴰⵏ ⴰⵏⵜⵂⵔⵓⴱⵓⵍⵓⴶⵉ ⵛ. ⵍⵓⵔⵉⵏⴶ ⴱⵔⴰⵛⵢ ⴰⵎⵛⵂⴰⴾⴾⴰⵜ ⴰⵙ ⵉⴷⴷⵉⵍⵉⵍ ⵓⴰ ⴼⴰⵍ ⴰⵍⵋⵓⵂⴰⵍ ⴷ ⴰⵏⵜⵂⵔⵓⴱⵓⵍⵓⴶⵉⵙⵜ ⵜⴰⵏ ⵓⵉⵏ ⴱⵉⵓⵍⵓⴶⵉ ⴰⴷⴷⵓⴱⵢⵏ ⵎⵓⵙⵏⴰⵜ ⵏ ⵉⵓⵉⵛⵂⴰⵔⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵋⵓⴶⵔⴰⴼⵉⴰ ⵜⴰⵏ ⴰⵓⴰⴷⵉⵎ ⴰⴷⴷⵓⴱⴰⵜ ⴰⴼⴰⵂⴰⵎ ⵙ ⵜⴰⵋⵓⵂⵢ ⵏ ⴰⵙ ⵙⴰⵎⴰⵍⴰⵏ ⵓⵉⵏ ⴱⵉⵓⵍⵓⴶⵉ ⴰⵣⵓⵏⴰⵏ ⴷⴰⵗ ⴰⵍⵗⴰⵍⵉⵎ ⵜⵓⵍⴰⵙ ⵓⴰⵔ ⴰⴷⴷⵓⴱⵢⵏ ⴰⴷ ⴰⴼⴰⵙⵙⴰⵔⴰⵏ ⵙ ⵉⵙⵉⵎ ⵓⴰⵏ ⵜⴰⵓⵙⵢⵜ
English: Physical anthropology texts argued that biological races exist until the 1970s, when they began to argue that races do not exist.
Tamasheq: Iⴾⵉⵜⴱⴰⵏ ⵏ ⴱⵂⵉⵙⵉⵛⴰⵍ ⴰⵏⵜⵂⵔⵓⴱⵓⵍⵓⴶⵉ ⴰⵍⵍⴰⵗⵢⵏ ⴰⵙ ⵜⴰⵓⵙⴰⵜⵢⵏ ⵜⵉⵏ ⴰⴱⴰⵔⴾⵓⵜ ⵉⵍⵍⴰⵏⴰⵜ ⵂⴰⵔ ⴷⴰⵗ ⴰⵓⴰⵜⴰⵉ ⵓⴰⵏ 1970 ⴰⵍⵓⴰⵈ ⵓⴰ ⵉⴷ ⵉⵙⵙⵉⵏⵜⴰⵏ ⴰⵎⵛⵂⵉⴾⴾⵉ ⴼⴰⵍ ⴰⵙ ⵜⴰⵓⵙⵢⵜⵢⵏ ⵓⴰⵔ ⵉⵜ ⵉⵍⵍⵢⵏⴰⵜⵆ
English: In February 2001, the editors of Archives of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine asked "authors to not use race and ethnicity when there is no biological, scientific, or sociological reason for doing so."
Tamasheq: “ⴷⴰⵗ ⴰⵉⵓⵔ ⵓⴰⵏ ⴼⵉⴱⵔⴰⵉⵉⵔ ⵏ ⴰⵓⴰⵜⴰⵉ ⵓⴰⵏ 2001, ⵢⴷⵉⵜⵓⵔ ⵜⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵉⵍⴾⴰⴷⴰⵏ ⵓⵉⵏ ⴰⵔⵓ ⵏ ⴱⵢⴷⵉⴰⵜⵔⵉⴾⵙ ⴷ ⴰⵙⴰⴼⴰⵔ ⵓⴰⵏ ⵉⵎⴰⵓⴰⴷⴰⵏ ⴰⵜⵜⴰⵔⴰⵏ ⴷⴰⵗ“”ⵉⵏⴰⴾⵜⵉⴱⴰⵏ ⴰⴷ ⵓⴰⵔ ⴰⵗⵔⵢⵏ ⵉⵙⵉⵎ ⵏ ⵜⴰⵓⵙⵢⵜ ⴰⵍⵓⴰⵈ ⵓⴰ ⵉⴷ ⵓⴰⵔ ⵜ ⵉⵍⵍⴰ ⴰⴷⴷⴰⵍⵉⵍ ⵏ ⴱⵉⵓⵍⵓⵋⵉ, ⵏ ⵙⵉⴰⵏⵙ ⵎⵢⵗ ⵏ ⵙⵓⵙⵉⵓⵍⵓⵋⵉ””
English: Morning (2008) looked at high school biology textbooks during the 1952–2002 period and initially found a similar pattern with only 35% directly discussing race in the 1983–92 period from initially 92% doing so.
Tamasheq: ⵎⵓⵔⵏⵉⵏⴶ (ⴰⵓⴰⵜⴰⵉ ⵓⴰⵏ 2008) ⵉⴾⵉⴰⴷ ⴷⴰⵗ ⴰⵍⴾⵉⵜⵜⴰⴱⴰⵏ ⵓⵉⵏ ⴱⵉⵓⵍⵓⴶⵉ ⵏ ⵍⴰⴾⴾⵓⵍ ⵓⴰⵏ ⴰⵎⵎⴰⵙ ⴷⴰⵗ ⴰⵓⴰⵜⴰⵉ ⵓⴰⵏ 1952 ⵂⴰⵔ 2002 ⵜⵓⵍⴰⵙ ⵉⵋⵔⴰⵓ ⴷⵓⵎⵓ ⵓⵍⴰⵂⴰⵏ ⵙ 35% ⵗⴰⵙ ⵉⵙⵙⵢⵓⴰⵍⴰⵏ ⴼⴰⵍ ⵜⴰⵓⵙⵢⵜ ⴷⴰⵗ ⴰⵓⴰⵜⴰⵉ ⵓⴰⵏ 1983 ⵂⴰⵔ 1992 ⵙ ⵜⵉⵣⴰⵔⴰⵜ 92% ⵗⴰⵙ ⴰ ⵉⵋⵋⴰⵏ ⴰⵓⵢⵏ
English: In general, the material on race has moved from surface traits to genetics and evolutionary history.
Tamasheq: ⴰⵙⵓⵋ ⴼⴰⵍ ⵜⴰⵓⵙⵢⵜ ⵉⵏⴾⴰⵛⵂ ⵙ ⵗⵓⵔ ⵙⴰⵎⴰⵍⴰⵏ ⵏ ⴰⵔⵓⵔⵉ ⵙ ⴶⵢⵏⵢⵜⵉⵛⵙ ⴷ ⴰⵜⵜⴰⵔⵢⵆ ⵓⴰ ⵉⴾⴾⴰⵏ ⵙ ⴷⴰⵜⴰ
English: She notes, "At best, one can conclude that biologists and anthropologists now appear equally divided in their beliefs about the nature of race."
Tamasheq: “ⵜⵉⴾⵜⴰⴱ ⴰⵙ “ⴰⴷⴷⵢⴱⴰⵜ ⴰⵓⴰⴷⵉⵎ ⴰⴷ ⵢⴾⴾⴰⵎⵎⴰⵍ ⵙ ⵜⵓⵍⴰⵗⴰⵉ ⴰ ⴱⵉⵓⵍⵓⴶⵉⵙⵜ ⵜⴰ ⵏ ⴷ ⴰⵏⵜⵂⵔⵓⴱⵓⵍⵓⴶⵉⵙⵜ ⵜⴰⵏ ⵓⴶⴷⴰⵂⴰⵏ ⴰⵎⴰⵔⴰⴷ ⵜⵓⵣⴰⵏⵜ ⴷⴰⵗ ⵎⵢⴷⵔⴰⵏ ⵜⴰⵏ ⵏⴰⵙⴰⵏ ⴼⴰⵍ ⴰⵏⵏⵓⵗ ⵓⴰⵏ ⵜⴰⵓⵙⵢⵜ “””
English: 33 health services researchers from differing geographic regions were interviewed in a 2008 study.
Tamasheq: 33 ⵏ ⵆⵢⵍ ⴼⴰⵔⴰⴾ ⴼⴰⵍ ⴰⵙⵙⵢⵆⴰⵜ ⵏ ⵔⵢⵋⵉⵢⵏ ⵜⴰⵏ ⴰⵋⵋⵢⵜⵏⵢⵏ ⴰⵜ-ⵓ-ⴰⵙⴰⵙⵜⴰⵏⴰⵏ ⴷⴰⵗ ⴼⴰⵔⴰⴾ ⵉⵋⵋⴰⵏ ⴷⴰⵗ ⴰⵓⴰⵜⴰⵉ ⵓⴰⵏ 2008
English: Many sociologists focused on African Americans, called Negroes at that time, and claimed that they were inferior to whites.
Tamasheq: ⵙⵓⵛⵉⵓⵍⵓⴶⵉⵙⵜ ⵜⴰⵏ ⴰⵋⵋⴰⵜⵏⵢⵏ ⵉⵋⵋⴰⵏ ⴰⵍⵆⵉⴷⵎⴰⵜ ⵏⴰⵙⴰⵏ ⴼⴰⵍ ⴾⵢⵍ ⴰⴼⵔⵉⴾⵉⵉⴰ ⵓⵉⵏ ⴰⵎⵢⵔⵉⴾ ⵙ ⵉⵙⵎⴰⵓⴰⵏ ⵏⴰⵙⴰⵏ ⵏⵢⴶⵔⵓ ⵜⴰⵏ ⴰⵣⵣⴰⵎⴰⵏ ⵓⵢⵏ ⵜⵓⵍⴰⵙ ⴰⵙⵉⵍⵎⴰⴷⴰⵏ ⵓⴰⵔ ⵜⴰⵏ ⵓⵋⵋⴰⵔⴰⵏ ⵉⴾⵓⴼⴰⵔ
English: In 1910, the Journal published an article by Ulysses G. Weatherly (1865-1940) that called for white supremacy and segregation of the races to protect racial purity.
Tamasheq: ⴷⴰⵗ ⴰⵓⴰⵜⴰⵉ ⵓⴰⵏ 1910, ⵋⵓⵓⵔⵏⴰⵍ ⵉⵣⵉⵣⵋⴰⵔ ⵉⴷ Iⵍⴼⵉⵙⵉⵍ ⵉⵋⵋⴰ ⵓⵍⵉⵙⵢⵙⵙ ⵗ. ⵓⵢⴰⵜⵂⵢⵔⵍⵉ (ⴰⵓⴰⵜⴰⵉ ⵓⴰⵏ 1865 ⵂⴰⵔ 1940) ⵢⵗⵔⴰⵏ ⵙ ⵜⵉⵋⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵉⴾⵓⴼⴰⵔ ⴷ ⴰⵎⴰⵙⴾⴰⵜ ⵏ ⵜⴰⵓⵙⴰⵜⵢⵏ ⵉ ⴰⵍⵗⵉⵍⵍⴰⵙ ⵏ ⵜⵉⵣⴷⵉⵋⵢ ⵏ ⵜⴰⵓⵙⵢⵜ
English: In his work, he contended that social class, colonialism, and capitalism shaped ideas about race and racial categories.
Tamasheq: ⴷⴰⵗ ⴰⵍⵆⵉⴷⵎⴰⵜ ⵏⵢⵜ, ⵢⵔⴷⴰⵗ ⴰⵙ ⵜⴰⵈⵈⵉⵎⵢⵏ ⵏ ⴰⴷⴷⵉⵏⴰⵜ ⴷⴰⵗ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⴷⵓⵈ, ⴰⵍⵉⵙⵜⵢⵗⵎⴰⵔ, ⴾⴰⴱⵉⵜⴰⵍⵉⵣⵎ ⵉⴾⵏⴰⵏ ⵜⴰ-ⵉⵜⵢ ⵜⴰⵏ ⴼⴰⵍ ⵜⴰⵓⵙⵢⵜ ⴷ ⵉⵛ ⵛⵉⴾⵉⵍ ⵏ ⵜⴰⵓⵙⵢⵜⵢⵏ
English: By 1978, William Julius Wilson (1935–) argued that race and racial classification systems were declining in significance, and that instead, social class more accurately described what sociologists had earlier understood as race.
Tamasheq: ⴷⴰⵗ ⴰⵓⴰⵜⴰⵉ ⵓⴰⵏ 1978, ⵓⵉⵍⵍⵉⴰⵎ ⵋⵓⵍⵉⵓⵙ ⵓⵉⵍⵙⵓⵏ (1935-) ⴰⵎⴰⵛⴰⴾⴾⴰⵜ ⴰⵙ ⵜⴰⵓⵙⵢⵜ ⴷ ⵙⵉⵙⵜⵢⵎ ⵜⴰⵏ ⵏ ⴰⵎⵉⵙⴾⴰⵜ ⵏ ⵜⴰⵓⵙⵢⵜⵢⵏ ⴼⴰⵏⵏⴰⵣⴰⵏ ⵂⵓⵍⵍⴰⵏ ⵜⵓⵍⴰⵙ ⵜⴰⵈⵈⵉⵎⵢⵏ ⵏ ⴰⴷⴷⵉⵏⴰⵜ ⴷⴰⵗ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⴷⵓⵈ ⵉⴾⵏⴰⵏⴰⵜ ⴰⴼⵉⵙⵙⴰⵔ ⵏ ⴰⵓⴰ ⵉⴼⵂⴰⵎⴰⵏ ⴾⵢⵍ ⴼⴰⵔⴰⴾ ⵙ ⵜⵉⵣⴰⵔⵜ ⴷⴰⵗ ⵜⴰⵓⵙⵢⵜ
English: Eduardo Bonilla-Silva, Sociology professor at Duke University, remarks, "I contend that racism is, more than anything else, a matter of group power; it is about a dominant racial group (whites) striving to maintain its systemic advantages and minorities fighting to subvert the racial status quo.
Tamasheq: “ ⴷⴷⵓⴰⵔⴷⵓ ⴱⵓⵏⵉⵍⵍⴰ-ⵙⵉⵍⴱⴰ , ⵢⵎⴰⵙⵗⴰⵔ ⵏ ⵙⵓⵛⵉⵓⵍⵓⵋⵉ ⴷⴰⵗ ⵍⴰⴾⴾⵓⵍ ⵜⴰ ⵎⴰⵈⵈⵓⵔⴰⵜ ⵏ ⵢⵓⴾⵢ, ⴰⵙⵙⵉⵍⵎⴰⴷ,”” ⴰⵔⵢⴷⵢⵗ ⴰⵙ ⴰⵏⵎⵉⵣⵍⴰⵉ ⵏ ⴰⴷⴷⵉⵏⴰⵜ ⴷⴰⵗ ⵜⵉⵋⵋⴰⵔⵜ ⵏ ⵂⴰⵔⴰⵜ ⴼⵓⴾ, ⵢⵈⵈⴰⵍ ⵂⴰⵔⴰⵜ ⵏ ⴰⵙⵙⴰⵂⴰⵜ ⵏ ⵜⴰⵈⵈⵉⵎⵜ;ⵉⵎⵓⵙ ⴰⵏⵎⵉⵋⴰⵔ ⵂⵓⵍⵍⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵜⴰⵈⵈⵉⵎⵜ ⵏ ⴰⴷⴷⵉⵏⴰⵜ (ⵉⴾⵓⴼⴰⵔ) ⴰⵆⴷⴰⵎⵏⵢⵏ ⵉ ⴰⴶ-ⴰⵣ ⵏ ⵉⵔⴰⴱⴰⵆⴰⵏ ⵏⴰⵙⴰⵏ ⴷ ⴰⴾⵉⵏⵏⴰⵙ ⵋⵉⵔ ⵜⵉⵍⴰⵈⵈⵉⵓⵢⵏ ⵉ ⴰⴷ ⴰⵍⵗⴰⵎⴰⵏ ⴰⵍⵆⴰⵍⴰⵜ ⵜⴰⵏ ⴰⵏⵎⵉⵣⵍⴰⵉ”
English: In clinical settings, race has sometimes been considered in the diagnosis and treatment of medical conditions.
Tamasheq: ⴷⴰⵗ ⵉⵂⴰⵏⴷⴰⴶⴰⵏ ⵓⵉⵏ ⵍⴰⵗⵜⵓⵔ, ⴰⵏⵎⵉⵣⵍⴰⵉ ⴰ ⵜ ⴰⵓ ⴰⵋⵔ ⴰ ⵂⵉⵏ ⴷⴰⵗ ⴰⵎⵉⵉⵉⵣ ⴷ ⴰⵙⴰⴼⴰⵔ ⵏ ⵜⵓⵔⵂⵉⵏⵏⴰ ⴰⵓⵢⵏ
English: There is an active debate among biomedical researchers about the meaning and importance of race in their research.
Tamasheq: ⵉⵍⵍⵢⵎⴰⵋⵔⴰⴷ ⵉⵋⵋⴰⵏ ⵋⵉⵔ ⴾⵢⵍ ⴼⴰⵔⴰⴾ ⵜⴰⵏ ⴼⴰⵍ ⴰⵍⵎⴰⵗⵏⴰ ⴷ ⵜⵉⵏⴼⴰ ⵏ ⴰⵏⵎⵉⵣⵍⴰⵉ ⴷⴰⵗ ⵉⵎⵓⵗ ⵏⴰⵙⴰⵏ
English: Members of the latter camp often base their arguments around the potential to create genome-based personalized medicine.
Tamasheq: ⴰⴷⴷⵉⵏⴰⵜ ⵓⵉⵏ ⵓⵛⵂⵔⴰⵉ ⵉⵋⵋⴰⵏ ⴰⵎⵛⴰⴾⴾⵉ ⵜⴰⵏ ⵏⴰⵙⴰⵏ ⴼⴰⵍ ⵜⵓⴱⴰⴱⴰⵜ ⵏ ⵢⵗⴰⵏⵏⵉ ⵏ ⴰⵙⵉⴼⵔⴰⵏ ⵉⵋⵋⴰⵏⵢⵏ ⴼⴰⵍ ⴶⵢⵏⵓⵎⵓ ⵏ ⴰⵎⵉⵔⵂⴰ
English: They argue that overemphasizing genetic contributions to health disparities carries various risks such as reinforcing stereotypes, promoting racism or ignoring the contribution of non-genetic factors to health disparities.
Tamasheq: ⵎⴰⵛⴰⴾⴾⵢⵏ ⴰⵙ ⵜⵢⵂⴰⴾⴾⵓ ⵏ ⵜⴰⵎⵗⴰⵔ ⵎⴰⵈⵈⵓⵔⴰⵜ ⵉ ⵉⵙⵉⵓⴰⴷ ⵏ ⴻⵜⴰⵔⵉ ⵉ ⴰⵏⵎⵉⵣⴰⵍⵉⴰⵏ ⵏ ⴰⵙⵙⵢⵆⴰⵜ ⴰⵂⴰⵏ ⵜⵉ ⵂⴰⵔⴰⵜⴰⵏ ⴰⵋⵋⵓⵜⵏⵢⵏ ⴰⵙⵙⵓⴾⵙⴰⴷⵏⵢⵏ ⵛⵓⵏⴷ ⴰⵙⵉⵓⴰⴷ ⵏ ⵢⵔⴾ ⴾⴰⵉⴰⴷⴰⵏ ⵏ ⴰⴷⴷⵉⵏⴰⵜ, ⴰⵙⵉⵓⴰⴷ ⵏ ⴰⵏⵎⵉⵣⵍⴰⵉ ⵎⵢⵗ ⵜⵢⵜⴰⵓⵉⵜ ⵏ ⴰⵓⴰ ⵉⵏⴼⴰ ⵜⵉⵜⴱⴰⵈⵈⴰ ⵓⴰⵔ ⵏ ⵉⵎⵓⵙ ⵜⵉⵏ ⵢⵜⴰⵔⵉ ⵉ ⴰⵏⵎⵉⵣⵍⴰⵉⴰⵏ ⵓⵉⵏ ⴰⵙⵙⵢⵆⴰⵜ
English: IC" stands for "Identification Code;" these items are also referred to as Phoenix classifications.
Tamasheq: “”ⵉⵛ”” ⴰⵎⵓⵙ “”ⴾⵓⴷ ⵓⴰⵏ ⴰⵍⴰⵎⴰⴷ”, “”ⵉⵙⵓⵋ ⵓⵉⵏ ⵉⵜ ⴰⵓⴰⵏ ⵂⴰⵙ ⵙⴰⵏ ⴱⵂⵓⵢⵏⵉⵆ ⵛⵍⴰⵙⵙⵉⴼⵉⵛⴰⵜⵉⵓⵏⵙ”
English: In many countries, such as France, the state is legally banned from maintaining data based on race, which often makes the police issue wanted notices to the public that include labels like "dark skin complexion", etc.
Tamasheq: “ ⴷⴰⴱ ⴰⴷⴷⴰⵓⵍⴰ ⵜⴰⵏ ⴰⵋⵋⵓⵜⵏⵢⵏ ⵛⵂⵓⵏⴷ ⴼⵔⴰⵏⵛⵢ, ⵉⴶⴷⴰⵍ ⴰⵛⵂⴰⵔⵢⵗⴰ ⵉ ⴰⵍⵆⴰⴾⵓⵎ ⴰⵜⴾⵓⵍ ⵏ ⵉⵙⴰⵍⴰⵏ ⵓⵉⵏ ⴰⵏⵎⵉⵣⵍⴰⵉ ⵏ ⴰⴷⴷⵉⵏⴰⵜ, ⵂⴰⵔⴰⵜ ⵉⵋⵋⴰⵏ ⴰⵍⵓⴰⵈ ⵉⵉⵉⴰⵏ ⵉ ⵎⵓⵛⵂⴰⴾⵉⵍ ⵜⴰⵏ ⵜⵉⵏ ⴱⵓⵍⵉⵙⵜⴰⵏ ⴰ ⵢⵔⵂⴰⵏ ⵉⵙⴰⵔⵗⴰⵎ ⵉ ⴰⴷⴷⵉⵏⴰⵜ ⵢⵂⴰ ⵛⵂⵓⵏⴷ “”ⵜⴰⴾⴾⴰⵓⴰⵍⵜ”” ⵢⵜⵛ”
English: Many consider de facto racial profiling an example of institutional racism in law enforcement.
Tamasheq: ⴰⴷⴷⵉⵏⴰⵜ ⴰⵋⵋⵓⵜⵏⵢⵏ ⵉⵋⵋⴰⵏ ⴰⵔⴰⴱⴰⵆ ⵏ ⴰⵏⵎⵉⵣⵍⴰⵉ ⵏ ⴰⴷⴷⵉⵏⴰⵜ ⴰⵍⵎⵉⵜⴰⵍ ⵏ ⴰⵏⵎⵉⵣⵍⴰⵉ ⴷⴰⵗ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵜⵉⴾⵓⴰⵉⵜ ⵏ ⴰⵛⵂⴰⵔⵢⵗⴰ
English: Mass incarceration is also, "the larger web of laws, rules, policies, and customs that control those labeled criminals both in and out of prison."
Tamasheq: “ ⵉⵋⵋⵉ ⵏ ⴰⴷⴷⵉⵏⴰⵜ ⴰⵋⵋⵓⵜⵏⵢⵏ ⴷⴰⵗ ⴾⴰⵙⵓ ⵉⵜⴰ ⴷⵢⵗ ⵢⵈⵈⴰⵍ “” ⵓⵢⴱ ⵓⴰ ⵎⴰⵈⵈⵓⵔⴰⵏ ⵏ ⴰⵛⵂⴰⵔⵢⵗ ⵜⴰⵏ, ⴼⵓⵍⵉⵜⵉⴾ ⵜⴰⵏ ⴷ ⴰⵍⵆⴰⵍ ⵓⴰ ⵉⵏⴰⵂⴰⴷⴰⵏ ⴷⴰⵗ ⵉⵏⴰⵙⵋⴰⴼⴰ ⵜⴰⵏ ⵓⵉⵏ ⴷⴰⵗ ⴰⵎⵎⴰⵙ ⵂⴰⴾ ⵉⴷ ⴰⵋⵋⴰⵎⴰ ⵏ ⴾⴰⵙⵓ””””
English: Many research findings appear to agree that the impact of victim race in the IPV arrest decision might possibly include a racial bias in favor of white victims.
Tamasheq: ⵉⵋⵋⴰⵔⴰⵓⴰⵏ ⵏ ⴼⴰⵔⴰⴾ ⴰⵋⵋⵓⵜⵏⵢⵏ ⴰⵔⴷⴰⵗⴰⵏ ⴼⴰⵍ ⴰⵙ ⴰⵍⴱⴰⵙ ⵓⴰⵏ ⴰⵏⵎⵉⵣⵍⴰⵉ ⴷⴰⵗ ⴰⴷⴷⴰⴱⴰⵔⴰ ⵜⴰⵏ ⵜⵉⵏ ⵉⴱⴱ ⵓⴰⵏ ⴰⵜⴰⵔⵎⴰⵙ ⴰⴷⴷⵓⴱⴰⵜ ⴰ ⵜⴰⵏⴰⵜ ⵢⵂⴰ ⵉⴱⴰⵏ ⵜⵉⴶⴷⴰⵂⵜ ⵏ ⴰⵏⵎⵉⵣⵍⴰⵉ ⴰⵙⵙⵓⴼⴰⵏ ⵉⴾⵓⴼⴰⵔ
English: Some studies have reported that races can be identified with a high degree of accuracy using certain methods, such as that developed by Giles and Elliot.
Tamasheq: ⵜⵉⵗⵉⵔ ⵜⵉⵉⵉⴰⴷ ⴰⵙⵉⵍⵎⴰⴷ ⵏⴰⵜ ⴰⵙ ⴰⵏⵎⵉⵣⵍⴰⵉ ⵏ ⴰⴷⴷⵉⵏⴰⵜ ⴰⴷⴷⵓⴱⴰⵜ ⴰⵜ ⵓ-ⵉⵍⵎⴰⴷ ⵙ ⵉⴷⴷⵉⴾⵓⴷ ⵛⵂⴰⵋⵔⵢⵏ ⵏ ⵉⵈⵈⵓⴷ ⵙ ⵉⵎⵎⵉⴾⴰⵏ ⵉⵉⵉⴰⴷ ⵛⵂⵓⵏⴷ ⵓⵉ ⵙ ⵉⵋⵋⴰ ⵗⵉⵍⵢⵙ ⴷ ⵢⵍⵍⵉⵓⵜ ⵢⴼⵢⵙ ⵏⴰⵙⴰⵏ
English: The study concluded that "The apportionment of genetic diversity in skin color is atypical, and cannot be used for purposes of classification."
Tamasheq: “ ⵜⵓⵗⴰⵔⵓ ⵜ ⴰⵙⵉⵍⵎⴰⴷ ⴰⵙ “” ⵜⴰⵣⵓⵏⵜ ⵜⴰⵏ ⴰⵏⵎⵉⵣⵍⴰⵉ ⵏ ⵢⵜⴰⵔⵉ ⴷⴰⵗ ⴷⵓⵎⵓ ⵏ ⵜⴰⵗⵉⵙⵙⴰ ⵓⴰⵔ ⵓⵍⴰ ⵜⵓⵍⴰⵙ ⵓⴰⵔ ⴰⴷⴷⵓⴱⴰⵜ ⴰⵍⵆⵉⴷⵎⴰⵜ ⵙ ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵙⴰⵏ ⴰⵗⴰⵣⴰⵏ””””
English: Cultural anthropology is a branch of anthropology focused on the study of cultural variation among humans.
Tamasheq: ⵜⵢⵗⴰⵔⵢ ⵏ ⴰⵏⵜⵔⵓⴱⵓⵍⵓⵋⵉ ⵜⴰⵏ ⴰⴶⵏⴰ ⵜⴰⵈⵈⴰⵍ ⵢⵍⴰⴾⴰⵜ ⵏ ⴰⵏⵜⵔⵓⴱⵓⵍⵓⵋⵉ ⵉⵋⵋⴰⵏ ⴼⴰⵍ ⵜⵢⵗⴰⵔⵢ ⵏ ⵉⵎⵓⵜⵜⵉⵉⴰⵏ ⵏ ⴰⴶⵏⴰ ⵙ ⴰⴷⴷⵉⵏⴰⵜ
English: In addressing this question, ethnologists in the 19th century divided into two schools of thought.
Tamasheq: ⴷⴰⵗ ⴰⵍⵓⴰⵣⴰⴱ ⵉ ⴰⵙⵉⵙⵜⴰⵏ ⵓⵢⵏ, ⵓⵜⵏⵓⵍⵓⵋⵉⵙⵜ ⵜⴰⵏ ⵓⵉⵏ ⴰⵓⴰⵜⴰⵉ ⵓⴰⵏ 1900 ⴰⵣⵓⵏⴰⵏ ⵙ ⵉⵙⵙⵉⵏ ⵍⴰⴾⴾⵓⵍ ⵜⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵎⵢⴷⵔⴰⵏ ⵜⴰⵏ
English: Some of those who advocated "independent invention", like Lewis Henry Morgan, additionally supposed that similarities meant that different groups had passed through the same stages of cultural evolution (See also classical social evolutionism).
Tamasheq: “ ⵉⵉⵉⴰⴷ ⴷⴰⵗ ⵓⵉ ⵓⴶ-ⴰⵣ ⵏⵢⵏ” ⵓⵗⵏⴰ ⵉⵋⵋⴰⵏ ⵙ ⴰⵍⵉⵙⵜⵢⵆⴰⵍ”” ⵛⵂⵓⵏⴷ ⵂⵢⵏⵔⵉ ⵎⵓⵔⴶⴰⵏ , ⵉⵙⵙⵢⵓⴰⴷ ⴰⵙ ⵜⵓⵍⴰⵜⵢⵏ ⴰⵎⵓⵙ ⵏⴰⵜ ⵜⴰⴰⵈⵉⵎⵢⵏ ⵏ ⴰⴷⴷⵉⵏⴰⵜ ⵉⵣⵍⴰⵉⵏⵢⵏ ⵓⴾⴰⵉ ⵏⴰⵜ ⵙ ⵉⵂⴰⵏⴷⴰⴶⴰⵏ ⵉⵉⵉⴰⴷ ⵏ ⴰⵎⵓⵜⵜⵉ ⵏ ⴰⴶⵏⴰ ( ⵉⴾⵉⵉⴷ ⵙⵓⵛⵉⴰⵍ ⵢⴱⵓⵍⵓⵜⵉⵏⵏⵉⵙⵎ ⵓⴰⵏ ⴰⵍⴰⵙⴰⵍ)”
English: Morgan, like other 19th century social evolutionists, believed there was a more or less orderly progression from the primitive to the civilized.
Tamasheq: ⵎⵓⴶⴰⵏ , ⵛⵂⵓⵏⴷ, ⴰⴷⴷⵉⵏⴰⵜ ⵓⵉ ⵉⴼⵍⴰⵙⵏⵢⵏ ⵙ ⴰⵎⵓⵜⵜⵉ ⵏ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⴷⵓⵈ ⵏ ⴰⵓⴰⵜⴰⵉ ⵓⴰⵏ 1900, ⵓⵔⴷⴰ ⵙ ⵉⵍⵍⵢ ⵉⴾⵉ ⵏ ⵙ ⵙⴰⵜⴰ ⵉⵓ-ⵉⴷⴰⵏ ⵎⵢⵗ ⵉⴼⵏⴰⵣⴰⵏ ⵗⵓⵔ ⵉⵓⵉⵜⵉⴰⵏ ⵓⵉⵏ ⴰⵔⵓ ⵂⴰⵔ ⴰⴾⴰⵔⴰⵛⵂ ⵏ ⵜⴰ-ⵉⵜⵓ ⵜⵓⵍⴰⵢⴱⵓⵍⵓⵜⵉⵓⵏⴰⵜ
English: Although 19th-century ethnologists saw "diffusion" and "independent invention" as mutually exclusive and competing theories, most ethnographers quickly reached a consensus that both processes occur, and that both can plausibly account for cross-cultural similarities.
Tamasheq: “ ⵆⵓⴷⴷⵢⵢⴱⵓⵍⵓⵜⵉⵓⵏ ⴰⵙ ⵢⵜⵂⵏⵍⵓⵉⵙⵜ ⵜⴰⵏ ⵓⵉⵏ ⴰⵓⴰⵜⴰⵉ ⵓⴰⵏ 1900 ⵉⴾⵉⴰⴷⴰⵏ ⴰⵙ “ ⴰⵙⵉⵍⵎⴰⴷ “ ⴷ ⵓⵗⵏⴰ ⵓⴰ ⵉⵋⵋⴰⵏ ⵙ ⴰⵍⵉⵙⵜⵢⵆⴰⵍ”” ⴰⵙ ⴰⵈⵈⴰⵍ ⵏⴰⵜ ⴼⵓⴾ ⵎⵉⵔⴷⴰ ⵜⴰⵏ ⵓⴰⵔ ⵏ ⵓⵂⵢⵔ ⵂⴰⵔⴰⵜ ⵜⵓⵍⴰⵙ ⵎⵉⵗⴰⵏⵏⴰ ⵏⵢⵏ, ⵉⵋⵋⵉⵜ ⵏ ⴾⵢⵍ ⵜⵢⵗⴰⵔⵓ ⵓⵉⵏ ⴰⴶⵏⴰ ⵢⵓⴰⴷⴰⵏ ⴷⴰⵗ ⴰⵔⵎⵓⴷ ⴰⵏⵉⴼⵂⴰⵎ ⵏ ⴰⵙ ⵜⵉⵎⴰⵛⵂⴰⵍⵢⵏ ⵜⵉⵏ ⴼⵓⴾⴱⵉⵋⵋⴰⵏⴰⵜ ⵜⵓⵍⴰⵙ ⴼⵓⴾ ⵏⴰⵙⴰⵏ ⴰⴷⴷⵓⴱⴰⵜ ⵏⴰⵜ ⵉⵋⵋⵓⵛⵂ ⵏ ⵜⵓⵍⴰⵜⵢⵏ ⵋⵉⵔ ⴰⴶⵏⴰ ⵜⴰⵏ “”
English: Boas first articulated the idea in 1887: "...civilization is not something absolute, but ... is relative, and ... our ideas and conceptions are true only so far as our civilization goes."
Tamasheq: “ ⴱⵓⴰⵙ ⴰ ⵢⵣⵣⴰⵔⴰⵏ ⵙ ⴰⵙⵉⵍⵎⴰⴷ ⵏ ⵜⴰ-ⵉⵜⵓ ⴷⴰⵗ ⴰⵓⴰⵜⴰⵉ ⵓⴰⵏ 1887 “”... ⴰⴾⴰⵔⴰⵛⵂ ⵏ ⵜⴰ-ⵉⵜⵓ ⵜⵓⵍⴰⴱⴰⵜ ⵓⴰⵔ ⵢⵈⵈⵢⵍ ⵂⴰⵔⴰⵜ ⵉⵎⴰⴷⴷⵉⵏ ⵎⵓⵛⵂⴰⵎ ⵢⵈⵈⴰⵍ ⵂⴰⵔⴰⵜ ⵓⵙⴰⵗⴰⵏ ⵜⵓⵍⴰⵙ...ⴰⵏⴰⵣⵋⵓⵎ ⵏⴰⵏⴰⵗ ⴷ ⵎⵉⵔⴷⴰ ⵜⴰⵏ ⴰⴷⴷⵓⵜⴰⵜ ⵏⴰⵜ ⴰ ⵉⵋⵋⴰ ⴰⴾⴰⵔⴰⵛⵂ ⵏ ⵜⴰ-ⵉⵜⵢ ⵜⵓⵍⴰⵗⴰⵜ ⵏⴰⵏⴰⵗ ⵉⵋⵍⴰ”””””
English: Cultural relativism involves specific epistemological and methodological claims.
Tamasheq: ⵛⵓⵍⵜⵓⵔⴰⵍ ⵔⵢⵍⴰⵜⵉⴱⵉⵙⵎ ⴰⵂⴰⵏ ⵜⵉ ⵎⵓⵜⴰⵔⵔⴰⴱⴰⵜⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵢⴱⵉⵙⵜⵢⵎⵓⵍⵓⴶⵉ ⴷ ⵎⵢⵜⵂⵓⴷⵓⵍⵓⴶⵉ
English: Cultural relativism was in part a response to Western ethnocentrism.
Tamasheq: ⵛⵓⵜⵓⵔⴰⵍ ⵔⵢⵍⴰⵜⵉⴱⵉⵙⵎ ⵢⵈⵈⴰⵍ ⴰⵍⵓⴰⵣⴰⴱ ⵉ ⵜⵓⴼⵉⵜ ⵏ ⴰⴶⵏⴰ ⵜⴰⵏ ⴼⴰⵍ ⵓⵉ ⵉⴰⴷⵏⵢⵏ ⵉⵋⵋⴰⵏ ⵗⵓⵔ ⵉⴾⵓⴼⴰⵔ
English: This understanding of culture confronts anthropologists with two problems: first, how to escape the unconscious bonds of one's own culture, which inevitably bias our perceptions of and reactions to the world, and second, how to make sense of an unfamiliar culture.
Tamasheq: ⴰⴼⴰⵂⴰⵎ ⵓⵢⵏ ⵏ ⴰⴶⵏⴰ ⴰⵙⵉⵎⵓⵈⵈⴰⵙ ⴰⵏⵜⵔⵓⴱⵓⵍⵓⵋⵉⵙⵜ ⵜⴰⵏ ⵉⴷ ⵉⵙⵙⵉⵏ ⵎⵓⵛⴰⴾⵉⵍ ⵜⴰⵏ : ⴰⵓⴰ ⵢⵣⵣⴰⵔⴰⵏ, ⵉⵏⴷⵢⴾ ⵉⵎⵎⵉⴾ ⵓⴰ ⵙ ⵂⵢ ⵉⴶⵎⵉⴷ ⴰⵓⴰⴷⵉⵎ ⵜⵢⵎⵢⴷⵜ ⵏ ⴰⴶⵏⴰ ⵏⵢⵜ ⵏ ⵉⴱⴰⵏ ⵜⴰⵏⵓⴼⵔⴰⵉ ⵙ ⵓⴰⵔ ⵢⵂⴰⵎⵉⵛ ⵢⵗⵛⴰⴷ ⵉⴾⴰⵉⴰⴷⴰⵏ ⵏⴰⵏⴰⵗ  ⴷ ⴰⵍⵓⴰⵣⴰⴱⴰⵏ ⵏⴰⵏⴰⵗ ⵉ ⴰⵍⵗⴰⵍⵉⵎ ⵜⵓⵍⴰⵙ ⵓⴰⵏ ⵉⵙⵙⵉⵏ , ⵉⵏⴷⵢⴾ ⵉⵎⵎⵉⴾ ⵓⴰ ⵙ ⵂⵢⵉⵋⵔⵓ ⴰⴶⵏⴰ ⵓⴰⵔ ⵉⵣⵣⵢⵉⴰⵗ ⴰⵓⴰⴷⵉⵎ ⴰⵍⵎⴰⵗⵏⴰ
English: One such method is that of ethnography: basically, they advocated living with people of another culture for an extended period of time, so that they could learn the local language and be enculturated, at least partially, into that culture.
Tamasheq: ⵉⵎⵎⵉⴾ ⵉⵉⵉⴰⵏ ⵛⵂⵓⵏⴷ ⵓⵢⵏ ⵢⵈⵈⴰⵍ ⵓⴰⵏ ⵜⵢⵗⴰⵔⵓ ⵏ ⴰⴶⵏⴰ: ⴰⵙⵉⵍⵎⴰⴷⴰⵏ ⵂⵓⵍⵍⴰⵏ ⵙ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵣⵓⵈ ⵉⴷ ⴰⴷⴷⵉⵏⴰⵜ ⵏ ⴰⴶⵏⴰ ⵉⵉⵉⴰⵏ ⵂⴰⵔ ⴰⵣⵣⴰⵎⴰⵏ ⵂⵉⵏ ⵉⵏⴾⴰⵛⵂⴰⵏ ; ⵂⴰⵔ ⵉⵍⵎⵉⴷⴰⵏ ⴰⴶⵏⴰ ⵏ ⴰⴾⴰⵍ ⴷ ⵓⴰⵔ ⵂⵢ ⴰⵙⵙⵓⵋⴰⵍⴰⵏ ⴾⵓⴷⴷⵢⵗ ⵙ ⴰⵛⵂⵔⵓⵜ ⴷⴰⵗ ⴰⴶⵏⴰ ⵉⵉⵉⴰⵏ
English: His approach was empirical, skeptical of overgeneralizations, and eschewed attempts to establish universal laws.
Tamasheq: ⵜⴰⵣⵓⵋⵉⵛⵂ ⵏⵢⵜ ⵜⵉⵋⵋⴰ ⴼⴰⵍ ⵎⵓⵙⵏⴰⵜ, ⴰ ⵢⵂⴰⵎⵉⵛⵂ ⴷ ⵢⵔⵢⵎⴰⵏ ⵉ ⵢⴷⵢⵉ ⵏ ⴰⵛⵂⴰⵔⵢⵗⴰ ⵜⴰⵏ ⵏ ⴰⵍⵗⴰⵍⵉⵎ
English: He believed that each culture has to be studied in its particularity, and argued that cross-cultural generalizations, like those made in the natural sciences, were not possible.
Tamasheq: Oⵔⴷⴰ ⴰⵙ ⴰⴶⵏⴰ ⴼⵓⴾ ⵉⵍⵣⴰⵎ ⵜⵢⵗⴰⵔⵢ ⵏⵢⵜ ⴷⴰⵗ ⵓⵣⵍⴰⵉ ⵏⵢⵜ ⵜⵓⵍⴰⵙ ⵎⴰⵛⴰⴾⴾⵢⵏ ⴰⵙ ⵉⵙⴰⵔⵜⵉⵉⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵋⵉⵔ ⴰⴶⵏⴰ ⵜⴰⵏ ⵛⵂⵓⵏⴷ ⵓⵉ ⵉⵋⵋⴰⵏⵢⵏ ⴷⴰⵗ ⵏⴰⵜⵓⵔⴰⵍ ⵙⵉⵛⵢⵏⵛⵢⵙ, ⵓⴰⵔ ⴰⴷⴷⵓⴱⵢⵏ ⵉⵋⵋⵉ
English: His first generation of students included Alfred Kroeber, Robert Lowie, Edward Sapir, and Ruth Benedict, who each produced richly detailed studies of indigenous North American cultures.
Tamasheq: ⴰⵜⵜⴰⵍⴰⴱⴰ ⵜⵏ ⵏⵢⵜ ⵓⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵣⴰⵔⴰⵜ ⵢⵂⴰ ⴰⵍⴼⵔⵢⴷ ⵆⵔⵓⵢⴱⵢⵔ, ⵔⵓⴱⵢⵔⵜ ⵍⵓⵓⵉⵢ, ⵢⴷⵓⴰⵔⴷ ⵙⴱⵉⵔ ⴷ ⵔⵓⵜⵂ ⴱⵢⵏⵢⴷⵉⵛⵜ, ⵙ ⵉⵉⵉⴰⵏ ⴼⵓⴾ ⵉⵋⵋⴰ ⵜⵉⵗⵉⵔ ⵜⴰⵂⴰ ⴰⵍⴼⴰⵉⴷⴰⵜ ⵏ ⴰⴶⵏⴰ ⵜⴰⵏ ⵜⵉⵏ ⴾⵢⵍ ⴰⴾⴰⵍ ⵓⴰⵏ ⴰⵎⵔⵉⴾ ⵜⴰⵏ ⵢⵎⴰⵉⵏⴰⴶ
English: The publication of Alfred Kroeber's textbook Anthropology (1923) marked a turning point in American anthropology.
Tamasheq: ⴰⵣⴰⵋⵋⵓⵔ ⵏ ⴰⵍⴾⵉⵜⵜⴰⴱ ⵏ ⴰⵏⵜⵂⵔⴱⵓⵍⵓⴶⵉ ⵓⴰⵏ ⵉⴾⵜⴰⴱ ⴰⵍⴼⵔⵢⴷ ⵆⵔⵓⵢⴱⵢⵔ ⴷⴰⵗ ⴰⵓⵜⴰⵉ ⵓⴰⵏ 1923 ⵢⵈⵈⴰⵍ ⵜⵉⵜⴱⴰⵈⵈⵢⵜ ⵎⴰⵈⵈⵓⵔⴰⵜ ⴷⴰⵗ ⴰⵎⵢⵔⵉⵛⴰⵏ ⴰⵏⵜⵂⵔⴱⵓⵍⵓⴶⵉ
English: Influenced by psychoanalytic psychologists including Sigmund Freud and Carl Jung, these authors sought to understand the way that individual personalities were shaped by the wider cultural and social forces in which they grew up.
Tamasheq: ⴰ ⵉⴷ ⵓⵎⴰⵔⴰⵏ ⴱⵙⵉⵛⵂⵓⴰⵏⴰⵍⵉⵜⵉⵛ ⴱⵙⵉⵛⵂⵓⵍⵓⴶⵉⵙⵜ ⵜⴰⵏ ⵢⵂⴰ ⵙⵉⴶⵎⵓⵏⴷ ⴼⵔⵢⵓⴷ ⴷ ⵛⴰⵔⵍ ⵋⵓⵏⴶ, ⵉⵏⴰⴾⵜⵓⴱⴰⵏ ⵓⵉⵏ ⵉⵜⵜⴰⵔⴰⵏ ⴰⴷ ⵉⴼⵂⵉⵎⴰⵏ ⵉⵎⵎⵉⴾ ⵓⴰ ⵙ ⵉⴷ ⴰⵗⵏⴰⵏⴰⵜ ⵜⵉⵛⵂⵉⵜⵢⵏ ⵏ ⴰⵓⴰⴷⵉⵎ ⴷⴰⵗ ⴰⵙⵙⴰⵂⴰⵜⵢⵏ ⵏ ⴰⴶⵏⴰ ⴷ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⴷⵓⵈ ⵜⵉ ⵉ ⴷⴰⵗ ⵉⴷⵓⴰⵍ
English: Economic anthropology as influenced by Karl Polanyi and practiced by Marshall Sahlins and George Dalton challenged standard neoclassical economics to take account of cultural and social factors, and employed Marxian analysis into anthropological study.
Tamasheq: ⴷⵛⵓⵏⵓⵎⵉⵛ ⴰⵏⵜⵂⵔⵓⴱⵓⵍⵓⴶⵉ ⴷⴰⵗ ⵢⵣⵣⴰⵔ ⵆⴰⵔⵍ ⴱⵓⴰⵏⵉⵉ ⵜⵓⵍⴰⵙ ⴰⵆⴷⴰⵎ ⵎⴰⵔⵙⵂⴰⵍⵍ ⵙⴰⵂⵍⵉⵏⵙ ⴷ ⵗⵢⵓⵔⴶⵢ ⵢⴰⵍⵜⵓⵏ ⴰⵙⵉⵍⵎⴰⴷⴰⵏ ⴰⵙ ⵓⴰⵔ ⴰⵆⵉⵢⵣⴰⵏ ⵙ ⵎⴰⵋⵔⴰⴷ ⵓⴰⵏ ⴰⵍⴰⵙⴰⵍ ⵉⵛⵂⵔⵉⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵢⴾⵓⵏⵓⵎⵉ ⵉ ⴰ ⵂⵉⵏ ⴰⴶⵔⴰⵂⴰⵏ ⵉⵏ ⴰⴶⵏⴰ ⴷ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⴷⵓⵈ ⵜⵓⵍⴰⵙ ⵉⴷ ⴰⵆⴷⴰⵎ ⵏ ⴰⵎⵉⵉⵉⵣ ⵓⴰⵏ ⵎⴰⵔⵆ ⵏ ⴰⵏⵜⵂⵔⵓⴱⵓⵍⵓⴶⵉⵛⴰⵍ ⵙⵜⵓⴷⵉ
English: In keeping with the times, much of anthropology became politicized through the Algerian War of Independence and opposition to the Vietnam War; Marxism became an increasingly popular theoretical approach in the discipline.
Tamasheq: ⴷⴰⵗ ⴰⵎⵓⵜⵜⵉ ⵏ ⴰⵣⵣⴰⵎⴰⵏⴰⵏ, ⴰⵏⵜⵂⵔⵓⴱⵓⵍⵓⴶⵉ ⵉⵋⵋⵢⵜ ⴰⴾⵉⵏⵏⴰⵙ ⵓⴰⵏ ⴰⵍⴶⵢⵔⵉⴰ ⵏ ⴰⵍⵉⵙⵜⵢⵆⵍⴰⵍ ⵏⵢⵜ ⵂⴰⵔⴰⵜ ⵏ ⴼⵓⵍⵉⵜⵉⴾ ⴷ ⴰⵏⵎⵉⵛⵂⵔⴰⵉ ⵓⴰⵏ ⴰⴾⵉⵏⵏⴰⵙ ⵓⴰⵏ ⴱⵉⵢⵜⵏⴰⵎ, ⵎⴰⵔⵆⵉⵙⵎ ⵢⵈⵈⴰⵍ ⵜⴰⵣⵓⵋⵉⵛⵂⵜ ⵂⵓⵍⵍⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵎⵉⵔⴷⴰ ⴷⴰⵗ ⵜⵢⵗⴰⵔⵢ
English: In the 1980s books like Anthropology and the Colonial Encounter pondered anthropology's ties to colonial inequality, while the immense popularity of theorists such as Antonio Gramsci and Michel Foucault moved issues of power and hegemony into the spotlight.
Tamasheq: ⴷⴰⵗ ⴰⵍⴾⵉⵜⵜⴰⴱⴰⵏ ⵓⵉⵏ 1980 ⵛⵂⵓⵏⴷ ⵓⴰⵏ ⴰⵏⵜⵂⵔⵓⴱⵓⵍⵓⴶⵉ ⴷ ⵛⵓⵍⵓⵏⵉⴰⵍ ⴻⵏⵛⵓⵓⵏⵜⵢⵔ ⵣⴰⵏⴰⵙⵋⴰⵎⵢⵏ ⵉⴷ ⵜⵢⵎⵢⴷⵜ ⵏ ⴰⵏⵜⵂⵔⵓⴱⵓⵍⵓⴶⵉ ⵙ ⴰⵏⵎⵉⵋⴰⵔ ⴷⴰⵗ ⴰⵍⵉⵙⵜⵢⵆⵎⴰⵔ ⴰⵙ ⵉⵋⵋⴰ ⴰⵓⵢⵏ ⴰⵣⴰⵋⵓⵔ ⵏ ⵉⵙⵉⵎ ⵏ ⴰⴷⴷⵉⵏⴰⵜ ⵓⵉⵏ ⵜⵂⵢⵓⵔⵉⵙⵜ ⵜⴰⵏ ⵛⵂⵓⵏⴷ ⴰⵏⵜⵓⵏⵉⵓ ⵗⵔⴰⵎⵙⵛⵉ ⴷ ⵎⵉⵛⵂⵢⵍ ⴼⵓⵓⵛⴰⵓⵍⵜ ⵉⵛⵂⵉⴾⴰⵛⵂⴰⵏ ⵎⴰⵔⵙⴰⵍⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵜⴰⵏⴰⵉⴰ ⴷ ⵜⵉⵋⵔⴰⵂⵜ ⵂⴰⵔ ⵜⴰⵏ ⵉⴾⵉⴰⴷⴰⵏ ⴰⴷⴷⵉⵏⴰⵜ
English: These interpretations must then be reflected back to its originators, and its adequacy as a translation fine-tuned in a repeated way, a process called the hermeneutic circle.
Tamasheq: ⴰⵍⵎⴰⵗⵏⴰ ⵜⴰⵏ ⵓⵉⵏ ⵉⵍⵣⴰⵎ ⴰⴷ ⴰⵋⵋⵉⵏ ⴼⴰⵍ ⵎⴰⵙⵙⴰⵓ ⵙⴰⵏ ⵜⵓⵍⴰⵙ ⴰⵈⵈⵓⴷ ⵏ ⴰⴼⵉⵙⵙⴰⵔ ⵏⵢⵜ ⵉⵣⴷⴰⵋⴰⵏ ⴷⴰⵗ ⴰⵎⴰⵙⵓⵗⴰⵍ ⵏⵢⵜ, ⵜⵉⴾⴾⵢⵍⵜ ⵙ ⵉⵙⵉⵎ ⵏⵢⵜ ⴰⴼⴰⵂⴰⵎ ⵉⵋⵋⴰⵏ ⴷⴰⵗ ⵜⴰⴷⵔⵓⵜ
English: David Schnieder's cultural analysis of American kinship has proven equally influential.
Tamasheq: ⴰⵎⵉⵉⵉⵣ ⵓⴰⵏ ⵢⴰⴱⵉⴷ ⵆⵂⵏⵉⵢⴷⵢⵔ ⵉ ⴰⴶⵏⴰ ⵏ ⵜⵢⵎⵢⴷⵜ ⵜⴰⵏ ⴰⵎⵔⵉⴾ ⵜ ⴰⵙⵉⵍⵎⴰⴷ ⵙ ⵜⵉⴶⴷⴰⵂⵜ ⵜⴰⵙⵙⵓⵂⵢⵜ
English: The method originated in the field research of social anthropologists, especially Bronislaw Malinowski in Britain, the students of Franz Boas in the United States, and in the later urban research of the Chicago School of Sociology.
Tamasheq: Iⵎⵎⵉⴾ ⵓⴰ ⵉⴷ ⵉⵣⵋⴰⵔⴰⵏ ⴷⴰⵗ ⴰⴱⴰⵔⴰ ⵓⴰⵏ ⴰⵏⵜⵂⵔⵓⴱⵓⵍⵓⴶⵉⵙⵜ ⵜⴰⵏ ⵓⵉⵏ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⴷⵓⵈ , ⵂⵓⵍⵍⴰⵏ ⴱⵔⵓⵏⵉⵙⵍⴰⵓ ⵎⴰⵍⵉⵏⵓⵓⵙⴾⵉ ⴷⴰⵗ ⴱⵔⵉⵜⴰⵏⵉⴰ, ⴰⵜⵜⴰⵍⴰⴱⴰ ⵏⵢⵜ ⴼⵔⴰⵏⵣ ⴱⵓⴰⵙ ⴷⴰⵗ ⴰⵎⵔⵉⴾ ⴷ ⴼⴰⵔⴰⴾ ⵓⴰⵏ ⵓⵛⵂⵔⴰⵉ ⵉⵋⵋⴰ ⵍⴰⴾⴾⵓⵍ ⵏ ⵛⵂⵉⵛⴰⴶⵓⵛⵂⵓⵓⵍ ⵓⴼ ⵙⵓⵛⵉⵓⵍⵓⴶⵉ
English: Walnut Creek, CA: AltaMira Press.
Tamasheq: ⵓⴰⵍⵏⵓⵜ ⵛⵔⵢⵢⴾ, ⵛⴰ: ⴰⵍⵜⴰⵎⵉⵔⴰ ⴱⵔⵢⵙⵙ
English: To establish connections that will eventually lead to a better understanding of the cultural context of a situation, an anthropologist must be open to becoming part of the group, and willing to develop meaningful relationships with its members.
Tamasheq: ⴷⴷⵢⵉ ⵏ ⵉⵂⴰⵔⵓⵋⴰⵏ ⵣⴰ ⴰⵔⵓⵏⵢⵏ ⵙ ⴰⴷⴷⵉⵏⴰⵜ ⴰⴼⴰⵂⴰⵎ ⵏ ⵜⴰⵍⵗⴰ ⵜⴰⵏ ⴰⴶⵏⴰ, ⴰⵏⵜⵂⵔⵓⴱⵓⵍⵓⴶⵉⵙⵜ ⵉⵍⵣⴰⵎ ⵜⵉ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵋⵋⵉⵛⵂ ⴰⵛⵂⵔⵓⵜ ⵏ ⵜⴰⵈⵈⵉⵎⵜ ⵜⵓⵍⴰⵙ ⴷⴰⵗ ⵢⵔⵂⴰ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵋⵋⴰ ⵜⴰⵎⵎⵉⴷⵓⵓⴰ ⵜⵉⵍⴰⵜ ⴰⵍⵎⴰⵗⵏⴰ ⵉⴷ ⴰⴷⴷⵉⵏⴰⵜ ⵓⵉⵏ
English: Before participant observation can begin, an anthropologist must choose both a location and a focus of study.
Tamasheq: ⴷⵢⴰⵔⴰⵜ ⴰⵙⵉⵏⵜⵉ ⵏ ⴰⴾⴰⵉⴰⴷ ⵓⴰⵏ ⴰⴷⴷⵉⵏⴰⵜ, ⴰⵏⵜⵂⵔⵓⴱⵓⵍⵓⴶⵉⵙⵜ ⵉⵍⵣⴰⵎ ⵜⵉ ⴰⴷ ⴰⵙⵉⵏⵏⴰⴼⵔⴰⵏ ⵢⴷⴶ ⴷ ⵢⵣⴰⵋ ⵓⴰⵏ ⵜⵢⵗⴰⵔⵢ
English: This allows the anthropologist to become better established in the community.
Tamasheq: ⴰⵓⵢⵏ ⵉⵋⵋⵔⴰⵓ ⵉ ⴰⵏⵜⵂⵔⵓⴱⵓⵍⵓⴶⵉⵙⵜ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵣⴷⴰⵗⴰⵏ ⵂⵓⵍⵍⴰⵏ ⴷⴰⵗ ⵜⴰⵓⵙⵢⵜ
English: The majority of participant observation is based on conversation.
Tamasheq: ⵉⵋⵋⵉⵜ ⵏ ⴰⴾⴰⵉⴰⴷ ⵏ ⴰⴷⴷⵉⵏⴰⵜ ⵉⵋⵋⴰ ⴼⴰⵍ ⴰⴷⵓⴰⵏⵏⵉ
English: In some cases, ethnographers also turn to structured observation, in which an anthropologist's observations are directed by a specific set of questions he or she is trying to answer.
Tamasheq: ⴷⴰⵗ ⵉⵂⴰⵏⴷⴰⴶⴰⵏ ⵉⵉⵉⴰⴷ, ⵢⵜⵂⵏⵓⴶⵔⴰⴱⵂⵢⵔ ⵜⴰⵏ ⴰⵎⵍⴰⵍⵍⴰⵉⴰⵏ ⵙ ⴰⴾⴰⵉⴰⴷ ⵉⵍⴰⵏ ⵉⵛⵂⵉⵔⵉⵜⴰⵏ, ⵙ ⴰⴷⴷⵓⴱⵢⵏ ⵉⴾⴰⵉⴰⴷⴰⵏ ⵏ ⴰⵏⵜⵂⵔⵓⴱⵓⵍⵓⴶⵉⵙⵜ ⴰ ⵜⴰⵏ ⵓⵗⴰⴷⴰⵏ ⵉⵙⵉⵙⵜⴰⵏⴰⵏ ⵙ ⴰⴷⴷⵓⴱⴰⵜ ⵎⵢⵗ ⵜⴰⴷⴷⵓⴱⴰⵜ ⴰ ⵂⴰⵙ ⵙⴰⵏ ⵢⵋ ⵎⵢⵗ ⵜⴰⵋ ⴰⵍⵓⴰⵣⴰⴱ
English: This helps to standardize the method of study when ethnographic data is being compared across several groups or is needed to fulfill a specific purpose, such as research for a governmental policy decision.
Tamasheq: ⴰⵓⵢⵏ ⵢⵈⵈⴰⵍ ⵜⴰⴷⵂⵉⵍⵜ ⵉ ⴰⵙⵉⴱⴷⴰⴷ ⵏ ⵉⵎⵎⵉⴾ ⵏ ⵜⵢⵗⴰⵔⵓ ⴰⵍⵓⴰⵈ ⵓⴰ ⵉⴷ ⵉⵙⴰⵍⴰⵏ ⵓⵉⵏ ⵢⵜⵂⵏⵓⴶⵔⴰⴱⵂ ⵜⴰⵏ ⵓⴶⴷⴰⵂⴰⵏ ⴷⴰⵗ ⵜⴰⵈⵈⵉⵎⵢⵏ ⴰⵋⵋⵓⵜⵏⵜⵏ ⵎⵢⵗ ⴰⵜ ⵓⴰⵔ ⵂⴰ ⴰⴶ-ⴰⴷ ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵙ ⵉⵉⵉⴰⵏ ⵛⵂⵓⵏⴷ ⵉⵎⵓⵗ ⵉ ⴰⴷⴷⴰⴱⴰⵔⴰ ⵏ ⴼⵓⵍⵉⵜⵉⴾ ⵜⴰⵏ ⴰⵍⵆⴰⴾⵓⵎⴰⵜ
English: Who the ethnographer is has a lot to do with what he or she will eventually write about a culture, because each researcher is influenced by his or her own perspective.
Tamasheq: ⴰⵓⴰ ⵢⵈⵈⴰⵍ ⵢⵜⵂⵏⵓⴶⵔⴰⴱⵂⵢⵔ ⵓⵂⴰⵔ ⵂⴰⵔⴰⵜ ⵉⴷ ⴰⵓⴰ ⵂⵓ ⵉⴾⵜⵉⴱ ⵎⵢⵗ ⵜⵉⴾⵜⵉⴱ ⴷⴰⵗ ⵜⵉⵍⴾⴰⵎⴰⵜ ⴼⴰⵍ ⴰⴶⵏⴰ ⴼⴰⵍ ⴰⵙ ⴰⵓ ⴼⴰⵔⴰⴾ ⴼⵓⴾ ⵢⵈⵈⴰⵍ ⴰⵙ ⴰⴾⴰⵉⴰⴷ ⵏⵢⵜ ⴰⵙⵙⴰⵂⴰⵜ ⵏⵢⵜ
English: However, these approaches have not generally been successful, and modern ethnographers often choose to include their personal experiences and possible biases in their writing instead.
Tamasheq: ⵂⴰⴾ ⵉⴷ ⵉⵋⵋⴰ ⴰⵓⵢⵏ, ⵜⵉⵣⵓⵋⵉⵛⵂⵢⵏ ⵜⵉⵏ ⵓⴰⴷⴷⵢⵏ ⴰⵍⵓⴰⵈ ⴼⵓⴾ ⵓⵗⴰⴷ ⵏⴰⵜ ⵜⵓⵍⴰⵙ ⵢⵜⵂⵏⵓⴶⵔⴰⴱⵂⵢⵔ ⵓⵉⵏ ⵓⵛⵂⵔⴰⵉ ⴰⵍⵓⴰⵈ ⵉⵉⵉⴰⵏ ⵙⴰⵏⴰⴼⵔⴰⵏⴰⵏ ⵉⵋⵋⵉ ⵏ ⵎⵓⵙⵏⴰⵜⵢⵏ ⵏⴰⵙⴰⵏ ⴷ ⴰⵏⵎⵉⵛⵂⵔⴰⴰⵏ ⴷⴰⵗ ⵉⴾⵉⵜⴱⴰⵏ ⵏⴰⵙⴰⵏ
English: An ethnography is a piece of writing about a people, at a particular place and time.
Tamasheq: ⴷⵂⵏⵓⴶⵔⴰⴱⵂⵉ ⵜⴰⵈⵈⴰⵍ ⴰⴼⵔⵓⵙ ⴰⴾⴰⵜⴰⴱ ⵉⵋⵋⴰⵏ ⴼⴰⵍ ⴰⴷⴷⵉⵏⴰⵜ, ⴷⴰⵗ ⵢⴷⴰⴶ ⵉⵉⵉⴰⵏ ⴷ ⴰⵍⵓⴰⵈ
English: A typical ethnography will also include information about physical geography, climate and habitat.
Tamasheq: ⴷⵜⵏⵓⴶⵔⴰⴼⵉ ⵏ ⴰⵍⴰⵙⴰⵍ ⵜⴰⵋⴰⵛⵂ-ⴰⵏ ⵜⴰⵜ ⵉⵙⴰⵍⴰⵏ ⵉⵋⴰⵏⵢⵏ ⴼⴰⵍ ⵜⴰⵗⵉⵙⵙⴰ ⵏ ⵋⵓⴶⵔⴰⴼⵉ , ⴰⵣⵣⴰⵎⴰⵏ ⴷ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⴷⵓⵈ
English: Boas' students such as Alfred L. Kroeber, Ruth Benedict and Margaret Mead drew on his conception of culture and cultural relativism to develop cultural anthropology in the United States.
Tamasheq: ⴰⵜⵜⴰⵍⴰⴱⴰ ⵓⵉⵏ ⴱⵓⴰ ⵛⵂⵓⵏⴷ ⴰⵍⴼⴼⵢⴷ L ⵆⵔⵓⵢⴱⵢⵔ, ⵔⵓⵜⵂ ⴱⵢⵏⵢⴷⵉⵛⵜ ⴷ ⵎⴰⵔⴶⴰⵔⵢⵜ ⵎⵢⴰⴷ ⵉⴷⵍⴰⵋⴰⵏ ⵓⴰⵏ ⴰⴶⵏⴰ ⴷ ⵛⵓⵍⵜⵓⵔⴰⵍ ⵔⵢⵍⴰⵜⵉⴱⵉⵙⵎ ⵉ ⵢⴼⵢⵙ ⵏ ⵛⵓⵍⵜⵓⵔⴰⵍ ⴰⵏⵜⵂⵔⵓⴱⵓⵍⵓⴶⵉ ⴷⴰⴱ ⴰⵎⵔⵉⴾ
English: Today socio-cultural anthropologists attend to all these elements.
Tamasheq: ⴰⵛⵂⴰⵍ ⴰⵏⵜⵂⵔⵓⴱⵓⵍⵓⴶⵉⵙⵜ ⵜⴰⵏ ⵓⵉⵏ ⴰⴶⵏⴰ ⴷ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⴰⴷⵓⵈ ⵉⵋⵋⴰⵏ ⴰⵏⵏⵉⵉⴰⵜ ⵉ ⵜⵉⵜⴱⴰⵈⵈⴰ ⵜⵉⵏ ⴼⵓⴾ
English: American "cultural anthropologists" focused on the ways people expressed their view of themselves and their world, especially in symbolic forms, such as art and myths.
Tamasheq: “”ⴰⵏⵜⵂⵔⵓⴱⵓⵍⵓⴶⵉⵙⵜ ⵜⴰⵏ ⵓⵉⵏ ⴰⴶⵏⴰ ⵏ ⴰⵎⵔⵉⴾ”” ⵉⵋⵋⴰⵏ ⴰⵍⵆⵉⴷⵎⴰⵜ ⵏⴰⵙⴰⵏ ⴼⴰⵍ ⴰⴱⴰⵔⴰ ⵜⴰⵏ ⵓⵉ ⴷⴰⵗ ⵙⴰⴾⵏⵉⵏ ⴰⴷⴷⵉⵏⴰⵜ ⵉⵎⴰⵏ ⵏⴰⵙⴰⵏ ⴷ ⴰⵍⵗⴰⵍⵉⵎ ⵏⴰⵙⴰⵏ ⵂⵓⵍⵍⴰⵏ ⴷⴰⵗ ⵉⵛⵂⵉⴾⵉⵍⴰⵏ ⵛⵂⵓⵏⴷ ⵜⵉⵎⴰⴾⵏⵓⵓⵢⵏ ⴷ ⵜⵉⵏⴼⵓⵙⵢⵏ “
English: Monogamy, for example, is frequently touted as a universal human trait, yet comparative study shows that it is not.
Tamasheq: ⴰⴷⵓⴱⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⴷⵜ ⵉⵉⵉⴰⵜ ⵢⵈⵈⴰⵍ ⴷⴰⵗ ⴰⵍⵎⵉⵜⴰⵍ ⴰⵛⵂⴰⵎⵓⵍ ⵏ ⴰⴷⴷⵉⵏⴰ ⴷⴰⵗ ⴰⵍⵗⴰⵍⵉⵎ ⵂⴰⵔⵓⴰ ⵜⵢⵗⴰⵔⵢ ⵜⴰⵙⵓⴾⵏⴰ ⴰⵙ ⴰⵓⵢⵏ ⵓⴰⵔ ⵉⵋⵋⴰ