Tamazight-NLP/NLLB-Seed_Tamasheq-Tifinagh-Script huggingface dataset:
English: The film was directed by Jamie Uys, who returned to the San a decade later with The Gods Must Be Crazy, which proved to be an international hit.
Tamasheq: ⴼⵉⵍⵎ ⴻⵣⵣⴰⵔ ⴰⵙ ⵋⴰⵎⴻⵙ ⵓⵉⵙ, ⵉⴷ ⴻⵈⵈⴰⵍⴰⵏ ⵙⴰⵏ ⵉⵓⵉⵜⵉⴰⵏ ⴷⴰⵔⴰⵜ ⴰⵓⴰ ⵉⴷ ⵜⵂⴻ ⵗⵓⴷⵙ ⵎⵓⵙⵜ ⴱⵔ ⵛⵔⴰⵣⵉ ⵉⵙⵙⵉⴼⵍⴰⵙⴰⵏ ⵙ ⴰⵙ ⴻⵈⵈⴰⵍ ⵉⵔⵔⵉⵣⴰⵗ ⴷⴰⵗ ⴰⵍⵗⴰⵍⵉⵎ
English: James A. Michener's The Covenant (1980), is a work of historical fiction centered on South Africa.
Tamasheq: ⵋⴰⵎⴻⵙ ⴰ. ⵎⵉⵛⵂⴻⵏⴻⵔ’ⵙ ⵜⵂⴻ ⵛⵓⵏⴱⴻⵏⴰⵏⵜ (1980) , ⴻⵈⵈⴰⵍ ⴰⵍⵆⵉⴷⵎⴰⵜ ⵏ ⵎⵉⵔⴷⴰ ⵏ ⴰⵜⵜⴰⵔⴻⵆ ⵉⵋⵋⴰⵏ ⴼⴰⵍ ⵙⵓⵓⵜⵂ ⴰⴼⵔⵉⵛⴰ
English: Norman Rush's 1991 novel Mating features an encampment of Basarwa near the (imaginary) Botswana town where the main action is set.
Tamasheq: Iⴾⵉⵜⵜⴰⴱ ⵓⴰⵏ ⵏⵓⵔⵎⴰⵏ ⵔⵓⵙⵂ ⴷⴰⵗ ⴰⵓⴰⵜⴰⵉ ⵓⴰⵏ 1991 ⴰⵙⵉⵔⵜⴰⵉⴰⵏ ⵙⴰⵎⴰⵍⴰⵏ ⵏ ⴰⵎⴰⵣⵣⴰⵗ ⵏ ⴱⴰⵙⴰⵔⵓⴰ ⴻⴷⴻⵙ ⵏ ⴰⵗⵔⵉⵎ ⵓⴰⵏ ⴱⵓⵜⵙⵓⴰⵏⴰ ⵉⴷ ⵜⵉⵋⵋⴰ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵛⵂⵗⵓⵍⵜ ⵜⴰ ⵜ ⵓⵋⴰⵔⴰⵜ
English: In 2007, David Gilman published The Devil's Breath.
Tamasheq: ⴷⴰⵗ ⴰⵓⴰⵜⴰⵉ ⵓⴰⵏ 2007, ⴻⴰⴱⵉⴷ ⵗⵉⵍⵎⴰⵏ ⵉⵣⵉⵣⵋⴰⵔ ⴰⵍⴾⵉⵜⵜⴰⴱ ⵜⵂⴻ ⴻⴻⴱⵉⵍ’ⵙ ⴱⵔⴻⴰⵜⵂ
English: The fiancé of the protagonist of The No.
Tamasheq: ⴰⵂⴰⵍⵉⵙ ⵓⴰⵏ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⴷⵜ ⵜⴰⵏ ⵏⵓ
English: The Germanic peoples were a historical group of people living in Central Europe and Scandinavia.
Tamasheq: ⴰⴷⴷⵉⵏⴰⵜ ⵓⵉⵏ ⵗⴻⵔⵎⴰⵏⵉ ⴰⵈⵈⴰⵍⴰⵏ ⵜⴰⵈⵈⵉⵎⵜ ⵏ ⴰⴷⴷⵉⵏⴰⵜ ⵏ ⴰⵜⵜⴰⵔⴻⵆ ⵉⵣⵣⴰⵗⵏⴻⵏ ⴷⴰⵗ ⴻⵔⵓⴱⴰ ⵜⴰⵏ ⴰⵎⵎⴰⵙ ⴷ ⵙⵛⴰⵏⴷⵉⵏⴰⴱⵉⴰ
English: In discussions of the Roman period, the Germanic peoples are sometimes referred to as Germani or ancient Germans, although many scholars consider the second term problematic, since it suggests identity with modern Germans.
Tamasheq: ⴷⴰⵗ ⵎⴰⵋⵔⴰⴷⴰⵏ ⵏ ⴰⵣⵣⴰⵎⴰⵏ ⵓⴰⵏ ⵔⵓⵎⴰ, ⴰⴷⴷⵉⵏⴰⵜ ⵓⵉⵏ ⴶⴻⵔⵎⴰⵏⵉ ⴰⵈⵈⴰⵍⴰⵏ ⴰⵍⵓⴰⵈⵈⴰⵏ ⵉⵉⵉⴰⴷ ⵜ ⴰⵓⴰⵗⵔⵉⵏⴻⵏ ⵙ ⵉⵙⵉⵎ ⵓⴰⵏ ⵗⴻⵔⵎⴰⵏⵉ ⵎⴻⵗ ⴶⴻⵔⵎⴰⵏ ⵜⴰⵏ ⵓⵉⵏ ⴰⵔⵓ, ⴾⵓⴷⴷⴻⵗ ⴰⵙ ⵉⵎⴰⵗⵔⴰⵏ ⴰⵋⵋⵓⵜⵏⴻⵏ ⵉⵋⵋⴰⵏ ⵜⴰⵙⴰⵙⵙⴰⵗⵔⴰⵓⵜ ⵜⴰⵏ ⵙⴰⵏⴰⵜⴰⵜ ⵜⵉⵏ ⵎⵓⵛⵂⴰⴾⵉⵍ ⴼⴰⵍ ⴰⵙ ⵜⴰⵈⵈⴰⵍ ⴼⴰⵍ ⴾⴰⵔⵜⵉⴷⴰⵏⵜ ⵏ ⴶⴻⵔⵎⴰⵏ ⵜⵏ ⵓⵉⵏ ⴰⵎⴰⵔⴰⴷ
English: In contrast, Roman authors first described Germanic peoples near the Rhine at the time the Roman Empire established its dominance in that region.
Tamasheq: ⴷⴰⵗ ⴰⵏⵎⵉⵣⵍⴰⵉ, ⵉⵏⴰⴾⵜⵓⴱⴰⵏ ⵓⵉⵏ ⵔⵓⵎⴰ ⴰⵍⵍⴰⵗⴻⵏ ⵙ ⴰⴷⵉⵏⴰⵜ ⵓⵉⵏ ⴶⴻⵔⵎⴰⵏⵉ ⴰⵣⵣⴰⵔⵏⴻⵏ ⴻⴷⴻⵙ ⵏ ⵔⵂⵉⵏⴻ ⴷⴰⵗ ⴰⵣⵣⴰⵎⴰⵏ ⵓⴰ ⵉⴷ ⵔⵓⵎⴰⵏ ⴻⵎⴱⵉⵔⴻ ⵉⴷⴰⵉ ⴰⵙⵙⴰⵂⴰⵜ ⵏⴻⵜ ⴼⴰⵍ ⵔⴻⵋⵉⵓⵏ ⵜⴻⵏ
English: Roman efforts to integrate the large area between Rhine and Elbe ended around 16 CE, following the major Roman defeat at the Battle of the Teutoburg Forest in 9 CE.
Tamasheq: ⴻⵉⵎⴰⵛⵂⵗⵓⵍⴻⵏ ⵏ ⵔⵓⵎⴰ ⵉ ⴰⴷ ⵜⵉⵋⵋⵉⵛⵂ ⴻⴷⴰⴶ ⵓⴰ ⵎⴰⵈⵈⵓⵔⴰⵏ ⵋⵉⵔ ⵙⵂⵉⵏⴻ ⴷ ⴻⵍⴱⴻ ⵉⵎⴷⴰ ⴻⴷⴻⵙ ⵏ 16 ⵛE ⴰ ⵉⵍⴾⴰⵎⴰⵏ ⵉ ⴻⴶⴰⴷⴰⵍ ⵓⴰ ⵎⴰⵈⵈⵓⵔⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵔⵓⵎⴰ ⴷⴰⵗ ⴰⴾⵉⵏⵏⴰⵙ ⵏ ⴰⵔⵓⵋ ⵓⴰⵏ ⵜⴻⵓⵜⵓⴱⵓⵔⴶ ⴷⴰⵗ 9 ⵛE
English: In the 3rd century the Germanic-speaking Goths dominated the Pontic Steppe, outside Germania, and launched a series of sea expeditions into the Balkans and Anatolia as far as Cyprus.
Tamasheq: ⴷⴰⵗ ⴰⵓⴰⵜⴰⵉ ⵓⴰⵏ 300 ⵗⵓⵜⵂ ⵜⴰⵏ ⵓⵉ ⵙⴰⵓⴰⵍ ⵏⴻⵏ ⴶⴻⵔⵎⴰⵏⵉⵛ ⵉⴾⵔⴰⵛⵂⴰⵏ ⴰⵙⵙⴰⵂⴰⵜ ⴼⴰⵍ ⴱⵓⵏⵜⵉⵛ ⵙⵜⴻⴱⴱⴻ, ⴰⵋⵋⴰⵎⴰ ⵏ ⵗⴻⵔⵎⴰⵏⵉⴰ ⵜⵓⵍⴰⵙ ⵙⴰⵙⵙⴰⵋⴰⵏ ⵉⵙⵉⴾⵉⵍⴰⵏ ⴼⴰⵍ ⴰⵎⴰⵏ ⵙ ⴱⴰⵍⴾⴰⵏ ⵜⴰⵏ ⴷ ⴰⵓⵙⵜⵔⴰⵍⵉⴰ ⵂⴰⵔ ⵛⵉⴱⵔⵓⵙ
English: Archaeology instead shows a complex society and economy throughout Germania.
Tamasheq: ⴰⵔⴾⴻⵓⵍⵓⵋⵉ ⵙⴰⴾⵉⵏ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⴷⵓⵈ ⵎⴰⵈⵈⵓⵔⴰⵜ ⴷ ⴰⵈⵜⵉⵙⴰⴷ ⴷⴰⵗ ⵗⴻⵔⵎⴰⵏⵉⴰ ⴼⵓⴾ ⵏⴻⵜ
English: Traditionally, the Germanic peoples have been seen as possessing a law dominated by the concepts of feuding and blood compensation.
Tamasheq: ⴷⴰⵗ ⴰⵍⴰⵙⴰⵍ, ⴰⴷⴷⵉⵏⴰⵜ ⵓⵉⵏ ⵗⴻⵔⵎⴰⵏⵉ ⵉⵜ ⴰⵓ ⴰⴾⵉⴰⴷ ⴰⵙ ⵉⵍⴰⵏ ⴰⵛⵂⴰⵔⴻⵗⴰ ⵜⵓⵋⵋⴰⵔⴰⵜ ⵏ ⵉⵙⵎⴰⵓⴰⵏ ⵓⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵎⴰⵣⴰⵍ ⵎⵓⵛⵂⴰⴾⵉⵍ ⴷ ⴰⵛⵂⵏⵉ
English: The ancient Germanic-speaking peoples probably shared a common poetic tradition, alliterative verse, and later Germanic peoples also shared legends originating in the Migration Period.
Tamasheq: ⴰⴷⴷⵉⵏⴰⵜ ⵓⵉⵏ ⴰⵔⵓ ⵙ ⴰⵓⴰⵍ ⵏⴻⵏ ⵗⴻⵔⵎⴰⵏⵉⵛ ⵓⴰⵔ ⴻⵂⴰ ⴰⵛⵂ-ⴰⴾ ⴰⵙ ⵓⵂⴰⵔⴰⵏ ⵜⵓⵎⴰⵙⵜ , ⴰⵉⴰⵜ ⵜⴰⵏ ⴰⵈⵈⵉⵔⴰⵔ ⵏⴻⵏ ⴷ ⴰⴷⴷⵉⵏⴰⵜ ⵏ ⴶⴻⵔⵎⵏⵉ ⵓⵂⴰⵔⵏⴻⵏ ⵜⵉⵏⴼⵓⵙⴻⵏ ⴷⴰⵗ ⴰⵣⵣⴰⵎⴰⵏ ⵓⴰⵏ ⵉⵙⵉⴾⵉⵍⴰⵏ
English: Even the language from which it derives is a subject of dispute, with proposals of Germanic, Celtic, and Latin, and Illyrian origins.
Tamasheq: ⵂⴰⴾ ⵉⴷ ⴰⵓⴰⵍ ⵓⴰ ⵉⴷ ⵉⵣⵋⴰⵔ ⵉⵏⵜⴰ ⴷⴻⵗ ⵜ ⵉⵋⵋⴰ ⴼⴰⵍ ⴰⵙ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵗⵉⵏⵏⴰⵏⵜ, ⵙ ⴰⵜⵜⴰⵔⴻⵆⴰⵏ ⵏⴻⵜ ⴰⵎⵓⵙⴰⵏ ⵗⴻⵔⵎⴰⵏⵉⵛ, ⵛⴻⵍⵜⵉⵛ, ⴷ ⵍⴰⵜⵉⵏ , ⴷ ⵉⵍⵍⵉⵔⵉⴰⵏ
English: Regardless of its language of origin, the name was transmitted to the Romans via Celtic speakers.
Tamasheq: ⴰ ⵉⵉⵋⴰⵏ ⴼⵓⴾ ⴷⴰⵗ ⴰⵜⵜⴰⵔⴻⵆ ⵏ ⴰⵓⴰⵍ ⵏⴻⵜ, ⵉⵙⵉⵎ ⵉⵋⵔⴰⵓⴰⵏ ⵜⵉ ⵔⵓⵎⴰⵏ ⵜⴰⵏ ⵙ ⵉⵎⴰⵙⵙⴰⵓⴰⵍⴰⵏ ⵓⵉⵏ ⵛⴻⵍⵜⵉⵛ
English: By late antiquity, only peoples near the Rhine, especially the Franks, and sometimes the Alemanni, were called Germani by Latin or Greek writers.
Tamasheq: ⴷⴰⵗ ⵓⵛⵂⵔⴰⵉⴰⵏ ⴰⵏⵜⵉⵓⵉⵜⵉ, ⴰⴷⴷⵉⵏⴰⵜ ⵗⴰⵙ ⵓⵉ ⴰⵂⴰⵏⴻⵏ ⴻⴷⴻⵙ ⵏ ⵔⵂⵉⵏⴻ ⵂⵓⵍⵍⴰⵏ ⴼⵔⴰⵏⴾ ⵜⴰⵏ ⴷ ⴰⵍⵓⴰⵈⵈⴰⵏ ⵉⵉⵉⴰⴷ ⴰⵍⴻⵎⴰⵏⵏⵉ ⵗⴰⵔ ⵉⵏ ⵜⴰⵏ ⵉⵏⴰⴾⵜⵓⴱⴰⵏ ⵓⵉⵏ ⵗⴻⵔⵎⴰⵏⵉ ⵙ ⵉⵙⵉⵎ ⵓⴰⵏ ⵍⴰⵜⵉⵏ ⵎⴻⵗ ⵗⵔⴻⴻⴾ
English: While Roman authors did not consistently exclude Celtic speaking-people, or treat the Germanic peoples as the name of a people, this new definition, by using Germanic language as the main criterion, understood the Germani as a people or nation with a stable group identity linked to language.
Tamasheq: ⵆⵓⴷⴷⴻⵗ ⴰⵙ ⵉⵏⴰⵜⵓⴾⴱⴰⵏ ⵓⵉⵏ ⵔⵓⵎⴰ ⵓⴰⵔ ⵉⴾⴾⴻⵙⴰⵏ ⴰⴷⴷⵉⵏⴰⵜ ⵓⵉ ⵙⴰⵓⴰⵍ ⵏⴻⵏ ⵛⴻⵍⵜⵉⵛ ⵎⴻⵗ ⵉⵋⵋⴰⵏ ⴰⴷⴷⵉⵏⴰⵜ ⵓⵉⵏ ⴶⴻⵔⵎⴰⵏⵉ ⵙ ⵉⵙⵉⵎ ⵓⴰⵏ ⴰⴷⴷⵉⵏⴰⵜ , ⴰⵍⵎⴰⵗⵏⴰ ⵓⴻⵏ ⴻⵉⵏⴰⵉⴰⵏ ⵙ ⴰⵙⴰⵆⴷⴰⵎ ⵏ ⴰⵓⴰⵍ ⵓⴰⵏ ⴶⴻⵔⵎⴰⵏⵉ ⵛⵂⵓⵏⴷ ⵜⵉⵜⴱⴰⵈⴻⵜ ⵜⴰ ⵜⵓⵋⴰⵔⴰⵜ , ⵉⴼⵂⴰⵎⴰⵏ ⴶⴻⵔⵎⴰⵏⵉ ⵛⵂⵓⵏⴷ ⴰⴷⴷⵉⵏⴰⵜ ⵎⴻⵗ ⴰⴷⴷⴰⵓⵍⴰ ⵜⵉⵍⴰⵜ ⴰⴷⴷⵉⵏⴰⵜ ⵙ ⵜⵓⵎⴰⵙⵜ ⵏⴰⵙⴰⵏ ⵜⴰⵣⵣⵓⴾⴰⵜ ⴷⴰⵗ ⴰⵙ ⵜⴰⵔ ⵜⴰⵉ ⵉⴷ ⴰⵓⴰⵍ
English: Some scholars studying the Early Middle Ages now stress the question of whether the Germanic peoples saw themselves as an ethnic unity, while others point to the existence of Germanic languages as a historical fact that can be used to identify Germanic peoples, regardless of whether they saw themselves as "Germanic".
Tamasheq: “ ⵉⵎⴰⵗⵔⴰⵏ ⵉⵉⵉⴰⴷ ⴰⵗⵔⴰⵏ ⵏⴻⵏ ⴻⴰⵔⵍⵉ ⵎⵉⴷⴷⵍⴻ ⴰⴶⴻⵙ ⴰⵎⴰⵔⴰⴷ ⵉⵋⵋⴰⵏ ⵜⵉⵜⴱⴰⵈⴻⵜ ⴼⴰⵍ ⴰⵙⵉⵙⵜⴰⵏ ⵓⴰⵏ ⴰⵙ ⴰⴷⴷⵉⵏⴰⵜ ⵓⵉⵏ ⴶⴻⵔⵎⴰⵏⵉⵛ ⵉⵋⵋⴰⵏ ⵉⵎⴰⵏ ⵏⴰⵙⴰⵏ ⵛⵂⵓⵏⴷ ⵜⴰⵓⵙⴻⵜ ⵜⴰⵔⵜⴰⵉⴰⵜ ⴰⵙ ⵉⵋⵋⴰ ⴰⵓⴻⵏ ⵉⵉⵉⴰⴷ ⵗⵓⵔ ⵙⴰⵏ ⴻⵎⴻⵍ ⵏ ⴰⵓⴰⵍⴰⵏ ⵓⵉⵏ ⴶⴻⵔⵎⴰⵏⵉ ⵛⵂⵓⵏⴷ ⵂⴰⵔⴰⵜ ⵏ ⴰⵜⵜⴰⵔⴻⵆ ⴰⴷⴷⵓⴱⴻⵏ ⴰⵆⴰⴷⴰⵎ ⵉ ⵎⵓⵙⵏⴰⵜ ⵏ ⴰⴷⴷⵉⵏⴰⵜ ⵓⵉⵏ ⴶⴻⵔⵎⴰⵏⵉ ⵓⴰⵔ ⵉⵣⵍⴰⵉ ⴰⵙ ⵉⴾⵉⴰⴰⴷⴰⵏ ⵉⵎⴰⵏ ⵏⴰⵙⴰⵏ ⵛⵂⵓⵏⴷ “”ⵗⴻⵔⵎⴰⵏⵉⵛ””
English: For such reasons, Goffart argues that the term Germanic should be avoided entirely in favor of "barbarian" except in the linguistic sense, and historians such as Walter Pohl have also called for the term to be avoided or used with careful explanation.
Tamasheq: “ ⴼⴰⵍ ⵉⴷⴷⵉⵍⵉⵍⴰⵏ ⵓⵉ ⴷⴰⵗ , ⵗⵓⴼⴼⴰⵔⵜ ⴰⵍⵍⴰⵗⴰⵜ ⴰⵙ ⵜⴰⵙⴰⵙⵙⴰⵗⵔⴰⵓⵜ ⵜⴰⵏ ⵗⴻⵔⵎⴰⵏⵉⵛ ⵓⴼⴰ ⴰ ⵜⴰⵏ ⴰ ⵂⴰⵙ ⵉⵛⵂⵍⵉⵉⴰⵏ ⴰⴷⴷⵉⵏⴰⵜ ⵙ “””ⴱⴰⵔⴱⴰⵔⵉⴰⵏ”” ⴰⵔ ⵙ ⴰⵍⵎⴰⵗⵏⴰ ⵏⴻⵜ ⵓⴰⵏ ⴰⵓⴰⵍ ⵜⵓⵍⴰⵙ ⴾⴻⵍ ⴰⵜⵜⴰⵔⴻⵆ ⵛⵂⵓⵏⴷ ⵓⵍⴰⵜⴻⵔ ⴱⵓⵂⵍ ⴰⵗⵔⴰⵏ ⵙ ⴰ ⵜⵉⵉⵉⵜ ⵏ ⵜⴰⵙⴰⵙⵙⴰⵗⵔⴰⵓⵜ ⵜⴻⵏ ⵎⴻⵗ ⴰⵆⴰⴷⴰⵎ ⵏⴻⵜ ⵙ ⴰⵍⵎⴰⵗⵏⴰ ⵉⵋⵋⴰⵏ ⴰⵏⵏⵉⵉⴰⵜ”
English: In Caesar's account, the clearest defining characteristic of the Germani people was that they lived east of the Rhine, opposite Gaul on the west side, an observation he made with historical digressions in his writing.
Tamasheq: ⵙ ⵛⴰⴻⵙⴰⵔ, ⵙⴰⵎⴰⵍ ⵓⴰ ⴻⵈⵈⴰⵍⴰⵏ ⵂⵓⵍⵍⴰⵏ ⵓⴰ ⴰⴼⴼⵉⵙⵙⴰⵔⴰⵏ ⴰⴷⴷⵉⵏⴰⵜ ⵓⵉⵏ ⴶⴻⵔⵎⴰⵏⵉ ⴻⵈⵈⴰⵍ ⴰⵙ ⵉⵣⵣⴰⵗⴰⵏ ⴷⴰⵗ ⴰⵍⵈⵉⴱⵍⴰⵜ ⵏ ⵔⵂⵉⵏⴻ, ⴰⵎⵍⴰⵍⵍⴰⵉⴰⵏ ⴼⴰⵍ ⵗⴰⵓⵍ ⴷⴰⵗ ⴰⵛⵂⵔⵓⵜ ⵓⴰⵏ ⴰⵜⴰⵔⴰⵎ, ⴰⴾⴰⵉⴰⴷ ⵉⵋⵋⴰ ⵙ ⵉⵙⵉⵎⵎⵓⵜⵉⵉⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵉⵏⴼⵓⵙⴻⵏ ⵏ ⴰⵜⵜⴰⵔⴻⵆ ⴷⴰⵗ ⵉⴾⵉⵜⴱⴰⵏ ⵏⴻⵜ
English: Tacitus was at times unsure whether a people were Germanic or not, expressing his uncertainty about the Bastarnae, who he says looked like Sarmatians but spoke like the Germani, about the Osi and the Cotini, and about the Aesti, who were like Suebi but spoke a different language.
Tamasheq: ⵜⴰⵛⵉⵜⵓⵙ ⴷⴰⵗ ⴰⵣⵣⴰⵎⴰⵏ ⵓⵉⵏ ⵓⴰⵔ ⵉⴾⴾⴻⵙ ⴰⵛⵂ-ⴰⴾ ⵏ ⴰⵙ ⴰⴷⴷⵉⵏⴰⵜ ⴰⵈⵈⴰⵍⴰⵏ ⵗⴻⵔⵎⵏⵉⵛ ⵎⴻⵗ ⴱⵓ,ⴰⵍⵍⴰⵗⴰⵜ ⵙ ⵉⴱⴰⵙ ⴰⵛⵂ-ⴰⴾ ⵏⴻⵜ ⴼⴰⵍ ⴱⴰⵙⵜⴰⵎⴰⴻ ⵙ ⵉⵏⵏⴰ ⴰⵙ ⵓⵍⴰⵂⴰⵏ ⵉⴷ ⵙⴰⵔⵎⴰⵜⵉⴰⵏ ⵜⴰⵏ ⵎⵓⵛⵂⴰⵎ ⵉⵙⵙⴻⵓⴰⵍ ⵛⵂⵓⵏⴷ ⵗⴻⵔⵎⴰⵏⵉ , ⴼⴰⵍ Oⵙⵉ ⴷ ⵛⵓⵜⵉⵏⵉ ⴷ ⴼⴰⵍ ⴰⴻⵙⵜⵉ ⵓⵍⴰⵂⵏⴻⵏ ⵉⴷ ⵙⵓⴻⴱⵉ ⵎⵓⵛⵂⴰⵎ ⵉⵙⵙⴻⵓⴰⵍⴰⵏ ⴰⵓⴰⵍ ⵉⵣⵍⴰⵉⴰⵏ
English: The Upper Danube served as a southern border.
Tamasheq: ⵓⴱⴱⴻⵔ ⴻⴰⵏⵓⴱⴻ ⵉⴷⵂⴰⵍ ⵙ ⴰⵙ ⴻⵈⵈⴰⵍ ⴰⵍⵆⴰⴷⵓⴷ ⵓⴰⵏ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵙⵏⴰ
English: It is unclear if these Germani spoke a Germanic language, and they may have been Celtic speakers instead.
Tamasheq: ⵓⴰⵔ ⵉⵣⵋⴻⵔ ⴰⵛⵂ-ⴰⴾ ⴾⵓⴷ ⵉⵏⵜⴰ ⵗⴻⵔⵎⴰⵏⵉ ⵜⴰⵏ ⵓⵉⵏ ⵙⴰⵓⴰⵍⴰⵏ ⴰⵓⴰⵍ ⵏ ⵗⴻⵔⵎⴰⵏⵉⵛ ⵜⵓⵍⴰⵙ ⴰⴷⴷⵓⴱⴰⵜ ⴰⵙ ⴰⵈⵈⴰⵍⴰⵏ ⵉⵎⴰⵙⴻⵓⴰⵍⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵛⴻⵍⵜⵉⵛ
English: Tacitus continues to mention Germanic tribes on the west bank of the Rhine in the period of the early Empire, such as the Tungri, Nemetes, Ubii, and the Batavi.
Tamasheq: ⵜⴰⵛⵉⵜⵓⵙ ⵓⴾⴰⵉ ⴷⴰⵗ ⵎⴰⵋⵔⴰⴷ ⵂⴰⵔ ⴰⵍⵍⴰⵗⴰⵜ ⴰⵙ ⵜⴰⵓⵙⵢⵜⵢⵏ ⵜⵉⵏ ⵗⵢⵔⵎⴰⵏⵉⵛ ⴼⴰⵍ ⴰⵛⵂⵔⵓⵜ ⵏ ⵢⵋⴰⵔⵢⵓ ⵓⴰⵏ ⴰⵜⴰⵔⴰⵎ ⵏ ⵔⵂⵉⵏⵢ ⴷⴰⵗ ⴰⵣⵣⴰⵎⴰⵏ ⵓⴰⵏ ⵢⵎⴱⵉⵔⵢ ⵓⴰ ⵢⵣⵣⴰⵔⴰⵏ ⵛⵂⵓⵏⴷ ⵜⵓⵏⴶⵔⵉ, ⵏⵢⵎⵢⵜⵢⵙ, ⵓⴱⵉⵉ, ⴷ ⴱⴰⵜⴰⴱⵉ
English: Inspired by this, these three groups are also sometimes used in older modern linguistic terminology, attempting to describe the divisions of later Germanic languages.)
Tamasheq: Iⴾⴼⴰ ⴰⵓⵢⵏ ⴰⵙⵙⴰⵂⴰⵜ, ⵜⴰⵈⵈⵉⵎⵢⵏ ⵜⵉⵏ ⴾⴰⵔⴰⴷⴰⵜ ⵉⵏⵜⴰⵏⵢⴷ ⴷⵢⵗ ⴰⵜⵜⴰⵆⴷⴰⵎ ⵏⴰⵜ ⴰⵍⵓⴰⵈⵈⴰⵏ ⴷⴰⵗ ⵎⴰⵋⵔⴰⴷ ⵓⴰⵏ ⴰⵎⴰⵔⴰⴷ ⵢⵔⵓⵓⴰⵏ , ⵢⵔⵔⴰⵎⴰⵏ ⴰⴼⵉⵙⵙⴰⵔ ⵏ ⵜⵉⵣⵓⵏⴰⵓⵢⵏ ⵏ ⴰⵓⴰⵍⴰⵏ ⵓⵉⵏ ⴷⴰⵔⴰⵜ ⵏ ⵗⵢⵔⵎⴰⵏⵉ)
English: Herminones or Hermiones in the interior, included the Suevi, the Hermunduri, the Chatti, the Cherusci according to Pliny.
Tamasheq: ⵂⵢⵔⵎⵉⵏⵓⵏⵢⵙ ⵎⵢⵢⵗ ⵂⵢⵔⵎⵉⵓⵏⵢⵙ ⴷⴰⵗ ⴰⵎⵎⴰⵙ ⵢⵂⴰ ⵙⵓⵢⴱⵉ, ⵂⵢⵎⵓⵏⴷⵓⵔⵉ, ⵛⵂⴰⵜⵜⵉ, ⵛⵂⵢⵔⵓⵙⵛⵉ ⴷⴰⵗ ⴰⵓⴰ ⵉⵏⵏⴰ ⴱⵍⵉⵏⵉ
English: On the other hand, Tacitus wrote in the same passage that some believe that there are other groups which are just as old as these three, including "the Marsi, Gambrivii, Suevi, Vandilii".
Tamasheq: “ ⴷⴰⵗ ⴰⵛⵂⵔⵓⵜ ⵉⵉⵉⴰⵏ ⵜⴰⵛⵉⵜⵓⵙ ⵉⴾⵜⴰⴱ ⴷⴰⵗ ⵢⴷⴰⴶⴶ ⵓⵢⵏ ⴰⵙ ⴰⴷⴷⵉⵏⴰⵜ ⵉⵉⵉⴰⴷ ⵓⵔⴷⴰⵂⴰⵏ ⴰⵙ ⵉⵍⵍⴰⵏ ⵜⵉ ⵜⴰⵈⵈⵉⵎⵢⵏ ⵜⵉⵉⵉⴰⴷ ⵉⵋⵋⴰⵏⵢⵏ ⵜⵓⵙⴰⵔⴰⵉ ⵜⴰⵏ ⵓⵉⵏ ⴾⴰⵔⴰⴷ ⵢⵂⴰ “”ⵎⴰⵔⵙⵉ, ⵗⴰⵎⴱⵔⵉⴱⵉⵍⵉ, ⴱⴰⵏⴷⵉⵍⵉⵉ”””
English: Strabo, who focused mainly on Germani between the Elbe and Rhine, and does not mention the sons of Mannus, also set apart the names of Germani who are not Suevian, in two other groups, similarly implying three main divisions: "smaller German tribes, as the Cherusci, Chatti, Gamabrivi, Chattuarii, and next the ocean the Sicambri, Chaubi, Bructeri, Cimbri, Cauci, Caulci, Campsiani".
Tamasheq: “ⵙⵜⵔⴰⴱⵓ ⵉⵋⵋⴰⵏ ⴰⵍⵆⵉⴷⵎⴰⵜ ⵗⴰⵙ ⴼⴰⵍ ⵗⵢⵔⵎⴰⵏⵉ ⵋⵉⵔ ⵢⵍⴱⵢ ⴷ ⵔⵂⵉⵢ ⵜⵓⵍⴰⵙ ⵓⴰⵔ ⵢⵗⵔⴰ ⴰⵔⴰⵜⴰⵏ ⵓⵉⵏ ⵎⴰⵏⵏⵓⵙ , ⵓⵍⴰⵙ ⵂⴰⵔ ⴰⵋⵋⵓⴷⵉ ⴰⵙⴾⵓⵜ ⵏ ⵉⵙⵎⴰⵓⴰⵏ ⵓⵉⵏ ⵗⵢⵔⵎⴰⵏⵉ ⵓⴰⵔ ⵏ ⴰⵈⵈⵢⵍ ⵙⵓⵢⴱⴰⵉⴰⵏ, ⴷⴰⵗ ⵜⴰⵈⵈⵉⵎⵢⵏ ⵜⵉⵉⵉⴰⴷ ⴰⵂⴰⵏⴰⵜ ⵜⵓⵣⴰⵏⴰⵓⵢⵏ ⴾⴰⵔⴰⴷⴰⵜ ⵓⵍⴰⵂⵏⵢⵏ , “”ⵜⴰⵓⵙⵢⵜⵢⵏ ⵎⴰⴷⵔⵓⵉⵏⵢⵏ ⵏ ⵗⵢⵔⵎⴰⵏⵉ ⵛⵂⵓⵏⴷ ⵛⵂⵢⵔⵓⵙⵛⵉ, ⵛⵂⴰⵜⵉ, ⵛⴰⵎⴰⴱⵔⵉⴱⵉ, ⵛⵂⴰⵜⵜⵓⴰⵔⵉⵉ, ⴷ ⵢⵋⴰⵔⵢⵓ ⵓⴰ ⵎⴰⵈⵈⵓⵔⴰⵏ ⵙⵉⵛⴰⵎⴱⵔⵉ, ⵛⵂⴰⵓⴱⵉ, ⴱⵔⵓⵛⵜⵢⵔⵉ,ⵛⵉⵎⴱⵔⵉ, ⵛⴰⵓⵛⵉ, ⵛⴰⵓⵍⵛⵉ, ⵛⴰⵎⴱⵙⵉⴰⵏⵉ””
English: During the Pre-Germanic linguistic period (2500–500 BCE), the proto-language has almost certainly been influenced by linguistic substrates still noticeable in the Germanic phonology and lexicon.
Tamasheq: ⴷⴰⵗ ⴰⵣⵣⴰⵎⴰⵏ ⵓⴰ ⵢⵣⵣⴰⵔⴰⵏ ⵉ ⴰⵓⴰⵍ ⵓⴰⵏ ⴶⵢⵔⵎⴰⵏⵉⵛ (ⵋⵉⵔ ⴰⵓⴰⵜⴰⵉ ⵓⴰⵏ 2500 ⵂⴰⵔ 500 ⴷⴰⵜⴰ ⴰⵏⵏⴰⴱⵉ ⵗⵉⵙⴰ), ⴰⵓⴰⵍ ⵉⴾⵏⴰⵏ ⵙⵓⴱⵙⵜⵔⴰⵜⵢ ⵜⴰⵏ ⵓⵉⵏ ⴰⵓⴰⵍ ⵜⴰⵔⵏⴰ ⵂⵓⵍⵍⴰⵏ ⵂⴰⵔⴰⵜ ⵢⵈⵈⴰⵍⴰⵏ ⴰ ⵉⵍⴰⵏ ⵉⵋⴰⵔ ⵉ ⵂⴰⵔ ⴰⵋⵋⵓⴷⵉ ⴷⴰⵗ ⵉⵎⴰⵙⵍⴰⵏ ⵏ ⴰⵓⴰⵍ ⵓⴰⵏ ⵗⵢⵔⵎⴰⵏⵉⵛ ⴷ ⴰⵍⴾⵉⵜⵜⴰⴱ
English: There is also a great deal of influence in vocabulary from the Celtic languages, but most of this appears to be much later, with most loanwords occurring either before or during the sound shift described by Grimm's Law.
Tamasheq: ⵜⵉⵍⵍⵢ ⴰⵙⵙⴰⵂⴰⵜ ⵎⴰⵈⵈⵓⵔⴰⵜ ⴷⴰⵗ ⵉⵙⵎⴰⵓⴰⵏ ⵏ ⴰⵓⴰⵍⴰⵏ ⵓⵉⵏ ⵛⵢⵍⵜⵉⵛ ⵎⵓⵛⵂⴰⵎ ⴷⴰⵗ ⵉⵋⵋⵉⵜ ⵏⵜ ⴰⵓⵢⵏ ⵉⵋⵋⴰ ⴷⴰⵗ ⵓⵛⵂⵔⴰⵉ ⵙ ⵉⵋⵋⵉⵜ ⵏ ⵉⵙⵎⴰⵓⴰⵏ ⵏ ⴰⵙⵙⵓⴼⴰⴷⵏⵢⵏ ⵉⵋⵋⴰ ⴷⴰⵜⴰ ⵎⵢⵗ ⴷⴰⵗ ⴰⵎⵓⵜⵜⵉ ⵏ ⵢⵎⴰⵙⵍⵉ ⵙ ⵉⵎⵎⵉⴾ ⵓⴰ ⵙⵜⵉ ⴰⵍⵍⴰⵗⴰⵜ ⵗⵔⵉⵎⵎ’ⵙ ⵍⴰⵓ
English: Although Proto-Germanic is reconstructed without dialects via the comparative method, it is almost certain that it never was a uniform proto-language.
Tamasheq: ⵆⵓⴷⴷⵢⵗ ⴰⵙ ⴱⵔⵓⵜⵓ-ⴶⵢⵔⵎⴰⵏⵉⴾ ⵜⵉⴷⴰⵉ ⵂⴰⵔ ⴰⵋⵋⵓⴷⵉ ⵓⴰⵍⴰ ⴰⵓⴰⵍⴰⵏ ⵙ ⵉⵎⵎⵉⴾ ⵉⴾⴰⵜⴰⵏ, ⵉⴶⵎⴰⴷ ⴰⵛⵂ-ⴰⴾ ⴰⵙ ⴾⴰⵍⴰ ⵓⴰⵔ ⵢⵈⵈⵢⵍ ⴰⵓⴰⵍ ⵓⵍⴰⵂⴰⵏ
English: The earliest attested runic inscriptions (Vimose comb, Øvre Stabu spearhead), initially concentrated in modern Denmark and written with the Elder Futhark system, are dated to the second half of the 2nd century CE.
Tamasheq: ⵉⵗⴰⵣⴰⵏⴰⵏ ⵓⵉ ⴰⵣⵣⴰⵔⵏⵢⵏ ⵏ ⵔⵓⵏⵛ (ⴱⵉⵎⵓⵙⵢ ⵛⵓⵎⴱ, ⵓⴱⵔⵢ ⵙⵜⴰⴱⵓ ⵙⴱⵢⴰⵔⵂⵢⴰⴷ) ⵙ ⴾⴰⵍⴰ ⵉⵋⵋⴰ ⴼⴰⵍ ⵙⴰⵏⵎⴰⵔⴾ ⵜⴰⵏ ⴰⵎⴰⵔⴰⴷ ⵜⵓⵍⴰⵙ ⵉⴾⵜⴰⴱⴰⵏ ⵙ ⵙⵉⵙⵜⵢⵎ ⵓⴰⵏ ⴰⵔⵓ ⵏ ⴼⵓⵜⵂⴰⵔⴾ, ⵉⵋⵋⴰⵏ ⴷⴰⵗ ⵜⴰⵣⵓⵏⵢ ⵜⴰⵏ ⵙⴰⵏⴰⵜ ⵏ ⴰⵓⴰⵜⴰⵉ ⵓⴰⵏ 200 ⵛⴹ
English: However, the merging of unstressed Proto-Germanic vowels, attested in runic inscriptions from the 4th and 5th centuries CE, also suggests that Primitive Norse could not have been a direct predecessor of West Germanic dialects.
Tamasheq: ⵂⴰⵔ ⴰⵋⵋⵓⴷⵉ, ⴰⵣⴰⵋⵓⵔ ⵓⴰⵏ ⵉⵎⴰⵙⵍⴰⵏ ⵏ ⴱⵔⵓⵜⵓ-ⴶⵢⵔⵎⴰⵏⵉⵛ ⵓⴰⵔ ⵏ ⴰⵜⴱⴰⵈⵈⴰⵜ ⴰⵙⵓⴷⴰⵜⵜⴰⵜ ⵉⵗⴰⵣⴰⵏⴰⵏ ⵓⵉⵏ ⵔⵓⵏⵉⵛ ⴷⴰⵗ ⴰⵓⴰⵜⴰⵉ ⵓⴰⵏ 400 ⴷ 500 ⵛⵢ ⵜⵓⵍⴰⵙ ⴰⵙⵉⵍⵎⴰⴷ ⴰⵙ ⴱⵔⵉⵎⵉⵜⵉⴱⵢ ⵏⵓⵔⵙⵢ ⵓⴰⵔ ⵂⵢ ⵢⵈⵈⵉⵍ ⴰ ⵢⵣⵣⴰⵔⴰⵏ ⵉ ⴰⵓⴰⵍⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵗⵢⵔⵎⴰⵏⵉ ⵓⵉⵏ ⴰⵜⴰⵔⴰⵎ ⴱ
English: By the late 3rd century CE, linguistic divergences like the West Germanic loss of the final consonant -z had already occurred within the "residual" Northwest dialect continuum.
Tamasheq: “ ⴷⴰⵗ ⵓⵛⵂⵔⴰⵉ ⵏ ⴰⵓⴰⵜⴰⵉ ⵓⴰⵏ 300 ⵛE, ⴰⵏⵎⵉⵛⵂⵔⴰⵉⴰⵏ ⵏ ⴰⵓⴰⵍ ⵛⵂⵓⵏⴷ ⵉⴱⴰⵏ ⵢⵗⴰⵙ ⵓⴰⵏ ⵤ ⴷⴰⵗ ⴰⵓⴰⵍ ⵓⴰⵏ ⵗⵢⵔⵎⴰⵏⵉⵛ ⵜⴰⵏ ⴰⵜⴰⵔⴰⵎ ⵉⵋⵋⴰ ⴷⴰⵗ ‘’ ⵔⵢⵙⵉⴷⵓⴰⵍ’ ⵏⴰⵓⴰⵍ ⵓⴰⵏ ⵢⵎⴰⵉⵏⴰⵋ ⴷⴰⵗⴰⵜⴰⵔⴰⵎ
English: The inclusion of the Burgundian and Vandalic languages within the East Germanic group, while plausible, is still uncertain due to their scarce attestation.
Tamasheq: ⵉⵋⵋⵓⵛⵂ ⵏ ⴰⴰⵍⴰⵏ ⵓⵉⵏ ⴱⵓⵔⴶⵓⵏⴷⵉⴰⵏ ⴷ ⴱⴰⵏⴷⴰⵍⵉⵛ ⴷⴰⵗ ⵜⴰⵈⵈⵉⵎⵜ ⵜⴰ ⵗⵢⵔⵎⴰⵏⵉⵛ ⵜⴰⵏ ⴰⵍⵈⵉⴱⵍⴰⵜ ⵂⴰⵔ ⴰⵋⵋⵓⴷⵉ ⵓⴰⵔ ⵜⵉ ⵢⵂⴰ ⴰⵛⵂ-ⴰⴾ ⴼⴰⵍ ⵉⴱⴰⵏ ⴰⴷⵓⵜⵜⵉ ⵏⴰⵙⴰⵏ
English: A society is a group of individuals involved in persistent social interaction, or a large social group sharing the same spatial or social territory, typically subject to the same political authority and dominant cultural expectations.
Tamasheq: ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⴷⵓⵈ ⵜ-ⴰⵈⵈⴰⵍ ⵜⴰⵈⵈⵉⵎⵜ ⵏ ⴰⴷⴷⵉⵏⴰⵜ ⵋⵉⵔ ⵉⵍⴰ ⴰⵂⴰⵔⵓⵋ ⵎⵢⵗ ⵜⴰⵈⵈⵉⵎⵜ ⵎⴰⵈⵈⵓⵔⴰⵜ ⵜⵓⵂⴰⵔⴰⵜ ⴰⵎⴰⴷⴰⵍ ⵎⵢⵗ ⴰⵂⵉⵏⵣⴰⵣⴰⵗ ⵓⵍⴰⵂⴰⵏ . ⵉⵍⴾⴰⵎⴰⵏ ⵉ ⴰⵍⵆⴰⴾⵓⵎⴰⵜ ⵏ ⴼⵓⵍⵉⵜⵉⴾ ⵜⵓⵍⴰⵂⴰⵜ ⴷ ⵎⵉⵔⴷⴰ ⵏ ⴰⴶⵏⴰ ⵜⴰⵏ
English: Societies construct patterns of behavior by deeming certain actions or speech as acceptable or unacceptable.
Tamasheq: ⵜⵉⵎⵉⵣⴷⴰⵈ ⵉⴷⴰⵉ ⵏⴰⵜ ⵉⵛⵂ-ⵉⴾⵉⵍⴰⵏ ⵏ ⴰⵍⵆⴰⵍ ⵙ ⴰⵛⵂⴰⵔⴰⵗ ⵏ ⴰⵍⵆⵉⴷⵎⴰⵜⵢⵏ ⵜⵉⵉⵉⴰⴷ ⵎⵢⵗ ⵎⴰⵋⵔⴰⴷ ⵉⵍⴰⵏ ⴰⵗⴰⴱⴰⵍ ⵎⵢⵗ ⵉⵓⴰⵔ ⵜ ⵏ ⵉⵍⴰ
English: Insofar as it is collaborative, a society can enable its members to benefit in ways that would otherwise be difficult on an individual basis; both individual and social (common) benefits can thus be distinguished, or in many cases found to overlap.
Tamasheq: ⴰ ⵉⵋⵋⴰ ⵜ ⵓⵂⴰⵔ ⵏ ⴰⵍⵆⵉⴷⵎⴰⵜ, ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⴷⵓⵈ ⵜ ⴰⴷⴷⵓⴱⴰⵜ ⴰ ⵜⵉⵋⵔⵓ ⵉ ⴰⴷⴷⵉⵏⴰⵜ ⴰⴷ ⴰⵋⴰⵔⴰⵓ ⵙ ⵉⵎⵎⵉⴾⴰⵏ ⴰⵙⵙⵓⵂⴰⵜⵏⵢⵏ ⴷⴰⵗ ⵜⴰⵋⵉⵜⵜⴰⵓⵜ ⵜⴰⵏ ⵉⵉⵉⴰⵏ ⴼⵓⴾ; ⴼⵓⴾ ⴰⵓⴰⴷⵉⵎ ⴷ ⵜⵉⵏⴼⴰⵓⵢⵏ (ⵓⵂⴰⵔⵏⵢⵏ) ⴰⴷⴷⵓⴱⴰⵜ ⵏⴰⵜ ⴰⵏⵎⵉⵣⵍⴰⵉ ⵎⵢⵗ ⴷⵗ ⵉⵂⴰⵏⴷⴰⴶⴰⵏ ⴰⵋⵋⵓⵜⵏⵢⵏ ⵜⵉⵏⵎⵉⵛⵂⵔⵉⵉⴰⵏ
English: This was in turn from the Latin word societas, which in turn was derived from the noun socius ("comrade, friend, ally"; adjectival form socialis) used to describe a bond or interaction between parties that are friendly, or at least civil.
Tamasheq: “ ⴰⵓⵢⵏ ⵉⵣⵋⴰⵔ ⵉⴷ ⵉⵙⵉⵎ ⵙⵓⵛⵉⵢⵜⴰⵙ ⵏ ⴰⵓⴰⵍ ⵓⴰⵏ ⵍⴰⵜⵉⵏ, ⵙ ⵉⵏⵜⴰ ⴷⵢⵗ ⵉⵣⵋⴰⵔ ⵉⴷ ⵉⵙⵉⵎ ⵓⴰⵏ ⵙⵓⵛⵉⵓⵙ (“””ⴰⵏⴰⵔⵂⴰⵋ, ⴰⵎⵉⴷⵉ, ⴰⵎⴰⴷⵂⴰⵍ””; ⴷⵓⵎⵓ ⵏ ⴰⴷⵋⵢⴾⵜⵉⴼ ⵜⴰⵏ ⵙⵓⵛⵉⴰⵍⵉⵙ) ⵢⵈⵈⴰⵍ ⴰⵙⵉⵍⵎⴰⴷ ⵏ ⴰⵙⵙⴰⵗ ⵎⵢⵗ ⴰⵂⴰⵔⵓⵋ ⵋⵉⵔ ⵉⵛⵂⵔⵓⵜⴰⵏ ⵓⵉ ⴰⵈⵈⴰⵍ ⵏⵢⵏ ⵉⵎⵉⴷⵉⵓⴰⵏ ⵎⵢⵗ ⴰⵓⴰ ⵉⴷ ⵓⵔⴰⴾⴰⵏ ⵎⴰⵓⴰⵜⵉⵏ”
English: In the 1630s it was used in reference to "people bound by neighborhood and intercourse aware of living together in an ordered community".
Tamasheq: “ ⴷⴰⵗ ⴰⵓⴰⵜⴰⵉ ⵓⴰⵏ 1630 ⵢⵈⵈⴰⵍ ⵎⴰⵔⵋⴰⵗ ⵉ ‘”ⴰⴷⴷⵉⵏⴰⵜ ⵓⵙⴰⵗ ⵜⴰ-ⵉⵜⵢ ⵜⴰⵏ ⴰⵂⴰⵔⴰⵋ ⴷ ⵋⵉⵎⴰⵗ ⵏ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⴷⵓⵈ ⴷⴰⵗ ⵢⴷⴰⴶ ⵉⵉⵉⴰⵏ ⴷⴰⵗ ⵜⴰⵓⵙⵢⵜ ⵜⵓⵗⴰⴷⴰⵜ”””
English: These structures may have varying degrees of political power, depending on the cultural, geographical, and historical environments that these societies must contend with.
Tamasheq: Iⴷⵢⵉⴰⵏ ⵓⵉⵏ ⴰⴷⴷⵓⴱⵢⵏ ⴰⴷ ⴰⵏⵎⴰⵣⵍⴰⵉⴰⵏ ⵙ ⴷⵢⴶⵔⵢ ⵜⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵜⴰⵏⴰⵉⴰ ⵜⴰⵏ ⴼⵓⵍⵉⵜⵉⴾ ⵉⵍⴾⵎⴰⵏ ⵉ ⴰⴶⵏⴰ , ⵋⵓⴶⵔⴰⴼⵉⴰ ⴷ ⵉⵂⵉⵏⵣⵓⵣⴰⵗ ⵓⵉⵏ ⴰⵜⵜⴰⵔⵢⵆ ⵙ ⵉⵍⵣⴰⵎ ⵜⵉⵎⵉⵣⴷⴰⵈ ⵜⵉⵏ ⴰ ⴷⴰⵔ ⵙⴰⵏ ⴰⵔⵜⵉⵉⴰⵏ
English: Tribal societies in which there are some limited instances of social rank and prestige.
Tamasheq: ⵜⵉⵎⵉⵣⴷⴰⵈ ⵜⵉⵏ ⵜⴰⵓⵙⵢⵜⵢⵏ ⴷⴰⵗ ⵓⴰⵔ ⵉⵋⵋⵉⵜⴰⵏ ⴰⵍⵎⵉⵜⴰⵍⴰⵏ ⵏ ⴰⵏⵎⵉⵣⴰⵔ ⴷ ⵙⵢⵎⵗⴰⵔ
English: This cultural evolution has a profound effect on patterns of community.
Tamasheq: ⴰⵎⵓⵜⵜⵉ ⵏ ⴰⴶⵏⴰ ⵓⵢⵏ ⵉⵍⴰ ⵜⵉⴾⵎⴰ ⵛⵂⴰⵋⵔⵜ ⴼⴰⵍ ⴷⵓⵎⵓ ⵜⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵜⴰⵓⵙⵢⵜ
English: Cities turned into city-states and nation-states.
Tamasheq: ⵉⵗⴰⵔⵎⴰⵏ ⴰⵎⵎⵓⵜⴰⵉⴰⵏ ⵙ ⵛⵉⵜⵉ-ⵙⵜⴰⵜⵢ ⵜⴰⵏ ⴷ ⵏⴰⵜⵉⵓⵏ-ⵙⵜⴰⵜⵢⵙ
English: Conversely, members of a society may also shun or scapegoat any members of the society who violate its norms.
Tamasheq: ⴰⴷⴷⵉⵏⴰⵜ ⵓⵉ ⵏ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⴷⵓⵈ ⴰⴷⴷⵓⴱⵢⵏ ⴰⴷ ⴰⵛⵂⵉⵍⴰⵏ ⵎⵢⵗ ⵜⴰⴷⵍⵉⵎⵜ ⵏ ⴰⵓⴰⴷⵉⵎ ⴼⵓⴾ ⵏ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⴷⵓⵈ ⵓⴰⵔ ⵏ ⵙⵢⵎⵗⴰⵔ ⴰⵛⵂⴰⵔⵢⵗⴰ ⵜⴰⵏ ⵓⵉⵏ
English: Some societies bestow status on an individual or group of people when that individual or group performs an admired or desired action.
Tamasheq: ⵜⵉⵎⵉⵣⴷⴰⵗ ⵜⵉⵉⵉⴰⴷ ⵂⴰⴾⴾⵉⵏⴰⵜ ⵜⵉⵛⵂⵉⵜ ⵉ ⴰⵓⴰⴷⵉⵎ ⵎⵢⵗ ⵜⴰⵈⵈⵉⵎⵜ ⵏ ⴰⴷⴷⵉⵏⴰⵜ ⴰⵍⵓⴰⵈ ⴰⵓⴰⴷⵉⵎ ⵎⵢⵗ ⵜⴰⵈⵈⵉⵎⵜ ⵜⵉⵋⵋⴰ ⴰⵍⵆⵉⴷⵎⴰⵜ ⵜⵓⵍⴰⵗⴰⵜ ⵎⵢⵗ ⵜⴰⵏ ⴷⵢⵔⵂⴰⵏ
English: Although humans have established many types of societies throughout history, anthropologists tend to classify different societies according to the degree to which different groups within a society have unequal access to advantages such as resources, prestige, or power.
Tamasheq: ⵆⵓⴷⴷⵢⵗ ⴰⵙ ⴰⴷⴷⵉⵏⴰⵜ ⵉⴷⴰⵉⴰⵏ ⴷⵓⵎⵓ ⵜⴰⵏ ⴰⵋⵋⵓⵜⵏⵢⵏ ⴷⴰⵗ ⴰⵜⵜⵔⵢⵆ, ⴰⵏⵜⵂⵔⵓⴱⵓⵍⵓⴶⵉⵙⵜ ⵜⴰⵏ ⵓⵎⴰⵔⴰⵏ ⵙ ⴰⵙⴾⵓⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵉⵎⵉⵣⴷⴰⵗ ⵙ ⴷⵢⴶⵔⵢ ⵓⴰ ⵙ ⵏ ⴰⵎⴰⵋⴰⵔⴰⵏ ⵜⴰⵈⵈⵉⵎⵢⵏ ⵙ ⴰⵋⵋⴰⵓ ⵏ ⵜⵉⵏⴼⴰ ⵛⵂⵓⴷ ⴰⵍⴼⴰⵉⴷⴰ ⵜⴰⵏ ⴰⴾⴰⵍ, ⵙⵢⵗⵎⴰⵔ ⵎⵢⵗ ⵜⴰⵏⴰⵉⴰ
English: However, some hunting and gathering societies in areas with abundant resources (such as people of tlingit) lived in larger groups and formed complex hierarchical social structures such as chiefdom.
Tamasheq: ⵂⴰⴾ ⵉⵋⵋⴰ ⴰⵓⵢⵏ , ⵉⵂⵓⵉⵉ ⵜⴰⵏ ⵉⵉⵉⴰⴷ ⴷ ⵉⵙⵉⴷⵉⵓⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵉⵎⵉⵣⴷⴰⵗ ⵓⴰⵔ ⵏ ⵉⵍⴰ ⴰⵍⴼⴰⵉⴷⴰ ⵜⴰⵏ ⵏ ⴰⴾⴰⵍ (ⵛⵂⵓⵏⴷ ⴰⴷⴷⵉⵏⴰⵜ ⵓⵉⵏ ⵜⵍⵉⵏⴶⵉⵜ) ⵜⵉⵣⵣⴰⵗⴰⵜ ⴷⴰⵗ ⵜⴰⵈⵈⵉⵎⵢⵏ ⵜⵉ ⵎⴰⵈⵈⵓⵔⵏⵢⵏ ⵜⵓⵍⴰⵙ ⴰⵈⵈⴰⵍⴰⵏ ⵉⴷⵢⵉⴰⵏ ⵎⴰⵈⵈⵔⵏⵢⵏ ⵏ ⴰⵏⵎⵉⵍⵍⵍⴰⵍ ⵛⵂⵓⵏⴷ ⵜⴰⵎⵎⴰⵏⵓⴾⵉⵍⴰ
English: Statuses within the tribe are relatively equal, and decisions are reached through general agreement.
Tamasheq: ⵜⵉⵛⵂⵉⵜ ⴷⴰⵗ ⵜⴰⵓⵙⵢⵜ ⵜⴰⵈⵈⴰⵍ ⴰ ⵓⴶⴷⴰⵂⴰⵏ ⵜⵓⵍⴰⵙ ⴰⴷⴷⴰⵔⴰ ⵜⴰⵏ ⵢⵓⴰⴷⴰⵏ ⵙ ⴰⵏⵉⴼⵂⴰⵎⴰⵏ ⵓⴰⵔ ⵉⵙⵙⴰⵔⵜⴰⵉⴰⵏ
English: There are no political offices containing real power, and a chief is merely a person of influence, a sort of adviser; therefore, tribal consolidations for collective action are not governmental.
Tamasheq: ⵓⴰⵔ ⵜ ⵉⵍⵍⵢⵏ ⴱⵉⵔⵓ ⵜⴰⵏ ⵏ ⴼⵓⵍⵉⵜⵉⴾ ⵜⴰⵂⴰ ⵜⵏⴰⵉⴰ ⵜⴰⵏ ⵜⴰⵏⴰⵜ ⵜⵓⵍⴰⵙ ⴰⵎⴰⵏⵓⴾⴰⵍ ⵢⵈⵈⴰⵍ ⵗⴰⵙ ⴰⵓⴰⴷⵉⵎ ⵉⵍⴰⵏ ⴰⵙⵙⴰⵂⴰⵜ, ⵛⵂⵓⵏⴷ ⵓⴰⵏ ⴰⴷⴷⴰⴱⴰⵔⴰ ⵜⴰⵏ, ⵉ ⴰⴷ ⵓⴰⵔ ⴰⴰⵈⵈⵢⵍⴰⵏ ⴰⵙⵙⴰⵙⴰⵏ ⵂⴰⵔⴰⵜ ⵏ ⴰⵍⵆⴰⴾⵓⵎ
English: Because their food supply is far more reliable, pastoral societies can support larger populations.
Tamasheq: ⴼⴰⵍ ⴰⵙ ⵉⵂⵓⴾ ⵏ ⴰⵎⴰⵏⵙⵉ ⵏⴰⵙⴰⵏ ⵉⵍⴰ ⵜⴰⴼⵍⴰⵙⵜ ⵂⵓⵍⵍⴰⵏ , ⵜⵉⵎⵉⵣⴷⴰⵈ ⵜⵉⵏ ⴰⵙⵙⴰⵆⵔⴰ ⴷⴷⵓⴱⴰⵜ ⵏⴰⵜ ⵜⴰⴷⵂⵂⵉⵍ ⵜⴰⵏ ⵉⵛⵂⴰⵗⵉⴱⴰⵏ
English: For example, some people become craftworkers, producing tools, weapons, and jewelry, among other items of value.
Tamasheq: ⴰⵍⵎⵉⵜⴰⵍ ⴰⴷⴷⵉⵏⴰⵜ ⵉⵉⵉⴰⴷ ⵜⴰⵈⵈⴰⵍⴰⵏ ⵉⵏⵂⴰⴷⴰⵏ , ⴾⴰⵏ ⵉⵏ ⵉⵙⵓⵋ, ⴰⵍⴱⴰⵔⵓⴷⴰⵏ ⴷ ⵉⵣⴰⴱⴰⵏ ⴷⴰⵗ ⵉⵙⵓⵋ ⵜⴰⵏ ⵉⵍⴰⵏⵢⵏ ⴰⵍⵈⵉⵎ
English: These families often gain power through their increased wealth.
Tamasheq: ⵉⴶⵉⴷⵛⵂⴰⵏ ⵓⵉⵏ ⴰⵍⵓⴰⵈ ⵉⵉⵉⴰⵏ ⴾⴰⵔⵔⴰⵛⵂⴰⵏ ⵜⴰⵎⵎⴰⵏⵓⴾⵉⵍⴰ ⵙ ⵢⵂⴰⵔⵢ ⵏⴰⵙⴰⵏ
English: The wild vegetation is cut and burned, and ashes are used as fertilizers.
Tamasheq: ⴰⵔⵓⵋ ⵓⴰⵏ ⴰⵙⵓⴼ ⵢⵔⴰⵣ ⵜⵓⵍⴰⵙ ⵉⵜⴰⵋⵋⴰⵛⵂ ⵢⴼⵢⵓ ⵜⵓⵍⴰⵙ ⵢⵣⴰⴷ ⴰⵜⵉⵆⴷⴰⵎⴰⵏ ⵛⵂⵓⵏⴷ ⵉⴷⴷⵓⵎⴰⵏ
English: They may return to the original land several years later and begin the process again.
Tamasheq: ⴰⴷⴷⵓⴱⵢⵏ ⴰⴷ ⴰⵈⵈⵉⵍⴰⵏ ⴰⴾⴰⵍ ⵏⴰⵙⴰⵏ ⵓⴰⵏ ⴰⵍⴰⵙⴰⵍ ⵉⵓⵉⵜⵉⴰⵏ ⴰⵋⵋⵓⵜⵏⵢⵏ ⴷⴰⵔⴰⵜ ⴰⵓⴰ ⵜⵓⵍⴰⵙ ⵜⵉⵙⵙⵉⵏⵜⴰ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵜⵉⴾⵓⴰⵉⵜ
English: The size of a village's population depends on the amount of land available for farming; thus villages can range from as few as 30 people to as many as 2000.
Tamasheq: ⵉⴷⴷⵉⴾⵓⴷ ⵏ ⵉⵛⵂⴰⵗⵉⴱ ⵏ ⴰⴷⴷⵉⵏⴰⵜ ⴷⴰⵗ ⵜⴰⵗⵗⵔⵉⵎⵜ ⵉⵍⴾⴰⵎ ⵉ ⵉⴷⴷⵉⴾⵓⴷ ⵏ ⴰⴾⴰⵍ ⵓⴰ ⵉⵜ ⵉⵍⵍⴰⵏ ⵉ ⵜⵉⵓⵉⵋⴰⵙ; ⵜⴰⵗⵉⵔⵎⵢⵏ ⵉⵍⵍⴰⵏⴰⵜ ⵋⵉⵔ 30 ⵂⴰⵔ 2000
English: Sociologists use the phrase agricultural revolution to refer to the technological changes that occurred as long as 8,500 years ago that led to cultivating crops and raising farm animals.
Tamasheq: ⵙⵓⵛⵉⵓⵍⵓⴶⵉⵙⵜ ⵜⴰⵏ ⵢⵆⴰⴷⵎⴰⵏ ⴰⴶⵔⵉⵛⵓⵍⵜⵓⵔⴰⵍ ⵔⵢⴱⵍⵓⵜⵉoⵏ ⵉ ⴰⴷ ⴰⵙⵉⵍⵎⴰⴷⴰⵏ ⵙ ⵉⵎⵓⵜⵉⵉⵏ ⵓⵉⵏ ⵜⵢⴾⵏⵓⵍⵓⵋⵉ ⵉⵋⵋⴰⵏ ⴷⴰⵗ ⵜⴰⵂⴰⵋⵉⵜ ⵏ ⴰ ⵉⵍⴰⵏ 8,500 ⵏ ⴰⵓⴰⵜⴰⵉ ⵢⵔⴰⵓⴰⵏ ⵙ ⴰⴶⴰⵉⴰⴾ ⵏ ⵜⴰⵓⴰⵋⵓⵙ ⴷ ⴰⵙⵉⴷⵓⴰⵍ ⵏ ⴰⵔⵉⵣⵣⵢⵋ
English: Greater degrees of social stratification appeared in agrarian societies.
Tamasheq: ⴷⵢⴶⵔⵢ ⵜⴰⵏ ⵎⴰⵈⵈⵓⵔⵏⵢⵏ ⵏ ⴰⵙⴾⵓⵜ ⵏ ⴰⴷⴷⵉⵏⴰⵜ ⵉⵣⵋⴰⵔ ⵉⴷ ⵜⵉⵎⵉⵣⴷⴰⵈⵏⵜⵉⵏ ⴰⴶⵔⴰⵔⵉⴰⵏ
English: However, as food stores improved and women took on lesser roles in providing food for the family, they increasingly became subordinate to men.
Tamasheq: ⵂⴰⴾ ⵉⴷ ⵉⵋⵋⴰ ⴰⵓⵢⵏ ⵎⴰⵏⴶⴰⵣⴰ ⵜⴰⵏ ⵓⵉⵏ ⵉⵎⴰⵏⵙⵉⵓⴰⵏ ⵜⵉⵎⵓⵜⵉⵉⴰⵏ ⵜⵓⵍⴰⵙ ⴷⵢⴷⵢⵏ ⵉⴱⴰⵙ ⵉⵍⴰⵏⴰⵜ ⴰⵍⵆⵉⴷⵎⴰⵜ ⴰⵋⵋⵢⵜ ⴷⴰⵗ ⵢⵂⴰⵏ ⵉⵍⵣⴰⵎ ⵜⴰⵏⴰⵜ ⴰⴷ ⴰⵛⵉⵏⴰⵛ ⵏⴰⵜ ⵉ ⵎⵢⴷⴷⴰⵏ
English: A system of rulers with high social status also appeared.
Tamasheq: ⵙⵉⵙⵜⵢⵎ ⵏ ⵉⵎⴰⵏⵓⴾⴰⵍⴰⵏ ⵉⵍⴰⵏⵢⵏ ⵜⵉⵛⵂⵉⵜ ⵛⵂⴰⵋⵔⵢⵜ ⵓⵍⴰⵙⴰⵏ ⵉⴷ ⴰⵣⴰⵋⵓⵔ
English: Europe's exploration of the Americas served as one impetus for the development of capitalism.
Tamasheq: ⵉⵎⵓⵗ ⵓⴰⵏ ⵢⵔⵓⴱⴰ ⵉ ⴰⵎⵢⵔⵉⵛⴰⵙ ⵉⴷⵂⴰⵍ ⴰⵙ ⵢⵈⵈⴰⵍ ⴰⴷ ⵢⵔⴰⵓⴰⵏ ⵢⴼⵢⵙ ⵓⴰⵏ ⵛⴰⴱⵉⵜⴰⵍⵉⵙⵎ
English: This produced further dramatic increases in efficiency.
Tamasheq: ⴰⵓⵢⵏ ⵢⵔⴰⵓ ⵉⴷ ⵜⵉⵓ-ⴰⴷ ⴷⴰⵗ ⵎⵉⵍⵗⴰⵓ
English: This larger surplus caused all of the changes discussed earlier in the domestication revolution to become even more pronounced.
Tamasheq: ⵜⴰⵙⵉⵓⴰⵜ ⵜⵢⵏ ⵎⴰⵈⵈⵓⵔⴰⵜ ⵜⴰⵈⵈⴰⵍ ⵉⴷⴷⵉⵍⵉⵍ ⵏ ⵉⵎⵓⵜⵉⵉⴰⵏ ⴼⵓⴾ ⴼⴰⵍ ⵉⵋⵋⴰ ⵎⴰⵋⵔⴰⴷ ⵙ ⵜⵉⵣⴰⵔⴰⵜ ⴷⴰⵗ ⴷⵓⵎⵢⵙⵜⵉⵛⴰⵜⵉⵓⵏ ⵔⵢⴱⵓⵍⵓⵜⵉⵓⵏ ⵉ ⴰⴷ ⴰⵜⵓⴱ ⴰⵋⵋⵢⵏ
English: However, inequality became even greater than before.
Tamasheq: ⵂⴰⴾ ⵉⵋⵋⴰ ⴰⵓⵢⵏ, ⴰⵏⵎⵉⵋⴰⵔ ⵉⵉⵋⵋⴰ ⵉⵋⵋⵉⵜ ⵓⴰ ⵙ ⴾⴰⵍⴰ ⵓⴰⵔ ⵜ ⵉⵋⵋⴰ ⴷⴰⵗ ⴷⴰⵜⴰ ⴰⵓⴰ
English: Geographically, it covers at the very least the countries of Western Europe, North America, Australia, and New Zealand.
Tamasheq: ⴷⴰⵗ ⵋⵓⴶⵔⴰⴼⵉ, ⴰⵓⵢⵏ ⵉⵍⵙⴰⵂ ⴰⴷⴷⴰⵓⵍⴰ ⵜⴰⵏ ⵓⵉⵏ ⵢⵔⵓⴱⴰ ⵜⴰⵏ ⴰⵜⴰⵔⴰⵎ, ⴰⴼⵔⵉⵛⴰ ⵜⴰⵏ ⴰⴼⴰⵍⵍⴰ, ⴰⵓⵙⵜⵔⴰⵍⵉⴰ ⴷ ⵏⵢⵓ ⵤⵢⴰⵍⴰⵏⴷ
English: One of the European Union's areas of interest is the information society.
Tamasheq: ⵉⵂⴰⵏⴷⴰⴶⴰⵏ ⵓⵉⵏ ⴰⴼⵓⵔ ⵏ ⵉⵏⵉⵓⵏ ⵢⵔⵓⴱⵢⵉⵢⵏ ⵢⵈⵈⴰⵍ ⵉⵙⴰⵍⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⴷⵓⵈ
English: Some academic, professional, and scientific associations describe themselves as societies (for example, the American Mathematical Society, the American Society of Civil Engineers, or the Royal Society).
Tamasheq: ⵜⴰⴶⴶⴰⵉⵢⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵢⵗⴰⵔⵢ, ⴰⵍⵆⵉⴷⵎⴰⵜ ⴷ ⵜⵉ ⵙⵛⵉⵢⵏⵛⵢ ⵉⵋⵋⴰⵏⴰⵜ ⵉⵎⴰⵏ ⵏⴰⵙⵏⴰⵜ ⵜⴰⴶⴶⴰⵉⵢⵏ (ⴰⵍⵎⵉⵜⴰⵍ ⴰⵎⵢⵔⵉⵛⴰⵏ ⵎⴰⵜⵂⵢⵎⴰⵜⵉⵛⴰⵍ ⵙⵓⵛⵉⵢⵜⵉ, ⵜⵂⵢ ⴰⵎⵢⵔⵉⵛⴰⵏ ⵙⵓⵛⵉⵢⵜⵉ ⵓⴼ ⵛⵉⴱⵉⵍ ⵢⵏⴶⵉⵏⵢⴽⵢⵢⵔⵙ ⵎⵢⵗ ⵔⵓⵉⴰⵍ ⵙⵓⵛⵉⵢⵜⵉ
English: A community is a social unit (a group of living things) with commonality such as norms, religion, values, customs, or identity.
Tamasheq: ⵜⴰⵓⵙⵢⵜ ⵜⴰⵈⵈⴰⵍ ⵜⴰⵈⵈⵉⵎⵜ (ⵏ ⵂⴰⵔⴰⵜⴰⵏ ⵉⴷⴷⴰⵔⵏⵢⵏ) ⵉⴷ ⵜⵓⵍⴰⵜ ⵛⵓⵏⴷ ⴰⵛⵛⴰⵔⵢⵗⴰ ⵜⴰⵏ, ⴰⴷⴷⵉⵏ, ⴰⵍⵈⵉⵎⴰⵏ, ⵜⵓⵎⴰⵙⵢⵏ ⵎⵢⵗ ⴾⴰⵔⵜⵉⴷⴰⵏⵜ ⵏⵢⵜ
English: In this sense it is synonymous with the concept of an ancient settlement - whether a hamlet, village, town, or city.
Tamasheq: ⴷⴰⵗ ⴰⵍⵎⴰⵗⵏⴰ ⵓⵢⵏ ⴰⵎⵓⵙ ⴰⵏⴰⵎⵎⴰⵗⵔⴰⵓ ⵏ ⵉⵙⵉⵎ ⵓⴰⵏ ⴰⵎⴰⵣⵣⴰⵗ ⵓⴰⵏ ⴰⵔⵓ -ⴾⵓⴷⴷⵢⵗ ⵢⵈⵈⴰⵍ ⵜⴰⵗⵔⵉⵎⵜ, ⴰⵗⵔⵉⵎ ⵎⵢⵗ ⴰⵗⵔⵉⵎ ⵓⴰ ⵎⴰⵈⵈⵓⵔⴰⵏ
English: Most reconstructions of social communities by archaeologists rely on the principle that social interaction in the past was conditioned by physical distance.
Tamasheq: Iⴷⵢⵉⴰⵏ ⴰⵋⵋⵓⵜⵏⵢⵏ ⵏ ⵜⴰⵓⵙⵢⵜⵢⵏ ⵉⵋⵋⴰ ⴰⵔⴾⵢⵓⵍⵓⵋⵉⵙⵜ ⵜⴰⵏ ⵉⵋⴰ ⴼⴰⵍ ⵜⵉⵙⵙⵉⵜⴰⵗⵂⴰⵍ ⵏ ⴰⵂⴰⵔⵓⵋ ⴷⴰⵗ ⴰ ⵂⵉⵏ oⴾⴰⵉⴰⵏ ⵜ- ⵉⵍⵣⴰⵎⴰⵜ ⵏⵢⵜ ⵓⵋⵉⵋ ⵏ ⵜⴰⵗⵉⵙⵙⴰ
English: No group is exclusively one or the other.
Tamasheq: ⵓⴰⵔ ⵜ ⵉⵍⵍⴰ ⵜⴰⵈⵈⵉⵎⵜ ⵜⴰⵈⵈⴰⵍⴰⵜ ⵉⵏⵜⴰ ⵗⴰⵙ ⵎⵢⵗ ⵉⵉⵉⴰⴷ
English: Socialization is influenced primarily by the family, through which children first learn community norms.
Tamasheq: ⵙⵓⵛⵉⴰⵍⵉⵣⴰⵣⵉⵓⵏ ⵉⴾⵔⴰⵛ ⴼⴰⵍ ⴰⵙ ⵢⴶⴰⴷⴰⵛ ⴰⵙⵙⴰⵂⴰⵜ ⵙ ⵉⵏⵜⴰ ⴰⵙ ⵍⴰⵎⵎⴰⴷⴰⵏ ⵉⵍⵉⴰⴷⴰⵏ ⵙ ⵜⵉⵣⴰⵔⴰⵜ ⴰⵛⵛⴰⵔⵢⵗⴰ ⵜⴰⵏ ⵓⵉⵏ ⵜⴰⵓⵙⵢⵜ
English: Community development practitioners must understand both how to work with individuals and how to affect communities' positions within the context of larger social institutions.
Tamasheq: ⵎⵓⵎⴰⵔⵉⵙ ⵜⴰⵏ ⵓⵉⵏ ⵢⴼⵢⵙ ⵏ ⵜⴰⵓⵙⵢⵜ ⵉⵍⵣⴰⵎ ⵜⴰⵏ ⴰⴷ ⴰⴼⵂⴰⵎⴰⵏ ⵉⵎⵎⵉⴾ ⵓⴰ ⵙ ⴰⵆⴷⴰⵎⴰⵏ ⴰⴷⴷⵉⵏⴰⵜ ⴷ ⵉⵎⵎⵉⴾ ⵓⴰ ⵙ ⵉⴷⴰⵙ ⴰⵓⵢⴽⵢⵏ ⵉⵂⴰⵏⴷⴰⴶⴰⵏ ⵓⵉⵏ ⵜⴰⵓⵙⵢⵜⵢⵏ ⴷⴰⵗ ⵜⴰⵍⵗⴰ ⵜⴰⵏ ⵜⵉⵋⵉⵜⵜⴰⵓⵢⵏ ⵏ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⴷⵓⵈ ⵎⴰⵈⵈⵓⵔⵏⵢⵏ
English: At the intersection between community development and community building are a number of programs and organizations with community development tools.
Tamasheq: ⵗⵓⵔ ⵢⴷⴰⴶ ⵓⴰⵏ ⵜⴰⵎⵓⵈⵈⵢⵙⵜ ⵏ ⵢⴼⵢⵙ ⵓⴰⵏ ⵜⴰⵓⵙⵢⵜ ⴷ ⴰⴾⴰⵔⵓⵙ ⵏ ⵜⴰⵓⵙⵢⵜ ⵉⵍⴰⵏ ⵜⵉ ⴱⵔⵓⴶⵔⴰⵎ ⵜⴰⵏ ⴷ ⵜⴰⴶⴶⴰⵉⵢⵏ ⵉⵍⴰⵏⵢⵏ ⵉⵙⵋⵓ ⵓⵉⵏ ⵢⴼⵢⵙ ⵏ ⵜⴰⵓⵙⵢⵜ
English: Emptiness: Moves beyond the attempts to fix, heal and convert of the chaos stage, when all people become capable of acknowledging their own woundedness and brokenness, common to human beings.
Tamasheq: ⴷⵜⴰⵗⴰⵙ: ⵉⵍⵍⴰ ⴰ ⵂⵉⵏ ⵙⵉⵂⴻⵏ ⵉ ⵢⵔⵢⵎ ⵓⴰⵏ ⵜⵢⵓⴰⵗⵏⵢ , ⴰⵙⴰⴼⴰⵔ ⴷ ⴰⵙⴰⵎⵎⵓⵜⵜⵉ ⵏ ⴰⵍⴱⴰⵙ ⴰⵍⵓⴰⵈ ⵓⴰ ⵙ ⴰⴷⴷⵉⵏⴰⵜ ⴼⵓⴾ ⴰⴷⴷⵓⴱⵢⵏ ⵎⵓⵙⵏⴰⵜ ⵏ ⵉⵂⴰⵉⵓⵋⴰⵏ ⴷ ⵜⵉⵔⵉⵣ ⵏⴰⵙⴰⵏ ⵓⵂⴰⵔⴰⵏ ⴰⴷⴷⵉⵏⴰⵜ
English: The three basic types of community organizing are grassroots organizing, coalition building, and "institution-based community organizing," (also called "broad-based community organizing," an example of which is faith-based community organizing, or Congregation-based Community Organizing).
Tamasheq: “ⵆⴰⵔⴰⴷ ⵉⵛⵂ-ⵉⴾⵉⵍⴰⵏ ⵓⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵋⵉⵜⵜⴰⵓⵢⵏ ⵉ ⴰⵎⵓⴾⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵜⴰⵓⵙⵜ ⴰⵎⵓⵙⴰⵏ ⵉⴾⵢⴰⵏ ⵏ ⴰⵎⵓⴾⵉⵏ, ⵉⴾⴰⵔⵓⵙⴰⵏ ⴼⴰⵍ ⵉⵋⵋⴰ ⴰⵏⴰⴼⵂⴰⵎ ⴷ ⴰⵎⵓⴾⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵜⴰⵓⵙⵢⵜ ⵉⵋⵋⴰⵏ ⴼⴰⵍ ⵜⵉⵋⵉⵜⵜⴰⵓⵜ (ⵙ ⵉⵙⵉⵎ ⵏⵢⵜ “”ⴰⴾⵓⵏⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵜⴰⵓⵙⵢⵜ ⵎⴰⵈⵈⵓⵔⴰⵏ, ⴰⵍⵎⵉⵜⴰⵍ ⴰⵎⵓⴾⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵜⴰⵓⵙⵢⵜ ⵉⵋⵋⴰⵏ ⴼⴰⵍ ⴰⴷⴷⵉⵏ ⵎⵢⵗ ⴰⵎⵓⴾⵉⵏ ⵜⴰⵓⵙⵢⵜ ⵉⵋⵋⴰⵏ ⴼⴰⵍ ⵜⴰⴶⴶⴰⵉⵢⵏ)”
English: Retrieved on: June 22, 2008.
Tamasheq: ⴰ ⵜⵉⵋⵔⴰⵓ ⴷⴰⵗ ⴰⵛⵂⴰⵍ ⵓⴰⵏ 22 ⵏ ⴰⵉⵓⵔ ⵓⴰⵏ ⴰⵓⵣⵢⵎ ⵓⴰⵏ ⴾⴰⵔⴰⴷ ⴷⴰⵗ ⴰⵓⴰⵜⴰⵉ ⵓⴰⵏ 2008
English: Community organizing can focus on more than just resolving specific issues.
Tamasheq: ⴰⵎⵓⴾⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵜⴰⵓⵙⵢⵜ ⴰⴷⴷⵓⴱⴰⵜ ⴰⴷ ⵢⵋ ⴼⴰⵍ ⴰ ⵓⵋⴰⵔⴰⵏ ⵉⴾⴰⵏⵏⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵎⵓⵛⵂⴰⴾⵉⵍ ⵜⴰⵏ
English: Such groups facilitate and encourage consensus decision-making with a focus on the general health of the community rather than a specific interest group.
Tamasheq: ⵜⴰⵈⵈⵉⵎⵢⵏ ⵛⵂⵓⵏⴷ ⵜⵉⵏ ⴰⵙⵙⵉⵔⵗⴰⵙ ⵏⴰⵜ ⵜⵓⵍⴰⵙ ⵉⵍⴾⴰⵎ ⵏⴰⵜ ⵉ ⴰⵏⴰⴼⵂⴰⵎ ⴼⵍⴰ ⴰⵜⴾⵓⵍ ⵏ ⴰⴷⴷⴰⴱⴰⵔⴰ ⵜⴰⵏ ⵉⵋⵋⴰⵏⵢⵏ ⴼⴰⵍ ⴰⵙⵙⵢⵆⴰⵜ ⵜⴰⵏ ⵜⴰⵓⵙⵢⵜ ⵓⵂⵓⵏ ⴼⴰⵍ ⴰⴼⵓⵔ ⵏ ⵜⴰⵈⵈⵉⵎⵜ ⵉⵉⵉⴰⵜ
English: Identity-based Communities: range from the local clique, sub-culture, ethnic group, religious, multicultural or pluralistic civilisation, or the global community cultures of today.
Tamasheq: ⵜⴰⵓⵙⵢⵜⵢⵏ ⵜⵉ ⵉⵋⵋⴰⵏⵢⵏ ⴼⴰⵍ ⵜⵓⵎⴰⵙⵜ: Iⴼⴰⵍⴰⵏ ⵗⵓⵔ ⵜⴰⵔⵔⴰⵉⵜ ⵜⴰⵏ ⴰⴷⴷⵉⵏⴰⵜ ⵓⵉ ⵉⵋⵋⴰⵏⵢⵏ ⵢⵗⴰⴼ, ⴷⴰⵓ ⴰⴶⵏⴰ, ⵜⴰⵈⵈⵉⵎⵜ ⵏ ⵙⵉⴱⵉⵍⵉⵣⴰⵙⵉⵓⵏ ⵜⴰⵏ ⴰⴷⴷⵉⵏ ⵎⵢⵗ ⵜⴰⵏ ⴰⴶⵏⴰ ⵜⴰⵏ ⴰⵋⵋⵓⵜⵏⵢⵏ ⵎⵢⵗ ⴰⴶⵏⴰ ⵏ ⵜⴰⵓⵙⵢⵜⵢⵏ ⴰⵍⵗⴰⵍⵉⵎ ⵓⴰⵏ ⴰⵛⵂⴰⵍ ⵉⴷ
English: Relationships among members in a virtual community tend to focus on information exchange about specific topics.
Tamasheq: ⵉⵂⴰⵔⵓⵋⴰⵏ ⴷⴰⵗ ⴰⴷⴷⵉⵏⴰⵜ ⵙⴰ ⵙ ⵜⴰⵔⵔⴰⵉⵜ ⵜⴰⵏ ⵜⴰⵓⵙⵢⵜ ⵓⵔⴰⴾⴰⵏ ⵙⵉⵂⴰ ⵙ ⴰⵏⵎⵉⵋⴰ ⵏ ⵉⵙⴰⵍⴰⵏ ⴼⴰⵍ ⵜⵉⵜⴱⴰⵈⴰ ⵉⵜ ⵉⵍⵍⴰⵏⵢⵏ
English: Scholars in the humanities are "humanities scholars" or humanists.
Tamasheq: “ ⵉⵎⴰⵗⵔⴰⵏ ⴷⴰⵗ ⵉⵣⴰⵔⴰⵋⴰⵏ ⵓⵉⵏ ⵂⵓⵎⴰⵏⵉⵜⵉⵢⵙ ⵉⵙⵎⴰⵓⴰⵏ ⵏⴰⵙⴰⵏ ⵉⵎⴰⵗⵔⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵂⵓⵎⴰⵏⵉⵜⵉⵢⵙ ⵎⵢⵗ ⵂⵓⵎⴰⵏⵉⵙⵜ ⵜⴰⵏ
English: The humanities generally study local traditions, through their history, literature, music, and arts, with an emphasis on understanding particular individuals, events, or eras.
Tamasheq: ⵂⵓⵎⴰⵏⵉⵜⵉⵢⵙ ⵜⵉⵋⴰ ⴼⴰⵍ ⵜⵢⵗⴰⵔⵢ ⵏ ⵜⵓⵎⴰⵙⵢⵏ ⵜⵉⵏ ⵜⴰⵔⵔⴰⵉⵜ ⵜⴰⵏ ⴰⴾⴰⵍ ⵙ ⴰⵜⵜⴰⵔⵢⵆ, ⵉⴾⵉⵜⴱⴰⵏ , ⵉⵙⵓⵂⴰⵗ ⵉⵋⵋⴰⵏⵢⵏ ⵜⵉⵜⴱⴰⵈⵢⵜ ⴼⴰⵍ ⴰⴼⴰⵂⴰⵎ ⵏ ⴰⴷⴷⵉⵏⴰⵜ, ⵆⴰⴷⴰⵙⴰⵏ ⵎⵢⵗ ⴼⴰⵍ ⴾⴰⵏⴰ ⵜⴰⵏ
English: Anthropology (like some fields of history) does not easily fit into one of these categories, and different branches of anthropology draw on one or more of these domains.
Tamasheq: ⴰⵏⵜⵂⵔⵓⴱⵓⵍⵓⴶⵉ (ⵛⵂⵓⵏⴷ ⴰⴱⴰⵔⴰ ⵜⴰⵏ ⵉⵉⵉⴰⴷ ⵏ ⴰⵜⵜⴰⵔⵢⵆ) ⵓⴰⵔ ⵜ ⵉⵋⵋⵉⵛⵂ ⵉⵉⵉⴰⵏ ⴷⴰⵗ ⴾⴰⵜⵢⴶⵓⵔⵉ ⵜⴰⵏ ⵜⵉⵏ ⵜⵓⵍⴰⵙ ⵉⵍⵉⴾⵜⴰⵏ ⴰⵋⵋⵓⵜⵏⵢⵏ ⵏ ⴰⵏⵜⵂⵔⵓⴱⵓⵍⵓⴶⵉ ⵉⵋⵋⴰⵏ ⴼⴰⵍ ⵉⵉⵉⴰⵏ ⵎⵢⵗ ⴰⴱⴰⵔⴰ ⵜⴰⵏ ⵓⵉⵏ ⴰⵋⵋⵓⵜⵏⵢⵏ
English: The word anthropos (άνθρωπος) is from the Greek word for "human being" or "person".
Tamasheq: “ ⵉⵙⵉⵎ ⵓⴰⵏ ⴰⵏⵜⵂⵔⵓⴱⵓⵙ (ⴰⴱθρωπος) ⵉⵣⵋⴰⵔ ⵉⴷ ⵉⵙⵉⵎ ⵏ ⵗⵔⵢⵢⴾ ⵓⴰⵏ “ⴰⵓⴰⴷⵉⵎ”
English: This means that, though anthropologists generally specialize in only one sub-field, they always keep in mind the biological, linguistic, historic and cultural aspects of any problem.
Tamasheq: ⴰⵓⵢⵏ ⴰⵎⵓⵙ ⴰⵙ ⴾⵓⴷⴷⵢⵗ ⴰⵙ ⴰⵏⵜⵔⵓⴱⵓⵍⵓⵋⵉⵙⵜ ⵜⴰⵏ ⵜⴰⵋ ⵉⵏ ⵜⵢⵗⴰⵔⵢ ⴷⴰⵗ ⴰⴱⴰⵔⴰ ⵉⵉⵉⴰⵏ ⵗⴰⵙ, ⵂⴰⵔⴾⵓⴾ ⵓⴶⴰⵣⴰⵏ ⴷⴰⵗ ⵜⴰ-ⵉⵜⵢ ⵏⴰⵙⴰⵏ ⵜⵉⵜⴱⴰⵈⵈⴰ ⵜⵉⵏ ⴱⵉⵓⵍⵓⵋⵉ, ⴰⵓⴰⵍ, ⴰⵜⵜⵓⵔⵢⵆ ⴷ ⴰⴶⵏⴰ ⵏ ⵎⵓⵛⴰⴾⵉⵍ ⴼⵓⴾ
English: The quest for holism leads most anthropologists to study a people in detail, using biogenetic, archaeological, and linguistic data alongside direct observation of contemporary customs.
Tamasheq: ⴰⵙⵉⵙⵜⴰⵏ ⵉⴷ ⵂⵓⵍⵉⵙⵎ ⵢⵓⴰⵉ ⵉⴷ ⵙ ⴰⵏⵜⵂⵔⵓⴱⵓⵍⵓⴶⵉⵙⵜ ⵜⴰⵏ ⴰ ⴰⵗⵔⵉⵏ ⴰⴷⴷⵉⵏⴰⵜ ⵙ ⴰⵈⵈⵓⴷ ⵙ ⵉⵙⴰⵍⴰⵏ ⵓⵉⵏ ⴱⵉⵓⴶⵢⵏⵢⵜⵉⵛ, ⴰⵔⵛⵂⴰⵢⵓⵍⵓⴶⵉⵛⴰⵍ ⴷ ⴰⵓⴰⵍ ⵉⴷ ⴰⴾⴰⵉⴰⴷ ⵓⵗⴰⴷⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵓⵎⴰⵙⵢⵏ ⵜⵉⵏ ⴰⵎⴰⵔⴰⴷ
English: Archaeology can be considered both a social science and a branch of the humanities.
Tamasheq: ⴰⵔⴾⵢⵓⵍⵓⵋⵉ ⵜⴰⵈⵈⴰⵍ ⴷⴰⵗ ⵉⵂⴰⵏⴷⴰⴶⴰⵏ ⴼⵓⴾ ⵙⵉⴰⵏⵙ ⵏ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⴷⵓⵈ ⴷ ⵢⵍⴰⴾⴰⵜ ⵏ ⵂⵓⵎⴰⵏⵉⵜⵢ ⵜⴰⵏ
English: A good deal of twentieth-century and twenty-first-century philosophy has been devoted to the analysis of language and to the question of whether, as Wittgenstein claimed, many of our philosophical confusions derive from the vocabulary we use; literary theory has explored the rhetorical, associative, and ordering features of language; and historical linguists have studied the development of languages across time.
Tamasheq: ⵏⵉⴼⵂⴰⵎ ⵓⵍⴰⵗⴰⵏ ⵏ ⴰⵓⴰⵜⴰⵉ ⵓⴰⵏ 1900 ⴷ ⵓⴰⵏ 2000 ⵉⵋⵋⴰ ⴼⴰⵍ ⴰⵎⵉⵉⵉⵣ ⵏ ⴰⵓⴰⵍ ⴷ ⴰⵙⵉⵙⵜⴰⵏ ⵏ ⴰⵓⴰ ⵙ ⴰⵍⵍⴰⵗⴰⵜ ⵓⵉⵜⵜⴶⵢⵏⵙⵜⵢⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵓⴰⵗⵏⵉⵓⵢⵏ ⴰⵋⵋⵓⵜⵏⵢⵏ ⵏ ⵉⵗⴰⴼⴰⵓⴰⵏ ⵏⴰⵏⴰⵗ ⵉⵣⵋⴰⵔ ⵏⴰⵜ ⵉⴷ ⴰⵓⴰⵍ ⵓⴰ ⵏ ⴰⵎⴰⵋⵔⴰⴷ, ⵎⵉⵔⴷⴰ ⵓⴰⵏ ⴰⴾⴰⵜⴰⴱ ⵉⵋⵋⴰ ⴼⴰⵔⴰⴾ ⴼⴰⵍ ⵙⴰⵎⴰⵍⴰⵏ ⵏ ⴰⵓⴰⵍ ⵓⵉ ⵙ ⵢⵗⵏⴰ, ⵏ ⵜⴰⴶⴶⴰⵉⵜ ⴷ ⴰⵈⵈⵓⴷ; ⵜⵓⵍⴰⵙ ⴰⵜⵜⴰⵍⴰⴱⴰ ⵜⴰⵏ ⵓⵉⵏ ⴰⵜⵜⴰⵔⵢⵆ ⴰⵗⵔⴰⵏ ⵢⴼⵢⵙ ⵏ ⴰⵓⴰⵍⴰⵏ ⴷⴰⵗ ⴰⵣⵣⴰⵎⴰⵏ
English: It has been defined as a "system of rules", as an "interpretive concept" to achieve justice, as an "authority" to mediate people's interests, and even as "the command of a sovereign, backed by the threat of a sanction".
Tamasheq: “ ⵉⵋⵔⴰⵓ ⴰⵍⵎⴰⵗⵏⴰ ⵏ ⴰⵙ “ⵙⵉⵙⵜⵢⵎ ⵓⴰⵏ ⴰⵂⴰⵔⵢⵗⴰ ⵜⴰⵏ””, ⵉⵙⵉⵎ ⵏ ⴰⵙⵉⴼⵂⴰⵎ”” ⵉ ⴰⴶ-ⴰⴷ ⵏ ⴰⵛⵂⴰⵔⵢⵗⴰ ⵛⵂⵓⵏⴷ “ⴰⵎⵓⵣⴰⵔ” ⵉⵙⴰⵏⴰⴼⵂⴰⵎⴰⵏ ⵋⵉⵔ ⴰⴼⵓⵔⴰⵏ ⵏ ⴰⴷⴷⵉⵏⴰⵜ ⵜⵓⵍⴰⵙ ⵂⴰⴾ ⵉⴷ ⵛⵂⵓⵏⴷ “ⴰⵆⴰⴾⴰⵎ ⵜⵉⴾⵎⴰⵍ ⵜⴰⵙⴰⵔⵗⵉⵎⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵉⵙⵏⴰⵏⵜ”
English: Laws are politics, because politicians create them.
Tamasheq: ⴰⵛⵂⴰⵔⵢⵗⴰ ⵜⴰⵏ ⴰⵈⵈⴰⵍⴰⵏ ⵂⴰⵔⴰⵜⴰⵏ ⵏ ⴼⵓⵍⵓⵜⵉⴾ ⴼⴰⵍ ⴰⵙ ⴾⵢⵍ ⴼⵓⵍⵉⵜⵉⴾ ⴰ ⵜⴰⵏ ⵢⵗⵏⴰⵏ
English: As Immanuel Kant noted, "Ancient Greek philosophy was divided into three sciences: physics, ethics, and logic.")
Tamasheq: “ ⵛⵂⵓⵏⴷ ⴰⵓⴰ ⵉⴾⵜⴰⴱ ⵉⵎⵎⴰⵏⵓⵢⵍ ⵆⴰⵏⵜ “ ⴼⵉⵍⵓⵣⵓⴼⵉ ⵏ ⵗⵔⵢⵢⴾ ⵜⴰⵏ ⴰⵔⵓ ⵜⵉⵋⵋⴰ ⴾⴰⵔⴰⴷⴰⵜ ⵜⵉⵣⵓⵏⴰⵓⵢⵏ: ⴱⵂⵉⵙⵉⵛⵙ, ⵢⵜⵂⵉⵛⵙ, ⴷ ⵍⵓⴶⵉⵛ””)
English: Shinto, Daoism, and other folk or natural religions do not have ethical codes.
Tamasheq: ⵙⵂⵉⵏⵜⵓ, ⵢⴰⵓⵉⵙⵎ ⴷ ⴰⴷⴷⵉⵏⴰⵜ ⵉⵉⵉⴰⴷ ⵎⵢⵗ ⴰⴷⴷⵉⵏ ⵜⴰⵏ ⵓⵔ ⵉⵍⵢⵏ ⴾⵓⴷ ⵜⴰⵏ ⵓⵉⵏ ⴰⵛⵂⴰⵔⵢⵗⴰ ⵜⴰⵏ ⵏⴰⵙⴰⵏ
English: Belief systems imply a logical model that religions do not display because of their internal contradictions, lack of evidence, and falsehoods. .
Tamasheq: ⵙⵉⵙⵜⵢⵎ ⵜⴰⵏ ⵓⵉⵏ ⴰⵎⵢⴷⵔⴰⵏ ⵢⵂⵢ ⴷⵓⵎⵓ ⵏ ⴰⵍⵎⴰⵗⵏⴰ ⴰⵙ ⴰⴷⴷⵉⵏ ⵜⴰⵏ ⵓⴰⵔ ⴱⴰⵙⵙⴰⵔⴰⵏ ⴼⴰⵍ ⴰⵓⴰ ⵉⵋⵋⴰⵏ ⵉⵎⵉⵛⵂⵉⴾⴰⴾⴰⵏ ⴷⴰⵗ ⴰⵎⴰⵙ ⵏⴰⵙⴰⵏ, ⵉⴱⴰⵏ ⴰⵙⵉⴷⵓⵜⵜⵉ ⴷ ⴱⴰⵂⵓ ⵜⴰⵏ
English: They are necessary for understanding the human predicament.
Tamasheq: ⴰⵈⵈⴰⵍ ⴰ ⴰⴷⵓⵔⵂⴰⵏⴰⵏ ⵉ ⴰⴼⴰⵂⴰⵎ ⵏ ⵜⴰⵍⵗⴰ ⵏ ⴰⵓⴰⴷⵉⵎ ⵜⴰⵙⵙⵓⵂⵢⵜ
English: The non-founder religions are Hinduism, Shinto, and native or folk religions.
Tamasheq: ⴰⴷⴷⵉⵏ ⵜⴰⵏ ⵓⵉⵏ ⵓⴰⵔ ⵏ ⴰⵗⵏⴰ ⴰⵎⵓⵙⴰⵏ ⵂⵉⵏⴷⵓⵉⵙⵎ, ⵙⵂⵉⵏⵜo, ⴷ ⴰⴷⴷⵉⵏ ⵜⴰⵏ ⵓⵉⵏ ⴰⴾⴰⵍ ⵎⵢⵗ ⵓⵉⵏ ⴰⴷⴷⵉⵏⴰⵜ
English: When traditional religions fail to address new concerns, then new religions will emerge.
Tamasheq: ⴰⵍⵓⴰⵈ ⵓⴰ ⵉⴷ ⴰⴷⴷⵉⵏ ⵜⴰⵏ ⵓⵉⵏ ⴰⵍⴰⵙⴰⵍ ⵉⵏⴷⴰⵔ ⵂⴰⵙ-ⴰⵏ ⴰⵎⵓⴾⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵉⵎⵗⵓⵜⴰⵔ ⵢⵉⵏⴰⵉⵏⵢⵏ ⴷⵉⵂⵢⵏ ⴰⴷⴷⵉⵏ ⵜⴰⵏ ⵢⵉⵏⴰⵉⵏⵢⵏ ⴰⴷ ⴰⵏⴾⵉⵔⴰⵏ
English: Performing arts are also supported by workers in related fields, such as songwriting and stagecraft.
Tamasheq: ⴷⵗⴰⵏⵏⵉ ⵜⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵂⴰⵔⴰⵜⴰⵏ ⵉⴷⵂⴰⵍⴰⵏ ⵜⴰⵏ ⵉⵏⴰⵆⴷⵉⵎⴰⵏ ⴷⴰⵗ ⴰⴱⴰⵔⴰ ⵜⴰⵏ ⵙⴰⵔ ⵙⴰⵏ ⵓⵔⴰⴾⵏⵢⵏ ⵛⵂⵓⵏⴷ ⴰⴾⴰⵜⴰⴱ ⵏ ⵉⵙⵓⵂⴰⵗ ⴷ ⵎⴰⵙⴰⵔⴰⵆ
English: This is called Performance art.
Tamasheq: ⴰⵓⵢⵏ ⵉⵙⵉⵎ ⵏⵢⵜ ⴰⴷⴰ-ⵓⵏ ⵏ ⵢⵗⴰⵏⵏⵉ ⵏ ⵂⴰⵔⴰⵜⴰⵏ
English: Dance is also used to describe methods of non-verbal communication (see body language) between humans or animals (bee dance, mating dance), and motion in inanimate objects (the leaves danced in the wind).
Tamasheq: ⴷⴰⵍⵍⵓⵍ ⵉⵏⵜⴰ ⴷⵢⵗ ⵢⵈⵈⴰⵍ ⴰ ⴰⴼⵉⵙⵙⴰⵔⴰⵏ ⵉⵎⵎⵉⴾⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵎⴰⵋⵔⴰⴷ ⵓⴰⵔ ⵏ ⵉⵋⴰ ⵙ ⵢⵎ (ⵉⴾⵉⵉⴷ ⴰⵓⴰⵍ ⵓⴰⵏ ⵜⴰⵗⵉⵙⵙⴰ) ⵋⵉⵔ ⴰⴷⴷⵉⵏⴰⵜ ⴷ ⵉⵔⵉⵣⵢⵋⴰⵏ (ⴷⴰⵍⵍⵓⵍ ⵓⴰⵏ ⵉⵛⵂⴰⵏ, ⴷⴰⵍⵍⵓⵍ ⵓⴰⵏ ⵋⴰⵏⵙⵉⵉ) ⴷ ⴰⵎⴰⵜⵉⴾⵓⴰⵉ ⵏ ⵂⴰⵔⴰⵜⴰⵏ ⵓⵉ ⴰⵎⵎⵓⵜ ⵏⵢⵏ (ⵉⴼⵔⵉⵏⴾⵉⵜⵜⴰⵏ ⴷⴰⵍⵍⴰⵍⵏ ⴷⴰⵗ ⴰⴷⵓ)
English: In Byzantine and Gothic art of the Middle Ages, the dominance of the church insisted on the expression of biblical and not material truths.
Tamasheq: ⴷⵗⴰⵏⵏⵉ ⵏ ⵂⴰⵔⴰⵜⴰⵏ ⵓⴰⵏ ⴱⵉⵣⴰⵏⵜⵉⵏ ⴷ ⵗⵓⵜⵂⵉⵛ ⴷⴰⵗ ⵎⵉⴷⴷⵍⵢ ⴰⴶⵢⵙ , ⴰⵙⵙⴰⵂⴰⵜ ⵜⴰⵏ ⵢⴶⵍⵉⵣ ⴰⵣⵉⵍⵣⴰⵎⴰⵏ ⵉⵋⵉ ⵏ ⵜⵉⵜⴱⴰⵈⵢⵜ ⴼⴰⵍ ⵜⵉⴷⵉⵜⵢⵏ ⵜⵉⵏ ⴰⵍⵉⵏⵋⵉⵍ ⴼⴰⵍ ⵜⵉⵏ ⵉⵙⵓⵋ
English: A characteristic of this style is that the local colour is often defined by an outline (a contemporary equivalent is the cartoon).
Tamasheq: ⵙⴰⵎⴰⵍ ⵏ ⵉⵛⵂ-ⵉⴾⵉⵍ ⵓⵢⵏ ⵢⵈⵈⴰⵍ ⴰⵙ ⴷⵓⵎⵓ ⵓⴰⵏ ⴰⴾⴰⵍ ⵜⴰⵈⵈⴰⵍ ⵂⴰⵙ ⵜⴰⵗⵢⵍⵉⵜ ⴰⵍⵎⴰⵗⵏⴰ (ⴰⵓⴰ ⵢⵂⴰⵏ ⵢⴷⴰⴶ ⵏⵢⵜ ⴰⵎⴰⵔⴰⴷ ⴰⵎⵓⵙ ⵛⴰⵔⵜⵓⵓⵏ
English: It generally involves making marks on a surface by applying pressure from a tool, or moving a tool across a surface.
Tamasheq: ⴰⵂⴰⵏ ⵜⵉ ⵂⴰⵔⴾⵓⴾ ⵢⵛⵂⵓⴰⵍⴰⵏ ⴼⴰⵍ ⴰⵔⵓⵔⵉ ⵙ ⴰⴷ-ⴰⴷ ⵏⴰⵙⵓⵋ ⵎⵢⵗ ⴰⵙⵉⵎⵎⵉⵜⵉⴾⵓⴰⵉ ⵏ ⴰⵙⵓⵋ ⴼⴰⵍ ⴰⵔⵓⵔⵉ
English: However, when used in an artistic sense it means the use of this activity in combination with drawing, composition and other aesthetic considerations in order to manifest the expressive and conceptual intention of the practitioner.
Tamasheq: ⵂⴰⴾ ⵉⴷ ⵉⵋⵋⴰ ⴰⵓⵢⵏ, ⴰⵍⵓⴰⵈ ⵓⴰ ⵉⴷ ⵉⵋⵋⴰⵛⵂ ⴰⵍⵎⴰⵗⵏⴰ ⵓⴰⵏ ⵢⵗⴰⵏⵏⵉ ⵏ ⵂⴰⵔⴰⵜⴰⵏ ⴰⵎⵓⵙ ⴰⵙ ⴰⵍⵆⵉⴷⵎⴰⵜ ⵜⵢⵏ ⵜⴰⵔⵜⴰⵉⴰⵜ ⵉⴷ ⵔⴰⵙⵉⵎ , ⴰⵎⵉⵔⵜⴰⵉ ⴷ ⵂⴰⵔⴰⵜⴰⵏ ⵉⵉⵉⴰⴷ ⵏ ⵜⵉⵂⵓⵙⵙⴰⵉ ⵉ ⴰⴷ ⴰⵙⵉⵍⵎⴰⴷ ⴼⴰⵍ ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵙ ⵏ ⵎⵓⵎⴰⵔⵉⵙ ⵓⴰⵏ ⵎⴰⵋⵔⴰⴷ ⴷ ⵢⵗⴰⵏⵉ
English: Black is associated with mourning in the West, but elsewhere white may be.
Tamasheq: ⵜⴰⴾⴾⴰⵓⴰⵍⵜ ⴰⵍⵎⴰⵗⴰ ⵏⵢⵜ ⵉⴱⴰ ⴷⴰⵗ ⴰⴷⴷⴰⵓⵍⴰ ⵜⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵉⴾⵓⴼⴰⵔ ⵓⵉⵏ ⴰⵜⴰⵔⴰⵎ ⵎⵓⵛⵂⴰⵎ ⴷⴰⵗ ⵢⴷⴰⴶ ⵉⵉⵉⴰⵏ ⵜⵉⵎⵉⵍⵍⴰⵉ ⵜ ⴰⴷⴷⵓⴱⴰⵜ ⴰ ⵜⴰⵈⵈⵉⵍ ⴰⵓⵢⵏ
English: The word "red", for example, can cover a wide range of variations on the pure red of the spectrum.
Tamasheq: “ⴷⴰⵗ ⴰⵍⵎⵉⵜⴰⵍ, Iⵙⵉⵎ ⵓⴰⵏ “ⵜⴰⵛⵂⵓⵗⵢ” ⴰⴷⴷⵓⴱⴰⵜ ⴰⴷ ⵢⵍⵙ ⵉⵎⵓⵜⵉⵉⴰⵏ ⴰⵋⵋⵓⵜⵏⵢⵏ ⴼⴰⵍ ⵜⴰⵛⵂⵓⵗⵢⵏⵣⴰⴷⴷⵉⵋⴰⵜ ⵏ ⵙⴱⵢⵛⵜⵔⵓⵎ”
English: This began with cubism and is not painting in strict sense.
Tamasheq: ⴰⵓⵢⵏ ⵉⵙⵙⵉⵏⵜⴰ ⵙ ⵛⵓⴱⵉⵙⵎ ⵜⵓⵍⴰⵙ ⵓⴰⵔ ⵉⴷⵍⵢⵋ ⵙ ⴰⵍⵎⴰⵗⵏⴰ
English: Consequently, many spend the first few years after graduation deciding what to do next, resulting in lower incomes at the start of their career; meanwhile, graduates from career-oriented programs experience more rapid entry into the labour market.
Tamasheq: ⴰⴷⴷⵉⵏⴰⵜ ⴰⵋⵓⵜⵏⵢⵏ ⵜⴰⵋ ⵉⵏ ⵉⵓⵉⵜⵉⴰⵏ ⵓⵉ ⴰⵣⵣⴰⵔⵏⵢⵏ ⴷⴰⵔⴰⵜ ⴰⴾⵉⵎⵎⵉⵍ ⵏⴰⵙⴰⵏ ⵉ ⵜⵢⵗⴰⵔⵢ ⴷⴰⵗ ⵎⵓⵙⵏⴰⵜ ⵏ ⴰⵓⴰ ⵂⵢ ⴰⵋ ⵉⵏ ⴷⴰⵗ ⵜⵉⵍⴾⴰⵎⴰⵜ, ⵂⴰⵙ-ⴰⵏ ⵉⵋⴰⵔⵔⴰⵓⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵉⵎⵣⴰⵍ ⵎⴰⴷⵔⵓⵉⵏⵢⵏ ⴷⴰⵗ ⴰⵙⵉⵏⵜⵉ ⵏⴰⵙⴰⵏ ⵉ ⴰⵍⵆⵉⴷⵎⴰⵜ, ⵉⵎⴰⵗⵔⴰⵏ ⵓⵉ ⵉⵍⴰⵏⵢⵏ ⵎⵓⵙⵏⴰⵜ ⴷⴰⵗ ⴱⵔⵓⴶⵔⴰⵎ ⵜⴰⵏ ⵏ ⴰⵍⵆⵉⴷⵎⴰⵜ ⵋⴰⵔⵔⴰⵓⴰ ⴰⵍⵆⵉⴷⵎⴰⵜ ⴷⴰⵗ ⴰⵔⵎⵓⴷ
English: However, the empirical evidence also shows that humanities graduates still earn notably higher incomes than workers with no postsecondary education, and have job satisfaction levels comparable to their peers from other fields.
Tamasheq: ⴰⵙ ⵉⵋⵋⴰ ⴰⵓⵢⵏ, ⵉⵙⴰⵍⴰⵏ ⵓⵉⵏ ⴰⴾⴰⵉⴰⴷ ⵙⴰⴾⵏⵉⵏ ⴰⵙ ⵉⵎⴰⵗⵔⴰⵏ ⵓⵉⵏ ⵂⵓⵎⴰⵏⵉⵜⵉⵢⵙ ⵂⴰⵔ ⴰⵋⵋⵓⴷⵉ ⵋⴰⵔⵔⴰⵓⴰⵏ ⵜⵉⵎⵣⴰⵍ ⵓⵋⵋⴰⵔⵏⵢⵏ ⵂⵓⵍⵍⴰⵏ ⵜⵉⵏ ⵉⵏⴰⵆⴷⵉⵎⴰⵏ ⵓⵉ ⵓⴰⵔ ⵏ ⴰⵋⵋⵓⵋ ⴷⴰⵗ ⵜⵢⵗⴰⵔⵢ ⵜⵓⵍⴰⵙ ⴾⴰⵔⵔⴰⵛⵂⴰⵏ ⵉⵂⴰⵏⴷⴰⴶⴰⵏ ⵏ ⴰⵍⵆⵉⴷⵎⴰⵜ ⵂⴰⵙ-ⴰⵏ ⵉⵋⵔⴰⵣ ⵏⵢⵏ ⵛⵂⵓⵏⴷ ⵜⵉⵏ ⵉⵎⵉⴷⵉⵓⴰⵏ ⵏⴰⵙⴰⵏ ⵓⵉⵏ ⵉⵣⴰⵔⴰⵋⴰⵏ ⵓⵉ ⵉⴰⴷⵏⵢⵏ
English: As a percentage of the type of degrees awarded, however, the humanities seem to be declining.
Tamasheq: ⵛⵂⵓⵏⴷ ⵉⴷⴷⵉⴾⵓⴷ ⵏ ⴷⵓⵎⵓ ⵏ ⵉⵍⴾⴰⴷⴰⵏ ⵓⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵎⵣⴰⵍ, ⴰⵙ ⵉⵋⵋⴰ ⴰⵓⵢⵏ, ⵂⵓⵎⴰⵏⵉⵜⵉⵢⵙ ⵉⵙⵜⴰⵏⵏⴰⴷ ⴼⴰⵏⵏⴰⵣⴰⵏ
English: Federal funding represents a much smaller fraction of funding for humanities than other fields such as STEM or medicine.
Tamasheq: ⴰⵙⵙⵉⵔⵓⴼ ⵓⴰⵏ ⴰⴷⴷⴰⵓⵍⴰ ⵢⵂⴰ ⵢⴷⴰⴶ ⵏ ⴰⴼⵔⵓⵙ ⴰⵏⴷⴰⵔⵔⴰⵏ ⵏ ⴰⵙⵙⵉⵔⵓⴼ ⵎⵢⵗ ⵂⵓⵎⴰⵏⵉⵜⵉⵢⵙ ⵓⵂⵓⵏ ⵉⵣⴰⵔⴰⵋⴰⵏ ⵉⵉⵉⴰⴷ ⵛⵂⵓⵏⴷ ⵙⵜⵢⵎ ⵎⵢⵗ ⵎⵢⴷⵢⵛⵉⵏⵢ
English: This understanding, they claimed, ties like-minded people from similar cultural backgrounds together and provides a sense of cultural continuity with the philosophical past.
Tamasheq: ⴰⴼⴰⵂⴰⵎ ⵓⴻⵏ ⵙ ⴰⵍⵍⴰⵗⵢⵏ ⵓⵙⴰⵗ ⴰⴷⴷⵉⵏⴰⵜ ⵓⵉ ⵙ ⵓⵍⴰⵂ ⵏⴰⵜ ⵜⴰ-ⵉⵜⵢ ⵜⴰⵏ ⵏⴰⵙⴰⵏ ⴷⴰⵗ ⴰⴱⴰⵔⴰ ⵓⴰⵏ ⴰⴶⵏ ⵜⵓⵍⴰⵙ ⵉⴾⴼ -ⵢⵏ ⴰⵍⵎⴰⵗⵏⴰ ⵏ ⴰⴾⴾⴰⵉ ⵏ ⴰⴶⵏⴰ ⵙ ⵜⵉⵣⴰⵔⴰⵜ ⵏⵢⵜ ⵓⴰⵏ ⴼⵉⵍⵓⵣⵓⴼⵉ
English: Apart from its societal application, narrative imagination is an important tool in the (re)production of understood meaning in history, culture and literature.
Tamasheq: ⴰⵓⴰⵔ ⵏ ⴰⵎⵓⵙ ⵉⵋⵉ ⵏⵢⵜ ⴷⴰⵗ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⴷⵓⵈ, ⴰⵏⴰⵣⵋⵓⵎ ⵢⵈⵈⴰⵍ ⴰⵙⵓⵋ ⴰⵙⵙⵓⵂⵢⵏ ⴷⴰⵗ ⵜⵉⵓⵉⵜ ⵏ ⴰⴼⴰⵂⴰⵎ ⵏ ⴰⵎⴰⵗⵏⴰ ⵓⴰⵏ ⴰⵜⵜⴰⵢⵆ, ⴶⵏⴰ ⴷ ⴰⴾⴰⵜⴰⴱ
English: Poststructuralism has problematized an approach to the humanistic study based on questions of meaning, intentionality, and authorship.
Tamasheq: ⴱⵓⵙⵜⵔⵓⵛⵜⵓⵔⴰⵍⵉⵙⵎ ⵉⴾⴼ-ⴰ ⵎⵓⵛⵂⴰⴾⵉⵍ ⵜⴰⵣⵓⵋⵉⵛⵂⵜ ⵜⴰⵏ ⵜⵢⵗⴰⵔⵢ ⵏ ⵂⵓⵎⴰⵏⵉⵜⵉ ⵜⵉⵋⵋⴰⵜ ⴼⴰⵍ ⵉⵙⵉⵙⵜⴰⵏⴰⵏ ⵏ ⴰⵍⴰⵎⴰⵗⵏⴰ , ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵙ ⴷ ⵜⵉⵛⵂⵉⵜ ⵜⴰⵏ ⴰⴱⴱⴰ
English: Furthermore, critical thinking, while arguably a result of humanistic training, can be acquired in other contexts.
Tamasheq: ⴷⴰⵗ ⴰⴾⴾⴰⵉ ⵏ ⴷⵉⵂⵢⵏ,ⴰⵏⴰⵣⵋⵓⵎ ⴷⴰⵗ ⴰⵙ ⵢⵈⵈⴰⵍ ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵙ ⵜⵢⵓⴰⴷ ⵜⵢⵗⴰⵔⵢ ⵜⴰⵏ ⵂⵓⵎⴰⵏⵉⵜⵢ ⴰⴷⴷⵓⴱⴰⵜ ⴰⴷ ⵢⵜ-ⴰⵋⵔⴰⵓ ⴷⴰⵗ ⵜⴰⵍⵗⵉⵓⵢⵏ ⵜⵉⵉⵉⴰⴷ
English: Such pleasure contrasts with the increasing privatization of leisure and instant gratification characteristic of Western culture; it thus meets Jürgen Habermas' requirements for the disregard of social status and rational problematization of previously unquestioned areas necessary for an endeavor which takes place in the bourgeois public sphere.
Tamasheq: ⵛⵂⵓⵏⴷ ⵜⵉⵎⵗⵓⵜⴰⵔ ⵏ ⴰⵣⵉⵋⵔⴰⵣ ⵉⵙⵙⵢⵓⴰⴷ ⴰⵙⵓⴼⵉⴷ ⵏ ⴰⵍⵆⵉⴷⵎⴰⵜⵢⵏ ⵜⵉⵏ ⵜⴰⵙⴰⵏⴼⵓⵜ ⴷ ⵜⵉⵣⴰⵍ ⵏ ⵙⴰⵎⴰⵍⴰⵏ ⵏ ⴰⴶⵏⴰ ⵓⴰⵏ ⵉⴾⵓⴼⴰⵔ, oⴶⴷⴰⵂ ⵉⴷ ⵉⵣⵉⵍⵣⴰⵎ ⵓⵉⵏ ⵋⵓⵔⴶⵢⵏ ⵂⴰⴱⵢⵔⵎⴰⵙ ⵉ ⴰⵏⴾⵓⵔ ⵏ ⵆⴰⵍⴰ ⵓⴰⵏ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⴷⵓⵈ ⴷ ⵎⵓⵛⵂⴰⴾⵉⵍ ⵏ ⵉⵂⴰⵏⴷⴰⴶⴰⵏ ⵓⴰⵔ ⵢⵓⵢⴷⴰⵏ ⵉⵙⵉⵙⵜⴰⵏⴰⵏ ⵙ ⵜⵉⵣⴰⵔⴰⵜ ⵉ ⵎⴰⵙⴰⵗ ⵓⴰ ⵉⵋⵋⴰⵏ ⴷⴰⵗ ⵢⴷⴰⴶ ⵓⴰⵏ ⴱⵓⵓⵔⴶⵢⵓⵉⵙ ⵜⴰⵏ
English: Despite many humanities based arguments against the humanities some within the exact sciences have called for their return.
Tamasheq: ⴰⵎⵛⴰⴾⴾⵉ ⵜⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵂⵓⵎⴰⵏⵉⵜⵉⵢⵙ ⴰⵋⵋⵓⵜⵏⵢⵏ ⵉⵋⵋⴰⵏⵢⵏ ⴼⴰⵍ ⵂⵓⵎⴰⵏⵉⵜⵉⵢⵙ ⵉⵉⵉⴰⴷ ⴷⴰⵗ ⵢⵆⴰⵛⵜ ⵙⵛⵉⵢⵏⵛⵢⵙ ⴰⵗⵔⴰⵏ ⵙ ⵜⵢⵓⴰⵗⵍⴰⵉ ⵏⴰⵙⴰⵏ
English: It’s good to know the history of philosophy.”
Tamasheq: ⵉ ⵓⵍⴰⵗⴰⵏ ⵎⵓⵙⵏⴰⵜ ⵏ ⴰⵜⵜⴰⵔⵢⵆ ⵓⴰⵏ ⴼⵉⵍⵓⵣⵓⴼⵉ
English: Communication (from Latin communicare, meaning "to share"or "to be in relation with") is "an apparent answer to the painful divisions between self and other, private and public, and inner thought and outer word."
Tamasheq: “ ⵎⴰⵋⵔⴰⴷ ( ⵉⵣⵋⴰⵔ ⵉⴷ ⵛⵓⵎⵎⵓⵏⵉⵛⵔⵢ ⵙ ⴰⵍⵎⴰⵗⵏⴰ ⵏⵢⵜ ‘’ ⵜⴰⵣⵓⵏⵜ’ ⵎⵢⵗ ‘ⵜⴰⵔⵜⵉⵜ ⵉⴷ ‘) ⵢⵈⵈⴰⵍ ‘ⴰⵍⵓⴰⵣⴰⴱ ⵉ ⵜⵉⵣⵓⵏⴰⵓⵢⵏ ⵜⵉⵏ ⵜⴰⵣⵣⵓⵔⵜ ⵋⵉⵔ ⴰⴷⴷⵉⵏⴰⵜ , ⵓⵉⵏ ⵉⵎⴰⵏ ⵏⴰⵙⴰⵏ ⴷ ⵓⵉ ⵓⵂⴰⵔⵏⵢⵏ, ⴷ ⴰⵏⴰⵣⵋⵓⵎ ⵓⴰⵏ ⴰⵎⵎⴰⵙ ⴷ ⵉⵙⵉⵎ ⵓⴰⵏ ⴰⵋⵋⴰⵎⴰ’’’
English: Message composition (further internal or technical elaboration on what exactly to express).
Tamasheq: ⴰⵔⴰⵜⴰⵉ ⵏ ⵎⵢⵙⴰⵋ (ⵉⴾⴰⵏⵏⴰⵏ ⵏⵢⵜ ⵓⵉⵏ ⴰⵎⵎⴰⵙ ⴷ ⵓⵉⵏ ⵜⵢⴾⵏⵉⴾ ⴼⴰⵍ ⴰⵓⴰ ⵂⵢ ⴰⵜⵓⴰⵏ ⵉⵏ)
English: Noise sources such as natural forces and in some cases human activity (both intentional and accidental) begin influencing the quality of signals propagating from the sender to one or more receivers.
Tamasheq: ⵜⴰⴾⴰⵍⵜ ⵛⵂⵓⵏⴷ ⴰⵙⵙⴰⵂⴰⵜⵢⵏ ⵜⵉⵏ ⴱⴰⵜⵉⵍ ⴷ ⴷⴰⵗ ⵉⵂⴰⵏⴷⴰⴶⴰⵏ ⵉⵉⵉⴰⴷ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵛⵂⵗⵓⵍⵜ ⵜⴰⵏ ⴰⵓⴰⴷⵉⵎ ( ⵜⴰ ⵓⵜⴰⵙ ⴷ ⵜⴰ ⵓⴰⵔ ⵓⵜⵢⵙ) ⵜⴰⵙⵙⵉⵏⵜⴰ ⵜⴰⵔⵏⴰ ⵏ ⵜⴰⴷⵓⴶⴰⵏⵢⵏ ⵜⵉ ⵏⴰⴼⴼⴰⵣⵏⵢⵏ ⵗⵓⵔ ⵎⴰⵔⴰⵙⴰⵍ ⵂⴰⵔ ⴰⵍⵎⵓⵔⵙⴰⵍⵉⵉⴰ ⵜⴰⵏ ⴰⵋⵋⵓⵜⵏⵢⵏ
English: Interpretation and making sense of the presumed original message.
Tamasheq: ⴰⴼⴰⵂⴰⵎ ⴷ ⴰⵍⵎⴰⵗⵏⴰ ⵏ ⵎⴻⵙⴰⵋ ⵓⴰⵏ ⴰⵍⴰⵙⴰⵍ
English: Examples of intent are voluntary, intentional movements like shaking a hand or winking, as well as involuntary, such as sweating.
Tamasheq: ⴰⵍⵎⵉⵜⴰⵍⴰⵏ ⵓⵉⵏ ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵙ ⴰⵈⵈⴰⵍⴰⵏ ⵜⵉⵎⵉⵜⵉⴾⵓⴰⵉⵢⵏ ⵏ ⴱⴰⵏⵏⴰⵏ ⵛⵂⵓⵏⴷ ⴰⵂⵓⴾ ⵏ ⴰⴼⵓⵙ ⵎⵢⵗ ⴰⵏⴰⵣⴰⵋ ⵏ ⵜⵢⵜ ⵂⴰⴾ ⵉⴷ ⵓⴰⵔ ⵏ ⴰⵈⵈⵢⵍ ⴱⴰⵏⵏⴰⵏ ⵛⵂⵓⵏⴷ ⵜⵉⴷⵢ
English: Likewise, written texts include nonverbal elements such as handwriting style, the spatial arrangement of words and the use of emoticons to convey emotion.
Tamasheq: ⵉⴾⵉⵜⴱⴰⵏ ⴰⵂⴰⵏ ⵜⵉⵜⴱⴰⵈⵈⴰ ⵓⴰⵔ ⵏ ⴰⵈⵈⵢⵍ ⵜⵉⵏ ⵎⴰⵋⵔⴰⴷ ⵛⵂⵓⵏⴷ ⴰⵂⵓⴾ ⵏ ⴰⴼⵓⵙ , ⴰⵈⵈⵓⴷ ⵏ ⵉⵙⵎⴰⵓⴰⵏ ⴷ ⴰⵆⴰⴷⴰⵎ ⵏ ⵢⵎⵓⵜⵉⵛⵓⵏ ⵜⴰⵏ ⵉ ⴰⵙⵉⵙⵙⵉⴾⵉ ⵏ ⵜⴰⴼⵔⵉⵜ ⵏ ⴰⵓⴰⴷⵉⵎ
English: Some of the functions of nonverbal communication in humans are to complement and illustrate, to reinforce and emphasize, to replace and substitute, to control and regulate, and to contradict the denotative message.
Tamasheq: ⵉⵂⴰⵏⴷⴰⴶⴰⵏ ⵎⴰⵋⵔⴰⴷ ⵉⵉⵉⴰⵏ ⵓⴰⵔ ⵏ ⵉⵋⵋⴰ ⵙ ⵢⵎ ⴷⴰⵗ ⴰⴷⴷⵉⵏⴰⵜ ⴰⵈⵈⴰⵍⴰⵏ ⵜⵉⵙⵉⵓⴰⴷ ⴷ ⴰⵙⵉⵍⵎⴰⴷ , ⴰⵙⴰⵙⵙⵓⵂⵉ ⴷ ⵢⵛⵂⵓⴰⵍ, ⴰⵙⵉⵎⵎⵓⵜⵉ ⴷ ⴰⵛⵂⵉⵏⵏⵉⵎⵉⵛⵂⵔⴰⵉ , ⴰⴶ-ⴰⵣ ⴷ ⴰⵎⵓⴾⵉⵏ ⴷ ⴰⵙⴰⴱⴱⴰⵂⵓ ⵏ ⵎⵢⵙⴰⵋ
English: To have total communication, all non-verbal channels such as the body, face, voice, appearance, touch, distance, timing, and other environmental forces must be engaged during face-to-face interaction.
Tamasheq: ⴰⵋⴰⵔⴰⵓ ⵏ ⵎⴰⵋⵔⴰⴷ ⵉⴾⵎⴰⵍⴰⵏ , ⴰⴱⴰⵔⴰ ⵜⴰⵏ ⴼⵓⴾ ⵓⵉ ⵓⴰⵔ ⵏ ⴰⵈⵈⵢⵍ ⵓⵉ ⵉⵋⴰⵏⴻⵏ ⵙ ⵢⵎ ⵛⵂⵓⵏⴷ ⵜⴰⵗⵉⵙⵙⴰ, ⵓⴷⵉⵎ, ⵢⵎⴰⵙⵍⵉ,ⵜⵓⵍⴰⵜ, ⵢⴷⵢⵙ, ⵓⵋⵉⵋ, ⴰⵍⵓⴰⵈ, ⴷ ⴰⵙⵙⴰⵂⴰⵜⵢⵏ ⵏ ⴰⵂⵉⵏⵣⴰⵣⴰⵗ ⵉⵍⵣⴰⵎ ⴰⴷ ⴰⵋ ⵉⵏ ⴰⵍⵓⴰⵈ ⵓⴰⵏ ⵜⴰⵔⵜⵉⵜ
English: """Non-verbal behaviours may form a universal language system."""
Tamasheq: “” ⴰⵍⵆⴰⵍⴰⵏ ⵓⵉ ⵓⴰⵔ ⵏ ⴰⵈⵢⵍ ⵓⵉ ⵉⵋⵋⴰⵏⵢⵏ ⵙ ⵢⵎ ⴰⴷⴷⵓⴱⵢⵏ ⴰⴷ ⴰⵈⵈⵉⵍⴰⵏ ⵙⵉⵙⵜⵢⵎ ⵏ ⴰⵓⴰⵍ ⵏ ⴰⵍⵗⴰⵍⵉⵎ “””ⴰ
English: Language learning normally occurs most intensively during human childhood.
Tamasheq: ⴰⵍⵎⵓⴷ ⵏ ⴰⵓⴰⵍ ⵉⵜⴰⵋ ⵂⵓⵍⵍⴰⵏ ⵗⵓⵔ ⵜⴰⵎⵎⴰⴷⵔⵉⵜ ⵏ ⴰⵓⴰⴷⵉⵎ
English: Constructed languages such as Esperanto, programming languages, and various mathematical formalisms are not necessarily restricted to the properties shared by human languages.
Tamasheq: ⴰⵓⴰⵍⴰⵏ ⵓⵉ ⵉⴷⴰⵉⵏⵢⵏ ⵛⵂⵓⵏⴷ ⵢⵙⴱⵢⵔⴰⵏⵜⵓ, ⴰⵓⴰⵍⴰⵏ ⵓⵉ ⵉⴾⵏⴰⵏⵢⵏ ⴷ ⴼⵓⵎⴰⵍⵉⵙⵎ ⵜⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵎⴰⵜⵢⵎⴰⵜⵉⴾ ⴰⵋⵋⵓⵜⵏⵢⵏ ⴰⵎⵓⵙⴰⵏ ⴰ ⵓⴰⵔ ⵏ ⵉⵍⴰ ⵜⴰⵙⵉⴱⴷⴰⵜ ⵉ ⵉⵔⵉⵣⵣⵢⵋⴰⵏ ⴰⵣⵓⵏⴰⵏ ⴰⵓⴰⵍⴰⵏ ⵏ ⴰⴷⴷⵉⵏⴰⵜ
English: The properties of language are governed by rules.
Tamasheq: ⵉⵔⵉⵣⵣⵢⵋⴰⵏ ⵏ ⴰⵓⴰⵍ ⵢⵆⴾⴰⵎⴰⵏ ⴼⴰⵍ ⴰⵙⵙⴰⵏⴰⵜ ⴰⵛⵂⴰⵔⵢⵗⴰ ⵜⴰⵏ
English: Contrary to popular belief, signed languages of the world (e.g., American Sign Language) are considered to be verbal communication because their sign vocabulary, grammar, and other linguistic structures abide by all the necessary classifications as spoken languages.
Tamasheq: ⴰ ⵉⵣⵍⴰⵉⴰⵏ ⵉⴷ ⴰⵎⵢⴷⵔⴰⵏ ⵓⴰ ⵉⵋⵋⴰⵏ ⴷⴰⵗ ⴰⴷⴷⵉⵏⴰⵜ , ⴰⵓⴰⵍⴰⵏ ⵏ ⴰⵍⵗⴰⵍⵉⵎ ⵓⵉⵏ ⵙⴰⵎⴰⵍ (ⴰⵍⵎⵉⵜⴰⵍ ⴰⵓⴰⵍ ⵏ ⴰⵎⵢⵔⵉⴾ ⵓⴰⵏ ⵙⴰⵎⴰⵍ) ⴰⵈⵈⴰⵍⴰⵏ ⵉⵏ ⵎⴰⵋⵔⴰⴷ ⴰⵍ ⴰⵙ ⵙⴰⵎⴰⵍ ⵏ ⵉⵙⵎⴰⵓⴰⵍ, ⴶⵔⴰⵎⴰⵔ, ⴷ ⵉⴷⵢⵉⴰⵏ ⵏ ⴰⵓⴰⵍ ⵉⵉⵉⴰⴷ ⴰⵗⴱⴰⵍⴰⵏ ⵜⴰⵏ ⵉⵙⴾⵓⵜⴰⵏ ⴼⵓⴾ ⵓⵉⵏ ⴰⵓⴰⵍⴰⵏ ⴰⵎⵎⵉⵋⵔⴰⴷⵏⵢⵏ
English: Communication is thus a process by which meaning is assigned and conveyed in an attempt to create shared understanding.
Tamasheq: ⵎⴰⵋⵔⴰⴷ ⵢⵈⵈⴰⵍ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵜⵉⴾⵓⴰⵉⵜ ⵙ ⵉⵏⵜⴰ ⵉⵋⵔⴰⵓ ⴰⵍⵎⴰⵗⵏⴰ ⵜⵓⵍⴰⵙ ⵉⵜⵉⵓⵉ ⵙ ⵢⵔⵢⵎ ⵏ ⵢⵗⴰⵏⵏⵉ ⵏ ⴰⴼⴰⵂⴰⵎ ⴰⵣⵓⵏⴰⵏ
English: A channel, to which signals are adapted for transmission.
Tamasheq: ⴰⴱⴰⵔⴰ ⵓⴰ ⵉⵍⵎⴰⴷⴰⵏ ⵜⴰⴷⵓⴶⴰⵏⵢⵏ ⵜⵉⵏ ⴰⵙⵉⵙⵙⵉⴾⵉ ⵏ ⵎⴰⵋⵔⴰⴷ
English: A destination, where the message arrives.
Tamasheq: ⴷⴷⴰⴶ ⵓⴰ ⵉⵜⵉⵓⵉⴷ ⵎⵢⵙⴰⵋ
English: No allowance for differing purposes.
Tamasheq: ⵓⴰⵔ ⵜ ⵉⵍⵍⴰ ⵜⵓⵔⵂⴰⵋⴰⵜ ⵉ ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵙⴰⵏ ⴰⵏⵎⴰⵣⵍⴰⵉⵏⵢⵏ
English: No allowance for situational contexts.
Tamasheq: ⵓⴰⵔ ⵜ ⵉⵍⵍⴰ ⵜⵓⵔⵂⴰⵋⴰⵜ ⵉ ⵜⴰⵍⵗⵉⵓⵢⵏ
English: These acts may take many forms, in one of the various manners of communication.
Tamasheq: ⵜⵉⴾⴾⴰⵍ ⵜⵉⵏ ⴰⴷⴷⵓⴱⴰⵜ ⵏⴰⵜ ⴰⴷ ⵉⴾⵔⵉⵛⵂ ⵏⴰⵜ ⴷⵓⵎⵓ ⵜⴰⵏ ⴰⵋⵋⵓⵜⵏⵢⵏ, ⴷⴰⵗ ⵉⵉⵉⴰ ⵏ ⵉⵎⵎⵉⴾⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵎⴰⵋⵔⴰⴷ
English: Syntactic (formal properties of signs and symbols).
Tamasheq: ⵙⵉⵏⵜⴰⵛⵜⵉⵛ ( ⵉⵔⵉⵣⵣⴻⵋⵏ ⵏ ⵙⴰⵎⴰⵍⴰⵏ ⴷ ⵔⴰⵎⴰⵣ ⵜⴰⵏ)
English: In light of these weaknesses, Barnlund (2008) proposed a transactional model of communication.
Tamasheq: ⴷ ⴰⵗ ⵉⴱⴰⵏ ⴰⵙⵙⴰⵂⴰⵜⵢⵏ ⵜⵉⵏ, ⴱⴰⵔⵏⵍⵓⵏⴷ (2008) ⵉⵋⵋⴰ ⴰⴷⴷⴰⴱⴰⵔⴰ ⵏ ⴷⵓⵎⵓ ⵏ ⴰⵓⴰⵍ ⵙ ⵉⵜⵉⴾⵉ ⵎⴰⵋⵔⴰⴷ
English: This second attitude of communication, referred to as the constitutive model or constructionist view, focuses on how an individual communicates as the determining factor of the way the message will be interpreted.
Tamasheq: ⴰⵍⵆⴰⵍⴰⵜ ⵜⵢⵏ ⵏ ⵙⴰⵏⴰⵜⴰⵜ ⵏ ⵎⴰⵋⵔⴰⴷ ⵜⴰⵈⵈⴰⵍ ⵙ ⴷⵓⵎⵓ ⵎⵢⵗ ⴰⴾⴰⵉⴰⴷ ⵉⵋⵋⴰⵏ ⴼⴰⵍ ⵉⵎⵎⵉⴾ ⵓⴰ ⵙ ⵉⵙⴰⵓⴰⵍ ⴰⵓⴰⴷⵉⵎ ⴰⵙ ⵢⵈⵈⴰⵍ ⴰⴱⴰⵔⴰ ⵓⴰ ⵙ ⴰⴷⴷⵓⴱⴰⵜ ⵎⵢⵙⴰⵋ ⴰⴷ ⵢⵜ ⴰⴼⵂⴰⵎ
English: The sender's personal filters and the receiver's personal filters may vary depending upon different regional traditions, cultures, or gender; which may alter the intended meaning of message contents.
Tamasheq: ⴼⵉⵍⵜⴰⵔ ⵜⴰⵏ ⵓⵉⵏ ⴰⵍⵎⵓⵔⵙⴰⵍ ⴰⵏⴷ ⴼⵉⵍⵜⴰⵔ ⵜⴰⵏ ⵓⵉⵏ ⴰⵍⵎⵓⵔⵙⴰⵍⵉⵉⴰ ⴰⴷⴷⵓⴱⵢⵏ ⴰⴷ ⴰⵏⵎⵣⵍⴰⵉⴰⵏ ⵙ ⵜⵓⵎⴰⵙⵢⵏ, ⴰⴶⵏⴰ ⵜⴰⵏ ⵎⵢⵗ ⵋⴰⵏⵙⵉ ⴰⴷⴷⵓⴱⴰⵜ ⵏⵢⵏ ⴰⵙⵉⵎⵎⵓⵜⵉ ⵏ ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵙ ⵏ ⴰⵍⵎⴰⵗⵏⴰ ⵏ ⵎⵢⵙⴰⵋ
English: Although something like code books is implied by the model, they are nowhere represented in the model, which creates many conceptual difficulties.
Tamasheq: ⵆⵓⴷⴷⵢⵗ ⴰⵙ ⵂⴰⵔⴰⵜ ⵛⵂⵓⵏⴷ ⴾⵓⴷ ⵓⴰⵏ ⴰⵍⴾⵉⵜⵜⴰⴱⴰⵏ ⵉⴾⴾⵢ ⴰⵍⵎⴰⵗⵏ ⵏ ⴷⵓⵎⵓ , ⵓⴰⵔ ⵜⵉ ⵉⵍⵍⴰ ⵢⴷⴰⴶ ⴰⵂⴰⵏ ⴷⴰⵗ ⴷⵓⵎⵓ , ⵂⴰⵔⴰⵜ ⵉⴷ ⵢⵔⴰⵓⴰⵏ ⵜⵉⵎⵗⵓⵜⴰⵔ ⴰⵋⵋⵓⵜⵏⵢⵏ ⵏ ⵉⵙⵉⵎ
English: Companies with limited resources may choose to engage in only a few of these activities, while larger organizations may employ a full spectrum of communications.
Tamasheq: ⵆⵓⵎⴱⴰⵏⵉ ⵜⴰⵏ ⵜⵉ ⵉⵍⴰⵏⵢⵏ ⴰⵍⴼⴰⵉⴷⴰ ⵜⴰⵏ ⴷⴰⵔⵓⵙⵏⵢⵏ ⴰⴷⴷⵓⴱⴰⵜ ⵏⴰⵜ ⴰⵙⵉⵏⵏⴰⴼⵔⴰⵏ ⵉ ⵉⵋⵋⵓⵛⵂ ⵏ ⵂⴰⵔⴰⵜ ⵏ ⴰⵍⵆⵉⴷⵎⴰⵜⵢⵏ ⴰⵙ ⵉⵋⵋⴰ ⴰⵓⵢⵏ ⵜⴰⴶⴶⴰⵉⵢⵏ ⵜⵉ ⵎⴰⵈⵈⵓⵔⵏⵢⵏ ⴰⵆⴷⴰⵎ ⵏⴰⵜ ⵙ ⵙⴱⵢⵛⵜⵔⵓⵎ ⵏ ⵎⴰⵋⵔⴰⴷ ⵉⵎⴷⴰⵏ
English: The information environment is the aggregate of individuals, organizations, and systems that collect, process, disseminate, or act on information.
Tamasheq: ⵉⵙⴰⵍⴰⵏ ⵓⵉⵏ ⴰⵂⵉⵏⵣⴰⵣⴰⵗ ⵉⴷⴷⵉⴾⵓⴷ ⵏ ⴰⴷⴷⵉⵏⴰⵜ , ⵜⴰⴶⴶⴰⵉⵢⵏ, ⴷ ⵙⵉⵙⵜⵢⵎ ⵜⴰⵏ ⵓⵉ ⵙⴰⴷⴰⵓ ⵏⵢⵏ, ⵙ ⴰⵎⵎⴰⵜⴰⴾⵓⴰⵉ ⵏⵢⵏ ⵎⵢⵢⵗ ⵉⴷⴰⵙ ⵏⵢⵏ ⵉⵙⴰⵍⴰⵏ
English: In verbal interpersonal communication there are two types of messages being sent: a content message and a relational message.
Tamasheq: ⴷⴰⵗ ⵎⴰⵋⵔⴰⴷ ⵓⴰⵏ ⵋⵉⵔ ⴰⴷⴷⵉⵏⴰⵜ ⵉⵍⵍⴰⵏ ⵜⵉ ⵉⵙⵙⵉⵏ ⴷⵓⵎⵓ ⵜⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵎⵢⵙⴰⵋ ⵜⴰⵏ ⵓⵉ ⴶⴰⵍⵍⵉⵏⵢⵏ: ⴰⵓⴰ ⵢⵂⴰⵏ ⵎⵢⵙⴰⵋ ⴷ ⵎⵢⵙⴰⵋ ⵏ ⴰⵂⴰⵔⵓⵋ
English: This is the study of how individuals explain what causes different events and behaviors.
Tamasheq: ⴰⵓⵢⵏ ⵢⵈⵈⴰⵍ ⴼⴰⵔⴰⴾⵏ ⵉⵎⵎⵉⴾ ⵓⴰ ⵙ- ⴰⴼⵂⴰⵎⴰⵏ ⴰⴷⴷⵉⵏⴰⵜ ⵉⴷⴷⵉⵍⵉⵍ ⵏ ⵂⴰⵔⴰⵜⴰⵏ ⴷ ⴰⵆⴰⵍⴰⵏ
English: Open and honest communication creates an atmosphere that allows family members to express their differences as well as love and admiration for one another.
Tamasheq: ⵎⴰⵋⵔⴰⴷ ⵓⴰ ⵉⵎⵎⵓⵔⴰⵏ ⴷ ⵓⴰⵏ ⴰⵍⵗⴰⵍⴷⵉⵍ ⵢⵗⴰⵏ ⵢⴷⴰⴶ ⵉⵋⴰⵔⴰⵓⴰⵏ ⵉ ⴰⴷⴷⵉⵏⴰⵜ ⵏ ⵢⴶⴰⴷⴰⵛⵂ ⴰⴷ ⴰⵍⵍⴰⵗⴰⵏⵢⵏ ⴰⵏⵎⵉⵣⵍⴰⵉⴰⵏ ⵏⴰⵙⴰⵏ ⵂⴰⴾ ⵉⴷ ⵜⴰⵔⵂⴰ ⴷ ⵜⵉⴶⵢⵎⵜ ⵏ ⵋⵉⵔ ⵉⵎⴰⵏ ⵏⴰⵙⴰⵏ
English: Researchers develop theories to understand communication behaviors.
Tamasheq: ⵆⵢⵍ ⴼⴰⵔⴰⴾ ⵉⵋⵋⴰⵏ ⵢⴼⵢⵙ ⵏ ⵎⵉⵔⴷⴰ ⵜⴰⵏ ⵉ ⴰⴼⴰⵂⴰⵎ ⵏ ⴰⵍⵆⴰⵍⴰⵏ ⵓⵉⵏ ⵎⴰⵋⵔⴰⴷ
English: This also includes a lack of expressing "knowledge-appropriate" communication, which occurs when a person uses ambiguous or complex legal words, medical jargon, or descriptions of a situation or environment that is not understood by the recipient.
Tamasheq: “ ⴰⵓⵢⵏ ⵢⵂⴰⵉ ⵉⴱⴰⵏ ⵎⴰⵋⵔⴰⴷ “ⵎⵓⵙⵏⴰⵜ ⵜⵓⵗⴰⴷⴰⵜ”” ⵉⵜⴰⵋ ⵉⵏ ⴰⵍⵓⴰⵈ ⴰ ⵉⴷ ⴰⵓⴰⴷⵉⵎ ⴰⵍⵍⴰⵗⴰⵜ ⵉⵙⵎⴰⵓⴰⵏ ⴰⵈⵈⴰⵏⵢⵏ ⵢⵗⴰⴼ, ⵜⴰⵏⴶⴰⵍⵜ ⵎⵢⵗ ⴰⴼⵉⵙⵙⴰⵔ ⵏ ⵜⴰⵍⵗⴰ ⵎⵢⵗ ⴰⵂⵉⵏⵣⴰⵣⴰⵗ ⵓⴰⵔ ⵉⴼⵂⵢⵎ ⵎⵓⵆⴰⵜⵜⴰⴱ”
English: Likewise, poor or outdated equipment, particularly the failure of management to introduce new technology, may also cause problems.
Tamasheq: ⵉⵙⵓⵋ ⵓⵉ ⵍⴰⴱⴰⵏⵢⵏ ⵎⵢⵗ ⵓⵉ ⵓⴰⵙⵙⴰⵔ ⵏⵢⵏ , ⵂⵓⵍⵍⴰⵏ ⴰⵏⴰⴷⴰⵔ ⵉ ⴰⵓⵉⴾⴾⴰⵍ ⵏ ⴰⵣⵓⵋⵉⵛⵂ ⵏ ⵜⵢⴾⵏⵓⵍⵓⵋⵉ ⵜⵢⵉⵏⴰⵉⴰⵜ ⴰⴷⴷⵓⴱⴰⵜ ⴰ ⴰⵔⵓ ⵎⵓⵛⵂⴰⴾⵉⵍ ⵜⴰⵏ
English: Examples might include an organizational structure which is unclear and therefore makes it confusing to know whom to communicate with.
Tamasheq: ⴰⵍⵎⵉⵜⴰⵍ ⵜⴰⵏ ⴰⴷⴷoⴱⴰⵜ ⴰ ⵜⴰⵏ ⵉⵋⵋⵉⵛⵂ ⵢⴷⵢⵉ ⵓⴰⵏ ⵉⴾⴰⵏⵏⴰⵏ ⵓⴰⵔ ⵏ ⵉⴾⵏⴰ ⴰⵜ ⵓ ⴰⴼⵂⴰⵎ ⵜⵓⵍⴰⵙ ⵉⵙⴰⵋⵔⴰⵓ ⵜⵢⵓⴰⵗⵏⵢ ⵏ ⵢⵗⴰⴼ ⵉ ⵎⵓⵙⵏⴰⵜ ⵏ ⴰⵓⴰⴷⵉⵎ ⵓⴰ ⴷⴰⵔ ⵉⵜⴰⵋ ⵎⴰⵋⵔⴰⴷ
English: It is better if such words are avoided by using alternatives whenever possible.
Tamasheq: ⵉ ⵓⵍⴰⵗⴰⵏ ⴰ ⴼⴰⵍ ⵉⵙⵎⴰⵓⴰⵏ ⵛⵂⵓⵏⴷ ⵓⵉⵏ ⵓⵉⵉⴰⵏ ⵜⴰⵏ ⴰⴷⴷⵉⵏⴰⵜ ⵙ ⴰⵆⴰⴷⴰⵎ ⵏ ⵉⵉⵉⴰⵏ ⴰⵍⵓⴰⵈ ⵓⴰ ⵉⴷ ⴰⴷⴷⵓⴱⴰⵜ ⴰⵓⵢⵏ
English: However, research in communication has shown that confusion can lend legitimacy to research when persuasion fails.
Tamasheq: ⵂⴰⴾ ⵉⴷ ⵉⵋⵋⴰ ⴰⵓⵢⵏ, ⴼⴰⵔⴰⴾ ⴼⴰⵍ ⵎⴰⵋⵔⴰⴷ ⴰⵙⵓⴾⵏⴰ ⵜⵢⵓⴰⵗⵏⵢ ⵏ ⵢⵗⴰⴼ ⵜⴰⴷⴷⵓⴱⵢⵜ ⴰ ⵜ ⴰⵓⵉ ⵙ ⵜⴰⵔⵉⴷⴰⵓⵜ ⴼⴰⵍ ⴼⴰⵔⴾ ⴰⵍⵓⴰⵈ ⵓⴰ ⵉⴷ ⵉⵏⴷⴰⵔ ⴰⵙⵉⴼⵍⴰⵙ
English: It is when the sender is expressing a thought or a word but the receiver gives it a different meaning.
Tamasheq: ⵢⵈⵈⴰⵍ ⴰⵍⵓⴰⵈ ⵓⴰ ⵉⴷ ⴰⵍⵎⵓⵔⵙⴰⵍ ⴰⴷⴷⵓⴱⴰⵜ ⴰⴷ ⴰⵍⵍⴰⵗⴰⵜ ⴰⵎⵢⴷⵔⴰⵏ ⵏⵢⵜ ⵎⵢⵗ ⵉⵙⵉⵎ ⵎⵓⵛⵂⴰⵎ ⴰⵍⵎⵓⵔⵙⴰⵍⵉⵉⴰ ⵉⴾⴼ-ⵢ ⴰⵍⵎⴰⵗⵏⴰ ⵉⵉⵉⴰⵏ
English: This has, in turn, led to a notable change in the way younger generations communicate and perceive their own self-efficacy to communicate and connect with others.
Tamasheq: ⴰⵓⵢⵢⵏ ⵢⵓⴰⵉ ⵙ ⴰⵎⵓⵜⵜⵉ ⵎⴰⵈⵈⵓⵔⴰⵏ ⴷⴰⵗ ⴰⴱⴰⵔⴰ ⵓⴰ ⵙ ⵜⴰⵙⴰⵓⴰⵍⴰⵏ ⵉⵛⵂⴰⵗⵉⴱⴰⵏ ⵓⵉ ⵉⴷ ⵉⵛⵂⵔⴰⵉⵏⵢⵏ ⵜⵓⵍⴰⵙ ⵉⴾⵉⵉⴷⴰⵏ ⴷⴰⵗ ⵜⴰⴷⴰⴱⵉⵜ ⵏⴰⵙⴰⵏ ⵉ ⵎⴰⵋⵔⴰⴷ ⴷ ⴰⵔⴰⵜⴰⵉ ⵉⴷ ⵓⵉ ⵉⴰⴷⵢⵏ
English: Fear of being criticized – This is a major factor that prevents good communication.
Tamasheq: ⵜⵉⴾⵙⵉⴷⴰ ⵏ ⵎⴰⵋⵔⴰⴷ ⵍⴰⴱⴰⵙⴰⵏ ⴰⵓⵢⵏ ⵢⵈⵈⴰⵍ ⵂⴰⵔⴰⵜ ⵓⴰ ⵉⴶⴰⴷⴰⵍⴰⵏ ⵎⴰⵋⵔⴰⴷ ⵓⵍⴰⵗⴰⵏ
English: This will not only boost your confidence but also improve your language and vocabulary.
Tamasheq: ⴰⵓⵢⵏ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵙⵙⵉⵓⵉⴷ ⵜⴰⴼⵍⵉⵙ ⵏⴰⴾ ⵜⵓⵍⴰⵙ ⵉⵙⴰⵎⵎⵓⵜⵉ ⴰⵓⴰⵍ ⵏⴰⴾ ⴷ ⵉⵙⵎⴰⵓⴰⵏ
English: Certain attitudes can also make communication difficult.
Tamasheq: ⴰⵍⵆⴰⵍⴰⵏ ⵢⵉⵉⴰⴷ ⵓⴳⴰⵔ ⴰⵙⵙⵢⵗⵔⴰⵙⴰⵏ ⵎⴰ
English: The act of disambiguation regards the attempt of reducing noise and wrong interpretations, when the semantic value or meaning of a sign can be subject to noise, or in presence of multiple meanings, which makes the sense-making difficult.
Tamasheq: Iⴾⵓⵙ ⵏ ⵜⵢⵓⴰⵗⵏⵢ ⵏ ⵢⵗⴰⴼ ⴰⵎⵓⵙ ⵢⵔⵢⵎ ⵏ ⴰⴼⴰⵏⴰⵣ ⵏ ⵜⴰⴾⴰⵍⵜ ⴷ ⵉⴼⴰⵂⴰⵎⴰⵏ ⵓⴰⵔ ⵏ ⵓⵗⵢⴷ ⴰⵍⵓⴰⵈ ⵓⴰ ⵉⴷ ⴰⵍⵈⵉⵎ ⵓⴰⵏ ⴰⵍⵎⴰⵗⵏⴰ ⵎⵢⵗ ⴰⵍⵎⴰⵗⵏⴰ ⵏ ⴰⵛⵂⴰⵎⵓⵍ ⴰⴷⴷⵓⴱⴰⵜ ⴰ ⵜⵉ ⵜⴰⵋⵔⵓ ⵜⴰⴰⴾⴰⵍⵜ ⵎⵢⵗ ⴷⴰⵗ ⵢⵎⵢⵍ ⵏ ⴰⵍⵎⴰⵗⵏⴰ ⵜⴰⵏ ⴰⵋⵋⵓⵜⵏⵢⵏ ⵙ ⴰⵙⵙⴰⵂⴰⵜ ⵏⵢⵏ ⴰⵍⵎⴰⵗⵏⴰ
English: For example: words, colours and symbols have different meanings in different cultures.
Tamasheq: ⴰⵍⵎⵉⵜⴰⵍ: ⵉⵙⵎⴰⵓⴰⵏ , ⴷⵓⵎⵓ ⵜⴰⵏ ⴷ ⴰⵎⴰⵣ ⵜⴰⵏ ⵉⵍⴰⵏ ⴰⵍⵎⴰⵗⵏⴰ ⵜⴰⵏ ⴰⵋⵋⵓⵜⵏⵢⵏ ⴷⴰⵗ ⴰⴶⵏⴰ ⵜⴰⵏ ⴰⵋⵋⵓⵜⵏⵢⵏ
English: Understanding cultural aspects of communication refers to having knowledge of different cultures in order to communicate effectively with cross culture people.
Tamasheq: ⴰⴼⴰⵂⴰⵎ ⵏ ⵉⵙⵎⴰⵓⴰⵏ ⵏ ⴰⵙⵉⵓⵉⵍ ⴷⴰⵗ ⴰⴶⵏⴰ ⴰⵈⵈⴰⵍⴰⵏ ⴼⴰⵍ ⴰⴾⴰⵔⴰⵛⵂ ⵏ ⵎⵓⵙⵏⴰⵜ ⵏ ⴰⴶⵏⴰ ⵜⴰⵏ ⴰⵋⵋⵓⵜⵏⵢⵏ ⵉ ⵎⴰⵋⵔⴰⴷ ⵂⵓⵍⵍⴰⵏ ⴷⴰⵗ ⴰⴶⵏⴰ ⵜⴰⵏ ⵓⵉⵏ ⵋⵉⵔ ⴰⴷⴷⵉⵏⴰⵜ
English: It also includes sounds from throat and all these are greatly influenced by cultural differences across borders.
Tamasheq: ⴰⵂⴰⵏ ⵜⵉ ⵉⵎⴰⵙⵍⴰⵏ ⵗⵓⵔ ⵜⴰⴶⵓⵔⵙⴰⵉⵜ ⵜⵓⵍⴰⵙ ⵓⵉⵏ ⴼⵓⴾ ⵏⴰⵙⴰⵏ ⵉⴾⵏⴰⵏ ⵜⴰⵏ ⴰⵏⵎⵉⵣⵍⴰⵉⴰⵏ ⵓⵉⵏ ⵋⵉⵔ ⴰⴶⵏⴰ ⵜⴰⵏ ⵜⴰⵔⵏⴰ ⵂⵓⵍⵍⴰⵏ ⵙ ⴰⵍⵆⴰⴷⵓⴷⴰⵏ ⵏⴰⵙⴰⵏ
English: This concept differs from culture to culture as the permissible space varies in different countries.
Tamasheq: ⵉⵙⵉⵎ ⵓⵢⵏ ⵉⵣⵍⴰⵉ ⴷⴰⵗ ⴰⴶⵏⴰ ⵙ ⴰⴶⵏⴰ ⴼⴰⵍ ⴰⵙ ⵢⴷⴰⴶ ⵓⴰⵏ ⵜⵓⵔⵂⴰⵋⴰⵜ ⵉⵣⵍⴰⵉ ⴷⴰⵗ ⴰⴷⴷⴰⵓⵍⴰ ⵜⴰⵏ
English: Some issues explaining this concept are pauses, silences and response lag during an interaction.
Tamasheq: ⵎⴰⵔⵙⴰⵍⴰⵏ ⵉⵉⵉⴰⴷ ⴰⵈⵈⴰⵍ ⵏⵢⵏ ⴰⴼⴰⵂⴰⵎ ⵏ ⵉⵙⵉⵎ ⵓⵢⵏ ⴰⵎⵓⵙⴰⵏ ⵜⵉⵙⵉⴱⴷⴰⴷ ; ⵉⵙⵓⵙⵉⵎⴰⵏ ⴷ ⴰⵂⵓⵋⵉ ⴷⴰⵜⴰ ⴰⵍⵓⴰⵣⴰⴱ ⴰⵍⵓⴰⵈ ⵓⴰ ⵉⵋⵋⴰ ⴰⵙⵉⵓⵉⵍ
English: In different countries, the same gestures and postures are used to convey different messages.
Tamasheq: ⴷⴰⵗ ⴰⴷⴷⴰⵓⵍⴰ ⵜⴰⵏ ⴰⵋⵋⵓⵜⵏⵢⵏ, ⵉⴱⴰⵔⴰⵋⴰⵏ ⴷ ⴰⵍⵆⴰⵍⴰⵏ ⵜ ⴰⵓ ⴰⵆⴷⴰⵎⴰⵏ ⵉ ⴰⵙⵉⵙⵙⵉⴾⵉ ⵏ ⵎⵢⵙⴰⵋ ⵜⴰⵏ
English: Plant roots communicate with rhizome bacteria, fungi, and insects within the soil.
Tamasheq: ⵉⴾⵢⵓⴰⵏ ⵏ ⴰⵂⵉⵙⵂⴾ ⵙⴰⵓⴰⵍⴰⵏ ⵉⴷ ⵔⵂⵉⵣⵓⵎⵢ ⴱⴰⵛⵜⵢⵔⵉⴰ, ⴱⵉⴼⴼⵢⵏ ⴷ ⵉⵎⵓⴷⴰⵔⴰⵏ ⴷⴰⵗ ⴰⴾⴰⵍ
English: In parallel they produce other volatiles to attract parasites which attack these herbivores.
Tamasheq: ⵜ-ⴰⵔⴰⵓ-ⴰⵏ ⵉⴶⴷⴰⴷ ⵉⵉⵉⴰⴷ ⵉⴷ ⵔⴰⴾⴰⴱ ⵏⴻⵏ ⴼⴰⵔⴰⵣⵉⵜ ⵜⴰⵏ ⴷⴰⵍⵍⴰⵎ ⵏⵢⵏ ⵉⵎⵓⴷⴰⵔⴰⵏ ⵓⵉⵏ ⵜⴰⵜⵉⵏⵢⵏ ⴰⵍⴰⵎⵎⵓⵣ
English: The biochemicals trigger the fungal organism to react in a specific manner, while if the same chemical molecules are not part of biotic messages, they do not trigger the fungal organism to react.
Tamasheq: ⴱⵉⵓⵛⵂⵢⵎⵉⵛⴰⵍⵙ ⵏ ⴰⵜⵜⴰⴶⴰⵏ ⴱⵉⴼⴼⵢⵏ ⵉ ⴰⴷ ⴰⵍⵓⴰⵣⴰⴱ ⵙ ⵉⵎⵎⵉⴾ ⴰⵙ ⵉⵋⵋⴰ ⴰⵓⵢⵏ ⵛⵂⵢⵎⵉⵛⴰⵍ ⵎⵓⵍⵢⵛⵓⵍⵢⵙ ⵓⴰⵔ ⴰⵈⵈⴻⵍ ⵏⴰⵜ ⴰⵛⵂⵔⵓⵜ ⵏ ⵎⵢⵙⴰⵋ ⵜⴰⵏ ⴱⵉⵓⵜⵉⵛ, ⵓⴰⵔ ⵏ ⴰⵜⵜⴰⴶⴰⵏ ⴼⵓⵏⴶⴰⵍ ⵓⵔⴶⴰⵏⵉⵙⵎ ⵉ ⴰⴷ ⴰⵍⵓⴰⵣⴰⴱ
English: Through quorum sensing, bacteria can sense the density of cells, and regulate gene expression accordingly.
Tamasheq: ⵙ ⵜⴰⴼⵔⵉⵜ ⵜⴰⵏ ⵈⵓⵓⵔⵓⵎ, ⴱⴰⵛⵜⵢⵔⵉⴰ ⴰⴷⴷⵓⴱⴰⵜ ⴰⴷ ⴰⴼⵔⵉ ⵉ ⴰⵏⵎⵉⵙⴰⵙ ⵏ ⵉⵣⵉⵔⵓⴰⵏ ⵜⵓⵍⴰⵙ ⴰⵗⵉⴷ ⴶⵢⵏⵢ ⵜⴰⵏ ⵙ ⵉⵎⵎⵉⴾ ⵓⵢⵏ
English: Information, in a general sense, is processed, organised and structured data.
Tamasheq: ⵉⵙⴰⵍⴰⵏ, ⴷⴰⵗ ⴰⵍⵎⴰⵗⵏⴰ ⵓⵂⴰⵔⴰⵏ , ⴰⵎⵓⵙⴰⵏ ⴰ ⵉⵙⵉⴾⴰⵏⵙⴰⴾⵢⵏ , ⵓⵗⴰⴷⴰⵏ ⵜⵓⵍⴰⵙ ⵉⴾⵔⴰⵙⴰⵏ
English: Information is associated with data.
Tamasheq: ⵉⵙⴰⵍⴰⵏ ⵓⵙⴰⵗⴰⵏ ⵉⴷ ⴷⴰⵜⴰ
English: Information can be transmitted in time, via data storage, and space, via communication and telecommunication.
Tamasheq: ⵉⵙⴰⵍⴰⵏ ⴰⴷⴷⵉⴱⵢⵏ ⴰⴷ ⵉⴾⵉⵉⴰⵏ ⴷⴰⵗ ⴰⵍⵓⴰⵈ ⵙ ⴰⵗⴰⵣⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵉⵙⴰⵍⴰⵏ ⴷ ⵢⴷⴰⴶ ⵙ ⵎⴰⵋⵔⴰⴷ ⴷ ⵜⵢⵍⵢⵛⵓⵎⵎⵓⵏⵉⵛⴰⵜⵉⵓⵏ
English: Information can be encoded into various forms for transmission and interpretation (for example, information may be encoded into a sequence of signs, or transmitted via a signal).
Tamasheq: ⵉⵙⴰⵍⴰⵏ ⴰⴷⴷⵓⴱⵢⵏ ⴰⴷ ⴰⴾⴾⵓⴷⵢⵏ ⴷⴰⵗ ⴷⵓⵎⵓ ⵜⴰⵏ ⴰⵋⵋⵓⵜⵏⵢⵏ ⵙ ⵉⴾⵉ ⴷ ⴰⴼⴰⵂⴰⵎ (ⴰⵍⵎⵉⵜⴰⵍ, ⵉⵙⴰⵍⴰⵏ ⴰⴷⴷⵓⴱⵢⵏ ⴰⴾⴾⵓⴷⵉ ⴷⴰⵗ ⵉⴷⴷⵉⴾⵓⴷ ⵏ ⵉⵛⵂⴰⵎⵓⵍⴰⵏ ⵎⵢⵗ ⴰⴾⵉⵉⴰⵏ ⵙ ⵜⴰⴷⵓⴶⴰⵏⵜ)
English: Uncertainty is inversely proportional to the probability of occurrence.
Tamasheq: ⵉⴱⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵉⴾⵓⵙ ⵏ ⴰⵛⵂ-ⴰⴾ ⵢⵈⵈⴰⵍ ⵉⴾⴾⴰ ⴰ ⵂⵉⵏ ⵜⵓⴷⴰⴱⴰⵜ ⵏ ⵉⵋⵉ ⵏⵢⵜ