Tamazight-NLP/NLLB-Seed_Tamasheq-Tifinagh-Script huggingface dataset:
English: Producer Darryl Zanuck claimed he thought of it in a script conference; Wellman said the idea came to him when he saw the grapefruit on the table during the shoot; and writers Glasmon and Bright claimed it was based on the real life of gangster Hymie Weiss, who threw an omelette into his girlfriend's face.
Tamasheq: ⴻⴰⵔⵔⵉⵍ ⵌⴰⵏⵓⵛⴾ ⵓⴰ ⵉⴾⴾⴰⵏⴰⵏ ⴰⵓⴰ ⵎⴰⴷ ⴻⵏ ⴰⵜⵓⴰⵛⴰⵗⴻⵍ ⴰⵙⴷⴰⵜⴰⵜ ⴷⴰⵗ ⴰⵏⵏⴰⵣⵋⵓⵎ ⴰⵏ ⴰⵙⴰⵓⴰⵋ ⴰⵏ ⵜⴰⵗⵉⵎⵉⵜ ⴼⴰⵍ ⴰⵓⴰ ⴰⵜⵓⴰⵛⴰⵗⴰⵍⴰⵏ ⵓⴻⵍⵍⵎⴰⵏ ⵉⵏⵏⴰ ⵉⴾⵔⴰⵛ ⴰⵏⵏⴰⵣⵋⵓⵎ ⴰⵙ ⵉⵏⵂⴰⵉ ⴰⵍⵓⴰⵈ ⵓⴰ ⴷ ⴰⵛⴻⵗⴰⵍⴰⵏ ⵜⴻⵍⴰⵋⴰⵌⵜ ⵜⴰⵓⴰⵔⴰⵜ ⵜⴰⴱⴰⵍ ⴰⴷⴷⵉⵏⴰⵜ ⵓⵉ ⴰⵛⴻⵗⴰⵍⵏⴻⵏ ⵗⵍⴰⵙⵎⵓⵏ ⴰⴷ ⴱⵔⵉⴶⵂ ⴰⵙⴷⴰⵜⴻⵏ ⴰⵙ ⵓⴰⵔ ⵜ ⴰⵋⵋⴰ ⴰⵔ ⴼⴰⵍ ⴰⵓⴰ ⴷ ⴰⴷ ⵜⴰⵈⵈⴰⵍ ⴰⵙ ⵜⵉⴷⴰⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⵓⴷⵔⴻ ⵏ ⴰⵓⴰⴷⴰⵎ ⴰⵏ ⵜⵉⵎⴰⵛⴰⵍⴻⵏ ⴰⴱⵔⴰⵔⵏⴻⵏ ⵙ ⵉⵜⴰⵓⴰⵏⵏⴰ ⵂⵉⵎⵉⴻ ⵓⴻⵉⵙⵙ ⴰⵙ ⴾⴰⵍⴰ ⵉⵋⵋⴰⵔ ⵜⴰⵎⵉⴷⵉⵜ ⴰⵏⵏⴻⵙ ⴰⵙ ⵜⵉⴾⴰⴾⵉⵜⴻⵏ ⴷⴰⵗ ⵉⴷⴽⴰⵎ.
English: I never dreamed it would be shown in the movie.
Tamasheq: ⴾⴰⵍⴰ ⵓⴰⵔ ⴰⵣⵏⴰⵣⵋⴰⵎⴻⵗ ⴰⵙ ⴰ-ⵓⴻⵏ ⴰⴷ ⴰⵜⵓⴰⵙⴰⴾⴰⵏ ⴷⴰⵗ ⵙⴰⵏⴰⵎⴰ.
English: He saw the film repeatedly just to see that scene, and was often shushed by angry patrons when his delighted laughter got too loud."
Tamasheq: Iⵋⵋⴰ ⵉⴾⴰⵉⴰⴷⴰⵏ ⴰⵋⵋⵓⵜⵏⴻⵏ ⵉ-ⴰⴾⴾⴰⵉⴰⴷ ⴰⵏⵏⴻⵙ ⵉ-ⴰⴷ ⴰⵏⵂⴰⵉ ⴻⴷⴰⴶⴶ ⴻⵏ ⵜⴰⵣⵣⴰⵔ ⵂⴰⵔⴾⵓⴾ ⵓⴰⵔ ⴰⵎⴰⵏⵏⴰⴾ ⴰⴷ ⵓⵉ ⴾⴰⵉⵉⴰⴷⵏⴻⵏ ⵉⵜⴰⵋⴰⵛ ⵜⴰⵏ ⴰⵍⵂⴰⵎ ⴰⵏ ⵜⴰⴷⴰⵌⵌⴰ ⵏⴻⵙ - ⵉ-ⵜ-ⴰⵙⵙⵓⵂⴻⵜ.
English: Warner Bros. was quick to team its two rising gangster stars—Edward G. Robinson and Cagney—for the 1931 film Smart Money.
Tamasheq: ⵓⴰⵔⵏⴻⵔ ⴱⵔⵓⵙ ⴰⵔⵓⵔⴰⴷ ⵜⴰⵔⵜⵉⵜ ⴰⵏ ⴰⴷⴷⵉⵏⴰⵜ ⵓⵉ-ⵏ-ⴰⵙⵙⵉⵏ ⴰⵏ ⴻⵔⴾ ⵜⵉⵎⴰⵛⴰⵍⴻⵏ ⴰ-ⵜⴰⵏ ⴰⵎⵓⵙⴰⵏ: ⴻⴷⵓⴰⵔⴷ ⵗ ⵔⵓⴱⵉⵏⵙⵏⵏ ⴰⴷ ⵛⴰⴶⵏⴻⵉ ⵉ-ⵉⵋⵋⵉ ⴰⵏ ⵙⴰⵏⴰⵎⴰ ⵓⴰ-ⵙ-ⵉⵜⴰⵓⴰⵏⵏⴰ ⵙⵎⴰⵔⵜ ⵂⵓⵏⴻⵉ ⴰⵜⵓⴰⵋⵋⴰⵏ ⴷⴰⵗ ⴰⵓⴰⵜⴰⵉ ⵓⴰ-ⵏ 1931.
English: As he completed filming, The Public Enemy was filling cinemas with all-night showings.
Tamasheq: ⵛⴰⵎⴰⴷ ⵉⵎⵉⴷⵓ ⴰⵎⵎⵓⴾⴰⵏ ⴰⵏⵏⴻⵙ, ⵟⵂⴻ ⴱⵓⴱⵍⵉⵛ ⴻⵏⴻⵔⴶⵉ, ⴷⴰⵗ ⴻⵂⴰⴷ-ⴰⵏ, ⵉⴷⴰⴶⴶⴰⵏ ⴾⵓⵍ ⵓⵉ ⴷⴰⵗ ⵜⴰⵋⵋⴰⵏ ⵙⴰⵏⴰⵎⴰⵜⴰⵏ.
English: The studio heads also insisted that Cagney continue promoting their films, even ones he was not in, which he opposed.
Tamasheq: ⵉⵎⵉⵣⵣⴰⵔⴰⵏ ⴰⵏ ⵉⴷⴰⴶⴶⴰⵏ ⵓⵉ-ⵏ-ⵏ ⴰⵙⴰⵗⴰⵍ ⴰⵙⴰⴱⴷⴰⴷⴰⵏ ⴰⵙ ⵜⴰⵂⴰⵙⵉⵍⵜ ⵛⴰⴶⵏⴻⵉ ⴰⵙ ⴰⵙⵙⵉⴰⴷ ⴰⵏ ⵜⴰⵏⴼⵓ ⴰⵏ ⴰⵙ ⴷⴰⵜ ⴰⵏ ⵜⵂⵉ
English: The success of The Public Enemy and Blonde Crazy forced Warner Bros.' hand.
Tamasheq: ⴱⵓⴱⵍⵉⵛ Eⵏⴻⵎⵉ ⴰⴷ ⴱⵍⵓⵏⴷⴻ Eⵔⴰⵏⵣⵉ ⴰⵛⴰⵛⴰⵍⴰⵏ ⴰⴼⴼⵓⵙ ⴰⵏ ⵌⵓⵔⵏⴻⵔ ⴱⵔⵓⵙ.
English: The film was swiftly followed by The Crowd Roars and Winner Take All.
Tamasheq: ⵜⵂⴻ ⵛⵔⵓⴷ ⵔⵓⴰⵔⵙ ⴰⴷ ⵓⵉⵏⵏⴻⵔ ⵟⴰⴾⴻ ⴰⵍⵍ, ⴻⴾⵉⴰⴷⴰⵏ ⴼⵉⵍⵎ- ⴰⵏ ⵛⵉⴾ.
English: Historians also debate the nature of history as an end in itself, as well as its usefulness to give perspective on the problems of the present.
Tamasheq: ⵟⵉⵏⴼⵓⵙⴻⵏ, ⴰⵎⵎⴰⴷⴰⵛ ⵂⵓⵍⵍⴻⵏ ⴼⴰⵍ ⴰⵎⵎⴰⴾ ⴰⵏ ⵜⴰⵏⴼⵓⵙⵜ ⵛⵓⵏⴷ- ⴰⵙ ⴰⵓⴰ ⴰⵜⵜⵉⵓⴰⵎⴰⵗⴰⵏ ⴾⵓⵍ, ⵓⴰⵔ- ⴰⵜⵓⴰⵓⴰⴷⵂⴰⴾ-ⴰⴷ ⵜⴰⵏⴼⵓ ⵏⴻⵙ ⵉ- ⴰⵙⵎⵓⵙⵏⴰⵓⴻⵏ ⴰⵙ ⴰⵎⵎⴰⴾ ⵓⴰ-ⵙ ⵎⴰⴷ ⴰⵜⵓⴰⴰⴼⵂⴰⵎ.
English: However, ancient cultural influences have helped spawn variant interpretations of the nature of history which have evolved over the centuries and continue to change today.
Tamasheq: ⵎⴰⵙⴰⵏ ⵂⴰⵔⴰⵜⴰⵏ, ⴰⵋⵋⵓⵜⵏⴻⵏ ⴰⴷ ⴰⵜⵜⵉⵓⴰⴾⴰⵉⵏⴻⵏ ⵓⵔⴰⵓⴰⵏ ⴰⵎⵎⴰⴾⴾⴰⵏ ⴰⴱⴷⴰⵏⴻⵏ ⴰⵏ ⴻⵙⴰⵓⴰ ⴰⵏ ⵜⴰⵏⴼⵓⵙⵜ, ⴰⵈⵈⴰⵍⴰⵏ ⵜⵉⵓⴰⴷⵜ ⴷⴰⵗ ⴻⵍⴰⵏ ⵜⵉⴾⴾⵉⴰⵏ ⴰⵙ ⴰⵎⵎⵓⵜⴰⵉ ⵂⴰⵔⵓⴰ ⴰⵛⴰⵍ-ⵉ.
English: Herodotus, a 5th-century BC Greek historian, is often considered the "father of history" in the Western tradition, although he has also been criticized as the "father of lies".
Tamasheq: ”ⵂⵉⵔⴰⴷoⵜⴻ, ⴻⵎⴰⵋ ⴰⵏ ⵜⵉⵏⴼⵓⵙⵜ ⵂⵉⵏ oⴾⴾⴰⵉⵏⴻⵏ ⴷⴰⵗ ⴰⴷⴷⴰⵓⴰⵍ ⵓⴰⵏ ⴶⵔⴻⴻ ⴷⴰⵗ ⵜⴻⵎⴰⴷⴻ ⵜⴰ-ⵙⴷⴰⵜ J.ⵛ ⴰⵜⵜⵉⵓⴰⴷⴾⴰⵍ ⵛⵓⵏⴷ “”ⴰⵎⴰⵔⴰⵓ ⴰⵏ ⴱⴰⵂⵓ”” .”
English: In Middle English, the meaning of history was "story" in general.
Tamasheq: ⴷⴰⵗ ⵜⴰⵓⴰⵍⵜ ⵜⴰⵏ ⴰⵏⴶⵍⴰⵉⵙ ⵂⵉⵏ ⵜⴰⵛⵎⴰⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⴼⵓⵙⵜ ⴰ ⵂⴰⵙ ⵉⵜⴰⵓⴰⵏⴻⵏ ”ⵙⵜⵓⵔⵉ.”
English: In modern German, French, and most Germanic and Romance languages, which are solidly synthetic and highly inflected, the same word is still used to mean both "history" and "story".
Tamasheq: ⴷⴰⵗ ⴰⵍⵍⴻⵎⴰⵏⴶⵏⴻ ⵜⴰⵏ ⵓ-ⴰⵉⵏⴰⵉⴰⵏ ⵜⴰ ⴼⵔⴰⵏⵙⵉⵜ’ⴰⴷ ⵂⴰⵔⴰⵜ ⴷⴰⵗ ⴾⴰⵍ ⵜⴰⵓⴰⵍⴻⵏ ⵜ-ⵉⵏ ⴾⴰⵍ ⴶⴻⵔⵎⴰⵏⵉⴻ ⴰⴷⵔⵓⵎⴰⵏⴻⵙ, ⴰⴾⵏⴰⵏⴰⵜ ⵎⴻⵂⴰⵓ ⵂⵓⵍⵍⴻⵏ ⴰⵎⵓⵙⵜⴰⵏ ⴰⴷ ⴰⵏⵏⵉⴾⴰⴱⴻⵏ, ⵜⴰⴼⴻⵔⵜ- ⴻⵏ ⵉⵜⴰⵓⴰ-ⴰⵙ ⵂⴰⵔⵓⴰ”” ⵜⴰⵏⴼⵓⵙⵜ””ⴰⴷ”ⵉⵙⴰⵍⵏ””.”
English: In the words of Benedetto Croce, "All history is contemporary history".
Tamasheq: ⴷⴰⵗ ⵜⴻⵏⵏⴰ ⴰⵏ ⴱⴻⵏⴻⴷⴻⵜⵜⵓ” ⵜⴰⵏⴼⵓⵙⵜ ⴾⵓⵍ ⵜ-ⴰⵎⵓⵙ ⵜⴰⵏⴼⵓⵙⵜ ⴰⵏ ⵉⵙⴰⵍⴰⵏ ⴰⵜⵜⵉⵓⴰⵋⴰⵏⴻⵏ ⴷⴰⵗ ⴰⵣⵣⴰⵎⴰⵏ ⵉⵉⵉⴰⵏ.
English: Therefore, the constitution of the historian's archive is a result of circumscribing a more general archive by invalidating the usage of certain texts and documents (by falsifying their claims to represent the "true past").
Tamasheq: ⴷⴰⵗ ⵉⵙⴰⵍⴰⵏ ⵓⵉ-ⴷ-ⴰⵈⵈⴰⵍⵏⴻⵏ ⴰⵙⴰⵎⴰⵙⴰⴷⵓ ⴼⴰⵍ ⵓⵉ ⴰⵜⵓⴰⵔⵏⴻⵏ ⴰⵏ ⴻⵎⴰⵋ ⴰⵏ ⵜⴰⵏⴼⵓⵙⴻⵏ ⴰⵎⵎⴰⵍⴰⵏⵜ ⵉⵙⴰⵍⴰⵏ ⵉⵉⵉⴰⴷ ⴷ-ⴰⵍⴾⴰⵜⵜⴰⴱⴰⵏ ( ⵙ-ⴰⵙⵙⴰⵎⵓⵜⴰⵉ ⴰⵏ ⴰⵓⴰ ⴰⴾⴾⵈⵏ ⴰⵙ ⴰⵙⴰⴾⴾⴰⵏ ⴰⵏ ⴰⵓⴰ ⴰⵜⵓⴰⵋⵋⴰⵏ ⴰⵙ ⵜⵉⴷⴰⵜ ;
English: The study of history has sometimes been classified as part of the humanities and at other times as part of the social sciences.
Tamasheq: ⴰⵂⴰⵏⴰⵉ ⴰⵏ ⴰⵎⵎⴰⴾ ⴰⵏ ⵜⴰⵏⴼⵓⵙⵜ ⴰⵎⵓⵙ ⴰⵍⵓⴰⵈ ⵉⵉⵉⴰⵏ ⵂⴰⵔⴰⵜ ⴰⵜⵜⵉⵓⴰⴷⴾⴰⵍⴰⵏ ⴷⴰⵗ ⵓⵎⵎⴰⵗ ⴰⵏ ⵜⴰⵎⵓⵙⵏⴰⵓⴻⵏ ⴼⴰⵍ ⴰⴶⴶ-ⴰⴷⴷⴰⵎ ⵉⵋⵋⴰ ⴷⴰⵗ ⴼⴰⵍ ⵜⵉⵎⵓⵙⵏⴰⵓⴻⵏ ⴰⵋⵋⵓⵜⵏⴻⵏ.
English: In the 20th century, French historian Fernand Braudel revolutionized the study of history, by using such outside disciplines as economics, anthropology, and geography in the study of global history.
Tamasheq: ⴷⴰⴶⵂ ⴰⵓⴰⵜⴰⵉ ⵓⴰⵏ 2000,ⴼⴻⵔⵏⴰⵏⴷ ⴱⵔⴰⵓⴷⴻⵍ ⵉⵉⵉⴰⵏ ⴷⴰⴶⵂ ⴾⴻⵍ ⴰⵜⵜⴰⵔⴻⵆ ⵏ ⴼⵔⴰⵏⵛⴻ, ⴻⵓⴰⵉ ⵉⴷ ⵜⴰⵎⵓⵜⵜⴰⵉⵜ ⵏ ⵜⴻⴶⵂⴰⵔⴻ ⵜⴰⵏ ⴰⵜⵜⴰⵔⴻⵆ ⵙ ⵎⴰⵋⴰⵍ ⵜⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵙ ⴰⵋⵋⴰⵎⴰ ⵛⵂⵓⵏⴷ ⴰⵈⵜⵉⵙⴰⴷ, ⵜⴻⴶⵂⴰⵔⴻ ⵏ ⵎⵓⵙⵏⴰⵜ ⵏ ⴰⵓⴰⴷⵉⵎ ⴷ ⵋoⴶⵔⴰⴼⵉⴰ ⴷⴰⴶⵂ ⵜⴻⴶⵂⴰⵔⴻ ⵏ ⴰⵜⵜⴰⵔⴻⵆ ⵓⴰⵏ ⴰⵍⴶⵂⴰⵍⵉⵎ
English: In general, the sources of historical knowledge can be separated into three categories: what is written, what is said, and what is physically preserved, and historians often consult all three.
Tamasheq: ⴼⴰⵍ ⵜⵉⵓⵉⵜ ⴰⵏ ⵜⴰⵏⴼⵓⵙⵜ ⵎⵓⵙⵏⴰⵜ ⴰⵏⵏⴻⵙ ⵜ-ⴰⴷⴷⵓⴱⴰⵜ ⴰⴷ ⵜ-ⴰⵋⵋ ⵜⵉⵌⵓⵏⴰⵓⴻⵏ ⴾⴰⵔⴰⴷⴰⵜ: ⴰⵓⴰ ⴰⵜⵉⵓⴰⴾⵜⴰⴱⴰⵏ ⴰⵓⴰ ⴰⵜⵓⴰⵏⵏⴰⵏ ⴰⴷ ⴰⵓⴰ ⵉⵗⴰⵍⴰⵙⴰⵏ ⴾⴰⵍ ⵜⴰⵏⴼⵓⵙⴻⵏ ⴾⴰⵉⴰⴷⴰⵏ ⵜⴰⵏⴰⵜ ⴼⴰⵍ ⴾⴰⵔⴰⴷⴰⵜ .
English: Archaeological finds rarely stand alone, with narrative sources complementing its discoveries.
Tamasheq: ⴰⵋⴰⵔⴰⵓ ⴰⵏ ⴰⵙⴰⴼⵓⴾⴰⵔ ⴰⵏ ⵂⴰⵔⴰⵜⴰⵏ ⴰⴼⴰⵔⵏⴻⵏ ⴰⵉ-ⵉⵍⵍⴰⵏ ⴰⴼⴷⴰⵏ ⴰⵏ ⴻⵍⴰⵏ ⴻⴶⴷⴰⵂⴰⵏ ⵉ-ⵉⵎⴰⵏ ⴼⴰⵍⵍ-ⴰⵙ ⴰⵙⵉⵓⴰⴷ ⴰ ⵜ-ⴰⵋⵋⴰⵏ ⵉⵙⴰⵍⴰⵏ ⴰⵏ ⴰⵓⴰ-ⵜ-ⵉⵍⵍⴰⵏ ⴷⴰⵜ ⴰⵓⴰ .
English: For example, Mark Leone, the excavator and interpreter of historical Annapolis, Maryland, USA, has sought to understand the contradiction between textual documents idealizing "liberty" and the material record, demonstrating the possession of slaves and the inequalities of wealth made apparent by the study of the total historical environment.
Tamasheq: “ⴰⵍⵎⵉⵜⴰⵍ ⵉⵉⵉⴰⵏ ⵎⴰⵔⴾ ⵍⴻⵓⵏⴻ ⴰⵏⵏⵓⵎⴰⵗ ⴰⴷ ⴻⵏⴰⵙⴼⴰⵂⴰⵎ ⴰⵏ ⵜⴰⵏⴼⵓⵙⵜ ⵜⴰ-ⵏ ⴰⵏⵏⴰⴱⵓⵍⵉⵙ ⵎⴰⵔⵉⵍⴰⵏⴷ ⵓⵙⴰ ⵉⵎⵎⴰⵗ ⵉ-ⴰⴷ ⴰⴼⵂⴰⵎ ⴰⵓⴰ ⴰⵜⵉⵓⴰⴾⵜⴰⴱⴰⵏ ⴷⴰⵗ ⴰⵍⴾⴰⵜⵜⴰⴱⴰⵏ ⵓⵉ ⵙⴰⴾⵏⴰⵏⴻⵏ ⴰⵎⵎⴰⴾ ⴰⵏ ⴰⵋⵋⴰⵔⴰⵓ ⴰⵏ ⵉⵎⴰⵏ ⴰⵏⵏⴻⵙ ⴰⴷ ⵓⵎⴰⵗ ⴰⵏ ⵓⵉ ⴰⵜⵓⴰⵔⵏⴻⵏ ⴰⵎⵓⵙⵏⴻⵏ ⴰⵉ-ⵉⵙⴰⴾⵏⴻⵏ.”
English: It is possible for historians to concern themselves with both the very specific and the very general, although the modern trend has been toward specialization.
Tamasheq: ⵓⴷⴰⴼ ⴰⵏ ⴻⵛⵍⴰⵏ ⴰⴷ ⵉⴱⵈ-ⵉⴶⴷⴰⵂ ⴷⴰⵗ ⵜⴰⵏⴼo ⵜ-ⴰⵜⵜⵉⵓⴰⵋⴰⵜ ⴼⴰⵍ ⵓⵎⴰⵗ ⴰⵏ ⴰⵋⴰⵔⴰⵓ ⴰⵏ ⵜⵉⵎⵓⵙⵏⴰⵓⴻⵏ ⴰⵋⵋⵓⵜⵏⴻⵏ əⵋⵋⴰⵏⴻⵏ ⴼⴰⵍ ⴰⵛⴰⵗⴰⵍⴰⵏ ⴰⵋⵋⵓⵜⵏⴻⵏ.
English: Thirdly, it may refer to why history is produced: the philosophy of history.
Tamasheq: ⵓⴰ-ⵙ-ⴾⴰⵔⴰⴷ ⴰⴷⴷⵓⴱⴰⵜ ⵓⵎⵎⴰⵗ ⴰⵏ ⴰⵙⴰⴱⴰⴱ ⵓⴰ ⴼⴰⵍ ⵜ-ⴰⵜⵓⴰⵋⵋⴰ ⵜⴰⵏⴼⵓⵙⵜ : ⴻⵙⴰⵓⴻ ⵏⴻⵙ.
English: By whom was it produced (authorship)?
Tamasheq: (ⵎⵉ ⵜⴰⵜ ⵉⴾⴰⵜⴰⴱⴰⵏ)?
English: What is the evidential value of its contents (credibility)?
Tamasheq: ⴻⵏⴷⴻⴾ ⴰⵓⴰ ⵉⵙⵉⴷⵓⵜⴻⵏ ⴰⵙ-ⴰⵓⴰ-ⵜ-ⵉⵂⴰⵏ ⴰⵎⵓⵙ (ⵜⵉⴷⴰⵜ) ⴼⴰⵍ.
English: The historical method comprises the techniques and guidelines by which historians use primary sources and other evidence to research and then to write history.
Tamasheq: Eⵙⴰⵓⴻ ⵏ-ⴰⵙⴻⵏⴼⴰⵙ ⴰⵂⵂⴰⵏⴰⵜ ⵜⵉⵎⵓⵙⵏⴰⵓⴻⵏ ⴰⴷ ⵂⴰⵔⴰⵜⴰⵏ ⴰⵎⵓⵙⵏⴻⵏ ⴰⵜⵉⵓⴰⵙⴰⴱⴷⴰⴷⴰⵏ ⵗⵓⵔ ⴾⴰⵍ ⴰⵙ ⴰⴷⴾⵓⵍ ⴰⵏ ⵙⴰⵏⵜⵓ ⵏⴰⵙⵏⴰⵜ ⵓ-ⴰⵣⵣⴰⵔⴰⵏ ⴷ-ⵓⵎⵎⴰⵗ ⴰⵏ ⵜⵉⵎⵜⴰⵔ ⵜⴰⵣⵣⴰⵔ ⴰ ⴷⴰⵗ ⵜⴰⵜⵜⴰⵓⴰⴾⵜⴰⴱ ⵜⴰⵏⴼⵓⵙⵜ .
English: Thucydides, unlike Herodotus, regarded history as being the product of the choices and actions of human beings, and looked at cause and effect, rather than as the result of divine intervention (though Herodotus was not wholly committed to this idea himself).
Tamasheq: ⵎⵉ ⵜⴰⵜ ⵉⴾⴰⵜⴰⴱⴰⵏ ⵓⴷⴰⴼ ⴰⵏ ⴻⵛⵍⴰⵏ ⴰⴷ ⵉⴱⵈ-ⵉⴶⴷⴰⵂ ⴷⴰⵗ ⵜⴰⵏⴼⵓ ⵜ-ⴰⵜⵜⵉⵓⴰⵋⴰⵜ ⴼⴰⵍ ⵓⵎⴰⵗ ⴰⵏ ⴰⵋⴰⵔⴰⵓ ⴰⵏ ⵜⵉⵎⵓⵙⵏⴰⵓⴻⵏ ⴰⵋⵋⵓⵜⵏⴻⵏ ⴰⵋⵋⴰⵏⴻⵏ ⴼⴰⵍ ⴰⵛⴰⵗⴰⵍⴰⵏ ⴰⵋⵋⵓⵜⵏⴻⵏ.
English: There were historical traditions and sophisticated use of historical method in ancient and medieval China.
Tamasheq: ⴰⵜⴻⵏ ⴰⵏ ⵜⴰⵏⴼⵓⵙⴻⵏ ⴻⵍⵍⴰⵏⴻⵏ ⴰⵙⴰⵏⵏⴰⴼⴰⵙ ⴰⵎⵎⵓⵜⴰⵉⴰⵏ ⵂⵓⵍⵍⴰⵏ ⴼⴰⵍ ⴰⵎⵎⴰⴾ ⵏⴰⵙⵏⴰⵜ ⴷⵈⵗ ⴰⴷⴷⴰⵓⴰⵍ ⵓⴰ-ⵏ ⵛⵂⵉⵏⴻ .
English: Chinese historians of subsequent dynastic periods in China used his Shiji as the official format for historical texts, as well as for biographical literature.
Tamasheq: ⵆⴰⵍ ⵜⴰⵏⴼⵓⵙⴻⵏ ⵓⵉ-ⵏ ⵛⵂⵉⵏoⵉⵙ ⴰⵏ ⵜⵉⵏⴰⵉⵉⵓⴻⵏ ⵜⵉ ⴰⵍⴾⴰⵎⵏⴻⵏ ⴷⴰⵗ ⵛⵂⵉⵏⴻ, ⴰⴷⴾⴰⵍⵏⴰⵜ ⴰⵓⴰ-ⵙ ⵉⵜⴰⵓⴰⵏⵏⴰ (ⵙⵂⵉⵋⵉ) ⵏⴻⵙ ⵛⵓⵏⴷ ⴰⵓⴰ ⴰⵜⵓⴰⵙⴰⴱⴷⴰⴷⴰⵏ ⴼⴰⵍ ⴻⵙⴰⵓⴻ ⵉ-ⵉⴾⴰⵜⴱⴰ ⵏ ⴰⵏ ⵜⴰⵏⴼⵓⵙⵜ ⴻⴷ ⴰⵋⴰⵔⴰⵓ ⴰⵙ ⵜⴻⵗⴰⵔⴻ ⴰⵙ ⴰⵓⴰ-ⵜ-ⵉⵍⵍⴰⵏ ⴼⴰⵍⵍ-ⴰⵙⵏⴰⵜ.
English: Around 1800, German philosopher and historian Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel brought philosophy and a more secular approach in historical study.
Tamasheq: ⵙ-ⵉⴱⵔⴻⵜ ⴰⵏ ⵉⵓⴰⵜⵉⴰⵏ ⵓⵉ-ⵏ 1800 , ⴰⵓⴰⴷⴰⵎ ⴰⵏ-ⵓ-ⴰⵏⵏⴰⵣⵋⵓⵎ ⵓⵈ-ⵙ-ⵉⵜⴰⵓⴰⵏⵏⴰ ⵗⴻⵓⵔⴶ ⵆⵓⵍⵂⴻⵍⵎ ⴼⵔⵉⴻⴷⵔⵉⵛⵂ ⵂⴻⴶⴻⵍ ⴰⵏ ⴰⴷⴷⴰⵓⴰⵍ ⵓⴰ-ⵏ ⴰⵍⵍⴻⵎⴰⴶⵏⴻ ⵏ-ⴰⵏⵏⴰⴾⵜⵉⴱ ⴰⵏ ⵜⴰⵏⴼⵓⵙⴻⵏ , ⵉⵋⵔⴰⵓ ⴰⵙ ⴰⴾⴰⵉⴰⴷ ⴰⵏ ⴰⵓⴰ-ⵜ-ⵉⵍⵍⴰⵏ ⴼⴰⵍ -ⴰⵙⵏⴰⵜ ⴷⴰⵗ ⵜⴻⵎⴻⴷⴻ -ⴰⵓⴰⵜⴰⵉ ⵂⵉⵏ-ⵜ-oⴾⴾⴰⵉⴰⵜ.
English: The originality of Ibn Khaldun was to claim that the cultural difference of another age must govern the evaluation of relevant historical material, to distinguish the principles according to which it might be possible to attempt the evaluation, and lastly, to feel the need for experience, in addition to rational principles, in order to assess a culture of the past.
Tamasheq: ⴷⴰⵗ ⵉⵙⴰⵍⴰⵏ ⴰⵏ ⴰⵙⴰⴷⴰⵜⵓ ⵏ- Iⴱⵏ ⵆⵂⴰⵍⴷⵓⵎ ⵓⵔⴷⴰ ⴰⵙ ⴰⵓⴰ ⴻⴱⵏ ⴰⵓⴰ-ⵜ-ⵉⵍⵍⴰⵏ ⴷⴰⵗ ⴰⵣⵣⴰⵎⴰⵏ ⵉⵉⵉⴰⵏ, ⵉⵍⵣⴰⵎ-ⵙ-ⴰ-ⴷ ⴰⵜⵓⴰⵆⵙⴰⴱ ⴰⵓⴰ-ⵜ-ⵉⵍⵍⴰⵏ ⴷⴰⵗ ⵉⵍⴰⵍⴰⵏ ⵓⵉ ⴰⵍⵍⴰⵏⴻⵏ ⴰⵍⴼⴰⵉⴷⴰ ⴰⴷ ⴰⵂⴰⵏⴰⵉ ⴰⵏ ⴰⵎⵎⴻⴾ ⴰⵏ ⵜⵉⵔⵎⵉⵜ -ⵏ-ⴻⴾⴻⵜ ⴻⵏⵏⴻⵙ, ⵜⴰⵣⵣⴰⵔ ⴰⴷ ⵜⴰⵜⵓⴰⵏⵂⴰⵉ ⵜⴰⵏⵓⴼⵍⴰⵉⵜ ⴰⴷ ⴷⴻⵔⵂⴰⵏ ⴰⵏ ⴰⵋⵋⴰⵔⴰⵓ ⴰⵏ ⵜⴰⵎⵓⵙⵏⴻ ⵉ-ⴰⴷ ⴰⵜⵓⴻⵋⵔⴻⵓ ⴰⵆⴰⵙⴰⴱ ⴰⵏ ⴰⵓⴰ-ⴷ-ⴰⵜⵓⴰⴾⴰⵉⴰⵏ.
English: His historical method also laid the groundwork for the observation of the role of state, communication, propaganda and systematic bias in history,H. Mowlana (2001). "
Tamasheq: “Eⵙⴰⵓⴻ ⵏⴻⵙ ⵓⴰ-ⵏ-ⵉⵋⵋⵉ ⴰⵏ ⵜⴻⵏⴼⵓⵙⴻⵏ, ⴰⵙⵉⵙⴰⵋⵔⴰⵓ-ⵜ- ⴰⵙ ⵓⵋⵔⴻⵂ ⵏ-ⴰⴷⴷⴰⵓⵍⴰⵜ ⴷⴰⵗ-ⴰⵛⴰⵗⴰⵍ ⴰⵏ ⴰ-ⵓⴻⵏ ⴰⴷ-ⴰⵏⵎⴰⴾⴼ ⴻⵏ ⵉⵙⴰⵍⴰⵏ, ⵜⴰⵔⴰⴷⴰⵓⵜ ⴰⵏ ⵉⵙⴰⵍⴰⵏ ⵉⵉⵉⴰⴰ ⴰⵜⵉⵓⴰⴷⴾⴰⵍⵏⴻⵏ ⴷⴰⵗ ⵜⴻⵏⴼⵓⵙⴻⵏ, ⵂ. ⵎⵓⵍⴰⵏⴰ (2001)."""
English: Dr. S.W. Akhtar (1997). "
Tamasheq: “ⴻⵓ.ⵙ.ⵓ.ⴰⴾⵂⵜⴰⵔ ( 1997).””””
English: For Ranke, historical data should be collected carefully, examined objectively and put together with critical rigor.
Tamasheq: ⴼⴰⵍ ⴰⵓⴰ ⵉⵏⵏⴰ ⵔⴰⵏⴾⴻ, ⴰⵓⴰ-ⵜ-ⵉⵍⵍⴰⵏ ⴷⴰⵗ ⵉⵙⴰⵍⴰⵏ ⵓⵉ-ⵏ ⵜⴰⵏⴼⵓⵙⴻⵏ, ⵉⵍⵣⴰⵎ ⴰⴷ ⴰⵎⵙⴰⴷⴻⵓⴰⵏ ⴰⵙ ⵙⴰⵔⵂⵓ, ⴰⵜⵓⴰⴾⵉⴰⴷ ⴰⵓⴰ ⵓⵜⴰⵙⴰⵏ, ⵜⴰⵣⵣⴰⵔ ⴰⵎⵙⴰⴷⴻⵓⴰⵏ ⴷⴰⵗ-ⴰⵙ -ⴰⵜⵉⵓⴷⴰⵍⵏ ⵂⵓⵍⵍⴰⵏ.
English: In the 20th century, academic historians focused less on epic nationalistic narratives, which often tended to glorify the nation or great men, to more objective and complex analyses of social and intellectual forces.
Tamasheq: ⵗⵓⵔ ⵜⴻⵎⴻⴷⴻ ⵜⴰ-ⵙ 20 ⵏ-ⴰⵓⴰⵜⴰⵉ,ⴾⴰⵍ ⵜⴰⵏⴼⵓⵙⴻⵏ ⴰⵏ ⵜⵉⵗⴰⵔ ⵜⵉ ⵎⴰⵈⵈⵓⵔⵏⴻⵏ ⵓⴰⵔ-ⵂⵉⵏ ⴰⴾⵏⴻⵏ ⵓⵋⵔⴻⵂ ⵂⵓⵍⵍⴰⵏ ⴰⵏ ⴰⵓⴰ-ⵜ-ⵉⵍⵍⴰⵏ ⴼⴰⵍ-ⵉⵙⴰⵍⴰⵏ ⵓⵉ-ⴷ-ⴰⵈⵈⴰⵍⵏⴻⵏ ⵜⵉⵏⴼⵓⵙⴻⵏ, ⵉ-ⴰⵎⵓⵙⵏⴻⵏ ⵂⴰⵔⴰⵜ ⵉⵙⴰⵎⵗⴰⵔⴰⵏ ⴰⴷⴷⴰⵓⵍⴰⵜ ⴰⴷ ⴰⴷⴷⵉⵏⴰⵜ ⵓⵉ ⵎⴰⵈⵈⵓⵔⵏⴻⵏ ⵙ-ⵓⵏⴰⴷ ⴰⵙ ⴰⴾⴰⵉⴰⴷ ⴰⵏ ⴰⵎⵙⴰⵙⵙⵓⵂⵓ ⴰⵏ ⵜⴰⵎⵓⵙⵏⴰⵓⴻⵏ .
English: Many of the advocates of history as a social science were or are noted for their multi-disciplinary approach.
Tamasheq: Iⵎⴰⴶⴰⵌⴰⵏ ⴰⵋⵋⵓⵜⵏⴻⵏ ⴰⵏ ⵜⴻⵏⴼⵓⵙⴻⵏ ⴼⴰⵍ-ⴰⵓⴰ –ⴷ-ⴻⵈⵈⴰⵍⴰⵏ ⵜⵉⵎⴻⵜⵜⴰⵓⴻⵏ ⴰⴷ ⴰⵙⴰⵙⵙⴰⵋⵔⴰⵏ ⵏⴰⵙⵏⴰⵜ .
English: So far only one theory of history came from the pen of a professional Historian.
Tamasheq: ⵂⴰⵔ-ⴰⵛⴰⵍ-ⵉ-ⴷⴰⵗ, ⵜⵉⵏⴼⵓⵙⴻⵏ ⵜ-ⵉⴷ –ⴰⵈⵈⴰⵍⵏⴻⵏ ⵜⵉⵎⴻⵜⵜⴰⵓⴻⵏ, ⴰⴷ ⴰⵣⵋⴰⵔⵏⴰⵜ ⴻⵔⴻ ⵉⴾⵏⴰⵏ ⵜⴰⵎⵓⵙⵏⴻ ⵂⵓⵍⵍⴰⵏ.
English: Intellectual historians such as Herbert Butterfield, Ernst Nolte and George Mosse have argued for the significance of ideas in history.
Tamasheq: ⵆⴰⵍ ⵜⴰⵏⴼⵓⵙⴻⵏ ⵓⵉ ⴰⴾⵏⴰⵏⴻⵏ ⵜⴻⵗⴰⵔⴻ, ⵛⵓⵏⴷ ⵂⴻⵔⴱⴻⵔⵜ ⴱⵓⵜⵜⴻⵔⴼⵉⴻⵍⴷ, ⴻⵔⵏⵙⵜ ⵏⵓⵍⵜⴻ ⴰⴷ ⵗⴻⴰⵔⴶⴻ ⵎⵓⵙⵙⴻ ⴰⴾⵏⴰⵏ ⴰⵙⴰⴱⴷⴰⴷ ⴰⵏ ⵜⵉⵎⵓⵙⵏⴰⵓⴻⵏ ⴷⴰⵗ ⵜⴰⵏⴼⵓⵙⵜ .
English: Scholars such as Martin Broszat, Ian Kershaw and Detlev Peukert sought to examine what everyday life was like for ordinary people in 20th-century Germany, especially in the Nazi period.
Tamasheq: ⴾⴰⵍ ⵜⴻⵏⴼⵓⵙⴻⵏ ⵛⵓⵏⴷ ⵎⴰⵔⵜⵉⵏ ⴱⵔⵓⵙⵣⴰⵜ, ⵍⴰⵏ ⵆⴻⵔⵛⵂⴰⵓ ⴰⴷ ⴹⴻⵜⵍⴻⴱ ⴱⴻⵓⴾⴻⵔⵜ ⴰⵎⵎⴰⵗⴰⵏ ⵉ-ⴰⴷ ⴰⵏⵂⴰⵉⴰⵏ ⴰⵓⴰ-ⵜ-ⴰⵎⵓⵙ ⵜⴰⵎⵓⴷⵔⴻ ⴻⵏ ⴰⴷⴷⵉⵏⴰⵜ ⵓⵉ-ⵏ ⴱⴰⵏⵏⴰⵏ ⴷⴰⵗ ⴰⴷⴷⴰⵓⴰⵍ ⵣⴰ-ⵏ-ⴰⵍⵍⴻⵎⴰⴶⵏⴻ ⴷⴰⵗ ⵂⴰⴾ ⴰⵛⴰⵍ ⵗⵓⵔ ⵜⴻⵎⴻⴷⴻ ⵏ-ⴰⵓⴰⵜⴰⵉ ⵜⴰ-ⵙ 20 ⴷⴰⵗ ⵉⵋⵋⵉ ⴰⵏ ⴰⵣⵣⴰⵎⴰⵏⴰⵏ ⴰⵔⵓⵏⴻⵏ.
English: Feminist historians such as Joan Wallach Scott, Claudia Koonz, Natalie Zemon Davis, Sheila Rowbotham, Gisela Bock, Gerda Lerner, Elizabeth Fox-Genovese, and Lynn Hunt have argued for the importance of studying the experience of women in the past.
Tamasheq: ⵙⴰⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⴼⵓⵙⴻⵏ ⴷⴰⵗ ⵜ-ⵉⵉⵉⴰⴰ, ⵛⵓⵏⴷ ⵋⵓⴰⵏ ⵓⴰⵍⵍⴰⵛⵂ ⵙⵛoⵜⵜ, ⵛⵍⴰⵓⴷⵉⴰ ⵆⵓⵏⵣ, ⵏⴰⵜⴰⵍⵉⴻ ⵌⴻⵎⵓⵏ ⴹⴰⴱⵉⵙ, ⵙⴻⵉⵍⴰ ⵔⵓⵓⴱⵜⵜⵂⴰⵎ, ⵗⵉⵙⴻⵍⴰ ⴱⴰⵛⴾ, ⵗⴻⵔⴷⴰ ⵍⴻⵔⵏⴻⵔ, ⵓⵍⵉⵣⴰⴱⴻⵜⵂ ⴼoⵆ-ⵗⴻⵏoⴱⴻⵙⴻ ⴻⴷ ⵍⵉⵏⵏ ⵂⵓⵏⵜ, ⴻⴷⵂⴰⵍⴰⵏ ⵂⵓⵍⵍⴰⵏ ⵜⴰⵏⴼo ⵜⴰ-ⵏ-ⵓⵎⵎⴰⵗ ⴰⵏ ⵜⴰⵎⵓⵙⵏⴰⵓⴻⵏ ⴰⵏ ⴷⴻⴷⴻⵏ ⴷⴰⵗ -ⴰⵓⴰ-ⴷ-ⴰⵜⵉⵓⴰⴾⴰⵉⴰⵏ.
English: Another defence of history from post-modernist criticism was the Australian historian Keith Windschuttle's 1994 book, The Killing of History.
Tamasheq: ⴰⵓⵙⵜⵔⴰⵍⵉⴻⵏ ⵉⵉⵉⴰⵏ ⴷⴰⵗ ⴰⵏ ⵜⴻⵏⴼⵓⵙⴻⵏ, ⵙ-ⵉⵜⴰⵓⴰⵏⵏⴰ ⵆⴻⵉⵜ ⵓⵉⵏⴷⵙⵛⵂⵓⵜⵜⵍⴻ,ⴰⵏⵜⴰ ⴷⴰⵗ ⵉⴷⵂⴰⵍ ⵂⵓⵍⵍⴰⵏ ⴰⵓⴰ ⴰⵏⵏⴰⴼⴰⵙⴰⵏ ⴼⴰⵍ ⵜⴰⵏⵏⴰⵓⴻⵏ ⵜ-ⵉⴷ-ⴰⵛⵔⴰⵉⵏⴻⵏ ⴷⴰⵗ ⴰⵍⴾⴰⵜⵜⴰⴱ ⴰⵏⵏⴻⵙ ⵓⴰ-ⵏ 1994 ⵙ-ⵉⵜⴰⵓⴰⵏⵏⴰ ⵟⵂⴻ ⵆⵉⵍⵍⵉⵏⴶ Oⴼ Hⵉⵙⵜⵓⵔⵉ.
English: Historical omissions can occur in many ways and can have a profound effect on historical records.
Tamasheq: ⴰⵓⴰ ⵂⵉ-ⵏ-ⴰⵜⵓⴰⵉⵉⴰⵏ ⴷⴰⵗ ⵜⴰⵏⴼⵓⵙⴻⵏ ,ⴰⴷⴷⵓⴱⴰⵜ ⴰⵜⵓⴻⴾⴾⴻⵏ ⴰⵙ ⴰⵎⵎⴰⴾⴰⵏ ⴰⵋⵋⵓⵖⵓⵜⵏⴻⵏ, ⴰⴷⴷⵓⴱⴰⵜ ⵂⴰⵔⵓⴰ ⴰⵋⵋⴰⵔⴰⵓ ⴰⵏ ⴻⵙⴰⵓⴻ ⵎⴰⵈⵈⴰⵔⴰⵏ ⴼⴰⵍ ⴰⵍⴾⴰⵜⵜⴰⴱⴰⵏ ⵓⵉ-ⵏ ⵜⴰⵏⴼⵓⵙⴻⵏ.
English: Ancient history: the study from the beginning of human history until the Early Middle Ages.
Tamasheq: ⵜⴰⵏⴼⵓⵙⵜ ⵜⴰⵔⵓⵓⴰⵜ ⵟⴻⵗⴰⵔⴻ ⴰⵏ ⵙⴰⵏⵜⵓ ⴰⵏ ⵜⴰⵏⴼⵓⵙⵜ ⵜⴰ-ⵏ-ⴰⴷⴷⵓⵏⵉⴰ ⵂⴰⵔ ⵗⵓⵔ ⴰⵓⴰⵜⴰⵉ ⵓⵈ-ⵙ ⵎⴰⵔⴰⵓ ⴰⴷ ⴰⴾⴾⵓⵌ.
English: Comparative history: historical analysis of social and cultural entities not confined to national boundaries.
Tamasheq: ⵜⴰⵏⴼⵓⵙⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⵎⴻⵌⵍⴰⵉⴰⵜ : ⴰⴾⴰⵉⴰⴷ ⴰⵏ ⴰⴷ-ⴰⴾⴰⵉⴰⵏ ⴼⴰⵍ ⵜəⵏⴼⵓⵙⴻⵏ əⵋⵋⴰⵏⴻⵏ ⴼⴰⵍ ⵜⵉⵎⴰⵜⵜⴰⵓⴻⵏ ⴰⴷ ⴰⵓⴰ ⵉⵜⴰⵓⴰⵋⵋⴻⵏ ,ⴰⵎⵓⵙⴰⵏ ⴰⴷ ⴰⵜⵉⵓⴰⴶⴰⵌⴰⵏ ⵓⴰⵔ ⴻⵜ ⵈⵈⴻⵍ ⴰⵉ-ⵉⴱⴷⴰⴷⴰⵏ ⵗⴰⵙ ⵗⵓⵔ ⵉⵙⴰⵗⵍⴰⵉ ⴰⵏ ⴰⴷⴷⴰⵓⵍⴰⵜ .
English: Cultural history: the study of culture in the past.
Tamasheq: ⵜⴰⵏⴼⵓⵙⵜ ⴼⴰⵍ ⴰⵓⴰ-ⵜ-ⵉⵍⵍⴰⵏ ⴰⴷ ⴻⵈⵈⴰⵍⴰⵏ ⵜⵉⵎⴰⵜⵜⴰⵓⴻⵏ : ⵓⵎⵎⴰⵗ ⴰⵏ ⴰⵓⴰ ⴰⵜⵓⴰⵙⴰⴱⴷⴰⴷⴰⵏ ⴷⴰⵗ-ⴰⵙ .
English: Intellectual history: the study of ideas in the context of the cultures that produced them and their development over time.
Tamasheq: ⵜⴰⵏⴼⵓⵙⵜ ⴼⴰⵍ ⵎⵓⵙⵏⴰⵜ : ⴰⴾⴰⵓⴰⴷ ⴰⵏ ⵜⴰⵉⵉⴰⵜⵓⴻⵏ ⴻⴷ ⴰⵂⴰⵏⴰⵉ ⴰⵏ ⴰⵎⵎⴰⴾ ⵓⴰ-ⵙ-ⵜ-ⴰⵜⵓⴰⵋⵋⴰ ⵜⴰⵏⴼⵓⵙⵜ ⴷⴰⵗ ⴰⵓⴰ ⴷⴰⵗ-ⴰⵙ –ⵜ-ⵉⵍⵍⴰⵏ , ⵓⵉ ⵜⴰⵜ ⵋⴰⵏⴻⵏ ⴰⴷ ⴰⵎⵎⴰⴾ ⵓⵈ-ⵙ ⵜⴰⵓⵓⵉⴷ ⴷⴰⵗ ⴰⵣⵣⴰⵎⴰⵏⴰⵏ.
English: Modern history: the study of the Modern Times, the era after the Middle Ages.
Tamasheq: ⵟⴰⵏⴼⵓⵙⵜ ⵜⴰⵉⵏⴰⵉⴰⵜ ⵟⴻⵗⴰⵔⴻ ⵏ-ⴰⵣⵣⴰⵎⴰⵏⴰⵏ ⵓⵉ ⴰⵛⵔⴰⵉⵏⴻⵏ, ⴷⴰⵔⴰⵜ ⴰⵓⴰⵜⴰⵉ ⵓⵈ-ⵏ ⵎⴰⵔⴰⵓ ⴰⴷ ⴰⴾⴾoⵌ.
English: Palaeography: study of ancient texts.
Tamasheq: ⴰⴾⴰⵉⴰⴷ ⴰⵏ ⵂⴰⵔⴰⵜ ⴰⵔⵓⵓⴰⵏ: ⵙⵓⵏⴷ ⴰⵏ ⵉⵙⴰⵍⴰⵏ -ⵉⴾⴰⵜⴱⴰⵏ ⵓⵉ ⴰⵔⵓⵏⴻⵏ
English: Psychohistory: study of the psychological motivations of historical events.
Tamasheq: Iⵋⵋⵉ ⴼⴰⵍ ⵜⴰⵏⴼⵓⵙⵜ : ⴰⵙⴰⵎⴰⴷⵏⵉ ⴼⴰⵍ ⵜⴰⵏⴼⵓⵙⵜ ⴰⴷ ⵂⴰⵔⴰⵜⴰⵏ ⵓⵉ ⴼⴰⵍⵍ-ⴰⵙ ⴰⵜⵓⴰⵋⵋⴰⵏⴻⵏ.
English: Women's history: the history of female human beings.
Tamasheq: ⵟⴰⵏⴼⵓⵙⵜ ⴼⴰⵍ ⴷⴻⴷⴻⵏ : ⵟⴰⵏⴼⵓⵙⵜ ⵜⴻⵋⵋⴰⵜ ⴼⴰⵍ ⴰⴷⴷⵉⵏⴰⵜ ( ⵜⵉⴷⴻⴷⴻⵏ )
English: Centuries and decades are commonly used periods and the time they represent depends on the dating system used.
Tamasheq: ⵜⵉⵎⴰⴷ ⴰⵏ ⴻⵍⴰⵏ ⴰⴷ ⵜⴰⵎⴻⵔⵓⴻⵏ ⵏⴰⵙⴰⵏ , ⴰⵎⵓⴰⴰⵏ ⴰⵣⵣⴰⵎⴰⵏⴰⵏ ⵓⵉ-ⴷ--ⴰⵜⵉⵓⴰⴷⴾⴰⵍⵏⴻⵏ ,ⴰⵍⵓⴰⵈ ⴷⴰⴱ ⵓⴰ ⵙⴰⴾⵏⴰⵏⴰⵜ , ⵉⵍⴾⴰⵎ ⵉ-ⴰⵎⵎⴰⴾ ⵓⵈ-ⵙ ⵎⴰⴷ ⴰⵜⵓⴰⵋ .
English: To do this, historians often turn to geography.
Tamasheq: ⴰ ⵓⴻⵏ ⴷⴰⵗ ⴰ ⴼⴰⵍ ⴾⴰⵍ ⵜⴻⵏⴼⵓⵙⴻⵏ ,ⵙⵉⵗⵓⵍⴰⵏ ⴰⵏⵏⵉⵓⴰⵜ ⵏⴰⵙⴰⵏ ⵙ-ⵉⴱⵔⴻⵜ ⴰⵏ ⴰⵓⴰ –ⴷ-ⴻⵈⵈⴰⵍⴰⵏ ⵜⵓⵎⴰⵙⵜ ⴰⵏ ⴾⴰⵍ ⴰⴾⵈⵍⵍ ⴰⴷ ⴰ-ⵙⴰⵍ-ⴰ-ⵓⴻⵏ.
English: For example, to explain why the ancient Egyptians developed a successful civilization, studying the geography of Egypt is essential.
Tamasheq: ⴰⵍⵎⵉⵜⴰⵍ ⴼⴰⵍ ⴰⵓⴰ ⴰⵙⴰⴱⴰⴱⴰⵏ ⵜⴰⵏoⴼⵍⴰⵉⵜ ⵉⴻ ⴾⴰⵍ ⴰⴷⴷⴰⵓⵍⴰⵜ ⵜⴰ ⵜⴰⵔⵓⵓⴰⵜ ⴰⵏ ⴾⴰⵍ ⵎⵉⵙⵔ, ⵉⵍⵣⴰⵎ ⵓⵎⵎⴰⵗ ⴰⵏ ⵉⵙⴰⵍⴰⵏ ⴼⴰⵍ-ⴰⵙ .
English: History of the Americas is the collective history of North and South America, including Central America and the Caribbean.
Tamasheq: ⵟⴰⵏⴼⵓⵙⵜ ⵜⴰ-ⵏ ⴾⴰⵍ ⴰⵎⴻⵔⵉⵈⵓⴻ ,ⵜ-ⴰⵎⵓⵙ ⴰ-ⵜ-ⵓⵂⴰⵔ ⴰⵎⴻⵔⵉⵈⵓⴻ ⵜⴰⵏ--ⴰⴼⴰⵍⵍⴰ ⴰⴷ ⵜⴰ-ⵏ-ⴰⵋⵋⵓⵙ ⴰⴷ ⴰⵎⴻⵔⵉⵈⵓⴻ ⵜⴰ-ⵏ-ⴰⵎⵎⴰⵙ ⴰⴷ ⵛⴰⵔⴰⵉⴱⴻ .
English: History of the Caribbean begins with the oldest evidence where 7,000-year-old remains have been found.
Tamasheq: ⵜⴰⵏⴼⵓⵙⵜ ⵜⴰ-ⵏ ⵛⴰⵔⴰⵉⴱⴻ ,ⵜⴻⵏⵜⴰ ⴰⵙ ⵜⵉⵎⵜⴰⵔ ⴰⴾⵏⴰⵏⴻⵏ ⵜⴰⵔⵓⵜ ⵗⵓⵔ ⴰⵂⴰⵏⴰⵉ ⴰⵏ ⴰⵓⴰ-ⴷ-ⴰⵈⵈⵉⵎⴰⵏ ⴷⴰⵗ ⵂⴰⵔⴰⵜⴰⵏ ⴰⵗⵛⴰⴷⵏⴻⵏ ,ⴰⵍⵍⴰⵏⴻⵏ ⴰⴷⴰⴾoⴷ ⴰⵏ 7000 ⵏ-ⴰⵓⴰⵜⴰⵉ .
English: History of Eurasia is the collective history of several distinct peripheral coastal regions: the Middle East, South Asia, East Asia, Southeast Asia, and Europe, linked by the interior mass of the Eurasian steppe of Central Asia and Eastern Europe.
Tamasheq: ⵟⴰⵏⴼⵓⵙⵜ ⵜⴰ-ⵏ Eⵓⵔⴰⵙⵉⴻ ,ⵜ-ⴰⵎⵓⵙ ⵜⴰⵏⴼⵓⵙⵜ oⵂⴰⵔⴰⵏ-ⵉⴾⴰⵍⵍⴰⵏ ⴰⵋⵋooⵜⵏⴻⵏ ⵓⵉ ⵎⴰⵈⵈⵓⵔⵏⴻⵏ ⴰⵎⵓⵙⵏⴻⵏ ; ⵎⵓⵉⴻⵏⵜ-Oⵓⵉⴻⵏⵜ , ⴰⵙⵉⴻ ⵜⴰ-ⵏ-ⴰⵋⵋⵓⵙ ⵜⴰ-ⵏ-ⴰⵍⵈⵈⵉⴱⵍⴰⵜ , ⵜⴰ-ⵏ ⵋⴻⵔ ⴰⵋⵋⵓⵙ ⴷ-ⴰⵍⵈⵈⵉⴱⵍⴰⵜ ⴻⴷ ⴰⴷⴷⴻⵓⴰⵍⴰⵏ ⵓⵉ-ⵏ Eⵓⵔⴰⵓⴱⴻ ⴰⴷ ⴰⵙⵉⴻ ⵜⴰ-ⵏ-ⴰⵎⵎⴰⵙ ⴰⴷ Eⵓⵔⵓⴱⴻ ⵜⴰ-ⵏ-ⴰⵍⵈⵈⵉⴱⵍⴰⵜ .
English: History of East Asia is the study of the past passed down from generation to generation in East Asia.
Tamasheq: ⵜⴰⵏⴼⵓⵙⵜ ⴰⵏ ⴰⵙⵉⴻ ⵜⴰ-ⵏ ⴰⵍⵈⵈⵉⴱⵍⴰⵜ ⵜ-ⴰⵉⵓⵙ ⵜⴰⵎⵙⴰⴷⴰⵓⵜ ⴰⵏ ⵉⵙⴰⵍⴰⵏ ⵜⴰⵎⵙⴰⴷⴰⵓⵜ ⴰⵏ ⵉⵙⴰⵍⴰⵏ ⴰⵜⵓⴰⵋⵋⴰⵏⴻⵏ ⴷⴰⵗ ⴰⵣⵣⴰⵎⴰⵏⴰⵏ ⴰⵙ ⴰⵣⵣⴰⵎⴰⵏⴰⵏⴼⴰⵍ-ⴰⵙ .
English: History of Southeast Asia has been characterized as interaction between regional players and foreign powers.
Tamasheq: ⵜⴰⵏⴼⵓⵙⵜ ⴰⵏ ⴰⵙⵉⴻ ⵜⴰ-ⵏ ⵋⴻⵔ ⵈⵋⵋⵓⵙ ⴰⴷ ⴰⵍⵈⵈⵉⴱⵍⴰⵜ ,ⵜ-ⴰⵎⵓⵙ ⵂⴰⵔⴰⵜ ⴰⵜⵓⴰⵛⴰⵗⴰⵍⴰⵏ ⵋⴻⵔ ⴾⴰⵍ ⴰⴾⴾⴰⵍ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵏⴰⴼⵜⴰⵗⴰⵏ ⵓⵉ ⵜⴰ-ⵏ ⵓⵋⵋⴰⵔⵏⴻⵏ ⵜⴰⴷⴷⴰⴱⵉⵜ.
English: The "old" social history before the 1960s was a hodgepodge of topics without a central theme, and it often included political movements, like Populism, that were "social" in the sense of being outside the elite system.
Tamasheq: ⵜⴰⵏⴼⵓⵙⵜ ⵜⴰ ⵜⴰⵔⵓⵓⴰⵜ ⴼⴰⵍ ⵜⵉⵎⴰⵜⵜⴰⵓⴻⵏ ⴷⴰⵜ ⴰⵓⴰⵜⴰⵉ ⵓⴰ-ⵏ 1960, ⵜ-ⴰⵎⵓⵙ ⴰ ⵓⴰⵔ-ⴻⵏ-ⵉⵍⵍⴰ ⴻⵗⴰⴼ , ⴰⵂⵂⴰⵏⵜⴰⵜ ⵉⵎⴰⵋⵔⵉⴷⴰⵏ ⴰⵏ ⴾⴰⵍ ⴼⵓⵍⵉⵜⵉⴾ ⵛⵓⵏⴷ ⴰⵙ ⴾⴰⵍⴰ ⵜ-ⴻⵈⵈⴰⵍ ⵂⴰⵔⴰⵜ ⵓⵂⵈⵔⴰⵏ –ⵙ-ⴰⵎⵎⴰⴾ ⵉⵉⵉⴰⵏ ⵓⴰⵔ-ⴻⵏⴰⵎⵓⵙ ⵓⴰ ⵓⵍⴰⵗⴰⵏ .
English: It examines the records and narrative descriptions of past knowledge, customs, and arts of a group of people.
Tamasheq: ⵜⴰⴾⴾⴰⵉⴰⴷ ⴰⵍⴾⴰⵜⵜⴰⴱⴰⵏ ⴰⴷ ⴰⵎⵎⴰⴾ ⴰ ⵜⴰⵏⴼⵓ ⴰⵏ ⵜⵉⵎⵓⵙⵏⴰⵓⴻⵏ , ⴰⵙⵙⴰⵏⵗⴰⵜⴻⵏ , ⴰⴷ ⴰⵛⴰⵗⴰⵍⴰⵏ ⵂⵉⵏ ⵓⴾⴰⵉⵏⴻⵏ -ⴰⵍⵣⵂⴰⵎⴰⵗⴰⵜ -ⵉⵉⵉⴰⵜ ⴰⵏ ⴰⴷⴷⵉⵏⴰⵜ .
English: This type of political history is the study of the conduct of international relations between states or across state boundaries over time.
Tamasheq: ⴻⵙⴰⵓⴻ ⴰⵏ ⵜⴰⵏⴼⵓⵙⵜ ⵜⴻⵏ ,ⴰⵏ ⴾⴰⵍ ⴼⵓⵍⵉⵜⵉⴾ , ⵜ-ⴰⵎⵓⵙ ⴰⴾⴰⵉⴰⴷ ⴰⵏ ⴰⵎⵎⴰⴾ ⵓⴰ-ⵙ –ⵜ-ⴰⴶⴶⵍⴰ ⵜⴰⵙⵙⴰⵗⵜ ⵋⴻⵔ ⴰⴷⴷⴰⵓⴰⵍⴰⵏ ⵎⴻⵗ ⴰ ⴰⵓⴾⴾⴰⵉⴰⵏ ⵉⵙⴰⵗⵍⴰⵉ ⵏⴰⵙⴰⵏ ⴷⴰⵗ ⴰⵣⵣⴰⵎⴰⵏⴰⵏ .
English: It gained popularity in the United States, Japan and other countries after the 1980s with the realization that students need a broader exposure to the world as globalization proceeds.
Tamasheq: ⵜⴰⵋⵔⴰⵓ ⵜⴰⵎⴻⵜⵜⴻ ⵜ-ⴰⵋⵋⴻⵜ ⵗⵓⵔ ⴰⴷⴷⴰⵓⴰⵍⴰⵏ ⵓⵉ ⴰⵔⵜⴰⵉⵏⴻⵏ-ⵙ-ⵉⵜⴰⵓⴰⵏⵏⴰ ⴻⵜⴰⵜⵙ-ⵓⵏⵉⴻⵙ, ⵋⴰⴱⵓⵏ, ⴰⴷ ⴰⴷⴷⵓⴰⵍⴰⵏ -ⵉⵉⵉⴰⴷ ⴰⵋⵋⵓⵜⵏⴻⵏ ⴷⴰⵔⴰⵜ ⴰⵓⴰⵜⴰⵉ ⵓⴰ-ⵏ 1980 ⴰⵙ ⴰⴼⵂⴰⵎⴰⵏ ⴰⵙ ⴾⴰⵍ ⵜⴻⵗⴰⵔⴻ ⵜⴰ ⵎⴰⵈⵈⴰⵔⴰⵜ , ⴰⴷⴷⵓⵔⵂⴰⵏⴻⵏ ⴰⵙⴰⴾⴰⵏ ⴰⵏⵏⴻⵙ ⵉ-ⴰⵙⵓⴾ ⴰⵏ ⴰⴷⴷⵓⵏⵉⴰ ⴰⵙ ⴷⴰⵜ .
English: Despite being a relatively new field, gender history has had a significant effect on the general study of history.
Tamasheq: ⴾⵓⴷ ⴰⵎⵓⵙ ⴻⵙⴰⵓⴻ ⵓⵍⴰⵗⴰⵏ ⴷⴰⵗ ,ⵜⴰⵏⴼⵓⵙⵜ ⴼⴰⵍ ⴰⵓⵙⴰⴼ ,ⵜⴰⵙⵉⴼⵂⴰⵎ ⴰⵋⵋⴻⵏ ⴼⴰⵍ ⵉⵙⴰⵍⴰⵏ ⵓⵉ-ⴷ-ⴰⵈⵈⴰⵍⵏⴻⵏ ⵜⴰⵏⴼⵓⵙⵜ .
English: At Oxford and Cambridge, scholarship was downplayed.
Tamasheq: ⵗⵓⵔ ⵓⵆⴼⴰⵔⴷ ⴰⴷ ⵛⴰⵎⴱⵔⵉⴷⴶⴻ,ⴼⴰⵍ ⴰⵓⴰ-ⴷ-ⴻⵈⵈⴰⵍⴰⵏ ⵜⵉⵓⴰⴷⵜ ⴰⵏ ⵜⴰⵎⵓⵙⵏⴻ ,ⴰⵎⵓⵙ ⵗⵓⵔ ⵙⴰⵏ ⴰⵉ-ⵉⴾⵏⴰⵏ ⴼⴰⵏⵏⴰⵌ ⵂⵓⵍⵍⴰⵏ .
English: The tutors dominated the debate until after the Second World War.
Tamasheq: Iⵎⴰⵏⴰⵂⴰⴷⴰⵏ ⴻⵏⵏⴻⵙ , ⴰⵏⵜⴰⵏⴻⴰ ⴰ oⵋⵋⴰⵔⵏⴻⵏ ⵎⴰⵋⵔⴰⴷ ⴼⴰⵍ-ⴰⵙ ⵂⴰⵔ ⴰⴰⵔⴰⵜ ⴰⴾⴾⴰⵏⵏⴰⵙ ⵓⵈ-ⵙ ⴰⵙⵙⵉⵏ ⴰⵜⵓⴰⵋⵋⴰⵏ ⴰⵓ- ⵉⵍⵍⴰⵏ ⴻⵍⴰⵏ ⵋⴻⵔ ⴰⴷⴷⴰⵓⴰⵍⴰⵏ .
English: In the United States after World War I, a strong movement emerged at the university level to teach courses in Western Civilization, so as to give students a common heritage with Europe.
Tamasheq: ⵗⵓⵔ ⴰⴷⴷⴰⵓⴰⵍⴰⵏ ⵓⵉ-ⵙ-ⵉⵜⴰⵓⴰⵏⵏⴰ Eⵜⴰⵜⵙ-ⵓⵏⵉⵙ ,ⴰⴰⵔⴰⵜ ⴰⴾⴾⴰⵏⵏⴰⵙ ⵓ-ⴰⵣⵣⴰⵔⴰⵏ ⵉⵋⵋⴰⵏ ⵋⴻⵔ ⴰⴷⴷⴰⵓⴰⵍⴰⵏ ⵉⵎⴰⵍ-ⵜ ⴰⵎⵎⴰⵜⴻⴾⵓⴰⵉ ⵎⴰⵈⵈⴰⵔⴰⵏ ⴰⵏ ⴾⴰⵍ ⵜⴻⵗⴰⵔⴻ ⵜⴰ ⵎⴰⵈⵈⴰⵔⴰⵜ ⵗⴰⵔ ⴷⵉⵂⴰⴷ ⵗⴰⵔⴰⵏ ⵉ-ⵉⵂⵓⴾ ⵏⴰⵙⴰⵏ ⵉⴻ ⵜⵉⵎⵓⵙⵏⴰⵓⴻⵏ ⵉ-ⴰⴷ ⴰⵋⵔⴰⵓⴰⵏ ⵓⵉ ⵗⴰⵔⴰⵏⴻⵏ ⴰⵎⵎⴰⴾ ⴰⵏ ⵜⴰⴾⴰⵙⵉⵜ ⴰⵓⵂⴰⵔⴰⵏ ⴰⴷⴷⴰⵓⴻⵍⴰⵏ ⵓⵉ-ⵏ Eⵓⵔⵓⴱⴻ.
English: Many view the field from both perspectives.
Tamasheq: Aⵋⵋⴰ ⴰⵓⴰ ⴰⴷⴷⵓⵔⵂⴰⵏⴰⵏ ⴰⵍⴾⵓⵎ ⵉ-ⴰ-ⵓⴻⵏ .
English: In the United States, textbooks published by the same company often differ in content from state to state.
Tamasheq: ⴷⴰⵗ ⴰⴷⴷⴰⵓⴰⵍⴰⵏ , ⵓⵉ ⴰⵔⵜⴰⵉⵏⴻⵏ-ⵙ-ⵉⵜⴰⵓⴰⵏⵏⴰ Eⵜⴰⵜⵙ-ⵓⵏⵉⵙ , ⴰⵍⴾⴰⵜⵜⴰⴱⴰⵏ ⵓⵉ ⵜ-ⴰⵣⵣⵢⵣⵋⴰⵔ ⵋⴻⵔ ⴰⵍⵣⵂⴰⵎⴰⵗⴰⵜ-ⴻⵏ , ⴰⵍⵓⴰⵈ- ⵉⵉⵉⴰⵏ ⵜⴰⵎⵎⴰⵍⴰⵏ ⵉⴷⴰⴶⴶⴰⵏ ⵓⴰⵔ-ⴻⵏ ⵓⵍⴻⵂ ⵋⴻⵔ ⴰⴷⴷⴰⵓⴰⵍⴰⵏ .
English: Academic historians have often fought against the politicization of the textbooks, sometimes with success.
Tamasheq: ⵆⴰⵍ ⵜⴰⵏⴼⵓⵙⴻⵏ ⵓⵉ ⴰⴾⵏⴰⵏⴻⵏ ⵜⴻⵗⴰⵔⴻ ⴼⴰⵍ-ⴰⵓⴻⵏ ,ⵜⴰⴱⴰⵍⴰⵏⴰⵏ ⴰⵍⵓⴰⵈ ⵉⵉⵉⴰⵏ ⴼⴰⵍ ⵉ-ⴰⴷ ⵓⴰⵔ ⵜⴰⵜⵓⴰⵋⵉⵏ ⵉⵎⴰⵋⵔⵉⴷⴰⵏ ⴰⵏ ⴼⵓⵍⵉⵜⵉⴾ ⴼⴰⵍⵍ-ⴰⵙⵏⴰⵜ .
English: A civilization (or civilisation) is a complex society that is characterized by urban development, social stratification, a form of government, and symbolic systems of communication (such as writing).
Tamasheq: ⵓⵜⵉⵎⴰⵜⵜⴰⵓⴻⵏ ⵜⵉ ⴰⵏⵏⵓⴼⵍⴰⵉⵏⴻⵏ ,ⴰⵙⵙⵓⵂⴰⵜⵏⴰⵜ ⵂⵓⵍⵍⴰⵏ ⴼⴰⵍ-ⴰⵙ ⴰ-ⵓⴻⵏ , ⵉⵙⴰⴾⵏⴻⵏⴰⵜ ⵜⵉⵓⵓⴰⴷⵜ ⵏⴰⵙⵏⴰⵜ , ⴰⵍⵍⴰⵏⴰⵜ ⵉⴷⴰⴶⴶⴰⵏ ⴼⴰⵍ ⴰⵏⵉⵎⴰⵏⴰⴾⵏⴰⵜ ,ⴰⵎⵎⴰⴾ ⴰⵏ ⴰⵍⵆⴰⴾⵓⵎ ⴰⴷ ⴻⵙⴰⵓⴻ ⵓⴰ-ⵙ-ⵜ-ⵉⵎⵙⴰⵙⵍⵉⵏ (ⵛⵓⵏⴷ ⴰⴾⴰⵜⴰⴱ) .
English: In this broad sense, a civilization contrasts with non-centralized tribal societies, including the cultures of nomadic pastoralists, Neolithic societies or hunter-gatherers; however, sometimes it also contrasts with the cultures found within civilizations themselves.
Tamasheq: ⴷⴰⵗ ⴰ ⵓⴻⵏ , ⵜⵉⵎⴰⵜⵜⴰⵓⴻⵏ ⵜⵉ ⴰⵏⵏⵓⴼⵍⴰⵉⵏⴻⵏ ⵓⴰⵔ-ⴰⵏⵎⴰⵏⵏⴰⴾⵏⴰⵜ ⴰⴷ ⵜⴻⵓⵙⴰⵜⴻⵏ ⵜ-ⵉⵉⵉⴰⴷ ⵓⴰⵔ-ⴻⵏ ⴻⵔⵜⴻⵉ ⴷⴰⵗ ⴻⴷⴰⴶⴶ ⵉⵉⵉⴰⵏ ⵛⵓⵏⴷ ⵉⴷⵓⵎⴰⵏ, ⵉⵎⴰⴶⴰⵍⴰ, ⵜⵉⵎⴰⵜⵜⴰⵓⴻⵏ ⵉⵎⴰⵏ ⵏⴰⵙⵏⴰⵜ .
English: The fundamental treatise is Norbert Elias's The Civilizing Process (1939), which traces social mores from medieval courtly society to the Early Modern period.
Tamasheq: ⴰⴰⵔⴰⴷⴰⵓⵜ , ⴰⵓⴰ ⴼⴰⵍ ⵜⴰⵜⵓⴰⵋⴰ , ⵜⴰⵏⵎⴰⴰⵏⵏⴰⴾ ⵜ-ⴰⵎⵓⵙⴰⵜ ⵟⵂⴻ ⵛⵉⴱⵉⵍⵉⵣⵉⵏⴶ ⴱⵔⵓⵛⴻⵙⵙ (1939) ⴰⵏ ⵏⵓⵔⴱⴻⵔⴼⵜ ⵢⵍⵉⴰⴾⵙ, ⵉⵙⴰⴾⵏⴻⵏ ⴰⵓⴰ –ⵜ-ⵉⵍⵍⴰⵏ ⴼⴰⵍ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵜⵜⴰⵓⴻⵏ ⵜⵉ-ⵏ ⴰⵔⵓ ⵂⴰⵔ ⵜⵉ-ⵏ-ⴰⵛⴰⵍ-ⵉ;
English: Related words like "civility" developed in the mid-16th century.
Tamasheq: “ⵜⵉⴼⴻⵔ ⵛⵓⵏⴷ ⵜⵉ-ⵏ ⵙⴻⵎⵗⴰⵔ ⴰⴷ “”ⵎⵓⵙⵏⴰⵜ”” ⴰⵏ ⵜⴰⵎⵓⴷⵔⴻ ,ⴰⵓⵓⵉⴰⵏⴰⵜ ⵗⵓⵔ ⵜⴻⵎⴻⴷⴻ ⵏ-ⴰⵓⴰⵜⴰⵉ ⵜⴰ-ⵙ ⵎⴰⵔⴰⵓⴰⵜ ⴰⴷ ⵙⴰⴷⵉⵙⴰⵜ (16).”
English: In the late 1700s and early 1800s, during the French Revolution, "civilization" was used in the singular, never in the plural, and meant the progress of humanity as a whole.
Tamasheq: “ⵗⵓⵔ ⵙⴰⵎⴷⵓ ⵏ-ⴰⵓⴰⵜⴰⵉ ⵓⴰ-ⵏ 1700 ⴰⴷ ⵗⵓⵔ ⵙⴰⵏⵜⵓ ⵏ-ⴰⵓⴰⵜⴰⵉ ⵓⴰ-ⵏ 1800 ⴰⵣⵣⴰⵎⴰⵏ ⵓⵈ-ⴷ ⴰⵏⴾⴰⵔⴰⵏ ⵉⴾⵓⴼⴰⵔ (ⴼⴰⵔⴰⵏⵙⴻⵜⴰⵏ), ⴰⵓⴰ “”ⵓⵂⴰⵔⵏⴰⵜ ⵜⵉⵎⴰⵜⵜⴰⵓⴻⵏ”” ⵜⵉ ⴰⵙⵏⴰⴼⵍⴰⵉⵏⴻⵏ, ⴻⵈⵈⴰⵍ ⴰⵎⵎⴰⴾ ⴰⴰⵏ ⵉⴱⴰ-ⵏ-ⵜⴰⵏⵎⴰⵏⵏⴰⴾ ⵋⴻⵔ ⴰⵓⴰⴷⴰⵎ ⵉⵉⵉⴰⵏ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵉⵉⴰⵏ ⵓⴰⴷⴻⵏ ⵋⴻⵔ ⴰⴷⴷⵉⵏⴰⵜ ⴰⴷ ⴰⴷⴷⵉⵏⴰⵜ.”
English: Only in this generalized sense does it become possible to speak of a "medieval civilization", which in Elias's sense would have been an oxymoron.
Tamasheq: “ⵂⴰⵔⴰⵜ ⵛⵓⵏⴷ ⵓⴰ ⴷⴰⵗ ⴰⵉ-ⵉⵙⴰⴾⵏⴻⵏ ⴰⵙ ⵜⴰⵍⵍⴻ ⵜⴰⴷⴰⴱⵉⵜ ⴰⵏ ⵎⴰⵋⵔⴰⴷ ⴼⴰⵍ-ⴰⵓⴰ –ⴷ-ⴻⵈⵈⴰⵍⴰⵏ “ⵜⴰⵎⴻⵜⵜⴻ ⵜⴰⵏⵏⵓⴼⵍⴰⵉⴰⵜ ⴰⵏ ⴰⵣⵣⴰⵎⴰⵏ ⵉⵉⵉⴰⵏ” , ⴷⴰⵗ ⵉⵙⴰⵍⴰⵏ ⴰⵏ ⴰ-ⵓⴻⵏ, ⵢⵍⵉⴰⵙ, ⵉⵋⵋⴰ ⴻⵙⴰⵓⴻ ⴰⵏ ⴰⵙⴰⵎⴰⵏⵏⴰⴾ ⴰⵏ ⴰ-ⵓⴰⵔ-ⴻⵏ ⵓⵂⴻⵔ ⵂⴰⵔⴰⵜ.”
English: Here, civilization, being more rational and socially driven, is not fully in accord with human nature, and "human wholeness is achievable only through the recovery of or approximation to an original discursive or prerational natural unity" (see noble savage).
Tamasheq: ⴻⵉⵂⴰ, ⵜⵉⵎⴰⵜⵜⴰⵓⴻⵏ ⵜⵉ ⴰⵏⵏⵓⴼⵍⴰⵉⵏⴻⵏ ⵓⵂⴰⵔⵏⴻⵏ ⴰⵋⵋⴻⵏ ,ⴰⵎⵓⵙⵏⴰⵜ ⴰⵉ-ⵉⵙⴰⴾⵏⴻⵏ ⴻⵙⴰⵓⴻ ⵓⴰ ⵓⵍⴰⵗⴰⵏ ⵉⵙ ⴰⵏⵜⴰ ⴰ ⴰⵏⵏⵉⵂⴰⵋⵋⴰⵏ ⵎⴰⵛⴰⵏ ⵓⴰⵔ ⴼⴰⵍ-ⴰⵙ ⵜⴰⵜⵓⴰⵋⴰ ⵜⴰⵏⵎⴰⵏⵏⴰⴾ, ⵓⴻⵏ ⵂⴰⵔⴰⵜ ¬ⵓⴰⵔ ⵜⵉ ⴾⴰⵏⵏⵓ ⴻⴷⴰⵓⴰⵏⵏⵉ ⴰⵙ ⵉⴱⴰ-ⴰⵏ ⵜⴰⵔⴻⴷⴰⵓⵜ ⵙ-ⴰⵓⴰ ⴰⵏⵉⵎⴰⵂⴰⵍⴰⵏ.
English: Civilizations have been distinguished by their means of subsistence, types of livelihood, settlement patterns, forms of government, social stratification, economic systems, literacy and other cultural traits.
Tamasheq: ⵜⵉⵎEⵜⵜⴰⵓⴻⵏ ⵜⵉ ⴰⵏⵏⵓⴼⵍⴰⵉⵏⴻⵏ ⵗⴰⵔⴰⴷ, ⵜⴰⵎⵓⴷⵔⴻ ⵏⴰⵙⵏⴰⵜ ⴰ ⴼⴰⵍ ⵜⴰⵙⵉⵂⴰⵜⴰⵍ ⵉⵙⴰⵋⵉⴰⴾ ⴰⵙ ⵓⴰⴷⴻⵏ ⵂⴰⵔⴰⵜ ⴷⴰⵗ ⵜ-ⵉⵉⵉⴰⴷ ⴰⵔⵓⵏⴻⵏ ⴰⵏ ⴰⴾⴰⵍⵍ ⵓⴰ-ⵏ ⴱⴻⵔⵓⵓ ⴰⴷⴷⴰⵔⵏⴻⵏ ⴰⵙ ⴰⵓⴰ ⴷ-ⵉⵣⵣⴰⵋⴰⵔⴰⵏ ⴰⵎⴰⵏ.
English: All civilizations have depended on agriculture for subsistence, with the possible exception of some early civilizations in Peru which may have depended upon maritime resources.
Tamasheq: ⵟⵉⵎⴻⵜⵜⴰⵓⴻⵏ ⵜⵉ ⴰⵏⵏⵓⴼⵍⴰⵉⵏⴻⵏ ⵗⴰⵔⴰⴷ, ⵜⴰⵎⵓⴷⵔⴻ ⵏⴰⵙⵏⴰⵜ ⴰ ⴼⴰⵍ ⵜⴰⵙⵉⵂⴰⵜⴰⵍ ⵉⵙⴰⵋⵉⴰⴾ ⴰⵙ ⵓⴰⴷⴻⵏ ⵂⴰⵔⴰⵜ ⴷⴰⵗ ⵜ-ⵉⵉⵉⴰɗ ⴰⵔⵓⵏⴻⵏ ⴰⵏ ⴰⴾⴰⵍⵍ ⵓⴰ-ⵏ ⴱⴻⵔⵓⵓ ⴰⴷⴷⴰⵔⵏⴻⵏ ⴰⵙ ⴰⵓⴰ ⴷ-ⵉⵣⵣⴰⵋⴰⵔⴰⵏ ⴰⵎⴰⵏ.
English: Grain surpluses have been especially important because grain can be stored for a long time.
Tamasheq: ⴰⵓⴰ-ⵙ-ⴰⵙⵙⴰⴾⴰⵉⴰⵏ ⴰⵜⵜⴰⵗⴰⵎⴰⵏ, ⵉⴾⵔⴰⵛ ⴰⵍⴼⴰⵉⴷⴰⵜ ⵎⴰⵈⵈⴰⵔⴰⵜ ⴼⴰⵍ-ⴰⵙ ⴰⴷⴷⵓⴱⴻⵏ ⴰⴷ ⴰⴾⵏⴰⵏⵜⴰⵂⴰⵋⵉⵜ ⴷⴰⵗ ⴰⵜⵜⴰⵓⴰⵔ.
English: However, in some places hunter-gatherers have had access to food surpluses, such as among some of the indigenous peoples of the Pacific Northwest and perhaps during the Mesolithic Natufian culture.
Tamasheq: ⵎⴰⵙⴰⵏ ⴷⴰⵗ ⵉⴷⴰⴶⴶⴰⵏ ⵉⵉⵉⴰⴰ ,ⵉⵎⴰⵂⵓⵉⴰ ⴰⴷ ⵓⵉ-ⴷ-ⴰⴷ ⵜⴰⴾⴰⵙⵏⴻⵏ ⵜⴰⵏⴼⵓ ⵉⵉⵉⴰⵜ ⴷⴰⵗ ⵉⵂⴰⴾⵛⴰⵏ,ⴰⵙⵙⴰⴾⴰⵉⴰⵏ ⴷⴰⵗ ⴰⵋⴰⵔⴰⵓ ⵛⵓⵏⴷ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵜⵜⴻ ⵜⴰ-ⴷ-ⴰⴷ ⵜⴰⵣⵣⴰⵔⴰⵜ ⴷⴰⵗ ⴰⴷⴷⴰⵓⵍⴰⵜ ⴰⵏ ⵋⴻⵔ ⴾⴰⵍ ⵋⴻⵔ ⴾⴰⵍ-ⴰⴼⴰⵍⵍⴰ ⴰⴷ ⴰⵜⴰⵔⴰⵎ ⴰⵏ ⴱⴰⵛⵉⴼⵉⵈⵓⴻ ⴻⴷ ⴰⵎⵎⵓⴾⴰⵏ ⴰⵙ ⴰⴷⵂⴰⵍⴰⵏ ⵜⴰⵏⴰⵜ ⵜⵉⵎⵓⵙⵏⴰⵓⴻⵏ ⵜ-ⵉⵉⵉⴰⴷ .
English: The word "civilization" is sometimes simply defined as "'living in cities'".
Tamasheq: ⵜⵉⴼⴻⵔ ⵜⵉ-ⵙ-ⵉⵜⴰⵓⴰⵏⵏⴰ ⵟⵉⵎⴰⵜⵜⴰⵓⴻⵏ ⵜⵉ ⴰⵏⵏⵓⴼⵍⴰⵉⵏⴻⵏ , ⵉⵜⴰⵓⴰⵏⵏⴻⵏ ⵉⴻ ⵜⴰⵎⵓⴷⵔⴻ ⴷⴰⵗ ⴰⵗⵔⴰⵎ .
English: State societies are more stratified than other societies; there is a greater difference among the social classes.
Tamasheq: ⵜⵉⵎⴰⵜⵜⴰⵓⴻⵏ ⵜⵉ-ⵏ-ⴰⴷⴷⴰⵓⵍⴰⵜ ,ⴰⵋⴰⵔⵏⴰⵜ ⵜ-ⵉⵉⵉⴰⴷⵏⴻⵏ ⴷⴰⵗ ⵜⴻⵍⵍⴰ ⵏ-ⵉⴷⴰⴶⴶⴰⵏ ; ⵉⵍⵍⴻ ⴰ ⴰⵋⵋⴻⵏ ⵜⴰⵏⴰⵜ ⴰⵙⵙⵉⵏⴰⴱⴷⴰⵏ.
English: Civilizations, with complex social hierarchies and organized, institutional governments.
Tamasheq: ⵜⵉⵎⴻⵜⵜⴰⵓⴻⵏ ⵜⵉ ⴰⵏⵏⵓⴼⵍⴰⵉⵏⴻ ,ⴰⵍⵍⴰⵏⴰⵜ ⴰⵎⵎⴰⴾ ⴰⵏ ⵉⵎⵉⵣⵣⴰⵔⴰⵏ ⴰⵙ ⴰⵙⵙⴰⵂⴰⵜ ⴻⵙⴰⵓⴻ ⵏⴰⵙⴰⵏ ⴰⴷ ⴾⴰⵍ ⴰⵍⵆⴰⴾⵓⵎⴰⵜ ⵜⴰⵙⵉⵎⴰⵙⴰⴷⴰⵓⴰⵜ ⵉ-ⴰⵙⴰⵓⴰⵋ ⴰⵏ ⴰⵓⴰ ⴰⵜⵓⴰⵙⴰⴱⴷⴰⴷⴰⵏ.
English: Some people also acquire landed property, or private ownership of the land.
Tamasheq: ⴰⴷⴷⵉⵏⴰⵜ ⵉⵉⵉⴰⴷ ⵋⴰⵔⴰⵓⴰⵏ ⵉⴷⴰⴶⴶⴰⵏ ⵎⴻⵗ ⴻⴷⴰⴶⴶ ⴰⵏ ⵉⵎⴰⵏ ⵏⴰⵙⴰⵏ .
English: By the early Iron Age, contemporary civilizations developed money as a medium of exchange for increasingly complex transactions.
Tamasheq: ⵗⵓⵔ ⵙⴰⵏⵜo ⵏ-ⴰⵓⴰⵜⴰⵉⴷ ⵓⴰⵔ ⵂⴰⵙⴰⵏ ⵉⴶⴷⴻⵂ ⵓⴰ-ⵙ-ⵉⵜⴰⵓⴰⵏⵏⴰ ⵓⴰ-ⵏ ⵜⴰⵌⵓⵍⵉ ,ⵜⵉⵎⴻⵜⵜⴰⵓⴻⵏ ⵜⵉ ⴰⵏⵏⵓⴼⵍⴰⵉⵏⴻⵏ ⴻⵏ ⴰⵣⵣⴰⵎⴰⵏ ⵉⵉⵉⴰⵏ , ⴰⵙⵙⴰⴱⴷⴰⴷⵏⴰⵜ ⴰⵌⵔⴻⴼ ⵛⵓⵏⴷ ⴻⵎⵎⴰⴾ ⴻⵏ ⴰⵎⴰⵙⴾⴰⵍ ⴼⴰⵍ ⵉⵙⴰⵍⴰⵏ ⴰⵏ ⵎⴰⵎⴰⵍⴰ ( ⴻⵙⵙⵓⴾ ) ⴻⵙⴰⵓⴻ ⵏⴻⵙ ⴷⴰⵗ , ⵜⵉⵓⵓⴰⴷⵜ ⴰⵉ-ⵉⴾⴾⴰⵏ .
English: These people may not be personally acquainted with one another and their needs may not occur all at the same time.
Tamasheq: ⴰⴷⴷⵉⵏⴰⵜ ⴻⵏ, ⴰⴷⴷooⴱⴻⵏ ⴰⴷ ⵓⴰⵔ ⵏⵎⴰⵣⴰⵉⴰⵏ , ⴷⴻⵔⵂⴰⵏ ⵏⴰⵙⴰⵏ ⴷⴰⵗ, ⴰⴷⴷⵓⴱⴰⵜ ⴰⴷ ⵓⴰⵔ ⵂⴰⵙⴰⵏ ⵉⴶⴷⴻⵂ ⵉⴾⴻⵜ ⵏⴰⵙⴰⵏⵙ .
English: The transition from simpler to more complex economies does not necessarily mean an improvement in the living standards of the populace.
Tamasheq: ⴰⵋⴰⵔⴰⵓ ⴰⵙ ⵉⴾⴾⵓⵉ ⴰⵏ ⴰⵍⴼⴰⵉⴷⴰ ⵔⴰⵈⵈⵉⵙⴰⵏ ⴰⵙ-ⵉⵉⵉⴰⵏ ⴰⵙⵙoⵂⴻⵏ , ⴰ-ⴷⴰⵔ-ⴷ-ⴰⴷⴷⵉⵍⴰ ⴰⵙⵜⴰⵎⵓⴷⵔⴻ ⵏ-ⴰⴷⴷⵉⵏⴰⵜ ⵜⴰⵓⵓⵉⴷ .
English: The average stature of a population is a good measurement of the adequacy of its access to necessities, especially food.
Tamasheq: Eⵙⴰⵓⴻ ⵓⴰ ⵂⵉⵏ ⵉⵛⴰⵎⴰⵏ ⵓⴻ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵜⵜⴻ ,ⴰⴷ ⵜⴰⵋⵔⴰⵓ ⴰⵙ ⴰⵜⵜⴰⵗⴰⵎⴰⵏ,ⵉ-ⵉⵎⴰⵏⵙⵉⵓⴰⵏ ⴰⵏⵏⴻⵙ .
English: Like money, the writing was necessitated by the size of the population of a city and the complexity of its commerce among people who are not all personally acquainted with each other.
Tamasheq: ⵙⵓⵏⴷ ⴰⵎⴰⵙⴾⴰⵍ ,ⴰⴾⴰⵜⴰⴱ ⴾⴰⵍⴰ ⴰⵎⵓⵙ ⵂⴰⵔⴰⵜ ⴰⵙ ⴰⵏⵏⵉⵎⴰⵂⴰⵍ ⴰⴷ –ⵜ-ⵉⵍⵍⴰ ⴼⴰⵍ ⴰⵓⴰ ⴷⴰⵔ ⵜ-oⴶⴷⴰⵂ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵜⵜⴻ ⵏ-ⴰⵗⵔⴰⵎ ⴰⴷ ⵈⵙⵙⵓⵂⵓ ⵏ-ⴰⵙⵙⵓⴾ ⴰⵏⵏⴻⵙ ⵋⴻⵔ ⴰⴷⴷⵉⵏⴰⵜ ⵓⴰⵔ-ⴻⵏ ⴰⵏⵎⴰⵣⴰⵉ ⵉⴾⴻⵜ ⵏⴰⵙⴰⵏ.
English: These include organized religion, development in the arts, and countless new advances in science and technology.
Tamasheq: Iⵙⴰⵍⴰⵏ ⴰⵋⵋⴰⵏⴻⵏ ⴼⴰⵍ ⴰⴷⴷⵉⵏ ⴰⵎⵉⵙⴰⴷⴰⵓⴰⵏⴰⵏⵜⵓ ⵙ-ⵉⵉⵉⴰⴷ , ⵜⵉⵓⴰⴷⵜ ⴰⵏ ⴰⵓⴰ ⴰⵜⵉⵓⴰⵛⴰvⴰⵍⴰⵏ ⴰⴷ ⵜⵉⵓⴰⴷⵜ ⵜⴰⵋⵋⴻⵜ ⴰⵏ ⵜⵉⵎⵓⵙⵏⴰⵓⴻⵏ .
English: These cultures are called by some "primitive", a term that is regarded by others as pejorative. "
Tamasheq: Iⵙⴰⵋⵉⴰⴾ-ⴻⵏ , ⴰⵙⵙⵉⵂⴰⵙⴾⴻⵏ ⵜⴰⵏ ⵗⵓⵔ ⵙⴰⵏⵜⵓ ⵙ-ⵉⵉⵉⴰⴷ ⴷⴰⵗ ⵙⴰⵏ ⴾⵓⵍ , ⴰⵎⵓⵙⴰⵏ ⴰⵜⵉⵓⴰⵔⵂⴰⵏ.
English: Anthropologists today use the term "non-literate" to describe these peoples.
Tamasheq: “ⵆⴰⵍ ⵉⵏⵓⵎⴰⵗⴰⵏ ⴰⵏ ⵜⴰⵎⵓⵙⵏⴻ ⴼⴰⵍ-ⴰⴶ-ⴰⴷⴷⴰⵎ ⴰⴷ ⴰⵍⵣⵂⴰⵎⴰⵗⴰⵜ ⴰⵏ ⴰⴷⴷⵉⵏⴰⵜ , ⴰ-ⵓⴻⵏ ⴰⴷⴾⴰⵍⴰⵏ-ⵜ –ⵛⵓⵏⴷ ⴻⵔⴻ ⵓⴰⵔ-ⴻⵏ ⵉⵙⵙⴻⵏ ⵜⴻⵗⴰⵔⴻ ⴷ-ⴰⴾⴰⵜⴰⴱ.”
English: But civilization is also spread by the technical, material and social dominance that civilization engenders.
Tamasheq: ⵎⴰⵛⴰⵏ ⵜⵉⵎⴰⵜⵜⴰⵓⴻⵏ ⵜⵉ ⴰⵏⵏⵓⴼⵍⴰⵉⵏⴻⵏ , ⵜⵉⴷⴰⴷⵜ ⴰ ⵜⴰⵋⵋⴰⵏⴷⵜ ⴰⵙ ⴰⵙⴰⵙⵙⵉⴾⴰⵉ ⴰⵏ ⵜⴰⵎⵓⵙⵏⴻ, ⵉⵍⴰⵍⵍⴰⵏ ⴰⴷ ⴰⵓⴰ-ⴷ-ⴰⴷ ⵜⵉⵔⴰⵓ .
English: Civilizations tend to develop intricate cultures, including a state-based decision making apparatus, a literature, professional art, architecture, organized religion and complex customs of education, coercion and control associated with maintaining the elite.
Tamasheq: ⵜⵉⵎⴰⵜⵜⴰⵓⴻⵏ ⵜⵉ ⴰⵏⵏⵓⴼⵍⴰⵉⵏⴻⵏ ,ⵓⵍⴰⵂⵏⴰⵜ ⴰⴷ ⴰⵓ-ⵉⵎⵎⴰⵗⴰⵏ ⴰⵎⵎⴰⴾ ⴰⵏ ⴰⵙⵉⵓⴰⴷ ⴰⵏ ⵉⵙⴰⴷⴷⵓⵎⴰ ⵓⵉ ⴰⵙⵙⵓⵂⴰⵜⵏⴻⵏ ⴰⵎⵓⵙⴰⵏ ⴰ-ⵜ-ⴰⵙⵙⵉⴱⴷⴰⴷ ⴰⴷⴷⴰⵓⵍⴰⵜ ⵜⴻⵗⴰⵔⴻ , ⴰⵛⴰⵗⴰⵍⴰⵏ ⴰⴾⵏⴰⵏⴻⵏ , ⵜⵉⵎⴰⴾⵔⵓⵙⴻⵏ ,ⴰⴷⴷⵉⵏ ⴰⵎⵉⵙⴰⴷⴰⵓⵏ ⴰⴷ ⴰⵙⵙⴰⵏⵗⴰⵜⴻⵏ ⴰⵙⵙⵓⵂⴰⵜⵏⴻⵏ ⴼⴰⵍ ⵜⴻⵗⴰⵔⴻ,ⴰⵎⵎⴰⴾ ⴰⵏ ⴰⵣⴰⵍⵣⴰⵎ ⴻⴷ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⴰⵉⵏⵜ ⴰⵏⵏⴻⵙ .
English: The civilization in which someone lives is that person's broadest cultural identity.
Tamasheq: ⵜⵉⵎⴰⵜⵜⴰⵓⴻⵏ ⵜⵉ ⴰⵏⵏⵓⴼⵍⴰⵉⵏⴻⵏ ⴷⴰⵗ ⵉⵣⵣⴰⵗ ⴰⵓⴰⴷⴰⵎ, ⴰⵎⵓⵙⵏⴰⵜ ⵜⵓⵎⴰⵙⵜ ⴻⵏⵏⴻⵙ ⵜⴰ ⵜⵓⵋⵋⴰⵔⴰⵜ .
English: The aim is to preserve the cultural heritage of humanity and also the cultural identity, especially in the case of war and armed conflict.
Tamasheq: ⴰⵓⴰ ⴰⵜⵉⵓⴰⵎⴰⵗⴰⵏ, ⵜⴰⴶⴰⵌⵜ ⴰⵏ ⴰⵓⴰ-ⵜ-ⵉⵍⵍⴰⵏ ⵉ-ⴰⴷⴷⵉⵏⴰⵜ ⴰⴷ ⵜⴰⴶⴰⵌⵜ ⵂⴰⵔⵓⴰ ⴰⵏ ⵜⵓⵎⴰⵙⵜ ⴰⵏ ⴰⵓⴰ ⴻⵈⵈⴰⵍⴰⵏ ⵉⵎⴻⵛⵍⴰⵏ ⵏⴰⵙⴰⵏ ⵂⵓⵍⵍⴰⵏ ⴰⵙ ⴰⵋⵋⴰⵏ ⵉⴾⴰⵏⵏⴰⵙⴰⵏ ⴰⴷ ⵉⴱⴰ-ⵏ-ⵜⴰⵏⵎⴰⵏⵏⴰⴾ.
English: Early twentieth-century philosopher Oswald Spengler,Spengler, Oswald, Decline of the West: Perspectives of World History (1919) uses the German word Kultur, "culture", for what many call a "civilization".
Tamasheq: ⵓ ⵟⴰⵎⵓⵙⵏⴻ ⵓⴰ-ⵙ-ⵉⵜⴰⵓⴰⵏⵏⴰ ⵓⵙⵓⴰⵍⴷ ⵙⴱⴻⵏⴶⵍⴻⵔ , Oⵙⵓⴰⵍⴷ ⵙⴱⴻⵏⴶⵍⴻⵔ ⵗⵓⵔ ⵜⴻⵎⴻⴷⴻ ⴰⵏ ⴰⵓⴰⵜⴰⵉ ⵜⴰ-ⵙ ⵙⴰⵏⴰⵜⴰⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵔⵓⴻⵏ ,ⵉⵏⵏⴰ ⴼⴰⵍ Oⴼ ⵟⵂⴻ ⴰⴻⵙⵜ ; ⴰⵓⴰ ⴰⵜⵉⵓⴰⵔⴷⴰⵏ ⴼⴰⵍ ⴰⵋⵋⴰⵏⴻⵏ (1919)ⴰ ⴷⴷⵉⵏⴰⵜ ⴰⵋⵋⵓⵜⵏⴻⵏ ⵟⵉⵎⴰⵜⵜⴰⵓⴻⵏ ⵜⵉ ⴰⵏⵏⵓⴼⵍⴰⵉⵏⴻⵏ .
English: Spengler states civilization is the beginning of the decline of a culture as "the most external and artificial states of which a species of developed humanity is capable".
Tamasheq: ⵙⴱⴻⵏⴶⵍⴻⵔ ⴰⵙⴷⴰⵜⴰⵜ ⴰⵙ ⵜⵉⵎⴰⵜⵜⴰⵓⴻⵏ ⵜⵉ ⴰⵏⵏⵓⴼⵍⴰⵉⵏⴻⵏ , ⴰⵎⵓⵙ ⴰ-ⵓⴻⵏ ⵙⴰⵏⵜⵓ ⴰⵏ ⵜⵉⴷⵓⵜ –ⴻⵏ ⴰⵓⴰ-ⴷ-ⴻⵈⵈⴰⵍⴰⵏ ⴰⵛⴰⴾⵛⵓ ⵛⵓⵏⴷ ⵗⵓⵔ ⴰⴷⴷⴷⵓⴷⵍⴰⵏ ⵓⵉ-ⵏ- ⵉⵋⴰⵎⴰⵜⴰⵏ ⴰⵙ ⴻⵙⴰⵓⴻ ⵏⴰⵙⵏⴰⵜ ⴻⵈⵈⴰⵍ ⴰⵓⵓⵉⴷⴰⵏ, ⵉⵍⵍⴰ ⵜⴰⴷⴰⴱⵉⵜ .
English: Civilizations generally declined and fell, according to Toynbee, because of the failure of a "creative minority", through moral or religious decline, to meet some important challenge, rather than mere economic or environmental causes.
Tamasheq: ⵜⵉⵎⴰⵜⵜⴰⵓⴻⵏ ⵜⵉ ⴰⵏⵏⵓⴼⵍⴰⵉⵏⴻⵏ , ⵓⴷⴰⵏⴰⵜ , ⴰ ⵓⴻⵏ ⴷⴰⵗ ⴰⵉ- ⵉⵏⵏⴰ ⵟⵓⵉⵏⴱⴻⴻ ⴼⴰⵍ ⵉⵙⴰⵍⴰⵏ ⴰⵏ ⵉⴱⴰ-ⵏ ⵜⴰⴷⴰⴱⵉⵜ ⴰⵙ ⴰⵎⵎⵓⴾⴰⵏ ⵓⴰⵔ-ⴻⵏ ⴼⴰⵔⵓⵔ –ⵙ-ⴰⵙⵙⴰⴾⴻⵏ –ⵙ-ⴰⵓⴰ-ⵙ ⴰⵜⵓⴰⴼⵏⴰⵌ ,ⵜⴻⴱⴰⴷⴷⴻ ⵎⴰⵈⵈⴰⵔⴰⵜ ⴼⴰⵍ ⵜⴰⴾⵎⵓ ⵓⵂⵓⵏ ⴼⴰⵍ ⴰⵙⵙⴰⴱⴰⴱⴰⵏ ⴰⵏ ⴱⴰⵏⵏⴰⵏⵈⵢⵏ ⵜⴰⵏⴼⵓ ⵎⴰⵗ ⵉⵂⴰⵏⵣⵓⵣⴰⵗ ⵏⴰⵏⴰⵗ
English: For example, trade networks were, until the nineteenth century, much larger than either cultural spheres or political spheres.
Tamasheq: ⵛⵓⵏⴷ, ⵜⴰⴱⴻⵔⴰⵜⴻⵏ ⵜⵉⵏ ⵙⴻⵎⴻⵙⴾⵉⵍⴰⵏ ⴰⵈⴰⵍⵏⴰⵜ, ⵂⴰⵔ ⵗⵓⵔ ⵆIⵆⴻ ⴻⵍⴰⵏ, ⴰⵋⴻⵏ ⵉⴾⵏⴰⵏ ⵜⵉⵂⵓⵙⴰⵉ ⴼⴰⵍ ⵜⵉⴱⴻⵍⴰⵗⴻⵏ ⴻⵏ ⵜⵉⵓⵙⴰⵜⴻⵏ ⵎⴻⵗ ⵜⵉⴱⴻⵍⴰⵗⴻⵏ ⵜⵉⵏ ⴼⵓⵍⴰⵜⵉⴾ.
English: During the Uruk period, Guillermo Algaze has argued that trade relations connected Egypt, Mesopotamia, Iran and Afghanistan.
Tamasheq: ⵗⵓⵔ ⴰⵍⵓⴰⵈ ⵓⴰⵏ ⵓⵔⵓⴾ, ⵗⵓⵉⵍⵍⴻⵔⵎⵓ ⴰⵍⴶⴰⵣⴻ ⴰⵍⵉⵍ ⴰⵙ ⵜⵉⵏⵎⴰⵣⴰⵉⴻⵏ ⴰⵏ ⵙⴰⵎⴰⵙⴾⵉⵍⴰⵏ ⴰⵙⵙⴻⵔⵜⴰⵉⵏⴰⵜ ⵉⴶⵉⴰⵜⴻ,ⵎⵉⵙⵓⴷⵓⵜⴰⵎⵉⴻ, Iⵔⴰⵏ ⴰⴷ ⴰⴼⴶⵂⴰⵏⵉⵙⵜⴰⵏ.
English: Different civilizations and societies all over the globe are economically, politically, and even culturally interdependent in many ways.
Tamasheq: ⵜⴰⵋⵓⵜⴻ ⴰⵏ ⵜⵉⵎⵓⵙⵏⴰⵓⴻⵏ ⴰⴷ ⵜⵉⵔⵜⴰⵉⴻⵏ ⴰⵏ ⴰⴷⵓⵏⵉⴰ ⴾⵓⵍ ⴰⵈⴰⵍⵏⴰⵜ ⵜⵉⴷⴰⵓⵜ, ⴼⵓⵍⴰⵜⵉⴾ ⴰⴷ ⴷⴻⵗ ⵜⵉⵓⵙⴰⵜⴻⵏ ⵋⴰⵔⵜⴰⵏⵓⴼⵍⴰⵉⵜ ⴷⴰⵗ ⵙⴻⵎⵗⴰⵔⴰⵏ.
English: Central Civilization later expanded to include the entire Middle East and Europe, and then expanded to a global scale with European colonization, integrating the Americas, Australia, China and Japan by the nineteenth century.
Tamasheq: ⵜⵉⵎⵓⵙⵏⴻ ⵜⴰⵏ ⴰⵎⴰⵙⵙ ⵜⴰⵜⵓⴰⵙⴰⵎⵗⴰⵔ ⴷⴰⵔⴰⵜ ⴰⵓⴻⵏ ⴷⴰⵗ ⴰⵋⵉⵜ ⴰⵏ ⵎⵓⵉⴻⵏ-ⵓⵓⵉⴻⵏⵜ ⴰⴷ ⴻⵓⵔⵓⴷ,ⵉⵣⴰⵔ ⵜⴰⵜⵓⴰⵙⴰⵎⵗⴰⵔ ⵗⵓⵔ ⵜⴰⵛⴰⵋⵔⵉⵜ ⴰⵏ ⴰⴷⵓⵏⵉⴰ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵎⵓⴷⴰⴾⴰⵏ ⵓⵉⵏ ⴾⴰⵍ ⴻⵓⵔⵓⴷ, ⵉⴶⴰⵛⵏⴻⵏ ⴰⵎⴻⵔⵉⴻⴰⵜⴻⵏ, ⴰⵓⵙⵜⵔⴰⵍⵉⵉⴰ, ⵛⵂⵉⵏⴻ ⴰⴷ ⵋⴰⴷⵓⵏ ⵗⵓⵔ 19 ⴻⵍⴰⵏ.
English: This encouraged a secondary products revolution in which people used domesticated animals not just for meat, but also for milk, wool, manure and pulling ploughs and carts – a development that spread through the Eurasian Oecumene.
Tamasheq: ⴰⵓⴻⵏ ⵉⴾⴼⴰ ⴰⵙⵙⴰⵂⴰⵜ ⵉⴻ ⴰⵛⴰⵏⵣⵉ ⴰⵏ ⵂⴰⵔⴰⵜⴰⵏ ⵓⵉⵙ ⴰⵙⵙⵉⵏ ⴷⴰⵗ ⴷⴰⴾⴰⵍⴰⵏ ⴰⴷⵉⵏⴰⵜ ⵉⵎⵓⴷⴰⵔⴰⵏ ⴰⵜⵓⴰⵋⴰⵉⵏⴻⵏ ⴼⴰⵍ ⴻⴷⴻⵜ ⵉⵙⵙⴰⵏ ⵗⴰⵙ,ⵎⴰⵛⴰⵏ ⴷⴻⵗ ⴼⴰⵍ ⴰⵗ,ⴰⵎⵣⴰⴷⴰⵏ,ⵉⵗⴰⵔⴰⵋⴰⵏ ⴰⴷ ⵉⴻ ⴰⵔⴰⴾⴰⴱ ⴰⵏ ⵜⵉⴶⴰⵉⴰⴾⵏⴻⵏ ⴰⴷ ⵜⵓⵔⴾⴰⵜⴻⵏ–ⵜⴰⵋⵓⵜⴻ ⵜⴰⵣⵓⵏⴰⵜ ⴷⴰⵗ Oⴻⵛⵓⵎⵉⵏⴻ ⵓⴰⵏ Eⵓⵔⴰⵙⵉⴻ.
English: This area has been identified as having "inspired some of the most important developments in human history including the invention of the wheel, the planting of the first cereal crops and the development of the cursive script".
Tamasheq: " ⴰⴾⴰⵍ ⵓⴻⵏ ⴰⵜⵉⵓⴰⵣⴰⵉ ⵙⵓⵏⴷ ⵉⵋⵔⴰⵓⴰⵏ"" ⵜⵉⵔⵓⴰ ⴰⵏ ⵉⵙⵋⴰⵜ ⵉⵉⴰⴷ ⵓⵉⴾⵏⴰⵏⴻⵏ ⵜⴰⵂⵓⵙⴾⴰⵜ ⴰⵏ ⵜⴰⵏⴼⵓⵙⵜ ⴰⵏ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵜⴻ,ⵜⴰⵏⵏⴰ ⴰⵏ ⵉⵋⵉ ⴰⵏ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵋⵉⵉⴰⴾ,ⴰⴷⴰⵎⵓ ⴰⵏ ⵎⴰⵋⵉⴰⴾⴰⵏ ⴰⵏ ⵏⴰⵍⴰⵓⴰⵏ ⵓⵉ ⴰⵣⴰⵔⵏⴻⵏ ⴰⴷ ⴰⵙⵋⴰⵜ ⴰⵏ ⴰⴾⴰⵜⴰⴱ ⵉⵜⵔⴰⴱⴰⵏ"".
English: This climate change shifted the cost-benefit ratio of endemic violence between communities, which saw the abandonment of unwalled village communities and the appearance of walled cities, associated with the first civilizations.
Tamasheq: ⴰⴰⵂⴰⵏⵣⵉ ⵓⴰⵏ ⴰⵣⴰⵎⴰⵏ ⴰⵛⴰⴾⴰⵛ ⵎⴻⵔⵜⴰⵉ ⵉⵋⵉ-ⴱⵓⵏⴰⴼⵉⵙ ⴰⵏ ⵜⴰⵍⴰⴱⴰⵙⵜ ⴰⵏ ⵜⵓⵔⵂⴰⵏⴰ ⵋⴰⵔ ⴾⴰⵍⴰⵏ,ⵉⵏⵂⴰⵉⴰⵏ ⴰⵜⵓⴰⵉ ⴰⵏ ⴾⴰⵍⴰⵏ ⵏⴰⵔⵓⵋ ⵓⴻⵔ ⵉⵍⴰ ⵉⵗⴰⵍⴰⵏ ⴰⴷ ⴰⵣⵓⵋⵓⵔ ⴰⵏ ⵉⵗⴰⵔⵎⴰⵏ ⴰⵙⵙⵓⵂⴰⵜⵏⴻⵏ, ⴰⵔⵜⴰⵉⵏⴻⵏ ⴰⴷ ⵜⵉⵎⵓⵙⵏⴰⵓⴻⵏ ⵜⵉ ⴰⵣⴰⵔⵏⴻⵏ.
English: The civilized urban revolution in turn was dependent upon the development of sedentism, the domestication of grains and animals, the permanence of settlements and development of lifestyles that facilitated economies of scale and accumulation of surplus production by certain social sectors.
Tamasheq: ⴰⵎⵍⵉⵍⵉ ⵏⴰⵗⵔⴰⵎ ⵉⴾⵏⴰⵏ ⴻⴾⴰⵍⴰⴷ ⴷⴰⵗ ⴰⵏⴰⵍⴾⴰⵎ ⴰⵏ ⴰⵙⵋⴰⵜ ⴰⵏ ⵜⴰⵗⵉⵎⵉⵜ, ⴰⴷ ⴰⵜⵓⵉⵋⴰⵣ ⴰⵏⴰⴰⵜⴰⵗⴰⵎⴰⵏ ⴰⴷ ⵎⵓⴷⴰⵔⴰⵏ, ⴰⴷ ⴰⵙⵋⵉⵜ ⴰⵏ ⵜⵉⵎⵓⵗⵏⴰⵓⴻⵏ ⴰⴷ ⴰⵙⵋⵉⵜ ⴰⵏ ⴰⵍⵎⴰⵗⵏⴰⵜⴰⵏ ⴰⵏ ⵜⴰⵎⵓⴷⵔⴻ ⵙⴰⵔⵗⴰⵙⵏⴻⵏ ⵜⵉⵙⴷⴰⵓⴻⵏ ⴰⵏ ⵜⴰⵛⴰⵋⵔⵉⵜ ⴰⴷ ⴰⵙⴷⴰⵓ ⴰⵏ ⵙⴰⵙⵓⴾⴰⵉ ⴰⵏ ⵉⵋⵉ ⴼⴰⵍ ⵜⵉⵣⵓⵏⴰⵓⴻⵏ ⵜⵉⵉⴰⴷ ⴰⵏ ⵜⴰⵔⵜⴰⵉⴻⵏ.
English: Some focus on historical examples, and others on general theory.
Tamasheq: Iⵉⴰⴷ ⵓⵎⴰⵔⴰⵏ ⴼⴰⵍ ⵙⴻⴶⴱⴰⵔⴰⵏ ⴰⵔⵓⵏⴻⵏ,ⵉⵉⴰⴷ ⴼⴰⵍ ⵜⴰⵎⵓⵙⵏⴻ ⵜⴰⵋⴻⵜ.
English: For Gibbon, "The decline of Rome was the natural and inevitable effect of immoderate greatness.
Tamasheq: "ⵗⴻ ⵗⵉⴱⴱⴷⵏ, ""ⵙⴰⵎⴷⵓ ⵓⴰⵏ ⵔⵓⵎⴻ ⴻⵈⴰⵍ ⵉⵔⵉ ⵉⴾⵏⴰⵏ ⴰⴷ ⴰⵎⵓⵈⴰⵙⵙⴰⵏ ⴷⴰⵗ ⵜⴰⵎⵗⴰⵔⴻ ⵓⴰⵔⴻⵏ ⵜⴰⴼⵏⴻⵣ"".
English: Theodor Mommsen in his History of Rome suggested Rome collapsed with the collapse of the Western Roman Empire in 476 CE and he also tended towards a biological analogy of "genesis", "growth", "senescence", "collapse" and "decay".
Tamasheq: ⵜⴻⵓⴷⵓⵔ ⵎⴰⵎⵎⵙⴻⵏ, ⴷⴰⵗ ⵜⴰⵏⴼⵓⵙⵜ ⵉⵏⴻⵙⵙ ⵜⴰⵏ ⵙⵓⵎⴻ, ⴰⵙⵙⵉⴾⵏⴰ ⴰⵙ ⵙⵓⵎⴻ ⵜⴰⴷⴰ ⴰⴷ ⴻⴶⴰⴷⴻⵍ ⵓⴰⵏ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵏⵉⴰ ⵜⴰⵏ ⵔⵓⵎⴰⵉⵏ ⵏⴰⴶⴰⴷⴰⵍ ⴰⵏ ⵜⴰⴼⵓⴾ ⵗⵓⵔ 476 ⴰⵏ ⴰⵣⴰⵎⴰⵏ ⵓⴰⵏⴰⵏⴻⵗ ⵉⵣⴰⵔ ⴰⵔⴰⴾ ⴷⴻⵗ ⵉⴱⵔⴻⵜ ⴰⵏ ⴰⵙⵙⴰⵎⴰⴶⴷⴰⵂ ⴰⵏ ⵜⴰⵎⵓⴷⵔⴻ ⵜⴰⵏ"" ⵉⵋⵉ ⴰⵏ ⴰⵏⵉⴰⵜ"",""ⵜⴰⴷⴰⵓⵍⴰ"",""ⵜⵓⵛⴰⵔⵜ"",""ⴻⴶⴰⴷⴻⵍ"", ⴰⴷ "ⴰⵍⴾⵓⵎ ⴰⵏ ⵉⵍⴰⵏ".""
English: Arnold J. Toynbee in his A Study of History suggested that there had been a much larger number of civilizations, including a small number of arrested civilizations, and that all civilizations tended to go through the cycle identified by Mommsen.
Tamasheq: ⴰⵔⵏⵓⵍⴷ ⵋ. ⵟⵓⵉⵏⴱⴻⴻ, ⴷⴰⵗ ⴰⵍⴾⴰⴷ ⵉⵏⴻⵙⵙ ⴰ ⵙⵜⵓⴷⵉ ⵜⴼ ⵂⵉⵙⵜⵓⵔⵉ, ⴰⵙⵙⵉⴾⵏⴰ ⴰⵙ ⵉⵋⵔⴰⵓ ⵎⴻⴷⴰⵏ ⴰⵋⴻⵏ ⵉⴾⵏⴰⵏ ⴰⵎⵓⴾⴰⵏ ⴰⵏ ⵜⵉⵎⵓⵙⵏⴰⵓⴻⵏ, ⵉⵂⴰ ⵎⴻⴷⴰⵏ ⴰⵏⴷⴰⵔⴰⵏ ⴰⵏ ⵜⵉⵎⵓⵙⵏⴰⵓⴻⵏ ⵉⴱⴷⴰⴷⵏⴻⵏ, ⵉⵣⴰⵔ ⵜⵉⵎⵓⵙⵏⴰⵓⴻⵏ ⴾⵓⵍ ⵉⵍⴰⵏⴰⵜ ⴰⵏⵉⵉⴰⵜ ⴰⵏ ⵉⴾⵓⵉ ⴰⵙ ⵜⴰⴾⴰⵏ ⵜⴰⵜⵉⵓⴰⵙⴰⵏⴰⵜ ⴰⵙ ⵎⵓⵎⵎⵙⴻⵏ.
English: During the intermediate phase, the increasing population growth leads to the decrease of per capita production and consumption levels, it becomes more and more difficult to collect taxes, and state revenues stop growing, whereas the state expenditures grow due to the growth of the population controlled by the state.
Tamasheq: ⵗⵓⵔ ⵙⴰⵏⵜⵓ ⴰⵏ ⵋⴰⵔ ⴰⵏⵎⵉⵋⴰⵔ, ⵜⴰⴷⴰⵓⵍⴰ ⵏⴰⴷⵉⵏⴰⵜ ⵜⴰⵓⴻⴷⴰⵜ ⵂⴰⴾⵓ ⴰⴼⴰⵏⴰⵣⴰⵜ ⴰⵏ ⴷⴰⴶⴰⵏ ⴰⵏ ⴰⵋⴰⵔⴰⵓ ⴰⴷ ⵜⴰⵜⴰⵜⴻ ⴰⵏ ⴰⵎⵓⵣⴰⵗ, ⴻⵈⴰⵍⵉⴷ ⴰⵙ ⴰⵙⵙⴰⵂⴰⵜ ⴰⵙⵓⵂⵓ ⴰⵏ ⴰⵎⵙⴰⴷⵓ ⴰⵏ ⵜⴰⵎⵣⴰⵍⴻⵏ, ⵉⵣⴰⵔ ⵉⵋⴰⵔⴰⵓⴰⵏ ⵓⵉⵏ ⴰⵍⵗⴰⴾⵓⵎ ⴰⵙⵎⴰⴷⴰⵏ ⵜⴰⴷⴰⵓⵍⴰ,ⵎⴰⵛⴰⵏ ⵉⵛⴰⵛⴰ ⴰⵏ ⴰⵍⵗⴰⴾⵓⵎ ⵜⵉⵓⴰⴷⴰⵏ ⴰⵙ ⴼⴰⵍ ⵜⴰⵋⵓⵜⴻ ⴰⵏ ⵎⵓⵣⴰⵗⴰⵏ ⴰⵜⵉⵓⴰⴾⵉⴰⴷⵏⴻⵏ ⴰⵙ ⴰⵍⵗⴰⴾⵓⵎ.
English: Secular Cycles and Millennial Trends.
Tamasheq: ⵜⴰⵈⴰⵏ ⴰⵏ ⵜⵉⵎⴰⴷ ⴰⵏ ⴻⵍⴰⵏ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵛⵔⵓⵜⴰⵏ ⴰⵏ ⴻⴼⴷⴰⵏ ⴰⵏ ⵓⵉⵜⵉⴰⵏ.
English: The fact that Rome needed to generate ever greater revenues to equip and re-equip armies that were for the first time repeatedly defeated in the field, led to the dismemberment of the Empire.
Tamasheq: Iⵋⵉ ⵓⴰⵙ ⵔⵓⵎⴻ ⵜⴰⵔⵂⴰ ⵜⵉⵔⵓⴰ ⴰⵏ ⵋⴰⵔⴰⵓⴰⵏ ⵉⴾⵏⴰⵏⴻⵏ ⵂⴰⵔⴾⵓⴾ ⵉⴻ ⴰⵙⵙⴰⵍⵙ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵍⵓⵙ ⴰⵏ ⴰⵙⵙⴰⵍⵙ ⴰⵏ ⴾⴰⵍ ⴾⴰⵔⵛⴰⵉⴰⵏ ⵓⵉ ⴰⵈⴰⵍⵏⴻⵏ ⴷⴰⵗ ⵜⵉⵣⴰⵔⴰⵜ ⴰⵜⵓⴰⵗⴰⵏⴻⵏ ⴷⴰⵗ ⵉⵎⵙⵓⵗⵓⵍⴰⵏ ⴰⵋⵉⵜⵏⴻⵏ ⴼⴰⵍ ⴻⵗⴰⵔⵗⴰⵔ, ⵉⵍⵓⴰⵉ ⴰⵙ ⵓⴾⴰⵙⵙ ⴰⵏ ⵎⴰⵙⵙⴰⵓⴰⵙ ⴰⵏ ⵜⴰⵏⴰⵉⴰ.
English: He argues that the collapse of the Maya has lessons for civilization today.
Tamasheq: ⴰⵍⵉⵍ ⴰⵙ ⴻⴶⴰⴰⴰⵍ ⴰⵏ ⴰⴰⵜⴰⵏ ⴻⵈⴰⵍ ⴰⵙⵓⵂⴻⵏ ⵉⴻ ⵉⵂⵓⴾ ⴰⵏ ⵜⴰⵎⵓⵙⵏⴻ ⴰⵏ ⵜⴰⵎⵓⵙⵏⴻ ⵜⴰⵏ ⵉⵛⵔⴰⵉ.
English: The energy expended to energy yield ratio is central to limiting the survival of civilizations.
Tamasheq: ⴰⵋⴰⵔⴰⵓ ⵋⴰⵔ ⴰⵙⵙⴰⵂⴰⵜ ⵉⵣⵋⴰⵔⴰⵏ ⴰⴷ ⴰⵙⵙⵓⵗⴰⵍ ⴰⵏ ⴰⵙⵙⴰⵂⴰⵜ ⴻⵈⴰⵍ ⴰⵂⵓⵙⴾⴻⵏ ⵉⴻ ⴰⵙⴰⴱⴷⴰⴷ ⴰⵏ ⵜⴰⵎⵓⴷⵔⴻ ⴰⵏ ⵜⵉⵎⵓⵙⵏⴰⵓⴻⵏ.
English: Koneczny claimed that civilizations cannot be mixed into hybrids, an inferior civilization when given equal rights within a highly developed civilization will overcome it.
Tamasheq: ⵆⵓⵏⴻⴰⵣⵏⵉ ⵉⵏⵏⴰ ⴰⵙ ⵜⵉⵎⵓⵙⵏⴰⵓⴻⵏ ⵓⴰⵔ ⴰⴷⵓⴱⴰⵜⵏⴰⵜ ⴰⴷⴰⵈⴰⵍⵏⴰⵜ ⴻⵔⵜⴰⵉⴰⵏ ⵉⴻ ⵉⵋⵉ ⴰⵏ ⵂⴰⵔⴰⵜⴰⵏ ⴰⵣⵍⴰⵉⵏⴻⵏ, ⵜⴰⵎⵓⵙⵏⴻ ⵎⴰⴷⵔⵉⴰⵜ, ⴰⵙ ⵜⵉⵏⴰⴰⴼⴰ ⵜⴰⴱⴻⵔⴰⵜⴻⵏ ⵓⴶⴷⴰⵂⵏⴻⵏ ⴷⴰⵗ ⴰⵎⴰⵙⵙ ⴰⵏ ⵜⴰⵎⵓⵙⵏⴻ ⵜⴰⴾⵏⴰⵜ ⵜⴰⵋⵓⵜⴻ, ⴰⵜⴰⵜⴰⵓⴰⵔ.
English: Cultural Historian Morris Berman suggests in Dark Ages America: the End of Empire that in the corporate consumerist United States, the very factors that once propelled it to greatness―extreme individualism, territorial and economic expansion, and the pursuit of material wealth―have pushed the United States across a critical threshold where collapse is inevitable.
Tamasheq: ⵜⵉⵎⴻⵜⵜⴰⵓⴻⵏ ⵜⵉ ⴰⵏⵏⵓⴼⵍⴰⵉⵏⴻⵏ ⵗⴰⵔⴰⴷ, ⵜⴰⵎⵓⴷⵔⴻ ⵏⴰⵙⵏⴰⵜ ⴰ ⴼⴰⵍ ⵜⴰⵙⵉⵂⴰⵜⴰⵍ ⵉⵙⴰⵋⵉⴰⴾ ⴰⵙ ⵓⴰⴷⴻⵏ ⵂⴰⵔⴰⵜ ⴷⴰⵗ ⵜ-ⵉⵉⵉⴰⴷ ⴰⵔⵓⵏⴻⵏ ⴰⵏ ⴰⴾⴰⵍⵍ ⵓⴰ-ⵏ ⴱⴻⵔⵓⵓ ⴰⴷⴷⴰⵔⵏⴻⵏ ⴰⵙ ⴰⵓⴰ ⴷ-ⵉⵣⵣⴰⵋⴰⵔⴰⵏ ⴰⵎⴰⵏ
English: The corrosion of these pillars, Jacobs argues, is linked to societal ills such as environmental crisis, racism and the growing gulf between rich and poor.
Tamasheq: ⴰⵙⴰⵈⴰⵔⴰⵓⵉ ⴰⵏ ⵜⴰⵋⴰⵜⴻⵓⴻⵏ, ⵗⵓⵔ ⵋⴰⵓⴱⵙ,ⴻⵔⵜⴰⵉ ⴰⴷ ⵜⴰⴾⵎⵓⵜⴻⵏ ⴰⵏ ⴰⴷⵉⵏⴰⵜ ⵙⵓⵏⴷ ⴰⵗⴰⵛⴰⴷ ⴰⵏ ⴰⴾⴰⵍ, ⴰⵣⴰⵍⴰⵉⴰⵜ ⵏⴰⴷⵉⵏⴰⵜ ⴰⴷ ⴰⵏⵏⵓ ⵎⴰⵈⴰⵔⴰⵏ ⵋⴰⵔ ⴾⴰⵍ ⴰⵂⴰⵔⴻ ⴰⴷ ⵎⴰⵍⴰⵈⴰⵓ.
English: This need for civilizations to import ever more resources, he argues, stems from their over-exploitation and diminution of their own local resources.
Tamasheq: ⵜⴰⵂⴰⵛⵉⵍⵜ ⴰⵏ ⵜⴰⵎⵓⵙⵏⴰⵓⴻⵏ ⵉⴻ ⴰⴶⴰⵉ ⵂⴰⵔⴾⵓⴾ ⴰⵋⵉⵜ ⴰⵏ ⵜⵉⵙⴰⵓⴰⴷ, ⴰⵍⴰⵗⴰⵜ, ⵉⵣⵋⴰⵔⴰⴷ ⴼⴰⵍ ⴰⴷⴰⴾⴰⵍ ⴰⴷ ⴰⴼⴰⵏⴰⵣ ⴰⵏ ⵜⴰⵙⵉⵓⴰⴷ ⴰⵏ ⴰⴷⴰⵋ.
English: In the graphic, Ma means "million years ago".)
Tamasheq: ⴷⴰⵗ ⴰⴾⴰⵜⴰⴱ, ⵉⵏⴰⵓ ⴰⴷⴰⵔⵜⵉⴷⵉⵍⴰ"" ⵉⵍⴰⵏⵜⵉ ⵎⵉⵍⵍⵉⵓⵏⵜⴰⵏ ⴰⵏ ⵓⴰⵜⵉⴰⵏ"".
English: Much of the Earth was molten because of frequent collisions with other bodies which led to extreme volcanism.
Tamasheq: ⵜⴰⵛⵔⵓⵜ ⵎⴰⵈⴰⵔⴰⵜ ⴰⵏ ⴰⴾⴰⵍ ⵜⴰⵈⴰⵍ ⴷⴰⵗ ⵜⴰⵔⵜⵉⵜ ⴷⴰⵗ ⴰⴷⴰⵜⵓ ⴰⵏ ⴰⵋⴰⵜ ⴰⵏ ⴰⵎⵓⵈⴰⵙ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵎⴰⵏ ⵉⵉⴰⴷ, ⴰⵓⴰⴷ ⴷⵉⵓⴰⵉⴰⵏ ⴰⵎⵍⵉⵍⵉⵉ ⵏⴰⴾⴰⵍ.
English: Recognizable humans emerged at most 2 million years ago, a vanishingly small period on the geological scale.
Tamasheq: ⴰⴷⵉⵏⴰⵜ ⴰⵜⵉⵓⴰⵣⴰⵉⵏⴻⵏ ⵉⵣⵋⴰⵔⴰⵏⵉⴷ ⵉⵍⴰⵏⵜ ⴷⴰⵗ ⵉⴾⵓⵉ 2 ⵎⵉⵍⵍⵉⵓⵏⵜⴰⵏ ⴰⵏ ⵓⴰⵜⵉⴰⵏ,ⵜⴰⵈⴰⵏ ⵜⴰⴾⵏⴰⵜ ⵜⴰⴶⴰⵣⵍⴻ ⵗⵓⵔ ⵜⴰⵣⴰⵋⵔⴰⵜ ⴰⵏ ⵂⴰⵔⴰⵜ.
English: It is estimated that 99 percent of all species that ever lived on Earth, over five billion, have gone extinct.
Tamasheq: ⵏⴰⴾⴰⵜ ⴰⵙ 99%ⴰⵏ ⵎⵓⴷⴰⵔⴰⵏ ⴾⵓⵍ ⵓⵉ ⴰⴷⴰⵔⵏⴻⵏ ⴼⴰⵍ ⴰⴾⴰⵍ, ⵎⴻⵗ ⴰⵓⵓⵋⴰⵔⴰⵏ ⵙⴰⵎⵓⵙ ⵎⵉⵍⵍⵉⴰⵔⵜⴰⵏ, ⴻⵈⴰⵍⴰⵏ ⴰⵎⵉⴾⴻⵏ.
English: The Earth's crust has constantly changed since its formation, as has life since its first appearance.
Tamasheq: ⵜⴻⵗⴻⵔⵎⵉⵜ ⴰⵏ ⴰⴾⴰⵍ ⵓⴰⵔ ⴰⵛⴰⵣⴰⵜ ⵗⵓⵔ ⵉⵋⵉ ⵉⵏⴻⵙⵙ,ⴾⵓⵍ ⵙⵓⵏⴷ ⵜⴰⵎⵓⴷⵔⴻ ⵗⴰⵔ ⴰⵣⴰⵋⴰⵔ ⵉⵏⴻⵙⵙ ⵓⴰⵣⴰⵔⴰⵏ.
English: The Moon is formed around this time probably due to a protoplanet's collision into Earth.
Tamasheq: ⴰⵉⵓⵔ ⵉⴾⴰⵔⴰⵙ ⵗⵓⵔ ⴰⵣⴰⵎⴰⵏ, ⴰⴷⴰⵜⵓ ⴷⴰⵗ ⴰⵍⴾⵓⵎ ⴰⵏ ⴰⵎⴰⵈⴰⵙ ⴰⵏ ⵙⴰⵏⵜⵓ ⴰⵏ ⴻⵜⴰⵔ ⴰⴷ ⴰⴾⴰⵍ.
English: The atmosphere is composed of volcanic and greenhouse gases.
Tamasheq: ⵋⴻⵏⵋⵋ ⴰⴾⴰⵍ ⴻⵔⵜⴰⵉ ⴰⴷ ⴰⴷⵓ ⴰⵏ ⴰⵎⵉⵍⴰⵍⵉⵉ ⵏⴰⴾⴰⵍ ⴰⴷ ⴰⴷⵓ ⴰⴾⵓⵙⵙⴰⵏ.
English: Bacteria begin producing oxygen, shaping the third and current of Earth's atmospheres.
Tamasheq: Iⵎⵓⴷⴰⵔⴰⵏ ⴰⵙⵙⴰⵏⵜⴰⵏ ⵉⵋⵉ ⴰⵏ ⴰⴷⵓ, ⵉⵜⴰⵋⴰⵏ ⵋⴰⵏⴰⵋ ⴰⴾⴰⵍ ⵓⴰⵙ ⴾⴰⵔⴰⴷ ⴰⴷ ⵓⴰⵏ ⴰⵎⴰⵔⴰⴷⴰⵗ.
English: The early continents of Columbia, Rodinia and Pannotia, in that order, may have existed in this eon.
Tamasheq: Iⴾⴰⵍⴰⵏ ⵓⵉ ⴰⵣⴰⵔⵏⴻⵏ ⴰⵏ ⵛⵓⵍⵓⵎⴱⵉⴰ, ⵔⵓⴷⵉⵏⵉⴰ ⴰⴷ ⴱⴰⵏⵏⵓⵜⵉⴰ, ⴷⴰⵗ ⴰⵏⴰⵍⴾⴰⵎ, ⵉⵎⴰⵍⴰⵏⵜ ⵗⵓⵔ ⴰⵣⴰⵎ.
English: Gradually, life expands to land and familiar forms of plants, animals and fungi begin appearing, including annelids, insects and reptiles, hence the eon's name, which means "visible life".
Tamasheq: "ⴷⴰⵗ ⵉⴾⵓⵉ, ⵜⴰⵎⵓⴷⵔⴻ ⵜⴰⵍⴰ ⵗⵓⵔ ⴰⴾⴰⵍ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵔⵉⵜⴰⵏ ⵓⵍⴰⵂⵏⴻⵏ ⴰⵏ ⵂⴰ ⵛⴾⴰⵏ, ⵉⵎⵓⴷⴰⵔⴰⵏ ⵉⵣⴰⵔ ⵜⴰⴷⴰⵍⴰⵜⴻⵏ ⴰⵙⵙⴰⵜⴰⵏⴰⵜ ⴰⵣⴰⴶⵓⵔ, ⴰⵜⴾⵓⵍ ⴰⵏ ⵜⴰⵓⴰⴾⴰⵓⴻⵏ,ⵉⵎⵓⴶⴰⴷⴰⵏ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵣⵍⵓⵍⴰⵎ,ⴷⵉⵂⴻⵏ ⴰⵙ ⵉⵙⵙⴰⵎ ⴰⵣⴰⵎⴰⵏ, ⴷⴰⵔ ⵜⵉⴷⵉⵍⴰ "ⵜⴰⵎⵓⴷⵔⴻ ⵜⵉⵜⵓⴰⵏⵂⵉⵉⴰⵜ"."
English: It was composed of hydrogen and helium created shortly after the Big Bang 13.8 Ga (billion years ago) and heavier elements ejected by supernovae.
Tamasheq: ⴷⵈⴰⵍ ⴰⵎⴻⵔⵜⴰⵉ ⴷⴰⴷⵓ ⴰⴷ ⵂⵉⵍⵉⵓⵎ ⵉⵋⴰⵏ ⵙⵓⵍⴰⵏ ⴷⴰⵔⴰⵜ ⴱⵉⴶ ⴱⴰⵏⴶ,ⵉⵍⴰ ⴰⵓⴻⵏ 13,8 ⵗⴰ (ⵎⵉⵍⵍⵉⴰⵔⵜⴰⵏ ⴰⵏ ⵉⵓⴰⵜⵉⴰⵏ),ⴻⵜ ⵂⴰⵔⴰⵜⴰⵏ ⴰⵣⴰⵉⵏⴻⵏ ⴰⵜⵉⵓⴰⵣⵋⴰⵔⵏⴻⵏ ⴰⵙ ⵜⵉⵓⴰⵜ ⴰⵏ ⴻⴼⴻⵓ.
English: As the cloud began to accelerate, its angular momentum, gravity, and inertia flattened it into a protoplanetary disk perpendicular to its axis of rotation.
Tamasheq: ⴰⴶⵓⴷ ⵓⴰⴷ ⵜⴻⵋⴰⵔⴰⴾ ⵜⴰⵙⵙⴰⵜⴰ ⴰⵣⴰⵍ,ⴰⵏⴰⴾⴰ ⵛ ⴰⵏ ⵜⴰⴷⵏⴰⵈ ⵉⵏⴻⵙⵙ,ⵜⴻⵔⴶⴰ ⵛⴻ ⴰⴷ ⴰⵎⴰⵙⵙ ⵉⵏⴻⵙⵙ ⴰⵙⴼⴰⵍⵜⴰⵗⴰⵏ ⵜⴰⵜ ⴰⵙ ⵍⴻⴼⴻ ⵙⴰⵏⵜⵓ ⴻⵜⵔⴰⵏ ⵋⴰⵏⴻⵏ ⵜⴰⵙⵙⴰⵔⴻⵜ ⵜoⵗⴰⴷⴰⵜ ⴷⴰⵗ ⴰⵎⴰⵙⵙ ⴰⵏ ⴰⵗⴰⵍⴰⵉ.
English: After more contraction, a T Tauri star ignited and evolved into the Sun.
Tamasheq: ⴷⴰⵔⴰⵜ ⴰⵣⴰⵎⴰⵎ ⴰⵉⵏⴰⵉⴰⵏ,ⴻⵜⴰⵔ ⵟ ⵟⴰⵓⵔⵉ ⴻⵔⵗⴰ ⵉⵣⴰⵔ ⵓⴾⴰⵉ ⵉⴱⵔⴻⵜ ⴰⵏ ⵜⴰⴼⵓⴾ.
English: Earth formed in this manner about 4.54 billion years ago (with an uncertainty of 1%) and was largely completed within 10–20 million years.
Tamasheq: ⴰⴾⴰⵍ ⵉⴾⵔⴰⵙⵙ ⴷⴰⵗ ⴰⵍⵎⴰⵗⵏⴰⵜ ⵓⴻⵏⴷⴰⵗ ⵉⵍⴰ ⴰⵓⴻⵏ 4,54 ⵎⵉⵍⵍⵉⴰⵔⵜⴰⵏ ⴰⵏ ⵓⴰⵜⵉⴰⵏ (ⴰⴷ ⵉⴱⴰⵏ ⵜⴰⴾⴰⵜⴰⵓⵜ ⴰⵏ 1%) ⴻⵈⴰⵍ ⴷⴰⵗ ⵜⴰⵎⵗⴰⵔⴻ ⴰⵏ ⴰ ⵛⵔⵓⵜ ⵉⵎⴷⴰⵏ ⴷⴰⵗ 10 ⴰⵙ 20 ⵎⵉⵍⵍⵉⵓⵏⵜⴰⵏ ⴰⵏ ⵓⴰⵜⵉⴰⵏ.
English: The proto-Earth grew by accretion until its interior was hot enough to melt the heavy, siderophile metals.
Tamasheq: ⵙⴻⵏⵜⵓ ⵏⴰⴾⴰⵍ ⵉⴷⵓⴰⵍ ⴰⵙ ⴰⵙⵙⴰⵎⴰⵙⴰⴷⴰⵓ ⵂⴰⵔ ⴰⵙ ⵗⵓⵔ ⴰⵎⴰⵙⵙ ⵉⵏⴻⵙⵙ ⴻⵈⴰⵍ ⴰⵉⴾⵏⴰⵏ ⵜⴰⴾⵓⵙⵙⴻ ⵉⴻ ⵉⵋⵉ ⴰⵏ ⴰⵙⵙⴰⵍⵉⴰⵎ ⴰⵏ ⵜⴰⵣⵓⵍⵉⵉⴻⵏ ⴰⵣⴰⵉⵏⴻⵏ ⴰⴷ ⵎⴻⵔⵜⴰⵉ ⴰⵏ ⵜⴰⵣⵓⵍⵉ.
English: From crater counts on other celestial bodies, it is inferred that a period of intense meteorite impacts, called the Late Heavy Bombardment, began about 4.1 Ga, and concluded around 3.8 Ga, at the end of the Hadean.
Tamasheq: ⴷⴰⵔⴰⵜ ⵜⴰⵋⵓⵜⴻ ⴰⵏ ⴰⵎⴻⵔ ⴼⴰⵍ ⵂⴰⵔⴰⵜⴰⵏ ⵉⵉⴰⴷ ⵏ ⵛⴰⵏⴰⵓⴰⵏ, ⵏⴰⵏⵏⴰ ⴰⵙ ⴰⵍⵓⴰⵈ ⴰⵏ ⴰⵎⵓⵈⴰⵙ ⵎⴰⴶⴰⴷⵍⴰⵏ ⵎⴰⵈⵓⵔⵏⴻⵏ,ⵙⵉⵜⴰⵓⴻⵏⴰ ⵜⴻⵓⴻⵜⴻ ⵜⴰⵣⴰⵉⴰⵜ, ⴰⵙⵙⴰⵏⵜⴰ ⵉⴱⵔⴻⵜ 4,1 ⵗⴰ ⵉⵣⴰⵔ ⴰⵎⴰⴷⴰ ⵉⴱⵔⴻⵜ 3,8 ⵗⴰ ⵗⵓⵔ ⵙⴰⵎⴷⵓ ⴰⵏ ⵂⴰⴷⵉⴻⵏ.
English: By the beginning of the Archean, the Earth had cooled significantly.
Tamasheq: ⵗⵓⵔ ⵙⴰⵏⵜⵓ ⴰⵏ ⴰⵔⴰⵂⴰⴻⵏ, ⴰⴾⴰⵍ ⴻⵈⴰⵍ ⴰⵜⵉⵓⴰⵋⴰⵏ ⴰⵙⵙⴰⵙⵎⴰⴷ.
English: New evidence suggests the Moon formed even later, 4.48 ± 0.02 Ga, or 70–110 million years after the start of the Solar System.
Tamasheq: ⵙⵙⴰⴾⵏⴰ ⴰⵉⵏⴰⵉⵏⴻⵏ ⴰⵙⵙⵉⵎⴰⵎⴰⵏⴰⵏ ⴰⵙ ⴰⵉⵓⵔ ⵉⵋⴰ ⵂⴰⵔⵓⴰ ⴷⴰⵗ ⴰⵋⵉⵍⴰⵍ, 4,48 +_ 0,02 ⵗⴰ, ⵎⴻⵗ 70 ⴰⵙ 110 ⵎⵉⵍⵍⵉⵓⵏⵜⴰⵏ ⴰⵏ ⵓⴰⵜⵉⴰⵏ ⴷⴰⵔⴰⵜ ⵙⴰⵏⵜⵓ ⴰⵏ ⴰⴾⴰⵔⴰⵙ ⴰⵏ ⵜⴰⴼⵓⴾ
English: The collision released about 100 million times more energy than the more recent Chicxulub impact that is believed to have caused the extinction of the non-avian dinosaurs.
Tamasheq: ⵜⴰⵎⵓⵗⴻⵙⵜ ⵜⵓⵉⴰ ⴰⵉⵓⴰⴷⴰⵏ 100 ⵎⵉⵍⵍⵉⵓⵏⵜⴰⵏ ⴰⴶⵓⴷ ⵉⵉⴰⵏ ⴰⵙⵙⴰⵂⴰⵜ ⴰⵋⴻⵏ ⴰⵙ ⴰⵎoⵈⴰⵙ ⴰⵉⵏⴰⵉⴰⵏ ⵓⴰⵏ ⴰⵂⵉⴰⵆⵓⵍⵓⴱ,ⴰⴷ ⴷⵓⵔⴰⵓⴰⵏ ⴰⵎⵉⴰⵈⵉ ⴰⵏ ⵎⵓⴷⴰⵔⴰⵏ ⵓⴰⵔⴻⵏ ⵉⵜⴰⴼⵓⵔⵉⵜ.
English: The giant impact hypothesis predicts that the Moon was depleted of metallic material, explaining its abnormal composition.
Tamasheq: ⵜⴰⴷⴰⴱⵉⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⵓⵈⴻⵙⵜ ⵎⴰⵈⴰⵔⴰⵜ ⴰⵏ ⴰⴾⴰⵍ ⴰⴷ ⴰⵉⴰⵔ ⴰⴷⴰⵔⵜⵉⴷⵉⵍⴰ ⴰⵙ ⴰⵉⴰⵔ ⵓⴰⵔ ⵜⵉⵂⴻⵏ ⵂⴰⵔⴰⵜⴰⵏ ⴰⵏ ⵜⴰⵣⵓⵍⵉ,ⴰⵓⴰ ⵉⵜⴰⵍⴰⵗⴻⵏ ⵎⴻⵔⵜⴰⵉ ⵉⵏⴻⵙⵙ ⵓⴰⵔⴻⵏ ⵉⴾⵏⴰ.
English: The initial crust, formed when the Earth's surface first solidified, totally disappeared from a combination of this fast Hadean plate tectonics and the intense impacts of the Late Heavy Bombardment.
Tamasheq: ⵜⴻⵗⴻⵔⵎⵉⵜ ⵜⴰⵣⴰⵔⴰⵜ, ⵜⴰⵋⴰⵜ ⵗⴰⵔ ⴰⵙⵙⴰⵙⵙⵓⵂⵓ ⵓⴰⵣⴰⵔⴰⵏ ⴰⵏ ⴼⴰⵍ ⴰⴾⴰⵍ, ⵉⴾⵏⴰ ⴰⵎⵍⴰⵓⵉ ⴷⴰⵓ ⵉⵋⵉ ⴰⴷⴻⵓⴰⵏ ⴰⵏ ⵜⴰⵎⵓⵗⴰⵜ ⴰⵏ ⴰⵍⴰⴾⴰⵜⴻⵏ ⴰⵏ ⵂⴰⴷⵉⴻⵏ ⵉⵜⵔⴰⴱⴰⵏ ⴰⴷ ⴰⵎⵓⵗⴰⵙ ⵎⴰⵈⴰⵔⴰⵏ ⴰⵏ ⵜⴻⵓⴻⵜⴻ ⵜⴰⵣⴰⵉⴰⵜ ⵜⵓⴷⴰⴷ.
English: These pieces of late Hadean and early Archean crust form the cores around which today's continents grew.
Tamasheq: Iⴾⴰⵔⵓⵎⴰⵜⴰⵏ ⴰⵏ ⵜⴻⵗⴰⵔⵎⵉⵜ ⴰⵏ ⵂⴰⴷⵉⴻⵏ ⵜⵓⴷⴰⴷ ⵉⵣⴰⵔ ⴰⵏ ⴰⵔⵛⵂⵉⴻⵏ ⵓⴰⵔⴻⵏ ⵉⵎⴷⴰ ⵜⴰⵋⴰⵏ ⴰⵎⴰⵙⵙⴰⵏ ⴻⴷⴻⵙⵙ ⴰⵏⵓⵉ ⵗⵓⵔ ⴰⵋⴰⵜⴰⵏ ⴾⴰⵍⴰⵏ ⵓⵉⵏⴰⵎⴰⵔⴰ.
English: Cratons consist primarily of two alternating types of terranes.
Tamasheq: Iⴾⴻⵔⴰⴷⴰⵏ ⴰⵈⴰⵍⴰⵏ ⴰⵎⴻⵔⵜⴰⵉⴰⵏ ⴰⴷ ⴰⵙⵙⵉⵏ ⵉⵔⵉⵜⴰⵏ ⴰⵏ ⵜⴻⵔⵔⴰⵏⴻⵙ ⴰⵏⵉⵍⴾⴰⵎⴰⵏ.
English: For this reason, greenstones are sometimes seen as evidence for subduction during the Archean.
Tamasheq: ⵗⴻ ⵜⵉⴷⵉⵜ ⵜⴻⵏ, ⵜⵉⵂⵓⵏ ⴷⴰⵍⴰⵜⵏⴻⵏ ⴰⵈⴰⵍⵏⴰⵜ ⴰⴶⵓⴷ ⵉⵉⴰⵏ ⵙⵓⵏⴷ ⵉⵙⵙⴰⴾⵏⴰ ⴰⵏ ⴰⵍⴰⴾⵓ ⵗⵓⵔ ⴰⵔⵛⵂⵉⴻⵏ.
English: Now it is considered likely that many of the volatiles were delivered during accretion by a process known as impact degassing in which incoming bodies vaporize on impact.
Tamasheq: ⵓⴰⵔ ⴻⵂⴰ ⴰⵛⵂ-ⴰⴾ ⴰⵎⴰⵔⴰⴷ ⴰⵙ ⵎⴰⴷⴰⵜⵓⵏ ⴾⵉⵎ-ⵉⵉⴰⵜ ⴰⵋⵋoⵜⵏⴻⵏ ⵣⴰⵋⴰⵔⴰⵏ ⴰⵍⵓⴰⵈ ⵓⴰⵏ ⵜⴰⵆⴰⵎ ⵙ ⵉⵎⵎⵉⴾ ⵉⵜⵉⵓⴰⵙⵙⴰⵏⴰⵏ ⵙ ⴰⵙⴰⵔ ⵏ ⴰⵣⴰⵋoⵔ ⵏ ⴶⴰⵣ ⴷⴰⴶⵂ ⵋⴰⵙⴰⴷ ⵜⴰⵏ ⵓⵉ ⵜⴰⵋⵋⴰⵛⵂ ⵏⴻⵏ ⴼⴰⵍ ⴰⵙⴰⵔ
English: Planetesimals at a distance of 1 astronomical unit (AU), the distance of the Earth from the Sun, probably did not contribute any water to the Earth because the solar nebula was too hot for ice to form and the hydration of rocks by water vapor would have taken too long.
Tamasheq: ⵢⵜⵔⴰⵏ ⵓⵉ ⵓⵋⴰⵋⵏⴻⵏ ⵉⵍⴰⵏⴻⵏ ⵗⴰⵔ ⵜⴰⵣⴰⵋⵔⴰⵜ ⴰⵏ ⴰⴾⴰⵍ ⴰⵙ ⵜⴰⴼⵓⴾ,ⵓⴰⵔ ⴷⴰⵓⴻⵉⴰⵏ ⴰⵎⴰⵏ ⵉⴻ ⴰⴾⴰⵍ, ⴼⴰⵍⴰⵙ ⵜⴰⴾⴰⵓⴰⵍⵜ ⴰⵏ ⵜⴰⴼⵓⴾ ⵜⴰⴾⴰⵍ ⴰⵉⴾⵏⴰⵏ ⵜⴰⴾⵓⵙⵙⴻ ⵉⴻ ⵉⵋⵉ ⴰⵏ ⵜⴰⵂⵓⵏⵜ ⵏⴰⵎⴰⵏ ⴰⴷ ⴰⵙⵙⴰⵙⵎⴰⴷ ⴰⵏ ⵜⴰⵂⵓⵏ ⴰⵙ ⴰⵂⵓ ⵏⴰⵎⴰⵏ ⵉⵜⴾⴰⵍ ⵂⵓⵍⴻⵏ ⵜⴰⵈⴰⵍ.
English: Recent evidence suggests the oceans may have begun forming as early as 4.4 Ga. By the start of the Archean eon, they already covered much of the Earth.
Tamasheq: Iⵙⵙⴰⴾⵏⴰ ⴰⵉⵏⴰⵉⵏⴻⵏ ⴰⵏⵏⴰⵏ ⴰⵙ ⵉⴱⴰⵏⴶⴰⵏ ⴰⵋⵔⴰⵓⴰⵏ ⴰⵙⵙⴰⵜ ⴰⵙ ⵉⵋⵉ ⵗⴰⵔ 4,4 ⵗⴰ. ⵗⵓⵔ ⵙⴰⵏⵜⵓ ⴰⵏ ⴻⴾⴻⵜ ⵓⴰⵏ ⴰⵔⴰⵂⴰⴻⵏ, ⴰⴱⵉⵔⴰⵏⴱⴰⴾⴻⵏ ⴰⵔⵓ ⴰⵛⵔⵓⵜ ⴰⵋⴻⵏ ⴰⵏ ⴰⴾⴰⵍ.
English: Thus, the Sun has become 30% brighter in the last 4.5 billion years.
Tamasheq: ⴰⵓⴻⵏ, ⵜⴰⴼⵓⴾ ⵜⴰⵈⴰⵍ 30 % ⴰⵏ ⵜⵉⵓⴰⵜ ⴰⵏ ⵜⴰⵔⴰⵗⴻ ⵗⴰⵔ 4,5 ⵎⵉⵍⵍⵉⵔⵜⴰⵏ ⴰⵏ ⵓⴰⵜⵉⴰⵏ ⴰⵍⴾⴰⵎⵏⴻⵏ.
English: There are many models, but little consensus, on how life emerged from non-living chemicals; chemical systems created in the laboratory fall well short of the minimum complexity for a living organism.
Tamasheq: Iⵍⴰⵏⵜ ⵉⵔⵉⵜⴰⵏ ⴰⵋⵓⵜⵏⴻⵏ, ⵎⴰⵛⴰⵏ ⵜⵉⵔⴰⴷⴰⵓⴻⵏ ⵎⴰⵔⵉⴰⵏⵜ, ⴼⴰⵍ ⴰⵍⵎⴰⵗⵏⴰ ⵓⴰⵙ ⵜⴰⵎⵓⴷⵔⴻ ⵜⴰⵣⵉⵣⵋⴰⵔ ⵉⵍⴰⵍⴰⵏ ⵓⵉⵏ ⴰⵂⵉⵎⵉⵈⵓⴻ ⵓⴰⵔⴻⵏ ⵉⴷⴻⵔ; ⵂⴰⵔⴰⵜⴰⵏ ⵓⵉⵏ ⴰⵂⵉⵎⵉⵈⵓⴻ ⵋⴰⵏⴻⵏ ⴷⴰⵗ ⴻⵂⴰⵏ ⵓⴰⵏ ⵓⵎⵗⴰⵓⴰⵏ ⴰⵈⴰⵍⴰⵏ ⵓⵋⵉⵋ ⴰⵏ ⵉⵓⴰⴷ ⴰⵏ ⴰⵙⵙⵓⵂⵓ ⵉⴼⵏⴰⵣⴰⵏ ⵉⴼⴰⵏ ⵜⴰⵈⵉⵙⵙⴰ ⵜⴰⴷⴰⵔⴰⵜ.
English: Although atmospheric composition was probably different from that used by Miller and Urey, later experiments with more realistic compositions also managed to synthesize organic molecules.
Tamasheq: ⵂⴰⵔⵓⴰ ⵜⴰⵔⵜⵉⵜ ⴰⵏ ⵋⴰⵏⴰⵋ ⴰⴾⴰⵍ ⵜⴰⵈⴰⵍ ⴻⵣⵍⴰⵉⴰⵏ ⴰⴷ ⵜⴰⵜⴰⵓⴰⵋⴰⵜ ⴰⵙ ⵎⵉⵍⵍⴻⵔ ⴰⴷ ⵓⵔⴻⵉ, ⵜⵉⵔⵎⴰⵜⴻⵏ ⵓⴾⴰⵉⵏⴻⵏ ⴰⴷ ⵜⴰⵔⵜⴰⵉⴻⵏ ⵉⴾⵏⴰⵏⴻⵏ ⴰⴷⴰⵜⵓ ⵓⵍⴰⵙⵏⴰⵜ ⴰⵋⴰⵔⴰⵓ ⴰⵏ ⴰⴼⴰⵏⴰⵣ ⴰⵏ ⵉⵛⵔⵓⵜⴰⵏ ⴰⵏ ⵜⴰⵗⴰⵙⵙⴰ.
English: RNA would later have been replaced by DNA, which is more stable and therefore can build longer genomes, expanding the range of capabilities a single organism can have.
Tamasheq: ⴰⵔⵏ ⵉⵋⵔⴰⵓ ⴷⴰⵗ ⵜⴰⵂⴰⵋⵉⵜ ⴰⵛⴰⵏⵣⵉ ⴰⵙ ⴰⴻⵏ, ⵉⴾⵏⴰⵏ ⴰⵣⴰⴾⵓ ⵉⵣⴰⵔ ⴰⴷⵓⴱⴰⵜ ⴰⴾⴰⵔⴰⵙⵙ ⴰⵏ ⵙⴰⵍⴰⵏ ⵣⴰⴶⵔoⵜⵏⴻⵏ ⵙⴰⵂⵔⴰⵓⵏⴻⵏ ⴷⴻⵗ ⴻⵓⴰⵍⴰⵓⴰⵍ ⴰⵏ ⵜⴰⴷⴰⴱⵉⵜⴻⵏ ⴰⵏ ⵜⴰⵗⴰⵙⵙⴰ ⵉⵉⴰⵜ.
English: A difficulty with the metabolism-first scenario is finding a way for organisms to evolve.
Tamasheq: ⴰⵙⵙⴰⵂⴰⵜ ⴰⵏ ⵉⵋⵉ ⴰⵏ ⵎⵉⵍⵂⴰⵓ ⵉⵣⴰⵔ ⴻⵈⴰⵍ ⴰⵋⴰⵔⴰⵓ ⴰⵏ ⴰⴷⴰⴱⴰⵔⴰ ⵉⴻ ⵜⴰⴷⴰⵓⵍⴰ ⴰⵏ ⵎⵓⴷⴰⵔⴰⵏ.
English: Research in 2003 reported that montmorillonite could also accelerate the conversion of fatty acids into "bubbles", and that the bubbles could encapsulate RNA attached to the clay.
Tamasheq: "Iⵎⴰⵗⴰⵏ ⴰⵜⵉⵓⴰⵋⴰⵏⴻⵏ ⵗⵓⵔ 2003 ⵉⵓⴰⵉⴰⵏⵉⴷ ⴰⵙ ⵜⴰⵍⴰⵈ ⵜⴰⴷⵓⴱⴰⵜ ⴷⴻⵗ ⴰⵙⵙⴰⵜⵔⵓⴱ ⴰⵏ ⴰⵙⵙⴰⵎⴰⵍⵉⵍⵉⵉ ⴰⵏ ⵉⵋⵉⵜⴰⵏ ⴰⵏ ⵜⴰⴷⵂⵓⵏⵜ ⴰⵙ ""ⵜⴰⴾⵓⴼⴻ"", ⵉⵣⴰⵔ ⵜⵉⴾⵓⴼⴰⵓⴻⵏ ⴰⴷⵓⴱⴰⵜ ⵉⵋⵉ ⴷⴰⵗ ⵜⴰⵛⴰⵔⵜ ⴰⵏ ⴰⵔⵏ ⵉⴾⵔⴰⵙⵙⴰⵏ ⴰⵙ ⵜⴰⵍⴰⵈ".
English: This LUA cell is the ancestor of all life on Earth today.
Tamasheq: ⵜⴻⴷⴰⵋⵉⵜ ⵜⴻⵏ ⵍⵓⴰ ⵜⴰⵈⴰⵍ ⴰⵎⵉⵣⴰⵔ ⴰⵏ ⵜⴰⵎⵓⴷⵔⴻ ⴾⵓⵍ ⵜⴰⵏ ⴰⵎⴰⵔⴰⴷⴰⵗ ⴼⴰⵍ ⴰⴾⴰⵍ.
English: The change to an oxygen-rich atmosphere was a crucial development.
Tamasheq: Iⴾⵓⵉ ⴰⵏ ⵋⴰⵏⴰⵋ ⴰⴾⴰⵍ ⵉⵂⴰ ⴰⴷⵓ ⴻⵈⴰⵍ ⴰⵋⵉⵜ ⵉⴾⵏⴰⵏ.
English: They used fermentation, the breakdown of more complex compounds into less complex compounds with less energy, and used the energy so liberated to grow and reproduce.
Tamasheq: ⵜⴰⵋⴰⵏ ⴰⵙⵙⴰⵙⵎⴰⵎ, ⴰⵣⴰⵎⴰⵣⵍⵉⵉ ⴰⵏ ⵎⴻⵔⵜⴰⵉ ⵉⴾⵏⴰⵏ ⴰⵙⵓⵂⵓ ⴰⵙ ⵎⴻⵔⵜⴰⵉ ⵓⴰⵔⴻⵏ ⵉⴾⵏⴰ ⴰⵙⵙⵓⵂⵓ ⴰⴷ ⴰⵙⵙⴰⵂⴰⵜ ⴰⴷⵔⴰⵏ,ⴷⴰⴾⴰⵍⴰⵏ ⴰⵙⵙⴰⵂⴰⵜ ⴰⵜⵉⵓⴰⵉⴰⵏ ⵉⴻ ⵜⴰⴷⴰⵓⵍⴰ ⴰⴷ ⵜⵉⵔⵓⴰ.
English: Most of the life that covers the surface of the Earth depends directly or indirectly on photosynthesis.
Tamasheq: ⴰⵋⴰⵜ ⴰⵏ ⵉⵔⵉⵜⴰⵏ ⴰⵏ ⵜⴰⵎⵓⴷⵔⴻ ⵓⵉ ⵍⴰⵙⵙⴰⵏⴻⵏ ⴰⵔⵓⵔⵉ ⵏⴰⴾⴰⵍ ⴻⵣⵍⴰⵉ ⴷⴰⵗ ⵉⵈⵓⴷ ⵎⴻⵗ Iⴱⴰⵏ ⴻⵈⵓⴷ ⴰⵙ ⵜⴰⴱⴻⵔⴰⵜⴻⵏ ⴰⵏ ⴰⵛⴰⵏⵣⵉ.
English: To supply the electrons in the circuit, hydrogen is stripped from water, leaving oxygen as a waste product.
Tamasheq: ⵗⴻ ⵉⵂⵓⴾ ⴰⵏ ⴻⵍⴻⴰⵜⵔⵓⵏⵜⴰⵏ ⴷⴰⵗ ⵜⴰⴱⴻⵔⴰⵜ,ⴰⴷⵓ ⵉⵣⵋⴰⵔⴰⴷ ⴰⵎⴰⵏ, ⵓⵉⴰ ⵓⴼⴰⵙⵙ ⵙⵓⵏⴷ ⴰⵏⵉⵎⴰⵍ.
English: The simpler anoxygenic form arose about 3.8 Ga, not long after the appearance of life.
Tamasheq: Iⵔⵉ ⴰⵏⵓⵆⵉⴶⵉⵏⵉⵈⵓⴻ ⵜⴰⵜⴰⴾⵏⴰⵜⵔⴰⵗⵙⴻ ⵜⵉⵣⵋⴰⵔⵉⴷ ⵉⴱⵔⴻⵜ 3,8 ⵗⴰ, ⴰⴷⴰⵔⴰⵏ ⴰⵏ ⴰⵍⵓⴰⵈ ⴷⴰⵔⴰⵜ ⴰⵣⴰⵋⴰⵔ ⴰⵏ ⵜⴰⵎⵓⴷⵔⴻ.
English: At first, the released oxygen was bound up with limestone, iron, and other minerals.
Tamasheq: ⵗⵓⵔ ⵙⴰⵏⵜo, ⵓⴼⴰⵙ ⴰⵜⵉⵓⴰⵉⴰⵏ ⴻⵈⴰⵍ ⴰⵉⴻⵔⵜⴰⵏ ⴰⴷ ⵜⴻⵙⴰⵍⵉⵜ, ⵜⴰⵣⵓⵍⵉ ⴰⴷ ⵜⴰⵣⵓⵍⵉⵉⴻⵏ ⵜⵉⵉⴰⴷ.
English: Though each cell only produced a minute amount of oxygen, the combined metabolism of many cells over a vast time transformed Earth's atmosphere to its current state.
Tamasheq: ⵂⴰⵔⵓⴰ ⵜⴻⴷⴰⵋⵉⵜ ⴾⵓⵍ ⵜⴰⵋⵉ ⴰⵔ ⴰⵏⴷⴰⵔⴰⵏ ⴰⵏ ⵓⴼⴰⵙ,ⵎⵉⵍⵂⴰⵓ ⴻⵔⵜⴰⵉⴰⵏ ⴰⵏ ⵜⵉⴷⴰⵋⴰⵜⴻⵏ ⴰⵋⴰⵜⵏⴻⵏ ⴼⴰⵍ ⵜⴰⵈⴰⵏ ⵣⴰⵋⵔⴻⵜ ⵜⴰⵛⴰⵣⴰⵜ ⵋⴰⵏⴰⵋ ⴰⴾⴰⵍ ⴰⵙ ⵉⵏⵉ ⵉⵏⴻⵙⵙ ⵓⴰⵏ ⴰⵎⴰⵔⴰⴷⴰⵗ.
English: The ozone layer absorbed, and still absorbs, a significant amount of the ultraviolet radiation that once had passed through the atmosphere.
Tamasheq: ⴰⵣⴰⵓⴰⵉ ⵓⴰⵏ ⵓⵣⵓⵏⴻ ⴰⵙⵙⵓⵎⴰⵎ, ⵉⵣⴰⵔ ⵉⵙⵙⵓⵎⵓⵎ ⵂⴰⵔⵓⴰ, ⴰⵋⴰⵜ ⴰⵋⴻⵏ ⴰⵏ ⴰⴼⵔⴰⵔⴰⵏ ⵓⴰⵔⴻⵏ ⴰⵙⵓⵂⴰⵜ ⵓⵉ ⵏⴰⴱⴰⵋⵏⴻⵏ ⴰⴶⵓⴷ ⵙⴰⴼⴰⵍⴰ.
English: As a result, the Earth began to receive more heat from the Sun in the Proterozoic eon.
Tamasheq: ⴻⴰⵗ ⴰⵍⴾⵓⵎ, ⴰⴾⴰⵍ ⴰⵙⵙⴰⵏⵜⴰ ⴰⵋⴰⵔⴰⵓ ⵂⵓⵍⴻⵏ ⴰⵏ ⵜⴰⴾⵓⵙⵙⴻ ⴰⵏ ⵜⴰⴼⵓⴾ ⵗⵓⵔ ⴰⵣⴰⵎⴰⵏ ⴰⵏ ⴰⵣⴰⵎⴰⵏ ⵓⴰⵙ ⴾⴰⵔⴰⴷ.
English: Glacial deposits found in South Africa date back to 2.2 Ga, at which time, based on paleomagnetic evidence, they must have been located near the equator.
Tamasheq: ⵜⵉⵏⴰⵙⵙⴰ ⴰⵏ ⵜⵉⵙⵎⴰⴷ ⴰⵜⵉⵓⴰⵋⵔⴰⵓⵏⴻⵏ ⵗⵓⵔ ⴰⴼⵔⵉⵈⵓⴻ ⵜⴰⵏ ⵜⴰⵙⵙⴰⵋⴰ ⵏⴰⴾⴰⵍ ⵜⴰⵓⴰⵔ ⵗⵓⵔ 2,2 ⵗⴰ, ⴰⵣⴰⵎⴰⵏ ⵜⴰⵏ ⵗⵓⵔ, ⴷⴰⵔⴰⵜ ⵉⵙⵙⴰⴾⵏⴰ ⵜⴰⵔⵓⵓⴰⵜ ⴰⵙ ⴰⵍⵜⵓⵗ, ⴰⴷ ⴰⵜⵓⴰⵙⴻⵗⴰⴰⵜ ⴻⴷⴻⵙⵙ ⴰⵏ ⵜⴰⵙⵙⴰⵔⴻⵜ.
English: The Huronian ice age might have been caused by the increased oxygen concentration in the atmosphere, which caused the decrease of methane (CH4) in the atmosphere.
Tamasheq: ⴰⵣⴰⵎⴰⵏ ⵙⴰⵎⴻⴷⴰⵏ ⵂⵓⵔⵓⵏⵉⴻⵏⵏⴻ ⴰⴷⵓⴱⴰⵜ ⴰⵋⴰⵔⴰⵓ ⴰⵏ ⵉⵋⵋⵉ ⴰⵏ ⴰⵙⵙⵉⵓⴰⴷ ⴰⵏ ⴰⵙⵙⴰⵎⴰⵙⵙⵓⴷⵓ ⴰⵏ ⵓⴼⴰⵙⵙ ⴷⴰⵗ ⵋⴰⵏⴰⵋ ⴰⴾⴰⵍ, ⴰⴷoⵔⴰⵓⴰⵏ ⴰⴼⴰⵏⴰⵣ ⴰⵏ ⵎⵉⵜⵂⴰⵏⴻ (ⵛⵂ4) ⴷⴰⵗ ⵋⴰⵏⴰⵋ ⴰⴾⴰⵍ.
English: However, the term Snowball Earth is more commonly used to describe later extreme ice ages during the Cryogenian period.
Tamasheq: ⴰⵋⵓⴷⴻⵏ, ⵉⵙⵙⴰⵎ ⴰⴾⴰⵍ ⵜⴰⴱⴰⵍⴰⵗⵜ ⴰⵏ ⴰⵎⴰⵏ ⵉⴾⵏⴰ ⴰⵜⵓⴰⵜⴾⴰⵍ ⵉⴻ ⵜⴰⵏⵏⴰ ⴰⵏ ⴰⵍⵓⴰⵈⴰⵜⴰⵏ ⵙⴰⵎⴻⴷⵏⴻⵏ ⵂⵓⵍⴻⵏ ⴰⵙⴷⴰⵔⴰⵜ ⴰⵏ ⴰⵍⵓⴰⵈ ⴰⵏ ⴰⵔⵉⵓⴶⵉⵏⵉⴻⵏⵏⴻ.