Tamazight-NLP/NLLB-Seed_Tamasheq-Tifinagh-Script huggingface dataset:
English: Furthermore, Latin itself already contained the word īnfōrmātiō meaning concept or idea, but the extent to which this may have influenced the development of the word information in English is not clear.
Tamasheq: ⵍⴰⵜⵉⵏ ⵉⵎⴰⵏ ⵏⵢⵜ ⵢⵂⴰⵉ ⵉⵙⵉⵎ ⵓⴰⵏ ⵢⵏⴼⵓⵔⵎⴰⵜⵉⵓ ⵙ ⴰⵍⵎⴰⵗⵏⴰ ⵏⵢⵜ ⵉⵙⵉⵎ ⵎⵢⵗ ⵜⴰ-ⵉⵜⵢ ⵎⵓⵛⵂⴰⵎ ⵉⴷⴷⵉⴾⵓⴷ ⵓⴰ ⵙ ⴰⴷⴷⵓⴱⴰⵜ ⴰⵓⵢⵏ ⴰⴾⴰⵔⴰⵛⵂ ⵏ ⴰⵙⵙⴰⵂⴰⵜ ⴼⴰⵍ ⵢⴼⵢⵙ ⵏ ⵉⵙⵉⵎ ⵓⴰⵏ ⵉⵙⵉⴰⵍⴰⵏ ⴷⴰⵗ ⵜⴰⵏⴶⵉⵍⵉⵙⵜ ⵓⴰⵔ ⵎⴰⵍⵍⵓⵍ
English: In modern Greek the word Πληροφορία is still in daily use and has the same meaning as the word information in English.
Tamasheq: ⴷⴰⵗ ⵗⵔⵢⴾ ⵜⴰⵏ ⴰⵎⴰⵔⴰⴷ ⵉⵙⵉⵎ ⵓⴰⵏ Πληρⵓφⵓρίⴰ ⵂⴰⵔ ⴰⵋⵋⵓⴷⵉ ⵢⵆⴷⴰⵎ ⵜⵓⵍⴰⵙ ⵉⵍⴰ ⴰⵍⵎⴰⵗⵏⴰ ⵓⵍⴰⵂⴰⵏ ⵉⴷ ⵓⴰⵏ ⵉⵙⵉⵎ ⵓⴰⵏ ⵉⵙⴰⵍⴰⵏ ⴷⴰⵗ ⵜⴰⵏⴶⵉⵍⵉⵙⵜ
English: The field was fundamentally established by the works of Harry Nyquist and Ralph Hartley in the 1920s, and Claude Shannon in the 1940s.
Tamasheq: ⴰⴱⴰⵔⴰ ⵉⴷⴰⵉ ⵂⵓⵍⵍⴰⵏ ⵙ ⴰⵍⵆⵉⵎⴰⵜⵢⵏ ⵜⵉⵏ ⵂⴰⵔⵔⵉ ⵏⵉⵈⵓⵉⵙⵜ ⴷ ⵔⴰⵍⵔⵂ ⵂⴰⵔⵜⵍⵢⵉ ⴷⴰⵗ ⴰⵓⴰⵜⴰⵉ ⵓⴰⵏ 1920 ⴷ ⵛⵍⴰⵓⴷⵢ ⵙⵂⴰⵏⵏⵓⵏ ⴷⴰⵗ ⴰⵓⴰⵜⴰⵉ ⵓⴰⵏ 1940
English: Entropy quantifies the amount of uncertainty involved in the value of a random variable or the outcome of a random process.
Tamasheq: ⴷⵏⵜⵔⵓⴱⵉ ⴷ-ⴰⴾⴾⴰⴷ ⵉⴷⴷⵉⴾⵓⴷ ⵏ ⵉⴱⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵉⴾⵓⵙ ⵏ ⴰⵛⵂ-ⴰⴾ ⵢⵂⴰⵏ ⴰⵍⵈⵉⵎ ⵏ ⵂⴰⵔⴰⵜ ⵉⵜⵉⵎⵓⵜⵉⵉⴰⵏ ⵎⵢⵗ ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵙ ⵜ- ⵢⵓⴰⴷ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵜⵉⴾⵓⴰⵉⵜ
English: Important sub-fields of information theory include source coding, algorithmic complexity theory, algorithmic information theory, and information-theoretic security.
Tamasheq: ⴰⴱⴰⵔⴰ ⵜⴰⵏ ⴰⵋⵋⵓⵜⵏⵢⵏ ⵏ ⵎⵉⵔⴷⴰ ⵏ ⵉⵙⴰⵍⴰⵏ ⵢⵂⴰⵉ ⴾⵓⴷ ⵎⵓⵙⴰⴷⴰⵔⵉ, ⴰⵍⴶⵓⵔⵉⵜⵂⵎ ⵛⵓⵎⵔⵍⵢⵆⵉⵜⵉ ⵜⵂⵢⵓⵔⵉ, ⴰⵍⴶⵓⵔⵉⵜⵂⵎ ⵉⵏⴼⵓⵔⵎⴰⵜⵉⵓⵏ ⵜⵂⵢⵓⵔⵉ ⴷ ⵉⵏⴼⵓⵔⵎⴰⵜⵉⵓⵏ-ⵜⵂⵢⵓⵔⵉⵜⵉⵛ ⵙⵢⵛⵓⵔⵉⵜⵉ
English: In his book Sensory Ecology biophysicist David B. Dusenbery called these causal inputs.
Tamasheq: ⴷⴰⵗ ⴰⵍⴾⵉⵜⵜⴰⴱⴰⵏ ⵏⵢⵜ ⵙⵢⵏⵙⵓⵔⵉ ⵢⵛⵓⵍⵓⴶⵉ ⴱⵉⵓⴱⵂⵉⵙⵉⵛⵉⵙⵜ ⵢⴰⴱⵉⴷ ⴱ. ⵢⵓⵙⵢⵏⴱⵢⵔⵉ ⵢⵗⵔⴰ ⵙ ⵉⵏⵜⴰⵋ ⵜⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵉⴷⴷⵉⵍⵉⵍⴰⵏ
English: In practice, information is usually carried by weak stimuli that must be detected by specialized sensory systems and amplified by energy inputs before they can be functional to the organism or system.
Tamasheq: ⵉⵙⴰⵍⴰⵏ ⵂⴰⵔⴾⵓⴾ ⵢⵓⴰⵉ ⵜⴰⵏ ⵙⵜⵉⵎⵓⵍⵉ ⵉⴱⵔⴰⵔⴰⵏ ⵙ ⵉⵍⵣⴰⵎ ⵎⵓⵙⵏⴰⵜ ⵏⵢⵜ ⵙ ⵙⵉⵙⵜⵢⵎ ⵜⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵜⴰⵏⴰⴼⵔⵉⵜ ⵜⵓⵍⴰⵙ ⵉⵎⵗⴰⵔⵏ ⵙ ⵜⵉⵔⵋⵉⵜⵢⵏ ⵏ ⵢⵏⵢⵔⵋⵉ ⴷⴰⵜⴰ ⵜⵓⴷⴰⴱⴰⵜ ⵏⴰⵙⴰⵏ ⵉ ⴰⵆⴰⴷⴰⵎ ⵉ ⵜⴰⵗⵉⵙⵙⴰ ⵎⵢⵗ ⵙⵉⵙⵜⵢⵎ
English: The sequence of nucleotides is a pattern that influences the formation and development of an organism without any need for a conscious mind.
Tamasheq: ⵉⴷⴷⵉⴾⵓⴷ ⵏ ⵏⵓⴾⵍⵢⵓⵜⵉⴷ ⵜⴰⵏ ⴰⵎⵓⵙ ⴷⵓⵎⵓ ⵓⵋⵋⴰⵔⴰⵏ ⴰⵙⵙⵓⵂⵓⵜ ⵜⵓⵔⵜⵉⵜ ⴷ ⵢⴼⵢⵙ ⵏ ⵜⵓⵗⵉⵙⵙⴰ ⵓⵓⵍⴰ ⴷⵢⵔⵂⵓⵏ ⵏ ⵜⴰ-ⵉⵜⵢ ⵜⵉⵍⴰⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⵓⴼⵔⴰⵉⵜ
English: In other words, it can be said that information in this sense is something potentially perceived as representation, though not created or presented for that purpose.
Tamasheq: ⴷⴰⵗ ⵜⵉⴼⵢⵔⵜ ⵉⵉⵉⴰⵜ, ⴰⴷⴷⵓⴱⴰⵜ ⴰⴷ ⴰⵜⵓⴰⵏ ⴰⵙ ⵉⵙⴰⵍⴰⵏ ⴷⴰⵗ ⴰⵍⵎⴰⵗⵏⴰ ⵓⵢⵏ ⴰⵎⵓⵙⴰⵏ ⵂⴰⵔⴰⵜ ⵉⵍⴰⵂⴰⵏ ⴰⴾⴰⵉⴰⴷ ⵏ ⵛⵂⵓⵏⴷ ⴰⵙⵉⵎⴰⵍ ⴾⵓⴷⴷⵢⵗ ⵓⴰⵔ ⵉⴷ ⵢⵗⵏⴰ ⵎⵢⵗ ⴰⵜ-ⵓ-ⵙⴰⴾⵉⵏ ⴷⴰⵗ ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵙ ⵓⵢⵏ
English: Whether the answer provides knowledge depends on the informed person.
Tamasheq: ⵛⵂⵓⵏⴷ ⴾⵓⴷ ⵉⵏⵜⴰ ⴰⵍⵓⴰⵣⴰⴱ ⵢⵂⴰⴾ ⵎⵓⵙⵏⴰⵜ ⵢⵈⵈⴰⵍ ⴼⴰⵍ ⴰⵓⴰⴷⵉⵎ ⵓⴰ ⵂⴰⵏ ⵉⵙⴰⵍⴰⵏ
English: This is the informational equivalent of almost 61 CD-ROM per person in 2007.
Tamasheq: ⴰⵓⵢⵏ ⴰⵎⵓⵙ ⴰ ⵓⴶⴷⴰⵂⴰⵏ ⵉⴷ 61 ⵛⵢ-ⵔⵓⵎ ⴷⴰⵗ ⵉⵙⴰⵍⴰⵏ ⵙ ⴰⵓⴰⴷⵉⵎ ⴼⵓⴾ ⴷⴰⵗ ⴰⵓⴰⵜⴰⵉ ⵓⴰⵏ 2007
English: Sound records management ensures that the integrity of records is preserved for as long as they are required.
Tamasheq: ⴰⵓⵉⴾⴾⴰⵍ ⵏ ⵉⵗⴰⵣⴰⵏⴰⵏ ⵏ ⴰⵙⴰⵂⴰⵗ ⴰⵙⵉⵜⴱⴰⵜ ⴰⴾⴰⵎⴰⵍ ⵏ ⵉⵗⴰⵣⴰⵏⴰⵏ ⵢⵗⵍⴰⵙ ⴰ ⵉⵋⵋⴰ ⴰⵈⵈⴰⵍⴰⵏ ⴰ ⵉⵍⵣⴰⵎⴰⵏ
English: Beynon-Davies explains the multi-faceted concept of information in terms of signs and signal-sign systems.
Tamasheq: ⴱⵢⵉⵏⵓⵏ-ⵢⴰⵉⴱⵢⵙ ⴰⴼⴰⵙⵙⴰⵔ ⴰⵍⵎⴰⵗⵏⴰ ⵜⵉⴼⵢⵔⵜ ⵜⵉⵍⴰⵜ ⴷⵓⵎⵓ ⵜⴰⵏ ⴰⵋⵋⵓⵜⵏⵢⵏ ⵏ ⵉⵙⴰⵍⴰⵏ ⵙⵉⵂⴰ ⵙ ⵏⵢⵂⴰⵍ ⵜⴰⵏ ⴷ ⵙⵉⵙⵜⵢⵎ ⵜⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵜⴰⴷⵓⴶⴰⵏⵜ ⵙ ⵏⵢⵂⴰⵍ
English: Pragmatics is concerned with the purpose of communication.
Tamasheq: ⴱⵔⴰⴶⵎⴰⵜⵉⵛⵙ ⵜ ⵉⵋⵋⴰ ⴼⴰⵍ ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵙ ⵓⴰⵏ ⵎⴰⵋⵔⴰⴷ
English: In other words, pragmatics link language to action.
Tamasheq: ⴷⴰⵗ ⵜⵉⴼⵢⵔⵜ ⵉⵉⵉⴰⵜ, ⴱⵔⴰⴶⵎⴰⵜⵉⵛⵙ ⵜ ⵓⵙⴰⵗ ⴰⵓⴰⵍ ⴷ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵛⵂⵗⵓⵍⵜ
English: Semantics is the study of the meaning of signs - the association between signs and behaviour.
Tamasheq: ⵙⵢⵎⴰⵏⵜⵉⵛⵙ ⵜ ⴰⵎⵓⵙ ⵜⵢⵗⴰⵔⵢ ⵏ ⴰⵍⵎⴰⵗⵏⴰ ⵓⴰⵏ ⵏⵢⵂⴰⵍ ⵜⴰⵏ - ⵜⴰⴶⴶⴰⵉⵜ ⵋⵉⵔ ⵏⵢⵂⴰⵍ ⵜⴰⵏ ⴷ ⴰⵍⵆⴰⵍ
English: Syntax as an area studies the form of communication in terms of the logic and grammar of sign systems.
Tamasheq: ⵙⵉⵏⵜⴰⴾⵙ ⵜ ⴰⵎⵓⵙ ⵜⵢⵗⴰⵔ ⵏ ⴷⵓⵎⵓ ⵏ ⵎⴰⵋⵔⴰⴷ ⴷⴰⵗ ⵙⵉⵙⵜⵢⵎ ⵏ ⵏⵢⵂⴰⵍ ⵓⵗⴰⴷⴰⵏ ⴷ ⴶⵔⴰⵎⵢⵔ
English: He introduces the concept of lexicographic information costs and refers to the effort a user of a dictionary must make to first find, and then understand data so that they can generate information.
Tamasheq: ⴰⵣⵓⵋⵋⴰⵛⵂ ⵜⵉⴼⵢⵔⵜ ⵜⴰⵏ ⴰⵍⵈⵉⵎ ⵜⴰⵏ ⵓⵉⵏ ⵉⵙⴰⵍⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵍⵢⵆⵉⵛⵓⴶⵔⴰⵔⵂⵉ ⵜⵓⵍⴰⵙ ⵜ ⴰⵈⵈⴰⵍ ⴼⴰⵍ ⴰⵙⵙⴰⵂⴰⵜ ⵙ ⵉⵍⵣⴰⵎ ⴰ ⵜⴰⵜ ⵢⵋ ⴰⵏⴰⵆⴷⵉⵎ ⵙ ⴰⵍⴾⵉⵜⵜⴰⴱ ⵓⴰ ⴷⴰⵗ ⴰⵔⵜⴰⵉ ⵏⴰⵜ ⵜⵉⴼⵉⵔ ⵉ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵋⵔⵓ ⵜⵓⵍⴰⵙ ⴷⵉⵂⵢⵏ ⵉⴼⵂⴰⵎ ⴷⴰⵜⴰ ⵜⴰⵏ ⵉ ⴰⴷ ⵓⴷⴰⴱⵢⵏ ⵉⵂⵓⴾ ⵏ ⵉⵙⴰⵍⴰⵏ
English: In a communicative situation intentions are expressed through messages that comprise collections of inter-related signs taken from a language mutually understood by the agents involved in the communication.
Tamasheq: ⴷⴰⵗ ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵙⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵜⴰⵍⵗⴰ ⵜⴰⵏ ⵎⴰⵋⵔⴰⴷ ⴰⵜ ⵓ ⴰⵍⴰⵗⴰⵜ ⵙ ⵎⵢⵙⴰⵋ ⵜⴰⵏ ⴰⵂⴰⵏ ⵉⵙⵉⴷⵉⵓⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵏⵢⵂⴰⵍ ⵜⴰⵏ ⵓⵙⴰⵗ ⵏⵢⵏ ⵉⴷ ⴰⵎⵎⵉⵜⴾⴰⵍ ⵏⵢⵏ ⴷⴰⵗ ⴰⵓⴰⵍ ⴰⴼⵂⴰⵎⴰⵏ ⴰⴷⴷⵉⵏⴰⵜ ⴼⵓⴾ ⴰⵎⵉⵋⵔⴰⴷ ⵏⵢⵏ
English: Information visualization (shortened as InfoVis) depends on the computation and digital representation of data, and assists users in pattern recognition and anomaly detection.
Tamasheq: ⴰⵙⵓⴾⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵉⵙⴰⵍⴰⵏ (ⵉⵏⴼⵓⴱⵉⵙ) ⵉⵍⴾⴰⵎ ⵉ ⴰⵙⵉⵎⴰⵍ ⵓⴰⵏ ⵛⵓⵎⴱⵓⵜⴰⵜⵉⵓⵏ ⴷ ⴷⵉⴶⵉⵜⴰⵍ ⴷⴰⵜⴰ ⵜⵓⵍⴰⵙ ⵉⴷⴰⵂⵂⴰⵍ ⵉⵏⴰⵆⴷⵉⵎⴰⵏ ⴷⴰⵗ ⵎⵓⵙⵏⴰⵜ ⵏ ⴷⵓⵎⵓ ⴷ ⴰⵋⴰⵔⴰⵓ ⵏ ⴰⵍⴱⴰⵙ
English: The term is generally employed in sociology and the other social sciences as well as in philosophy and bioethics.
Tamasheq: ⵜⵉⴼⵢⵔⵜ ⵜⴰⵆⴷⴰⵎ ⵂⵓⵍⵍⴰⵏ ⴷⴰⵗ ⵙⵓⵛⵉⵓⵍⵓⴶⵉ ⴷ ⵙⵛⵉⵢⵏⵛⵢ ⵜⴰⵏ ⵜⵉⵉⵉⴰⴷ ⵂⴰⴾ ⵉⴷ ⴼⵉⵍⵓⵣⵓⴼⵉ ⴷ ⴱⵉⵓⵢⵜⵂⵉⵛⵙ
English: In developing societies it may be mainly based on kinship and shared values while more developed societies accumulate various theories as to what contributes to a sense of solidarity, or rather, social cohesion.
Tamasheq: ⴷⴰⵗ ⵜⵉⵎⵉⵣⴷⴰⵗ ⴰⵂⴰⵍ ⵏⵢⵏ ⵙⵉⵂⴰ ⵙ ⴷⴰⵜⴰ ⴰⴷⴷⵓⴱⴰⵜⵜ ⴰ ⵢⵋ ⵂⵓⵍⵍⴰⵏ ⴼⴰⵍ ⵜⵢⵎⵢⴷⵜ ⴷ ⴰⵍⵈⵉⵎ ⵜⴰⵏ ⴰⵣⵓⵏ ⵏⵢⵏ ⴰⵙ ⵉⵋⵋⴰ ⵜⵉⵎⵉⵣⴷⴰⵗ ⵜⵉ ⴰⵋⵋⵓⵛⵂ ⵏⵢⵏ ⴷⴰⵗ ⵢⴼⵢⵙ ⵉⵙⵙⵢⴷⴰⵓ ⵏⴰⵜ ⵎⵉⵔⴷⴰ ⵜⴰⵏ ⴰⵋⵋⵓⵜⵏⵢⵏ ⵏ ⴰⵓⴰ ⵢⵈⵈⴰⵍⴰⵏ ⵜⵉⵔⵋⵉⵜ ⵉ ⴰⵏⵎⴰⴷⵂⴰⵍ ⵓⵂⵓⵏ ⵜⴰⵔⵜⵉⵜ ⵜⵓⵍⴰⵗⴰⵜ ⵏ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⴷⵓⵈ
English: Durkheim introduced the terms mechanical and organic solidarity as part of his theory of the development of societies in The Division of Labour in Society (1893).
Tamasheq: ⴷⵓⵔⴾⵂⵢⵉⵎ ⴰⵣⵓⵋⵋⴰⵛⵂ ⵜⵉⴼⵉⵔ ⵜⵉⵏ ⴰⵏⵎⴰⴷⵂⴰⵍ ⵏ ⴰⵙ ⵢⵈⵈⴰⵍ ⴰⵛⵂⵔⵓⵜ ⵏ ⵎⵉⵔⴷⴰ ⵏⵢⵜ ⵓⴰⵏ ⵢⴼⵢⵙ ⵏ ⵜⵉⵎⵉⵣⴷⴰⵗ ⴷⴰⵗ ⵢⵉⵢⵉⵙⵉⵓⵏ ⵓⴼ ⵍⴰⴱⵓⵓⵔ ⵉⵏ ⵙⵓⵛⵉⵢⵜⵉ (ⴷⴰⴱ ⴰⵓⴰⵜⴰⵉ ⵓⴰⵏ 1893)
English: Collins Dictionary of Sociology, p405-6.
Tamasheq: ⵛⵓⵍⵍⵉⵏⵙ ⴰⵍⴾⵉⵜⵜⴰⴱ ⵓⴰ ⴷⴰⵗ ⴰⵔⵜⴰⵉ ⵏⴰⵜ ⵜⵉⴼⵉⵔ ⵜⵉⵏ ⵙⵓⵛⵉⵓⵍⵓⴶⵉ, ⵔ405 ⵂⴰⵔ 406
English: Definition: it is social cohesion based upon the dependence which individuals have on each other in more advanced societies.
Tamasheq: ⴰⵍⵎⴰⵗⵏⴰ : ⵟⴰⵔⵜⵉⵜ ⵜⵓⵍⴰⵗⴰⵜ ⵜⵉⵋⴰⵜ ⴼⴰⵍ ⴰⵏⵎⴰⴷⵂⴰⵍ ⵓⴰ ⵉⵍⵍⴰⵏ ⵋⵉⵔ ⴰⴷⴷⵉⵏⴰⵜ ⴷⴰⵗ ⵜⵉⵎⵉⵣⴷⴰⵗ ⵜⵉ ⵢⵓⴰⴷ ⵏⵢⵏ ⵙ ⴷⴰⵜⴰ ⵂⵓⵍⵍⴰⵏ
English: Early ancient philosophers such as Socrates and Aristotle discuss solidarity as a virtue ethics framework because in order to live a good life one must perform actions and behave in a way that is in solidarity with the community.
Tamasheq: ⴼⵉⵍⵓⵣⵓⴼ ⵜⴰⵏ ⵓⵉ ⴰⵣⵣⴰⵔⵏⵢⵏ ⵏ ⴰⵔⵓ ⵛⵂⵓⵏⴷ ⵙⵓⵛⵔⴰⵜⵢⵙ ⴷ ⴰⵔⵉⵙⵜⵓⵜⵢ ⵉⵙⵙⵢⵓⴰⵍⴰⵏ ⴼⴰⵍ ⴰⵏⵎⴰⴷⵂⴰⵍ ⴰⵙ ⵢⵈⵈⴰⵍ ⵢⵎⴰⵔⴾⵢⴷ ⴼⴰⵍ ⴰⵙ ⵜⴰⵎⵓⴷⵔ ⵜ ⵓⵍⴰⵗⴰⵜ ⵜ ⴰⵣⵉⵍⵣⴰⵎ ⵜⵉⵎⴰⵛⵂⵗⵓⵍⵢⵏ ⴷ ⴰⵍⵆⴰⵍ ⴷⴰⵗ ⴰⴱⴰⵔⴰ ⵓⴰⵏ ⴰⵏⵎⴰⴷⵂⴰⵍ ⵉⴷ ⴰⴷⴷⵉⵏⴰⵜ
English: The modern practice of bioethics is significantly influenced by Immanuel Kant's concept of the Categorical Imperative.
Tamasheq: ⴰⵍⵆⵉⴷⵎⴰⵜ ⵜⴰⵏ ⴰⵎⴰⵔⴰⴷ ⵏ ⴱⵉⵓⵢⵜⵉⴾⵙ ⵜⵉⴾⵏⵢⵜ ⵜⵉⴼⵢⵔⵜ ⵜⴰⵏ ⵢⵎⴰⵏⵓⵢⵍ ⴾⴰⵏⵜ ⵏ ⴾⴰⵜⵢⴶⵓⵔⵉ ⵓⵎⴰⵔ ⵂⵓⵍⵍⴰⵏ
English: Foreign-area studies were virtually nonexistent.
Tamasheq: ⵜⵉⵗⵉⵔ ⵜⵉⵏ ⵢⴷⴰⴶ ⵓⴰⵏ ⴰⵋⵋⴰⵎⴰ ⴷⴰⵗ ⴰⴾⴰⵉⴰⴷ ⵓⴰⵔ ⵜ ⵉⵍⵍⵢⵏⴰⵜ
English: The former became area-studies advocates, the latter proponents of modernization theory.
Tamasheq: ⵓⴰⵏ ⴰⵔⵓ ⵢⵈⵈⴰⵍ ⵜⵉⵗⵉⵔ ⵜⵉⵏ ⵢⴷⴰⴶ ⴰⵏⵙⴰⵔ ⵜⴰⵏ ⵓⵉⵏ ⵓⵛⵂⵔⴰⵉ ⵏ ⵎⵓⴷⵢⵔⵏⵉⴰⵜⵉⵓⵏ ⵜⵂⵢⵓⵔⵉ
English: From 1953 to 1966 it contributed $270 million to 34 universities for area and language studies.
Tamasheq: ⵗⵓⵔ ⴰⵓⴰⵜⴰⵉ ⵓⴰⵏ 1953 ⵂⴰⵔ 1966 ⵉⴷⵂⴰⵍ ⵙ 270 ⴷⵍⴰⵔ 34 ⵏ ⵍⴰⴾⴾⵓⵍ ⵓⴰ ⵎⴰⵈⵈⵓⵔⴰⵏ ⵉ ⵜⵉⵗⵉⵔ ⵏ ⵢⴷⴰⴶ ⴷ ⴰⵓⴰⵍ
English: Other large and important programs followed Ford's.
Tamasheq: ⴱⵔⵓⴶⵔⴰⵎ ⵜⴰⵏ ⵜⵉⵉⵉⴰⴷ ⵎⴰⵈⵈⵓⵔⵏⵢⵏ ⵜⵓⵍⴰⵙ ⴰⵙⵙⵓⵂⴰⵜ ⵏⵢⵏ ⵉⵍⴾⴰⵎ ⵏⴰⵜ ⵉ ⴼⵓⵔⴷ
English: Others insisted, however, that once they were established on university campuses, area studies began to encompass a much broader and deeper intellectual agenda than the one foreseen by government agencies, thus not American centric.
Tamasheq: Iⵉⵉⴰⴷ ⴰⵍⵍⴰⵗⵢⵏ ⴰⵙ ⴰⵍⵓⴰⵈ ⵓⴰ ⵉⴷ ⵉⵋⵋⴰⵏ ⴼⴰⵍ ⵜⵢⵂⴰⵏⵉⵜⵢⵏ ⵜⵉⵏ ⵍⴰⴾⴾⵓⵍⴰⵏ ⵓⵉ ⵎⴰⵈⵈⵓⵔⵏⵢⵏ , ⵜⵉⵗⵉⵔ ⵜⵉⵏ ⵉⵙⵙⵉⵏⵜⴰⵏⴰⵜ ⴰⵙⵉⵔⵜⴰⵉ ⵏ ⵆⵓⵜⵜⴰⵜ ⵜⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵜⴰ-ⵉⵜ ⵂⵓⵍⵍⴰⵏ ⵓⵂⵓⵏ ⵜⴰ ⴰⵗⵉⵍ ⵏⴰⵜ ⵜⴰⴶⴶⴰⵉⵢⵏ ⵜⵉⵏ ⴰⵍⵆⴰⴾⵓⵎ ⵓⴰⴷⴷⵢⵏ ⵜⵉⵏ ⴰⵎⵢⵔⵉⵛⴰⵏ ⵛⵢⵏⵜⵔⵉⵛ
English: Other interdisciplinary research fields such as women's studies, gender studies, disability studies, LGBT studies and ethnic studies (including African American studies, Asian American studies, Latino studies, Chicano studies and Native American studies) are not part of area studies but are sometimes included in discussion along with it.
Tamasheq: ⵉⵣⴰⵔⴰⵋⴰⵏ ⵜⵉⵉⵉⴰⴷ ⵏ ⴼⴰⵔⴰⴾ ⵋⵉⵔ ⵎⴰⵋⴰⵍ ⵜⴰⵏ ⵛⵂⵓⵏⴷ ⵜⵉⵗⵉⵔ ⵜⵉⵏ ⴷⵢⴷⵢⵏ , ⵜⵉⵗⵉⵔ ⵜⵉⵏ ⵋⴰⵏⵙⵉ ⵜⴰⵏ, ⵜⵉⵗⵉⵔ ⵜⵉⵏ ⴰⵍⵗⵉⴱ , ⵜⵉⵗⵉⵔ ⵜⵉⵏ ⵍⵗⴱⵟ ⴷ ⵜⵉⵗⵉⵔ ⵜⵉⵏ ⵜⴰⵓⵙⵢⵜ (ⵢⵂⴰ ⵜⵉⵗⵉⵔ ⵜⵉⵏ ⴾⵢⵍ ⴰⴼⵔⵉⴾⵉⵉⴰ ⵓⵉⵏ ⴰⵎⵢⵔⵉⴾ, ⵜⵉⵗⵉⵔ ⵜⵉⵏ ⴾⵢⵍ ⴰⵙⵉⴰ ⵏ ⴰⵎⵢⵔⵉⴾ, ⵜⵉⵗⵉⵔ ⵜⵉⵏ ⵍⴰⵜⵉⵏⵓ, ⵜⵉⵗⵉⵔ ⵜⵉⵏ ⵛⵂⵉⵛⴰⵏⵓ ⴷ ⵜⵉⵗⵉⵔ ⵜⵉⵏ ⴰⵎⵢⵔⵉⴾⵢⵏ ⵓⵉⵏ ⴾⵢⵍ ⴰⴾⴰⵍ) ⵓⴰⵔ ⴰⵂⵢⵏⴰⵜ ⴰⵛⵂⵔⵓⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵉⵗⵉⵔ ⵢⴷⴰⴶ ⵎⵓⵛⵂⴰⵎ ⴰⵍⵓⴰⵈⵈⴰⵏ ⵉⵉⵉⴰⴷ ⴰⵂⴰⵏⴰⵜ ⴰⴷⵉⵓⵉⵏⵏⵉ ⵉⵋⵋⴰⵏ
English: Demography (from prefix demo- from Ancient Greek δῆμος (dēmos) meaning 'the people', and -graphy from γράφω (graphō) meaning 'writing, description or measurement') is the statistical study of populations, especially human beings.
Tamasheq: ⴷⵢⵎⵓⴶⵔⴰⴱⵂⵉ (ⵗⵓⵔ ⴱⵔⵢⴼⵉⵆ ⴷⵢⵎⵓ-ⵉⴷ ⵉⵣⵋⴰⵔⴰⵏ ⵗⵔⵢⴾ ⵓⴰⵏ ⴰⵔⵓ δῆμος (ⴷⵢⵎⵓⵙ) ⵙ ⴰⵍⵎⴰⵗⵏⴰ ⵏⵢⵜ “” ⴰⴷⴷⵉⵏⴰⵜ” ⴷ ⴶⵔⴰⴱⵂⵉ ⵉⴷ ⵉⵣⵋⴰⵔⴰⵏ ⵗⴱⴰφⵓ (ⴶⵔⴰⵔⵂⵓ) ⵙ ⴰⵍⵎⴰⵗⵏⴰ ⵏⵢⵜ “ ⴰⴾⴰⵜⴰⴱ, ⴰⴼⵉⵙⵙⴰⵔ ⵏ ⵙⴰⵎⴰⵍⴰⵏ ⵎⵢⵗ ⵢⴾⵢⵜ) ⴰⵎⵓⵙ ⵜⵢⵗⴰⵔⵢ ⵏ ⵉⴷⴷⵉⴷⴾⵓⴷ ⵏ ⵉⵛⵂⴰⵗⵉⴱ ⵜⴰⵏ ⵂⵓⵍⵍⴰⵏ ⴰⴷⴷⵉⵏⴰⵜ
English: Patient demographics form the core of the data for any medical institution,such as patient and emergency contact information and patient medical record data.
Tamasheq: ⴱⴰⵜⵉⵢⵏⵜ ⴷⵢⵎⵓⴶⵔⴰⴱⵂⵉⵛⵙ ⵜ ⴰⵎⵓⵙ ⵓⵍⵂ ⵏ ⴷⴰⵜⴰ ⵉ ⵜⵉⵋⵉⵜⵜⴰⵓⵜ ⴼⵓⴾ ⵏ ⴰⵙⵙⵢⵆⴰⵜ ⵛⵂⵓⵏⴷ ⵉⵙⴰⵍⴰⵏ ⵓⵉ ⴰⵔⵓⵔⴰⴷ ⵏⵢⵏ ⵏ ⴰⵎⵉⵔⵂⴰⵏ ⴷ ⴷⴰⵜⴰ ⵓⴰⵏ ⴰⵙⵙⵢⵆⴰⵜ ⵏ ⴰⵗⴰⵣⴰⵏ
English: The term Demography refers to the overall study of population.
Tamasheq: ⵜⵉⴼⵢⵔⵜ ⵜⴰⵏ ⵢⵎⵓⴶⵔⴰⴱⵂⵉ ⵜⴰⵈⵈⴰⵍ ⴼⴰⵍ ⵜⵢⵗⴰⵔⴻ ⵏ ⵉⵛⵂⴰⵗⵉⴱ ⴼⵓⴾ ⵏⵢⵜ
English: In the Middle ages, Christian thinkers devoted much time in refuting the Classical ideas on demography.
Tamasheq: ⴷⴰⵗ ⵎⵉⴷⴷⵍⵢ ⴰⴶⵢⵙ, ⵉⵎⴰⵗⵔⴰⵏ ⵓⵉⵏ ⴾⵔⵉⴾⵢⵏ ⵜⴰⵏ ⵉⵋⵋⴰⵏ ⴰⵣⵣⴰⵎⴰⵏ ⴰⵋⵋⵢⵏ ⵓⵏⵋⴰⵉⴰⵏ ⵙ ⵜⴰ-ⵉⵜⵢ ⵜⴰⵏ ⵜⵉⵏ ⴰⵍⴰⵙⴰⵍⴰ ⵏ ⴷⵢⵎⵓⴶⵔⴰⴱⵂⵉ
English: One of the earliest demographic studies in the modern period was Natural and Political Observations Made upon the Bills of Mortality (1662) by John Graunt, which contains a primitive form of life table.
Tamasheq: ⵉⵉⵉⴰⵜ ⴷⴰⵗ ⵜⵉⵗⵉⵔ ⵏ ⴷⵢⵎⵓⴶⵔⴰⴱⵂⵉ ⵜⴰ ⵜⴰⵣⵣⴰⵔⴰⵜ ⴷⴰⵗ ⴰⵣⵣⴰⵎⴰⵏ ⵓⴰⵏ ⵓⵛⵂⵔⴰⵉ ⴰⵎⵓⵙ ⵏⴰⵜⵓⵔⴰⵍ ⴷ ⴱⵓⵍⵉⵜⵉⵛⴰⵍ ⵓⴱⵙⵢⵔⴱⴰⵜⵉⵓⵏⵙ ⵉⵋⵋⴰⵏⵢⵏ ⴼⴰⵍ ⴱⵉⵍⵍⵙ ⵓⴼ ⵎⵓⵔⵜⴰⵍⵉⵜⵉ (1662) ⵉⵋⵋⴰ ⵋⵓⵂⵏ ⵗⵔⴰⵓⵏⵜ ⵢⵂⴰ ⴷⵓⵎⵓ ⴰⵔⵓⵓⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵜⴰⴱⵢⵍ ⵏ ⵜⴰⵎⵓⴷⵔ
English: His work influenced Thomas Robert Malthus, who, writing at the end of the 18th century, feared that, if unchecked, population growth would tend to outstrip growth in food production, leading to ever-increasing famine and poverty (see Malthusian catastrophe).
Tamasheq: ⴰⵍⵆⵉⴷⵎⴰⵜ ⵏⵢⵜ ⵜ ⵉⴾⵏⴰ ⵓⵎⴰⵔ ⵂⵓⵍⵍⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵟⵂⵓⵎⴰⵙ ⵎⴰⵍⵜⵓⵙ ⵉⴾⵜⴰⴱⴰⵏ ⴷⴰⵗ ⴰⵎⵉⵏⴷⵉ ⵏ ⴰⵓⴰⵜⴰⵉ ⵓⴰⵏ 1800 ⴰⵙ ⴰⴾⵙⵓⴷ ⴰ ⴼⴰⵍ ⵓⴰⵔ ⵉⵋⵋⵢⵏ ⴰⴷⴷⵉⵏⴰⵜ ⴰⵏⵏⵉⵉⴰⵜ, ⵜⵉⵓ-ⴰⵜ ⵏ ⵉⵛⵂⴰⵗⵉⴱ ⴰⵜ ⴰⴾⵉ ⵜⴰⵏ ⴰⵜⵜⴰⵗⴰⵎ ⵂⴰⵔⴰⵜ ⵉⴷ ⵣⴰ ⴰⵔⵓⵓⴰⵏ ⵎⴰⵏⵏⴰ ⴷ ⵜⵉⵍⴰⵈⵈⵓⵓⴰ (ⵉⴾⵉⵉⴷ ⴰⵍⴱⴰⵏⵏⴰ ⵓⴰⵏ ⵎⴰⵍⵜⵓⵙⵉⴰⵏ)
English: A census is the other common direct method of collecting demographic data.
Tamasheq: ⵜⵓⴷⴷⴰⵏⵜ ⵜ ⴰⵈⵈⴰⵍ ⵜⵉⴾⴰⵔⵙⴰⵉ ⵉⵉⵉⴰⵜ ⵜ ⵓⵂⴰⵔⴰⵜ ⵏ ⴰⵙⵉⴷⵓ ⵏ ⵉⵙⴰⵍⴰⵏ ⵓⵉⵏ ⴷⵢⵎⵓⴶⵔⴰⴱⵂⵉ
English: Analyses are conducted after a census to estimate how much over or undercounting took place.
Tamasheq: ⵉⵎⵉⵉⵉⵣⴰⵏ ⵉⵋⵋⴰⵏⵢⵏ ⴷⴰⵔⴰⵜ ⵜⵓⴷⴷⴰⵏⵜ ⵉ ⵎⵓⵙⵏⴰⵜ ⵏ ⵉⴷⴷⵉⴾⵓⴷ ⵏ ⵜⵉⵓ-ⴰⵜ ⵎⵢⵗ ⵉⵎⵎⵉⴾ ⵓⴰ ⵙ ⵉⵋⵋⴰ ⵢⵔⴾ ⵎⵢⴷⴰⵏ
English: Other indirect methods in contemporary demography include asking people about siblings, parents, and children.
Tamasheq: ⵜⵉⴾⴰⵔⵙⵉⵓⵢⵏ ⵜ ⵉⵉⵉⴰⴷ ⵓⴰⵔ ⵏ ⵓⵗⵢⴷ ⴷⴰⵗ ⴷⵢⵎⵓⴶⵔⴰⴱⵂⵉ ⵜⴰⵏ ⴰⵎⴰⵔⴰⴷ ⵢⵂⵢⵏⴰⵜ ⴰⵙⵉⵙⵜⴰⵏ ⵏ ⴼⴰⵍ ⵉⵎⴰⵈⵈⴰⵔⴰⵏ , ⵉⵎⴰⵔⴰⵓⴰⵏ ⴷ ⵉⵍⵉⴰⴷⴰⵏ
English: They include models of mortality (including the life table, Gompertz models, hazards models, Cox proportional hazards models, multiple decrement life tables, Brass relational logits), fertility (Hernes model, Coale-Trussell models, parity progression ratios), marriage (Singulate Mean at Marriage, Page model), disability (Sullivan's method, multistate life tables), population projections (Lee-Carter model, the Leslie Matrix), and population momentum (Keyfitz).
Tamasheq: ⴰⵂⴰⵏ ⵜⴰⵏ ⴷⵓⵎⵓ ⵜⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵜⵜⴰⵏⵜ (ⵢⵂⴰ ⵜⴰⴱⵢⵍ ⵏ ⵜⴰⵎⵓⴷⵔⵢ, ⴷⵓⵎⵓ ⵜⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵗⵓⵎⴱⵢⵔⵜⵣ, ⵂⴰⵣⴰⵔⴷⵙ ⵎⵓⴷⵍⵢⵙ, ⵛⵓⵆ ⴱⵔⵓⴱⵓⵔⵜⵉⵓⵏⴰⵍ ⵂⴰⵣⴰⵔⴷⵙ, ⵜⴰⴱⵢⵍ ⵜⴰⵏ ⴰⵋⵋⵓⵜⵏⵢⵏ ⵏ ⴰⴼⴰⵏⴰⵣ ⵏ ⵜⴰⵎⵓⴷⵔ, ⴱⵔⴰⵙⵙ ⵔⵢⵍⴰⵜⵉⵓⵏⴰⵍ ⵍⵓⴶⵉⵙⵜⵙ), ⵜⴰⵏⴰⵍⵎⵓⵜ (ⴷⵓⵎⵓ ⵓⴰⵏ ⵂⵢⵔⵏⵢⵙ, ⴷⵓⵎⵓ ⵜⴰⵏ ⵓⵉⵏ ⵛⵓⴰⵍⵢ-ⵟⵔⵓⵙⵙⵢⵍ, ⴱⴰⵔⵉⵜⵉ ⴱⵔⵓⴶⵔⵢⵙⵙⵉⵓⵏ ⵔⴰⵜⵉⵓⵙ), ⴰⴷⵓⴱⵉⵏ (ⴰⵓⴰⵜⴰⵉ ⵏ ⴰⵓⴰⴷⵉⵎ ⵓⴰⵔ ⵏ ⴰⴷⵓⴱⴰⵏ, ⴱⴰⴶⵢ ⵎⵓⴷⵢⵍ), ⴰⵍⵗⵉⴱ (ⵜⵉⴾⴰⵔⵙⴰⵉ ⵜⴰⵏ ⵙⵓⵍⵍⵉⴱⴰⵏ, ⵜⴰⴱⵢⵍ ⵜⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵜⴰⵎⵓⴷⵔⵢ ), ⵉⴾⴰⵉⴰⴷⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵉⵛⵂⴰⵗⵉⴱ (ⴷⵓⵎⵓ ⵓⴰⵏ ⵍⵢ-ⵛⴰⵔⵜⵢⵔ, ⵍⵢⵙⵍⵉ ⵎⴰⵜⵔⵉⵆ) ⴷ ⵉⵎⵉⵜⵉⴾⵓⴰⵉⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵉⵛⵂⴰⵗⵉⴱ)
English: The age-specific fertility rates, the annual number of live births per 1,000 women in particular age groups (usually age 15–19, 20-24 etc.)
Tamasheq: ⵉⴷⴷⵉⴾⵓⴷ ⵏ ⵜⴰⵏⵢⵍⵎⵓⵜ ⵏ ⴰⵓⴰⵜⴰⵉ, ⵉⴷⴷⵉⴾⵓⴷ ⵏ ⵜⵉⵓⵉⵜⵢⵏ ⴷⴰⵗ ⴰⵓⴰⵜⴰⵉ ⴷⴰⵗ 1000 ⵏ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⴷⵜ ⴷⴰⵗ ⵜⴰⵈⵈⵉⵎⵢⵏ ⵏ ⴰⵓⴰⵜⴰⵉ (ⴰⵓⴰⵜⴰⵉ ⵋⵉⵔ 15 ⵂⴰⵔ 19, 20 ⵂⴰⵔ 24)
English: The expectation of life (or life expectancy), the number of years that an individual at a given age could expect to live at present mortality levels.
Tamasheq: ⵜⴰⵗⵔⵉⵙⵜ ⵜ ⴰⵎⵓⵙ ⴰⴷⴷⵉⴾⵓⴷ ⵏ ⵉⵓⵉⵜⵉⴰⵏ ⵙ ⴰⴷⴷⵓⴱⴰⵜ ⴰⵓⴰⴷⵉⵎ ⴰ ⵜⴰⵏ ⵓⵔⴷⴰ ⵉ ⵜⴰⵎⵓⴷⵔⴻ ⵂⴰⵔ ⵉⵂⴰⵏⴷⴰⴶⴰⵏ ⵓⵉⵏ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵜⵜⴰⵏⵜ
English: A stationary population, one that is both stable and unchanging in size (the difference between crude birth rate and crude death rate is zero).
Tamasheq: ⵉⵛⵂⴰⵗⵉⴱ ⴰⵣⵣⵓⴾⵢⵏ ⴰⵎⵓⵙ ⵓⴰ ⵉⴱⴷⴰⴷⴰⵏ ⵜⵓⵍⴰⵙ ⵓⴰⵔ ⵉⵜⵉⵎⵓⵜⵉ ⵉⴷⴷⵉⴾⵓⴷ ⵏⵢⵜ ( ⴰⵏⵎⵉⵣⵍⴰⵉ ⵋⵉⵔ ⵉⴷⴷⵉⴾⵓⴷ ⵏ ⵜⵉⵓⵉⵜ ⴷ ⵉⴷⴷⵉⴾⵓⴷ ⵓⴰⵏ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵜⵜⴰⵏⵜ ⵢⵈⵈⴰⵍ ⴱⴰⵏⵏⴰⵏ)
English: Note that the crude death rate as defined above and applied to a whole population can give a misleading impression.
Tamasheq: ⴰⵍⵎⵉⴷ ⴰⵙ ⵉⴷⴷⵉⴾⵓⴷ ⵓⴰⵏ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵜⵜⴰⵏⵜ ⵙ ⵉⵎⵎⵉⴾ ⵓⴰ ⵙ ⴰⴼⵉⵙⵙⴰⵔ ⵙ ⴰⴼⴰⵍⵍⴰ ⵜⵓⵍⴰⵙ ⵉⵋⵋⴰ ⴼⴰⵍ ⵉⵛⵂⴰⵗⵉⴱ ⴼⵓⴾ ⴰⴷⴷⵓⴱⴰⵜ ⴰⴷ ⵢⵈⵈⵉⵍ ⴰⵆⴰⵔⵓⴾ
English: Individuals who change their ethnic self-labels or whose ethnic classification in government statistics changes over time may be thought of as migrating or moving from one population subcategory to another.
Tamasheq: ⴰⴷⴷⵉⵏⴰⵜ ⵓⵉ ⴰⴷⴷⵓⴱⴰⵜ ⵏⵢⵏ ⴰⵙⵉⵎⵎⵓⵜⵉ ⵏ ⵜⵢⵂⵏⵢ ⵜⴰⵏ ⵏⴰⵙⴰⵏ ⵎⵢⵗ ⵓⵉ ⵙ ⴰⵎⴰⵙⴾⴰⵜ ⵏⴰⵙⴰⵏ ⴷⴰⵗ ⵎⵢⴷⴰⵏ ⵓⴰⵏ ⴰⵍⵆⴰⴾⵓⵎ ⴰⵎⵎⵓⵜⴰⵉ ⴷⴰⵗ ⴰⵣⵣⴰⵎⴰⵏ ⴰⴷⴷⵓⴱⵢⵏ ⴰⴷ ⴰⵈⵈⵉⵍⴰⵏ ⴰ ⵉⵎⵉⵜⴰⴾⵓⴰⵉⴰⵏ ⵎⵢⵗ ⴰ ⵉⴼⴼⴰⵍⴰⵏ ⵗⵓⵔ ⵉⵛⵂⴰⵗⵉⴱ ⵉⵉⵉⴰⵏ ⵙ ⵓⴰ ⵉⴰⴷⴰⵏ
English: The figure in this section shows the latest (2004) UN projections of world population out to the year 2150 (red = high, orange = medium, green = low).
Tamasheq: ⴷⵙⴰⵙⵙⴰⵔ ⴷⴰⵗ ⵢⴷⴰⴶ ⵓⵢⵏ ⵉⵙⵙⵉⴾⵏⴰ ⵉⴾⴰⵉⴰⴷⴰⵏ ⵓⵉ ⵜⵉⵋⴰ ⵜⴰⴶⴶⴰⵉⵜ ⵏ ⴰⵍⵗⴰⵍⵉⵎ ⵜⴰⵏ ⵉⵛⵂⴰⵗⵉⴱ ⴷⴰⵗ ⴰⵓⴰⵜⴰⵉ ⵓⴰⵏ (2004) ⵂⴰⵔ ⴰⵓⴰⵜⴰⵉ ⵓⴰⵏ 2150 (ⵜⴰⵛⵂⵓⵗⵢ=ⵓⵋⵋⴰⵔ, ⵜⴰⵔⵓⵗⵢ= ⴰⵎⵎⴰⵙ, ⵜⴰⴷⴷⴰⵓⵍⴰⵜ= ⵉⴼⵏⴰⵣ)
English: Mortality is the study of the causes, consequences, and measurement of processes affecting death to members of the population.
Tamasheq: ⵉⴷⴷⵉⴾⵓⴷ ⵏ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵜⵜⴰⵏⵜ ⴰⵎⵓⵙ ⵜⵢⵗⴰⵔⵢ ⵏ ⵉⴷⴷⵉⵍⵉⵍⴰⵏ, ⵜⵉⴾⵎⴰⵓⵢⵏ ⴷ ⵢⴾⵢⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵉⵎⵉⵜⵉⴾⵓⴰⵉⵢⵏ ⵉⵎⵎⴰⵔ ⵏⵢⵏ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵜⵜⴰⵏⵜ ⵏ ⵉⵛⵂⴰⵗⵉⴱ
English: Migration researchers do not designate movements 'migrations' unless they are somewhat permanent.
Tamasheq: ⴰⴷⴷⵉⵏⴰⵜ ⵓⵉ ⵉⵋⵋⴰⵏⵢⵏ ⴼⴰⵔⴰⴾ ⴼⴰⵍ ⴰⵂⵓⵏⵉⵏ ⵓⴰⵔ ⵗⵓⵔ ⵙⴰⵏ ⴰⵈⵈⵢⵍⴰⵏ ⵉⵎⵉⵜⵉⴾⵓⵉⵉⴰⵏ “”ⴰⵂⵓⵏⵉⵏ” ⵂⴰⵔ ⵓⵎⴰⵙⴰⵏ ⴰ ⵢⵗⵍⴰⵍⴰⵏ
English: Demography is today widely taught in many universities across the world, attracting students with initial training in social sciences, statistics or health studies.
Tamasheq: ⴷⵢⵎⵓⴶⵔⴰⴱⵂⵉ ⵜⵉⵓ-ⴰⵗⴰⵔ ⵂⵓⵍⵍⴰⵏ ⴷⴰⵗ ⵍⴰⴾⴾⵓⵍ ⵜⴰⵏ ⵓⵉ ⵎⴰⵈⵈⵓⵔⵏⵢⵏ ⴷⴰⵗ ⴰⵍⵗⴰⵍⵉⵎ,ⵔⴰⴾⴾⴰⴱ ⵉⴷ ⴰⵜⵜⴰⵍⴰⴱⴰ ⵜⴰⵏ ⵜⵉⴷⴰⵙ ⵜⵢⵗⴰⵔ ⵜⴰⵏ ⵙⵓⵛⵉⵍⴰ ⵙⵛⵉⵢⵏⵛⵢⵙ, ⵎⴻⴷⴰⵏ ⵎⵢⵗ ⵜⵉⵗⵉⵔ ⵜⵉⵏ ⴰⵙⵙⵢⵆⴰⵜ
English: In this respect, one can see information science as a response to technological determinism, the belief that technology "develops by its own laws, that it realizes its own potential, limited only by the material resources available and the creativity of its developers.
Tamasheq: “ ⴷⴰⵗ ⵙⵢⵎⵗⴰⵔ ⵓⵢⵏ, ⴰⴷⴷⵓⴱⴰⵜ ⴰⵓⴰⴷⵉⵎ ⴰⴾⴰⵉⴰⴷ ⵏ ⵙⵛⵉⵢⵏⵙ ⵜⴰⵏ ⵉⵙⴰⵍⴰⵏ ⵛⵂⵓⵏⴷ ⴰⵍⵓⴰⵣⴰⴱ ⵉ ⵜⵢⵛⵂⵏⵓⵍⵓⴶⵉⵛⴰⵍ ⴷⵢⵜⵢⵔⵎⵉⵏⵉⵙⵎ, ⵎⵢⴷⵔⴰⵏ ⵏ ⴰⵙ ⵜⵢⵛⵂⵏⵓⵍⵓⴶⵉ “”ⵜⴰ ⵉⵋⵋⴰⵏ ⴰⵛⵂⴰⵔⵢⵗⴰ ⵜⴰⵏ ⵏⵢⵜ, ⴰⵙ ⵜⵢⵓⴰⴷ ⴰⵙⵙⴰⵂⴰⵜ ⵏⵢⵜ, ⵙ ⴰⵈⵈⴰⵍⴰⵏ ⵉⵙⵓⵋ ⵓⵉ ⵉⵜ ⵉⵍⵍⴰⵏⴻⵏ ⵉⵉⴰⴾⴰ ⴷ ⵓⵗⵏⴰ ⵏ ⴰⴷⴷⵉⵏⴰⵜ ⵓⵉ ⵉⵋⵋⴰⵏⵢⵏ ⵢⴼⵢⵙ ⵏⵢⵜ”
English: It is concerned with that body of knowledge relating to the origination, collection, organization, storage, retrieval, interpretation, transmission, transformation, and utilization of information.
Tamasheq: ⴷⵈⵈⴰⵍ ⴼⴰⵍ ⵜⴰⵗⵉⵙⵙⴰ ⵏ ⵎⵓⵙⵏⴰⵜ ⵓⵔⴰⴾⴰⵏ ⵙ ⵓⵗⵏⴰ , ⴰⵙⵉⴷⵓ, ⴰⵎⵓⴾⵉⵏ, ⴰⵗⴰⵣⴰⵏ,ⴰⵛⵂⵉⵏⵛⵂⴰⵛⵂ, ⴰⴼⴰⵂⴰⵎ, ⴰⵙⵉⵙⵙⵉⴾⵉ, ⴰⵎⵓⵜⵉ ⴷ ⴰⵆⴰⴷⴰⵎ ⵏ ⵉⵙⴰⵍⴰⵏ
English: This is especially true when related to the concept developed by A. I. Mikhailov and other Soviet authors in the mid-1960s.
Tamasheq: ⴰⵓⵢⵏ ⵢⵈⵈⴰⵍ ⵜⵉⴷⵉⵜⵜ ⴰⵍⵓⴰⵈ ⵓⴰ ⵉⴷ ⵓⵔⴰⴾ ⵙ ⵜⵉⴼⵢⵔⵜ ⵙ ⵉⵋⵋⴰ ⴰ. ⵉ. ⵎⵉⴾⵂⴰⵉⵍⵓⴱ ⵢⴼⵢⵙ ⵏⵢⵜ ⴷ ⵉⵏⴰⴾⵜⵓⴱⴰⵏ ⵉⵉⵉⴰⴷ ⵏ ⵓⵏⵉⵓⵏ ⵙⵓⴱⵉⵢⵜⵉⴾ ⴷⴰⵗ ⵜⴰⵣⵓⵏⵢ ⵏ ⴰⵓⴰⵜⴰⵉ ⵓⴰⵏ 1960
English: Definitions reliant on the nature of the tools used for deriving meaningful information from data are emerging in Informatics academic programs.
Tamasheq: ⵉⴼⵉⵙⵙⵉⵔⴰⵏ ⵉⵋⵋⴰⵏⵢⵏ ⴼⴰⵍ ⴰⵏⵏⵓⵗ ⵏ ⵉⵙⵓⵋ ⴰⵜ ⴰⵆⴷⴰⵎⵏⵢⵏ ⵉ ⵉⴾⵓⵙ ⵏ ⵉⵙⴰⵍⴰⵏ ⵉⵍⴰⵏⵢⵏ ⴰⵍⵎⴰⵗⵏⴰ ⴷⴰⵗ ⴷⴰⵜⴰ ⵜⴰⵏ ⵣⴰⵋⴰⵔⴰⵏ ⵉⴷ ⴱⵔⵓⴶⵔⴰⵎ ⵜⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵢⵗⴰⵔ ⵜⴰⵏ ⵉⵏⴼⵓⵔⵎⴰⵜⵉⵛⵙ
English: It can be used to reason about the entities within that domain and may be used to describe the domain.
Tamasheq: ⴰⴷⴷⵓⴱⴰⵜ ⴰⴷ ⵢⵈⵈⵉⵍ ⵉⴷⴷⵉⵍⵉⵍ ⴼⴰⵍ ⵜⴰⴶⴶⴰⵉⵢⵏ ⴰⵂⴰⵏⵢⵏ ⵢⵣⴰⵔⴰⵋ ⵓⵢⵏ ⵜⵓⵍⴰⵙ ⴰⴷⴷⵓⴱⴰⵜ ⴰⴷ ⵢⵆⴷⴰⵎ ⵉ ⴰⵍⵎⵓⴷ ⵏ ⵙⴰⵎⴰⵍ ⵏ ⵢⵣⴰⵔⴰⵋ ⵓⵢⵏ
English: Traditionally, their work has been with print materials, but these skills are being increasingly used with electronic, visual, audio, and digital materials.
Tamasheq: ⴷⴰⵗ ⴰⵍⴰⵙⴰⵍ, ⴰⵍⵆⵉⴷⵎⴰⵜ ⵏⴰⵙⴰⵏ ⵜⵉⵋⴰ ⴼⴰⵍ ⵉⵙⵓⵋ ⵓⵉ ⵉⵓⴰⵔⵏⵢⵏ ⴰⵍⴾⴰⴷ ⵎⵓⵛⵂⴰⵎ ⵎⵓⵙⵏⴰⵜⵢⵏ ⵜⵉⵏ ⴰⵜ ⴰⵓ ⴰⵆⴷⴰⵎ ⵏⴰⵜ ⵂⵓⵍⵍⴰⵏ ⴷⴰⵗ ⵉⵙⵓⵋ ⵓⵉⵏ ⵢⵍⵢⴾⵜⵔⵓⵏⵉⴾ, ⵓⵉⵏ ⴰⴾⴰⵉⴰⴷ, ⵓⵉⵏ ⵢⵎⴰⵙⵍⵉ ⴷ ⵓⵉⵏ ⴷⵉⴶⵉⵜⴰⵍ
English: Institutionally, information science emerged in the 19th century along with many other social science disciplines.
Tamasheq: ⵉⵙⴰⵍⴰⵏ ⵓⵉⵏ ⵙⵉⴰⵏⵙ ⵉⵣⵋⴰⵔⴰⵏ ⵉⴷ ⴷⴰⵗ ⴰⵓⴰⵜⴰⵉ ⵓⴰⵏ 1900 ⵂⴰⴾ ⵉⴷ ⵎⴰⵋⴰⵍ ⵜⴰⵏ ⵉⵉⵉⴰⴷ ⴰⵋⵋⵓⵜⵏⵢⵏ ⵏ ⵙⵉⵢⵏⵙ ⵙoⵙⵉⴰⵍ
English: In 1731, Benjamin Franklin established the Library Company of Philadelphia, the first library owned by a group of public citizens, which quickly expanded beyond the realm of books and became a center of scientific experiment, and which hosted public exhibitions of scientific experiments.
Tamasheq: ⴷⴰⵗ ⴰⵓⴰⵜⴰⵉ ⵓⴰⵏ 1731, ⴱⵢⵏⵋⴰⵎⵉⵏ ⴼⵔⴰⵏⴾⵍⵉⵏ ⴰⵙⵙⵉⴷⴰⵉ Lⵉⴱⵔⴰⵔⵉ ⵛⵓⵎⴱⴰⵏⵉ ⵜⴰⵏ ⴱⵂⵉⵍⴷⴰⵢⵍⴱⵂⵉⴰ , ⵢⵂⴰⵏ ⵏ ⴰⵍⴾⵉⵜⵜⴰⴱⴰⵏ ⵓⴰ ⵢⵣⵣⴰⵔⴰⵏ ⵜⵉⴾⵔⴰⵛⵂ ⵜⴰⵈⵈⵉⵎⵜ ⵏ ⴰⴷⴷⵉⵏⴰⵜ ⵜ ⴰⵏⴼⴰⵣ -ⴰⵜ ⴷⴰⵗ ⴰⵔⵎⵓⴷ ⵙⵉⵂⵢⵏ ⵉ ⵢⵣⴰⵔⴰⵋ ⵓⴰⵏ ⴰⵍⴾⵉⵜⵜⴰⴱⴰⵏ ⵜⵓⵍⴰⵙ ⵜ ⴰⵈⵈⴰⵍ ⴰⵎⵎⴰⵙ ⵏ ⴰⵎⵉⵉⵉⵣ ⵓⴰⵏ ⵙⵉⵛⵢⵏⵛⵓ ⵜⵓⵍⴰⵙ ⵉⵙⵓⴾⵏⵉ ⵜⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵉⵎⵉⵉⵉⵣⴰⵏ ⵓⵉⵏ ⵙⵛⵉⵓⵏⵛⵢ
English: In 1801, Joseph Marie Jacquard invented a punched card system to control operations of the cloth weaving loom in France.
Tamasheq: ⴷⴰⵗ ⴰⵓⴰⵜⴰⵉ ⵓⴰⵏ 1801, ⵋⵓⵙⵢⴱⵂ ⵎⴰⵔⵉⵢ ⵀⴰⵛⵈⵓⴰⵔⴷ ⵢⵗⵏⴰ ⵉⴷ ⵙⵉⵙⵜⵢⵎ ⵏ ⴾⴰⵔⵜ ⵉ ⴰⵓⵉⴾⴾⴰⵍ ⵏ ⴰⵣⴰⵎⴰⵉ ⵏ ⵉⵎⴰⵍⵙⴰⵏ ⴷⴰⵗ ⴼⵔⴰⵏⵛⴻ
English: By 1843 Richard Hoe developed the rotary press, and in 1844 Samuel Morse sent the first public telegraph message.
Tamasheq: ⵗⵓⵔ ⴰⵓⴰⵜⴰⵉ ⵓⴰⵏ 1843 ⵔⵉⵛⵂⴰⵔⴷ ⵂⵓⵢ ⵉⴾⵏⴰ ⵔⵓⵜⴰⵔⵉ ⴱⵔⵢⵙⵙ ⵜⵓⵍⴰⵙ ⴷⴰⵗ ⴰⵓⴰⵜⵉ ⵓⴰⵏ 1844 ⵙⴰⵎⵓⵢⵍ ⵎⵓⵔⵙⵢⵉⵙⴰⵙⵙⴰⵓⴰⵉ ⵎⵢⵙⴰⵋ ⵏ ⵜⵢⵍⵢⴶⵔⴰⴱⵂ ⵓⴰ ⵢⵣⵣⴰⵔⴰⵏ
English: In 1860 a congress was held at Karlsruhe Technische Hochschule to discuss the feasibility of establishing a systematic and rational nomenclature for chemistry.
Tamasheq: ⴷⴰⵗ ⴰⵓⴰⵜⴰⵉ ⵓⴰⵏ 1860 ⵜⴰⵗⴰⵉⵎⵉⵜ ⵜⵉⵋⵋⴰ ⴷⴰⵗ ⵆⴰⵔⵍⵙⵔⵓⵂⵢⵢⵟⵢⵛⵂⵏⵉⵙⵛⵂⵢ ⵂⵓⵛⵂⵙⵛⵂⵓⵍⵢ ⴼⴰⵍ ⴰⵙⵉⵓⵉⵍ ⵏ ⵜⵓⴷⴰⴱⴰⵜ ⵏ ⵢⴷⵢⵉ ⵏ ⵏⵓⵎⵢⵏⴾⵍⴰⵜⵓⵔ ⵏ ⵛⵉⵎⵉ
English: The following year the Royal Society began publication of its Catalogue of Papers in London.
Tamasheq: ⴰⵓⴰⵜⴰⵉ ⵓⴰⵏ ⵉⵍⴾⴰⵎⴰⵏ ⵔⵓⵉⴰⵍ ⵙⵓⵛⵉⵢⵜⵉ ⵜ ⴰⵙⵉⵏⵜⴰ ⵉⵣⵉⵣⵋⵉⵔⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵛⴰⵜⴰⵍⵓⴶⵓⵢⵢⵓⴼ ⴱⴰⵔⵢⵔⵙ ⴷⴰⵗ ⵍⵓⵏⴷⵔⵢ.
English: Many information science historians cite Paul Otlet and Henri La Fontaine as the fathers of information science with the founding of the International Institute of Bibliography (IIB) in 1895.
Tamasheq: ⵆⵢⵍ ⴰⵜⵜⴰⵔⵢⵆ ⴰⵋⵋⵓⵜⵏⵢⵏ ⵏ ⵉⵙⴰⵍⴰⵏ ⵓⵉⵏ ⵙⵛⵉⵢⵏⵛⵢⵢⴰⵗⵔⴰⵏ ⴱⴰⵓⵍ Oⵜⵍⵢⵜ ⴷ ⵂⵢⵏⵔⵉ ⵍⴰ ⴼⵓⵏⵜⴰⵉⵏⵢ ⵙ ⴰⴱⴱⴰ ⵜⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵉⵙⴰⵍⴰⵏ ⵓⵉⵏ ⵙⵛⵉⵢⵏⵛⵢ ⵗⵓⵔ ⴰⴾⴰⵔⵓⵙ ⵓⴰⵏ ⵉⵏⵜⵢⵔⵏⴰⵜⵉⵓⵏⴰⵍ ⵉⵏⵙⵉⵜⵓⵜⵢ ⵓⴼ ⴱⵉⴱⵍⵉⵓⴶⵔⴰⵂⵉ (ⵉⵉⴱ) ⴷⴰⵗ ⴰⵓⴰⵜⴰⵉ ⵓⴰⵏ 1895
English: Documentalists emphasized the utilitarian integration of technology and technique toward specific social goals.
Tamasheq: ⴷⵓⵛⵓⵎⵢⵏⵜⴰⵍⵉⵙⵜ ⵜⴰⵏ ⴰⵙⵉⵍⵎⴰⴷⴰⵏ ⴼⴰⵍ ⵓⵋⵋⵉⵛⵂ ⵏ ⵜⵢⴾⵏⵓⵍⵓⵋⵉ ⴷ ⵜⵢⴾⵏⵉⴾ ⵏ ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵙⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⴷⵓⵈ
English: Otlet and Lafontaine established numerous organizations dedicated to standardization, bibliography, international associations, and consequently, international cooperation.
Tamasheq: Oⵜⵍⵢⵜ ⴷ ⵍⴰⴼⵓⵏⵜⴰⵉⵏⵢ ⵉⴾⵏⴰⵏ ⵜⴰⴶⴶⴰⵉⵢⵏ ⴰⵋⵋⵓⵜⵏⵢⵏ ⵉⵋⴰⵏⵢⵏ ⵉ ⵜⵓⵗⵉⴷ , ⴱⵉⴱⵍⵉⵓⴶⵔⴰⴼⵉ, ⵜⴰⴶⴶⴰⵉⵢⵏ ⵜⵉⵏ ⵋⵉⵔ ⵉⴾⴰⵍⵍⴰⵏ ⴷ ⴰⵏⴰⵆⴷⴰⵎ ⵏ ⵋⵉⵔ ⴰⴷⴷⴰⵓⵍⴰ ⵜⴰⵏ
English: This collection involved standardized paper sheets and cards filed in custom-designed cabinets according to a hierarchical index (which culled information worldwide from diverse sources) and a commercial information retrieval service (which answered written requests by copying relevant information from index cards).
Tamasheq: ⴰⵙⵉⴷⵓ ⵓⵢⵏ ⵢⵂⴰⵉ ⵙⵜⴰⵏⴷⴰⵔⵉⵣⵢⴷ ⵔⴰⵔⵢⵔ ⵙⵂⵢⵢⵜⵙ ⴷ ⴾⴰⵔⵜⵉ ⵜⴰⵏ ⵉⴷⵏⴰⵉ ⵏⵢⵏ ⴷⴰⵗ ⴱⵉⵔⴰⵓ ⵜⴰⵏ ⴰⵗⵏⴰ ⵏⵢⵏ ⵙ ⴰⵍⴰⵙⴰⵍ ⵙ ⵉⵎⵎⵉⴾ ⵓⴰⵏ ⵂⵉⵢⵔⴰⵔⵛⵂⵉⵛⴰⵍ ⵉⵏⴷⵢⵆ (ⵓⴰ ⵉⵎⵎⴰⵙⴰⵏ ⵉⵙⴰⵍⴰⵏ ⴷⴰⵗ ⴰⵍⵗⴰⵍⵉⵎ ⵏ ⴰⵍⵎⴰⵙⴷⴰⵔ ⵜⴰⵏ ⴰⵋⵋⵓⵜⵏⵢⵏ) ⴷ ⵙⴰⵔⵓⵉⵙ ⵓⴰⵏ ⴰⵙⵉⴷⵓ ⵏ ⵉⵙⴰⵍⴰⵏ ⵓⵉⵏ ⵎⴰⵎⴰⵍⴰ (ⵢⵂⴰⴾ ⵉⵏ ⴰⵍⵓⴰⵣⴰⴱ ⵉⵙⵉⵙⵜⴰⵏⴰⵏ ⵉⴾⵜⴰⴱ ⵏⵢⵏ ⵙ ⴰⵙⵉⴶⴱⴰⵔ ⵏ ⵉⵙⴰⵍⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵉⵏⴷⵢⵆ ⵛⴰⵔⴷⵙ)
English: Additionally, traditional boundaries among disciplines began to fade and many information science scholars joined with other programs.
Tamasheq: ⴰⵍⵆⴰⴷⵓⴷⴰⵏ ⵓⵉⵏ ⴰⵍⴰⵙⴰⵍ ⵋⵉⵔ ⵎⴰⵋⴰⵍ ⵜⴰⵏ ⵉⵙⵙⵉⵏⵜⴰⵏ ⴰⵙ ⵉⴱⴰⵏ ⵉⵏⴼⴰⵏ ⵂⴰⵔⴰⵜ ⵜⵓⵍⴰⵙ ⵉⵙⴰⵍⴰⵏ ⴰⵋⵋⵓⵜⵏⵢⵏ ⵏ ⵉⵎⴰⵗⵔⴰⵏ ⵓⵉⵏ ⵙⵛⵉⵢⵏⵛⵢ ⵉⵋⵋⴰⵛⵂⴰⵏ ⵔⵔⵓⴶⵔⴰⵎ ⵜⴰⵏ ⵜⵉⵉⵉⴰⴷ
English: The 1980s also saw the emergence of numerous special interest groups to respond to the changes.
Tamasheq: ⴰⵓⴰⵜⴰⵉ ⵓⴰⵏ 1980 ⵉⵎⴰⵍ ⵜⵉ ⵢⴼⵢⵙ ⵏ ⵜⴰⴰⵈⵈⵉⵎⵢⵏ ⵏ ⴰⴼⵓⵔ ⴰⵋⵋⵓⵜⵏⵢⵏ ⵉ ⴰⵍⵓⴰⵣⴰⴱ ⵏ ⵉⵎⵓⵜⵜⵉⵉⴰⵏ
English: Zhang, B., Semenov, A., Vos, M. and Veijlainen, J. (2014).
Tamasheq: ⵌⵂⴰⵏⴶ. ⴱ, ⵙⵢⵎⵢⵏⵓⴱ, ⴰ. ⴱⵓⵙ ? ⴷ ⴱⵢⵉⵋⵍⴰⵉⵏⵢⵏ, ⵋ (2014)
English: Sharing through social media has become so influential that publishers must "play nice" if they desire to succeed.
Tamasheq: “ ⵜⵓⵣⴰⵏⵜ ⵙ ⵙⵓⵛⵉⴰⵍ ⵎⵢⴷⵉⴰ ⵢⵈⵈⴰⵎ ⴰ ⴰⵙⵙⵓⵂⵢⵏ ⵂⴰⵔ ⴱⵓⴱⵍⵉⵙⵂⵢⵔ ⵜⴰⵏ ⵉⵍⵣⴰⵎ ⵜⴰⵏ “”ⴷⴰⵍⵍⵓⵍ ⵓⵍⴰⵗⴰⵏ” ⴰ ⴼⴰⵍ ⴰⴷⵢⵔⵂⴰⵏⴰⵏ ⴰⵔⴰⴱⴰⵆ”
English: It is for this reason that these networks have been realized for the potential they provide. "
Tamasheq: “ ⴼⴰⵍ ⴰⴷⴷⵉⵍⵉⵍ ⵓⵢⵏ ⴰⵙ ⵔⵢⵣⵓ ⵜⴰⵏ ⴰⵗⵏⴰⵏ ⴼⴰⵍ ⴰⵙⵙⴰⵂⴰⵜ ⵜⴰ ⵂⴰⴾ ⵉⵏ”””
English: What about assigning privileges and restricting access to unauthorized users?
Tamasheq: ⵉⵏⴷⵢⴾ ⴰⵓⴰ ⴰ ⴼⴰⵍ ⵉⵋⵔⴰⵓⴰⵏ ⴰⴷⴷⵉⵏⴰⵜ ⵉⵉⵉⴰⴷ ⵙⵢⵎⵗⴰⵔⴰⵏ ⴷ ⴰⴶⴷⵓⵍ ⵏ ⵉⵋⵋⵓⵛⵂ ⵉ ⵓⵙⵢⵔ ⵜⴰⵏ ⵓⴰⵔ ⵏ ⵉⵋⵔⵢⵓ ⵜⵓⵔⵂⴰⵋⴰⵜ?
English: It is an emerging discipline and community of practice focused on bringing together principles of design and architecture to the digital landscape.
Tamasheq: ⵜⴰⵈⵈⴰⵍ ⵎⴰⵋⴰⵍ ⵉⴷ ⵜⵉⵣⴰⵋⴰⵔⴰⵜ ⴷ ⴰⵍⵋⴰⵎⴰⵗⴰⵜ ⵏ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵛⵂⵗⵓⵍⵜ ⵜⵉⵋⴰⵜ ⴼⴰⵍ ⴰⵙⵉⵔⵜⴰⵉ ⵏ ⵜⵉⵙⵉⵜⵜⵉⵗⵂⴰⵍ ⵏ ⵓⵗⵏⴰ ⴷ ⵢⴷⵢⵉ ⵙ ⴷⵉⴶⵉⵜⴰⵍ ⵍⴰⵏⴷⵙⵛⴰⵔⵢ
English: Automated information retrieval systems are used to reduce what has been called "information overload".
Tamasheq: “ ⵙⵉⵙⵜⵢⵎ ⵜⴰⵏ ⵏ ⴰⵙⵉⴷⵓ ⵉⵙⴰⵍⴰⵏ ⵓⵉⵏ ⵉⵎⴰⵏ ⵏⴰⵙⴰⵏ ⴰⵜ- ⵓ-ⴰⵆⴷⴰⵎⴰⵏ ⵉ ⴰⴼⴰⵏⴰⵣ ⵏ ⴰ-ⵓⴰ ⵙ ⵉⵜⴰⵓⴰⵏ “”ⴰⵣⵓⴾ ⵏ ⵉⵙⴰⵍⴰⵏ”
English: An information retrieval process begins when a user enters a query into the system.
Tamasheq: ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵜⵉⴾⵓⴰⵉⵜ ⵏ ⴰⵙⵉⴷⵓ ⵏ ⵉⵙⴰⵍⴰⵏ ⵜⵉⵙⵙⵉⵏⵜⴰ ⴰⵍⵓⴰⵈ ⵓⴰ ⵉⴷ ⵓⵙⵢⵔ ⴰⵣⵓⵋⴰⵛⵂ ⴰⵙⵉⵙⵜⴰⵏ ⴷⴰⵗ ⵙⵉⵙⵜⵢⵎ
English: Instead, several objects may match the query, perhaps with different degrees of relevancy.
Tamasheq: ⵂⴰⵔⴰⵜⴰⵏ ⴰⵋⵋⵓⵜⵏⵢⵏ ⴰⴷⴷⵓⴱⵢⵏ ⴰⴷ ⴰⵍⴰⵂⴰⵏ ⵉⴷ ⴰⵙⵉⵙⵜⴰⵏ , ⵢⵂⴰⵎⵉⵛⵂ ⵙ ⵉⴷⴷⵉⴾⵓⴷ ⵜⴰⵏ ⵉⵣⵍⴰⵉⵏⵢⵏ ⵏ ⴰⵈⵈⵓⴷⴰ
English: Depending on the application the data objects may be, for example, text documents, images, audio, mind maps or videos.
Tamasheq: Iⵍⴾⴰⵎⴰⵏ ⵉ ⴰⴱⵍⵉⴾⴰⵙⵉⵓⵏ , ⵂⴰⵔⴰⵜⴰⵏ ⵓⵉⵏ ⴷⴰⵜⴰ ⴰⴷⴷⵓⴱⵢⵏ ⴷⴰⵗ ⴰⵍⵎⵉⵜⴰⵍ ⴰⴷ ⴰⵈⵈⵉⵍⴰⵏ ⵉⵍⴾⴰⴷⴰⵏ, ⵜⴰⵍⵉⵓⵢⵏ,ⵢⵎⴰⵙⵍⵉ, ⴾⴰⵔⵜⵉ ⵜⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵜⴰ-ⵉⵜⵢ ⵎⵢⵗ ⴱⵉⴷⵢⵉⵓ ⵜⴰⵏ
English: Information seeking is related to, but different from, information retrieval (IR).
Tamasheq: ⵉⵉⵓⵔ ⵏ ⵉⵙⴰⵍⴰⵏ ⵓⵔⴰⴾ ⴰⵙⵉⴷⵓ ⵏ ⵉⵙⴰⵍⴰⵏ ⴾⵓⴷⴷⵢⵗ ⴰⵙ ⴰⵏⵎⴰⵣⵍⴰⵉⴰⵏ (Iⵔ)
English: Logic is used to supply formal semantics of how reasoning functions should be applied to the symbols in the KR system.
Tamasheq: ⵎⴰⵏⵜⵉⵈ ⵢⵆⴷⴰⵎ ⵉⵂⵓⴾ ⵏ ⴼⵓⵔⵎⴰⵍ ⵙⵢⵎⴰⵏⵜⵉⵛⵙ ⵏ ⵉⵎⵎⵉⴾ ⵓⴰ ⵙ ⵜⵉⵎⴰⵛⵂⵗⵓⵍⵢⵏ ⵉⵍⵣⴰⵎ ⴰⴷ ⴰⵙⴰⵆⴷⴰⵎ ⵏⴰⵙⵏⴰⵜ ⵉ ⵔⴰⵎⵙ ⵜⴰⵏ ⴷⴰⵗ ⵙⵉⵙⵜⵢⵎ ⵓⴰⵏ ⵆⵔ
English: It was also a common belief that natural disasters such as famine and flood were divine retributions bearing signs of Heaven's displeasure with the ruler, so there would often be revolts following major disasters as the people saw these calamities as signs that the Mandate of Heaven had been withdrawn.
Tamasheq: ⴷⵈⵈⴰⵍ ⵎⵢⴷⵔⴰⵏ ⵓⵂⴰⵔⴰⵏ ⵏ ⴰⵙ ⴰⵍⴱⴰⵏⴰ ⵜⴰⵏ ⵛⵂⵓⵏⴷ ⵎⴰⵏⵏⴰ ⴷ ⴰⵏⵋⵉ ⴰⵈⵈⴰⵍⴰⵏ ⵜⵉⵎⵣⴰⵍ ⵏ ⴰⵍⵆⴰⵍⴰⴾ ⴰⵂⴰⵏⴰⵜ ⵜⵉⵎⵜⴰⵔ ⵏ ⵉⴱⴰⵏ ⵜⵉⴷⴰⵓⵉⵜ ⵏ ⴰⵍⵣⴰⵏⵏⴰⵜ ⴼⴰⵍ ⴰⵎⴰⵏⵓⴾⴰⵍ ,ⴷⴰⵗ ⴰⵓⵢⵏ ⴰ ⵜⵉ ⵉⵎⵉⵍ ⵏⴰⵜ ⵜⵉⵏⴰⴾⵔⵉⵓⵢⵏ ⵉⵍⴾⴰⵎ ⵏⵢⵏ ⵉ ⴰⵍⴱⴰⵏⴰ ⵜⴰⵏ ⵎⴰⵈⵈⵓⵔⵏⵢⵏ ⴼⴰⵍ ⴰⵙ ⴰⴷⴷⵉⵏⴰⵜ ⵉⵋⵋⴰ ⵗⵓⵔ ⵙⴰⵏ ⴰⵙ ⴰⵍⴱⴰⵏⴰ ⵜⴰⵏ ⵓⵉⵏ ⴰⵎⵓⵙⴰⵏ ⵜⵉⵎⵜⴰⵔ ⵏ ⴰⵙ ⵎⴰⵏⴷⴰⵜⵢ ⵓⴼ ⵂⴰⴱⵢⴰⵏ ⴰⵜ-ⵓ-ⴰⵔⴾⴰⴱ
English: The concept is in some ways similar to the European concept of the divine right of kings; however, unlike the European concept, it does not confer an unconditional right to rule.
Tamasheq: ⵜⵉⴼⵢⵔⵜ ⵜ ⵓⵍⴰⵂ ⵙ ⵉⵂⴰⵏⴷⴰⴶⴰⵏ ⵉⵉⵉⴰⴷ ⵉⴷ ⵜⵉⴼⵢⵔⵜ ⵜⴰⵏ ⵢⵔⵓⴱⴰ ⵏ ⴰⵍⵆⴰⵈ ⵓⴰⵏ ⴰⵍⵎⴰⵍⵉⴾ ⵜⴰⵏ, ⴰ ⵉⵣⵍⴰⵉⴰⵏ ⵉⴷ ⵜⵉⴼⵢⵔⵜ ⵜⴰⵏ ⵆⵢⵍ Eⵔⵓⴱⴰ, ⵓⴰⵔ ⵂⴰⴾ ⴰⵍⵆⴰⵈ ⵉ ⴰⵆⴰⴾⴰⵎ ⵙ ⵉⴱⴰⵏ ⵉⴷⴷⵉⵍⵉⵍⴰⵏ
English: The Mandate of Heaven was often invoked by philosophers and scholars in China as a way to curtail the abuse of power by the ruler, in a system that had few other checks.
Tamasheq: ⵜⵂⵢ ⵎⴰⵏⴷⴰⵜⵢ ⵓⴼ ⵂⵢⴰvⵢⵏ ⵗⴰⵔⵔⵉⵏ ⵜⵉ ⴼⵉⵍⵓⵣⵓⴼ ⵜⴰⵏ ⴷ ⵉⵎⴰⵗⵔⴰⵏ ⴰⵍⵓⴰⵈ ⵉⵉⵉⴰⵏ ⴷⴰⵗ ⵛⵂⵉⵏⵢⵢⵛⵂⵓⵏⴷ ⵉⵎⵎⵉⴾ ⵏ ⴰⴼⴰⵏⴰⵣ ⵏ ⵜⴰⵏⴰⵉⴰ ⵏ ⴰⵎⴰⵏⵓⴾⴰⵍ ⵜⵓⴾⴰⵉⴰⵜ ⴰⵎⴰⴾⵓ ⴷⴰⵗ ⵙⵉⵙⵜⵢⵎ ⵉⵍⴰⵏ ⵂⴰⵔⴰⵜ ⵏ ⵛⵂⵢⵛⴾⵙ ⵜⴰⵏ ⵉⵉⵉⴰⴷ
English: Notably, the dynasty lasted for a considerable time during which 31 kings ruled over an extended period of 17 generations.
Tamasheq: ⵙⵉⵍⴰⵍⴰⵜ ⵜⵉⵋⴰ ⴰⵣⵣⴰⵎⴰⵏ ⴰⵋⵋⵢⵏ ⴷⴰⵗ ⴰⵏⵎⴰⵛⵂⵔⴰⵉⴰⵏ 31 ⵏ ⴰⵍⵎⴰⵍⵉⴾ ⵜⴰⵏⴰⵉⴰ ⴷⴰⵗ 17 ⵏ ⵋⵉⵍ ⵜⴰⵏ
English: As time went on, however, the rulers' abuse of the other social classes led to social unrest and instability.
Tamasheq: ⵆⵓⴷⴷⵢⵗ ⴰⵙ ⵉⵜⵉⴾⵉ ⴰⵣⵣⴰⵎⴰⵏ,ⵉⴱⴰⵏ ⵜⵉⴶⴷⴰⵂⵜ ⴷⴰⵗ ⴰⵛⵂⴰⵔⵢⵗⴰ ⵏ ⴰⵎⴰⵏⵓⴾⴰ ⴼⴰⵍ ⵜⵉⵍⴰⵈⵈⴰⵓⵢⵏ ⵜⵉ ⵉⴰⴷⵏⵢⵏ ⵢⵔⴰⵓ ⵉⴷ ⵜⵉⵏⴰⴾⵔⵉⵓⵢⵏ ⵏ ⴰⴷⴷⵉⵏⴰⵜ ⴷ ⵉⴱⴰⵏ ⵜⵉⵣⴶⴰⵓⵜ
English: They created the Mandate of Heaven to explain their right to assume rule and presumed that the only way to hold the mandate was to rule well in the eyes of Heaven.
Tamasheq: ⴰⵗⵏⴰⵏ ⵉⴷ ⵎⴰⵏⴷⴰⵜⵢ ⵓⴼ ⵂⵢⴰvⵢⵏ ⵉ ⴰⵙⵉⴼⵂⴰⵎ ⵏ ⴰⵍⵆⴰⵈ ⵏⴰⵙⴰⵏ ⵏ ⴰⵆⴰⴾⴰⵎ ⵜⵓⵍⴰⵙ ⵓⵔⴷⴰⵏ ⴰⵙ ⴰⴱⴰⵔⴰ ⵓⴰⵏ ⵉⵉⵉⴰⵏ ⵗⴰⵙ ⵉ ⴰⴾⴰⵔⴰⵛⵂ ⵏ ⵎⴰⵏⴷⴰⵜⵢ ⴰⵎⵓⵙ ⴰⵆⴰⴾⴰⵎ ⵓⵍⴰⵗⴰⵏ ⵉ ⴰⵎⴰⵆⵍⴰⴾ
English: However, in order to appease some of the citizens, they allowed some Shang beneficiaries to continue governing their small kingdoms in compliance with Zhou rules and regulations.
Tamasheq: ⵉⴰⵙⵉⵙⵎⴰⴷ ⵏ ⴰⴷⴷⵉⵏⴰⵜ ⵉⵉⵉⴰⴷ, ⵉⴾⴼⴰⵏ ⵜⵓⵔⵂⴰⵋⴰⵜ ⵉ ⵎⵓⵙⵜⴰⴼⵉⴷ ⵜⴰⵏ ⵓⵉⵏ ⵙⵂⴰⵏⴶ ⵉ ⴰⵆⴰⴾⴰⵎ ⵉⵋⵍⴰⵏ ⵏ ⴰⵍⵎⴰⵍⵉⴾⵉⵉⴰ ⵜⴰⵏ ⵎⴰⴷⵔⵓⵉⵏⵢⵏ ⴷⴰⵗ ⵍⴰⴾⴾⵓⵎⴰⵜ ⵏ ⴰⵛⵂⴰⵔⵢⵗⴰ ⵓⵉⵏ ⵌⵂⵓⵓ
English: They also excelled in shipbuilding, which, coupled with their discovery of celestial navigation, made them excellent mariners.
Tamasheq: ⵉⴾⵏⴰⵏ ⵎⵉⵍⵗⴰⵓ ⴷⴰⵗ ⴰⴾⴰⵔⵓⵙ ⴼⴰⵍ ⴰⵎⴰⵏ ,ⵢⵔⵜⴰⵉⴰⵏ ⵉⴷ ⴰⵙⴰⴼⵓⴾⴾⴰⵔ ⵏⴰⵙⴰⵏ ⵉ ⵛⵢⵍⵢⵙⵜⵉⴰⵍ ⵏⴰvⵉⴶⴰⵜⵉⵓⵏ,ⵉⵋⵋⴰⵏ ⵜⴰⵏ ⵉⵎⴰⵙⵙⵓⴾⴰⵍ ⵓⵍⴰⵗⵏⵢⵏ ⴼⴰⵍ ⴰⵎⴰⵏ
English: Most of these works are commentaries on the progress and political movement of the dynasty.
Tamasheq: ⴰⵋⵋⵢⵏ ⴷⴰⵗ ⴰⵍⵆⵉⴷⵎⴰⵜⵢⵏ ⵜⵉⵏ ⴰⵎⵓⵙⴰⵏ ⴰⵍⵎⵉⵜⴰⵍ ⵜⴰⵏ ⴼⴰⵍ ⵉⴾⵉ ⵏ ⵙ ⴷⴰⵜⴰ ⴷ ⴰⵎⴰⵜⵉⴾⵓⴰⵉ ⵏ ⴼⵓⵍⵉⵜⵉⴾ ⵓⴰⵏ ⵙⵉⵍⴰⵍⴰⵜ
English: Their works primarily stressed the importance of the ruling class, respect, and their relationship with the lower class.
Tamasheq: ⴰⵍⵆⵉⴷⵎⴰⵜⵢⵏ ⵏⴰⵙⴰⵏ ⴰⵙⵉⵍⵎⴰⴷ ⵏⴰⵜ ⴼⴰⵍ ⵜⵉⵏⴼⴰ ⵏ ⵉⵎⵓⵣⴰⵔⴰⵏ , ⵙⵢⵎⵗⴰⵔ ⴷ ⴰⵂⴰⵔⵓⵋ ⵏⴰⵙⴰⵏ ⵉⴷ ⵜⵉⵍⴰⵈⵈⴰⵓⵢⵏ
English: Within these districts were administrators who were appointed by the government, in return, they had to maintain their allegiance to the main internal government.
Tamasheq: ⴷⴰⵗ ⵜⵉⵗⴰⵔⵎⴰⵜⵢⵏ ⵜⵉⵏ ⵉⵎⴰⵏⵏⴰⵗⴰⴼⴰⵏ ⵓⵉ ⵉⵜⴾⴰⵍ ⴰⵍⵆⴰⴾⵓⵎ ,ⵉⵍⵣⴰⵎ ⵜⴰⵏ ⵉⵆⵍⴰⵙ ⵉ ⴰⵍⵆⴰⴾⵓⵎ ⵓⴰⵏ ⴰⵎⵎⴰⵙ
English: Finally, when the Zhou dynasty's power decreased, it was wiped out by the State of Qin, which believed that the Zhou had become weak and their rule unjust.
Tamasheq: ⴰⵍⵓⴰⵈ ⵓⴰ ⵉⴷ ⵜⴰⵏⴰⵉⴰ ⵜⴰⵏ ⵙⵉⵍⴰⵍⴰⵜ ⵜⴰⵏ ⵌⵂⵓⵓ ⵜⵉⴼⵏⴰⵣ, ⵉⵎⴰⵙ ⵜⴰⵜ ⵉⵏ ⵔⵉⵏ ⵓⵔⴷⴰⵏ ⴰⵙ ⵌⵂⵓⵓ ⵉⴱⴰⵙ ⵜⵉ ⵂⴰ ⴰⵙⵙⴰⵂⴰⵜ ⵜⵓⵍⴰⵙ ⴰⵆⴰⴾⴰⵎ ⵏⵢⵜ ⵓⴰⵔ ⵉⵍⴾⵢⵎ ⵉ ⴰⵛⵂⴰⵔⵢⵗⴰ
English: During this reformation, administrative changes were made and a system of legalism was developed which stated that the law is supreme over every individual, including the rulers.
Tamasheq: ⴰⵣⵣⴰⵎⴰⵏ ⵓⴰⵏ ⵔⵢⴼⵓⵔⵎⴰⵜⵉⵓⵏ, ⵉⵎⵓⵜⵉⵉⴰⵏ ⵉⵋⵋⴰⵏ ⵜⵓⵍⴰⵙ ⵙⵉⵙⵜⵢⵎ ⵏ ⵍⵢⴶⴰⵍⵉⵙⵎ ⵢⵗⵏⴰ,ⴰⵍⵍⴰⵗⴰⵜ ⴰⵙ ⴰⵛⵂⴰⵔⵢⵗⴰ ⵜⵓⵋⵋⴰⵔ ⴰⵓⴰⴷⵉⵎ ⴼⵓⴾ ⵂⴰⴾ ⵉⴷ ⵉⵎⴰⵏⵓⴾⴰⵍⴰⵏ
English: The establishment of the Han dynasty marked a great period in China’s history marked by significant changes in the political structure of the country.
Tamasheq: ⴰⴾⴰⵔⵓⵙ ⵓⴰⵏ ⵙⵉⵍⴰⵍⴰⵜ ⵜⴰⵏ ⵂⴰⵏ ⴰⵎⵓⵙ ⴰⵣⵣⴰⵎⴰⵏ ⵎⴰⵈⵈⵓⵔⴰⵏ ⴷⴰⵗ ⴰⵜⵜⴰⵔⵢⵆ ⵓⴰⵏ ⵛⵂⵉⵏⵢ ⵉⵋⵋⴰⵏ ⵉⵎⵓⵜⵉⵉⴰⵏ ⵎⴰⵈⵈⵓⵔⵏⵢⵏ ⵙⵉⵂⴰ ⵙ ⵜⴰⵔⵔⴰⵉⵜ ⵜⴰⵏ ⴼⵓⵍⵉⵜⵉⴾ ⵏ ⴰⴷⴷⴰⵓⵍⴰ
English: A major purpose was to establish justification for the transference of the Mandate of Heaven through these five dynasties and thus to the Song dynasty.
Tamasheq: ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵙ ⵎⴰⵈⵈⵓⵔⴰⵏ ⴰⵎⵓⵙ ⵢⴷⵢⵉ ⵏ ⴰⵙⵉⴷⵉⵜⵜⵓ ⵏ ⴰⵙⵉⵙⵙⵉⵓⵉ ⵏ ⵎⴰⵏⴷⴰⵜⵢ ⵓⴼ ⵂⵢⴰvⵢⵏ ⵙ ⵙⴰⵎⵎⵓⵙⴰⵜ ⵙⵉⵍⴰⵍⴰⵜ ⵜⴰⵏ ⵜⵓⵍⴰⵙ ⵙ ⵙⵉⵍⴰⵍⴰⵜ ⵜⴰⵏ ⵙⵓⵏⴶ
English: They also held considerably more territory than any of the other Chinese states that had existed conterminously in the south.
Tamasheq: ⵉⴾⵔⴰⵛⵂⴰⵏ ⵜⵓⵍⴰⵙ ⴰⴾⴰⵍ ⵓⵋⵋⴰⵔⴰⵏ ⵂⵓⵍⵍⴰⵏ ⵓⴰⵏ ⴰⴷⴷⴰⵓⵍⴰ ⵜⴰⵏ ⴼⵓⴾ ⵜ ⵉⵉⵉⴰⴷ ⵏ ⵛⵂⵉⵏⵢ ⵙ ⴾⴰⵍⴰ ⵜⵉ ⵉⵍⵍⴰⵏⴰⵜ ⴷⴰⵗ ⵢⵎⴰⵉⵏⴰⵋ
English: The brutal behavior of Zhu Wen and the Later Liang was a source of considerable embarrassment, and thus there was pressure to exclude them from the Mandate.
Tamasheq: ⴰⵍⵆⴰⵍ ⵓⴰ ⵙⴰⵎⵓⵎⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵌⵂⵓ ⵓⵢⵏ ⴷ ⴷⴰⵔⴰⵜ ⴰⵓⴰ ⵍⵉⴰⵏⴶ ⴰⵎⵓⵙ ⵉⴷⴷⵉⵍⵉⵍ ⵏ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵗⴰⵜⵢⵔⵜ ⵎⴰⵈⵈⵓⵔⴰⵜ ⵜⵓⵍⴰⵙ ⵜⵉⵎⴰⵍ ⵜⵉ ⵜⴰⵣⴰⴶⵉⵜ ⵉ ⴰⵙⴾⵓⵜ ⵏⴰⵙⴰⵏ ⴷⴰⵗ ⵎⴰ,ⴷⴰⵜⵢ
English: However, Kublai Khan was the only indifferent ruler when he claimed the Mandate of Heaven over the Yuan Dynasty since he had a sizable military and was part of the Khitan people, as with many others from the same background since they did not have the same traditions and culture as their Chinese adversaries.
Tamasheq: ⵆⵓⴱⵍⴰⵉ ⵆⵂⴰⵏ ⴰⵎⵓⵙ ⴰⵎⴰⵏⵓⴾⴰⵍ ⵓⴰⵏ ⵉⵉⵉⴰⵏ ⴰⵏⵎⴰⵣⵍⴰⵉⴰⵏ ⴰⵍⵓⴰⵈ ⵓⴰ ⵉⴷ ⴰⵎⴰⵋⵔⴰⴷ ⵙ ⵎⴰⵏⴷⴰⵜⵢ ⵓⴼ ⵂⵢⴰⴱⵢⵏ ⴼⴰⵍ ⵙⵉⵍⴰⵍⴰⵜ ⵜⴰⵏ ⵗⵓⴰⵏ ⴼⴰⵍ ⴰⵙ ⵉⵍⴰ ⵎⵉⵍⵉⵜⵢⵔ ⵜⵓⵍⴰⵙ ⴰⵎⵓⵙ ⵉⵉⵉⴰⵏ ⴷⴰⵗ ⴰⴷⴷⵉⵏⴰⵜ ⵓⵉⵏ ⵆⵂⵉⵜⴰⵏ ⵛⵂⵓⵏⴷ ⵉⵉⵉⴰⴷ ⴰⵋⵋⵓⵜⵏⵢⵏ ⵏ ⵢⴷⴰⴶ ⵓⵍⴰⵂⴰⵏ ⴼⴰⵍ ⴰⵙ ⵓⴰⵔ ⵓⵍⴰⵂⴰⵏ ⵜⵓⵎⴰⵙⵢⵏ ⴷ ⴰⴶⵏⴰ ⵜⴰⵏ ⵛⵂⵓⵏⴷ ⵆⴰⵙⴰⵎ ⵜⴰⵏ ⵏⴰⵙⴰⵏ ⵓⵉⵏ ⵛⵂⵉⵏⵢ
English: It was solely politics from beginning to end and an attempt from the emperor to maintain a favorable act towards Heaven.
Tamasheq: ⴰⵎⵓⵙ ⴼⵓⵍⵉⵜⵉⴾ ⵗⴰⵙ ⵗⵓⵔ ⴰⵙⵉⵏⵜⵉ ⵂⴰⵔ ⴰⵎⵉⵏⴷⵉ ⵏⵢⵜ ⵜⵓⵍⴰⵙ ⵢⵔⵢⵎ ⵏ ⴰⵍⵎⴰⵍⵉⴾ ⵉ ⴰⴶ-ⴰⵣ ⵏ ⵂⴰⵔⴰⵜ ⵉⵏⴼⴰⵏ ⵙ ⴰⵍⵣⴰⵏⵏⴰⵜ
English: The Right of Rebellion is not coded into any official law.
Tamasheq: ⴰⵍⵆⴰⵈ ⵓⴰⵏ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵔⵓⴷ ⵓⴰⵔ ⴰⴾⴾⵓⴷⴰⵜ ⴷⴰⵗ ⴰⵛⵂⴰⵔⵢⵗⴰ ⴼⵓⴾ ⵏ ⴰⵍⵆⴰⴾⵓⵎ
English: Since the winner is the one who determines who has obtained the Mandate of Heaven and who has lost it, some Chinese scholars consider it to be a sort of Victor's justice, best characterized in the popular Chinese saying "The winner becomes king, the loser becomes outlaw" (Chinese: “成者爲王，敗者爲寇”).
Tamasheq: “ Iⵛⵂⵎⴰⴷ ⵓⴰ ⵓⵔⵏⴰⵏ ⴰⵎⵓⵙ ⵓⴰ ⵉⵜⴰⵙⵙⴰⵏⴰⵏ ⵎⵉ ⵉⵋⵔⴰⵓⴰⵏ ⵎⴰⵏⴷⴰⵜⵢ ⵓⴼ ⵂⵢⴰⴱⵓⵏ ⵜⵓⵍⴰⵙ ⵎⵉ ⴼⴰⵍ ⵉⵜ ⴰⴱⴰ, ⵉⵎⴰⵗⵔⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵛⵂⵉⵏⵢⵉⵉⵉⴰⴷ ⵉⵋⵋⴰ ⵗⵓⵔ ⵙⴰⵏ ⴰⵙ ⴰⵎⵓⵙ ⴱⵉⵛⵜⵓⵔ’ⵙ ⵋⵓⵙⵜⵉⵛⵢ, ⵉⵋⵋⴰ ⵙⴰⵎⴰⵍ ⵓⵍⴰⵗⴰⵏ ⴷⴰⵗ ⵜⵉⵏⵏⴰ ⵜⴰⵏ ⵛⵂⵉⵏⵢ “”ⴼⴰ-ⵉⵣ ⵉ ⵜⴰⵈⵈⴰⵍ ⴰⵍⵎⴰⵍⵉⴾ, ⵆⴰⵙⵉⵔⵓ ⵉ ⵜⴰⵈⵈⴰⵍ ⴰⵏⵙⵋⴰⴼⴰ””” (ⵛⵂⵉⵏⵢⵙⵢ: “成者爲王，敗者爲寇”)."
English: The kingdom of Silla is also said to be adopted the Mandate of Heaven, but the earliest records are from Joseon Dynasty, which made the Mandate of Heaven an enduring state ideology.
Tamasheq: ⵃⴰⵍⵎⴰⵍⵉⴾⵉⵉⴰⵜ ⵜⴰⵏ ⵙⵉⵍⵍⴰ ⴰⵜ ⵓ ⴰⵍⵍⴰⵗⴰⵜ ⴰⵙ ⵉⵏⵜⴰ ⴷⵢⵗ ⵜⵉⵋⵋⴰ ⵓⵓⵜⵢ ⵉ ⵎⴰⵏⴷⴰⵜⵢ ⵓⴼ ⵂⵢⴰⴱⵓⵏ ⵎⵓⵛⵂⴰⵎ ⵉⵗⴰⵣⴰⵏⴰⵏ ⵓⵉ ⴰⵣⵣⴰⵔⵏⵢⵏ ⴰⵎⵓⵙⴰⵏ ⵙⵉⵍⴰⵍⴰⵜ ⵜⴰⵏ ⵋⵓⵙⵢⵓⵏ ⵜⵉⵋⴰⵜ ⵎⴰⵏⴷⴰⵜⵢⵢⵓⴼ ⵂⵢⴰⴱⵓⵏ ⴰⵏⴰⵙⵋⵓⵎ ⵏ ⴰⴷⴷⴰⵓⵍⴰ
English: The later and more centralized Vietnamese dynasties adopted Confucianism as the state ideology, which led to the creation of a Vietnamese tributary system in Southeast Asia that was modeled after the Chinese Sinocentric system in East Asia.
Tamasheq: ⵙⵉⵍⴰⵍⴰⵜ ⵜⴰⵏ ⵏ ⴱⵉⵢⵜⵏⴰⵎ ⵜⵉⵏ ⵓⵛⵂⵔⴰⵉ ⴷ ⵜⵉ ⴰⵂⴰⵏⵢⵏ ⴰⵎⵎⴰⵙ ⵂⵓⵍⵍⴰⵏ ⴰⵜⴾⴰⵍ ⵏⴰⵜ ⵛⵓⵏⴼⵓⵛⵉⴰⵏⵉⵙⵎ ⵛⵂⵓⵏⴷ ⴰⵏⴰⵙⵋⵓⵎ ⵓⴰⵏ ⴰⴷⴷⴰⵓⵍⴰ ⵉⴷ ⵢⵔⴰⵓⴰⵏ ⵢⵗⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵙⵉⵙⵜⵢⵎ ⵓⴰⵏ ⴱⵉⵢⵜⵏⴰⵎ ⴷⴰⵗ ⴰⵙⵉⴰ ⵜⴰⵏ ⵢⵎⴰⵉⵏⴰⵋ ⴷⴰⵗ ⴰⵍⵈⵉⴱⵍⴰⵜ ⵓⴰ ⵢⵈⵈⴰⵍ ⴷⵓⵎⵓ ⴷⴰⵔⴰⵜ ⵙⵉⵏⵓⵛⵢⵏⵜⵔⵉⵛ ⵙⵉⵙⵜⵢⵎ ⵓⴰⵏ ⵛⵂⵉⵏⵢ ⴷⴰⵗ ⴰⵙⵉⴰ ⵜⴰⵏ ⴰⵍⵈⵉⴱⵍⴰⵜ
English: In later times, this need was obviated because the Imperial House of Japan claimed to be descended in an unbroken line from the Japanese sun goddess, Amaterasu.
Tamasheq: ⴷⴰⵗ ⴰⵣⵣⴰⵎⴰⵏ ⵓⴰⵏ ⵓⵛⵂⵔⴰⵉ, ⴷⴻⵔⵂⴰⵏ ⵓⴻⵏ ⴰⵜⵓⴰⵉⵉⴰ ⴼⴰⵍ ⴰⵙ Iⵎⴱⵢⵔⵉⴰⵍ ⵂⵓⵓⵙⵢ ⵓⴰⵏ ⵋⴰⴱⵓⵏ ⴰⵍⵍⴰⵗⴰⵜ ⴰⵙ ⴰⵣⵣⵓⴱⴰⵜ ⵉⴷ ⴷⴰⵗ ⵉⵉⴰⴾⴰ ⵓⴰⵔ ⵏ ⴰⵔⵔⵉⵣ ⵏ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵆⵍⴰⴾ ⵜⴰⵏ ⵜⴰⴼⵓⴾⵜ, ⴰⵎⴰⵜⵢⵔⴰⵙⵓ
English: Even after the Meiji Restoration in 1868, when the emperor was placed back in the center of the political bureaucracy, the throne itself had very little power vis-à-vis the Meiji oligarchy.
Tamasheq: ⵂⴰⴾ ⵉⴷ ⴷⴰⵔⴰⵜ ⵎⵢⵉⵋⵉ ⵔⵢⵙⵜⵓⵔⴰⵙⵉⵓⵏ ⴷⴰⵗ ⴰⵓⴰⵜⴰⵉ ⵓⴰⵏ 1868, ⴰⵍⵓⴰⵈ ⵓⴰ ⵉⴷ ⴰⵍⵎⴰⵍⵉⴾ ⵉⵋⴰⵛ ⴰⵎⵎⵙ ⵏ ⴱⵉⵔⴰⵓ ⵓⴰⵏ ⴼⵓⵍⵉⵜⵉⴾ, ⵜⴰⴾⴰⵎⴱⵓⵜ ⵉⵎⴰⵏ ⵏⵢⵜ ⵜⵉⵍⴰ ⵜⴰⵏⴰⵉⴰ ⴰⵏⴷⴰⵔⵔⴰⵜ ⴼⴰⵍ ⵎⵢⵉⵋⵉ
English: Media studies is a discipline and field of study that deals with the content, history, and effects of various media; in particular, the mass media.
Tamasheq: ⵜⵢⵗⴰⵔⵢ ⵜⴰⵏ ⵎⵢⴷⵉⴰ ⵜ ⴰⵎⵓⵙ ⵎⴰⵋⴰⵍ ⵜⵓⵍⴰⵙ ⴰⴱⴰⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵜⵢⵗⴰⵔⵢⵢⵈⵈⴰⵍⴰⵏ ⴼⴰⵍ ⵎⵓⵆⵜⴰⵓⵉ , ⴰⵜⵜⴰⵔⵢⵆ ⴷ ⴰⵙⴰⵔ ⵜⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵎⵢⴷⵉⴰ ⴰⵋⵓⵓⵜⵏⵢⵏ ⵂⵓⵍⵍⴰⵏ ⵎⴰⵙⵙ ⵎⵢⴷⵉⴰ
English: Media studies in Australia was first developed as an area of study in Victorian universities in the early 1960s, and in secondary schools in the mid 1960s.
Tamasheq: ⵜⵢⵗⴰⵔⵢ ⵏ ⵎⵢⴷⵉⴰ ⴷⴰⵗ ⴰⵓⵙⵜⵔⴰⵍⵉⴰ ⵉⵋⵋⴰ ⵢⴼⵢⵙ ⵓⴰⵏ ⴰⵙ ⴰⵎⵓⵙ ⵢⴷⴰⴶ ⵏ ⵜⵢⵗⴰⵔⵢ ⴷⴰⵗ ⵍⴰⴾⴾⵓⵍⴰⵏ ⵓⵉ ⵎⴰⵈⵈⵓⵔⵏⵢⵏ ⵏ ⴱⵉⵛⵜⵓⵔⵉⴰ ⴷⴰⵗ ⵙ ⵜⵉⵣⴰⵔⵜ ⵏ ⴰⵓⴰⵜⴰⵉ ⵓⴰⵏ 1960 ⴷ ⵍⴰⴾⴾⵓⵍⴰⵏ ⵓⵉⵏ ⴰⵎⵎⴰⵙ ⴷⴰⵗ ⵜⴰⵣⵓⵏⵢⵏ 1960
English: In secondary schools, an early film studies course first began being taught as part of the Victorian junior secondary curriculum during the mid 1960s.
Tamasheq: ⴷⴰⵗ ⵍⴰⴾⴾⵓⵍ ⵜⴰⵏ ⵓⵉⵏ ⴰⵎⵎⴰⵙ, ⵜⵢⵗⴰⵔⵢ ⵏ ⴼⵉⵍⵎ ⵜⴰⵣⵣⴰⵔⴰⵜ ⵜⴰⵙⵙⵉⵏⵜⴰ ⴰⵜ-ⵓ-ⴰⵗⵉⵔ ⵛⵂⵓⵏⴷ ⴰ ⵢⵂⴰⵏ ⵎⴰⵏⴰⵂⵉⵋ ⵓⴰⵏ ⵍⴰⴾⴾⵓⵍ ⵏ ⴱⵉⵛⵜⵓⵔⵉⴰ ⵓⴰⵏ ⴰⵎⵎⴰⵙ ⴷⴰⵗ ⴰⵛⵂⵔⵓⵜ ⵏ ⴰⵓⴰⵜⴰⵉ ⵓⴰⵏ 1960
English: It has since become, and continues to be, a strong component of the VCE.
Tamasheq: ⴷⵈⵈⴰⵍ ⵗⵓⵔ ⴰⵍⵓⴰⵈ ⵓⵢⵏ ⵂⴰⵔ ⴰⵎⴰⵔⴰⴷ ⵎⵓⵈⴰⵓⵉⵏⴰⵜ ⴰⵙⵙⵓⵂⵢⵏ ⵏ ⴱⵛE
English: Media studies does not appear to be taught in the state of New South Wales at a secondary level.
Tamasheq: ⵜⵢⵗⴰⵔⵢⵜⴰⵏ ⵎⵢⴷⵉⴰ ⵓⴰⵔ ⵜ-ⴰⵓⴰⵗⴰⵔ ⵍⴰⴾⴾⵓⵍ ⵓⴰⵏ ⴰⵎⵎⴰⵙ ⵏ ⴰⴷⴷⴰⵓⵍⴰ ⵜⴰⵏ ⵏⵢⵓ ⵙⵓⵓⵜⵂ ⵓⴰⵍⵢⵙ
English: Harold Innis and Marshall McLuhan are famous Canadian scholars for their contributions to the fields of media ecology and political economy in the 20th century.
Tamasheq: ⵂⴰⵔⵓⵍⴷ ⵉⵏⵏⵉⵙ ⴷ ⵎⴰⵔⵙⵂⴰⵍⵍ ⵎⵂⴰⵔⵓⵍⴷ ⵉⵏⵏⵉⵙ ⴷ ⵎⴰⵔⵙⵂⴰⵍⵍ ⵎⵛⵍⵓⵂⴰⵏ ⴰⵈⵈⴰⵍⴰⵏ ⵉⵎⴰⵗⵔⴰⵏ ⵙ ⵉⵣⵋⴰⵔⴰⵏ ⵉⵙⵎⴰⵓⴰⵏ ⵏⴰⵙⴰⵏ ⴷⴰⵗ ⵛⴰⵏⴰⴷⴰ ⴼⴰⵍ ⵜⵉⵔⵋⵉⵜⵢⵏ ⵏⴰⵙⴰⵏ ⵉ ⴰⴱⴰⵔⴰ ⵜⴰⵏ ⵓⵉⵏ ⵎⵢⴷⵉⴰ ⵢⵛⵓⵍⵓⴶⵉ ⴷ ⵔⵓⵍⵉⵜⵉⵛⴰⵍ ⵢⵛⵓⵏⵓⵎⵉ ⴷⴰⵗ ⴰⵓⴰⵜⴰⵉ ⵓⴰⵏ 2000ⵛⵍⵓⵂⴰⵏ ⴰⵈⵈⴰⵍⴰⵏ ⵉⵎⴰⵗⵔⴰⵏ ⵙ ⵉⵣⵋⴰⵔⴰⵏ ⵉⵙⵎⴰⵓⴰⵏ ⵏⴰⵙⴰⵏ ⴷⴰⵗ ⵛⴰⵏⴰⴷⴰ ⴼⴰⵍ ⵜⵉⵔⵋⵉⵜⵢⵏ ⵏⴰⵙⴰⵏ ⵉ ⴰⴱⴰⵔⴰ ⵜⴰⵏ ⵓⵉⵏ ⵎⵢⴷⵉⴰ ⵢⵛⵓⵍⵓⴶⵉ ⴷ ⵔⵓⵍⵉⵜⵉⵛⴰⵍ ⵢⵛⵓⵏⵓⵎⵉ ⴷⴰⵗ ⴰⵓⴰⵜⴰⵉ ⵓⴰⵏ
English: Carleton University and the University of Western Ontario, 1945 and 1946 prospectively, created Journalism specific programs or schools.
Tamasheq: ⵍⴰⴾⴾⵓⵍ ⵓⴰ ⵎⴰⵈⵈⵓⵔⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵛⴰⵔⵍⵢⵜⵓⵏ ⴷ ⵍⴰⴾⴾⵓⵍ ⵓⴰ ⵎⴰⵈⵈⵓⵔⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵢⵙⵜⴱⵔⵏ ⵓⵏⵜⴰⵔⵉⵓ ⴷⴰⵗ ⴰⵓⴰⵜⴰⵉ ⵓⴰⵏ 1945 ⴷ 1946 ⴰⵗⵏⴰⵏ ⴱⵔⵓⴶⵔⴰⵎ ⵜⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵋⵓⵓⵔⵏⴰⵍⵉⵙⵎ ⵎⵢⵗ ⵍⴰⴾⴾⵓⵍ ⵜⴰⵏ ⵏⵢⵜ
English: Today, most universities offer undergraduate degrees in Media and Communication Studies, and many Canadian scholars actively contribute to the field, among which: Brian Massumi (philosophy, cultural studies), Kim Sawchuk (cultural studies, feminist, ageing studies), Carrie Rentschler (feminist theory), and François Cooren (organizational communication).
Tamasheq: ⴰⵛⵂⴰⵍ ⵉⴷ, ⵉⵋⵋⵉⵜ ⵏ ⵍⴰⴰⴾⵓⵍ ⵜⴰⵏ ⵓⵉ ⵎⴰⵈⵈⵓⵔⵏⵢⵏ ⵏ ⵋⴰⵎⵉⵗⵉ ⵜⴰⵏ ⴷⴰⵗ ⵎⵢⴷⵉⴰ ⴷ ⵜⵉⵗⵉⵔ ⵜⵉⵏ ⵎⴰⵋⵔⴰⴷ ⴷ ⵉⵎⴰⵗⵔⴰⵏ ⴰⵋⵋⵓⵜⵏⵢⵏ ⵏ ⵛⴰⵏⴰⴷⴰ ⵉⴷⵂⴰⵍⴰⵏ ⴰⴱⴰⵔⴰ ⵜⴰⵏ ⵢⵂⴰ:ⴱⵔⵉⴰⵏ ⵎⴰⵙⵙⵓⵎⵉ (ⴼⵉⵍⵓⵣⵓⴼⵉ, ⵜⵉⵗⵉⵔ ⵜⵉⵏ ⴰⴶⵏⴰ), ⵆⵉⵎ ⵙⴰⵓⵛⵂⵓⴾ (ⵜⵉⵗⵉⵔ ⵜⵉⵏ ⴰⴶⵏⴰ , ⴼⵢⵎⵉⵏⵉⵙⵜ, ⵜⵉⵗⵉⵔ ⵜⵉⵏ ⵜⵓⵙⴰⵔⵢ), ⵛⴰⵔⵔⵉⵢ ⵔⵢⵏⵜⵛⵂⵍⵢⵔ (ⴼⵢⵎⵉⵏⵉⵜ ⵜⵂⵢⵓⵔⵉ) ⴷ ⴼⵢⵎⵉⵏⵉⵙⵜ ⵛⵓⵓⵔⵢⵏ (ⵓⵔⴶⴰⵏⵉⵣⴰⵜⵉⵓⵏⴰⵍ ⵛⵓⵎⵎⵓⵏⵉⵛⴰⵜⵉⵓⵏ)
English: A medium is anything that mediates our interaction with the world or other humans.
Tamasheq: ⵎⵢⴷⵉⵓⵎ ⴰⵎⵓⵙ ⵂⴰⵔⴰⵜ ⴼⵓⴾ ⵉⵙⴰⵔⵗⴰⵙⴰⵏ ⵜⴰⵔⵜⵉⵜ ⵏⴰⵏⴰⵗ ⵉⴷ ⴰⵍⵗⴰⵍⵉⵎ ⵎⵢⵗ ⴰⴷⴷⵉⵏⴰⵜ ⵉⵉⵉⴰⴷ
English: McLuhan says that the “technique of fragmentation that is the essence of machine technology” shaped the restructuring of human work and association and “the essence of automation technology is the opposite”.
Tamasheq: ⵎⵛⵍⵓⵂⴰⵏ ⴰⵍⵍⴰⵗⴰⵜ ⴰⵙ ‘’ⵜⵢⴾⵏⵉⴾ ⵜⴰⵏ ⵜⴰⵋⴰⵣⴰⵓ ⵜ ⴰⵎⵓⵙ ⴱⴰⵏⵣⵉⵏⵓⵏ ⵏ ⵎⴰⵛⵂⵉⵏⵢⵢⵜⵢⵛⵂⵏⵓⵍⵓⴶⵉ” ⵢⵈⵈⴰⵍ ⴷⵓⵎⵓ ⵏ ⵢⴷⵢⵉ ⵏ ⴰⵍⵆⵉⴷⵎⴰⵜ ⵏ ⴰⵓⴰⴷⵉⵎ ⴷ ⵜⴰⴶⴶⴰⵉⵜ ⴷ ⴱⴰⵏⵣⵉⵏⵓⵏ ⵏ ⴰⵓⵜⵓⵎⴰⵜⵉⵓⵏ ⵜⵢⵛⵂⵏⵓⵍⵓⴶⵉ ⴰⵎⵓⵙ ⵗⴰⴾⴰⵙ”
English: The characteristic of all media means the “content” of any medium is always another medium.
Tamasheq: ⵙⴰⵎⴰⵍ ⵏ ⵎⵢⴷⵉⴰ ⴼⵓⴾ ⴰⵎⵓⵙ “ ⵎⵓⵈⴰⵓⵉⵏⴰⵜ “ ⵏ ⵎⵢⴷⵉⵓⵎ ⵂⴰⵔⴾⵓⴾ ⴰⵎⴰⵙ ⵎⵢⴷⵉⵓⵎ ⵉⵉⵉⴰⵏ
English: If the electric light is used for Friday night football or to light up your desk you could argue that the content of the electric light is these activities.
Tamasheq: ⴰ ⴼⴰⵍ ⵢⴼⵢⵓ ⵢⵆⴷⴰⵎ ⵢⵂⴰⴷ ⵏ ⴾⴰⵔⴰⵉ ⴷⴰⵗ ⴰⵍⵣⵓⵎⴰⵗⴰⵜ ⵎⵢⵗ ⴰⵙ ⴰⵎⵍⴰⵓⵍⴰⵓ ⴱⵉⵔⴰⵓ ⵏⴰⴾ ⵜ ⴰⴷⴷⵓⴱⵢⴷ ⴰⵜ ⴰⵍⵍⴰⵗⵢⴷ ⴰⵙ ⵎⵓⵈⴰⵓⵉⵏⴰⵜ ⵏ ⵢⴼⵢⵓ ⴰⵎⵓⵙ ⴰⵍⵆⵉⴷⵎⴰⵜ ⵜⵢⵏ ⵜⵉⵏ
English: It is not until the electric light is used to spell a brand name that it is recognized as medium.
Tamasheq: ⵗⵓⵔ ⴰⵜ ⴰⵆⴷⴰⵎ ⵏ ⵢⴼⵢⵓ ⵉⴷ ⴰⵜ ⵓ-ⴰⴾⴼⴰ ⵉⵙⵉⵎ ⵓⴰⵏ ⴱⵔⴰⵏⴷ ⵏⴰⵎⵢ ⴰⴷ ⴰⵜⵓⴰⵙⵙⴰⵏ ⵙ ⵉⵙⵉⵎ ⵓⴰⵏ ⵎⵢⴷⵉⵓⵎ
English: The effect of the medium is made strong because it is given another media “content”.
Tamasheq: ⴰⵙⴰⵔ ⵓⴰⵏ ⵎⵢⴷⵉⵓⵎ ⴰⵙⵙⵓⵂⴰⵜ ⴰⵍⵓⴰⵈ ⴼⴰⵍ ⴰⵙ ⵉⵋⵔⴰⵓ ⵎⵓⵈⴰⵓⵉⵏⴰⵜ ⵏ ⵎⵢⴷⵉⴰ ⵉⵉⵉⴰⵏ
English: Hot media are low in participation and cool media are high in participation.
Tamasheq: ⵎⵢⴷⵉⴰ ⵜⴰⵏ ⵓⵉ ⴰⴾⴾⵓⵙ ⵏⵢⵏ ⴰⵣⵣⴰⵉⴰⵏ ⴷⴰⵗ ⵉⵋⵋⵓⵛⵂ ⵜⵓⵍⴰⵙ ⵎⵢⴷⵉⴰ ⵜⴰⵏ ⵓⵉ ⵙⴰⵎⵎⵓⴷ ⵏⵢⵏ ⵉⵙⴰⵙⴰⵏ ⴷⴰⵗ ⵉⵋⵋⵓⵛⵂ
English: Communication University of China, formerly known as the Beijing Broadcasting Institute, that dates back to 1954.
Tamasheq: ⵛⵓⵎⵎⵓⵏⵉⵛⴰⵜⵉⵓⵏ ⵓⵏⵉⵢⵓⵔⵙⵉⵜⵉ ⵜⴰⵏ ⵛⵂⵉⵏⵢ ⵙ ⵉⵙⵉⵎ ⵏⵢⵜ ⵓⴰⵏ ⴰⵔⵓ ⴱⵢⵉⵋⵉⵏⴶ ⴱⵔⵓⴰⴷⵛⴰⵙⵜⵉⵏⴶ ⵉⵏⵙⵜⵉⵜⵓⵜⵢ ⵜ ⵉⴾⵔⴰⵙ ⵗⵓⵔ ⴰⵓⴰⵜⴰⵉ ⵓⴰⵏ 1954
English: Bourdieu's analysis is that television provides far less autonomy, or freedom, than we think.
Tamasheq: ⴰⵎⵉⵉⵉⵣ ⵓⴰⵏ ⴱⵓⵓⵔⴷⵉⵢⵓ ⴰⵎⵓⵙ ⴰⵙ ⵜⴰⵍⴰⴹⴳⵉⵣⵉⵓⵏ ⵂⴰⴾ ⴰⵍⵆⵓⵔⵉⵉⴰ ⴰⵏⴷⴰⵔⵔⴰⵜ ⵓⵂⵓⵏ ⵓⴰ ⵏ ⴰⵗⵉⵍ
English: Within the field of Film Studies, again, both Frankfurt and Berlin were dominant in the development of new perspectives on moving image media.
Tamasheq: ⴷⴰⵗ ⴰⴱⴰⵔⴰ ⵜⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵉⵗⵉⵔ ⵜⵉⵏ ⴼⵉⵍⵎ, ⴼⵔⴰⵏⴾⴼⵓⵔⵜ ⴷ ⴱⵢⵔⵍⵉⵏ ⵓⵋⵋⴰⵔⴰⵏ ⴷⴰ ⵢⴼⵢⵙ ⵏ ⵉⴾⴰⵉⴰⴷⴰⵏ ⵢⵉⵏⴰⵉⵏⵢⵏ ⵎⵢⵗ ⴰⵎⴰⵜⵉⴾⵓⴰⵉ ⵏ ⵜⴰⵍⵉⵓⵢⵏ ⵏ ⵎⵢⴷⵉⴰ ⵜⴰⵏ
English: One of the early publications in this new direction is a volume edited by Helmut Kreuzer, Literature Studies - Media Studies (Literaturwissenschaft – Medienwissenschaft), which summarizes the presentations given at the Düsseldorfer Germanistentag 1976.
Tamasheq: ⵉⵉⵉⴰⵏ ⴷⴰⵗ ⴰⵍⴾⵉⵜⵜⴰⴱⴰⵏ ⵓⵉ ⴰⵣⵣⴰⵔⵏⵢⵏ ⵢⵣⴰⵔⴰⵋ ⵓⵢⵏ ⵢⵉⵏⴰⵉⴰⵏ ⴰⵎⵓⵙ ⵉⴷⴷⵉⴾⵓⴷ ⵓⴰ ⵉⴷ ⵉⵣⵉⵣⵋⴰⵔ ⵂⵉⵍⵎⵓⵜ ⵆⵔⵢⵓⵣⵢⵔ, ⵜⵉⵗⵉⵔ ⵜⵉⵏ ⵍⵉⵜⵢⵔⴰⵜⵓⵔⵢ, ⵜⵉⵗⵉⵔ ⵜⵉⵏ ⵎⵢⴷⵉⴰ ((ⵍⵉⵜⵢⵔⴰⵜⵓⵔⵓⵉⵙⵙⵢⵏⵙⵛⵂⴰⴼⵜ – ⵎⵢⴷⵉⵢⵏⵓⵉⵙⵙⵢⵏⵙⵛⵂⴰⴼⵜ) ⴰⵈⵈⴰⵍⵏⵢⵏ ⴰⴾⵍⵓⵍⵓ ⵏ ⵜⵉⵈⴷⵉⵎ ⵜⴰⵏ ⵉⵋⵋⴰⵏⵢⵏ ⴷⴰⵗ ⵢüⵙⵙⵢⵍⴷⵓⵔⴼⴻⵔ ⵗⵢⵔⵎⴰⵏⵉⵙⵜⵢⵏⵜⴰⴶ ⴷⴰⵗ ⴰⵓⴰⵜⴰⵉ ⵓⴰⵏ 1976.
English: The German Institute for Media and Communication Policy, founded in 2005 by media scholar Lutz Hachmeister, is one of the few independent research institutions that is dedicated to issues surrounding media and communications policies.
Tamasheq: ⵍⴰⴾⴾⵓⵍ ⵏ ⴰⵍⵍⴻⵎⴰⴶⵏⵢⵓⴰⵏ ⴼⵓⵍⵉⵜⵉⴾ ⵜⴰⵏ ⵎⵢⴷⵉⴰ ⴷ ⵛⵓⵎⵎⵓⵏⵉⵛⴰⵜⵉⵓⵏ ⵉⴾⵔⴰⵙ ⵉⵎⴰⵗⵔⵉ ⵏ ⵎⵢⴷⵉⴰ ⵜⴰⵏ ⵍⵓⵜⵣ ⵂⴰⵛⵂⵎⵢⵉⵙⵜⵢⵔ ⴷⴰⵗ ⴰⵓⴰⵜⴰⵉ ⵓⴰⵏ 2005 ⴰⵎⵓⵙ ⵉⵉⵉⴰⵏ ⵜⵉⵋⵉⵜⵜⴰⵓⵢⵏ ⵏ ⴼⴰⵔⴰⴾ ⵜⵉⵍⴰⵜ ⴰⵍⵉⵙⵜⵢⵆⴰⵍ ⵏⵢⵜ ⵜⵉⵋⴰⵜ ⴰⵍⵆⵉⴷⵎⴰⵜ ⵏⵢⵜ ⴼⴰⵍ ⵎⵓⵛⵂⴰⴾⵉⵍ ⵜⴰⵏ ⵜⵉⵏ ⴼⵓⵍⵉⵜⵉⴾ ⵜⴰⵏ ⵎⵢⴷⵉⴰ ⴷ ⵛⵓⵎⵎⵓⵏⵉⵛⴰⵜⵉⵓⵏⵙ
English: Medienwissenschaften is currently one of the most popular courses of study at universities in Germany, with many applicants mistakenly assuming that studying it will automatically lead to a career in TV or other media.
Tamasheq: ⵎⵢⴷⵉⵢⵏⵓⵉⵙ ⵢⵙⵢⵏⵙⵛⵂⴰⴼⵜⵢⵏ ⵢⵈⵈⴰⵍ ⵉⵉⵉⴰ ⴷⴰⵗ ⵜⵉⵗⵉⵔ ⵜⵉ ⵉⵍⴰⵏⵢⵏ ⵉⵙⵉⵎ ⵂⵓⵍⵍⴰⵏ ⴷⴰⵗ ⵍⴰⴾⴾⵓⵍ ⵜⴰⵏ ⵓⵉ ⵎⴰⵈⵈⵓⵔⵏⵢⵏ ⴷⴰⵗ ⴰⵍⵍⵢⵎⴰⴶⵏⵢⵢ ⴰⵂⴰⵏ ⴰⵜⵜⴰⵍⴰⴱⴰ ⵜⴰⵏ ⴰⵋⵋⵓⵜⵏⵢⵏ ⴰⵍⵍⴰⵗⴰⵜ ⵏⵢⵏ ⴰⵙ ⵜⵢⵗⴰⵔⵢ ⵏⵢⵜ ⴰ ⵜⴰⵏ ⵜⴰⴾⴼⵓ ⴰⵍⵆⵉⴷⵎⴰⵜ ⴷⴰⵗ ⵟⴰⵍⴰⴱⵉⵣⵉⵓⵏ ⵎⵢⵗ ⵎⵢⴷⵉⴰ ⵜⴰⵏ ⵉⵉⵉⴰⴷ
English: It offers a five-year integrated programme and a two-year programme in Electronic Media.
Tamasheq: ⴷⵂⴰⴾ ⴱⵔⵓⴶⵔⴰⵎ ⵏ ⵙⴰⵎⵎⵓⵙ ⵉⵓⵉⵜⵉⴰⵏ ⴷ ⴱⵔⵓⴶⵔⴰⵎ ⵏ ⵉⵙⵙⵉⵏ ⵉⵓⵉⵜⵉⴰⵏ ⴷⴰⵗ ⵢⵍⵢⵛⵜⵔⵓⵏⵉⵛ ⵎⵢⴷⵉⴰ
English: Whereas communication sciences focuses on the way people communicate, be it mediated or unmediated, media studies tends to narrow the communication down to just mediated communication.
Tamasheq: ⴰⵍⵓⴰⵈ ⵓⴰ ⵉⴷ ⵛⵓⵎⵎⵓⵏⵉⵛⴰⵜⵉⵓⵏ ⵙⵛⵉⵏⵛⵢⵙ ⵜⴰⵈⵈⴰⵍ ⴼⴰⵍ ⴰⴱⴰⵔⴰ ⵓⴰ ⵙ ⴰⴷⴷⵓⴱⵢⵏ ⴰⴷⴷⵉⵏⴰⵜ ⴰⵙⵉⵓⵉⵍ, ⵋⵉⵔ ⵗⴰⵙ ⴰⵙⴰⵔⵗⴰⵙ ⵎⵢⵗ ⵉⴱⴰⵏ ⴰⵙⴰⵔⵗⴰⵙ , ⵜⵉⵗⵉⵔ ⵜⵉⵏ ⵎⵢⴷⵉⴰ ⴰⵣⵣⵉⴾⵔⴰⵣ ⵏⴰⵜ ⵉⴷ ⵎⴰⵋⵔⴰⴷ ⵙ ⵎⴰⵋⵔⴰⴷ ⵏ ⴰⵙⴰⵔⵗⴰⵙ ⵏ ⵎⴰⵋⵔⴰⴷ
English: Communication sciences (or a derivative thereof) can be studied at Erasmus University Rotterdam, Radboud University, Tilburg University, University of Amsterdam, University of Groningen, University of Twente, Roosevelt Academy, University of Utrecht, VU University Amsterdam and Wageningen University and Research Centre.
Tamasheq: ⵙⵉⴰⵏⵙ ⵜⴰⵏ ⵜⵉⵏ ⵎⴰⵋⵔⴰⴷ ⵜⵉⵜ ⵜ-ⴰⵓ-ⴰⵗⴰⵔ ⵏⴰⵜ ⴷⴰⵗ ⵢⵔⴰⵙⵎⵓⵙ ⵓⵏⵉⴱⵢⵔⵙⵉⵜⵢⵜⴰⵏ ⵔoⵜⵜⵢⵔⴷⴰⵎ, ⵔⴰⴷⴱⵓⵓⴷ ⵓⵏⵉvⵢⵔⵙⵉⵜⵢ, ⵟⵉⵍⴱⵓⵔⴶ ⵓⵏⵉⴱⵢⵔⵙⵉⵜⵢ, ⵓⵏⵉⴱⵢⵔⵙⵉⵜⵢ ⵜⴰⵏ ⴰⵎⵙⵜⵢⵔⴷⴰⵎ, ⵓⵏⵉⴱⵢⵔⵙⵉⵜⵢ ⵜⴰⵏ ⵗⵔⵓⵏⵉⵏⴶⵢⵏ, ⵓⵏⴱⵉⵢⵔⵙⵉⵜⵢ ⵜⴰⵏ ⵟⵓⵢⵏⵜⵢ, ⵓⵓⵙⵢⴱⵢⵍⵜ ⴰⴾⴰⴷⴻⵎⵉ, ⵓⵏⵉⴱⵢⵔⵙⵉⵜⵢ ⵜⴰⵏ ⵓⵜⵔⵢⵛⵂⵜ, ⴱⵓ ⵓⵏⵉⴱⵢⵔⵙⵉⵜⵢⴱⵜⴰⵏ ⴰⵎⵙⵜⵢⵔⴷⴰⵎ ⴷ ⵓⴰⴶⵢⵏⵉⵏⴶⵢⵏ ⵓⵏⵉⴱⵢⵔⵙⵉⵜⵢ ⴷ ⵙⴰⵏⵜⴰⵔ ⵓⴰⵏ ⵉⵎⵓⵗ
English: University of the Punjab Lahore is the oldest department.
Tamasheq: ⵓⵏⵉⴱⵢⵔⵙⵉⵜⵉ ⵜⴰⵏ ⴱⵓⵏⵋⴰⴱ ⵍⴰⵂⵓⵔⵢ ⵜ ⴰⵎⵓⵙ ⵢⴷⴰⴶ ⴰⵔⵓⵓⴰⵏ
English: Media Studies is now taught all over the UK.
Tamasheq: ⵎⵢⴷⵉⴰ ⵙⵜⵓⴷⵉⵢⵙ ⵉⵜⴰⵓⴰⵗⵉⵔ ⴷⴰⵗ ⵔⵓⴰⵉⵓⵎ ⵓⵏⵉ ⴼⵓⴾ ⵏⵢⵜ
English: However, the focus of such programs sometimes excludes certain media—film, book publishing, video games, etc.
Tamasheq: ⵜⴰⵔⴾⵉⵣ ⴼⴰⵍ ⴱⵔⵓⴶⵔⴰⵎ ⵜⴰⵏ ⵓⵉⵏ ⴰⵍⵓⴰⵈⵈⴰⵏ ⵉⵉⵉⴰⴷ ⵉⴾⴾⴰⵙ ⴰ ⵂⵉⵏ ⵎⵢⴷⵉⴰ - ⴼⵉⵍⵎ, ⴱⵓⵓⴾ ⴱⵓⴱⵍⵉⵙⵂⵉⵏⴶ , ⴷⴰⵍⵍⵓⵍⴰⵏ ⵓⵉⵏ ⴱⵉⴷⵢⵉⵓ ⵜⴰⵏ
English: This is partly thanks to the acquisition of Professor Siva Vaidhyanathan, a cultural historian and media scholar, as well as the Inaugural Verklin Media Policy and Ethics Conference, endowed by the CEO of Canoe Ventures and UVA alumnus David Verklin.
Tamasheq: ⴰⵛⵂⵔⵓⵜ ⵏ ⴰⵓⵢⵏ ⴰⵢⵈⵈⴰⵍ ⴰⵎⵓⵉⴰ ⵉ ⵢⵎⴰⵙⵙⴰⵗⴰⵔ ⵙⵉⴱⴱⴰⵉⴷⵂⵉⴰⵏⴰⵜⵂⴰⵏ , ⵉⵎⴰⵗⵔⵉ ⵏ ⴰⵜⵜⴰⵔⵢⵆ ⵓⴰⵏ ⴰⴶⵏⴰ ⴷ ⵎⵢⴷⵉⴰ ⵂⴰⴾ ⵉⴷ ⴼⵓⵍⵉⵜⵉⴾ ⵏ ⵎⵢⴷⵉⴰ ⵜⴰⵏ ⴱⵢⵔⴾⵍⵉⵏ ⴷ ⵢⵜⵂⵉⵛⵙ ⵛⵓⵏⴼⵢⵔⵢⵏⵛⵢⵜⴰ ⵉⴷⵂⴰⵍ ⵛⵢⵓ ⵓⴰⵏ ⵛⴰⵏⵓⵢ ⴱⵢⵏⵜⵓⵔⵢⵙ ⴷ ⵓⴱⴰ ⴰⵍⴰⵎⵓⵙ ⵢⴰⴱⵉⴷ ⴱⵢⵔⴾⵍⵉⵏ
English: A media studies major at Radford still means someone concentrating on journalism, broadcasting, advertising or Web production.)
Tamasheq: ⵜⵉⵗⵉⵔ ⵏ ⵎⵢⴷⵉⴰ ⵜⵉ ⵎⴰⵈⵈⵓⵔⵏⵢⵏ ⴷⴰⵗ ⵔⴰⴷⴼⵓⵔⴷ ⴰⵎⵓⵙ ⵂⴰⵔ ⴰⵋⵋⵓⴷⵉ ⴰⵓⴰⴷⵉⵎ ⵉⵋⵋⴰⵏ ⵜⵢⵗⴰⵔⵢ ⵏⵢⵜ ⴼⵍ ⵋⵓⵓⵔⵏⴰⵍⵉⵙⵎ, ⴱⵔⵓⴰⵛⴰⵜⵉⵏⴶ , ⴰⴷⴱⵢⵔⵜⵉⵙⵉⵏⴶ ⵎⵢⵗ ⵓⵢⴱ ⴱⵔⵓⴷⵓⵛⵜⵉⵓⵏ)
English: Bergson contrasted an open society with what he called a closed society, a closed system of law, morality or religion.
Tamasheq: ⴱⵢⵔⴶⵙⵓⵏ ⵜⴰⵗⴰⵔⴰⴷⵓⴱⵢⵏ ⵙⵓⵛⵉⵢⵜⵉ ⵉⴷ ⴰⵓⴰ ⵢⵗⵔⴰ ⵙ ⵛⵍⵓⵙⵢⴷ ⵙⵓⵛⵉⵢⵜⵉ , ⵙⵉⵙⵜⵢⵎ ⵏ ⴰⵛⵂⴰⵔⵢⵗⴰ ,ⵓⵆⵍⴰⴾ ⵎⵢⵗ ⴰⴷⴷⵉⵏ ⵢⵗⴼⴰⵍⴰⵏ
English: Soros, George, "The Age of Fallibility," Public Affairs (2006).
Tamasheq: “ⵙⵓⵔⵓⵙ, ⵗⵢⵓⵔⴶⵢ - “” ⴰⵓⴰⵜⴰⵉ ⵓⴰⵏ ⵉⵎⵜⵉⵍⵍⵉ ⵜⴰⵏ””, ⴱⵓⴱⵍⵉⵛ ⴰⴼⴼⴰⵉⵔⵙ (2006)
English: Totalitarianism forced knowledge to become political which made critical thinking impossible and led to the destruction of knowledge in totalitarian countries.
Tamasheq: ⵜⵓⵜⴰⵍⵉⵉⵜⴰⵔⵉⴰⵏⵉⵙⵎ ⴰⵣⵉⵍⵣⴰⵎ ⵉ ⵎⵓⵙⵏⴰⵜ ⴰ ⵜⴰⵈⵈⴰⵍ ⵂⴰⵔⴰⵜ ⵏ ⴼⵓⵍⵉⵜⵉⴾ ⴰⵙⵉⵙⴰⵂⵢⵏ ⴰⵏⴰⵙⵋⵓⵎ ⵂⵓⵍⵍⴰⵏ ⵜⵓⵍⴰⵙ ⵢⵓⴰⵉ ⵉⴷ ⵙ ⴰⵗⴰⵛⵂⵓⴷ ⵏ ⵎⵓⵙⵏⴰⵜ ⴷⴰⵗ ⴰⴷⴷⴰⵓⵍⴰ ⵜⴰⵏ ⵜⵉⵏ ⵜⵓⵜⴰⵍⵉⵔⵉⴰⵏ
English: In the closed society, claims to certain knowledge and ultimate truth lead to the attempted imposition of one version of reality.
Tamasheq: ⴷⴰⵗ ⵛⵍⵓⵙⵢⴷ ⵙⵓⵛⵉⵢⵜⵉ, ⵉⵜⵓⵔ ⵏ ⵎⵓⵙⵏⴰⵜ ⵉⵉⵉⴰⵜ ⴷ ⵜⵉⴷⵉⵜⵜ ⵜⵉⴾⵎⴰⵍⴰⵜ ⵢⵓⴰⵉⴰⵏ ⵙ ⴰⵣⵉⵍⵣⴰⵎ ⵏ ⵉⵛⵂ-ⵉⴾⵉⵍ ⵏ ⵜⵉⴷⵉⵜⵜ ⵉⵉⵉⴰⵏ
English: Because the electorate's perception of reality can easily be manipulated, democratic political discourse does not necessarily lead to a better understanding of reality.
Tamasheq: ⴼⴰⵍ ⴰⵙ ⴰⴾⴰⵉⴰⴷ ⵓⴰⵏ ⴾⵢⵍ ⵓⵓⵜⵢ ⵜⴰⵏ ⵉ ⵜⵉⴷⵉⵜⵜ ⵔⴰⵈⵈⵓⵙ , ⵉⵙⵉⵓⵉⵍⴰⵏ ⵓⵉⵏ ⴼⵓⵍⵉⵜⵉⴾ ⵏ ⴷⵢⵎⵓⴾⵔⴰⵜ ⵜⴰⵏ ⵓⴰⵔ ⵜ ⵉⵓⵉⵉⴰⵏ ⵙ ⴰⴼⴰⵂⴰⵎ ⵓⵍⴰⵗⴰⵏ ⵉ ⵜⵉⴷⵉⵜⵜ
English: Popper however, did not identify the open society either with democracy or with capitalism or a laissez-faire economy, but rather with a critical frame of mind on the part of the individual, in the face of communal group think of whatever kind.
Tamasheq: ⴱⵓⴱⴱⵢⵔ ⵓⴰⵔ ⵗⵓⵔ ⵉⵙ ⵉⵋⵋⴰ ⴰⵙ ⵓⴱⵢⵏ ⵙⵓⵛⵉⵢⵜⵉ ⵜ ⴰⵎⵓⵙ ⴷⵢⵎⵓⴾⵔⴰⵜⵉ ⵎⵢⵗ ⵛⴰⴱⵉⵜⴰⵍⵉⵙⵎ ⵎⵢⵗ ⵍⴰⵉⵙⵙⵢⵣ-ⴼⴰⵉⵔⵢ ⵢⵛⵓⵏⵓⵎⵉ ⵎⵓⵛⵂⴰⵎ ⵢⵈⵈⴰⵍ ⵜⴰ-ⵉⵜⵢ ⵏ ⴰⵓⴰⴷⵉⵎ ⴷⴰⵗ ⴰⵏⴰⵙⵋⵓⵎ ⵏ ⵜⴰⵈⵈⵉⵎⵜ ⵏ ⴰⴷⴷⵉⵏⴰⵜ ⵏ ⵉⵛⵂ-ⵉⴾⵉⵍ ⴼⵓⴾ
English: Regulatory colleges are legal entities charged with serving the public interest by regulating the practice of a profession.
Tamasheq: ⵔⵢⴶⵓⵍⴰⵜⵓⵔⵉ ⵛⵓⵍⵍⵢⴶⵢⵙ ⴰⵎⵓⵙ ⵜⴰⴶⴶⴰⵉⵢⵏ ⴰⵂⴰⵏⵢⵏ ⴰⵛⵂⴰⵔⵢⵗⴰ ⵙ ⴰⵍⵆⵉⴷⵎⴰⵜ ⵏⴰⵙⵏⴰⵜ ⴰⵍⴾⵓⵎ ⵉ ⴰⴼⵓⵔ ⵏ ⴰⴷⴷⵉⵏⴰⵜ ⵙ ⴰⵈⵈⵓⴷ ⵏ ⴰⵍⵆⵉⴷⵎⴰⵜ
English: For example, no worker in Ontario may work in a compulsory trade without membership in the Ontario College of Trades.
Tamasheq: ⴰⵍⵎⵉⵜⴰⵍ , ⵓⴰⵔ ⵜ ⵉⵍⵍⴰ ⴰⵏⴰⵆⴷⵉⵎ ⴷⴰⵗ Oⵏⴰⵜⴰⵔⵉⵓ ⴰⴷⴷⵓⴱⵢⵏ ⴰⴷ ⵢⵆⴷⴰⵎ ⴷⴰⵗ ⵎⴰⵎⴰⵍⴰ ⵉⵍⵣⴰⵎⴰⵏ ⴰ ⴼⴰⵍ ⵓⴰⵔ ⵢⵂⴰ Oⵏⵜⴰⵔⵉⵓ ⵛⵓⵍⵍⵢⴶⵢ ⵓⴰⵏ ⵎⴰⵎⴰⵍⴰ ⵜⴰⵏ
English: For Weber, sociology is the study of society and behavior and must therefore look at the heart of interaction.
Tamasheq: ⵉ ⵓⵢⴱⵢⵔ, ⵙⵓⵛⵉⵓⵍⵓⴶⵉ ⵜ ⴰⵎⵓⵙ ⵜⵢⵗⴰⵔⵢ ⵏ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⴷⵓⵈ ⴷ ⴰⵍⵆⴰⵍ ⵜⵓⵍⴰⵙ ⵉⵍⵣⴰⵎ ⵜⴰⵜ ⴰⴾⴰⵉⴰⴷ ⴷⴰⵗ ⵓⵍⵂ ⵏ ⵜⴰⵔⵜⵉⵜ
English: The term is more practical and encompassing than Florian Znaniecki's "social phenomena", since the individual performing social action is not passive, but rather active and reactive.
Tamasheq: “ⵜⵉⴼⵢⵔⵜ ⵜⵉⴾⵏⴰ ⴰⵙⵉⵔⵜⴰⵉ ⵓⵂⵓⵏ “”ⵙⵛⵉⴰⵍ ⴱⵂⵢⵏⵓⵎⵢⵏⴰ”” ⵓⴰⵏ ⴼⵍⵓⵔⵉⴰⵏ ⵤⵏⴰⵏⵉⵢⵛⴾ ⵉⵛⵂⵎⴰⴷ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵛⵂⵗⵓⵍⵜ ⵏ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⴷⵓⵈ ⵏ ⴰⵓⴰⴷⵉⵎ ⵓⴰⵔ ⴱⵢⵈⵈⵢⵍ ⴰ ⵓⴰⵔ ⵏ ⴰⵆⴷⵢⵎ ⵎⵓⵛⵂⴰⵎ ⴰ ⵢⵆⴷⴰⵎⴰⵏ ⵜⵓⵍⴰⵙ ⴰⵎⵓⵙ ⴰⵙⵜⵉⵋⴰⴱⴰ””
English: This is also considered alternative means when secondary consequences have ended.
Tamasheq: ⴰⵓⴻⵏ ⵢⵈⵈⴰⵍ ⴰⵙⵓⵋ ⵉⵉⵉⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵏⵢⴼⵔⴰⵏ ⴰⵍⵓⴰⵈ ⵓⴰ ⵉⴷ ⵉⵎⴷⴰⵏⴰⵜ ⵗⴰⵈⵉⴱⴰⵜⴰⵏ
English: If the student chooses not to do well in college, they know that it will be difficult to get into law school and ultimately achieve the goal of being a lawyer.
Tamasheq: ⴰ ⴼⴰⵍ ⴰⵜⵜⴰⵍⴰⴱⴰ ⵜⴰⵏ ⵓⴰ ⵙ ⴰⵏⴰⴼⵔⴰⵏⴰⵏ ⵂⵓⵍⵍⴰⵏ ⴷⴰⵗ ⵍⴰⴾⴾⵓⵍ, ⵉⵙⵙⴰⵏⴰⵏ ⴰⵙ ⵓⴰⵔ ⵂⵢ ⵉⵔⵗⴰⵙ ⵂⴰⵙ-ⵙⴰⵏ ⵉⵋⵋⵓⵛⵂ ⵏ ⵍⵍⴰⴾⵓⵍ ⵓⴰⵏ ⴰⵛⵂⴰⵔⵢⵗⴰ ⵜⵓⴰⵙ ⵓⴰⵔ ⵂⴻ ⴰⵓⵉⴷⴰⵏ ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵙ ⵓⴰⵏ ⵜⵓⵎⴰⵙⵜ ⵏ ⵎⵓⵗⴰⵎ
English: Value Relation is divided into the subgroups commands and demands.
Tamasheq: ⴰⵍⵈⵉⵎ ⵏ ⵜⴰⵔⵜⵉⵜ ⴰⵣⵓⵏ ⵙ ⵜⵈⵈⵉⵎⵢⵏ ⵏ ⵉⵆⴰⴾⴰⵎⴰⵏ ⴷ ⵉⵆⴰⴾⴰⵎⴰⵏ
English: These demands have posed several problems even legal formalism has been put to the test.
Tamasheq: ⵉⵣⵉⵍⵣⴰⵎ ⵓⵉⵏ ⵉⴾⴼⴰⵏ ⵎⵓⵛⵂⴰⴾⵉⵍ ⵜⴰⵏ ⴰⵋⵋⵓⵜⵏⵢⵢ ⵂⴰⴾ ⵉⴷ ⵉ ⵍⵢⴶⴰⵍ ⴼⵓⵔⵎⴰⵍⵉⵙⵎ ⵉⵏⵜⴰ ⴷⵢⵗ ⴰⵜⵓⴰⵔⴰⵎ
English: To the extent that there are many religious firms competing against each other, they will tend to specialize and cater to the particular needs of some segments of religious consumers.
Tamasheq: ⵙ ⵉⴷⴷⵉⴾⵓⴷ ⵓⴰ ⵙ ⵉⵍⵍⴰⵏⴰⵜ ⵜⴰⴶⴶⴰⵉⵢⵏ ⵏ ⴰⴷⴷⵉⵏ ⴰⵋⵋⵓⵜⵏⵢⵏ ⵉⵋⵋⴰⵏⵢⵏ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⴷⴰⵛⵂⵜ ⵋⵉⵔ ⵉⵎⴰⵏ ⵏⴰⵙⵏⴰⵜ ⵓⵔⴰⵎ ⵏⴰⵜ ⵜⵢⵗⴰⵔⵢ ⴷⴰⵗ ⵉⵣⴰⵔⴰⵋⴰⵏ ⵜⵓⵍⴰⵙ ⴰⵋⵋⵉⵏⴰⵜ ⴰⵍⵓⴰⵣⴰⴱ ⵉ ⴷⵢⵔⵂⵏⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵋⵓⵣ ⵜⴰⵏ ⵏ ⴾⵢⵍ ⴰⴷⴷⵉⵏ
English: It is well known that strict churches are strong and growing in the contemporary United States, whereas liberal ones are declining.
Tamasheq: ⴰⵜⵉⵓⴰⵙⵙⴰⵏ ⴰⵙ ⵢⴶⵍⵉⵣ ⵜⴰⵏ ⴰⵙⴰⵙⵏⵢⵏ ⴰⵙⵙⵓⵂⵢⵏ ⵜⵓⵍⴰⵙ ⵜⵉⵓ-ⴰⴷⴰⵏ ⴷⴰⵗ ⴰⴰⵎⵢⵔⵉⴾ ⴰⵍⵓⴰⵈ ⵓⴰ ⵉⴷ ⵜⵉⵏ ⵍⵉⴱⵢⵔⴰⵍ ⴼⴰⵏⵏⴰⵣ ⵏⴰⵜ
English: Affectual action (also known as emotional actions): actions which are taken due to 'one's emotions, to express personal feelings.
Tamasheq: ⴰⴼⴼⵢⵛⵜⵓⴰⵍ ⴰⵛⵜⵉⵓⵏ (ⵙ ⵉⵜⴰⵓⴰⵏ ⴰⵍⵆⵉⴷⵎⴰⵜⵢⵏ ⵜⵉⵏ ⵜⴰⵏⴰⴼⵔⴰⵉⵜ): ⴰⵍⵆⵉⴷⵎⴰⵜⵢⵏ ⵉⴷ ⵢⵔⴰⵓ ⵏⴰⵜ ⵜⵉⵏⴰⴼⵔⵉⵜⵢⵏ ⵉ ⴰⵙⵉⵍⵎⴰⴷ ⴼⴰⵍ ⵜⴰⵏⴰⴼⵔⵉⵜ ⵏ ⴰⵓⴰⴷⵉⵎ
English: In uncontrolled reaction there is no restraint and there is lack of discretion.
Tamasheq: ⴷⴰⵗ ⴰⵙⵜⵉⵋⴰⴱⴰ ⵓⴰⵔ ⴰⵓⵉⴾⴾⴰⵍ ⴰⵓⴰⴷⵉⵎ ⵓⴰⵔ ⵜ ⵉⵍⵍⴰ ⵜⴰⵣⵉⴷⵢⵔⵜ ⵜⵓⵍⴰⵙ ⵉⵍⵍⵓⵢⵉⴱⴰⵏ ⵉⴼⵓⵔ
English: When aspirations are not fulfilled there is internal unrest.
Tamasheq: ⴰⵍⵓⴰⵈ ⵓⴰ ⵉⴷ ⴷⵢⵔⵂⴰⵏⴰⵏ ⵏ ⴰⵓⴰⴷⵉⵎ ⵓⴰⵔ ⴰⴾⴾⵉⵎⵎⴰⵍⴰⵏ ⵉⵍⵍⵢⵉⴱⴰⵏ ⵜⵉⵣⴶⴰⵜ ⴷⴰⵗ ⵢⵂⴰⵏ ⴰⵎⵎⴰⵙ ⵏⵢⵜ
English: A common example is behavioral and rational choice assumptions.
Tamasheq: ⴰⵍⵎⵉⵜⴰⵍ ⵓⵂⴰⵔⴰⵏ ⴰⵎⵓⵙ ⵉⵙⵉⵏⵂⵉⵋⵋⵉ ⵜⴰⵏ ⵏ ⴰⵍⵆⴰⵍ ⴷ ⵏⴻⴼⵔⴰⵏ ⵜⴰⵏ ⵓⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⴷⵉⵜⵜ
English: These six concepts were identified by Aristotle and are still the topic of several talks.
Tamasheq: ⵜⵉⴼⵉⵔ ⵜⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵙⴰⴷⵉⵙⴰⵜ ⴰⵙⵉⵍⵎⴰⴷ ⴼⴰⵍ ⴰⵙ ⵏⴰⵜ ⴰⵔⵉⵙⵜⵓⵜⵢⵢⵜⵓⵍⴰⵙ ⴰⵎⵓⵙ ⵏⴰⵜ ⵂⴰⵔ ⴰⵋⵋⵓⴷⵉ ⵎⵓⴷⵓⵗ ⵜⴰⵏ ⴼⴰⵍ ⵉ ⵜⴰⵋ ⵉⵏ ⵉⵙⵉⵓⵉⵍⴰⵏ ⴰⵋⵋⵓⵜⵏⵢⵏ
English: Micrological theories of economy consider acts of a group of individuals.
Tamasheq: ⵎⵉⵛⵔⵓⴱⵉⵓⵍⵓⴶⵉⵛⴰⵍ ⵜⵂⵢⵓⵔⵉⵢⵙ ⵏ ⵢⵛⵓⵏⵓⵎⵉ ⴰⵎⵓⵙ ⵗⵓⵔ ⵙⴰⵏⴰⵜ ⴰⵗⵜⴰⴱⵉⵔ ⵜⵉⵎⴰⵛⵂⵗⵓⵍⵢⵏ ⵏ ⵜⴰⵈⵈⵉⵎⵜ ⵏ ⴰⴷⴷⵉⵏⴰⵜ
English: By doing this it causes providers to be competitive and therefore creates order in the economy.
Tamasheq: ⵉⵋⵋⵉ ⵏ ⴰⵓⵢⵏ ⵢⵈⵈⴰⵍ ⵉⴷⴷⵉⵍⵉⵍ ⵉ ⴾⵢⵍ ⵎⴰⵎⴰⵍⴰ ⴰⴷ ⵓⴷⴰⴱⵢⵏ ⵉ ⵛⵂⴰⵓⴰⵔⴰ ⵓⴰⵏ ⵂⵢⴱⵓ ⵜⵓⵍⴰⵙ ⴰⵗⵏⵉⵏ ⴰⵈⵈⵓⴷ ⵏ ⴰⵍ-ⴰⵈⵜⵉⵙⴰⴷ
English: Rational choice theory although increasingly colonized by economist, it does differ from microeconomic conceptions.
Tamasheq: ⵓⵉⵔⴷⴰ ⵏ ⵏⵢⴼⵔⴰⵏ ⵓⴰⵏ ⵜⵉⴷⵜⵜ ⴾⵓⴷⴷⵢⵗ ⴰⵙ ⴰⵆⴾⴰⵎⴰⵏ ⴷⴰⵗ ⵉⵙ ⵢⵛⵓⵏⵓⵎⵉⵙⵜ ⵜⴰⵏ , ⵓⴰⵔ ⵉⵣⵍⴰⵉ ⵉⴷ ⵉⴾⴰⵉⴰⴷⴰⵏ ⵓⵉⵏ ⵎⵉⵛⵔⵓⵢⵛⵓⵏⵓⵎⵉⵛⵙ
English: Traditional actions: actions which are carried out due to tradition, because they are always carried out in a particular manner for certain situations.
Tamasheq: ⴰⵍⵆⵉⴷⵎⴰⵜⵢⵏ ⵜⵉⵏ ⴰⵍⴰⵙⴰⵍ : ⴰⵍⵆⵉⴷⵎⴰⵜⵢⵏ ⵜⵉ ⵉⵋⴰⵏⵢⵏ ⴼⴰⵍ ⵜⵓⵂⴰ ⵏ ⵜⵓⵎⴰⵙⵜ ⴼⴰⵍ ⴰⵙ ⵉⵋⴰⵏⴰⵜ ⵂⴰⵔⴾⵓⴾ ⴷⴰⵗ ⵉⵎⵎⵉⴾ ⵉ ⵜⴰⵍⵗⵉⵓⵢⵏ ⵜⵉⵉⵉⴰⴷ
English: A custom is a practice that rests among familiarity.
Tamasheq: ⴰⴶⵏⴰ ⴰⵎⵓⵙ ⵜⵎⴰⵛⵗⵓⵍⵜ ⵂⴰⵜ ⵓⵍⵎⴰⴷ
English: A habit is a series of steps learned gradually and sometimes without conscious awareness.
Tamasheq: ⵍⴰⵎⵎⵓⴷⴰⵜ ⵜ ⴰⵎⵓⵙ ⵜⵉⴾⴾⴰⵍ ⵉⵍⵎⴰⴷ ⴰⵓⴰⴷⵉⵎ ⵙⵓⵍⵍⴰⵏ ⵜⵓⵍⴰⵙ ⴰⵍⵓⴰⵈⵈⴰⵏ ⵉⵉⵉⴰⴷ ⴷⴰⵗ ⵓⴰⵔ ⵂⵉⵏ ⵉⵋⵔⴰⵂ ⵉⵏ ⴰⵓⵢⵏ
English: The idea of Cooley's looking glass self is that our sense of self develops as we observe and reflect upon others and what they may think of our actions.
Tamasheq: ⴰⵏⴰⵙⵋⵓⵎ ⵓⴰⵏ ⵛⵓⵓⵍⵢⵉ ⵉⴾⵉⴰⴷⴰⵏ ⵉⵎⴰⵏ ⵏⵢⵜ ⴷⴰⵗ ⴰⵍⴾⴰⵙ ⴰⵎⵓⵙ ⴰⵙ ⴰⵍⵎⴰⵗⵏⴰ ⵏⴰⵏⴰⵗ ⵉⵜⵉⵓⴰⴷ ⴰⵍⵓⴰⵈ ⵓⴰ ⵉⴷ ⵏ ⵉⴾⵉⴰⴷ ⵜⵓⵍⴰⵙ ⵉⴷⴰⵙ ⴰⵓⵢⵏ ⵓⵉ ⵉⴰⴷⵏⵢⵏ ⴷ ⴰⵓⴰ ⵙ ⴰⴷⴷⵓⴱⵢⵏ ⴰ ⵜⵉ ⵉⵗⴰⵍⴰⵏ ⴷⴰⵗ ⵜⵉⵎⴰⵛⵂⵗⵓⵍⵢⵏ ⵏⴰⵏⴰⵗ
English: Social capital is "the networks of relationships among people who live and work in a particular society, enabling that society to function effectively".
Tamasheq: “”ⵙⵓⵛⵉⴰⵍ ⵛⴰⴱⵉⵜⴰⵍ” ⴰⵎⵓⵙ ⵔⵢⵣⵓ ⵜⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵉⵂⴰⵔⵓⵋⴰⵏ ⵋⵉⵔ ⴰⴷⴷⵉⵏⴰⵜ ⵉⵣⵣⴰⵗⵏⵢⵏ ⵜⵓⵍⴰⵙ ⴰⵆⴷⴰⵎⴰⵏ ⴷⴰⵗ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⴷⵓⵈ , ⵂⴰⴾ ⵉⵏ ⵜⵓⵔⵂⴰⵋⴰⵜ ⵉ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⴷⵓⵈ ⵜⵢⵏ ⴰⵆⴰⴷⴰⵎ “”
English: In the first half of the 19th century, de Tocqueville had observations about American life that seemed to outline and define social capital.
Tamasheq: ⴷⴰⵗ ⵜⴰⵣⵓⵏⵢ ⵜⴰ ⵜⴰⵣⵣⴰⵔⴰⵜ ⵏ ⴰⵓⴰⵜⴰⵉ ⵓⴰⵏ 1900, ⴷⵢ ⵟⵓⵛⵈⵓⵢvⵉⵍⵍⵢⵉⵋⵋⴰ ⵎⴰⵋⵔⴰⴷⴰⵏ ⴼⴰⵍ ⵜⴰⵎⵓⴷⵔⵢ ⵜⴰⵏ ⴰⵎⵢⵔⵉⴾ ⵙ ⵜⴰⵏⴰⴷ ⵜ ⴰⵎⵓⵙ ⵜⵢⵍⴰⵉ ⵜⵓⵍⴰⵙ ⵜⴰⵈⵈⴰⵍ ⴰⵍⵎⴰⵗⵏⴰ ⵏ ⵙⵓⵛⵉⴰⵍ ⵛⴰⴱⵉⵜⴰⵍ
English: The community as a whole will benefit by the cooperation of all its parts, while the individual will find in his associations the advantages of the help, the sympathy, and the fellowship of his neighbours.
Tamasheq: ⴰⵍⵋⴰⵎⴰⵗⴰⵜ ⵜⴰⵈⵈⴰⵍ ⵜⵉⵏⴼⴰ ⵙ ⵜⴰⵏⵎⵢⵔⴷⵓⵜ ⵏ ⵉⵛⵂⵔⵓⵜⴰⵏ ⵏⵢⵜ ⴼⵓⴾ ⴰⵙ ⵉⵋⵋⴰ ⴰⵓⵢⵏ ⴰⵓⴰⴷⵉⵎ ⵉⵉⵉⴰⵏ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵋⵔⵓ ⴷⴰⵗ ⵜⵉⵏⴼⴰ ⵜⵢⵏ ⵏ ⵜⴰⴶⴶⴰⵉⵢⵏ ⵏⵢⵜ ⵜⴰⴷⵂⵉⵍⵜ, ⵜⴰⵂⴰⵏⵉⵏⵜ ⴷ ⵍⴰⴾⴾⵓⵎⴰⵜ ⵏ ⵉⵏⴰⵔⵂⴰⵋⴰⵏ ⵏⵢⵜ