Tamazight-NLP/NLLB-Seed_Tamasheq-Tifinagh-Script huggingface dataset:
English: In 1402, the Spanish began efforts to invade and colonize the islands.
Tamasheq: ⴷⴰⵗ ⴰⵓⴰⵜⴰⵉ ⵓⴰⵏ 1402, ⵆⵢⵍ ⵙⴱⴰⵏⵉⴰ ⵉⵙⵙⵉⵏⵜⴰⵏ ⵉⵏⴰⴼⴰⵣⴰⵏ ⴷ ⴰⵙⵉⵜⵜⴰⵗⵎⴰⵔ ⵏ Iⵙⵍⴰⵏⴷ ⵜⴰⵏ
English: The invaders brought destruction and diseases to the Guanche people, whose identity and culture disappeared as a result.
Tamasheq: ⴰⵍⵗⵓⵣⴰ ⵜⴰⵏ ⵢⵔⴰⵓⴰⵏ ⵉⴷ ⵉⵗⴰⵛⵂⵓⴷⴰⵏ ⴷ ⵜⵓⵔⵂⵉⵏⴰ ⴰⵓⴻⵏ ⵙ ⴰⴷⴷⵉⵏⴰⵜ ⵓⵉⵏ ⵗⵓⴰⵏⵛⵂ ⵙ ⵜⵉⵛⵂⵉⵜ ⵏⴰⵙⴰⵏ ⴷ ⴰⴶⵏⴰ ⵏⴰⵙⴰⵏ ⵉⴰⵙ ⴰ ⵂⵉⵏ
English: As stated by Robert J. Miller, Jacinta Ruru, Larissa Behrendt, and Tracey Lindberg, the doctrine developed over time "to justify the domination of non-Christian, non-European peoples and the confiscations of their lands and rights."
Tamasheq: “ ⴱⵂⵓⵏⴷ ⴰⵓⴰ ⴰⵍⵍⴰⵗⴰⵜ ⵔⵓⴱⴻⵔⵜ ⵋ. ⵋⴰⵛⵉⵏⵜⴰ ⵔⵓⵔⵓ, ⵍⴰⵔⵉⵙⵙⴰ ⴱⴻⵂⵔⴻⵏⴷⵜ ⴷ ⵜⵔⴰⵛⴻⵔⵉ ⵍⵉⵏⴷⴱⴻⵔⴶ, ⵎⴰⵜⵂⴰⴱ ⵜⴰ ⵙ ⵉⵋⵋⴰ ⴻⴼⴻⵙ ⴷⴰⵗ ⴰⵣⵣⴰⵎⴰⵏ “”ⵉ ⴰⴷ ⵜⴰⴾⴼⵓ ⴰⵍⵎⴰⵗⵏⴰ ⵓⴰⵏ ⵜⵉⵋⵔⴰ ⵜⴰⵏ ⴰⴷⴷⵉⵏⴰⵜ ⵓⵉ ⵓⴰⵔ ⵏ ⴰⵈⵈⴻⵍ ⴾⵔⵉⴾⴻⵏ ⵜⴰⵏ, ⴰⴷⴷⵉⵏⴰⵜ ⵓⵉ ⵓⴰⵔ ⵏ ⴰⵈⵈⴻⵍ ⴾⴻⵍ ⴻⵔⵓⴱⴰ ⴷ ⵉⵜⴰⵔⵎⵉⵙⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵉⴾⴰⵍⵍⴰⵏ ⵏⴰⵙⴰⵏ ⴷ ⴰⵍⵆⴰⵈⴰⵏ ⵏⴰⵙⴰⵏ””” ⵏ
English: Spanish King Ferdinand and Queen Isabella hired Christopher Columbus, who was dispatched in 1492, to colonize and bring new lands under the Spanish crown.
Tamasheq: ⴰⵍⵎⴰⵍⵉⴾ ⵓⴰⵏ ⵙⴱⴰⵏⵉⴰ ⴼⵢⵔⴷⵉⵏⴰⵏⴷ ⴷ ⴰⵍⵎⴰⵍⵉⴾⵉⵉⴰⵜ Iⵙⴰⴱⵢⵢⵍⵍⴰ ⴰⵙⵙⴰⵆⴷⴰⵎⴰⵏ ⵛⵂⵔⵉⵙⵜⵓⴱⵂⵢⵔ ⵛⵓⵍⵓⵎⴱⵓⵙ ⵉⵎⵎⵓⵛⵂⴰⵍⴰⵏ ⴷⴰⵗ ⴰⵓⴰⵜⴰⵉ ⵓⴰⵏ 1492 ⵉ ⴰⴷ ⵢⵋ ⵉⴾⴰⵍⵍⴰⵏ ⵢⵉⵏⴰⵉⵏⵢⵏ ⴷⴰⵗ ⴰⵍⵉⵙⵜⵢⵗⵎⴰⵔ ⵏ ⴰⵎⴰⵏⵓⴾⴰⵍ ⵓⴰⵏ ⵙⴱⴰⵏⵉⴰ
English: Alexander granted Spain any lands that it discovered as long as they had not been "previously possessed by any Christian owner."
Tamasheq: “ ⴰⵍⵢⵆⴰⵏⴷⵢⵔ ⵉⴾⴼⴰ ⵙⴱⴰⵏⵉⴰ ⵉⴾⴰⵍⵍⴰⵏ ⴼⵓⴾ ⵓⵉ ⵜⵉⵋⵔⴰⵓ ⴰ ⵉⵋⵋⴰ ⴾⴰⵍⴰ ⵓⴰⵔ “ⵉⵍⵢⵏ ⵎⴰⵙⵙⵉⵙⴰⵏ ⵏ ⴾⵔⵉⴾⵢⵏ ⵙ ⵜⵉⵣⴰⵔⴰⵜ”””
English: Many conquistadors apparently feared that, if given the option, Indigenous peoples would actually accept Christianity, which would legally not permit invasion of their lands and the theft of their belongings.
Tamasheq: ⵛⵓⵏⵈⵓⵉⵙⵜⴰⴷⵓⵔ ⵜⴰⵏ ⴰⵋⵋⵓⵜⵏⵢⵏ ⴷⴰⵗ ⴰⴾⴰⵉⴰⴷ ⵢⵂⵢⵏ ⴰⵎⴰⵜⵜⵉⵙⵓ ⴰ ⴼⴰⵍ ⵉⵋⵔⴰⵓⴰⵏ ⵙ ⴰⵓⵢⵏ, ⴰⴷⴷⵉⵏⴰⵜ ⵓⵉⵏ ⴾⵢⵍ ⴰⴾⴰⵍ ⴰⴷ ⴰⵔⴷⴰⵏ ⴰⵗⵉⴱⵉⵍⴰⵏ ⴰⴷⴷⵉⵏ ⵓⴰⵏ ⴾⵔⵉⴾⵢⵢⵏ ⵜⴰⵏ ⵓⴰⵔ ⵂⵢ ⵏ ⴰⵗⴱⵉⵍ ⴷⴰⵗ ⴰⵛⵂⴰⵔⵢⵗⴰ ⴰⵔⴰⵎⴰⵙ ⵏ ⵉⴾⴰⵍⵍⴰⵏ ⵏⴰⵙⴰⵏ ⴷ ⵜⵉⴾⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵉⵍⴰⵍⴰⵏ ⵏⴰⵙⴰⵏ
English: Being Catholic countries in 1493, England as well as France worked to 're-interpret' the Doctrine of Discovery to serve their own colonial interests.
Tamasheq: 1493 ⵢⵏⴶⵍⴰⵏⴷ ⴷ ⴼⵔⴰⵏⵛⵢ ⴰⵈⵈⴰⵍ ⵏⵢⵏ ⴰⴷⴷⴰⵓⵍⴰ ⵜⴰⵏ ⵏ ⴾⵔⵉⴾⵢⵏ ⵜⴰⵏ ⵓⵉⵏ ⴾⴰⵜⵓⵍⵉⴾ ⵜⴰⵏ ⴰⵆⴷⴰⵎⴰⵏ ⵉ ⴰⵎⴰⵙⵓⵗⴰⵍ ⵏ ⴰⴼⴰⵂⴰⵎ ⵏ ⵢⵓⵛⵜⵔⵉⵏⴻ ⵓⴼ ⴹⵉⵙⵛⵓⴱⵢⵔⵉ ⵉ ⴰⴷ ⵢⵏⴼⵓ ⴰⴼⵓⵔ ⵏⴰⵙⴰⵏ ⵓⴰⵏ ⴰⵍⵉⵙⵜⵢⵗⵎⴰⵔ
English: Land claims were made through symbolic "rituals of discovery" that were performed to illustrate the colonizing nation's legal claim to the land.
Tamasheq: “ⵉⵜⵓⵔ ⵏ ⴰⴾⴰⵍ ⵉⵋⵋⴰ ⵙ “ⵔⵉⵜⵓⴰⵍⵙ ⵓⴼ ⴷⵉⵙⵛⵓⴱⵢⵔⵉ” ⵉⵋⵋⴰⵏⵢⵏ ⵉ ⴰⵙⵉⴷⵓⵜⵜⵉ ⵏ ⵉⵜⵓⵔ ⵏ ⴰⴷⴷⴰⵓⵍⴰ ⵜⴰⵏ ⵜⵉ ⵙ ⴰⵜⵜⴰⵗⵎⵔ ⵏⵢⵏ ⵙ ⴰⵛⵂⵢⵔⴰⵗⴰ ⴰⴾⴰⵍ”
English: In 1774, Captain James Cook attempted to invalidate Spanish land claims to Tahiti by removing their marks of possession and then proceeding to set up English marks of possession.
Tamasheq: ⴷⴰⵗ ⴰⵓⴰⵜⴰⵉ ⵓⴰⵏ 1774, ⵛⴰⴱⵉⵜⴰⵉⵏ ⵋⴰⵎⵢⵙ ⵛⵓⵓⴾ ⵢⵔⴰⵎ ⴰⴷ ⵢⵔⵎⵉⵙ ⴰⴾⴰⵍ ⵓⴰⵏ ⵙⴱⴰⵏⵉⴰ ⵂⴰⵔ ⵜⴰⵂⵉⵜⵉ ⵉ ⴰ ⵂⵉⵏ ⴰⵎⵉⵙ ⵉⴷⵉⵔⵛⵂⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵉⵍⴰ ⵏⴰⵙⴰⵏ ⵜⵜⵍⴰⵙ ⴷⵉⵂⵢⵏ ⵢⵙⵙⴰⵏⵜⵓ ⵢⴷⵢⵉ ⵏ ⵉⴷⵉⵔⵛⵂⴰⵏ ⵓⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵍⴰ ⵜⴰⵏ ⴱⵔⵉⵜⴰⵏⵉⴰ
English: This concept formalized the idea that lands which were not being used in a manner that European legal systems approved of were open for European colonization.
Tamasheq: ⵜⴰⵙⴰⵙⵙⴰⵗⵔⴰⵓⵜ ⵜⵢⵏ ⵜⵉⵣⵉⵣⵋⴰⵔ ⵜⴰ-ⵉⵜⵢ ⵜⴰⵏ ⴰⵙ ⵉⴾⴰⵍⵍⴰⵏ ⵓⴰⵔ ⵂⵢ ⴰⵜⵜⴰⵆⴷⴰⵎⴰⵏ ⵙ ⵉⵎⵎⵉⴾ ⵓⴰⵏ ⵙⵉⵙⵜⵢⵎ ⵜⴰⵏ ⵏ ⴰⵛⵂⴰⵔⵢⵗⴰ ⵓⴰⵏ Eⵔⵓⴱⴰ ⵙ ⴰⵎⵎⵢⵔⴰⵏ ⵉ ⴰⵍⵉⵙⵜⵢⵗⵎⴰⵔ ⵓⴰⵏ Eⵔⵓⴱⴰ
English: As the 'rules' of colonization became established into legal doctrine agreed upon by between European colonial powers, methods of laying claims to Indigenous lands continued to expand rapidly.
Tamasheq: ⴰⵍⵓⴰⵈ ⵓⴰ ⵉⴷ ⴰⵛⵂⴰⵔⵢⵗⴰ ⵜⴰⵏ ⵜⵉⵏ ⴰⵍⵉⵙⵜⵢⵗⵎⴰⵔ ⵉⵋⵋⴰⵛⵂ ⵏⴰⵜ ⵎⴰⵜⵂⴰⴱ ⵓⴰⵏ ⴰⵛⵂⴰⵔⵢⵗⴰ ⴼⴰ ⴰⵔⴷⴰⵗⴰⵏ ⴰⴷⴷⴰⵓⵍⴰ ⵜⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵢⵔⵓⴱⴰ ⵙ ⴰⵜⵜⴰⵗⵎⴰⵔ ⵏⵢⵏ , ⵜⵉⴾⴰⵔⵙⵉⵓⵢⵏ ⵏ ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵔ ⵏ ⵉⴾⴰⵍⵍⴰⵏ ⵉ ⴾⵢⵍ ⴰⴾⴰⵍ ⵉⵓ-ⵉⴷ ⴷⴰⵗ ⴰⵔⵎⵓⴷ
English: Precise estimates for the total population of the world's Indigenous peoples are very difficult to compile, given the difficulties in identification and the variances and inadequacies of available census data.
Tamasheq: Iⴷⴷⵉⴾⵓⴷ ⵓⴰⵏ ⵜⵉⴷⵉⵜⵜ ⵏ ⵉⵛⵂⴰⵗⵉⴱ ⵓⴰⵏ ⴰⴷⴷⵉⵏⴰⵜ ⵓⵉⵏ ⴾⴰⵍ ⴰⴾⴰⵍ ⴷⴰⵗ ⴰⵍⵗⴰⵍⵉⵎ ⴼⵓⴾ ⴰⵙⵙⵓⵂⴰⵜ ⴰⵙⴰⵔⵜⵉ ⵏⵢⵜ, ⴰⵓⴰ ⵉⵋⵋⴰⵏ ⵎⴰⵔⵙⴰⵍⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵜⴰⵎⵉⵣⵣⵉⵜ ⵏⴰⵙⴰⵏ ⴷ ⴰⵏⵎⵉⵣⵍⴰⵉⴰⵏ ⴷ ⵉⴱⴰⵏ ⴰⵈⵈⵓⴷ ⵏ ⵉⵙⴰⵍⴰⵏ ⵓⵉⵏ ⵜⵓⴷⴰⵏⵜ
English: This includes at least 5,000 distinct peoples in over 72 countries.
Tamasheq: ⴰⵓⵢⵏ ⴰⵂⴰⵏ ⵜⵉ 5.000 ⵏ ⴰⵓⴰⴷⵉⵎ ⵉⵣⵍⴰⵉⴰⵏ ⴷⴰⵗ 72 ⵏ ⴰⴷⴷⴰⵓⵍⴰⵜ
English: Some have also been assimilated by other populations or have undergone many other changes.
Tamasheq: ⵉⵉⵉⴰⴷ ⴰⵙⵙⵓⵋⴰⵍⴰⵏ ⴷⴰⵗ ⴰⴶⵏⴰ ⵜⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵉⵛⵂⴰⵗⵉⴱⴰⵏ ⵉⵉⵉⴰⴷ ⵎⵢⵗ ⵉⴷⴰⵙⵙⴰⵏ ⵜⴰⵏ ⵉⵎⵓⵜⵜⵉⵉⴰⵏ ⴰⵋⵋⵓⵜⵏⵢⵏ
English: The highly diverse and numerous ethnic groups that comprise most modern, independent African states contain within them various peoples whose situation, cultures and pastoralist or hunter-gatherer lifestyles are generally marginalized and set apart from the dominant political and economic structures of the nation.
Tamasheq: ⵜⵉⵈⵈⵉⵎⵢⵏ ⵏ ⵜⴰⵓⵙⵢⵜⵢⵏ ⵉⴾⵏⴰⵏⵢⵏ ⵓⵣⵍⴰⵉ ⵜⵓⵍⴰⵙ ⴰⵋⵋⵓⵜⵏⵢⵏ ⴰⵙⵉⵔⵜⴰⵉⵏⵢⵏ ⴰⴷⴷⴰⵓⵍⴰ ⵜⴰⵏ ⵏ ⴰⴼⵔⵉⴾⵉⵉⴰ ⵢⵉⵏⴰⵉⵏⵢⵏ ⵜⵓⵍⴰⵙ ⵉⵍⵍⴰⵏⵢⵏ ⴰⵍⵉⵙⵜⵢⵆⵍⴰⵍ ⵏⴰⵙⵏⴰⵜ ⴰⵂⴰⵏ ⵜⴰⵏⴰⵜ ⴰⴷⴷⵉⵏⴰⵜ ⴰⵋⵋⵓⵏⵜⵏⵢⵏ ⵙ ⵜⴰⵍⵗⴰ ⵏⴰⵙⴰⵏ, ⴰⴶⵏⴰ ⵜⴰⵏ ⵏⴰⵙⴰⵏ ⴷ ⵉⵛⵂⵉⴾⵉⵍⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⴷⵉⵜ ⵎⵢⵗ ⴰⵂⵓⵉⵉ ⵉⵙⴾⴰⵜⴰⵏ ⵜⵓⵍⴰⵙ ⵓⴰⵔ ⴰⵂⵢⵏ ⴰⴱⴰⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵉⴷⵢⵉⴰⵏ ⵏ ⴼⵓⵍⵉⵜⵉⴾ ⴷ ⵜⴰⵎⵓⴷⵔⵢ ⵏ ⴰⴷⴷⴰⵓⵍⴰ
English: The impacts of historical and ongoing European colonization of the Americas on Indigenous communities have been in general quite severe, with many authorities estimating ranges of significant population decline primarily due to disease, land theft and violence.
Tamasheq: ⴷⵉⵔⵛⴰⵏ ⵏ ⴰⵜⵜⴰⵔⵢⵆ ⴷ ⴰⵍⵉⵙⵜⵢⵗⵎⴰⵔ ⵏ ⵢⵔⵓⴱⴰ ⴷⴰⵗ ⴰⵎⵢⵔⵉⴾ ⵜⴰⵏ ⴼⴰⵍ ⵜⵓⵙⵢⵜⵢⵏ ⵜⵉⵏ ⴰⴾⴰⵍ ⵢⵈⵈⴰⵍ ⵂⴰⵔⴾⵓⴾ ⴰ ⵙⴰⵎⵓⵎⴰⵏ , ⵙ ⴰⵍⵆⴰⴾⵓⵎⴰⵜⵢⵏ ⴰⵋⵋⵓⵜⵏⵢⵏ ⵓⵔⴷⴰⵏⴰⵜ ⴰⵙ ⵉⵜⴰⵔⵜⴰⵔⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵉⴰⵛⵛⴰⵗⵉⴱ ⴰⵋⵋⵢⵏ ⵉⵎⴰⵙ ⴰ ⵂⵉⵏ ⵙ ⵜⵉⵣⴰⵔⴰⵜ ⴰⵓⴰ ⵙ ⵉⵋⵋⴰⵏⴰⵜ ⵜⵓⵔⵂⵉⵏⵏⴰ ⴰⵓⵢⵏ , ⵜⵉⴾⵔⴰ ⵏ ⴰⴾⴰⵍ ⴷ ⵉⵋⵉ ⵏ ⴰⵙⵙⴰⵂⴰⵜ
English: In the southern states of Oaxaca (65.73%) and Yucatán (65.40%), the majority of the population is Indigenous, as reported in 2015.
Tamasheq: ⴷⴰⵗ ⴰⴷⴷⴰⵓⵍⴰ ⵜⴰⵏ ⵜⵉⵏ ⵢⵎⴰⵉⵏⴰⴶ ⵓⴰⵏ Oⴰⵆⴰⵛⴰ (65.73%) ⴷ ⵗⵓⵛⴰⵜⴰⵏ (65.40%), ⵉⵋⵋⵉⵜ ⵏ ⵉⵛⵂⴰⵗⵉⴱ ⴻⵈⵈⴰⵍ ⵏ ⴰⴾⴰⵍ ⴷⴰⵗ ⴰⵓⴰ ⵉⴷ ⵉⵣⵋⴰⵔⴰⵏ ⴰⵍⴾⴰⴷ ⵓⴰⵏ 2015
English: The descriptors "Indian" and "Eskimo" have fallen into disuse in Canada.
Tamasheq: “ⴷⵢⵙⵛⵔⵉⴱⵜⵓⵔ ⵜⴰⵏ” ⵉⵏⴷⵉⴰⵏ” ⴷ “ⵢⵙⴾⵉⵎⵓ”” ⴰⵜⵜⵉⵎⴰⵔⵙⴰⵏ ⴷⴰⵗ ⵙⴰⵏ ⵂⴰⵔⴰⵜⴰⵏ ⵏⴰⵙⴰⵏ ⴷⴰⵗ ⵛⴰⵏⴰⴷⴰ”
English: Most notable was the change of Aboriginal Affairs and Northern Development Canada (AANDC) to Indigenous and Northern Affairs Canada (INAC) in 2015, which then split into Indigenous Services Canada and Crown-Indigenous Relations and Northern Development Canada in 2017.
Tamasheq: ⴰⵓⴰ ⵉⵍⴰⵏ ⵉⵋⵉⵔⵔⵉ ⵂⵓⵍⵍⴰⵏ ⵉⵏⵜⴰ ⵙ ⴰⵎⵓⵜⵜⵉ ⵓⴰⵏ ⴰⴱⵓⵔⵉⴶⵉⵏⴰⵍ ⴰⴼⴼⴰⵉⵔⵙ ⴷ ⵏⵓⵔⵜⵂⵢⵔⵏ ⵢⵢⴱⵢⵍⵓⴱⴱⵢⵎⵢⵏⵜ ⴱⴰⵏⴰⴷⴰ (ⴰⴰⵏⵢⵛ) ⵙ ⵉⵏⴷⵉⴶⵢⵏⵓⵓⵙ ⴷ ⵏⵓⵔⵜⵂⵢⵔⵏ ⴰⴼⴼⴰⵉⵔⵙ ⵛⴰⵏⴰⴷⴰ (ⵉⵏⴰⵛ) ⴷⴰⵗ ⴰⵓⴰⵜⴰⵉ ⵓⴰⵏ 2015, ⵓⴰ ⵉⵣⵓⵏⴰⵏ ⵙ ⵉⵏⴷⵢⴶⵢⵏⵓⵓⵙ ⵙⵢⵔⴱⵉⵛⵢⵙ ⵛⴰⵏⴰⴷⴰ ⴷ ⵛⵔⵓⵓⵏ-ⵉⵏⴷⵢⴶⵢⵏⵓⵓⵙ ⵔⵢⵍⴰⵜⵉⵓⵏⵙ ⴷ ⵏⵓⵔⵜⵂⵢⵔⵏ ⵢⵢⴱⵢⵍⵓⴱⴱⵢⵎⵢⵏⵜ ⵛⴰⵏⴰⴷⴰ ⴷⴰⵗ ⴰⵓⴰⵜⴰⵉ ⵓⴰⵏ 2017
English: First Nations peoples signed 11 numbered treaties across much of what is now known as Canada between 1871 and 1921, except in parts of British Columbia.
Tamasheq: ⴼⵉⵔⵙⵜ ⵏⴰⵜⵉⵓⵏⵙ ⴱⵢⵓⴱⵍⵢⵙ ⵉⵋⵋⴰⵏ ⵢⵛⵂⵓⴰⵍⴰⵏ ⵏⴰⵙⴰⵏ ⴼⴰⵍ ⵉⵍⴾⴰⴷⴰⵏ ⵓⵉⵏ 11 ⴼⴰⵍ ⵉⵋⵋⴰ ⴰⵏⵉⴼⵂⴰⵎ ⵙ ⵉⵋⵋⵉⵜ ⵏⵢⵜ ⵉⵎⵓⵙ ⴰⵓⴰ ⵢⵈⵈⴰⵍⴰⵏ ⴰⵎⴰⵔⴰⴷ ⵛⴰⵏⴰⴷⴰ ⵋⵉⵔ ⴰⵓⴰⵜⴰⵉ ⵓⴰⵏ 1871 ⴷ 1921 ⴷⴰⵗ ⵓⴰⵔ ⴰⵂⵢⵏ ⵉⵛⵂⵔⵓⵜⴰⵏ ⵓⵉⵏ ⴱⵔⵉⵜⵉⵙⵂ ⵛⵓⵍⵓⵎⴱⵉⴰ
English: The autonomous territory of Greenland within the Kingdom of Denmark is also home to a recognised Indigenous and majority population of Inuit (about 85%) who settled the area in the 13th century, displacing the Indigenous Dorset people and Greenlandic Norse.
Tamasheq: Iⴾⴾⴰⵍⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵗⵔⵢⵢⵍⴰⵏⴷ ⵓⵉ ⵉⵋⵔⴰⵓ ⵏⵢⵏ ⴰⵍⵉⵙⵜⵢⵆⴰⴾ ⵏⴰⵙⴰⵏ ⴷⴰⵗ ⴰⵍⵎⴰⵍⵉⴾⵉⵉⴰⵜ ⵜⴰⵏ ⵢⵢⵏⵎⴰⵔⴾ ⵉⵏⵜⴰ ⴷⵢⵗ ⵜⵉⵍⴰ ⵗⵓⵔ ⴱⵂⴰⵏ ⵙ ⵉⵛⵂⴰⵗⵉⴱ ⵏ ⴰⴾⴰⵍ ⵜⵓⵍⴰⵙ ⵉⵋⵋⵉⵜ ⵏⵢⵏ ⵏ ⵉⵏⵓⵉⵜ (ⵉⴷⴷⵉⴾⵓⴷ ⵏ 85%) ⵉⵣⵣⴰⵗⵏⵢⵏ ⵢⴷⴰⴶ ⴷⴰⵗ ⴰⵓⴰⵜⴰⵉ ⵓⴰⵏ 1300, ⵙ ⴰⵂⵓⵏⴰⵏ ⵏⵢⵏ ⴰⴷⴷⵉⵏⴰⵜ ⵏ ⴰⴾⴰⵍ ⵓⵉⵏ ⵢⵓⵔⵙⵢⵜ ⴷ ⵗⵔⵢⵢⵏⵍⴰⵏⴷⵉⵛ ⵏⵓⵔⵙⵢ
English: In Spanish or Portuguese speaking countries, one finds the use of terms such as índios, pueblos indígenas, amerindios, povos nativos, povos indígenas, and, in Peru, Comunidades Nativas (Native Communities), particularly among Amazonian societies like the Urarina and Matsés.
Tamasheq: ⴷⴰⵗ ⴰⴷⴷⴰⵓⵍⴰ ⵜⴰⵏ ⵜⵉ ⵉⵙⵙⵢⵓⴰⵍ ⵏⵢⵏ ⵙⴱⴰⵏⵉⵙⵂ ⵎⵢⵗ ⴱⵓⵔⵜⵓⴶⵢⵙⵢ, ⵉⵜⵉⵓⴰⵗⴰⵍ ⴰⵓⴰⴷⵉⵎ ⴰⵙ ⵉⵙⵎⴰⵓⴰⵏ ⵛⵂⵓⵏⴷ ⵉⵏⴷⵉⵓⵙ, ⴱⵓⵢⴱⵍⵓⵙ ⵉⵏⴷⵉⴶⵢⵏⴰⵙ, ⴰⵎⵢⵔⵉⵏⴷⵉⵓⵙ, ⴱⵓⴱⵓⵙ ⵏⴰⵜⵉⵓⵏⵙ, ⴱⵓⴱⵓⵙ ⵉⵏⴷⵉⴶⵢⵏⴰⵙ ⴷ ⴷⴰⵗ ⴱⵢⵔⵓ, ⵛⵓⵎⵓⵏⵉⴷⴰⵜⵢⵙ ⵏⴰⵜⵉⴱⴰⵙ (ⵜⴰⵓⵙⵢⵜⵢⵏ ⵏ ⴰⴾⴰⵍ), ⵂⵓⵍⵍⴰⵏ ⴷⴰⵗ ⵜⵉⵎⵉⵣⴷⴰⵗ ⵜⵉⵏ ⴰⵎⴰⵣⵓⵏⵉⴰ ⵛⵂⵓⵏⴷ ⵓⵔⴰⵏⵉⵏⴰ ⴷ ⵎⴰⵜⵙⴰⵙ.
English: Indigenous peoples are found in the entire territory of Brazil, although the majority of them live in Indian reservations in the North and Center-Western part of the country.
Tamasheq: ⴰⴷⴷⵉⵏⴰⵜ ⵓⵉⵏ ⴰⴾⴰⵍ ⵜⴰ ⵜⴰⵋⵔⴰⵓⴰⵏ ⴷⴰⵎⴰⵜⵙⴰⵙ ⴰⴾⴰⵍ ⵉⵎⴷⴰⵏ ⵏ ⴱⵔⴰⵣⵉⵍ ⴾⵓⴷⴷⴻⵗ ⴰⵙ ⵉⵋⵋⵉⵜ ⵏⴰⵙⴰⵏ ⵉⵣⵣⴰⵗ ⴷⵗ ⵉⴾⴰⵍⵍⴰⵏ ⵉⵏⴷⵉⴰ ⴷⴰⵗ ⴰⵛⵂⵔⵓⵜ ⵓⴰⵏ ⴰⵋⵋⴰⵎⴰ ⴷ ⴰⵎⵎⴰ-ⴷⴰⵗ-ⴰⵜⴰⵔⴰⵎ ⵏ ⴰⴷⴷⴰⵓⵍⴰ
English: There are currently more Armenians living outside their ancestral homeland because of the Armenian genocide of 1915.
Tamasheq: ⵉⵍⵍⴰⵏ ⵜⵉ ⴰⵎⵢⵊⵢⵔⵉⴾⵢⵏ ⵜⴰⵏ ⴰⵋⵋⵓⵜⵏⵢⵏ ⵉⵣⵣⴰⵗⵏⵢⵏ ⴷⴰⵗ ⴰⵋⵋⴰⵎⴰ ⵏ ⴰⴾⴰⵍ ⵏⴰⵙⴰⵏ ⵓⴰⵏ ⵉⵓⵉⵛⵂⴰⵔⴰⵏ ⴼⴰⵍ ⵜⴰⴷⵍⵉⵎⵜ ⵏ ⵢⵎⵢⵙ ⵓⴰⵏ ⴰⵔⵎⵢⵏⵉⵢⵏ ⵜⴰⵏ ⴷⴰⵗ ⴰⵓⴰⵜⴰⵉ ⵓⴰⵏ 1915
English: The argument entered the Israeli–Palestinian conflict in the 1990s, with Palestinians claiming Indigenous status as a pre-existing population displaced by Jewish settlement, and currently constituting a minority in the State of Israel.
Tamasheq: ⴰⵎⵛⴰⴾⴾⵉ ⵉⵋⵋⴰⵛⵂ ⴰⴾⵉⵏⵏⴰⵙ ⵓⴰ ⵋⵉⵔ ⵉⵣⵔⴰⵉⵍ ⴷ ⴼⴰⵍⵢⵙⵉⵏ ⴷⴰⵗ ⴰⵓⴰⵜⴰⵉ ⵓⴰⵏ 1990, ⴰⵙ ⵋⴰⵏ ⵉⵏ ⴾⵢⵍ ⴼⴰⵍⵢⵙⵜⵉⵏ ⴰⵔⵂⴰⵏ ⴰⵍⵆⴰⵈ ⵏⴰⵙⴰⵏ ⵓⴰⵏ ⴰⵙ ⴰⵈⵈⴰⵍⴰⵏ ⵉⵛⵂⴰⵗⵉⴱ ⵓⴰ ⵢⵣⵣⴰⵔⴰⵏ ⵙ ⴰⴾⴰⵍ ⵉⵙⴰⵂⵓⵏⴰⵏ ⴰⵣⵓⴱⴱⵉ ⵓⴰ ⵂⵉⵏ ⵉⵋⵋⴰⵏ ⴰⵍⵉⴰⵂⵓⴷ ⵜⴰⵏ ⵜⵓⵍⴰⵙ ⴰⵎⴰⵔⴰⴷ ⴰⵈⵈⴰⵍⴰⵏ ⵜⴰⵓⵙⵢⵜ ⴰⵏⴷⴰⵔⵔⴰⵜ ⴷⴰⵗ ⴰⴷⴷⴰⵓⵍⴰ ⵜⴰⵏ Iⵣⵔⴰⵉⵍ
English: In Russia, definition of "indigenous peoples" is contested largely referring to a number of population (less than 50 000 people), and neglecting self-identification, origin from indigenous populations who inhabited the country or region upon invasion, colonization or establishment of state frontiers, distinctive social, economic and cultural institutions.
Tamasheq: “ ⴷⴰⵗ ⵔⵓⵙⵙⵉⴰ, ⴰⵍⵎⴰⵗⵏⴰ ⵓⴰⵏ “”ⴰⴷⴷⵉⵏⴰⵜ ⵓⵉⵏ ⴰⴾⴰⵍ”” ⴰⵎⵛⵢⴾⵢⵏ ⵜⵉ ⴰⴷⴷⵉⵏⴰⵜ ⴰⵋⵋⵓⵜⵏⵢⵏ ⴼⴰⵍ ⴰⵙ ⵉⵜⴰⵓⴰⵏ ⵉ ⵉⴷⴷⵉⴾⵓⴷ ⵏ ⵉⵛⵂⴰⵗⵉⴱ (ⴰⴷ ⵓⵔⴰⴾⴰⵏ ⵉ 50000 ⵏ ⴰⵓⴰⴷⵉⵎ) ⵜⵓⵍⴰⵙ ⵉⴷⵔⴰⴶ ⵉⵏ ⵉ ⵜⵓⵎⴰⵙⵜ ⵏ ⴰⴷⴷⵉⵏⴰⵜ, ⴰⵜⵜⴰⵔⵢⵆ ⵓⴰⵏ ⵉⵛⵂⴰⵗⵉⴱ ⵓⴰⵏ ⴾⵢⵍ ⴰⴾⴰⵍ ⵓⵉ ⵉⵣⵣⴰⵗⵏⵢⵏ ⴰⴷⴷⴰⵓⵍⴰ ⵎⵢⵗ ⵔⵢⵋⵉⵓⵏ ⴷⴰⵜⴰ ⴰⵜⴰⵔⵎⵉⵙ ⵏⵢⵜ, ⴰⵍⵉⵙⵜⵢⵗⵎⴰⵔ ⵏⵢⵜ ⵎⵢⵗ ⵢⴷⴱⵉ ⵓⴰⵏ ⴰⵍⵆⴰⴷⵓⴷⴰⵏ ⵏ ⴰⴷⴷⴰⵓⵍⴰ, ⴰⵏⵎⵉⵣⵍⴰⵉ ⵏ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⴷⵓⵈ, ⵜⵉⵋⵉⵜⵜⴰⵓⵢⵏ ⵜⵉⵏ ⵜⴰⵎⵓⴷⵔⵢ ⴷ ⴰⴶⵏⴰ”
English: The Tibetans are indigenous to Tibet.
Tamasheq: ⵜⵉⴱⵢⵜⴰⵏ ⵜⴰⵏ ⴰⵈⵈⴰⵍⴰⵏ ⴾⵢⵍ ⴰⴾⴰⵍ ⵏ ⵜⵉⴱⵢⵜ
English: In Hong Kong, the indigenous inhabitants of the New Territories are defined in the Sino-British Joint Declaration as people descended through the male line from a person who was in 1898, before Convention for the Extension of Hong Kong Territory.
Tamasheq: ⴷⴰⵗ ⵂⵓⵏⴶ ⵆⵓⵏⴶ, ⵉⵎⴰⵣⵣⴰⵗⴰⵏ ⵏ ⴾⵢⵍ ⴰⴾⴰⵍ ⵏ ⵉⴾⴰⵍⵍⴰⵏ ⵓⵉ ⵢⵉⵏⴰⵉⵏⵢⵏ ⴰⴼⵉⵙⵙⴰⵔ ⴰⵍⵎⵗⵏⴰ ⵏⴰⵙⴰⵏ ⴷⴰⵗ ⵙⵉⵏⵓ-ⴱⵔⵉⵜⵉⵙⵂ ⵋⵓⵉⵏⵜ ⵢⵢⵛⵍⴰⵔⴰⵜⵉⵓⵏ ⴰⵙ ⴰⵈⵈⴰⵍⴰⵏ ⴰⴷⴷⵉⵏⴰⵜ ⵉⴷ ⴰⵣⵣⵓⴱⴰⵜ ⵏⵢⵏ ⴷⴰⵗ ⴰⴷⴰⵔⵉⵛⵂ ⵓⴰⵏ ⴰⵂⴰⵍⵉⵙ ⵢⵈⵈⴰⵍⴰⵏ ⴷⴰⵗ ⴰⵓⴰⵜⴰⵉ ⵓⴰⵏ 1898, ⴷⴰⵜⴰ ⴰⵏⴼⵉⵂⴰⵎ ⵓⴰ ⵉⵋⵋⴰⵏ ⵉ ⴰⵛⵂⵉⵏⴾⵉⵛⵂ ⵏ ⴰⴾⴰⵍ ⵓⴰⵏ ⵂⵓⵏⴶ ⵆⵂⵏⴶ
English: The Cham are the indigenous people of the former state of Champa which was conquered by Vietnam in the Cham–Vietnamese wars during Nam tiến.
Tamasheq: ⵆⵢⵍ ⵛⵂⴰⵎ ⴰⵈⵈⴰⵍⴰⵏ ⴰⴷⴷⵉⵏⴰⵜ ⵓⵉⵏ ⴾⵢⵍ ⴰⴾⴰⵍ ⵏ ⴰⴷⴷⴰⵓⵍⴰ ⵓⴰⵏ ⴰⵔⵓ ⵏ ⵛⵂⴰⵎⴱⴰ ⵜ ⴰⵔⵎⴰⵙ ⴱⵉⵢⵜⵏⴰⵎ ⴷⴰⵗ ⵉⴾⵉⵏⵏⴰⵙⴰⵏ ⵓⵉ ⵋⵉⵔ ⵛⵂⴰⵎ ⴷ ⴱⵉⵢⵜⵏⴰⵎ ⴷⴰⵗ ⴰⵣⵣⴰⵎⴰⵏ ⵓⴰⵏ ⵏⴰⵎ ⵜⵉⴰⵏ
English: The Khmer Krom are the indigenous people of the Mekong Delta and Saigon which were acquired by Vietnam from Cambodian King Chey Chettha II in exchange for a Vietnamese princess.
Tamasheq: ⵆⵂⵎⵢⵔ ⵆⵔⵓⵎ ⴰⵈⵈⴰⵍⴰⵏ ⴰⴷⴷⵉⵏⴰⵜ ⵓⵉⵏ ⴾⵢⵍ ⴰⴾⴾⴰⵍ ⵓⴰⵏ ⵎⵢⴾⵓⵏⴶ ⵢⵢⵍⵜⴰ ⴷ ⵙⴰⵉⴶⵓⵏ ⵜⵉⴾⵔⴰⵛⵂ ⴱⵉⵢⵜⵏⴰⵎ ⵗⵓⵔ ⴰⵍⵎⴰⵍⵉⴾ ⵓⴰⵏ ⵛⴰⵎⴱⵓⴷⵉⴰ ⵛⵂⵢⵉ ⵛⵂⵢⵜⵜⵂⴰ II ⴷⴰⵗ ⵢⴷⴰⴶ ⵏ ⴰⵎⵉⵔⴰ ⵜⴰⵏ ⴱⵉⵢⵜⵏⴰⵎ
English: This problem is shared by many other countries in the ASEAN region.
Tamasheq: ⵎⵓⵛⵂⴰⴾⵉⵍ ⵓⵢⵏ ⵓⵂⴰⵔⴰⵏ ⵜⵉ ⴰⴷⴷⴰⵓⵍⴰ ⵜⴰⵏ ⴰⵋⵋⵓⵜⵏⵢⵏ ⴷⴰⵗ ⵔⵢⵋⵉⵓⵏ ⵜⴰⵏ ⴰⵙⵢⴰⵏ
English: The indigenous peoples of Mindanao are the Lumad peoples and the Moro (Tausug, Maguindanao Maranao and others) who also live in the Sulu archipelago.
Tamasheq: ⴰⴷⴷⵉⵏⴰⵜ ⵓⵉⵏ ⴾⵢⵍ ⴰⴾⴰⵍ ⵏ ⵎⵉⵏⴷⴰⵏⴰⵓ ⴰⵈⵈⴰⵍⴰⵏ ⴰⴷⴷⵉⵏⴰⵜ ⵓⵉⵏ ⵍⵓⵎⴰⴷ ⴷ ⵎⵓⵔⵓ (ⵜⴰⵓⵙⵓⴶ, ⵎⴰⴶⵓⵉⵏⴷⴰⵏⴰⵓ ⵎⴰⵔⴰⵏⴰⵓ ⴷ ⵉⵉⵉⴰⴷ ⵙ ⵉⵏⵜⴰⵏⵢⴷ ⴷⵢⵗ ⵉⵣⵣⴰⵗⴰⵏ ⴷⴰⵗ ⵙⵓⵍⵓ ⴰⵔⵛⵂⵉⴱⵢⵍⴰⴶⵓ
English: These groups are often together spoken of as Indigenous Australians.
Tamasheq: ⵔⴰⵈⵈⵉⵎⵢⵏ ⵜⵉⵏ ⵉⵜⴰⵓⴰⵏ ⵂⴰⵙ ⵙⴰⵏ ⴼⵓⴾ ⵏⴰⵙⴰⵏ ⴰⵓⵙⵜⵔⴰⵍⵉⵉⵢⵏ ⵜⴰⵏ ⵓⵉⵏ ⴰⴾⴰⵍ
English: During the 20th century, several of these former colonies gained independence and nation-states formed under local control.
Tamasheq: ⴷⴰⵗ ⴰⵓⴰⵜⴰⵉ ⵓⴰⵏ 2000, ⴰⴷⴷⴰⵓⵍⴰ ⵜⴰⵏ ⵓⵉⵏ ⴰⵋⵋⵓⵜⵏⵢⵏ ⴰⵂⴰⵏⵢⵏ ⴰⵍⵉⵙⵜⵢⵗⵎⴰⵔ ⵏ ⵉⵋⵋⵔⴰⵓⴰⵏ ⴰⵍⵉⵙⵜⵢⵆⵍⴰⵍ ⵏⴰⵙⴰⵏ ⵜⵓⵍⴰⵙ ⴰⴷⴷⴰⵓⵍⴰ ⵜⴰⵏ ⴰⵍⵆⴰⴾⵓⵎⴰⵜ ⴼⴰⵍ ⴰⵔⴷⴰⵂⴰⵏ ⴰⴷⴷⵉⵏⴰⵜ ⵜⵉⴷⴷⵢⵓ ⴷⴰⵗ ⴰⴷⴷⴰⵓⵍⴰ ⵜⴰⵏ ⵜⵉⵏ
English: The remains of at least 25 miniature humans, who lived between 1,000 and 3,000 years ago, were recently found on the islands of Palau in Micronesia.
Tamasheq: ⴰ ⵓⴶⴷⴰⵂⴰⵏ ⵉⴷ 25 ⵏ ⵢⵗⴰⵙ ⵏ ⴰⵓⴰⴷⵉⵎ ⵙ ⴾⴰⵍⴰ ⵉⵣⵣⴰⵗⴰⵏ ⵋⵉⵔ 1000 ⴷ 3000 ⵜ ⴰⵓ-ⴰⵋⵔⴰⵓⴰⵏ ⴷⴰⵗ ⵉⵙⵍⴰⵏⴷ ⵜⴰⵏ ⵓⵉⵏ ⴱⴰⵍⴰⵓ ⴷⴰⵗ ⴰⴷⴷⴰⵓⵍⴰ ⵜⴰⵏ ⵎⵉⵛⵔⵓⵏⵢⵙⵉⴰ.
English: According to the 2013 census, New Zealand Māori make up 14.9% of the population of New Zealand, with less than half (46.5%) of all Māori residents identifying solely as Māori.
Tamasheq: ⴷⴰⵗ ⴰⵓⴰ ⵜⴰⵙⵉⵍⵎⴰⴷ ⵜⵓⴷⴷⴰⵏⵜ ⵜⴰⵏ 2013,ⴷⴰⵗ ⵏⵢⵓ ⵤⵢⴰⵍⴰⵏⴷ ⵎⴰⵔⵓⵔⵉ ⴰⵂⴰⵏ ⵜⴰⵜ 14.9% ⵏ ⵉⵛⵂⴰⵗⵉⴱ ⵏ ⵏⵢⵓ ⵤⵢⴰⵍⴰⵏⴷ ⵙ ⵜⴰⵣⵓⵏⵢ ⵏ (46.5%) ⵏ ⵉⵎⴰⵣⵣⴰⵗⴰⵏ ⴼⵓⴾ ⵏ ⵎⴰⵓⵔⵉ ⵜⵉⵓⴰⵣⵣⴰⵉ ⵏⵢⵏ ⴰⵙ ⴰⵈⵈⴰⵍⴰⵏ ⵎⴰⵓⵔⵉ
English: Many Māori national leaders signed a treaty with the British, the Treaty of Waitangi (1840), seen in some circles as forming the modern geo-political entity that is New Zealand.
Tamasheq: ⵉⵎⵓⵣⴰⵔⴰⵏ ⴰⵋⵋⵓⵜⵏⵢⵏ ⵏ ⵎⴰⵓⵔⵉ ⵉⵛⵂⵢⵛⵂⵓⴰⵍⴰⵏ ⴰⵍⴾⴰⴷ ⵉⴷ ⴱⵔⵉⵜⴰⵏⵉⴰ, ⴰⵍⴾⴰⴷ ⵓⴰⵏ ⵓⴰⵉⴰⵏⴶⵉ ( ⴷⴰⵗ ⴰⵓⴰⵜⴰⵉ ⵓⴰⵏ 1840) , ⵙ ⴷⴰⵗ ⵉⵂⴰⵏⴷⴰⴶⴰⵏ ⵉⵉⵉⴰⴷ ⵢⵈⵈⴰⵍ ⴰⴾⴰⵍ ⵏ ⴼⵓⵍⵉⵜⵉⴾ ⵓⴰⵏ ⵏⵢⵓ ⵤⵢⴰⵍⴰⵏⴷ
English: These issues include cultural and linguistic preservation, land rights, ownership and exploitation of natural resources, political determination and autonomy, environmental degradation and incursion, poverty, health, and discrimination.
Tamasheq: ⵎⵓⵛⵂⴰⴾⵉⵍ ⵜⴰⵏ ⵢⵂⵢⵏ ⴰⴶ-ⴰⵣ ⵏ ⴰⴶⵏⴰ ⴷ ⴰⵓⴰⵍ, ⴰⵍⵆⴰⵈⵈⴰⵏ ⵓⵉⵏ ⴰⴾⴰⵍ, ⵜⵉⵍⴰ ⴷ ⵓⴾⵉⵙ ⵓⴰⵏ ⴰⵍⴼⴰⵉⴷⴰ ⵜⴰⵏ ⴰⴾⴰⵍ, ⴰⵆⴰⴾⴰⵎ ⵓⴰⵏ ⴼⵓⵍⵉⵜⵉⴾ ⴷ ⴰⵍⵉⵙⵜⵢⵆⵍⴰⵍ , ⴰⵎⴰⵣⴰⵉ ⵏ ⴰⵂⵉⵏⵣⴰⵣⴰⵗ, ⵜⵉⵍⵍⴰⵈⵓⵓⴰ , ⴰⵙⵙⵢⵆⴰⵜ ⴷ ⵜⴰⵎⵎⵓⵏⵣⵉⵈ
English: The situation can be further confused when there is a complicated or contested history of migration and population of a given region, which can give rise to disputes about primacy and ownership of the land and resources.
Tamasheq: ⵜⴰⵍⵗⴰ ⵜⴰⴷⴷⵓⴱⵢⴷ ⴰⵏⴰⵆⴰⵔⴱⵉ ⴰⵍⵓⴰⵈ ⵓⴰ ⵉⵜ ⵉⵍⵍⴰ ⴰⵜⵜⴰⵔⵢⵆ ⵏ ⴰⵙⵙⵉⴾⵉⵍ ⵙ ⴰⵙⵙⵓⵂⴰⵜ ⵉⵎⵎⵉⴾ ⵏⵢⵜ ⵎⵢⵗ ⵓⴰⵔ ⴼⴰⵍ ⴰⵔⴷⵢⵗⴰⵏ ⴰⴷⴷⵉⵏⴰⵜ ⴷ ⵉⵛⵂⴰⵗⵉⴱ ⵏ ⴰⴾⴰⵍ ⵉⵉⵉⴰⵏ, ⴰⴷⴷⵓⴱⵢⵏ ⴰⴷ ⴰⵔⵓ ⵎⵓⵛⵂⴰⴾⵉⵍ ⵜⴰⵏ ⵋⵉⵔ ⴰⵏⵎⵉⵋⴰⵔ ⴷ ⵜⵉⵍⴰ ⵏ ⴰⴾⴰⵍ ⴷ ⴰⵍⴼⴰⵉⴷⴰ ⵏ ⴰⴾⴰⵍ
English: Despite the diversity of indigenous peoples, it may be noted that they share common problems and issues in dealing with the prevailing, or invading, society.
Tamasheq: ⴰⵏⵎⵉⵣⵍⴰⵉ ⵏ ⴰⴷⴷⵉⵏⴰⵜ ⵓⵉⵏ ⴾⵢⵍ ⴰⴾⴰⵍ ⵓⴰⵔ ⵉⴶⴷⵢⵍ ⴰⵙ ⴰⴷⴷⵓⴱⴰⵜ ⴰ ⵂⵉⵏ ⴰⴶⵔⴰⵂⴰⵏ ⴰⴷⴷⵉⵏⴰⵜ ⵓⵂⴰⵔⴰⵏ ⵎⵓⵛⵂⴰⴾⵉⵍ ⵜⴰⵏ ⴷ ⵜⵉⵎⴰⵗⵓⵜⴰⵔ ⴷⴰⵗ ⴰⵎⵓⴾⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵉⵎⵉⵣⴷⴰⵗ ⴰⵏⵎⴰⵋⴰⵔ ⵏⵢⵏ ⵎⵢⵗ ⵜ ⴰⵔⴰⵎⵎⴰⵙ ⴰⵜ
English: Notable exceptions are the Sakha and Komi peoples (two northern indigenous peoples of Russia), who now control their own autonomous republics within the Russian state, and the Canadian Inuit, who form a majority of the territory of Nunavut (created in 1999).
Tamasheq: ⵂⴰⵔⴰⵜⴰⵏ ⵓⴰⵔ ⵏ ⵓⵍⴰⵂ ⴰⵎⵓⵙⴰⵏ ⴰⴷⴷⵉⵏⴰⵜ ⵓⵉⵏ ⵙⴰⴾⵂⴰ ⴷ ⴾⵓⵎⵉ ( ⴰⴷⴷⵉⵏⴰⵜ ⵉⵙⵙⵉⵏ ⵏ ⴾⵢⵍ ⴰⴾⴰⵍ ⵓⴰⵏ ⵔⵓⵙⵙⵉⴰ) ⵙ ⴰⵎⴰⵔⴰⴷ ⴰⵓⵉⴾⴰⵍⴰⵏ ⴷⴰⵗ ⴰⵍⵉⵙⵜⵢⵆⴰⵍ ⵏ ⵋⴰⵎⴰⵂⵉⵔⵉⵉⴰ ⵏ ⴰⴾⴰⵍ ⵓⴰⵏ ⵔⵓⵙⵙⵉⴰ ⴷ ⵉⵏⵓⵉⵜ ⵓⴰⵏ ⵛⴰⵏⴰⴷⴰ ⵙ ⵉⵏⵜⴰⵢⴷ ⴰ ⵓⵋⵋⴰⵔⵏⵢⵏ ⴷⴰⵗ ⴰⴾⴰⵍ ⵓⴰⵏ ⵏⵓⵏⴰⴱⵓⵜ ( ⵢⵆⵍⴰⴾⴰⵏ ⴷⴰⵗ ⴰⵓⴰⵜⴰⵉ ⵓⴰⴰⵏ 1999)
English: This rejection ended up recognizing that there was a pre-existing system of law practised by the Meriam people.
Tamasheq: ⴰⵋⵋⵓⵔ ⵜⵢⵏ ⵜⵉⵛⵂⵔⴰⵉ ⵙ ⵜⴰⵔⵉⴷⴷⴰⵓⵜ ⵏ ⴰⵙ ⵉⵍⵍⵢ ⵙⵉⵙⵜⵢⵎ ⵓⴰ ⵢⵣⵣⴰⵔⴰⵏ ⵏ ⴰⵛⵂⴰⵔⵢⵗⴰ ⵏ ⴰⴷⴷⵉⵏⴰⵜ ⵓⵉⵏ ⵎⵢⵔⵉⴰⵎ
English: Retrieved on 11 October 2011.
Tamasheq: ⵉⵜⵜⵉⵋⵔⴰⵓ ⴷⴰⵗ ⴰⵛⵂⴰⵍ ⵓⴰⵏ 11 ⵏ ⴰⵉⵓⵔ ⵓⴰⵏ ⵜⵢⵙⵙⴰⵉ ⴷⴰⵗ ⴰⵓⴰⵜⴰⵉ ⵓⴰⵏ 2011
English: Hindus and Chams have both experienced religious and ethnic persecution and restrictions on their faith under the current Vietnamese government, with the Vietnamese state confiscating Cham property and forbidding Cham from observing their religious beliefs.
Tamasheq: ⵂⵉⵏⴷⵓ ⵜⴰⵏ ⴷ ⵛⵂⴰⵎ ⵜⴰⵏ ⴼⵓⴾ ⵏⴰⵙⴰⵏ ⵉⴷⴰⵙ ⵜⴰⵏ ⴼⵓⴾ ⵏⴰⵙⴰⵏ ⴰⵙ ⵜⴰⵏ ⵜⵉⵋⵔⴰⵓ ⵜⴰⴷⵍⵉⵎⵜ ⴼⴰⵍ ⴰⴷⴷⵉⵏ ⴷ ⵜⴰⵓⵙⵢⵜ ⴷ ⵓⴶⴷⴰⵍ ⵏ ⴰⴷⴷⵉⵏ ⵏⴰⵙⴰⵏ ⴰⵣⵣⴰⵎⴰⵏ ⵓⴰⵏ ⴰⵍⵆⴰⴾⵓⵎⴰⵜ ⵜⴰⵏ ⴰⵎⴰⵔⴰⴷ ⵏ ⴱⵉⵢⵜⵏⴰⵎ, ⵙ ⴰⵍⵆⴰⴾⵓⵎⴰⵜ ⵜⴰⵏ ⴱⵉⵢⵜⵏⴰⵎ ⵜ ⴰⵔⴰⵎⵎⴰⵙ ⴰⵔⵉⵣⵣⵢⵋ ⵜⵓⵍⴰⵙ ⵔⴰⵈⵈⴰⵎⴰⵏ ⵉ ⵛⵂⴰⵎ ⴰⵍⵆⵉⴷⵎⴰⵜ ⵏ ⴰⵎⵢⴷⵔⴰⵏ ⵏⴰⵙⴰⵏ ⵓⴰⵏ ⴰⴷⴷⵉⵏ
English: In 2012, Vietnamese police in Chau Giang village stormed into a Cham Mosque, stole the electric generator, and also raped Cham girls.
Tamasheq: ⴷⴰⵗ ⴰⵓⴰⵜⴰⵉ ⵓⴰⵏ 2012, ⴱⵓⵍⵉⵙ ⵜⴰⵏ ⴱⵉⵢⵜⵏⴰⵎ ⴷⴰⵗ ⵜⴰⵗⵔⵉⵎⵜ ⵜⴰⵏ ⵛⵂⴰⵓ ⵗⵉⴰⵏⴶ ⵉⵋⵋⴰⵛⵂⴰⵏ ⴷⴰⵗ ⵜⴰⵎⵉⵣⵋⵉⴷⴷⴰ ⵜⴰⵏ ⵛⵂⴰⵎ ⵜⴰⵏ , ⵓⴾⴰⵔⴰⵏ ⵎⵓⵜⵢⵔ ⵏⴰⵙⴰⵏ ⵓⴰⵏ ⵢⴼⵢⵓ ⵜⵓⵍⴰⵙ ⴰⴼⵜⴰⵈⵈⵢⵏ ⴼⴰⵍ ⵜⵉⵍⵉⴰⴷⴰⵏ ⵜⵉⵏ ⴾⵢⵍ ⵛⵂⴰⵎ
English: In 2012, Indonesia stated that ‘The Government of Indonesia supports the promotion and protection of indigenous people worldwide ... Indonesia, however, does not recognize the application of the indigenous peoples concept ... in the country’.
Tamasheq: ⴷⴰⵗ ⴰⵓⴰⵜⴰⵉ ⵓⴰⵏ 2012, ⵉⵏⴷⵓⵏⴻⵙⵉⴰ ⵜⴰⵍⵍⴰⵗⴰⵜ ⴰⵙ ‘ⴰⵍⵆⴰⴾⵓⵎ ⵜⴰⵏ ⵉⵏⴷⵓⵏⴻⵙⵉⴰ ⵉⴷⵂⴰⵍ ⴻⴼⴻⵙ ⴷ ⴰⵗⴰⵍⴰⵙ ⵏ ⴰⴷⴷⵉⵏⴰⵜ ⵓⵉⵏ ⴾⴻⵍ ⴰⴾⴰⵍ ⴷⴰⵗ ⴰⵍⵗⴰⵍⵉⵎ...ⵉⵏⴷⵓⵏⴻⵙⵉⴰ ⵜ ⵓⵏⵋⴰⵉ ⵙ ⵉⵙⵉⵎ ⵓⴰⵏ ⴰⴷⴷⵉⵏⴰⵜ ⵓⵉⵏ ⴾⴻⵍ ⴰⴾⴰⵍ... ⴷⴰⵗ ⴰⴷⴷⴰⵓⵍⴰ
English: The Vietnamese were originally centered around the Red River Delta but engaged in conquest and seized new lands such as Champa, the Mekong Delta (from Cambodia) and the Central Highlands during Nam Tien.
Tamasheq: ⴷⴰⵗ ⴰⵍⴰⵙⴰⵍ ,ⵆⴻⵍ ⴱⵉⴻⵜⵏⴰⵎ ⵉⵋⵋⵉⵜ ⵜⴰⵏ ⵢⴷⵢⵙ ⵏ ⴻⴻⵍⵜⴰ ⵓⴰⵏ ⵔⴻⴷ ⵔⵉⴱⴻⵔ ⵎⵓⵛⵂⴰⵎ ⴰⵂⴰⵏ ⵉⴾⵉⵏⵏⴰⵙⴰⵏ ⴷ ⵉⵔⴰⵎⴰⵙⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵉⴾⴰⵍⵍⴰⵏ ⵢⵉⵏⴰⵉⵏⴻⵏ ⵛⵂⵓⵏⴷ ⵛⵂⴰⵎⴱⴰ, ⵎⵢⴾⵓⵏⴶ ⴹⵢⵍⵜⴰ ( ⵏ ⵛⴰⵎⴱⵓⴷⵉⴰ) ⴷ ⵂⵉⴶⵂⵍⴰⵏⴷ ⵜⴰⵏ ⵓⵉⵏ ⴰⵎⵎⴰⵙ ⴷⴰⵗ ⴰⵣⵣⴰⵎⴰⵏ ⵓⴰⵏ ⵏⴰⵎ ⵜⵉⵢⵏ
English: The tremendous scale of Vietnamese Kinh colonists flooding into the Central Highlands has significantly altered the demographics of the region.
Tamasheq: ⵜⴰⵂⵔⵉⴾⵢ ⵜⴰⵏ ⵂⵓⵍⵍⴰⵏ ⵏ ⴰⵙⵜⵉⵗⵎⴰⵔⴰ ⵜⴰⵏ ⵓⵉⵏ ⵆⵉⵏⵂ ⵜⴰⵏ ⴱⵉⵢⵜⵏⴰⵎ ⵏⴰⵈⵈⴰⵍ ⵏⵢⵏ ⵙ ⵂⵉⴶⵂⵍⴰⵏⴷ ⵜⴰⵏ ⵓⵉⵏ ⴰⵎⵎⴰⵙ ⵉⴾⵎⴰⵏ ⵋⵓⴶⵔⴰⴼⵉⴰ ⵜⴰⵏ ⵔⵢⵋⵉⵓⵏ
English: And no elimination of one culture by another.”
Tamasheq: ⵜⵓⵍⴰⵙ ⵓⴰⵔ ⵜⵉ ⵉⵍⵍⴰ ⵎⵢⵙ ⵏ ⴰⴶⵏⴰ ⵙ ⴰⴶⵏⴰ ⵉⵉⵉⴰⵏ””
English: Indigenous peoples have been denoted primitives, savages or uncivilized.
Tamasheq: ⴰⴷⴷⵉⵏⴰⵜ ⵓⵉⵏ ⴾⵢⵍ ⴰⴾⴰⵍ ⵉⵜⴰⵓⴰⵏ ⴰⵈⵈⴰⵍⴰⵏ ⴾⵢⵍ ⴰⵔⵓ, ⴰⴱⵓⴷⴷⴰⵍⴰⵏ ⵎⵢⵗ ⵓⴰⵔ ⵉⵍⵢⵏ ⵜⴰ-ⵉⵜ ⵜⵓⵍⴰⵗⴰⵜ
English: Some philosophers, such as Thomas Hobbes (1588-1679), considered indigenous people to be merely "savages".
Tamasheq: “”ⴱⵂⵉⵍⵓⵙⵓⴱⵂⵢⵔ ⵜⴰⵏ ⵉⵉⵉⴰⴷ ⵛⵂⵓⵏⴷ ⵂⵓⵎⴰⵙ ⵂⵓⴱⴱⵢⵙ (ⴷⴰⵗ ⴰⵓⴰⵜⴰⵉ ⵓⴰⵏ 1588 ⵂⵔ 1679), ⵉⵋⵋⴰ ⵗⵓⵔ ⵙⴰⵏ ⴰⵙ ⴰⴷⴷⵉⵏⴰⵜ ⵓⵉⵏ ⴰⴾⴰⵍ ⴰⵈⵈⴰⵍⴰⵏ ⵗⴰⵙ “ⴰ ⴰⴱⵓⴷⴷⴰⵍⴰⵏ”
English: Retrieved from Internet Archive 13 December 2013.
Tamasheq: ⵉⵜ-ⴰⵓ-ⴰⵋⵔⴰⵓ ⴼⴰⵍ ⵉⵏⵜⵢⵔⵏⵢⵜ  ⴷⴰⵗ ⴰⵛⴰⵍ ⵓⴰⵏ 13 ⵏ ⴰⵉⵓⵔ ⵓⴰⵏ ⴷⵉⵙⴰⵎⴱⴰⵔ ⴷⴰⵗ ⴰⵓⴰⵜⴰⵉ ⵓⴰⵏ 2013
English: The UN Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples, adopted by the General Assembly in 2007, established indigenous peoples' right to self-determination, implying several rights regarding natural resource management.
Tamasheq: ⵓⵏ ⵢⵛⵍⴰⵔⴰⵜⵉⵓⵏ ⴼⴰⵍ ⴰⵍⵆⴰⵈⵈⴰⵏ ⵓⵉⵏ ⴰⴷⴷⵉⵏⴰⵜ ⵓⵉⵏ ⴾⵢⵍ ⴰⴾⴰⵍ ⵙ ⵉⵋⵋⴰ ⵗⵢⵏⵢⵔⴰⵍ ⴰⵙⵙⵢⵎⴱⵍⵉ ⵓⵓⵜ ⵜⴰⵏ ⴰⵓⴰⵜⴰⵉ ⵓⴰⵏ 2007 ⵜⴰⵙⵙⵉⵍⵎⴰⴷ ⴼⴰⵍ ⴰⵍⵆⴰⵈⵈⴰⵏ ⵏ ⴰⴷⴷⵉⵏⴰⵜ ⵓⵉⵏ ⴾⵢⵍ ⴰⴾⴰⵍ ⴰⴷ ⴰⵆⴾⵉⵎⴰⵏ ⴷⴰⵗ ⵉⵎⴰⵏ ⵏⴰⵙⴰⵏ, ⴰⵂⴰⵏ ⴰⵍⵆⴰⵈⵈⴰⵏ ⴰⵋⵋⵓⵜⵏⵢⵏ ⵉⴷ ⴰⵈⵈⴰⵍⵏⵢⵏ ⵙ ⴰⵍⴼⴰⵉⴷⴰ ⵜⴰⵏ ⴰⴾⴰⵍ
English: Oil drilling could destroy thousands of years of culture for the Gwich'in.
Tamasheq: ⴷⵏⵓⴰⵏ ⵓⵉⵏ ⵢⵙⵢⵏⵙ ⴰⴷⴷⵓⴱⵢⵏ ⴰⴷ ⴰⵗⵛⵂⵉⴷⴰⵏ ⵜⵉⵎⴰⴷ ⵏ ⴰⵓⴰⵜⴰⵉ ⵏ ⴰⴶⵏⴰ ⵉ ⵗⵓⵉⵛⵂ’ⵉⵏ
English: Development projects such as dam construction, pipelines and resource extraction have displaced large numbers of indigenous peoples, often without providing compensation.
Tamasheq: ⴼⵔⵓⵋⵢ ⵜⴰⵏ ⵓⵉⵏ ⵢⴼⵢⵙ ⵛⵂⵓⵏⴷ ⵉⴾⴰⵔⵓⵙⴰⵏ ⵓⵉⵏ ⴱⴰⵔⴰⵋ ⵜⴰⵏ, ⵆⴰⵜ ⴰⵏⴰⴱⵉⴱ ⴷ ⵉⴾⵓⵙ ⵓⴰⵏ ⴰⵍⴼⴰⵉⴷⴰ ⵏ ⴰⴾⴰⵍ ⵙ ⴰⵂⵓⵏⴰⵏⴰⵏ ⵉⴷⴷⵉⴾⵓⴷ ⵏ ⴰⴷⴷⵉⵏⴰⵜ ⵏ ⴾⵢⵍ ⴰⴾⴰⵍ ⴰⵋⵋⵓⵜⵏⵢⵏ ⵙ ⴰⵍⵓⴰⵈ ⵉⵉⵉⴰⵏ ⵓⴰⵍⴰ ⵜⵉⵎⵣⴰⵍ
English: These women also become economically dependent on men when they lose their livelihoods.
Tamasheq: ⴷⵢⴷⵢⵏ ⵜⵉⵏ ⵜⵓⵍⴰⵙ ⵉⵋⵔⴰⵓ ⵏⴰⵜ ⵙⴰ ⵙ ⴰⵔⵉⵣⵣⵢⵋ ⴰⵍⵉⵙⵜⵢⵆⵍⴰⵍ ⵏⴰⵙⴰⵏ ⴷⴰⵗ ⵎⵢⴷⴷⴰⵏ ⴰⵍⵓⴰⵈ ⵓⴰ ⵉⴷ ⴰⵎⵎⵓⵜⴰⵏ
English: For example the Munduruku people in the Amazon rainforest are opposing the building of Tapajós dam with the help of Greenpeace.
Tamasheq: ⴰⵍⵎⵉⵜⴰⵍ ⴰⴷⴷⵉⵏⴰⵜ ⵓⵉⵏ ⵎⵓⵏⴷⵓⵔⵓⴾⵓ ⴷⴰⵗ ⴰⵔⵓⵋ ⵓⴰⵏ ⴰⵎⴰⵣⵓⵏ ⵓⵏⵋⴰⵉⴰⵏ ⵙ ⴰⴾⴰⵔⵓⵙ ⵓⴰⵏ ⴱⴰⵔⴰⵋ ⵓⴰⵏ ⵜⴰⴱⴰⵋⴰⵙ ⵙ ⵜⴰⵏ ⵉⴷⵂⴰⵍ ⵗⵔⵢⵏⴱⵢⴰⵛ
English: Two main scenarios are proposed, an early expansion to Central Africa, and a single origin of the dispersal radiating from there, or an early separation into an eastward and a southward wave of dispersal, with one wave moving across the Congo basin towards East Africa, and another moving south along the African coast and the Congo River system towards Angola.
Tamasheq: ⵉⵙⵙⵉⵏ ⴰⴷⴷⴰⴱⴰⵔⴰ ⵜⴰⵏ ⵉⵋⵋⴰⵏ, ⴰⵛⵂⵉⵏⴾⵉⵛⵂ ⵂⴰⵔ ⴰⴼⵔⵉⴾⵉⵉⴰ ⵓⴰⵏ ⴰⵎⵎⴰⵙ ⵜⵓⵍⴰⵙ ⴰⵜⵜⴰⵔⵢⵆ ⵉⵉⵉⴰⵏ ⵏ ⴰⵏⴼⵉⵣⵣⴰⴾ ⵏ ⴰⵎⵍⵓⵍⵓ ⴷⵉⵂⵢⵏ ⴷⴰⵗ ⵎⵢⵗ ⵜⴰⵣⵓⵏⵜ ⵙ ⴰⵛⵂⵔⵓⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵢⵏⴰⵣⵣⴰⵎⴰⵔⵜ ⵜⴰⵏ ⴰⵏⴼⵉⵣⵣⴰⴾ ⵙⵉⵂⴰ ⵙ ⴰⵍⵈⵉⴱⵍⴰⵜ ⴷ ⵙ ⵢⵎⴰⵉⵏⴰⴶ ⵙ ⵜⵢⵏⴰⵣⵣⴰⵎⴰⵔⵜ ⵉⵉⵉⴰⵜ ⵜⵓⴾⴰⵉ ⴼⴰⵍ ⵢⵗⴰⵛⵂⴰⵔ ⵓⴰⵏ ⵛⵓⵏⴶⵓ ⵙⵉⵂⴰ ⵙ Aⴼⵔⵉⴾⵉⵉⴰ ⵜⴰⵏ ⴰⵍⵈⵉⴱⵍⴰⵜ ⴷ ⵉⵉⵉⴰⵜ ⵜⵉⴾⴾⴰⵜ ⵙ ⵢⵎⴰⵉⵏⴰⴶ ⵏ ⴰⴼⵔⵉⵛⴰⵏ ⵛⵓⴰⵙⵜ ⴷ ⵉⵙⵉⵜⴻⵎ ⵋⵋⴰⵔⵢⵓ ⵓⴰⵏ ⵛⵓⵏⴶⵓ ⵙⵉⵂⴰ ⵙ ⴰⵏⴶⵓⵍⴰ
English: Cattle terminology in use amongst the relatively few modern Bantu pastoralist groups suggests that the acquisition of cattle may have been from Central Sudanic, Kuliak and Cushitic-speaking neighbors.
Tamasheq: ⵜⴰⵙⴰⵙⵙⴰⵗⵔⴰⵓⵜ ⵜⴰⵏ ⵜⵉⵂⴰⵜⵜⵢⵏ ⵜⴰ ⵙ ⵉⵋⵍⴰⵏ ⵂⴰⵔⴰⵜ ⵏ ⵜⴰⵈⵈⵉⵎⵜ ⵏ ⵉⵎⴰⴷⴰⵏⴰⵏ ⵏ ⴱⴰⵏⵜⵓ ⵓⵉⵏ ⵓⵛⵂⵔⴰⵉ ⴰⵍⵍⴰⵗⵢⵏ ⴰⵙ ⴰⴾⴰⵔⴰⵛⵂ ⵏ ⵜⵉⵂⴰⵜⵜⵢⵏ ⴰⴷⴷⵓⴱⴰⵜ ⴰⴷ ⵢⵋ ⴷⴰⵗ ⵛⵢⵏⵜⵔⴰⵍ ⵙⵓⴷⴰⵏⵉⵛ, ⵆⵓⵍⵉⴰⴾ ⴷ ⵉⵏⴰⵔⵂⴰⵋⵋⴰⵏ ⵏⵢⵜ ⴼⵓⴾ ⵓⵉ ⵉⵙⵙⵢⵓⴰⵍⵏⵢⵏ ⵛⵓⵙⵂⵉⵜⵉⵛ
English: Not far from the Mutirikiwi river, the Monomatapa kings built the Great Zimbabwe complex, a civilisation ancestral to the Kalanga people.
Tamasheq: ⴰ ⵓⴰⵔ ⵏ ⵓⵋⵉⵋ ⵢⵋⵋⴰⵔⵢⵓ ⵓⴰⵏ ⵎⵓⵜⵔⵉⴾⵉⵓⵉ , ⴰⵍⵎⴰⵍⵉⴾⴰⵜⴰⵏ ⵓⵉⵏ ⵎⵓⵏⵓⵎⴰⵜⴰⴱⴰ ⵉⴷⴰⵉⴰⵏ ⵢⵂⴰⵏ ⵓⴰ ⵎⴰⵈⵈⵓⵔⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵌⵉⵎⴱⴰⴱⵓⵢ , ⴰⵜⵜⴰⵔⵢⵓ ⵏ ⵉⵓⵉⵛⵂⴰⵔⴰⵏ ⵉ ⴰⴷⴷⵉⵏⴰⵜ ⵓⵉⵏ ⵆⴰⵍⴰⵏⴶⴰ
English: The Swahili culture that emerged from these exchanges evinces many Arab and Islamic influences not seen in traditional Bantu culture, as do the many Afro-Arab members of the Bantu Swahili people.
Tamasheq: ⴰⴶⵏⴰ ⵓⴰⵏ ⵙⵓⴰⵂⵉⵍⵉ ⵓⴰ ⵉⴷ ⵉⵣⵋⴰⵔⴰⵏ ⴷⴰⵗ ⴰⵎⴰⵙⴾⴰⵍⴰⵏ ⵓⵉⵏ ⵉⴶⴷⴰⵍ ⴰⵙⵙⴰⵂⴰⵜⵢⵏ ⴰⵋⵋⵓⵜⵏⵢⵏ ⵏ ⴰⵔⴰⴱⴰⵏ ⴷ ⴰⵍ-ⵉⵙⵍⴰⵎ ⴼⴰⵍ ⴰⴶⵏⴰ ⵓⴰⵏ ⴰⵍⴰⵙⴰⵍ ⵏ ⴱⴰⵏⵜⵓ ⵛⵂⵓⵏⴷ ⵉⵎⵎⵉⴾ ⵓⴰ ⵉⵋⵋⴰⵏ ⴰⴷⴷⵉⵏⴰⵜ ⴰⵋⵋⵓⵜⵏⵢⵏ ⵏ ⴰⴼⵔⵉⴾⵉⵉⴰ ⴷ ⴰⵔⴰⴱⴰⵏ ⵏ ⴰⴷⴷⵉⵏⴰⵜ ⵓⵉⵏ ⴱⴰⵏⵜⵓ ⵙⵓⴰⵂⵉⵍⵉ
English: After World War II, the National Party governments adopted that usage officially, while the growing African nationalist movement and its liberal allies turned to the term "African" instead, so that "Bantu" became identified with the policies of apartheid.
Tamasheq: “ ⵢⴰⵔⴰⵜ ⴰⴾⵉⵏⵏⴰⵙ ⵏ ⴰⵍⵗⴰⵍⵉⵎ ⵓⴰⵏ ⵉⵙⵙⵉⵏ, ⴱⴰⵔⵜⵉ ⴼⵓⵍⵉⵜⵉⵜⵉⴾ ⵏ ⴰⵍⵆⴾⵓⵎⴰⵜⵢⵏ ⵜ ⵉⵋⵋⴰ ⵓⵓⵜⵢ ⵏⵢⵜ ⵉⵣⵋⴰⵔⴰⵏ ⴰⵙ ⵉⵋⵋⴰ ⴰⵓⵢⵏ ⵜⴰⴶⴰⵉⵢⵏ ⵏ ⴾⵢⵍ ⴰⴼⵔⵉⴾⵉⵉⴰ ⵓⵉ ⵓⵎⴰⵏ ⵏⵢⵏ ⵙ ⵉⴾⴰⵍⵍⴰⵏ ⵏⴰⵙⴰⵏ ⴷ ⵉⵎⴰⴷⵂⴰⵍⴰⵏ ⵏⴰⵙⴰⵏ ⵉⵜⴾⴰⵍⴰⵏ ⵉⵙⵉⵎ ⵓⵏ “ⵆⵢⵍ ⴰⴼⵔⵉⴾⵉⵉⴰ”” ⵓⵂⵓⵏ ⵉ ⴰⴷ ⴰⵋ ⵉⵏ “ ⴱⴰⵏⵜⵓ” ⴰ ⵓⵙⴰⵗⴰⵏ ⵂⴰⵔⴰⵜ ⵉⴷ ⴼⵓⵍⵉⵜⵉⴾ ⵜⴰⵏ ⵜⵉⵏ ⴰⴱⴰⵔⵂⵢⵉⴷ
English: Again association with apartheid discredited the term, and the South African government shifted to the politically appealing but historically deceptive term "ethnic homelands".
Tamasheq: “ ⵜⵓⵍⴰⵙ ⴰⵙⵙⴰⵗ ⵉⴷ ⴰⴱⴰⵔⵜⵂⵢⵉⴷ ⵢⵗⵛⵂⴰⴷ ⵉⵙⵉⵎ ⵜⵓⵍⴰⵙ ⴰⵍⵆⴰⴾⵓⵎⴰⵜ ⵜⴰⵏ ⴰⴼⵔⵉⴾⵉⵉⴰ ⵜⴰⵏ ⵢⵎⴰⵉⵏⴶ ⵓⴾⴰⵉⴰⵏ ⵙ ⵜⴰⵙⴰⵙⵙⴰⵗⵔⴰⵓⵜ ⵜⴰⵏ ⴼⵓⵍⵉⵜⵉⴾ ⵎⵓⵛⵂⴰⵎ ⴷⴰⵗ ⴰⵜⵜⴰⵔⵢⵆ ⵉⵙⵉⵎ ⵏ ⵜⴰⵗⴷⵉⵔⵜ “ⵉⴾⴰⵍⵍⴰⵏ ⵓⵉⵏ ⵜⴰⵓⵙⵢⵜⵢⵏ””
English: In Swati the stem is -ntfu and the noun is buntfu.
Tamasheq: ⴷⴰⵗ ⵙⵓⴰⵔⵉ ⵜⵢⴾⴰⵓⵜ ⵜ ⵉⵎⵓⵙ -ⵏⵜⴼⵓ ⵜⵓⵍⴰⵙ ⵉⵙⵉⵎ ⵢⵈⵈⴰⵍ ⴱⵓⵏⵜⴼⵓ
English: Not all Basques are Basque-speakers.
Tamasheq: ⵓⴰⴷⴷⵢⵏ ⴰⴷⴷⵉⵏⴰⵜ ⴼⵓⴾ ⵓⵉⵏ ⴱⴰⵙⵈⵓⵢⵙ ⴰ ⵉⵙⵙⴰⵏ ⵏⵢⵏ ⴰⵓⴰⵍ ⵓⴰⵏ ⴱⴰⵙⵈⵓ
English: modern Basque esan) and the suffix -(k)ara ("way (of doing something)").
Tamasheq: “” ⴱⴰⵙⵈ ⵢⵙⴰⵏ ⵓⴰⵏ ⵓⵛⵂⵔⴰⵉ) ⵜⵓⵍⴰⵙ ⵙⵓⴼⴼⵉⵆ -(ⴾ)ⴰⵔⴰ (‘’ ⴰⴱⴰⵔⴰ (ⵏ ⵉⵋⵉ ⵏ ⵂⴰⵔⴰⵜ””)
English: He records the name of the Basque language as enusquera.
Tamasheq: ⴷⵗⵔⴰⵏ ⵉⵙⵉⵎ ⵓⴰⵏ ⴰⵓⴰⵍ ⵏ ⴱⴰⵙⴽ ⵛⵂⵓⵏⴷ ⵢⵏⵓⵙⵈⵓⵢⵔⴰ
English: Although they are genetically distinctive in some ways due to isolation, the Basques are still very typically European in terms of their Y-DNA and mtDNA sequences, and in terms of some other genetic loci.
Tamasheq: ⵆⵓⴷⴷⵢⵗ ⴰⵙ ⴷⴰⵗ ⵢⵜⴰⵔⵉ ⴰⵏⵎⴰⵣⵍⴰⵉⴰⵏ ⴷⴰⵗ ⵉⵂⴰⵏⴷⴰⴶⴰⵏ ⵉⵉⵉⴰⴷ ⴼⴰⵍ ⴰⵙⴾⵓⵜ ⵏⵢⵜ , ⴱⴰⵙⵈⵓⵢⵙ ⴰⵈⵈⴰⵍⴰⵏ ⴾⵢⵍ ⵢⵔⵓⴱⴰ ⵓⵉⵏ ⴰⵍⴰⵙⴰⵍ ⴷⴰⵗ ⴰⵓⴰ ⵉⴷ ⵢⵈⵈⴰⵍⴰⵏ ⵗ-ⵢⵏⴰ ⴷ ⵎⵜⵢⵏⴰ ⵜⵓⵍⴰⵙ ⴷⴰⵗ ⴰⵓⴰ ⵉⴷ ⵢⵈⵈⴰⵍⴰⵏ ⵍⵓⵛⵉ ⵜⴰⵏ ⵉⵉⵉⴰⴷ ⵏ ⵢⵜⴰⵔⵉ
English: However, studies of the Y-DNA haplogroups found that on their direct male lineages, the vast majority of modern Basques have a common ancestry with other Western Europeans, namely a marked predominance of Indo-European Haplogroup R1b-DF27 (70%).
Tamasheq: ⵂⴰⴾ ⵉⴷ ⵉⵋⵋⴰ ⴰⵓⵢⵏ, ⵜⵉⵗⵉⵔ ⵏ ⵗ-ⵢⵏⴰ ⵂⴰⴱⵍⵓⴶⵔⵓⵓⴱⵙ ⵉⵋⵔⴰⵓ ⵏⴰⵜ ⴰⵙ ⴰⵣⴰⵋⵓⵔ ⵏⴰⵙⴰⵏ ⵉ ⴰⵂⴰⵍⵉⵙ, ⵉⵋⵋⵉⵜ ⵏ ⴱⴰⵙⵇ ⵜⴰⵏ ⵓⵉⵏ ⴰⵎⴰⵔⴰⴷ ⵉⵍⴰⵏ ⵉⴱⴱⴰ ⵢⵉⴰⵏ ⵓⵂⴰⵔⴰⵏ ⵉⴷ ⴾⵢⵍ ⵢⵔⵓⴱⴰ ⵓⵉⵏ ⴰⵜⴰⵔⴰⵎ ⵢⵉⴰⴷ ⵂⵓⵍⵍⴰⵏ ⴷⴰⵗ ⴰⵙ ⵓⵋⵋⴰⵔⴰⵏ ⵆⵢⵍ ⵉⵏⴷⵓ-ⵢⵔⵓⴱⴰ ⵂⴰⴱⵍⵓⴶⵔⵓⵓⴱ ⵔ1ⴱ-ⴻⴼ27 (70%)
English: In spite of its high frequency in Basques, Y-STR internal diversity of R1b-DF27 is lower there, and results in more recent age estimates", implying it was brought to the region from elsewhere.
Tamasheq: “ⵆⵓⴷ ⵢⵔⵂⴰ ⵉⵋⵉⵜ ⵏⵢⵜ ⴷⴰ ⴱⴰⵙⵈⵓⵢⵙ, ⵗ-ⵙⵜⵔ ⵉⵋⵉⵜ ⵓⴰⵏ ⴰⵎⵎⴰⵙ ⵏ ⵔ1ⴱ-ⵢⴼ27 ⵉ ⴷⴰⵔⵓⵙⵏⵢⵏ ⴷⵉⵂⵢⵏ ⵜⵓⵍⴰⵙ ⵉⴾⴰⵉⴰⴷⴰⵏ ⵏ ⴰⵓⴰⵜⴰⵉ ⵢⵉⵏⴰⵉⴰⵏ ⵉⴷⴾⴰⴷⴰⵏ” ⵢⵂⵢ ⴰⵙ ⴰⵎⵎⵢⵓⴰⵉ ⵉⴷ ⵙ ⵔⵢⵋⵉⵓⵏ ⴷⴰⵗ ⵢⴷⴰⴶ ⵉⵉⵉⴰⵏ”
English: The collection of mtDNA and Y-DNA haplogroups sampled there differed significantly compared to their modern frequencies.
Tamasheq: ⵙⵉⴷⵓ ⵏ ⵎⵜⵢⵏⴰ ⴷ ⵗ-ⵢⵏⴰ ⵂⴰⴱⵍⵓⴶⵔⵓⵓⴱⵙ ⴰⵎⵉⵉⴰⵣⴰⵏ ⴰⵏⵎⵉⵣⵍⴰⵉ ⵏⴰⵙⴰⵏ ⴷⴰⵗ ⴰⵙ ⵉⵜⴾⴰⴷ ⵙ ⵉⵋⵋⵉⵜⴰⵏ ⵏⴰⵙⴰⵏ ⵓⵉⵏ ⴰⵎⴰⵔⴰⴷ
English: Rather, some 4500 years ago almost all Y-DNA heritage from Iberian admixture of Mesolithic hunter-gatherers and Neolithic farmers was replaced by the R1b lineage of Indo-European herders from the steppe, and the Basque genetic distinctiveness is a result of centuries of low population size, genetic drift, and endogamy.
Tamasheq: ⴰ ⵉⵍⴰⵏ 4500 ⵏ ⴰⵓⴰⵜⴰⵉ ⴰⵓⴰ ⴷⴰⵗ ⵉⵣⵋⴰⵔⴰⵏ ⵢⵜⴰⵔⵉ ⵓⴰⵏ ⵗ-ⵢⵏⴰ ⵏ ⴰⵏⵎⵉⵔⵜⴰⵉ ⵓⴰⵏ ⵉⵏⵢⵔⵉⴰⵏ ⵜⴰⵏ ⵉⵎⴰⵂⵓⵉⴰ-ⵉⵏⴰⴼⵔⴰⴷⴰⵏ ⵓⵉⵏ ⵎⵢⵙⵓⵍⵉⵜⵉⴾ ⴷ ⴾⵢⵍ ⵜⵉⵓⵉⵋⴰⵙ ⵓⵉⵏ ⵏⵢⵓⵍⵉⵜⵉⴾ ⵉⵛⵔⴰⵉ ⵜⵉ ⵔ1ⴱ ⵓⴰⵏ ⵉⵏⴰⵎⵎⵓⴶⴰⵣ ⵓⵉⵏ ⴾⵢⵍ ⵂⵉⵏⴷⵓ-ⵢⵔⵓⴱⴰ ⵏ ⴰⵎⴰⴶⵓⵏ ⴷ ⴰⵏⵎⵉⵣⵍⴰⵉ ⵓⴰⵏ ⵢⵜⴰⵔⵉ ⵏ ⴱⴰⵙⵇ ⵜⴰⵏ ⵢⵈⵈⴰⵍ ⴰ ⵉⴷ ⵢⵔⴰⵓⴰⵏ ⵜⵉⵎⴰⴷ ⵏ ⵉⵓⵉⵜⵉⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵉⴷⵉⴾⵓⴷ ⵏ ⵉⵛⵛⴰⵗⵉⴱ ⴷⴰⵔⴰⵙⴰⵏ , ⴰⵙⵙⴰⵂⴰⵜ ⵏ ⵢⵜⴰⵔⵉ ⴷ ⴰⴷⵓⴱⵉⵏ ⵓⴰⵏ ⴰⵎⵎⴰⵙ ⵏ ⵜⴰⵓⵙⴻⵜ
English: Mattias Jakobsson from Uppsala University in Sweden analysed genetic material from eight Stone Age human skeletons found in El Portalón Cavern in Atapuerca, northern Spain.
Tamasheq: ⵋⴰⵜⵜⵉⴰⵙ ⵋⵓⴾⵓⴱⵙⵙⵓⵏ ⵓⴰⵏ ⵓⴱⴱⵙⴰⵍⴰ ⵓⵏⵉⵢⵔⵙⵉⵜⵉ ⴷⴰⵗ ⴰⴷⴷⴰⵓⵍⴰ ⵜⴰⵏ ⵙⵓⵢⴷⵢ ⵉⵎⵎⵉⵉⴰⵣ ⴰⵙⵓⵋ ⵓⴰⵏ ⵢⵜⴰⵔⵉ ⴼⴰⵍ ⵉⵗⴰⵙⴰⵏ ⵏ ⴰⴷⴷⵉⵏⴰⵜ ⵓⵉⵏ ⴰⵓⴰⵜⴰⵉ ⵓⴰⵏ ⵜⴰⵂⵓⵏⵜ ⴰⵜⵉⵋⵔⴰⵓ ⵏⵢⵏ ⴷⴰⵗ ⴰⵋⵉⵔⵢⵔ ⵓⴰⵏ ⵢⵍ ⴱⵓⵔⵜⴰⵍⵓⵏ ⴷⴰⵗ ⴰⵜⴰⴱⵓⵢⵔⵛⴰ ⵙ ⵢⵎⴰⵉⵏⴰⵋ ⵏ ⵙⴱⴰⵏⵉⴰ
English: The findings were published in Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States.
Tamasheq: ⵉⵋⴰⵔⴰⵓⴰⵏ ⵉⵣⵋⴰⵔⴰⵏ ⴷⴰⵗ ⴰⵍⴾⴰⴷⴰⵏ ⵓⵉ ⵏⴰⵜⵉⵓⵏⴰⵍ ⴰⵛⴰⴷⵢⵎⵉ ⵜⴰⵏ ⵙⵛⵉⵢⵏⵛⵢⵙ ⵏ ⴰⵎⵢⵔⵉⴾⴰ
English: This admixed group was also found to be ancestral to other modern-day Iberian peoples, but while the Basques remained relatively isolated for millennia after this time, later migrations into Iberia led to distinct and additional admixture in all other Iberian groups.
Tamasheq: ⵜⴰⵈⵈⵉⵎⵜ ⵜⵢⵏ ⵜⴰⵔⵜⴰⵉⴰⵜ ⵉⵜⴰⵓⴰⵏ ⵉⵏⵜⴰ ⴷⴰⵗ ⴰⵙ ⵜ ⴰⵣⵣⴰⵔ ⵉ ⵜⴰ ⵉⴰⴷⴰⵜ ⵏ ⴰⴷⴷⵉⵏⴰⵜ ⵓⵉⵏ ⵉⴱⵢⵔⵉⴰⵏ ⵎⵓⵛⵂⴰⵎ ⴾⵓⴷⴷⵢⵗ ⴱⴰⵙⵈⵓⵢ ⵜⴰⵏ ⴰⵈⵈⵉⵎⴰⵏ ⵉⵙⴾⴰⵜⴰⵏ ⵂⴰⵔ ⵉⵋⵋⴰⵏ ⵢⴼⴷⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵉⵓⵉⵜⵉⴰⵏ ⴷⴰⵔⴰⵜ ⴰⵍⵓⴰⵈ ⵓⵢⵏ, ⴷⴰⵔⴰⵜ ⵉⵙⵉⴾⵉⵍⴰⵏ ⵙ Iⴱⵢⵔⵉⴰ ⵉ ⴰⴷ ⴰⵏⵎⴰⵣⵍⵉ ⵜⵓⵍⴰⵙ ⵉ ⴰⵏⵎⵉⵣⵍⴰⵉ ⵏ ⵜⵉⵓ-ⴰⵜ ⴷⴰⵗ ⵜⵈⵈⵉⵎⴻⵏ ⴼⵓⴾ ⵜⵉ ⵉⴰⴷⵏⵢⵏ ⵏ Iⴱⵢⵔⵉⴰ
English: There is enough evidence to support the hypothesis that at that time and later they spoke old varieties of the Basque language (see: Aquitanian language).
Tamasheq: ⵉⵍⵍⵢ ⴰⵙⵉⴷⵓⵜⵜⵉ ⴰⴷⴷⵓⴱⵢⵏ ⴰⴷ ⵢⵈⵈⵉⵍ ⴰⵙⵓⵉⴾⴱⴰⵍ ⵏ ⵎⵉⵔⴷⴰ ⵏ ⴰⵍⵓⴰⵈ ⵓⵢⵏ ⴷ ⴷⴰⵔⴰⵜ ⴰⵓⴰ ⵉⵙⵙⵢⵓⴰⵍⴰⵏ ⵉⵛⵂⵉⴾⵉⵍⴰⵏ ⵓⵉⵏ ⴰⵔⵓ ⵏ ⴰⵓⴰⵍ ⵓⴰⵏ ⴱⴰⵙⵈⵓ ( ⵉⴾⵉⵉⴷ: ⴰⵓⴰⵍ ⵓⴰⵏ ⴰⵈⵓⵉⵜⵏⵉⴰⵏ)
English: The Kingdom of Pamplona, a central Basque realm, later known as Navarre, underwent a process of feudalization and was subject to the influence of its much larger Aragonese, Castilian and French neighbours.
Tamasheq: ⴰⵍⵎⴰⵍⵉⴾⵉⵉⴰⵜ ⵜⴰⵏ ⴱⴰⵎⴱⵍⵓⵏⴰ, ⵢⴷⴰⴶ ⵏ ⴱⴰⵙⵇ ⵜⴰⵏ ⵓⵉⵏ ⴰⵎⵎⴰⵙ ⵙ ⴷⴰⵔⴰⵜ ⴰⵓⴰ ⵉⵜⴰⵓⴰⵗⵉⵔ ⵙ ⵉⵙⵉⵎ ⵓⴰⵏ ⵏⴰⴱⴰⵔⵔ, ⵉⵋⵋⴰⵛⵂ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵜⴰⴾⵓⴰⵉⵜ ⵏ ⴰⵍⵉⵙⵜⵢⵗⵎⴰⵔ ⵜⵓⵍⴰⵙ ⵓⵔⵏⴰⵏ ⵜⵉ ⵂⵓⵍⵍⴰⵏ ⵉⵏⴰⵔⵂⴰⵋⵋⴰⵏ ⵏⵢⵜ ⵓⵉ ⴰⵔⴰⴶⵓⵏⵢⵙⵢ, ⴷ ⴼⵔⴰⵏⵙ
English: Weakened by the Navarrese civil war, the bulk of the realm eventually fell before the onslaught of the Spanish armies (1512–1524).
Tamasheq: ⴷⴰⵗ ⵉⴾⴾⴰⵙ ⴰⴾⵉⵏⵏⴰⵙ ⵏ ⵏⴰⴱⴰⵔⵔⵢ ⵓⴰⵏ ⵋⵉⵔ ⵉⵛⵛⴰⵗⵉⴱ , ⵉⵋⵉⵜ ⵏ ⴰⴷⴷⵉⵏⴰⵜ ⵓⵉ ⵓⵋⴰⵔⵏⵢⵏ ⵢⴷⴰⴶ ⵓⴷⴰⵏ ⴼⵓⴾ ⵏⴰⵙⴰⵏ ⴷⴰⵜⴰ ⵜⴰⴷⵍⴰⵎⵜ ⵜⴰⵏ ⴰⵍⵗⴰⵙⴾⵉⵔ ⵓⴰⵏ ⵙⴱⴰⵏⵉⴰ (1512 ⵂⴰⵔ 1524)
English: Nevertheless, the Basques enjoyed a great deal of self-government until the French Revolution (1790) and the Carlist Wars (1839, 1876), when the Basques supported heir apparent Carlos V and his descendants.
Tamasheq: ⴱⴰⵙⵇ ⵜⴰⵏ ⵉⵋⵔⴰⵣ ⵂⴰⵙⵙⴰⵏ ⵂⵓⵍⵍⴰⵏ ⴰⵆⴰⴾⴰⵎ ⴷⴰⵗ ⵉⵎⴰⵏ ⵏⴰⵙⴰⵏ ⵂⴰⵔ ⵜⴰⵏⴰⴾⵔⴰ ⵜⴰⵏ ⴾⵢⵍ ⴼⵔⴰⵏⵙ (ⴷⴰⵗ ⴰⵓⴰⵜⴰⵉ ⵓⴰⵏ 1790) ⴷ ⵉⴾⵉⵏⵏⴰⵙⴰⵏ ⵉⵏ ⵛⴰⵔⵍⵉⵙⵜ (1839, 1876), ⴰⵍⵓⴰⵈ ⵓⴰ ⵉⴷ ⴱⴰⵙⵈⵓⵢ ⵜⴰⵏ ⵉⵍⴾⴰⵎⴰⵏ ⵉ ⵛⴰⵔⵍⵓⵙ ⴱ ⴷ ⴰⵓⴰ ⵜⵉ ⵉⴷ ⵉⵣⵋⴰⵔⴰⵏ
English: The autonomous community (a concept established in the Spanish Constitution of 1978) known as Euskal Autonomia Erkidegoa or EAE in Basque and as Comunidad Autónoma Vasca or CAV in Spanish (in English: Basque Autonomous Community or BAC), is made up of the three Spanish provinces of Álava, Biscay and Gipuzkoa.
Tamasheq: ⵜⴰⵓⵙⴻⵜ ⵜⵉⵍⴰⵜ ⴰⵍⵆⵓⵔⵉⵉⴰ ( ⵜⴰⵙⴰⵙⵙⴰⵗⵔⴰⵓⵜ ⵜⵉⵋⵋⴰⵜ ⴰⵛⵂⴰⵔⵢⵗⴰ ⵓⴰ ⵎⴰⵈⵈⵓⵔⴰⵏ ⵏ ⴰⴷⴷⵓⵍⴰ ⴷⴰⵗ ⴰⵓⴰⵜⴰⵉ ⵓⴰⵏ 1978) ⵙ ⵉⵙⵉⵎ ⵏⵢⵜ ⵢⵓⵙⴾⴰⵍ ⴰⵓⵜⵓⵏⵓⵎⵉⴰ ⵢⵔⴾⵉⴷⵢⴶⵓⴰ ⵎⵢⵗ ⵢⴰⵢⴷⴰⵗ ⴱⴰⵙⵇ ⵜⵓⵍⴰⵙ ⵛⵂⵓⵏⴷ ⵛⵓⵎⵓⵏⵉⴷⴰⴷ ⴰⵓⵜⵓⵏⵓⵎⴰ ⴱⴰⵙⵛⴰ ⴷⴰⵗ ⵙⴱⴰⵏⵉⴰ (ⴷⴰⵗ ⵜⴰⵏⴶⵉⵉⵙⵉⵜ: ⵜⴰⵓⵙⵢⵜ ⵏ ⴱⴰⵙⵈⵓⵢⵜ ⵜⵉⵋⵔⴰⵓ ⴰⵜ ⴰⵍⵆⵓⵔⵉⴰ ⵏⵢⵜ ⵎⵢⵗ ⴱⴰⵛ), ⵜⵉⵋⴰ ⵙ ⴾⴰⵔⴰⴷⴰⵜ ⵜⵉⵎⵗⴰⵔⵎⴰⵜⵢⵏ ⵏ ⵙⴱⴰⵏⵉⴰ ⴰⵎⵓⵙ ⵏⵢⵏ ⴰⵍⴰⴱⴰ, ⴱⵉⵙⵛⴰⵉ, ⵗⵉⴱⵓⵣⴾⵓⴰ
English: It is sometimes referred to simply as "the Basque Country" (or Euskadi) by writers and public agencies only considering those three western provinces, but also on occasions merely as a convenient abbreviation when this does not lead to confusion in the context.
Tamasheq: “ⴰⵍⵓⴰⵈⵈⴰⵏ ⵉⵉⵉⴰⴷ ⵗⴰⵔ ⵉⵏ ⵜⵉ ⵗⴰⵙ ⵙ ⵉⵙⵉⵎ ⵓⴰⵏ “”ⴰⴷⴷⴰⵓⵍⴰ ⵜⴰⵏ ⴱⴰⵙⵈⵓⵢ”” (ⵎⵢⵗ ⵢⵓⵙⴾⴰⴷⵉ) ⵉⵏⴰⴾⵓⴱⴰⵏ ⴷ ⵜⴰⴶⴰⵉⵢⵏ ⵏ ⴰⴷⴷⵉⵏⴰⵜ ⵗⵓⵔ ⵉⵋⵋⴰ ⵙ ⵜⵉⵗⴰⵔⵎⴰⵜⵢⵏ ⵜⵉⵏ ⴾⴰⵔⴰⴷⴰⵜ ⵎⵓⵛⵂⴰⵎ ⵂⴰⵔ ⵉⵂⴰⵏⴷⴰⴶⴰⵏ ⵉⵉⵉⴰⴷ ⴰⵋⵋⵓⵜⵏⵢⵏ ⴰⵍⵓⴰⵈ ⵓⴰ ⵉⴷ ⴰⵓⵢⵏ ⵓⴰⵔ ⵉⵙⵉⵋⵔⵉⵓ ⵜⵢⵓⴰⵗⵏⵢ ⵏ ⵢⵗⴰⴼ
English: In particular in common usage the French term Pays Basque ("Basque Country"), in the absence of further qualification, refers either to the whole Basque Country ("Euskal Herria" in Basque), or not infrequently to the northern (or "French") Basque Country specifically.
Tamasheq: “”ⴷⴰⵗ ⵎⴰⵋⵔⴰⴷ ⵉⵙⵉⵎ ⴷⴰⵗ ⵜⴰⴼⵔⴰⵏⵙⵉⵜ ⴱⴰⵉⵙ ⴱⴰⵙⵇ (“”ⴰⴷⴷⴰⵓⵍⴰ ⵜⴰⵏ ⴱⴰⵙⵈⵓⵢ””)ⴷⴰⵗ ⵉⴱⴰⵏ ⵜⴰⵙⴰⵙⵙⴰⵗⵔⴰⵓⵜ ⴰⵎⵓⵙ ⴰ ⵢⵈⵈⴰⵍⴰⵏ ⴰⴷⴷⴰⵓⵍⴰ ⵜⴰⵏ ⴱⴰⵙⵇ ⵜⴰⵏ ⴼⵓⴾ ⵏⵢⵜ (‘’ⵢⵓⵙⴾⴰⵍ ⵂⵢⵔⵔⵉⴰ”” ⴷⴰⵗ ⴱⴰⵙⵇ) ⵎⵢⵗ ⵓⴰⴷⴷⵢⵏ ⵙⴰ ⵙ ⵢⵎⴰⵉⵏⴰⵋ (ⵎⵢⵗ ⵜⴰⴼⵔⴰⵏⵙⵉⵜ”) ⵂⵓⵍⵍⴰⵏ ⴰⴷⴷⴰⵓⵍⴰ ⵏ ⴱⴰⵙⵇ”
English: Note that in historical contexts Navarre may refer to a wider area, and that the present-day northern Basque province of Lower Navarre may also be referred to as (part of) Nafarroa, while the term "High Navarre" (Nafarroa Garaia in Basque, Alta Navarra in Spanish) is also encountered as a way of referring to the territory of the present-day autonomous community.
Tamasheq: “ ⵉⵍⵎⵉⴷ ⴰⵙ ⴷⴰⵗ ⴰⵜⵜⴰⵔⴻⵆ ⵏ ⵏⴰⴱⴰⵔⵔⴻ ⵜ ⴰⵎⵓⵙ ⴰⴾⴰⵍ ⵂⴰⵔⵓⴾⴰⵏ ⵜⵓⵍⴰⵙ ⵂⴰⵔ ⴰⵛⵂⴰⵍ ⵉⴷ ⵢⵎⴰⵉⵏⴰⵋ ⵏ ⵜⴰⵗⵔⵉⵎⵜ ⵜⴰⵏ ⴱⴰⵙⵇ ⵏ ⵏⴰⴱⴰⵔⵔ ⵜⴰⵏ ⵙⵉⴷⵢⵔ ⵉⵏⵜⴰ ⵢⵈⵈⴰⵍ ⴰⵛⵂⵔⵓⵜ ⵏ ⵏⴼⴰⵔⵔⵓⴰ ⴰⵙ ⵉⵋⵋⴰ ⴰⵓⵢⵏ ⵉⵙⵉⵎ ⵓⴰⵏ “”ⵏⴰⴱⴰⵔⵔ ⵜⴰⵏ ⴰⴼⴰⵍⵍⴰ “”” (ⵏⴰⴼⴰⵔⵔⵓⴰ ⵗⴰⵔⴰⵉⴰ ⴷⴰⵗ ⴱⴰⵙⵇ, ⴰⵍⵜⴰ ⵏⴰⴱⴰⵔⵔⴰ ⴷⴰⵗ ⵙⴱⴰⵏⵉⴰ) ⵉⵏⵜⴰ ⵢⵈⵈⴰⵍ ⵉⵎⵎⵉⴾ ⵉⵎⵓⵙⴰⵏ ⴰⴾⴰⵍ ⵏ ⵜⴰⵓⵙⵢⵜ ⵜⴰⵆⴾⴰⵎⴰⵜ ⴷⴰⵗ ⵉⵎⴰⵏ ⵏⵢⵜ ⴰⵛⵂⴰⵍ ⵉⴷ
English: Knowledge of Spanish is compulsory under the Spanish constitution (article no.
Tamasheq: ⵎⵓⵙⵏⴰⵜ ⵏ ⵙⴱⴰⵏⵉⴰ ⵜⵉⵍⵣⴰⵎ ⵗⵓⵔ ⴰⵓⴰⵉⴰⵏ ⴰⵛⵂⴰⵔⵢⵗⴰ ⵓⴰ ⵎⴰⵈⵈⵓⵔⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵙⴱⴰⵏⵉⴰ
English: Knowledge of Basque, after declining for many years during Franco's dictatorship owing to official persecution, is again on the rise due to favorable official language policies and popular support.
Tamasheq: ⵎⵓⵙⵏⴰⵜ ⵜⴰⵏ ⴱⴰⵙⵇ ⵜⴰⵏ , ⴷⴰⵔⴰⵜ ⴰⵙ ⵓⵏⵋⴰⵉⴰⵏ ⴰ ⵉⵍⴰⵏ ⵉⵉⵜⵉⴰⵏ ⴰⵋⵋⵓⵜⵏⵢⵏ ⵙ ⴰⵆⴰⴾⴰⵎ ⵓⴰⵏ ⴼⵔⴰⵏⵛⵓⵉⴷ ⵢⵔⴰⵓ ⵙ ⵉⴱⴰⵏ ⵙⴰⵔⵂⵓ ⵉ ⴰⴷⴷⵉⵏⴰⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵍⴰⵙ ⵂⴰⵔ ⴰⵋⵋⵓⴷⵉ ⵜⵉⵓ-ⴰⵜ ⴼⴰⵍ ⴰⵓⴰ ⵉⵋⵋⴰⵏⴰⵜ ⴼⵓⵍⵉⵜⵉⴾ ⵜⴰⵏ ⵜⵉⵏ ⴰⵓⴰⵍ ⴷ ⵍⴰⴾⴾⵓⵎⴰⵜ ⵜⴰⵏ ⴰⴷⴷⵉⵏⴰⵜ
English: Only Spanish is an official language of Navarre, and the Basque language is only co-official in the province's northern region, where most Basque-speaking Navarrese are concentrated.
Tamasheq: ⵙⴱⴰⵏⵉⵙⵂ ⵗⴰⵙ ⴰⵙ ⴰⵓⴰⵍ ⴰⵍⵆⴰⴾⵓⵎ ⴷⴰⵗ ⵏⴰⴱⴰⵔⵔⵢ ⵜⵓⵍⴰⵙ ⴰⵓⴰⵍ ⵓⴰⵏ ⴱⴰⵙⵈⵓ ⵓⵂⴰⵔ ⵜⵉ ⴰⵍⵆⴰⴾⵓⵎ ⴷⴰⵗ ⵜⵉⵗⴰⵔⵎⴰⵜⵢⵏ ⵏ ⵔⵢⵋⵉⵓⵏ ⵜⴰⵏ ⵢⵎⴰⵉⵏⴰⴶ ⵢⴷⴰⴶ ⵙ ⵉⵏⵜⴰ ⴰ ⴷⴰⵗ ⵉⵋⵋⵉⵜⴰⵏ ⴾⵢⵍ ⴰⵓⴰⵍ ⵓⴰⵏ ⴱⴰⵙⵈⵓⵢ
English: Much of this population lives in or near the Bayonne-Anglet-Biarritz (BAB) urban belt on the coast (in Basque these are Baiona, Angelu and Miarritze).
Tamasheq: ⵉⵋⵉⵜ ⵏ ⵉⵛⵛⴰⵗⵉⴱ ⵓⴰⵏ ⵉⵣⵣⴰⵗ ⴷⴰⵗ ⵎⵢⵗ ⴷⵢⵙ ⵏ ⵜⵛⵎⵉⵏⵜⵉⴾⴰ ⵜⴰⵏ ⴱⴰⵉⵓⵏⵏⵢ-ⴰⵏⴶⵍⵢⵜ-ⴱⵉⴰⵔⵔⵉⵜⵣ (ⴱⴰⴱ) ⴷⴰⵗ ⴰⵋⴰⵎⴰ ⵏ ⴰⵋⵋⴰⵔⵢⵓ (ⴷⴰⵗ ⴱⴰⵙⵇ ⴰⵓⵢⵏ ⴱⴰⵉⵓⵏⴰ, ⴰⵏⴶⵢⵍⵓ ⴷ ⵎⵉⴰⵔⵔⵉⵜⵣ)
English: Millions of Basque descendants (see Basque American and Basque Canadian) live in North America (the United States; Canada, mainly in the provinces of Newfoundland and Quebec), Latin America (in all 23 countries), South Africa, and Australia.
Tamasheq: ⵎⵉⵍⵉⵓⵏ ⵜⴰⵏ ⵏ ⴰⴷⴷⵉⵏⴰⵜ ⵉⴷ ⵉⵣⵋⴰⵔⵏⴻⵏ ⴱⴰⵙⵇ ⵜⴰⵏ (ⵉⴾⵉⵉⵉⴷ ⴱⴰⵙⵇ ⴷⴰⵗ ⴰⵎⵢⵔⵉⴾ ⴷ ⴱⴰⵙⵇ ⵆⴰⵏⴰⴷⵉⵢⵏ) ⵉⵣⵣⴰⵗⴰⵏ ⴷⴰⵗ ⴰⵎⵢⵔⵉⴾⴰ ⵜⴰⵏ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵙⵏⴰ (ⴰⵎⵢⵔⵉⴾ, ⴾⴰⵏⴰⴷⴰ ⵂⵓⵍⵍⴰⵏ ⴷⴰⵗ ⵉⵗⵉⵔⵎⴰⵏ ⵓⵉⵏ ⵏⵢⵓⴼⵓⵓⵏⴷⵍⴰⵏⴷ ⴷ ⵔⵓⵢⴱⴱⵛ), ⵍⴰⵜⵉⵏ ⴰⵎⵢⵔⵉⴾⴰ (ⴷⴰⵗ ⴰⴷⴷⴰⵓⵍⴰ ⵜⴰⵏ ⵜⵉⵏ 23 ⴼⵓⴾ ⵏⴰⵙⵏⴰⵜ), ⴰⴷⴷⴰⵓⵍⴰ ⵜⴰⵏ ⵙⵓⵓⵜⵂ ⴰⴼⵔⵉⵛⴰ ⴷ ⴰⵓⵙⵜⵔⴰⵍⵉⴰ
English: Estimates range between 2.5 - 5 million Basque descendants live in Chile; the Basque have been a major if not the strongest influence in the country's cultural and economic development.
Tamasheq: Iⴷⴷⵉⴾⵓⴷⴰⵏ ⵉⵍⵍⴰⵏⵢⵏ ⵋⵉⵔ 2.5 ⵂⴰⵔ 5 ⵎⵉⵍⵉⵓⵏ ⵏ ⴰⴷⴷⵉⵏⴰⵜ ⵉⴷ ⵉⵣⵋⴰⵔⵏⵢⵏ ⴱⴰⵙⵈⵓ ⵜⴰⵏ ⵉⵣⵣⴰⵗⴰⵏ ⴷⴰⵗ ⴰⴷⴷⴰⵓⵍⴰ ⵜⴰⵏ ⵛⵂⵉⵍⵢ, ⴱⴰⵙⵇ ⵜⴰⵏ ⵉⴾⵔⴰⵛⵂⴰⵏ ⴰⵙⵙⴰⵂⴰⵜ ⵂⵓⵍⵍⵍⴰⵏ ⴷⴰⵗ ⵢⴼⵢⵙ ⴷ ⴰⴶⵏⴰ ⵓⴰⵏ ⴰⴷⴷⴰⵓⵍⴰ
English: It consisted mostly of the area which is today the states of Chihuahua and Durango.
Tamasheq: ⴷⵂⵢ ⵂⵓⵍⵍⴰⵏ ⵢⴷⴰⴶ ⵢⵈⵈⴰⵍⴰⵏ ⴰⵛⵂⴰⵍ ⵉⴷ ⴰⴷⴷⴰⵓⵍⴰ ⵜⴰⵏ ⵜⵉⵏ ⵛⵂⵉⵂⵓⴰⵂⵓⴰ ⴷ ⴷⵓⵔⴰⵏⴶo
English: In Guatemala, most Basques have been concentrated in Sacatepequez Department, Antigua Guatemala, Jalapa for six generations now, while some have migrated to Guatemala City.
Tamasheq: ⴷⴰⵗ ⵗⵓⴰⵜⵢⵎⴰⵍⴰ, ⴱⴱⴰⵙⵇ ⵜⴰⵏ ⴰⵋⵋⵓⵜⵏⵢⵏ ⵉⵣⵣⴰⵗⴰⵏ ⴷⴰⵗ ⵙⴰⵛⴰⵜⵢⴱⵢⵈⵓⵢⵣ, ⴰⵏⵜⵉⴶⵓⴰ ⵗⵓⴰⵜⵢⵎⴰⵍⴰ, ⵋⴰⵍⴰⴱⴰ ⵂⴰⵔ ⵉⵋⵋⴰⵏ ⵉⵓⵉⵜⵉⴰⵏ ⴰⵋⵋⵓⵜⵏⵢⵏ ⴰⵎⴰⵔⴰⴷ ⴰⵙ ⵉⵋⵋⴰ ⴰⵓⵢⵏ ⵉⵉⵉⴰⴷ ⵉⵙⵙⵢⴾⴰⵍⴰⵏ ⵙ ⴰⴾⴰⵍ ⵓⴰⵏ ⵗⵓⴰⵜⵢⵎⴰⵍⴰ
English: Bambuco, a Colombian folk music, has Basque roots.
Tamasheq: ⴱⴰⵎⴱⵓⵛⵓ, ⴰⵙⴰⵂⴰⵗ ⵏ ⴰⴷⴷⵉⵏⴰⵜ ⵓⵉⵏ ⵛⵓⵍⵓⵎⴱⵉⴰ,ⴰⵍⴰⵙⴰⵍ ⵏⵢⵜ ⴱⴰⵙⵇ ⵜⴰⵏ
English: Elko, Nevada, sponsors an annual Basque festival that celebrates the dance, cuisine and cultures of the Basque peoples of Spanish, French and Mexican nationalities who have arrived in Nevada since the late 19th century.
Tamasheq: ⵢⵍⴾⵓ, ⵏⵢⴱⴰⴷⴰ, ⵙⴰⵔⵔⴰⴼⴰⵏ ⵜⴱⵎⴰⴷⴰⵛⵜ ⵜⴰⵋⵋⵉⵜ ⴰⵓⴰⵜⴰⵉ ⴼⵓⴾ ⵉ ⴰⵙⵓⴾⵜⵉ ⵏ ⵉⵙⵓⵂⴰⵗ, ⴰⵍⴾⵓⵣⴰⵉⵏ ⴷ ⴰⴶⵏⴰ ⵜⴰⵏ ⵏ ⴰⴷⴷⵉⵏⴰⵜ ⵓⵉⵏ ⴱⴰⵙⵇ ⵜⴰⵏ ⵏ ⴰⴱⴰⵏⵉⴰ, ⴼⵔⴰⵏⵛ ⴷ ⵎⵢⵆⵉⵛⵓ ⵉⴷ ⵓⵙⴰⵏⵢⵏ ⵏⵢⴱⴰⴷⴰ ⴷⴰⵗ ⴰⵓⴰⵜⴰⵉ ⵓⴰⵏ 1900
English: Some of North America's largest ranches, which were founded under these colonial land grants, can be found in this region.
Tamasheq: ⵂⴰⵔⴰⵜ ⴷⴰⵗ ⵔⴰⵏⵛⵂ ⵜⴰⵏ ⵉ ⵎⴰⵈⵈⵓⵔⵏⵢⵏ ⴷⴰⵗ ⴰⵎⵢⵔⵉⴾ ⵜⴰⵏ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵙⵏⴰ ⵉⵜⴰⵋⵔⴰⵓ ⵏⵢⵏ ⵗⵓⵔ ⵉⵋⵋⴰⵔⴰⵓⴰⵏ ⵏ ⴰⴾⴰⵍ ⴰⵣⵣⴰⵎⴰⵏ ⵓⴰⵏ ⴰⵍⵉⵙⵜⵢⵗⵎⴰⵔ , ⴰⴷⴷⵓⴱⵢⵏ ⴰⴷ ⴰⵜⵋⵔⴰⵓⴰⵏ ⴷⴰⵗ ⵔⵋⵉⵓⵏ ⵜⵢⵏ
English: There is a history of Basque culture in Chino, California.
Tamasheq: ⵉⵍⵍⴻ ⴰⵜⵜⴰⵔⵢⵆ ⵏ ⴰⵏⴶⴰ ⵏ ⴱⴰⵙⵇ ⴷⴰⵗ ⵛⵂⵉⵏⵓ, ⵛⴰⵍⵉⴼⵓⵔⵏⵉⴰ
English: They are mostly descendants of settlers from Spain and Mexico.
Tamasheq: ⴰⵣⵣⵓⴱⵢⵏ ⵉⴷ ⴼⵓⴾ ⵏⴰⵙⴰⵏ ⴷⴰⵗ ⵉⵎⴰⵣⵣⴰⵗⴰⵏ ⵉⴷ ⵉⴼⴰⵍ ⵏⵢⵏ ⵙⴱⴰⵏⵉⴰ ⴷ ⵎⵢⵆⵉⵛⵓ
English: This sense of Basque identity tied to the local language does not only exist in isolation.
Tamasheq: ⴰⵎⴰⵗⵏⴰ ⵓⴰⵏ ⴾⴰⵔⵜⵉⴷⴰⵏⵜ ⵓⴰⵏ ⴱⴰⵙⵇ ⵓⵙⴰⵗⴰⵏ ⵉⴷ ⴰⵓⴰⵍ ⵓⴰⵏ ⴰⴾⴰⵍ ⵓⴰⵔ ⵉⵙⴾⵢⵜ ⵗⴰⵙ
English: As with many European states, a regional identity, be it linguistically derived or otherwise, is not mutually exclusive with the broader national one.
Tamasheq: ⵛⵓⵏⴷ ⴰⴷⴷⴰⵓⵍⴰ ⵜⴰⵏ ⵜⵉⵏ ⵢⵔⵓⴱⴰ, ⴾⴰⵔⵜⵉⴷⴰⵏⵜ ⵏ ⵔⵢⵋⵉⵓⵏ, ⴾⵓⴷ ⵢⵔⵂⴰ ⵜⵉⵣⵋⴰⵔ ⵉⴷ ⴰⵓⴰⵍ ⵎⵢⵗ ⵂⴰⵔⴰⵜ ⵉⵉⵉⴰⵏ , ⵓⴰⵔ ⵜⵉⵙⴾⵢⵜ ⵉⵎⴰⵏ ⵏⵢⵜ ⴼⵓⴾ ⵉⴷ ⵓⴰ ⵎⴰⵈⵈⵓⵔⴰⵏ ⵏ ⴰⴷⴷⴰⵓⵍⴰ
English: I have friends who are involved in the political side of things but that is not for me.
Tamasheq: ⵉⵍⵍⵢⵗ ⵉⵎⵉⴷⵉⵓⴰⵏ ⴰⵂⴰⵏⵢⵏ ⴰⵛⵂⵔⵓⵜ ⵏ ⴼⵓⵍⵉⵜⵉⴾ ⵜⴰⵏ ⵂⴰⵔⴰⵜⴰⵏ ⵎⵓⵛⵂⴰⵎ ⴰⵓⵢⵏ ⵓⴰⵔ ⵂⵉ ⵉⵜⵉⵋ
English: There are extremely few Basque monolingual speakers: essentially all Basque speakers are bilingual on both sides of the border.
Tamasheq: ⵉⵍⵍⴰⵏ ⵂⴰⵔⴰⵜ ⵏ ⵉⵎⵓⵙⴰⵏⴰⵏ ⵏ ⴰⵓⴰⵍ ⵓⴰⵏ ⴱⴰⵙⵇ ⵗⴰⵙ ⵎⴰⴷⵔⵓⵉⵏⵢⵏ: ⵉⵎⵓⵙⴰⵏⴰⵏ ⵏ ⴱⴰⵙⵇ ⵉⵙⵙⴰⵏⴰⵏ ⴰⵓⴰⵍⴰⵏ ⴰⵋⵓⵜⵏⵔⵏ ⴷⴰⵗ ⵉⵛⵔⵓⵜⴰⵏ ⴼⵓⴾ ⵏ ⴰⵍⵆⴰⴷⵓⴷ
English: The Basque language is thought to be a genetic language isolate in contrast with other European languages, almost all of which belong to the broad Indo-European language family.
Tamasheq: ⴰⵓⴰⵍ ⵓⴰⵏ ⴰⵙⵈⵓ ⵓⵔⴷⴰⵏ ⵜⵉ ⴰⴷⴷⵉⵏⴰⵜ ⴰⵙ ⵢⵈⵈⴰⵍ ⴰⵓⴰⵍ ⵏ ⵢⵜⴰⵔⵉ ⵉⵙⴾⴰⵜⴰⵏ ⴷⴰⵗ ⴰⵏⵎⵉⵣⵍⴰⵉ ⵏ ⴰⵓⴰⵍⴰⵏ ⵉⵉⵉⴰⴷ ⵏ ⵢⵔⵓⴱⴰ, ⵙ ⵂⵓⵍⵍⴰⵏ ⵉⵍⵢⵏ ⵢⴶⴰⴷⴰⵛⵂ ⵓⴰⵏ ⴰⵓⴰⵍ ⵎⴰⵈⵈⵓⵔⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵉⵏⴷⵓ-ⵢⵓⵔⵓⴱⴰ
English: Home in this context is synonymous with family roots.
Tamasheq: ⴷⴰⵗ ⵜⴰⵍⵗⴰ ⵜⴰ ⴷⴰⵗ ⵢⵂⴰⵏ ⵢⵈⵈⴰⵍ ⵉⴾⵢⵓⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵢⴶⴰⴷⴰⵛⵂ
English: As in other cultures, the fate of other family members depended on the assets of a family: wealthy Basque families tended to provide for all children in some way, while less-affluent families may have had only one asset to provide to one child.
Tamasheq: ⵛⵂⵓⵏⴷ ⴷⴰⵗ ⴰⴶⵏⴰ ⵜⴰⵏ ⵓⵉ ⵉⴰⴷⵏⵢⵏ, ⵙⴰⵏⴷⴰⵓ ⵏ ⴰⴷⴷⵉⵏⴰⵜ ⵓⵉⵏ ⵢⴶⴰⴷⴰⵛⵂ ⵉⵍⴾⴰⵎ ⵉ ⵢⵂⴰⵔⵢ ⵏ ⵢⴶⴰⴷⴰⵛⵂ: ⵉⴶⵉⴷⵛⵂⴰⵏ ⵏ ⴱⴰⵙⵇ ⵓⵉ ⵉⵍⴰⵏⵢⵏ ⵉⵔⵉⵣⵣⵢⵋⴰⵔⵔⴰⵎⴰⵏ ⵉⵂⵓⴾ ⵏ ⵉⵍⵉⴰⴷⴰⵏ ⵙ ⵉⵎⵎⵉⴾ ⵉⵉⵉⴰⵏ, ⴰⵙ ⵉⵋⵋⴰ ⴰⵓⵢⵏ ⵉⴶⵉⵛⵂⴰⵏ ⵓⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵍⴰⵈⵈⴰⵓⵢⵏ ⴰⴷⴷⵓⴱⴰⵜ ⴰⵙ ⵓⴰⵔ ⵉⵍⵢⵏ ⵗⴰⵙ ⴰⵔ ⴰⵙⵓⵋ ⵉⵉⵉⴰⵏ ⵉⴾⴼ-ⴰⵏ ⵉ ⴰⵍⵉⴰⴷ ⵉⵉⵉⴰⴷ
English: Mostly after the advent of industrialisation, this system resulted in the emigration of many rural Basques to Spain, France or the Americas.
Tamasheq: ⴷⴰⵔⴰⵜ ⵏ ⵢⵎⵢⵍ ⵏ ⵎⴰⵔⵛⵉⵏ, ⵙⵉⵙⵜⵢⵎ ⵓⵢⵏ ⵉⵣⵋⴰⵔ ⵉⴷ ⵉⵙⵉⴾⵉⵍⴰⵏ ⵏ ⴱⴰⵙⵈⵓⵢ ⵜⴰⵏ ⵓⵉⵏ ⴰⵙⵙⴰⵆⵔⴰ ⵙ ⵙⴱⴰⵏⵉⴰ, ⴼⵔⴰⵏⵛ ⵎⵢⵗ ⴰⵎⵢⵔⵉⴾⴰ
English: Some scholars and commentators have attempted to reconcile these points by assuming that patrilineal kinship represents an innovation.
Tamasheq: ⵉⵎⴰⵗⵔⴰⵏ ⵉⵉⵉⴰⴷ ⴷ ⵉⵎⴰⵙⵙⵢⵓⵉⵍⴰⵏ ⵉⵉⵉⴰⴷ ⴰⵔⴰⵎⴰⵏ ⴰⴷ ⵙ ⴰⵏⵏⴰⴼⵂⴰⵎⴰⵏ ⵜⵉⵜⴱⴰⵈⵈⴰ ⵜⵉⵏ ⵙ ⴰⵈⴱⵉⵍⴰⵏ ⵜⵢⵎⵢⴷⵜ ⵏ ⵉⴱⴱⴰ ⵜⴰⵂⴰⵜ ⵢⴷⴰⴶ ⵏ ⵓⵗⵏⴰ
English: They emerged from the Franco regime with a revitalized language and culture.
Tamasheq: ⵉⵣⵋⴰⵔⴰⵏ ⵉⴷ ⵜⴰⵏⴰⵉⴰ ⵜⴰⵏ ⴼⵔⴰⵏⵛⵓ ⵉⴷ ⴰⵓⴰⵍ ⴷ ⴰⴶⵏⴰ ⴰⵎⵎⵓⵜⴰⵉⵏⵢⵏ
English: The region has been a source of missionaries like Francis Xavier and Michel Garicoïts.
Tamasheq: ⵔⵢⵋⵉⵓⵏ ⵂⴰⵔⴾⵓⴾ ⵜ ⴰⵈⵈⴰⵍ ⵢⴷⴰⴶ ⵏ ⵉⵏⴰⵎⵎⵓⵙⵙⵓⴾⴰⵍ ⵛⵓⵏⴷ ⴼⵔⴰⵏⵛⵉⵙ ⵆⴰⴱⵉⵢⵔ ⴷ ⵎⵉⵛⵂⵢⵍ ⵗⴰⵔⵉⵛⵓⵉⵜⵙ
English: Lasuén was the successor to Franciscan Padre Junípero Serra and founded 9 of the 21 extant California Missions along the coast.
Tamasheq: ⵍⴰⵙⵓⴰⵏ ⵢⵈⵈⴰⵍ ⵓⴰ ⵉⵛⵂⵔⴰⵉⴰⵏ ⴼⵔⴰⵏⵛⵉⵙⵛⵉⴰⵏ ⴱⴰⴷⵔⵢ ⵋⵓⵏⵉⴱⵢⵔⵓ ⵙⵢⵔⵔⴰ ⵜⵓⵍⴰⵙ ⵢⵗⵏⴰ 9 ⴷⴰⵗ 21 ⴰⵂⴰⵏⵢⵏ ⵛⴰⵍⵉⴼⵓⵔⵏⵉⴰ ⴼⴰⵍ ⵢⴷⵢⵙ ⵏ ⴰⵎⴰⵏ
English: By the time Henry III of Navarre converted to Catholicism in order to become king of France, Protestantism virtually disappeared from the Basque community.
Tamasheq: ⴷⴰⵗ ⴰⵣⵣⴰⵎⴰⵏ ⵓⴰ ⵉⴷ ⵉⵋⴰⵛ ⵂⴻⵏⵔⵉ III ⵓⴰⵏ ⵏⴰⴱⴰⵔⵔⴻ ⴰⴷⴷⵉⵏ ⵓⴰⵏ ⵆⴰⵜⵓⵍⵉⴾ ⵜⴰⵏ ⵉ ⴰⴷ ⴻⵈⵈⵉⵍ ⴰⵍⵎⴰⵍⵉⴾ ⵓⴰⵏ ⴼⵔⴰⵏⵛⴻ , ⴷⴰⵗ ⴰⴾⴰⵉⴰⴷ ⴰⴷⴷⵉⵏ ⵓⴰⵏ ⴱⵔⵓⵜⴻⵙⵜⴰⵏⵜ ⵜⴰⵏ ⵉⵙⵙⵓⵋⴰⵍ ⴷⴰⵗ ⵜⴰⵙⵓⴻⵜ ⵜⴰⵏ ⴱⴰⵙⵈⵓⴻ
English: Nowadays, according to one single opinion poll, only slightly more than 50% of Basques profess some kind of belief in God, while the rest are either agnostic or atheist.
Tamasheq: ⵉⵓⵉⵜⵉⴰⵏ ⵓⵉ ⴷⴰⵗ, ⴷⴰⵗ ⴰⵓⴰ ⵉⵙⵙⵉⵍⵎⴰⴷ ⴰⵎⵉⵉⵉⵣ ⵏ ⴰⴷⴷⵉⵏⴰⵜ , 50 ⴷⴰⵗ ⵜⴻⵎⴻⴷⴻ ⵏ ⴱⴰⵙⵈⵓⴻ ⵜⴰⵏ ⵉⵍⴰⵏ ⵎⴻⴷⵔⴰⵏ ⴷⴰⵗ ⴰⵎⴰⵆⵍⴰⴾ ⴰⵙ ⵉⵋⴰ ⴰⵓⴻⵏ ⴰ-ⵓⴰ ⵂⵉⵏ ⴻⵈⵈⵉⵎ ⴰⵎⵓⵙ ⴰⴶⵏⵓⵙⵜⵉⴾ ⵎⴻⵗ ⵉⵏⴰⵣⵣⵓⵍⴰⵎ
English: According to one, Christianity arrived in the Basque Country during the 4th and 5th centuries but according to the other, it did not take place until the 12th and 13th centuries.
Tamasheq: ⴷⴰⵗ ⴰⵓⴰ ⴰⵍⵍⴰⵗⴰⵜ ⵉⵉⵉⴰⵏ, ⴰⴷⴷⵉⵏ ⵓⴰⵏ ⴾⵔⵉⴾⴻⵏ ⵜⴰⵏ ⵓⵙⴰ ⵉⴷ ⴷⴰⵗ ⴰⴷⴷⴰⵓⵍⴰ ⵜⴰⵏ ⴱⴰⵙⵈⵓⴻ ⵜⴰⵏ ⴷⴰⵗ ⴰⵓⴰⵜⴰⵉ ⵓⴰⵏ 400 ⵂⵔ 500 ⵏ ⴰⵓⴰⵜⴰⵉ ⵎⵓⵛⵂⴰⵎ ⴷⴰⵗ ⴰⵓⴰ ⴰⵍⵍⴰⵗⴻⵏ ⴰⴷⴷⵉⵏⴰⵜ ⵉⵉⵉⴰⴷ, ⴰⵓⴻⵏ ⵓⴰⴻ ⵉⵋⵋⴰ ⵂⴰⵔ ⴰⵓⴰⵜⴰⵉ ⵓⴰⵏ 1200 ⴷ ⵓⴰⵏ 1300
English: In this sense, Christianity arrived "early".
Tamasheq: “ ⴷⴰⵗ ⴰⵍⴰⵎⵗⵏⴰ ⵓⴻⵏ,ⴰⴷⴷⵉⵏ ⵓⴰⵏ ⴾⵔⵉⴾⴻⵏ ⵜⴰⵏ ⵓⵙⴰ ⵉⴷ “”ⵙ ⵜⵉⵣⴰⵔⴰⵜ””
English: According to one tradition, she travelled every seven years between a cave on Mount Anboto and one on another mountain (the stories vary); the weather would be wet when she was in Anboto, dry when she was in Aloña, or Supelegor, or Gorbea.
Tamasheq: ⴷⴰⵗ ⴰⵓⴰⵜ ⴰⵍⵍⴰⵗⴰⵜ ⴰⵜⵜⴰⵔⴻⵆ ⵉⵉⵉⴰⵏ, ⵜⵉⵙⵙⵓⴾⴰⵍ ⴰⵙⵙⴰ ⵉⵓⵉⵜⵉⴰⵏ ⴼⵓⴾ ⵋⵉⵔ ⵛⴰⴱⴻ ⵏ ⴰⴷⴰⵗ ⵓⴰⵏ ⴰⵏⴱⵓⵜⵓ ⴷ ⵉⵉⵉⴰⵏ ⴼⴰⵍ ⴰⴷⴰⵗ ⵓⴰ ⵉⴰⴷⴰ ( ⴰⵜⵜⴰⵔⴻⵆⴰⵏ ⵉⵣⵍⴰⵉⴰⵏ); ⵜⴰⵈⵈⴰⵏ ⴰ ⵜⵉⴱⵋⵉⴷ ⴰⵍⵓⴰⵈ ⵓⴰ ⵉⴷ ⵜⵓⵙⴰ ⴰⵏⴱⵓⵜⵓ , ⵜⴰⵈⵈⴰⵔ ⴰⵍⵓⴰⵈ ⵓⴰ ⵉⴷ ⵜⵓⵙⴰ ⴰⵍⵓⵏⴰ, ⵎⴻⵗ ⵙⵓⴱⴻⵍⴻⴶⴻⵔ ⵎⴻⵗ ⵗⵓⵔⴱⴻⴰ
English: It's said that when they gathered in the high caves of the sacred peaks, they engendered the storms.
Tamasheq: ⴰⵜⵓⴰⵏ ⴰⵙ ⴰⵍⵓⴰⵈ ⵓⴰ ⵉⴷ ⵉⴷⴷⴻⵓⴰⵏ ⴷⴰⵗ ⵉⵋⵉⵔⴻⵔⴰⵏ ⵛⵂⴰⵋⵔⵓⵜⵏⴻⵏ ⵙ ⴰⴼⴰⵍⵍⴰ ⵜⴰⵏ ⵏⴰⵙⴰⵏ ⵏ ⴰⵍⴰⵍⵉ ⵜⴰⵏ, ⴻⵔⴰⵓⴰⵏ ⵉⴷ ⴰⵋⵋⵉⵏⴰ
English: Legends also speak of many and abundant genies, like jentilak (equivalent to giants), lamiak (equivalent to nymphs), mairuak (builders of the cromlechs or stone circles, literally Moors), iratxoak (imps), sorginak (witches, priestess of Mari), and so on.
Tamasheq: ⵜⵉⵏⴼⵓⵙⴻⵏ ⴰⵍⵍⴰⵗⴰⵜ ⵏⴰⵜ ⵂⴰⵔ ⴰⵋⵋⵓⴷⵉ ⵙ ⴰⵍⵛⵂⵉⵏⴰⵏ ⴰⵋⵋⵓⵜⵏⴻⵏ ⵛⵂⵓⵏⴷ ⵋⴻⵏⵜⵉⵍⴰⴾ, (ⵓⴶⴷⴰⵂⴰⵏ ⵉⴷ ⴶⵉⴰⵏⵜ ⵜⴰⵏ), ⵍⴰⵎⵉⴰⴾ (ⵓⴶⴷⴰⵂⴰⵏ ⵉⴷ ⵏⵉⵎⴱⵂ ⵜⴰⵏ),ⵎⴰⵔⵉⵓⴰⴾ (ⴰⵍⴱⴰⵏⵏⴰ ⵜⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵛⵔⵓⵎⵍⴻⵛⵂⵙ ⵎⴻⵗ ⵜⵉⵋⵉⵍⵉⵍⵍⵉⵓⴰⵉⴻⵏ ⵜⵉⵏ ⵜⴻⴾⴰⴷⴻⵉⵜ, ⵎⵓⵓⵔⵙ) , ⵉⵔⴰⵜⵆⵓⴰⴾ (ⵉⵎⴱⵙ), ⵙⵓⵔⴶⵉⵏⴰⴾ (ⵜⵉⵎⴰⵛⵂⵓⴰⵜⴻⵏ, ⵜⴰⴱⵓⵎⴱⴻⵔ ⵜⴰⵏ ⵎⴰⵔⵉ) ⴷ ⵉⵉⵉⴰⴷ
English: There is a trickster named San Martin Txiki ("St Martin the Lesser").
Tamasheq: ⴹⴳ“ⵉⵍⵍⴻ ⵜⵔⵉⵛⴾⵙⵜⴻⵔ ⵙ ⵉⵙⵉⵎ ⵏⴻⵜ ⵙⴰⵏ ⵎⴰⵔⵜⵉⵏ ⵜⵆⵉⴾⵉ (“”” ⵙⵜ ⵎⴰⵔⵜⵉⵏ ⵜⵂⴻ ⵍⴻⵙⵙⴻⵔ””)
English: The jentilak ('Giants'), on the other hand, are a legendary people which explains the disappearance of a people of Stone Age culture that used to live in the high lands and with no knowledge of iron.
Tamasheq: ⵋⴻⵏⵜⵉⵍⴰⴾ (ⴶⵉⴰⵏⵜⵙ), ⴷⴰⵗ ⴰⵛⵂⵔⵓⵜ ⵉⵉⵉⴰⵏ , ⴰⵈⵈⴰⵍⴰⵏ ⴰⴷⴷⵉⵏⴰⵜ ⵏ ⵜⴰⵏⴼⵓⵙⵜ ⵓⵉ ⵂⴰⴾⴾⵉⵏⴻⵏ ⴰⵍⵎⴰⵗⵏⴰ ⵏ ⵉⵙⵓⵋⵉⵍⴰⵏ ⵓⵉⵏ ⴰⴷⴷⵉⵏⴰⵜ ⴷⴰⵗ ⴰⴶⵏⴰ ⵓⴰⵏ ⴰⵓⴰⵜⴰⵉ ⵓⴰⵏ ⵜⴰⵂⵓⵏⵜ ⵓⵉ ⵙ ⴾⴰⵍⴰ ⵉⵣⵣⴰⵗⴰⵏ ⴷⴰⵗ ⵉⵎⴰⴷⵍⴰⵏ ⵓⵉ ⵛⵂⴰⵋⵔⵓⵜⵏⴻⵏ ⵜⵓⵍⴰⵙ ⵓⴰⵔ ⵏ ⵉⵍⴰ ⵎⵓⵙⵏⴰⵜ ⵏ ⵜⴰⵣⵓⵍⵉ
English: For more than a century, scholars have widely discussed the high status of Basque women in law codes, as well as their positions as judges, inheritors, and arbitrators through ante-Roman, medieval, and modern times.
Tamasheq: ⴰ ⵓⵋⵋⴰⵔⴰⵏ ⵜⴰⵎⴻⴷⴻ ⵏ ⴰⵓⴰⵜⴰⵉ , ⵉⵎⵓⵙⴰⵏⴰⵏ ⵉⵎⵎⵉⵋⵔⴰⴷⴰⵏ ⵂⵓⵍⵍⴰⵏ ⴷⴰⵗ ⵉⵙⴰⵍⴰⵏ ⵓⵉⵏ ⴻⴷⴶ ⵓⴰⵏ ⴷⴻⴷⴻⵏ ⵜⵉⵏ ⴱⴰⵙⵈⵓⴻ ⵜⴰⵏ ⴷⴰⵗ ⴰⵛⵂⴰⵔⴻⵗⴰ ⵜⴰⵏ ⵂⴰⴾ ⵉⴷ ⵉⴷⴰⴶⴰⵏ ⵏⴰⵙⵏⴰⵜ ⵓⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵎⴰⵗⵜⴰⵙⴻⵏ ⵏ ⴰⵛⵂⴰⵔⴻⵗⴰ ⵜⴰⵏ, ⵜⵉⵎⵉⴾⴾⵓⵙⴰ ⴷ ⵜⵉⵎⴰⵂⴰⵗⴻⵏ ⴷⴰⵗ ⴰⵣⵣⴰⵎⴰⵏⴰⵏ ⵓⵉⵏ ⴰⵏⵜⴻ-ⵔⵓⴰⵏ, ⵎⴻⴷⵉⴻvⴰⵍ ⴷ ⵓⵉⵏ ⵓⵛⵂⵔⴰⵉ
English: Navarre has a separate statute of autonomy, a contentious arrangement designed during Spanish transition to democracy (the Amejoramiento, an 'upgrade' of its previous status during dictatorship).
Tamasheq: ⵏⴰⴱⴰⵔⵔⴻ ⵜⵉⵍⴰ ⴻⴷⴰⴶ ⴰⵣⵓⵏⴰⵏ ⵓⴰⵏ ⴰⵆⵆⴰⴾⴰⵎⴰⵜ , ⴰⵏⵉⴼⵂⴰⵎ ⵓⴰ ⵉⵎⴰⵆⴰⵍⵆⴰⵍⴰⵏ ⴻⵗⵏⴰⵏ ⴷⴰⵗ ⴻⴼⴻⵍ ⵓⴰ ⵜⵉⵋⵋⴰ ⵙⴱⴰⵏⵉⴰ ⵜⵔⴰⵏⵙⵉⵜⵉⵓⵏ ⵙ ⴷⴻⵎⵓⴾⵔⴰⵜⵉ ( ⴰⵎⴻⵋⵓⵔⴰⵎⵉⴻⵏⵜⵓ, ⵉⵙⴰⵍⴰⵏ ⴻⵉⵏⴰⵉⵏⴻⵏ ⵏ ⴻⴷⴰⴶ ⵏⴻⵜ ⵓⴰⵏ ⴷⴰⵜⴰ ⴰⵓⴰ ⴷⴰⵗ ⴰⵣⵣⴰⵎⴰⵏ ⵓⴰⵏ ⴷⵉⵛⵜⴰⵜⵓⵔⵙⵂⵉⴱ)
English: Questions of political, linguistic and cultural allegiance and identity are highly complex in Navarre.
Tamasheq: ⵉⵙⵉⵙⵜⴰⵏⴰⵏ ⵓⵉ ⵉⴷ ⴰⵈⵈⴰⵍⵏⴻⵏ ⴼⵓⵍⵉⵜⵉⴾ, ⴰⵓⴰⵍ ⴷ ⴰⴶⵏⴰ ⴷ ⴾⴰⵔⵜⵉⴷⴰⵏⵜ ⴰⵎⵓⵙⴰⵏ ⴰ ⵎⴰⵈⵈⵓⵔⴰⵏ ⴷⴰⵗ ⵏⴰⴱⴰⵔⵔⴻ
English: The majority of schools under the jurisdiction of the Basque education system use Basque as the primary medium of teaching.
Tamasheq: ⵉⵋⵋⵉⵜ ⵏ ⵍⴰⴾⴾⵓⵍⴰⵏ ⴷⴰⵗ ⴰⵛⵂⴰⵔⴻⵗⴰ ⵜⴰⵏ ⴱⴰⵙⵈⵓⴻ ⵜⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵙⵉⵙⵜⴻⵎ ⵓⴰⵏ ⵜⴻⵗⴰⵔⴻ ⵉⵋⵋⴰ ⴱⴰⵙⵈⵓⴻ ⴰⵙⵓⵋ ⵓⴰⵏ ⵜⴻⵗⴰⵔⴻ
English: In contrast, the desire for greater autonomy or independence is particularly common among leftist Basque nationalists.
Tamasheq: ⴷⴰⵗ ⵓⵣⵍⴰⵉ, ⴷⴻⵔⵂⴰⵏ ⵓⴰⵏ ⴰⵆⵆⴰⴾⴰⵎⴰⵜ ⵎⴰⵈⵈⵓⵔⴰⵜ ⵎⴻⵗ ⵏ ⴰⵍⵉⵙⵜⴻⵆⵍⴰⵍ ⴻⵈⵈⴰⵍ ⴰ ⵓⵂⴰⵔⴰⵏ ⵍⴻⴼⵜⵉⵙⵜ ⴱⴰⵙⵈⵓⴻ ⵏⴰⵜⵉⵓⵏⴰⵍⵉⵙⵜⵙ
English: They regard themselves as culturally and especially linguistically distinct from their surrounding neighbours.
Tamasheq: ⵉⴾⵉⴰⴷⴰⵏ ⵉⵎⴰⵏ ⵏⴰⵙⴰⵏ ⵛⵂⵓⵏⴷ ⴰⵙ ⴰⵏⵎⴰⵣⵍⴰⵉⴰⵏ ⴰⴶⵏⴰ ⴷ ⵂⵓⵍⵍⴰⵏ ⴰⵓⴰⵍ ⵉⴷ ⵉⵏⴰⵔⵂⴰⵋⴰⵏ ⵏⴰⵙⴰⵏ ⵓⵉⵏ ⴻⴷⴻⵙ
English: Miguel de Unamuno was a noted novelist and philosopher of the late 19th and the 20th century.
Tamasheq: ⵎⵉⴶⵓⴻⵍ ⴷⴻ ⵓⵏⴰⵎⵓⵏⵓ ⴻⵈⵈⴰⵍ ⴰⵏⴾⵜⵉⴱ ⴷ ⴱⵂⵉⵍⵙⵓⴱⵂⴻⵔ ⵏ ⵓⵛⵂⵔⴰⵉ ⵏ ⴰⵓⴰⵜⴰⵉ ⵓⴰⵏ 1900 ⴷ 2000
English: He also founded the Chilean Trade Union Association to promote a union movement based on the social teachings of the Catholic Church.
Tamasheq: Oⵍⴰⵙ ⴻⵗⴰⵏⵏⵉ ⵏ ⵜⴰⴶⴰⵉⵜ ⵜⴰⵏ ⵜⵔⴰⴷⴻ ⴰⵙⵙⵓⵛⵉⴰⵜⵉⵓⵏ ⵉ ⴻⴼⴻⵙ ⵏ ⵜⴰⴶⴰⵉⵜ ⵏ ⵉⵏⴰⵆⴷⵉⵎⴰⵏ ⵜⵉⵋⵋⴰ ⴼⴰⵍ ⵜⵉⵗⵉⵔ ⵏⴰⵙⴰⵏ ⴷⴰⵗ ⴻⴶⵍⵉⵣ ⵜⴰⵏ ⴾⴰⵜⵓⵍⵉⴾ
English: The historical presence of the San in Botswana is particularly evident in northern Botswana's Tsodilo Hills region.
Tamasheq: ⴷⴰⵗ ⴰⵜⵜⴰⵔⴻⵆ ⴻⵎⴻⵍ ⵓⴰⵏ ⵙⴰⵏ ⴷⴰⵗ ⴱⵓⵜⵙⵓⴰⵏⴰ ⵓⴰⵔ ⵜⵉ ⴻⵂⴰ ⴰⵛⵂ-ⴰⴾ ⴷⴰⵗ ⵔⴻⵋⵉⵓⵏ ⵜⴰⵏ ⵜⵙⵓⴷⵉⵍⵓ ⵏ ⴱⵓⵙⵜⵓⴰⵏⴰ ⵜⴰⵏ ⴻⵎⴰⵉⵏⴰⵋ
English: From the 1950s through to the 1990s, San communities switched to farming because of government-mandated modernisation programs.
Tamasheq: ⵗⵓⵔ ⴰⵓⴰⵜⴰⵉ ⵓⴰⵏ 1950 ⵂⴰⵔ ⴰⵓⴰⵜⴰⵉ ⵓⴰⵏ 1990, ⵜⴰⵓⵙⵜⴻⵏ ⵜⵉⵏ ⵙⴰⵏ ⴰⵈⵈⴰⵍ ⵏⴰⵜ ⴼⴰⵍ ⵜⵉⵓⵉⵋⴰⵙ ⴼⴰⵍ ⴱⵔⵓⴶⵔⴰⵎ ⵜⴰⵏ ⵓⵉⵏ ⵉⵙⵉⵙⵙⵉⵏⵉ ⵜⴰⵏ ⵉⵋⵋⴰ ⴰⵍⵆⴰⴾⵓⵎ
English: Certain San groups are one of 14 known extant "ancestral population clusters"; that is, "groups of populations with common genetic ancestry, who share ethnicity and similarities in both their culture and the properties of their languages".
Tamasheq: “ⵜⴰⵈⵈⵉⵎⴻⵏ ⵜⵉⵉⵉⴰⴷ ⵏ ⵙⴰⵏ ⴰⵈⵈⴰⵍ ⵏⴰⵜ ⵉⵉⵉⴰⵜ ⴷⴰⵗ 14 ⵙ ⵉⵜⵉⵓⴰⵙⵙⴰⵏ ⴰⵙ ⵉⵍⵍⴰⵏⴰⵜ ⵂⴰⵔⵓⴰ “””ⵜⵈⵈⵉⵎⵜ ⵏⵏⵉⵛⵂⴰⵗⵉⴱ ⵓⴰⵏ ⴾⴻⵍ ⴰⵔⵓ” ⴰⵓⴻⵏ ⴻⵈⵈⴰⵍ “”ⵜⴰⵈⵉⵎⴻⵏ ⵏ ⵉⵛⵂⴰⵗⵉⴱⴰⵏ ⵓⵂⴰⵔⵏⴻⵏ ⵉⵓⵉⵛⵂⴰⵔⴰⵏ, ⵓⵉ ⵓⵂⴰⵔ ⵏⴻⵏ ⵜⴰⵓⵙⴻⵜ ⴷ ⵂⴰⵔⴰⵜⴰⵏ ⵉⴷ ⴰⵈⵈⴰⵍ ⵏⴻⵏ ⴰⴶⵏⴰ ⵜⴰⵏ ⴷ ⵉⵔⵔⵉⵣⴻⵋⴰⵏ ⵏ ⴰⵓⴰⵍⴰⵏ ⵏⴰⵙⴰⵏ””
English: Representatives of San peoples in 2003 stated their preference of the use of such individual group names where possible over the use of the collective term San.
Tamasheq: ⴷⵉⴱⵉⵜⵉ ⵜⴰⵏ ⵓⵉⵏ ⴰⴷⴷⵉⵏⴰⵜ ⵓⵉⵏ ⵙⴰⵏ ⴷⴰⵗ ⴰⵓⴰⵜⴰⵉ ⵓⴰⵏ 2003 ⴰⵍⵍⴰⵗⴻⵏ ⴰⵙ ⴰⵙⵙⵓⴼⴰⵏ ⴰⵙⴰⵆⴷⵉⵎ ⵏ ⵉⵙⵎⴰⵓⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵜⴰⵈⵈⵉⵎⴻⵏ ⵛⵂⵓⵏⴷ ⵓⵉⵏ ⴼⴰⵍ ⴰⵙⴰⵆⴷⵉⵎ ⵏ ⵜⴰⵙⴰⵙⵙⴰⵗⵔⴰⵓⵜ ⵏ ⵙⴰⵏ ⵜ ⵓⵂⴰⵔⴰⵜ
English: I continued to use Bushman, and I was publicly corrected several times by the righteous.
Tamasheq: ⵂⴰⵔ ⴰⵋⵋⵓⴷⵉ ⴰⵙⵙⵉⵆⴷⴰⵎⴰⴷ ⵉⵙⵉⵎ ⵓⴰⵏ ⴱⵓⵙⵂⵎⴰⵏ ⵜⵓⵍⴰⵙ ⵂⴰⵔⴾⵓⴾ ⴰⵙⵉⵙⵙⴰⵗⴰⴷⴰⵏ ⴰ ⵂⵉ ⴾⴻⵍ ⴰⵍⵗⴰⴷⴰⵍⴰ
English: Instead, the San Council's representative was adamant that no hurt or harm was caused to them or the San community with the manner in which (Die Burger) published the word 'boesman'."
Tamasheq: “ⴷⴷⴰⴶ ⵏ ⴷⵉⴱⵉⵜⵉ ⵜⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵙⴰⵏ ⴰⵙⵉⵍⵎⴰⴷ ⴰⵙ ⵓⴰⵔ ⵜⵉ ⵜⵉⵍⵍⴰ ⵜⴰⴷⵍⵉⵎⵜ ⵎⴻⵗ ⴰⵍⴱⴰⵙ ⵜⴰ ⵉⵋⵔⴰⵓⴰⵏ ⵎⴻⵗ ⵜⴰⵓⵙⴻⵜ ⵜⴰⵏ ⵙⴰⵏ ⴷⵗ ⵉⵎⵎⵉⴾ ⵓⴰ ⵙ (ⴻⴻ ⴱⵓⵔⴶⴻⵔ) ⵉⵣⵋⴰⵔ ⵉⵙⵉⵎ ⵓⴰⵏ ‘ⴱⵓⴻⵙⵎⴰⵏ”””
English: San kinship is comparable to Eskimo kinship, with the same set of terms as in European cultures, but also uses a name rule and an age rule.
Tamasheq: ⵜⴻⵎⴻⴷⵜ ⵜⴰⵏ ⵙⴰⵏ ⵜⵓⴶⴷⴰⵂ ⵉⴷ ⵜⴻⵎⴻⴷⵜ ⵜⴰⵏ ⴻⵙⴾⵉⵎⵓ, ⵉⵍⴰⵏⴻⵏ ⵜⵉⴰⵙⴰⵙⵙⴰⵗⵔⴰⵓⴻⵏ ⵛⵂⵓⵏⴷ ⵜⵉⵏ ⴰⴶⵏⴰ ⵜⴰⵏ ⵓⵉⵏ ⴻⵔⵓⴱⴰ ⵎⵓⵛⵂⴰⵎ ⵙⴰⵆⴷⴰⵎⴰⵏ ⵜⵓⵍⴰⵙ ⴰⵛⵂⴰⵔⴻⵗⴰ ⵓⴰⵏ ⵉⵙⵉⵎ ⴷ ⵓⴰⵏ ⴰⵓⴰⵜⴰⵉ
English: Children have no social duties besides playing, and leisure is very important to San of all ages.
Tamasheq: ⵉⵍⵉⴰⴷⴰⵏ ⵓⴰⵔ ⵉⵍⴻⵏ ⵜⵉⵣⵉⵍⵣⴰⵎ ⴷⴰⵗ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⴷⵓⵈ ⵓⴰⵔ ⵏ ⵉⵎⵓⵙ ⴷⴰⴰⵍⵓⵍⴰⵏ ⴷ ⵉⵣⵉⵋⵔⴰⵣ ⵉⴾⵏⴰⵏ ⵜⵓⵍⴰⵗⴰⵍⴰⵉ ⵉ ⴾⴻⵍ ⵙⴰⵏ ⵏ ⴰⵓⴰⵜⴰⵉ ⴼⵓⴾ
English: They make important family and group decisions and claim ownership of water holes and foraging areas.
Tamasheq: ⵉⵋⵋⴰⵏ ⴰⴷⴷⴰⴱⴰⵔⴰ ⵜⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵉⴶⵉⴷⵛⵂⴰⵏ ⴷ ⵜⴰⵈⵈⵉⵎⴻⵏ ⵜⵓⵍⴰⵙ ⴰⵍⵍⴰⵗⴻⵏ ⴰⵙ ⵎⴰⵏ ⴷ ⵉⵂⴰⵏⴷⴰⴶⴰⵏ ⵓⵉⵏ ⴰⵎⴰⵏ ⴷ ⴻⵏⵓⴰⵏ ⵉⵏⵏⴰⵙⴰⵏ
English: Droughts may last many months and waterholes may dry up.
Tamasheq: ⵎⴰⵏⵏⴰ ⵜⴰⵏ ⴰⴷⴷⵓⴱⴻⵏ ⴰⴷ ⴰⵋ ⵉ ⵓⵔⴰⵏ ⴰⵋⵋⵓⵜⵏⴻⵏ ⴷ ⵜⵓⵍⴰⵙ ⵜⵉⵏⵉⴱⴰⵋ ⵏ ⴰⵎⴰⵏ ⴰⴷⴷⵓⴱⴰⵜ ⵏⴰⵜ ⴰⵗⵓⵔ
English: Into this hole is inserted a long hollow grass stem.
Tamasheq: ⴷⴰⵗ ⵜⴰⵏⴰⴱⴰⵋ ⵜⴻⵏ ⵜⴰⵂⴻⵜ ⵜⴻⵣⴰⵓⵜ ⵛⵂⴰⵋⵔⴻⵜ ⵏ ⴰⵍⴰⵎⵎⵓⵣ
English: Early spring is the hardest season: a hot dry period following the cool, dry winter.
Tamasheq: ⵗⴰⵔⴰⵜ ⵏ ⵜⴰⵔⴰⵂⵓⵜ ⵜⴰⵈⵈⴰⵍ ⴰⵣⵣⴰⵎⴰⵏ ⵓⴰ ⵉⴾⵏⴰⵏ ⴰⵙⵙⴰⵂⴰⵜ: ⴰⵣⵣⴰⵎⴰⵏ ⵉⴾⴾⵓⵙⴰⵏ ⴰⵈⵈⵓⵔⴰⵏ ⵉⵍⴾⴰⵎⴰⵏ ⵉ ⵜⴰⵋⵔⵉⵙⵜ ⵙⴰⵎⵎⴻⴷⴰⵜ ,ⵜⴰⵈⵈⵓⵔⴰⵜ
English: Women gather fruit, berries, tubers, bush onions, and other plant materials for the band's consumption.
Tamasheq: ⴷⴻⴷⴻⵏ ⵙⴰⴷⴰⵓ ⵏⴰⵜ ⵉⵛⵂⵉⴾⵛⵂⴰ ⵏ ⴰⴾⴰⵍ, ⴱⴻⵔⵔⵉ ⵜⴰⵏ, ⵜⵓⴱⴻⵔ ⵜⴰⵏ, ⴰⵍⴱⴰⵙⴰⵍⴰⵏ,ⴷ ⵉⵙⵓⵋ ⵏ ⵉⵉⵉⴰⴷ ⵏ ⴰⵂⵉⵙⵂⴾ ⵉ ⵜⴻⵜⴰⵜⴻ
English: Depending on location, the San consume 18 to 104 species, including grasshoppers, beetles, caterpillars, moths, butterflies, and termites.
Tamasheq: ⴷⴰⵗ ⴰⵙ ⵉⵣⵍⴰⵉⴰⵏ ⵉⵂⴰⵏⴷⴰⴶⴰⵏ, ⵙⴰⵏ ⵜⴰⵜ-ⵉⵏ 18 ⵂⴰⵔ 104 ⵏ ⵉⵛⵂⵉⴾⵉⵍ ⴰⵂⴰⵏ ⵉⵛⵂⵓⴰⵍⴰⵏ, ⵉⴾⵉⵏⴾⴰⵔⴰⵏ, ⵜⵉⵓⵉⴾⴾⴰⵓⴻⵏ, ⵜⵉⵍⴾⴻⵏ, ⴼⵉⵔⴰⵛⵂⴰ ⵜⴰⵏ ⴷ ⵜⴰ-ⵉⵜⵓⴼ
English: These haplogroups are specific sub-groups of haplogroups A and B, the two earliest branches on the human Y-chromosome tree.
Tamasheq: ⵂⴰⴱⵍⵓⴶⵔⵓⵓⴱ ⵜⴰⵏ ⵓⵉⵏ ⴰⵈⵈⴰⵍⴰⵏ ⵜⴰⵈⵈⵉⵎⴻⵏ ⵎⴰⴷⵔⵓⵉⵏⴻⵏ ⵏ ⵂⴰⴱⵍⵓⴶⵔⵓⵓⴱⵙ ⴰ ⴷ ⴱ , ⵉⵍⵉⴾⵜⴰⵏ ⵓⵉⵏ ⵉⵙⵙⵉⵏ ⴰⵣⵣⴰⵔ ⵏⴻⵏ ⴼⴰⵍ ⴰⵂⵉⵙⵂⴾ ⵓⴰⵏ ⵗ-ⵛⵂⵔⵓⵎⵓⵙⵓⵎⴻ ⵏ ⴰⵓⴰⴷⵉⵎ
English: The most divergent (oldest) mitochondrial haplogroup, L0d, has been identified at its highest frequencies in the southern African San groups.
Tamasheq: ⵎⵉⵜⵓⵛⵂⵓⵏⴷⵔⵉⴰⵍ ⵂⴰⴱⵍⵓⴶⵔⵓⴱ ⵓⴰⵏ ⵉⵙⴾⴰⵜⴰⵏ (ⵓⴰ ⵓⵋⵋⴰⵔⴰⵏ ⵜⵓⵙⴰⵔⴰⵉ), ⵍ0ⴷ, ⵉⵜⴰⵓⴰⵋⵔⴰⵓ ⴷⴰⵗ ⵉⴷⴷⵉⴾⵓⴷ ⵏ ⵉⵋⵉ ⵜⴰⵏ ⵏⴻⵜ ⴷⴰⵗ ⵜⴰⵈⵈⵉⵎⴻⵏ ⵜⵉⵏ ⴰⴼⵔⵉⴾⵉⵉⴰ ⵜⴰⵏ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵙⵏⴰ
English: The San have been particularly affected by encroachment by majority peoples and non-indigenous farmers onto land traditionally occupied by San people.
Tamasheq: ⵆⴻⵍ ⵙⴰⵏ ⵉⴾⵏⴻⵏ ⵂⵓⵍⵍⴰⵏ ⵉⵋⵋⵓⵛⵂ ⵓⴰ ⵂⴰⵙ-ⴰⵏ ⵉⵋⵋⴰⵏ ⴰⴷⴷⵉⵏⴰⵜ ⴰⵋⵋⵓⵜⵏⴻⵏ ⴷ ⴾⴻⵍ ⵉⴼⵉⵔⵋⴰⵏ ⵓⵉ ⵓⴰⵔ ⵏ ⴰⵈⵈⴻⵍ ⴾⴻⵍ ⴰⴾⴰⵍ ⴷⴰⵗ ⴰⴾⴰⵍ ⴻⵈⵈⴰⵍⴰⵏ ⴷⴰⵗ ⴰⵍⴰⵙⴰⵍ ⴰ ⵉⵣⴷⴰⵗⴰⵏ ⴰⴷⴷⵉⵏⴰⵜ ⵓⵉⵏ ⵙⴰⵏ
English: Loss of land is a major contributor to the problems facing Botswana's indigenous people, including especially the San's eviction from the Central Kalahari Game Reserve.
Tamasheq: ⴰⵜⴰⵔⵎⵉⵙ ⵏ ⴰⴾⴰⵍ ⴻⵈⵈⴰⵍ ⴰ ⵉⵙⴰⵓⴰⴷⴰⵏ ⵂⵓⵍⵍⴰⵏ ⵎⵓⵛⵂⴰⴾⵉⵍ ⵜⴰⵏ ⵜⵉ ⵉⵋⵔⴰⵓ ⵏⴻⵏ ⴰⴷⴷⵉⵏⴰⵜ ⵓⵉⵏ ⴰⴾⴰⵍ ⵏ ⴱⵓⵜⵙⵓⴰⵏⴰ ⴻⵂⴰ ⴰⵙⴰⴾⴰⵜ ⵓⴰⵏ ⵙⴰⵏ ⴷⴰⵗ ⵛⴻⵏⵜⵔⴰⵍ ⵆⴰⵍⴰⵂⴰⵔⵉ ⵗⴰⵎⴻ ⵔⴻⵙⴻⵔⴱⴻ
English: This would award royalties to the San for the benefits of their indigenous knowledge.
Tamasheq: ⴰⵓⴻⵏ ⴰⴷ ⴻⴾⴼ-ⵓ ⵜⵉⵎⵣⴰⵍ ⵏ ⴰⵍⵆⴰⵈⵈⴰⵏ ⵉ ⵙⴰⵏ ⵉ ⵜⵉⵏⴼⴰ ⵏ ⵎⵓⵙⵏⴰⵜ ⵏⴰⵙⴰⵏ ⵜⴰⵏ ⴾⴻⵍ ⴰⴾⴰⵍ
English: Van der Post grew up in South Africa, and had a respectful lifelong fascination with native African cultures.
Tamasheq: ⴱⴰⵏ ⴷⴻⵔ ⴱⵓⵙⵜ ⵉⴷⵓⴰⵍ ⴷⴰⵗ ⵙⵓⵓⵜⵂ ⴰⴼⵔⵉⴾⵉⵉⴰ, ⵜⵓⵍⴰⵙ ⵉⴾⵏⴰ ⵂⴰⵙ ⵋⴰⵔⵓⵣⴰⵜ ⵂⵓⵍⵍⴰⵏ ⴷⴰⵗ ⴰⴷⴷⵓⵏⵉⵉⴰ ⵙⴻⵎⵗⴰⵔ ⵏ ⴰⴶⵏⴰ ⵜⴰⵏ ⵓⵉⵏ ⴾⴻⵍ ⴰⴼⵔⵉⴾⵉⵉⴰ ⵓⵉⵏ ⴾⴻⵍ ⴰⴾⴰⵍ
English: Driven by a lifelong fascination with this "vanished tribe", Van der Post published a 1958 book about this expedition, entitled The Lost World of the Kalahari.
Tamasheq: “ ⴻⵔⴾⴰⴱ ⵋⴰⵔⵔⵓⵣⴰⵜ ⵂⵓⵍⵍⴰⵏ ⵏ “ⵜⴰⵓⵙⴻⵜ ⵜⴰ ⵜⴰⵙⵓⵋⴰⵍⴰⵜ’’, ⴱⴰⵏ ⴷⴻⵔ ⴱⵓⵙⵜ ⵉⵣⵉⵣⵋⴰⵔ ⴰⵍⴾⵉⵜⵜⴰⴱ ⴷⴰⵗ ⴰⵓⴰⵜⴰⵉ ⵓⴰⵏ 1958 ⴼⴰⵍ ⵉⴾⴰⵏⵏⴰⵏ ⵏ ⴰⵓⴻⵏ ⵙ ⴻⵗⴰⴼ ⵏ ⴰⴾⴰⵜⴰⴱ ⵏⴻⵜ ⵉⵎⵓⵙ ⵜⵂⴻ ⵍⵓⵙⵜ ⵓⵓⵔⵍⴷ ⵓⴰⵏ ⵆⴰⵍⴰⵂⴰⵔⵉ”
English: His early film The Hunters, released in 1957, shows a giraffe hunt.
Tamasheq: ⴼⵉⵍⵎ ⵏⴻⵜ ⵓⴰ ⴻⵣⵣⴰⵔⴰⵏ ⵜⵂⴻ ⵂⵓⵏⵜⴻⵔⵙ,ⵉⴷ ⵉⵣⵋⴰⵔⴰⵏ ⴷⴰⵗ ⴰⵓⴰⵜⴰⵉ ⵓⴰⵏ 1957, ⵉⵙⴰⴾⵉⵏ ⴰⵂⵓⵉⵉ ⵏ ⴰⵎⴷⴰⵗ
English: His sister Elizabeth Marshall Thomas wrote several books and numerous articles about the San, based in part on her experiences living with these people when their culture was still intact.
Tamasheq: ⵜⴰⵎⴰⴷⵔⴰⵉⵜ ⵏⴻⵜ ⴻⵍⵉⵣⴰⴱⴻⵜⵂ ⵎⴰⵔⵙⵂⴰⵍⵍ ⵜⵂⵓⵎⴰⵙ ⵉⴾⵜⴰⴱ ⵉⵍⴾⵉⵜⵜⴰⴱⴰⵏ ⴰⵋⵋⵓⵜⵏⴻⵏ ⴷ ⴰⵍⴱⴰⴱⴰⵏ ⴰⵋⵋⵓⵜⵏⴻⵏ ⴼⴰⵍ ⵙⴰⵏ ⵉⵋⵋⴰⵏⴻⵏ ⴷⴰⵗ ⴰⵛⵂⵔⵓⵜ ⵉⵉⵉⴰⵏ ⴼⴰⵍ ⵎⵓⵙⵏⴰⵜⴻⵏ ⵏⴻⵜ ⵏ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⴷⵓⵈ ⵉⴷ ⴰⴷⴷⵉⵏⴰⵜ ⵓⵉⵏ ⴰⵍⵓⴰⵈ ⵓⴰ ⵉⴷ ⵓⴰⵔ ⴰⵎⵓⵜⵜⴰⵉ ⴰⴶⵏⴰ ⵏⴰⵙⴰⵏ
English: This was reviewed by Lawrence Van Gelder for the New York Times, who said that the film "constitutes an act of preservation and a requiem".
Tamasheq: “ ⴰⵓⴻⵏ ⵓⵍⴰⵙ ⵜⵉ ⵍⴰⵓⵔⴻⵏⵛⴻ ⴱⴰⵏ ⵗⴻⵍⴷⴻⵔ ⴰⴾⴰⵉⴰⴷ ⵂⴰⵔ ⴰⵋⵋⵓⴷⵉ ⵉ ⵏⴻⵓ ⵗⵓⵔⴾ ⵜⵉⵎⴻⵙ ⴰⵍⵍⴰⵗⴻⵏ ⴷⴰⵗ ⴼⵉⵍⵎ ⵓⴻⵏ ⴰⵙ “”ⴻⵈⵈⴰⵍ ⵂⴰⵔⴰⵜ ⵏ ⴰⵍⵗⵉⵍⵍⴰⵙ ⴷ ⵔⴻⵈⵓⵉⴻⵎ””
English: The BBC's The Life of Mammals (2003) series includes video footage of an indigenous San of the Kalahari desert undertaking a persistence hunt of a kudu through harsh desert conditions.
Tamasheq: ⵙⴻⵔⵉⴻ ⵜⴰⵏ ⵜⵉⵏ ⵜⵂⴻ ⵍⵉⴼⴻ ⵓⴼ ⵎⴰⵎⵎⴰⵍⵙ (2003) ⵏ ⴱⴱⵛ ⴻⵂⴰⵉ ⴱⵉⴷⴻⵓ ⴼⵓⵓⵜⴰⴶⴻ ⵏ ⵙⴰⵏ ⵓⵉⵏ ⴾⴻⵍ ⴰⴾⴰⵍ ⵏ ⵆⴰⵍⴰⵂⴰⵔⵉ ⵏ ⴰⵙⵙⴰⵆⵔⴰ ⵉⵋⵋⴰⵏⴻⵏ ⴰⵂⵓⵉⵉ ⴰⵙⵙoⵂⴻⵏ ⵏ ⴾⵓⴷⵓ ⵙ ⵜⴰⵍⵗⵉⵓⴻⵏ ⵏ ⴰⵙⵙⴰⵆⵔⴰ ⴰⵙⵙⵓⵂⴰⵜⵏⴻⵏ
English: Because of their similarities, the San works may illustrate the reasons for ancient cave paintings.
Tamasheq: ⴼⴰⵍ ⵜⵓⵍⴰⵜ ⵏⴰⵙⴰⵏ, ⴰⵍⵆⵉⴷⵎⴰⵜⴻⵏ ⵏ ⵙⴰⵏ ⴰⴷⴷⵓⴱⴻⵏ ⴰⵙⵉⵍⵎⴰⴷ ⵙ ⵉⴷⴷⵉⵍⵉⵍⴰⵏ ⵓⵉⵏ ⵉⴷⴰⵍⵓⵋⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵉⴷⴰⵗⴰⵏ ⵓⵉⵏ ⴰⵔⵓ