Tamazight-NLP/NLLB-Seed_Tamasheq-Tifinagh-Script huggingface dataset:
English: In the words of Stein (1960:1): "The price for maintaining a society that encourages cultural differentiation and experimentation is unquestionably the acceptance of a certain amount of disorganization on both the individual and social level."
Tamasheq: “ ⴷⴰⵗ ⵎⴰⵋⵔⴰⴷ ⵓⴰⵏ ⵙⵜⵢⵉⵏ (1960:1) “” ⴰⵍⵈⵉⵎ ⵉ ⴰⴶ-ⴰⵣ ⵏ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⴷⵓⵈ ⵜⴰ ⵂⴰⴾⵉⵜ ⴰⵙⵙⴰⵂⴰⵜ ⵏ ⴰⵏⵎⴰⵣⵍⴰⵉⴰⵏ ⵏ ⴰⴶⵏⴰ ⴷ ⴰⵎⵉⵉⵉⵣ ⵓⴰⵔ ⵉⵍⴰ ⴰⵙⵉⵙⵜⴰⵏ ⵙ ⴰⵎⵓⵙ ⴰⵗⴰⴱⴰⵍ ⵏ ⵉⴷⴷⵉⴾⵓⴷ ⵏ ⴰⴼⴰⵜⴰⵉ ⵏ ⵢⴷⴰⴶ ⵓⴰⵏ ⴰⵓⴰⴷⵉⵎ ⴷ ⵓⴰⵏ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⴷⵓⵈ ⴼⵓⴾ ⵏⴰⵙⴰⵏ””
English: All of these reflections contributed remarkably to the development of the social capital concept in the following decades.
Tamasheq: ⵉⵏⵉⵙⵋⴰⵎ ⵓⵉⵏ ⴼⵓⴾ ⴰⵈⵈⴰⵍⴰⵏ ⵜⵉⵔⵋⵉⵜ ⵉ ⵢⴼⵢⵙ ⵉ ⵜⵉⴼⵢⵔⵜ ⵜⴰⵏ ⵙⵓⵛⵉⴰⵍ ⵛⴰⴱⵉⵜⴰⵍ ⴷⴰⵗ ⵜⵉⵎⵉⵔⵓⵢⵏ ⵏ ⵉⵓⵉⵜⵉⴰⵏ ⵓⵉ ⵉⵍⴾⴰⵎ ⵏⵢⵏ
English: Robert D. Putnam (1993) suggested that social capital would facilitate co-operation and mutually supportive relations in communities and nations and would therefore be a valuable means of combating many of the social disorders inherent in modern societies, for example crime.
Tamasheq: ⵔⵓⴱⵢⵔⵜ ⵢ. ⴱⵓⵜⵏⴰⵎ (1993) ⵉⵋⵋⴰ ⴰⴷⴷⴰⴱⴰⵔⴰ ⴰⵙ ⵙⵓⵛⵉⴰⵍ ⵛⴰⴱⵉⵜⴰⵍ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵙⴰⵔⵗⴰⵙ ⵜⵏⴰⵎⵢⵔⴷⵓⵜ ⴷ ⵉⵂⴰⵔⵓⵋⴰⵏ ⵓⵂⴰⵔⵏⵢⵏ ⴷⴰⵗ ⵜⴰⵓⵙⴱⵜⵢⵏ ⴷ ⴰⴷⴷⴰⵓⵍⴰ ⵜⴰⵏ ⵜⵓⵍⴰⵙ ⴰⴷ ⵢⵈⵈⵉⵍ ⴰⵙⵓⵋ ⵓⵍⴰⵗⴰⵏ ⵉ ⴰⴾⵉⵏⵏⴰⵙ ⵏ ⵉⴱⴰⵏ ⵙⴰⵔⵂⵓ ⵜⴰⵏ ⴰⵋⵋⵓⵜⵏⵢⵏ ⴷⴰⵗ ⵜⵉⵎⵉⵣⴷⴰⵗ ⵜⵉⵏ ⴰⵎⴰⵔⴰⴷ, ⴰⵍⵎⵉⵜⴰⵍ ⵜⴰⴷⵍⵉⵎⵜ
English: Nan Lin's concept of social capital has a more individualistic approach: "Investment in social relations with expected returns in the marketplace."
Tamasheq: “ⵜⵉⴼⵢⵔⵜ ⵏⴰⵏ ⵍⵉⵏ ⵜⴰⵏ ⵙⵓⵛⵉⴰⵍ ⵛⴰⴱⵉⵜⴰⵍ ⵜⵉⵍⴰ ⵜⴰⵣⵓⵋⵉⵛⵂⵜ : “”ⵜⴰⵏⴰⵗⵍⴰ ⵏ ⴰⵣⵔⵓⴼ ⴷⴰⵗ ⵉⵂⴰⵔⵓⵋⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⴷⵓⵈ ⵢⵂⴰ ⵎⵉⵔⴷⴰ ⵏ ⵉⵔⴰⴱⴰⵆⴰⵏ ⴷⴰⵗ ⵂⵢⴱⵓ””
English: The term capital is used by analogy with other forms of economic capital, as social capital is argued to have similar (although less measurable) benefits.
Tamasheq: ⵜⵉⴼⵢⵔⵜ ⵜⴰⵏ ⵛⴰⴱⵉⵜⴰⵍ ⵜ-ⴰⵓ-ⴰⵗⴰⵔ ⵙ ⵜⵓⵍⴰⵜ ⵉⴷ ⴷⵓⵎⵓ ⵜⴰⵏ ⵉⵉⵉⴰⴷ ⴷⴰⵗ ⵢⵛⵓⵏⵓⵎⵉⵛ ⵛⴰⴱⵉⵜⴰⵍ ⵛⵂⵓⵏⴷ ⴰⵙ ⴰⵜ-ⴰⵓ- ⴰⵍⵍⴰⵗⴰⵜ ⴰⵙ ⵙⵓⵛⵉⴰⵍ ⵛⴰⴱⵉⵜⴰⵍ ⵉⵍⴰⵏ ⵜⵉⵏⴼⴰ ⵜⵢⵏ (ⴾⵓⵓⴷⵢⵗ ⴰⵙ ⵉⵍⴰⵏⴰⵜ ⵢⴾⵢⵜ ⴰⵏⴷⴰⵔⵔⴰⵏ)
English: Robison, Schmid, and Siles (2002) reviewed various definitions of social capital and concluded that many did not satisfy the formal requirement of a definition.
Tamasheq: ⵔⵓⴱⵉⵙⵓⵏ, ⵙⵛⵂⵎⵉⴷ ⴷ ⵙⵉⵍⵢⵙ (2002) ⵓⵍⴰⵙ ⵉⵙⵜⵢⵗⵔⴰⴷ ⵏ ⴰⵍⵎⴰⵗⵏⴰ ⵜⴰⵏ ⴰⵋⵋⵓⵜⵏⵢⵏ ⵏ ⵙⵓⵛⵉⴰⵍ ⵛⴰⴱⵉⵜⴰⵍ ⵜⵓⵍⴰⵙ ⴰⴾⴾⵉⵎⴰⵍ ⵎⴰⵋⵔⴰⴷ ⵏⵢⵜ ⵙ ⴰⵙ ⵓⴰⵔ ⵉ ⴰⵋⵋⵓⵜⵏⵢⵏ ⵓⴰⵔ ⵢⵍⴰⵂⴰⵏ ⵉⴷ ⵉⵣⵉⵍⵣⴰⵎ ⵓⵉⵏ ⴰⵍⵎⴰⵗⵏⴰ
English: They propose that social capital be defined as sympathy: the object of another's sympathy has social capital; those who have sympathy for others provide social capital.
Tamasheq: ⵉⵋⵋⴰⵏ ⴰⴷⴷⴰⴱⴰⵔⴰ ⴰⵙ ⵙⵓⵛⵉⴰⵍ ⵛⴰⴱⵉⵜⴰⵍ ⴰⴷ ⴰⵎⵓⵙ ⴰⵍⵎⴰⵗⵏⴰ ⵏⵢⵜ ⵜⴰⵂⴰⵏⵉⵏⵜ: ⵂⴰⵔⴰⵜ ⵓⴰⵏ ⵜⴰⵂⴰⵏⵉⵏⵜ ⵏ ⵉⵉⵉⴰⵏ ⵉⵍⴰ ⵙⵓⵛⵉⴰⵍ ⵛⴰⴱⵉⵜⴰⵍ; ⵓⵉ ⵉⵍⴰⵏⵢⵏ ⵜⴰⵂⴰⵏⵉⵏⵜ ⵉ ⵓⵉ ⵉⴰⴷⵏⵢⵏ ⵂⴰⴾ ⵉⵏ ⵙⵓⵛⵉⴰⵍ ⵛⴰⵔⵉⵜⴰⵍ
English: Social capital is also distinguished from the economic theory social capitalism.
Tamasheq: ⵙⵓⵛⵉⴰⵍ ⵛⴰⴱⵉⵜⴰⵍ ⵉⵣⵍⴰⵉ ⵉⴷ ⵢⵛⵓⵏⵓⵎⵉⵛ ⵜⵂⵢⵓⵔⵉ ⵙⵓⵛⵉⴰⵍ ⵛⴰⴱⵉⵜⴰⵍⵉⵙⵎ
English: It "creates value for the people who are connected, and for bystanders as well."
Tamasheq: “ ⴷⵗⴰⵏ ⴰⵍⵈⵉⵎ ⵉ ⴰⴷⴷⵉⵏⴰⵜ ⵓⵉ ⵓⵙⴰⵗⵏⵢⵏ ⴷ ⵎⵓⵜⴰⴼⴰⵔⵉⵋ ⵜⴰⵏ “”
English: According to Robert D. Putnam, social capital refers to "connections among individuals – social networks and the norms of reciprocity and trustworthiness that arise from them."
Tamasheq: “ ⴷⴰⵗ ⴰⵓⴰ ⴰⵍⵍⴰⵗⴰⵜ ⵔⵓⴱⵢⵔⵜ ⵢ. ⴱⵓⵜⵏⴰⵎ, ⵙⵓⵛⵉⴰⵍ ⵛⴰⴱⵉⵜⴰⵍ ⴰⵎⵓⵙ “ⴰⵙⵙⴰⵗⴰⵏ ⵋⵉⵔ ⴰⴷⴷⵉⵏⴰⵜ - ⵔⵢⵣo ⵜⴰⵏ ⵓⵉⵏ ⵜⴰⵎⵣⴰⴷⵓⵈ ⴷ ⴰⵛⵂⴰⵔⵢⵗⴰ ⵜⴰⵏ ⵜⵉⵏ ⴰⵏⵎⵉⵓⴰⵍ ⴷ ⵜⴰⴼⵍⵉⵙⵜ ⵜⴰ ⵜⴰⵏ ⵉⴷ ⵜⵉⵣⴰⵋⴰⵔⴰⵜ”””
English: This is seen in lower levels of trust in government and lower levels of civic participation.
Tamasheq: ⴰⵓⵢⵏ ⵉⵍⴰ ⴰⴾⴰⵉⴰⴷ ⴷⴰⵗ ⵉⵂⴰⵏⴷⴰⴶⴰⵏ ⴷⴰⵔⵓⵙⵏⵢⵢⵏ ⵜⴰⴼⵍⵉⵙⵜ ⴷⴰⵗ ⴰⵍⵆⴰⴾⵓⵎ ⴷ ⵉⵂⴰⵏⴷⴰⴶⴰⵏ ⴷⴰⵔⵓⵙⵏⵢⵏ ⵉ ⵉⵋⵋⵓⵛⵂ ⵏ ⴰⴷⴷⵉⵏⴰⵜ
English: Putnam also suggests that a root cause of the decline in social capital is women's entry the workforce, which could correlate with time restraints that inhibit civic organizational involvement like parent-teacher associations.
Tamasheq: ⴱⵓⵜⵏⴰⵎ ⵉⵏⵜⴰ ⴷⵢⵗ ⴰⵙⵉⵍⵎⴰⴷ ⴰⵙ ⴰⴷⴷⴰⵍⵉⵍ ⵓⴰⵏ ⵢⴾⵢⵓ ⵏ ⴰⴼⴰⵏⴰⵣ ⵓⴰⵏ ⴾⴰⴱⵉⵜⴰⵍ ⵙⵓⵙⵉⴰⵍ ⴰⵎⵓⵙ ⵉⵋⵓⵛ ⵉ ⴷⵢⴷⵢⵏ ⴷⴰⵗ ⴰⵍⵆⵉⴷⵎⵓⵜ ⴰⴷⴷⵓⴱⵢⵏ ⴰⵙⵉⵔⵜⴰⵉ ⵏ ⵉⵣⵉⵍⵣⴰⵎ ⵏ ⴰⵍⵓⴰⵈ ⵓⵉ ⵙⴰⵎⵗⴰⵜⴰⵔ ⵏⵢⵏ ⵉⵋⵓⵛ ⵏ ⵜⴰⴶⴶⴰⵉⵢⵏ ⵛⵓⵏⴷ ⵜⴰⴶⴶⴰⵉⵢ ⵜⵉⵏ ⵉⵎⴰⵔⴰⵓⴰⵏ ⴷ ⵢⵎⴰⵙⵙⴰⵗⴰⵔⴰⵏ
English: Fukuyama suggests that while social capital is beneficial for development, it also imposes cost on non-group members with unintended consequences for general welfare.
Tamasheq: ⴼⵓⴾⵓⵉⴰⵎⴰ ⵉⵋⴰ ⴰⴷⴷⴰⴱⴰⵔⴰ ⴰⵙ ⴰⵍⵓⴰⵈ ⵓⴰ ⵉⴷ ⵢⵈⵈⴰⵍ ⴾⴰⴱⵉⵜⴰⵍ ⵙⵓⵙⵉⴰⵍ ⴰ ⵉⵍⴰⵏ ⵜⵉⵏⴼⴰ ⵉ ⵢⴼⵢⵙ , ⴰⵣⵉⵍⵣⴰⵎ ⵂⴰⵔ ⴰⵋⵓⴷⵉ ⴰⵍⵈⵉⵎ ⴼⴰⵍ ⴰⴷⴷⵉⵏⴰⵜ ⵓⵉⵏ ⵓⴰⵔ-ⵏ-ⵂⴰ ⵜⴰⵈⵈⵉⵎⵜ ⵉⵍⴰⵏ ⵗⴰⵈⵉⴱⴰⵜⴰⵏ ⵓⴰⵔ ⵏ ⵉⵍⴰ ⴰⵜⵜⵓⵙ ⵉ ⴰⵍⵆⵢⵔ ⵏ ⴰⴷⴷⵉⵏⴰⵜ ⴼⵓⴾ
English: This dimension focuses on the advantages derived from the configuration of an actor's, either individual or collective, network.
Tamasheq: ⵆⴰⵋⴰⵎ ⵜⵢⵏ ⵜⴰⵈⵈⴰⵍ ⴼⴰⵍ ⵜⵉⵏⴼⴰ ⵜⵢⵏ ⵉⴷ ⵉⵣⵋⴰⵔ ⵏⵢⵏ ⵛⵓⵏⴼⵉⴶⵓⵔⴰⵜⵉⵓⵏ ⵓⴼ ⴰⵛⵜⵓⵔ ⵋⵉⵔ ⵗⴰⵙ ⵔⵢⵣⵓ ⵏ ⴰⵓⴰⴷⵉⵎ ⵎⵢⵗ ⵏ ⴰ ⵓⵂⴰⵔⴰⵏ
English: This is best characterized through trust of others and their cooperation and the identification an individual has within a network.
Tamasheq: ⴰⵓⵢⵏ ⵢⵈⵈⴰⵍ ⵙⴰⵎⴰⵍ ⵏ ⵜⵉⴷⵉⵜⵜ ⵏ ⵉⵉⵉⴰⴷ ⴷ ⵜⴰⵏⵎⵢⵔⴷⵓⵜ ⵏⴰⵙⴰⵏ ⵜⵍⴰⵙ ⴰⵍⵎⵓⴷ ⵏ ⴰⵓⴰⴷⵉⵎ ⴷⴰⵗ ⵔⵢⵣⵓ
English: Research by Sheri Berman and Dylan Riley, as well as economists Shanker Satyanath, Nico Voigtländer, and Hans-Joachim Voth, have linked civic associations to the rise of fascist movements.
Tamasheq: ⴼⴰⵔⴰⴾ ⵉⵋⵋⴰ ⵙⵂⵢⵔⵉ ⴱⵢⵔⵎⴰⵏ ⴷ ⵢⵉⵍⴰⵏ ⵂⴰⴾ ⵉⴷⵏⵢⵛⵓⵏⵓⵎⵉⵙⵜ ⵜⴰⵏ ⵙⵂⴰⵏⴾⵢⵔ ⵙⴰⵜⵉⴰⵏⴰⵜⵂ, ⵏⵉⵛⵓ ⴱⵓⵉⴶⵜⵍⴰⵏⴷⵢⵔ ⴷ ⵂⴰⵏⵙ -ⵋⵓⴰⵛⵂⵉⵎ ⴱⵓⵜⵂ, ⵓⵙⴰⵗⴰⵏ ⵜⴰⴶⴶⴰⵉⵢⵏ ⵏ ⴰⴷⴷⵉⵏⴰⵜ ⵂⴰⵔ ⵢⵎⵢⵍ ⵏ ⵜⴰⴶⴶⴰⵉⵢⵏ ⵜⵉⵏ ⴼⴰⵙⵛⵉⵙⵜ ⵜⴰⵏ
English: The negative consequences of social capital are more often associated with bonding vis-à-vis bridging.
Tamasheq: ⵗⴰⵈⵉⴱⴰⵜⴰⵏ ⵜⵉ ⵍⴰⴱⴰⵙⵏⵢⵏ ⵏ ⵙⵓⵛⵉⴰⵍ ⵛⴰⴱⵉⵜⴰⵍ ⵉⴾⵏⴰ ⵏⴰⵜ ⴰⵙⵙⴰⵗ ⵂⵓⵍⵍⴰⵏ ⵉⴷ ⴱⵓⵏⴷⵉⵏⴶ ⴷ ⴱⵔⴷⵉⴶⵉⵏⴶ
English: Bonding and bridging social capital can work together productively if in balance, or they may work against each other.
Tamasheq: ⴱⵓⵏⴷⵉⵏⴶ ⴷ ⴱⵔⵉⴷⴶⵉⵏⴶ ⵙⵓⵛⵉⴰⵍ ⵛⴰⴱⵉⵜⴰⵍ ⴰⴷⴷⵓⴱⴻⵏ ⴰⵆⴰⴷⴰⵎ ⵙ ⵜⵉⵏⴼⴰ ⴰ ⴼⴰⵍ ⵉⵋⵋⴰⵛⵂⴰⵏ ⴰⵍⵎⵉⵣⴰⵏ ⵎⴻⵗ ⴰⴷⴷⵓⴱⵢⵏ ⵉⴱⴰⵏ ⵏ ⴰⵍⵆⵉⴷⵎⴰⵜ ⵋⵉⵔ ⵉⵎⴰⵏ ⵏⴰⵙⴰⵏ
English: The strengthening of insular ties can lead to a variety of effects such as ethnic marginalization or social isolation.
Tamasheq: ⴰⵙⴰⵙⵙⵓⵂⵉ ⵏ ⵜⵢⵎⵢⴷⵜ ⴰⴷⴷⵓⴱⴰⵜ ⴰⴷ ⴰⵔⵓ ⵉⴷ ⴰⵙⴰⵔ ⵜⴰⵏ ⴰⵋⵋⵓⵜⵏⵢⵏ ⵛⵂⵓⵏⴷ ⴰⵎⴰⵙⴾⴰⵜ ⵏ ⵜⴰⵓⵙⵢⵜ ⵎⵢⵗ ⵉⴱⴰⵏ ⴰⵂⴰⵔⵓⵋ
English: Germans threw themselves into their clubs, voluntary associations, and professional organizations out of frustration with the failures of the national government and political parties, thereby helping to undermine the Weimar Republic and facilitate Hitler's rise to power."
Tamasheq: “ ⵗⵢⵔⵎⴰⵏ ⵜⴰⵏ ⵉⵋⴰⵔⴰⵏ ⵉⵎⴰⵏ ⵏⴰⵙⴰⵏ ⴷⴰⵗ ⵛⵍⵓⴱ ⵜⴰⵏ, ⵜⴰⴶⴶⴰⵉⵢⵏ ⵏ ⴱⴰⵜⵉⵍ ⴷ ⵜⴰⴶⴶⴰⵉⵢⵏ ⵏ ⴰⵍⵆⵉⴷⵎⴰⵜ ⴷⴰⵗ ⵉⴱⴰⵏ ⵏ ⴰⵍⵂⴰⵎ ⴼⴰⵍ ⴼⴰⵛⵂⴰⵍ ⵜⴰⵏ ⵓⵉ ⵉⵋⵋⴰ ⴰⵍⵆⴰⴾⵓⵎ ⴷ ⴱⴰⵔⵜⵉ ⵜⴰⵏ ⵜⵉⵏ ⴼⵓⵍⵉⵜⵉⴾ ⵙ ⵓⴶⵂⵛⵂⴰⴷ ⵏ ⵓⵢⵉⵎⴰⵔ ⵔⵢⴱⵓⴱⵍⵉⵛ ⴷ ⴰⵙⵉⵔⵗⴰⵙ ⵉ ⵀⵉⵜⵍⵢⵔ ⴰⴾⴰⵔⴰⵛⵂ ⵏ ⵜⴰⵏⴰⵉⴰ”””
English: They were very introverted in the Weimar Republic.
Tamasheq: ⵉⴾⵏⴰⵏ ⴰⵗⴰⴼⴰⵍ ⴼⴰⵍ ⵉⵎⴰⵏ ⵏⴰⵙⴰⵏ ⴷⴰⵗ ⵓⵢⵉⵎⴰⵔ ⵔⵢⴱⵓⴱⵍⵉⵛ
English: Robert Putnam, in his later work, also suggests that social capital, and the associated growth of public trust are inhibited by immigration and rising racial diversity in communities.
Tamasheq: ⵔⵓⴱⵢⵔⵜ ⴱⵓⵜⵏⴰⵎ ⴷⴰⵗ ⴰⵍⵆⵉⴷⵎⴰⵜ ⵏⵢⵜ ⵜⴰⵏ ⵓⵛⵂⵔⴰⵉ ⵉⵋⵋⴰ ⴰⴷⴷⴰⴱⴰⵔⴰ ⵉ ⵙⵓⵛⵉⴰⵍ ⵛⴰⴱⵉⵜⴰⵍ ⴷ ⵜⵉ-ⵓⴰⵜ ⵏ ⵜⴰⴼⵍⴰⵙⴰⵜ ⵏ ⴰⴷⴷⵉⵏⴰⵜ ⵉⴶⴷⴰⵍ ⵜⴰⵏ ⵉⵎⵎⵉⴶⴰⵜⵉⵓⵏ ⴷ ⵜⵉⵓ-ⴰⵜ ⵏ ⴰⵏⵎⵉⵣⵍⴰⵉ ⵏ ⵜⴰⵓⵙⵢⵜⵢⵏ
English: Lack of homogeneity led to people withdrawing from even their closest groups and relationships, creating an atomized society as opposed to a cohesive community.
Tamasheq: ⵉⴱⴰⵏ ⴰⵎⴰⵔⵜⴰⵉ ⵢⵔⴰⵓ ⵉⴷ ⴰⵣⵋⵓⵔ ⵏ ⴰⴷⴷⵉⵏⴰⵜ ⴷⴰⵗ ⵜⴰⵈⵈⵉⵎⵢⵏ ⴷ ⵉⵂⴰⵔⵓⵋⴰⵏ ⵏⴰⵙⴰⵏ, ⵢⵗⵏⴰ ⵉⴷ ⵜⴰⵎⵣⴷⵓⵈ ⴰⵜⵓⵎⵉⵣⵢ ⴷ ⵜⴰⵓⵙⵢⵜ ⵜⵉⵋⴰⵜ ⵜⴰⵔⵜⵉⵜ ⵜⵓⵍⴰⵗⴰⵜ
English: Human capital, a private resource, could be accessed through what the previous generation accumulated through social capital.
Tamasheq: ⵂⵓⵎⴰⵏ ⵛⴰⴱⵉⵜⴰⵍ, ⵎⴰⵓⵔⵉⴷ ⵆⴰⵙ, ⴰⴷⴷⵓⴱⴰⵜ ⴰ ⵜⵉⵋⵔⵓ ⵏⵢⵜ ⵙ ⴰⵓⴰ ⵉⵙⵙⵢⴷⴰⵓⴰⵏ ⵉⵛⵂⴰⵗⵉⴱⴰⵏ ⵓⵉⵏ ⴷⴰⵜⴰ ⵙ ⵙⵓⵛⵉⴰⵍ ⵛⴰⴱⵉⵜⴰⵍ
English: Even though Coleman never truly addresses Pierre Bourdieu in his discussion, this coincides with Bourdieu's argument set forth in Reproduction in Education, Society and Culture.
Tamasheq: ⵆⵓⴷⴷⵢⵗ ⴰⵙ ⵛⵓⵍⵢⵎⴰⵏ ⵉⵋⵋⴰ ⴰⵍⵓⴰⵣⴰⴱ ⵙ ⵜⵉⴷⵉⵜⵜ ⵉ ⴱⵉⵢⵔⵔⵢ ⴱⵓⵓⴷⵉⵢⵓ ⴷⴰⵗ ⴰⴷⵉⵓⵉⵏⵏⵉ ⵏⵢⵜ, ⴰⵓⵢⵏ ⴰⵣⵉⵉⴰⵜ ⵉⴷ ⵉ ⵎⴰⵋⵔⴰⴷ ⵉⵋⵋⴰ ⴱⵓⵓⵔⴷⵉⵢⵓ ⴷⴰⵗ ⵔⵢⴱⵔⵓⴷⵓⵛⵜⵉⵓⵏ ⵉⵏ ⵢⴷⵓⵛⴰⵜⵉⵓⵏ, ⵙⵓⵛⵉⵢⵜⵉ ⴷ ⵛⵓⵍⵜⵓⵔⵢ
English: Thus, it is the social platform, itself, that equips one with the social reality they become accustomed to.
Tamasheq: ⴰⵓⵢⵏ ⵎⵉⵏⴰⵙⴰⵜ ⵉⵎⴰⵏ ⵏⵢⵜ ⵂⴰⴾ ⵉⵜ ⴰⵓⴰⴷⵉⵎ ⵉⵙⴰⵍⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⴷⵓⵈ ⵓⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⴷⵉⵜⵜ ⵜⴰ ⵉⵍⵎⴰⴷⴰⵏ
English: To illustrate this, we assume that an individual wishes to better his place in society.
Tamasheq: ⵉ ⴰⵙⴰⴷⵓⵜⵜⵉ ⵏ ⴰⵓⵢⵏ, ⵏ ⴰⵙⵉⵜⴱⴰⵜ ⴰⵙ ⴰⵓⴰⴷⵉⵎ ⴼⵓⴾ ⵉⵋⴰ ⴷⵢⵔⵂⴰⵏ ⵢⴷⴰⴶ ⵓⵍⴰⵗⴰⵏ ⵂⵓⵍⵍⴰⵏ ⴷⴰⵗ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⴷⵓⵈ
English: Is Civil Society an Adequate Theory?
Tamasheq: ⴰⵋⵋⵢⵏ ⴰⴾⵉⵏⵏⴰⵙ ⵓⴰ ⵋⵉⵔ ⵜⴰⵓⵙⴰⵜⵢⵏ ⴰⵎⵓⵙ ⴼⵓⵍⵉⵜⵉⴾ ⵜⵓⵗⴰⴷⴰⵜ?
English: Typical examples are that criminal gangs create bonding social capital, while choirs and bowling clubs (hence the title, as Putnam lamented their decline) create bridging social capital.
Tamasheq: ⴰⵍⵎⵉⵜⴰⵍ ⵜⴰⵏ ⴰⵎⵓⵙⴰⵏ ⴰⵙ ⵉⵏⴰⵙⵋⴰⴼⴰ ⵜⴰⵏ ⴰⵗⵏⴰⵏ ⵉⴷ ⴱⵓⵏⴷⵉⵏⴶ ⵙⵓⵛⵉⴰⵍ ⵛⴰⴱⵉⵜⴰⵍ ⴰⵙ ⵉⵋⵋⴰ ⴰⵓⵢⵏ ⵛⵂⵓⵉⵔⵙ ⴷ ⴱⵓⵓⵍⵉⵏⴶ ⵛⵍⵓⴱⵙ (ⵢⵗⴰⴼ ⵛⵂⵓⵏⴷ ⴰⵓⴰ ⵙ ⵉⴾⴰⵙⵏⴰⵏⴰⵜ ⴱⵓⵜⵏⴰⵎ ⴼⴰⵍ ⴰⴼⴰⵏⴰⵣ ⵏⴰⵙⴰⵏ) ⴰⵗⵏⴰⵏ ⴱⵔⵉⴷⴶⵉⵏⴶ ⵙⵓⵛⵉⴰⵍ ⵛⴰⴱⵉⵜⴰⵍ
English: Aldrich also applies the ideas of social capital to the fundamental principles of disaster recovery, and discusses factors that either aid or impede recovery, such as extent of damage, population density, quality of government and aid.
Tamasheq: ⴰⵍⴷⵔⵉⵛⵂ ⵉⵋⴰ ⵎⵢⴷⵔⴰⵏ ⵜⴰⵏ ⵓⵉⵏ ⴾⴰⴱⵉⵜⴰⵍ ⵙⵓⵙⵉⴰⵍ ⵉ ⵜⵉⵙⴰⵜⵜⴰⵗⵂⴰⵍ ⵜⵉⵏ ⴰⵙⴰⴼⴰⵔ ⵏ ⴰⵗⴰⵛⵓⴷ ⵜⵓⵍⴰⵙ ⵉⵙⵙⵢⵓⴰⵍ ⴼⴰⵍ ⵎⴰⵔⵙⴰⵍⴰⵏ ⵓⵉ ⵉⴷⵂⴰⵍ ⵏⵢⵏ ⵎⵢⵗ ⵓⵉ ⵉⴶⴷⴰⵍ ⵏⵢⵏ ⴰⵙⴰⴼⴰⵔ ⵛⵓⵏⴷ ⵜⴰⵎⵗⴰⵔⵢ ⵏ ⴰⵗⴰⵛⵓⴷ; ⵉⵋⵉⵜ ⵏ ⴰⴷⴷⵉⵏⴰⵜ, ⵋⴰⵓⴷⴰ ⵏ ⴰⵍⵆⴰⴾⵓⵎ ⴷ ⵜⴰⴷⵂⵉⵍⵜ
English: People who live their life this way feel that these are norms of society and are able to live their lives free of worry for their credit, children, and receive charity if needed.
Tamasheq: ⴰⴷⴷⵉⵏⴰⵜ ⵓⵉ ⵉⵣⵣⴰⵗⵏⵢⵏ ⵜⴰⵎⵓⴷⵔⵢ ⵏⴰⵙⴰⵏ ⵙ ⵉⵎⵎⵉⴾ ⵓⵢⵏ ⵓⴼⵔⴰⵉⴰⵏ ⴰⵙ ⴰⵓⵢⵏ ⴰⵛⵂⴰⵔⵢⵗⴰ ⵜⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⴷⵓⵈ ⵜⵓⵍⴰⵙ ⴰⴷⴷⵓⴱⵢⵏ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵣⵣⴰⵗⴰⵏ ⵜⴰⵎⵓⴷⵔⵢ ⵏⴰⵙⴰⵏ ⴷⴰⵗ ⴰⵙ ⵓⴰⵔ ⵜⴰⵏ ⵉⵋⵋⵔⵢⵓ ⴰⵎⴰⵜⵜⵉⵙⵓ ⵏ ⴰⵎⴰⵔⵓⴰⵙ, ⵉⵍⵉⴰⴷⴰⵏ ⵜⵓⵍⴰⵙ ⴰⵋⴰⵔⴰⵓ ⵏ ⵜⵉⴾⵓⵜⴰⵓⵢⵏ ⴰ ⴼⴰⵍ ⵉⵋⵋⴰ ⴷⵢⵔⵂⴰⵏ ⵏ ⴰⵓⵢⵏ
English: All forms of "capital" were, for Marx, possessed only by capitalists and he emphasized the basis of labour in capitalist society, as a class constituted by individuals obliged to sell their labour power, because they lacked sufficient capital, in any sense of the word, to do otherwise.
Tamasheq: “ ⴷⵓⵎⵓ ⵜⴰⵏ ⴼⵓⴾ ⵏ “ⵛⴰⴱⵉⵜⴰⵍ”” ⴰⵎⵙ ⵉ ⵎⴰⵔⵆ ⴰ ⵉⴾⵔⴰⵛⵂⴰⵏ ⵛⴰⴱⵉⵜⴰⵍⵉⵙⵜ ⵜⴰⵏ ⵜⵓⵍⴰⵙ ⴰⵙⵉⵍⵎⴰⴷ ⴼⴰⵍ ⵜⴰⵋⵉⵜⵜⴰⵓⵜ ⵏ ⴰⵍⵆⵉⴷⵎⴰⵜ ⴷⴰⵗ ⵛⴰⴱⵉⵜⴰⵍⵉⵙⵜ ⵙⵓⵛⵉⵢⵜⵉ ⵛⵂⵓⵏⴷ ⴰⴷⴷⵉⵏⴰⵜ ⴰⵔⵜⴰⵉⵏⵢⵏ ⵉⵣⵍⴰⵎ ⴰ ⵂⵉⵏ ⴰⵛⵂⴰⵏⵛⵂⵉⵏ ⴰⵙⵙⴰⵂⴰⵜ ⵏ ⴰⵆⵍⵉⴷⵎⴰⵜ ⵏⴰⵙⴰⵏ ⴼⴰⵍ ⴰⵙ ⵓⴰⵔ ⵉⵍⵢⵏ ⵢⵂⴰⵔⵢ ⵂⴰⵙ-ⴰⵏ ⵉⴶⴷⴰⵂⴰⵏ”
English: Portes mentions the donation of a scholarship to a member of the same ethnic group as an example of this.
Tamasheq: ⴱⵓⵔⵜⵢⵙ ⴰⵍⵍⴰⵗⴰⵜ ⵉⵂⵓⴾ ⵓⴰⵏ ⴱⵓⵔⵙⴰⵜⴰⵏ ⵜⵉⵏ ⵜⵢⵗⴰⵔⵢ ⵉ ⴰⴷⴷⵉⵏⴰⵜ ⵏ ⵜⴰⵓⵙⵢⵜ ⵉⵉⵉⴰⵏ ⴰⵎⵓⵙ ⴰⵍⵎⵉⵜⴰⵍ ⵏ ⴰⵓⵢⵏ
English: Bonding and bridging sub-scales are proposed, which have been adopted by over 300 scholarly articles.
Tamasheq: ⴱⵓⵏⴷⵉⵏⴶ ⴷ ⴱⵔⵉⴷⴶⵉⵏⴶ ⵉⴷⴷⵉⴾⵓⴷⴰⵏ ⵏⴰⵙⴰⵏ ⵓⵉ ⵎⴰⴷⵔⵓⵉⵏⵢⵏ ⴰⵜ-ⵓ- ⴰⴾⴼⴰⵏ ⵓⵉ ⴼⴰⵍ ⴰⵔⴷⴰⵂⴰⵏ 300 ⵏ ⴰⵔⵜⵉⴾⵍ ⵜⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵉⵎⵓⵙⴰⵏⴰⵏ
English: However, there is no one quantitative way of determining the level of cohesiveness, but rather a collection of social network models that researchers have used over the decades to operationalize social capital.
Tamasheq: ⵓⴰⵔ ⵜ ⵉⵍⵍⴰ ⵉⵎⵎⵉⴾ ⵉⵉⵉⴰⵏ ⵏ ⴰⵍⵎⵓⴷ ⵏ ⵉⴷⴷⵉⴾⵓⴷ ⵏ ⵢⴷⴰⴶ ⵓⴰⵏ ⴰⵂⴰⵔⵓⵋ ⵓⵍⴰⵗⴰⵏ ⵎⵓⵛⵂⴰⵎ ⴰⵙⵉⴷⵓ ⵏ ⵉⵛⵂ-ⵉⵍⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵔⵢⵣⵓ ⵏ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⴷⵓⵈ ⴰⵆⴷⴰⵎⴰⵏ ⵜⴰⵏ ⴾⵢⵍ ⴼⴰⵔⴰⴾ ⴷⴰⵗ ⵜⵉⵎⵉⵔⵓⵢⵏ ⵏ ⵉⵓⵉⵜⵉⴰⵏ ⵉ ⴰⵙⴰⵆⴷⴰⵎ ⵏ ⵙⵓⵛⵉⴰⵍ ⵛⴰⴱⵉⵜⴰⵍ
English: Groups with higher membership (such as political parties) contribute more to the amount of capital than groups with lower membership, although many groups with low membership (such as communities) still add up to be significant.
Tamasheq: ⵜⴰⵈⵈⵉⵎⵢⵏ ⵜⵉ ⵉⵍⴰⵏⵢⵏ ⴰⴷⴷⵉⵏⴰⵜ ⴰⵋⵋⵓⵜⵏⵢⵏ (ⵛⵂⵓⵏⴷ ⴱⴰⵔⵜⵉ ⴼⵓⵍⵉⵜⵉⴾ ⵜⴰⵏ ) ⵉⴷⵂⴰⵍⴰⵏ ⵂⵓⵍⵍⴰⵏ ⴷⴰⵗ ⵛⴰⴱⵉⵜⴰⵍ ⴼⴰⵍ ⵜⴰⵈⵈⵉⵎⵢⵏ ⵉⵍⴰⵏⵢⵏ ⴰⴷⴷⵉⵏⴰⵜ ⵎⴰⴷⵔⵓⵉⵏⵢⵏ ⴾⵓⴷⴷⵢⵗ ⴰⵙ ⵜⴰⵈⵈⵉⵎⵓⵏ ⴰⵋⵋⵓⵜⵏⵢⵏ ⵉⵍⴰⵏⵢⵏ ⴰⴷⴷⵉⵏⴰⵜ ⵎⴰⴷⵓⵔⵉⵏⵢⵏ ( ⵛⵂⵓⵏⴷ ⵜⴰⵓⵙⵢⵜⵢⵏ) ⵂⴰⵔ ⴰⵋⵋⵓⴷⵉ ⵜⵉⵓⴰⴷ ⵏⴰⵜ
English: How a group relates to the rest of society also affects social capital, but in a different manner.
Tamasheq: ⵉⵎⵎⵉⴾ ⵓⴰ ⵙ ⵜⴰⵙⴰⵗ ⵜⴰⵈⵈⵉⵎⵜ ⵉⴷ ⴰⵓⴰ ⵂⵉⵏ ⴻⵈⵈⵉⵎ ⴷⴰⵗ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⴷⵓⵈ ⵉⴷⴰⵙ ⵙⴱⵛⵉⴰⵍ ⵛⴰⴱⵉⵜⴰⵍ ⵎⵓⵛⵂⴰⵎ ⵙ ⵉⵎⵎⵉⴾ ⵉⵣⵍⴰⵉⴰⵏ
English: Recognizing that one may not be able to influence the sympathy of others, persons seeking to belong may act to increase their own sympathy for others and the organizations or institutions they represent.
Tamasheq: ⵎⵓⵙⵏⴰⵜ ⴰⵓⴰⴷⵉⵎⵎ ⵓⴰⵔ ⴰⴷⴷⵓⴱⴰⵜ ⴰ ⵉⴾⵔⵉⵛⵂ ⴰⵙⵙⴰⵂⴰⵜ ⴼⴰⵍ ⵜⴰⵂⴰⵏⵉⵏⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵉ ⵉⴰⴷⵏⵢⵏ, ⴰⴷⴷⵉⵏⴰⵜ ⵓⵉ ⵜⴰⵜⵜⴰⵔ ⴰⴷ ⴰⵋ ⵉⵏ ⴰⵓⵢⵏ ⴰⴷⴷⵓⴱⵢⵏ ⴰⵙⵉⵓⴰⴷ ⵏ ⵜⴰⵂⵉⵏⵉⵏⵜ ⵏⴰⵙⴰⵏ ⵉ ⵓⵉ ⵉⴰⴷⵏⵢⵏ ⴷ ⵜⴰⴶⴶⴰⵉⵢⵏ ⵎⵢⵗ ⵜⵉⵋⵉⵜⵜⴰⵓⵢⵏ ⵜⵉ ⵙ ⵙⴰⵓⴰⵍⴰⵏ ⴼⴰⵍ ⵉⵙⵎⴰⵓⴰⵏ ⵏⴰⵙⵏⴰⵜ
English: According to such authors as Walzer (1992), Alessandrini (2002), Newtown, Stolle & Rochon, Foley & Edwards (1997), and Walters, it is through civil society, or more accurately, the third sector, that individuals are able to establish and maintain relational networks.
Tamasheq: ⴷⴰ ⴰⵓⴰ ⴰⵍⵍⴰⵗⵢⵏ ⵉⵏⴰⵜⴾⵉⴱⴰⵏ ⵛⵂⵓⵏⴷ ⵓⴰⵍⵣⵢⵔ (1992), ⴰⵍⵙⵙⴰⵏⴷⵔⵉⵏⵉ (2002), ⵊⵢⵓⵜⵓⵏ, ⵙⵜⵓⵍⵍⵓ ⴷ ⵔⵓⵛⵂⵓⵏ, ⴼⵓⵍⵢⵉ ⴷ ⵢⴷⵓⴰⵔⴷⵙ (1997) ⴷ ⵓⴰⵍⵜⵢⵔⵙ, ⴰⵙ ⵙ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⴷⵓⵈ ⵏ ⵉⵛⵂⴰⵗⵉⴱ ⵎⵢⵗ ⴰ ⵓⵋⵋⴰⵔⴰⵏ , ⵜⵂⵉⵔⴷ ⵙⵢⵛⵜⵓⵔ, ⴰⵙ ⴰⴷⴷⵓⴱⵢⵏ ⴰⴷⴷⵉⵏⴰⵜ ⴰⴷ ⵉⴷⵉⵉⴰⵏ ⵜⵓⵍⴰⵙ ⴰⴶⵉⵣⴰⵏ ⵔⵢⵣⵓ ⵜⴰⵏ ⵏ ⴰⵂⴰⵔⵓⵋ
English: Not only has civil society been documented to produce sources of social capital, according to Lyons' Third Sector (2001), social capital does not appear in any guise under either the factors that enable or those that stimulate the growth of the third sector.
Tamasheq: ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⴷⵓⵈ ⵜⴰⵏ ⵉⵛⵂⴰⵗⵉⴱ ⵉⵋⵋⴰ ⴼⴰⵍ ⴰⵙ ⴼⴰⵔⴰⴾ ⵉ ⵎⵓⵙⵏⴰⵜ ⵏ ⴰⵙⴰⵍ ⵓⴰⵏ ⵙⵓⵛⵉⴰⵍ ⵛⴰⴱⵉⵜⴰⵍ ⵙ ⴰⵓⴰ ⵉⵋⵋⴰ ⵗⵓⵔ ⵉⵓⵏⵙ’ ⵟⵂⵉⵔⴷ ⵙⵢⵛⵜⵓⵔ (2001), ⵙⵓⵛⵉⴰⵍ ⵛⴰⴱⵉⵜⴰⵍ ⵓⴰⵔ ⵉⴷ ⵉⵣⵉⵋⵋⴰⵔ ⴷⴰⵗ ⵜⵉⵜⴱⴰⵈⵢⵜ ⴼⵓⴾ ⵋⵉⵔ ⵗⴰⵙ ⵂⴰⵔⴰⵜⴰⵏ ⵓⵉ ⵉⴾⴼⴰⵏⵢⵏ ⵜⵓⵔⵂⴰⵋⴰⵜ ⵏ ⴰⵓⵢⵏ ⵎⵢⵗ ⵓⵉ ⵂⴰⴾⵉⵏ ⵏⵢⵏ ⵜⵉⵓ-ⴰⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵂⵉⵔⴷ ⵙⴻⵛⵜⵔ
English: The goal is to reintegrate those marginalised from the rewards of the economic system into "the community."
Tamasheq: “ ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵙ ⴰⵎⵓⵙ ⴰⵣⵓⵋⵉⵛⵂ ⵏ ⴰⴷⴷⵉⵏⴰⵜ ⵓⵉ ⵉⵙⴾⴰⵜ ⵏⵢⵏ ⴷⴰⵗ ⵜⵉⵎⵣⴰⵍ ⵏ ⵙⵉⵙⵜⵢⵎ ⵓⴰⵏ ⴰⵈⵜⵉⵙⴰⴷ ⴷⴰⵗ ⵜⴰⵓⵙⵢⵜ”
English: Alessandrini agrees, saying that, "in Australia in particular, neo-liberalism has been recast as economic rationalism and identified by several theorists and commentators as a danger to society at large because of the use to which they are putting social capital to work."
Tamasheq: “ ⴰⵍⵢⵙⵙⴰⵏⴷⵔⵉⵏⵉ ⴰⵔⴷⴰⵂ , ⴰⵍⵍⴰⵗⴰⵜ ⴰⵙ “” ⵂⵓⵍⵍⴰⵏ ⴷⴰⵗ ⴰⵓⵙⵜⵔⴰⵍⵉⴰ, ⵏⵢⵓⵍⵉⴱⵢⵔⴰⵍⵉⵙⵎ ⵉⴱⵙⴰⵉ ⵙ ⵢⵛⵓⵏⵓⵎⵉⵛ ⵔⴰⵜⵉⵓⵏⴰⵍⵉⵙⵎ ⵜⵓⵍⴰⵙ ⵉⵋⵋⴰ ⵗⵓⵔ ⵜⵂⵢⵓⵔⵉⵙⵜ ⵜⴰⵏ ⴰⵋⵋⵓⵜⵏⵢⵏ ⵉⵏⴰⵎⵢⵋⵔⵉⴷⴰⵏ ⴰⵋⵋⵓⵜⵏⵢⵏ ⴰⵙ ⴰⵎⵓⵙ ⴰⵍⴱⴰⵙ ⵉ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⴷⵓⵈ ⴼⴰⵍ ⴰⵆⴰⴷⴰⵎ ⵓⴰ ⵜⴰⵋ ⵉⵏ ⵉ ⵙⵓⵛⵉⴰⵍ ⵛⴰⴱⵉⵜⴰⵍ ⴷⴰⵗ ⴰⵍⵆⵉⴷⵎⴰⵜ””
English: In international development, Ben Fine (2001) and John Harriss (2001) have been heavily critical of the inappropriate adoption of social capital as a supposed panacea (promoting civil society organisations and NGOs, for example, as agents of development) for the inequalities generated by neoliberal economic development.
Tamasheq: ⴷⴰⵗ ⵢⴼⵢⵙ ⵓⴰⵏ ⵋⵉⵔ ⴰⴷⴷⴰⵓⵍⴰ ⵜⴰⵏ, ⴱⵢⵏ ⴼⵉⵏⵢ (2001) ⴷ ⵋⵓⵂⵏ ⵂⴰⵔⵔⵉⵙⵙ (2001) ⵉⴾⵏⴰ ⴰⵙⵉⵓⴰⵍ ⴰⵙⵙⵓⵂⵢⵏ ⴼⴰⵍ ⴰⵜⴾⵓⵍ ⵓⴰⵔ ⵏ ⵓⵗⵢⴷ ⵏ ⵙⵓⵛⵉⴰⵍ ⵛⴰⴱⵉⵜⴰⵍ ⴰⵙ ⵢⵈⵈⴰⵍ ⴰⵙⴰⴼⴰⵔ ⵓⴰⵏ ⵜⵉⴷⵜⵜ ( ⵉⵋⵋⴰⵏ ⵢⴷⴰⴶ ⵉ ⵜⴰⴶⴶⴰⵉⵢⵏ ⵏ ⵉⵛⵂⴰⵗⵉⴱⴰⵏ ⴷ Oⵏⵗ ⵜⴰⵏ, ⴰⵍⵎⵉⵜⴰⵍ ⵉⵏⴰⵆⴷⵉⵎⴰⵏ ⵓⴰⵉⵏ ⵢⴼⵢⵙ) ⴼⴰⵍ ⵉⴱⴰⵏ ⵜⵉⴶⴷⴰⵂⵜ ⵜⴰ ⵉⴷ ⵢⵔⴰⵓ ⵏⵢⵓⵍⵉⴱⵢⵔⴰⵍ ⵢⵛⵓⵏⵓⵎⵉⵛ ⴷⵢⵓⵢⵍⵓⴱⵎⵢⵏⵜ
English: However, higher levels of social capital led to higher support for democracy.
Tamasheq: ⵉⵂⴰⵏⴷⴰⴶⴰⵏ ⴰⵋⵋⵓⵜⵏⵢⵏ ⵏ ⵙⵓⵛⵉⴰⵍ ⵛⴰⴱⵉⵜⴰⵍ ⵢⵓⴰⵉⴰⵏ ⵉⴷ ⵜⴰⴷⵂⵉⵍⵜ ⵎⴰⵈⵈⵓⵔⴰⵜ ⵉ ⴷⵢⵎⵓⴾⵔⴰⵜⵉ
English: Careful evaluation of these fundamental factors often suggests that women do not vote at similar levels as men.
Tamasheq: ⴷⴾⵢⵜ ⵉⵋⵋⴰⵏ ⵙ ⵜⴰⵣⵉⴷⵢⵔⵜ ⵏ ⵗⴰⵎⵉⵍ ⵜⴰⵏ ⵓⵉⵏ ⴰⵍⵓⴰⵈ ⵉⵉⵉⴰⵏ ⵉⵋⵋⴰ ⴰⴷⴷⴱⴰⵔⴰ ⴰⵙⵙ ⴷⵢⴷⵏ ⵓⴰⵔ ⵂⵢ ⴰⵋⵋⵉⵏⴰⵜ ⵓⵓⵜⵢ ⴷⴰⵗ ⵉⵂⴰⵏⴷⴰⴶⴰⵏ ⵉⵉⵉⴰⴷ ⵉⴷ ⵎⵢⴷⴷⴰⵏ
English: Social capital offers a wealth of resources and networks that facilitate political engagement.
Tamasheq: ⵙⵓⵛⵉⴰⵍ ⵛⴰⴱⵉⵜⴰⵍ ⵉⴾⴼⴰ ⵎⴰⵓⵔⵉⴷ ⵏ ⵢⵂⴰⵔⵓ ⴷ ⵔⵢⵣo ⵜⴰⵏ ⴰⴷⴷⵓⴱⴰⵜ ⵏⵢⵏ ⴰⵙⵉⵔⵗⴰⵙ ⵏ ⵉⵋⵋⵓⵛⵂ ⵏ ⴼⵓⵍⵉⵜⵉⴾ
English: Women are more likely to organize themselves in less hierarchical ways and to focus on creating consensus.
Tamasheq: ⴷⵢⴷⵢⵏ ⵔⴰⵈⵈⵉⵙ ⴷⴰⵗ ⵙⴰⵏⴰⵜ ⵉⴾⴰⵏⵏⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵉⵎⴰⵏ ⵏⴰⵙⵏⴰⵜ ⵙ ⵉⵎⵎⵉⴾⴰⵏ ⵓⴰⵔ ⵏ ⵓⵗⵢⴷ ⵜⵓⵍⴰⵙ ⴰⵋⵉⵏⴰⵜ ⵜⴰ-ⵉⵜⵢ ⵜⴰⵏ ⵏⴰⵙⵏⴰⵜ ⴼⴰⵍ ⵢⵗⴰⵏ ⵏ ⴰⵏⴰⴼⵂⴰⵎ
English: For example, a person who is sick with cancer may receive information, money, or moral support he or she needs to endure treatment and recover.
Tamasheq: ⴰⵍⵎⵉⵜⴰⵍ , ⴰⵓⴰⴷⵉⵎ ⵜⵉⵋⵔⴰⵓ ⵜⵓⵔⵂⵉⵏⵏⴰ ⵜⴰⵏ ⵛⴰⵏⵛⵢⵔ ⴰⴷⴷⵓⴱⴰⵜ ⴰ ⵉⵋⵔⵓ ⵉⵙⴰⵍⴰⵏ , ⴰⵣⵔⵓⴼ, ⵜⴰⴷⵂⵉⵍⵜ ⵎⵢⵗ ⵉⵍⴰ ⴷⵢⵔⵂⴰⵏ ⵏ ⴰⵙⴰⴼⴰⵔ ⴷ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵜ
English: Furthermore, neighbourhood social capital may also aid in buffering health inequities amongst children and adolescents.
Tamasheq: ⴰⵂⴰⵔⵓⵋ ⵓⴰⵔ ⵙ ⴰⴷⴷⵓⴱⴰⵜ ⵙⵓⵛⵉⴰⵍ ⵛⴰⴱⵉⵜⴰⵍ ⴰⵙ ⵙⴰⵔ ⵉⵙ ⵉⴷⵂⴰⵍ ⴷⴰⵗ ⴰⵍⵗⵉⵍⵍⴰⵙ ⵏ ⵉⴱⴰⵏ ⵜⵉⴶⴷⴰⵂⵜ ⴷⴰⵗ ⴰⵙⵙⵢⵆⴰⵜ ⵋⵉⵔ ⵉⵍⵉⴰⴷⴰⵏ ⴷ ⵉⵎⴰⵓⴰⴷⴰⵏ
English: The relationships and networks that are maintained by an ethnic minority population in a geographical area where a high percentage of residents belong to the same ethnic group may lead to better health outcomes than would be expected based on other individual and neighbourhood characteristics.
Tamasheq: ⵉⵂⴰⵔⵓⵋⴰⵏ ⴷ ⵔⵢⵣⵓ ⵜⴰⵏ ⵜⵉ ⵜⵓⴶⴰⵣ ⵜⴰⵓⵙⵢⵜ ⵏ ⵉⵛⵂⴰⵗⵉⴱ ⴰⵏⴷⴰⵔⵔⴰⵜ ⴷⴰⵗ ⵢⴷⴰⴶ ⵏ ⵋⵓⴶⵔⴰⴼⵉⴰ ⵙ ⵉⴷⴷⵉⴾⵓⴷ ⵏ ⴰⴷⴷⵉⴰⵜ ⵓⵉ ⵜⵉ ⵉⵣⵗⴰⵏⵢⵏ ⵜⵉⵍⵢⵏ ⵜⴰⵓⵙⵢⵜ ⵉⵉⵉⴰⵜ ⴰⴷⴷⵓⴱⴰⵜ ⴰⴷ ⴰⵔⵓ ⵏⴰⵜⵉⵋⴰ ⵜⴰⵏ ⵏ ⴰⵙⵙⴻⵆⴰⵜ ⵓⵍⴰⵗⵏⵢⵏ ⴼⴰⵍ ⵜⵉ ⵓⵔⴷⴰⵂⴰⵏ ⴰⴷⴷⵉⵏⴰⵜ ⴷⴰⵗ ⵙⴰⵎⴰⵍⴰⵏ ⵏ ⴰⵓⴰⴷⵉⵎ ⵉⵉⵉⴰⵏ ⴷ ⴰⵂⴰⵔⵓⵋ
English: For example, results from a survey given to 13- to 18-year-old students in Sweden showed that low social capital and low social trust are associated with higher rates of psychosomatic symptoms, musculoskeletal pain, and depression.
Tamasheq: ⴰⵍⵎⵉⵜⴰⵍ , ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵙⴰⵏ ⵉⴾⴼⴰ ⴼⴰⵔⴰⴾ ⵉⵋⵋⴰⵏ ⴼⴰⵍ ⴰⵜⵜⴰⵍⴰⴱⴰ ⵜⴰⵏ ⵉⵍⴰⵏⵢⵏ ⵋⵉⵔ 13 ⵂⴰⵔ 18 ⵏ ⴰⵓⴰⵜⴰⵉ ⴷⴰⵗ ⴰⴷⴷⴰⵓⵍⴰ ⵜⴰⵏ ⵙⵓⵢⴷⵢ ⴰⵙⵉⴾⵏⴰⵏ ⴰⵙ ⵙⵓⵛⵉⴰⵍ ⵛⴰⴱⵉⵜⴰⵍ ⴰⵏⴷⴰⵔⵔⴰⵏ ⴷ ⵙⵓⵛⵉⴰⵍ ⵜⵔⵓⵙⵜ ⴰⵏⴷⴰⵔⵔⴰⵏ ⵓⵙⴰⵗⴰⵏ ⴷⴰⵗ ⴰⵙ ⵉⵍⴰⵏ ⵉⴷⴷⵉⴾⵓⴷⴰⵏ ⵎⴰⵈⵈⵓⵔ ⵏⵢⵏ ⵏ ⴱⵙⵉⵛⵂⵓⵙⵓⵎⴰⵜⵉⵛ ⵙⵉⵎⴱⵜⵓⵎⵙ, ⵜⴰⵣⵣⵓⵔⵜ ⵏ ⵉⵗⴰⵙⴰⵏ ⴷ ⵉⵏⵉⵙⵋⴰⵎ ⴰⵋⵋⵓⵜⵏⵢⵏ
English: In one study, informational uses of the Internet correlated positively with an individual's production of social capital, and social-recreational uses were negatively correlated (higher levels of these uses correlated with lower levels of social capital).
Tamasheq: ⴷⴰⵗ ⴼⴰⵔⴰⴾ ⵉⵉⵉⴰⵏ , ⵉⵏⵜⵢⵔⵏⴰⵜⵉⵓⵏⴰⵍ ⵓⵙⵢⵔⵙ ⵓⵉⵏ ⵉⵏⵜⵢⵔⵏⵢⵜ ⵓⵗⴰⴷⴰⵏ ⵉⴷ ⴼⵓⴾ ⵏⴰⵙⴰⵏ ⵙ ⵉⵏⵜⴰⵋ ⵏ ⴰⵓⴰⴷⵉⵎ ⴷⴰⵗ ⵙⵓⵛⵉⴰⵍ ⵛⴰⴱⵉⵜⴰⵍ ⴷ ⵙⵓⵛⵉⴰⵍ-ⵔⵢⵛⵔⵢⴰⵜⵉⵓⴰⵍ ⵓⵙⵢⵔⵙ ⵓⴰⵔ ⵉⴷ ⵓⵗⵢⴷⴰⵏ (ⵉⵂⴰⵏⴷⴰⴶⴰⵏ ⵓⵉ ⵛⵂⴰⵋⵔⵓⵜⵏⵢⵏ ⵏ ⴰⵍⵆⵉⴷⵎⴰⵜⵢⵏ ⵜⵉⵏ ⵓⵗⴰⴷⴰⵏ ⵉⴷ ⵓⵉ ⵎⴰⴷⵔⵓⵉⵏⵢⵏ ⵏ ⵙⵓⵛⵉⴰⵍ ⵛⴰⴱⵉⵜⴰⵍ)
English: This means that individuals can selectively connect with others based on ascertained interests, and backgrounds.
Tamasheq: ⴰⵓⵢⵏ ⴰⵎⵓⵙ ⴰⵙ ⴰⴷⴷⵉⵏⴰⵜ ⴰⴷⴷⵓⴱⵢⵏ ⴰⵏⵎⵉⵔⵜⴰⵉ ⵉⴷ ⵓⵉ ⵉⴰⴷⵏⵢⵏ ⴼⴰⵍ ⴰⴼⵓⵔ ⵜⴰⵏ ⵉⵋⵋⴰⵏⵢⵏ ⴷ ⵉⵂⴰⵏⴷⴰⴶⴰⵏ
English: This argument continues, although the preponderance of evidence shows a positive association between social capital and the Internet.
Tamasheq: ⴰⴷⵉⵓⵉⵏⵏⵉ ⵓⵢⵏ ⵉⵋⵋⴰ ⴾⵓⴷⴷⵢⵗ ⴰⵙ ⴰⵙⵙⴰⵂⴰⵜ ⵏ ⴰⵙⵉⴷⵓⵜⵜⵉ ⵏⵢⵜ ⵉⵙⵉⴾⵏⴰ ⴰⵙⵙⴰⵗ ⵋⵉⵔ ⵙⵓⵛⵉⴰⵍ ⵛⴰⴱⵉⵜⴰⵍ ⴷ ⵉⵏⵜⵢⵔⵏⵢⵜ
English: Recent research, conducted in 2006, also shows that Internet users often have wider networks than those who access the Internet irregularly or not at all.
Tamasheq: ⴼⴰⵔⴰⴾ ⵢⵉⵏⴰⵉⴰⵏ ⵉⵋⵋⴰⵏ ⴷⴰⵗ ⴰⵓⴰⵜⴰⵉ ⵓⴰⵏ 2006 ⵉⵙⵉⴾⵏⴰ ⴰⵙ ⴰⴷⴷⵉⵏⴰⵜ ⵓⵉ ⴰⵆⴷⴰⵎ ⵏⵢⵏ ⵙ ⵉⵏⵜⵢⵔⵏⵢⵜ ⵉⵍⴰⵏ ⵔⵢⵣⵓ ⵜⴰⵏ ⵎⴰⵈⵈⵓⵔⵏⵢⵏ ⴼⴰⵍ ⵓⵉ ⴰⴷⴷⵉⵏⴰⵜ ⵓⵉ ⵓⴰⵔ ⵏ ⵉⵍⴰ ⵉⵏⵜⵢⵔⵏⵢⵜ ⴰⵍⵓⴰⵈ ⴼⵓⴾ ⵎⵢⵗ ⵓⵔ ⵜ ⵏ ⵉⵍⴰ ⴼⴰⵓ
English: Other research shows that younger people use the Internet as a supplemental medium for communication, rather than letting the Internet communication replace face-to-face contact.
Tamasheq: ⴼⴰⵔⴰⴾ ⵉⵉⵉⴰⵏ ⵉⵙⵙⵉⴾⵏⴰ ⴰⵙ ⴰⴷⴷⵉⵏⴰⵜ ⵓⵉ ⵎⴰⴷⵔⵓⵉⵏⵢⵏ ⵉⵋⵋⴰⵏ ⵉⵏⵜⵢⵔⵏⵢⵜ ⵛⵂⵓⵏⴷ ⴰⵙ ⵂⴰⵔⴰⵜ ⴼⴰⵍ ⵙⴰⵓⴰⵍⴰⵏ ⵓⵂⵓⵏ ⴰⴷ ⴰⵉⵉⵉⵏ ⵉⵏⵜⵢⵔⵏⵢⵜ ⵉⵋⵋⵉⵛⵂ ⵢⴷⴰⴶ ⵓⴰⵏ ⵉⵎⵓⵈⵈⵉⵙⴰⵏ ⵏⴰⵙⴰⵏ
English: They criticise Coleman, who used only the number of parents present in the family, neglected the unseen effect of more discrete dimensions such as stepparents' and different types of single-parent families.
Tamasheq: ⵉⵙⵙⵢⵓⴰⵍ ⴼⴰⵍ ⵛⵓⵍⵢⵎⴰⵏ ⴰ ⵢⵆⴷⴰⵎⴰⵏ ⴼⴰⵍ ⵉⴷⴷⵉⴾⵓⴷ ⵏ ⵉⵎⴰⵔⴰⵓⴰⵏ ⵉⴷ ⵉⵍⵍⴰⵏⵢⵏ ⴷⴰⵗ ⵢⴶⴰⴷⴰⵛⵂ , ⵓⴰⵔ ⵂⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵉⵋⵔⴰⵂ ⴰⵙⴰⵔ ⵏ ⵆⴰⵋⴰⵎ ⵜⴰⵏ ⵉⵙⵜⴰⵔ ⵏⵢⵏ ⵛⵂⵓⵏⴷ ⵉⴷⵓⵍⴰⵏ ⴷ ⵉⵛⵂ-ⵉⴾⵉⵍⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵉⴶⵉⴷⵛⵂⴰⵏ ⵓⵉⵏ ⵙⵉⵏⴶⵢ-ⴱⴰⵔⵢⵏⵜ
English: Morgan and Sorensen (1999) directly challenge Coleman for his lacking of an explicit mechanism to explain why Catholic schools students perform better than public school students on standardised tests of achievement.
Tamasheq: ⵎⵓⵔⴶⴰⵏ ⴷ ⵙⵓⵔⵢⵏⵙⵢⵏ (1999) ⵉⵋⵋⴰⵏ ⵉⴰⵜⴰⵆⴰⴷ ⵉ ⵛⵓⵍⵢⵎⴰⵏ ⴼⴰⵍ ⴰⵓⴰ ⵙ ⵉⵏⴷⴰⵔ ⵉⵎⵎⵉⴾ ⵉⵍⴰⵏ ⴰⵍⵎⴰⵗⵏⴰ ⵏ ⴰⵙⵉⴶⵂⴰⵎ ⵏ ⵎⴰⴼⴰⵍ ⴰⵜⵜⴰⵍⴰⴱⴰ ⵜⴰⵏ ⵓⵉⵏ ⵍⵓⵓⴾⵍ ⵜⴰⵏ ⵜⵉⵏ ⴾⴰⵜⵓⵍⵉⴾ ⵜⴰⵏ ⵓⵔⵏⴰⵏ ⵓⵉⵏ ⵍⴰⴾⴾⵓⵍ ⵜⴰⵏ ⵜⵉⵏ ⴰⵍⵆⴰⴾⵓⵎ ⴷⴰⵗ ⵉⴶⴰⵣⵎⵉⵜ ⵜⴰⵏ
English: It is found that while social capital can bring about positive effect of maintaining an encompassing functional community in norm-enforcing schools, it also brings about the negative consequence of excessive monitoring.
Tamasheq: ⴰⵜ-ⵓ-ⴰⵋⵔⴰⵂ ⵉⵏ ⴰⵙ ⴰⵍⵓⴰⵈ ⵓⴰ ⵉⴷ ⵙⵓⵛⵉⴰⵍ ⵛⴰⴱⵉⵜⴰⵍ ⴰⴷⴷⵓⴱⴰⵜ ⴰⴷ ⴰⵓⵉ ⴰⵙⴰⵔ ⵜⴰⵏ ⵓⵍⴰⵗⵏⵢⵏ ⵏ ⴰⴶ-ⴰⵣ ⵏ ⵜⴰⵓⵙⵢⵜ ⵜ ⴰⵔⵜⴰⵉⴰⵜ ⴷⴰⵗ ⵍⴰⴾⴾⵓⵍ ⵜⴰⵏ ⴼⴰⵍ ⵉⵋⵍⴰ ⴰⵛⵂⴰⵔⵢⵗⴰ, ⴰⴷⴷⵓⴱⴰⵜ ⴰⴷ ⴰⵓⵉ ⵗⴰⵈⵉⴱⴰⵜ ⵏ ⵉⵋⵋⵉ ⵏ ⴰⵏⵏⵉⵉⴰⵜ ⵉⴾⵏⴰⵏ ⴰⵙⵙⴰⵂⴰⵜ
English: These schools explore a different type of social capital, such as information about opportunities in the extended social networks of parents and other adults.
Tamasheq: ⵍⴰⴾⴾⵓⵍ ⵜⴰⵏ ⵓⵉⵏ ⴰⵔⴰⵎⴰⵏ ⵉⵛⵂ-ⵉⴾⵉⵍ ⵉⵣⵍⴰⵉⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵙⵓⵛⵉⴰⵍ ⵛⴰⴱⵉⵜⴰⵍ ⵛⵂⵓⵏⴷ ⵉⵙⴰⵍⴰⵏ ⴼⴰⵍ ⵜⴰⴼⴰⵓⵜ ⴷⴰⵗ ⵔⵢⵣⵓ ⵜⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵉⵎⴰⵔⴰⵓⴰⵏ ⴷ ⵉⵛⵂⵉⴱⴰⴱⴰⵏ
English: The similarity of these states is that parents were more associated with their children's education.
Tamasheq: ⵜⵓⵍⴰⵜⵢⵏ ⵏ ⴰⴷⴷⴰⵓⵍⴰ ⵜⴰⵏ ⵜⵉⵏ ⴰⵎⵓⵙ ⴰⵙ ⵉⵎⴰⵔⴰⵓⴰⵏ ⵓⵙⴰⵗⴰⵏ ⵂⵓⵍⵍⴰⵏ ⵉ ⵜⵢⵗⴰⵔⵢ ⵏ ⵉⵍⵉⴰⴷⴰⵏ ⵏⴰⵙⴰⵏ
English: Without social capital in the area of education, teachers and parents who play a responsibility in a students learning, the significant impacts on their child's academic learning can rely on these factors.
Tamasheq: ⴰ ⴼⴰⵍ ⵓⴰⵔ ⵜ ⵉⵍⵍⴰ ⵙⵓⵛⵉⴰⵍ ⵛⴰⴱⵉⵜⴰⵍ ⴷⴰⵗ ⴰⴱⴰⵔⴰ ⵓⴰⵏ ⵜⵢⵗⴰⵔⵢ, ⵉⵎⴰⵙⴰⵗⴰⵔⴰⵏ ⴷ ⵉⵎⴰⵔⴰⵓⴰⵏ ⵓⵉ ⵉⵍⴰⵏⵢⵏ ⵜⵉⵏⴰⴷⵢⵏ ⴷⴰⵗ ⵜⵢⵗⴰⵔⵢ ⵏ ⴰⵜⵜⴰⵍⴰⴱⴰ ⵜⴰⵏ , ⵜⴰⵙⵉⵔⵓⵏ ⵜⴰⵏ ⵏⴰⵙⴰⵏ ⴼⴰⵍ ⵜⵢⵗⴰⵔⵢ ⵏ ⴰⵍⵉⴰⴷ ⴰⴷ ⵢⵋ ⴼⴰⵍ ⵗⴰⵎⵉⵍ ⵜⴰⵏ ⵓⵉⵏ
English: As Tedin and Weiher (2010) state, "one of the most important factors in promoting student success is the active involvement of parents in a child's education."
Tamasheq: “ⵛⵂⵓⵏⴷ ⴰⵓⴰ ⴰⵍⵍⴰⵗⴰⵜ ⵟⵢⴷⵉⵏ ⴷ ⵓⵢⵉⵂⵢⵔ (2010) “” ⵉⵉⵉⴰⵏ ⴷⴰⵗ ⵜⴰⵙⵉⵔⵓⵏ ⵜⴰⵏ ⵓⵉ ⴰⵙⵙⵓⵂⴰⵜ ⵏⵢⵏ ⴷⴰⵗ ⵢⴼⴻⵙ ⵏ ⴰⴱⴰⵔⴰⵆ ⴰⵎⵓⵙ ⵉⵋⵋⵓⵛⵂ ⵏ ⵉⵎⴰⵔⴰⵓⴰⵏ ⴷⴰⵗ ⵜⵢⵗⴰⵔⵢ ⵏ ⴰⵔⴰⵜⴰⵏ “”
English: Supportive networks, as a form of social capital, is necessary for activating the cultural capital the newly arrived students possessed.
Tamasheq: ⵔⵢⵣⵓ ⵜⴰⵏ ⵓⵉⵏ ⵜⴰⴷⵂⵉⵍⵜ ⵛⵂⵓⵏⴷ ⴷⵓⵎⵓ ⵓⴰⵏ ⵙⵓⵛⵉⴰⵍ ⵛⴰⴱⵉⵜⴰⵍ ⴻⵈⵈⴰⵍ ⴰ ⵉⵍⵣⴰⵎⴰⵏ ⵉ ⴰⵙⴰⵆⴷⴰⵎ ⵏ ⵛⵓⵍⵜⵓⵔⴰⵍ ⵛⴰⴱⵉⵜⴰⵍ ⵓⴰ ⵉⵍⴰⵏ ⴰⵜⵜⴰⵍⴰⴱⴰ ⵜⴰⵏ ⵓⵉ ⵉⴷ ⵓⵙⴰⵏⵢⵏ ⵢⵉⵏⴰⵉⵏⵢⵏ
English: Ethnic solidarity is especially important in the context where immigrants just arrive in the host society.
Tamasheq: ⴰⵏⵎⴰⴷⵂⴰⵍ ⵋⵉⵔ ⵜⴰⵓⵙⵢⵜ ⴰⵎⵓⵙ ⵂⴰⵔⴰⵜ ⵓⵍⴰⵗⴰⵏ ⵂⵓⵍⵍⴰⵏ ⴷⴰⵗ ⵜⴰⵍⵗⴰ ⵉⴷ ⵓⵙⴰⵏ ⵉⵎⴰⵙⵙⵓⴾⴰⵍ ⵓⵉⵏ ⵉⵏⴰⴼⵜⴰⵗⴰⵏ ⵉ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⴷⵓⵈ
English: Ethnic support provides impetus to academic success.
Tamasheq: ⵜⴰⴷⵂⵉⵍⵜ ⵜⴰⵏ ⵜⴰⵓⵙⵢⵜ ⵢⵂⴰⴾ ⵣⴰⵆⴰⵎ ⵉ ⴰⵔⴰⴱⴰⵆ ⵏ ⵜⵢⵗⴰⵔⵢ
English: His main argument for classifying social capital as a geographical concept is that the relationships of people is shaped and molded by the areas in which they live.
Tamasheq: ⵜⴰⵎⵗⴰⵏⵏⴰⵏⵜ ⵂⵓⵍⵍⴰⵏ ⵉ ⴰⵙⴾⵓⵜ ⵏ ⵙⵓⵛⵉⴰⵍ ⵛⴰⵓⵉⵜⴰⵍ ⵛⵂⵓⵏⴷ ⵜⵉⴼⵢⵔⵜ ⴰⵎⵓⵙ ⴰⵙ ⵉⵂⴰⵔⵓⵋⴰⵏ ⵏ ⴰⴷⴷⵉⵏⴰⵜ ⵓⴰⵔ ⵜⴰⵏ ⵉⴾⴰⵏ ⵗⴰⵙ ⴰⵔ ⵉⵂⴰⵏⴷⴰⴶⴰⵏ ⵓⵉ ⴷⴰⵗ ⵉⵣⵣⴰⵗⴰⵏ
English: In his studies, he does not look at the individual participants of these structures, but how the structures and the social connections that stem from them are diffused over space.
Tamasheq: ⴷⴰⵗ ⵜⵉⵗⵉⵔ ⵏⵢⵜ , ⵓⴰⵔ ⵉⴾⵉⵉⵉⴷ ⴷⴰⵗ ⴰⴷⴷⵉⵏⴰⵜ ⵓⵉⵏ ⵉⴷⵢⵉⴰⵏ ⵓⵉⵏ ⵎⵓⵛⵂⴰⵎ ⵉⵎⵎⵉⴾ ⵓⴰ ⵙ ⵉⴷⵢⵉⴰⵏ ⴷ ⴰⵙⵙⴰⵗⴰⵏ ⵓⵉ ⵉⴷ ⵣⴰⵋⴰⵔ ⵏⵢⵏ ⴰⵓⵢⵏ ⵉⵋⵋⴰⵏ ⴱⴰⵗⴰⵙ ⴷⴰⵗ ⴰⴾⴰⵍ
English: Another area where social capital can be seen as an area of study in geography is through the analysis of participation in volunteerism and its support of different governments.
Tamasheq: ⵜⴷⴰⴶ ⵉⵉⵉⴰⵏ ⵙ ⴰⴷⴷⵓⴱⴰⵜ ⵙⵓⵛⵉⴰⵍ ⵛⴰⴱⵉⵜⴰⵍ ⴰⴷ ⵢⵈⵈⵉⵍ ⵢⴷⴰⴶ ⵏ ⵜⵢⵗⴰⵔⵢ ⴷⴰⵗ ⵋⵓⴶⵔⴰⴼⵉⴰ ⴰⵎⵓⵙ ⵙ ⴰⵎⵉⵉⵉⵣ ⵏ ⵉⵋⵋⵓⵛⵂ ⴷⴰⵗ ⴱⵓⵍⵓⵏⵜⵢⵢⵔⵉⵙⵎ ⴷ ⵜⴰⴷⵂⵉⵍⵜ ⵜⴰⵏ ⴰⵍⵆⴰⴾⵓⵎⴰⵜⵢⵏ
English: There is a significant connection between leisure and democratic social capital.
Tamasheq: ⵉⵍⵍⵢ ⴰⵙⵙⴰⵗ ⴰⵙⵙⵓⵂⵢⵏ ⵋⵉⵔ ⵉⵣⵉⵋⵔⴰⵣ ⴷ ⵙⵓⵛⵉⴰⵍ ⵛⴰⴱⵉⵜⴰⵍ ⵓⴰⵏ ⴷⵢⵎⵓⴾⵔⴰⵜⵉ
English: In a later study, Kislev (2020) shows the relation between romantic relationships desire and singleness.
Tamasheq: ⴷⴰⵗ ⴼⴰⵔⴰⴾ ⵢⵉⵏⴰⵉⴰⵏ, ⵆⵉⵙⵍⵢⴱ (2020) ⵉⵙⵉⴾⵏⴰ ⴰⵂⴰⵔⵓⵋ ⵋⵉⵔ ⴷⵢⵔⵂⴰⵏ ⵓⴰⵏ ⵉⵂⴰⵔⵓⵋⴰⵏ ⴷ ⴼⴰⵔⴱⵉⵉⵉⴰ
English: Similar results were revealed in a cross-sectional study run by Sarker in Bangladesh.
Tamasheq: ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵙⴰⵏ ⵓⵍⴰⵂⵏⵢⵏ ⴰⵜ ⴰⵋⵔⴰⵓⴰⵏ ⴷⴰⵗ ⴼⴰⵔⴰⴾ ⵉⵋⵋⴰ ⵙⴰⵔⴾⵢⵔ ⵉⴷⴰⵙⴰⵏ ⵎⴰⵋⴰⵍ ⵜⴰⵏ ⴰⵋⵋⵓⵜⵏⵢⵏ ⴷⴰⵗ ⴱⴰⵏⴶⵍⴰⴷⵢⵙⵂ
English: Epo did this by comparing the welfare outcomes of the entrepreneurs who both had access and no access.
Tamasheq: ⴷⴱⵓ ⵉⵋⴰ ⴰⵓⵢⵏ ⵙ ⵢⴾⵢⵜ ⵏ ⵜⴰⵎⵓⴷⵔⵢ ⵏ ⵏⴰⵜⵉⵋ ⵜⴰⵏ ⵏ ⴰⵍⵆⵢⵔ ⵏ ⵎⵓⵈⴰⵓⵉⵍ ⵜⴰⵏ ⵓⵉ ⵉⵋⵔⴰⵓ ⵏⵢⵏ ⴰⵓⵢⵏ ⴷ ⵓⵉ ⵓⴰⵔ ⵏ ⵉⵋⵔⵢⵓ ⴰⵓⵢⵏ
English: Group cohesiveness (also called group cohesion and social cohesion) arises when bonds link members of a social group to one another and to the group as a whole.
Tamasheq: ⴰⵂⴰⵔⵓⵋ ⵓⵍⴰⵗⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵜⴰⵈⵈⵉⵎⵜ (ⵙ ⵉⵙⵉⵎ ⵏⵢⵜ ⴰⵂⴰⵔⵓⵋ ⵓⵍⴰⵗⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵜⴰⵈⵈⵉⵎⵜ ⴷ ⴰⵂⴰⵔⵓⵋ ⵏ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⴷⵓⵈ ⵓⵍⴰⵗⴰⵏ) ⵉⵏⴾⴰⵔ ⵉⴷ ⴰⵍⵓⴰⵈ ⵜⴻⵎⴻⴷⵜ ⵜ ⴰⵙⵉⵔⵜⴰⵉ ⵋⵉⵔ ⴰⴷⴷⵉⵏⴰⵜ ⵏ ⵜⴰⵈⵈⵉⵎⵜ ⵏ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⴷⵓⵈ ⵋⵉⵔ ⵉⵎⴰⵏ ⵏⴰⵙⴰⵏ ⴷ ⵜⴰⵈⵈⵉⵎⵜ ⴼⵓⴾ ⵏⵢⵜ
English: Cohesion can be more specifically defined as the tendency for a group to be in unity while working towards a goal or to satisfy the emotional needs of its members.
Tamasheq: ⴰⵂⴰⵔⵓⵋ ⵓⵍⴰⵗⴰⵏ ⴰⵎⵓⵙ ⴰⵍⵎⴰⵗⵏⴰ ⵏⵢⵜ ⵉⵜⵓⵔ ⵏ ⵜⴰⵈⵈⵉⵎⵜ ⵏ ⴰⴷⴷⵉⵏⴰⵜ ⴰ ⵜ-ⴰⵔⵜⴰⵉ ⴷⴰⵗ ⴰⵍⵆⵉⴷⵎⴰⵜ ⵉ ⴰⴶ-ⴰⴷ ⵏ ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵙ ⵎⵢⵗ ⴰⴾⵏⵉⵏ ⴷⵢⵔⵂⴰⵏ ⵜⴰⵏ ⵏ ⴰⴷⴷⵉⵏⴰⵜ ⵏⴰⵙⴰⵏ
English: Its dynamic nature refers to how it gradually changes over time in its strength and form from the time a group is formed to when a group is disbanded.
Tamasheq: ⴰⵏⵏⵓⵗ ⵏⴻⵜ ⵉⵎⵓⵙ ⵉⵎⵎⵉⴾ ⵓⴰ ⵙ ⵉⵜⵉⵎⵓⵜⵜⵉ ⴷⴰⵗ ⴰⵍⵓⴰⵈ ⴷⴰⵗ ⵜⵉⵛⵂⵉⵋⵔⵉⵜ ⵏⵢⵜ ⵜⵓⵍⴰⵙ ⴰⵈⵈⵉⵍⴰⵏ ⴷⴰⵗ ⴰⵣⵣⴰⵎⴰⵏ ⵜⴰⵈⵈⵉⵎⵜ ⴰⵍⵓⴰⵈ ⵓⴰ ⵉⴷ ⴰⵏⵏⴰⴱⴷⴰⵏ
English: This definition can be generalized to most groups characterized by the group definition discussed above.
Tamasheq: ⴰⵍⵎⴰⵗⵏⴰ ⵓⵢⵏ ⴰⴷⴷⵓⴱⴰⵜ ⴰ ⵜⵉ ⴰⵂⵉⵔ ⵏⴰⵜ ⵜⴰⵈⵈⵉⵎⵢⵏ ⴼⵓⴾ ⵜⵉ ⵙ ⴰⵎⵓⵙ ⴰⵍⵎⴰⵗⵏⴰ ⵓⴰⵏ ⵙ ⴰⴼⴰⵍⵍⴰ ⵙⴰⵎⴰⵍ ⵏⴰⵙⵏⴰⵜ
English: In a study, they asked the group members to identify all their good friends and calculated the ratio of ingroup choices to outgroup choices.
Tamasheq: ⴷⴰⵗ ⴼⴰⵔⴰⴾ ⵉⵋⴰⵏ, ⴰⵙⵉⵙⵜⴰⵏⴰⵏ ⵜⴰⵈⵈⵉⵎⵜ ⵏ ⴰⴷⴷⵉⵏⴰⵜ ⴰ ⵜ ⴰⵍⵎⵉⴷ ⵉⵎⵉⴷⵉⵓⴰⵏ ⵏⵢⵜ ⴼⵓⴾ ⵏⴰⵙⴰⵏ ⵜⵓⵍⴰⵙ ⴰⵋ ⵉⵏ ⵎⵢⴷⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵏⵢⴼⵔⴰⵏ ⵜⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵜⴰⵈⵈⵉⵎⵜ ⵜⴰⵗⴼⴰⵍⴰⵜ ⵂⴰⵔ ⵏⵢⴼⵔⴰⵏ ⵜⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵜⴰⵈⵈⵉⵎⵜ
English: Group cohesion is similar to a type of group-level attraction which, according to Hogg, is known as social attraction.
Tamasheq: ⴰⵂⴰⵔⵓⵋ ⵓⵍⴰⵗⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵜⴰⵈⵈⵉⵎⵜ ⵓⵍⴰⵂ ⵉⴷ ⵉⵛⵂ-ⵉⴾⵉⵍ ⵏ ⵋⴰⵣⵉⴱⵉⵉⴰ ⵏ ⵢⴷⴰⴶ ⵏ ⵜⴰⵈⵈⵉⵎⵜ ⴰⵎⵓⵙⴰⵏ ⵙ ⵂⵓⴶⴶ ⴰ ⵉⵜⵉⵓⴰⵙⵙⴰⵏⴰⵏ ⵙ ⴰⵏⵎⴰⵔⵂⴰ ⵏ ⴰⴷⴷⵉⵏⴰⵜ
English: Lott and Lott (1965) who refer to interpersonal attraction as group cohesiveness conducted an extensive review on the literature and found that individuals' similarities in background (e.g., race, ethnicity, occupation, age), attitudes, values and personality traits have generally positive association with group cohesiveness.
Tamasheq: ⵍⵓⵜⵜ ⴷ ⵍⵓⵜⵜ (ⴷⴰⵗ ⴰⵓⴰⵜⴰⵉ ⵓⴰⵏ 1965) ⵙ ⵉⵋⵋⴰ ⵗⵓⵔ ⵙⴰⵏ ⴰⵙ ⴰⵏⵎⴰⵔⵂⴰ ⵋⵉⵔ ⴰⴷⴷⵉⵏⴰⵜ ⴰⵎⵓⵙ ⴰⵂⴰⵔⵓⵋ ⵓⵍⴰⵗⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵜⴰⵈⵈⵉⵎⵜ ⵉⵋⵋⴰⵏ ⴰⵎⵉⵉⵉⵣ ⴰⵋⵋⵢⵏ ⴼⴰⵍ ⵍⵉⵜⵢⵔⴰⵜⵓⵔⵢ ⵜⵓⵍⴰⵙ ⵉⵋⵔⴰⵓⴰⵏ ⵜⵓⵍⴰⵜⵢⵏ ⵏ ⴰⴷⴷⵉⵏⴰⵜ ⴷⴰⵗ ⵢⴷⴰⴶ (ⴰⵍⵎⵉⵜⴰⵍ, ⵜⴰⵓⵙⵢⵜ, ⴰⵍⵆⵉⴷⵎⴰⵜ ⴷ ⴰⵓⴰⵜⴰⵉ) ⴰⵍⵆⴰⵍ, ⴰⵍⵈⵉⵎ ⵜⴰⵏ ⴷ ⵜⵉⵛⵂⵉⵜ ⵏ ⴰⵓⴰⴷⵉⵎ ⵉⵍⴰⵏ ⵂⴰⵔⴾⵓⴾ ⴰⵙⵙⴰⵗ ⵉⴷ ⴰⵂⴰⵔⵓⵋ ⵏ ⵜⴰⵈⵈⵉⵎⵜ ⵓⵍⴰⵗⴰⵏ
English: In addition, similar background makes it more likely that members share similar views on various issues, including group objectives, communication methods and the type of desired leadership.
Tamasheq: ⴷⴰⵗ ⴰⵙⵉⵓⴰⴷ, ⵢⴷⴰⴶ ⵓⵍⴰⵂⴰⵏ ⵉⵋⵋⴰⵏ ⵂⵓⵍⵍⴰⵏ ⴰⵙ ⴰⴷⴷⵉⵏⴰⵜ ⵓⵉ ⵓⵂⴰⵔⵏⴻⵏ ⵉⴾⴰⵉⴰⴷⴰⵏ ⵓⵍⴰⵂ ⵏⵢⵏ ⴼⴰⵍ ⵎⵓⵛⵂⴰⴾⵉⵍ ⵜⴰⵏ ⴰⵋⵋⵓⵜⵏⵢⵏ ⴰⵂⴰ ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵙⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵜⴰⵈⵈⵉⵎⵜ,ⵜⵉⴾⴰⵔⵙⵉⵓⵢⵏ ⵏ ⵎⴰⵋⵔⴰⴷ ⴷ ⵉⵛⵂ-ⵉⴾⵉⵍ ⵏ ⴰⵆⵆⴰⴾⴰⵎⴰⵜ ⵜⴰⵏ ⴷⵢⵔⵂⴰⵏ
English: This is often caused by social loafing, a theory that says individual members of a group will actually put in less effort, because they believe other members will make up for the slack.
Tamasheq: ⴰⵓⵢⵏ ⵉⴷⴷⵉⵍⵉⵍ ⵏⵢⵜ ⵙⵓⵛⵉⴰⵍ ⵍⵓⴰⴼⵉⵏⴶ , ⵜⴰ-ⵉⵜⵢ ⵜ-ⴰⵍⵍⴰⵗⵢⵜ ⴰⵙ ⴰⴷⴷⵉⵏⴰⵜ ⵏ ⵜⴰⵈⵈⵉⵎⵜ ⴰ ⵜⴰⵋ ⵉⵏ ⴰⵙⵙⴰⵂⴰⵜ ⴰⵏⴷⴰⵔⵔⴰⵜ ⴼⴰⵍ ⴰⵙ ⵓⵔⴷⴰⵂⴰⵏ ⴰⴷⴷⵉⵏⴰⵜ ⵉⵉⵉⴰⴷ ⴰⵙⵉⴷⵓ ⵉ ⴰⵏⵎⵉⵛⵂⵔⴰⵉ
English: Most meta-analyses (studies that have summarized the results of many studies) have shown that there is a relationship between cohesion and performance.
Tamasheq: ⵎⵢⵜⴰ-ⴰⵏⴰⵍⵉⵙ ⵜⴰⵏ ⴰⵋⵋⵓⵜⵏⵢⵏ (ⵜⵉⵗⵉⵔ ⴰⵎⵓⵙ ⴰⴾⵍⵓⵍⵓ ⵏ ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵙⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵉⵗⵉⵔ ⴰⵋⵋⵓⵜⵏⵢⵏ) ⵉⵙⵙⵉⴾⵏⴰⵏ ⴰⵙ ⵜⵉⵍⵍⵢ ⵜⴰⵔⵜⵉⵜ ⵋⵉⵔ ⴰⵂⴰⵔⵓⵋ ⵓⵍⴰⵗⴰⵏ ⴷ ⴰⵏⴰⵋⴰⵆ
English: When it is defined as task commitment, it is also correlated with performance, though to a lesser degree than cohesion as attraction.
Tamasheq: ⴰⵍⵓⴰⵈ ⵓⴰ ⵉⴷ ⴰⵎⵓⵙ ⴰⵍⵎⴰⵗⵏⴰ ⵏⵢⵜ ⴰⵎⵉⵛⵂⴰⵍ ⵏ ⴰⵍⵆⵉⴷⵎⴰⵜ ⵓⵙⴰⵗ ⵉⴷ ⴰⵏⴰⵋⴰⵆ ⴾⵓⴷⴷⵢⵗ ⵙ ⵢⴷⴰⴶ ⴰⵏⴷⴰⵔⵔⴰⵏ ⴼⴰⵍ ⴰⵂⴰⵔⵓⵋ ⵓⵍⴰⵗⴰⵏ ⵛⵂⵓⵏⴷ ⴰⵜⵜⵔⴰⵛⵜⵉⵓⵏ
English: However, some groups may have a stronger cohesion-performance relationship than others.
Tamasheq: ⵜⴰⵈⵈⵉⵎⵢⵏ ⵜ-ⵉⵉⵉⴰⴷ ⴰⴷⴷⴰⴱⴰⵜ ⵏⴰⵜ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵍⴰⵏⴰⵜ ⴰⵂⴰⵔⵓⵋ-ⴰⵏⴰⵋⴰⵆ ⵓⵍⴰⵈⴰⵗⵏⵢⵏ ⴼⴰⵍ ⵓⵉ ⵉⴰⴷⵏⴻ
English: There is some evidence that cohesion may be more strongly related to performance for groups that have highly interdependent roles than for groups in which members are independent.
Tamasheq: ⴰⵙⵉⴷⵓⵜⵜⵉ ⵏ ⴰⵙ ⴰⵂⴰⵔⵓⵋ ⵓⵍⴰⵗⴰⵏ ⴰⴷⴷⵓⴱⴰⵜ ⴰⴷ ⵢⴾⵉⵏ ⴰⵙⵙⴰⵂⴰⵜ ⵂⵓⵍⵍⴰⵏ ⵉⴷ ⵜ ⵓⵔⴰⴾⴰⵜ ⵙ ⴰⵏⴰⵋⴰⵆ ⵉ ⵜⴰⵈⵈⵉⵎⵢⵏ ⵉⵍⴰⵏⵢⵏ ⴷⵓⵔⴰ ⵜⴰⵏ ⵓⵙⴰⵗⵏⵢⵏ ⴼⴰⵍ ⵜⴰⵈⵈⵉⵎⵜ ⵜⴰ ⴷⴰⵗ ⵉⵋⵔⴰⵓⴰⵏ ⴰⴷⴷⵉⵏⴰⵜ ⴰⵍⵆⵓⵔⵉⵉⴰ ⵏⴰⵙⴰⵏ
English: Furthermore, groups with high performance goals were extremely productive.
Tamasheq: ⵜⴰⵈⵈⵉⵎⵢⵏ ⵜⵉ ⵉⵍⴰⵏⵢⵏ ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵙⴰⵏ ⵏ ⴰⵏⴰⵋⴰⵆ ⵜⴰⵔⴰⵓ ⵏⴰⵜ ⵂⵓⵍⵍⴰⵏ
English: Members in cohesive groups also are more optimistic and suffer less from social problems than those in non-cohesive groups.
Tamasheq: ⴰⴷⴷⵉⵏⴰⵜ ⵓⵉ ⴰⵂⴰⵏⵢⵏ ⵜⴰⵈⵈⵉⵎⵢⵏ ⵉⵋⵋⴰⵏⵢⵏ ⴰⵂⴰⵔⵓⵋ ⵓⵍⴰⵗⴰⵏ ⵉⵋⵋⴰⵔ ⵏⴰⵜ ⴰⵜⵜⴰⵎⴰ ⵂⵓⵍⵍⴰⵏ ⵜⵓⵍⴰⵙ ⵓⴰⵔ ⴰⴾⴰⵏⵣⴰⵔ ⵏⴰⵜ ⴷⴰⵗ ⵎⵓⵛⵂⴰⴾⵉⵍ ⵜⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⴷⵓⵈ ⴼⴰⵍ ⴰⴷⴷⵉⵏⴰⵜ ⵓⵉⵏ ⵜⴰⵈⵈⵉⵎⵢⵏ ⵜⵉ ⵓⴰⵔ ⵏ ⵉⵋⵋⴰ ⴰⵂⴰⵔⵓⵋ ⵓⵍⴰⵗⴰⵏ
English: It was found that the masons and carpenters were more satisfied when they worked in cohesive groups.
Tamasheq: ⵉⵋⵔⴰⵏ ⴰ ⵂⵉⵏ ⴰⴷⴷⵉⵏⴰⵜ ⴰⵙ ⵎⴰⵙⵓⵏ ⵜⴰⵏ ⴷ ⵛⴰⵔⴱⵢⵏⵜⵢⵔ ⵜⴰⵏ ⵉⵋⵔⴰⵣⴰⵏ ⵂⴰⵙ-ⴰⵏ ⵉⵎⴰⵏ ⵏⴰⵙⴰⵏ ⴰⵍⵓⴰⵈ ⵓⴰ ⵉⴷ ⴰⵆⴷⴰⵎⴰⵏ ⴷⴰⵗ ⵜⴰⵈⵈⵉⵎⴻⵏ ⵉⵋⵋⴰⵏⵢⵏ ⴰⵂⴰⵔⵓⵋ ⵓⵍⴰⵗⴰⵏ
English: One study showed that cohesion as task commitment can improve group decision making when the group is under stress, more than when it is not under stress.
Tamasheq: ⴼⴰⵔⴰⴾ ⵉⵉⵉⴰⵏ ⵉⵙⵉⴾⵏⴰ ⴰⵙ ⴰⵂⴰⵔⵓⵋ ⵓⵍⴰⵗⴰⵏ ⴰⵎⵓⵙ ⴰⵎⵉⵛⵂⴰⵍ ⵏ ⴰⵍⵆⵉⴷⵎⴰⵜ ⴰⴷⴷⵓⴱⴰⵜ ⴰⵙⵉⵎⵎⵓⵜⵉ ⵏ ⴰⴷⴷⴰⴱⴰⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵜⴰⵈⵈⵉⵎⵜ ⴰⵍⵓⴰⵈ ⵓⴰ ⵉⴷ ⵜⴰⵈⵈⵉⵎ ⵓⴰⵔ ⵉⵏⴰⵙⵋⴰⵎ ⴰⵋⵋⵓⵜⵏⵢⵏ ⴰ ⵓⵋⵋⴰⵔⴰⵏ ⵂⵓⵍⵍⴰⵏ ⴰⵍⵓⴰⵈ ⵓⴰ ⵉⴷ ⵓⴰⵔ ⵜⴰⵏ ⵜⵉⵍⴰ
English: The study found that teams with low cohesion and high urgency performed worse than teams with high cohesion and high urgency.
Tamasheq: ⴼⴰⵔⴰⴾ ⵉⵋⵔⴰⵓ ⴰⵙ ⵜⴰⵈⵈⵉⵎⵢⵏ ⵜⵉ ⵉⵋⵋⴰⵏⵢⵏ ⴰⵂⴰⵔⵓⵋ ⵓⴰⵔ ⵏ ⵓⵍⵢⵗ ⵂⵓⵍⵍⴰⵏ ⴷ ⴰⵎⵔⵓⵎⴰⵔ ⴰⵙⵙⵓⵂⵢⵏ ⵜⴰⵋ ⵉⵏ ⴰ ⵍⴰⴱⴰⵙⴰⵏ ⴼⴰⵍ ⵓⵉⵏ ⵜⴰⵈⵈⵉⵎⵢⵏ ⵜⵉ ⵉⵋⵋⴰⵏⵢⵏ ⴰⵂⴰⵔⵓⵋ ⵓⵓⵓⵍⴰⵗⴰⵏ ⴷ ⴰⵎⵔⵓⵎⴰⵔ ⴰⵙⵙⵓⵂⵢⵏ
English: The theory of groupthink suggests that the pressures hinder the group from critically thinking about the decisions it is making.
Tamasheq: ⵎⵉⵔⴷⴰ ⵜⴰⵏ ⴶⵔⵓⵓⴱⵜⵂⵉⵏⴾ ⵉⵋⴰ ⴰⴷⴷⴰⴱⴰⴰⵔⴰ ⴰⵙ ⴰⵎⵔⵓⵎⴰⵔ ⴶⴰⴷⴷⴰⵍ ⵉ ⵜⴰⵈⵈⵉⵎⵜ ⴰ ⵜⴰⵋ ⵎⵢⴷⵔⴰⵏ ⴰⵙⵙⵓⵂⵢⵏ ⴼⴰⵍ ⴰⴷⴷⴰⴱⴰⵔⴰ ⵜⴰⵏ ⵓⵉ ⵜⴰⵋ
English: Another reason is because people value the group and are thus, more willing to give into conformity pressures to maintain or enhance their relationships.
Tamasheq: ⵉⴷⴷⵉⵍⵉⵍ ⵉⵉⵉⴰⵏ ⴰⵎⵓⵙ ⴰⵙ ⴰⴷⴷⵉⵏⴰⵜ ⵉⴾⴼⴰⵏ ⴰⵍⵈⵉⵎ ⵜⴰⵈⵈⵉⵎⵜ ⵜⵓⵍⴰⵙ ⵉⵋⵋⴰⵏ ⴷⵢⵔⵂⴰⵏ ⵂⵓⵍⵍⴰⵏ ⵉⵂⵓⴾ ⴷⴰⵗ ⵍⴰⴾⴾⵓⵎⴰⵜ ⵉ ⵉⵣⴰⴶⴶⵉ-ⵜⴰⵏ ⵉ ⴰⴶ-ⴰⵣ ⵎⵢⵗ ⵙⵉⵎⵎⵉⵜⵉⴾⵓⵉⵉⴰⵏ ⵉⵂⴰⵔⵋⵓⴰⵏ ⵏⴰⵙⴰⵏ
English: The degree of member liking was presumed to indicate group cohesiveness.
Tamasheq: ⴷⴷⴰⴶ ⵓⴰⵏ ⴰⵏⵎⴰⵔⵂⴰ ⵏ ⴰⴷⴷⵉⵏⴰⵜ ⴰⵎⴷⵙ ⴰⵛⵂⴰⵎⵓⵍ ⵏ ⵜⵓⵍⴰⵗⴰⵉ ⵏ ⴰⵂⴰⵔⵓⵋ ⵏ ⴰⴷⴷⵉⵏⴰⵜ
English: According to the government-commissioned, State of the English Cities thematic reports, there are five different dimensions of social cohesion: material conditions, passive relationships, active relationships, solidarity, inclusion and equality.
Tamasheq: ⴷⴰⵗ ⴰⵓⴰ ⴰⵍⵍⴰⵗⴰⵜ ⴰⴱⴰⵔⵏⴰⵎⵉⵛⵂ ⵓⴰⵏ ⴰⵍⵆⴰⴾⵓⵎ, ⵜⴰⵈⵔⵉⵔ ⴼⴰⵍ ⵜⵉⵗⴰⵔⵎⴰⵜⵢⵏ ⵏ ⴰⴷⴷⴰⵓⵍⴰ ⵜⴰⵏ ⴱⵔⵉⵜⴰⵏⵉⴰ , ⵉⵍⵍⴰⵏ ⵜⵉ ⵉⴾⵢⵜⴰⵏ ⵙⴰⵎⵎⵓⵙ ⵉⵣⵍⴰⵉⵏⵢ ⵏ ⴰⵂⴰⵔⵓⵋ ⵓⵍⴰⵗⴰⵏ ⴷⴰⵗ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⴷⵓⵈ, ⵜⴰⵍⵗⵉⵓⵢⵏ ⵉⵙⵓⵋ, ⵉⵂⴰⵔⵓⵋⴰⵏ ⵙⴰⵎⵎⴻⴷⵏⴻⵏ, ⵉⵂⴰⵔⵓⵋⴰⵏ ⵎⵉⵜⴰⴾⵓⴰⵉⵏⴻⵏ, ⴰⵏⵎⴰⴷⵂⴰⵍ, ⴰⵍⵉⴷⵎⴰⵋ ⴷ ⵜⵉⴶⴷⴰⵂⵜ
English: These basic necessities of life are the foundations of a strong social fabric and important indicators of social progress.
Tamasheq: ⵉⵣⵉⵍⵣⴰⵎ ⵓⵉⵏ ⵏⵏ ⵜⴰⵎⵓⴷⵔⴻ ⴰⵎⵓⵙ ⵜⵉⵋⵉⵜⵜⴰⵓⵢⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵉⴾⵉⵙⵜ ⵜⴰⵙⵙⵓⵂⵢⵜ ⵜⵓⵍⴰⵙ ⴰⵎⵓⵙⴰⵏ ⴰⵍⵎⵓⵛⵂⴰⵔ ⵜⴰⵏ ⴰⵙⵙⵓⵂⴰⵜ ⵏⵢⵏ ⵏ ⵉⴾⵉ ⵙ ⴷⴰⵜⴰ ⵏ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⴷⵓⵈ
English: The third dimension refers to the positive interactions, exchanges and networks between individuals and communities, or "active social relationships".
Tamasheq: “ ⴷⴾⵢⵜ ⵓⴰ ⵢⵣⵣⴰⵔⴰⵏ ⵢⵈⵈⴰⵍ ⴼⴰⵍ ⵜⴰⴼⴰⵗⵓⵍ ⵜⴰⵏ ⵓⵍⴰⵗⵏⵢⵏ, ⵉⵙⵉⵓⵉⵍⴰⵏ ⴷ ⵔⵢⵣⵓ ⵜⴰⵏ ⵋⵉⵔ ⴰⴷⴷⵉⵏⴰⵜ ⴷ ⵜⴰⵓⵙⵢⵜⵢⵏ ⵎⵢⵗ “”ⵉⵂⴰⵔⵓⵋⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⴷⵓⵈ ⵎⵉⵜⴰⴾⵓⴰⵉⵏⵢⵏ””
English: It also includes people's sense of belonging to a city and the strength of shared experiences, identities and values between those from different backgrounds.
Tamasheq: ⴰⵂⴰⵏ ⴰⴷⴷⵉⵏⴰⵜ ⵓⵉ ⵙ ⵜⵉⵛⵂⵉⵜ ⵏⴰⵙⴰⵏ ⵏ ⴾⴰⵍ ⴰⴾⴰⵍ ⴷ ⴰⵙⵙⴰⵂⴰⵜ ⵏ ⵎⵓⵙⵏⴰⵜⵢⵏ ⵜⵉ ⵓⵂⴰⵔⴰⵏ , ⵜⵓⵎⴰⵙⵢⵏ ⴷ ⴰⵍⵈⵉⵎ ⵜⴰⵏ ⵋⵉⵔ ⵉⴾⴰⵍⵍⴰⵏ ⵓⵉⵏ ⵉⵣⵍⴰⵉⵏⵢⵏ
English: On a societal level Albrekt Larsen defines social cohesion 'as the belief—held by citizens in a given nation state—that they share a moral community, which enables them to trust each other'.
Tamasheq: ⴰⵍⴱⵢⵔⵜ ⵍⴰⵔⵙⵢⵏ ⵗⵓⵔ ⵉⵙ ⴰⵍⵎⴰⵗⵏⴰ ⵏ ⴰⵂⴰⵔⵍⵋ ⵓⵍⴰⵗⴰⵏ ⵛⵂⵓⴷ ⴰⵎⴻⴷⵔⴰⵏ - ⵉⵋⵋⴰⵏ ⴰⴷⴷⵉⵏⴰⵜ ⴷⴰⵗ ⴰⴷⴷⴰⵓⵍⴰ ⵏ ⴰⵙ ⵓⵂⴰⵔⴰⵏ ⵜⴰⵓⵙⴻⵜ ⵂⴰⵙ-ⴰⵏ ⵜⵉⵋⵔⴰⵓⴰⵜ ⴰⵏⵉⴼⵍⴰⵙ ⵋⵉⵔ ⵉⵎⴰⵏ ⵏⴰⵙⴰⵏ”
English: Social formation is a Marxist concept (synonymous with 'society') referring to the concrete, historical articulation between the capitalist mode of production, maintaining pre-capitalist modes of production, and the institutional context of the economy (disambiguation).
Tamasheq: ⵙⵓⵛⵉⴰⵍ ⴼⵓⵔⵎⴰⵜⵉⵓⵏ ⴰⵎⵓⵙ ⵜⵉⴼⵢⵔⵜ ⵏ ⵎⴰⵔⵆ (ⵙ ⴰⵍⵎⴰⵗⵏⴰ ⵏⵢⵜ ⵉⵉⵉⴰⵏ “”ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⴷⵓⵈ”) ⴻⵈⵈⴰⵍ ⴼⴰⵍ ⵍⴰⴼⴰⵣ ⵏ ⴰⵜⵜⴰⵔⵢⵆ ⵋⵉⵔ ⵉⵎⵎⵉⴾ ⵓⴰⵏ ⵉⵏⵜⴰⵋ ⵓⴰⵏ ⵛⴰⴱⵉⵜⴰⵍⵉⵙⵜ , ⴰⴶ-ⴰⵣ ⵏ ⵉⵎⵎⵉⴾ ⵓⴰⵏ ⵉⵏⵜⴰⵋ ⵏ ⴱⵔⵢ-ⵛⴰⴱⵉⵜⴰⵍⵉⵙⵜ ⴷ ⴰⵍⵎⴰⵗⵏⴰ ⵏ ⴰⵈⵜⵉⵙⴰⴷ
English: In the social sciences, social structure is the patterned social arrangements in society that are both emergent from and determinant of the actions of individuals.
Tamasheq: ⴷⴰⵗ ⵙⵓⵛⵉⴰⵍ ⵙⵛⵉⵢⵏⵛⵢⵙ , ⵢⴷⵢⵉ ⵏ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⴷⵓⵈ ⴰⵎⵓⵙ ⴷⵓⵎⵓ ⵏ ⴰⵎⵓⴾⵉⵏ ⵜⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⴷⵓⵈ ⴰⵎⵓⵙⵏⵢⵏ ⴼⵓⴾ ⵏⴰⵙⴰⵏ ⵜⵉⵎⴰⵛⵂⵗⵓⵍⵢⵏ ⵉⴷ ⵢⵓⴰⴷ ⵏⵢⵏ ⴷ ⵜⵉ ⵉⵍⵣⴰⵎⵏⵢⵏ ⵏ ⴰⴷⴷⵉⵏⴰⵜ
English: It contrasts with "social system", which refers to the parent structure in which these various structures are embedded.
Tamasheq: “ ⵉⵣⵍⴰⵉ ⵉⴷ “ⵙⵓⵛⵉⴰⵍ ⵙⵉⵙⵜⴻⵎ” ⴻⵈⵈⴰⵍⴰⵏ ⴼⴰⵍ ⵢⴷⴻⵉ ⵏ ⵉⵎⴰⵔⴰⵓⴰⵏ ⴰⵂⴰⵏ ⵉⴷⴻⵉⴰⵏ ⵓⵉⵏ ⴰⵋⵋⵓⵜⵏⵢⵏ””
English: It determines the norms and patterns of relations between the various institutions of the society.
Tamasheq: ⴷⵈⵈⴰⵍ ⴰⵙⵉⵍⵎⴰⴷ ⵏ ⴰⵛⴰⵔⴻⵗⴰ ⵜⴰⵏ ⴷ ⴷⵓⵎⵓ ⵜⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵉⵂⴰⵔⵓⵋⴰⵏ ⵋⵉⵔ ⵜⵉⵋⵉⵜⵜⴰⵓⴻⵏ ⴰⵋⵋⵓⵜⵏⴻⵏ ⵏ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⴷⵓⵈ
English: It is also important in the modern study of organizations, as an organization's structure may determine its flexibility, capacity to change, etc.
Tamasheq: ⴷⵈⵈⴰⵍ ⵂⴰⵔ ⴰⵋⵋⵓⴷⵉ ⴰⵙⵙⵓⵂⴻⵏ ⵉ ⵜⴻⵗⴰⵔⴻ ⵜⴰⵏ ⵓⵛⵂⵔⴰⵉ ⵏ ⵜⴰⴶⴶⴰⵉⴻⵏ ⴼⴰⵍ ⴰⵙ ⴻⴷⴻⵉ ⵏ ⵜⴰⴶⴶⴰⵉⵜ ⴰⴷⴷⵓⴱⴰⵜ ⴰⵙⵉⵍⵎⴰⴷ ⴼⴰⵍ ⵎⵓⵔⵓⵏⴰⵜ ⵏⴻⵜ, ⵜⵓⴷⴰⴱⴰⵜ ⵏⴻⵜ ⵉ ⴰⵎⵓⵜⵜⵉ
English: On the meso scale, it concerns the structure of social networks between individuals or organizations.
Tamasheq: ⴼⴰⵍ ⵏⴰⵜⴰⵈ ⵓⴰⵏ ⵎⴻⵙⵓ, ⴻⵈⵈⴰⵍ ⴼⴰⵍ ⴻⴷⴻⵉ ⵏ ⵜⵉⵋⵉⵜⵜⴰⵓⵜ ⵜⴰⵏ ⵔⴻⵣⵓ ⵜⴰⵏ ⵓⵉⵏ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⴷⵓⵈ ⵋⵉⵔ ⴰⴷⴷⵉⵏⴰⵜ ⵎⴻⵗ ⵜⴰⴶⴶⴰⵉⴻⵏ
English: For example, John Levi Martin has theorized that certain macro-scale structures are the emergent properties of micro-scale cultural institutions (i.e., "structure" resembles that used by anthropologist Claude Levi-Strauss).
Tamasheq: “ⴰⵍⵎⵉⵜⴰⵍ , ⵋⵓⵂⵏ ⵍⴻvⵉ ⵎⴰⵔⵜⵉⵏ ⵉⵋⵋⴰ ⵎⵉⵔⴷⴰ ⵏ ⴰⵙ ⵏⴰⵜⴰⵈⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵉⴷⴻⵉⴰⵏ ⵉⵉⵉⴰⴷ ⴰⵎⵓⵙⴰⵏ ⴻⵂⴰⵔⴻ ⵏ ⵏⴰⵜⴰⵈ ⵏ ⵜⵉⵋⵉⵜⵜⴰⵓⴻⵏ ⵏ ⴰⴶⵏⴰ (ⴰⵍⵎⴰⵗⵏⴰ “ ⵜⵉⵋⵉⵜⵜⴰⵓⵜ” ⵜ ⵓⵍⴰⵂ ⵉⴷ ⵜⴰ ⵙ ⴰⵆⴷⴰⵎⴰⵏ ⴰⵏⵜⵂⵔⵓⴱⵓⵍⵓⴶⵉⵙⵜ ⵛⵍⴰⵓⴷⴻ ⵍⴻvⵉ-ⵙⵜⵔⴰⵓⵙⵙ)
English: Alexis de Tocqueville was supposedly the first to use the term "social structure".
Tamasheq: “ⴰⵍⴻⵆⵉⵙ ⴷⴻ ⵟⵓⵛⵈⵓⴻvⵉⵍⵍⴻ ⴰⵎⵓⵙ ⴰⵓⴰⴷⵉⵎ ⴻⵣⵣⴰⵔⴰⵏ ⵙ ⴰⵆⴰⴷⴰⵎ ⵏ ⵜⵉⴼⴻⵔⵜ ⵜⴰⵏ “ ⴻⴷⴻⵉ ⵓⴰⵏ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⴷⵓⵈ”
English: One of the earliest and most comprehensive accounts of social structure was provided by Karl Marx, who related political, cultural, and religious life to the mode of production (an underlying economic structure).
Tamasheq: ⵉⵉⵉⴰⵏ ⴷⴰⵗ ⵜⵉⵏⴼⵓⵙⵓ ⵜⵉ ⴰⵣⵣⴰⵔ ⵏⵢⵏ ⵜⴰⵍⴰⵙ ⴰⴼⵉⵙⵙⴰⵔ ⵏⵢⵏ ⵂⵓⵍⵍⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵢⴷⵢⵉ ⵏ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⴷⵓⵈ ⵉⴾⴼⴰ ⵆⴰⵔⵍ ⵎⴰⵔⵆ ⵓⵙⴰⵗⴰⵏ ⵜⴰⵎⵓⴷⵔⴻ ⵜⴰⵏ ⴼⵓⵍⵉⵜⵉⴾ, ⴰⴶⵏⴰ ⴷ ⴰⴷⴷⵉⵏ ⵉⴷ ⵉⵎⵎⵉⴾ ⵓⴰⵏ ⵏⴰⵜⴰⵋ ( ⵜⵉⵋⵉⵜⴰⵓⵜ ⵏ ⴰⵈⵜⵉⵙⴰⴷ)
English: Émile Durkheim, drawing on the analogies between biological and social systems popularized by Herbert Spencer and others, introduced the idea that diverse social institutions and practices played a role in assuring the functional integration of society through assimilation of diverse parts into a unified and self-reproducing whole.
Tamasheq: ⴷⵎⵉⵍⵓⵓ ⵢⵓⵔⴾⵂⵢⵉⵎ , ⵉⵛⵂⵢⵛⵂⵓⴰⵍ ⵜⵓⵍⴰⵜⵓ ⵋⵉⵔ ⵙⵉⵙⵜⵢⵎ ⵜⴰⵏ ⵓⵉⵏ ⴰⴱⴰⵔⴾⵓⵜ ⴷ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⴷⵓⵈ ⴼⴰⵍ ⴰⵙⵉⵍⵎⴰⴷ ⵂⵓⵍⵍⴰⵏ ⵂⵢⵔⴱⵢⵔⵜ ⵙⴱⵢⵏⵛⵢⵔ ⴷ ⵉⵉⵉⴰⴷ, ⴰⵣⵓⵋⴰⵛⵂ ⵎⵢⴷⵔⴰⵏ ⴰⵙ ⵜⵉⵋⵉⵜⵜⴰⵓⵢⵏ ⵏ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⴷⵓⵈ ⴰⵋⵋⵓⵜⵏⵢⵏ ⴷ ⵜⵉⵎⴰⵛⵂⵗⵓⵍⵢⵏ ⴰⵆⴷⴰⵎ ⵏⴰⵜ ⴷⴰⵔⵓⵔ ⴷⴰⵗ ⵉⵋⵋⵓⵛⵂ ⵏ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⴷⵓⵈ ⵙ ⴰⵏⴷⵉⵎⴰⵋ ⵏ ⵉⵛⵂⵔⵓⵜⴰⵏ ⵉⵣⵍⴰⵉ ⵏⵢⵏ ⵙ ⵉ ⴰⵔⵜⴰⵉⴰⵏ ⵜⵓⵍⴰⵙ ⵉⵜⴰⵔⴰⵓⴰⵏ ⵓⵉ ⵉⴰⴷⵏⵢⵏ
English: Others follow Lévi-Strauss in seeking logical order in cultural structures.
Tamasheq: ⵉⵉⵉⴰⴷ ⵉⵍⴾⴰⵎ ⵉ ⵍⵉⴱⵉ-ⵙⵜⵔⴰⵓⵙⵙ ⴷⴰⵗ ⴰⵍⴾⵓⵎ ⵏ ⴰⵍⵎⴰⵗⵏⴰ ⵓⵗⴰⴷⴰⵏ ⴷⴰⵗ ⵜⵉⵋⵉⵜⵜⴰⵓⵢⵏ ⵜⵉⵏ ⴰⴶⵏⴰ
English: The most influential attempts to combine the concept of social structure with agency are Anthony Giddens' theory of structuration and Pierre Bourdieu's practice theory.
Tamasheq: ⴷⵔⵢⵎⴰⵏ ⴼⵓⴾ ⵓⵉ ⴰⵙⵙⵓⵂⴰⵜ ⵏⵢⵏ ⴰⵙⵉⵔⵜⴰⵉⵏⵢⵏ ⵜⵉⴼⵢⵔⵜ ⵜⴰⵏ ⵢⴷⵢⵉ ⵏ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⴷⵓⵈ ⴰⵎⵓⵙⴰⵏ ⵎⵉⵔⴷⴰ ⵢⴷⵢⵉ ⵓⴰⵏ ⴰⵏⵜⵂⵓⵏⵉ ⵗⵉⴷⴷⵢⵏⵙ ⴷ ⴱⵉⵢⵔⵔⵓ ⴱⵓⵓⵔⴷⵉⵢⵓ
English: Giddens's analysis, in this respect, closely parallels Jacques Derrida's deconstruction of the binaries that underlie classic sociological and anthropological reasoning (notably the universalizing tendencies of Lévi-Strauss's structuralism).
Tamasheq: ⴰⵎⵉⵉⵉⵣ ⵓⴰⵏ ⵗⵉⴷⴷⴻⵏ ⴷⴰⵗ ⵙⴻⵎⵗⴰⵔ ⵓⴻⵏ ⵓⴰⵔ ⵓⵍⴰⵂ ⵉⴷ ⵓⴰⵏ ⵋⴰⵛⵈⵓⴻⵙ ⴻⴻⵔⵔⵉⴷⴰ ⵏ ⴰⴼⴰⵜⴰⵉ ⵏ ⴱⵉⵏⴰⵔⵉⴻⵙ ⴰⵎⵓⵙ ⵜⴰⵋⵉⵜⵜⴰⵓⵜ ⵏ ⵜⴰ-ⵉⵜⴻ ⵜⴰⵏ ⵙⵓⵛⵉⵓⵍⵓⴶⵉ ⴷ ⴰⵏⵜⵂⵔⵓⴱⵓⵍⵓⴶⵉ ( ⵎⴰ-ⵉ ⵜⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵙⵜⵔⵓⵛⵜⵓⵔⴰⵍⵉⵙⵎ ⵏ ⵍⵉvⵉ-ⵙⵜⵔⴰⵓⵙⵙ ⵉⵍⵙⴰⵏ ⴰⵍⵗⴰⵍⵉⵎ)
English: This was studied by Jacob L. Moreno.
Tamasheq: ⴰⵓⵢⵏ ⵉⵋⵋⴰ ⵋⴰⵛⵓⴱ ⵍ. ⵎⵓⵔⵢⵏⵓ ⵜⵢⵗⴰⵔⵢ ⴼⴰⵍ ⴰⵜ
English: Sociobiology is a field of biology that aims to examine and explain social behavior in terms of evolution.
Tamasheq: ⵙⵓⵛⵉⵓⴱⵉⵓⵍⵓⴶⵉ ⵜ ⴰⵎⵓⵙ ⴰⴱⴰⵔⴰ ⵏ ⴱⵉⵓⵍⵓⴶⵉ ⵙ ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵙ ⵏⵢⵜ ⵢⴶⵣⴰⵎⵉⵜ ⴷ ⴰⵙⵉⴼⵂⴰⵎ ⵏ ⴰⵍⵆⴰⵍ ⵏ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⴷⵓⵈ ⵙⴰ ⵜⴰⵔⵔⴰⵉⵜ ⵜⴰⵏ ⵜⴰⵎⵓⵜⵜⵉⵜ
English: Sociobiology investigates social behaviors such as mating patterns, territorial fights, pack hunting, and the hive society of social insects.
Tamasheq: ⵙⵓⵛⵉⵓⴱⵉⵓⵍⵓⴶⵉ ⵜⴰⵋ ⴼⴰⵔⴰⴾ ⴼⴰⵍ ⴰⵍⵆⴰⵍⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⴷⵓⵈ ⵛⵂⵓⵏⴷ ⴷⵓⵎⵓ ⵜⴰⵏ ⵓⵉⵏ ⵜⴰⵣⴰⵓⵓⵋ ⵜⴰⵏ , ⵉⴾⵉⵏⵏⴰⵙⴰⵏ ⴼⴰⵍ ⴰⴾⴰⵍ, ⴰⵂⵓⵉⵉ ⴷ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⴷⵓⵈ ⵜⴰⵏ ⵉⵎⵓⴷⴰⵔⴰⵏ
English: It predicts that animals will act in ways that have proven to be evolutionarily successful over time.
Tamasheq: ⴰⵎⵓⵙ ⵜⴰⵓⴰⵈⵈⴰ ⵏ ⴰⵙ ⴰⵔⵉⵣⵣⵢⵋ ⴰⴷ ⴰⵋⵉⵍ ⴷⴰⵗ ⴰⴱⴰⵔⴰ ⵜⴰⵏ ⵙ ⵓⴰⵔ ⵢⵂⴰ ⴰⵛⵂ-ⴰⴾ ⴰⵙ ⴰⴷ ⴰⵈⵈⴰⵍⴰⵏ ⵓⵉⵏ ⴰⵏⴰⵋⴰⵆ ⴷⴰⵗ ⴰⵣⵣⴰⵎⴰⵏ
English: Behavior is therefore seen as an effort to preserve one's genes in the population.
Tamasheq: ⴰⵍⵆⴰⵍ ⴰⵎⵓⵙ ⴰⴶ-ⴰⵣ ⵏ ⴶⵢⵏⵢ ⵜⴰⵛⵂⵏⵢ ⵜⴰⵏ ⴷⴰⵗ ⵉⵛⵂⴰⵗⵉⴱ
English: Altmann developed his own brand of sociobiology to study the social behavior of rhesus macaques, using statistics, and was hired as a "sociobiologist" at the Yerkes Regional Primate Research Center in 1965.
Tamasheq: “ ⴰⵍⵜⵎⴰⵏⵏ ⵉⴾⵏⴰ ⵉⵛⵂ-ⵉⴾⵉⵍ ⵏ ⵙⵓⵛⵉⵓⴱⵉⵓⵍⵓⴶⵉ ⵜⴰⵏ ⵉⵎⴰⵏ ⵏⵢⵜ ⵉ ⵜⵢⵗⴰⵔⵢ ⵏ ⴰⵍⵆⴰⵍ ⴷⴰⵗ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⴷⵓⵈ ⵏ ⵔⵂⵢⵙⵓⵙ ⵎⴰⵛⴰⵈⵓⵢⵙ ⵙ ⵎⵢⴷⴰⵏ ⵜⵓⵍⴰⵙ ⵉⵋⵋⴰⵛⵂ ⴰⵍⵆⵉⴷⵎⴰⵜ ⴷⴰⵗ ⵢⵈⵈⴰⵍ “”ⵙⵓⵛⵉⵓⴱⵉⵓⵍⵓⴶⵉⵙⵜ” ⴷⴰⵗ ⵗⵢⵔⴾⵢⵙ ⵔⵢⴶⵉⵓⵏⴰⵍ ⴱⵔⵉⵎⴰⵜⵢ ⵔⵢⵙⵢⴰⵔⵛⵂ ⵛⵢⵏⵜⵢⵔ ⴷⴰⵗ ⴰⵓⴰⵜⴰⵉ ⵓⴰⵏ 1965”
English: Once a specialist term, "sociobiology" became widely known in 1975 when Wilson published his book Sociobiology: The New Synthesis, which sparked an intense controversy.
Tamasheq: “ ⴰⵍⵓⴰⵈ ⵓⴰ ⵉⴷ ⵜⵉⴼⴻⵔⵜ ⵜⴰⵏ ⵙⴱⴻⵛⵉⴰⵍⵉⵙⵜ ⵏ “””ⵙⵓⵛⵉⵓⴱⵉⵓⵍⵓⴶⵉ””ⴰⵜⵓⴰⵙⵙⴰⵏ ⴷⴰⵗ ⴰⵓⴰⵜⴰⵉ ⵓⴰⵏ 1975 ⴰⵍⵓⴰⵈ ⵓⴰ ⵉⴷ ⵓⵉⵍⵙⵓⵏ ⵉⵣⵉⵣⵋⴰⵔ ⴰⵍⴾⵉⵜⵜⴰⴱ ⵏⴻⵜ ⵙⵓⵛⵉⵓⴱⵉⵓⵍⵓⴶⵉ: ⵟⵂⴻ ⵏⴻⵓ ⵙⵉⵏⵜⵂⴻⵙⵉⵙ ⵉⴷ ⴻⵔⴰⵓ ⵜⴰⴾⴰⵍⵜ ⵜ ⴰⵙⵙⵓⵂⴻⵜ”
English: However, the influence of evolution on behavior has been of interest to biologists and philosophers since soon after the discovery of evolution itself.
Tamasheq: ⴰⵙⵙⴰⵂⴰⵜ ⵏ ⵉⴾⵉ ⵙ ⴷⴰⵜⴰ ⴼⴰⵍ ⴰⵍⵆⴰⵍ ⴻⵈⵈⴰⵍ ⴰ ⵂⵉⵏ ⵉⵋⵔⴰⵂⴰⵏ ⴱⵉⵓⵍⵓⴶⵉⵙⵜ ⵜⴰⵏ ⴷ ⴼⵉⵍⵓⵣⵓⴼ ⵜⴰⵏ ⵗⵓⵔ ⴰⵍⵓⴰⵈ ⵓⴰⵏ ⴷⴰⵔⴰⵜ ⴰⴼⵓⴾⴾⴰⵔ ⵏ ⵉⴾⵉ ⵙ ⴷⴰⵜⴰ ⵉⵎⴰⵏ ⵏⴻⵜ
English: Edward H. Hagen writes in The Handbook of Evolutionary Psychology that sociobiology is, despite the public controversy regarding the applications to humans, "one of the scientific triumphs of the twentieth century." "
Tamasheq: “” ⴷⴷⵓⵔⴷ ⵂ. ⵂⴰⴶⵓⵏ ⵉⴾⵜⴰⴱ ⴷⴰⵗ ⵟⵂⵢ ⵂⴰⵏⴷⴱⵓⵓⴾ ⵓⴼ ⵓⴱⵓⵍⵓⵜⵉⵓⵏⴰⵔⵉ ⴱⵙⵉⵛⵂⵓⵍⵓⴶⵉ ⴰⵙ ⵙⵓⵛⵉⵓⴱⵉⵓⵍⵓⴶⵉ ⵜ ⴰⵎⵓⵙ ‘’ⵉⵉⵉⴰⵜ ⴷⴰⵗ ⵉⵔⴰⴱⴰⵗⴰⵏ ⵓⵉ ⵎⴰⵈⵈⵓⵔⵏⵢⵏ ⵏ ⵙⵛⵉⵢⵏⵛⵢ ⴷⴰⵗ ⴰⵓⴰⵜⴰⵉ ⵓⴰⵏ ⵉⵙⵙⵉⵏ ⴰⴼⴷⴰⵏ””” ⴾⵓⴷⴷⵢⵗ ⴰⵙ ⵓⴰⵔ ⴰⵔⴷⴰⵂⴰⵏ ⴰⴷⴷⵉⵏⴰⵜ ⵙ ⴰⵍⵆⵉⴷⵎⴰⵜ ⵏⵢⵜ ⴼⴰⵍ ⴰⵙ-ⴰⵏ
English: Therefore, these traits were probably "adaptive" in the environment in which the species evolved.
Tamasheq: “ ⵙⴰⵎⴰⵍⴰⵏ ⵓⵉⵏ ⵓⴰⵔ ⴻⵂⴰ ⴰⵛⵂ-ⴰⴾ ⴰⵈⵈⴰⵍⴰⵏ “ⵉ ⵜⴰⵋ ⵉⵏ” ⵉ ⴰⵂⵉⵏⵣⴰⵣⴰⵗ ⵓⴰ ⴷⴰⵗ ⵜⵉⵎⵉⵜⵉⴾⵓⴰⵉⴰ ⵉⵎⵓⴷⴰⵔⴰⵏ”
English: Thus, they are often interested in instinctive, or intuitive behavior, and in explaining the similarities, rather than the differences, between cultures.
Tamasheq: ⴰⵍⵓⴰⵈ ⵉⵉⵉⴰⵏ ⵢⵈⵈⴰⵍ ⴰⵍⵆⵉⴷⵎⴰⵜ ⵏⴰⵙⴰⵏ ⴰⵍⵆⴰⵍ ⵓⴰⵏ ⵗⴰⵔⵉⵣⵉⵜ ⵎⵢⵗ ⵏ ⵜⴰⵏⴰⴼⵔⵉⵜ ⵜⵓⵍⴰⵙ ⴷⴰⴱ ⴰⵙⵉⴼⵂⴰⵎ ⵏ ⵜⵓⵍⴰⵜⵢⵏ ⵓⵂⵓ ⴰⵏⵎⵉⵣⵍⴰⵉⴰⵏ ⵋⵉⵔ ⴰⴶⵏⴰ ⵜⴰⵏ
English: This parental protection would increase in frequency in the population.
Tamasheq: ⴰⵍⵗⵉⵍⵍⴰⵙ ⵓⵢⵏ ⵏ ⵉⵎⴰⵔⴰⵓⴰⵏ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵓ-ⴰⴷ ⴷⴰⵗ ⵉⵛⵂⴰⵗⵉⴱ
English: E.O. Wilson argued that evolution may also act upon groups.
Tamasheq: ⵢⵓ ⵓⵉⵍⵙⵓⵏ ⴰⵍⵍⴰⵗⴰⵜ ⴰⵙ ⵉⴾⵉ ⵙ ⴷⴰⵜⴰ ⵓⵢⵏ ⴰⴷⴷⵓⴱⴰⵜ ⴰ ⵉⴷⴰⵙ ⵜⴰⵈⵈⵉⵎⵢⵏ
English: If altruism is genetically determined, then altruistic individuals must reproduce their own altruistic genetic traits for altruism to survive, but when altruists lavish their resources on non-altruists at the expense of their own kind, the altruists tend to die out and the others tend to increase.
Tamasheq: ⴰ ⴼⴰⵍ ⴰⵍⵜⵔⵓⵉⵙⵎ ⴰⵜ-ⵓ-ⴰⵍⵎⴰⴷ ⴻⵜⴰⵔⵉ ⵏⴻⵜ, ⴷⵉⵂⴻⵏ ⴰⴷⴷⵉⵏⴰⵜ ⵓⵉⵏ ⵉⵔⵓⵛⵂⴰⵏ ⵉⵍⵣⴰⵎ ⵜⴰⵏ ⴰⴷ ⴰⵔⵓⵓⴰⵏ ⵙⴰⵎⴰⵍⴰⵏ ⵏ ⴻⵜⴰⵔⵉ ⵏ ⵉⵔⵓⵛⵂⴰⵏ ⵉ ⵜⴰⵎⵓⴷⵔⴻ ⵏⴰⵙⴰⵏ ⵎⵓⵛⵂⴰⵎ ⴰⵍⵓⴰⵈ ⵓⴰ ⵉⴷ ⴰⴷⴷⵉⵏⴰⵜ ⵓⵉⵏ ⵉⵔⵓⵛⵂⴰⵏ ⵉⴾⴼⴰⵏ ⵎⴰⵍⴰⵜⴰⵏ ⵏⴰⵙⴰⵏ ⵉ ⴰⴷⴷⵉⵏⴰⵜ ⵓⵉ ⵓⴰⵔ ⵏ ⵉⵍⴰ ⴰⵔⵓⵛⵂⴰⵏ, ⵓⵉⵏ ⵉⵔⵓⵛⵂⴰⵏ ⴰ ⵂⵉⵏ ⴰⵎⵎⴰⵜⵉⵏ ⵜⵓⵍⴰⵙ ⵓⵉ ⵉⴰⴷⵏⴻⵏ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵓ-ⴰⴷⴰⵏ.
English: Within sociobiology, a social behavior is first explained as a sociobiological hypothesis by finding an evolutionarily stable strategy that matches the observed behavior.
Tamasheq: ⴷⴰⵗ ⵙⵓⵛⵉⵓⴱⵉⵓⵍⵓⴶⵉ , ⴰⵍⵆⴰⵍ ⴷⴰⵗ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⴷⵓⵈ ⴰⵙⵉⴼⵂⴰⵎ ⵜⵉ ⵙ ⵜⵉⵣⴰⵔⴰⵜ ⴰⵎⵉⵉⵉⵣ ⵏ ⵙⵓⵛⵉⵓⴱⵉⵓⵍⵓⴶⵉ ⵙ ⴰⵋⴰⵔⴰⵓ ⵏ ⵜⵉⴾⴰⵔⵙⴰⵉ ⵜⴰⵣⵣⵓⴾⵢⵜ ⵜⴰⵋ ⵉⵜ ⵉ ⴰⵍⵆⴰⵍ ⵓⴰ ⴷⴰⵗ ⵉⵋⵋⴰ ⴰⴾⴰⵉⴰⴷ
English: Altruism between social insects and littermates has been explained in such a way.
Tamasheq: ⴰⵍⵜⵔⵓⵉⵙⵎ ⵋⵉⵔ ⵉⵎⵓⴷⴰⵔⴰⵏ ⴷ ⵍⵉⵜⵜⴻⵔⵎⴰⵜⵢⵙ ⴰⵜ-ⵓ-ⴰⴼⴰⵙⵙⴰⵔ ⴰⵍⵎⴰⵗⵏⴰ ⵏⵢⵜ ⵙ ⵉⵎⵎⵉⴾ ⵓⵢⵏ
English: In general, females with more bearing opportunities may value offspring less, and may also arrange bearing opportunities to maximize the food and protection from mates.
Tamasheq: ⴷⵢⴷⵢⵏ ⵉⵍⴰⵏⵢⵏ ⵜⴰⴼⴰⵓⵢⵏ ⴰⵋⵋⵓⵜⵏⵢⵏ ⴰⴷⴷⵓⴱⴰⵜ ⵏⴰⵜ ⵉⵂⵓⴾ ⵏ ⴰⵍⵈⵉⵎ ⴰⵏⴷⴰⵔⵔⴰⵏ ⵉ ⴰⵔⴰⵜⴰⵏ ⵜⵓⵍⴰⵙ ⴰⴷⴷⵓⴱⴰⵜ ⵏⴰⵜ ⵉⴾⴰⵏⵏⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵜⴰⴼⴰⵓⵢⵏ ⵉ ⴰⵙⵉⵓⴰⴷ ⵏ ⴰⵜⵜⴰⵗⴰⵎ ⴷ ⴰⵍⵗⵉⵍⵍⴰⵙ ⵉ ⵉⵎⵉⴷⵉⵓⴰⵏ ⵏⴰⵙⵏⴰⵜ
English: Studies of human behavior genetics have generally found behavioral traits such as creativity, extroversion, aggressiveness, and IQ have high heritability.
Tamasheq: ⵜⵉⵗⵉⵔ ⴼⴰⵍ ⵢⵜⴰⵔⵉ ⵏ ⴰⵍⵆⴰⵍ ⵓⴰⵏ ⴰⴷⴷⵉⵏⴰⵜ ⵉⵋⵔⴰⵓ ⵙⴰⵎⴰⵍⴰⵏ ⵏ ⴰⵍⵆⴰⵍ ⵛⵂⵓⵏⴷ ⵢⵗⴰⵏⵏⵉ, ⴻⵆⵜⵔⵓⴱⵢⵔⵙⵉⵓⵏ, ⵜⴰⴷⵍⵉⵎⵜ ⴷ Iⵔ ⵉⵍⴰⵏ ⵜⴰⴾⴰⵙⵉⵜ ⵂⵓⵍⵍⴰⵏ
English: Thus, when FEV is genetically deleted from the mouse genome, male mice will instantly attack other males, whereas their wild-type counterparts take significantly longer to initiate violent behaviour.
Tamasheq: ⴰⵍⵓⴰⵈ ⵓⴰ ⵉⴷ ⵢⵜⵔⵉ ⵏ ⴼⵢⴱ ⵉⵎⴰⵙ ⴰ ⵂⵉⵏ ⴷⴰⵗ ⵎⵓⵓⵙⵢ ⴶⵢⵏⵓⵎⵢ, ⴰⴾⵓⵏⴷⴰⵔ ⵓⴰⵏ ⴰⵂⴰⵍⵉⵙ ⴰⴷ ⵉⴷⵍⵉⵎ ⵓⵉ ⵉⴰⴷⵏⵢⵏ ⵏ ⵎⵢⴷⴷⴰⵏ ⴰⵙ ⵉⵋⵋⴰ ⴰⵓⵢⵏ ⵉⵛⵂ-ⵉⴾⵉⵍ ⵏ ⵉⵎⵉⴷⵉⵓⴰⵏ ⵏⴰⵙⴰⵏ ⵜⴰⵂⴰⵋ ⵉⵏ ⵓⴰⵔ ⴰⵔⵢⵎⴰⵏ ⴰⵍⵆⴰⵍ ⵏ ⵜⴰⴷⵍⵉⵎⵜ
English: During a 1976 meeting of the Sociobiology Study Group, as reported by Ullica Segerstråle, Chomsky argued for the importance of a sociobiologically informed notion of human nature.
Tamasheq: ⴷⴰⵗ ⵜⴰⵗⴰⵉⵎⵉⵜ ⵜⵉⵋⴰⵜ ⴷⴰⵗ ⴰⵓⴰⵜⴰⵉ ⵓⴰⵏ 1976 ⵏ ⵜⴰⵈⵈⵉⵎⵜ ⵏ ⴼⴰⵔⴰⴾ ⴼⴰⵍ ⵙⵓⵙⵉⵓⴱⵉⵓⵍⵓⵋⵉ ⴷⴰⵗ ⴰ-ⵓⴰ ⴰⵍⵍⴰⵗⴰⵜ ⵓⵍⵍⵉⵛⴰ ⵙⴻⴶⵢⵔⵙⵜⵔⴰⵍⴻ, ⵛⵂⵓⵎⵙⴾⵉ ⴰⵍⵍⴰⵗⴰⵜ ⵙ ⵜⵓⵍⴰⵗⴰⵉ ⵏ ⵜⵉⴼⵢⵔⵜ ⴷⴰⵗ ⵙⵓⵙⵉⵓⴱⵉⵓⵍⵓⵋⵉ ⵏ ⴰⵏⵏⵓⵗ ⵏ ⴰⵓⴰⴷⵉⵎ
English: Wilson has claimed that he had never meant to imply what ought to be, only what is the case.
Tamasheq: ⵓⵉⵍⵙⵓⵏ ⴰⵙⵉⵍⵎⴰⴷ ⴰⵙ ⴾⴰⵍⴰ ⵓⴰⵔ ⵓⵜⵢⵙ ⵛⵂⵓⵏⴷ ⵂⴰⵔⴰⵜ ⵙ ⵉⵏⵂⴰⵋⵋⴰ , ⵂⴰⵔⴰⵜ ⵗⴰⵙ ⵓⴰ ⵉⵋⵋⴰⵏ ⴰ ⵓⵜⴰⵙ
English: Business is the activity of making one's living or making money by producing or buying and selling products (such as goods and services).
Tamasheq: ⵜⴰⵗⵓⵛⵂⴻ ⵜ ⴰⵎⵓⵙ ⴰⵍⵆⵉⴷⵎⴰⵜ ⵏ ⵉⵋⵋⵉ ⵏ ⵜⴰⵎⵓⴷⵔⴻ ⵏ ⴰⵓⴰⴷⵉⵎ ⵎⴻⵗ ⵉⴾⴰⵏⵏⴰⵏ ⵏ ⴰⵣⵔⵓⴼ ⵙ ⵏⴰⵜⴰⵋ ⵎⴻⵗ ⵉⵙⵓⵋ ⵏ ⵉⵏⴰⵛⵂⴰⵏ ⴷ ⴰ ⴻⵂⴰⵏ ⵂⴻⴱⵓ (ⵛⵂⵓⵏⴷ ⵉⵍⴰⵏⴰⵏ ⴷ ⴰⵍⵆⵉⴷⵎⴰⵜⴻⵏ)
English: If the business acquires debts, the creditors can go after the owner's personal possessions.
Tamasheq: ⴰ ⴼⴰⵍ ⵜⴰⵗⵓⵛⵂⵓ ⵜⵉⵛⵂⴰⵏⵛⵂ ⵉⵎⴰⵔⵓⴰⵙⴰⵏ ,ⴰⴷⴷⵉⵏⴰⵜ ⵓⵉ ⵉⵍⴰⵏⵢⵏ ⴰⵎⴰⵔⵓⴰⵙ ⴰⴷⴷⵓⴱⵢⵏ ⴰⴷ ⴰⵔⵎⵉⵙⴰⵏ ⵢⵂⴰⵔⵢ ⵏ ⴰⵓⴰⴷⵉⵎ ⵓⴰ ⵢⵂⴰ ⴰⵎⴰⵔⵓⴰⵙ
English: The term is also often used colloquially (but not by lawyers or by public officials) to refer to a company.
Tamasheq: ⵜⵉⴼⵢⵔⵜ ⵜⴰⵓⴰⵗⴰⵔ ⴰⵍⵓⴰⵈ ⵉⵉⵉⴰⵏ (ⵎⵓⵛⵂⴰⵎ ⵓⴰⵔ ⵜⴰⵜ ⵗⴰⵔ ⵉⵏ ⵎⵓⵆⴰⵎ ⵜⴰⵏ ⵎⴻⵗ ⴰⵍⵆⴰⴾⵓⵎ) ⵙ ⵜⴰⴶⴶⴰⵉⵜ
English: A privately owned, for-profit corporation is owned by its shareholders, who elect a board of directors to direct the corporation and hire its managerial staff.
Tamasheq: ⵜⴰⴶⴶⴰⵉⵜ ⵓⴰⵔ ⵉⵍⴰ ⴰⵍⵆⴰⴾⵓⵎ ⵉⵍⴰⵏ ⵜⴰⵜ ⵎⵓⵙⴰⵂⵉⵎ ⵜⴰⵏ ⴷⴰⵈⵈⴰⵍ ⵏⵢⵏ ⵉⵎⵓⵣⴰⵔⴰⵏ ⴰⵆⴾⴰⵎ ⵏⵢⵏ ⴼⴰⵍ ⵜⴰⴶⴶⴰⵉⵜ ⵜⵓⵍⴰⵙ ⴷⴰⴾⴾⴰⵍⴰⵏ ⵉⵏⴰⵆⴷⵉⵎⴰⵏ ⵏⴻⵢ
English: A cooperative differs from a corporation in that it has members, not shareholders, and they share decision-making authority.
Tamasheq: ⵛⵓⵓⴱⵢⵔⴰⵜⵉⴱⵢ ⵜⵉⵣⵍⴰⵉ ⵏ ⵜⴰⴶⴶⴰⵉⵜ ⴼⴰⵍ ⴰⵙ ⵜⵉⵍⴰ ⴰⴷⴷⵉⵏⴰⵜ ,ⵓⴰⴷⴷⵢⵏ ⵎⵓⵙⴰⵂⵉⵎ ⵜⴰⵏ ⵜⵓⵍⴰⵙ ⵓⵂⴰⵔⴰⵏ ⴰⴷⴷⴰⴱⴰⵔⴰ
English: Limited liability companies (LLC), limited liability partnerships, and other specific types of business organization protect their owners or shareholders from business failure by doing business under a separate legal entity with certain legal protections.
Tamasheq: ⵍⵉⵎⵉⵜⵢⴷ ⵍⵉⴰⴱⵉⵍⵉⵜⵉ ⵛⵓⵎⴱⴰⵏⵉⴻⵙ (ⵍⵍⵛ) , ⵍⵉⵎⵉⵜⵢⴷ ⵍⵉⴰⴱⵉⵍⵉⵜⵉ ⴱⴰⵔⵜⵏⵢⵔⵙⵂⵉⴱⵙ ⴷ ⵉⵛⵂ-ⵉⴾⵉⵍⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵜⴰⴶⴶⴰⵉⴻⵏ ⵏ ⵜⴰⵗⵓⵛⵂⵢ ⵗⴰⵍⵍⴰⵙ ⵏⴰⵜ ⵎⵉⵙⵙⴰⵓⵉⵙ ⵏⴰⵙⵏⴰⵜ ⵎⵢⵗ ⵎⵓⵙⴰⵂⵉⵎ ⵜⴰⵏ ⵏⴰⵙⵏⴰⵜ ⴷⴰⵗ ⴰⴼⵜⴰⵈⵉ ⵏ ⵜⴰⵗⵓⵛⵂⵓ ⵙ ⵉⵋⵉ ⵏ ⵜⴰⵗⵓⵛⵂⵢ ⵙ ⵜⴰⴶⴶⴰⵉⵜ ⵉⵉⵉⴰⵜ ⵜⴰⵣⵓⵏⴰⵜ ⴷⴰⵗ ⴰⵂⴰⵔⵢⵗⴰ ⵙ ⴰⵍⵗⵉⵍⵍⴰⵙⴰⵏ ⴷⴰⵗ ⴰⵛⵂⴰⵔⵢⵗⴰ
English: The members guarantee the payment of certain (usually nominal) amounts if the company goes into insolvent liquidation, but otherwise, they have no economic rights in relation to the company.
Tamasheq: ⴰⴷⴷⵉⵏⵏⴰⵜ ⵏⵢⵜ ⵉⴼⵔⴰⵋⴰⵏ ⵜⵉⵎⵣⴰⵍ ⵏ ⴰⵍⵈⵉⵎ ⵉⵉⵉⴰⵏ ⴰ ⴼⴰⵍ ⵜⴰⴶⴶⴰⵉⵜ ⵉⵋⵔⴰⵓ ⵜⴰⵜ ⵉⴱⴰⵏ ⴰⵣⵔⵓⴼ ⵎⵓⵛⵂⴰⵎ ⵙ ⵉⵎⵎⵉⴾ ⵉⵉⵉⴰⵏ ⵓⴰⵔ ⵉⵍⵢⵓ ⴰⵍⵆⴰⴾⴰⵏ ⵏ ⴰⵈⵜⵉⵙⴰⴷ ⵓⵙⴰⵗⴰ ⵉⴷ ⵜⴰⴶⴶⴰⵉⵜ
English: This type of company may no longer be formed in the UK, although provisions still exist in law for them to exist.
Tamasheq: ⵉⵛⵂ-ⵉⴾⵉⵍ ⵏ ⵜⴰⴶⴶⴰⵉⵜ ⵜⵢⵏ ⵓⴰⵔ ⵉⵍⴾⵢⵎ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵋⵋⴰ ⴷⴰⵗ ⵔⵓⴰⵉⵓⵎ ⵓⵏⵉ ⴾⵓⴷⴷⵢⵗ ⴰⵙ ⵎⴰⵆⵣⵓⵏ ⵜⴰⵏ ⵉⵍⵍⴰⵏ ⵜⵉ ⴷⴰⵗ ⴰⵛⵂⴰⵔⵢⵗⴰ ⵉ ⵢⵎⵢⵍ ⵂⴰⵙ-ⴰⵏ
English: Note that "Ltd after the company's name signifies limited company, and PLC (public limited company) indicates that its shares are widely held."
Tamasheq: “ ⴰⵍⵎⵉⴷ ⴰⵙ “ ⵍⵟⴹ ⴷⴰⵔⴰⵜ ⴰⵙ ⴰⵍⵎⴰⵗⵏⴰ ⵓⴰⵏ ⵉⵙⵉⵎ ⵏ ⵜⴰⴶⴶⴰⵉⵜ ⴰⵎⵓⵙ ⵍⵉⵎⵉⵜⵢⴷ ⴾⵓⵎⴱⴰⵏⵉ ⴷ ⴱⵍⵛ (ⵜⴰⴶⴶⴰⵉⵜ ⵏ ⵎⴰⵋⵎⵓⵗⴰⵜ) ⴻⵈⵈⴰⵍ ⴰⵛⴰⵎⵓⵍ ⵏ ⴰⵙ ⴰⵛⵛⴰⵎ ⵜⴰⵏ ⵏⵢⵜ ⵜⵉⵓ-ⴰⵜⵜⴰⴼⴰⵏ ⵙ ⵉⵋⵉⵜ”
English: In a company limited by guarantee, this will be the guarantors.
Tamasheq: ⴷⴰⵗ ⵛⵓⵎⴱⴰⵏⵉ ⵍⵉⵎⵉⵜⵢⴷ ⵙ ⴰⴷⴷⴰⵎⴰⵏ, ⴰⵓⵢⵏ ⴻⵈⵈⴰⵍ ⵉⵏⴰⴷⵎⴰⵏⴰⵏ
English: Private companies do not have publicly traded shares, and often contain restrictions on transfers of shares.
Tamasheq: ⵜⴰⴶⴶⴰⵉⵢⵏ ⵜⵉ ⵓⴰⵔ ⵉⵍⴰ ⴰⵍⵆⴰⴾⵓⵎ ⵓⴰⵔ ⵉⵍⵢⵏⴰⵏⵜ ⴰⵙⵂⴰⵎ ⵜⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵎⴰⵎⴰⵍⴰ ⵜⵓⵍⴰⵙ ⴰⵂⴰⵏ ⵜⴰⵏ ⵎⴰⵔⵙⴰⴾⴰⵏ ⴼⴰⵍ ⵜⵔⴰⵏⵙⵢⵔ ⵏ ⴰⵙⵂⴰⵎ ⵜⴰⵏ
English: Entertainment companies and mass media agencies generate profits primarily from the sale of intellectual property.
Tamasheq: ⵜⴰⴶⴶⴰⵉⵢⵏ ⵜⵉⵏ ⴷⴰⵍⵍⵓⵍ ⴷ ⵎⴰⵙⵙ ⵎⵢⴷⵉⴰ ⵋⴰⵔⴰⵓ ⵏⴰⵜ ⵔⵉⴱⴰ ⵜⴰⵏⵙⴰ ⵙ ⵜⴰⵔⵔⴰⵉⵜ ⵜⴰⵏ ⵜⴰ-ⵉⵜⵢ
English: They include tangible goods such as cars, buses, medical devices, glass, or aircraft.
Tamasheq: ⴰⵂⴰⵏ ⵜⴰⵏ ⵉⵍⴰⵍⴰⵏ ⵓⵍⴰⵗⵏⵢⵏ ⵛⵂⵓⵏⴷ ⵜⵓⵔⴼⵢⵏ, ⵉⵙⵓⵋ ⵏ ⴰⵙⴰⴼⴰⵔ, ⵜⵉⵙⵢⵜ ⵎⵢⵗ ⴰⵉⵔⵛⵔⴰⴼⵜ
English: Most stores and catalog companies are distributors or retailers.
Tamasheq: ⵎⴰⵏⴶⴰⵣⴰ ⵜⴰⵏ ⴰⵋⵋⵓⵜⵏⵢⵏ ⴷ ⴾⴰⵜⴰⵍⵓⴶ ⵏ ⴾⵓⵎⴱⴰⵏⵉ ⵜⴰⵏ ⴰⵈⵈⴰⵍⴰⵏ ⴾⵢⵍ ⵎⴰⵎⴰⵍⴰ ⵓⵉ ⵎⴰⵈⵈⵓⵔⵏⵢⵏ ⴷ ⵓⵉⵏ ⴷⵢⵜⴰⵉ ⵜⴰⵏ
English: They make their profits by selling goods and services that are sports related.
Tamasheq: ⵆⴰⵔⵔⴰⵛⵂⴰⵏ ⵔⵉⴱⴰ ⵏⴰⵙⴰⵏ ⵙ ⴰⵙⵉⵜⵉⴶ ⵏ ⵉⵍⴰⵍⴰⵏ ⴷ ⴰⵍⵆⵉⴷⵎⴰⵜⵢⵏ ⵉⴷ ⴰⵈⵈⴰⵍ ⵏⵢⵏ ⴼⴰⵍ ⴾⴰⵔⴰⵉ
English: The modern field was established by the Italian mathematician Luca Pacioli in 1494.
Tamasheq: ⴰⴱⴰⵔⴰ ⵓⴰⵏ ⴰⴱⴰⵔⴰ ⵉⴷⴰⵉ ⵜⵉ ⵎⴰⵜⵂⴻⵎⴰⵜⵉⵛⵉⵢⵏ ⵍⵓⵛⴰ ⴱⴰⵛⵓⵍⵍⵉ ⴷⴰⵗ ⵉⵜⴰⵍⵉⴰ ⴷⴰⵗ ⴰⵓⴰⵜⴰⵉ ⵓⴰⵏ 1494
English: Finance can also be defined as the science of money management.
Tamasheq: ⴼⵉⵏⴰⵏⵛⵢ ⴰⴷⴷⵓⴱⴰⵜ ⴰⵍⵎⴰⵗⵏⴰ ⵏⵢⵜ ⴰⴷ ⴰⵎⵓⵙ ⵙⵉⵛⵢⵏⵛⵓ ⵜⴰⵏ ⴰⵓⵉⴾⴾⴰⵍ ⵏ ⴰⵣⵔⵓⴼ
English: Owners may manage their businesses themselves, or employ managers to do so for them.
Tamasheq: ⵆⵢⵍ ⵜⵉⵍⴰ ⴰⴷⴷⵓⴱⵢⵏ ⴰⵓⵉⴾⴾⴰⵍ ⵏ ⵜⵉⵗⵓⵛⵂⴰⵓⵢⵏ ⵏ ⵉⵎⴰⵏ ⵏⴰⵙⴰⵏ ⵎⵢⵗ ⴰⵙⵙⴰⵆⴷⵉⵎⴰⵏ ⴰⴷⴷⵉⵏⴰⵜ ⵂⴰ-ⵙⴰⵏ ⵉⵋⵋⴰⵏⵢⵏ ⴰⵓⵢⵏ
English: Business process management (BPM) is a holistic management approach focused on aligning all aspects of an organization with the wants and needs of clients.
Tamasheq: ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵜⵉⴾⵓⴰⵉⵜ ⵜⴰⵏ ⴰⵏⵓⵜⵜⴰⴼ ⵉⴷ ⵛⴰⵓⴰⵔⴰ (ⴱⴱⵎ) ⴰⵎⵓⵙ ⵜⴰⵣⵓⵋⵉⴰⵜ ⵏ ⴰⵓⵉⴾⴾⴰⵍ ⵜⵉⵋⴰⵜ ⴼⴰⵍ ⵜⵉⵜⴱⴰⵈⵈⴰ ⴼⵓⴾ ⵏ ⵜⴰⴶⴶⴰⵉⵜ ⵉⴷ ⵜⵉⵎⵗⵓⵜⴰⵔ ⴷ ⴷⵢⵔⵂⴰⵏⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵣⴰⴱⵓⵏ ⵜⴰⵏ
English: Many businesses are operated through a separate entity such as a corporation or a partnership (either formed with or without limited liability).
Tamasheq: ⵜⵉⵗⵓⵛⵂⴰⵓⵢⵏ ⴰⵋⵋⵓⵜⵏⵢⵏ ⴰⵜ ⴰⵆⴷⴰⵎ ⵏⴰⵜ ⵙ ⵜⴰⴶⴶⴰⵉⵢⵏ ⴰⵣⵓⵏⵏⵢⵏ ⵛⵂⵓⵏⴷ ⵛⵓⵔⴱⵓⵔⴰⵜⵉⵓⵏ ⵎⵢⵗ ⴱⴰⵔⵜⵏⵢⵔⵙⵂⵉⴱ (ⵉⵋⵋⴰⵏⵢⵏ ⵙ ⵎⴻⵗ ⵉⴱⴰⵏ ⵍⵉⵎⵉⵜⵢⴷ ⵍⵉⴰⴱⵉⵍⵉⵜⵉ)
English: Generally speaking, shareholders in a corporation, limited partners in a limited partnership, and members in a limited liability company are shielded from personal liability for the debts and obligations of the entity, which is legally treated as a separate "person".
Tamasheq: “ ⴷⴰⵗ ⵎⴰⵋⵔⴰⴷ,ⵎⵓⵙⴰⵂⵉⵎ ⵜⴰⵏ ⴷⴰⵗ ⵛⵓⵔⴱⵓⵔⴰⵜⵉⵓⵏ, ⵍⵉⵎⵉⵜⵢⴷ ⴱⴰⵔⵜⵏⵢⵔⵙ ⴷⴰⵗ ⵍⵉⵎⵉⵜⵢⴷ ⴱⴰⵔⵜⵢⵔⵙⵂⵉⴱ ⴷ ⴰⴷⴷⵉⵏⴰⵜ ⵓⵉ ⴰⵂⴰⵏⵢⵏ ⵍⵉⵎⵉⵜⵢⴷ ⵍⵉⴰⴱⵉⵍⵉⵜⵉ ⵛⵓⵎⴱⴰⵏⵉ ⴰⵗⵍⴰⵙⴰⵏ ⴷⴰⵗ ⴱⵢⵔⵙⵓⵏⴰⵍ ⵍⵉⴰⴱⵉⵍⵉⵜⵉ ⵉ ⵉⵎⴰⵔⵓⴰⵙⴰ ⴷ ⵉⵣⵉⵍⵣⴰⵎ ⵓⵉⵏ ⵜⴰⴶⴶⴰⵉⵜ ⵜ-ⴰⵎⵓⵙⴰⵜ ⴷⴰⵗ ⴰⵛⵂⴰⵔⵢⵗⴰ “”ⴰⵓⴰⴷⵉⵎ” ⴰⵣⵓⵏⴰⵏ
English: The terms of a partnership are partly governed by a partnership agreement if one is created, and partly by the law of the jurisdiction where the partnership is located.
Tamasheq: ⴷⵉⴼⵉⵔ ⵜⵉⵏ ⵛⵂⴰⵔⴰⴾⴰ ⵢⵆⴾⴰⵎ ⴷⴰⵗ ⵙⴰⵏⴰⵜ ⵂⵓⵍⵍⴰⵏ ⵜⴰⵏⵎⵢⵔⴷⵓⵜ ⵏ ⵛⵂⴰⵔⴰⴾⴰ ⴰ ⴼⴰⵍ ⵉⵉⵉⴰⵏ ⴻⵗⵏⴰ ⵜⵓⵍⴰⵙ ⵙ ⴰⵛⵂⵔⵓⵜ ⵉⵉⵉⴰⵏ ⵙ ⴰⵛⵂⴰⵔⵢⵗⴰ ⵏ ⵢⴷⴰⴶ ⵓⴰ ⵢⵂⴰ ⵛⵂⴰⵔⴰⴾⴰ ⵓⵢⵏ ⴷⴰⵗ ⵙⵉⵙⵜⵢⵎ ⴱⴰⵉⴰ ⵜⴰⵏ ⵉⵉⵉⴰⴷ, ⴰⵓⵢⵏ ⵉⵙⴰⵓⴰⴷ ⴰⵓⴰ ⵙ ⵉⵜⴰⵓⴰⵏ ⴰⵏⵓⵜⴼⴰⵙ ⵏ ⴱⴰⵉⴰ ⵜⴰⵏ ⴼⴰⵍ ⴰⵙ ⵙ ⵜⵉⵣⴰⵔⴰⵜ ⵜⴰⴶⴶⴰⵉⵜ ⵜⵉⵣⵣⴰⵍ ⴱⴰⵉⴰ ⴼⴰⵍ ⴰⵔⴰⴱⴰⵆ ⵜⵓⵍⴰⵙ ⴰⵍⵓⴰⵈ ⵓⴰ ⵉⴷ ⵜⵓⵣⴰⵏ ⵜⴰⴶⴶⴰⵉⵜ ⵔⵉⴱⴰ ⵜⴰⵏ ⵏⵢⵜ ⵉ ⵎⵉⵙⵙⴰⵓⵉⵙ, ⴰⴷⴷⵉⵏⴰⵜ ⵉⵍⵣⴰⵎ ⵜⴰⵏ ⴰⴷ ⴰⵋ ⵉⵏ ⵢⴷⴰⴶⴰⵔ ⵏⴰⵙⴰⵏ ⴷⴰⵗ ⵔⵉⴱⴰ ⵜⴰⵏ ⵏⴰⵙⴰⵏ ⴰⵍⵓⴰⵈ ⵓⴰ ⵉⴷ ⴰⴾⵉⵎⵎⴰⵍⴰⵏ ⴰⵙⵉⵍⵎⴰⴷ ⴼⴰⵍ ⵜⵉⵎⵣⴰⵍ ⵏⴰⵙⴰⵏ ⵉ ⴱⴰⵉⴰ ⵜⴰⵏ, ⵜⴰⵜⴱⴰⵈⵢⵜ ⵙ ⴰⵂⵓⵛⵂⴰⵍ ⴱⴰⵉⴰ ⴼⴰⵍ ⵔⵉⴱⴰ
English: In some tax systems, this can give rise to so-called double taxation, because first the corporation pays tax on the profit, and then when the corporation distributes its profits to its owners, individuals have to include dividends in their income when they complete their personal tax returns, at which point a second layer of income tax is imposed.
Tamasheq: ⴷⴰⵗ ⵙⵉⵙⵜⵢⵎ ⴱⴰⵉⴰ ⵜⴰⵏ ⵉⵉⵉⴰⴷ, ⴰⵓⵢⵏ ⵉⵙⴰⵓⴰⴷ ⴰⵓⴰ ⵙ ⵉⵜⴰⵓⴰⵏ ⴰⵏⵓⵜⴼⴰⵙ ⵏ ⴱⴰⵉⴰ ⵜⴰⵏ ⴼⴰⵍ ⴰⵙ ⵙ ⵜⵉⵣⴰⵔⴰⵜ ⵜⴰⴶⴶⴰⵉⵜ ⵜⵉⵣⵣⴰⵍ ⴱⴰⵉⴰ ⴼⴰⵍ ⴰⵔⴰⴱⴰⵆ ⵜⵓⵍⴰⵙ ⴰⵍⵓⴰⵈ ⵓⴰ ⵉⴷ ⵜⵓⵣⴰⵏ ⵜⴰⴶⴶⴰⵉⵜ ⵔⵉⴱⴰ ⵜⴰⵏ ⵏⵢⵜ ⵉ ⵎⵉⵙⵙⴰⵓⵉⵙ, ⴰⴷⴷⵉⵏⴰⵜ ⵉⵍⵣⴰⵎ ⵜⴰⵏ ⴰⴷ ⴰⵋ ⵉⵏ ⵢⴷⴰⴶⴰⵔ ⵏⴰⵙⴰⵏ ⴷⴰⵗ ⵔⵉⴱⴰ ⵜⴰⵏ ⵏⴰⵙⴰⵏ ⴰⵍⵓⴰⵈ ⵓⴰ ⵉⴷ ⴰⴾⵉⵎⵎⴰⵍⴰⵏ ⴰⵙⵉⵍⵎⴰⴷ ⴼⴰⵍ ⵜⵉⵎⵣⴰⵍ ⵏⴰⵙⴰⵏ ⵉ ⴱⴰⵉⴰ ⵜⴰⵏ, ⵜⴰⵜⴱⴰⵈⵢⵜ ⵙ ⴰⵂⵓⵛⵂⴰⵍ ⴱⴰⵉⴰ ⴼⴰⵍ ⵔⵉⴱⴰ
English: """Going public"" through a process known as an initial public offering (IPO) means that part of the business will be owned by members of the public."
Tamasheq: “”ⵉⴾⴾⵉ ⵏ ⴰⴷⴷⵉⵏⴰⵜ’ ⵙ ⵜⴰⵣⵓⵋⵉⵛⵂⵜ ⵜⵉⵓⴰⵙⵙⴰⵏ ⵙ Iⵏⵉⵜⵉⴰⵍ ⴱⵓⴱⵍⵉⵛ Oⴼⴼⵢⵔⵉⵏⴶ (ⵉⴱo) ⴰⵍⵎⴰⵗⵏⴰ ⵏⵢⵜ ⴰⵙ ⴰⵛⵂⵔⵓⵜ ⵏ ⵜⴰⵗⵓⵛⵂⴱⵢ ⴰ ⵜⵉ ⵉⴾⵔⵉⵛⵂⴰⵏ ⴰⴷⴷⵉⵏⴰⵜ ⵓⵉⵏ ⴰⵍⵋⴰⵎⴰⵗⴰⵜ