Tamazight-NLP/NLLB-Seed_Tamasheq-Tifinagh-Script huggingface dataset:
English: Likewise all the other whole numbers are defined by their places in a structure, the number line.
Tamasheq: ⵙⵓⵏⴷ, ⵉⵎⴰⴷⵉⵏⴰⵏ ⴾⵓⵍ ⵓⵉⵉⴰⴷⴷⵢⵏ ⴰⵜⵉⵓⴰⵙⴰⵏⵢⵏ ⴼⴰⵍ ⵢⴷⴰⵋ ⵏⴰⵙⵙⴰⵏ ⴷⴰⵗ ⵜⵢⴷⴰⵋⵉⵜ, ⵜⴰⴱⵢⵔⴰⵜ ⴰⵏ ⵎⴰⴷⵉⵏⴰⵏ.
English: However, its central claim only relates to what kind of entity a mathematical object is, not to what kind of existence mathematical objects or structures have (not, in other words, to their ontology).
Tamasheq: ⴰⴶⵓⴷⵢⵏ, ⴰⵍⴰⵈⵉ ⵏⵢⵙⵙ ⵏⴰⵎⴰⵙⵙ ⵓⴰⵔ ⵢⵈⵢⵍ ⵉⵔⵉ ⴰⵏ ⵜⴰⵗⵍⴰⵜ ⴰⵏ ⵂⴰⵔⴰⵜ ⴰⵏ ⵎⴰⴷⵉⵏ, ⴰⴷⵢⵏ ⵉⵔⵉ ⵏⴰⵎⵢⵍ ⴰⵏ ⵂⴰⵔⴰⵜⴰⵏ ⵎⵢⵗ ⵜⵉⴷⴰⵋⴰⵜⵢⵏ ⴰⵏ ⵎⴰⴷⵉⵏⴰⵏ (ⴷⴰⵗ ⵜⵉⴼⵢⵔ ⵜⵉⵉⴰⴷ, ⴰⵎⴰⴾ ⵏⴰⵙⵙⴰⵏ).
English: Structures are held to have a real but abstract and immaterial existence.
Tamasheq: ⵜⵉⵎⴰⵈⵓⵏⵢⵏ ⴰⵈⵈⴰⵍ ⵏⴰⵜ ⵙⵓⵏⴷ ⴰ ⵉⵍⴰⵏ ⵢⵎⵢⵍ ⴰⴷⴷⵓⵜⵢⵏ ⵎⴰⵛⴰⵏ ⵉⴼⴰⵔⴰⵏ
English: Structures are held to exist inasmuch as some concrete system exemplifies them.
Tamasheq: ⵜⵉⵎⴰⵈⵓⵏⵢⵏ ⴰⵈⴰⵍⵏⴰⵜ ⵙⵓⵏⴷ ⴰⵜⵉⵍⴰⵏ ⴷⴰⵗ ⵜⵓⵔⴷⴰ ⵗⵓⵔ ⴰⵔⴰⵜⴰⵉ ⴰⴷⵓⵜⵢⵏ ⵜⴰⵏ ⴰⵙⵙⵉⵏⴰⵎⴰⵂⴰⵍⴰⵏ.
English: Like nominalism, the post rem approach denies the existence of abstract mathematical objects with properties other than their place in a relational structure.
Tamasheq: ⵙⵓⵏⴷ ⵉⴷⴰⴾⴰⵍⴰⵏ,ⵉⵂⴰⵣ ⵉⵍⴾⴰⵎⴰⵏ ⵉⵢ ⵔⵢⵎ ⴰⵙⵉⴱⴰⵂⴰⵓ ⵢⵎⵢⵍ ⴰⵏ ⵂⴰⵔⴰⵜⴰⵏ ⵎⴰⴷⵉⵏⴰⵏ ⴰⴼⴰⵔⵏⵢⵏ ⵉⵍⴰⵏⵢⵏ ⵉⴾⵔⵓⵛⴰⵏ ⵉⵉⴰⴷ ⵓⴰⵔⵢⵏ ⴰⵎⵓⵙ ⵢⴷⴰⴶ ⵏⴰⵙⵙⴰⵏ ⴷⴰⵗ ⵜⵢⴷⴰⵋⵉⵜ ⵜⴰⵜⵉⵓⴰⵣⴰⵉⴰⵜ.
English: It is held that mathematics is not universal and does not exist in any real sense, other than in human brains.
Tamasheq: ⵏⵢⵜⴾⴰⵍ ⴰⵙ ⵉⵎⴰⴷⵉⵏⴰⵏ ⵓⴰⵔ ⴰⵈⵢⵍⴰⵏ ⴰⵙⵙⵉⵙⴰⵂⴰⵔⴰⵏ ⵉⵣⴰⵔ ⵓⴰⵔⵜⴰⵍⵢⵏ ⴷⴰⵗ ⵜⴰⵏⵏⴰ ⵜⴰⴷⵓⵜⵢⵜ, ⴰⴼⴰⵍ ⵉⴷⵢⵜ ⴷⴰⵗ ⴰⴾⴰⵍⴾⴰⵍ ⵏⴰⵓⴰⴷⴰⵎ.
English: However, the human mind has no special claim on reality or approaches to it built out of math.
Tamasheq: ⴰⴶⵓⴷⵢⵏ, ⵜⴰⵉⴰⵜⵢ ⵏⴰⵓⴰⴷⴰⵎ ⵓⴰⵔ ⵜⵉⵍⴰ ⵜⴰⴱⵢⵔⴰⵜ ⵜⴰⴾⵏⴰⵜ ⴼⴰⵍ ⵜⵉⴷⵉⵜ ⵎⵢⵗ ⴼⴰⵍ ⵜⵉⵂⵣⴰⵓⵢⵏ ⵜⵉⵏ-ⵜⴰ ⵜⴰⴾⴰⵏⴰⵜ ⵗⵓⵔ ⵉⵎⴰⴷⵉⵏⴰⵏ.
English: The most accessible, famous, and infamous treatment of this perspective is Where Mathematics Comes From, by George Lakoff and Rafael E. Núñez.
Tamasheq: ⴰⵋⴰⵔⴰⵓ ⵓⴰ ⵉⴾⵏⴰⵏ ⴰⵜⵓⴰⵙⵙⴰⵏ, ⵓⴰ ⵉⴾⵏⴰⵏ ⴰⴷ ⵓⴰ ⵉⴾⵏⴰⵏ ⵜⵉⵣⵎⴰ ⴰⵏ ⴰⵍⵎⴰⵗⵏⴰⵜ ⵢⵈⴰⵍ ⵓⵂⵢⵔⵢ ⵎⴰⵜⵂⵢⵎⴰⵜⵉⵛⵙ ⵛⵓⵎⵢⵙ ⴼⵔⵓⵎ, ⴰⵏ ⵗⵢⵓⵔⴶ ⵍⴰⴾⵓⴼⴼ ⴰⴷ ⵔⴰⴼⴰⵢⵍ . ⵏⵓⵏⵢⵣ. .
English: Franklin, James (2014), "An Aristotelian Realist Philosophy of Mathematics", Palgrave Macmillan, Basingstoke; Franklin, James (2021), "Mathematics as a science of non-abstract reality: Aristotelian realist philosophies of mathematics," Foundations of Science 25.
Tamasheq: ." ⴼⵔⴰⵏⴾⵍⵉⵏ, ⵋⴰⵎⵢⵙ(2014), ""ⴰⵏ ⴰⵔⵉⵙⵜⵓⵜⵢⵍⵉⴰⵏ ⵔⵢⴰⵍⵉⵙⵜ ⴱⵂⵉⵍⵓⵙⵓⴱⵂⵉ ⵓⴼ ⵎⴰⵜⵂⵢⵎⴰⵜⵉⵛⵙ "", ⴱⴰⵍⴶⵔⴰⴱⵢ ⵎⴰⵛⵎⵉⵍⵍⴰⵏ, ⴱⴰⵙⵉⵏⴶⵙⵜⵓⴾⵢ; ⴼⵔⴰⵏⴾⵍⵉⵏ, ⵋⴰⵎⵢⵙ (2021), ""ⵎⴰⵜⵂⵢⵎⴰⵜⵉⵛⵙ ⴰⵙ ⴰ ⵙⵛⵉⵢⵏⵛⵢ ⵓⴼ ⵏⵓⵏ-ⴰⴱⵙⵜⵔⴰⵛⵜ ⵔⵢⴰⵍⵉⵜⵉ: ⴰⵔⵉⵙⵜⵓⵜⵢⵍⵉⴰⵏ ⵔⵢⴰⵍⵉⵙⵜ ⴱⵂⵉⵍⵓⵙⵓⴱⵂⵉⵢⵙ ⵓⴼ ⵎⴰⵜⵂⵢⵎⴰⵜⵉⵛⵙ", "ⴼⵓⵓⵏⴷⴰⵜⵉⵓⵏⵙ ⵓⴼ ⵙⵛⵉⴱⵏⵛⵢ 25".
English: The Euclidean arithmetic developed by John Penn Mayberry in his book The Foundations of Mathematics in the Theory of Sets also falls into the Aristotelian realist tradition.
Tamasheq: ⵜⴰⵎⵓⵙⵏⵢ ⴰⵏ ⵎⴰⴷⵉⵏ ⵓⵉⵏ ⵢⵓⵛⵍⵉⴷ ⵋⵓⵂⵏ ⴱⵢⵏⵏ ⵎⴰⵉⴱⵢⵔⵔⵉ ⴷⴰⵗ ⴰⵍⴾⴰⴷ ⵉⵏⵢⵙⵙ ⵜⵂⵢ ⴼⵓⵓⵏⴷⴰⵜⵉⵓⵏⵙ ⵓⴼ ⵎⴰⵜⵂⵢⵎⴰⵜⵉⵛⵙ ⵉⵏ ⵜⵂⵢ ⵜⵂⵢⵔⵉ ⵓⴼ ⵙⵢⵜⵙ ⵉⴾⵜⴰⴱ ⴷⵢⵗ ⴷⴰⵗ ⵉⴶⵓⵣ ⴰⴷⵓⵜⵢⵏ ⴰⵏ ⴰⵔⵉⵙⵜⴰⵜⵢ.
English: Edmund Husserl, in the first volume of his Logical Investigations, called "The Prolegomena of Pure Logic", criticized psychologism thoroughly and sought to distance himself from it.
Tamasheq: "ⴰⴷⵎⵓⵏⴷ ⵂⵓⵙⵙⵢⵔⵍ, ⴷⴰⵗ ⵜⴰⵋⵓⵜⵢ ⵜⴰⵣⴰⵔⴰⵜ ⵜⴰⵏ ⵓⵎⵗⴰⵓⵢⵏ ⵉⴾⵏⴰⵏⵢⵏ, ⵙⵉⵜⴰⵓⴰⵏⴰ ""ⴱⵔⵓⵍⵢⴶⵓⵓⵎⵢⵏⵢⵙ ⵜⴰⵏ ⵜⵉⴷⵉⵜ ⵜⴰⵙⵓⵂⵢⵜ", ⵜⵉⵣⵎⴰ ⴷⴰⵗ ⴰⵜⵍⴰⵈⵉ ⴰⵏ ⴰⵏⵉⵉⴰⵜ ⴰⴷ ⵓⵎⴰⵗ ⴰⵏ ⴰⵙⵙⴰⵏⵉⵎⵉⵋⴰⵋ".
English: That is, since physics needs to talk about electrons to say why light bulbs behave as they do, then electrons must exist.
Tamasheq: ⴰⵙ ⵉⵜⴰⵓⴰⵏⴰ, ⴼⴰⵍⴰⵙ ⵎⴰⵏⵂⵓⵉ ⵜⴰⵔⵂⴰ ⴰⵜⴰⵎⴰⴶⵔⴰⴷ ⴼⴰⵍ ⵢⵍⵢⴰⵜⵔⵓⵏⵜⴰⵏ ⵉⵢ ⵜⴰⵏⵏⴰ ⴰⵏ ⵎⴰⴼⴰⵍ ⴰⵎⴷⵓⵍⴰⵏ ⵓⵉⵏ ⴾⴰⵔⴰⵏ ⵉⵜⴰⵋ ⵉⵏⵉⵜⴰⵏ ⵙⵓⵏⴷ ⵜⴰⵋⴰⵏⴰⵜ, ⵎⴰⴰⵂⴰⵏ ⵢⵍⵢⴰⵜⵔⵓⵏⵜⴰⵏ ⴰⵜⴰⵎⵍⴰⵏ.
English: It argues for the existence of mathematical entities as the best explanation for experience, thus stripping mathematics of being distinct from the other sciences.
Tamasheq: ⵜⵉⴶⴰⵣ ⵢⵎⵢⵍ ⴰⵏ ⵂⴰⵔⴰⵜⴰⵏ ⴰⵏ ⵎⴰⴷⵉⵏⴰⵏ ⵙⵓⵏⴷ ⴰⵍⴰⵗⵉ ⵉⴾⵏⴰⵏ ⴰⵏ ⵎⵓⵙⵏⴰⵜ, ⵜⴰⴷⴶⴰⵍⴰⵜ ⵉⴻ ⵎⴰⴷⵉⵏⴰⵏ ⵉⵢ ⵜⴰⵍⵗⴰ ⵜⴰⴱⴷⴰⵜ ⴰⴷ ⵜⴰⵎⵓⵙⵏⴰⵓⴻ ⵜⵉⵉⴰⴷⵏⴻⵏ.
English: This grew from the increasingly popular assertion in the late 20th century that no one foundation of mathematics could be ever proven to exist.
Tamasheq: ⴰⵍⵎⴰⵗⵏⴰⵜ ⵏⴰⵂⴰⵏⴰⵉ ⵓⵢⵏ ⴰⵓⵢⴰ ⵗⵓⵔ ⵜⴰⵏⵏⴰ ⵜⴰⴾⵏⴰ ⴰⵜⵓⴰⵣⵉⵉ ⴰⵗⵓⵔ ⵙⴰⵎⴷⵓ ⴰⵏ 20 ⵜⵉⵎⴰⴰ ⵏⵢⵍⴰⵏ ⴰⵓⴰⵙⵜⴰⵎⵓⵙ ⵢⵎⵢⵍ ⴰⵏ ⵙⴰⵏⵜⵓ ⴰⵏ ⵎⴰⴷⵉⵏⴰⵏ ⵓⴰⵔ ⵉⵍⴾⵢⵎ ⴰⴷⴰⴷⴰⴱⴰⵜ ⴰⵜⵓⴰⵙⴰⴾⴰⵏ.ⴰ
English: A mathematical argument can transmit falsity from the conclusion to the premises just as well as it can transmit truth from the premises to the conclusion.
Tamasheq: ⵙⴰⴾⵏⵢ ⴰⵏ ⵎⴰⴷⵉⵏⴰⵏ ⴰⴷⵓⴱⴰⵜ ⵉⵂⵓⴾ ⴰⵏ ⴱⴰⵂⵓ ⴰⵏ ⵙⴰⵎⴰⴷⵓ ⵉⵢ ⵉⵂⵓⴾⴰⵏ ⴾⵓⵍ ⵉⵢ ⵜⴰⴷⴰⴱⵉⵜ ⴷⵢⵗ ⵜⴰⵏⵏⴰ ⴰⵏ ⵜⵉⴷⵉⵜ ⴰⵏ ⵉⵂⵓⴾⴰⵏ ⵗⵓⵔ ⵙⴰⵎⴰⴷⵓ.
English: He gave a detailed argument for this in New Directions.
Tamasheq: ⵉⴾⴼⴰ ⵙⴰⴾⵏⵓ ⵉⵎⴷⴰⵏ ⵗⵓⵔ ⴱⴰⵜⵓ ⵓⴰ ⴷⴰⵗ ⵏⵢⵓ ⵢⵉⵔⵢⵛⵜⵉⵓⵏⵙ.
English: If mathematics is just as empirical as the other sciences, then this suggests that its results are just as fallible as theirs, and just as contingent.
Tamasheq: ⵙ ⵉⵎⴰⴷⵉⵏⴰⵏ ⴰⵈⴰⵍⴰⵏ ⴾⵓⵍ ⴷⵢⵗ ⵉⵔⵓⵎ ⵙⵓⵏⴷ ⵜⵉⵎⵓⵙⵏⴰⵓⵢⵏ ⵜⵉⵉⴰⴷⵏⵢⵏ, ⴰⵓⵢⵏ ⵉⵂⴰⴾⵓ ⴰⵙ ⵉⵍⴾⵓⵎⴰⵏ ⴰⵈⴰⵍⴰⵏ ⴾⵓⵍ ⴷⵢⵗ ⵉⵎⵜⵉⵍⵉⵜⴰⵏ ⵉⵢ ⵓⵉⵏⴰⵙⴰⵏ, ⵉⵣⴰⵔ ⴰⴶⴰⴷⴰⵏ ⴷⵢⵗ ⴾⵓⵍ.
English: For a philosophy of mathematics that attempts to overcome some of the shortcomings of Quine and Gödel's approaches by taking aspects of each see Penelope Maddy's Realism in Mathematics.
Tamasheq: ⵗⵢ ⵎⴰⴶⵔⴰⴷ ⴰⵏ ⵎⴰⴶⵔⵉⴷⴰⵏ ⵓⴰ ⵉⵜⵉⵔⵎⴰⵏ ⵢⵓⵢⵔ ⵏ ⵉⴱⴰⵏ ⵜⴰⵍⴰⵜⵢⵏ ⵜⵉⵉⴰⴷ ⴰⵏ ⵉⵂⵓⵣⴰⵏ ⴰⵏ ⵔⵓⵉⵏⵢ ⴰⴷ ⵗⵓⴷⵢⵍ ⴷⴰⵗ ⴰⵜⴾⵓⵍ ⴰⵏ ⵉⵔⵉⵜⴰⵏ ⵓⵉⵏ ⵉⵉⴰⵜ, ⴰⴾⴰⵉⴰⴷ ⵢⴰⵍⵉⵙⵎ ⵉⵏ ⵎⴰⵜⵂⵢⵎⴰⵜⵉⴰⵙ ⵓⴰⵏ ⴱⵢⵏⵢⵍⵓⴱⵢ ⵎⴰⴷⴷⵉ.
English: He started with the "betweenness" of Hilbert's axioms to characterize space without coordinatizing it, and then added extra relations between points to do the work formerly done by vector fields.
Tamasheq: " ⴰⵙⵙⴰⵏⵜⴰ ⴼⴰⵍ ⵋⴰⵔ-ⵉⵉⴰⵏ ⵜⴰⵏⵏⴰⵜⵢⵏ ⵜⵉⵏ ⵗⵉⵍⴱⵢⵔⵜ ⵉⵢ ⵢⴱⴰⴷⵉ ⴰⵏ ⵢⴷⴰⵋ ⴰⵙ ⵓⴰⵔ ⴰⵎⵙⴰⴷⴰⵓ,ⵉⵣⴰⵔ ⴰⵙⵙⵢⵓⴰⴷ ⵉⴱⴰⴷⵉⵜⴰⴱ ⴰⵓⵢⴷⵢⵏ ⵋⴰⵔ ⴷⴰⴶⴰⵏ ⵉⵢ ⵉⵋⵉ ⴰⵏ ⴰⵛⴰⵗⴰⵍ ⵓⴰ ⵉⵋⴰⵏ ⴰⵔⵓ ⴼⴰⵍ ⵉⴷⴰⴶⴰⵏ ⵓⵉⵏ ⵜⴰⵙⵙⴰⵔⴰⴷ".
English: By this account, there are no metaphysical or epistemological problems special to mathematics.
Tamasheq: ⵉⵓⵔ ⴰⵙⵙⵢⴷⴰⵏ,ⵓⴰⵔ ⵜⴰⵍⵢⵏ ⵜⴰⵔⴰⵈⴰⵏ ⴰⵏ ⵜⵉⵎⵓⵙⵏⴰⵓⵢⵏ ⵎⵢⵗ ⵜⵉⵏⵂⴰⴷⵢⵏ ⵓⵍⴰⵂⵏⵢⵏ ⴰⴷ ⵎⴰⴷⵉⵏⴰⵏ.
English: However, while on an empiricist view the evaluation is some sort of comparison with "reality", social constructivists emphasize that the direction of mathematical research is dictated by the fashions of the social group performing it or by the needs of the society financing it.
Tamasheq: " ⴰⴶⵓⴷⵢⵏ, ⴰⵙ ⵉⵋⴰ ⴰⵓⵢⵏ ⴷⴰⵗ ⵜⵉⵔⵎⴰ ⵏⴰⵂⴰⵏⴰⵉ ⴰⵙⵙⴰⴾⴰⵏ ⵢⵈⴰⵍ ⴰⵎⴰⴾ ⵏⴰⵙⴰⵏⵉⵎⵉⵋⴰⵔ ⴷⴰⵗ ""ⵜⵉⴷⵉⵜ"" ,ⵉⵎⵓⵗⴰⵏⴰⵏ ⴰⴷⵢⵓⵏⵢⵏ ⵉⵏⵏⴰⵏ ⴰⵙ ⵓⵏⴰⴷ ⵓⴰⵏ ⵓⵎⴰⵗ ⴰⵏ ⵎⴰⴷⵉⵏⴰⵏ ⴰⵜⵉⵓⴰⵏⴰ ⴼⴰⵍ ⴰⵍⵎⴰⵗⵏⴰ ⴰⵎⵙⴰⴷⵓ ⴰⵏ ⵜⴰⵔⵜⵉⵜ ⵜⵉⵜⴰⵋⴰⵜ ⵎⵢⵗ ⵜⴰⵔⵂⴰⵜⵢⵏ ⵜⴰⵔⵜⵉⵜ ⵜⴰⵂⴰⵙ ⵜⴰⵍⵉⵍⴰⵜ".
English: But social constructivists argue that mathematics is in fact grounded by much uncertainty: as mathematical practice evolves, the status of previous mathematics is cast into doubt, and is corrected to the degree it is required or desired by the current mathematical community.
Tamasheq: ⵎⴰⵛⴰⵏ ⵜⴰⵔⵜⵉⵜ ⴰⵏ ⵉⵎⵓⵗⴰⵏⴰⵏ ⴰⵍⵉⵍⴰⵏ ⴰⵙ ⵉⵎⴰⴷⵉⵏⴰⵏ ⴰⵈⴰⵍⴰⵏ ⴰⵉⵋⴰⵏ ⴼⴰⵍ ⵉⴱⴰⵏ ⵜⵓⵔⴷⴰ ⵎⴰⵈⴰⵔⴰⵜ : ⴷⴰⵗ ⵉⴾⵓⵉ ⴰⵏ ⵉⵋⵉ ⵎⴰⴷⵉⵏⴰⵏ ⵉⵜⵉⵓⴰⴷ, ⵎⵓⵣⵉⴰⵜ ⴰⵏ ⵎⴰⴷⵉⵏⴰⵏ ⴰⵣⴰⵔⵏⵢⵏ ⵉⴶⴰⵛ ⵉⴱⴰⵏ ⴰⴷⴰⵜⵓ, ⵉⵣⴰⵔ ⵉⴾⵏⴰ ⴷⴰⵗ ⵉⴾⵓⵉ ⴰⵏ ⴷⵉⵂⴰⴷ ⴰⵂⵓⵛⴰⵍ ⵎⵢⵗ ⵜⴰⵔⵂⴰ ⴰⵏ ⵜⴰⵏⴼⵓ ⵎⴰⴷⵉⵏⴰⵏ ⵏⵉⵛⵔⴰⵉ.
English: The social nature of mathematics is highlighted in its subcultures.
Tamasheq: ⵉⵔⵉ ⴰⵏ ⵜⴰⵔⵜⵉⵜ ⵜⴰⵏ ⵎⴰⴷⵉⵏⴰⵏ ⵉⴶⴰⵛ ⵎⴰⵏⵂⵓⵉ ⴷⴰⵗ ⴷⴰⵓ-ⵉⵋⵉⵜⴰⵏ.
English: Social constructivists see the process of "doing mathematics" as actually creating the meaning, while social realists see a deficiency either of human capacity to abstractify, or of human's cognitive bias, or of mathematicians' collective intelligence as preventing the comprehension of a real universe of mathematical objects.
Tamasheq: ⵉⵎⵓⵗⴰⵏⴰⵏ ⴰⵔⵜⴰⵉⵏⵢⵏ ⵉⵋⴰⵏ ⴰⵙ ⵜⴰⴱⵢⵔⴰⵜ ⵜⴰⵏ ⵉⵋⵉ ⴰⵏ ⵎⴰⴷⵉⵏⴰⵏ ⵉⵜⴰⵋ ⴰⵙ ⵜⵉⴷⵉⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⵏⴰ, ⴰⴶⵓⴷⵢⵏ ⵉⵎⴰⴷⵓⵜⴰ ⴰⵔⵜⴰⵉⵏⵢⵏ ⵉⵋⴰⵏ ⴰⵙ ⵉⴱⴰ ⴰⵙⵓⵂⵓ ⵓⵈⴰⵍ ⵜⴰⴷⴱⵉⵜ ⵏⴰⵓⴰⴷⴰⵎ ⵉⵢ ⵢⴱⴰⴷⵉ, ⵎⵓⵗ ⴰⵏ ⴰⵛⵔⵓⵜ ⴰⵏ ⵎⵓⵣⵉⴰⵜ ⵏⴰⵓⴰⴷⴰⵎ,ⵎⵢⵗ ⵜⴰⵉⵉⵜⵢ ⵜⴰⵋⵢⵜ əⵏ ⵎⴰⴷⵉⵏⴰⵏ ⵜⴰⴷⴶⴰⵍ ⴰⵍⴰⵎⴰⴷ ⴰⵏ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵗⵍⵓⵈ ⵜⴰⴷⵓⵜⴻⵜ ⴰⵏ ⵂⴰⵔⴰⵜⴰⵏ ⴰⵏ ⵎⴰⴷⵉⵏⴰⵏ.
English: More recently Paul Ernest has explicitly formulated a social constructivist philosophy of mathematics.
Tamasheq: ⴷⴰⵗ ⵉⵛⵔⴰⵉ, ⴱⴰⵓⵍ ⵔⵏⴻⵙⵜ ⴰⵎⴰⴶⵔⴰⴷ ⴷⴰⵗ ⵜⴰⵏⵏⴰ ⴰⵏ ⵎⴰⴶⵔⴰⴷ ⴰⵏ ⵜⵉⴷⴰⵓⵜ-ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵈⵓⵏⵜ ⴰⵏ ⵎⴰⴷⵉⵏⴰⵏ.
English: For example, the tools of linguistics are not generally applied to the symbol systems of mathematics, that is, mathematics is studied in a markedly different way from other languages.
Tamasheq: ⴰⵙ ⵙⵓⵏⴷ,ⵂⴰⵔⴰⵜⴰⵏ ⵓⵉⵏ ⵎⴰⴶⵔⴰⴷ ⵓⴰⵔ ⵉⴾⵏⵢⵏ ⵂⵓⵍⵢⵏ ⵉⵋⵉ ⵗⵓⵔ ⴰⵔⴰⵜⴰⵉ ⴰⵏ ⵢⵛⵓⴰⵍⴰⵏ ⴰⵏ ⵎⴰⴷⵉⵏⴰⵏ, ⴰⴷⴰⵔ-ⵜⵉ-ⴷⵉⵍⴰ ⴰⵙ ⵉⵎⴰⴷⵉⵏⴰⵏ ⴰⵜⵉⵓⴰⵗⵔⴰⵏ ⴷⴰⵗ ⴰⵍⵎⴰⵗⵏⴰⵜ ⵉⴾⵏⴰⵏ ⵢⴱⴰⴷⵉ ⴷⴰⵗ ⵎⵉⴶⵔⵉⴷⴰⵏ ⵓⵉⵉⴰⴷⴷⵢⵏ.
English: However, the methods developed by Frege and Tarski for the study of mathematical language have been extended greatly by Tarski's student Richard Montague and other linguists working in formal semantics to show that the distinction between mathematical language and natural language may not be as great as it seems.
Tamasheq: ⴰⴶⵓⴷⵢⵏ,ⵜⵉⵎⴾⴰⵔⴰⵓⵢⵏ ⴰⵓⵢⴷⵏⵢⵏ ⴰⵙ ⴼⵔⵢⴶⵢ ⴰⴷ ⵜⴰⵔⵙⴾⵉ ⵉⵢ ⵜⴰⵗⴰⵔⵢ ⴰⵏ ⵎⴰⴶⵔⴰⴷ ⴰⵏ ⵎⴰⴷⵉⵏⴰⵏ ⴰⵈⴰⵍⵏⴰⵜ ⵜⴰⵂⵓⵔⵓⵜ ⴰⵙ ⵔⵉⴰⵂⴰⵔⴷ ⵎⵓⵏⵜⴰⴶⵓⴻ,ⴰⵜⴰⵍⵉⴱ ⴰⵏ ⵜⴰⵔⵙⴾⵉ, ⴰⵙ ⴾⴰⵍ ⵎⴰⴶⵔⴰⴷ ⵉⵉⴰ ⴰⵛⵢⵗⴰⵍⵏⵢⵏ ⴷⴰⵗ ⵜⴰⴱⵢⵔⴰⵜ ⵜⴰⵏ ⵎⴰⴶⵔⴰⴷ ⴰⵜⵉⵓⴰⵣⴰⵉⴰⵏ, ⵗⵓⵔ ⴰⵙⵙⴰⴾⴰⵏ ⵢⴱⴰⴷⵉ ⵋⴰⵔ ⵎⴰⴶⵔⴰⴷ ⴰⵏ ⵎⴰⴷⵉⵏⴰⵏ ⴰⴷ ⵎⴰⴶⵔⴰⴷ ⴰⵂⵓⵙⴾⵢⵏ ⵓⴰⵔ ⴰⴷⵓⴱⴰⵜ ⴷⵢⵗ ⵜⴰⵎⵗⴰⵔⵢ ⴰⵙ ⴰⵓⴰ ⴰⴷⵓⴱⴰⵜ.
English: The assertion that "all" entities postulated in scientific theories, including numbers, should be accepted as real is justified by confirmation holism.
Tamasheq: " ⴰⵍⴰⵆⵉ ⵓⴰⵙ ⵉⵏⵜⴰ "ⴾⵓⵍⵏⴰⵙⵏⴰⵜ" ⴰⴷⵉⵏⴰⵜ ⴷⴰⵍⵏⵢⵏ ⴷⴰⵗ ⵜⵉⵎⴾⴰⵔⴰⵓⵢⵏ ⴰⵏ ⵜⵉⵎⵓⵙⵏⴰⵓⵢⵏ, ⴰⴷ ⴰⵔⵜⴰⵉⴰⵏ ⵎⴰⴷⵉⵏⴰⵏ,ⴰⴷⴰⵈⴰⵍⵏⴰⵜ ⴰⵜⵉⵓⴰⵔⴷⴰⵏ ⵙⵓⵏⴷ ⴰⴷⵓⵜⵢⵏ ⴰⵜⵉⵓⴰⵍⴰⵈⴰⵜ ⴷⴰⵗ ⴰⴶⴰⴷ ⴰⴷⵓⵜⵢⵏ".
English: Field developed his views into fictionalism.
Tamasheq: ⴼⵉⵢⵍⴷ ⴰⵙⴰⵎⵗⴰⵔ ⵜⵉⵎⴰⵏⵂⵓⵉⵢⵏ ⵏⵢⵙⵙ ⴷⴰⵗ ⵜⵉⴶⵓⵣⵙⵜ.
English: The argument hinges on the idea that a satisfactory naturalistic account of thought processes in terms of brain processes can be given for mathematical reasoning along with everything else.
Tamasheq: ⵙⴰⴾⵏⵓⵉ ⵍⵢⵜ ⴼⴰⵍ ⴰⵏⵉⴰⵜ ⴰⵏ ⵜⴰⵏⴼⵓⵙⵜ ⵜⴰⵈⴰⵍⴰⵜ ⵜⵉⴷⵉⵜ ⵜⴰⴶⵔⴰⵣⴰⵜ ⴰⵏ ⴰⵙⵙⴰⵎⴰⵜⵓⵉ ⴰⵏ ⵜⴰⵉⴰⵜⵢ ⵜⴰⴷⵓⴱⴰⵜ ⴰⵜⵓⴰⵂⴰⴾ ⵉⵓ ⵙⴰⴾⵏⵓ ⵎⴰⴷⵉⵏⴰⵏ ⵙⵓⵏⴷ ⴷⴰⵗ ⴰⵛⵔⵓⵜ ⴾⵓⵍ.
English: Another line of defense is to maintain that abstract objects are relevant to mathematical reasoning in a way that is non-causal, and not analogous to perception.
Tamasheq: ⵜⴰⵙⵙⴰⵔⵢⵜ ⵉⵉⴰⵜ ⴰⵏ ⵉⴶⵓⵣ ⵜⴰⵈⴰⵍ ⵜⵉⵍⴰⵍⵜ ⴰⵙ ⵂⴰⵔⴰⵜⴰⵏ ⵓⵉ ⴰⴼⴰⵢⵏⵢⵏ ⴰⵏⵉⵂⴰⵋⴰⵏ ⴷⴰⵗ ⴰⴷⴰⵜⵓ ⴰⵏ ⵎⴰⴷⵉⵏⴰⵏ ⴷⴰⵗ ⴰⵍⵎⴰⵗⵏⴰ ⵓⴰⵔⵢⵏ ⵉⵋⴰ, ⴰⴷ ⵓⴰⵔⵢⵏ ⵉⴶⴷⵢⵂ ⴷⴰⵗ ⵎⵓⵙⵏⴰⵜ.
English: By way of example, they provide two proofs of the irrationality of .
Tamasheq: ⴱⵓⵔ ⵢⵗⴰⴼ ⵎⵉⵍⵂⴰⵓ, ⵂⴰⴾⴰⵏ ⴰⵙⵙⵉⵏ ⵙⴰⴷⵓⵜⴰⵏ ⵓⴰⵔⵢⵏ ⵉⴾⵏⴰ.
English: Paul Erdős was well known for his notion of a hypothetical "Book" containing the most elegant or beautiful mathematical proofs.
Tamasheq: « ⴱⴰⵓⵍ ⵢⵔⴷⴱⵙ ⵉⴾⵏⴰ ⴰⵜⵓⴰⵣⵉ ⴷⴰⵗ ⴰⵍⴰⵎⴰⴷ ⴰⵏ ⵓⴾⴰⵙⵙ ""ⴰⵍⴾⴰⴷ"" ⵂⴰⵏⴰⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⴰⵜⵢⵏ ⴰⵏ ⵎⴰⴷⵉⵏⴰⵏ ⵓⵉ ⴰⴾⵏⴰⵏⵢⵏ ⵜⴰⵂⵓⵙⴾⴰⵜ ⵎⵢⵗ ⵓⵉ ⴰⴾⵏⴰⵏⵢⵏ ⵜⵉⵂⵓⵙⴰⵉ".
English: By the same token, however, philosophers of mathematics have sought to characterize what makes one proof more desirable than another when both are logically sound.
Tamasheq: ⵎⴰⵛⴰⵏ, ⴼⴰⵍ ⵉⵉⴰⵜ, ⵉⵏⴰⵎⵓⴶⵔⴰⴷ ⴰⵏ ⵎⴰⴷⵉⵏⴰⵏ ⴰⵎⴰⵗⴰⵏ ⵉⵢ ⵢⴱⴰⴷⵉ ⴰⵓⴰ ⵉⵂⴰⴾⴰⵏ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵜⵢⵔⵜ ⴰⵎⵓⴾⴰⵏ ⴰⵏ ⵜⴰⵔⵂⴰ ⴼⴰⵍ ⵉⵉⴰⵜ ⴰⴶⵓⴷ ⵓⴰⴷ ⵜⵉⵏ ⵙⴰⵏⴰⵜⴰⵜ ⴰⵈⴰⵍⵏⴰⵜ ⴰⵉⴾⵏⴰⵏ ⴰⵙⵓⵂⵓ.
English: Philosophy of mind is a branch of philosophy that studies the ontology and nature of the mind and its relationship with the body.
Tamasheq: ⵎⴰⴶⵔⴰⴷ ⴰⵏ ⴰⵏⵉⴰⵜ ⵢⵈⴰⵍ ⴰⵛⵔⵓⵜ ⵓⴰⵏ ⵎⴰⴶⵔⴰⴷ ⵓⴰ ⵉⴾⵉⴰⴷⴰⵏ ⵓⴼⴰⵔ ⴰⴷ ⴰⵍⵎⴰⵗⵏⴰⵜ ⴰⵏ ⴰⵏⵉⵉⴰⵜ ⴰⴷ ⵜⴰⵔⵜⵉⵜ ⵉⵏⵢⵙ ⴷⴰⵗ ⵉⵎⴰⵏ.
English: Dualism and monism are the two central schools of thought on the mind–body problem, although nuanced views have arisen that do not fit one or the other category neatly.
Tamasheq: ⴷⵓⴰⵍⵉⵣⵎ ⴷ ⵎⵓⵏⵉⵣⵎ ⴰⵏⵂⴰⵔⴰⵋ ⴰⴷ ⴰⵈⴰⵍⴰⵏ ⵍⵉⴰⵓⵉⵜⵢⵏ ⵜⵉⵛⴰⵎⵏⵢⵏ ⴰⵏ ⴰⵏⴰⵣⴶⵓⵎ ⴼⴰⵍ ⵜⴰⵔⴰⵈⴰⵏ ⵉⵎⴰⵏ-ⴰⵏⵉⵉⴰⵜ,ⵂⴰⵔⵓⴰ ⵢⴷⴰⴶⴰⵏ ⵏⴰⵂⴰⵏⴰⵉ ⴰⵣⵍⴰⵉⵏⵢⵏ ⵉⵣⵋⴰⵔⴰⵏⵉⴷ ⵓⴰⵔ ⵓⵍⴰⵂⴰⵏ ⴷⴰⵗ ⵉⵉⴰⵜ ⵎⵢⵗ ⵉⵔⵉ ⵉⵉⴰⵜ ⴰⵏ ⴰⵍⵎⴰⵗⵏⴰⵜ ⵜⴰⴾⵏⴰⵜ.
English: Hart, W.D. (1996) "Dualism", in Samuel Guttenplan (org) A Companion to the Philosophy of Mind, Blackwell, Oxford, 265-7.
Tamasheq: " ⵂⴰⵔⵜ,ⵓ.ⵢ. (1996)"ⵢⵓⴰⵍⵉⵙⵎ"", ⵉⵏ ⵙⴰⵎⵓⵢⵍ ⵗⵓⵜⵜⵢⵏⴱⵍⴰⵏ (ⵓⵔⴶ) ⴰ ⵛⵓⵎⵜⵜⴰⵏⵉⵓⵏ ⵜⵓ ⵜⵂⵢ ⴱⵂⵉⵍⵓⵙⵓⴱⵂⵉ ⵓⴼ ⵎⵉⵏⴷ, ⴱⵍⴰⵛⴾⵓⵢⵍⵍ,Oⵆⴼⵓⵔⴷ,265-7".
English: Pinel, J. Psychobiology, (1990) Prentice Hall, Inc. LeDoux, J. (2002) The Synaptic Self: How Our Brains Become Who We Are, New York:Viking Penguin.
Tamasheq: ⴱⵉⵏⵢⵍ, ⵋ. ⴱⵙⵉⵛⵂⵓⴱⵉⵓⵍⵓⴶⵉ (1990) ⴱⵔⵢⵏⵜⵉⵛⵢ ⵂⴰⵍⵍ,ⵉⵏⵛ. ⵍⵢⵢⵓⵓⵆ, ⵋ. (2002), ⵙⵉⵏⴰⴱⵜⵉⵛ ⵙⵢⵍⴼ: ⵉⵏⴷⵢⴾ ⵉⵎⵎⵉⴾ ⵓⴰ ⵙ ⴻⵈⵈⴰⵍ ⴰⴾⵉⵍⴾⵉⵍ ⵏⴰⵏⴰⴶⵂ ⴰⵓⴰ ⵏ ⴰⵎⵓⵙ,ⵏⵢⵓ ⵗⵓⵔⴾ: ⴱⵉⴾⵉⵏⴶ ⴱⵢⵏⴶⵓⵉⵏ.
English: Psychological Predicates", in W. H. Capitan and D. D. Merrill, eds.,
Tamasheq: ⵉⵂⵓⴾⴰⵜⴰⵏ ⵏⴰⵏⵉⵉⴰⵜ, ⴷⴰⵗ ⵓ. ⵂ. ⴰⴰⴷⵉⵜⴰⵏ ⴰⴷ ⵢ. ⵢ. ⵎⵢⵔⵔⵉⵍⵍ, ⴰⵣⵋⵓⵔ.
English: Secondly, intentional states of consciousness do not make sense on non-reductive physicalism.
Tamasheq: ⴱⵓⵔ ⵢⴷⴰⴶ ⵓⴰⵙ ⴰⵙⵙⵉⵏ, ⵉⴷⴰⴶⴰⵏ ⵓⵉⵏ ⴰⵍⴰⵎⴰⴷⴰⵜ ⴰⵏ ⴰⵏⵉⵉⴰⵜ ⵓⴰⵔⵍⵢⵏ ⵜⴰⵏⵏⴰ ⵗⵓⵔ ⵜⴰⵗⴰⵙⵙⴰ ⵓⴰⵔⵢⵏ ⴼⴰⵏⴰⵣ.
English: Someone's desire for a slice of pizza, for example, will tend to cause that person to move his or her body in a specific manner and in a specific direction to obtain what he or she wants.
Tamasheq: ⵜⴰⵔⵂⴰ ⴰⵏ ⴰⵓⴰⴷⴰⵎ ⵉⵢ ⵜⴰⵜⴰⵜⵢ ⴰⵛⵔⵓⵜ ⴰⵏ ⴷⵉⵣⵣⴰ, ⵙⵓⵏⴷ,ⵉⴾⵔⴰⵛ ⵜⴰⴱⵢⵔⴰⵜ ⵉⵢ ⴰⴶⴰⵉ ⴰⵓⴰⴷⴰⵎ ⴰⵙⵙⴰⵎⴰⵜⴰⴾⵓⵉ ⴰⵏ ⵉⵎⴰⵏ ⴷⴰⵗ ⴰⵍⵎⴰⵗⵏⴰⵜ ⵜⴰⴾⵏⴰⵜ ⵉⵓ ⴰⵋⴰⵔⴰⵓ ⵏⴰⵓⴰ ⵜⴰⵔⵂⴰ.
English: Robinson, H. (1983): "Aristotelian dualism", Oxford Studies in Ancient Philosophy 1, 123–44.
Tamasheq: ⵔⵓⴱⵉⵏⵙⵓⵏ, ⵂ. (1983) : ""ⴰⵏⵎⴰⵂⴰⵔⴰⵋ ⵓⵉⵏ ⴰⵔⵉⵙⵜⵓⵜⵢ"", Oⵆⴼⵓⵔⴷ ⵙⵜⵓⴷⵉⵢⵙ ⵉⵏ ⴰⵏⴰⵉⵢⵏⵜ ⴷⵂⵉⵍⵓⵙⵉⴷⵂⵉ 1,123-44".
English: They would almost certainly deny that the mind simply is the brain, or vice versa, finding the idea that there is just one ontological entity at play to be too mechanistic or unintelligible.
Tamasheq: ⵓⴰⵔ ⵙⴰⴱⵉⵂⵓⵓⴰⵏ ⵙⵓⵏⴷ ⵜⵉⴷⵉⵜ ⴰⵙ ⴰⵏⵉⵉⴰⵜ ⵢⵈⴰⵍ ⵗⴰⵙ ⵜⴰⵉⴰⵜⵢ, ⵎⵢⵗ ⵎⵉⵍⵂⴰⵓ,ⵜⵓⴶⴰⵣⴰⵜ ⴰⵏⵉⵉⴰⵜ ⴰⵙ ⵓⴰⵔ ⵜⵉⵍⴰ ⴰⵔⴰⵉⴰⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵗⵍⵓⴾ ⵜⴰⴼⴰⵔⴰⵜ ⴷⴰⵗ ⴰⴷⴰⵍ ⵉⴾⵏⴰⵏ ⴰⵎⵓⴾⴰⵏ ⵎⵢⵗ ⴰⵙⵓⵂⵢⵏ.
English: So, for example, one can reasonably ask what a burnt finger feels like, or what a blue sky looks like, or what nice music sounds like to a person.
Tamasheq: ⵙⵓⵏⴷ, ⴷⴰⵗ ⵎⵉⵍⵂⴰⵓ ⵏⴰⴷⵓⴱⴰⵜ ⴰⵙⵙⴰⵙⵜⴰⵏ ⴰⵏ ⴰⵙⴰⴷⴰⵜⵓ ⴰⵓⴰ ⵙⵓⴼⵔⴰⵉ ⴰⵙⵙⴰⴾⴰⴷ ⵢⵔⵗⴰⵏ, ⵎⵢⵗ ⴰⵓⴰⴷⴰⵔ ⵓⵍⴰⵂⴰⵏ ⵉⵛⴰⵏⴰⵓⴰⵏ ⴷⴰⵍⴰⵜⵏⵢⵏ, ⵎⵢⵗ ⵎⵉⵍⵂⴰⵓ ⴰⵏ ⴰⵏⴰⵣⴰⵔ ⴰⵂⵓⵙⴾⵢⵏ ⵉⵓ ⴰⵓⴰⴷⵎ.
English: There are qualia involved in these mental events that seem particularly difficult to reduce to anything physical.
Tamasheq: ⵉⵍⴰⵏⵜⵉ ⵈⵓⴰⵍⵉⴰ ⵂⴰⵏⵢⵏ ⴷⴰⵗ ⵉⵋⵉⵜⴰⵏ ⴰⵏ ⴰⵏⵉⵉⴰⵜ ⵓⵉ ⵓⵍⴰⵂⵏⵢⵏ ⵂⵓⵍⵢⵏ ⴰⵙ ⴰⵙⵓⵂⴰⵜⵏⴰⵜ ⵉⵢ ⴰⴼⴰⵏⴰⵣ ⵉⵓ ⴰⵓⴰ ⵢⵈⴰⵍ ⴷⴰⵗ ⴰⵙⵙⴰⵂⴰⵜ.
English: Dualism must therefore explain how consciousness affects physical reality.
Tamasheq: ⴰⵏⵂⴰⵔⴰⵋ ⴰⴷ ⴰⵍⴰⵆⴰⵜ ⴷⵢⵗ ⴰⵍⵎⴰⵗⵏⴰⵜ ⵓⴰⵙ ⴰⵏⵉⵉⴰⵜ ⵉⵗⴰⵛⴰⴷ ⵜⵉⴷⵉⵜ ⵜⴰⵏ ⵉⵎⴰⵏ.
English: Knowledge, however, is apprehended by reasoning from ground to consequent.
Tamasheq: ⴷⵓⴰⵍⵉⵣⵎ ⴷ ⵎⵓⵏⵉⵣⵎ ⴰⵎⵓⵙⴰⵏ ⵉⵙⵙⴰⵏ ⵍⴰⴾⴾⵓⵍ ⵜⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵎⵢⴷⵔⴰⵏ ⴼⴰⵍ ⵎⵓⵛⴰⴾⵉⵍ ⵏ ⵜⴰ-ⵉⵜⵢ ⴾⵓⴷⴷⵢⵗ ⴰⵙ ⴰⵎⴰⵍⴰⵏ ⵜⵉ ⵉⴾⴰⵉⴰⴷⴰⵏ ⵉⵣⵍⴰⵉⵏⵢⵏ ⵓⴰⵔ ⵏ ⵜⵉⵋⵉⵛ ⵉⵉⵉⴰⵏ ⴼⵓⴾ ⵉⵂⴰⵏⴷⴰⴶⴰⵏ ⵓⵉⵏ
English: The basic idea is that one can imagine one's body, and therefore conceive the existence of one's body, without any conscious states being associated with this body.
Tamasheq: ⴰⵏⴰⵣⴶⵓⵎ ⵓⴰ ⵎⴰⵈⴰⵔⴰⵏ ⵢⵈⴰⵍ ⴰⵙ ⴰⴷⵓⴱⴰⵜ ⴰⵓⴰⴷⵓⵎ ⵜⵓⵗⴰⵍⵜ ⴰⵏ ⵜⴰⵗⴰⵙⵙⴰ ⴰⴷ ⴷⵢⵗ ⴰⵔⴰⵎⴰⵙ ⴰⵏ ⵜⴰⵎⵓⴷⵔⵓ ⴰⵏ ⵜⴰⵈⴰⵙⵙⴰ, ⴷⴰⵗ ⵓⴰⵔ ⴰⵙⵙⴰⵔⵜⴰⵉ ⴰⵙ ⵜⴰⵈⴰⵙⵙⴰ.
English: Others such as Dennett have argued that the notion of a philosophical zombie is an incoherent, or unlikely, concept.
Tamasheq: ⵉⵉⴰⴷ, ⵙⵓⵏⴷ ⵢⵏⵏⵢⴼ, ⴰⵍⵉⵍⴰⵏ ⴰⵙ ⵎⵓⵣⵉⴰⵜ ⴰⵏ ⵢⵏⴰⵎⵢⵜⴰⵏ ⴰⵏ ⵎⴰⴶⵔⴰⴷ ⵢⵈⴰⵍ ⴰⵍⴰⵎⴰⴷ ⵓⴰⵔⴻⵏ ⴰⴷⵢⵓ, ⵎⵢⵗ ⵓⴰⵔⵢⵏ ⴰⴷⵓⵜⴰⵜ.
English: It is the view that mental states, such as beliefs and desires, causally interact with physical states.
Tamasheq: ⴷⵈⴰⵍ ⴰⵙⵙⴰⵎⵓⵎⴰⵏ ⵓⴰⵙ ⴰⵏⵜⴰ ⴰⵙ ⴰⵎⴰⵈⴰⵜⴰⵏ ⵏⴰⵏⵉⵉⴰⵜ, ⵙⵓⵏⴷ ⵜⵉⴼⵍⴰⵙⵙⴻⵏ ⴰⴷ ⵜⴰⵔⵂⴰⵜⵢⵏ, ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵔⵜⴰⵉⵏⴰⵜ ⴰⵙ ⴰⵍⵎⴰⵗⵏⴰⵜ ⵉⵋⴰⵏ ⴷⴰⵗ ⴰⵎⴰⴾⴰⵜⴰⵏ ⴰⵙⵙoⵂⴰⵜⵏⵢⵏ.
English: Descartes' argument depends on the premise that what Seth believes to be "clear and distinct" ideas in his mind are necessarily true.
Tamasheq: "ⵙⴰⴾⵏⵓ ⵓⴰⵏ ⵢⵢⵙⴰⴰⵔⵜⵢⵙ ⵢⵈⴰⵍⴰⴷ ⴰⵙ ⵜⴰⵏⵏⴰ ⵜⴰⵙ ⴰⵏⵜⴰ ⴰⵙ ⵙⵢⵜⵂ ⴰⵗⵢⵍ ⵜⴰⵈⴰⵍ ⵉⵏⴰⵣⵋⴰⵎ ""ⴰⴷⵓⵜⴰⵜⵏⵢⵏ ⴰⴷ ⴰⴱⴷⴰⵏⵢⵏ"" ⴷⴰⵗ ⴰⵏⵉⵉⴰⵜ ⵉⵏⵢⵙⵙ ⴰⵈⴰⵍⴰⵏ ⵜⴰⵂⴰⵛⵉⵍⵜ ⵜⴰⴷⵓⵜⵢⵜ".
English: Cambridge, MA: MIT Press (Bradford) For example, Joseph Agassi suggests that several scientific discoveries made since the early 20th century have undermined the idea of privileged access to one's own ideas.
Tamasheq: ⵛⴰⵎⴱⵔⵉⴷⴶⵢ, ⵎⴰ : ⵎIⵜ ⴱⵔⵢⵙⵙ (ⴱⵔⴰⴷⴼⵓⵔⴷ) ⴰⵍⵎⵉⵜⴰⵍ ,ⵋⵓⵣⴻⴼ ⴰⴶⴰⵙⵙⵉ ⴰⵍⵍⴰⵗⴰⵜ ⴰⵙ ⵉⵋⴰⵔⴰⵓⴰⵏ ⴰⵋⵓⵜⵏⵢⵏ ⵏ ⴾⵢⵍ ⵎⵓⵙⵏⴰⵜ ⵓⵉⵏ ⵙⵉⴰⵏⵙ ⵉⵋⴰⵏⵢⵏ ⵗⵓⵔ ⵙⴰⵏⵜⵓ ⵏ ⴰⵓⴰⵜⴰⵉ ⵓⴰⵏ 2000 ⵉⴾⵎⴰⵏ ⴰⵏⴰⵙⵋⵓⵎ ⵓⴰⵏ ⴰⴷⴷⵉⵏⴰⵜ ⵓⴼⴰⵏⵢⵏ ⵂⵓⵍⵍⴰⵏ ⴷⴰⵗ ⵉⵏⴰⵙⵋⴰⵎ ⵏ ⵓⵉⵏ ⴰⴷⴷⵉⵏⴰⵜ ⵓⵉ ⵉⴰⴷⵏⵢⵏ
English: This view was most prominently defended by Gottfried Leibniz.
Tamasheq: ⴰⵍⵎⴰⵗⵏⴰⵜ ⵓⴰⵏ ⴰⵂⴰⵏⴰⵉ ⵢⵈⴰ ⵍ ⵂⵓⵍⵢⵏ ⴰⵜⵓⵉⴶⴰⵣ ⴰⵙ ⵗⵓⴼⴼⵔⵉⵢⴷ ⵍⵢⵉⴱⵏⵉⵣ.
English: These emergent properties have an independent ontological status and cannot be reduced to, or explained in terms of, the physical substrate from which they emerge.
Tamasheq: ⵜⴰⵍⴰⵜⵢⵏ ⵜⴰⵏ ⴰⵣⵋⴰⵔⵏⵢⵏ ⵍⴰⵏ-ⴰⵜ ⵎⴰⵔⴾⴰⵣ ⵏ ⵉⵎⴰⵏ ⵏⴰⵙⵏⴰⵜ ⵜⵓⵍⴰⵙ ⵓⴰⵔ ⴰⴷⴷⵓⴱⴰⵜ ⵏⴰⵜ ⴰⴼⴰⵏⴰⵣ ⵎⵢⵗ ⴰⴼⵂⴰⵎ ⴷⴰⵗ ⵣⴰⵋⴰⵔⵏⴰⵜ ⵓⴰⵔ ⴰⵍⴰⵗⴰⵜ ⵙⴰⵎⴷⵓⵜⴰⵏ ⵏⵢⵙ.
English: Epiphenomenalism is a doctrine first formulated by Thomas Henry Huxley.
Tamasheq: ⴰⵎⴰⴷⴰⵗⵓⵉⵙ ⵢⵈⴰⵍ ⵜⴰⵎⵓⵙⵏⵓ ⵜⴰⵋⴰⵜ ⴼⴰⵍ ⴰⵍⵓⴰⵈ ⵓⴰⵣⴰⵔⴰⵏ ⴰⵙ ⵜⵂⵓⵎⴰⵙ ⵂⵢⵏⵔⵉ ⵂⵓⵆⵍⵢⵉ.
English: This view has been defended by Frank Jackson.
Tamasheq: ⴰⵍⵎⴰⵗⵏⴰⵜ ⵓⴰⵏ ⴰⵂⴰⵏⴰⵉ ⵢⵈⴰⵍ ⴰⵜⵉⵓⴰⴶⴰⵣⴰⵏ ⴰⵙ ⴼⵔⴰⵏⴾ ⵋⴰⵛⴾⵙⵓⵏ.
English: Panpsychism is the view that all matter has a mental aspect, or, alternatively, all objects have a unified center of experience or point of view.
Tamasheq: ⴰⵛⵔⵓⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵗⵍⵓⴾ ⵢⵈⴰⵍ ⵜⴰⵏⵏⴰ ⵜⴰⵙ ⵂⴰⵔⴰⵜ ⴾⵓⵍ ⵉⵍⴰ ⵉⵔⵉ ⴰⵏ ⵜⴰⵉⴰⵜⵢ, ⵎⵢⴰ, ⴰⵏⴰⵍⴾⴰⵎ, ⴶⴰⵔⴰⵜⴰⵏ ⴾⵓⵍ ⵉⵍⴰⵏ ⴻⴷⴰⴶ ⴰⵏ ⵜⵉⵔⵎⴰ ⵎⵢⴰ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵏⵂⵓⵉⵜ ⵜⴰⵔⵜⴰⵉⴰⵜ.
English: An example of these disparate degrees of freedom is given by Allan Wallace who notes that it is "experientially apparent that one may be physically uncomfortable—for instance, while engaging in a strenuous physical workout—while mentally cheerful; conversely, one may be mentally distraught while experiencing physical comfort".
Tamasheq: ⵎⵉⵍⵂⴰⵓ ⴰⵏ ⵉⴷⴰⴶⴰⵏ ⴰⵏ ⵜⴰⵏⵓⴼⵍⵉⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⴷⴰⵜ ⵜⴰⵜⵉⵓⴰⴾⴼⴰⵜ ⵉⵓ ⴰⵍⵍⴰⵏ ⵓⴰⵍⵍⴰⴰⵢ,ⵉⵋⴰⵏⵢⵏ ⵢⵈⴰⵍ ⴰⵜⵓⴰⵂⵉⵉ ⴷⴰⵗ ""ⵜⴰⵎⵓⵙⵏⵢ ⴰⵙ ⴰⴷⵓⴱⴰⵜ ⴰⵓⴰⴷⴰⵎ ⵓⵗⴰⵍ ⵓⴰⵔⵢⵏ ⵉⴾⵏⴰ ⵙⴰⵙⴰⵂⴰⵜ-ⵙⵓⵏⴷ, ⵗⵓⵔ ⵓⴶⵉⵛ ⴷⴰⵗ ⵜⴰⵂⴰⵛⵉⵍⵜ ⵜⴰⴾⵏⴰⵜ ⴰⵙⵓⵂⵓ-ⴷⴰⵗ ⵓⵗⴰⵍ ⴰⵏ ⴰⵏⵉⵉⴰⵜ ⵜⵢⴷⴰⵓⵉⵜ; ⴰⵙⵙⴰⵎⴰⵍⵉⴾⵍⵉ, ⵏⴰⴷⵓⴱⴰⵜ ⴰⵏⵉⵉⴰⵜ ⴰⵏⵜⵉⵉⴰ ⴷⴰⵗ ⵉⵔⵓⵎ ⴰⵏ ⵜⴰⵔⴰⵗⵙⵢ ⵜⴰⵙⵓⵂⵢⵜ"".
English: Mental states can cause changes in physical states and vice versa.
Tamasheq: ⵉⴷⴰⴶⴰⵏ ⵏⴰⵏⵉⵉⴰⵜ ⴰⴷⵓⴱⵢⵏ ⵉⵂⵓⴾ ⴰⵏ ⵛⴰⵏⵣⵉⵜⴰⵏ ⴷⴰⵗ ⵉⴷⴰⴶⴰⵏ ⴰⵙⵓⵂⴰⵜⵏⵢⵏ ⴰⴷ ⵎⵉⵍⵂⴰⵓ.
English: Experiential dualism is accepted as the conceptual framework of Madhyamaka Buddhism.
Tamasheq: ⴰⵏⵂⴰⵔⴰⵋ ⴰⵜⵓⴰⵙⴰⵏⴰⵏ ⴰⵜⵉⵓⴰⵔⴷⴰ ⵙⵓⵏⴷ ⵢⴷⴰⵋ ⵓⴰⵔⵢⵏ ⵉⴾⵏⴰ ⴰⵏ ⵜⴰⵏⴰⵙⵍⵉⵎⴰ ⵜⴰⵏ ⵎⴰⴷⵂⵉⴰⵎⴰⴾⴰ.
English: In denying the independent self-existence of all the phenomena that make up the world of our experience, the Madhyamaka view departs from both the substance dualism of Descartes and the substance monism—namely, physicalism—that is characteristic of modern science.
Tamasheq: ⴰⵙⴰⴱⵓⵂⵓ ⴰⵎⴰⵗⵍⴰⴾ ⴰⵏⵓⴼⵍⴰⵉⴰⵏ ⴰⵏ ⵉⵋⵉⵜⴰⵏ ⴾⵓⵍ ⵓⵉ ⵜⴰⵋⴰⵏⵢⵏ ⴰⴷⵓⵏⵉⴰ ⵜⴰⵏ ⵜⴰⵎⵓⵙⵏⵢ ⵏⴰⵏⴰⵗ, ⴰⵂⴰⵏⴰⵉ ⵙⴰⵏ ⵎⴰⴷⵂⵉⴰⵎⴰⴾⴰ ⵉⵏⴰⴾⴰⵛ ⴰⵋⵓⴷ ⵉⵉⴰⵏ ⴼⴰⵍ ⴰⵏⵂⴰⵔⴰⵋ ⵂⴰⵔⴰⵜ ⵓⴰⵏ ⵢⵢⵙⵛⴰⵔⵜⵢⵙ ⴰⴷ ⴰⵍⴰⵎⴰⴷ ⴰⵏ ⵂⴰⵔⴰⵜ-ⴰⵜⴰⵎⵓⵙⴰⵏ ⵜⴰⵗⴰⵙⵙⴰ-ⵜⴰⴱⴷⴷⴰⵜ ⴰⴷ ⵜⴰⵎⵓⵙⵏⵓ ⵜⴰⵏ ⵉⵛⵔⴰⵉ.
English: Indeed, physicalism, or the idea that matter is the only fundamental substance of reality, is explicitly rejected by Buddhism.
Tamasheq: ⴼⴰⵍⴰⵙ, ⵜⴰⵗⴰⵙⵙⴰ,ⵎⴻⵗ ⴰⵏⴰⵣⴶⵓⵎ ⴰⵙ ⵂⴰⵔⴰⵜ ⵢⵈⴰⵍ ⵢⵎⵢⵍ ⵎⴰⵈⴰⵔⴰⵏ ⴰⵏ ⵜⵉⴷⵉⵜ, ⵢⵈⴰⵍ ⵜⴰⵏⵏⴰ ⵜⴰⵜⵉⵓⴰⴾⵙⴰⵏⴰⵜ ⴰⵙ ⵜⴰⵏⴰⵙⵍⵉⵎⴰ.
English: While the former commonly have mass, location, velocity, shape, size, and numerous other physical attributes, these are not generally characteristic of mental phenomena.
Tamasheq: ⴰⴷⴰⵍ ⵙⵉ ⴰⵣⴰⵔⵏⵢⵏ ⵉⵍⴰⵏ ⵜⴰⵣⴰⵉⵜ, ⵢⴷⴰⴶ, ⴰⵜⵔⵓⴱ, ⵜⴰⵗⵉⵙⵙⴰ, ⵜⵢⵏⴰⴷⵢ ⴰⴷ ⵉⴱⴰⴷⵉⵜⴰⵏ ⵉⵉⴰⵏ ⴰⵋⴰⵜⵏⵢⵏ ⴰⵏ ⵜⴰⵗⵉⵙⵙⴰ, ⴰⵜⴰⵏⵢⴷ ⵓⴰⵔ ⵉⴾⵏⵢⵏ ⴰⵣⴰⵍⴰⵉⴰⵜ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵋⵉⵜⴰⵏ ⴰⵏ ⴰⵏⵉⵉⴰⵜ.
English: The fundamentally disparate nature of reality has been central to forms of eastern philosophies for over two millennia.
Tamasheq: ⵉⵔⵉ ⴰⵣⴰⵔⴰⵏ ⴰⵎⴰⴷⴰ ⴰⵏ ⵜⵉⴷⵉⵜ ⵉⵂⴰ ⴰⵎⴰⵙⵙ ⵏⵉⵔⵉⵜⴰⵏ ⵉⵉⴰⴷ ⴰⵏ ⵎⴰⴶⵔⴰⴷⴰⵏ ⵓⵗⴰⴷⵏⵢⵏ ⵗⵓⵔ ⵂⴰⵔⵓⴰ ⴷⴰⵗ ⴰⵙⵙⵉⵏ ⵢⴼⴷⴰⵏ ⴰⵏ ⴰⵓⴰⵜⴰⵉ.
English: Physicalistic monism asserts that the only existing substance is physical, in some sense of that term to be clarified by our best science.
Tamasheq: ⴰⵍⴰⵎⴰⴷ ⴰⵏ ⵜⴰⵗⴰⵙⵙⴰ ⴰⵍⴰⵗⴰⵜ ⴰⵙ ⵂⴰⵔⴰⵜ ⵉⵉⴰⵏ ⵢⵗⵍⴰⴾⴰⵏ ⵢⵈⴰⵍ ⴰⵙⴰⵂⴰⵜ, ⴷⴰⵗ ⵜⴰⵏⵏⴰ ⵉⵉⴰⵜ ⴰⵎⴰⵔⵢⵏ ⵜⴰⴷⵓⵜⴰⵜ ⴰⵙ ⵜⴰⵎⵓⵙⵏⵢ ⵜⴰⵜⴰⴾⵏⴰⵜ.
English: Although pure idealism, such as that of George Berkeley, is uncommon in contemporary Western philosophy, a more sophisticated variant called panpsychism, according to which mental experience and properties may be at the foundation of physical experience and properties, has been espoused by some philosophers such as Alfred North Whitehead and David Ray Griffin.
Tamasheq: ⵂⴰⵔⵓⴰ ⴰⵙ ⴰⵏⴰⵣⵋⵓⵎ ⴰⴷⵓⵜⵢⵏ, ⵙⵓⵏⴷ ⵓⴰⵏ ⵗⵢⵓⵔⴶⵢ ⴱⵢⵔⴾⵢⵍⵢⵉ, ⵓⴰⵔ ⵉⴾⵏⴰ ⵓⴶⵉⵛ ⴷⴰⵗ ⵎⴰⴶⵔⴰⴷ ⵓⴰⵏ ⵢⴶⴰⴷⴰⵍ ⴰⵏ ⵜⴰⴼⵓⴾ ⵜⴰⵣⵓⵉⵢⵏ,ⵜⴰⵏⵏⴰ ⵜⴰⴾⵏⴰⵜ ⵙⵉⵜⴰⵓⴰⵏⴰ ⴰⵛⵔⵓⵜ ⴰⵏ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵗⵍⵓⴾ, ⵜⴰⵏ ⵉⵔⵓⵎ ⴰⴷ ⵜⴰⵍⴰⵜⵢⵏ ⴰⵏ ⴰⵏⵉⵉⴰⵜ ⴰⴷⵓⴱⴰⵜⵏⴰⵜ ⴰⴷ ⴰⵈⴰⵍⵏⴰⵜ ⴰⴷⵉⵍⴰⵏ ⵗⵓⵔ ⵜⵉⵔⵎⴰ ⴰⴷ ⵜⴰⵍⴰⵜⵢⵏ ⵜⴰⵗⵉⵙⵙⴰ, ⴰⵜⵢⵓⴰⵉⵏⴰⵜ ⴰⵙ ⴾⴰⵍ ⵎⴰⴶⵔⴰⴷⴰⵏ ⵉⵉⴰⴷ ⵙⵓⵏⴷ ⴰⵍⴼⵔⵢⴷ ⵏⵓⵔⵜⵂ ⵓⵂⵉⵜⵢⵂⵢⴰⴷ ⴰⴷ ⵢⴰⵗⵉⴷ ⵔⴰⵉ ⵗⵉⴼⴼⵔⵉⵏ.
English: A third possibility is to accept the existence of a basic substance that is neither physical nor mental.
Tamasheq: ⵜⴰⴷⴱⵉⵜ ⵜⴰ-ⵙ ⴾⴰⵔⴰⴷⴰⵜ ⵉⵏⵜⴰ ⴰⵙ ⵜⴰⵔⴰⴷⴰⵓⵜ ⴰⵏ ⴰⵗⴰⴾⴰⵜ ⴰⵏ ⵂⴰⵔⴰⵜ ⵎⴰⵈⵈⴰⵔⴰⵏ ⵓⴰⵔ ⵏ ⴰⵈⵈⵢⵍ ⵜⴰⵗⵉⵙⵙⴰ ⵓⴰⵍⴰ ⴰⵏⵏⵉⵉⴰⵜ.
English: Introspective reports on one's own interior mental life are not subject to careful examination for accuracy and cannot be used to form predictive generalizations.
Tamasheq: ⵜⴰⵏⴰⵜⵢⵏ ⴰⴾⵉⴰⴷⵏⵢⵏ ⴼⴰⵍ ⵜⴰⵎⵓⴷⵔⵢ ⵏⴰⵏⵉⵉⴰⵜ ⵏⴰⵎⴰⵙⵙ ⵏⴰⵓⴰⴷⴰⵎ ⵓⴰⵔ ⴰⵜⵓⴰⵏⴰⵜ ⵜⵉⵔⵎⴰ ⵋⴰⵜ ⴰⵙ ⵎⵉⵏⵓⵜⴰⵏ ⴷⴰⵗ ⵎⵉⵍⵂⴰⵓ ⴰⴷ ⵓⴰⵔ ⴰⴷⵓⴱⵢⵏ ⴰⵜⵓⴰⵜⴾⴰⵍ ⵉⵢ ⵉⵋⵉ ⴰⵏ ⴰⴾⴰⵔⴰⵛⴰⵜⵢⵏ ⵜⴰⵏⴰⵜⵢⵏ.
English: Parallel to these developments in psychology, a philosophical behaviorism (sometimes called logical behaviorism) was developed.
Tamasheq: ⵢⴷⴰⵗ ⵜⴰⵎⵙⵉⴷⵢⵗⵜ ⴰⵏ ⵉⵙⵋⴰⵜ ⴷⴰⵗ ⵜⴰⵉⴰⵜⵢ,ⵜⵢⵎⵗⵛⴰⵗⴰⵍⵜ ⴰⵏ ⵎⴰⴶⵔⴰⴷ (ⴰⴶⵓⴷ ⵉⵉⴰⵏ ⵜⴰⵓⴰⵗⵔⴰ ⴰⵙ ⵜⵢⵎⴰⵛⴰⵗⴰⵍⵜ ⵜⴰⴾⵏⴰⵜ) ⵜⴰⴷⵓⴰⵍ.
English: These philosophers reasoned that, if mental states are something material, but not behavioral, then mental states are probably identical to internal states of the brain.
Tamasheq: ⵉⵏⴰⵎⵓⴶⵔⴰⴷ ⴰⵙⴷⴰⵜⵢⵏ ⴰⵙ, ⴰⴼⴰⵍ ⵉⴷⴰⴶⴰⵏ ⴰⵏ ⴰⵏⵉⵉⴰⵜ ⴰⵈⴰⵍⴰⵏ ⵂⴰⵔⴰⵜ ⵉⴾⵏⴰ, ⵎⴰⵛⴰⵏ ⵓⴰⵔ ⵜⵉⵜⴰⵍⴰ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵛⴰⵗⴰⵍⵜ, ⴰⴷⵉⵛ ⵉⴷⴰⴶⴰⵏ ⵏⴰⵏⵉⵉⴰⵜ ⴰⵈⴰⵍⴰⵏ ⴰⵉⴾⵏⴰⵏ ⵎⵉⵍⵂⴰⵓ ⵗⵓⵔ ⵉⴷⴰⴶⴰⵏ ⵓⵉⵏ ⴰⵋⴰⵎⴰ ⴰⵏ ⴰⵍⴾⴰⵍⴾⴰⵍ.
English: According to token identity theories, the fact that a certain brain state is connected with only one mental state of a person does not have to mean that there is an absolute correlation between types of mental state and types of brain state.
Tamasheq: ⴷⴰⵔⴰⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⵓⵙⵏⵢ ⵜⴰⵏ ⵢⵛⵓⴰⵍ ⴰⵏ ⵎⵉⵍⵂⴰⵓ,ⴰⵍⵎⴰⵗⵏⴰⵜ ⵓⴰⵙ ⵢⴷⴰⴶ ⴰⵏ ⵜⴰⵉⵉⵜⵢ ⴰⵔⵜⴰⵉⴰⵏ ⴰⵙ ⵢⴷⴰⴶ ⵉⵉⴰⵏ ⴰⵏ ⴰⵏⵉⵉⴰⵜ ⴰⵏ ⴰⵓⴰⴷⴰⵎ ⵓⴰⵔ ⵜⵉⴷⵉⵍⴰ ⵙⴰⵙⴰⵂⴰⵜ ⴰⵙ ⵉⵍⵢⵜ ⵉⵋⵉ ⴰⵏ ⵜⴰⵔⵜⵉⵜ ⵎⴰⵈⴰⵔⴰⵜ ⵋⴰⵔ ⵉⵔⵉⵜⴰⵏ ⴰⵏⵢⴷⴰⵋ ⵏⴰⵏⵉⵉⴰⵜⴰⴷ ⵉⵔⵉⵜⴰⵏ ⴰⵏ ⵢⴷⴰⵋ ⵏⴰⴾⴰⵍⴾⴰⵍ.
English: Finally, Wittgenstein's idea of meaning as use led to a version of functionalism as a theory of meaning, further developed by Wilfrid Sellars and Gilbert Harman.
Tamasheq: ⵢⴱⵓⵔ ⵙⴰⵎⴷⵓ, ⴰⵏⵏⵉⵉⴰⵜ ⵜⴰⵏ ⵓⵉⵜⵜⴶⵢⵏⵙⵜⵢⵉⵏ ⴰ-ⵏ ⴰⵍⴰⵗⵉ ⵏ ⴰⵍⵎⴰⵗⵏⴰ ⵙⵓⵏⴷ ⵉⵋⵉ ⵉⴾⴼⴰ ⵜⴰⵏⵏⴰ ⴰⵏ ⴰⵛⴰⵗⴰⵍ ⵙⵓⵏⴷ ⵜⴰⵎⵓⵙⵏⵢ ⴰ-ⵏ ⴰⵍⵎⴰⵗⵏⴰ ⵜⴰ ⵉⵋⴰ ⵓⵉⵍⴼⵔⵉⴷ ⵙⵢⵍⵍⴰⵔⵙ ⴷ ⵗⵉⵍⴱⵢⵔⵜ ⵂⵢⵔⵎⴰⵏ.
English: Hence, the question arises whether there can still be a non-reductive physicalism.
Tamasheq: ⴰⵍⵓⴰⵈ ⵓⵓⵏ ⴷⴰⵗ, ⴰⵙⵙⵢⵙⵜⴰⵏ ⵉⵋⴰ ⴼⴰⵍ ⴰⵍⵎⵓⴷ ⵏ ⴰⵙ ⴰⴷⴷⵓⴱⴰⵜ ⵢⵎⵢⵍ ⴰ-ⵏ ⵜⴰⵗⴰⵙⵙⴰ ⵓⴰⵔ -ⵏ ⵜⴰⴼⵏⵢⵣ.
English: Davidson uses the thesis of supervenience: mental states supervene on physical states, but are not reducible to them. "
Tamasheq: ⴷⴰⴱⵉⴷⵙⵓⵏ ⵉⵜⴾⴰⵍ ⴰⵙⴰⵎⵓⵎⴰⵏ ⵓⴰⵏ ⵙⵓⴱⵢⵔⴱⵉⵏⵉⵉⵏⵛⵉ: ⵉⴷⴰⴶⴰⵏ ⵏⴰⵏⵉⵉⴰⵜ ⴾⴰⵉⴰⴷⴰⵏ ⵉⴷⴰⴶⴰⵏ ⴰⵙⵓⵂⴰⵜⵏⵢⵏ, ⵎⴰⵛⴰⵏ ⵓⴰⵔ ⵜⴰⵏ ⴼⴰⵏⴰⵣⴰⵏ.""
English: The brain goes on from one moment of time to another; the brain thus has identity through time.
Tamasheq: ⴰⴾⴰⵍⴾⴰⵍ ⵉⵜⴰⵎⵓⵜⵜⵉ ⴰⴶⵓⴷ ⵏ ⴰⵍⵓⴰⵈ ⵙ ⵉⵉⵉⴰⵏ; ⴰⴾⴰⵍⴾⴰⵍ ⵉⵍⴰ ⵜⵓⵎⴰⵙⵜ ⵙ ⴰⵍⵓⴰⵈ.
English: An analogy of the self or the “I” would be the flame of a candle.
Tamasheq: ⴰⵙⴰⵎⴰⴶⴷⴰⵂ ⴰⵏ ⴾⴰⵉ ⵎⵢⵗ "ⵏⴰⴾ" ⵢⵈⴰⵍ ⵜⴰⴱⵍⴰⴶⵍⴰⴶⴰⵜ ⴰⵏ ⵜⵢⵣⵢⵓⵜ.
English: The flame displays a type of continuity in that the candle does not go out while it is burning, but there is not really any identity of the flame from one moment to another over time.
Tamasheq: ⵜⴰⴱⵍⴰⴶⵍⴰⴶⴰⵜ ⵙⴰⴾⵏⴰ ⵉⵔⵉ ⴰⵏ ⵜⵉⴾⵓⵉⵜ ⴷⴰⵗ ⴰⵎəⴾ ⵓⴰⵙ ⵜⵢⵣⵢⵓⵜ ⵓⴰⵔ ⵜⴰⵎⵉⴾⴰⵜ ⵗⵓⵔ ⵜⴰⵔⴰⵗⵢ ⵏⵢⵙⵙ, ⵎⴰⵛⴰⵏ ⵓⴰⵔ ⴰⴷⵓⵜⴰⵜ ⵎⵓⵣⵉⴰⵜ ⴰⵏ ⵜⴰⴱⵍⴰⴶⵍⴰⴶⴰⵜ ⴷⴰⵗ ⴰⴶⵓⴷ ⵙⵉⵉⴰⵏ ⴷⴰⵗ ⴰⵍⵓⴰⵈ.
English: Similarly, it is an illusion that one is the same individual who walked into class this morning.
Tamasheq: ⵙⵓⵏⴷ ⴷⵢⵗ, ⵢⵈⴰⵍ ⴱⴰⵂⵓ ⴰⵣⴰⵏⴰⴶⵓⵎⵉ ⴰⵙ ⴰⴶⴰⴷⴰⵎ ⵢⵈⴰⵍ ⴰⵓⴰⴷⴰⵎ ⵓⴰ ⵢⵎⴱⴰⵍⴰⵏ ⴷⴰⵗ ⵜⴰⵗⴰⵛⴰⵎⵜ ⴷⴰⵗ ⵜⵉⴷⴰⵓⵜ
English: This is analogous to physical properties of the brain giving rise to a mental state.
Tamasheq: ⴰⵓⵢⵏ ⵢⵈⴰⵍ ⵓⵍⴰⵂ ⵗⵓⵔ ⵜⵉⴾⵔⴰⵛ ⴰⵙoⵂⴰⵜⵏⵢⵏ əⵏ ⴰⴾⴰⵍⴾⴰⵍ ⵂⴰⴾⴰⵏⵢ ⵢⴷⴰⵋ ⵏⴰⵏⵉⵉⴰⵜ.
English: The Churchlands often invoke the fate of other, erroneous popular theories and ontologies that have arisen in the course of history.
Tamasheq: ⵆⴰⵍ ⴰⴾⴰⵍ ⵓⴰⵏ ⵛⵂⵓⵔⵛⵂⵉⵍⵍ ⵗⴰⵔⴰⵏ ⴰⴶⵓⴷ ⴰⵎⴰⴾ ⵜⵉⵎⵓⵙⵏⴰⵓⵢⵏ ⵜⵉⵉⴰⴷ ⴰⴷ ⴰⵍⵎⴰⵗⵏⴰⵜ ⴰⵜⵉⵓⴰⵣⴰⵉⴰⵏ oⴾⴰⵉⴰⵏ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵣⵋⴰⵔⵏⵢⵏ ⵗⵓⵔ ⵜⴰⵏⴼⵓⵙⵜ.
English: Some philosophers argue that this is because there is an underlying conceptual confusion.
Tamasheq: ⵆⴰⵍ ⵎⴰⴶⵔⴰⴷ ⵉⵉⴰⴷ ⵋⴰⵏⵢⵏ ⴰⵙ ⴼⴰⵍⴰⵙ ⵜⴰⵍⵢ ⵎⵉⵍⵂⴰⵓ ⵜⴰⴼⴰⵔⴰⵜ ⴷⴰⵓ ⵢⵎⵢⵍ ⴰⵏ ⵂⴰⵔⴰⵜ.
English: Rather it should simply be accepted that human experience can be described in different ways—for instance, in a mental and in a biological vocabulary.
Tamasheq: ⵜⴰⵂⴰⵛⵉⵍⵜ ⵜⴰⵙⵙⵓⵂⵢⵜ ⵜăⵔəⴷăⵓⵜ ⴰⵙ ⵉⵔⵓⵎ ⵏ ⴰⵓⴰⴷⴰⵎ ⴰⴷⴷⵓⴱⴰⵜ ⴰⴷ ⴰⵜⵓⴰⵏ ⴷⴰⵗ ⴰⵍⵎⴰⵗⵏⴰ ⵜⴰⵏ ⴰⵣⵍⴰⵉⵏⵢⵏ ⴷ ⵎⴰⴶⵔⴰⴷ ⵏ ⴰⵏⵏⵉⵉⴰⵜ ⴷ ⵎⵓⴼⵔⴰⴷⴰⵜ ⵏ ⴱⵉⵓⵍⵓⵋⵉ.
English: The brain is simply the wrong context for the use of mental vocabulary—the search for mental states of the brain is therefore a category error or a sort of fallacy of reasoning.
Tamasheq: ⴰⴾⴰⵍⴾⴰⵍ ⵢⵈⴰⵍ ⵗⴰⵙ ⴰⵓⴰⵔⵏ oⵗⵢⴷ ⵉⵢ ⴰⴷⴰⴾⴰⵍ ⴰⵏ ⵎⴰⴶⵔⴰⴷ ⵏⴰⵏⵉⵉⴰⵜ-ⵓⵎⴰⵗ ⵉⵢ ⵉⴷⴰⴶⴰⵏ ⵏⴰⵏⵉⵉⴰⵜ ⴰⵏ ⴰⵍⴾⴰⵍⵍ ⵢⵈⴰⵍ ⵢⵎⴰⵜⴰⵍ ⵢⵣⵍⴰⵉⴰⵏ ⵎⵢⵗ ⴰⵎⴰⴾ ⴰⵏ ⵢⵎⴰⵜⴰⵍ ⴰⴷⵓⵜⵢⵏ.
English: And it is characteristic of a mental state that it has some experiential quality, e.g. of pain, that it hurts.
Tamasheq: Iⵣⴰⵔ ⵢⵔⵜⴰⵉ ⴰⴷ ⴰⵎⴰⴾ ⵏⴰⵏⵉⵉⴰⵜ ⴰⵙ ⵉⵍⴰ ⵜⴰⴼⵔⴰⵜ ⴰⵏ ⵉⵔⵓⵎ, ⵙⵓⵏⴷ ⵜⴰⵙⵙⴰⵏⵢ, ⴰⵙ ⵉⵜⴰⵋ ⴰⵙⵙⴰⵙⵏⴰⵏ.
English: The existence of cerebral events, in and of themselves, cannot explain why they are accompanied by these corresponding qualitative experiences.
Tamasheq: ⴷⵎⵢⵍ ⵏ ⴷⴰⵔⴰⴱⴰⵜ ⵉⵎⴰⵏ ⵏⵢⵜ ⵓⴰⵔ ⵢⵈⵈⴰⵍ ⴰ ⴰⵙⵉⴼⵂⴰⵎⴰⵏ ⴰ-ⵓⴰ ⴼⴰⵍ ⴰⴷⴷⵢⵓⴰⵏ ⵉⴷ ⵎⵓⵙⵏⴰⵜⵢⵏ ⵜⵉⵏ ⵢⴶⴷⴰⵂ ⵏⵢⵏ ⵜⵓⵍⴰⵗⴰⵉ
English: This follows from an assumption about the possibility of reductive explanations.
Tamasheq: ⴰⵗⴰⵍⴰⴾⴰⵜ ⴰⴷⴰⵍⴰⵏ ⴰⵏ ⵜⴰⵉⴰⵜⵢ, ⴷⴰⵗ ⵎⴰⵏ, ⵓⴰⵔ ⴰⴷⵓⴱⴰⵜ ⴰⵍⴰⵗⵉ ⵎⴰⴼⴰⵍ ⴰⴷⵢⵓⴰⵏ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵔⵓⵎⴰⵏ ⴰⴼⵔⴰⵏⵢⵏ ⵓⵍⴰⵂⴰⵏ.
English: The 20th-century German philosopher Martin Heidegger criticized the ontological assumptions underpinning such a reductive model, and claimed that it was impossible to make sense of experience in these terms.
Tamasheq: ⵎⴰⴶⵔⴰⴷ ⵓⴰⵏ ⴰⵍⵍⵢⵎⴰⵏⴷ ⴰⵏ 20ⵢ ⵉⵍⴰⵏ,ⵎⴰⵔⵜⵉⵏ ⵀⵢⵉⴷⵢⴶⴶⵢⵔ,ⴱⵣⴰⵎ ⵜⵉⵎⵓⵙⵏⴰⵓⵢⵏ ⴰⴾⵏⴰⵏⵢⵏ ⵜⵉⵂⴰⴾⴰⵏⵢⵏ ⵉⵔⵉ ⵉⴼⵏⴰⵣⴰⵏ,ⵉⵣⴰⵔ ⵉⵏⵏⴰ ⴰⵙ ⴰⴷⵢⴱⴰⵜ ⵉⵂⵓⴾ ⵜⴰⵏⵏⴰ ⵗⵓⵔ ⵉⵔⵓⵎ ⴷⴰⵗ ⵜⵉⴼⵢⵔ.
English: This problem of explaining introspective first-person aspects of mental states and consciousness in general in terms of third-person quantitative neuroscience is called the explanatory gap.
Tamasheq: ⴰⵜⴰⵔⴰⵈⴰ ⵓⴰⵏ ⴰⵍⴰⵗⵉ ⴰⵏ ⵉⵔⵉ ⴰⴾⴰⵉⴰⴷ ⵙⴰⵏⵉⵉⴰⵜ ⴷⴰⵗ ⴰⵓⴰⴷⴰⵎ ⵓⴰⵣⴰⵔⴰⵏ ⴰⵏ ⴰⵎⴰⴾ ⵏⴰⵏⵉⵉⴰⵜ ⴰⴷ ⴰⵍⴰⵎⴰⴷ ⵎⴰⵈⴰⵔⴰⵏ ⴷⴰⵗ ⴰⵎⴰⴾ ⵓⴰⵏ ⵜⴰⵎⵓⵙⵏⵢ ⴰⵏ ⴰⵙⵙⴰⴼⴰⵔ ⴰⵋⵢⵏ ⴷⴰⵗ ⴰⵓⴰⴷⴰⵎ ⵓⴰⵙ ⴾⴰⵔⴰⴷ ⵙⵉⵜⴰⵓⴰⵏⴰ ⵜⵢⵗⵢⵛⵜ ⵋⴰⵏⵢⵜ.
English: There are two separate categories involved and one cannot be reduced to the other.
Tamasheq: Iⵍⴰⵏⵜ ⵉⵔⵉⵜⴰⵏ ⴰⵙⵙⵉⵏ ⴰⴱⴷⴰⵏⵢⵏ ⵂⴰⵏⵢⵏ ⵉⵣⴰⵔ ⵉⵉⴰⵏ ⵓⴰⵔⴰⴷⵓⴱⴰⵜ ⴰⴷⴰⴼⵏⴰⵣ ⵓⴰⵉⴰⴷⴰⵏ.
English: For Nagel, science is not yet able to explain subjective experience because it has not yet arrived at the level or kind of knowledge that is required.
Tamasheq: ⵗⵢ ⵏⴰⴶⵢⵍ, ⵜⴰⵎⵓⵙⵏⵢ ⵓⴰⵔ ⵜⴰⴷⵓⴱⴰⵜ ⵂⴰⵔⵓⴰ ⴰⵍⴰⵗⵉ ⴰⵏ ⵉⵔⵓⵎ ⵏⴰⵓⴰⴷⴰⵎ ⴼⴰⵍⴰⵙ ⵓⴰⵔ ⵜⴰⵓⵢⴷ ⵂⴰⵔⵓⴰ ⵢⴷⴰⴶ ⵎⵢ ⵉⵔⵉ ⴰⵏ ⵜⴰⵎⵓⵙⵏⵢ ⵜⴰⵜⵉⵓⴰⴷⴰⵍⴰⵜ.
English: This property of mental states entails that they have contents and semantic referents and can therefore be assigned truth values.
Tamasheq: ⵜⴰⴾⵔⵛⵜ ⵜⴰⵏ ⵉⵋⵉⵜⴰⵏ ⵏⴰⵏⵉⵉⴰⵜ ⵜⴰⴶⴰⵛ ⴰⵙ ⵉⵍⴰⵏ ⵓⴶⵓⵛ ⴰⴷ ⵂⵓⴾⴰⵏ ⴰⵍⵢⵗⴰⵜⵏⵢⵏ ⴰⵙ ⵏⴰⴷⵓⴱⴰⵜ ⵉⵂⵓⴾ ⴰⵏⵂⴰⵋ ⴰⵏ ⵜⵉⴷⵉⵜ.
English: But mental ideas or judgments are true or false, so how then can mental states (ideas or judgments) be natural processes?
Tamasheq: ⵎⴰⵛⴰⵏ ⵜⵉⵉəⵜⵓⵢⵏ ⵎⵢⵗ ⴰⵈⴰⵍⴰⵏ ⵜⵉⴷⵉⵜ ⵎⴻⵗ ⴱⴰⵂⵓ, ⴰⴷⵉⵛ ⴰⵏⴷⵢⴾ ⴰⵍⵎⴰⵗⵏⴰⵜ ⴰⵏ ⵢⴷⴰⴶ ⴰⵏ ⴰⵏⵉⵉⴰⵜ (ⴰⵏⴰⵣⴶⵓⵎ ⵎⵢⵗ ⵉⵜⴾⵓⵍⴰⵏ)ⴰⴷⵓⴱⵢⵏ ⴰⴷ ⴰⵈⴰⵍⴰⵏ ⴰⵍⵎⴰⵗⵏⴰⵜ ⴰⵂⵓⵙⴾⵢⵏ.
English: If the fact is true, then the idea is true; otherwise, it is false.
Tamasheq: ⴰ ⴼⴰⵍ ⵂⴰⵔⴰⵜ ⵓⵢⵏ ⴰⴷⴷⵓⵜⴰⵜ ⴷⴰⵗ ⴰⵓⵢⵏ ⴰⵏⴰⵣⵋⵓⵎ ⵓⵢⵏ ⴰⵎⵓⵙ ⵜⵉⴷⵉⵜⵜ , ⴰ ⴼⴰⵍ ⵉⵎⵎⵉⴾ ⵢⵉⴰⵏ ⴷⴰⵗ ⴰⵓⵢⵏ ⴱⴰⵂⵓ
English: Since mental processes are intimately related to bodily processes, the descriptions that the natural sciences furnish of human beings play an important role in the philosophy of mind.
Tamasheq: ⴰⵍⵓⴰⵈ ⵓⴰ ⵉⴷ ⵜⵉⵎⵉⵜⴾⵓⴰⵉⵢⵏ ⵜⵉⵏ ⵜⴰ-ⵉⵜⵢ ⵓⵔⴰⴾ ⵏⴰⵜ ⵂⵓⵍⵍⴰⵏ ⵙ ⵜⵉⵏ ⵜⴰⵗⵉⵙⵙⴰ, ⴰⴼⵉⵙⵙⴰⵔ ⵏ ⵙⴰⵎⴰⵍⴰⵏ ⵓⵉ ⵂⴰⴾ ⵏⴰⵜⵓⵔⴰⵍ ⵙⵛⵉⵢⵏⵛⵢⵙ ⵏ ⴰⴷⴷⵉⵏⴰⵜ ⴰⵂⴰⵏ ⵢⴷⴰⴶ ⴰⵙⵙⵓⵂⵢⵏ ⴷⴰⵗ ⴰⴼⴰⵂⴰⵎ ⵓⴰⵏ ⵜⴰ-ⵉⵜⵢ
English: Within the field of neurobiology, there are many subdisciplines that are concerned with the relations between mental and physical states and processes: Sensory neurophysiology investigates the relation between the processes of perception and stimulation.
Tamasheq: ⴷⴰⵗ ⴰⴱⴰⵔⴰ ⵓⴰⵏ ⵏⵢⵓⵔⵓⴱⵉⵓⵍⵓⴶⵉ, ⵉⵍⵍⴰⵏⴰⵜ ⵙⵓⴱⴷⵉⵙⵛⵉⴱⵍⵉⵏⵢ ⵜⴰⵏ ⵋⵋⵓⵜⵏⵢⵏ ⵉⴷ ⴰⵈⵈⴰⵍ ⵏⵢⵏ ⵜⴰⵔⵜⵉⵜ ⵜⴰⵏ ⵜ-ⵜⵓ ⴷ ⵜⴰⵗⵉⵙⵙⴰ ⴷ ⵜⵉⵎⵉⵜⵉⴾⵓⴰⵉⵢⵏ : ⵙⵢⵏⵙⵓⵔⵉ ⵏⵢⵓⵔⵓⴱⵂⵉⵙⵉⵓⵍⵓⴶⵉ ⵜⵉⵋⵋⴰ ⵉⵎⵓⵗ ⵏⵢⵜ ⴼⴰⵍ ⵜⴰⵔⵜⵉⵜ ⵜⴰⵏ ⵜⵉⵎⵉⵜⵉⴾⵓⴰⵉⵢⵏ ⵏ ⴰⴾⴰⵉⴰⴷ ⴷ ⵜⴰⵆⴼⵉⵣ
English: Lastly, evolutionary biology studies the origins and development of the human nervous system and, in as much as this is the basis of the mind, also describes the ontogenetic and phylogenetic development of mental phenomena beginning from their most primitive stages.
Tamasheq: ⴷⴰⵗ ⵓⵛⵂⵔⴰⵉ ⴱⵉⵓⵍⵓⴶⵉ ⵜⴰⵗⴰⵔ ⵉⵏⴰⵜⵜⴰⵏ ⴷ ⴻⴼⵢⵙ ⵏ ⵙⵉⵙⵜⴻⵎ ⵓⴰⵏ ⵜⴰ-ⵉⵜⴻ ⵏ ⴰⵓⴰⴷⵉⵎ ⵜⵓⵍⴰⵙ ⴰⵓⴻⵏ ⵢⵈⵈⴰⵍ ⵜⴰⵋⵉⵜⵜⴰⵓⵜ ⵏ ⵜⴰ-ⵉⵜⵢ ,ⵓⵍⴰⵙ ⵂⴰⵔ ⴰⵋⵋⵓⴷⵉ ⴰⵙⵉⵍⵎⴰⴷ ⵏ ⴻⴼⵢⵙ ⵓⴰⵏ ⵓⵏⵜⵓⴶⵢⵏⵢⵜⵉⵛ ⴷ ⴱⵂⵉⵍⵓⴶⵢⵏⵢⵜⵉⵛ ⵓⴰⵏ ⵜⴰ-ⵉⵜ ⵉⵙⵙⵉⵏⵜⴰⵏ ⵗⵓⵔ ⵜⵉⴾⴾⴻⵍⵢⵏ ⵏⴰⵙⴰⵏ ⵜⵉⵏ ⴰⵔⵓ
English: A simple example is multiplication.
Tamasheq: ⴰⵍⵎⵉⵜⴰⵍ ⵓⴰ ⵔⴰⵈⵈⵉⵙⴰⵏ ⴰⵎⵓⵙ ⴰⵏⴰⵜⴼⴰⵙ
English: This question has been propelled into the forefront of much philosophical debate because of investigations in the field of artificial intelligence (AI).
Tamasheq: ⴰⵙⵙⴰⵂⴰⵜ ⵂⵓⵍⵍⴰⵏ ⴷⴰⵗ ⵙ ⴷⴰⵜⴰ ⵏ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⴷⴰⵛⵜ ⴰⵋⵋⵢⵏ ⵏ ⴰⴼⴰⵂⴰⵎ ⴼⴰⵍ ⴼⴰⵔⴰⴾ ⵜⴰⵏ ⵉⵋⵋⴰⵏⵢⵏ ⴷⴰⵗ ⴰⴱⴰⵔⴰ ⵓⴰⵏ ⴰⵔⵜⵉⴼⵉⵛⵉⴰⵍ ⵉⵏⵜⴻⵍⵍⵉⴶⵢⵏⵛⵢ (ⴰI)
English: The objective of strong AI, on the contrary, is a computer with consciousness similar to that of human beings.
Tamasheq: Iⵜⵜⵓⵙ ⵏ ⴰI ⴰⵙⵙⵓⵂⵢⵏ ⵢⵈⵈⴰⵍ ⵓⵔⴷⵉⵏⴰⵜⵢⵔ ⵉⵍⴰⵏ ⵜⴰⵏⵓⴼⵔⴰⵉⵜ ⵜ-ⵓⵍⴰⵂⴰⵜ ⵉⴷ ⵜⴰⵏ ⴰⴷⴷⵉⵏⴰⵜ
English: The Turing test has received many criticisms, among which the most famous is probably the Chinese room thought experiment formulated by Searle.
Tamasheq: ⴷⵔⵢⵎ ⵓⴰⵏ ⵟⵓⵔⵉⵏⴶ ⵉⵋⵔⴰⵓ ⵎⴰⵋⵔⴰⴷ ⴰⵋⵋⵢⵏ ⵢⵂⴰ ⵓⴰ ⵓⵋⵋⴰⵔⴰⵏ ⴰⵣⴰⵋⵓⵔ ⵂⵓⵍⵍⴰⵏ ⵙ ⵓⴰⵔ ⵢⵂⴰ ⴰⵛⵂ-ⴰⴾ ⴰⵙ ⵢⵈⵈⴰⵍ ⴰⵎⵢⴷⵔⴰⵏ ⵓⴰⵏ ⵜⵢⵂⴰⵏⵏⵉⵜ ⵜⴰⵏ ⵛⵂⵉⵏⴰ ⵉⵋⵋⴰ ⵙⵢⴰⵔⵍⵢ
English: Psychology investigates the laws that bind these mental states to each other or with inputs and outputs to the human organism.
Tamasheq: ⴱⵙⵉⵛⵂⵓⵍⵓⴶⵉ ⵜⴰⵋ ⴼⴰⵔⴰⴾ ⴼⴰⵍ ⴰⵛⵂⴰⵔⴻⵗⴰ ⵜⴰⵏ ⵜⵉ ⴰⵙⵙⵓⵔⵜⴰⵉ ⵏⴻⵏ ⵜⴰ-ⵉⵜⴻ ⵜⴰⵏ ⵋⵉⵔ ⵉⵎⴰⵏ ⵏⴰⵙⵏⴰⵜ ⵎⴻⵗ ⵉⵋⵋⵓⵛⵂⴰⵏ ⴷ ⵉⵣⴰⵋⵓⵔⴰⵏ ⵏ ⴾⴻⵉⵏⵓⵏ ⵂⴰⵉⵉⵓ ⵏ ⴰⵓⴰⴷⵉⵎ
English: A law of the psychology of forms says that objects that move in the same direction are perceived as related to each other.
Tamasheq: ⴰⵛⵂⴰⵔⵢⵗⴰ ⵏ ⴷⵓⵎⵓ ⵜⴰⵏ ⴰⵍⵍⴰⵗⴰⵜ ⵂⴰⵔⴰⵜⴰⵏ ⵓⵉ ⴰⵂⵂⴰⵍ ⵏⵢⵏ ⵙ ⵜⴰⵙⴷⵉⴾ ⵉⵉⵉⴰⵜ ⴰⵈⵈⴰⵍⴰⵏ ⴰ ⵓⵔⴰⴾⴰⵏ ⵙ ⵋⵉⵔ ⵉⵎⴰⵏ ⵏⴰⵙⴰⵏ
English: It includes research on intelligence and behavior, especially focusing on how information is represented, processed, and transformed (in faculties such as perception, language, memory, reasoning, and emotion) within nervous systems (human or other animal) and machines (e.g. computers).
Tamasheq: ⴷⵂⴰⵉ ⴼⴰⵔⴰⴾ ⴼⴰⵍ ⵜⴰ-ⵉⵜ ⴷ ⴰⵍⵆⴰⵍ ⵂⵓⵍⵍⴰⵏ ⵓⴰ ⵉⵋⵋⴰⵏ ⴼⴰⵍ ⵉⵎⵎⵉⴾ ⵓⴰ ⵙ ⴱⴰⵙⵙⴰⵔⴰⵏ, ⵉⴾⵏⴰⵏ ⵜⵓⵍⴰⵙ ⴰⵎⵓⵜⵜⵉⵉⴰⵏ ⵉⵙⴰⵍⴰⵏ (ⴷⴰⵗ ⵜⵓⴱⴰⵜⵢⵏ ⵛⵂⵓⵏⴷ ⴰⴾⴰⵉⴰⴷ, ⴰⵓⴰⵍ,ⵜⴰⴾⴰⵜⴰⵓⵜ, ⴰⵏⴰⵣⵋⵓⵎ ⴷ ⵜⴰⴼⵔⵉⵜ) ⴷⴰⵗ ⵙⵉⵙⵜⵢⵎ ⵜⴰⵏ ⵓⵉⵏ ⵢⵗⴰⴼ (ⴰⵓⴰⴷⵉⵎ ⵎⵢⵗ ⴰⵎⵓⴷⴰⵔ ⵉⵉⵉⴰⵏ) ⴷ ⵎⴰⵔⵛⵂⵉⵏ ⵜⴰⵏ ⴰⵍⵎⵉⵜⴰⵍ (ⵓⵔⴷⵉⵏⴰⵜⵢⵔ ⵜⴰⵏ)
English: Nonetheless, Hegel's work differs radically from the style of Anglo-American philosophy of mind.
Tamasheq: ⴰⵍⵆⵉⴷⵎⴰⵜ ⵜⴰ ⵉⵋⵋⴰ ⵂⵢⴶⵢⵍ ⵜ ⴰⵏⵎⴰⵣⵍⴰⵉ ⵉⴷ ⵉⵛⵂ-ⵉⴾⵉⵍ ⵏ ⴼⵉⵍⵓⵣⵓⴼⵉ ⵏ ⵜⴰ-ⵉⵜⵢ ⵜⴰⵏ ⴰⵏⴶⵍⵓ-ⴰⵎⵢⵔⵉⴾⵢⵏ ⵜⴰⵏ
English: Phenomenology, founded by Edmund Husserl, focuses on the contents of the human mind (see noema) and how processes shape our experiences.
Tamasheq: ⴱⵂⵢⵏⵓⵎⵢⵏⵓⵍⵓⴶⵉ ⵢⵗⵏⴰ ⵢⴷⵎⵓⵏⴷ ⵂⵓⵙⵙⵢⵔⵜ ⵜⵉⵋⵋⴰ ⴼⴰⵍ ⴰⵓⴰ ⵢⵂⴰⵏ ⵜⴰ-ⵉⵜⵢ ⵏ ⴰⵓⴰⴷⵉⵎ (ⵉⴾⵉⵉⴷ ⵏⵓⵢⵎⴰ) ⴷ ⵉⵎⵎⵉⴾ ⵓⴰ ⵙ ⴾⴰⵏ ⵉⵏ ⵎⵓⵙⵏⴰⵜ ⵏⴰⵏⴰⴷⴰⵗ
English: This is the case for materialistic determinists.
Tamasheq: ⴰⵓⵢⵏ ⵢⵈⵈⴰⵍ ⵉⵎⵎⵉⴾ ⵉ ⵎⴰⵜⵢⵔⵉⴰⵍⵉⵙⵜⵉⵛ ⴷⵢⵜⵢⵔⵎⵉⵏⵉⵙⵜ ⵜⴰⵏ
English: Some take this reasoning a step further: people cannot determine by themselves what they want and what they do.
Tamasheq: Iⵉⵉⴰⴷ ⵜⴰⵋ ⵉⵏ ⴰⵏⴰⵙⵋⵓⵎ ⵓⵢⵏ ⵙ ⵙⵉⵂⵢⵏ: ⴰⴷⴷⵉⵏⴰⵜ ⵓⴰⵔ ⴰⴷⴷⵓⴱⵢⵏ ⵎⵓⵙⵏⴰⵜ ⵉⴷ ⵉⵎⴰⵏ ⵏⴰⵙⴰⵏ ⵏ ⴰⵓⴰ ⴰⵔⵂⴰⵏ ⴷ ⴰⵓⴰ ⵜⴰⵋ ⵉⵏ
English: Those who adopt this position suggest that the question "Are we free?"
Tamasheq: “ ⴰⴷⴷⵉⵏⴰⵜ ⵓⵉ ⵗⵓⵔ ⵉⵋⵋⴰ ⴰⵓⵢⵏ ⴰⵙⵙⵉⵙⵜⴰⵏⴰⵏ “ⴰⵋⵋⵢⵏ ⵏ ⵉⵍⴰ ⴰⵍⵆⵓⵔⵉⵉⴰ?”
English: It is not appropriate to identify freedom with indetermination.
Tamasheq: ⵓⴰⵔ ⵂⵓⵙⴾⵉⵜ ⵍⴰⵎⵎⵓⴷⴰⵜ ⵏ ⴰⵍⵆⵓⵔⵉⵉⴰ ⵙ ⵉⴱⴰⵏ ⵎⵓⵙⵏⴰⵜ
English: The most important compatibilist in the history of the philosophy was David Hume.
Tamasheq: ⵛⵓⵎⴱⴰⵜⵉⴱⵉⵍⵉⵙⵜ ⵓⴰ ⵓⵋⵋⴰⵔⴰⵏ ⵂⵓⵍⵍⴰⵏ ⴷⴰⵗ ⴰⵜⵜⴰⵔⵢⵆ ⵏ ⴼⵉⵍⵣⵓⴼⵉ ⵉⵙⵉⵎ ⵏⵢⵜ ⵢⴰⴱⵉⴷ ⵂⵓⵎⴻ
English: These philosophers affirm the course of the world is either a) not completely determined by natural law where natural law is intercepted by physically independent agency, b) determined by indeterministic natural law only, or c) determined by indeterministic natural law in line with the subjective effort of physically non-reducible agency.
Tamasheq: ⴱⵂⵉⵍⵓⵙⵓⴱⵂⵢⵔ ⵜⴰⵏ ⵓⵉⵏ ⴰⵍⵍⴰⵗⵢⵏ ⴰⵙ ⴰⵛⵂⵓⵉⵏⴾⵉ ⵏ ⴰⵍⵗⴰⵍⵉⵎ ⵢⵈⵈⴰⵍ ) ⴰ ⵓⴰⵔ ⵜ ⴰⵙⵉⵍⵎⴰⴷ ⴰⵛⵂⴰⵔⵢⵗⴰ ⴼⵓⴾ ⵏⵢⵜ ⵢⴷⴰⴶ ⵙ ⴰⵛⵂⴰⵔⵢⵗⴰ ⵋⴰⵔⵔⴰⵓ ⵏⴰⵜ ⵜⴰⴶⴶⴰⵉⵢⵏ ⵉⵍⴰⵏⵢⵏ ⴰⵆⵆⴰⴾⵓⵎⴰⵜ ⵏ ⵉⵎⴰⵏ ⵏⴰⵙⴰⵏ,ⴱ) ⴰⵍⵎⵓⴷ ⵏⵢⵜ ⵙ ⴰⵛⵂⴰⵔⵢⵗ ⵓⴰⵔ ⵏ ⴰⵜ ⴰⵍⵎⴰⴷ ⵗⴰⵙ ⵎⵢⵗ ⵛ) ⴰⵙⵉⵍⵎⴰⴷ ⴰⵛⵂⴰⵔⵢⵗ ⵓⴰⵔ ⵏ ⴰⵜ ⴰⵍⵎⴰⴷ ⴷⴰⵗ ⴰⴱⴰⵔⴰ ⵓⴰⵏ ⵜⵉⴾⴾⵢⵍⵜ ⵏ ⵜⴰⴶⴶⴰⵉⵢⵏ ⵓⴰⵔ ⵏ ⵉⵍⴰ ⴰⴼⴰⵏⴰⵣ
English: They argue as follows: if our will is not determined by anything, then we desire what we desire by pure chance.
Tamasheq: ⴰⵍⵍⴰⵗⵢⵏ ⴰⵙ: ⴰ ⴼⴰⵍ ⴷⵢⵔⵂⴰⵏ ⵏⴰⵏⴰⵗ ⵓⴰⵔ ⵜ ⴰⵙⵉⵍⵎⴰⴷ ⵂⴰⵔⴰⵜ ⴷⵉⵂⵢⵏ ⵏ ⴰⴷⵢⵔⵂⴰⵏ ⴰⵓⴰ ⵏ ⴰⴷⵢⵔⵂⴰⵏ ⴱⴰⵏⵏⴰⵏ ⵗⴰⵙ
English: The idea of a self as an immutable essential nucleus derives from the idea of an immaterial soul.
Tamasheq: ⴰⵏⴰⵙⵋⵓⵎ ⵓⴰⵏ ⵏⴰⴾⴾ ⴰⵙ ⵢⵙⴰⴱ ⵓⴰⵏ ⵓⴼⴰⵏ ⵉⴼⴰⵏⴰⵣⴰⵏ ⴷⴰⵗ ⴰⵏⴰⵙⵋⵓⵎ ⵏ ⵉⵎⴰⵏ ⵓⴰⵔ ⵏ ⴰⵈⵈⵢⵍ ⴰⵙⵓⵋ
English: Mantranga, the principal governing body of these states, consisted of the King, Prime Minister, Commander in chief of army, Chief Priest of the King.
Tamasheq: ⵎⴰⵏⵜⵔⴰⵏⴶⴰ, ⴰⴱⴰⵔⵏⴰⵎⵉⵛⵂ ⵓⴰⵏ ⴰⵆⴰⴾⴰⵎ ⵏ ⴰⴷⴷⴰⵓⵍⴰ ⵜⴰⵏ ⵜⵉⵏ ⵢⵂⴰⵉ ⴰⵍⵎⴰⵍⵉⴾ, ⴰⵎⵓⵣⴰⵔ ⵏ ⵎⵉⵏⵉⵙⵜⴰⵔ ⵜⴰⵏ, ⴰⵎⵓⵣⴰⵔ ⵏ ⵎⵉⵍⵉⵜⵢⵔ ⵜⴰⵏ, ⴰⵎⵓⵣⴰⵔ ⵏ ⴱⵓⵎⴱⵢⵔ ⵜⴰⵏ ⵓⵉⵏ ⴰⵍⵎⴰⵍⵉⴾ
English: The Arthashastra provides an account of the science of politics for a wise ruler, policies for foreign affairs and wars, the system of a spy state and surveillance and economic stability of the state.
Tamasheq: ⴰⵔⵜⵂⴰⵙⵂⴰⵙⵜⵔⴰ ⵢⵂⴰⴾ ⴾⵓⵏⵜ ⵏ ⵎⵓⵙⵏⴰⵜ ⵜⴰⵏ ⴼⵓⵍⵓⵜⵉⴾ ⵉ ⴰⵎⴰⵏⵓⴾⴰⵍ ⵓⴰⵏ ⵙⵢⵎⵗⴰⵔ, ⴼⵓⵍⵉⵜⵉⴾ ⵜⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵛⵂⴰⵓⴰⵔⴰ ⵜⴰⵏ ⴰⴷⴷⴰⵓⵍⴰ ⵜⵉⵏ ⴰⵋⵋⴰⵎⴰ ⴷ ⵉⴾⵉⵏⵏⴰⵙⴰⵏ, ⵙⵉⵙⵜⵢⵎ ⵏ ⴰⴷⴷⴰⵓⵍⴰ ⵏ ⵋⴰⵙⵓⵙ ⴷ ⴰⵓⵉⴾⴾⴰⵍ ⴷ ⵏ ⴰⵙⵜⵉⵈⵔⴰⵔ ⵓⴰⵏ ⴰⵈⵜⴰⵙⴰⴷ ⵓⴰⵏ ⴰⴷⴷⴰⵓⵍⴰ
English: The major philosophies during the period, Confucianism, Legalism, Mohism, Agrarianism and Taoism, each had a political aspect to their philosophical schools.
Tamasheq: ⴼⵉⵍⵓⵣⵓⴼⵉ ⵜⴰⵏ ⵜⵉ ⵎⴰⵈⵈⵓⵔⵏⵢⵏ ⴷⴰⵗ ⴰⵣⵣⴰⵎⴰⵏ ⵓⴰⵏ ⵛⵓⵏⴼⵓⵛⵉⴰⵏⵉⵙⵎ, ⵍⵢⴶⴰⵍⵉⵙⵎ, ⵎⴰⵂⵉⵙⵎ, ⴰⴶⵔⴰⵔⵉⴰⵏⵉⵙⵎ, ⴷ ⵟⴰⵓⵉⵙⵎ, ⵉⵉⵉⴰⵏ ⴼⵓⴾ ⵉⵍⴰⵏ ⵜⵉⵋⵉⵜⵜⴰⵓⵜ ⵏⵢⵜ ⵜⴰⵏ ⴼⵓⵍⵉⵜⵉⴾ ⵏ ⵍⴰⴾⴾⵓⵍ ⵜⴰⵏ ⵏⴰⵙⴰⵏ ⵓⵉ ⴼⵉⵍⵓⵣⵓⴼⵉ
English: Legalism advocated a highly authoritarian government based on draconian punishments and laws.
Tamasheq: ⵍⴻⴶⴰⵍⵉⵙⵎ ⵉⴾⵏⴰ ⵜⵢⴱⴰⴷⴷⵢ ⵉ ⴰⵍⵆⴰⴾⵓⵎⴰⵜ ⵜⵉⵙⴰⵙⴰⵜ ⵂⵓⵍⵍⴰⵏ ⵜⵉⵋⴰⵜ ⴼⴰⵍ ⴰⵛⵂⴰⵔⵗⴰ ⵜⴰⵏ ⴷ ⵜⵉⵙⵏⴰⵏⵜ ⵉⴾⵏⴰⵏⴻⵏ ⴰⵙⵙⴰⵂⴰⵜ
English: By the late ancient period, however, the "traditionalist" Asharite view of Islam had in general triumphed.
Tamasheq: “ ⴷⴰⵗ ⴰⵎⵉⵏⴷⵉ ⵏ ⴰⵣⵣⴰⵎⴰⵏ ⵓⴰⵏ ⴰⵔⵓ, ⵂⴰⴾ ⵉⴷ ⵉⵋⵋⴰ ⴰⵙ ⴰⴾⴰⵉⴰⴷ ⵏ ⴰⵙⵂⵔⵉⵜⵢ ⵓⴰⵏ “ⴾⵢⵍ ⴰⵍⴰⵙⴰⵍ” ⵏ ⴰⵍ-ⵉⵙⵍⴰⵎ ⵓⵔⵏⴰⵏ ⴼⵓⴾ”
English: However, in Western thought, it is generally supposed that it was a specific area peculiar merely to the great philosophers of Islam: al-Kindi (Alkindus), al-Farabi (Abunaser), İbn Sina (Avicenna), Ibn Bajjah (Avempace) and Ibn Rushd (Averroes).
Tamasheq: ⵆⴰⴾ ⵉⴷ ⵉⵋⵋⴰ ⴰⵓⵢⵏ, ⴷⴰⵗ ⴰⵎⵢⴷⵔⴰⵏ ⵓⴰⵏ ⵉⴾⵓⴼⴰⵔ, ⵢⵈⵈⴰⵍ ⵗⵓⵔ ⵙⴰⵏ ⵢⴷⴰⴶ ⵢⵈⵈⴰⵏⴰⵏ ⵢⵗⴰⴼ ⵉ ⴼⵉⵍⵣⵓⴼ ⵓⴰⵏ ⵓⵉ ⵎⴰⵈⵈⵓⵔⵏⵢⵏ ⵏ ⴰⵍ-ⵉⵙⵍⴰⵎ: ⴰⵍ-ⴾⵉⵏⴷⵉ (ⴰⵍⴾⵉⵏⴷⵓⵙ), ⴰⵍ-ⴼⴰⵔⴰⴱⵉ (ⴰⴱⵓⵏⴰⵙⵢⵔ), Iⴱⵏ ⵙⵉⵏⴰ (ⴰⴱⵉⵛⵢⵏⵏⴰ), Iⴱⵏ ⴱⴰⵋⵋⴰⵂ (ⴰⴱⵢⵎⴱⴰⵛⵢ) ⴷ Iⴱⵏ ⵔⵓⵙⵂⴷ (ⴰⴱⵢⵔⵔⵓⵢⵙ)
English: For example, the ideas of the Khawarij in the very early years of Islamic history on Khilafa and Ummah, or that of Shia Islam on the concept of Imamah are considered proofs of political thought.
Tamasheq: ⴰⵍⵎⵉⵜⴰⵍ, ⵉⵏⴰⵙⵋⴰⵎ ⵓⵉⵏ ⵆⵂⴰⵓⴰⵔⵉⵋ ⴷⴰⵗ ⵉⵓⵉⵜⵉⴰⵏ ⵓⵉ ⵣⵣⴰⵔⵏⵢⵏ ⵏ ⴰⵜⵜⴰⵔⵢⵆ ⵓⴰⵏ ⴰⵍ-ⵉⵙⵍⴰⵎ ⴼⴰⵍ ⵆⵂⵉⵍⴰⴼⴰ ⴷ Uⵎⵎⴰⵂ ⵎⵢⵗ ⵓⴰⵏ ⴰⵍ-ⵉⵙⵍⴰⵎ ⵓⴰⵏ ⵛⵂⵉⵜ ⵜⴰⵏ ⴼⴰⵍ ⵉⵙⵉⵎ ⵓⴰⵏ Iⵎⴰⵎⴰⵂ ⴰⵈⵈⴰⵍⴰⵏ ⵉⵙⵉⴷⵓⵜⵜⴰ ⵏ ⴰⵎⵢⴷⵔⴰⵏ ⵏ ⴼⵓⵍⵉⵜⵉⴾ
English: Aristotleanism flourished as the Islamic Golden Age saw rise to a continuation of the peripatetic philosophers who implemented the ideas of Aristotle in the context of the Islamic world.
Tamasheq: ⴰⵔⵉⵙⵜⵓⵜ ⴰⵏⴼⴰⵣ ⵗⵓⵔ ⴰⵣⵣⴰⵎⴰⵏ ⵓⴰ ⵉⴷ ⵉⵓ-ⵉⴷ ⴰⵍ-ⵉⵙⵍⴰⵎ ⴷⴰⵗ ⴰⴾⴾⴰⵉ ⵏ ⴼⵉⵍⵓⵣⵓⴼ ⵜⴰⵏ ⵓⵉ ⵛⵂⴰⵓⴰⵏⴾⴰⵜ ⵏⵢⵏ ⵉⵋⵋⴰⵏⵢⵏ ⵉⵏⴰⵙⵋⴰⵎ ⵓⵉⵏ ⴰⵔⵉⵙⵜⵓⵜⵍⵢ ⴷⴰⵗ ⴰⵍⵗⴰⵍⵉⵎ ⵓⴰⵏ ⴰⵍ-ⵉⵙⵍⴰⵎ
English: Other notable political philosophers of the time include Nizam al-Mulk, a Persian scholar and vizier of the Seljuq Empire who composed the Siyasatnama, or the "Book of Government" in English.
Tamasheq: “ ⴼⵉⵍⵓⵣⵓⴼ ⵜⴰⵏ ⵉⵉⵉⴰⴷ ⵏ ⴼⵓⵍⵉⵜⵉⴾ ⵏ ⴰⵣⵣⴰⵎⴰⵏ ⵓⵢⵏ ⵢⵂⴰ ⵏⵉⵣⴰⵎ ⴰⵍ-ⵎⵓⵍⴾ , ⵢⵎⴰⵗⵔⵉ ⵏ ⴱⵢⵔⵙⵢⵓ ⴷ ⴱⵉⵣⵉⵢⵔ ⵏ ⵙⵢⵍⵋⵓⵈ ⵢⵎⴱⵉⵔⵓⵢ ⵓⴰ ⵉⴾⵏⴰⵏ ⵙⵉⵉⴰⵙⴰⵜⵏⴰⵎⴰ ⴰⵍⴾⵉⵜⵜⴰⴱ ⵓⴰⵏ ⴰⵍⵆⴰⴾⵓⵎ” ⴷⴰⵗ ⵜⴰⵏⴶⵉⵍⵉⵙⵜ
English: Perhaps the most influential political philosopher of medieval Europe was St. Thomas Aquinas who helped reintroduce Aristotle's works, which had only been transmitted to Catholic Europe through Muslim Spain, along with the commentaries of Averroes.
Tamasheq: ⴷⵂⴰⵎⵉⵛ ⴼⵉⵍⵓⵣⵓⴼ ⵏ ⴼⵓⵍⵉⵜⵉⴾ ⵓⴰ ⵓⵋⴰⵔⴰⵏ ⵂⵓⵍⵍⴰⵏ ⴷⴰⵗ ⵢⵔⵓⴱⴰ ⵜⴰⵏ ⵔⵓ ⵢⵈⵈⴰⵍ ⵟⵂⴰⵎⴰⵙ ⴰⵈⵓⵉⵏⴰⵙ ⵓⴰⵏ ⴰⵍⵓⴰⵍⵉ ⵉⴷⵂⴰⵍⴰⵏ ⵉ ⴰⵣⵓⵋⵉⵛ ⵏ ⴰⵍⵆⵉⴷⵎⴰⵜⵢⵏ ⵜⵉⵏ ⴰⵔⵉⵙⵜⵓⵜⵢ ⵜⵉ ⵜⵉⵋⵔⴰⵓ ⵢⵔⵓⴱⴰ ⵜⴰⵏ ⴾⴰⵜⵓⵍⵉⴾ ⵙ ⵙⴱⴰⵏⵉⴰ ⵜⴰⵏ ⴰⵍ-ⵉⵙⵍⴰⵎ ⵢⵂⴰ ⵎⴰⵋⵔⴰⴷ ⴷⴰⵗ ⵙ ⵉⵋⴰ ⴰⴱⴻⵔⵔⵓⵢⵙ
English: Others, like Nicole Oresme in his Livre de Politiques, categorically denied this right to overthrow an unjust ruler.
Tamasheq: Iⵉⵉⴰⴷ ⵛⵂⵓⴷ ⵏⵉⵛⵓⵍⵢ ⵓⵔⵢⵙⵎⵢ ⴷⴰⵗ ⴰⵍⴾⵉⵜⵜⴰⴱ ⵏⵢⵜ ⵓⴰⵏ ⴼⵓⵍⵉⵜⵉⴾ ⴰⵙⴱⴰⵂⴰⵓ ⵂⵓⵍⵍⴰⵏ ⴰⵍⵆⴰⵈ ⵓⴰⵏ ⴰⵜⴰⵔⵎⴰⵙ ⵏ ⴰⵎⴰⵏⵓⴾⴰⵍ ⵓⴰⵔ ⵏ ⵓⵗⵢⴷ
English: That work, as well as The Discourses, a rigorous analysis of classical antiquity, did much to influence modern political thought in the West.
Tamasheq: ⴰ ⵜⵢⵏ ⵂⴰⴾ ⵉⴷ ⵉⴷⵉⵓⵉⵏⵉ ⵜⴰⵏ , ⴰⵎⵉⵉⵉⵣ ⴰⵙⵙⵓⵂⵢⵏ ⵏ ⴰⵣⵣⴰⵎⴰⵏ ⵓⴰⵏ ⴰⵔⵓ ⵉⵋⵋⴰ ⴰⵋⵋⵢⵏ ⵉ ⴰⴷ ⵉⴾⵔⵉⵛⵂ ⴰⵙⵙⴰⵂⴰⵜ ⴼⴰⵍ ⴰⵎⵢⴷⵔⴰⵏ ⵓⴰⵏ ⴼⵓⵍⵓⵜⵉⴾ ⴷⴰⵗ ⴰⴷⴷⴰⵓⵍⴰ ⵜⴰⵏ ⵓⵉⵏ ⵉⴾⵓⴼⴰⵔ
English: At any rate, Machiavelli presents a pragmatic and somewhat consequentialist view of politics, whereby good and evil are mere means used to bring about an end—i.e., the acquisition and maintenance of absolute power.
Tamasheq: ⵙ ⵉⴷⴷⵉⴾⵓⴷ ⴼⵓⴾ, ⵎⴰⵛⵂⵉⴰⴱⵢⵍⵍⵉ ⴰⵍⵍⵍⴰⵗⴰⵜ ⵙ ⴰⴾⴰⵉⴰⴷ ⴼⵓⵍⵉⵜⵉⴾ ⵓⵗⴰⴷⴰⵏ ⵙ ⵗⵓⵔ ⵉⵙ ⵜⵓⵍⴰⵗⴰⵉ ⴷ ⴰⵍⴱⴰⵙ ⴰⵈⵈⴰⵍⴰⵏ ⵉⵙⵓⵋ ⵓⵉ ⵉⴷ ⵜ ⴰⵔⴰⵓ ⵏⵢⵏ ⴰⴾⵉⵎⵎⴰⵍ ⵛⵂⵓⵏⴷ ⴰⴾⴰⵔⴰⵛⵂ ⴷ ⴰⴶ-ⴰⵣ ⵏ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵏⵓⴾⵉⵍⴰ ⵜ ⴰⵙⵙⵓⵂⵢⵜ
English: These theorists were driven by two basic questions: one, by what right or need do people form states; and two, what the best form for a state could be.
Tamasheq: ⵜⵂⵢⵓⵔⵉⵙⵜ ⵜⴰⵏ ⵓⵉⵏ ⵓⴰⵔ ⵜⴰⵏ ⵢⵓⵢⵉ ⴰⵔ ⵉⵙⵙⵉⵏ ⵉⵙⵉⵜⴰⵏⴰⵏ: ⵓⴰ ⵢⵣⵣⴰⵔⴰⵏ, ⵉⵏⴷⵢⴾ ⴰⵍⵆⴰⴾ ⵎⵢⵗ ⴷⵢⵔⵂⴰⵏ ⵓⴰ ⵙ ⵗⴰⵏ ⵉⵏ ⴰⴷⴷⵉⵏⴰⵜ ⴰⴷⴷⴰⵓⵍⴰ ⵜⴰⵏ ⵜⵓⵍⴰⵙ ⵓⴰⵏ ⵉⵙⵙⵉⵏ , ⵎⴰ ⵉⵎⵓⵙ ⴷⵓⵎⵓ ⵓⴰ ⵓⵍⴰⵗⵏ ⵂⵓⵍⵍⴰⵏ ⵙ ⴰⴷⴷⵓⴱⴰⵜ ⴰⴷⴷⴰⵓⵍⴰ ⴰ ⵜⵉ ⵜⴰⵈⵈⴰⵍ
English: The term "government" would refer to a specific group of people who occupied the institutions of the state, and create the laws and ordinances by which the people, themselves included, would be bound.
Tamasheq: “ Iⵙⵉⵎ ⵓⴰⵏ “ⴰⵍⵆⴰⴾⵓⵎⴰⵜ” ⴰⵎⵓⵙ ⵜⴰⵈⵈⵉⵎⵜ ⵏ ⴰⴷⴷⵉⵏⴰⵜ ⴰⵆⴾⴰⵎ ⵏⵢⵏ ⴷⴰⵗ ⵜⵉⵋⵉⵜⵜⴰⵓⵢⵏ ⵏ ⴰⴷⴷⴰⵓⵍⴰ ⵜⵓⵍⴰⵙ ⵜⵋ ⵉⵏ ⵓⵓⵜⵢ ⵜⴰⵏ ⵏ ⴰⵛⵂⴰⵔⵢⵗⴰ ⵜⴰⵏ ⴼⴰⵍ ⴰⵔⴷⴰⵂⴰⵏ ⴰⴷⴷⵉⵏⴰⵜ ⴼⴰⵍ ⴰⵆⴾⴰⵎⴰⵏ ⴰ ⵂⴰⵏ ⵉⵏⵜⴰⵏⵢⴷ ⵉⵎⴰⵏ ⵏⴰⵙⴰⵏ
English: It can also be understood as the free market idea applied to international trade.
Tamasheq: ⴰⴷⴷⵓⴱⴰⵜ ⴰⴼⴰⵂⴰⵎⴰⵜ ⵛⵓⵏⴷ ⴰⵏⴰⵙⵋⵓⵎ ⵏ ⵂⵢⴱⵓ ⵉⵋⴰⵏ ⵉ ⵎⴰⵎⴰⵍⴰ ⵓⴰ ⵋⵉⵔ ⴰⴷⴷⴰⵓⵍⴰ ⵜⴰⵏ
English: The most outspoken critic of the church in France was François Marie Arouet de Voltaire, a representative figure of the enlightenment.
Tamasheq: ⴰⵓⴰⴷⵉⵎ ⵓⴰ ⵉⵙⵙⵢⵓⴰⵍⴰⵏ ⵂⵓⵍⵍⴰⵏ ⴼⴰⵍ ⵢⴶⵍⵉⵣ ⵜⴰⵏ ⵀⵔⴰⵏⵛⵢ ⴰⵎⵓⵙ ⴼⵔⴰⵏⵛⵓⵉⵙ ⵎⴰⵔⵉⵢ ⴰⵔⵓⵓⵢⵜ ⴷⵢ ⴱⵓⵍⵜⴰⵉⵔⵢ, ⵂⴰⵔⴰⵜ ⴷⴰⵗ ⴰⴷⴷⵉⵏⴰⵜ ⵓⵉⵏ ⴰⵣⵣⴰⵎⴰⵏ ⵓⴰ ⵙ ⵉⵜⴰⵓⴰⵏ ⵓⴰⵏ ⴰⵏⵏⵓⵔ
English: My one regret in dying is that I cannot aid you in this noble enterprise, the finest and most respectable which the human mind can point out."
Tamasheq: “ ⵂⴰⵔⴰⵜ ⵓⴰⵏ ⵉⵉⵉⴰⵏ ⵢⵈⵈⴰⵍⴰⵏ ⵜⴰⵎⵓⵋⵔⵢⵙⵜ ⴷⴰⵗ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵜⵜⴰⵏⵜ ⴰⵎⵓⵙ ⴰⵙ ⵓⴰⵔ ⴰⴷⴷⵓⴱⵢⴷ ⴰ ⴾⴰⵉ ⴰⴷⵂⴰⵍⴰⴷ ⴷⴰⵗ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵛⵗⵓⵍⵜ ⵜⵢⵏ, ⵓⴰ ⵍⴰⵎⵎⵓⴷⴰⵏ ⵜⵓⵍⴰⵙ ⵏ ⵙⵢⵎⵗⴰⵔ ⵙ ⵜⴰⴷⴷⵓⴱⴰⵜ ⵜⴰ-ⵉⵜⵢ ⵏ ⴰⵓⴰⴷⵉⵎ ⴰ ⵜⴰⵜ ⴰⵍⵍⴰⵗⴰⵜ””
English: Locke stood to refute Sir Robert Filmer's paternally founded political theory in favor of a natural system based on nature in a particular given system.
Tamasheq: ⵍⵓⵛⴾⵢ ⴰⵣⵣⵓⴾⴰⵜ ⵉ ⴰⴷ ⵓⵏⵋⵉⵉ ⵉ ⴰⵙ ⵔⵓⴱⵢⵜ ⴼⵉⵍⵎⵢⵔ ⴰ ⵉⴷ ⵢⵗⵏⴰⵏ ⵜⵂⵢⵓⵔⵉ ⵏ ⴼⵓⵍⵉⵜⵉⴾ ⵜⴰ ⵜⴰⵔⴷⴰⵜ ⴼⴰⵍ ⵙⵉⵙⵜⵢⵎ ⵉⵋⵋⴰⵏ ⴼⴰⵍ ⴰⵂⵉⵏⵣⴰⵣⴰⵗ ⵏ ⵙⵉⵙⵜⵢⵎ ⵉⵜ ⵉⵍⵍⴰⵏ
English: Unlike Aquinas's preponderant view on the salvation of the soul from original sin, Locke believes man's mind comes into this world as tabula rasa.
Tamasheq: ⴰⴾⴰⵉⴰⴷ ⵏ ⴰⵈⵓⵉⵏⴰⵙ ⵓⴰⵏ ⴰⵍⵗⵉⵍⵍⴰⵙ ⵏ ⵉⵎⴰⵏ ⴷⴰⵗ ⴰⴾⴰⴱⴰⴷ ⵓⴰ ⵢⵣⵣⴰⵔⴰⵏ ⵓⴰⵔ ⵓⵍⴰⵂ ⵉⴷ ⵓⴰⵏ ⵍⵓⵛⴾⵢ ⵓⵔⴷⴰⵏ ⴰⵙ ⵜ-ⵉⵜⵢ ⵏ ⴰⵓⴰⴷⵉⵎ ⵜⵓⴰⵙ ⵉⴷ ⴰⴷⴷⵓⵏⵉⵉⴰ ⵛⵂⵓⵏⴷ ⵜⴰⴱⵓⵍⴰ ⵔⴰⵙⴰ
English: Though one could be worried about restrictions on liberty by benevolent monarchs or aristocrats, the traditional worry is that when rulers are politically unaccountable to the governed they will rule in their own interests, rather than the interests of the governed.
Tamasheq: ⵆⵓⴷⴷⵢⵗ ⴰⵙ ⴰⴷⴷⵓⴱⴰⵜ ⴰⵓⴰⴷⵉⵎ ⴰ ⵜⵉ ⴰⵙⵙⵓⵔⵎⴰⵗ ⵜⵉⴶⴷⵉⵍ ⴰⵎⴰⵏ ⴼⴰⵍ ⴰⵍⵆⵓⵔⵉⵉⴰ ⵉⵋⵋⴰⵏ ⵉⵎⴰⵏⵓⴾⴰⵍⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵎⵓⵏⴰⵔⴾ ⵎⵢⵗ ⴰⵔⵉⵙⵜⵓⴾⵔⴰⵜ ⵜⴰⵏ, ⵜⴰⵔⵉⵎⵎⵢⵈ ⵜⴰⵏ ⴰⵍⴰⵙⴰⵍ ⵜ ⴰⵎⵓⵙ ⴰⵙ ⴰⵍⵓⴰⵈ ⵓⴰ ⵉⴷ ⵉⵎⴰⵏⵓⴾⴰⵍⴰⵏ ⵓⴰⵔ ⵜⵏ ⵢⵈⵈⵢⵍ ⵂⴰⵔⴰⵜ ⴷⴰⵗ ⴰⵆⴰⴾⴰⵎ ⵓⴰ ⵉⵋⵋⴰⵏ ⴼⴰⵍ ⵜⵉⵎⵉⵜⵜⴰⵓⵢⵏ ⵏⴰⵙⴰⵏ ⴰⴷ ⴰⵆⴾⵉⵎⴰⵏ ⴷⴰⵗ ⴰⴼⵓⵔ ⵏⴰⵙⴰⵏ ⵓⵂⵓⵏ ⴰⴼⵓⵔ ⵓⴰⵏ ⵜⵉⵎⵉⵜⵜⴰⵓⵓⵏ ⵜⵉ ⴼⴰⵍ ⴰⵆⴾⴰⵎⴰⵏ
English: Justice involves duties that are perfect duties—that is, duties that are correlated with rights.
Tamasheq: ⴰⵛⵛⴰⵔⵢⵗⴰ ⴰⵂⴰⵏ ⵜⵉ ⵉⵣⵉⵍⵣⴰⵎ ⴰⵈⵈⴰⵍ ⵏⵢⵏ ⵉⵣⵉⵍⵣⴰⵎ ⵓⵗⴰⴷⵏⵢⵏ ⴰⵓⵢⵏ ⴰⵎⵓⵙ ⴰⵙ ⵉⵣⵉⵍⵣⴰⵎ ⴷ ⴰⵍⵆⴰⵈⵈⴰⵏ ⵓⵙⴰⵗⴰⵏ
English: He uses, On Liberty to discuss gender equality in society.
Tamasheq: ⵙ Oⵏ ⵍⵉⴱⵢⵔⵜⵉ ⵉⵙⵙⵢⵓⴰⵍ ⴼⴰⵍ ⵜⵉⴶⴷⴰⵂⵜ ⵏ ⵎⵢⴷⴷⴰⵏ ⴷ ⴷⵢⴷⵢⵏ ⴷⴰⵗ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⴷⵓⵈ
English: The Liberty of the Ancients was participatory republican liberty, which gave the citizens the right to directly influence politics through debates and votes in the public assembly.
Tamasheq: ⴰⵍⵆⵓⵔⵉⵉⴰ ⵏ ⴾⵢⵍ ⴰⵔⵓ ⵢⵈⵈⴰⵍ ⴰⵍⵆⵓⵔⵉⵉⴰ ⵓⵓⴰⵔⴰⵏ ⴰⴷⴷⵉⵏⴰⵜ , ⵉⴾⴼ-ⴰⵏ ⴾⵢⵍ ⴰⴾⴰⵍ ⴰⵍⵆⴰⵈ ⵏ ⵉⵋⵓⵛ ⵏ ⴼⵓⵍⵉⵜⵉⴾ ⵙ ⵢⴷⴰⵓⴰⵏⵏⵉ ⵜⴰⵏ ⴷ ⵓⵓⵜⵢ ⵜⴰⵏ ⴷⴰⵗ ⵜⵉⵗⴰⵉⵎⴰⵜⵢⵏ ⵏ ⴰⴷⴷⵉⵏⴰⵜ
English: Ancient Liberty was also limited to relatively small and homogenous societies, in which the people could be conveniently gathered together in one place to transact public affairs.
Tamasheq: ⴰⵍⵆⵓⵔⵉⵉⴰ ⵓⴰⵏ ⴰⵔⵓ ⴰⵣⵣⵓⴾⴰⵜ ⵗⵓⵔ ⵜⴰⵎⵉⵣⴷⴰⵗ ⵎⴰⴷⵔⵓⵉⵏⵢⵏ ⵜⵓⵍⴰⵙ ⴰⵔⵜⴰⵉⵏⵢⵏ ⴷⴰⵗ ⴰⴷⴷⵓⴱⵢⵏ ⴰⴷⴷⵉⵏⴰⵜ ⴰⴷ ⴰⵔⵜⴰⵉⴰⵏ ⵙ ⵉⵎⵎⵉⴾ ⵓⴰ ⵙ ⴰⵔⵂⴰⵏ ⴷⴰⵗ ⵢⴷⴰⴶ ⵢⵉⴰⵏ ⵉ ⵛⵂⴰⵓⴰⵔⴰ ⵜⴰⵏ ⵏⴰⵙⴰⵏ
English: Instead, the voters would elect representatives, who would deliberate in Parliament on behalf of the people and would save citizens from the necessity of daily political involvement.
Tamasheq: ⵆⵢⵍ ⵓⵓⵜⵢ ⵜⴰⵏ ⴰⴷ ⴰⵋ ⵉⵏ ⵓⵓⵜⵢ ⵉ ⴰⴷⴷⵉⵏⴰⵜ ⴰⴷⴷⵓⴱⴰⵜ ⵏⵢⵏ ⴰⵙⵉⵓⵉⵍ ⴷⴰⵗ ⵢⵂⴰⵏ ⵓⴰⵏ ⴷⵉⴱⵉⵜⵉ ⵜⴰⵏ ⴼⴰⵍ ⵉⵙⵎⴰⵓⴰⵏ ⵏ ⴰⴷⴷⵉⵏⴰⵜ ⵜⵓⵍⴰⵙ ⴰⴷ ⴰⴶⵉⵣⴰⵏ ⴰⴷⴷⵉⵏⴰⵜ ⴷⴰⵗ ⵉⵣⵉⵍⵣⴰⵎ ⵏ ⵓⵉⵏ ⴼⵓⵍⵉⵜⵉⴾ ⵏ ⴰⵛⵂⴰⵍ ⴼⵓⴾ
English: In Leviathan, Hobbes set out his doctrine of the foundation of states and legitimate governments and creating an objective science of morality.
Tamasheq: ⴷⴰⵗ ⵍⵢⴱⵉⴰⵜⵂⴰⵏ,ⵂⵓⴱⴱⵢⵙ ⵉⴾⵏⴰ ⵎⴰⵣⵂⴰⴱ ⵏⵢⵜ ⵏ ⴰⴾⴰⵔⵓⵙ ⵓⴰⵏ ⴰⴷⴷⴰⵓⵍⴰ ⵜⴰⵏ ⴷ ⴰⵍⵆⴰⴾⵓⵎⴰⵏ ⵓⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⴷⵉⵜⵜ ⵜⵓⵍⴰⵙ ⵉⴾⵏⴰ ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵙ ⵏ ⵓⵆⵍⴰⴾ
English: In that state, each person would have a right, or license, to everything in the world.
Tamasheq: ⴷⴰⵗ ⴰⴷⴷⴰⵓⵍⴰ ⵜⵓⵏ, ⴰⵓⴰⴷⵉⵎ ⴼⵓⴾ ⵉⵍⴰ ⴰⵍⵆⴰⵈ ⵎⵢⵗ ⴰⵍⴾⴰⴷ ⵏ ⵜⵓⵔⵂⴰⵋⴰⵜ ⵉ ⵂⴰⵔⴰⵜ ⴼⵓⴾ ⴷⴰⵗ ⴰⵍⵗⴰⵍⵉⵎ
English: Published in 1762, it became one of the most influential works of political philosophy in the Western tradition.
Tamasheq: Iⴷ ⵉⵣⵋⴰⵔⴰⵏ ⴷⴰⵗ ⴰⵓⴰⵜⴰⵉ ⵓⴰⵏ 1762, ⵢⵈⵈⴰⵍ ⵢⵉⵉⴰⵏ ⴷⴰⵗ ⴰⵍⵆⵉⵎⴷⴰⵜⵢⵏ ⵜⴰ ⵜⵓⵋⴰⵔⴰⵜ ⵂⵓⵍⵍⴰⵏ ⴷⴰⵗ ⴼⵉⵍⵓⵣⵓⴼⵉ ⵏ ⴼⵓⵍⵉⵜⵉⴾ ⵜⴰⵏ ⵜⵓⵎⴰⵙⵜ ⵜⴰⵏ ⵉⴾⵓⴼⴰⵔ
English: Those who think themselves the masters of others are indeed greater slaves than they."
Tamasheq: “ ⴰⴷⴷⵉⵏⴰⵜ ⵓⵉ ⵉⵋⵋⴰⵏⵢⵏ ⵎⵢⴷⵔⴰⵏ ⵙ ⴰⵙ ⴰⵈⵈⴰⵍⴰⵏ ⵎⴰⵙⵙⴰⵓⵉⵙ ⵏ ⵉⵉⵉⴰⴷ ⵢⵋⵋⴰⵔⴰⵏ ⵓⵉⵏ ⴰⵜⴰⴾⵔⵉⵛⵂ””
English: The industrial revolution produced a parallel revolution in political thought.
Tamasheq: Iⵏⴷⵓⵙⵜⵔⵉⴰⵍ ⵔⵢⴱⵓⵍⵓⵜⵉⵓⵏ ⵜ ⵢⵔⴰⵓ ⵉⴷ ⴱⴰⵔⴰⵍⵍⵢⵍ ⵔⵢⴱⵓⵍⵓⵜⵉⵓⵏ ⴷⴰⵗ ⵎⵢⴷⵔⴰⵏ ⵓⴰⵏ ⴼⵓⵍⵉⵜⵉⴾ
English: In the mid-19th century, Marxism was developed, and socialism in general gained increasing popular support, mostly from the urban working class.
Tamasheq: ⴷⴷⴰⵗ ⵜⴰⵣⵓⵏⵢ ⵏ ⴰⵓⴰⵜⴰⵉ ⵓⴰⵏ 1800 , ⵎⴰⵔⵆⵉⵙⵎ ⵉⵋⵋⴰ ⵢⴼⵢⵙ ⵜⵓⵍⴰⵙ ⵙⵓⵛⵉⴰⵍⵉⵙⵎ ⵉⴾⵔⴰⵛⵂ ⴰⵍⴾⵓⵎ ⵏ ⴰⴷⴷⵉⵏⴰⵜ ⵙ ⴰⵙⵙⴰⵂⴰⵜ ⵂⵓⵍⵍⴰⵏ ⴰⴷⴷⵉⵏⴰⵜ ⵓⵉ ⵜⵉⵍⴰⵈⵈⴰⵓⵢⵏ
English: Unlike Marx who believed in historical materialism, Hegel believed in the Phenomenology of Spirit.
Tamasheq: ⵆⴾⵢⴶⵢⵍ ⴰⵙⵉⴼⵍⴰⵙ ⴷⴰⵗ ⴱⵂⵢⵏⵓⵎⵢⵏⵓⵍⵓⴶⵉ ⵜⴰ -ⵉⵜⵢ ⴰ ⴰⵏⵎⴰⵣⵍⴰⵉⴰⵏ ⵉⴷ ⵎⴰⵔⵆ ⴰⵙⵉⴼⵍⴰⵙⴰⵏ ⵙ ⵀⵉⵙⵜⵓⵔⵉⵛⴰⵍ ⵎⴰⵜⵢⵔⵉⴰⵍⵉⵙⵎ
English: In the Anglo-American world, anti-imperialism and pluralism began gaining currency at the turn of the 20th century.
Tamasheq: ⴷⴰⵗ ⴰⵍⵗⴰⵍⵉⵎ ⵓⴰⵏ ⴰⵏⴶⵍⵓ-ⴰⵎⵢⵔⵉⴾⵢⵏ , ⴰⵏⵜⵉ-ⵉⵎⴱⵢⵔⵉⴰⵍⵉⵙⵎ ⴷ ⴱⵍⵓⵔⴰⵍⵉⵙⵎ ⵉⵙⵙⵉⵜⴰⵏ ⵜⵉⵓ-ⴰⵜ ⵗⵓⵔ ⴰⵓⴰⵜⴰⵉ ⵓⴰⵏ 1900
English: This was the time of Jean-Paul Sartre and Louis Althusser, and the victories of Mao Zedong in China and Fidel Castro in Cuba, as well as the events of May 1968, led to increased interest in revolutionary ideology, especially by the New Left.
Tamasheq: ⴰⵓⵢⵏ ⵢⵈⵈⴰⵍ ⴰⵣⵣⴰⵎⴰⵏ ⵓⴰⵏ ⵋⵢⴰⵏ-ⴱⴰⵓⵍ ⵙⴰⵔⵜⵔⵢ ⴷ ⵈⵍⵓⵓⵉⵙ ⴰⵍⵜⵂⵓⵙⵙⵢⵔ ⴷ ⴰⵏⵜⵉⵙⴰⵔ ⵜⴰⵏ ⵜⵉⵏ ⵎⴰⵓ ⵤⵢⴷⵓⵏⴶ ⴷ Fⵉⴷⴻⵍ ⵛⴰⵙⵜⵔⵓ ⵂⴰⴾ ⵉⴷ ⵜⵉⵎⴰⴷⴰⵛⵂⵢ ⵜⵉ ⵉⵋⵋⴰⵏⴻⵏ ⵗⵓⵔ ⴰⵉⵓⵔ ⵓⴰⵏ ⴰⵓⵣⵢⵎ ⵓⴰⵏ ⵉⵙⵙⵉⵏ ⵏ ⴰⵓⴰⵜⴰⵉ ⵓⴰⵏ 1968 ⵉⵙⵙⵢⵓⴰⴷⴰⵏ ⴰⴼⵓⵔ ⴷⴰⵗ ⵜⴰ-ⵉⵜⵢ ⵜⴰⵏ ⵉⵎⵓⵜⵉⵉⴰⵏ ⵏ ⴼⵓⵍⵉⵜⵉⴾ ⵙ ⴰⵙⵙⴰⵂⴰⵜ ⵂⵓⵍⵍⴰⵏ ⴷⴰⵗ ⵙ ⴰⵛⵂⵔⵓⵜ ⵓⴰⵏ ⵏⵢⵓ ⵍⵢⴼⵜ
English: Colonialism and racism were important issues that arose.
Tamasheq: ⴰⵍⵉⵙⵜⵢⵗⵎⴰⵔ ⴷ ⴰⵏⵎⵉⵣⵍⴰⵉ ⵏ ⴰⴷⴷⵉⵏⴰⵜ ⴰⵈⵈⴰⵍⴰⵏ ⵎⴰⵔⵙⴰⵍⴰⵏ ⵎⴰⵈⵈⵓⵔⵏⵢⵏ ⵉⴷ ⵉⵏⴾⴰⵔ ⵏⵢⵏ
English: The rise of feminism, LGBT social movements and the end of colonial rule and of the political exclusion of such minorities as African Americans and sexual minorities in the developed world has led to feminist, postcolonial, and multicultural thought becoming significant.
Tamasheq: ⵜⴰⵏⴰⴾⵔⴰ ⵜⴰⵏ ⴼⵢⵎⵉⵏⵉⵙⵎ , ⵜⴰⴶⴶⴰⵉⵢⵏ ⵜⵉⵏ ⵍⵗⴱⵟ ⴷ ⴰⵎⵉⵏⴷⵉ ⵏ ⴰⵛⵂⴰⵔⵢⵗⴰ ⵓⴰⵏ ⴰⵍⵉⵙⵜⵢⵗⵎⴰⵔ ⴷ ⴼⵓⵍⵜⵉⴾ ⵜⴰ ⵜⵉⵙⴾⴰⵜⴰⵜ ⴰⴷⴷⵉⵏⴰⵜ ⵛⵂⵓⵏⴷ ⵜⴰⵓⵙⵢⵜⵢⵏ ⵜⵉ ⵎⴰⴷⵔⵓⵉⵏⵢⵏ ⵓⴰⵔ ⵜⴰⵂⴰ ⴰⵙⵙⴰⵂⴰⵜ ⵛⵂⵓⵏⴷ ⴾⵢⵍ ⴰⴼⵔⵉⴾⵉⵉⴰ ⵓⵉⵏ ⴰⵎⵢⵔⵉⴾ ⴷ ⵙⵢⵆⵓⴰⵍ ⵎⵉⵏⵓⵔⵉⵜⵉⵢⵙ ⴷⴰⵗ ⴰⵍⵗⴰⵍⵉⵎ ⵓⴰⵏ ⵢⴼⵢⵙ ⵎⴰⵈⵈⵓⵔⴰⵏ ⵢⵓⴰⵉ ⵉⴷ ⵎⵢⴷⵔⴰⵏ ⵏ ⴼⵢⵎⵉⵏⵉⵙⵜ,ⵏ ⴷⴰⵔⴰⵜ ⴰⵍⵉⵙⵜⵢⵗⵎⴰⵔ ⴷ ⵏ ⴰⴶⵏⴰ ⵜⴰⵏ ⴰⵙⵙⵓⵂⵢⵏ
English: Rawls used a thought experiment, the original position, in which representative parties choose principles of justice for the basic structure of society from behind a veil of ignorance.
Tamasheq: ⵔⴰⵓⵍⵙ ⵢⵔⴰⵎ ⴰⵎⵢⴷⵔⴰⵏ , ⵢⴷⴰⴶ ⵓⴰⵏ ⴰⵍⴰⵙⴰⵍ ⴷⴰⵗ ⵙⴰⵏⴰⴼⵔⴰⵏⴰⵏ ⵉⵛⵂⵔⵓⵜⴰⵏ ⵜⵉⵙⵉⵜⵜⴰⵗⵂⴰⵍ ⵜⵉⵏ ⴰⵛⵂⴰⵔⵢⵗⴰ ⵉ ⵢⴷⵢⵉ ⵏ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⴷⵓⵈ ⴷⴰⵜⴰ ⵢⴾⴰⵔⵛⵂⴰⵉ ⵏ ⵜⴰⵍⵋⵓⵂⴰⵍⴰ
English: Contemporaneously with the rise of analytic ethics in Anglo-American thought, in Europe, several new lines of philosophy directed at the critique of existing societies arose between the 1950s and 1980s.
Tamasheq: ⵗⵓⵔ ⵢⵎⵢⵍ ⵏ ⴰⵏⴰⵍⵉⵜⵉⵛ ⵢⵜⵂⵉⵛⵙ ⴷⴰⵗ ⴰⵎⵢⴷⵔⴰⵏ ⵓⴰⵏ ⴰⵏⴶⵍⵓ-ⴰⵎⵢⵔⵉⴾⵢⵏ , ⴷⴰⵗ ⵢⵔⵓⴱⴰ , ⵉⵉⴰⴾⴰ ⴰⵋⵋⵓⵜⵏⴻⵏ ⵢⵉⵏⴰⵉⵏⵢⵏ ⵏ ⴼⵉⵍⵓⵣⵓⴼⵉ ⴼⴰⵍ ⵉⵋⵋⴰ ⵎⴰⵋⵔⴰⴷ ⵏ ⵜⴰⵉⵎⵉⵣⴷⴰⵈ ⵉⵏⴰⵔ ⵉⴷ ⵋⵉⵔ ⴰⵓⴰⵜⴰⵉ ⵓⴰⵏ 1950 ⴷ ⵓⴰⵏ 1980
English: Along somewhat different lines, a number of other continental thinkers—still largely influenced by Marxism—put new emphases on structuralism and on a "return to Hegel".
Tamasheq: “ ⴷⴰⵗ ⵉⵙⴰⵍⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵉⵉⴰⴾⴰ ⵜⴰⵏ ⵉⵣⵍⴰⵉⵏⵢⵏ, ⵉⴷⴷⵉⴾⵓⴷ ⵏ ⵉⵎⵓⵙⴰⵏⴰⵏ ⵢⵉⵉⴰⴷ ⵏ ⴰⵎⴰⴷⴰⵍ ⵂⴰⵔ ⴰⵋⵋⵓⴷⵉ ⵉⴾⵏⵢⵏ ⵎⴰⵔⵆⵉⵙⵎ ⵜⴰⵔⵏⴰ ⵂⵓⵍⵍⴰⵏ- ⵉⵋⵋⴰⵏ ⵜⵉⵜⴱⴰⵈⵈⴰ ⵢⵉⵏⴰⵉⵏⵢⵏ ⴼⴰⵍ ⵙⵜⵔⵓⵛⵜⵓⵔⴰⵍⵉⵙⵎ ⴷ ⴼⴰⵍ “ⵓⵗⵉⵍ ⵙ ⵍⵓⴶⵢⵍ”
English: Another debate developed around the (distinct) criticisms of liberal political theory made by Michael Walzer, Michael Sandel and Charles Taylor.
Tamasheq: ⴰⴷⵉⵓⵉⵏⵏⵉ ⵢⵉⴰⵏ ⵉⵋⵋⴰⵏ ⵢⴷⵢⵙ ⵏ ⵎⴰⵋⵔⴰⴷ ⴼⴰⵍ ⴱⵓⵍⵉⵜⵉⵛⴰⵍ ⵜⵂⵢⵓⵔⵉ ⵉⵋⵋⴰ ⵎⵉⵛⵂⴰⵢⵍ ⵓⴰⵍⵣⵢⵔ ⵎⵉⵛⵂⴰⵢⵍ ⵙⴰⵏⴷⵢⵍ ⴷ ⵛⵂⴰⵔⵍⵢⵙ ⵟⴰⵉⵍⵓⵔ,
English: Communitarians tend to support greater local control as well as economic and social policies which encourage the growth of social capital.
Tamasheq: ⵜⴰⵓⵙⵢⵜⵢⵏ ⵉⵍⴾⴰⵎ ⵏⴰⵜ ⵂⵓⵍⵍⴰⵏ ⵉ ⴰⵓⵉⴾⴾⴰⵍ ⵂⴰⴾ ⵉⴷ ⴼⵓⵍⵉⵜⵉⴾ ⵜⴰⵏ ⵜⵉⵏ ⵜⴰⵎⵓⴷⵔⵢ ⴷ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⴷⵓⵈ ⵜⵉ ⵂⴰⴾⴾⵉⵏ ⵏⵢⵏ ⴰⵙⵙⴰⵂⴰⵜ ⵉ ⵜⵉⵓ-ⴰⵜ ⵏ ⴰⵍⴼⴰⵉⴷⴰ
English: A pair of overlapping political perspectives arising toward the end of the 20th century are republicanism (or neo- or civic-republicanism) and the capability approach.
Tamasheq: Iⵜⵜⵓⵙⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵉⵍⴾⴰⵎⴰⵜ ⴰⵈⵈⴰⵍⴰ ⵏⵢⵏ ⵏ ⴼⵓⵍⵉⵜⵉⴾ ⵜⵉⵏ ⴰⵎⴰⵛⵂⵔⴰⵉⵏⵢⵏ ⵉⴷ ⴰⵏⴾⴰⵔ ⵏⵢⵏ ⵗⵓⵔ ⴰⵎⵉⵏⴷⵉ 1900 ⴰⵎⵓⵙⴰⵏ ⵔⵢⴱⵓⴱⵍⵉⵛⴰⵏⵉⵙⵎ (ⵎⵢⵗ ⵏⵢⵓ- ⵎⵢⵗ ⵛⵉⴱⵉⵛ- ⵔⵢⴱⵓⴱⵍⵉⵛⴰⵏⵉⵙⵎ) ⴷ ⵜⴰⵣⵓⵋⵉⵛⵂⵜ ⵜⴰⵏ
English: To a republican the mere status as a slave, regardless of how that slave is treated, is objectionable.
Tamasheq: ⵏⴰⵓⴰⴷⵉⵎ ⵓⴰⵏ ⵔⵢⴱⵉⴱⵍⵉⴾⵢⵏ ⵜⵓⵎⵎⴰⵙⵜ ⵏ ⴰⴾⵍⵉ ⵓⴰⵔ ⵏ ⴰⵈⵈⵓⵍ ⴷⴰⵗ ⵙⴰⵔⵂⵓ ⵓⴰ ⵉⵋⵔⴰⵓ ⵓⴰⵔ ⵉⵍⴰ ⴰⵗⴰⴱⴰⵍ
English: Both the capability approach and republicanism treat choice as something which must be resourced.
Tamasheq: ⵜⴰⵣⵓⵋⵉⵛⵂⵜ ⵜⴰⵏ ⵜⵓⴷⴰⴱⴰⵜ ⴷ ⵔⵢⴱⵓⴱⵍⵉⵛⴰⵏⵉⵙⵎ ⵉⵋⵋⴰⵏ ⵏⵢⴼⵔⴰⵏ ⵛⵂⵓⵏⴷ ⵂⴰⵔⴰⵜ ⵙ ⵉⵍⵣⴰⵎ ⵎⴰⵙⵔⵓⴼ ⴼⴰⵍ ⴰⵙ
English: Notable for the theories that humans are social animals, and that the polis (Ancient Greek city state) existed to bring about the good life appropriate to such animals.
Tamasheq: I ⵜⵂⵢⵓⵔⵉ ⵜⴰⵏ ⵜⵉ ⵙ ⵗⵓⵔ ⵉⵋⵋⴰ ⴰⵙ ⴰⴷⴷⵉⵏⴰⵜ ⴰⵈⵈⴰⵍⴰⵏ ⴰⵔⵉⵣⵣⵢⵋ ⵉⵣⴷⴰⵗⴰⵏ ⴷ ⴱⵓⵍⵉⵙ ⵓⵓⵏ (ⴰⴷⴷⴰⵓⵍⴰ ⵏ ⴰⵗⵔⵉⵎ ⵓⴰⵏ ⵗⵔⵢⴾ ⵜⴰⵏ ⴰⵔⵓ) ⵉⵍⵍⴱ ⵉ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵋⵔⵓ ⵜⴰⵎⵓⴷⵔⵢ ⵜⵓⵍⴰⵗⴰⵜ ⵉ ⴰⵔⵉⵣⵣⴻⵋ ⵓⵢⵏ
English: Burke was one of the biggest supporters of the American Revolution.
Tamasheq: ⴱⵓⵔⴾⵢ ⵢⵈⵈⴰⵍ ⵉⵉⵉⴰⵏ ⴷⴰⵗ ⵉⵏⴰⵍⴾⴰⵎⴰⵏ ⵓⵉ ⵎⴰⵈⵈⵓⵔⵏⵢⵏ ⵉ ⴰⵎⵢⵔⵉⵛⴰⵏ ⵔⵢⴱⵓⵍⵓⵜⵉⵓⵏ
English: Chomsky is a leading critic of U.S. foreign policy, neoliberalism and contemporary state capitalism, the Israeli–Palestinian conflict, and mainstream news media.
Tamasheq: ⵛⵂⵓⵎⵙⴾⵉ ⵢⵈⵈⴰⵍ ⵂⴰⵔⴰⵜ ⴷⴰⵗ ⵉⵎⵓⵣⴰⵔⴰⵏ ⵓⵉ ⴰⵎⵉⵋⵔⴰⴷ ⵏⵢⵏ ⴼⵓⵍⵉⵜⵉⴾ ⴰⵎⵢⵔⵉⴾ ⵜⴰⵏ ⵙ ⴰⵋⵋⴰⵎⴰ , ⵏⵢⵓⵍⵉⴱⵢⵔⴰⵍⵉⵙⵎ ⴷ ⵆⴰⴱⵉⴰⵍⵉⵣⵎ ⵓⴰⵏ ⴰⴷⴷⴰⵓⵍⴰ , ⴰⴾⵉⵏⵏⴰⵙ ⵓⴰⵏ ⵋⵉⵔ Iⵣⵔⴰⵉⵍ ⴷ ⴼⴰⵍⴻⵙⵜⵉⵏ ⴷ ⵉⵙⴰⵍⴰⵏ ⴰⵋⵋⵓⵜⵏⵢⵏ ⵏ ⵎⵢⴷⵉⴰ ⵜⴰⵏ
English: William E. Connolly: Helped introduce postmodern philosophy into political theory, and promoted new theories of Pluralism and agonistic democracy.
Tamasheq: ⵓⵉⵍⵍⵉⴰⵎ E. ⵛⵓⵏⵏⵓⵍⵍⵉ: ⵉⴷⵂⴰⵍ ⴷⴰⵗ ⵉⵋⵋⵓⵛⵂ ⵏ ⵓ ⴱⵂⵉⵍⵙⵓⵂⴱⵉ ⴷⴰⵗ ⴱⵓⵍⵉⵜⵉⵛⴰⵍ ⵜⵂⵢⵓⵔⵉ ⴷ ⴰⵙⵉⵓⴰⴷ ⵏ ⵎⵉⵔⴷⴰ ⵜⴰⵏ ⵢⵉⵏⴰⵉⵏⵢⵏ ⵏ ⴱⵍⵓⵔⴰⵍⵉⵙⵎ ⴷ ⴷⵢⵎⵓⴾⵔⴰⵜⵉ ⴷⴰⵗ ⴰⵣⵣⵓⴾⴰⵜ ⵓⵏⴼⴰⵙ
English: Thomas Hill Green: Modern liberal thinker and early supporter of positive freedom.
Tamasheq: ⵜⵂⵓⵎⴰⵙ ⵂⵉⵍⵍ ⵗⵔⵢⵢⵏ: ⵢⵎⴰⵗⵔⵉ ⵏ ⵍⵉⴱⵔⴰⵍ ⵜⵓⵍⴰⵙ ⵢⵈⵈⴰⵍ ⵉⵏⴰⵍⴾⴰⵎ ⵓⴰ ⴰⵍⵆⵓⵔⵉⵉⴰ ⵜⴰ ⵜⵓⵍⴰⵗⴰⵜ
English: His early work was heavily influenced by the Frankfurt School.
Tamasheq: ⴰⵍⵆⵉⴷⵎⴰⵜ ⵏⵢⵜ ⵜⴰ ⵜⴰⵣⵣⴰⵔⴰⵜ ⵜ ⴰⵎⵓⵙ ⴰ ⵉⴾⵏⴰ ⵍⴰⴾⴾⵓⵍ ⵓⴰⵏ ⴼⵔⴰⵏⴾⴼⵓⵔⵜ ⵜⴰⵔⵏⴰ ⵂⵓⵍⵍⴰⵏ
English: He advocated free-market capitalism in which the main role of the state is to maintain the rule of law and let spontaneous order develop.
Tamasheq: ⴰⵍⵍⴰⵗⴰⵜ ⵙ ⵆⴰⴱⵉⵜⴰⵍⵉⵣⵎ ⵏ ⵂⵢⴱⵓ ⴰⵎⵎⵔⴰⵏ ⵙ ⵢⴷⴰⴶ ⵏ ⴰⴷⴷⴰⵓⵍⴰ ⴰⵎⵓⵙ ⴰⴶ-ⴰⵣ ⵏ ⴰⵛⵂⴰⵔⵢⵗⴰ ⵜⵓⵍⴰⵙ ⵜⵓⵉⵉⴰ ⴰⵈⵈⵓⴷ ⴰⴷ ⵢⵋ ⵉⴷ ⵉⵎⴰⵏ ⵏⴱⵜ
English: David Hume: Hume criticized the social contract theory of John Locke and others as resting on a myth of some actual agreement.
Tamasheq: ⴷⵣⴱⵉⴷ ⵂⵓⵎⵢ: ⵂⵓⵎⵢ ⵎⴰⵋⵔⴰⴷ ⴼⴰⵍ ⵜⵂⵢⵓⵔⵉ ⵏ ⴰⵏⵉⴼⵂⴰⵎ ⵓⴰⵏ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⴷⵓⵈ ⵏ ⵋⵓⵂⵏ ⵍⵓⵛⴾⵢ ⴷ ⵉⵉⵉⴰⴷ ⴰⵈⵈⵉⵎ ⵏⵢⵏ ⴼⴰⵍ ⵏ ⵜⴰⵗⵉⵍⵜ ⵏ ⴰⵏⵉⴼⵂⴰⵎ ⵏ ⴰⵎⴰⵔⴰⴷ
English: Most famous for the United States Declaration of Independence.
Tamasheq: ⴰⵓⴰ ⵉⵣⵋⴰⵔ ⵉⵙⵉⵎ ⵏⵢⵜ ⴷⴰⵗ ⴰⵎⵢⵔⵉⴾ ⵂⵓⵍⵍⴰⵏ ⴰⵎⵓⵙ ⵎⴰⵋⵔⴰⴷ ⵓⴰⵏ ⴰⵍⵉⵙⵜⵢⵆⵍⴰⵍ ⵏ ⴰⵎⵢⵔⵉⴾ