Tamazight-NLP/NLLB-Seed_Tamasheq-Tifinagh-Script huggingface dataset:
English: Carbon dioxide combines with rain to weather rocks to form carbonic acid, which is then washed out to sea, thus extracting the greenhouse gas from the atmosphere.
Tamasheq: ⴻⵉⵓⵆⵉⴷⴻ ⵓⴰⵏ ⴰⵔⴱⵓⵏⴻ ⵉⵜⴰⵎⴰⵔⵜⴰⵉ ⴰⴷ ⴰⵋⴰⵏⵏⴰ ⵉⴻ ⴰⵛⴰⵏⵣⵉ ⴰⵏ ⵜⵉⵂⵓⵏ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵋⵉ ⴰⵏ ⴰⴰⵉⴷⴻ ⴰⵔⴱⵓⵏⵉⵈⵓⴻ, ⵂⵉⵏ ⴰⵜⵉⵓⴰⵋⴰⵔⴰⵏ ⴷⴰⵔⴰⵜ ⴰⵓⴻⵏ ⴷⴰⵗ ⴻⴱⴰⵏⴶ, ⴰⵓⴻⵏ ⵉⵋⵔⴰⵓⴰⵏ ⵓⴾⵉⵙⵙ ⴰⵏ ⴶⴰⵣ ⴰⴾⵓⵙⵙⴰⵏ ⴰⵏ ⵋⴰⵏⴰⵋ ⴰⴾⴰⵍ.
English: The Bacteria domain probably first split off from the other forms of life (sometimes called Neomura), but this supposition is controversial.
Tamasheq: ⵜⴰⴾⵉⵛⵜ ⵜⴰⵏ ⴱⴰⴰⵜⴻⵔⵉⵜⴰⵏ ⵜⴰⵈⴰⵍ ⴰⵣⵓⵏⴰⵏ ⴷⴰⵗ ⵜⵉⵣⴰⵔⴰⵜ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵔⵉⵜⴰⵏ ⴰⵏ ⵜⴰⵎⵓⴷⵔⴻ ⵓⵉⵉⴰⴷⴷⴻⵏ (ⴰⴶⵓⴷ ⴰⵜⵉⵓⴰⵗⵔⴰⵏ ⴰⵙ ⵏⴻⵓⵎⵓⵔⴰ) ⵎⴰⵛⴰⵏ ⴰⵙⵙⴰⵏⴰⵂⴰⵋ ⴻⵈⴰⵍ ⴰⵎⴰⴷⵉⵛ.
English: The earliest fossils possessing features typical of fungi date to the Paleoproterozoic era, some 2.4 ago; these multicellular benthic organisms had filamentous structures capable of anastomosis.
Tamasheq: Iⵋⵉⵍⴰⵍⴰⵏ ⴰⵣⴰⵔⵏⴻⵏ ⵍⴰⵏⴻⵏ ⵜⵉⵎⴻⵣⵍⴰⵉⴻⵏ ⵉⵔⵉ ⴰⵏ ⴰⵂⴰⵎⵉⵓⵏⵜⴰⵏ ⵉⵍⴰⵏⴻⵏ ⵜⴰⵂⴰⵋⵉⵜ ⴰⵏ ⴰⵣⴰⵎⴰⵏ ⵜⴰⵏ ⴷⴰⵍⵉⵓⴷⵔⵓⵜⵉⵔⵓⵣⵓïⵈⵓⴻ, ⵉⵍⴰ ⴰⵓⴻⵏ 2,4 ⴻⵍⴰⵏ; ⵉⵎⵓⴷⴰⵔⴰⵏ ⵓⵉ ⴰⵏ ⵉⴷⴻⵔ ⵏⴰⵎⴰⵏ ⴰⵋⵉⵜⵏⴻⵏ ⵉⵍⴰⵏ ⵜⵉⵎⵓⵗⴰⵏⴻⵏ ⴰⵏ ⵍⴰⵋⵉⵜⴰⵏ ⴰⴷⵓⴱⴰⵏⴻⵏ ⴰⵎⵓⵔⵜⵉⵜ.
English: Perhaps the large cell attempted to digest the smaller one but failed (possibly due to the evolution of prey defenses).
Tamasheq: ⵜⴻⴷⴰⵋⵉⵜ ⵜⴰ ⵎⴰⵈⴰⵔⴰⵜ ⵉⵂⴰⵎⴰⵛ ⵜⵓⵔⴰⵎ ⵜⴻⵜⴰⵜⴻ ⴰⵏ ⵜⴰ ⵜⴰⴾⵏⴰⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⴷⵔⵉⵜ ⵎⴰⵛⴰⵏ ⵉⴷⴰⵔⴰⵙ (ⵉⵂⴰⵎⴰⵛ ⴷⴰⵗ ⴰⴷⴰⵜⵓ ⴰⵏ ⵜⴰⴷⴰⵓⵍⴰ ⴰⵏ ⵜⵉⴶⵓⵣⴻⵏ ⴼⴰⵍ ⵎⴰⵙⵉⵓⴰⵏ).
English: Using oxygen, it metabolized the larger cell's waste products and derived more energy.
Tamasheq: ⵓⴰⵗ ⵉⵋⵉ ⴰⵏ ⵓⴼⴰⵙ, ⵜⴰⵋⵔⴰⵓ ⴰⵛⵓⴶⵉⵛ ⴰⵏ ⴰⵏⵉⴾⴰⵍ ⴰⵏ ⵜⴻⴷⴰⵋⵉⵜ ⵜⴰ ⵎⴰⵈⴰⵔⴰⵜ ⵉⵣⴰⵔ ⵜⴰⵔⴾⴰⴱⵉⴷ ⴰⵙⵙⴰⵂⴰⵜ ⴰⵋⴻⵏ.
English: Soon, a stable symbiosis developed between the large cell and the smaller cells inside it.
Tamasheq: ⵙⵉⴾⴰⵏⴻⵏ, ⵜⴰⵔⵜⵉⵜ ⵜⴰⵣⵓⴾⴻⵜ ⵜⴰⴷⵓⴰⵍ ⵋⴰⵔ ⵜⴻⴷⴰⵋⵉⵜ ⵜⴰ ⵎⴰⵈⴰⵔⴰⵜ ⴰⴷ ⵜⵉⵏ ⴷⴰⵔⴰⵜⵏⴻⵏ ⵜⴰⵜ ⵂⴰⵏⴻⵏ.
English: A similar event occurred with photosynthetic cyanobacteria entering large heterotrophic cells and becoming chloroplasts.
Tamasheq: Iⵎⴻⵛⵍⴰⵏ ⵓⵍⴰⵂⵏⴻⵏ ⴰⵈⴰⵍⴰⵏ ⵉⵋⵉ ⴰⴶⵓⴷ ⴰⴷ ⵜⵉⵎⴰⴷⵔⵉⵜⴻⵏ ⴰⵏ ⴱⴰⴰⵜⴻⵔⵉⵜⴰⵏ ⵜⴰⵋⴰⵏⴻⵏ ⵉⵙⵙⴰⵎⵓⵜⴰⵉ ⴰⴶⴰⵛⴰⵏ ⴷⴰⵗ ⵜⵉⴷⴰⵋⴰⵜⴻⵏ ⵎⴰⵈⵓⵔⵏⴻⵏ ⵜⴰⵜⴰⵏⴻⵏ ⵉⵎⵓⴷⴰⵔⴰⵏ ⵉⵣⴰⵔ ⴰⵈⴰⵍⵏⴰⵜ ⵜⵉⵎⴰⴷⵓⵍⴰⵜⴻⵏ.
English: Besides the well-established endosymbiotic theory of the cellular origin of mitochondria and chloroplasts, there are theories that cells led to peroxisomes, spirochetes led to cilia and flagella, and that perhaps a DNA virus led to the cell nucleus, though none of them are widely accepted.
Tamasheq: ⵜⴰⵎⵓⵙⵏⴻ ⵉⵉⴰⵜ ⴰⵏ ⵜⴰⵔⵜⵉⵜ ⵜⴰⴾⵏⴰⵜ ⵉⵋⵉ ⴷⴰⵗ ⵙⴰⵏⵜⵓ ⴰⵏ ⵜⴰⴷⴰⴶⴰⵜⴻⵏ ⴰⵏ ⵎⵉⵜⵓⴰⵂⵓⵏⴷⵔⵉⴻ ⴰⴷ ⴰⵂⵍⵓⵔⵓⴷⵍⴰⵙⵜⴻⵙ,ⵉⵍⴰⵏⴰⵜ ⵜⵉⵎⵓⵙⵏⴰⵓⴻⵏ ⵜⵉⵙ ⵉⵏⵜⴰⵏⴰⵜⴻⴷ ⵜⵉⴷⴰⵋⴰⵜⴻⵏ ⴰⵓⴰⵉⵏⴰⵜ ⴰⵙ ⴷⴻⵔⵓⵆⵉⵙⵓⵎⴻⵙ, ⵙⴱⵉⵔⵓⵛⵂⵉⵜⴻⵙ ⴰⵏ ⵉⵍⴻⵉⴰⵏ ⴰⴷ ⵣⴰⵎⴱⴰⵉ, ⵉⵂⴰⵎⴰⵛ ⵗⵉⵔⵓⵙ ⴰⴹⵏ ⴰⵏ ⴰⵎⴰⵙⵙ ⴰⵏ ⵜⴻⴷⴰⵋⵉⵜ,ⵂⴰⵔⵓⴰ ⵉⵉⴰⵜ ⴷⴰⵙⵏⴰⵜ ⵓⴰⵔ ⵜⴰⴾⵏⴰ ⴰⵜⵓⴰⵔⴷ.
English: Around 1.1 Ga, the supercontinent Rodinia was assembling.
Tamasheq: Iⴱⵔⴻⵜ 1,1 ⵗⴰ, ⴰⴾⴰⵍ ⴰⵂⵓⵙⴾⴻⵏ ⵔⵓⴷⵉⵏⵉⴰ ⴻⵈⴰⵍ ⴰⵎⵙⴰⴷⵓ.
English: Although the division between a colony with specialized cells and a multicellular organism is not always clear, around 1 billion years ago, the first multicellular plants emerged, probably green algae.
Tamasheq: ⵂⴰⵔⵓⴰ ⴰⵙ ⴰⴾⴰⵉⴰⴷ ⵋⴰⵔ ⵜⴰⵎⵙⴰⴷⴰⵓⵜ ⴷⴰⵗ ⵜⴻⴷⴰⵋⵉⵜ ⵜⴰⵜⵉⵓⴰⵗⴾⴰⴼⴰⵜ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵎⴰⵏ ⴰⵙ ⴰⵋⴰⵜⵏⴰⵜ ⵜⵉⴷⴰⵋⴰⵜⴻⵏ ⵓⴰⵔⴻⵏ ⴻⵈⴻⵍ ⵂⴰⵔⴾⵓⴾ ⴰⵉⴾⵏⴰⵏ, ⵉⵍⴰ ⴰⵓⴻⵏ 1 ⵎⵉⵍⵍⵉⴰⵔⴷ ⴰⵏ ⵓⴰⵜⵉⴰⵏ, ⵉⵂⴰⵛⴾⴰⵏ ⵓⵉ ⴰⵣⴰⵔⵏⴻⵏ ⵍⴰⵏⴻⵏ ⵜⵉⴷⴰⵋⴰⵜⴻⵏ ⵉⵣⵋⴰⵔⴰⵏⵉⴷ, ⴷⴰⵗ ⴰⵙⴰⴷⴰⵜⵓ ⵉⵍⴰⵜⴰⵏ ⴷⴰⵍⴰⵜⵏⴻⵏ.
English: Paleomagnetic poles are supplemented by geologic evidence such as orogenic belts, which mark the edges of ancient plates, and past distributions of flora and fauna.
Tamasheq: Iⵛⵔⵓⵜⴰⵏ ⴰⵏⵉⵎⴰⵜⴰⴼⵏⴻⵏ ⴰⵓⴻⴷⴰⵏ ⴰⵙ ⵜⵉⵎⵜⴰⵔ ⴰⵍⴰⵎⴰⴷ ⵙⵓⵏⴷ ⵉⵙⵙⴰⴶⴱⴰⵙⵙ ⴰⵏ ⵉⵋⵉⵜⴰⵏ, ⵙⴰⵛⵓⴰⵍⵏⴻⵏ ⵉⵋⵎⴰⵓⴰⵏ ⵜⵉⴼⴰⵍⵜⴰⵗ ⴰⵔⵓⵏⴻⵏ, ⴰⴷ ⵜⵉⵣⵓⵏⴰⵓⴻⵏ ⵓⴾⴰⵉⵏⴻⵏ ⵜⵉⵏ ⵂⴰⵛⴾⴰⵏ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵎⵓⴷⴰⵔⴰⵏ.
English: About 1000 to 830 Ma, most continental mass was united in the supercontinent Rodinia.
Tamasheq: Iⴱⵔⴻⵜ ⴰⵏ 1000 ⴰⵙ 830 ⵎⴰ, ⴰⵋⵉⵜ ⴰⵏ ⵜⴰⵋⵓⵜⴻ ⴰⵏ ⴾⴰⵍⴰⵏ ⴰⵈⴰⵍⴰⵏ ⴰⵎⵙⴰⴷⵓ ⴷⴰⵗ ⴰⴾⴰⵍ ⴰⵂⵓⵙⴾⴻⵏ ⵔⵓⴷⵉⵏⵉⴰ.
English: The hypothetical supercontinent is sometimes referred to as Pannotia or Vendia.
Tamasheq: ⴰⵋⴰⵜ ⵏ ⴾⴰⵍⴰⵏ ⵓⵔⴷⴰⵏ ⴻⵈⴰⵍ ⴰⵜⵓⴰⵗⴰⵔ ⴰⵙ ⴷⴰⵏⵏⵓⵜⵉⴰ ⵎⴻⵗ ⵗⴻⵏⴷⵉⴰ
English: The intensity and mechanism of both glaciations are still under investigation and harder to explain than the early Proterozoic Snowball Earth.
Tamasheq: ⴰⵙⵙⴰⵂⴰⵜ ⴰⴷ ⵜⴰⵎⵓⵗⴰⵏⵜ ⴰⵏ ⵜⵉⵙⵎⴰⴷ ⵜⵉⵏ ⵙⴰⵏⴰⵜⴰⵜ ⵉⵍⴰⵏⴰⵜ ⵂⴰⵔⵓⴰ ⵗⵓⵔ ⴰⵍⴰⵎⴰⴷ ⵉⵣⴰⵔ ⴰⵙⵙⵓⵂⴰⵜⵏⴰⵜ ⵉⴻ ⴰⵍⴰⵗⵉ ⴰⵙ ⴰⴾⴰⵍ ⵜⴰⴱⴰⵍⴰⵈ ⴰⵏ ⴰⵎⴰⵏ ⵓⵏ ⴷⵔⵓⵜⵉⵔⵓⵣⵓïⵈⵓⴻ ⵓⴰⵔⴻⵏ ⵜⴰⵎⴷⴰ.
English: Because CO2 is an important greenhouse gas, climates cooled globally.
Tamasheq: ⵛO2 ⴻⵈⴰⵍ ⴶⴰⵣ ⴰⵂⵓⵙⴾⴻⵏ ⴰⵏ ⵜⴰⴾⵓⵙⵙⴻ, ⵜⴰⴾⴰⵏⴻⵏ ⵙⴰⵎⴻⴷⵏⴰⵜ ⵗⵓⵔ ⴻⴷⴰⴶ ⵏⴰⴾⴰⵍ.
English: Increased volcanic activity resulted from the break-up of Rodinia at about the same time.
Tamasheq: ⴰⵛⴰⵗⴰⵍ ⴰⵏ ⴰⵎⵍⵉⵍⵉⵉ ⵏⴰⴾⴰⵍ ⴰⵓⴻⴷⴰⵏ ⵉⵣⵋⴰⵔⵉⴷ ⴰⴼⵔⴰⴾⵉ ⴰⵏ ⵔⵓⴷⵉⵏⵉⴰ ⴷⴰⵗ ⵉⵂⴰⵣ ⴰⵏ ⴰⵣⴰⵎⴰⵏ ⵉⵉⴰⵜ.
English: The new forms of life, called Ediacara biota, were larger and more diverse than ever.
Tamasheq: Iⵔⵉⵜⴰⵏ ⴰⵏ ⵜⴰⵎⵓⴷⵔⴻ ⴰⵉⵏⴰⵉⵏⴻⵏ,ⵙⵉⵜⴰⵓⴰⵏⴰ ⴰⵋⵉⵜ ⴰⵏ ⴻⴷⵉⴰⴰⵔⴰ,ⴻⵈⴰⵍ ⴰⵉⵉⴾⵏⴰⵏ ⵜⴰⵎⵗⴰⵔⴻ ⴰⴷ ⴰⵉⴾⵏⴰⵏ ⵜⴰⵋⵓⵜⴻ ⵂⴰⵔⴾⵓⴾ.
English: It consists of three eras: The Paleozoic, Mesozoic, and Cenozoic, and is the time when multi-cellular life greatly diversified into almost all the organisms known today.
Tamasheq: ⵜⴰⵎⴻⵔⵜⴰⵉ ⴰⴷ ⴾⴰⵔⴰⴷ ⴰⵣⴰⵎⴰⵏ: ⴱⴰⵍⵉⵓⵣⵓïⵈⵓⴻ, ⵎⵉⵙⵓⵣⵓïⵈⵓⴻ, ⴰⴷ ⵛⵉⵏⵓⵣⵓïⵈⵓⴻ, ⵉⵣⴰⵔ ⴰⵣⴰⵎ ⵓⴰⵙ ⵜⴰⵎⵓⴷⵔⴻ ⴰⵋⵓⵜ ⴰⵏ ⴷⴰⴶⴰⵏ ⴰⵋⵉⵜ ⴰⵙ ⵜⴰⵎⵗⴰⵔⴻ ⵉⴻ ⵉⵂⵓⴾ ⴰⵏ ⵜⵉⵔⵓⴰ ⴻⴷⴻⵙⵙ ⴰⵏ ⵎⵓⴷⴰⵔⴰⵏ ⴾⵓⵍ ⴰⵜⵉⵓⴰⵣⴰⵉⵏⴻⵏ ⴻⵛⴰⵍⵉ.
English: This causes the sea level to rise.
Tamasheq: ⴰⵓⴻⵏ ⵓⵔⴰⵓⵉⴷ ⴰⵣⴰⵓⴰⵉ ⴰⵏ ⴻⴷⴰⴶ ⵏⴰⴱⴰⵏⴶ.
English: Traces of glaciation from this period are only found on former Gondwana.
Tamasheq: Iⴷⵔⴰⵛ ⴰⵏ ⵜⴰⵙⴰⵎⴷⴻ ⴰⵏ ⴰⵍⵓⴰⵈ ⵓⴰⵔⵂⴻⵏ ⴰⵔ ⴼⴰⵍ ⵗⵓⵏⴷⵓⴰⵏⴰ ⴰⵔⵓⵓⴰⵏ.
English: The continents Laurentia and Baltica collided between 450 and 400 Ma, during the Caledonian Orogeny, to form Laurussia (also known as Euramerica).
Tamasheq: ⴻⴾⴰⵍⴰⵏ ⵓⴰⵏ ⵍⴰⵓⵔⴻⵏⵜⵉⴰ ⴰⴷ ⴱⴰⵍⵜⵉⵛⴰ ⴰⵈⴰⵍⴰⵏ ⴰⵉⴻⵔⵜⴰⵉⴰⵏ ⴷⴰⵗ 450 ⵂⴰⵔ 400 Mⴰ, ⵗⵓⵔ ⴰⵏⵎⵉⵏⴰⴾ ⵓⴰⵏ ⴰⴰⵍⵉⴷoⵏⵉⴻⵏⵜⴰⵏ, ⴼⴰⵍ ⵉⴶⵉ ⵓⴰⵏ ⵍⴰⵓⵔⵓⵙⵙⵉⴻ (ⵉⵏⵜⴰⴷⴰⵗ ⵙⵉⵜⴰⵓⴰⵏ ⴻⵓⵔⴰⵎⵉⵔⵉⵈⵓⴻ).
English: The collision of Siberia with Laurussia caused the Uralian Orogeny, the collision of Gondwana with Laurussia is called the Variscan or Hercynian Orogeny in Europe or the Alleghenian Orogeny in North America.
Tamasheq: ⵜⴰⵎⵓⵈⴻⵙⵜ ⵜⴰⵏ ⵙⵉⴱⴻⵔⵉⴻ ⴷⴰⵔ ⵍⴰⵓⵔⴻⵏⵜⵉⴻ ⴰⵉⴶⴰⵏ ⵜⴰⵏⵎⵉⵏⴰⴾ ⵜⴰⵏ ⵓⵓⵔⴰⵍⵉⴻⵏⵜⴰⵏ, ⵜⴰⵎⵓⵈⴻⵙⵜ ⵜⴰⵏ ⵗⵓⵏⴷⵓⴰⵏⴰ ⴷⴰⵔ Lⴰⵓⵔⴻⵏⵜⵉⴻ ⴰⵈⴰⵍⴰⵏ ⴰⵙⵉⵜⴰⵓⴰⵏ ⵜⴰⵏⵎⵉⵏⴰⴾ ⵜⴰⵎⵓⵜⵓⵉⴰⵜ ⵎⴻⵗ ⵂⴻⵔⴰⵉⵏⵉⴻⵏⵏⴻ ⴷⴰⵗ Eⵓⵔⵓⴷⴻ ⵎⴻⵗ ⵜⴰⵏⵎⵉⵏⴰⴾ ⵜⴰ ⴼⴰⵙⵓⵙⴰⵜ ⴷⴰⵗ ⴰⵎⴻⵔⵉⵈⵓⴻ ⵜⴰⵏ ⴰⵜⴰⵔⴰⵎ.
English: Whereas the Ediacaran life forms appear yet primitive and not easy to put in any modern group, at the end of the Cambrian most modern phyla were already present.
Tamasheq: ⵎⴰⵛⴰⵏ ⵜⴰⵏⵓⵗⵔⵓⴼⴻⵏ ⵜⵉⵉⴰⴷ ⵏⴰⴷⵓⵏⵉⵉⴰⵜ ⵜⴰⵏ ⵉⴷⵉⴰⵛⴰⵔⵉⴻⵏ ⵓⵍⴰⵂⵏⴰⵜ ⵉⵏⵜⴰⵏⴰⵜⴻⴷⴰⵗ ⵜⴰ ⴰⵣⴰⵔⵏⴻⵏ ⴰⴷ ⴰⵙⵓⵙⵓⵂⵓ ⵏⴰⴾⴰⵜⵍⵉ ⴷⴰⵗ ⵜⴰⵔⵜⵉⵜ ⵜⴰ ⵜⵉⵎⵓⵜⴰⵉⴰⵜ, ⴷⴰⵗ ⵙⴰⵎⴰⵏⴷⵓ ⴰⵏ ⵛⴰⵎⴱⵔⵉⴻⵏ, ⴰⴶⵓⴷⵉⵉⴰⵏ ⴷⴰⵗ ⴼⴰⴱⵉⴷⴰⵓⴻⵏ ⵜⵓⵎⵓⵜⴰⵉⵏⴻⵏ ⴰⵈⴰⵍⵏⴰⵜ ⴷⴰⵜ ⴰⵓⴰ ⴰⵜⵉⵍⴰⵏ.
English: Some of these Cambrian groups appear complex but are seemingly quite different from modern life; examples are Anomalocaris and Haikouichthys.
Tamasheq: Iⵉⴰⴷ ⴷⴰⵗ ⵜⴰⵏⵎⵉⵔⵜⴰⵉⴻⵏ ⵜⴰⵏ ⵛⴰⵎⴱⵔⵉⴻⵏⵜⴰⵏ ⵓⵍⴰⵂⵏⴰⵜ ⴷⴰⵙⵓⵂⴻⵏ, ⵎⴰⵛⴰⵏ ⴰⵈⴰⵍⵏⴰⵜ ⴰⵙⵜⴰⵏⵉⵎ ⵗⴰⵙ ⴰⵉⴻⴱⴷⴰⵏ ⵂⵓⵍⴻⵏ ⴷⴰⵗ ⴰⴷⵓⵏⵉⵉⴰⵜ ⵜⴰ ⵜⴰⵉⵏⴰⵉⴰⵜ ; ⴰⵜⴰⵎⵓⵙⴰⵏ ⴻⵈⴰⵍⴰⵏ ⴰⵏⴰⵎⴰⵍⵓⴰⴰⵔⵉⵙ ⴰⴷ ⵂⴰⵉⴾⵓⵓⵉⵛⵂⵜⵂⵉⵙ.
English: A creature that could have been the ancestor of the fishes, or was probably closely related to it, was Pikaia.
Tamasheq: ⵜⴰⵎⵓⵗⵍⵓⴾ ⵜⴰ ⵜⴰⴷⵓⴱⴻⵜ ⵓⵗⵉⵍ ⴰⵏ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵔⴰⵓⵜ ⴰⵏ ⵎⴰⵏⴰⵏ, ⵎⴻⵗ ⵜⴰⵜⴰⵈⴰⵍⴰⵜ ⴰⵜⴰⵎⵓⵙⴰⵏ ⵓⵗⴰⴷⴰⵏ ⴷⴰⵗ ⴰⵜⵉⵔⵓⵓ, ⴻⵈⴰⵍ ⴱⵉⴾⴰⵉⴰ.
English: Fish, the earliest vertebrates, evolved in the oceans around 530 Ma.
Tamasheq: ⴻⵎⴰⵏⴰⵏ, ⵓⵉ ⴰⵣⴰⵔⵏⴻⵏ ⵉⵍⴰⵏⴻⵏ ⵉⵗⴰⵙⴰⵏ, ⴰⴷⴰⵗ ⵜⴰⵓⴰⴷⴰⵏ ⴷⴰⵗ ⴶⵉⵔⵓⴰⵏ ⵓⵉ ⵏⵉⴱⵔⴻⵜ 530 ⵎⴰ
English: The oldest fossils of land fungi and plants date to 480–460 Ma, though molecular evidence suggests the fungi may have colonized the land as early as 1000 Ma and the plants 700 Ma.
Tamasheq: ⵓⵉ ⵓⴶⴰⵔⵏⴻⵏ ⵜⴰⵔⵓⵜ ⴶⵓⵍⴰⵛⴰⵏ ⴰⵏ ⴰⵂⴰⵎⴷⵉⴶⵏoⵏⵜⴰⵏ 480–460 ⵎⴰ ⴰⴶⵔⴰⵓⴰⵏ ⴰⴷⴰⵏⴰⵂⴰⴷⴰⵏ ⵉⴰⴾⴰⵍ ⵓⴰⵏ 1000 ⵎⴰ ⴰⴷ ⵂⵉⵛⴾⴰⵏ 700 ⵎⴰ.
English: Fins evolved to become limbs that the first tetrapods used to lift their heads out of the water to breathe air.
Tamasheq: ⴻⴼⵔⴻⵓⴰⵏ ⴰⵎⵓⵜⴰⵉⴰⵏ ⴼⴰⵍ ⴰⴷⵉⵈⵉⵍⴰⵏ ⵉⴼⴰⵙⴰⵏ ⵓəⵙ ⵓⵉ ⴷⴰⵣⴰⵔⵏⴻⵏ ⵏⴰⴾⵓⵣ ⴷⴰⵔⴰⵏ ⴰⴷⴰⴾⴰⵍⴰⵏ ⴼⴰⵍ ⴰⴷⵉⴷⵣⴰⵣⴶⴰⵔⴰⵏ ⵉⵗⴰⴼⴰⵓⴰⵏ ⴷⴰⵗ ⴰⵎⴰⵏ ⴰⴷ ⴰⵙⵉⴼⵓⵙⴰⵏ ⴷⴰⵗ ⵙⴰⴶⴰⵎⴰ.
English: Eventually, some of them became so well adapted to terrestrial life that they spent their adult lives on land, although they hatched in the water and returned to lay their eggs.
Tamasheq: ⴻⴰⵗ ⵙⴰⵎⴰⵏⴷⵓ, ⵉⵉⴰⴷ ⴷⴰⵗⵙⴰⵏ ⴰⵈⴰⵍⴰⵏ ⴰⵉⵍⵎⴰⴷⴰⵏ ⵜⴰⵎⵓⴷⵔⴻ ⵜⴰⵏ ⵏⴰⴼⴰⵍⴰ ⵓⴾⴰⵉⵏⴻⵏ ⴷⴰⵗ ⵜⴰⵎⵓⴷⵔⴻ ⴰⵏ ⵜⵉⵓⵛⵉⵔⴻ ⵜⴰⵏ ⴷⴰⵓ ⴰⴾⴰⵍ, ⴰⵂⵓⵙⴾⴰⵜ ⴰⵙ ⵉⵂⴰⵔ ⴷⴰⵗ ⴰⵎⴰⵏ ⴰⴷ ⴰⵈⴰⵍⴰⵏ ⴰⴷⴻⵔⴾⴰⵏ ⴰⴷ ⵜⴰⵔⵓⵓⴰⵏ ⵜⴰⵙⴰⴷⴰⵍⴻⵏ ⵏⴰⵙⴰⵏ.
English: Plants evolved seeds, which dramatically accelerated their spread on land, around this time (by approximately 360 Ma).
Tamasheq: ⴻⴰⵗ ⵉⵂⵓⵎⵉⵛ ⴰⵍⵓⴰⵈ ⵓⴻⵏⴷⴰⵗ (ⵉⴱⵔⴻⵜ 360 ⵎⴰ) ⵓⴰⵙ ⵉⵂⵉⵙⴾⴰⵏ ⴰⵙⵉⴷⵓⴰⵍⴰⵏ ⵉⵙⴰⵏⴱⴰⵏ, ⴰⵓⴰ ⴰⵙⵉⵎⵗⴰⵔⴰⵏ ⴰⵔⵎⵓɗ ⵏəⵎⵛⵉⵔⵛⵉⵔ ⵏⴰⵙⴰⵏ ⴷⴰⵗ ⴰⴾⴰⵍ.
English: Another 30 million years (310 Ma) saw the divergence of the synapsids (including mammals) from the sauropsids (including birds and reptiles).
Tamasheq: ⴰⵍⵓⴰⵈ ⵉⵉⴰⵏ ⴰⵏ 30 ⵎⵉⵍⵍⵉⵓⵏⵜⴰⵏ ⴰⵏ ⵓⵉⵜⵉⴰⵏ (310 ⵎⴰ) ⴰⵂⴰⵏⴰⵉ ⴰⵏ ⵜⴰⴱⵉⴷⴰⵓⴻⵏ ⴶⴰⵔ ⵙⵉⵏⴰⴷⵙⵉⴷⴻⵙ (ⴰⵜⴰⵎⵓⵙⴰⵏ ⵓⵉ ⵙⴰⴾⴰⵙⵏⴻⵏ) ⴰⴷ ⵙⴰⵓⵔⵓⴷⵙⵉⴷⴻⵙ (ⴰⵜⴰⵎⵓⵙⴰⵏ ⴰⴶⴷⴰⴷ ⴰⴷ ⵗⵓⵏⴰⵏ ⵏⴰⴾⴰⵍ).
English: The Triassic–Jurassic extinction event at 200 Ma spared many of the dinosaurs, and they soon became dominant among the vertebrates.
Tamasheq: ⴰⵙⵉⵎⵉⴾⵉ əⵏ ⵟⵔⵉⴰⵙ-ⵋⵓⵔⴰⵙⵙⵉⵈⵓⴻ, ⴷⴰⵗ 200 ⵎⴰ, ⴰⵜⵓⴰⵉⴰⵏ ⴰⵋoⵜⵏⴻⵏ ⴷⵉⵏoⵙⴰⵓⵔⴻⵜⴰⵏ, ⴰⵈⴰⵍⵏⴻⵏ ⵛⵉⴾⵛⵉⴾ ⴰⵉⴻⵔⵏⴰⵏ ⴷⴰⵗ ⴰⵓⴰ ⵉⵍⴰⵏ ⵉⵗⴰⵙⴰⵏ.
English: 60% of marine invertebrates became extinct and 25% of all families.
Tamasheq: 60% ⴰⵏ ⵏⴰⵓⴰ ⵓⵉⵏⴰⵏ ⵉⵍⴰ ⵉⵗⴰⵙⴰⵏ ⴷⴰⵗ ⴶⵔⵉⵓⴰⵏ ⴰⵈⴰⵍⴰⵏ ⴰⵎəⴾⴻⵏ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵣⴰⵔ 25% ⴰⵏ ⵜⴻⵔⵓⴻⵜⴻⵏ ⴷⴰⴾ.
English: The third mass extinction was the Permian-Triassic, or the Great Dying, event was possibly caused by some combination of the Siberian Traps volcanic event, an asteroid impact, methane hydrate gasification, sea level fluctuations, and a major anoxic event.
Tamasheq: ⵓⴰⵙ ⴾⴰⵔⴰⴷⴰⵎⵉⴾⵉ ⴰⵏ ⵏⴰⵓⴰ ⴰⵣⴰⵉⴰⵏ, ⴱⴻⵔⵎⵉⴻⵏ-ⵟⵔⵉⴰⵙ, ⵎⴻⵗ ⵗⵔⴰⵏⴷ ⵎⵓⵔⵜ, ⴰⵜⴰⵎⵓⵙⴰⵏ ⴰⵓⴰ ⵉⴶⴰⵏ ⵜⴰⵏⵎⵉⵔⵜⴰⵉⵜ ⵜⴰⵏ ⵂⴰⵔⴰⵜ : ⴰⵎⵍⵉⵍⵉⵍ ⵏⴰⴾⴰⵍ ⵓⴰⵏ ⵜⴰⵏⴾⴰⴷ ⴰⵏ ⵙⵉⴱⵉⵔⵉⴻⵏ, ⵓⴷⵓⴷ ⴰⵏ ⵂⴰⵔⴰⵜ, ⴰⴷⵓⵜⴰⵏ ⴰⵏ ⴰⵓⴰ ⵉⴱⴷⴰⴶⴰⵏ ⴰⵏ ⵎⵢⵜⵂⴰⵏⴻ, ⵜⴰⵏⴰⵣⴰⵎⴰⵔⴻⵏ ⴰⵏ ⵂⴰⴷⵉ ⵏⴰⴶⴰⵛ ⴰⴷ ⵂⴰⵔⴰⵜⴰⵏ ⵎⴰⴷⵔⵓⵉⵏⴻⵏ ⴰⵏoⵆⵉⵈⵓⴻ.
English: This was by far the deadliest extinction ever, with about 57% of all families and 83% of all genera killed.
Tamasheq: ⴻⴰⵗ ⵉⴶⵉⴶ ⵏ ⵏⴰⵙⵉⵎⵉⴾⵉ ⵓⴰ ⵓⴶⴰⵔⴰⵏ ⴷⴰⵗ ⴰⵙⵉⵎⵉⵜ ⴷⴰⵗ ⴰⵍⵓⴰⵈⴰⵏ ⴷⴰⵗ, ⴷⴰⵔ ⵉⵂⵓⵉⵛⵉ 57% ⴰⵏ ⵜⴻⵔⵓⴻⵜⴻⵏ ⴷⴰⴾ ⴰⴷ 83 % ⴰⴷ ⵂⴰⵔⴰⵜⴰⵏ ⵓⵉ ⴰⵎⵓⵜⴰⵉⵏⴻⵏ ⴷⴰⴾ.
English: By the early Paleocene the earth recovered from the extinction, and mammalian diversity increased.
Tamasheq: ⴻⴰⵗ ⵙⴰⵏⵜⵓ ⴰⵏ ⴱⴰⵍⵉⵓⵉⵏⴻ, ⴰⴾⴰⵍ ⴰⵏⵎⴰⵈⴰⵍ ⴷⴰⵔⴰⵜ ⴰⵎⵉⴾⵉ ⵓⴻⵏ ⴰⴷ ⴰⵋⵉⵜ ⴰⵏ ⵏⴰⵓⴰ ⵉⵙⴰⴾⴰⵙⴰⵏ ⴰⵓⵉⴷ
English: Grassless savanna began to predominate much of the landscape, and mammals such as Andrewsarchus rose up to become the largest known terrestrial predatory mammal ever, and early whales like Basilosaurus took control of the seas.
Tamasheq: ⴰⵍⴻⵗⴰⵜ ⵜⴰ ⵓⴰⵔⵉⵂⴰ ⴰⵍⵉⵎⵓⵣ ⵜⴰⵙⵉⵏⵜⴰ ⵜⴰⵏⵂⴰⵜ ⴷⴰⵗ ⴻⴷⴰⴶ ⵎⴰⵈⴰⵔⴰⵏ ⴷⴰⵗ ⴰⴾⴰⵍ, ⴰⴷ ⴷⴰⵓⴰ ⵉⵙⴰⴾⴰⵙⴰⵏ ⵙⵓⵏⴷ ⴰⵏⴷⵔⴻⵓⵙⴰⵔⴰⵂⵓⵙ ⴰⵈⴰⵍⴰⵏ ⴰⵉⴾⴰⵔⴰⵏ ⴼⴰⵍ ⴰⴷⵉⵈⵉⵍⴰⵏ ⵓⵉ ⵓⴶⴰⵔⵏⴻⵏ ⴷⴰⵗ ⵓⵉ ⵙⴰⵏⴾⴰⵙⵏⴻⵏ ⴰⵏ ⵎⵓⵙⵓⴾⴰⵍ ⵏⴰⴾⴰⵍ ⴰⵜⵉⵓⴰⵣⴰⵉⵏⴻⵏ, ⴰⴷ ⵓⵉ ⴷⴰⵣⴰⵔⵏⴻⵏ ⵉⵎⴰⵏⴰⵏ ⵙⵓⵏⴷ ⴱⴰⵙⵉⵍⵓⵙⴰⵓⵔⵓⵙ ⵉⴾⴰⵍⴰⵏ ⵜⴰⵏⵂⴰⵜ ⴰⵏ ⴶⵉⵔⵓⴰⵏ.
English: Giant ungulates like Paraceratherium and Deinotherium evolved to rule the grasslands.
Tamasheq: Iⵔⵉⵣⴻⴶⴰⵏ ⵎⴰⵈⴱⵔⵏⴻⵏ ⴷⴰⵔ ⴰⵙⴾⴰⵔⴰⵏ ⴰⵏⴷⵉⵔⴰⵜⵏⴻⵏ ⵙⵓⵏⴷ ⴱⴰⵔⴰⵛⴻⵔⴰⵜⵂⴻⵔⵉⵓⵎ ⴰⴷ ⴹⴻⵉⵏⵓⵜⵂⴻⵔⵉⵓⵎ ⵉⴷⵓⴰⵍⴰⵏ ⴼⴰⵍ ⴰⴷⴰⵏⴰⵂⴰⴷⴰⵏ ⵉⴻ ⴱⵔⴰⵉⵔⵉⴻⵙⵜⴰⵏ.
English: The Tethys Sea was closed off by the collision of Africa and Europe.
Tamasheq: ⴻⴶⴰⵔⴻⵓ ⵓⴰⵏ ⵟⵉⵜⵂⵉⵙ ⴻⵈⴰⵍ ⴰⵉⵂⴰⵔⴰⵏ ⴰⵙ ⵙⵉⴾⵓⵛⵓ ⴰⵏ ⴰⴼⵔⵉⵈⵓⴻ ⴰⴷ Eⵓⵔⵓⴱⴻ.
English: The land bridge allowed the isolated creatures of South America to migrate over to North America, and vice versa.
Tamasheq: ⴰⵣⴰⵓⴰⵉ ⵓⴰ ⵏⴰⴾⴰⵍ ⴰⵍⵉⵍ ⵉⴻ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵗⵍⴰⴾⴻⵏ ⴰⴱⴷⴰⵏⴻⵏ ⴷⴰ ⴰⵎⵉⵔⵉⵈⵓⴻ ⵜⴰⵏ ⴻⵎⴰⵉⵏⴰⴶ ⵉⴻ ⴰⴷⴰⵂⴰⵏⵉⵏ ⵉⴱⵔⴻⵜ ⵏⴰ ⴰⵎⵉⵔⵉⵈⵓⴻ ⵜⴰⵏ ⴰⵜⴰⵔⴰⵎ, ⴰⴷ ⵙⵓⵏⴷ ⴷⴰⵓⴻⵏⴷⴰⵗ.
English: The ice ages led to the evolution of modern man in Saharan Africa and expansion.
Tamasheq: ⴰⵍⵓⴰⵈⴰⵏ ⵓⵉ ⵜⴰⵙⵉⵎⴷⴰⵓⴻⵏ ⴰⵍⵓⴰⵉⴰⵏ ⴰⵙ ƭⴰⵓⴰƭ ⵏⴰⵓⴰⴷⴰⵎ ⵓⴰ ⵎⵓⵜⴰⵉⴰⵏ ⴷⴰⵗ ⴰⴼⵔⵉⵈⵓⴻ ⵜⴰⵏ ⵙⴰⵂⴰⵔⵉⴻⵏⵏⴻ ⴰⴷ ⴰⵎⵉⵛⵉⵔⵛⵉⵔ ⴰⵏⴻⵙ.
English: It is believed by many that a huge migration took place along Beringia which is why, today, there are camels (which evolved and became extinct in North America), horses (which evolved and became extinct in North America), and Native Americans.
Tamasheq: ⴰⵋⴻⵏ ⴰⵗⴻⵍⴰⵏ ⴰⵙ ⴻⵎⴻⵛⵓⴰⵔ ⵎⴰⵈⴰⵔⴰⵏ ⵉⴶⴰ ⴷⴰⵗ ⴻⴼⴰⴷⴰⵉ ⴰⵏ ⴱⵉⵔⵉⵏⴶⵉⴻ, ⴰⵓⴰ ⵉⵜⴰⵍⴰⵗⴻⵏ ⵎⴰⴼⴰⵍ, ⴻⵛⴰⵍⵉ, ⴰⵜⵉⵓⴰⴶⴰⵣⴰⵏ ⵉⵎⵏⴰⵙ ( ⵓⵉ ⴰⵓⵉⴷⵏⴻⵏ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵣⴰⵔ ⴰⵈⴰⵍⴰⵏ ⴰⵎⴰⴾⴻⵏ ⴷⴰⵗ ⴰⵎⵉⵔⵉⵈⵓⴻ ⵜⴰⵏ ⴰⵜⴰⵔⴰⵎ), ⵉⴱⵉⵋⵓⴰⵏ (ⵓⵉ ⴰⵓⵉɗⵏⴻⵏ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵣⴰⵔ ⴰⵈⴰⵍⴰⵏ ⴰⵎⴰⴾⴻⵏ ⴷⴰⵗ ⴰⵎⵉⵔⵉⵈⵓⴻ ⵜⴰⵏ ⴰⵜⴰⵔⴰⵎ) ⴰⴷ ⴰⵎⵉⵔⵉⵏⴷⵉⴻⵏⵜⴰⵏ.
English: Brain size increased rapidly, and by 2 Ma, the first animals classified in the genus Homo had appeared.
Tamasheq: ⵜⴻⴱⴰⴷⴻ ⴰⵏ ⵏⴰⵈⵉⵍⵈⵉⵍ ⵜⵉⵓⴰⴷ ⵛⵉⴾⵛⵉⴾ ⴰⴷ, ⵉⴱⵔⴻⵜ 2 ⵎⴰ, ⵓⵉ ⴷⴰⵣⴰⵔⵏⴻⵏ ⵉⵔⵉⵣⴻⴶⴰⵏ ⴰⵂⴰⵏⴻⵏ ⴷⴰⵗ ⴰⵎⵉⴾ ⵓⴰⵏ ⵂⵓⵎⵓ ⴰⵈⴰⵍⴰⵏ ⴰⴷⵉⵣⴶⴰⵔⴰⵏ.
English: The ability to control fire probably began in Homo erectus (or Homo ergaster), probably at least 790,000 years ago but perhaps as early as 1.5 Ma.
Tamasheq: ⵜⵓⴷⴰⴱⴰⵜⴻ ⵉⴻ ⴰⵏⴰⵂⵉⴷ ⵉⴰ ⴻⴼⴻⵓ ⴻⵈⴰⵍ ⴰⵜⴰⵎⵓⵙⴰⵏ ⴰⴷⵉⵣⴶⴰⵔⴰⵏ ⴷⴰⵗ ⵂⵓⵎⵓ ⴻⵔⴻⴰⵜⵓⵙ (ⵎⴻⵗ ⵂⵓⵎⵓⴻⵔⴶⴰⵙⵜⴻⵔ), ⴰⵉⵓⴰⴷⴰⵏ ⵉⵂⵓⵎⵉⵛⵉ 790 000 ⴰⵏ ⵓⵉⵜⵉⴰⵏ ⵎⴰⵛⴰⵏ ⴰⵙⵜⵉⵏəⵎ 1,5 ⵎⴰ.
English: It is more difficult to establish the origin of language; it is unclear whether Homo erectus could speak or if that capability had not begun until Homo sapiens.
Tamasheq: ⴻⵈⴰⵍ ⵓⴶⴰⵔⴰⵏ ⴰⵙⵓⵂⴻⵏ ⴷⴰⴷⴰⴶ ⵙⴰⵏⵜⵓ ⴰⵏ ⵎⴰⴶⵔⴰⴷ ; ⵓⴰⵔⵏⵉⵙⴻⵏ ⴰⵙ ⵂⵓⵎⵓ ⴻⵔⴻⴰⵜⵓⵙ ⴰⴷⵓⴱⴰⵜ ⵎⴰⴶⵔⴰⴷ ⵎⴻⵗ ⵎⴰⵛⴰⵏ ⵜⴰⴷⴰⴱⴰⵜ ⵜⴻⵏ ⵓⴰⵔⵜⴰⵏⵜⴰ ⴷⴰⵜ ⵂⵓⵎⵓⵙⴰⴱⵉⴻⵏⵙ.
English: Social skills became more complex, language became more sophisticated, and tools became more elaborate.
Tamasheq: ⴱⴰⴷⴰⴱⵉⵜⴻⵏ ⵜⴰ ⵜⴰⵎⵓⴷⵓⵔⵜ ⴰⵈⴰⵍⵏⴰⵜ oⴶⴰⵔⵏⴻⵏ ⴰⵙⵓⵂⵓ, ⵎⴰⴶⵔⴰⴷ ⵓⴰ oⴶⴰⵔⴰⵏ ⴰⵙⵓⵂⵓ ⴰⴷ ⵍⴰⵍⴰⵏ ⵓⴶⴰⵔⵏⴻⵏ ⴰⵣⴰⴶⴰⵔ.
English: The first humans to show signs of spirituality are the Neanderthals (usually classified as a separate species with no surviving descendants); they buried their dead, often with no sign of food or tools.
Tamasheq: ⵓⵉ ⴷⴰⵣⴰⵔⵏⴻⵏ ⴰⴷⵉⵏⴰⵜ ⴰⵙⵉⴾⵏⴰⵏ ⴰⵎⵉⴾⴰⵏ ⵓⴰⵏ ⵏⴰⵗⴰⵍⴰⴾⴰⵜ ⴰⵈⴰⵍⴰⵏ ⵏⵉⴰⵏⴷⴻⵔⵜⴰⵍⵉⴻⵏⵜⴰⵏ (ⴰⵈⴰⵍⵏⴻⵏ ⴰⴾⵉⵜⵍⴻⵏ ⵙⵓⵏⴷ ⵜⴰⵎⵓⴷⵓⵔⵜ ⵜⴰⴱⴷⴰⵜ ⵓⵉⵏⴰⵏ ⵜⵉⵍⴰ ⵜⴻⵔⵓⴻⵜⴻⵏ ⵉⴷⴰⵔⵏⴻⵏ); ⵏⴰⴱⴰⵍⴰⵏ ⵉⵏⵓⵎⵓⵜⴰⵏ ⵏⴰⵙⴰⵏ, ⵙⴰⴶⵓⴷⵉⵉⴰⵏ ⴷⴰⵗ ⵉⴱⴰ ⵏⴰⴷⵔⵉⵛ ⴰⵏ ⵏⴰⵎⵉⵏⵙⵉ ⵎⴻⵗ ⵉⵍⴰⵏⴰⵏ.
English: As language became more complex, the ability to remember and communicate information resulted, according to a theory proposed by Richard Dawkins, in a new replicator: the meme.
Tamasheq: Iⵣⴰⵔ ⵎⴰⴶⵔⴰⴷ ⵉⵜⴰⵈⴰⵍ oⴶⴰⵔⴰⵏ ⴰśⵓⵂⵓ, ⵜⴰⴷⴰⴱⵉⵜ ⴰⵏ ⵏⴰⵙⵉⵎⵉⴾⵜⵓ ⴰⴷ ⴰⵍⴰⵗⵉ ⴰⵏ ⵙⴰⵍⴰⵏ ⵉⴻ ⵂⵓⴾ ⴰⵏ ⵏⴰⴷⴰⴶ, ⴷⴰⵗ ⴰⵓⴰ ⵉⵏⴰ ⴰⵙoⵙⵜⴰⵏ ⵓⴰⵏ ⵔⵉⴰⵂⴰⵔⴷ ⴹⴰⵓⴾⵉⵏⵙ, ⵉⴻ ⴰⵉⵏⴰⵂⴰⵏ ⴷⴰⵗ ⵓⵏⵉɗ : ⵉⵏⵜⴰ ⴻⵎⴰⵏⴻⵙ.
English: Between 8500 and 7000 BC, humans in the Fertile Crescent in the Middle East began the systematic husbandry of plants and animals: agriculture.
Tamasheq: ⵗⴰⵔ 8500 əⴷ 7000 ⴷⴰⵜ ⵏⴰⴱⵉ Iⵙⵙⴰ., ⴾⴰⵍ ⴰⴷⵓⵏⵉⵉⴰⵜ ⵓⵉ ⵜⴰⵓⴰⴷⵏⴻⵏ ⴷⴰⵗ ⴰⵔⴰ, ⵗⵓⵔ ⵎⵓⵉⴻⵏ-Oⵔⵉⴻⵏⵜ, ⴰⵙⵉⵏⵜⴰⵏ ⴰⴶⴰⵉⴰⴾ ⴰⴶⵓⴷⴻⵏⴷⴰⵗ ⴰⵏ ⵂⵉⵛⴾⴰⵏ ⵓⴷ ⵔⵉⵣⴻⴶⴰⵏ : ⵉⵎⴰⴶⵉⴰⴾⴰⵏ.
English: However, among those civilizations that did adopt agriculture, the relative stability and increased productivity provided by farming allowed the population to expand.
Tamasheq: ⴻⴶⵓⴷⴻⵏⴷⴰⵗ, ⴷⴰⵗ ⴰⵏⵉⵉⴰⵜⴰⵏ ⵓⵉ ⴰⵍⵎⴰⴷⵏⴻⵏ ⵉⴶⴰⵉⴰⴾⴰⵏ, ⵉⴱⴰ ⵏⴰⵎⴰⵜⴻⴾⵓⴰⵉ ⵓⴰ ⵉⵍⴰ ⴰⴷ ⵉⴶⵉⵜⴰⵏ ⵜⴰⵓⴰⴷⵏⴻⵏ ⵓⴰⵙ ⵜⴰⴷⵂⵉⵍⴻⵏ ⵉⴶⴰⵏⴰⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵜⴻ ⴰⵉⴾⴰⵏ ⴰⵙⴷⴰⵜ.
English: This led to Earth's first civilization at Sumer in the Middle East, between 4000 and 3000 BC.
Tamasheq: ⴻⴰⵗ ⴰⵓⴻⵏⴷⴰⵗ ⴰⴷⴰⵗ ⵉⵓⴰ ⴰⵏⵉⵉⴰⵜ ⵓⴰ ⴰⵣⴰⵔⴰⵏ ⴼⴰⵍ ⴰⴾⴰⵍ, ⵉⴻ ⵙⵓⵎⴻⵔ, ⴷⴰⵗ ⵎⵓⵉⴻⵏ-Oⵔⵉⴻⵏⵜ, ⴶⴰⵔ 4000 ⴰⴷ 3000 ⴷⴰⵜ.
English: Humans no longer had to spend all their time working for survival, enabling the first specialized occupations (e.g. craftsmen, merchants, priests, etc.).
Tamasheq: ⵆⴰⵍ ⴰⴷⵓⵏⵉⵉⴰⵜ ⵓⴰⵔⵉⵍⴻⵏ ⵓⴾⵓⵉ ⵏⴰⵍⵓⴰⵈ ⵏⴰⵙⴰⵏ ⴷⴰⴾ ⴷⴰⵗ ⴰⵛⵉⵗⵉⵍ ⴼⴰⵍ ⴰⴷⵉⴷⵉⵔⴰⵏ, ⴰⵓⴰⵉⴶⴰⵏ ⴰⵣⵉⵣⴶⴰⵔ ⴰⵏ ⴰⵛⵉⵗⵉⵍⴰⵏ ⵓⵉ ⴷⴰⵣⴰⵔⵏⴻⵏ ⴰⵜⵉⵓⴰⵣⴰⵉⴰⵏ (ⴰⵜⴰⵎoⵙⵏⴻⵏ, ⵉⵏⵂⴰⴷⴰⵏ, ⵉⵎⴰⵛⴰⵏⵛⴰⵏ, ⵉⵎⴰⵗⵔⴰⵏ, ⴷⵉⵉⴰⴷ.).
English: By around 500 BC, there were advanced civilizations in the Middle East, Iran, India, China, and Greece, at times expanding, at times entering into decline.
Tamasheq: Iⴱⵔⴻⵜ əⴰⵏ 500 ⴷⴰⵜ. ⵏⴰⴱⵉ Iⵙⵙⴰ., ⵉⵍⴰⵏⵜⵉ ⴰⵏⵉⵉⴰⵜⴰⵏ ⵓⵉ ⴰⵛⴰⵎⵏⴻⵏ ⴷⴰⵗ ⵎoⵉⴻⵏ-Oⵔⵉⴻⵏⵜ, ⴷⴰⵗ Iⵔⴰⵏ, ⴷⴰⵗ Iⵏⴷⴻ, ⴷⴰⵗ ⴰⵂⵉⵏⴻ əⴷ ⴷⴰⵗ ⵗⵔⵉⴰⴻ, ⵙⴰⴶⵓⴷⵉⵉⴰⵏ ⴰⵎⵉⵛⴰⵔⵛⴰⵔⴰⵏ, ⴰⴶⵓⴷⵉⵉⴰⵏ ⵉⵓⴰⴷⴰⵏ ⵂⴰⴷⵉ.
English: This civilization developed in warfare, arts, science, mathematics and in architect.
Tamasheq: ⴰⵏⵉⵉⴰⵜ ⵓⴻⵏ ⴻⵈⴰⵍ ⴰⵓⵉⴷⴰⵏ ⴷⴰⵗ ⵜⴰⴱⴰⵔⴰⵜⴻⵏ ⵜⴰⵏ ⴰⴾⵉⵏⴰⵙ, ⵉⵏⵂⴰⴷⴰⵏ, ⴾⴰⵍ ⵜⴰⵎⵓⵙⵏⴻ, ⴾⴰⵍ ⵎⴰⴷⵉⵏⴰⵏ ⴰⴷ ⴾⴰⵍ ⴷⴰⵍⴰⴶⴰⵏ.
English: The Roman Empire was Christianized by Emperor Constantine in the early 4th century and declined by the end of the 5th.
Tamasheq: ⵜⴰⵗⵔⴰⵎ ⵜⴰⵏ ⵔoⵎⴰⵉⵏⵜⴰⵏ ⴰⵜⴰⵜ ⵉⴶⴰⵏ ⴰⵂⵔⴻⵜⵉⴻⵏⵜⴰⵏ ⴰⵏⴰⵎⵓⴾⴰⵍ ⴻⵓⵏⵙⵜⴰⵏⵜⵉⵏ ⴷⴰⵗ ⵙⴰⵏⵜ ⴰⵏ Iⵗⴻ ⵜⴻⵎⴻⴷⴻ ⵏⴰⵓⴰⵜⴰⵉ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵣⴰⵔ ⴻⵔⴾⴰⵏ ⴷⴰⵗ ⵙⴰⵎⴰⵏⴷⵓ ⴰⵏ ⵗⴻ ⵜⴻⵎⴻⴷⴻ ⵏⴰⵓⴰⵜⴰⵉ.
English: The House of Wisdom was established in Abbasid-era Baghdad, Iraq.
Tamasheq: ⵜⵂⴰⵏ ⵓⴰ ⵏⴰⵜⵉⵈⴰⵍ ⴰⴷⴰⵗ ⴻⵈⴰⵏ ⴱⴰⴶⴷⴰⴷ, ⴷⴰⵗ Iⵔⴰⴾ, ⴷⴰⵗ ⴰⵍⵓⴰⵈ ⵓⴰⵏ ⴰⴱⴱⴰⵙⵙⵉⴷⴻ.
English: In the 14th century, the Renaissance began in Italy with advances in religion, art, and science.
Tamasheq: ⴷⴰⵗ14ⴻ ⵜⴻⵎⴻⴷⴻ ⵏⴰⵓⴰⵜⴰⵉ, ⵙⴻⵏⴰⵉⵙⵙⴰⵏⴰⴻ ⴰⴷⴰⵗ ⵜⴰⵏⵜⴰ Iⵜⴰⵍⵉⴻ ⴷⴰⵔ ⴷⴰⴶⴰⵏ ⴰⵣⴰⵔⵏⴻⵏ ⴷⴰⵗ ⴰⴾⴰⵍ, ⵉⵏⵂⴰⴷⴰⵏ ⴰⴷ ⵜⴰⵎⵓⵙⵏⴰⵓⴻⵏ.
English: European civilization began to change beginning in 1500, leading to the scientific and industrial revolutions.
Tamasheq: ⵜⴰⵉⵉⵜⴻ ⵜⴰⵏ ⴻⵓⵔⵓⵉⴻⵏⵜⴰⵏ ⵜⴰⵙⵉⵏⵜⴰ ⴰⵎⵓⵜⵉⵉ ⴷⴰⵗ ⵓⴶⵓⴷ ⵓⴰⵏ 1500, ⵉⴶⴰⵏ ⵜⴰⵓⴰⴷⵏⴻⵏ ⵜⴰⵏ ⵜⴰⵎⵓⵙⵏⴰⵓⴻⵏ ⴰⴷ ⵓⵙⵉⵏⴻⵜⴰⵏ.
English: From 1914 to 1918 and 1939 to 1945, nations around the world were embroiled in world wars.
Tamasheq: ⴻⴰⵗ 1914 ⵂⴰⵔ 1918 ⴰⴷ ⴷⴰⵗ 1939 ⵂⴰⵔ 1945, ⵜⴰⵎⵉⵜⴰⵓⴻⵏ ⵜⴰⵏ ⴰⴷⵓⵏⵉⵉⴰⵜ ⴷⴰⴾ ⴰⵈⴰⵍⴰⵏ ⴰⵉⴾⴰⵔⴰⵏ ⴷⴰⵗ ⴾⵉⵏⴰⵙⴰⵏ ⴷⴰⵗ ⴾⴰⵍⴰⵏ.
English: After the war, many new states were formed, declaring or being granted independence in a period of decolonization.
Tamasheq: ⴻⴰⵔⴰⵜ ⴰⴾⵉⵏⴰⵙ, ⵉⵜⴰⵜⴰⵏ ⴰⵋⵓⵜⵏⴻⵏ ⴰⵉⵏⴰⵉⵏⴻⵏ ⴰⵙⴷⴰⵓⴰⵏ, ⴰⵙⵉⵏⴰⵏ ⵎⴻⵗ ⴰⴶⵔⴰⵓⴰⵏ ⵜⴰⵏⵂⴰⵜ ⵏⴰⵙⴰⵏ ⴷⴰⵗ ⴰⵍⵓⴰⵈ ⵓⴰⵏ ⵜⴰⵏⵂⴰⴷⴻⵏ ⴰⵏ ⴾⴰⵍⴰⵏ.
English: Technological developments include nuclear weapons, computers, genetic engineering, and nanotechnology.
Tamasheq: ⵜⴻⵓⴰⴷⴻⵏ ⴰⵏ ⵜⴰⵎⵓⵙⵏⴰⵓⴻⵏ ⴰⵎⵓⵙⵏⴻⵏ ⴰⵙⵉⴾⵏⴰⵙ ⵓⵉ ⴰⵎⵓⵜⴰⵉⵏⴻⵏ, ⵓⵔⴷⵉⵏⴰⵜⴻⵓⵔⵜⴰⵏ, ⴰⵍⵛⵉⵏ ⵓⴰ ⴶⴻⵏⵉⵜⵉⵈⵓⴻ ⴰⴷ ⵏⴰⵏⵓⵜⴻⵛⵂⵏⵓⵍⵓⴶⵉⴻ.
English: Major concerns and problems such as disease, war, poverty, violent radicalism, and recently, human-caused climate change have risen as the world population increases.
Tamasheq: ⴰⵛⴰⵍⴰⵍⴰⵜⴰⵏ ⴰⴷ ⴰⵙⵉⴱⴰⴱⴰⵏ ⵓⵉ ⵎⴰⴷⵔⵓⵉⵏⴻⵏ ⴰⵜⴰⵎⵓⵙⵏⴻⵏ ⵜⵓⵔⵂⵉⵏⴰ, ⴰⴾⵉⵏⴰⵙ, ⴰⵍⴰⴾⵉⵓⴰⵏ, ⵜⴻⵔⵓⴻⵜⴻⵏ ⵜⵉ ⴰⵙⵓⵂⴰⵜⵏⴻⵏ ⴰⴷ, ⴰⵉⵏⴰⵉⴰⵏ, ⵜⴰⵎⵓⵜⴰⵉⴻⵏ ⴰⵏ ⴰⵍⵓⴰⵈⴰⵏ ⴻⵗⵛⴰⴷ ⴰⵓⴰⴷⴰⵎ, ⴰⵓⵉⴷⴰⵏ ⴷⴰⵗ ⴰⴾⵓⵜ ⵓⴰⵏ ⴰⵍⵋⴰⵎⴰⵆⴰⵜ ⵜⴰⵏ ⴰⴷⵓⵏⵉⵉⴰⵜ ⵜⵉⵓⴰⴷⴰⵜ.
English: Human history, or recorded history, is the narrative of humanity's past.
Tamasheq: ⵜⴰⵏⴼⵓⵙⵜ ⵜⴰⵏ ⴰⴷⵓⵏⵉⵉⴰⵜ, ⵎⴻⵗ ⵜⴰⵏⴼⵓⵙⵜ ⵜⴰⵈⵉⵉⵎⴰⵜ, ⴻⵈⴰⵍ ⵜⵉⵏⴰⵓⵜ ⵏⴰⵓⴰ ⴷⴰⴷⵜⵓⴾⴰⵉ ⴰⴷⵓⵏⵉⵉⴰⵜ.
English: The Neolithic saw the Agricultural Revolution begin, between 10,000 and 5000 BCE, in the Near East's Fertile Crescent.
Tamasheq: ⵏⵉⵓⵍⵉⵜⵂⵉⵈⵓⴻ ⵜⵓⵏⵂⴰⵉ ⵜⵉⵓⵉⵜ ⵜⴰⵏ ⵜⵓⵓⴰƭ ⵙⵓⴶⵉⴰⴾ, ⴶⴰⵔ 10 000 ⴰⴷ 5 000 ⴷⴰⵜ ⴰⵍⵓⴰⵈ ⵓⴰⵏⴰⵏⴰⵗ, ⴷⴰⵗ ⵜⴰⵓⴰƭ ⵜⴰⵏ ⴰⵓⴰ ⵉⵜⵉⵔⵓⵓⴰⵏ ⴷⴰⵗ ⴱⵔⵓⵛⵂⴻ-Oⵔⵉⴻⵏⵜ.
English: As farming developed, grain agriculture became more sophisticated and prompted a division of labour to store food between growing seasons.
Tamasheq: ⴻⴰⵗ ⴰⵉⵍⴰⵏ ⴰⴷ ⵓⵍⴰⵙ ⵓⴰⵏ ⴰⵙⵉⴶⵉⵉⴾ ⴰⵜⵉⵓⴰⴷⴰⵏ, ⵙⵉⴶⵉⴰⴾ ⵓəⵏ ⵏⴰⵍⴰⵓⴰⵏ ⴰⵈⴰⵍⴰⵏ ⵓⴶⴰⵔⴰⵏ ⴰⵙⵓⵂⵓ ⴰⴷ ⵉⴶⴰⵏ ⵜⴰⴱⵉⵙⴰⵓⴻⵏ ⵏⴰⵛⵉⵗⵉⵍ ⴼⴰⵍ ⴰⴷⵉⵙⵉⵈⵉⵉⵎⵓ ⴰⵎⵉⵙⵉⵓⴰⵏ ⴶⴰⵔ ⴰⵍⵓⴰⵈⵜⴰⵏ ⵓⴰⵏ ⴶⴰⵉⴰⴾⴰⵏ.
English: Hinduism developed in the late Bronze Age on the Indian subcontinent.
Tamasheq: ⵂⵉⵏⴷⵓⵓⵉⵙⵎⴻ ⴻⵈⴰⵍ ⴰⵓⵉⴷⴰⵏ ⴷⴰⵗ ⵙⴰⵎⴰⵏⴷⵓ ⵏⴻⵍⴰⵏ ⵓⵉ ⴱⵔⵓⵏⵣⴻ ⴼⴰⵍ ⴷⴰⵓ ⴰⴾⴰⵍ ⵓⴰⵏ ⵉⵏⴷⵉⴻⵏⵜⴰⵏ.
English: Post-classical history (the "Middle Ages," c. 500–1500 CE,) witnessed the rise of Christianity, the Islamic Golden Age (c. 750 CE – c. 1258 CE), and the Timurid and Italian Renaissances (from around 1300 CE).
Tamasheq:  ⵜⴰⵏⴼⵓⵙⵜ ⴷⴰⵜ-ⴰⵍⴰⵙⵙⵉⵈⵓⴻ (ⵍⴻ "ⵎⵓⵉⴻⵏ ⴰⴶⴻ", ⵉⴱⵔⴻⵜ ⴰⵏ 500-1500 ⴷⴰⵗ ⴰⵍⵓⴰⵈ ⵓⴰⵏⴰⵏⴰⵗ) ⵉⵏⵂⴰⵉ ⴰⴶⴰⵏ ⵓⴰ ⴰⵂⵔⵉⵙⵜⵉⴰⵏⵉⵙⵎⴻ, ⴻⵍⴰⵏ ⵓⵉ ⵏⵓⵔⴰⵗ ⵓⴰⵏ ⴰⵏⵉⵙⵍⴰⵎ (ⵉⴱⵔⴻⵜ 750 ⵏⴰⵍⵓⴰⵈ ⵓⴰⵏⴰⵏⴰⵗ-ⵉⴱⵔⴻⵜ 1258 ⵏⴰⵍⵓⴰⵈ ⵓⴰⵏⴰⵏⴰⵗ), ⴰⴷ ⵕⴻⵏⴰⵉⵙⵙⴰⵏⴰⴻ ⵜⵉⵎⵓⵔⵉⴷⴻ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵜⴰⵍⵉⴻⵏⵜⴰⵏ (ⴷⴰⵗ ⴰⵉⵓⴰⴷⴰⵏ ⵉⵂⵓⵎⵉⵛⵉ 1300 ⵏⴰⵍⵓⴰⵈ ⵓⴰⵏⴰⵏⴰⵗ).
English: By the 18th century, the accumulation of knowledge and technology had reached a critical mass that brought about the Industrial Revolution and began the late modern period, which started around 1800 and has continued through the present.
Tamasheq: ⵜⴰⵗ 18ⴻ ⵜⴻⵎⴻⴷⴻ ⵏⴰⵓⴰⵜⴰⵉ, ⴰⵙⵉⵎⵓⵙⵓⴷⵉⵓ ⵓⴰⵏ ⵜⴰⵎⵓⵙⵏⴰⵓⴻⵏ ⴰⴷ ⵜⴰⵎⵓⵜⴰⵉⴻⵏ ⴰⵓⴰⴷⵏⴰⵜ ⵜⴰⵣⴰⵉⵜ ⴰⵏ ⵜⵉⵣⵎⵉⵜ ⵜⴰ ⵜⵉⴶⴰⵜ ⴼⴰⵓⴰƭ ⵜⴰⵏ ⵓⵙⵉⵜⴰⵏ ⴰⴷ ⵓⴰⵉⴾⴰⵙⴰⵏ ⵙⴰⵏⵜⵓ ⵓⴰⵏ ⴰⵍⵓⴰⵈ ⵓⴰⵎⵓⵜⴰⵉⴰⵏ ⴰⵏ ⵜⴰⵂⴰⴶⵉⵜ, ⵜⴰ ⵜⴰⵙⵉⵏⵜⴰⵜ ⵉⴱⵔⴻⵜ 1800 əⴷ ⵜⴰⵈⴰⵍ ⴰⵏⵉⵍⴾⴰⵎⴰⵏ ⵂⴰⵓⴻⵏⴷⴰⵗ ⵂⴰⵔ ⴻⵛⴰⵍⵉⴷⴰⵗ.
English: Anatomically modern humans arose in Africa about 300,000 years ago, and achieved behavioral modernity about 50,000 years ago.
Tamasheq: ⵆⴰⵍ ⴰⴷⵓⵏⵉⵉⴰⵜ ⴰⵏⴰⵜⵓⵎⵉⵈⵓⴻⵎⴻⵏⵜ ⴰⵎⵓⵜⴰⵉⴰⵏ ⴰⵈⴰⵍⴰⵏ ⴰⵜⵉⵓⴰⵏⵂⴰⵉⴰⵏ ⴷⴰⵗ ⴰⴼⵔⵉⵈⵓⴻ ⴰⵉⵓⴰⴷⴰⵏ ⵉⵂⵓⵎⵉⵛⵉ 300 000 ⵏⴻⵍⴰⵏ, ⴰⴷ ⵉⵓⴰⴷⵏⴰⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⵓⵜⴰⵉⴻⵏ ⴰⵏ ⵜⴰⵍⵗⵉⵓⴻⵏ ⴰⵉⵓⴰⴷⴰⵏ 50 000 ⵏⴻⵍⴰⵏ.
English: Perhaps as early as 1.8 million years ago, but certainly by 500,000 years ago, humans began to use fire for heat and cooking.
Tamasheq: Iⵂⵓⵎⵉⵛⵉ 1,8 ⵎⵉⵍⵍⵉⵓⵏⵜⴰⵏ ⵏⴻⵍⴰⵏ, ⵎⴰⵛⴰⵏ ⴰⵜⴰⵎⵓⵙⴰⵏ ⵗⵓⵔ 500 000 ⵏⴻⵍⴰⵏ, ⴾⴰⵍ ⴰⴷⵓⵏⵉⵉⴰⵜ ⴰⵙⵉⵏⵜⴰⵏ ⴰⴷⴰⴾⴰⵍ ⵏⴰⴼⴻⵓ ⴼⴰⵍ ⴰⵙⵉⴾⵉⵙⴰⵏ ⴰⴷ ⴰⵙⵉⴾⵓⴷⵓⵓⴰⵏ.
English: Paleolithic humans lived as hunter-gatherers, and were generally nomadic.
Tamasheq: ⵆⴰⵍ ⴰⴷⵓⵏⵉⵉⴰⵜ ⵓⴰⵏ ⴱⴰⵍⵉⵓⵍⵉⵜⵂⵉⵈⵓⴻ ⵉⴷⴰⵔⴰⵏ ⴷⴰⵗ ⴰⵂⴰⵉⵓ ⴰⴷ ⵙⵉⴷⵓⵎⴰ əⴷ ⴰⵈⴰⵍⴰⵏ ⴷⴻⵗⵈⴰⵏⴻⵏ ⴾⴰⵍ ⵂⵉⵏⴰⵏ.
English: The rapid expansion of humankind to North America and Oceania took place at the climax of the most recent ice age.
Tamasheq: ⴰⵎⵛⵉⵔⵛⵉⵔ ⵓⴰ ⵉⵔⵎⴰⴷⴰⵏ ⴰⴷⵓⵏⵉⵉⴰⵜ ⴷⴰⵗ ⴰⵎⴻⵔⵉⵈⵓⴻ ⵜⴰⵏ ⴰⵜⴰⵔⴰⵎ ⴰⴷ ⴷⴰⵗ Oⵛⴻⴰⵏⵉⴻ ⴰⴷⴰⵗ ⵉⴶⴰⵏ ⵙⴰⵎⴰⵏⴷⵓ ⵜⴰ ⵓⴰⵉⵍⴾⴰⵎⴰⵜ ⴰⵍⵓⴰⵈ ⵓⴰⵏ ⵜⴰⵙⵉⵎⴷⴻ.
English: The Yellow River valley in China cultivated millet and other cereal crops by about 7000 BCE; the Yangtze valley domesticated rice earlier, by at least 8000 BCE.
Tamasheq: ⵗⴰⵔ ⵂⵉⵍⴰⵏ ⵓⴰⵏ ⴻⴱⴰⵏⴶ ⵓⴰⵔⴰⵗⴰⵏ ⴷⴰⵗ ⵛⵂⵉⵏⴻ ⵉⴰ ⴷⵉⴶⵉⵉⴾⴰⵏ ⵜⴻⵍⴰⵍⴻⵜ əⴷ ⵂⴰⵔⴰⵜⴰⵏ ⵉⵉⴰⴷ ⵉⴱⵔⴻⵜ ⴰⵏ 7000 ⴷⴰⵜ ⴰⵍⵓⴰⵈ ⵓⴰⵏⴰⵏⴰⵗ ; ⴶⴰⵔ ⵜⵓⵂⵓⵏ ⵓⴰⵏ ⵗⴰⵏⴶⵜⵣⴻ ⴰⵜⵉⵂⴰⵏ ⵜⴰⴼⴰⵗⴰⵜ ⴷⴰⵗ ⵛⵉⴾ, ⴷⴰⵗ ⵉⵂⵓⵎⵉⵛⵉ 8000 ⴷⴰⵜ ⴰⵍⵓⴰⵈ ⵓⴰⵏⴰⵏⴰⵗ.
English: Metalworking, was first used in the creation of copper tools and ornaments around 6000 BCE.
Tamasheq: ⴰⵛⵉⵗⵉⵍ ⵓⴰⵏ ⵜⴰⵣⵓⵍⵉ ⴰⴷⴰⵗ ⴻⵈⴰⵍ ⴰⵜⵓⵉⴾⵉⵍ ⴷⴰⵗ ⵜⴰⵣⴰⵔⴰⵜⴻⵏ ⴷⴰⴾ ⴰⴶⵉⵜⴰⵏ ⴰⵏ ⵍⴰⵍⴰⵏ ⴰⴷ ⴷⴰⵍⴰⴶⴰⵏ ⴷⴰⵗ ⴱⵓⴾⵓ ⵉⴱⵔⴻⵜ 6000 ⴷⴰⵜ ⴰⵍⵓⴰⵈ ⵓⴰⵏⴰⵏⴰⵗ.
English: Cities were centres of trade, manufacturing and political power.
Tamasheq: ⴻⵗⵉⵔⵎⴰⵏ ⴰⵈⴰⵍⴰⵏ ⵉⴷⴰⴶⴰⵏ ⴰⵏ ⵎⴰⵛⴰⵏⵛⴰⵏ, ⴰⴷ ⴷⵉⴶⵉⵜⴰⵏ ⴰⴷ ⴰⵏ ⵜⵓⴷⴰⴱⴰⵜ ⴰⵏ ⵜⴰⵏⴰⵉⵉⵓⴻⵏ.
English: The development of cities was synonymous with the rise of civilization.
Tamasheq: ⵜⴰⵓⴰⴷⴻⵏ ⴰⵏ ⵗⴰⵔⵎⴰⵏ ⵜⴰⵈⴰⵍ ⵜⴰⵏⵎⵓⵗⵔⵓⵜ ⴰⵏ ⵏⴰⵙⵉⵂⵉⴾⵉⴾ ⵓⴰⵏ ⴰⵏⵉⵉⴰⵜ.
English: These cultures variously invented the wheel, mathematics, bronze-working, sailing boats, the potter's wheel, woven cloth, construction of monumental buildings, and writing.
Tamasheq: ⴰⵙⵉⴶⵉⴰⴾ ⵉⴶⴰⵏ ⵜⴰⵗⴰⵍⴰⵍⵓⴰⵉⵜ, ⴰⵎⴰⴷⵉⵏⴰⵏ, ⴰⵛⵉⵗⵉⵍ ⵓⴰⵏ ⴱⵔⵓⵏⵣⴻ, ⴰⴾⵔⴰⴱⴰⵓⴰⵏ ⵓⴰⵏ ⵉⴼⵔⴻⵓⴰⵏ, ⴰⵗⴰⵍⴰⵉ ⵓⴰⵏ ⴷⴰⵜⵉⴻⵔ, ⴰⵣⴰⵎⴰⵉ, ⵜⵓⵎⵓⵈⵓⵏⵜ ⵜⴰⵏ ⵂⵉⵏⴰⵏ ⵎⴰⵈⵓⵔⵏⴻⵏ ⴰⴷ ⴾⵉⵜⴱⴰⵏ.
English: Typical of the Neolithic was a tendency to worship anthropomorphic deities.
Tamasheq: ⵏⵉⵓⴻⵍⵉⵜⵂⵉⵈⵓⴻ ⵜⴰⵈⴰⵍ ⵜⴰⵍⵗⴰ ⵜⵉⴶⴰⵜ ⴼⴰⵍ ⴰⵙⴰⵂⴰⵜ ⴰⵏ ⵜⵓⵎⴰⴷⴻⵏ ⵜⴰⵏ ⵎⴰⵙⵉⵏⴰⵗ ⴰⵏⵜⵂⵔⵓⴱⵓⵎⵓⵔⴱⵂⴻⵙ.
English: These settlements were concentrated in fertile river valleys: the Tigris and Euphrates in Mesopotamia, the Nile in Egypt, the Indus in the Indian subcontinent, and the Yangtze and Yellow Rivers in China.
Tamasheq: ⵜⴰⵎⵓⵈⵓⵏⴻⵏ ⵜⴰⵏ ⴰⵈⴰⵍⴰⵏⴰⵜ ⴰⵎⵉⵙⴰⴷⴰⵓⴰⵏ ⴷⴰⵗ ⴶⴰⵔ ⵜⵓⵂⵓⵏ ⵓⴰⵏ ⴼⵍⵓⴱⵉⴰⵍⴻⵙ ⴼⴻⵔⵜⵉⵍⴻⵙ : ⵟⵉⴶⵔⴻ ⴰⴷ ⴻⵓⴱⵂⵔⴰⵜⴻ ⴷⴰⵗ ⵎⵉⵙⵓⴱⵓⵜⴰⵎⵉⴻ, ⵏⵉⵍ ⴷⴰⵗ ⵎⵉⵙⵔ, Iⵏⴷⵓⵙ ⴷⴰⵗ ⴷⴰⵓ ⴰⴾⴰⵍ ⵓⴰⵏ ⵉⵏⴷⵉⴻⵏⵜⴰⵏ, ⴰⴷ ⴻⴱⴰⵏⴶ ⵓⴰⵏ ⵗⴰⵏⴶⵜⵣⴻ ⴰⴷ ⵓⴰⵔⴰⵗⴰⵏ ⴷⴰⵗ ⵛⵂⵉⵏⴻ.
English: Cuneiform writing began as a system of pictographs, whose pictorial representations eventually became simplified and more abstract.
Tamasheq: ⴰⴾⴰⵜⴰⴱ ⵓⴰⵏ ⵛⵓⵏⵉⵉⴼⵓⵔⵎⴻ ⴰⴷⴰⵗ ⴰⵙⵉⵙⵉⵏⵜⴰ ⴰⵙ ⵙⴰⵎⵉⴾ ⵓⴰⵏ ⴷⵉⴰⵜⵓⴶⵔⴰⵎⵎⴻⵙ, ⴰⵎⵓⵙ ⴰⵙⵉⴾⵏⵉⵜⴰⵏ ⵓⴰⵏ ⴷⵉⴰⵜⵓⵔⴰⵍⵜⴰⵏ ⴰⵙⵎⴰⴷⴰⵏ ⴷⴰⵗ ⴰⴼⴰⵏⴰⵣⴰⵏ ⴰⴷ ⴷⵓⵗⵉⵍ ⵏⵓⴶⴰⵔⴰⵏ ⴰⵜⴱⵓⵜ.
English: Transport was facilitated by waterways—by rivers and seas.
Tamasheq: ⴰⴷⴰⴾⴰⵍⴰⵏ ⴰⵏ ⵍⴰⵍⴰⵏ ⴰⵈⴰⵍⴰⵏ ⴰⵔⴰⵈⵉⵙⴰⵏ ⴷⴰⵗ ⵜⴰⴱⴰⵔⴰⵜⴻⵏ ⵜⴰⵏ ⵏⴰⵎⴰⵏ ⵉⴱⴰⵏⴶⴰⵏ ⴰⴷ ⴶⵉⵔⵓⴰⵏ.
English: These developments led to the rise of territorial states and empires.
Tamasheq: ⵜⴰⵓⴰⴷⵏⴻⵏ ⵜⴰⵏ ⵉⴶⴰⵏⴰⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⵓⵜⴰⵉⴻⵏ ⴰⵏ ⵉⵜⴰⵜⴰⵏ ⵓⴰⵏ ⴾⴰⵍⴰⵏ ⴰⴷ ⵜⴰⴷⵉⴱⵉⴻⵏ.
English: In Crete the Minoan civilization had entered the Bronze Age by 2700 BCE and is regarded as the first civilization in Europe.
Tamasheq: ⴻⴰⵗ ⵛⵔⵉⵜⴻ, ⵜⴰⵉⵉⵜⴻ ⵜⴰⵏ ⵎⵉⵏⵓⴻⵏⵏⴻ ⵉⴶⴰⵛ ⴷⴰⵗ ⴻⵍⴰⵏ ⵓⵉ ⴱⵔⵓⵏⵣⴻ ⴷⴰⵗ 2700 ⴷⴰⵜ ⴰⵍⵓⴰⵈ ⵓⴰⵏⴰⵏⴰⵗ ⴰⴷ ⴻⵈⴰⵍ ⴰⵜⵉⵓⴰⴶⴰⵏ ⵙⵓⵏⴷ ⵜⴰⴷⵉⵜⴰⵣⴰⵔⴰⵜ ⵜⴰⵉⵉⵜⴻ ⵜⴰⵏ ⴻⵓⵔⵓⴱⴻ.
English: Over the following millennia, civilizations developed across the world.
Tamasheq: ⴻⴰⵗ ⴰⵍⵓⴰⵈ ⵓⴰⵏ ⵎⵉⵍⵍⵢⵏⴰⵉⵔⴻⵜⴰⵏ ⵓⵉⵍⴾⴰⵏⴻⵏ, ⵜⴰⵉⵉⵜⵓⴻⵏ ⴰⵈⴰⵍⵏⴰⵜ ⴰⵓⵉⴷⴰⵏ ⴷⴰⵗ ⴰⴷⵓⵏⵉⵉⴰⵜ ⴷⴰⴾ.
English: In India, this era was the Vedic period (1750-600 BCE), which laid the foundations of Hinduism and other cultural aspects of early Indian society, and ended in the 6th century BCE.
Tamasheq: ⴻⴰⵗ Iⵏⴷⴻ, ⴰⵍⵓⴰⵈ ⵓⴻⵏⴷⴰⵗ ⴰⴷⴰⵔ ⵓⵍⴰⵂ ⴰⵍⵓⴰⵈ ⴱⵉⴷⵉⵈⵓⴻ (1750-600 ⴷⴰⵜ ⴰⵍⵓⴰⵈ ⵓⴰⵏⴰⵏⴰⵗ), ⵓⴰ ⵉⵋⴰⵔⴰⵏ ⵂⴰⵔⴰⵜⴰⵏ ⵓⴰⵏ ⵂⵉⵏⴷⵓⵓⵉⵙⵎⴻ ⴰⴷ ⴷⵉⵉⴰⴷ ⵉⵂⴰⵏⴰⵉⴰⵏ ⴰⵏ ⴰⵜⵓⵉⴶⴰⵣ ⵓⴰⵏ ⴰⵍⵋⴰⵎⴰⵗⴰⵜ ⵜⴰⵏ ⵉⵏⴷⵉⴻⵏⵏⴻ ⵓⵉ ⴷⴰⵣⴰⵔⵏⴻⵏ, ⴰⴷ ⴰⵎⵉⵏⴷⴰ ⴷⴰⵗ 6ⴻ ⵜⴻⵎⴻⴷⴻ ⵏⴰⵓⴰⵜⴰⵉ ⴷⴰⵜ ⴰⵍⵓⴰⵈ ⵓⴰⵏⴰⵏⴰⵗ.
English: During the formative stage in Mesoamerica (about 1500 BCE to 500 CE), more complex and centralized civilizations began to develop, mostly in what is now Mexico, Central America, and Peru.
Tamasheq: ⴻⴰⵗ ⵓⵜⵓⴷ ⵙⴰ ⵏⴰⵍⵓⴰⵈ ⵓⴰⵏ ⵉⴶⵉ ⴰⵏ ⵎⵉⵙⵓ-ⴰⵎⵉⵔⵉⵈⵓⴻ (ⴰⵉⵓⴰⴷⴰⵏ 1500 ⴷⴰⵜ ⴰⵍⵓⴰⵈ ⵓⴰⵏⴰⵏⴰⵗ ⵂⴰⵔ 500 ⴰⵏ ⴰⵍⵓⴰⵈ ⵓⴰⵏⴰⵏⴰⵗ), ⵜⵢⵢⵉⵉⵜⵓⴻⵏ ⵓⴶⴰⵔⵏⴻⵏ ⴰⵙⵓⵂⵓ ⴰⴷ ⴷⵓⴶⵉⵛ ⴰⵙⵉⵜⴰⵏⴰⵜ ⵜⴰⵓⴰⴼ, ⴰⵜⴰⵎⵓⵙⴰⵏ ⴷⴰⵗ ⴰⵓⴰ ⴻⵈⴰⵍ ⴻⵛⴰⵍⵉⴷⴰⵗ ⵉⴻ ⵎⵆⵉⵈⵓⴻ, ⴰⵎⵉⵔⵉⵈⵓⴻ ⵜⴰⵏ ⴰⵎⴰⵙ ⴰⴷ ⴱⵉⵔⵓ.
English: Karl Jaspers' Axial-Age theory also includes Persian Zoroastrianism, but other scholars dispute his timeline for Zoroastrianism.)
Tamasheq: ⵜⴻⴾⴰⵏⵉⵜ ⵜⴰⵏ ⴰⵓⴰⵜⴰⵉ ⵓⴰⵏ ⴰⵆⵉⴰⵍ ⴰⵏ ⵆⴰⵔⵍ ⵋⴰⵙⴷⴻⵔⵙ ⵉⵂⴰ ⵉⵏⵜⴰⴷⴰⵗ ⵣⵓⵔⵓⴰⵙⵜⵔⵉⵙⵎⴻ ⴱⴻⵔⵙⴻ, ⵎⴰⵛⴰⵏ ⵉⵉⴰⴷ ⴰⵏⵓⵎⴰⵗⴰⵏ ⵓⴰⴷⴰⵔⴷⴻⵏ ⴰⵂⵔⵓⵏⵓⵍⵓⴶⵉⴻ ⴰⵏⴻⵙ ⴼⴰⵍ ⵣⵓⵔⵓⴰⵙⵜⵔⵉⵙⵎⴻ).
English: These were Taoism, Legalism, and Confucianism.
Tamasheq: ⴰⵎⵓⵙ ⵜⴰⵓⵎⵉⵙⵎⴻ, ⵓⴰⵏ ⵍⵉⴶⴰⵍⵉⵙⵎⴻ ⴰⴷ ⵓⴰⵏ ⵛⵓⵏⴼⵓⵛⵉⴰⵏⵉⵙⵎⴻ.
English: The great empires depended on military annexation of territory and on the formation of defended settlements to become agricultural centres.
Tamasheq: ⵓⵉⵎⴰⵈⵓⵔⵏⴻⵏ ⴰⴷⵉⴱⵉⴰⵏ ⴰⵙ ⵂⴰⵙⴰⵏ ⵉⵏⵉⵂⴰⴷⴰⵏ ⵓⴰⵙⵉⵙⵉⵏ ⴰⵙⴰⵔⴷⴰⵙⵉ ⴰⵏ ⵏⴰⴾⴰⵍ ⴰⴷ ⵜⴰⵏⵎⵉⵏⴰⴾ ⵜⴰⵏ ⵛⵓⵍⵓⵏⵉⴻⵜⴰⵏ ⴰⵜⵉⵓⴰⴶⴰⵣⵏⴻⵏ ⴼⴰⵍ ⴰⴷⵉⵈⵉⵍⴰⵏ ⵉⴷⴰⴶⴰⵏ ⴰⵏ ⵙⵉⴶⵉⴰⴾ.
English: There were a number of regional empires during this period.
Tamasheq: Iⵍⴰⵏⵜⵉ ⵏⵓⵎⴱⵔⵉⵜⴰⵏ ⵏⵉⵉⴰⴷ ⴷⴰⵗ ⴷⵉⴱⵉⴰⵏ ⵏⴰⴾⴰⵍ ⴷⴰⵗ ⵉⴶⵉ ⴰⵍⵓⴰⵈ ⵓⴻⵏⴷⴰⵗ.
English: The Median Empire gave way to successive Iranian empires, including the Achaemenid Empire (550–330 BCE), the Parthian Empire (247 BCE–224 CE), and the Sasanian Empire (224–651 CE).
Tamasheq: ⴰⵗⵔⵉⵎ ⵓⴰⵏ ⵎⵉⴷⵉⴰⵏ ⵓⵉⴰ ⴻⴷⴰⴶ ⴰⵏⴻⵙ ⵉⴻ ⵗⵉⵔⵎⴰⵏ ⵏⵉⵔⴰⵏⵉⴻⵏⵜⴰⵏ ⴰⵏⵉⵍⴾⴰⵏⴻⵏ, ⴰⵜⴰⵎⵓⵙⴰⵏ ⴰⵗⵔⵉⵎ ⵓⴰⵏ ⴰⴰⵂⵉⵎⵉⵏⵉⴷⴻ (550-330 ⴷⴰⵜ ⴰⵍⵓⴰⵈ ⵓⴰⵏⴰⵏⴰⵗ), ⴰⵗⵔⴰⵎ ⵓⴰⵏ ⴷⴰⵔⵜⵂⴻ (247–224 ⴷⴰⵜ ⴰⵍⵓⴰⵈ ⵓⴰⵏⴰⵏⴰⵗ) ⴰⴷ ⴰⵗⵔⴰⵎ ⵓⴰⵏ ⴰⵙⵙⴰⵏⵉⴷⴻ ( 224-651 ⵏⴰⵍⵓⴰⵈ ⵓⴰⵏⴰⵏⴰⵗ).
English: Later, Alexander the Great (356–323 BCE), of Macedon, founded an empire of conquest, extending from present-day Greece to present-day India.
Tamasheq: ⴰⴶⵓⴷⵉⵉⴰⵏ, ⴰⵍⴻⵆⴰⵏⴷⵔⴻ ⵓⴰⵏ ⵎⴰⵈⴰⵔⴰⵏ (356-323 ⴷⴰⵜ ⵎⴰⴱⵉ Iⵙⵙⴰ), ⵓⴰⵏ ⵎⴰⵛⵉⴷⵓⵉⵏⴻ, ⵉⵏⴰⵉⴰⵏ ⵜⴰⴷⴰⴱⴰⵉⵜ ⵜⴰⵜⵉⵓⴰⵂⴰ ⵗⴰⵜ, ⵉⵓⴰⴷⴰⵏ ⵗⵓⵔ ⵗⵔⵉⵛⴻ ⵜⴰⵏⴰⵎⴰⵔⴰ ⵂⴰⵔ Iⵏⴷⴻ ⵜⴰⵏ ⴰⵎⴰⵔⴰⴷⴰ.
English: From the 3rd century CE, the Gupta dynasty oversaw the period referred to as ancient India's Golden Age.
Tamasheq: ⴰⴷⵉⵜⵉⴼⵉⵍⴰⴷ 3ⴻ ⵜⴻⵎⴻⴷⴻ ⵏⴰⵓⴰⵜⴰⵉ ⵜⴰⵏ ⴰⵍⵓⴰⵈ ⵓⴰⵏⴰⵏⴰ ⵗ, ⵜⴰⴶⵓⵣⵜ ⵜⴰⵏ ⵗⵓⴷⵜⴰ ⵜⴰⴶⴰ ⴰⵏⵉⵉⴰⵜ ⵉⴻ ⴰⵍⵓⴰⵈ ⵓⴰⵙⵉⵜⴰⵓⴰⵏ ⴻⵍⴰⵏ ⵏⵓⵔⴰ ⵗ ⵓⴰⵏ Iⵏⴷⴻ ⵜⴰ ⵜⴰⵔⵓⵓⴰⵜ.
English: The ensuing stability contributed to heralding in the golden age of Hindu culture in the 4th and 5th centuries.
Tamasheq: ⵜⴻⴷⴰⴾⵉⵜ ⵜⴰⴷ ⵜⵉⵍⴾⴰⵎⴰⵜ ⵜⴰⵍⵉⵍ ⵙⴰⴶⴰⴷ ⴰⵏ ⵏⴰⵓⴰⵜⴰⵉ ⵓⴰⵏ ⵏⵓⵔⴰ ⵗ ⴰⵏ ⴰⵜⵓⵉⴶⴰⵣ ⵓⴰⵏ ⵂⵉⵏⴷⵓⴻ ⴷⴰ ⵗ 4ⴻ ⴰⴷ 5ⴻ ⵜⴻⵎⴻⴷⴻ ⵏⴰⵓⴰⵜⴰⵉ.
English: By the time of Augustus (63 BCE – 14 CE), the first Roman Emperor, Rome had already established dominion over most of the Mediterranean.
Tamasheq: ⴻⴰ ⵗ ⴰⵍⵓⴰⵈ ⵓⴰⵏ ⴰⵓⴶⵓⵙⵜ (63 ⴷⴰⵜ ⵏⴰⴱⵉ Iⵙⵙⴰ. – 14 ⴰⵏ ⴰⵍⵓⴰⵈ ⵓⴰⵏⴰⵏⴰ ⵗ), ⵓⵉⴷⴰⵣⴰⵔⵏⴻⵏ ⴰⵏⴰⵎⵓⴾⴰⵍⴰⵏ ⴰⵏ ⵔⵓⵎⴰⵉⵏ, ⵔoⵎⴻ ⵉⴶⴰⵏ ⴷⴰⵜ ⴰⵓⴰ ⵜⴰⵔⵏⴰⵏⴻⵙ ⴼⴰⵍ ⴰ ⵗⵉⵍ ⵓⴶⴰⵔⴰⵏ ⴷⴰ ⵗ ⵎⵉⴷⵉⵜⴻⵔⵔⴰⵏⴻ.
English: The Western empire would fall, in 476 CE, to German influence under Odoacer.
Tamasheq: ⵜⴰⵗⵔⴰⵎ ⵜⴰⵏ ⵓⴰⵉⴷⴻⵏⵜ ⴰⵜⴰⴷⵓ, ⴷⴰ ⵗ 476 ⵏⴰⵍⵓⴰⵈ ⵓⴰⵏⴰⵏⴰⵗ, ⴷⴰⵓ ⴰⴷⴰⴶⴰⵍ ⴰⵏ ⴶⴻⵔⵎⴰⵏⵉⵈⵓⴻ ⴰⵏ ⵓⴷⵓⴰⵛⴻⵔ.
English: The Han dynasty was comparable in power and influence to the Roman Empire that lay at the other end of the Silk Road.
Tamasheq: ⴻⴰⵗ ⴰⵜⵓⵉⴶⴰⵣ ⵓⴰⵏ ⵂⴰⵏ ⴻⵈⴰⵍ ⵓⵍⴰⵂⴰⵏ ⴷⴰⵔ ⴰⵙⵓⵂⵓ, ⴰⴷ ⴰⴷⴰⴶⴰⵍ ⴰⵏ ⵏⴰⵗⵔⴰⵎ ⵓⴰⵏ ⵔⵓⵎⴰⵉⵏ ⵉⵂⴰⵏ ⵙⴰⵎⴰⵏⴷⵓ ⵉⵉⴰⵏ ⴰⵏ ⵜⴰⴱⴰⵔⴰⵜ ⵜⴰⵏ ⴰⵏⴻⵙ.
English: As with other empires during the Classical Period, Han China advanced significantly in the areas of government, education, mathematics, astronomy, technology, and many others.
Tamasheq: ⵙⵓⵏⴷ ⴷⵉⵉⴰⴷ ⴰⵗⵉⵔⵎⴰⵏ ⵏⴰⵍⵓⴰⵈ ⵓⴰⵏ ⴰⵍⴰⵙⵙⵉⵈⵓⴻ, ⵛⵂⵉⵏⴻ ⵜⴰⵏ ⵂⴰⵏ ⵜⵉⴶⴰ ⵜⴰⵓⴰⴷⵏⴻⵏ ⴰⵜⴰⵓⴰⵙⴰⵙⴼⴰⵔⵏⴻⵏ ⴷⴰ ⵗ ⴰⵍⵓⴰⵈ ⵓⴰⵏ ⵜⴰⵏⴰⵉⵉⵓⴻⵏ, ⵉⴻ ⵜⴻⵗⴰⵔⴻ ⵎⴰⴷⵉⵏⴰⵏ, ⴰⵙⵜⵔⵓⵏⵓⵎⵉⴻ, ⴰⵏ ⵜⴰⵎⵓⵙⵏⴰⵓⴻⵏ ⴰⴷ ⴷⵉⵉⴰⴷ ⵂⴰⵔⴰⵜⴰⵏ.
English: Successful regional empires were also established in the Americas, arising from cultures established as early as 2500 BCE.
Tamasheq: ⵓⵉⴷⴰⵣⴰⵔⵏⴻⵏ ⴰⵗⵉⵔⵎⴰⵏ ⵓⵔⴷⴰⵏⴻⵏ ⴰⵎⵓⵙⴰⵏ ⵉⵏⵜⴰⴷⴰⵗ ⴰⵈⴰⵍⴰⵏ ⴰⵉⴶⴰⵏ ⴷⴰⵗ ⴰⵎⵉⵔⵉⵈⵓⴻⵜⴰⵏ, ⴰⴷⴰⴼⴰⵍⵏⴻⵏ ⵉⴶⴰⵏⴻⵏ ⴷⴰⵗ 2500 ⴷⴰⵜ ⴰⵍⵓⴰⵈ ⵓⴰⵏⴰⵏⴰⵗ.
English: The great Mayan city-states slowly rose in number and prominence, and Maya culture spread throughout the Yucatán and surrounding areas.
Tamasheq: ⵓⵉⵎⴰⵈⵓⵔⵏⴻⵏ ⵛⵉⵜⵉⵙ-ⵉⵜⴰⵜⴰⵏ ⵓⵉ ⵎⴰⵉⴰⵙ ⴰⵈⴰⵍⴰⵏ ⴰⵓⵉⴷⴰⵏ ⵙⵓⵍⴰⵏ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵣⴰⵔ ⵉⴶⵔⴰⵓⴰⵏ ⴷⴰⵗ ⵜⴰⵏⴼo, ⴰⴷ ⴰⵜⵓⵉⴶⴰⵣ ⵓⴰ ⵎⴰⵉⴰ ⴻⵈⴰⵍ ⴰⵎⵛⴰⵔⵛⴰⵔⴰⵏ ⴷⴰⵗ ⵗⵓⴰⴰⵜⴰⵏ ⴷⴰⴾ ⴰⴷ ⴾⴰⵍⴰⵏ ⵓⵉ ⵓⵂⴰⵣⵏⴻⵏ.
English: There were, however, in some regions, periods of rapid technological progress.
Tamasheq: ⴰⵜⵓⴰⴶⴰ ⴰⴶⵓⴷⴻⵏⴷⴰⵗ, ⴷⴰⵗ ⴷⴰⴶⴰⵏ ⵉⵉⴰⴷ, ⴰⵍⵓⴰⵈⴰⵏ ⴰⵏ ⵜⴰⵓⴰⴷⵏⴻⵏ ⵜⴰⵏ ⵜⴰⵎⵓⵙⵏⴰⵓⴻⵏⴰⵜⵔⴰⴱⵏⴻⵏ.
English: China's Han dynasty fell into civil war in 220 CE, beginning the Three Kingdoms period, while its Roman counterpart became increasingly decentralized and divided about the same time in what is known as the Crisis of the Third Century.
Tamasheq: ⴰⵜⵓⵉⴶⴰⵣ ⵓⴰⵏ ⴰⵂⵉⵏoⵉⵙⵜⴰⵏ ⵓⴰⵏ ⵂⴰⵏ ⵉⴶⴰⵛ ⵜⵉⵉⴰⵏ ⴷⴰⵗ ⴰⴾⵉⵏⴰⵙ ⵏⴰⴷⵉⵏⴰⵜ ⵓⵉ ⴱⴰⵏⴰⵏ ⴷⴰⵗ 220 ⵏⴰⵍⵓⴰⵈ ⵓⴰⵏⴰⵏⴰⵗ, ⵉⵙⴰⴾⵏⴰⵏⴻⵏ ⵙⴰⵏⵜⵓ ⵏⴰⵍⵓⴰⵈ ⵓⴰⵏ ⵟⵔⵓⵉⵙ ⵔⵓⵉⴰⵓⵎⴻⵙ, ⵎⴰⵛⴰⵏ ⴰⵎⵉⴷⵉⵏⴻⵙ ⴻⵈⴰⵍ ⵓⴰ ⵓⴶⴰⵔⴰⵏ ⴷⴰⵗ ⴰⵜⵉⵓⵉⵙⴰⵏ ⴰⴷ ⵜⴰⵣⵓⵏⴰⵓⴻⵏ ⴰⵣⵓⵏⴰⵏ ⵙⵓⵏⴷ ⴰⵓⴰ ⵏⴻⵂⴰⵏⵉⵏ, ⴷⴰⵗ ⴰⵓⴰ ⵙⵉⵜⴰⵓⴰⵏⴰ ⴰⵙⵉⴱⴰⴱ ⵓⴰⵏ IIIⴻ ⵜⴻⵎⴻⴷⴻ ⵏⴰⵓⴰⵜⴰⵉ.
English: The development of the stirrup and the breeding of horses strong enough to carry a fully armed archer made the nomads a constant threat to the more settled civilizations.
Tamasheq: ⵜⴰⵓⴰⴷⵏⴻⵏ ⵜⴰⵏ ⵜⵓⴶⵓⵙⵜ ⴰⴷ ⴰⵙⵉⴷⵓⴰⵍ ⴰⵏ ⴱⵉⵋⵓⴰⵏ ⴰⵎⵓⵙⵏⴻⵏ ⴰⵙⵓⵂⴻⵏ ⴼⴰⵍ ⴰⴶⴰⵉ ⵉⵎⴰⵋⴰⵔ ⴰⵏ ⵙⵉⴾⵏⴰⵙ ⴰⵈⴰⵍⴰⵏ ⴰⵂⵓⵏⴰⵏ ⵜⴰⵍⵉⵎⵜ ⴰⵏ ⵂⴰⵔⴾⵓⴾ ⴼⴰⵍ ⵜⴰⵉⵉⵜⵓⴻⵏ ⵜⴰ ⵓⵔⴶⴰⵔⵏⴻⵏ ⵜⴰⵗⴰⵉⵎⵉⵜⴻ.
English: The remaining part of the Roman Empire, in the eastern Mediterranean, continued as what came to be called the Byzantine Empire.
Tamasheq: ⵜⴰⵙⴰⴶⴰ ⵜⴰ ⴷⵉⵜⵉⵈⵉⵉⵎⴰⵜ ⴷⴰⵗ ⴰⵗⵔⴰⵎ ⵓⴰⵏ ⵔⵓⵎⴰⵉⵏ, ⴷⴰⵗ ⵎⵉⴷⵉⵜⴻⵔⵔⴰⵏⵉⴻ ⵓⴰⵏ ⴰⵍⵈⵉⴱⵍⴰⵜ, ⵓⴾⴰⵉ ⴼⴰⵍ ⴰⵙⵉⵎ ⵓⴰⵏ ⴰⵗⵔⴰⵎ ⵓⴰⵏ ⴱⵉⵣⴰⵏⵜⵉⵏ.
English: The era is commonly dated from the 5th-century fall of the Western Roman Empire, which fragmented into many separate kingdoms, some of which would later be confederated under the Holy Roman Empire.
Tamasheq: ⴰⵍⵓⴰⵈ ⴻⵈⴰⵍ ⵉⵏⵜⴰⴷⴰⵗ ⴰⵉⴶⴰⵏ ⴷⴰⵗ ⴻⴶⴰⴷⴰⵍ ⵓⴰⵏ ⵗⴻ ⵜⴻⵎⴻⴷⴻ ⵏⴰⵓⴰⵜⴰⵉ ⴷⴰⵗ ⴰⵗⵔⴰⵎ ⵓⴰⵏ ⵔⵓⵎⴰⵉⵏ ⵏⴰⴶⴰⴷⴰⵍ ⴰⵏ ⵜⴰⴼⵓⴾ, ⴻⵈⴰⵍⴰⵏ ⴰⵉⴱⴷⴰⵏ ⴷⴰⵗ ⴰⵋⵓⵜⵏⴻⵏ ⵜⴰⵗⴰⵔⵎⴰⵜⴻⵏ ⴰⴱⴷⴰⵏⴻⵏ, ⵂⴰⵉⵓⴰ ⵉⵉⴰⴷ ⴰⵈⴰⵍⴰⵏ ⴰⵉⴻⵔⵜⴰⵉⴰⵏ ⴰⴶⵓⴷⵉⵉⴰⵏ ⴼⴰⵍ ⵜⵙⵉⵎ ⵓⴰⵏ ⵙⴰⵉⵏⵜ-ⵢⵎⴱⵉⵔⴻ ⵔⵓⵎⴰⵉⵏ ⴶⴻⵔⵎⴰⵏⵉⵈⵓ.
English: South Asia saw a series of middle kingdoms of India, followed by the establishment of Islamic empires in India.
Tamasheq: ⴰⵙⵉⴻ ⵜⴰⵏ ⴰⵜⴰⵔⴰⵎ ⵜⵉⵣⴰⵉ ⵉⵏⵉⵍⴾⴰⵎⴰⵏ ⴰⵏ ⵜⴰⵗⴰⵔⵎⴰⵜⴻⵏ ⴰⵏⴷⵉⵔⴰⵜⵏⴻⵏ ⴰⵏ Iⵏⴷⴻ, ⵙⵉⵍⴾⴰⵎ ⵉⴶⵉⵜⴰⵏ ⴰⵏ ⵜⴰⵗⵉⵔⵎⴰⵜⴻⵏ ⵏⴰⵏⵉⵙⵍⴰⵎ ⴷⴰⵗ Iⵏⴷⴻ.
English: This allowed Africa to join the Southeast Asia trading system, bringing it contact with Asia; this, along with Muslim culture, resulted in the Swahili culture.
Tamasheq: ⴰⴼⵔⵉⵈⵓⴻ ⵜⴰⴶⵔⴰⵓ ⴰⵜⴰⵓⵉⴷ ⴰⵍⵎⴰⵗⵏⴰ ⵓⴰⵏ ⵛⵉⵛⵉⵜⴰⵏ ⴷⴰⵗ ⴰⵙⵉⴻ ⵜⴰⵏ ⴰⵜⴰⵔⴰⵎ-ⴷⴰⵗ ⴰⵍⵈⵉⴱⵍⴰⵜ, ⴰⵓⴰ ⴰⵙ ⵉⴶⵔⴰⵓⴰⵏ ⵓⴶⵉⵛ ⵏⴰⵏⵉⵎⴷⵉⵙ ⴷ’ⴰⵙⵉⴻ, ⵎⴰⵎⵓⵙ, ⴷⴰⵗ ⴰⵜⵓⵉⴶⴰⵣ ⵓⴰⵏ ⵏⵉⵙⵍⵉⵎⴰⵏ, ⵜⵓⵔⴰⵓ ⴰⵜⵓⵉⴶⴰⵣ ⵓⴰⵏ ⵙⵓⴰⵂⵉⵍⵉⴻ.
English: This was also a cultural battle, with the Byzantine Hellenistic and Christian culture competing against the Persian Iranian traditions and Zoroastrian religion.
Tamasheq: ⴰⵎⵓⵙ ⴰⵓⴻⵏ ⴰⵏⵎⵉⴶⴰⵛ ⴰⵏ ⵏⵉⵜⵓⵉⴶⴰⵣ, ⴰⵜⵓⵉⴶⴰⵣ ⵓⴰⵏ ⵂⴻⵍⵍⵢⵏⵉⵙⵜⵉⵈⵓⴻ ⴰⴷ ⴰⵂⵔⵢⵜⵉⴻⵏⵏⴻ ⴱⵉⵣⴰⵏⵜⵉⵏⴻ ⴻⵈⴰⵍⴰⵏ ⴰⵏⵉⵎⴰⵔⵏⴰⵏ ⴷⴰⵔ ⴰⵜⵓⵉⴶⴰⵣ ⵓⴰⵏ ⵉⵔⴰⵏⵉⴻⵏⵏⴻⵜⴰⵏ ⴷⴻⵔⵙⴻⵙ ⴰⴷ ⵜⵓⵎⴰⵜ ⵜⴰⵏ ⵣⵓⵔⵓⴰⵙⵜⵔⵉⴻⵏⵏⴻ.
English: From their centre on the Arabian Peninsula, Muslims began their expansion during the early Postclassical Era.
Tamasheq: ⴻⴰⵗ ⴰⵎⴰⵙⵏⴰⵙⴰⵏ ⵓⴰⵏ ⴰⵙⵉⵔⵜⴰⵉ ⵏⴰⵔⴰⴱⴰⵏ, ⴰⵏⵉⵙⵍⵉⵎⴰⵏ ⴰⵙⵉⵏⵜⴰⵏ ⴰⵙⵉⵎⵉⵛⵉⵔⵛⵉⵔ ⴷⴰⵗ ⵙⴰⵏⵜⵓ ⵓⴰⵏ ⴰⵍⵓⴰⵈ ⵓⴰⵏ ⴷⵓⵙⵜⴰⵍⴰⵙⵙⵉⵈⵓⴻ.
English: Much of this learning and development can be linked to geography.
Tamasheq: ⵜⴰⵙⴰⴶⴰ ⵎⴰⵈⴰⵔⴰⵜ ⴰⵏ ⵍⴰⵎⴰⴷⴰⵏ ⴰⴷ ⵜⵓⴰⴷⴻⵏ ⴰⴷⵓⴱⴻⵏ ⴰⴷⵉⵔⵜⵉⵉⴰⵏ ⴷⴰⵗ ⴶⵉⴰⴶⵔⴰⴱⵂⵉⴻ.
English: The influence held by Muslim merchants over African-Arabian and Arabian-Asian trade routes was tremendous.
Tamasheq: ⴰⴷⴰⴶⴰⵍ ⵓⴰⵏ ⵎⴰⵛⴰⵛⴰⵏ ⵓⵉ ⵏⴰⵙⵍⵉⵎⴰⵏ ⴼⴰⵍ ⵜⴰⴱⴰⵔⴰⵜⴻⵏ ⵜⴰⵏ ⵏⴰⵣⴰⵏ ⴰⴼⵔⵓ-ⴰⵔⴰⴱⴻⵙ ⴰⴷ ⴰⵔⴰⴱⵓ-ⴰⵙⵉⴰⵜⵉⵈⵓⴻ ⴰⵈⴰⵍⴰⵏ ⵎⴰⵈⴰⵔⴰⵏ.
English: Motivated by religion and dreams of conquest, European leaders launched a number of Crusades to try to roll back Muslim power and retake the Holy Land.
Tamasheq: ⴰⵔⴷⴰⵏ ⴼⴰⵍ ⵜⵓⵎⴰⵜ ⴰⴷ ⵎⴰⵏⴰⵓⵏⴰⵓⴰⵏ ⴰⵏ ⵜⴰⵏⵂⴰⵜ, ⵉⵎⴰⵏⴰⵉⴰⵏ ⵓⵉ ⴻⵓⵔⵓⴷⵉⴻⵏⵜⴰⵏ ⴰⵙⵉⵏⵜⴰⵏ ⵜⵉⵉⴰⴷ ⵜⵉⵎⵓⵈⴰⵙⴻⵏ ⴰⴷⵉⵏⴻⵏ ⴼⴰⵍ ⴰⴷⴰⵔⵉⵎⴰⵏ ⵉⴶⵉ ⵏⴰⵛⵉⵔⴶⵉⵛ ⴰⵏ ⵜⴰⵏⴰⵉⴰ ⵜⴰⵏ ⵏⴰⵙⵍⵉⵎⴰⵏ ⴰⴷ ⴰⴷⵉⴾⵉⵍⴰⵏ ⴰⴾⴰⵍ ⵓⴰ ⵛⵉⴷⵉⴶⴰⵏ.
English: Arab domination of the region ended in the mid-11th century with the arrival of the Seljuq Turks, migrating south from the Turkic homelands in Central Asia.
Tamasheq: ⵜⴰⵔⵏⴰ ⵜⴰⵏ ⴰⵔⴰⴱⴰⵏ ⴰⵏ ⵏⴰⴾⴰⵍ ⴰⴷⴰⵗ ⵜⴰⵎⵉⵏⴷⴰ ⴰⵎⴰⵙ ⴰⵏ 11ⴻ ⵜⴻⵎⴻⴷⴻ ⵏⴰⵓⴰⵜⴰⵉ ⴷⴰⵔ ⴰⴶⴰⴷ ⵓⴰⵏ ⵟⵓⵔⴰⵙ ⵙⴻⵍⴷⵋⵓⵓⴾⵉⴷⴻⵙ, ⴰⵂⵓⵏⴰⵏⴻⵏ ⵉⴱⵔⴻⵜ ⵏⴰⵜⴰⵔⴰⵎ ⵂⴰⵔⵓⴰ ⴰⴾⴰⵍⴰⵏ ⵓⴰⵏ ⵜⵓⵔⵈⵓⴻⵜⴰⵏ ⵏ'ⴰⵙⵉⴻ ⵜⴰⵏ ⴰⵎⴰⵙ.
English: The region will later be called the Barbary Coast and will host pirates and privateers who will use several North African ports for their raids against the coastal towns of several European countries in search of slaves to be sold in North African markets as part of the Barbary slave trade.
Tamasheq: ⴰⴾⴰⵍ ⴰⴷⵉⵈⵉⵍ ⴰⵙⵉⵜⴰⵓⴰⵏ ⴰⴶⵓⴷⵉⵉⴰⵏ ⵛⵓⵜⴻ ⵓⴰⵏ ⴱⴰⵔⴱⴰⵔⵉⴻ ⴰⴷ ⵜⵉⵙⵉⵏⵜⵉⵂⵉⵏ ⵉⵎⴰⵂⴰⵗⴰⵏ ⴰⴷ ⵛⵓⵔⵙⴰⵉⵔⴻⵜⴰⵏ ⵓⵉ ⵜⴰⴶⴰⵏⴻⵏ ⴷⵓⵔⵜⴰⵏ ⴰⵋⵓⵜⵏⴻⵏ ⴰⵏ ⵏⴰⵎⴰⵉⵏⴰⴶ-ⵏⴰⴼⵔⵉⵛⴰⵉⵏⵜⴰⵏ ⵉⴻ ⵓⴶⵉⵛ ⵏⴰⵙⴰⵏ ⴰⴷ ⵗⴰⵔⵎⴰⵏ ⵓⵉ ⵓⵂⴰⵣⵏⴻⵏ ⴰⵏ ⴾⴰⵍⴰⵏ ⴰⵋⵓⵜⵏⴻⵏ ⵏⴻⵓⵔⵓɗⴻⴻⵏⵜⴰⵏ ⵉⵎⴰⵗⵏⴻⵏ ⵉⴻ ⴻⴾⵍⴰⵏ ⵉⵎⴰⵂⵉⵏ ⵛⵉⵛⵉⵏⵉⵏ ⴷⴰⵗ ⵂⴻⴱⵓⵜⴰⵏ ⵓⵉ ⴰⵜⴰⵔⴰⵎ-ⵏⴰⴼⵔⵉⵛⴰⵉⵏⵜⴰⵏ ⴼⴰⵍ ⵜⴰⴱⴰⵔⴰⵜ ⵜⴰⵏ ⴻⴾⵍⴰⵏ ⵓⴰⵏ ⴱⴰⵔⴱⴰⵔⵉⴻ.
English: In the 8th century, Islam began to penetrate the region and soon became the sole faith of most of the population, though Buddhism remained strong in the east.
Tamasheq: ⴰⴾⴰⵍ ⴰⴷⵉⵈⵉⵍ ⴰⵙⵉⵜⴰⵓⴰⵏ ⴰⴶⵓⴷⵉⵉⴰⵏ ⵛⵓⵜⴻ ⵓⴰⵏ ⴱⴰⵔⴱⴰⵔⵉⴻ ⴰⴷ ⵜⵉⵙⵉⵏⵜⵉⵂⵉⵏ ⵉⵎⴰⵂⴰⵗⴰⵏ ⴰⴷ ⵛⵓⵔⵙⴰⵉⵔⴻⵜⴰⵏ ⵓⵉ ⵜⴰⴶⴰⵏⴻⵏ ⴷⵓⵔⵜⴰⵏ ⴰⵋⵓⵜⵏⴻⵏ ⴰⵏ ⵏⴰⵎⴰⵉⵏⴰⴶ-ⵏⴰⴼⵔⵉⵛⴰⵉⵏⵜⴰⵏ ⵉⴻ ⵓⴶⵉⵛ ⵏⴰⵙⴰⵏ ⴰⴷ ⵗⴰⵔⵎⴰⵏ ⵓⵉ ⵓⵂⴰⵣⵏⴻⵏ ⴰⵏ ⴾⴰⵍⴰⵏ ⴰⵋⵓⵜⵏⴻⵏ ⵏⴻⵓⵔⵓɗⴻⴻⵏⵜⴰⵏ ⵉⵎⴰⵗⵏⴻⵏ ⵉⴻ ⴻⴾⵍⴰⵏ ⵉⵎⴰⵂⵉⵏ ⵛⵉⵛⵉⵏⵉⵏ ⴷⴰⵗ ⵂⴻⴱⵓⵜⴰⵏ ⵓⵉ ⴰⵜⴰⵔⴰⵎ-ⵏⴰⴼⵔⵉⵛⴰⵉⵏⵜⴰⵏ ⴼⴰⵍ ⵜⴰⴱⴰⵔⴰⵜ ⵜⴰⵏ ⴻⴾⵍⴰⵏ ⵓⴰⵏ ⴱⴰⵔⴱⴰⵔⵉⴻ
English: After Genghis Khan died in 1227, most of Central Asia continued to be dominated by a successor state, Chagatai Khanate.
Tamasheq: ⵓⴰⵔⴰⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵜⴰⵏ ⵜⴰⵏ ⵗⴻⵏⴶⵉⵙ ⵆⵂⴰⵏ ⴷⴰⵗ 1227, ⵜⴰⵙⴰⴶⴰ ⵜⴰⵏ ⵎⴰⵈⴰⵔⴰⵜ ⴷⴰⵗ ⴰⵙⵉⴻ ⵜⴰ ⴰⵎⴰⵙ ⵜⵉⴶⵍⴰ ⴷⵓⵗⵉⵍ ⴰⵏ ⵜⴰⵏⵂⴰⵜ ⵜⴰⵏ ⵉⵜⴰⵜ ⵓⴰ ⵂⴰⵙ ⵉⵍⴾⴰⵎⴰⵏ, ⴾⵂⴰⵏⴰⵜ ⵙⴰⵏ ⵛⵂⴰⴶⴰⵜⴰⵉ.
English: The region then became divided into a series of smaller khanates that were created by the Uzbeks.
Tamasheq: ⴰⴾⴰⵍ ⴻⵈⴰⵍ ⴷⴰⵔⴰⵜ ⴰⵓⴻⵏ ⴰⵉⴱⴷⴰⵏ ⴷⴰⵗ ⴰⵏⵉⵍⴾⴰⵎ ⵓⴰⵏ ⴾⵂⴰⵏⴰⵜⵙ ⵓⴶⴰⵔⴰⵏ ⵜⴰⵎⵉⴷⵔⵉⵜ ⵉⴶⴰⵏⴻⵏ ⴰⵙ Oⵓⵣⴱⴻⴾⵙ.
English: The barbarian invaders formed their own new kingdoms in the remains of the Western Roman Empire.
Tamasheq: Iⵎⴰⵂⴰⵗⴰⵏ ⴰⵋoⵔⴰⵜⵏⴻⵏ ⴰⵂⴰⵔⴰⵏ ⵜⴰⵗⵉⵔⵎⴰⵜⴻⵏ ⴰⵉⵏⴰⵉⵏⴻⵏ ⵉⵎⴰⵏⴰⵙⴰⵏ ⴷⴰⵗ ⴰⴷⵔⵉⵛ ⵓⴰⵏ ⴰⵗⴰⵎ ⵓⴰⵏ ⵔⵓⵎⴰⵉⵏ ⴰⵏ Eⴶⴰⴷⴰⵍ ⴰⵏ ⵜⴰⴼⵓⴾ.
English: Christianity expanded in western Europe, and monasteries were founded.
Tamasheq: ⵛⵂⵔⵉⵙⵜⵉⴰⵏⵉⵙⵎⴻ ⴰⵎⵛⴰⵔⵛⴰⵔ ⴷⴰⵗ ⴻⵓⵔⴱⵓⴻ ⵜⴰⵏ ⴻⴶⴰⴷⴰⵍ ⴰⵏ ⵜⴰⴼⵓⴾ, ⴰⴷ ⵉⵍⵙⴰⵏⴻⵏ ⴰⵈⴰⵍⴰⵏ ⴰⵜⵉⵓⴰⵏⴰⵉⵏⴻⵏ.
English: Manorialism, the organization of peasants into villages that owed rents and labour service to nobles, and feudalism, a political structure whereby knights and lower-status nobles owed military service to their overlords in return for the right to rents from lands and manors, were two of the ways of organizing medieval society that developed during the High Middle Ages.
Tamasheq: ⵎⴰⵏⵓⵔⴰⵜ, ⵙⵉⴷⴰⵓⴰⵜⴻⵏ ⵓⴰⵏ ⴾⴰⵍ ⴼⵉⵏⵜⴰ ⴷⴰⵗ ⵗⵉⵍⵍⴰⴶⴻⵜⴰⵏ ⵜⴰⵙ ⴰⵏⵉⵂⴰⴶⴰ ⴰⴷⵉⴼⵉⵏⴰⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⵣⴰⵍ ⴰⴷ ⴰⵍⵂⴰⴾ ⵏⴰⵛⵉⵗⵉⵍ ⵉⴻ ⵏⴰⵎⵓⴾⴰⵍⴰⵏ, ⴰⴷ ⴼⵉⵓⴷⵉⵙⵎⴻ, ⵜⴰⵔⵜⵉⵜ ⴰⵏ ⴾⴰⵍ ⵜⴰⵏⴰⵉⵉⵓⴻⵏ ⴰⴷⴰⵗ ⴾⴰⵍ ⴱⵉⵋⵓⴰⵏ ⴰⴷ ⵏⴰⵎⵓⴾⴰⵍⴰⵏ ⵓⴰⵏ ⴰⵎⵉⴾ ⵓⴰ ⴰⵏⴷⵉⵔⴰⵏ ⵉⵏⵉⵂⴰⴶⴰ ⴰⴷⵉⴶⵉⵏ ⴰⵛⵉⵗⵉⵍ ⵓⴰⵏ ⵙⴰⵔⴷⴰⵙⵉⵜⴰⵏ ⴷⴰⵗ ⵙⵓⵣⴻⵔⴰⵉⵏⵜⴰⵏ ⵏⴰⵙⴰⵏ ⴷⴰⵗ ⴰⵙⵉⵎⵉⵙⴾⵉⵍ ⴰⵏ ⵜⵉⵂⴰⵛⵉⵍⴻⵏ ⵜⴰⵏ ⵜⴰⵎⵣⴰⵍ ⴰⵏⴾⴰⵍⴰⵏ ⴰⴷ ⵎⴰⵏⵉⵉⵔⵜⴰⵏ, ⴰⵈⴰⵍⴰⵏ ⵙⴰⵏⴰⵜⴰⵜ ⵜⴰⴱⴰⵔⴰⵜⴻⵏ ⵜⴰⵏ ⴰⵙⵉⵎⵓⵙⵓⴷⵉⵓ ⴰⵏ ⵜⴰⵔⵜⵉⵜ ⵜⴰⵏ ⵎⴻⴷⵉⴻⵗⴰⵍⵜⴰⵏ ⴰⵓⵉɗⵏⴻⵏ ⴷⴰⵗ ⴰⵍⵓⴰⵈ ⵓⴰⵏ Hⴰⵓⵜ ⵎⵓⵉⴻⵏ ⴰⴶⴻ
English: Italian merchants imported slaves to work in households or in sugar processing.
Tamasheq: ⴰⵎⴰⵛⴰⵏⵛⴰⵏ ⵓⵉ ⵉⵜⴰⵍⵉⴻⵏⵜⴰⵏ ⵜⵉⵓⵉⵉⴰⵏⵉⴷ ⴻⴾⵍⴰⵏ ⴼⴰⵍ ⵏəⵛⵉⵗⵉⵍ ⴷⴰⵗ ⵉⵂⵉⵏⴰⵏ ⵎⴻⵗ ⴷⴰⵗ ⵉⴶⵉⵜⴰⵏ ⵓⵉ ⵏⵉⵙⵓⴾⴰⵔ.
English: Famine, plague, and war devastated the population of western Europe.
Tamasheq: ⵎⴰⵏⴰ, ⴷⴻⵙⵜⴻ ⴰⴷ ⵏⴰⴾⵉⵏⴰⵙ ⵎⴰⵈⴰⵔⴰⵏ ⴰⵏ ⴰⵍⵋⴰⵎⴰⵗⴰⵜ ⵜⴰⵏ ⴻⵓⵔⵓⴷⴻ ⵜⴰⵏ ⴻⴶⴰⴷⴰⵍ ⴰⵏ ⵜⴰⴼⵓⴾ
English: They eventually gave way to the Zagwe dynasty who are famed for their rock cut architecture at Lalibela.
Tamasheq: ⴰⵙⵎⴰⵏⴷⴰⵏ ⴷⴰⵗ ⵜⴰⵉⴰⵓⵜ ⵏⴰⴷⴰⴶ ⵓⴰⵏ ⴰⵜⵓⵉⴶⴰⵣ ⵓⴰⵏ ⵤⴰⴶⵓⴻ, ⴰⵙⵓⵂⴻⵏ ⴷⴰⵗ ⵜⴰⵎⵓⵙⵏⴰⵓⴻⵏ ⵏⴻⵙ ⴰⵙⵍⴰⴱⵏⴻⵏ ⴷⴰⵗ ⵜⴰⵂⵓⵏⵜ ⵜⴰⵏ ⵍⴰⵍⵉⴱⵍⴻⴰ.
English: They controlled the trans-Saharan trade in gold, ivory, salt and slaves.
Tamasheq: ⴰⵏⵉⵂⴰⴷⴰⵏ ⵉⴻ ⵏⴰⵣⴰⵏ ⵓⴰⵏ ⵜⵔⴰⵏⵙⵙⴰⵂⴰⵔⵉⴻⵏ ⴰⵏ ⵏⵓⵔⴰⵗ, ⴰⵏ ⵏⵉⴱⵓⵉⵔⴻ, ⴰⵏ ⵜⴻⵙⵉⵎⵜ ⴰⴷ ⴷⴻⴾⵍⴰⵏ.
English: Central Africa saw the birth of several states, including the Kingdom of Kongo.
Tamasheq: ⴰⴼⵔⵉⵈⵓⴻ ⵜⴰⵏ ⴰⵎⴰⵙ ⵜⵉⵏⵂⴰⵉ ⵜⴰⵓⵉⵜ ⴰⵏ ⵉⵜⴰⵜⴰⵏ ⴰⵋⵓⵜⵏⴻⵏ, ⴰⵎⵓⵙⴰⵏ ⵜⴰⵗⵎⵜ ⵜⴰⵏ ⵆⵓⵏⴶⵓ
English: They built large defensive stone structures without mortar such as Great Zimbabwe, capital of the Kingdom of Zimbabwe, Khami, capital of Kingdom of Butua, and Danangombe (Dhlo-Dhlo), capital of the Rozvi Empire.
Tamasheq: ⴰⵈⴰⵏⴰⵏ ⵉⴷⴰⴶⴰⵏ ⵎⴰⵈⵓⵔⵏⴻⵏ ⴰⵏ ⵜⴰⴶⴰⵙⵜⴻ ⴷⴰⵗ ⵜⴰⵂⵓⵏ ⵓⵉⵏⴰⵏ ⵉⵍⴰ ⵜⴻⵏⴷⴻ, ⵙⵓⵏⴷ ⵗⵔⴰⵏⴷ ⵤⵉⵎⴱⴰⴱⵓⴻ, ⴰⵎⴰⵙ ⵓⴰⵏ ⵜəⵗⵔⵉⵎⵜ ⵜⴰⵏ ⵤⵉⵎⴱⴰⴱⵓⴻ, ⵆⵂⴰⵎⵉ, ⴰⵎⴰⵙ ⵜⴰⵗⵔⵉⵎⵜ ⵜⴰⵏ ⴱⵓⵜⵓⴰ, ⴰⴷ ⴻⴰⵏⴰⵏⴶⵓⵎⴱⴻ (ⴻⵂⵍⵓ-ⴻⵂⵍⵓ), ⴰⵎⴰⵙ ⵓⴰⵏ ⴰⵗⵔⴰⵎ ⵓⴰⵏ ⵔⴰⵣⵗⵉ.
English: The ninth century saw a Tripartite Struggle for control of northern India, among the Pratihara Empire, the Pala Empire, and the Rashtrakuta Empire.
Tamasheq: ⵓⴰⵙⵜⴰⵣⴰ ⵜⴻⵎⴻⴷⴻ ⵏⴰⵓⴰⵜⴰⵉ ⵜⵉⵏⵂⴰⵉ ⴰⴱⵉⵍⴰⵏ ⴰⵏ ⴾⴰⵔⴰⴷ ⴼⴰⵍ ⵜⴰⵏⵂⴰⵜ ⴰⵏ ⴰⵜⴰⵔⴰⵎ ⴰⵏ Iⵏⴷⴻ, ⴶⴰⵔ ⴰⵗⵔⴰⵎ ⵓⴰⵏ ⴷⵔⴰⵜⵉⵂⴰⵔⴰ, ⴰⵗⵔⵉⵎ ⵓⴰⵏ Ɗⴰⵍⴰ ⴰⴷ ⴰⵗⵔⴰⵎ ⵓⴰⵏ ⵔⴰⵛⵜⵔⴰⴾⵓⵜⴰ.
English: The Tang dynasty eventually splintered, however, and after half a century of turmoil the Song dynasty reunified China, when it was, according to William McNeill, the "richest, most skilled, and most populous country on earth".
Tamasheq: ⴰⵍⵆⴰⵉⴰⵍ ⵓⴰⵏ ⵟⴰⵏⴶ ⴰⵙⵙⴰⵎⴷⴰ ⴰⴶⵓⴷⴻⵏ ⴰⵙ ⵜⴰⵣⵓⵏⵜ ⵉⵣⴰⵔ, ⴷⴰⵔⴰⵜ ⵜⴰⵣⵓⵏⵜ ⴰⵏ ⵜⴰⵎⴻⴷⴻ ⴰⵏ ⴰⵓⴰⵜⴰⵉ ⴰⵏ ⵜⴰⵔⴰⵎⴰⵆ, ⴶⵓⵔ ⵓⵉⵍⵍⵉⴰⵎ ⵎⵛⵏⴻⵉⵍ,""ⴰⵆⵔⴰⵎ ⵓⴰ ⵉⵍⴰⵏ ⴰⵣⵔⵉⴼ,ⵓⴰ ⵉⵍⴰⵏ ⵜⴰⴷⴰⴱⵉⵜ ⴰⴷ ⵓⴰ ⵉⵍⴰⵏ ⴰⴷⵉⵏⴰⵜ ⴰⵏ ⴰⴾⴰⵍ""."
English: After about a century of Mongol Yuan dynasty rule, the ethnic Chinese reasserted control with the founding of the Ming dynasty (1368).
Tamasheq: ⴻⴰⵔⴰⵜ ⴶⵓⵔ ⴰⵉⵓⴰⴷⴰⵏ ⵜⴻⵎⴻⴷⴻ ⴰⵏ ⴰⵓⴰⵜⴰⵉ ⴰⵏ ⵜⴰⵏⴰⵉⴰ ⵜⴰⵏ ⴾⴰⵍ ⵎⵏⴶⵓⵍ ⴰⵏ ⴰⵍⵆⴰⵉⴰⵍ ⵓⴰⵏ ⵗⵓⴰⵏ,ⵛⵂⵉⵏⴻⵓⴰⵜⴰⵏ ⵓⵉⵏ ⵉⴷⴻⵔ ⵓⵍⴰⵙⵙⴰⵏⴻ ⵜⴰⵏⵏⴰ ⴰⵏ ⴰⵏⵉⵉⴰⵜ ⴷⴰⴶ ⵜⴰⵏⴰⵉⴰ ⴰⵏ ⴰⵍⵆⴰⵉⴰⵍ ⵓⴰⵏ ⵎⵉⵏⴶ (1368).
English: The Nara period of the 8th century marked the emergence of a strong Japanese state and is often portrayed as a golden age.
Tamasheq: ⴰⵣⴰⵎⴰⵏ ⵜⴰⵏ ⵏⴰⵔⴰ ⵓⴰⵏ 8ⴻ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⴷⴻ ⴰⵓⴰⵜⴰⵉ ⵉⴶⴰ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵜⴻⵔⵜ ⴰⴷⴰⵓⴰⵍ ⴰⵏ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵏⵉⴰ ⵜⴰⵏ ⵋⴰⴱⴰⵏ ⵜⴰⵙⵙⵓⵂⴻⵜ ⵉⵣⴰⵔ ⴰⵍⵓⴰⵈ ⵉⵉⴰⵏ ⴰⵙⵉⴾⵏⴰ ⵙⵓⵏⴷ ⴰⵣⴰⵎⴰⵏ ⴰⵏ ⵓⵔⴰⵆ.
English: The feudal period of Japanese history, dominated by powerful regional lords (daimyos) and the military rule of warlords (shoguns) such as the Ashikaga shogunate and Tokugawa shogunate, stretched from 1185 to 1868.
Tamasheq: ⴰⵣⴰⵎⴰⵏ ⵓⴰ ⵎⴰⵈⴰⵔⴰⵏ ⴰⵏ ⴰⵙⵙⴰⵏⴰⴼⵉⵙ ⵓⴰⵏ ⵋⴰⴱⵓⵏ, ⴰⵜⵉⵓⴰⵏⴰⵉ ⴼⴰⵍ ⵎⴰⵏⵓⴾⴰⵍⴰⵏ ⵍⴰⴱⴰⵙⵏⴻⵏ ⴰⵏ ⴰⴾⴰⵍ (ⴷⴰⵉⵎⵉⵓⵙ) ⴰⴷ ⵜⴰⴼⵔⴰⵏⵜ ⵜⴰⵏ ⵎⵉⵍⵉⵜⴻⵔⵜⴰⵏ ⴰⵏ ⵎⴰⵏⵓⴾⴰⵍⴰⵏ ⵓⵉⵏ ⴰⴾⴰⵏⴰⵙ (ⵙⵂⵓⴶⵓⵏⵙ) ⵙⵓⵏⴷ ⵙⵂⵓⴶⵓⵏⴰⵜ ⴰⵙⵂⵉⴾⴰⴶⴰ ⴰⴷ ⵙⵂⵓⴶⵓⵏⴰⵜ ⵟⵓⴾⵓⴶⴰⵓⴰ, ⵎⴰⵈⴰⵔ ⴶⵓⵔ 1185 ⵂⴰⵔ 1868.
English: Silla conquered Baekje in 660, and Goguryeo in 668, marking the beginning of the Northern and Southern States period (남북국시대), with Unified Silla in the south and Balhae, a successor state to Goguryeo, in the north.
Tamasheq: ⵙⵉⵍⵍⴰ ⵜⴰⴶⵔⴰⵓ ⴱⴰⴻⴾⵋⴻ ⴶⵓⵔ 660,ⴰⴷ ⵗⵓⴶⵓⵔⵉⴻⵓ ⴶⵓⵔ 668,ⴰⵎⵉⵜⴰⵔⴰⵏ ⵙⴰⵏⵜⵓ ⴰⵏ ⵜⴰⵂⴰⴶⵉⵜ ⴰⵏ ⴾⴰⵍⴰⵏ ⵓⵉⵏ ⵜⴰⵙⴰⴶⴰ ⵏⴰⴾⴰⵍ ⴰⴷ ⵓⵉⵏ ⵜⴰⴷⵏⴰⴾ ⵏⴰⴾⴰⵍ (남북국시대), ⴰⴷ ⵙⵉⵍⵍⴰ ⵜⴰⵔⵜⵉⵜ ⴷⴰⴶ ⵜⴰⴷⵏⴰⴾ ⵏⴰⴾⴰⵍ ⴰⴷ ⴱⴰⵍⵂⴰⴻ, ⴰⴷ ⴰⴾⴰⵍ ⵓⴰ ⵉⵛⵂⵔⴰⵉⴰⵏ ⵗⴶⵓⵔⵉⴻⵓ, ⴶⵓⵔ ⵜⴰⵙⴰⴶⴰ ⵏⴰⴾⴰⵍ.
English: Starting in the 9th century, the Bagan Kingdom rose to prominence in modern Myanmar.
Tamasheq: ⵗⵓⵔ ⵜⴰⵎⴻⴷⴻ ⴰⵏ ⴰⵓⴰⵜⴰⵉ ⵜⴰⵙ 9ⴻ, ⴰⴾⴰⵍ ⵓⴰⵏ ⴱⴰⴶⴰⵏ ⵉⵜⴾⴰⵍ ⵜⴰⵏⴼⵓ ⴷⴰⴶ ⵎⵉⴰⵏⵎⴰⵔ ⵓⴰⴷ ⵉⵛⵂⵔⴰⵉⴰⵏ.
English: The Ancestral Puebloans and their predecessors (9th – 13th centuries) built extensive permanent settlements, including stone structures that would remain the largest buildings in North America until the 19th century.
Tamasheq: ⴱⵓⴻⴱⵍⵓⵜⴰⵏ ⴰⵏ ⵎⴰⵔⴰⵓⴰⵏ ⴰⴷ ⵎⵉⵣⴰⵔⴰⵏ ( Iⵆⴻ-ⵆIIIⴻ ⵉⵓⵉⵜⵉⴰⵏ) ⴰⵈⴰⵏⴰⵏ ⴻⴷⴰⴶ ⵂⴰⵔⵓⵓⴰⵏ ⵓⴰⵔⴻⵏ ⵉⵎⴰⴷⵓ,ⵙⵓⵏⴷ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵈⵓⵏⵜ ⵜⴰⵏ ⵜⵉⵂⵓⵏ ⵜⵉⵏ ⵜⴰⵈⴰⵍ ⵜⵉⴶⴰⵙⵎⴻⵏ ⵜⵉ ⵎⴰⵈoⵔⵏⴻⵏ ⴰⵏ ⴰⵎⴻⵔⵉⵈⵓⴻ ⵜⴰⵏ ⵏⵓⵔⴷ ⵂⴰⵔ ⵉⵓⵉⵜⵉⴰⵏ ⵓⵉⵏ ⵆIⵆⴻ.
English: In South America, the 14th and 15th centuries saw the rise of the Inca.
Tamasheq: ⵗⵓⵔ ⴰⵎⴻⵔⵉⵈⵓⴻ ⵜⴰⵏ ⵙⵓⴷ,ⴻⵍⴰⵏ ⵓⵉⵏ 14ⴻ ⴰⴷ 15ⴻ ⴰⵏ ⵂⴰⵉⴰⵏ ⵜⴰⵏⴰⴾⵔⴰ ⵜⴰⵏ Iⵏⴾⴰⵙ.
English: The Scientific Revolution received impetus from Johannes Gutenberg's introduction to Europe of printing, using movable type, and from the invention of the telescope and microscope.
Tamasheq: ⴰⵛⵂⴰⵏⵣⵉ ⴰⵏ ⵜⴰⵎⵓⵙⵏⴻ ⵉⵓⴰ ⴰⵙ ⵉⴶⵓⵉ ⴷⴰⴶ ⴼⵓⵔⵓⴱⴻ ⵉⴻ ⵉⴶⵓⵉ ⴰⵏ ⵜⴰⵎⵜⴰⵔ ⵜⵉⵎⵓⵜⵓⵉⵏⴻⵏ ⴰⵙ Jⵓⵂⴰⵏⵏⴻⵙ ⵗⵓⵜⴻⵏⴱⴻⵔⴶ ⴰⴷ ⴰⵙ ⵓⴶⵉⵛⵂ ⴰⵏ ⵜⴻⵍⴻⵙⴾⵓⴱⴻ ⴰⴷ ⵎⵉⴾⵔⵓⵙⴾⵓⴱⴻ.
English: The late modern period continues either to the end of World War II, in 1945, or to the present.
Tamasheq: ⵗⵓⵔ ⴰⵍⵓⴰⵈ ⵓⴰⵏ ⵉⵛⵂⵔⴰⵉ ⴰⵏ ⵜⴰⵂⴰⴶⵉⵜ ⴰⵏⴰⵍⴾⴰⵎⴰⵏ ⵓⴰ ⵂⴰⵔ ⴶⵓⵔ ⵙⴰⵎⴰⵏⴷⵓ ⴰⵏ ⴰⴾⴰⵏⴰⵙ ⵓⴰⵙ ⴰⵙⵉⵏ ⴰⵏ ⴰⴷⵓⵏⵉⴰ, ⴶⵓⵔ 1945, ⵎⴻⵆ ⵂⴰⵔ ⴻⵛⵂⴰⵍⵉ ⴷⴰⴶ.
English: The early Modern period was characterized by the rise of science, and by increasingly rapid technological progress, secularized civic politics, and the nation state.
Tamasheq: ⵙⴰⵏⵜⵓ ⴰⵏ ⴰⵍⵓⴰⵈ ⵓⴰⵏ ⵉⵛⵂⵔⴰⵉ ⴻⵣⵍⴰⵉ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵜⴾⴰⵍ ⴰⴼⴰⵍⴰ ⴰⵏ ⵜⴰⵎⵓⵙⵏⴻ,ⴰⵙ ⴰⵛⵂⴰⵔⴰⵉ ⴰⵏ ⵜⵉⵎⵓⵙⵏⴰⵓⴻⵏ ⵜⵉ ⴰⴾⵏⴰⵏⴻⵏ ⴰⵜⵔⵓⴱ,ⴼⴰⵍ ⴼⵓⵍⴰⵜⵉⴾ ⴰⵏ ⴰⴷⵉⵏⴰⵜ ⵂⴰⵏⴻⵏ ⴰⵣⴰⵎⴰⵏ ⴰⴷ ⴰⴷⵉⵏⴰⵜ ⵏⴰⴾⴰⵍ.
English: During the early modern period, Europe was able to regain its dominance; historians still debate the causes.
Tamasheq: ⵗⵓⵔ ⵙⴰⵏⵜⵓ ⴰⵏ ⴰⵍⵓⴰⵈ ⵓⴰⵏ ⵉⵛⵂⵔⴰⵉ,ⴻⵓⵔⵓⴱⴻ ⵜⵓⴶⵔⵓⵓ ⴻⴷⴰⴶ ⵉⵏⴻⵙⵙ ⵓⴰ ⵓⴶⴰⵔⴰⵏ ;ⵜⵓⵏⴼⴰⵙⵙⴻⵏ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⴶⵔⴰⴷⵏⴰⵜ ⵂⴰⵔⵓⴰ ⵉⵏⴰⵣⴶⴰⵎ.
English: It had developed an advanced monetary economy by 1000 CE.
Tamasheq: ⵜⴰⵙⴰⵏⵜⴰ ⵉⴶⵓⵉ ⴰⵏ ⴰⵙⴷⵓ ⴰⵏ ⴰⵣⵔⵉⴼ ⵓⴾⴰⵉⴰⵏ ⴶⵓⵔ ⴰⵓⴰⵜⴰⵉ ⵓⴰⵏ 1000 ⵓⵏ ⴰⵣⴰⵎⴰⵏ ⵜⴰⵏ ⵏⴰⵏⴰⵆ.
English: It enjoyed a technological advantage and had a monopoly in cast iron production, piston bellows, suspension bridge construction, printing, and the compass.
Tamasheq: ⵜⴰⴶⵔⴰⵓ ⴱⵓⵏⴰⴼⵉⵙ ⴰⵏ ⵜⴰⵎⵓⵙⵏⴻ ⵉⵣⴰⵔ ⵜⴰⴾⵔⴰⵛⵂ ⵜⴰⵔⵏⴰ ⴰⵏ ⵉⴶⵓⵉ ⴰⵏ ⴰⵎⴰⵏⵓ,ⴰⵙⵂⴰⴷ ⵓⴰⵏ ⴱⵉⵙⵜⵓⵏ,ⴰⴷ ⴰⴾⴰⵔⴰⵙ ⴰⵏ ⴰⴷⵎⴰⵔ ⴰⵏⵉⵎⴰⵜⴰⴼⴰⵏ,ⵉⴻ ⴰⴾⴰⵜⴰⴱ ⴰⴷ ⴻⵎⴰⵙⴻⴾⵏⵉ.
English: One theory of Europe's rise holds that Europe's geography played an important role in its success.
Tamasheq: ⴰⵓⴻⵏ ⵉⴾⴼⴰ ⵉⴻ ⴻⵓⵔⵓⴱⴻ ⵜⴰⴷⵓⴰⵍⵜ ⵉⵉⴰⵜ ⴰⵏ ⵜⵉⴶⵓⵣⵜ ⴷⴰⴶ ⵜⴰⴶⵙⴰⴷⴰ ⴰⵏ ⵉⵎⵓⵜⴾⴰⵍ ⴰⵏ ⴰⵙⵉⴻ ⵜⴰⵏ ⴰⵎⴰⵙ.
English: This gave Europe some degree of protection from the peril of Central Asian invaders.
Tamasheq: ⴰⵓⴻⵏ ⵉⵋⵔⴰⵓ ⵉ ⴻⵔoⴱⴰ ⵉⴷⴷⵉⴾⵓⴷ ⵏ ⴰⵍⴶⵂⵉⵍⵍⴰⵙ ⴷⴰⴶⵂ ⵆⴰⵜⴰⵔ ⵓⴰⵏ ⵎⵓⵆⵜⴰⵍⵓⵏ ⵜⴰⵏ ⵓⵉⵏ ⴰⵙⵉⴰ ⵜⴰⵏ ⴰⵎⵎⴰⵙ.
English: The Golden Age of Islam was ended by the Mongol sack of Baghdad in 1258.
Tamasheq: ⴰⵓⴰⵜⴰⵉ ⵓⴰⵏ ⵓⵔⴰⵆ ⴰⵏ ⵜⴰⵏⴰⵙⵍⵉⵎⴰ ⵉⵎⴷⴰ ⴰⵏⵜⴰ ⴰⴷ ⵛⵂⴰⴾⵓ ⵎoⵓⵏⴶⵓⵍ ⵓⴰⵏ ⴱⴰⴶⴷⴰⴷ ⴶⵓⵔ 1258.
English: Geography contributed to important geopolitical differences.
Tamasheq: ⵜⴰⵂⴰⵔⵓⵜ ⴰⵏ ⴻⴷⴰⴶ ⵜⴰⵍⵉⵍ ⵉⴻ ⴻⴱⴰⴷⵉⵏ ⵉⴾⵏⴰⵏ ⴰⵏ ⵜⴰⵎⵓⵙⵏⴻ ⴰⵏ ⴼⵓⵍⴰⵜⵉⴾ.
English: By contrast, Europe was almost always divided into a number of warring states.
Tamasheq: ⴻⴰⴶ ⴰⵙⵙⵓⴶⴰⵍ,ⴻⵓⵔⵓⴱⴻ ⵉⵛⵂ ⵓⴰⵔ ⵜⴰⵣⵓⵏ ⵂⴰⵔⴾⵓⴾ ⴷⴰⴶ ⴰⴶⴰⵜ ⴰⵏ ⴾⴰⵍⴰⵏ ⵉⵉⴰⴷ ⵉⴾⵏⴰⵙⵏⴻⵏ
English: Nearly all the agricultural civilizations have been heavily constrained by their environments.
Tamasheq: Iⵛⵂ ⵓⴰⵔ ⵜⵉⵎəⵜⴰⵓⴻⵏ ⵜⵉ ⴶⴰⵉⴰⴾⵏⴻⵏ ⴾⵓⵍ ⴰⵜⵓⴰⵛⵂⴰⵍⵏⴰⵜ ⴷⴰⴶ ⴰⵙⵙⴰⵂⴰⵜ ⴼⴰⵍ ⵉⵂⵣⴰⵓⴰⵏ ⵏⴰⵙⵏⴰⵜ.
English: Technological advance and the wealth generated by trade gradually brought about a widening of possibilities.
Tamasheq: ⵜⵉⵣⴰⵔⵜ ⴰⵏ ⵜⴰⵎⵓⵙⵏⴻ ⴰⴷ ⵜⴰⴶⵓⵜⴻ ⵏⴰⵣⵔⵉⴼ ⵓⴰ ⴰⴷoⵔⴰⵓ ⵎⴰⵎⴰⵍⴰ ⴰⵙⵙⴻⵓⴰⴷⴰⵏ ⴰⴶⴰⵉ ⴰⵏ ⵜⴰⵂⴰⵔⵓⵜ ⴰⵏ ⵉⴶⵓⵉⵜⴰⵏ.
English: Europe's maritime expansion unsurprisingly—given the continent's geography—was largely the work of its Atlantic states: Portugal, Spain, England, France, and the Netherlands.
Tamasheq: ⵜⴰⵂⴰⵔⵓⵜ ⵏⴻⴱⴰⵏⴶ ⵓⴰⵏ ⴻⵓⵔⵓⴱⴻ, ⴷⴰⵗ ⵉⴱⴰⵏ ⵜⴰⵗⴷⴰⵔⵜ ⴰⵙ ⵜⴰⴾⴰⵜⴰⵓⵜ ⴰⵏ ⴰⵍⴰⵗⵉ ⵏⴰⴾⴰⵍ,ⴻⵈⴰⵍ ⴷⴰⵗ ⴰ ⵛⵔⵓⵜ ⵎⴰⵈⴰⵔⴰⵏ ⵉⵋⵉ ⴰⵏ ⵉⴾⴰⵍⴰⵏ ⵓⵉⵏ ⵉⵂⴰⵣ ⴰⵏ ⴻⴱⴰⵏⴶ ⵓⴰⵏ ⴰⵜⵍⴰⵏⵜⵉⵈⵓⴻ :ⴱⵓⵔⵜⵓⴶⴰⵍ, ⴻⵙⴱⴰⴶⵏⴻ, ⴰⵏⴶⵍⴻⵜⴻⵔⵔⴻ, ⴼⵔⴰⵏⵙⵉⵉⴰ ⴰⵙ ⵂⵓⵍⵍⴰⵏⴷⴻ.
English: In North Africa, the Saadi Sultanate remained as an independent Berber state until 1659.
Tamasheq: ⵗⵓⵔ ⴰⴼⵔⵉⵈⵓⴻ ⵜⴰⵏ ⵏⵓⵔⴷ,ⵜⴰⵏⵉⴰ ⵜⴰⵏ ⵙⵓⵍⵜⴰⵏ ⵓⴰⵏ ⵙⴰⴰⴷⵉ ⵜⴰⵈⴰⵍ ⴰⴾⴰⵍ ⴰⵏ ⵜⴰⵓⵙⴻⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⵓⴼⵍⴰⵉⴰⵜ ⵂⴰⵔ ⴶⵓⵔ 1659.
English: The Swahili coast declined after coming under the Portuguese Empire and later the Omani Empire.
Tamasheq: ⵜⴰⵛⵂⵔⵓⵜ ⵜⴰⵏ ⵙⵓⴰⵂⵉⵍⵉⴻ ⵜⵉⵏⴰⴷ ⴷⴰⵔⴰⵜ ⴰⵙ ⵜⵓⴾⴰⵉ ⴷⴰⵓ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵏⵉⴰ ⵜⴰⵏ ⴱⵓⵔⵜⵓⴶⴰⵍ,ⴰⴷ ⴷⴰⵓ ⵜⴰⵏ ⵓⵎⴰⵏ.
English: The South African Kingdom of Zimbabwe gave way to smaller kingdoms such as Mutapa, Butua, and Rozvi.
Tamasheq: ⴰⴾⴰⵍ ⵓⴰⵏ ⵙⵓⴷ-ⴰⴼⵔⵉⵛⴰⵉⵏ ⴰⴷ ⵤⵉⵎⴱⴰⴱⵓⴻ ⵓⵉⴰ ⴻⴷⴰⴶ ⵉⴻ ⴾⴰⵍⴰⵏ ⵓⵉⵏ ⴷⴰⵔⴰⵜⵏⴻⵏ ⵙⵓⵏⴷ ⵎⵓⵜⴰⴱⴰ,ⴱⵓⵜⵓⴰ ⴰⴷ ⵙⵓⵣⴱⵉ.
English: Other civilizations in Africa advanced during this period.
Tamasheq: ⵜⵉⵎⴰⵜⴰⵓⴻⵏ ⵜⵉⵉⴰⴷ ⴰⵏ ⴰⴼⵔⵉⵈⵓⴻ ⵓⴾⴰⵉⵏⴰⵜ ⴶⵓⵔ ⴰⵏⵎⴰⵛⵂⵔⵉ ⴰⵏ ⴰⵍⵓⴰⵈ ⵓⴻⵏ ⴷⴰⴶ
English: Japan experienced its Azuchi–Momoyama period (1568–1603), followed by the Edo period (1603–1868).
Tamasheq: ⵋⴰⴱⵓⵏ ⵜⵉⵣⴰⵉ ⴰⵍⵓⴰⵈ ⵉⵏⴻⵙⵙ ⴰⵣⵓⵛⵂⵉ-ⵎⵓⵎⵓⵉⴰⵎⴰ (1568-1603),ⵙⵉⵍⴾⴰⵎ ⴰⵍⵓⴰⵈ ⴻⴷⵓ ( 1603-1868).
English: The Johor Sultanate, centred on the southern tip of the Malay Peninsula, became the dominant trading power in the region.
Tamasheq: ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵏⵉⴰ ⵜⴰⵏ ⵙⵓⵍⵜⴰⵏ ⵓⴰⵏ ⵋⴰⵂⴰⵔ,ⵜⴰⵍⴰⵜ ⴶⵓⵔ ⵙⴰⵎⴰⴷⵓ ⵜⴰⵏ ⵙⵓⴷ ⵓⴰⵏ ⵜⴰⴷⴰⴱⴰⵉⵜ ⵜⴰⵏ ⴷⴰⵔⴰⵜ,ⵜⴰⵈⴰⵍ ⵜⴰⵔⵏⴰ ⵜⴰ ⵜⴰⵣⴰⵔⴰⵜ ⴰⵏ ⵎⴰⵎəⵍⴰ ⵏⴰⴾⴰⵍ.
English: Russia made incursions onto the northwest coast of North America, with a first colony in present-day Alaska in 1784, and the outpost of Fort Ross in present-day California in 1812.
Tamasheq: ⵔⵓⵙⵙⵉⴻ ⵜⴰⴶⴰ ⵓⴶⵉⵛⵂ ⵉⵜⵔⴰⴱⴰⵏ ⴼⴰⵍ ⴰⵛⵂⵔⵓⵜ ⵏⵓⵔⴷ-ⵓⵓⴻⵙⵜ ⴰⵏ ⴰⵎⴻⵔⵉⵈⵓⴻ ⵜⴰⵏ ⵏⵓⵔⴷ, ⴰⴷ ⴾⴰⵍⴰⵏ ⵓⵉ ⴰⵣⴰⵔⵏⴻⵏ ⴷⴰⴶ ⴰⵍⴰⵙⴾⴰ ⵜⴰⵏ ⴰⵎⴰⵔⴰⴷⴰⴶ ⴶⵓⵔ 1784,ⴰⴷ ⴷⴰⵜⴻ ⵂⴰⵏ ⵓⴰⵏ ⴼⵓⵔⵜ ⵔⵓⵙⵙ ⴷⴰⴶ ⵛⴰⵍⵉⴼⵓⵔⵏⵉⴻ ⵜⴰⵏ ⴰⵎⴰⵔⴰⴷⴰⴶ ⴶⵓⵔ 1812.
English: The Industrial Revolution began in Great Britain and used new modes of production—the factory, mass production, and mechanization—to manufacture a wide array of goods faster and using less labour than previously required.
Tamasheq: ⵜⴰⵓⴰⵜ ⵜⴰⵏ ⵙⵉⴶⵉⴰⴾⴰⵏ ⴰⴷⴰⵗ ⵜⴰⵏⵜⴰ ⴷⴰⵗ ⴱⵔⴻⵜⴰⴶⵏⴻ-ⵟⴰⵎⴰⵈⴰⵔⴰⵜ ⴰⴷ ⵜⴰⵙⵉⵏⵜⴰ ⴰⴷⴰⴾⴰⵍ ⴰⵎⵉⴾⴰⵏ ⴰⵉⵏⴰⵉⵏⴻⵏ ⴰⵏ ⵏⵉⴶⵉⵜⴰⵏ ⵏⵓⵙⵉⵏⴻⵜⴰⵏ, ⵉⴶⵉⵜⴰⵏ ⵓⴰⵏ ⴰⵣⴰⵉⴰⵏ ⴰⴷ ⴷⴰⵍⵎⴰⵗⵏⴰⵜⴰⵏ ⴼⴰⵍ ⴰⵔⵉⴶⵉⵏ ⴻⴷⴰⴶ ⵎⴰⵈⴰⵔⴰⵏ ⵏⴰⵂⵓⵙⴾⴻⵏ ⵓⴶⴰⵔⴰⵏ ⵜⴰⵔⵎⵉⴷⴻ ⴰⴷ ⵉⴷⴰⴾⴰⵍⴰⵏ ⴰⵏⴷⵉⵔⴰⵏ ⴷⴰⵗ ⵎⴰⵛⴰⵗⴰⵍⴰⵏ ⴷⴰⵜ ⴰⵓⴻⵏ.
English: After Europeans had achieved influence and control over the Americas, imperial activities turned to the lands of Asia and Oceania.
Tamasheq: ⴻⴰⵔⴰⵜ ⴰⵙ ⴾⴰⵍ ⴻⵓⵔⵓⴱⴻ ⵉⴶⵔⴰⵓⴰⵏ ⴻⵎⴰⵜⴰⵍⵉ ⴰⴷ ⵓⵎⴰⵆ ⴼⴰⵍ ⴾⴰⵍ ⴰⵎⴻⵔⵉⵈⵓⴻ, ⴰⵛⵂⵉⴶⴰⵍⴰⵏ ⵓⵉ ⴰⵣⴰⵔⵏⴻⵏ ⵉⵏⴰⴷⴰⵏ ⵉⴱⵔⴻⵜ ⴰⵏ ⴰⵙⵉⴻ ⴰⴷ Oⵛⵉⴰⵏⵉⴻ.
English: The British also colonized Australia, New Zealand and South Africa with large numbers of British colonists emigrating to these colonies.
Tamasheq: ⵆⴰⵍ ⴱⵔⵉⵜⴰⵏⵏⵉⵈⵓⴻ ⴰⵙⵎⴰⴾⴰⵏⴰⵏ ⴰⵓⵙⵜⵔⴰⵍⵉⴻ, ⵏⵓⵓⴱⴻⵍⵍⴻ-ⵤⵉⵍⴰⵏⴷⴻ ⴰⴷ ⴰⴼⵔⵉⵈⵓⴻ ⵜⴰⵏ ⵙⵓⴷ,ⴰⴷ ⵜⴰⴶⵓⵜⴻ ⵎⴰⵈⴰⵔⴰⵜ ⴰⵏ ⵎⵓⴷⴰⴾⴰⵏ ⴰⵏ ⴱⵔⵉⵜⴰⵏⵏⵉⵈⵓⴻ ⴰⵙⵙⴻⴾⴰⵍⴰⵏ ⵉⴱⵔⴻⵜ ⴰⵏ ⴾⴰⵍⴰⵏ ⵓⵉⵏ.
English: Within Europe, economic and military challenges created a system of nation states, and ethno-linguistic groupings began to identify themselves as distinctive nations with aspirations for cultural and political autonomy.
Tamasheq: ⵗⵓⵔ ⴻⵓⵔⵓⴱⴻ,ⴰⵙⵙⴰⵎⴰⴶⴷⴰⵂ ⴰⵏ ⴰⵙⴷⴰⵓ ⴰⴷ ⵎⵉⵍⵉⵜⴻⵔⵜⴰⵏ ⵓⵔⴰⵓⴰⵏⵉⴷ ⵜⵉⵎⴾⴰⵔⴰⵓⴻⵏ ⴰⵏ ⴾⴰⵍⴰⵏ,ⴰⴷ ⴶⵔⵓⴱⵎⴰⵜⴰⵏ ⴰⵏ ⵜⵉⵓⵙⴰⵜⴻⵏ ⴰⵙⵙⴰⵏⵜⴰⵏ ⴰⵏⵎⵉⵣⴰⵉ ⵙⵓⵏⴷ ⵉⴾⴰⵍⴰⵏ ⴰⴱⴷⴰⵏⴻⵏ ⵉⵎⴰⵆⵏⴻⵏ ⵉⴻ ⵜⴰⵎəⵏⴰⵂⴰⵜ ⴰⵏ ⵜⴰⵎⵓⵙⵏⴻ ⴰⴷ ⴼⵓⵍⴰⵜⵉⴾ.
English: Meanwhile, industrial pollution and environmental damage, present since the discovery of fire and the beginning of civilization, accelerated drastically.
Tamasheq: ⵗⵓⵔ ⴰⵍⵓⴰⵈ ⵓⴻⵏ,ⴻⴶⴻⵔ ⴰⴷ ⴰⵆⴰⵛⵂⴰⴷ ⴰⵏ ⵉⵂⵣⴰⵓⴰⵏ,ⴰⵜⵉⵍⴰⵏⴻⵏ ⴶⵓⵔ ⴰⴶⴰⵔⴰⵓ ⴰⵏ ⴻⴼⴻⵓ ⴰⴷ ⵙⴰⵏⵜⵓ ⴰⵏ ⵜⴰⵎⵙⴰⴷⴰⵓⵜ,ⵓⵛⵂⴰⵍ ⴷⴰⴶ ⴰⵍⵎⴰⵆⵏⴰ ⴰⵂⵓⵛⵂⴰⵍⴰⵏ.
English: Much of the rest of the world was influenced by heavily Europeanized nations: the United States and Japan.
Tamasheq: ⴰⵛⵂⵔⵓⵜ ⵎⴰⵈⴰⵔⴰⵏ ⴷⴰⴶ ⴰⴶⵉⵍⴰⵍ ⵏⴰⴷⵓⵏⵉⴰ ⵜⴰⵙⵓⴰⴷ ⴰⵙ ⴾⴰⵍⴰⵏ ⵓⵉ ⴰⴾⵏⴰⵏⴻⵏ ⴰⵙⵙⵓⵂⵓ ⴰⵙ ⴻⵓⵔⵓⴱⴻ : ⴻⵜⴰⵜⵙ-ⵓⵏⵉⵙ ⴰⴷ ⵋⴰⴱⵓⵏ.
English: World War I led to the collapse of four empires – Austria-Hungary, the German Empire, the Ottoman Empire, and the Russian Empire – and weakened the United Kingdom and France.
Tamasheq: ⴰⴾⴰⵏⴰⵙ ⵓⴰ ⴰⵣⴰⵔⴰⵏ ⵏⴰⴷⵓⵏⵉⴰ ⵉⵓⴰⵉⴷ ⴻⴶⴰⴷⴰⵍ ⴰⵏ ⴰⴾⵓⵣ ⴾⴰⵍⴰⵏ – ⴰⵓⵜⵔⵉⵛⵂⴻ-ⵂⵓⵏⴶⵔⵉⴻ, ⴰⴾⴰⵍ ⵓⴰⵏ ⴰⵍⵍⴻⵎⴰⵏⴷ, ⴰⴾⴰⵍ ⵓⴰⵏ Oⵜⵜⵓⵎⴰⵏ ⴰⴷ ⴰⴾⴰⵍ ⵓⴰⵏ ⵔⵓⵙⵙⴻ ⵉⵣⴰⵔ ⴰⵙⵎⴰⴾⴰⴷⴰⵏ ⵔⵓⵉⴰⵓⵎⴻ-Uⵏⵉ ⴰⴷ ⴼⵔⴰⵏⵙⵉⵉⴰ.
English: Ongoing national rivalries, exacerbated by the economic turmoil of the Great Depression, helped precipitate World War II.
Tamasheq: ⵜⵉⵎⴰⵛⵂⴶⴰⵓⴻⵏ ⴰⵏ ⴾⴰⵍⴰⵏ ⵜⵉⴾⵉⵏⴰⵜ, ⴰⵎⴰⵏⴾⴰⴷⴰⵏ ⴰⵙ ⵎⵉⴷⴰⵆⵓⴰⵙ ⵏⴰⵙⴷⵓ ⴰⵏ ⴰⴼⴰⵏⴰⵣ ⵓⴰⵏ ⵎⴰⵈⴰⵔⴰⵏ, ⴰⴾⴼⴰⵏ ⴰⵜⵔⵓⴱ ⴰⵏ ⴰⴾⴰⵏⴰⵙ ⵓⴰⵙ ⴰⵙⵙⵉⵏ ⵏⴰⴷⵓⵏⵉⴰ.
English: The Cold War ended peacefully in 1991 after the Pan-European Picnic, the subsequent fall of the Iron Curtain and the Berlin Wall, and the collapse of the Eastern Bloc and the Warsaw Pact.
Tamasheq: ⴰⴾⴰⵏⴰⵙ ⵓⴰ ⵙⴰⵎⴻⴷⴰⵏ ⴰⵎⴰⵏⴷⴰ ⴰⵙ ⵙⴰⵔⵂⵓ ⴶⵓⵔ 1991 ⴷⴰⵔⴰⵜ ⴰⵙⴰⴶⴰⵎ-ⴶⴰⵎ ⵓⴰⵏ ⴾⴰⵍ ⴻⵓⵔⵓⴷⴻ, ⴻⴶⴰⴷⴰⵍ ⵓⴰⵏ ⴰⵍⴾⵓⵎ ⴰⵏ ⴻⴾⴰⵔⵛⴰⵉ ⵓⴰⵏ ⵜⴰⵣoⵍⵉ ⴰⵏ ⴰⴼⴰⵔⴰⴶ ⵓⴰⵏ ⴱⴻⵔⵍⵉⵏ, ⴻⵜ ⴻⴶⴰⴷⴰⵍ ⴰⵏ ⴰⵛⵔⵓⵜ ⵓⴰⵏ ⴰⵍⵈⵉⴱⵍⴰⵜ ⴰⴷ ⵜⴰⵔⵜⵉⵜ ⵜⴰⵏ ⴱⴰⵔⵙⵓⴱⵉⴻ.
English: In the early postwar decades, the colonies in Asia and Africa of the Belgian, British, Dutch, French, and other west European empires won their formal independence.
Tamasheq: ⴰⵍⵓⴰⵈ ⵓⴰⵏ ⴻⵍⴰⵏ ⵓⵉ ⴰⵣⴰⵔⵏⴻⵏ ⴰⵏ ⴷⴰⵔⴰⵜ ⴰⴾⴰⵏⴰⵙ, ⵉⴾⴰⵍⴰⵏ ⵓⵉⵏ ⵂⵙⵉⵉⴰ ⴰⴷ ⴰⴼⵔⵉⴾⵉⵉⴰ ⴰⵏ ⴾⴰⵍⴰⵏ ⵓⵉⵏ ⴱⴻⵍⴶⴻ, ⴱⵔⵉⵜⴰⵏⵏⵉⵈⵓⴻ, ⵂⵓⵍⴰⵏⴷⵜⴰⵏ,ⴼⵔⴰⵏⵙⵉⵉⴰ ⴰⴷ ⴾⴰⵍⴰⵏ ⵓⵉ ⵉⵉⴰⴷⵏⴻⵏ ⴰⵏ ⴻⵓⵔⵓⴱⴻ ⵜⴰⵏ ⴻⴶⴰⴷⴰⵍ ⴰⵏ ⵜⴰⴼⵓⴾ ⵉⴶⵔⴰⵓⴰⵏ ⵜⴰⵏⵏⴰ ⴰⵏ ⵜⴰⵏⵓⴼⵍⴰⵉⵜ.
English: The European Union's effectiveness was handicapped by the immaturity of its common economic and political institutions, somewhat comparable to the inadequacy of United States institutions under the Articles of Confederation prior to the adoption of the Constitution of the United States that came into force in 1789.
Tamasheq: ⴰⵙⵙⴻⵆⴰⵜ ⵓⴰⵏ ⵜⴰⵔⵜⵉⵜ ⵜⴰⵏ ⴻⵓⵔⵓⴷⴻ ⵜⴰⴱⴷⴰⵏ ⴰⵏ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⴷⵔⵉⵜ ⴰⵏ ⵉⴶⵓⵉⵜⴰⵏ ⴰⵏ ⴰⵙⴷⵓ ⴰⴷ ⴼⵓⵍⴰⵜⵉⴾ ⴻⵔⵜⴰⵉⴰⵏ, ⴰⵎⵉⴶⴷⴰⵂ ⴰⵏⴷⴰⵔⴰⵏ ⴰⵙ ⵉⴱⴰⵏ ⴰⴶⴰⴷⴰⵂⴰⵜ ⴰⵏ ⵜⴰⵎⵙⴰⴷⴰⵓ ⴰⵏ ⴻⵜⴰⵜⵙ-ⵓⵏⵉⵙ ⴷⴰⵓ ⵜⴰⵏⴰⵓⴻⵏ ⵜⵉⵏ ⵜⴰⵔⵜⵉⵜ ⴷⴰⵜ ⴰⴷⴰⴾⴰⵍ ⴰⵏ ⵜⵉⴷⵉⵜ ⵜⴰⵏ ⴻⵜⴰⵜⵙ-ⵓⵏⵉⵙ ⵜⴰⵙⴰⵏⵜⴰ ⵓⴶⵉⵛ ⴶⵓⵔ 1789.
English: In the decades after World War II, these advances led to jet travel, artificial satellites with innumerable applications including the Global Positioning System (GPS), and the Internet.
Tamasheq: ⴻⴰⵗ ⴻⵍⴰⵏ ⵓⵉⴷ ⴷⴰⵍⴾⴰⵎⵏⴻⵏ ⵉⴻ ⴰⴾⴰⵏⴰⵙ ⵓⴰ ⵎⴰⵈⴰⵔⴰⵏ, ⵉⵛⴰⵏⵣⵉⵜⴰⵏ ⵉⵓⴰⵉⴰⵏⴷ ⴰⵙⵙⵉⴾⴰⵍ ⴷⴰⴶ ⴰⵜⵉⴻⵔⴰ ⵜⴰⵏ ⴰⵙⵙⴰⴾⴰⵔ, ⵜⴰⵂⵓⵏⵜ ⵜⴰⵜⵉⵓⴰⴶⴰⵜ əⵙ ⴰⵎⵉⴾⴰⵜⴰⵏ ⴰⴶoⵜⵏⴻⵏ, ⴰⵙ ⵂⴰⵔⴰⵜ ⵓⴰⵏ ⴰⵙⵙⴰⴱⴷⴰⴷ ⴾⵓⵍ (ⵗⴱⵙ), ⴰⴷ ⵉⴻ ⵉⵏⵜⴻⵔⵏⴻⵜ.
English: Worldwide competition for natural resources has risen due to growing populations and industrialization, especially in India, China, and Brazil.
Tamasheq: ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵛⵉⴶⴰ ⴰⵏ ⴰⴷⵓⵏⵉⴰ ⵉⴻ ⵉⴶⵓⵉⵜⴰⵏ ⴰⵂⵓⵙⴾⵜⵏⴻⵏ ⴰⵓⴻⴷ ⴼⴰⵍ ⵜⴰⴶⵓⵜⴻ ⴰⵏ ⴰⴷⵉⵏⴰⵜ ⴰⴷ ⴰⴶⵓⵉⵜ ⴰⵏ ⵉⵣⵉⵏⵜⴰⵏ,ⴰⴷⵉⴶⴰⵏ ⴶⵓⵔ Iⵏⴷⴻ, ⵓⵔ ⵙⵉⵏⴻ ⴰⴷ ⴶⵓⵔ ⴱⵔⴻⵙⵉⵍ.
English: An archive is an accumulation of historical records – in any media – or the physical facility in which they are located.
Tamasheq: ⵍⴾⴰⴷ ⴻⴾⴰⵍ ⵜⴰⵎⵙⴰⴷⴰⵓⵜ ⴰⵏ ⴰⵍⴾⴰⴷⴰⵏ ⴰⵔⵓⵏⴻⵏ –ⴼⴰⵍ ⵉⴷⵓⴷ ⴾⵓⵍ-ⵎⴻⴶ ⴰⴼⴰⵜⴰⵆ ⵉⴻ ⴷⴰⵗ ⵓⴰ ⵉⵂⴰ.