Tamazight-NLP/NLLB-Seed_Tamasheq-Tifinagh-Script huggingface dataset:
English: Through this methodology, greater insight can be gained when examining the impact of world-systems on local and global communities.
Tamasheq: ⵙ ⵉⵎⵎⵉⴾ ⵓⵢⵏ, ⴰⴾⴰⵉⴰⴷ ⵎⴰⵈⵈⵓⵔⴰⵏ ⴰⴷⴷⵓⴱⴰⵜ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵜⵜⵉⵋⵔⵓ ⴰⵍⵓⴰⵈ ⵓⴰ ⵉⴷ ⵉⵎⵎⵉⵉⴰⵣ ⴰⵓⴰⴷⵉⵎ ⵙⵉⵙⵜⵢⵎ ⵜⴰⵏ ⵏ ⴰⵍⵗⴰⵍⵉⵎ ⴼⴰⵍ ⵜⴰⵓⵙⵢⵜⵢⵏ ⵜⵉⵏ ⴰⴾⴰⵍ ⴷ ⴰⵍⵗⴰⵍⵉⵎ
English: For example, a multi-sited ethnography may follow a "thing," such as a particular commodity, as it is transported through the networks of global capitalism.
Tamasheq: “ ⴷⴰⵗ ⴰⵍⵎⵉⵜⴰⵍ, ⵢⵜⵂⵏⵓⴶⵔⴰⴱⵂⵉ ⵉⵋⵋⴰⵏ ⴼⴰⵍ ⵙⵉⵜ ⵜⴰⵏ ⴰⵋⵋⵓⵜⵏⵢⵏ ⴰⴷⴷⵓⴱⴰⵜ ⴰⵍⴾⵓⵎ ⵉ “”ⵂⴰⵔⴰⵜ”” ⵛⵂⵓⵏⴷ ⵉⵍⴰⵍⴰⵏ ⴰⵎⵎⵢⵓⴰⵉ ⵏⵢⵏ ⴼⴰⵍ ⵔⵢⵣⵓ ⵜⴰⵏ ⵏ ⴰⵍⵗⴰⵍⵉⵎ ⵓⴰⵏ ⴾⴰⴱⵉⵜⴰⵍⵉⵙⵎ”
English: An example of multi-sited ethnography is Nancy Scheper-Hughes' work on the international black market for the trade of human organs.
Tamasheq: ⴰⵍⵎⵉⵜⴰⵍ ⵏ ⵢⵜⵂⵏⵓⴶⵔⴰⴱⵂⵉ ⵉⵋⵋⴰⵏ ⴼⴰⵍ ⵙⵉⵜ ⵜⴰⵏ ⴰⵋⵋⵓⵜⵏⵢⵏ ⵉⵎⵓⵙ ⴰⵍⵆⵉⴷⵎⴰⵜ ⵏ ⵏⴰⵏⵛⵉ ⵙⵛⵂⵢⴱⵢⵔ-ⵂⵓⴶⵂⵢⵙ ⴼⴰⵍ ⵂⵢⴱⵓ ⵓⴰⵏ ⵉⵎⵉⴾⵓⴰⵍⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵋⵉⵔ ⵉⴾⴾⴰⵍⴰⵏ ⵉ ⵎⴰⵎⴰⵍⴰ ⵓⴰⵏ ⵉⵙⴰⵏ ⵏ ⴰⴷⴷⵉⵏⴰⵜ ⴼⴰⵔⴰⴾ ⵉⵋⴰⵏ ⴼⴰⵍ ⵜⵉⵗⵉⵔ ⵏ ⵜⵢⵎⵢⴷⵜ ⴰⵍⵓⴰⵈ ⵉⵉⵉⴰⵏ ⵉⵜⵉⴾⵉ ⴼⴰⵍ ⵉⵣⴰⵔⴰⵋⴰⵏ ⵉⵣⵍⴰⵉⵏⵢⵏ ⵢⵂⴰ ⴰⵏⵜⵔⵓⴱⵓⵍⵓⵋⵉ ⵜⴰⵏ ⴰⵙⵙⵢⵆⴰⵜ, ⵜⴰⵏ ⴷⵢⴷⵢⵏ, ⴷ ⵜⴰⵏ ⵎⴰⵋⵎⵓⵗⴰⵜ
English: Research in kinship studies often crosses over into different anthropological subfields including medical, feminist, and public anthropology.
Tamasheq: ⴼⴰⵔⴰⴾ ⵉⵋⴰⵏ ⴼⴰⵍ ⵜⵉⵗⵉⵔ ⵏ ⵜⵢⵎⵢⴷⵜ ⴰⵍⵓⴰⵈ ⵉⵉⵉⴰⵏ ⵉⵜⵉⴾⵉ ⴼⴰⵍ ⵉⵣⴰⵔⴰⵋⴰⵏ ⵉⵣⵍⴰⵉⵏⵢⵏ ⴻⵂⴰ ⴰⵏⵜⵔⵓⴱⵓⵍⵓⵋⵉ ⵜⴰⵏ ⴰⵙⵙⵢⵆⴰⵜ, ⵜⴰⵏ ⴷⵢⴷⵢⵏ, ⴷ ⵜⴰⵏ ⵎⴰⵋⵎⵓⵗⴰⵜ
English: That is the matrix into which human children are born in the great majority of cases, and their first words are often kinship terms.
Tamasheq: ⴰⵓⴰ ⵜⴰⴱⴰⵍⴱⵓⵜ ⵜⴰⵏ ⵜⵉⵓⵉⵜ ⵏ ⵉⵍⵉⴰⴷⴰⵏ ⴷⴰⵗ ⵉⵂⴰⵏⴷⴰⴶⴰⵏ ⴰⵋⵋⵓⵜⵏⵢⵏ ⵜⵓⵍⴰⵙ ⴰⵓⴰⵍⴰⵏ ⵏⴰⵙⴰⵏ ⵓⵉ ⴰⵣⵣⴰⵔⵏⵢⵏ ⴰⵎⵓⵙⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵢⵎⵢⴷⵜ
English: There are stark differences between communities in terms of marital practice and value, leaving much room for anthropological fieldwork.
Tamasheq: ⵉⵍⵍⴰⵏ ⵜⵉ ⵓⵣⵍⴰⵉⴰⵏ ⵙ ⵜⵉⴷⵉⵜⵜ ⵋⵉⵔ ⵜⴰⵓⵙⴰⵜⵢⵏ ⴷⴰⵗ ⴰⵓⴰ ⵉⴷ ⵢⵈⵈⴰⵍⴰⵏ ⵉⵙⴰⵍⴰⵏ ⵓⵉⵏ ⴰⴷⵓⴱⵉⵏ ⵉⵋⵋⴰⵏⵢⵏ ⵢⴷⴰⴶ ⵎⴰⵈⵈⵓⵔⴰⵏ ⵉ ⵜⵢⵗⴰⵔⵓ ⵏ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵆⵍⵓⴾ ⵏ ⴰⵍⵗⴰⵍⵉⵎ
English: The marital practice found in most cultures, however, is monogamy, where one woman is married to one man.
Tamasheq: ⴰⴷⵓⴱⵉⵏ ⴷⴰⵗ ⴰⴶⵏⴰ ⵜⴰⵏ ⴰⵋⵋⵓⵜⵏⵢⵏ,ⵓⴰⵔ ⵉⵋⵋⴰ ⴼⴰⵍ ⵜⴰⵏⴰⵎⵢⴾⵔⵉⵙⵜ, ⵉⵋⵋⴰ ⴼⴰⵍ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵜ ⵉⵉⵉⴰⵜ ⴰⴷⴰⴱⴰⵏ ⴰⵂⴰⵍⵉⵙ ⵉⵉⵉⴰⵏ
English: There are similar foundational differences where the act of procreation is concerned.
Tamasheq: ⵉⵍⵍⴰⵏ ⵜⵉ ⵂⴰⵔⴰⵜⴰⵏ ⴰⵋⵋⵓⵜⵏⵢⵏ ⵓⵍⴰⵂⵏⵢⵏ ⵙ ⵜⵉⴾⴾⴻⵍⵜ ⵜⴰⵂⴰ ⵜⴰⵏ ⴰⴾⴰⵔⴰⵛⵂ ⵏ ⵉⵍⵉⴰⴷⴰⵏ
English: The shift can be traced back to the 1960s, with the reassessment of kinship's basic principles offered by Edmund Leach, Rodney Neeham, David Schneider, and others.
Tamasheq: ⴰⴷⵉⵔⵉⵛⵂ ⴰⵎⵓⵜⵜⵉ ⵢⵈⵈⴰⵍ ⵙ ⴷⴰⵜⴰ ⵂⴰⵔ ⴰⵓⴰⵜⴰⵉ ⵓⴰⵏ 1960, ⵉⴷ ⵉⵋⵋⴰ ⴰⴾⵓⵍⵓⴾⵓⵍⵓ ⵏ ⵉⵛⵂⵉⵔⵉⵜⴰⵏ ⵓⵉ ⴼⴰⵍ ⵜⵉⵋⵍⴰ ⵜⴰⵎⴻⴷⵜ ⵉⵋⵋⴰⵏ ⵢⴷⵎⵓⵏⴷ ⵍⵢⴰⵛⵂ, ⵔⵓⴷⵏⵢⵉ ⵏⵢⵢⵂⴰⵎ, ⵢⴰⴱⵉⴷ ⵙⵛⵂⵏⵢⵉⴷⵢⵔ ⴷ ⵉⵉⵉⴰⴷ
English: This shift was progressed further by the emergence of second-wave feminism in the early 1970s, which introduced ideas of marital oppression, sexual autonomy, and domestic subordination.
Tamasheq: ⴰⵎⵓⵜⵜⵉ ⵓⵢⵏ ⵉⵛⵂⵉⵏⴾⴰⵛⵂ ⵉⵏ ⵙ ⴷⴰⵜⴰ ⵗⵓⵔ ⵜⵢⵏⴰⵣⵣⴰⵎⴰⵔⵜ ⵜⴰⵏ ⵙⴰⵏⴰⵜⴰⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵉⴶⴷⴰⵂⵜ ⵏ ⴰⵍⵆⴰⵈ ⵓⴰⵏ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⴷⵜ ⴷ ⴰⵂⴰⵍⵉⵙ ⴷⴰⵗ ⴰⵓⴰⵜⴰⵉ ⵓⴰⵏ 1970 ⵙ ⵉⵏⵜⴰ ⴰ ⵉⴷ ⵉⵋⵋⴰⵏ ⵜⴰ-ⵉⵜⵓ ⵜⴰⵏ ⴰⵍⵗⴰⵣⴰⴱ ⴷⴰⵗ ⴰⴷⵓⴱⵉⵏ, ⵜⵓⵔⵂⴰⴶⴰⵜ ⵏ ⴰⵜⴾⵓⵍ ⵏ ⵜⵢⵛⵂⵏⵢ ⴷ ⵢⵛⵂⵉⵏⵉⵛⵂ ⴷⴰⵗ ⴰⴷⵓⴱⵉⵏ
English: At this time, there was the arrival of "Third World feminism", a movement that argued kinship studies could not examine the gender relations of developing countries in isolation, and must pay respect to racial and economic nuance as well.
Tamasheq: “ ⵙ ⴰⵍⵓⴰⵈ ⵓⵢⵏ, ⵉⵎⴰⵍ ⵜⵉ ⴰⵙⵙⴰ “ⵜⵂⵉⵔⴷ ⵓⵓⵔⵍⴷ ⴼⵢⵎⵉⵏⵉⵙⵎ”””, ⵜⴰⴶⴰⵉⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵗⴰⵏⵏⴰⵏⴰⵜ ⴰⵙ ⵜⵉⵗⵉⵔ ⵏ ⵜⵢⵎⵢⴷⵜ ⵓⴰⵔ ⴰⴷⴷⵓⴱⴰⵜ ⵏⴰⵜ ⴰⵎⵉⵉⵉⵣ ⵏ ⴰⵂⴰⵔⵓⵋ ⵏ ⴰⴷⴷⵉⵏⴰⵜ ⴷⴰⵗ ⵏ ⴰⴷⴷⴰⵓⵍⴰ ⵜⴰⵏ ⵜⵉⵏ ⵜⴰⵍⴰⵈⵈⵉⵓⵢⵏ ⵉⵙⴾⴰⵜⵏⵢⵏ ⵜⵓⵍⴰⵙ ⵉⵓⴰⵔ ⵜⴰⵏ ⵙⵢⵎⵗⴰⵔ ⵉ ⵜⴰⵣⵉⵣⵍⴰⵉⵜ ⵜⴰ ⵋⵉⵔ ⵜⴰⵓⵙⵢⵜ ⴷ ⵢⴾⵓⵏⵓⵎⵉ
English: In Jamaica, marriage as an institution is often substituted for a series of partners, as poor women cannot rely on regular financial contributions in a climate of economic instability.
Tamasheq: ⴷⴰⵗ ⵋⴰⵎⴰⵉⵛⴰ, ⴰⴷⵓⴱⵉⵏ ⵢⵈⵈⴰⵍⴰⵏ ⵜⵉⵋⵉⵜⵜⴰⵓⵜ ⵜⴰⵂⴰⵜ ⵢⴷⴰⴶ ⵏ ⴰⴷⴷⵉⵏⴰⵜ ⴼⴰⵍ ⴰⵙ ⴷⵢⴷⵢⵏ ⵜⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵍⴰⵈⵈⵉⵓⵢⵏ ⵓⴰⵔ ⴰⴷⴷⵓⴱⴰⵜ ⵏⴰⵜ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵍⴾⴰⵎ ⵏⴰⵜ ⵗⴰⵙ ⵉ ⵜⴰⴷⵂⵉⵍⵢⵏ ⵏ ⴰⵣⵔⵓⴼ ⴷⴰⵗ ⴰⵣⵣⴰⵎⴰⵏ ⵉⴷ ⵓⴰⵔ ⵜⵓⵣⴶⴰ ⵜⴰⵎⵓⴷⵔⵢ ⵏ ⴰⴷⴷⵉⵏⴰⵜ
English: With this technology, questions of kinship have emerged over the difference between biological and genetic relatedness, as gestational surrogates can provide a biological environment for the embryo while the genetic ties remain with a third party.
Tamasheq: ⵜⵢⴾⵏⵓⵍⵓⵋⵉ ⵜⵢⵏ ⵜⵉⵙⵙⵢⵓⴰⴷ ⵉⵙⵉⵙⵜⴰⵏⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵢⵎⵢⴷⵜ ⵏ ⴰⵓⴰ ⵉⵣⵍⴰⵉⴰⵏ ⵜⵢⵎⵢⴷⵜ ⵜⴰⵏ ⴰⴱⴰⵔⴾⵓⵜ ⴷ ⵜⴰⵏ ⵢⵜⴰⵔⵉ ⴼⴰⵍ ⴰⵙ ⴷⵢⴷⵢⵏ ⵜⵉⵉⵉⴰⴷ ⴾⴰⵔⴰⵛⵂ ⵏⴰⵜ ⵜⵢⴾⴰⴾⵉⵜ ⵏ ⴰⵍⵉⴰⴷ ⴷⴰⵗ ⴰⴱⴰⵔⴾⵓⵜ ⴰⵙ ⵉⵋⵋⴰ ⴰⵓⵢⵏ ⵜⵢⵎⵢⴷⵜ ⵜⴰⵏ ⵢⵜⴰⵔⵉ ⵜⴰⵈⵈⵉⵎ ⵗⵓⵔ ⴰⵓⴰⵜⴰⵉ ⵓⴰ ⵙ ⴾⴰⵔⴰⴷ
English: There have also been issues of reproductive tourism and bodily commodification, as individuals seek economic security through hormonal stimulation and egg harvesting, which are potentially harmful procedures.
Tamasheq: ⵉⵍⵍⴰⵏ ⵜⵉ ⵎⵓⵛⵂⴰⴾⵉⵍ ⵜⴰⵏ ⵂⴰⵔ ⴰⵋⵋⵓⴷⵉ ⴰⵙⴰⵗⵍⵉ ⵓⴰⵏ ⵔⵢⴱⵔⵓⴷⵓⵛⵜⵉⴱⵢ ⵜⵓⵓⵔⵉⵙⵎ ⴷ ⴰⵎⵓⵜⵜⵉ ⵏ ⵜⴰⵗⵉⵙⵙⴰ ⴼⴰⵍ ⴰⵙ ⴰⴷⴷⵉⵏⴰⵜ ⵜⴰⵜⵜⴰⵔⴰⵏ ⴰⵍⵆⵢⵔ ⵓⴰⵏ ⵜⴰⵎⵓⴷⵔⵓ ⵙ ⵂⵓⵔⵎⴰⵏⴰⵍ ⵙⵜⵉⵎⵓⵍⴰⵜⵉⵓⵏ ⴷ ⴰⴼⵓⵈⵈⵉ ⵏ ⵜⵢⴾⴰⴾⵉⵜ ⴰⵈⵈⴰⵍⵏⵢⵏ ⵂⴰⵔⴰⵜⴰⵏ ⵉⴾⵏⴰⵏⵢⵏ ⵍⴰⴱⴰⵙⵏⵢⵏ
English: One critique is that, as its inception, the framework of kinship studies was far too structured and formulaic, relying on dense language and stringent rules.
Tamasheq: ⵎⴰⵋⵔⴰⴷ ⵉⵉⵉⴰⵏ ⵉⵎⵓⵙ ⴰⵙ ⵉⵛⵂⵎⴰⴷ ⵢⵈⵈⴰⵍ ⴰⵙⵉⵏⵜⵉ ⵏⵢⵜ,ⵢⵣⴰⵔⴰⴶ ⵓⴰⵏ ⵜⵉⵗⵉⵔ ⵜⵉⵏ ⵜⴻⵎⵢⴷⵜ ⵉⴾⵏⴰ ⵢⴷⵢⵉ ⵉⵋⵋⴰⵏ ⴼⴰⵍ ⴰⵓⴰⵍ ⴰⵙⵙⵓⵂⵢⵏ ⴷ ⴰⵛⵂⴰⵔⵢⵗⴰ ⵜⴰⵏ ⵓⵗⴰⴷⵏⵢⵏ
English: Much of this development can be attributed to the rise in anthropologists working outside of academia and the increasing importance of globalization in both institutions and the field of anthropology.
Tamasheq: ⵉⵋⵋⵉⵜ ⵏ ⵢⴼⵢⵙ ⵓⵢⵏ ⴰⴷⴷⵓⴱⴰⵜ ⴰ ⵜⵉ ⵉⴾⵔⵉⵛⵂ ⵜⵉⵓ-ⴰⵜ ⵜⴰ ⵜⵉⵋⵋⴰ ⴰⵍⵆⵉⴷⵎⴰⵜ ⵜⴰⵏ ⴰⵏⵜⵂⵔⵓⴱⵓⵍⵓⴶⵉⵙⵜ ⴷⴰⵗ ⴰⵋⵋⴰⵎⴰ ⵏ ⴰⵛⴰⴷⵢⵎⵉⴰ ⵜⵓⵍⴰⵙ ⵜⵉⵏⴼⴰ ⵜⴰ ⵎⴰⵈⵓⵈⵓⵔⴰⵜ ⵏ ⵜⴰⵔⵜⵉⵜ ⴰⵍⵗⴰⵍⵉⵎ ⴷⴰⵗ ⵜⵉⵋⵉⵜⵜⴰⵓⵢⵏ ⵏⵢⵜ ⴷ ⴰⴱⴰⵔⴰ ⵓⴰⵏ ⴰⵏⵜⵂⵔⵓⴱⵓⵍⵓⴶⵉ
English: The two types of institutions defined in the field of anthropology are total institutions and social institutions.
Tamasheq: ⵉⵙⵙⵉⵏ ⵉⵛⵂⵉⴾⵉⵍⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵉⵋⵉⵜⵜⴰⵓⵢⵏ ⵉⵋⵋⴰⵏⵢⵏ ⴰⵍⵎⴰⵗⵏⴰ ⴷⴰⵗ ⴰⴱⵔⴰ ⵓⴰⵏ ⴰⵏⵜⵂⵔⵓⴱⵓⵍⵓⴶⵉ ⴰⵈⵈⴰⵍ ⵏⴰⵜ ⵜⵉⵋⵉⵜⵜⴰⵓⵢⵏ ⵉⵎⴷⴰⵏⵢⵏ ⴷ ⵜⵉⵋⵉⵜⵜⴰⵓⵢⵏ ⵏ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⴷⵓⵈ
English: Anthropology of institutions may analyze labor unions, businesses ranging from small enterprises to corporations, government, medical organizations, education, prisons, and financial institutions.
Tamasheq: ⴰⵏⵜⵂⵔⵓⴱⵓⵍⵓⴶⵉ ⵜⴰⵏ ⵜⵉⵋⵋⵉⵜⵜⴰⵓⵢⵓⵏ ⵜⴰⴷⴷⵓⴱⴰⵜ ⴰⵎⵉⵉⵉⵣ ⵏ ⵜⴰⴶⴰⵉⵢⵏ ⵜⵉⵏ ⵉⵏⴰⵆⴷⵉⵎⴰⵏ, ⴾⵢⵍ ⵜⴰⵗⵓⵛⵂⴰⵓⵢⵏ ⵋⵉⵔ ⵜⵉ ⵎⴰⴷⵔⵓⵉⵏⵢⵏ ⵂⴰⵔ ⵜⵉ ⵎⴰⵈⵈⵓⵔⵏⵢⵏ , ⴰⵍⵆⴰⴾⵓⵎ, ⵜⴰⴶⴰⵉⵢⵏ ⵜⵉⵏ ⴰⵙⵙⵢⵆⴰⵜ, ⵜⵉⵏ ⵜⵢⵗⴰⵔⵢ, ⵜⵉⵏ ⴾⴰⵙo ⵜⴰⵏ ⴷ ⵜⴰⴶⴰⵉⵢⵏ ⵜⴰⵏ ⴰⵣⵔⵓⴼ
English: Institutional anthropologists may study the relationship between organizations or between an organization and other parts of society.
Tamasheq: ⵆⵢⵍ ⴰⵏⵜⵂⵔⵓⵓⵓⵍⵓⴶⵉ ⵜⴰⵏ ⵓⵉⵏ ⵜⴰⴶⴰⵉⵓⵏ ⴰⴷⴷⵓⴱⵢⵏ ⵜⵢⵗⴰⵔⵢ ⵏ ⴰⵂⴰⵔⵓⵋ ⵋⵉⵔ ⵜⴰⴶⴰⵉⵢⵏ ⵎⵢⵗ ⵋⵉⵔ ⵜⴰⴶⴰⵉⵜ ⴷ ⵉⵛⵂⵔⵓⵜⴰⵏ ⵉⵉⵉⴰⴷ ⵏ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⴷⵓⵈ
English: More specifically, anthropologists may analyze specific events within an institution, perform semiotic investigations, or analyze the mechanisms by which knowledge and culture are organized and dispersed.
Tamasheq: ⵂⵓⵍⵍⴰⵏ ⴰⵏⵜⵂⵔⵓⴱⵓⵍⵓⴶⵉⵙⵜ ⵜⴰⵏ ⴰⴷⴷⵓⴱⵢⵏ ⴰⵎⵉⵉⵉⵣ ⵏ ⵜⵉⵎⴰⵛⵂⵗⵓⵍⵢⵏ ⴷⴰⵗ ⵜⴰⴶⴰⵉⵜ, ⴰⵋⵋⵉⵏ ⴼⴰⵔⴰⴾ ⵜⴰⵏ ⵓⵉⵏ ⴰⵛⴰⵎⵓⵍ ⵎⵢⵗ ⴰⵎⵉⵉⵉⵣ ⵏ ⵉⵎⵎⵉⴾⴰⵏ ⵓⵉ ⵙ ⵎⵙⵏⴰⵜ ⴷ ⴰⴶⵏⴰ ⵓⵗⴰⴷⴰⵏ ⵜⵓⵍⴰⵙ ⵏⵉⴱⴰⵛⵂⴰⵏ
English: This new era would involve many new technological developments, such as mechanical recording.
Tamasheq: ⴰⵣⵣⴰⵎⴰⵏ ⵓⴰ ⵢⵉⵏⴰⵉⴰⵏ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵙⴰⵎⵎⵓⵜⵉ ⵢⴼⵢⵙ ⵢⵉⵏⴰⵉⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵢⴾⵏⵓⵍⵓⵋⵉ ⵛⵂⵓⵏⴷ ⴰⵗⴰⵣⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵉⵎⴰⵏ ⵏⵢⵜ
English: Current Anthropology 43(Supplement):S5-17.Schieffelin, Bambi B. 2006.
Tamasheq: ⴰⵏⵜⵂⵔⵓⴱⵓⵍⵓⴶⵉ ⵜⴰⵏ ⴰⵎⴰⵔⴰⴷ 43 (ⵙⵓⴱⴱⵍⵢⵎⵢⵏⵜ): ⵙ5-17. ⵙⵛⵂⵉⵢⴼⴼⵢⵍⵉⵏ , ⴱⴰⵎⴱⵉ ⴱ. 2006
English: Woolard, in her overview of "code switching", or the systematic practice of alternating linguistic varieties within a conversation or even a single utterance, finds the underlying question anthropologists ask of the practice—Why do they do that?—reflects a dominant linguistic ideology.
Tamasheq: “ ⵓⵓⵓⵍⴰⵔⴷ, ⴷⴰⵗ ⴰⴾⴰⵉⴰⴷ ⵏⵢⵜ ⵏ “”ⴰⵎⵓⵜⵜⵉ ⵏ ⴾⵓⴷ””, ⵎⵢⵗ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵜⵜⵉⵜ ⵏ ⴰⵏⴰⵎⵉⵛⵂⵔⴰⵉ ⵏ ⵉⵛⵂⵉⴾⵉⵍⴰⵏ ⵏ ⴰⵓⴰⵍ ⵉⴷ ⵉⵎⴰⵏ ⵏⴰⵙⴰⵏ ⵙ ⴰⴷⴰⵓⴰⵏⵏⵉ ⵎⵢⵗ ⵙ ⵎⴰⵋⵔⴰⴷ ⵉⵉⵉⴰⵏ , ⵉⵋⵔⴰⵓ ⴰⵙⵉⵙⵜⴰⵏ ⵓⴰ ⴷⴰⵔ ⴰⵙⵉⵙⵜⴰⵏⴰⵏ ⴰⵏⵜⵂⵔⵓⴱⵓⵍⵓⴶⵉⵙⵜ - ⵎⴰⴼⴰⵍ ⵉⵋⵋⴰⵏ ⴰⵓⴰ? - ⵢⵂⴰ ⵏ ⵜⴰ-ⵉⵜⵓ ⵎⴰⵈⵈⵓⵔⴰⵏ ⵏ ⴰⵓⴰⵍ”
English: Other linguists have carried out research in the areas of language contact, language endangerment, and 'English as a global language'.
Tamasheq: ⵆⵢⵍ ⴰⵓⴰⵍ ⵉⵉⵉⴰⴷ ⵉⵋⵋⴰⵏ ⵉⵎⵓⵗ ⴷⴰⵗ ⵉⵂⴰⵏⴷⴰⴶⴰⵏ ⵏ ⴰⵓⴰⵍ, ⴰⵙⵉⵔⵎⴰⵗ ⵏ ⴰⵓⴰⵍ, ⵜⴰⵏⴶⵉⵍⵉⵙⵜ ⵜⴰⵈⵈⴰⵍⴰⵜ ⴰⵓⴰⵍ ⵏ ⴰⵍⵗⵍⵉⵎ”
English: The work of Joel Kuipers develops this theme vis-a-vis the island of Sumba, Indonesia.
Tamasheq: ⴰⵍⵆⵉⴷⵎⴰⵜ ⵜⴰⵏ ⵋⵓⵢⵍ ⵆⵓⵉⴱⵢⵔⵙ ⵜⵉⵋⵋⴰ ⵢⴼⵢⵙ ⵏ ⴰⵓⴰ ⴼⴰⵍ ⵉⵋⵋⵔⴰ ⵎⴰⵋⵔⴰⴷ ⵓⵢⵏ ⴼⴰⵍ ⵉⵙⵍⴰⵏⴷ ⵓⴰⵏ ⵙⵓⵎⴱⴰ ⴷⴰⵗ ⵉⵏⴷⵓⵏⵢⵙⵉⴰ
English: He feels, in fact, that the exemplary center idea is one of linguistic anthropology's three most important findings.
Tamasheq: Oⴼⵔⴰⵉ ⵉ ⴰⵙ ⵎⵉⵔⴷⴰ ⵓⴰⵏ ⴰⵎⵎⴰⵙ ⴻⵈⵈⴰⵍⴰⵏ ⴰⵍⵎⵉⵜⴰⵍ ⵉⵎⵓⵙ ⵉⵉⵉⴰⵏ ⴷⴰⵗ ⵉⵋⵋⵔⴰⵓⴰⵏ ⵓⵉⵏ ⴾⴰⵔⴰⴷ ⵉⴾⵏⴰⵏⵢⵏ ⵜⵓⵍⴰⵗⴰⵉ ⵏ ⴰⵏⵜⵂⵔⵓⴱⵓⵍⵓⴶⵉ ⵜⴰⵏ ⴰⵓⴰⵍ
English: Therefore, after a couple generations these languages may no longer be spoken.
Tamasheq: ⵉⵛⵂⵎⴰⴷ ⴰⵙ ⴷⴰⵔⴰⵜ ⵂⴰⵔⴰⵜ ⵏ ⵉⵓⵉⵜⵉⴰⵏ ⴰⵓⴰⵍⴰⵏ ⵓⵉⵏ ⵓⴰⵔ ⴰⴷⴷⵓⴱⵢⵏ ⴰ ⵜⵉⵜ ⴰⵓ ⵎⴰⵋⵔⴰⴷⴰⵏ ⵂⴰⵔ ⴰⵋⵋⵓⴷⵉ
English: To follow best practices of documentation, these records should be clearly annotated and kept safe within an archive of some kind.
Tamasheq: ⵍⴰⴾⴾⵓⵎⴰⵜ ⵏ ⵉⵋⵋⵉ ⵜⴰⵏ ⵓⵍⴰⵗⵏⵢⵏ ⵏ ⵉⵙⵓⵋ ⵓⵉ ⵏ ⵉⵙⴰⵍⴰⵏ , ⵉⵗⴰⵣⴰⵏⴰⵏ ⵓⵉⵏ ⵉⵓⴰⵔ ⵜⴰⵏ ⴰⴷ ⵉⴾⵏⴰⵏ ⴰⴼⵉⵙⵙⴰⵔ ⵜⵓⵍⴰⵙ ⴰⵗⵣⴰⵏⴰⵏ ⴷⴰⵗ ⵢⴷⴰⴶ ⵏ ⴷⴰⵔ ⵓⵍⴰⵂ
English: Language revitalization is the practice of bringing a language back into common use.
Tamasheq: ⴰⵂⵓⴾ ⵏ ⵓⵏⴼⴰⵙ ⵉ ⴰⵓⴰⵍ ⵉⵎⵓⵙ ⴰⵍⵆⵉⴷⵎⴰⵜ ⵜⴰⵏ ⴰⵆⴰⴷⴰⵎ ⵏ ⴰⵓⴰⵍ ⵂⴰⵔ ⴰⵋⵋⵓⴷⵉ
English: The course aims to educate indigenous and non-indigenous students about the Lenape language and culture.
Tamasheq: ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵙ ⵏ ⵜⵢⵗⴰⵔⵢ ⵉⵎⵓⵙ ⴰⵙⵉⵙⵙⴰⵗⵉⵔ ⵏ ⴰⵜⵜⴰⵍⴰⴱⴰ ⵜⴰⵏ ⵓⵉⵏ ⴰⴾⴰⵍ ⴷ ⵓⵉ ⵓⴰⵔ ⵉⵍⴰ ⴰⴾⴰⵍ ⴼⴰⵍ ⴰⵓⴰⵍ ⴷ ⴰⴶⵏⴰ ⵓⴰⵏ ⵍⵢⵏⴰⴱⵢ
English: Encouraging those who already know the language to use it, increasing the domains of usage, and increasing the overall prestige of the language are all components of reclamation.
Tamasheq: ⵉⵂⵓⴾ ⵏ ⴰⵙⵙⴰⵂⴰⵜ ⵉ ⴰⴷⴷⵉⵏⴰⵜ ⵓⵉ ⵉⵙⵙⴰⵏⵏⵢⵏ ⴰⵆⴰⴷⴰⵎ ⵙ ⵜⴰⵓⴰⵍⵜ, ⵉⵙⵙⵢⵓⴰⴷ ⵏⵢⵏ ⵉⵣⴰⵔⴰⴶⴰⵏ ⵓⵉⵏ ⴰⵍⵆⵉⴷⵎⴰⵜ ⵏⵢⵜ ⵜⵓⵍⴰⵙ ⵉⵙⵙⵢⵓⴰⴷⴰⵏ ⵜⵢⵎⵗⴰⵔ ⵏ ⴰⵓⴰⵍ ⴰⵈⵈⴰⵍⴰⵏ ⴼⵓⴾ ⵂⴰⵔⴰⵜⴰⵏ ⵉⵍⵣⴰⵎⵏⵢⵏ
English: Social anthropology is the study of patterns of behaviour in human societies and cultures.
Tamasheq: ⴰⵏⵜⵂⵔⵓⴱⵓⵍⵓⴶⵉ ⵜⴰⵏ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⴷⵓⵈ ⵜⴰⵈⵈⴰⵍ ⵜⵢⵗⴰⵔⵢ ⵏ ⵉⵛⵂⵉⴾⵉⵍⴰⵏ ⵓⵉⵏ ⴰⵍⵆⴰⵍ ⵏ ⴰⵓⴰⴷⵉⵎ ⴷⴰⵗ ⵜⴰⵎⵉⵣⴷⴰⵈ ⴷ ⴰⴶⵏⴰ ⵜⴰⵏ
English: British and American anthropologists including Gillian Tett and Karen Ho who studied Wall Street provided an alternative explanation for the financial crisis of 2007–2010 to the technical explanations rooted in economic and political theory.
Tamasheq: ⴰⵏⵜⵂⵔⵓⴱⵓⵍⵓⴶⵉⵙⵜ ⵜⴰⵏ ⵏ ⴱⵔⵉⵜⴰⵏⵉⴰ ⴷ ⴰⵎⵔⵉⴾ ⵢⵂⴰ ⵗⵉⵍⵍⵉⴰⵏ ⵜⵢⵜⵜ ⴷ ⵆⴰⵔⵢⵏ ⵂⵓ ⵓⵉ ⴰⵗⵔⴰⵏⵢⵏ ⵓⴰⵍⵍ ⵙⵜⵔⵢⵢⵜ ⵉⴾⴼⴰⵏ ⴰⵍⵓⴰⵣⴰⴱ ⵉⵣⵍⴰⵉⴰⵏ ⵉ ⵜⵢⵓⵢⵜ ⵜⴰⵏ ⵉⴱⴰⵏ ⴰⵣⵔⵓⴼ ⵏ ⴰⵓⴰⵜⴰⵉ ⵓⴰⵏ 2007- 2010 ⵂⴰⵔ ⴰⵍⵓⴰⵣⴰⴱⴰⵏ ⵓⵉ ⵉⵋⵋⴰⵏⵢ ⴷⴰⵗ ⵜⴰⵎⵓⴷⵔⵢ ⵏ ⴰⴷⴷⵉⵏⴰⵜ ⴷ ⵎⵉⵔⴷⴰ ⵓⴰⵏ ⴾⵢⵍ ⴼⵓⵍⵉⵜⵉⴾ
English: This development was bolstered by Franz Boas's introduction of cultural relativism arguing that cultures are based on different ideas about the world and can therefore only be properly understood in terms of their own standards and values.
Tamasheq: ⴷⴼⵢⵙ ⵓⵢⵏ ⵉⵍⴾⴰⵎ ⴰⵙ ⴼⵔⴰⵏⵣ ⴱⵓⴰⵙ ⵙ ⴱⵉⵙⵎⵉⵍⵍⴰ ⵏⵢⵜ ⵓⴰⵏ ⵛⵓⵍⵜⵓⵔⴰⵍ ⵔⵢⵍⴰⵜⵉⵉⵙⵎ ⴰⵎⴰⵗⴰⵏⵏⴰⵏ ⴰⵙ ⴰⴶⵏⴰ ⵜⴰⵏ ⵉⵋⵋⴰⵏ ⴼⴰⵍ ⵜⴰ-ⵉⵜⵢ ⵜⴰⵏ ⵉⵣⵍⴰⵉⵏⵢⵏ ⴼⴰⵍ ⴰⵍⵗⴰⵍⵉⵎ ⵜⵓⵍⴰⵙ ⵓⴰⵔ ⴰⴷⴷⵓⴱⴰⵜ ⵏⴰⵜ ⴰⵜ ⵓⴰ ⴼⴰⵂⴰⵎ ⵂⵓⵍⵍⴰⵏ ⵙ ⵜⵉⵜⴱⴰⵈⵈⴰ ⵏ ⵉⵛⵂⵉⵔⵉⵜⴰⵏ ⵏⴰⵙ ⵏⴰⵜ
English: In 1906, Congolese pygmy Ota Benga was put by American anthropologist Madison Grant in a cage in the Bronx Zoo, labelled "the missing link" between an orangutan and the "white race" — Grant, a renowned eugenicist, was also the author of The Passing of the Great Race (1916).
Tamasheq: “ ⴷⴰⵗ ⴰⵓⴰⵜⴰⵉ ⵓⴰⵏ 1906, ⴰⵎⴰⴶⵉⵣⵣⵓⵍ ⵏ ⴰⵓⴰⴷⵉⵎ ⵓⴰⵏ ⵛⵓⵏⴶⵓ Oⵜⴰ ⴱⵢⵏⴶⴰ ⵉⵋⵢ ⴰⵏⵂⵔⵓⴱⵓⵍⵉⴶⵉⵙⵜ ⵓⴰⵏ ⴰⵎⵔⵉⴾⴰⵉⵏ ⴷⴰⵗ ⴰⵙⵙⴰⴾⵓⴾ ⴷⴰⵗ ⴱⵔⵓⵏⵆ ⵤⵓⵓ ⵉⵋⵋⴰⵏ ⵉⵙⵉⵎ “” ⵜⵢⵎⵢⴷⵜ ⵜⴰ ⵜⵉⵙⵙⵓⵋⴰⵍⴰⵜ”” ⵋⵉⵔ ⵓⵔⴰⵏⴶⵓⵜⴰⵏ ⴷ “ ⵉⴾⵓⴼⴰⵔ”” -ⵗⵔⴰⵏⵜ ⵂⴰⵔⴰⵜ ⴷⴰⵗ ⵢⵓⴶⵢⵏⵉⵛⵉⵙⵜ ⵜⴰⵏ ⵓⴰ ⵉⴾⵏⴰⵏ ⵜⵉⵍⴰ ⵏ ⵉⵙⵉⵎ ⵢⵈⵈⴰⵍ ⵂⴰⵔⵓⴰ ⵉⵏⴰⴾⵜⴰⴱ ⵏ ⴰⴾⴾⴰⵉ ⵏ ⵜⴰⵓⵙⵢⵜ ⵜⴰ ⵎⴰⵈⵈⵓⵓⵔⴰⵜ “(1916)”
English: Anthropology grew increasingly distinct from natural history and by the end of the 19th century the discipline began to crystallize into its modern form - by 1935, for example, it was possible for T.K. Penniman to write a history of the discipline entitled A Hundred Years of Anthropology.
Tamasheq: ⴰⵏⵜⵂⵔⵓⴱⵓⵍⵓⴶⵉ ⵜⵉⵓ-ⵉⴷ ⵂⵓⵍⵍⴰⵏ ⴷⴰⵗ ⴰⵙ ⵜⴰⵣⵓⵏ ⵋⵉⵔ ⴰⵜⵜⴰⵔⵢⵆ ⵓⴰⵏ ⴰⵍⴰⵙⴰⵍ ⴷ ⴰⵜⵜⴰⵔⵢⵆ ⵓⴰⵏ ⴰⵎⵉⵏⴷ ⵏ ⴰⵓⴰⵜⴰⵉ ⵓⴰⵏ 1900 ⵜⵢⵗⴰⵔⵓ ⵜ ⵉⵙⵙⵉⵏⵜⴰ ⵢⴼⵢⵙ ⵙ ⵉⵛⵂⵉⴾⵉⵍ ⵏⵢⵜ ⵓⴰ ⵢⵉⵏⴰⵉⴰⵏ ⴷⴰⵗ ⴰⵓⴰⵜⴰⵉ ⵓⴰⵏ 1935, ⴷⴰⵗ ⴰⵍⵎⵉⵜⴰⵍ , ⵔⴰⵈⵈⵉⵙ ⵉ ⵜ. ⵆ ⴱⵢⵏⵏⵉⵎⴰⵏ ⴰⴷ ⵉⴾⵜⵉⴱ ⴰⵜⵜⴰⵔⵢⵆ ⵏ ⵜⵢⵗⴰⵔⵓ ⵙ ⵉⵙⵉⵎ ⵏⵢⵜ ⵜⵢⵎⵢⴷⵢ ⵏ ⴰⵓⵜⴰⵉ ⴷⴰⵗ ⴰⵏⵜⵂⵔⵓⴱⵓⵍⵓⴶⵉ
English: Non-European societies were thus seen as evolutionary "living fossils" that could be studied in order to understand the European past.
Tamasheq: “ ⵜⵉⵎⵉⵣⴷⴰⵗ ⵜⵉ ⵓⴰⵔ ⵏ ⵉⵎⵓⵙ ⵜⵉⵏ ⵢⵔⵓⴱⴰ ⵉⵏⵜⴰⵏⴰⵜⵢⴷ ⴷⵢⵗ ⵉⵜ ⴰⵓⴰⵏ ⴰⵙ ⴰⵎⵎⵓⵜⴰⵉ ⵏⴰⵜ “” ⵉⴶⵍⵉⵛⵂⴰⵏ ⵏ ⴰⴷⴷⵉⵏⴰⵜ ⵓⵉⵏ ⴾⵢⵍ ⴰⵔⵓ ⵉⴷⴷⴰⵔⵏⵢⵏ”” ⴰⴷⴷⵓⴱⴰⵜ ⵏⵢⵏ ⴰⵜⵉⵓⴰⵗⵉⵔ ⵉ ⴰⴼⴰⵂⴰⵎ ⵏ ⴰⵜⵜⴰⵔⵢⵆ ⵏ ⵢⵔⵓⴱⴰ ⵜⴰⵏ ⴷⴰⵜⴰ”
English: However, as Stocking notes, Tylor mainly concerned himself with describing and mapping the distribution of particular elements of culture, rather than with the larger function, and he generally seemed to assume a Victorian idea of progress rather than the idea of non-directional, multilineal cultural change proposed by later anthropologists.
Tamasheq: ⵆⵓⴷⴷⵢⵗ ⴰⵙ ⵙⵜⵓⵛⴾⵉⵏⴶ ⵏⵓⵜⵢⵙ, ⵜⴰⵉⵍⵓⵔ ⵉⵙⵉⵍⵎⴰⴷ ⵉⵎⴰⵏ ⵏⵢⵜ ⵙ ⴰⴼⵉⵙⵙⴰⵔ ⴷ ⴰⴾⴰⵔⴷⵉ ⵏ ⵜⴰⵣⵓⵏⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵉⵜⴱⴰⵈⵈⴰ ⵏ ⴰⴶⵏⴰ ⵓⵂⵓⵏ ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵙ ⵏⵢⵜ ⵓⴰ ⵎⴰⵈⵈⵓⵓⵔⴰⵏ ⵜⵓⵍⴰⵙ ⵂⴰⵔⴾⵓⴾ ⵉⵙⵙⵉⴾⵏⴰ ⴰⵙ ⵉⴶⵍⵓⵉ ⵏ ⵜⴰ-ⵉⵜⵢ ⵏ ⴱⵉⵛⵜⵓⵔⵉⴰ ⴷⴰⵗ ⵢⴼⵢⵙ ⵓⵂⵓⵏ ⵜⴰ-ⵉⵜⵢ ⵜⴰⵏ ⵉⴱⴰⵏ ⴰⵈⵈⵓⴷ, ⴰⵎⵓⵜⵜⵉ ⵏ ⴰⴶⵏⴰ ⵓⴰ ⴰⵍⵍⴰⵗⵢⵏ ⴰⵏⵜⵂⵔⵓⴱⵓⵍⵓⴶⵉⵙⵜ ⵜⴰⵏ ⵓⵉⵏ ⵓⵛⵂⵔⴰⵉ
English: His comparative studies, most influentially in the numerous editions of The Golden Bough, analyzed similarities in religious belief and symbolism globally.
Tamasheq: ⵜⵉⵗⵉⵔ ⵏⵢⵜ ⵜⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⴶⴷⴰⵂⵜ ⵂⵓⵍⵍⴰⵏ ⴷⴰⵗ ⵢⴷⵉⵜⵉⵓⵏ ⵜⴰⵏ ⵏⵢⵜ ⵓⵉ ⴰⵋⵋⵓⵜⵏⵢⵏ ⵏ ⵗⵓⵍⴷⵢⵏ ⴱⵓⵓⴶⵂ, ⴰⵎⵎⵉⵉⴰⵣ ⵏⴰⵜ ⵜⵓⵍⴰⵜⵢⵏ ⴷⴰⵗ ⵎⵉⵔⴷⴰ ⵜⴰⵏ ⵓⵉⵏ ⴰⴷⴷⵉⵏ ⴷ ⴰⵛⵂⴰⵎⵓⵍ ⵉⵎⴷⴰⵏ
English: The findings of the expedition set new standards for ethnographic description.
Tamasheq: ⵉⵋⵋⴰⵔⴰⵓⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵉⵙⵉⴾⵉⵍⴰⵏ ⵉⵙⵙⵉⴱⴷⴰⴷⴰⵏ ⵉⵛⵂⵉⵔⵉⵜⴰⵏ ⵢⵉⵏⴰⵉⵏⵢⵏ ⵉ ⴰⴼⵉⵙⵙⴰⵔ ⵏ ⵢⵜⵂⵏⵓⴶⵔⴰⴱⵂⵉⵛ
English: Other intellectual founders include W. H. R. Rivers and A. C. Haddon, whose orientation reflected the contemporary Parapsychologies of Wilhelm Wundt and Adolf Bastian, and Sir E. B. Tylor, who defined anthropology as a positivist science following Auguste Comte.
Tamasheq: ⵉⵎⴰⵗⵔⴰⵏ ⵉⵉⵉⴰⴷ ⵢⵂⴰ ⵓ. ⵂ. ⵔ ⵔⵉⴱⵢⵔⵙ ⴷ ⴰ. ⵛ ⵂⴰⴷⴷⵓⵏ, ⵙ ⴰⵙⴰⵜⵓⵗ ⵓⴰⵏ ⵏⴰⵙⴰⵏ ⵓⵍⴰⵂ ⵉⴷ ⵓⴰ ⵢⵉⵏⴰⵉⴰⵏ ⵏ ⴱⴰⵔⴰⴱⵙⵉⵛⵂⵓⵍⵓⴶⵉⵢⵙ ⵏ ⵓⵉⵍⵂⵢⵍⵎ ⵓⵓⵏⴷⵜ ⴷ ⴰⴷⵓⵍⴼ ⴱⴰⵙⵜⵉⴰⵏ , ⴷ ⵙⵉⵔ ⵢ ⴱ . ⵜⴰⵉⵍⵓⵔ ⵉⴾⴼⴰⵏⵢⵏ ⴰⵍⵎⴰⵗⵏⴰ ⵏ ⴰⵏⵜⵂⵔⵓⴱⵓⵍⵉⴶⵉ ⵏ ⴰⵙ ⵜⴰⵈⵈⴰⵍ ⴱⵉⵓⵙⵉⵜⵉⴱⵉⵙⵜ ⵙⵛⵉⵢⵏⵛⵢ ⵜⵉⵍⴾⴰⵎⴰⵜ ⵉ ⴰⵓⴶⵓⵙⵜⵢ ⵛⵓⵎⵜⵓ.
English: A. R. Radcliffe-Brown also published a seminal work in 1922.
Tamasheq: ⴰ. ⵔ. ⵔⴰⴷⵛⵍⵉⴼⴼⵢ-ⴱⵔⵓⵓⵏ ⵉⵏⵜⴰ ⴷⵢⵗ ⵉⵣⵉⵣⵋⴰⵔ ⵉⴷ ⴰⵍⵆⵉⴷⵎⴰⵜ ⵜⴰⵗⵏⴰⵜ ⴷⴰⵗ ⴰⵓⴰⵜⴰⵉ ⵓⴰⵏ 1922
English: This was particularly the case with Radcliffe-Brown, who spread his agenda for "Social Anthropology" by teaching at universities across the British Empire and Commonwealth.
Tamasheq: “ ⴰⵓⵢⵏ ⵢⵈⵈⴰⵍ ⵛⵂⵓⵏⴷ ⵜⴰⵍⵗⴰ ⵜⴰⵏ ⵙⴰⴷⵛⵍⵉⴼⴼⵢ-ⴱⵔⵓⵓⵏ ⵉⵏⴼⴰⵣⴰⵏ ⴰⵍⵓⴰⵈ ⵏⵢⵜ “ⵙⵓⵛⵉⴰⵍ ⴰⵏⵜⵂⵔⵓⴱⵓⵍⵓⴶⵉ”” ⵙ ⴰⵙⴰⵙⵙⴰⵗⵉⵔ ⵏ ⵍⴰⵍⵍⴾⵓⵍⴰⵏ ⵓⵉ ⵎⴰⵈⵈⵓⵔⵏⴻⵏ ⴷⴰⵗ ⴱⵔⵉⵜⴰⵏⵉⴰ ⴷ ⵛⵓⵎⵎⵓⵏⵓⵢⴰⵍⵜⵂ”.
English: He believed that indigenous terms used in ethnographic data should be translated into Anglo-American legal terms for the benefit of the reader.
Tamasheq: Oⵔⴷⴰ ⵙ ⵉⵙⵎⴰⵓⴰⵏ ⵓⵉⵏ ⴾⵢⵍ ⴰⴾⴰⵍ ⴰⵆⴷⴰⵎⵏⵢⵏ ⴷⴰⵗⵉⵙⴰⵍⴰⵏ ⵓⵉⵏ ⵢⵜⵂⵏⵓⴶⵔⴰⴱⵂⵉ ⵉⵓⴰⵔ ⵜⴰⵏ ⴰⴷ ⴰⴼⴼⴰⵙⴰⵔⴰⵏ ⴷⴰⵗ ⵉⵙⵎⴰⵓⴰⵏ ⵓⵉⵏ ⴰⵛⵂⴰⵔⵢⵗⴰ ⵏ ⴰⵏⴶⵍⵓ-ⴰⵎⵢⵔⵉⴾⵉⵏ ⴷⴰⵗ ⵎⴰⵔⵓⵛⵂⴰⵜ ⵏ ⵢⵎⴰⵗⴰⵔ
English: Departments of Social Anthropology at different Universities have tended to focus on disparate aspects of the field.
Tamasheq: ⵉⵂⴰⵏⴰⵏ ⵓⵉⵏ ⵔⵓⵛⵉⴰⵍ ⴰⵏⵜⵂⵔⵓⴱⵓⵍⵓⴶⵉ ⴷⴰⵗ ⵍⴰⴾⴾⵓⵍⴰⵏ ⵓⵉ ⵎⴰⵈⵈⵓⵔⵏⵢⵏ ⵉⵙⵜⴰⵏⵏⴰⴷ ⵉⵋⵋⴰⵏ ⴼⴰⵍ ⵜⵉⵜⴱⴰⵈⵈⴰ ⵉⵣⵍⴰⵉⵏⵢ ⵏ ⵢⴷⴰⴶ
English: A people is any plurality of persons considered as a whole.
Tamasheq: ⴰⴷⴷⵉⵏⴰⵜ ⴰⵎⵓⵙⴰⵏ ⵉⵋⵋⵉⵜ ⵏ ⵢⵉⵜⵢⴷⴰ ⴰⵔⵜⴰⵉⵏⵢⵏ
English: Four states — Massachusetts, Virginia, Pennsylvania, and Kentucky — refer to themselves as the Commonwealth in case captions and legal process.
Tamasheq: ⴰⴾⴾⵓⵣ ⴰⴷⴷⴰⵓⵍⴰ ⵜⴰⵏ - ⵎⴰⵙⵙⴰⵛⵂⵓⵙⵙⵢⵜⵜⵙ, ⴱⵉⵔⴶⵉⵏⵉⴰ, ⴱⵢⵏⵏⵙⵉⵍⴱⴰⵏⵉⴰ ⴷ ⵆⵢⵏⵜⵓⵛⴾⵉ ⵗⴰⵔ ⵉ ⵏⴰⵜ ⵉⵎⴰⵙ ⵏⴰⵜ ⵙ ⵛⵓⵎⵎⵓⵏⵓⵢⴰⵍⵜⵂ ⴷⴰⵗ ⵜⵉⵏⴼⵓⵙⵢⵏ ⴷ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵛⵂⴰⵍⵜ ⵜⴰⵏ ⴰⵛⵂⴰⵔⵢⵗⴰ
English: In some parts of the world, ethnology has developed along independent paths of investigation and pedagogical doctrine, with cultural anthropology becoming dominant especially in the United States, and social anthropology in Great Britain.
Tamasheq: ⴷⴰⵗ ⵉⵛⵔⵓⵜⴰⵏ ⵏ ⴰⵍⵗⴰⵍⵉⵎ ⵉⵉⴰⴰⴷ, ⵢⵜⵏⵓⵍⵓⵋⵉ ⵉⵋⴰ ⵢⴼⵢⵙ ⵏⵢⵜ ⵢⴷⵢⵙ ⵏ ⴰⴱⴰⵔⴰ ⵜⴰⵏ ⵓⵉⵏ ⴼⴰⵔⴰⴾ ⴷ ⴰⵍⵈⵉⴷⴷⴰⵜ ⵜⴰⵏ ⵜⵢⵗⴰⵔⵢ, ⵙ ⴰⵏⵜⵔⵓⴱⵓⵍⵓⵋⵉ ⵓⴰⵏ ⴰⴶⵏⴰ ⵢⵈⵈⴰⵍ ⴰ ⵓⵔⴰⵏ ⴷⴰⵗ ⴰⵎⵢⵔⵉⴾ ⴷ ⴰⵏⵜⵔⵓⴱⵓⵍⵓⵋⵉ ⵜⴰⵏ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⴷⵓⵈ ⴷⴰⵗ ⴱⵔⵉⵜⴰⵏⵉⴰ
English: The 15th-century exploration of America by European explorers had an important role in formulating new notions of the Occident (the Western world), such as the notion of the "Other".
Tamasheq: “ ⴰⵙⵉⴾⵉⵍ ⵓⴰ ⵉⵋⵋⴰⵏ ⴷⴰⵗ ⴰⵓⴰⵜⴰⵉ ⵓⴰⵏ 1500 ⴷⴰⵗ ⴰⵎⵢⵔⵉⴾ ⵉⵋⵋⴰⵏ ⵉⵎⴰⵙⵙⵓⴾⴰⵍ ⵓⵉⵏ ⵢⵔⵓⴱⴰ ⵉⵍⴰⵏ ⵢⴷⴰⴶ ⵎⴰⵈⵈⵓⵔⴰⵏ ⴷⴰⵗ ⵉⵙⵉⵎⵉⵍ ⵏ ⵉⵙⵎⴰⵓⴰⵏ ⵢⵉⵏⴰⵉⵏⵢⵏ ⴷⴰⵗ Iⴾⵓⴼⴰⵔ ( ⴰⵍⵗⴰⵍⵉⵎ ⵓⴰⵏ ⴰⵜⴰⵔⴰⵎ) ⵛⵂⵓⵏⴷ ⵉⵙⵉⵎ ⵓⴰⵏ ⵓⵉ “ⵉⴰⴷⵏⵢⵏ”””
English: The progress of ethnology, for example with Claude Lévi-Strauss's structural anthropology, led to the criticism of conceptions of a linear progress, or the pseudo-opposition between "societies with histories" and "societies without histories", judged too dependent on a limited view of history as constituted by accumulative growth.
Tamasheq: “ ⴷⴼⵢⵙ ⵏ ⵢⵜⵂⵏⵓⵍⵓⴶⵉ ⴷⴰⵗ ⴰⵍⵎⵉⵜⴰⵍ ⵏ ⵛⵍⴰⵓⴷⵢⵢ ⵍⴰⴱⵉ-ⵙⵜⵔⴰⵓⵙⵙ ⵙⵜⵔⵓⵛⵜⵓⵔⴰⵍ ⴰⵏⵜⵔⵓⴱⵓⵍⵓⴶⵉ, ⵜ ⴻⵔⴰⵓ ⵉⴷ ⵎⴰⵋⵔⴰⴷ ⵏ ⵎⵉⵔⴷⴰ ⵜⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵢⴼⵢⵙ ⵉⴼⵔⴰⵗⴰⵏ ⵎⵢⵗ ⵉⵎⵎⵉⴾ ⵏ ⴰⵎⵛⴰⴾⴾⵉ ⵋⵉⵔ ‘’ⵜⵉⵎⵉⵣⴷⴰⵗ ⵉⴷ ⴰⵜⵜⴰⵔⵢⵆⴰⵏ””” ⴷ “” ⵜⵉⵎⵉⵣⴷⴰⵗ ⵓⴰⵍⴰ ⴰⵜⵜⴰⵔⵢⵆⴰⵏ””, ⵙ ⵉⵋⵋⴰ ⴰⵛⵂⴰⵔⵢⵗⴰ ⵏ ⴰⵙ ⵉⴾⵏⴰ ⵉⵋⵋⵓⵛⵂ ⵏ ⴰⵍⵉⵙⵜⵢⵗⵎⴰⵔ ⴼⴰⵍ ⴰⴾⴰⵉⴰⴷ ⵏ ⴰⵜⵜⴰⵔⵢⵆ ⵢⵈⵈⴰⵍ ⵉⴷⴷⵉⴾⵓⴷ ⵏ ⵢⴼⵢⵙ””
English: However, the claims of such cultural universalism have been criticized by various 19th- and 20th-century social thinkers, including Marx, Nietzsche, Foucault, Derrida, Althusser, and Deleuze.
Tamasheq: ⵂⴰⴾ ⵉⴷ ⵉⵋⵋⴰ ⴰⵓⵢⵏ, ⴷⵢⵔⵂⴰⵏⴰⵏ ⵓⵏⵉⴱⵢⵔⵙⴰⵍⵉⵙⵎ ⵛⵓⵏⴷ ⵓⵢⵏ ⴰⵎⵎⵉⵋⵔⴰⴷⴰⵏ ⵜⵉ ⴾⵢⵍ ⵎⵓⵙⵏⴰⵜ ⵓⵉⵏ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⴷⵓⵈ ⴰⵋⵋⵓⵜⵏⵢⵏ ⵏ ⴰⵓⵜⴰⵉ ⵓⴰⵏ 1900 ⴷ ⴰⵏ 2000, ⵢⵂⴰ ⵎⴰⵔⵆ, ⵏⵉⵢⵜⵣⵙⵛⵂⵢ, ⴼⵓⵓⵛⴰⵓⵍⵜ, ⵢⵢⵔⵔⵉⴷⴰ, ⴰⵍⵜⵂⵓⵙⵙⵢⵔ ⴷ ⵢⵢⵍⴻⵓⵣⵓ.
English: An ethnic group or ethnicity is a grouping of people who identify with each other on the basis of shared attributes that distinguish them from other groups such as a common set of traditions, ancestry, language, history, society, culture, nation, religion, or social treatment within their residing area.
Tamasheq: ⵜⴰⵓⵙⵢⵜ ⵜⴰⵈⵈⴰⵍ ⵜⴰⵈⵈⵉⵎⵜ ⵏ ⴰⴷⴷⵉⵏⴰⵜ ⵓⵍⴰⵂⵏⵢⵏ ⵉⴷ ⵉⵉⵉⴰⴷ ⵂⴰⵔⴰⵜⴰⵏ ⴰⵋⵋⵓⵜⵏⵢⵏ ⵜⴰⵏ ⵉⵣⵍⴰⵉⵏⵢⵏ ⵉⴷ ⵓⵉ ⵉⴰⴷⵏⵢⵏ ⵛⵂⵓⵏⴷ ⵜⵓⵎⴰⵙⵢⵏ ⴰⵋⵋⵓⵜⵏⵢⵏ, ⵉⵓⵉⵙⵙⴰⵔⴰⵏ, ⴰⵓⴰⵍ, ⴰⵜⵜⴰⵔⵢⵆ, ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⴷⵓⵈ, ⴰⴶⵏⴰ, ⴰⴷⴷⵉⵏ, ⵎⵢⵗ ⵜⵉⴶⴷⴰⵂⵜ ⵏ ⴰⵍⵆⴰⵈ ⴷⴰⵗ ⵢⴷⴰⴶ ⵏ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⴷⵓⵈ
English: Membership of an ethnic group tends to be defined by a shared cultural heritage, ancestry, origin myth, history, homeland, language, or dialect, symbolic systems such as religion, mythology and ritual, cuisine, dressing style, art, or physical appearance.
Tamasheq: ⵉⵋⵋⵓⵛⵂ ⵏ ⵜⴰⵈⵈⵉⵎⵜ ⵏ ⵜⴰⵓⵙⵢⵜ ⵜⵉⵍⴰ ⴰⵍⵎⴰⵗⵏⴰ ⵏ ⵢⵜⴰⵔⵉ ⵏ ⴰⴶⵏⴰ ⵓⵂⴰⵔⴰⵏ, ⵉⵓⵉⵙⵙⴰⵔⴰⵏ, ⴰⴾⴰⵍ, ⴰⵓⴰⵍ, ⵎⴰⵋⵔⴰⴷ, ⵙⵉⵙⵜⵢⵎ ⵜⴰⵏ ⵓⵍⴰⵂⵏⵢⵏ ⵛⵂⵓⵏⴷ ⴰⴷⴷⵉⵏ,ⴰⵙⵙⴰⵜⴰⵔ ⴷ ⵉⵛⵂⵉⵔⵉⴷⴰⵏ, ⴰⵍⴾⵓⵣⴰⵉⵏⴰ, ⵜⵢⵍⴰⵙⵙⵢ, ⵢⵗⴰⵏⵏⵉ ⵎⵢⵗ ⵜⵓⵍⴰⵜ ⵜⴰⵏ ⵜⴰⵗⵉⵙⵙⴰ
English: By way of language shift, acculturation, adoption and religious conversion, individuals or groups may over time shift from one ethnic group to another.
Tamasheq: ⵙ ⴰⵎⵓⵜⵜⵉ ⵏ ⴰⵓⴰⵍ, ⴰⵙⵓⵋⵉⵍ ⵏ ⴰⵏⴰ, ⴰⴷⴾⵓⵍ ⴷ ⴰⵙⴰⵎⵎⵓⵜⵜⵉ ⵏ ⴰⴷⴷⵉⵏ, ⴰⴷⴷⵉⵏⴰⵜ ⵎⵢⵗ ⵜⴰⵈⵈⵉⵎⵢⵏ ⵏ ⴰⴷⴷⵉⵏⴰⵜ ⴰⴷⴷⵓⴱⴰⵜ ⵏⴰⵜ ⴰⵙ ⴰⵎⵎⵓⵜⵜⵉ ⵏ ⵜⴰⵓⵙⵢⵜ ⵉⵉⵉⴰⵜ ⵙ ⵜⴰ ⵉⴰⴷⴰⵜ
English: Whether through division or amalgamation, the formation of a separate ethnic identity is referred to as ethnogenesis.
Tamasheq: ⵋⵉⵔ ⵗⴰⵙ ⵙ ⴰⵎⵓⵣⵣⵉ ⵎⵢⵗ ⴰⵆⴰⵔⵓⴾ , ⵜⴰⵔⵜⵉⵜ ⵏ ⵜⴰⵓⵙⵢⵜⵢⵏ ⴰⵣⵓⵏⵏⵢⵏ ⵉⵜ ⴰⵓ ⴰⵏⵏⴰⵙ ⵢⵜⵂⵏⵓⴶⵢⵏⵢⵉⵙ
English: In Early Modern English and until the mid-19th century, ethnic was used to mean heathen or pagan (in the sense of disparate "nations" which did not yet participate in the Christian oikumene), as the Septuagint used ta ethne ("the nations") to translate the Hebrew goyim "the nations, non-Hebrews, non-Jews".
Tamasheq: “ ⴷⴰⵗ ⵉⵓⵉⵜⵉⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵉⵏⴶⵉⵍⵉⵙⵜ ⵓⵉ ⴰⵣⵣⴰⵔⵏⵢⵏ ⴷ ⵂⴰⵔ ⴰⵛⵂⵔⵓⵜ ⵏ ⴰⵓⴰⵜⴰⵉ ⵓⴰⵏ 1900, ⵜⴰⵓⵙⵢⵜ ⵂⵢⴰⵜⵂⵢⵏ ⵎⵢⵗ ⴰⵙⴰⵎⵎⴰⴶⵔⵓ (ⴷⴰⵗ ⴰⵍⵎⴰⵗⵏⴰ ⵓⴰⵏ ‘ⴰⴷⴷⴰⵓⵍⴰ ⵜⴰⵏ’ ⵏ-ⵉⴱⴰⵛⵂⴰⵏⵢⵏ ⵓⴰⵔ ⵏ ⵉⵋⵋⵢⵛⵂ ⵓⵉⴾⵓⵎⵢⵏⵢ ⵓⴰⵏ ⴾⵔⵉⴾⵢⵏ ⵜⴰⵏ) ⵛⵂⵓⵏⴷ ⵙⵢⴱⵜⵓⴰⴶⵉⵏⵜ ⵢⵆⴷⴰⵎⴰⵏ ⵜⴰ ⵢⵂⵏⵢ “ⴰⴷⴷⴰⵓⵍⴰ ⵜⴰⵏ”” ⵉ ⴰⴼⵉⵙⵙⴰⵔ ⵏ ⴶⵓⵉⵉⵎ ⵓⴰⵏ ⵂⵢⴱⵔⵢⵓ ⵜⴰⵏ “”ⴰⴷⴷⴰⵓⵍⴰⵜ ⵜⴰⵏ”, ⵓⵉ ⵓⴰⵔ ⵏ ⴰⵈⵈⵢⵍ ⵂⵢⴱⵔⵢⵓ ⵜⴰⵏ, ⵓⵉ ⵓⴰⵔ ⵏ ⴰⵈⵈⵢⵍ ⴰⵍⵉⴰⵂⵓⴷ ⵜⴰⵏ””
English: In the 19th century, the term came to be used in the sense of "peculiar to a race, people or nation", in a return to the original Greek meaning.
Tamasheq: “ ⴷⴰⵗ ⴰⵓⴰⵜⴰⵉ ⵓⴰⵏ 1900, ⵉⵙⵉⵎ ⵉⵍⴰ ⴰⵍⵎⴰⵗⵏⴰ “ⵉⵍⴰⵛⴰⵏ ⵉ ⵉⵏⵉ , ⴰⴷⴷⵉⵏⴰⵜ ⵎⵢⵗ ⴰⴷⴷⴰⵓⵍⴰⵜ “””, ⴷⴰⵗ ⵓⵗⵉⵍ ⵏ ⴰⵍⵎⴰⵗⵏⴰ ⵏⵢⵜ ⵓⴰⵏ ⴶⵔⵢⵢⴾ”
English: ethnic, a. and n.") Depending on context, the term nationality may be used either synonymously with ethnicity or synonymously with citizenship (in a sovereign state).
Tamasheq: “ⵜⴰⵓⵙⵢⵜ, ⴰ ⴷ ⵏ “) ⴷⴰⵗ ⵓⵣⵍⴰⵉ ⵏ ⵜⴰⵍⵗⴰ, ⵉⵙⵉⵎ ⵓⴰⵏ ⴰⴷⴷⴰⵓⵍⴰ ⵜⴰⵏ ⵜⵉⵓⵉⵜ ⵉⵜ ⴰⵓⴰⵏ ⵉ ⵜⴰⵓⵙⵢⵜ ⵎⵢⵗ ⵉ ⵜⵉⵛⵂⵉⵜ ⵏ ⴰⵓ ⴰⴷⴷⴰⵓⵍⴰ ( ⴷⴰⵗ ⴰⴷⴷⴰⵓⵍⴰ ⵏ ⵢⴱⴰⵔⵉⴷ)”
English: Whether ethnicity qualifies as a cultural universal is to some extent dependent on the exact definition used.
Tamasheq: ⵆⵓⴷⴷⵢⵗ ⴰⵙ ⵜⴰⵓⵙⵢⵜ ⵜ ⴰⵎⵓⵙ ⴰⴶⵏⴰ ⵏ ⴰⵍⵗⴰⵍⵉⵎ ⵢⵈⵈⴰⵍ ⴰ ⵉⵍⴾⴰⵎ ⵉ ⴰⵍⵎⴰⵗⵏⴰ ⵏ ⵓⴰⵏ ⵜⵉⴷⵉⵜⵜ ⵉⴶⴰⵍⴰⵂⴰⵏ
English: According to Thomas Hylland Eriksen, the study of ethnicity was dominated by two distinct debates until recently.
Tamasheq: ⴷⴰⵗ ⵎⴰⵋⵔⴰⴷ ⵓⴰ ⵉⵋⵋⴰ ⵜⵂⵓⵎⴰⵙ ⵂⵉⵍⵍⴰⵏⴷ ⵢⵔⵉⴾⵙⵓⵏ, ⵜⵢⵗⴰⵔⵓ ⵏ ⵜⴰⵓⵙⵢⵜ ⵓⵋⵋⴰⵔⴰⴰⵏ ⴷⴰⵗ ⵉⵙ ⵉⵙⵙⵉⵏ ⵉⴷⵉⵓⵉⵏⵏⵉ ⵜⴰⵏ ⵉⵋⵋⴰⵏⵢⵏ ⵂⴰⵔ ⴰ ⵢⵉⵏⴰⵉⴰⵏ
English: The instrumentalist approach, on the other hand, treats ethnicity primarily as an ad hoc element of a political strategy, used as a resource for interest groups for achieving secondary goals such as, for instance, an increase in wealth, power, or status.
Tamasheq: ⵉⵏⵙⵜⵔⵓⵎⵢⵏⵜⴰⵍⵉⵙⵜ ⴰⴱⴱⵔⵓⴰⵛⵂ, ⵙ ⴰⴼⴰⵔ ⵓⴰ ⵉⴰⴷⴰⵏ, ⵜ ⵉⵋⵋⴰ ⵜⴰⵓⵙⵢⵜ ⵜⵉⴾⴾⴻⵍⵜ ⵜⴰⵗⵏⴰⵜ ⵉ ⵜⵉⴾⴰⵔⵙⴰⵉ ⵜⴰⵏ ⴼⵓⵍⵉⵜⵉⴾ ⵜⴰⵈⵈⴰⵍⴰⵜ ⵜⵉⵜⴱⴰⵈⵈⵢⵜ ⵉ ⵜⴰⵈⵈⵉⵎⴻⵏ ⵓⵂⴰⵔⵏⵢⵏ ⴰⴼⵓⵔ ⵉ ⴰⴷ ⴰⵓⵉⴷⴰⵏ ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵙⴰⵏ ⵏⴰⵙⴰⵏ ⵓⵉ ⵓⴰⵔ ⵏ ⵓⵣⵢⵔ ⴰⵎⵓⵙ ⵏⵢⵏ ⵜⵉⵓ-ⴰⵜ ⵏ ⵢⵂⴰⵔⵢ, ⵜⴰⵏⴰⵉⴰ ⵢⵗ ⵜⵓⵎⴰⵙⵜ
English: Constructivists view national and ethnic identities as the product of historical forces, often recent, even when the identities are presented as old.
Tamasheq: ⵉ ⵛⵓⵏⵜⵙⵜⵔⵓⵛⵜⵉⴱⵉⵙⵜ ⵜⴰⵏ ⴰⴾⴰⵉⴰⴷ ⵓⴰⵏ ⵜⵓⵎⴰⵙⵢⵏ ⵏ ⵜⴰⵓⵙⵢⵜⵢⵏ ⵏ ⴰⴷⴷⴰⵓⵍⴰ ⴰⵈⵈⴰⵍⵏⵢⵏ ⴰⵙⵙⴰⵂⴰⵜⵢⵏ ⵏ ⴰⵜⵜⴰⵔⵢⵆ , ⴷⴰⵗ ⴰ ⵢⵉⵏⴰⵉⴰⵏ ⵂⴰⴾ ⵉⴷ ⵜⵓⵎⴰⵙⵢⵏ ⴰⵈⵈⴰⵍ ⵏⴰⵜ ⴰ ⵓⴰⵙⵙⴰⵔⴰⵏ
English: This is in the context of debates over multiculturalism in countries, such as the United States and Canada, which have large immigrant populations from many different cultures, and post-colonialism in the Caribbean and South Asia.
Tamasheq: ⴷⴰⵗ ⴰⵍⵎⴰⵗⵏⴰ ⵏ ⵉⴷⵉⵓⵉⵏⵏⵉ ⵜⴰⵏ ⴼⴰⵍ ⵉⵋⵋⵉⵜ ⵏ ⴰⴶⵏⴰ ⵜⴰⵏ ⴷⴰⵗ ⴰⴷⴷⴰⵓⵍⴰ ⵜⴰⵏ ⵛⵂⵓⵏⴷ ⴰⵎⵢⵔⵉⴾⴰ, ⴷ ⵛⴰⵏⴰⴷⴰ ⵉⵍⴰⵏⵢⵏ ⵉⵛⵂⴰⵗⵉⴱ ⵏ ⵉⵎⴰⵙⵙⵓⴾⴰⵍ ⵏ ⵉⵏⴰⴼⵜⴰⵗⴰⵏ ⵉⴷ ⵉⴰⵍⵏⵢⵏ ⴰⴶⵏⴰ ⵜⴰⵏ ⴰⵋⵋⵓⵜⵏⵢⵏ ⴷ ⴷⴰⵔⴰⵜ ⵏ ⴰⵍⵉⵙⵜⵢⵗⵎⴰⵔ ⴷⴰⵗ ⵛⴰⵔⵉⴱⴱⵢⴰⵏ ⴷ ⵙⵓⵓⵜⵂ ⴰⵙⵉⴰⴱ
English: Third, group formation resulted from the drive to monopolize power and status.
Tamasheq: ⵓⴰ ⵙ ⴾⴰⵔⴰⴷ, ⴰⵔⴰⵜⴰⵉ ⵏ ⵜⴰⵈⵈⵉⵎⵢⵏ ⵓⴰⵔ ⵜⵉ ⵉⴷ ⵢⵔⵢⵓ ⴰⵔ ⵉⵜⵓⵔ ⵏ ⴰⴾⴰⵔⴰⵛⵂ ⵏ ⵜⴰⵏⴰⵉⴰ ⴷ ⵜⵓⵎⴰⵙⵜ
English: Barth went further than Weber in stressing the constructed nature of ethnicity.
Tamasheq: ⵔⵆⴱⴰⵔⵜⵂ ⵓⵋⵋⴰⵔ ⵓⵢⴱⵢⵔ ⵓⵏⴾⴰⵛⵂ ⴷⴰⵗ ⵉⵙⴰⵍⴰⵏ ⵓⵉⵏ ⴰⵏⵏⵓⵗ ⵏ ⵢⴷⵢⵉ ⵏ ⵜⴰⵓⵙⵢⵜ
English: He wanted to part with anthropological notions of cultures as bounded entities, and ethnicity as primordialist bonds, replacing it with a focus on the interface between groups. "
Tamasheq: “ ⴷⵔⵂⴰ ⴰ ⵉⵋⵋⵉⵛⵂ ⵉⵙⵎⴰⵓⴰⵏ ⵏ ⴰⴶⵏⴰ ⵜⴰⵏ ⵜⵉⵏ ⴰⵏⵜⵂⵔⵓⴱⵓⵍⴶⵉ ⵓⵙⴰⵗⵏⵢⵏ ⵜⵓⵍⴰⵙ ⵜⴰⵓⵙⵢⵜ ⵜⴰⵈⵈⴰⵍⴰⵜ ⵜⵢⵎⵢⵜ ⵜⴰⵏ ⵜⵉⵣⴰⵔⴰⵜ,ⴰⵛⵂⴰⵔⴰⵉ ⵏⵢⵜ ⴷⴰⵗ ⵜ ⵉⵓⴰⵔ ⵜⵉⵜⴱⴰⵈⵈⵢⵜ ⴰⵓⴰ ⵉⵍⴰⵏ ⵋⵉⵔ ⵜⴰⵈⵈⵉⵎⵢⵏ”””
English: He agrees with Joan Vincent's observation that (in Cohen's paraphrase) "Ethnicity... can be narrowed or broadened in boundary terms in relation to the specific needs of political mobilization.
Tamasheq: “ ⴷⵔⴷⴰⵗ ⴼⴰⵍ ⴰⴾⴰⵉⴰⴷ ⵓⴰⵏ ⵋⵓⴰⵏ ⴱⵉⵏⵛⵢⵏⵜ ⴷⴰⵗ (ⴰⵙⵓⵗⵉⵍ ⵏ ⵎⴰⵋⵔⴰⴷ ⵓⴰⵏ ⵛⵓⵂⵢⵏ) “”ⵜⴰⵓⵙⵢⵜ.. ⵜ ⴰⴷⴷⵓⴱⴰⵜ ⴰⴷ ⵜⵉⴾⵔⴰⵣ ⵎⵢⵗ ⴰⴷ ⵜⵉⵎⵗⴰⵔⵢ ⴷⴰⵗ ⴰⵍⵆⴰⴷⵓⴷⴰⵏ ⵏⵢⵜ ⴷⴰⵗ ⴰⵙ ⵜⴰⵂⵉⵔⴰⵋ ⵉⴷ ⵜⵉⵎⵗⵓⵜⴰⵔ ⵏ ⴰⵙⵉⴷⵓ ⵓⴰⵏ ⴼⵓⵍⵉⵜⵉⴾ’’’
English: Ethnic groups came to be defined as social rather than biological entities.
Tamasheq: ⵜⴰⵈⵈⵉⵎⵢⵏ ⵜⵉⵏ ⵜⴰⵓⵙⵢⵜ ⵉⵋⵋⴰⵏ ⴰⵜ ⴰⵍⵎⴰⵗⵏⴰⵙ ⵏ ⴰⵙ ⴰⵈⵈⴰⵍ ⵏⴰⵜ ⴰ ⵉⵋⵋⴰⵏ ⴼⴰⵍ ⵜⵎⴰⵣⴷⵓⵈ ⵓⵂⵓⵏ ⴼⴰⵍ ⴰⴱⴰⵔⴾⵓⵜ
English: Examples of various approaches are primordialism, essentialism, perennialism, constructivism, modernism, and instrumentalism.
Tamasheq: ⴰⵍⵎⵉⵜⴰⵍⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵉⵣⵓⵋⵉⵛⵂⵢⵏ ⴰⵋⵋⵓⵜⵏⵢⵏ ⴰⵎⵓⵙⴰⵏ ⴱⵔⵎⵓⵔⴷⵉⴰⵍⵉⵙⵎ, ⵢⵙⵙⵢⵏⵜⵉⴰⵍⵉⵙⵎ, ⴱⵢⵔⵢⵏⵏⵉⴰⵍⵉⵙⵎ, ⵛⵓⵏⵙⵜⵔⵓⵛⵜⵉⴱⵉⵙⵎ, ⵎⵓⴷⵢⵔⵏⵉⵙⵎ ⴷ ⵉⵏⵙⵜⵔⵓⵎⵢⵏⵜⴰⵍⵉⵙⵎ
English: """Essentialist primordialism"" further holds that ethnicity is an a priori fact of human existence, that ethnicity precedes any human social interaction and that it is unchanged by it."
Tamasheq: “”ⴷⵙⵙⵢⵏⵜⵉⴰⵍⵉⵙⵜ ⴱⵔⵉⵎⵓⵔⴷⵉⴰⵍⵉⵙⵎ”” ⵉⵋⵋⴰ ⵗⵓⵔ ⵉⵙ ⴰⵙ ⵜⴰⵓⵙⵢⵜ ⴰⴾⴰⵉⴰⴷ ⵏ ⵓⵆⵍⴰⴾ ⵏ ⴰⴷⴷⵉⵏⴰⵜ, ⴰⵙ ⵜⴰⵓⵙⵢⵜ ⵜ ⴰⵣⵣⴰⵔ ⵉ ⴰⵏⵎⵉⵔⵜⴰⵉ ⵏ ⴰⴷⴷⵉⵏⴰⵜ ⴷⴰⵗ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⴷⵓⵈ ⵜⵓⵍⴰⵙ ⵓⴰⵔ ⵜ ⴰⴷⴷⵓⴱⴰⵜ ⴰⵙⴰⵎⵎⵓⵜⵉ ⵏⵢⵜ”
English: """Kinship primordialism"" holds that ethnic communities are extensions of kinship units, basically being derived by kinship or clan ties where the choices of cultural signs (language, religion, traditions) are made exactly to show this biological affinity."
Tamasheq: “”””ⵜⵉⵣⴰⵔⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵢⵎⵢⴷⵜ’’’’’ ⵉⵋⵋⴰ ⵗⵓⵔ ⵉⵙ ⴰⵙ ⵜⴰⵓⵙⵢⵜⵢⵏ ⴰⵈⵈⴰⵍ ⵏⴰⵜ ⵉⵗⵓⵏⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵢⵎⵢⴷⵜ ⴷⴰⵗ ⴰⵍⴰⵙⴰⵍ ⵉⴷ ⵉⵣⵋⴰⵔ ⵏⵢⵏ ⵜⵢⵎⵢⴷⵜ ⵎⵢⵗ ⵜⴰⵈⵈⵉⵎⵜ ⵙ ⵉⵏⵜⴰ ⴰ ⵉⴷ ⵜⴰⵋⵋⵉⵏ ⵉⵙⴰⵏⵏⴰⴼⵔⵉⵏⴰⵏ ⵓⵉⵏ ⵙⴰⵎⴰⵍⴰⵏ ⵏ ⴰⴶⵏⴰ (ⴰⵓⴰⵍ, ⴰⴷⴷⵉⵏ, ⵜⵓⵎⴰⵙⵢⵏ) ⵉ ⴰⵙⵉⴾⵏⵉ ⵏ ⵜⴰⵎⵢⴷⵜ ⵜⴰⵏ ⴰⴱⴰⵔⴾoⵜ”
English: """Geertz's primordialism"", notably espoused by anthropologist Clifford Geertz, argues that humans in general attribute an overwhelming power to primordial human ""givens"" such as blood ties, language, territory, and cultural differences."
Tamasheq: “”””ⴱⵔⵉⵎⵓⵔⴷⵉⴰⵍⵉⵙⵎ ⵓⴰⵏ ⵗⵢⵢⵜⵣ, ⵓⴰ ⵉⵋⵔⴰⵣⴰⵏ ⵉ ⴰⵏⵜⵂⵔⵓⴱⵓⵍⵓⴶⵉⵙⵜ ⵛⵍⵉⴼⴼⵓⵔⴷ ⵗⵢⵢⵜⵣ, ⵉⵙⵉⵍⵎⴰⴷ ⴰⵙ ⴰⴷⴷⵉⵏⴰⵜ ⴼⵓⴾ ⵂⴰⴾ ⵉⵏ ⴰⵙⵙⴰⵂⴰⵜ ⵎⴰⵈⵈⵓⵔⴰⵜ ⵉ ⵉⵏⴰⵍⴾⴰⵎ ⵓⴰ ⵢⵣⵣⴰⵔⴰⵏ ‘”ⵢⵂⴰⴾ””” ⵛⵂⵓⵏⴷ ⵜⵢⵎⵢⴷⵜ ⵏ ⴰⵛⵂⵏⵉ , ⴰⵓⴰⵍ, ⴰⴾⴰⵍ, ⴷ ⵓⵣⵍⴰⵉⴰⵏ ⵓⵉⵏ ⴰⴶⵏⴰ ⵜⴰⵏ”
English: Smith (1999) distinguishes two variants: "continuous perennialism", which claims that particular nations have existed for very long periods, and "recurrent perennialism", which focuses on the emergence, dissolution and reappearance of nations as a recurring aspect of human history.
Tamasheq: “”ⵙⵎⵉⵜⵂ ⴷⴰⵗ ⴰⵓⴰⵜⴰⵉ ⵓⴰⵏ (1999) ⵉⵣⵍⴰⵉ ⵉⵙⵙⵉⵏ ⵂⴰⵔⴰⵜⴰⵏ “” ⵛⵓⵏⵜⵉⵏⵓⵓⵓⵙ ⴱⵢⵔⵢⵏⵏⵉⴰⵍⵉⵙⵎ””” ⴰⵍⵍⴰⵗⵢⵏ ⴰⵙ ⴰⴷⴷⴰⵓⴰⵍⴰ ⵜⴰⵏ ⵜⵉ ⴰⵆⵍⴰⴾⵏⵢⵏ ⴰ ⵉⵍⴰⵏ ⴰⵣⵣⴰⵎⴰⵏⴰⵏ ⴰⵋⵋⵓⵜⵏⵢⵏ ⴷ “”ⵔⵢⵓⵔⵔⵢⵏⵜ ⴱⵢⵔⵢⵏⵏⵉⴰⵍⵉⵙⵎ””, ⵉⵋⵋⴰⵏ ⴼⴰⵍ ⵢⴼⵢⵙ, ⴰⴼⴰⵜⴰⵉ ⴷ ⵜⵢⵓⴰⵗⵍⵢ ⵏ ⴰⴷⴷⴰⵓⵍⴰ ⵜⴰⵏ ⵢⵈⵈⴰⵍⴰⵏ ⵜⵉⵜⴱⴰⵈⵢⵜ ⵏ ⴰⵜⵜⴰⵔⵢⵆ ⵓⴰⵏ ⴰⵓⴰⴷⵉⵎ”
English: This view holds that the concept of ethnicity is a tool used by political groups to manipulate resources such as wealth, power, territory or status in their particular groups' interests.
Tamasheq: ⴰⴾⴰⵉⴰⴷ ⵓⵢⵏ ⵉⵋⵋⴰ ⵗⵓⵔ ⵉⵙ ⴰⵙ ⵜⴰⵓⵙⵢⵜ ⵜⴰⵈⵈⴰⵍ ⴰⵙⵓⵋ ⵉ ⵜⴰⵈⵈⵉⵎⵜ ⵏ ⴼⵓⵍⵉⵜⵉⴾ ⵉ ⴰⵜⵜⵉⴷⴰⵙ ⵛⵂⵓⵏⴷ ⵢⵂⴰⵔⵢ, ⵜⴰⵏⴰⵉⴰ, ⴰⴾⴰⵍ ⵎⵢⵗ ⵜⵓⵎⴰⵙⵜ ⴷⴰⵗ ⴰⴼⵓⵔ ⵏ ⵜⴰⵈⵈⵉⵎⵢⵏ ⵏⴰⵙⴰⵏ
English: """Instrumentalist perennialism"", while seeing ethnicity primarily as a versatile tool that identified different ethnics groups and limits through time, explains ethnicity as a mechanism of social stratification, meaning that ethnicity is the basis for a hierarchical arrangement of individuals."
Tamasheq: “””ⵉⵏⵙⵜⵔⵓⵎⵢⵏⵜⴰⵍⵉⵙⵜ ⴱⵢⵔⵏⵏⵉⴰⵍⵉⵙⵎ”” , ⴾⵓⴷⴷⵢⵗ ⴰⵙ ⵉⴾⵉⴰ ⵜⴰⵓⵙⵢⵜ ⵛⵂⵏⴷ ⴰⵙⵓⵋ ⵉⵜⵉⵎⵓⵜⵉⵉⴰⵏ ⵉⵙⴰⵍⵎⴰⴷⴰⵏ ⴼⴰⵍ ⵜⴰⵈⵈⵉⵎⵢⵏ ⵏ ⵜⴰⵓⵙⵢⵜⵢⵏ ⴷ ⵉⵉⴰⴾⴰ ⵜⴰⵏ ⴷⴰⵗ ⴰⵣⵣⴰⵎⴰⵏ, ⴰⴼⵉⵙⵙⴰⵔ ⴰⵙ ⵜⴰⵓⵙⵢⵜ ⵜⴰⵈⵈⴰⵍ ⵜⵉⴾⴰⵔⵙⴰⵉ ⵏ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵙⴷⵓⵈ ⴰⵍⵎⴰⵗⵏⴰ ⵏ ⴰⵓⵢⵏ ⴰⵙ ⵜⴰⵓⵙⵢⵜ ⵜⴰⵈⵈⴰⵍ ⴰⵏⵉⴼⵂⴰⵎ ⵏ ⴰⵏⵎⵉⵣⴰⵍ ⵏ ⴰⴷⴷⵉⵏⴰⵜ”
English: According to Donald Noel, ethnic stratification will emerge only when specific ethnic groups are brought into contact with one another, and only when those groups are characterized by a high degree of ethnocentrism, competition, and differential power.
Tamasheq: ⴷⴰⵗ ⵜⴰ-ⵉⵜⵢ ⵜⴰⵏ ⵢⵓⵏⴰⵍⴷ ⵏⵓⵢⵍ,ⵜⵉⴾⴰⵔⵙⴰⵉ ⵏ ⵜⴰⵓⵙⵢⵜ ⴰⴷ ⵜⴰⵂⵉⵍ ⵙ ⴷⴰⵜⴰ ⴰⵍⵓⴰⵈ ⵓⴰ ⵉⴷ ⵜⴰⵈⵈⵉⵎⴻⵏ ⵏ ⵜⴰⵓⵙⵢⵜⵢⵏ ⴰⵔⵜⴰⵉ ⵏⴰⵜ ⵉⴷ ⵜⵉ ⵉⴰⴷⵏⵢⵏ ⵜⵓⵍⴰⵙ ⴰⵍⵓⴰⵈ ⵓⴰ ⵉⴷ ⵜⴰⵈⵈⵉⵎⵢⵏ ⵜⵉⵏ ⵓⵋⵋⴰⵔ ⴷⴰⵗ ⵙⴰⵏⴰⵜ ⴰⵏⵎⵉⵣⵍⴰⵉ ⵏ ⵜⴰⵓⵙⴰⵜⵢⵏ, ⵜⴰⴾⵔⵉⴾⵉⵔⴰ ⴷ ⵜⴰⵏⴰⵉⴰ ⵜⵉⵣⵍⴰⵉⴰⵜ.
English: Continuing with Noel's theory, some degree of differential power must be present for the emergence of ethnic stratification.
Tamasheq: ⴷⴰⵗ ⴰⴾⴾⴰⵉ ⵉⴷ ⵎⵉⵔⴷⴰ ⵓⴰⵏ ⵏⵓⵢⵍ, ⴷⵢⴶⵔⵢ ⵜⴰⵏ ⵉⵉⵉⴰⴷ ⵏ ⵜⴰⵏⴰⵉⴰ ⵜⵉⵣⵍⴰⵉⴰⵜ ⵉⵍⵣⴰⵎ ⴰ ⵜⵉ ⵉⵍⵍⴰⵏ ⵉ ⵢⴼⵢⵙ ⵏ ⵜⵉⴾⴰⵔⵙⴰⵉ ⵜⴰⵏ ⵜⴰⵓⵙⵢⵜ
English: The different ethnic groups must be competing for some common goal, such as power or influence, or a material interest, such as wealth or territory.
Tamasheq: ⵜⴰⵈⵈⵉⵎⵢⵏ ⵜⵉⵏ ⵜⴰⵓⵙⵢⵜⵢⵏ ⵉⵍⵣⴰⵎ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵜ ⵜⴰⴾⵔⵉⴾⵉⵔⴰ ⴼⴰⵍ ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵙⴰⵏ ⵉⵉⵉⴰⵏ ⵓⵂⴰⵔⵏⵢⵏ, ⵛⵂⵓⵏⴷ ⵜⴰⵏⴰⵉⴰ, ⵜⴰⵔⵏⴰ ⵎⵢⵗ ⴰⴼⵓⵔ ⵛⵂⵓⵏⴷ ⵢⵂⴰⵔⵢ ⵎⵢⵗ ⴰⴾⴰⵍ
English: It holds that ethnic groups are only products of human social interaction, maintained only in so far as they are maintained as valid social constructs in societies.
Tamasheq: ⵉⵋⵋⴰ ⵗⵓⵔ ⵉⵙ ⴰⵙ ⵜⴰⵈⵈⵉⵎⵢⵏ ⵏ ⵜⴰⵓⵙⵢⵜ ⴰⵈⵈⴰⵍⴰⵏ ⵉⵙⵓⵋ ⵏ ⴰⵏⵎⵉⵔⴰⵜⴰⵉ ⵏ ⴰⴷⴷⵉⵏⴰⵜ ⴷⴰⵗ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⴷⵓⵈ, ⵜⵓⵙⴰⵗⴰⵜ ⴰ ⵉⵋⵋⴰ ⵢⴷⵢⵉ ⴰⵙⵙⴰⵗ ⵏ ⵜⵉⵎⵉⵣⴷⴰⵗ ⵉⵋⵋⴰ
English: They hold that prior to this ethnic homogeneity was not considered an ideal or necessary factor in the forging of large-scale societies.
Tamasheq: ⵉⵋⵋⴰ ⵗⵓⵔ ⵙⴰⵏ ⴰⵙ ⴷⴰⵜⴰ ⵉ ⵜⴰⵔⵜⵉⵜ ⵜⵢⵏ ⴰⵏⵗⵉⵎⴱⴰⵍ ⵓⴰⵔ ⵢⵈⵈⵢⵍ ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵙ ⵎⵢⵗ ⵜⵉⴾⴾⵢⵍⵜ ⵜⵉⵏⴼⴰⵜ ⵂⴰⵔⴰⵜ ⴷⴰⵗ ⵉⴾⴰⵏⵏⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵉⵎⵉⵣⴷⴰⵗ ⴰⵋⵋⵓⵜⵏⵢⵏ
English: Members of an ethnic group, on the whole, claim cultural continuities over time, although historians and cultural anthropologists have documented that many of the values, practices, and norms that imply continuity with the past are of relatively recent invention.
Tamasheq: ⴰⴷⴷⵉⵏⴰⵜ ⵓⵉⵏ ⵜⴰⵈⵈⵉⵎⵢⵏ ⵏ ⵜⴰⵓⵙⵢⵊⵜ, ⴰⵙⵉⵍⵎⴰⴷⴰⵏ ⴼⵓⴾ ⵏⴰⵙⴰⵏ ⴰⵙ ⵓⵗⵍⴰⵍⴰⵏ ⵏ ⴰⴶⵏⴰ ⴷⴰⵗ ⴰⵣⵣⴰⵎⴰⵏ, ⴾⵓⴷⴷⴻⵗ ⴰⵙ ⴾⵢⵍ ⴰⵜⵜⴰⵔⵢⵆ ⴷ ⴰⵏⵜⵂⵔⵓⴱⵓⵍⵓⴶⵉⵙⵜ ⵜⴰⵏ ⵓⵉⵏ ⴰⴶⵏⴰ ⵉⴾⴰⵜⴰⴱⴰⵏ ⵉⵍⴾⴰⴷⴰⵏ ⵙ ⵜⵓⵎⴰⵙⵢⵏ, ⴰⵍⵆⵉⴷⵎⴰⵜⵢⵏ, ⴷ ⵉⵛⵂⵉⵔⵉⵜⴰⵏ ⵓⵉⵏ ⴰⵗⵍⵓⵍ ⴷⴰⵗ ⵉⵓⵉⵜⵉⴰⵏ ⵓⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵣⴰⵔⴰⵜ ⴰⵈⵈⴰⵍⴰⵏ ⵉⵗⴰⵏⵏⵉ ⵉⴷ ⵉⵛⵂⵔⴰⵉⴰⵏ.
English: It is based on the notion of "culture".
Tamasheq: “ ⵉⵋⴰ ⴼⴰⵍ ⵉⵙⵉⵎ ⵓⴰⵏ “ⴰⴶⵏⴰ”
English: This view arose as a way to justify enslavement of African Americans and genocide of Native Americans in a society that was officially founded on freedom for all.
Tamasheq: ⴰⴾⴰⵉⴰⴷ ⵓⵢⵏ ⵉⵏⴾⴰⵔ ⵉⴷ ⴰⵙ ⵢⵈⵈⴰⵍ ⴰⴱⴰⵔⴰ ⵉ ⴰⵣⵉⵍⵣⴰⵎ ⵏ ⴰⴾⴰⵔⴰⵛⵂ ⵏ ⴰⴼⵔⵉⵛⴰⵉⵏ ⴰⵎⵢⵔⵉⵛⵉⵏⵙ ⴷ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵜⵜⴰⵏⵜ ⵜⴰⵏ ⴰⵎⵢⵔⵉⵛⴰⵉⵏ ⵜⴰⵏ ⵓⵉⵏ ⴰⵍⴰⵙⴰⵍ ⴷⴰⵗ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⴷⵓⵈ ⵉ ⵜⴰⵆⵍⴰⴾⴰⴷ ⴷⴰⵗ ⴰⵍⵆⵓⵔⵉⵉⴰ ⵉ ⴰⴷⴷⵉⵏⴰⵜ ⴼⵓⴾ
English: Many of the foremost scientists of the time took up the idea of racial difference and found that white Europeans were superior.
Tamasheq: ⴰⵋⵋⵢⵏ ⴷⴰⵗ ⵙⵛⵉⵢⵏⵜⵉⵙⵜ ⵜⴰⵏ ⵓⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵣⴰⵔⴰⵜ ⵏ ⴰⵣⵣⴰⵎⴰⵏ ⵉⵜⴾⴰⵍⴰⵏ ⵜⴰ-ⵉⵜ ⵜⴰⵏ ⵓⵣⵍⴰⵉ ⵏ ⴰⴷⴷⵉⵏⴰⵜ ⵜⵓⵍⴰⵙ ⵉⵋⵔⴰⵓⴰⵏ ⴰⵙ ⵉⴾⵓⴼⴰⵔ ⵓⵉⵏ ⵢⵔⵓⴱⴰ ⵓⵋⵋⴰⵔⴰⵏ
English: Instead of attributing the marginalized status of people of color in the United States to their inherent biological inferiority, he attributed it to their failure to assimilate into American culture.
Tamasheq: ⴰⵙ ⵋⴰⵔⵔⴰⵓⴰⵏ ⴰⴷⴷⵉⵏⴰⵜ ⵓⵉ ⵉⵙⴾⴰⵜⵏⵢⵏ ⵜⵓⵎⴰⵙⵜ ⵏ ⴰⴷⴷⵉⵏⴰⵜ ⵉⵏ ⵉⵏⵉ ⴷⴰⵗ ⴰⵎⵢⵔⵉⴾ ⵂⴰⵔ ⵢⵔⵢⵙ ⵏⴰⵙⴰⵏ ⴷⴰⵗ ⴰⴱⴰⵔⴾⵓⵜ, ⵉⴼⵂⴰⵉ ⵜⴰⴶⴰⵔⵣⴰⵣⵣⴰⵍ ⵏⴰⵙⴰⵏ ⵉ ⴰⴷ ⴰⵍⴰⵂⴰⵏ ⵉⴷ ⴰⴶⵏⴰ ⵓⴰⵏ ⴰⵎⴻⵔⵉⴾⴰ
English: They argue in Racial Formation in the United States that the ethnicity theory was exclusively based on the immigration patterns of the white population and did take into account the unique experiences of non-whites in the United States.
Tamasheq: ⵎⵉⵛⵂⴰⴾⴾⵢⵏ ⴰⵙ ⴷⴰⵗ ⵜⴰⵔⵜⵉⵜ ⵜⴰⵏ ⵜⴰⵓⵙⵢⵜⵢⵏ ⴷⴰⵗ ⴰⵎⵢⵔⵉⴾ ⴰⵙ ⵎⵉⵔⴷⴰ ⵓⴰⵏ ⵜⴰⵓⵙⵢⵜ ⵉⵋⵋⴰ ⴼⵓⴾ ⵏⵢⵜ ⴼⴰⵍ ⵉⵙⵉⴾⵉⵍⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵉⵛⵂⴰⵗⵉⴱ ⵓⴰⵏ ⵉⴼⵓⴾⴰⵔ ⵜⵓⵍⴰⵙ ⴷⴰⵗ ⵉⵜⴾⴰⵍⴰⵏ ⵎⵓⵙⵏⴰⵜⵢⵏ ⵜⵉⵏ ⴰⴷⴷⵉⵏⴰⵜ ⵓⵉ ⵓⴰⵔ ⵏ ⴰⵈⵈⵢⵍ ⵉⴾⵓⴼⴰⵔ ⴷⴰⵗ ⴰⵎⵢⵔⵉⴾⴰ
English: Assimilationshedding the particular qualities of a native culture for the purpose of blending in with a host culturedid not work for some groups as a response to racism and discrimination, though it did for others.
Tamasheq: ⴰⵎⴰⵙⴾⴰⵍ ⵉⵜⵉⴱⴰ ⵂⴰⵙ ⵉⵛⵂⵉⴾⵉⵍⴰⵏ ⵏ ⴰⴶⵏⴰ ⵓⴰⵏ ⴾⵢⵍ ⴰⵓⴰⵍ ⵉ ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵙ ⵏ ⵜⴰⵔⵜⵉⵜ ⵉⴷ ⴰⴶⵏⴰ ⵏ ⴰⵏⴰⴼⵜⴰⵗ ⵓⴰⵔ ⵢⵆⴷⴻⵎ ⵉ ⵜⴰⵈⵈⵉⵎⵢⵏ ⵏ ⴰⴷⴷⵉⵏⴰⵜ ⵛⵂⵓⵏⴷ ⴰⵍⵓⴰⵣⴰⴱ ⵉ ⴰⵏⵎⵉⵣⵍⴰⵉ ⵏ ⵜⴰⵓⵙⵢⵜⵢⵏ ⴷ ⴰⵎⴰⵣⴰ ⴾⵓⴷⴷⵢⵗ ⴰⵙ ⵉⵋⵋⴰ ⵉ ⴰⴷⴷⵉⵏⴰⵜ ⵉⵉⵉⴰⴷ
English: They culminated in the rise of "nation-states" in which the presumptive boundaries of the nation coincided (or ideally coincided) with state boundaries.
Tamasheq: “ ⵉⵓⵉ-ⵉⴷⴰⵏ ⴷⴰⵗ ⵜⴰⴷⴰⵓⵍⴰ ⵏ “ⵏⴰⵜⵉⵓⵏ-ⵙⵜⴰⵜⴻⵙ” ⵙ ⴰⵍⵆⴰⴷⵓⴷⴰⵏ ⵓⵉ ⴻⵂⴰ ⵎⵉⵛⵂ ⵜⵉⵎⵓⵈⵈⵉⵙⴰⵏ (ⴷⴰⵗ ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵙ ⵜⵉⵎⵓⵈⵈⵉⵙⴰⵏ) ⵉⴷ ⴰⵍⵆⴰⴷⵓⴷⴰⵏ ⵓⵉⵏ ⴰⴷⴷⴰⵓⵍⴰ”
English: Nation-states, however, invariably include populations who have been excluded from national life for one reason or another.
Tamasheq: ⵏⴰⵜⵉⵓⵏ-ⵙⵜⴰⵜⵢⵙ, ⴰⵂⴰⵏ ⵜⴰⵏ ⵉⵛⵂⴰⵗⵉⴱⴰⵏ ⵂⵉⵏ ⵉⵙⴾⴰⵜⵏⵢⵏ ⴷⴰⵗ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵛⵂⵗⵓⵍⵜ ⵜⴰⵏ ⴰⴷⴷⴰⵓⵍⴰ ⴼⴰⵍ ⵉⴷⴷⵉⵍⵉⵍ ⵉⵉⵉⴰⵏ ⵎⵢⵗ ⵓⴰ ⵉⴰⴷⴰⵏ
English: Multi-ethnic states can be the result of two opposite events, either the recent creation of state borders at variance with traditional tribal territories, or the recent immigration of ethnic minorities into a former nation-state.
Tamasheq: ⴰⴷⴷⴰⵓⵍⴰ ⵜⴰⵏ ⴰⵋⵋⵓⵜⵏⵢⵏ ⴰⴷⴷⵓⴱⵢⵏ ⴰⴷ ⴰⵈⵈⵉⵍⴰⵏ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵣⵋⴰⵔⴰⵏ ⵜⵉⵎⴰⵗⵉⵏⵏⴰⵏⵢⵏ ⵓⴰⵔ ⵏ ⴰⵏⵎⴰⴾⵉⴰⴷ ⴰⵆⵍⵓⴾ ⵓⴰ ⵢⵉⵏⴰⵉⴰⵏ ⵏ ⴰⵍⵆⴰⴷⵓⴷⴰⵏ ⵓⵉⵏ ⴰⴷⴷⴰⵓⵍⴰ ⵉⵍⴰⵏⵢⵏ ⵉⴾⴰⵍⵍⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵜⴰⵓⵙⵢⵜ ⵏ ⴰⵍⴰⵙⴰⵍ ⵎⵢⵗ ⵉⵙⵉⴾⵉⵍⴰⵏ ⵓⵉ ⵢⵉⵏⴰⵉⵏⵢⵏ ⵏ ⵜⴰⵓⵙⵢⵜⵢⵏ ⵜⵉ ⵎⴰⴷⵔⵓⵉⵏⵢⵏ ⵙ ⴰⴷⴷⴰⵓⵍⴰ ⵜⴰⵏ ⵜⵉⵏ ⴰⵔⵓ
English: States such as the United Kingdom, France and Switzerland comprised distinct ethnic groups from their formation and have likewise experienced substantial immigration, resulting in what has been termed "multicultural" societies, especially in large cities.
Tamasheq: “ⴰⴷⴷⴰⵓⵍⴰ ⵜⴰⵏ ⵛⵂⵓⵏⴷ ⵓⵏⵉⵜⵢⴷ ⵆⵉⵏⴶⴷⵓⵎ, ⴼⵔⴰⵏⵛⵢ ⴷ ⵙⵓⵉⵜⵣⴻⵔⵍⵏⴷ ⴰⵂⴰⵏ ⵜⴰⵏ ⵜⴰⵈⵈⵉⵎⵢⵏ ⵏ ⵜⴰⵓⵙⵢⵜⵢⵏ ⵉⵣⵍⴰⵉⵏⵢⵏ ⵗⵓⵔ ⵜⴰⵔⵜⵉⵜ ⵏⴰⵙⴰⵏ ⵜⵓⵍⴰⵙ ⵉⴷⴰⵙⴰⵏ ⵜⴰⵏ ⴼⵓⴾ ⵏⴰⵙⴰⵏ ⵉⵙⵉⴾⵉⵍⴰⵏ ⴰⵋⵋⵓⵜⵏⵢⵏ ⵉⴷ ⵢⵔⴰⵓ ⵏⵢⵏ ⴰⵓⴰ ⵙ ⵉⵜⴰⵓⴰⵏ “ⵜⵉⵎⵉⵣⴷⴰⵗ”ⵏ ⴰⴶⵏⴰ ⴰⵋⵋⵓⵜⵏⵢⵏ” ⵂⵓⵍⵍⴰⵏ ⴷⴰⵗ ⵉⵗⵉⵔⵎⴰⵏ ⵓⵉ ⵎⴰⵈⵈoⵔⵏⵢⵏ
English: Though these categories are usually discussed as belonging to the public, political sphere, they are upheld within the private, family sphere to a great extent.
Tamasheq: ⵆⵓⴷⴷⵢⵗ ⴰⵙ ⵉⵛⵂⵉⴾⵉⵍⴰⵏ ⵓⵉⵏ ⵉⵋⵋⴰ ⵎⴰⵋⵔⴰⴷ ⵏ ⴰⵙ ⴰⵈⵈⴰⵍⴰⵏ ⵏ ⴰⴷⴷⵉⵏⴰⵜ, ⴾⵢⵍ ⴼⵓⵍⵉⵜⵉⴾ, ⵉⴾⵏⴰⵏ ⴰⵙⵓⵂⵉ ⴷⴰⵗ ⵜⴰⴶⴰⵉⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵉⵎⴰⵏ ⵏⴰⵙⵏⴰⵜ , ⴷⴰⵗ ⵢⴶⴰⴷⴰⵛⵂ ⵂⵓⵍⵍⴰⵏ
English: Before Weber (1864–1920), race and ethnicity were primarily seen as two aspects of the same thing.
Tamasheq: ⴷⴰⵜⴰ ⵓⵢⴱⵢⵔ (ⴰⵓⴰⵜⴰⵉ ⵓⴰⵏ 1864 ⵂⴰⵔ 1920) ⵉⵏⵉ ⴷ ⵜⴰⵓⵙⵢⵜ ⴾⴰⵍⴰ ⵜ=ⴰⵈⵈⴰⵍⴰⵏ ⵙⴰⵏⴰⵜⴰⵜ ⵜⵉⵜⴱⴰⵈⵈⴰ ⵏ ⵂⴰⵔⴰⵜ ⵓⵍⴰⵂⴰⵏ
English: According to this view, the state should not acknowledge ethnic, national or racial identity but rather instead enforce political and legal equality of all individuals.
Tamasheq: ⴷⴰⴱ ⴰⴾⴰⵉⴰⴷ ⵓⵢⵏ , ⴰⴷⴷⴰⵓⵍⴰ ⵓⴰⵔ ⵉⵏⵂⴰⵋⵋⴰ ⴰ ⵜ ⵉⵙⵙⵉⵏ ⵜⵓⵎⴰⵙⵜ ⵏ ⵜⴰⵓⵙⵢⵜ ,, ⵏ ⴰⴷⴷⴰⵓⵍⴰ ⵎⵢⵗ ⵏ ⵉⵏⵉ ⵓⵂⵓ ⴰⵆⴰⴷⴰⵎ ⵏ ⴼⵓⵍⵉⵜⵉⴾ ⴷ ⵜⵉⴶⴷⴰⵂⵜ ⴷⴰⵗ ⴰⵛⵂⴰⵔⵢⵗⴰ ⵏ ⴰⴷⴷⵉⵏⴰⵜ ⴼⵓⴾ
English: The 19th century saw the development of the political ideology of ethnic nationalism, when the concept of race was tied to nationalism, first by German theorists including Johann Gottfried von Herder.
Tamasheq: ⴷⴰⵗ ⴰⵓⴰⵜⴰⵉ ⵓⴰⵏ 1900 ⵉⵙⵙⵉⴾⵏⴰ ⵢⴼⵢⵙ ⵏ ⴰⵏⴰⵙⵋⵓⵎ ⵏ ⴼⵓⵍⵉⵜⵉⴾ ⵜⴰⵔⵂⴰ ⵏ ⵜⴰⵓⵙⵢⵜ ⵉ ⴰⴷⴷⴰⵓⴰⵍ ⴰⵍⵓⴰⵈ ⵓⴰ ⵉⴷ ⵢⵔⵜⴰⵉ ⵉⵏⵉ ⴷ ⵏⴰⵜⵉⵓⵏⴰⵍⵉⵙⵎ, ⵙ ⵜⵉⵣⴰⵔⴰⵜ ⵜⵂⵢⵓⵔⵉⵙⵜ ⵜⴰⵏ ⵓⵉⵏ ⴶⵔⵎⴰⵏⵉ ⵂⴰ ⵋⵓⵂⴰⵏⵏ ⵗⵓⵜⵜⵔⵉⵢⴷ ⴱⵓⵏ ⵂⵔⴷⵔ
English: Each promoted the pan-ethnic idea that these governments were acquiring only lands that had always been inhabited by ethnic Germans.
Tamasheq: ⵉⵉⵉⴰⵏ ⴼⵓⴾ ⵢⵈⵈⴰⵙ ⵉ ⵜⴰ-ⵉⵜⵢ ⵜ ⴰⵙⵉⵔⵜⴰⵉⴰⵜ ⵜⴰⵓⵙⵢⵜⵢⵏ ⵙ ⴰⵍⵆⴰⴾⵓⵎⴰⵜⵢⵏ ⵉⵋⴰⵔⵔⴰⵓ ⵉⴾⴰⵍⵍⴰⵏ ⵗⴰⵙ ⵙ ⵂⴰⵔⴾⵓⴾ ⵉⵣⵣⴰⵗⴰⵏ ⴷⴰⵗ ⵙⴰⵏ ⵜⴰⵓⵙⵢⵜⵢⵏ ⵏ ⴶⵢⵔⵎⴰⵏ ⵜⴰⵏ
English: The colonization of Asia was largely ended in the 20th century, with national drives for independence and self-determination across the continent.
Tamasheq: ⴰⵍⵉⵙⵜⵢⵗⵎⴰⵔ ⵓⴰⵏ ⴰⵙⵉⴰ ⵉⵎⴷⴰ ⵙ ⵉⵋⵋⵉⵜ ⵏⵢⵜ ⴷⴰⵗ ⴰⵓⴰⵜⴰⵉ ⵓⴰⵏ 2000 ⵙ ⵉⵋⵔⴰⵓⴰⵏ ⵏ ⴰⴷⴷⴰⵓⵍⴰⵜⵢⵏ ⵏ ⴰⵍⵉⵙⵜⵢⵆⵍⴰⵍ ⵏ ⵏⴰⵙⵏⴰⵜ ⴷ ⴰⵆⵆⴰⴾⵓⵎⴰⵜ ⵉⵎⴰⵏ ⵏⴰⵙⵏⴰⵜ ⴷⴰⵗ ⴰⵎⴰⴷⴰⵍ
English: A number of European countries, including France and Switzerland, do not collect information on the ethnicity of their resident population.
Tamasheq: ⵓIⴷⴷⵉⴾⵓⴷ ⵏ ⴰⴷⴷⴰⵓⵍⴰ ⵜ ⵜⵉⵏ ⵢⵔⵓⴱⴰ ⵜ ⴰⵂⴰ ⴼⵔⴰⵏⵛⵢ ⴷ ⵙⵓⵉⵜⵣⵢⵍⴰⵏⴷ ⵓⴰⵔ ⵙⵉⴷⵉⵓ ⵏⴰⵜ ⵉⵙⴰⵍⴰⵏ ⵓⵉⵏ ⵜⴰⵓⵙⴰⵜⵢⵏ ⵏ ⵉⵛⵂⴰⵗⵉⴱ ⵏⴰⵙⵏⴰⵜ ⵓⴰ ⵉⵣⵣⴰⵗⴰⵏ
English: During European colonization, Europeans arrived in North America.
Tamasheq: ⴷⴰⵗ ⴰⵣⵣⴰⵎⴰⵏ ⵓⴰⵏ ⴰⵍⵉⵙⵜⵢⵆⵍⴰⵍ , ⵆⵢⵍ ⵢⵔⵓⴱⴰ ⵓⵙⴰⵏ ⴰⵎⵢⵔⵉⴾ ⵜⴰⵏ ⵢⵉⵏⴰⵉⵏⴰⴶ
English: Digital ethnography allows for a lot more opportunities to look at different cultures and societies.
Tamasheq: ⴷⵉⴶⵉⵜⴰⵍ ⵢⵜⵂⵏⵓⴶⵔⴰⴱⵂⵉ ⵜ ⵉⴾⴼⴰ ⵜⴰⴼⴰⵓⵢⵏ ⴰⵋⵋⵓⵜⵏⵢⵏ ⵉ ⴰⴾⴰⵉⴰⴷ ⵏ ⴰⴶⵏⴰ ⵜⴰⵏ ⴷ ⵜⵉⵎⵉⵣⴷⴰⵗ ⴰⵏⵎⴰⵣⵍⴰⵉⵢⵏ
English: Relational Ethnography articulates studying fields rather than places or processes rather than processed people.
Tamasheq: ⵔⵢⵍⴰⵜⵉⵓⵏⴰⵍ ⵜⵂⵏⵓⴶⵔⴰⴱⵂⵉ ⵉⵋⵋⴰ ⵜⴰⵜⴱⴰⵈⵈⵢⵜ ⴼⴰⵍ ⵉⵂⴰⵏⴷⴰⴶⴰⵏ ⵓⵉⵏ ⵜⵢⵗⴰⵔⵢ ⵓⵂⵓⵏ ⵉⵂⴰⵏⴷⴰⴶⴰⵏ ⵎⵢⵗ ⵜⴰⵍⵗⵉⵓⵢⵏ ⵓⵂⵓⵏ ⴰⴷⴷⵉⵏⴰⵜ ⴰⵎⵎⵓⵜⴰⵉⵏⵢⵏ
English: The goal is to collect data in such a way that the researcher imposes a minimal amount of personal bias in the data.
Tamasheq: ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵙ ⵓⴰⵔ ⴻⵈⵈⴻⵍ ⴰⵔ ⴰⵙⵉⴷⵓ ⵏ ⵉⵙⴰⵍⴰⵏ ⵛⵂⵓⵏⴷ ⴰⴱⴰⵔⴰ ⵓⴰ ⵙ ⵉⵣⴰⵍⵣⴰⵎ ⴰⵓ ⴼⴰⵔⴰⴾ ⵉⴷⴷⵉⴾⵓⴷ ⴷⴰⵔⵓⵙⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵎⵉⵔⴷⴰ ⵏ ⵉⵛⵂⴰⴾⵉ ⴷⴰ ⵉⵙⴰⵍⴰⵏ
English: Interviews are often taped and later transcribed, allowing the interview to proceed unimpaired of note-taking, but with all information available later for full analysis.
Tamasheq: ⵉⵎⵉⵋⵔⵉⴷⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵉⵙⵉⵙⵜⴰⵏⴰⵏ ⴰⵍⵓⴰⵈⵈⴰⵏ ⵉⵉⵉⴰⴷ ⴰⵗⵣⴰⵏⴰⵏ ⵜⵓⵍⴰⵙ ⴷⴰⵔⴰⵜ ⴰⵓⴰ ⵉⴾⵜⵉⴱⴰⵏ ⵉⵋⵋⴰⵔⵔⴰⵓⴰⵏ ⵉ ⵎⴰⵋⵔⴰⴷ ⴰ ⵢⵋ ⵙ ⴰⵈⵈⵓⴷ ⵏ ⴰⵗⴰⵣⴰⵏ ⵏⵢⵜ ⵎⵓⵛⵂⴰⵎ ⵉⴷ ⵉⵙⴰⵍⴰⵏ ⵓⵉ ⵜⵉ ⵉⵍⵍⴰⵏⵢⵏ ⴷⴰⵔⴰⵜ ⴰⵓⴰ ⵉ ⴰⵎⵉⵉⵉⵣ ⵉⵎⴷⴰⵏ
English: Despite these attempts of reflexivity, no researcher can be totally unbiased.
Tamasheq: ⴷⵔⵢⵎⴰⵏ ⴼⵓⴾ ⵓⵉ ⵉⵋⵋⴰⵢⵏ ⵏ ⵔⵢⴼⵍⵢⵆⵉⵜⵉⴱⵉⵜⵉ , ⵓⴰⵔ ⵜⵉ ⵉⵍⵍⴰ ⴰⵓ ⴼⴰⵔⴰⴾ ⴰⴷⴷⵓⴱⵢⵏ ⴰⵙ ⵢⵋ ⵉⵙⵙⵉⵏ ⵓⵍⵂ ⴰⵓⴰⵏ
English: These informants are typically asked to identify other informants who represent the community, often using snowball or chain sampling.
Tamasheq: ⵆⵢⵍ ⵉⵙⴰⵍⴰⵏ ⵓⵉⵏ ⴰⵜ ⵓ ⴰⵔⵂⴰ ⴷⴰⵗ ⵙⴰⵏ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵙⵙⵉⵏⴰⵏ ⴾⵢⵍ ⵉⵙⴰⵍⴰⵏ ⵉⵉⵉⴰⴷ ⴰⵂⴰⵏⵢⵏ ⵢⴷⴰⴶ ⵏ ⴰⴷⴷⵉⵏⴰⵜ ⵙ ⴰⵍⵓⴰⵈ ⵉⵉⵉⴰⵏ ⴰⵙⵉⵆⴷⴰⵎⴰ ⵙⵏⵓⵓⴱⴰⵍⵍ ⵎⵢⵗ ⵛⵂⴰⵉⵏ ⵙⴰⵎⴱⵍⵉⵏⴶ
English: 2010) examine the ontological and epistemological presuppositions underlying ethnography.
Tamasheq: 2010) ⴰⵎⵎⵉⵉⴰⵣ ⵎⵉⵔⴷⴰ ⵜⴰⵏ ⵓⵉⵏ ⵏ ⴰⵍⵎⴰⵗⵏⴰ ⵏ ⵓⵏⵜⵓⵍⵓⴶⵉⵛⴰⵍ ⴷ ⵢⴱⵉⵙⵜⵎⵓⵍⵓⴶⵉⵛⴰⵍ ⵉⵋⵋⴰⵏⵢⵏ ⵜⵉⵜⴱⴰⵈⵈⵢⵜ ⴼⴰⵍ ⵢⵜⵂⵏⵓⴶⵔⴰⴱⵂⵉ
English: Critical theory researchers address "issues of power within the researcher-researched relationships and the links between knowledge and power."
Tamasheq: “ⵆⴻⵍ ⴼⴰⵔⴰⴾ ⵓⵉⵏ ⵎⵉⵔⴷⴰ ⵓⴰⵏ ⵉⵙⵉⵙⵜⴰⵏⴰⵏ ⵉⵙⵙⴻⵓⴰⵍⴰⵏ ⴼⴰⵍ “”” ⵎⵓⵛⵂⴰⴾⵉⵍ ⵜⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵜⴰⵏⴰⵉⴰ ⴷⴰⵗ ⵉⵂⴰⵔⵓⵋⴰⵏ ⵏ ⴾⴻⵍ ⴼⴰⵔⴰⴾ ⴷ ⵜⴻⵎⴻⴷⵜ ⵋⵉⵔ ⵎⵓⵙⵏⴰⵜ ⴷ ⵜⵏⴰⵉⴰ”””
English: An image can be contained within the physical world through a particular individual's perspective, primarily based on that individual's past experiences.
Tamasheq: ⵜⵍⴰⵉ ⵜ ⴰⴷⴷⵓⴱⴰⵜ ⵉⵋⵋⵓⵛⵂ ⵏ ⴰⵍⵗⴰⵍⵉⵎ ⵓⴰⵏ ⵜⴰⵗⵉⵙⵙⴰ ⵙ ⴰⴾⴰⵉⴰⴷ ⵏ ⴰⵓⴰⴷⵉⵎ ⴰ ⵉⵋⵋⴰⵏ ⵙ ⵜⵉⵣⴰⵔⴰⵜ ⴼⴰⵍ ⵎⵓⵙⵏⴰⵜⵢⵏ ⵏ ⴰⵓⴰⴷⵉⵎ ⵜⵉⵏ ⴷⴰⵜⴰ ⵏⵢⵜ
English: The idea of an image relies on the imagination and has been seen to be utilized by children in a very spontaneous and natural manner.
Tamasheq: ⵜⴰ-ⵉⵜⵢ ⵜⴰⵏ ⵜⵢⵍⴰⵉ ⵜⵉⵋⵋⴰ ⴼⴰⵍ ⴰⵏⴰⵙⵋⵓⵎ ⵜⵓⵍⴰⵙ ⴰ ⵜⵉ ⵓⴰⵋⵔⴰⵂ ⴰ ⵂⵉⵏ ⴰⵙ ⴰⵙⵙⵉⵆⴷⴰⵎⴰⵏ ⵜⵉⵏ ⵉⵍⵉⴰⴷⴰⵏ ⵙ ⵉⵎⵎⵉⴾ ⵢⵔⵎⴰⴷⴰⵏ ⵎⵢⵗ ⵏ ⴰⵍⴰⵙⴰⵍ
English: Cultural and social anthropologists today place a high value on doing ethnographic research.
Tamasheq: ⴰⵏⵜⵂⵔⵓⴱⵓⵍⵓⴶⵙⵜ ⵜⴰⵏ ⵓⵉⵏ ⴰⴶⵏⴰ ⴷ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⴷⵓⵈ ⴰⵂⴰⵏ ⴰⵛⵂⴰⵍ ⵉⴷ ⴻⴷⴰⴶ ⵏ ⵙⵢⵎⵗⴰⵔ ⵂⵓⵍⵍⴰⵏ ⵉ ⵓⵎⴰⵗ ⵓⴰⵏ ⵓⵜⵜⵉⵔ ⵓⴰⵏ ⵢⵜⵂⵏⵓⴶⵔⴰⴱⵂⵉⵛ
English: Ethnographies are also sometimes called "case studies."
Tamasheq: “”ⴷⵜⵏⵓⴶⵔⴰⴼⵉ ⵜⴰⵏ ⴰⵍⵓⴰⵈ ⵉⵉⵉⴰⵏ ⵜⴰⵈⵈⴰⵍ“”Iⵂⴰⵏⴷⴰⴶⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵉⵗⵉⵔ
English: The fieldwork usually involves spending a year or more in another society, living with the local people and learning about their ways of life.
Tamasheq: ⴷⴷⴰⵗ ⵓⴰⵏ ⴰⵆⵉⴷⵎⴰⵜ ⵢⵂⴰⵉ ⵂⴰⵔⴾⵓⴾ ⵉⵋⵋⵉ ⵏ ⴰⵓⴰⵜⴰⵉ ⵎⵢⵗ ⴰ ⵓⵋⵋⴰⵔⴰⵏ ⴷⴰⵗ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⴷⵓⵈ ⵉⵉⵉⴰⵜ , ⵉⵣⵣⴰⵗⵏⵢⵏ ⵉⴷ ⴰⴷⴷⵉⵏⴰⵜ ⵏ ⴾⵢⵍ ⴰⴷⴷⵉⵏⴰⵜ ⴷ ⴰⵍⵎⵓⴷ ⵏ ⴰⴷⴷⴰⴱⴰⵔⴰ ⵜⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵜⴰⵎⵓⴷⵔⵢ
English: Benedict's experiences with the Southwest Zuni pueblo is to be considered the basis of her formative fieldwork.
Tamasheq: ⵎⵓⵙⵏⴰⵜⵢⵏ ⵜⵉⵏ ⴱⵢⵏⵢⴷⵉⵛⵜⵉⵏⵜⴰ ⵉⴷ ⵤⵓⵏⵉ ⴱⵓⵢⵓⵍⵓ ⵓⴰⵏ ⵢⵎⴰⵉⵏⴰⵋ ⴷⴰⵗ ⴰⵜⴰⵔⴰⵎ ⵉⵍⵣⴰⵎ ⴰⴷ ⵢⵈⵈⵉⵍ ⵜⵉⵋⵉⵜⵜⴰⵓⵜ ⵜⴰⵏ ⵢⴷⴰⴶ ⵓⴰⵏ ⴰⵍⵆⵉⴷⵎⴰⵜ ⵓⴰⵏ ⵜⵢⵗⴰⵔⵢ
English: A typical ethnography attempts to be holistic and typically follows an outline to include a brief history of the culture in question, an analysis of the physical geography or terrain inhabited by the people under study, including climate, and often including what biological anthropologists call habitat.
Tamasheq: ⴷⵜⵂⵏⵓⴶⵔⴰⴱⵂⵉ ⵜⴰⵏ ⴰⵍⴰⵙⴰⵍ ⵜ ⴰⵔⵔⴰⵎ ⴰ ⵜ ⴰⵙⵙⵉⵔⵜⴰⵉ ⵂⴰⵔⴰⵜⴰⵏ ⴼⵓⴾ ⵜⵓⵍⴰⵙ ⵜⵉⵍⴾⴰⵎ ⵉ ⴰⴱⴰⵔⴰ ⵂⵢ ⵉⵋⵋⵉⵛⵂ ⴰⵜⵜⴰⵔⵢⵆ ⴰⵏⴷⴰⵔⵔⴰⵏ ⵏ ⴰⴶⵏⴰ ⵉⵎⴰⵏ ⵏⵢⵜ, ⴰⵎⵉⵉⵉⵣ ⵏ ⵜⴰⵗⵉⵙⵙⴰ ⵏ ⵋⵓⴶⵔⴰⴼⵉⴰ ⵎⵢⵓ ⵜⴰⵗⴰⵙ ⵓⴰⵔ ⵉⵣⵣⵗⴰⵏ ⴰⴷⴷⵉⵏⴰⵜ ⵓⵉ ⴼⴰⵍ ⵉⵋⵋⴰ ⴼⴰⵔⴰⴾ ⵂⴰ ⴰⵎⵓⵜⵜⵉ ⵏ ⴰⵣⵣⴰⵎⴰⵏ ⵜⵓⵍⴰⵙ ⵢⵂⴰ ⴰⵓⴰ ⵙ ⵋⴰⵏ ⵉⵏ ⴰⵏⵜⵔⵓⴱⵓⵍⵓⴶⵉⵙⵜ ⵜⴰⵏ ⵓⵉⵏ ⴰⴱⴰⵔⴾⵓⵜ ⵂⴰⴱⵉⵜⴰⵜ
English: Kinship and social structure (including age grading, peer groups, gender, voluntary associations, clans, moieties, and so forth, if they exist) are typically included.
Tamasheq: ⵜⵢⵎⵢⴷⵜ ⴷ ⵢⴷⵢⵉ ⵏ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⴷⵓⵈ (ⵢⵂⴰ ⵉⵓⵉⵜⵉⴰⵏ, ⵜⴰⵈⵈⵉⵎⵢⵏ ⵓⵍⴰⵂⵏⵢⵏ, ⵉⵛⵂⵉⴾⵉⵍ, ⵜⴰⴶⴰⵉⵢⵏ ⵜⵉⵏ ⴼⵉ ⵙⴰⴱⵉⵍⵉⵍⵍⴰⵂ, ⵉⵙⴾⵓⵜⴰⵏ, ⵉⴼⵔⵓⵙⴰⵏ ⴷ ⵂⴰⵔⴰⵜⴰⵏ ⵉⵉⵉⴰⴷ ⴰ ⴼⴰⵍ ⵜⵉ ⵉⵍⵍⴰⵏ) ⴼⵓⴾ ⵏⴰⵙⴰⵏ ⴰⵂⴰⵏ
English: Rites, rituals, and other evidence of religion have long been an interest and are sometimes central to ethnographies, especially when conducted in public where visiting anthropologists can see them.
Tamasheq: ⵛⵂⴰⵗⵉⵔⴰ ⵜⴰⵏ, ⵛⵂⴰⵗⴰ-ⵉⵔ ⵜⴰⵏ ⴷ ⵉⴷⵉⵜⵉ ⵜⴰⵏ ⵉⵉⵉⴰⴷ ⵏ ⴰⴷⴷⵉⵏ ⴰⵈⵈⴰⵍ ⴰ ⵢⵂⵓⵋⴰⵏ ⴰ ⵂⵉⵏ ⵉⵋⵔⴰⵂⴰⵏ ⴰⴷⴷⵉⵏⴰⵜ ⵜⵓⵍⴰⵙ ⴰⵍⵓⴰⵈⵈⴰⵏ ⵉⵉⵉⴰⴷ ⴰ ⵢⵂⴰⵏ ⴰⵎⵎⴰⵙ ⵏ ⵢⵜⵂⵏⵓⴶⵔⴰⴱⵂⵉⵢⵙ ⵂⵓⵍⵍⴰⵏ ⴰⵍⵓⴰⵈ ⵓⴰ ⵉⴷ ⵉⵋⵋⴰⵏⴰⵜ ⴷⴰⵗ ⴰⴷⴷⵉⵏⴰⵜ ⴷⴰⵗ ⵢⴷⴰⴶ ⵙ ⴰⴷⴷⵓⴱⵢⵏ ⴰ ⵜⴰⵏ ⵉⴾⵉⴰⴷⴰⵏ ⴰⵏⵜⵂⵔⵓⴱⵓⵍⵓⴶⵉⵙⵜ ⵜⴰⵏ
English: For example, if within a group of people, winking was a communicative gesture, he sought to first determine what kinds of things a wink might mean (it might mean several things).
Tamasheq: ⴰⵍⵎⵉⵜⴰⵍ, ⴰ ⴼⴰⵍ ⴷⴰⵗ ⵜⴰⵈⵈⵉⵎⵜ ⵏ ⴰⴷⴷⵉⵏⴰⵜ, ⴰⵏⴰⵣⴰⵋ ⵏ ⵜⵢⵜ ⵢⵈⵈⴰⵍ ⵉⵎⵎⵉⴾ ⵏ ⵎⴰⵋⵔⴰⴷ, ⵉⵜⵜⴰⵔ ⵙ ⵜⵉⵣⴰⵔⴰⵜ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵙⵉⵍⵎⴰⴷ ⵉⵛⵂⵉⵍⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵂⴰⵔⴰⵜⴰⵏ ⵓⵉ ⵙ ⵉⵎⵓⵙ ⴰⵏⴰⵣⴰⵋ ⵏ ⵜⵢⵜ ⴰⵍⵎⴰⵗⵏⴰ ( ⴰⴷⴷⵓⴱⴰⵜ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵍⴰ ⴰⵍⵎⴰⵗⵏⴰ ⵜⴰⵏ ⴰⵋⵋⵓⵜⵏⵢⵏ)
English: Geertz, while still following something of a traditional ethnographic outline, moved outside that outline to talk about "webs" instead of "outlines" of culture.
Tamasheq: “ⵗⵢⵔⵜⵣ, ⴰⵙ ⵉⵍⴾⴰⵎ ⵉ ⵂⴰⵔⴰⵜ ⵏ ⴰⴱⴰⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵢⵜⵂⵏⵓⴶⵔⴰⴱⵂⵉⵛ ⵏ ⴰⵍⴰⵙⴰⵍ, ⵓⴾⴰⵉ ⵙ ⴰⵋⵋⴰⵎⴰ ⵏ ⴰⴱⴰⵔⴰ ⵓⵢⵏ ⵉ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵙⵙⵉⵓⵉⵍ ⴼⴰⵍ “””ⵓⵢⴱ ⵜⴰⵏ””” ⵓⵂⵓⵏ “””ⴰⴱⴰⵔⴰ ⵜⴰⵏ “”” ⵏ ⴰⴶⵏⴰ
English: Writing Culture helped bring changes to both anthropology and ethnography often described in terms of being 'postmodern,' 'reflexive,' 'literary,' 'deconstructive,' or 'poststructural' in nature, in that the text helped to highlight the various epistemic and political predicaments that many practitioners saw as plaguing ethnographic representations and practices.
Tamasheq: ⴰⴾⴰⵜⴰⴱ ⵏ ⴰⴶⵏⴰ ⵉⴷⵂⴰⵍ ⴷⴰⵗ ⵉⵎⵓⵜⵜⵉⵉⴰⵏ ⵏ ⴰⵏⵜⵂⵔⵓⴱⵓⵍⵓⴶⵉ ⴷ ⴻⵜⵂⵏⵓⴶⵔⴰⴱⴱⵂⵉ ⴼⵓⴾ ⵏⴰⵙⴰⵏ ⵙ ⴰⵍⵓⴰⵈ ⵉⵉⵉⴰⵏ ⴰⴼⴼⵉⵙⴰⵔ ⵙ ⵉⵙⵎⴰⵓⴰⵏ ⵓⵉⵏ “ⴱⵓⵙⵜⵎⵓⴷⴻⵔⵎ” ⵔⴻⴼⵍⴻⵆⵉⴱⴻ” ⵍⵉⵜⴻⵔⴰⵔⵉ”, ⵉⴼⴰⵜⵜⴰⵉⴰⵏ” ⵎⴻⵗ ⴱⵓⵙⵜⵙⵜⵔⵓⵛⵜⵓⵔⴰⵍ” ⵙ ⴰⵗⴰⵏⴰ ⵏⴻⵜ , ⴷⴰⴱ ⴰⵓⴻⵏ ⴰⴾⴰⵜⴰⴱ ⵉⴷⵂⴰⵍ ⵙ ⴰⵣⵉⵣⵋⴰⵔ ⵏ ⵜⴰⵍⵗⵉⵓⴻⵏ ⵜⵉⵏ ⴰⵙⵙⵓⵂⴰⵜⵏⴻⵏ ⵏ ⵎⵓⵙⵏⴰⵜ ⴷ ⴼⵓⵍⵉⵜⵉⴾ ⵙ ⵉⵎⵓⵙⴰⵏⴰⵏ ⴰⵋⵋⵓⵜⵏⴻⵏ ⴻⵈⵈⴰⵍ ⵛⵂⵓⵏⴷ ⴼⴰⵣⵓⵏ ⵉ ⵉⴷⵉⴰⵏ ⴷ ⵜⵉⵎⴰⵛⵂⵗⵓⵍⴻⵏ ⵜⵉⵏ ⴻⵜⵂⵏⵓⴶⵔⴰⴱⵂⵉ
English: In regards to this last point, Writing Culture became a focal point for looking at how ethnographers could describe different cultures and societies without denying the subjectivity of those individuals and groups being studied while simultaneously doing so without laying claim to absolute knowledge and objective authority.
Tamasheq: ⴷⴰⵗ ⴰⴾⴰⵉⴰⴷ ⵏ ⵜⵉⵜⴱⴰⵈⵈⴻⵜ ⵜⴰⵏ ⴷⴰⵔⴰⵜ, ⴰⴾⴰⵜⴰⴱ ⵏ ⴰⴶⵏⴰ ⴻⵈⵈⴰⵍ ⵜⵉⵜⴱⴰⵈⵈⴻⵜ ⵜⴰⵏ ⵂⵓⵍⵍⴰⵏ ⵉ ⴰⴾⴰⵉⴰⴷ ⵏ ⵉⵎⵎⵉⴾ ⵓⴰ ⵙ ⴰⴷⴷⵓⴱⴻⵏ ⴻⵜⵂⵏⵓⴶⴰⴱⵂⴻⵔ ⵜⴰⵏ ⴰⴼⵉⵙⵙⴰⵔ ⵏ ⴰⴶⵏⴰ ⴰⵏⵎⴰⵣⵍⴰⵉⵏⴻⵏ ⴷ ⵜⵉⵎⵉⵣⴷⴰⵗ ⴷⴻⵗ ⵓⴰⵔ ⵙ ⴰⴱⴰⵂⴰⵓⴰⵏ ⵜⵉⵛⵂⵉⵜ ⵏ ⴰⴷⴷⵉⵏⴰⵜ ⵓⵉⵏ ⴷ ⵜⴰⵈⵈⵉⵎⴻⵏ ⴼⴰⵍ ⵉⵋⵋⴰ ⴼⴰⵔⴰⴾ ⴰⵓⴻⵏ ⵉ ⵜⴰⵋ ⴷⴰⵗ ⵓⴰⵔ ⵉⵗⴰⵍ ⴰⵓⴰⴷⵉⵎ ⴼⵓⴾ ⴰⵙ ⵉⵍⴰ ⵎⵓⵙⵏⴰⵜ ⵜ ⵉⵎⴷⴰⵜ ⴷ ⴰⵙⵙⴰⵂⴰⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵉⴷⵉⵜⵜ
English: As the purpose of ethnography is to describe and interpret the shared and learned patterns of values, behaviors, beliefs, and language of a culture-sharing group, Harris, (1968), also Agar (1980) note that ethnography is both a process and an outcome of the research.
Tamasheq: ⴷⴰⵗ ⵢⵈⵈⴰⵍ ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵙ ⵏ ⵢⵜⵂⵏⵓⴶⵔⴰⴱⵂⵉ ⴰⴼⵉⵙⵙⴰⵔ ⴷ ⴰⴼⴰⵂⴰⵎ ⵏ ⵜⵉⴾⴾⵢⵍⵢⵏ ⵜⵉ ⴰⵣⵓⵏⵏⵢⵏ ⵜⵓⵍⴰⵙ ⴰⵜ ⵓⴰⵍⵎⴰⴷ ⵏⵢⵏ ⵏ ⴰⵍⵈⵉⵎⴰⵏ, ⴰⵍⵆⴰⵍⴰⵏ, ⵎⵉⵔⴷⴰ ⵜⴰⵏ ⴷ ⴰⵓⴰⵍ ⵏ ⵜⵈⵈⵉⵎⵜ ⵜ ⵓⵂⴰⵔⴰⵜ ⴰⴶⵏⴰ,ⵂⴰⵔⵔⵉⵙ, (ⴷⴰⵗ ⴰⵓⴰⵜⴰⵉ ⵓⴰⵏ 1968), ⴷ ⴰⴶⴰⵔ ( ⴷⴰⵗ ⴰⵓⴰⵜⴰⵉ ⵓⴰⵏ 1980) ⵉⵜⴾⴰⴱⴰⵏ ⴰⵙ ⵢⵜⵂⵏⵓⴶⵔⴰⴱⵂⵉ ⵜ ⵉⵎⵓⵙ ⴷⴰⵗ ⵢⴷⴰⴶ ⵉⵉⵉⴰⵏ ⴰ ⵉⵎⵉⵜⴰⴾⵓⴰⵉⴰⵏ ⴷ ⴰⵎⵉⵏⴷⵉ ⵏ ⴼⴰⵔⴰⴾ
English: Sociologist Sam Ladner argues in her book, that understanding consumers and their desires requires a shift in "standpoint," one that only ethnography provides.
Tamasheq: “ⵙⵓⵛⵉⵓⵍⵓⴶⵉⵙⵜ ⵙⴰⵎ ⵍⴰⴷⵏⵢⵔ ⵜⴰⵍⵍⴰⵗⴰⵜ ⴷⴰⵗ ⴰⵍⴾⵉⵜⵜⴰⴱ ⵏⵢⵜ ⴰⵙ ⴰⴷⴷⵉⵏⴰⵜ ⵓⵉ ⴼⴰⵂⴰⵎ ⵏⵢⵏ ⴷ ⴷⵢⵔⵂⴰⵏⴰⵏ ⵏⴰⵙⴰⵏ ⴰⵣⵣⵉⵍⵣⴰⵎⴰⵏ ⴰⵎⵓⵜⵜⵉ ⴷⴰⵗ “”ⵢⴷⴰⴶ ⵓⴰⵏ ⵜⴰⴱⵢⴷⴷⵢ”” , ⵉⵉⵉⴰⵏ ⵙ ⵓⴰⵔ ⴰⴷⴷⵓⴱⴰⵜ ⵜⵢⵂⴰⴾⴾⵢ ⵏⵢⵜ ⵗⴰⵙ ⴰⵔ ⵢⵜⵂⵏⵓⴶⵔⴰⴱⵂⵉ”
English: By assessing user experience in a "natural" setting, ethnology yields insights into the practical applications of a product or service.
Tamasheq: “ ⴰ ⴼⴰⵍ ⴰⵎⵎⵓⵉⴰⵣ ⴰⵓⴰⴷⵉⵎ ⵎⵓⵙⵏⴰⵜ ⵏ ⴰⵏⴰⵆⴷⵉⵎ ⴷⴰⵗ ⵢⴷⴰⴶ ⵏ “ⴰⵜⵜⴰⴱⵉⵗⴰⵏ “ ⵢⵜⵂⵏⵓⵍⵓⴶⵉ ⵜ ⵉⴾⴼⴰ ⵉⴾⴰⵉⴰⴷⴰⵏ ⴷⴰⵗ ⴰⴰⴱⵍⵉⴾⴰⵙⵉⵓⵏ ⵜⴰⵏ ⵓⵉⵏ ⴰⵙⵓⵋ ⵎⵢⵗ ⵏ ⴰⵍⵆⵉⴷⵎⴰⵜ
English: The Ethnographic Praxis in Industry (EPIC) conference is evidence of this.
Tamasheq: ⵜⴰⵗⴰⵉⵎⵉⵜ ⵜⴰⵏ ⵢⵂⵏⵓⴶⵔⴰⴱⵂⵉⵛ ⴱⵔⴰⵆⵉⵙ ⵉⵏ ⵉⵏⴷⵓⵙⵜⵔⵉ (ⵢⴱIⵛ) ⵜⴰⵈⵈⴰⵍ ⴰⵙⵉⴷⵉⵜⵜⵉ ⵏ ⴰⵓⵢⵏ
English: Jaber F. Gubrium and James A. Holstein's (1997) monograph, The New Language of Qualitative Method, discusses forms of ethnography in terms of their "methods talk."
Tamasheq: “” ⵎⵓⵏⵓⴶⵔⴰⴱⵂ ⵓⵏ ⵋⴰⴱⵢⵔ ⴼ. ⵗⵓⴱⵔⵉⵓ ⴷ ⵋⴰⵎⵢⵙ ⴰ. ⵂⵓⵍⵙⵜⵢⵉⵏⵙ”ⵙ (ⴷⴰⵗ ⴰⵓⴰⵜⴰⵉ ⵓⴰⵏ 1997) , ⴰⵓⴰⵍ ⵓⴰ ⵢⵉⵏⴰⵉⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵔⵓⴰⵍⵉⵜⴰⵉⴱⵢ ⵎⵢⵜⵂⵓⴷ, ⵉⵙⵙⵢⵓⴰⵍ ⴼⴰⵍ ⴷⵓⵎⵓ ⵜⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵢⵜⵂⵏⵓⴶⵔⴰⴱⵂⵉ ⵙ ⴰⵍⵎⴰⵗⵏⴰ ⵓⴰⵏ ⵉⵛⵂⵉⴾⵉⵍ ⵏ ⵎⴰⵋⵔⴰⴷ”” ⵏⴰⵙⴰⵏ
English: Essentially, Fine maintains that researchers are typically not as ethical as they claim or assume to be — and that "each job includes ways of doing things that would be inappropriate for others to know".
Tamasheq: “ⴼⵉⵏⵢ ⴰⵙⵉⵍⵎⴰⴷ ⴰⵙ ⴾⵢⵍ ⴼⴰⵔⴰⴾ ⵓⴰⵔ ⵉⵍⴾⵢⵎ ⵉ ⴰⵍⵈⴰⵏⵓⵏ ⵙ ⵉⵎⵎⵉⴾ ⵓⴰ ⵙ ⵉⵏⵏⴰⵏ ⵎⵢⵗ ⴰⵗⵉⵍⴰⵏ - ⵜⵓⵍⴰⵙ “ ⴰⵍⵆⵉⴷⵎⴰⵜ ⴼⵓⴾ ⴰⵂⴰⵏ ⵜⴰⵜ ⴰⴱⴰⵔⴰ ⵜⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵉⵋⵉ ⵏ ⵂⴰⵔⴰⵜⴰⵏ ⵙ ⵓⴰⵔ ⵓⵍⵢⵗ ⴰ ⵜⴰⵏ ⵉⵙⵙⴰⵏⴰⵏ ⵓⵉ ⵉⴰⴷⵏⵢⵏ””
English: He maintains that "illusions" are essential to maintain an occupational reputation and avoid potentially more caustic consequences.
Tamasheq: “ ⴰⵙⵉⵍⵎⴰⵙ ⴰⵙ “” ⵜⴰⴼⵍⴰⵙⴰⵜⵢⵏ ⵏ ⴱⴰⵂⵓ “” ⴰⵈⵈⴰⵍ ⵏⴰⵜ ⴰ ⵉⵍⵣⴰⵎⴰⵏ ⵉ ⴰⴶ-ⴰⵣ ⵉ ⵉⵙⵉⵎ ⵏ ⴰⵍⵆⵉⴷⵎⴰⵜ ⵜⵓⵍⴰⵙ ⵉⴶⴷⴰⵂ ⴰⵓⵢⵏ ⴰⵍⴱⴰⵏⴰ ⵜⴰⵏ ⵍⴰⴱⴰⵙⵏⵢⵏ”
English: The code of ethics notes that anthropologists are part of a wider scholarly and political network, as well as human and natural environment, which needs to be reported on respectfully.
Tamasheq: ⴰⵍⵈⴰⵏⵓⵏ ⵏ ⴰⵍⵆⵉⴷⵎⴰⵜ ⵉⴾⵜⴰⴱ ⴰⵙ ⴰⵏⵜⵂⵔⵓⴱⵓⵍⵓⴶⵉⵙⵜ ⵜⴰⵏ ⴰⵈⵈⴰⵍⴰⵏ ⴰⵛⵂⵔⵓⵜ ⵏ ⵔⵢⵣⵓ ⵏ ⵉⵎⴰⵗⵔⴰⵏ ⴷ ⴼⵓⵍⵉⵜⵉⴾ ⵎⴰⵈⵈⵓⵔⴰⵏ ⵂⴰⴾ ⵉⴷ ⴰⵂⵉⵏⵣⴰⵣⴰⵗ ⵓⴰⵏ ⴰⴷⴷⵉⵏⴰⵜ ⴷ ⵓⴰⵏ ⴰⵜⵜⴰⴱⵉⵗⴰⵏ ⴰⴷⵉⵔⵂⴰⵏⵏⵢⵏ ⴰⴷ ⵉⴾⵜⴰⴱⴰⵏ ⴷⴰⵗ ⵙⵢⵎⵗⴰⵔ
English: Researchers take near-fictions and turn them into claims of fact.
Tamasheq: ⵆⵢⵍ ⴼⴰⵔⴰⴾ ⵔⴰⵎⵎⴰⵙⴰⵏ ⴰ ⵓⴰⵔ ⵜⵉ ⵏ ⵉⵍⵍⴰ ⵜⵓⵍⴰⵙ ⴰⵋⵋⵉⵏ ⵜⵉ ⵂⴰⵔⴰⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵉⴷⵉⵜ
English: In reality, an ethnographer will always miss some aspect because of lacking omniscience.
Tamasheq: ⴷⴰⵗ ⴰⵍⵎⴰⵗⵏⴰ, ⵢⵜⵂⵏⵓⴶⵔⴰⴱⵂⵢⵔ ⵂⴰⵔⴾⵓⴾ ⵓⴷⴰⵏ ⴰ ⵂⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵜⴱⴰⵈⵈⴰ ⵜⵉⵉⵉⴰⴷ ⴼⴰⵍ ⴰⵙ ⵓⴰⵔ ⵉⵍⴰ ⵎⵓⵙⵏⴰⵜ ⵜⵉⴾⵎⴰⵍⴰⵜ
English: Indigenous peoples, also referred to as first people, aboriginal people, native people, or autochthonous people, are culturally distinct ethnic groups who are native to a place which has been colonised and settled by another ethnic group.
Tamasheq: ⴰⴷⴷⵉⵏⴰⵜ ⵉⵏ ⴰⴾⴰⵍ, ⵙ ⵉⵜⴰⵓⴰⵏ ⴰⴷⴷⵉⵏⴰⵜ ⵓⵉ ⴰⵣⵣⴰⵔⵏⵢⵏ, ⴰⴷⴷⵉⵏⴰⵜ ⵓⵉ ⴰⵂⵓⵏⵢⵏ ⴷⴰⵗ ⴰⴾⴰⵍ ⵎⵢⵗ ⴾⵢⵍ ⴰⴾⴰⵍ, ⴰⵈⵈⴰⵍⴰⵏ ⵜⴰⵈⵈⵉⵎⵢⵏ ⵏ ⴰⴶⵏⴰ ⵜⴰⵏ ⴰⵏⵎⴰⵣⵍⴰⵉⵏⵢⵏ ⴰⵈⵈⴰⵍ ⵏⵢⵏ ⴾⵢⵍ ⴰⴾⴰⵍ ⵏ ⵢⴷⴰⴶ ⵉⵉⵉⴰⵏ ⵙ ⴾⴰⵍⴰ ⵢⵂⴰ ⴰⵍⵉⵙⵜⵢⵗⵎⴰⵔ ⵜⵓⵍⴰⵙ ⵉⵣⵣⴰⵗⴰⵏ ⵜⴰⵈⵈⵉⵎⵜ ⵏ ⴰⴷⴷⵉⵏⴰⵜ ⵏ ⵜⴰⵓⵙⵢⵜ ⵉⵉⵉⴰⵜ
English: Peoples are usually described as "indigenous" when they maintain traditions or other aspects of an early culture that is associated with a given region.
Tamasheq: “” ⴰⴷⴷⵉⵏⴰⵜ ⵂⴰⵔⴾⵓⴾ ⵉⵓⴰⵔ ⵜⴰⵏ ⵉⵙⵉⵎ ⵓⴰⵏ “ⴾⴰⵍ ⴰⴾⴰⵍ”” ⴰⵍⵓⴰⵈ ⵓⴶⴰⵣⴰⵏ ⵜⵓⵎⴰⵙⵜ ⵏⴰⵙⴰⵏ ⵎⵢⵗ ⵜⵉⵜⴱⴰⵈⵈⴰ ⵏ ⴰⴶⵏⴰ ⵓⴰ ⵢⵣⵣⴰⵔⴰⵏ ⵏ ⴰⴾⴰⵍ ⵉⵉⵉⴰⵏ”
English: Indigenous peoples continue to face threats to their sovereignty, economic well-being, languages, ways of knowing, and access to the resources on which their cultures depend.
Tamasheq: ⴰⴷⴷⵉⵏⴰⵜ ⵓⵉⵏ ⵢⵍ ⴰⴾⴰⵍ ⵂⴰⵔ ⴰⵋⵋⵓⴷⵉ ⵉⵋⵔⴰⵓ ⵏ ⴰⵜⵜⴰⵏ ⵜⵉⵙⵓⵔⵎⴰⵗ ⴼⴰⵍ ⴰⵍⵉⵙⵜⵢⵆⴰⵍ ⵏⴰⵙⴰⵏ, ⵜⴰⵎⵓⴷⵔⵢ ⵏⴰⵙⴰⵏ, ⴰⵍⵆⵢⵔ ⵏⴰⵙⴰⵏ, ⴰⵓⴰⵍⴰⵏ ⵏⴰⵙⴰⵏ, ⵉⵎⵎⵉⴾⴰⵏ ⵏⴰⵙⴰⵏ ⵓⵉⵏ ⵎⵓⵙⵏⴰⵜ ⴷ ⴰⵋⵋⴰⵔⴰⵓ ⵏⴰⵙⴰⵏ ⵉ ⴰⵍⴼⴰⵉⴷⴰ ⵜⴰⵏ ⴰⴾⴰⵍ ⵉⴷⵎⴰⵏⵏⵢⵏ ⴰⴶⵏⴰ ⵜⴰⵏ ⵏⴰⵙⴰⵏ
English: Estimates of the total global population of Indigenous peoples usually range from 250 million to 600 million.
Tamasheq: ⵎⵉⵔⴷⴰ ⵜⴰⵏ ⵏ Iⴷⴷⵉⴾⵓⴷ ⵓⴰⵏ ⵉⵛⵂⴰⵗⵉⴱ ⵏ ⴰⴷⴷⵉⵏⴰⵜ ⵓⵉⵏ ⴾⵢⵍ ⴰⴾⴰⵍ ⴼⵓ ⴰⵙⴰⵏ ⵉⵍⴰ ⵋⵉⵔ 250 ⵏ ⵎⵉⵍⵉⵓⵏ ⵏ ⴰⵓⴰⴷⵉⵎ ⵂⴰⵔ 600 ⵏ ⵎⵉⵍⵉⵓⵏ
English: As a reference to a group of people, the term Indigenous first came into use by Europeans who used it to differentiate the Indigenous peoples of the Americas from enslaved Africans.
Tamasheq: ⴷⵈⵈⴰⵍ ⵜⴰⵙⴰⵙⵙⴰⵗⵔⴰⵓⵜ ⵏ ⵜⴰⵈⵈⵉⵎⵜ ⵏ ⴰⴷⴷⵉⵏⵜ , ⵉⵙⵉⵎ ⵓⴰⵏ ⵉⵏⴷⵢⴶⵢⵏⵉⵓⵓⵙ ⴰⵗⵔⴰⵏ ⵜⵉ ⴾⵢⵍ ⵢⵔⵓⴱⴰ ⵙ ⵜⵉⵣⴰⵔⴰⵜ ⵉ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵣⵍⵉⵉⴰⵏ ⴰⴷⴷⵉⵏⴰⵜ ⵓⵉⵏ ⴾⵢⵍⵍ ⴰⴾⴰⵍ ⵏ ⴰⵎⵢⵔⵉⴾ ⴷ ⴾⵢⵍ ⴰⴼⵔⵉⴾⵉⵉⴰ ⵜⴰⵏ ⵓⵉ ⵜⴰⵓⴰⴾⵔⴰⵛⵂ ⵏⵢⵏ
English: In the 1970s, the term was used as a way of linking the experiences, issues, and struggles of groups of colonized people across international borders.
Tamasheq: ⴷⴰⵗ ⴰⵓⴰⵜⴰⵉ ⵓⴰⵏ 1970, ⵉⵙⵉⵎ ⵉⵜⴰⵓⴰⵗⴰⵔ ⵙ ⴰ ⵉⵎⵓⵙⴰⵏ ⵜⴰⵔⵜⵉⵜ ⵏ ⵎⵓⵙⵏⴰⵜⵢⵏ, ⵎⵓⵛⵂⴰⴾⵉⵍ ⵜⴰⵏ ⴷ ⵉⴾⵉⵏⵏⴰⵙⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵜⴰⵈⵈⵉⵎⴻⵏ ⵏ ⴰⴷⴷⵉⵏⴰⵜ ⵓⵉ ⴰⵂⴰⵏⵢⵏ ⴰⵍⵉⵙⵜⵢⵗⵎⴰⵔ ⴷⴰⵗ ⴰⵍⵆⴰⴷⵓⴷⴰ ⵓⵉⵏ ⵋⵉⵔ ⵉⴾⴰⵍⵍⴰⵏ
English: This situation can persist even in the case where the Indigenous population outnumbers that of the other inhabitants of the region or state; the defining notion here is one of separation from decision and regulatory processes that have some, at least titular, influence over aspects of their community and land rights.
Tamasheq: ⵜⴰⵍⵗⴰ ⵜⵢⵏ ⵜ-ⴰⴷⴷⵓⴱⴰⵜ ⴰⵜ ⵉⵍⵍⴰ ⵂⴰⵔ ⴰⵋⵉⵔ ⵉⵛⵛⴰⵗⵉⴱ ⵓⴰⵏ ⴾⵢⵍ ⴰⴾⴰⵍ ⵓⴰⵏ ⴰⴷⴷⵉⵏⴰⵜ ⵓⵉ ⵉⵣⵣⴰⵗⵏⵢⵏ ⵉⵗⵉⵔⵎⴰⵏ ⵎⵢⵗ ⵉⴷⴷⵉⵓⵉⵍ ⵉⵉⵉⴰⵏ, ⴰⵍⵎⴰⵗⵏⴰ ⵏ ⵉⵙⵉⵎ ⴷⵉⵂⴰ ⴷⴰⵗ ⵢⵈⵈⴰⵍ ⵉⵉⵉⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵜⴰⵣⵓⵏⵜ ⵜⴰⵏ ⴰⴷⴷⴰⴱⴰⵔⴰ ⴷ ⵉⵎⵉⵜⵉⴾⵓⵉⵉⴰⵏ ⵙ ⵉⵉⵉⴰⴷ ⵓⵔⵏⴰⵂⴰⵏ ⵜⵉⵜⴱⴰⵈⵈⴰ ⵏ ⵜⴰⵓⵙⵢⵜ ⴷ ⴰⵍⵆⴰⵈⴰⵏ ⵏⴰⵙⴰⵏ ⵓⵉⵏ ⴰⴾⴰⵍ
English: A 2009 United Nations report published by the Secretariat of the Permanent Forum on Indigenous Issues stated: For centuries, since the time of their colonization, conquest or occupation, Indigenous peoples have documented histories of resistance, interface or cooperation with states, thus demonstrating their conviction and determination to survive with their distinct sovereign identities.
Tamasheq: ⴷⴰⵗ ⵜⵉⴾⴰⵔⴷⵢ ⵏ 2009 Oⵏⵓ ⴼⴰⵍ ⴰⵙⵉⵍⵎⴰⴷ ⵙⵢⵛⵔⵢⵜⴰⵔⵉⴰⵜ ⵓⴰⵏ ⵂⴰⵔⴾⵓⴾ ⴰⵍ ⵎⵓⵛⵂⴰⴾⵉⵍ ⵜⴰⵏ ⵓⵉⵏ ⴾⵢⵍ ⴰⴾⴰⵍ ⴰⵍⵍⴰⵗⴰⵜ: ⴰ ⵉⵍⴰⵏ ⵜⵉⵎⴰⴷ ⵏ ⵉⵓⵉⵜⵉⴰⵏ , ⵂⴰⵔⵓⴰ ⴷⴰⵗⴰⵣⵣⴰⵎⴰⵏ ⵓⴰⵏ ⴰⵍⵉⵙⵜⵢⵗⵎⴰⵔ ⵏⴰⵙⴰⵏ, ⴰⵔⴰⵎⴰⵙ ⵎⵢⵗ ⴰⵆⴰⴾⴰⵎ , ⴰⴷⴷⵉⵏⴰⵜ ⵓⵉⵏ ⴾⵢⵍ ⴰⴾⴰⵍ ⵉⴾⵜⴰⴱⴰⵏ ⴰⵜⵜⴰⵔⵢⵆⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵜⴰⴱⵉⵍⵍⴰⵏⵜ ⴷⴰⵗ ⴰⵏⵎⴰⵛⵂⴰⵍ ⵉⴷ ⴰⴷⴷⴰⵓⵍⴰ ⵜⴰⵏ , ⴰⵓⵢⵏ ⵉⵙⵙⵉⴾⵏⴰ ⴰⵙⵉⴷⴷⵓⵜⵉ ⴷ ⴰⴶⵍⵓⵉ ⵏⴰⵙⴰⵏ ⵉ ⴰⴷ ⴰⵋⵋⵉⵏ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵣⵓⵈ ⵜⵉⵣⵍⴰⵉⴰⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵓⵎⴰⵙⵢⵏ ⵏⴰⵙⴰⵏ
English: These people were seen by ancient writers either as the ancestors of the Greeks, or as an earlier group of people who inhabited Greece before the Greeks.
Tamasheq: ⴰⴷⴷⵉⵏⴰⵜ ⵉ ⵋⴰⵏ ⵜⴰⵏ ⵉⵏⴰⵜⵓⴱⴰⵏ ⵓⵉⵏ ⴾⵢⵍ ⴰⵔⵓ ⵉⵓⵉⵛⵂⴰⵔⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵢⵢⴾ ⵜⴰⵏ ⵎⵢⵗ ⵜⴰⵈⵈⵉⵎⵜ ⵏ ⴰⴷⴷⵉⵏⴰⵜ ⵜⴰ ⵜⴰⵣⵣⴰⵔⴰⵜ ⵜⵉⵣⵣⴰⵗⴰⵜ ⴶⵔⵢⵢⵛⵢ ⴷⴰⵜⴰ ⵗⵔⵢⵢⴾ ⵜⴰⵏ
English: The Crusades (1096-1271) were based on this ambition of a holy war against who the church saw as infidels.
Tamasheq: ⵉⴾⵉⵏⵏⴰⵙⴰⵏ ⵓⵉ ⵋⴰⵔ ⵉⵏⴰⵙⵍⵉⵎⴰⵏ ⴷ ⵉⴾⵓⴼⴰⵔ ⴷⴰⵗ ⴰⵓⴰⵜⴰⵉ (1096 ⵂⴰⵔ ⵓⴰⵏ 1271) ⵉⵋⵋⴰⵏ ⴼⴰⵍ ⴷⵢⵔⵂⴰⵏ ⵏ ⴰⴾⵉⵏⵏⴰⵙ ⵏ ⴰⵍⵓⴰⵍⵉ ⴼⴰⵍ ⴰⴷⴷⵉⵏⴰⵜ ⵓⵉ ⵜⵉ ⵢⴶⵍⵉⵣ ⴰⵙ ⵉⵏⴰⴱⴱⵢⴷⵉⵔⴰⵏ
English: However, the council upheld that conquests could 'legally' occur if non-Christians refused to comply with Christianization and European natural law.
Tamasheq: ⵂⴰⴾ ⵉⴷ ⵉⵋⵋⴰ ⴰⵓⵢⵏ, ⵛⵓⵓⵏⵛⵉⵍ ⵢⵔⴷⴰ ⴰⵙ ⵉⵔⴰⵎⴰⵙⴰⵏ ⴰⴷⴷⵓⴱⵢⵏ ⴰⴷ ⴰⵋ ⵉⵏ “ⴷⴰⵗ ⴰⵛⵂⴰⵔⵢⵗⴰ” ⴰ ⴼⴰⵍ ⴰⴷⴷⵉⵏⴰⵜ ⵓⵉ ⵓⴰⵔ ⵏ ⴰⵈⵈⵢⵍ ⴾⵔⵉⴾⵢⵏ ⵜⴰⵏ ⵓⵏⵋⴰⵉⴰⵏ ⵙ ⴰⵛⵂⴰⵔⵢⵗⴰ ⵜⴰⵏ ⴾⵔⵉⴾⵢⵏ ⵜⴰⵏ ⴷ ⵜⴰⵏ ⴰⵜⵜⴰⴱⵉⵗⴰ ⵓⴰⵏ ⵢⵔⵓⴱⴰ
English: In the 14th and 15th centuries, the Indigenous peoples of what are now referred to as the Canary Islands, known as Guanches (who had lived on the islands since the BCE era) became the subject of colonizers' attention.
Tamasheq: ⴰⵗ ⴰⵓⴰⵜⴰⵉ ⵓⴰⵏ 1400 ⴷ ⵓⴰⵏ1500, ⴰⴷⴷⵉⵏⴰⵜ ⵓⵉⵏ ⴾⵢⵍ ⴰⴾⴰⵍ ⴰⵈⵈⴰⵍⵏⵢⵏ ⴰⵓⴰ ⵙ ⵉⵜⴰⵓⴰⵏ ⴰⵎⴰⵔⴰⴷ ⵛⴰⴱⴰⵔⵉ Iⵙⵍⴰⵏⴷⵙ ( ⵓⵉ ⵉⵣⵣⴰⵗⵏⴻⵏ ⴼⴰⵍ Iⵙⵍⴰⵏⴷ ⵜⴰⵏ ⵗⵓⵔ ⴰⵣⵣⴰⵎⴰⵏ ⵓⴰⵏ ⴱⵛⵢ) ⴰⵈⵈⴰⵍⴰⵏ ⴰ ⵂⵉⵏ ⵉⵋⵔⴰⵂⴰⵏ ⵉⵏⴰⵙⵜⵢⵗⵎⵉⵔⴰⵏ