Tamazight-NLP/NLLB-Seed_Tamasheq-Tifinagh-Script huggingface dataset:
English: The majority of recent population growth in Canada's three largest metropolitan areas (Greater Toronto, Greater Montréal, and Greater Vancouver) has occurred in non-core municipalities.
Tamasheq: Iⵋⵋⵉⵜ ⵏ ⵉⵛⴰⵗⵉⴱ ⴷⴰⵗ ⴾⴰⵔⴰⴷⴰⵜ ⵜⵉⵗⴰⵔⵎⴰⵜⵢⵏ ⵏ ⵛⴰⵏⴰⴷⴰ ⵜⵉ ⵎⴰⵈⵈⵓⵔⵏⵢⵏ (ⵗⵢⴰⵜⵢⵔ ⵟⵓⵔⵓⵏⵜⵓ, ⵗⵔⵢⴰⵜⵢⵔ ⵎⵓⵏⵜⵔⵢⴰⵍ ⴷ ⵗⵔⵢⴰⵜⵢⵔ ⵠⴰⵏⵛⵓⵓⴱⵢⵔ) ⵉⵋⵋⴰ ⴷⴰⵗ ⵜⵉⴶⵂⴰⵔⵎⴰⵜⵢⵏ ⵓⴰⵔ ⵏ ⵉⵏⴼⴰ ⵂⴰⵔⴰⵜ
English: This is due to annexation and large geographic footprint within the city borders.
Tamasheq: ⴰⵓⴻⵏ ⵓⴰⵔ ⵜⵉ ⵉⴷ ⴻⵔⴻⵓ ⴰⵔ ⴰⵜⵜⴰⵔⵎⵉⵙ ⴷ ⴰⴷⵉⵔⵉⵛ ⵎⴰⵈⵈoⵔⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵋoⴶⵔⴰⴼⵉⴰ ⴷⴰⵗ ⴰⵍⵆⴰⴷⵓⴷⴰⵏ ⵏ ⴰⵗⵔⵉⵎ
English: In the 2016 census, the City of Calgary had a population of 1,239,220, whereas the Calgary Metropolitan Area had a population of 1,392,609, indicating the vast majority of people in the Calgary CMA lived within the city limits.
Tamasheq: ⴷⴰⵗ ⵜⵓⴷⴷⴰⵏⵜ ⵜⴰⵏ 2016, ⴰⴶⵂⵔⵉⵎ ⴰⵏ ⵛⴰⵍⴶⴰⵔⵉ ⵉⵍⴰ ⵉⴷⴷⵉⴾⵓⴷ ⵏ 1.239.220 ⵏ ⵉⵛⴰⵗⵉⴱ ⴰⵙ ⵉⵋⵋⴰ ⴰⵓⴻⵏ ⴰⵗⵔⵉⵎ ⵏ ⵛⴰⵍⴶⴰⵔⵉ ⵓⴰ ⵎⴰⵈⵈⵓⵔⴰⵏ ⵉⵍⴰ ⵉⴷⴷⵉⴾⵓⴷ ⵏ 1.392.609 ⵏ ⵉⵛⵂⴰⵗⵉⴱ ⵉⵙⵙⵉⵍⵎⴰⴷⴰⵏ ⴼⴰⵍ ⵉⵋⵋⵉ ⵏ ⴰⴷⴷⵉⵏⴰⵜ ⵏ ⵛⴰⵍⴶⴰⵔⵉ ⵛⵎⴰ ⵉⵣⵣⴰⴶⵏⴻⵏ ⴷⴰⵗ ⵉⵙⵉⵍⵎⴰⵏ ⵏ ⴰⵗⵔⵉⵎ
English: In the UK, the government is seeking to impose minimum densities on newly approved housing schemes in parts of South East England.
Tamasheq: ⴷⴰⵗ ⵓⵆ, ⴰⵍⵆⴰⴾⵓⵎ ⴻⵔⵂⴰ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵣⵉⵍⵣⵉⵎ ⴰⴼⴰⵏⴰⵣ ⵏ ⵉⵋⵋⵉⵜ ⵏ ⴰⴷⴷⵉⵏⴰⵜ ⴷⴰⵗ ⴰⴷⴷⴰⴱⴰⵔⴰ ⵜⴰⵏ ⵏⴻⵜ ⴻⵉⵏⴰⵉⵏⴻⵏ ⵏ ⵉⴷⴻⵉⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵉⵂⴰⵏⴰⵏ ⴷⴰⵗ ⵉⵛⵔⵓⵜⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵙⵏⴰ ⴷⴰⵗ ⴰⵍⵈⵉⴱⵍⴰⵜ ⵉ ⴻⵏⴶⵍⴰⵏⴷ
English: Suburbs can be found in Guadalajara, Mexico City, Monterrey, and most major cities.
Tamasheq: ⵙⵓⴱⵓⵔⴱ ⵜⴰⵏ ⵉⵍⵍⴰⵏ ⵜⵉ ⴷⴰⴶⵂ ⵗⵓⴰⴷⴰⵍⴰⵋⴰⵔⴰ, ⴰⴶⵂⵔⵉⵎ ⵓⴰⵏ ⵂⴻⵆⵉⵛⵓ, ⵎⵓⵏⵜⴻⵔⵔⵉ ⴷ ⴷⴰⴶⵂ ⵜⵉⴶⵂⴰⵔⵎⴰⵜⴻⵏ ⵜⵉ ⵎⴰⵈⵈⵓⵔⵏⴻⵏ
English: As the growth of middle-class and upper-class suburbs increased, low-class squatter areas have increased, most notably "lost cities" in Mexico, campamentos in Chile, barriadas in Peru, villa miserias in Argentina, asentamientos in Guatemala and favelas of Brazil.
Tamasheq: “ⴰⵍⵓⴰⵈ ⵓⴰ ⵉⴷ ⵜⵉⵓⴰⴷⵏⴰⵜ ⵙⵓⴱⵓⵔⴱ ⵜⴰⵏ ⴷⴰⴶⵂ ⵜⵉⵎⵉⵣⴷⴰⴶⵂ ⵜⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵍⴰⵈⵈⴰⵓⵢⵏ ⴷ ⴾⴻⵍ ⴰⵙⵙⴰⵂⴰⵜ, ⵉⴾⴰⵔⴱⴰⵏⴰⵏ ⵓⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵍⴰⵈⵈⴰⵓⴻⵏ ⴰⵓⵉⴷⴰⵏ ⵂⵓⵍⵍⴰⵏ “”ⵍⵓⵙⵜ ⵛⵉⵜⵉⵢⵙ”” ⴷⴰⴶⵂ ⵎⴻⵆⵉⵛⵓ, ⵛⴰⵎⴱⴰⵎⴻⵏⵜⵓⵙ ⴷⴰⴶⵂ ⵛⵂⵉⵍⵉ, ⴱⴰⵔⵔⵉⴰⴷⵓⵙ ⴷⴰⴶⵂ ⴱⴻⵔⵓ, ⴱⵉⵍⵍⴰ ⵎⵉⵙⵢⵔⵉⴰⵙ ⴷⴰⴶⵂ ⴰⵔⴶⴻⵏⵜⵉⵏⴰ, ⴰⵙⵢⵏⵜⴰⵎⵉⵢⵏⵜⵓⵙ ⴷⴰⴶⵂ ⵗⵓⴰⵜⵢⵎⴰⵍⴰ ⴷ ⴼⴰⴱⴻⵍⴰⵙ ⴷⴰⴶⵂ ⴱⵔⴰⵣⵉⵍ”
English: In an illustrative case of South Africa, RDP housing has been built.
Tamasheq: ⴰⵓⴻⵏ ⵉⵋⵋⴰ ⵂⵓⵍⵍⴰⵏ ⴷⴰⴶⵂ ⵙⵓⵓⵜⵂ ⴰⴼⵔⵉⴾⴰ , ⵉⵂⴰⵏⴰⵏ ⵓⵉⵏ ⵔⴻⵔ ⵉⴷⴰⵉⴰⵏ
English: In certain areas such as Klang, Subang Jaya and Petaling Jaya, suburbs form the core of these places.
Tamasheq: ⴷⴰⴶⵂ ⵉⴷⴰⴶⴰⵏ ⵉⵉⵉⴰⴷ ⵂⵓⵏⴷ ⵆⵍⴰⵏⴶ, ⵙⵓⴱⴰⵏⴶ ⵋⴰⵉⴰ ⴷ ⴱⴻⵍⴰⵉⵏⴶ ⵋⴰⵉⴰ, ⵙⵓⴱⵓⵔⴱ ⵜⴰⵏ ⴰⵈⵈⴰⵍⴰⵏ ⵜⵉⵏⴼⴰ ⵏ ⵉⴷⴰⴶⴰⵏ ⵓⵉⵏ
English: In the suburban system, most trips from one component to another component requires that cars enter a collector road, no matter how short or long the distance is.
Tamasheq: ⴷⴰⴶⵂ ⵙⵉⵙⵜⴻⵎ ⵓⴰⵏ ⵙⵓⴱⵓⵔⴱ ⵜⴰⵏ, ⵉⵙⵉⴾⵉⵍⴰⵏ ⴰⵋⵋⵓⵜⵏⴻⵏ ⴶⵂⵓⵔ ⵉⵉⵉⴰⵏ ⵙ ⵓⴰ ⵉⴰⴷⴰⵏ ⴰⵣⵣⵉⵍⵣⴰⵎⴰⵏ ⵉ ⵜⵓⵔⴼⴻⵏ ⵉⵋⵋⵓⵛⵂ ⵏ ⴰⴱⴰⵔⴰ ⵜⴰⵏ ⵙ ⵉⵜⴰⵓⴰⵏ ‘ⵛⵓⵍⵍⴻⵛⵓⵜⵔ ⵔⵓⴰⴷ’ ⵓⴰⵔ ⵉⵣⵍⴰⵉ ⵎⴰⵈⵈⵓⵔ ⵎⴻⴶⵂ ⵎⴰⴷⵔⵓⵉ ⵉⴷⴷⵉⴾⵓⴷ ⵏⴻⵜ
English: If a traffic crash occurs on a collector road, or if road construction inhibits the flow, then the entire road system may be rendered useless until the blockage is cleared.
Tamasheq: ⴰ ⴼⴰⵍ ⵜⵓⴷⴰ ⵜⵓⵔⵓⴼⵜ ⴼⴰⵍ ‘ⵛoⵍⵍⴻⵛⵜⵓⵔ ⵔⵓⴰⴷ’ ⵎⴻⴶⵂ ⴰ ⴼⴰⵍ ⴻⴷⴻⵉ ⵓⴰⵏ ⴰⴱⴰⵔⴰ ⵉⵎⵏⴰⴶⵂ ⴰⵏⵎⵉⵙⵉⵙ ⵏ ⵜⵓⵔⴼⴻⵏ ⴷⵉⵂⴻⵏ ⵙⵉⵙⵜⵢⵎ ⵏ ⴰⴱⴰⵔⴰ ⵜⴰⵏ ⴼⵓⴾ ⴰⴷ ⵢⴶⵂⴼⵉⵍ ⵂⴰⵔ ⴰⴾⵉ ⵎⴰⵔⵙⴰⵍ
English: This encourages car trips even for distances as low as several hundreds of yards or meters (which may have become up to several miles or kilometers due to the road network).
Tamasheq: ⴰⵓⴻⵏ ⵓⵎⴰⵔ ⵙ ⵉⵙⵉⴾⵉⵍⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵓⵔⴼⴻⵏ ⵙ ⵉⴷⴰⴶⴰⵏ ⴻⵓⴰⴷⵏⴻⵏ ⵜⵉⵎⴰⴷ ⴰⵋⵋⵓⵜⵏⴻⵏ ⵏ ⵉⴰⵔⴷ ⵜⴰⵏ ⵎⴻⵗ ⵏ ⵉⵗⴰⵍⵍⴰⵏ ( ⴰⴷⴷⵓⴱⴰⵜ ⵏⴻⵏ ⴰⴷ ⴰⵓⵉⴷⴰⵏ ⵂⴰⵔ ⴾⵉⵍoⵎⴻⵜⵉⵔ ⵜⴰⵏ ⴰⵋⵋⵓⵜⵏⴻⵏ ⵎⴻⵗ ⴾⵉⵍⵓⵎⴻⵜⵉⵔ ⵜⴰⵏ ⴼⴰⵍ ⴰⵓⴰ ⵉⵋⵋⴰ ⵔⴻⵣⵓ ⵓⴰⵏ ⴰⴱⴰⵔⴰ).
English: Taken together, these two groups of taxpayers represent a largely untapped source of potential revenue that cities may begin to target more aggressively, particularly if they're struggling.
Tamasheq: ⴰ ⴼⴰⵍ ⴰⵎⵎⵉⵜⴾⴰⵍ ⴷⴰⵗ ⴻⴷⴰⴶ ⵉⵉⵉⴰⵏ, ⵜⴰⵈⵈⵉⵎⴻⵏ ⵜⵉⵏ ⵙⴰⵏⴰⵜⴰⵜ ⵏ ⵉⵎⴰⵣⴰⵍⴰⵏ ⵏ ⴱⴰⵉⴰ ⵜⴰⵏ ⴰⵈⵈⴰⵍⴰⵏ ⴻⴷⴰⴶ ⵏ ⴰⵙⵉⴷⵓ ⵏ ⴰⵍⴱⴰⵔⴰⴾⴰⵜ ⵙ ⵉⵙⵙⵉⵏⵜⴰⵏⴰⵜ ⵜⵉⵗⴰⵔⵎⴰⵜⴻⵏ ⴻⴷⴻⵙ ⵏⴰⵙⵏⴰⵜ ⵙ ⴰⵙⵙⴰⵂⴰⵜ ⵂⵓⵍⵍⴰⵏ ⴰⵍⵓⴰⵈ ⵓⴰ ⵉⴷ ⵎⵉⵗⴰⵏⵏⴰⵏ
English: French songs like La Zone by Fréhel (1933), Aux quatre coins de la banlieue by Damia (1936), Ma banlieue by Reda Caire (1937), or Banlieue by Robert Lamoureux (1953), evoke the suburbs of Paris explicitly since the 1930s.
Tamasheq: ⵉⵙⵓⵂⴰⵗ ⵓⵉⵏ ⴾⴻⵍ ⴼⵔⴰⵏⵛⴻ ⵛⵂⵓⵏⴷ ⵍⴰ ⵣⵓⵏⴻ ⵓⴰⵏ ⴼⵔⵉⵂⴻⵍ (1933), ⴰⵓⵆ ⵈⵓⴰⵜⵔⴻ ⵛⵓⵉⵏⵙ ⴷⴻ ⵍⴰ ⴱⴰⵏⵍⵉⴻⵓⴻ ⵓⴰⵏ ⴻⴰⵎⵉⴰ ( 1936), ⵎⴰ ⴱⴰⵏⵍⵉⴻⵓⴻ ⵓⴰⵏ ⵔⴻⴷⴰ ⵛⴰⵉⵔⴻ ( 1937) ⵎⴻⴶⵂ ⴱⴰⵏⵍⵉⴻⵓⴻ ⵓⴰⵏ ⵔⵓⴱⴻⵔⵜ ⵍⴰⵎⵓⵓⵔⴻⵓⵆ (1953) ⵉⵎⵎⵉⵋⵔⴰⴷⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵙⵓⴱⵓⵔⴱ ⵜⴰⵏ ⵜⵉⵏ ⴱⴰⵔⵉⵙ ⵂⴰⵔ ⴰⵓⴰⵜⴰⵉ ⵓⴰⵏ 1930.
English: French cinema was although soon interested in urban changes in the suburbs, with such movies as Mon oncle by Jacques Tati (1958), L'Amour existe by Maurice Pialat (1961) or Two or Three Things I Know About Her by Jean-Luc Godard (1967).
Tamasheq: ⵙⵉⵏⴻⵎⴰ ⵓⴰⵏ ⴼⵔⴰⵏⵛⴻ ⵉⵋⵋⴰⵛⵂ ⵉⵛⵂⴰⵗⵉⵍ ⵏⴻⵜ ⵉⵙⴰⵍⴰⵏ ⵓⵉⵏ ⴰⵎⵓⵜⵜⵉ ⵏ ⵙⵓⴱⵓⵔⴱ ⵜⴰⵏ ⴷⴰⵗ ⵙ ⴼⵉⵍⵎ ⵜⴰⵏ ⵛⵓⵏⴷ ⵎⵓⵏ ⵓⵏⵛⵍⴻ ⵓⴰⵏ ⵋⴰⵛⵈⵓⴻⵙ ⵟⴰⵜⵉ ( 1958), ⵍ’ⴰⵎⵓⵓⵔ ⴻⵆⵉⵙⵜⴻ ⵓⴰⵏ ⵎⴰⵓⵔⵉⵛⴻ ⴱⵉⴰⵍⴰⵜ (1961) ⵎⴻⵗ ⵟⵓⵓ ⵓⵔ ⵟⵂⵔⴻⴻ ⵟⵂⵉⵏⴶⵙ I ⵆⵏⵓⵓ ⴰⴱoⵓⵜ ⵂⴻⵔ ⵓⴰⵏ ⵋⴻⴰⵏ-ⵍⵓⵛⵂ ⵗⵓⴷⴰⵔⴷ ( 1967)
English: The 1962 song "Little Boxes" by Malvina Reynolds lampoons the development of suburbia and its perceived bourgeois and conformist values, while the 1982 song Subdivisions by the Canadian band Rush also discusses suburbia, as does Rockin' the Suburbs by Ben Folds.
Tamasheq: “ⴰⵙⴰⵂⴰⴶⵂ ⵓⴰⵏ 1962 ““ⵍⵉⵜⵜⵍⴻ ⴱⵓⵆⴻⵙ”” ⵏ ⵎⴰⵍvⵉⵏⴰ ⵔⴻⵉⵏⵓⵍⴷⵙ ⵍⴰⵎⵔⵓⵓⵏ ⴻⴼⴻⵙ ⵏ ⵙⵓⴱⵓⵔⴱⵉⴰ ⴷ ⵙⴰⵔⵂo ⵜⴰⵏ ⵏⴻⵜ ⴶⵂⵓⵔ ⴱⵓⵓⵔⴶⴻⵓⵉⵙ ⵜⴰⵏⴰⵙ ⵉⵋⵋⴰ ⴰⵓⴻⵏ ⴷⴰⴶⵂ ⴰⵓⴰⵜⴰⵉ ⵓⴰⵏ 1982 ⴰⵙⴰⵂⴰⴶⵂ ⵓⴰⵏ ⵙⵓⴱⴷⵉvⵉⵣⵉⵓⵏ ⵜⴰⵏ ⵉⵋⵋⴰ ⴱⴰⵏⴷ ⴱⵓⵙⵂ ⵓⴰⵏ ⵛⴰⵏⴰⴷⴰ ⵉⵍⵍⴰⴶⵂⴰⵜ ⵙ ⵙⵓⴱⵓⵔⴱⵉⴰ ⵛⵂⵓⵏⴷ ⵔⵙⵛⴾⵉⵏ’ ⵜⵂⴻ ⵙⵓⴱⵓⵔⴱⵙ ⵓⴰⵏ ⴱⴻⵏ ⴼⵓⵍⴷⵙ”
English: Over the Hedge is a syndicated comic strip written and drawn by Michael Fry and T. Lewis.
Tamasheq: ⵙ ⴰⴼⴰⵍⵍⴰ ⴼⵓⴾ ⵉⵍⵍⴻ ⵙⵜⵔⵉⵔ ⵉⵋⵔⴰⵣⴰⵏ ⵓⴰ ⵉⴾⵜⴰⴱ ⵜⵓⵍⴰⵙ ⵙ ⵉⵋⵋⴰ ⵎⵉⵛⵂⴰⴻⵍ ⴼⵔⵉ ⴷ ⵟ. ⵍⴻⵓⵉⵙ ⴷⴻⵙⵉⵏ ⵏⴻⵜ
English: British television series such as The Good Life, Butterflies and The Fall and Rise of Reginald Perrin have depicted suburbia as well-manicured but relentlessly boring, and its residents as either overly conforming or prone to going stir crazy.
Tamasheq: ⵙⴻⵔⵉⴻ ⵜⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵟⴰⵍⴰvⵉⵣⵉⵓⵏ ⵜⴰⵏ ⴱⵔⵉⵜⴰⵏⵉⴰ ⵛⵂⵓⵏⴷ ⵟⵂⴻ ⵗⵓⵓⴷ ⵍⵉⴼⴻ, ⴱⵓⵜⵜⴻⵔⴼⵍⵉⴻⵙ ⴷⵂⴻ ⴼⴰⵍⵍ ⴷ ⵔⵉⵙⴻ ⵓⴰⵏ ⵔⴻⴶⵉⵏⴰⵍⴷ ⴱⴻⵔⵔⵉⵏ ⵉⴷⵍⴰⵋⴰⵏ ⵙⵓⴱⵓⵔⴱⵉⴰ ⵂⵓⵍⵍⴰⵏ ⵎⵓⵛⴰⵎ ⵉⵛⵉⵍⴷⴰⵛ ⵂⴰⵔⴾⵓⴾ ⵜⵓⵍⴰⵙ ⵉⵎⴰⵣⵣⴰⵗⴰⵏ ⵏⴻⵜ ⵉⵍⴾⴰⵎⴰⵏ ⵂⵓⵍⵍⴰⵏ ⵎⴻⵗ ⵋⴰⵏⵏⵉⵏ ⵉⵙⵉⴱⵓⴷⴷⴰⵍ ⵜⴰⵏ
English: A village is a clustered human settlement or community, larger than a hamlet but smaller than a town (although the word is often used to describe both hamlets and smaller towns), with a population typically ranging from a few hundred to a few thousand.
Tamasheq: ⴱⵉⵍⴰⵋ ⴻⵈⵈⴰⵍ ⵜⴰⵈⵈⵉⵎⵜ ⵏ ⴰⵎⴰⵣⴰⵗ ⵏ ⴰⴷⴷⵉⵏⴰⵜ ⵎⴻⵗ ⵜⴰⵓⵙⴻⵜ ⵜⵓⵋⵋⴰⵔⴰⵜ ⵂⵓⵍⵍⴰⵏ ⵂⴰⵔⴰⵜ ⵏ ⵉⵗⴰⵓ ⵏⴰⵜⴰⵏ ⵎⵓⵛⵂⴰⵏ ⵓⵔⴰⴾ ⵉⴷ ⵜⴰⵗⵔⵉⵎⵜ ( ⴾⵓⴷⴷⴻⴶⵂ ⴰⵙ ⵓⴰⵔ ⵜⵉ ⵉⵍⵍⴰ ⵉⵙⵉⵎ ⵏ ⵜⵢⵗⴰⵔⴻ ⵏ ⵂⴰⵔⴰⵜ ⵏ ⵉⴶⵂⴰⵓ ⵏⴰⵜⴰⵏ ⴷ ⵜⴰⵗⵉⵔⵎⵢⵏ) ⵉⵍⴰⵏ ⵉⵛⴰⵗⵉⴱ ⵉⵍⵍⴰⵏ ⵋⵉⵔ ⵂⴰⵔⴰⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵉⵎⴰⴷ ⵎⴻⵗ ⵢⴼⴷⴰⵏ.
English: This also enabled specialization of labor and crafts, and development of many trades.
Tamasheq: ⴰⵓⴻⵏ ⴷⴰⴶⵂ ⵉⴾⴼⴰ ⵜⵓⵔⵂⴰⵋⴰⵜ ⵙ ⵜⵉⴶⵂⵉⵔ ⴷⴰⴶⵂ ⴻⵣⴰⵔⴰⵋ ⵉⵏ ⴰⵍⵆⵉⴷⵎⴰⵜ ⵉⵉⵉⴰⵏ ⴷ ⴻⴼⴻⵙ ⵏ ⵎⴰⵎⴰⵍⴰ ⵜⴰⵏ ⴰⵋⵋ ⵓⵜⵏⴻⵏ
English: The size of these villages varies considerably.
Tamasheq: ⵜⵉⵎⴶⵂⴰⵔⴻ ⵏ vⵉⵍⴰⵋ ⵜⴰⵏ ⵓⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵣⵍⴰⵉ ⵂⵓⵍⵍⴰⵏ
English: Desa are generally located in rural areas while kelurahan are generally urban subdivisions.
Tamasheq: ⴷⴻⵙⴰ ⵂⴰⵔⴾⵓⴾ ⵉⵣⵣⴰⴶⵂⴰⵏ ⴷⴰⴶⵂ ⵉⴷⴰⴶⴰⵏ ⵏ ⴰⵙⵙⴰⵆⵔⴰ ⴰⵙ ⵉⵋⵋⴰ ⴰⵓⴻⵏ ⵆⵢⵍⵓⵔⵔⴰⵂⴰⵏ ⵉⵣⵣⴰⴶⵂⴰⵏ ⴷⴰⴶⵂ ⵉⴶⵂⵉⵔⵎⴰⵏ
English: A desa or kelurahan is the subdivision of a kecamatan (subdistrict), in turn the subdivision of a kabupaten (district) or kota (city).
Tamasheq: ⴷⴻⵙⴰ ⵎⴻⴶⵂ ⵆⴻⵍⵓⵔⴰⵂⴰⵏ ⴰⵈⵈⴰⵍⴰⵏ ⵜⵉⵣⵓⵏⴰⵓⴻⵏ ⵏ ⵆⴻⵛⴰⵎⴰⵜⴰⵏ (ⵙⵓⴱⴷⵉⵙⵜⵔⵉⵛⵜ) , ⴻⴷⴰⴶ ⵉⵉⵉⴰⵏ ⵜⵉⵣⵓⵏⴰⵓⴻⵏ ⵏ ⵆⴰⴱⵓⵔⴰⵜⴻⵏ (ⴷⵉⵙⵜⵔⵉⵛⵜ) ⵎⴻⴶⵂ ⵆⵓⵜⴰ ( ⵜⴰⴶⵂⵔⵉⵎⵜ)
English: In Malaysia, a kampung is determined as a locality with 10,000 or fewer people.
Tamasheq: ⴷⴰⴶⵂ ⵎⴰⵍⴰⵉⵙⵉⴰ , ⵆⴰⵎⵔⵓⵏⴶ ⴻⵈⵈⴰⵍ ⴰⵈⵈⴰⵍ ⵏ 10.000 ⵏ ⴰⵓⴰⴷⵉⵎ ⵎⴻⴶⵂ ⴰⴷ ⵓⵔⴰⴾⴰⵏ
English: All Muslims in the Malay or Indonesian village want to be prayed for, and to receive Allah's blessings in the afterlife.
Tamasheq: ⵉⵏⴰⵙⵍⵉⵎⴰⵏ ⴼⵓⴾ ⵏⴰⵙⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵜⴰⵗⵔⵉⵎⵜ ⵜⴰⵏ ⵎⴰⵍⴰⵉⵙⵉⴰ ⵎⴻⵗ ⵉⵏⴷⵓⵏⴻⵙⵉⴰ ⴰⵔⵂⴰⵏ ⴰⵎⵓⴷ ⵉ ⴰⴷ ⵉⴾⵔⵉⵛⴰⵏ ⵜⵉⵙⵓⵔⴰⴼ ⵏ ⴰⵍⵍⴰⵂ ⴷⴰⵗ ⴰⵍⵣⴰⵏⵏⴰⵜ
English: Mainland Singapore used to have many kampung villages but modern developments and rapid urbanisation works have seen them bulldozed away; Kampong Lorong Buangkok is the last surviving village on the country's mainland.
Tamasheq: ⴰⴾⴰⵍ ⵓⴰⵏ ⵙⵉⵏⴶⴰⵔⵓⵔⴻ ⴾⴰⵍⴰ ⵉⵍⴰ ⵜⵉⵗⴰⵔⵎⴰⵜⴻⵏ ⴰⵋⵋⵓⵜⵏⴻⵏ ⵎⵓⵛⴰⵎ ⴻⴼⴻⵙ ⵓⴰ ⴻⵉⵏⴰⵉⴰⵏ ⴷ ⴰⵔⵎⵓⴷ ⵏ ⴰⵍⵆⵉⴷⵎⴰⵜⴻⵏ ⵜⵉⵏ ⵉⵋⵋⵓⵛ ⵏ ⴰⵗⵔⵉⵎ, ⴻⵓⴰⵉ ⵉⴷ ⵙⴰⵔⵙⴰⵏ ⵜⴻⵔⴰⵣⴻ, ⵆⴰⵎⵔⵓⵏⴶ Lⵓⵔⵓⵏⴶ ⴱⵓⴰⵏⴶⴾⵓⴾ ⵉⵏⵜⴰ ⵙ ⴱⵉⵍⴰⵋ ⵓⴰⵏ ⵓⵛⵂⵔⴰⵉ ⴻⵈⵈⵉⵎⴰⵏ ⴼⴰⵍ ⴰⴾⴰⵍ ⵓⴰⵏ ⴰⴷⴷⴰⵓⵍⴰⵜ
English: Vietnam's village is the typical symbol of Asian agricultural production.
Tamasheq: ⴱⵉⵍⴰⵋ ⵓⴰⵏ ⴱⵉⴻⵜⵏⴰⵎ ⴻⵈⵈⴰⵍ ⵂⵓⵍⵍⴰⵏ ⵜⵉⵙⴻⵜ ⵏ ⴰⵎⵎⴰⴷ ⵓⴰⵏ ⵜⵉⵓⵉⵋⵋⴰⵙ ⴷⴰⵗ ⴰⵙⵉⴰ
English: In Slovenia, the word selo is used for very small villages (fewer than 100 people) and in dialects; the Slovene word vas is used all over Slovenia.
Tamasheq: ⴻⴰⵗ ⵙⵍⴱⵓⴻⵏⵉⴰ, ⵉⵙⵉⵎ ⵓⴰⵏ ⵙⴻⵍⵓ ⵉⵋⵋⴰ ⵉ vⵉⵍⴰⵋ ⵜⴰⵏ ⵎⴰⴷⵔⵓⵉⵏⴻⵏ ( ⵉⴷ ⵓⵔⴰⴾⵏⴻⵏ ⵉ 100 ⵏ ⴰⵓⴰⴷⵉⵎ) ⴷ ⴷⴰⵗ ⴰⵓⴰⵍⴰⵏ; ⵉⵙⵉⵎ ⴱⴰⵙ ⴷⴰⴶⵂ ⴰⵓⴰⵍ ⵓⴰⵏ ⵙⵍⵓⴱⴻⵏⴻ ⵉⵏⵜⴰ ⴰ ⵉⵜⴰⵓⴰⵗⵔⵉⵏ ⴷⴰⵗ ⵙⵍⵓⴱⴻⵏⵉⴰ
English: It could be relative to a Sanskrit like Afgan word deh and Indonesian word desa.
Tamasheq: ⴰⴷⴷⵓⴱⴰⵜ ⴰⵙ ⵓⵂⴰⵔ ⵂⴰⵔⴰⵜ ⵉⴷ ⵙⴰⵏⵙⴾⵔⵉⵜ ⵛⵂⵓⵏⴷ ⵉⵙⵉⵎ ⵏ ⴰⴼⴶⴰⵏ ⴻⴻⵂ ⴷ ⵓⴰⵏ ⵉⵏⴷⵓⵏⴻⵙⵉⴰ ⴷⴻⵙⴰ
English: Approximately 46% of all migrated people have changed their residence from one city to another.
Tamasheq: ⴰ ⵂⵉⵏ ⵉⴾⴾⴰⵏ 46% ⵏ ⴰⴷⴷⵉⵏⴰⵜ ⵉ ⵉⵎⴰⵙⵙⵓⴾⴰⵍ ⵓⵉⵏ ⵋⵉⵔ ⵉⴾⴰⵍⵍⴰⵏ ⵙⴰⵎⵎⵓⵜⴰⵉⴰⵏ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⴷⵓⵈ ⵏⴰⵙⴰⵏ ⴶⵂⵓⵔ ⴰⴷⴷⴰⵓⵍⴰ ⵉⵉⵉⴰⵜ ⵙ ⵜⴰ ⵉⴰⴷⴰⵜ
English: The lowest administrative unit of the Russian Empire, a volost, or its Soviet or modern Russian successor, a selsoviet, was typically headquartered in a selo and embraced a few neighboring villages.
Tamasheq: ⵂⴰⵔⴰⵜ ⵓⴰ ⴰⵏⴷⴰⵔⵔⴰⵏ ⴷⴰⴶⵂ ⴻⵎⵔⵉⵔⴻ ⵓⴰⵏ ⵔⵓⵙⵙⵉⴰ, ⴱⵓⵍⵓⵙⵜ ⵎⴻⴶⵂ ⴰⵎⴰⵛⵂⵔⴰⵉ ⵏⴻⵜ ⵓⴰⵏ ⵙⵓⴱⵉⴻⵜ ⵓⵏⵉⵓⵏ ⵎⴻⴶⵂ ⵓⴰⵏ ⵔⵓⵙⵙⵉⴰ, ⵙⴻⵍⵙⵓⴱⵉⴻⵜ, ⵉⴷⴰⵉ ⴷⴰⴶⵂ ⵙⴻⵍⵓ ⵜⵙⵍⴰⵙ ⴻⵈⵈⴰⵍ ⵉⵙⴰⵙⴰⵏ ⴱⵉⵍⴰⵋ ⵜⴰⵏ ⵂⴰⵏⴻⵏ ⴻⴷⴻⵙ ⵏⴻⵜ
English: While peasants of central Russia lived in a village around the lord's manor, a Cossack family often lived on its own farm, called khutor.
Tamasheq: ⵂⴰⴾ ⵉⴷ ⵉⵋⵋⴰ ⴰⵙ ⴾⴻⵍ ⵜⵉⵉⵋⵋⴰⵙ ⵓⵉⵏ ⵔⵓⵙⵙⵉⴰ ⵉⵣⵣⴰⴶⵂⴰⵏ ⴷⴰⴶⵂ vⵉⵍⴰⵋ ⵜⴰⵏ ⴻⴷⴻⵙ ⵏ ⵍⵓⵔⴷ ⵎⴰⵏⵓⵔ, ⴻⴶⴰⴷⴰⵛ ⵏ ⵛⵓⵙⵙⴰⵛⴾ ⴰⵍⵓⴰⵈ ⵉⵉⵉⴰⵏ ⵉⵣⵣⴰⵗ ⴷⴰⵗ ⵜⴰⵓⴰⵋⵋⵓⵙ ⵏⴻⵜ ⵙ ⵉⵙⵉⵎ ⵏⴻⵜ ⵆⵂⵓⵜⵓⵔ
English: There is, however, another smaller type of settlement which is designated in Ukrainian as a selysche (селище).
Tamasheq: ⵉⵍⴰⵏ ⵉⵛⵉⴾⵉⵍ ⵏ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⴷⵓ ⴰⵏⴷⴰⵔⵔⴰⵏ ⵙ ⵉⵙⵉⵎ ⵏⴻⵜ ⴷⴰⵗ ⴰⵓⴰⵍ ⵓⴰⵏ ⵓⴾⵔⴰⵉⵏⵢ ⵙⴻⵍⵉⵙⵛⵂⴻ (селище).
English: They represent a type of a small rural locality that might have once been a khutir, a fisherman's settlement, or a dacha.
Tamasheq: ⴰⵈⵈⴰⵍⴰⵏ ⵛⵓⵏⴷ ⵙⵓⴾⵏⵉ ⵏ ⴻⴷⴰⴶ ⵏ ⴰⵙⵙⴰⵆⵔⴰ ⴰⵏⴷⴰⵔⵔⴰⵏ ⵙ ⴾⴰⵍⴰ ⴻⵈⵈⴰⵍ ⵆⵂⵓⵜⵉⵔ , ⴰⵎⴰⵣⵣⴰⵗ ⵏ ⴰⵏⴰⴼⵔⴰⴷ ⵏ ⵉⵎⴰⵏⴰⵏ ⵎⴻⵗ ⴷⴰⵛⵂⴰ
English: However, ambiguity is often avoided in connection with urbanized settlements by referring to them using the three-letter abbreviation smt instead.
Tamasheq: ⵂⴰⴾ ⵉⴷ ⵉⵋⵋⴰ ⴰⵓⵢⵏ ⴷⴰⵗ ⵜⴻⵓⴰⵗⵏⴻ ⵏ ⴻⵗⴰⴼ ⵓⴰⵔ ⵜⴰⵂⴰ ⵜⵉⵎⵉⵣⴷⴰⵗ ⵜⵉⵏ ⴰⵗⵔⵉⵎ ⵜⴰⵓⴰⵗⵔⵉⵏⴻⵏ ⵙ ⴾⴰⵔⴰⴷ ⵉⵗⴰⵙⴰⵏ ⴰⵔⵜⴰⵉⵏⴻⵏ ⵙⵎⵜ.
English: They became really popular during the Stolypin reform in the early 20th century.
Tamasheq: ⴰⵈⵈⴰⵍⴰⵏ ⴰ ⵉⵍⴰⵏ ⵉⵙⵉⵎ ⵗⵓⵔ ⵔⴻⴼⵓⵔⵎ ⵜⴰⵏ ⵙⵜⵓⵍⵉⵔⵉⵏ ⴶⵂⵓⵔ ⵉⵛⵉⵍⴰⵏ ⴰⵣⵣⴰⵔⵏⵢⵏ ⵏ ⴰⵓⴰⵜⴰⵉ ⵓⴰⵏ 1900
English: Larger villages can also be referred to as a Flecken or Markt depending on the region.
Tamasheq: ⴱⵉⵍⴰⵋ ⵜⴰⵏ ⵎⴰⵈⵈⵓⵔⵏⴻⵏ ⴰⴷⴷⵓⴱⴻⵏ ⴰⵜⵉⵓⴰⴶⵂⵉⵔ ⵙ ⵉⵙⵉⵎ ⵓⴰⵏ ⴼⵍⴻⵛⴾⴻⵏ ⵎⴻⴶⵂ ⵎⴰⵔⴾⵜ ⴰⵙ ⵉⵣⵍⴰⵉ ⵙ ⵔⴻⵋⵉⵓⵏ ⵜⴰⵏ
English: For example, in areas such as the Lincolnshire Wolds, the villages are often found along the spring line halfway down the hillsides, and originate as spring line settlements, with the original open field systems around the village.
Tamasheq: Iⵍⵎⵉⵜⴰⵍ, ⴷⴰⵗ ⵉⴷⴰⴶⴰⵏ ⵛⵓⵏⴷ Lⵉⵏⵛⵓⵍⵏⵙⵂⵉⵔⵢ ⵓⵓⵍⴷⵙ, ⵜⴰⵗⵔⵉⵎⵜ ⵜⴰ ⵉⴷⴷⴰⵉⴰⵏ ⴻⴷⴻⵙ ⵏ ⵉⵉⴰⴾⴰ ⵏ ⵜⴰⴾⴰⵙⵓⴰⵔⵜ, ⴰⵂⵏⵉⵏⴰⵜ ⴰⵙ ⵜⵉⵎⵉⵣⵣⴰⵗ ⵢⴷⵢⵙ ⵏ ⵉⵉⴰⴾⴰ ⵉⵍⴰⵏⵢⵏ ⵙⵉⵙⵜⵢⵎⵜ ⵜⴰⵏ ⵏ ⴰⵍⴰⵙⴰⵍ ⴷⵢⵙ ⵏ ⵜⴰⵗⵔⵉⵎⵜ
English: Some villages have disappeared (for example, deserted medieval villages), sometimes leaving behind a church or manor house and sometimes nothing but bumps in the fields.
Tamasheq: ⵜⵉⵗⴰⵔⵎⴰⵜⵢⵏ ⵜⵉⵉⵉⴰⴷ ⵉⵎⴰⵙⵏⴰⵜ ⵉⵏ (ⵉⵍⵎⵉⵜⴰⵍ, ⵜⵉⵗⴰⵔⵎⴰⵜⵢⵏ ⵜⵉⵏ ⴾⵢⵍ ⵢⵔⵓ) , ⴰⵍⵓⴰⵈⵈⴰⵏ ⵉⵉⵉⴰⴷ ⵜⴰⵉⵉⵉⵏ ⵉⵏ ⵢⴶⵍⵉⵣ ⵜⴰⵏ ⵎⵢⵗ ⵢⵂⴰⵏ ⵎⴰⵈⵈⵓⵔⴰⵏ ⴷ ⴰⵍⵓⴰⵈⵈⴰⵏ ⵉⵉⵉⴰⴷ ⴰⵓⴰⵔ ⵏ ⵉⵎⵓⵙ ⵜⵉⵗⵉⵛ ⴷⴰⵗ ⴰⴱⴰⵔⴰ ⵜⴰⵏ
English: Other villages have grown and merged and often form hubs within the general mass of suburbia—such as Hampstead, London and Didsbury in Manchester.
Tamasheq: ⵜⵉⵗⴰⵔⵎⴰⵜⴻⵏ ⵜⵉⵉⵉⴰⴷ ⵉⴷⵏⴰⵉⵏⴰⵜ ⵜⵓⵍⴰⵙ ⴰⵈⵈⴰⵍⴰⵏ ⵉⴷⴰⴶⴰⵏ ⴷⴰⵗ ⴰⵎⵎⴰⵙ ⵏ ⴰⴷⴷⵉⵏⴰⵜ ⵏ ⵙⵓⴱⵓⵔⴱⵉⴰ - ⵛⵓⵏⴷ ⵂⴰⵍⵔⵙⵜⴻⴰⴷ, ⵍⵓⵏⴷⵔⴻ ⴷ ⴻⵉⴷⵙⴱⵓⵔⵉ ⴷⴰⴶⵂ ⵎⴰⵏⵛⵂⴻⵙⵜⴻⵔ
English: Seen as being far from the bustle of modern life, it is represented as quiet and harmonious, if a little inward-looking.
Tamasheq: ⵓⵋⵋⵉⵋⴰⵏ ⴷⴰⵗ ⴰⴾⴰⵉⴰⴷ ⵜⴰⵎⵓⴷⵔⴻ ⵜⴰⵏ ⴰⵎⴰⵔⴰⴷ, ⴻⵈⵈⴰⵍ ⴰ ⵉⵙⵙⵓⵙⴰⵎⴰⵏ ⵜⵓⵍⴰⵙ ⵉⵏⵂⴰⵋⵋⴰⵏ ⴷⴰⵗ ⴰⴾⴰⵉⴰⴷ ⵏ ⴰⵎⵎⴰⵙ ⵏⴻⵜ
English: These (such as Murton, County Durham) grew from hamlets when the sinking of a colliery in the early 20th century resulted in a rapid growth in their population and the colliery owners built new housing, shops, pubs and churches.
Tamasheq: ⵓⵉⵏ (ⵛⵓⵏⴷ ⵎⵔⵜⵉⵏ, ⵛⵓⵓⵏⵜⵉ ⴻⵓⵔⵂⴰⵎ) ⵉⴷⵓⴰⵍⴰⵏ ⴷⴰⵗ ⵂⴰⵔⴰⵜ ⵉⵗⴰⵓⵏⴰⵜⴰⵏ ⴰⵍⵓⴰⵈ ⵓⴰⵏ ⴰⵏⵋⵉ ⵏ ⵎⵉⵏ ⵜⴰⵏ ⵜⵉⵎⴰⴾⴰⵜⴻⵏ ⴷⴰⵗ ⵉⵓⵉⵜⵉⴰⵏ ⴰⵣⵣⴰⵔⵏⴻⵏ ⵏ 1900 ⴻⵓⴰⵉ ⵉⴷ ⴰⵓⴻⵏ ⵜⵉⵓⵓⴰⵜ ⴷⴰⵗ ⴰⵔⵎⵓⴷ ⵏ ⵉⵛⵂⴰⵗⵉⴱ ⴷ ⵎⴰⵙⵙⴰⵓⵉⵙⵏ ⵏ ⵎⵉⵏ ⵜⴻⵏ ⵉⴷⴰⵉⴰⵏ ⴻⵂⴰⵏ, ⴱⵉⵜⵉⴶⵉ, ⵔⵓⴱ ⴷ ⴻⴶⵍⵉⵣ ⵜⴰⵏ ⴻⵉⵏⴰⵉⵏⴻⵏ.
English: Maltby was constructed under the auspices of the Sheepbridge Coal and Iron Company and included ample open spaces and provision for gardens.
Tamasheq: ⵎⴰⵜⵜⴱⵉ ⵜⵉⴷⴰⵉ ⵜⵉ ⵙⵂⵢⴱⴱⵔⵉⴷⴶⵢ ⵛⵓⴰⵍ ⴰⵏⴷ Iⵔⵓⵏ ⵛⵓⵎⴱⴰⵏⵉ , ⴰⵂⴰⵏ ⵜⵉ ⵉⴷⴰⴶⴰⵏ ⴰⵋⵋⵓⵜⵏⴻⵏ ⴷ ⵓⵉⵏ ⵉⴼⵉⵔⵋⴰⵏ
English: The typical village had a pub or inn, shops, and a blacksmith.
Tamasheq: ⵜⴰⵗⵔⵉⵎⵜ ⵜⴰⵏ ⵜⵉⴷⵉⵜⵜ ⵉⵍⴰ ⴱⵓⴱ ⵎⵢⵗ ⵂⵓⵜⴻⵍ ⵜⴰⵏ , ⴱⵉⵜⵉⴶⵉ ⵜⴰⵏ ⴷ ⵢⵏⵂⴰⴷ
English: However, some civil parishes have no functioning parish, town, or city council nor a functioning parish meeting.
Tamasheq: ⵂⴰⴾ ⵉⴷ ⵉⵋⵋⴰ ⴰⵓⵢⵏ,ⵉⵂⴰⵏⴰⵏ ⵏ ⴰⵗⴰⴱⴰⴷ ⵉⵉⵉⴰⴷ ⵓⴰⵔ ⴰⵆⴷⴻⵎⴰⵏ, ⴰⵗⵔⵉⵎ, ⴰⵗⵔⵉⵎ ⵓⴰⵏ ⴰⵏⴷⴰⵔⵔⴰⵏ ⵓⴰⵔ ⵉⵍⴻⵏ ⵉⵂⴰⵏⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵉⵗⴰⵉⵎⴰⵜⴻⵏ ⵏⴰⵙⴰⵏ ⴰⵆⴷⴰⵎⵏⴻⵏ
English: In Scotland, the equivalent is also a community council, however, despite being statutory bodies they have no executive powers.
Tamasheq: ⴷⴰⵗ ⵙⵛⵓⵜⵍⴰⵏⴷ, ⵜⵉⴶⴷⴰⵂ ⵏⴻⵜ ⴻⵈⵈⴰⵍ ⴾⵓⵎⵙⴰⵉ ⵓⴰⵏ ⵜⴰⵓⵙⵢⵜ,ⴰⵓⴰ ⵓⴰⵔ ⵏ ⵉⵎⵓⵙ ⴰⵙ ⴰⵈⵈⴰⵍⴰⵏ ⵉⴷⴰⴶⴰⵏ ⵓⵉ ⵗⴰⵏⵏⵉⵏⴻⵏ ⴰⴷⴷⴰⴱⴰⵔⴰ ⵜⴰⵏ, ⵓⴰⵔ ⵉⵍⴻⵏ ⴰⵙⵙⴰⵂⴰⵜⵢⵏ ⵜⵉⵏ ⴰⴷⴷⴰⴱⴰⵔⴰ ⵜⴰⵏ
English: The district of Danniyeh consists of thirty-six small villages, which includes Almrah, Kfirchlan, Kfirhbab, Hakel al Azimah, Siir, Bakhoun, Miryata, Assoun, Sfiiri, Kharnoub, Katteen, Kfirhabou, Zghartegrein, Ein Qibil.
Tamasheq: ⴷⵉⵙⵜⵔⵉⴾⵜ ⵓⴰⵏ ⴻⴰⵏⵏⵉⵉⴻⵂ ⵉⵍⴰ ⴾⴰⵔⴰⴷⴰⵜ ⵜⵉⵎⵉⵔⵓⵢⵏ ⵏ ⵜⴰⵗⵔⵉⵎⵜ ⴷ ⵙⴰⴷⵉⵙⴰⵜ ⵢⵂⴰ ⴰⵍⵎⵔⴰⵂ, ⵆⴼⵉⵔⵛⵂⵍⴰⵏ, ⵂⴰⴾⵢⵍ ⴰⵍ ⴰⵣⵉⵎⴰⵂ, ⵙⵉⵉⵔ, ⴱⴰⴾⵂⵓⵓⵏ, ⵎⵉⵔⵉⴰⵜⴰ, ⴰⵙⵙⵓⵓⵏ, ⵙⴼⵉⵉⵔⵉ, ⵆⵂⴰⵎ,ⵓⵓⴱ, ⵆⴰⵜⴻⴻⵏ, ⵆⵂⵉⵔⵂⴰⴱⵓⵓ, ⵌⴶⵂⴰⵔⵜⵢⴶⵔⵢⵉⵏ, ⵢⵉⵏ ⵔⵉⴱⵉⵍ
English: Dinniyeh has an excellent ecological environment filled with woodlands, orchards and groves.
Tamasheq: ⴷⵉⵏⵏⵉⵉⵢⵂ ⵉⵍⴰ ⴰⵂⵉⵣⴰⵣⴰⵗ ⵉⴾⵏⴰⵏ ⵎⵉⵍⵗⴰⵓ ⵉⴷⵏⴰⵉⴰⵏ ⴰⴾⴰⵍ ⵏ ⵉⵂⵉⵛⴾⴰⵏ, ⵢⵔⵛⵂⴰⵔⴷ ⵜⴰⵏ ⴷ ⴶⵔⵓⴱⵢ ⵜⴰⵏ
English: Villages in the south of Syria (Hauran, Jabal al-Druze), the north-east (the Syrian island) and the Orontes River basin depend mostly on agriculture, mainly grain, vegetables, and fruits.
Tamasheq: ⵜⴰⵗⵔⵉⵎⵜ ⴷⴰⵗ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵙⵏⴰ ⵉ ⵙⵉⵔⵉⴰ ( ⵂⴰⵓⵔⴰⵏ, ⵋⴰⴱⴰⵍ ⴰⵍ-ⵢⵔⵓⵣⵢ) ,ⴰⴶⴰⵍⴰ -ⵉ-ⴰⵍⵈⵉⴱⵍⴰⵜ (ⵙⵉⵔⵉⴰⵏ Iⵙⵍⴰⵏⴷ) ⴷ ⵜⴰⴶⴰⵛⵂⴰ ⵜⴰⵏ ⵢⵋⴰⵔⵢⵓ ⵓⴰⵏ ⵢⵔⵓⵏⵜⴻⵙ ⵜⴰⵎⵓⴷⵔⴻ ⵏⴰⵙⴰⵏ ⴼⵓⴾ ⵜⵉⵋⵋⴰ ⴷⴰⵗ ⵜⵉⵆⵉⵋⵋⴰⵙ, ⵂⵓⵍⵍⴰⵏ ⴰⵜⵜⴰⵗⴰⵎ, ⴰⵔⴰⵜⴰⵏ ⵏ ⴰⴾⴰⵍ, ⴰⵔⴰⵜⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵉⵂⵉⵙⵂⴾⴰⵏ
English: Mediterranean cities in Syria, such as Tartus and Latakia have similar types of villages.
Tamasheq: ⵉⵗⵉⵔⵎⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵙⵉⵔⵉⴰ ⵜⵉⵏ ⵎⵢⴷⵉⵜⵢⵔⵔⴰⵏⵉⵢ ⵛⵓⵏⴷ ⵟⴰⵔⵜⵓⵙ ⴷ ⵍⴰⵜⴰⴾⵉⴰ ⵓⵍⴰⵂ ⵏⴰⵜ ⵉⵛⵛⵉⴾⵉⵍ ⵏ ⵜⵉⵗⴰⵔⵎⴰⵜⵢⵏ
English: Every urbanization is a "pueblo" unless is elevated by decree to the next category.
Tamasheq: “ⵓⵔⴱⴰⵏⵉⵣⴰⵙⵉⵓⵏ ⴼⵓⴾ ⵢⵈⵈⴰⵍ ““ⴱⵓⵢⴱⵍⵢ”” ⵂⴰⵔ ⵂⵉⵏ ⵉⵏⴾⵉⵣ ⵙ ⵢⴷⴰⴶ ⵢⵉⴰⵏ ⵏ ⴰⴼⴰⵍⵍⴰ ⵂⴰⵙ “
English: However, this is a generality; in many states, there are villages that are an order of magnitude larger than the smallest cities in the state.
Tamasheq: ⴰⵓⵢⵏ ⵂⴰⵔⴰⵜ ⵉⵍⵙⴰⵏ ⵉⴾⴰⵍⵍⴰⵏ, ⴷⴰⴶⵂ ⴰⴷⴷⴰⵓⵍⴰ ⵜⴰⵏ ⴰⵋⵋⵓⵜⵏⵢⵏ, ⵉⵍⵍⴰⵏ ⵜⵉⵗⴰⵔⵎⴰⵜⵢⵏ ⵓⵋⵋⴰⵔⵏⵢⵏ ⵂⵓⵍⵍⴰⵏ ⵉⵗⵉⵔⵎⴰⵏ ⵎⴰⴷⵔⵓⵉⵏⵢⵏ ⴰⵂⴰⵏⵢⵏ ⴰⴷⴷⴰⵓⵍⴰ
English: In some cases, the village may be coterminous with the town or township, in which case the two may have a consolidated government.
Tamasheq: ⴷⴰⵗ ⵉⴷⴰⴶⴰⵏ ⵉⵉⵉⴰⴷ, ⵜⴰⵗⵔⵉⵎⵜ ⵜⵓⵂⴰⵔ ⵉⵉⴰⴾⴰ ⵉⴷ ⴰⵗⵔⵉⵎ ⵢⴷⴰⴶ ⵓⵢⵏ ⵉⵙⵙⵉⵏ ⴼⵓⴾ ⴰⴷⴷⵓⴱⵢⵏ ⴰⴷ ⴰⵂⵢⵔⴰⵏ ⴰⵍⵆⴰⴾⵓⵎ
English: Hempstead, the largest village, has 55,000 residents; making it more populous than some of the state's cities.
Tamasheq: ⵂⴰⵎⴱⵙⵜⴻⴰⴷ ⵜⴰⵗⵔⵉⵎⵜ ⴰ ⵓⵋⵋⴰⵔⴰⵏ ⴼⵓⴾ ⵉⵣⵣⴰⴶⵂⴰⵏ ⴷⴰⵗ ⵉⵙ 55.000 ⵏ ⴰⵓⴰⴷⵉⵎ; ⴰⵓⵢⵏ ⵉⵋⵋⵢ ⴰ ⵉⵍⴰⵏ ⴰⴷⴷⵉⵏⴰⵜ ⵓⵋⵋⴰⵔⵏⵢⵏ ⵓⵉ ⵜⵉⵗⴰⵔⵎⴰⵜⵢⵏ ⵏ ⴰⴷⴷⴰⵓⵍⴰⵜ ⵜⵉⵉⵉⴰⴷ
English: The village of Arlington Heights, Illinois had 75,101 residents as of the 2010 census.
Tamasheq: ⴷⴰⵗⵔⵉⵎⵜ ⵜⴰⵏ ⴰⵔⵍⵉⵏⴶⵜⵓⵏ ⵂⵢⵉⴶⵂⵜⵙ, Iⵍⵍⵉⵏⵓⵉⵙ ⵉⵣⵣⴰⴶⵂⴰⵏ ⴷⴰⵗ ⵉⵙ 75.101 ⵏ ⴰⵓⴰⴷⵉⵎ ⴰⵓⴰ ⵉⴷ ⵉⵣⵋⴰⵔⴰⵏ ⴷⴰⵗ ⵜⵓⴷⴷⴰⵏⵜ ⵜⴰⵏ 2010
English: Villages can incorporate land in multiple townships and even multiple counties.
Tamasheq: ⴷⵉⵗⴰⵔⵎⴰⵜⵢⵏ ⵜⵉ ⴰⴷⴷⵓⴱⴰⵜ ⵏⴻⵏ ⴰⴷⴾⵓⵍ ⵏ ⴰⴾⴰⵍ ⴷⴰⴶⵂ ⵉⵗⴰⵔⵎⴰⵏ ⴰⵋⵋⵓⵜⵏⴻⵏ ⵂⴰⴾ ⵉⴷ ⴰⴷⴷⴰⵓⵍⴰ ⵜⴰⵏ ⴰⵋⵋⵓⵜⵏⵢⵏ
English: The largest village is Menomonee Falls, which has over 32,000 residents.
Tamasheq: ⴷⴰⵗⵔⵉⵎⵜ ⵜⴰ ⵜⵓⵋⵋⴰⵔⴰⵜ ⵉⵙⵉⵎ ⵏⴻⵜ ⵎⵢⵏⵓⵎⵓⵏⴻⴻ ⴼⴰⵍⵍⵙ ⴷⴰⵗ ⵉⵣⵣⴰⴶⵂⴰⵏ 32.000 ⵏ ⴰⵓⴰⴷⵉⵎ
English: In Maryland, a locality designated "Village of ..." may be either an incorporated town or a special tax district.
Tamasheq: “ⴷⴰⵗ ⵎⴰⵔⵉⵍⴰⵏⴷ , ⴰⴾⴰⵍ ⵙ ⵉⵙⵉⵎ ⵏⵢⵜ ““ⵜⵢⴶⵂⵔⵉⵎⵜ ⵜⴰⵏ.... ⵜⴰⵈⵈⴰⵍ ⴰⵗⵔⵉⵎ ⴰⵙⵙⵉⵔⵜⴰⵉⴰⵏ ⵎⵢⴶⵂ ⴷⵉⵙⵜⵔⵉⴾⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵉⵎⵣⴰⵍ ⵏ ⴱⴰⵉⴰ”
English: At that time Traditional rulers used to have absolute power in their administrative regions.
Tamasheq: ⴰⵣⵣⴰⵎⴰⵏ ⵓⵢⵏ ⵉⵎⵓⵣⴰⵔⴰⵏ ⵓⵉⵏ ⴰⵜⵜⴰⵔⵢⵆ ⴾⴰⵍⴰ ⵉⵍⴰⵏ ⵜⴰⵏⴰⵉⴰ ⵜⵉⵎⴷⴰⵜ ⴷⴰⵗ ⵔⵢⵋⵉⵓⵏ ⵜⴰⵏ ⵏⴰⵙⴰⵏ
English: Every Hausa village was reigned by Magaji (Village head) who was answerable to his Hakimi (mayor) at the town level.
Tamasheq: ⵂⴰⴾ ⵜⴰⵗⵔⵉⵎⵜ ⵏ ⵗⴰⵓⵙⵙⴰ ⵜⴰⵏ ⴰⵎⵉⵏⴰⴾⴰⵍ ⵋⴰⵙ ⴰⵉⴶⴰⵋⵉ (ⴰⵎⵓⵣⴰⵔ ⵏ ⵜⴰⵗⵔⵉⵎⵜ) ⵙ ⵉⵏⵜⴰ ⴷⴰⵗ ⴰⵎⵓⵣⴰⵔ ⵏⴻⵜ ⵓⴰⵔ ⵢⵈⵈⵢⵍ ⴰⵔ ⵂⴰⴾⵉⵎⵉ (ⵎⴻⵔ) ⵏ ⴰⵗⵔⵉⵎ
English: They have mud houses with thatched roofing though, like in most of the villages in the North, zinc roofing is becoming a common sight.
Tamasheq: ⵉⵍⴰⵏ ⵉⵂⴰⵏⴰⵏ ⵉⴷⴻⵉⵏⴻⵏ ⵙ ⴰⴾⴰⵍ ⵉⵍⵙⴰ ⴰⵍⴰⵎⵎⵓⵣ ⵛⵓⵏⴷ ⴰⵓⴰ ⵉⵋⵋⴰⵏⴰⵜ ⵜⴰⵗⵔⵉⵎⴻⵏ ⵏ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵙⵏⴰ , ⵣⵉⵏⵛ ⵔⵓⵓⴼⵉⵏⴶ ⴻⵈⵈⴰⵍ ⴰ ⵓⵂⴰⵔⴰⵏ
English: Others are lucky to have wells within a walking distance.
Tamasheq: ⵉⵉⵉⴰⴷ ⵉⵔⵔⵉⵣⴰⵗ ⴰⵙ ⵉⵍⴰⵏ ⵜⵢⵔⵙⵢⵏ ⴷⴰⵗ ⴻⴷⴰⴶ ⵜⴰⵏ ⵢⵂⵓⵣⴰⵏ
English: An atlas is a collection of maps; it is typically a bundle of maps of Earth or a region of Earth.
Tamasheq: ⴰⵜⵍⴰⵙ ⴻⵈⵈⴰⵍ ⴾⴰⵔⵜⵉ ⵜⴰⵏ ⴰⵔⵜⴰⵉⵏⵢⵏ; ⴻⵈⵈⴰⵍ ⵛⵓⵏⴷ ⴰⴾⴰⵎⵓⵙ ⵏ ⴾⴰⵔⵜⵉ ⵜⴰⵏ ⵏ ⴰⴾⴰⵍ ⵎⴻⵗ ⵏ ⵔⵢⵋⵉⵓⵏ ⵏ ⴰⴾⴰⵍ
English: This title provides Mercator's definition of the word as a description of the creation and form of the whole universe, not simply as a collection of maps.
Tamasheq: ⵉⵙⵉⵎ ⵓⵢⵏ ⵢⵂⴰⴾ ⴰⵍⵎⴰⵗⵏⴰ ⵉ ⴰⵓⴰ ⵙ ⵉⵍⵍⴰⵗⴰⵜ ⵎⴻⵔⵛⴰⵜⵓⵔ ⴰⵙ ⴻⵈⵈⴰⵍ ⵙⴰⵎⴰⵍ ⵏ ⴰⵆⴰⵍⴰⴾ ⴷ ⵉⵛⵛⵉⴾⵉⵍ ⵏ ⴰⵍⵗⴰⵍⵉⵎ ⴼⵓⴾ , ⵓⴰⴷⴷⴻⵏ ⴶⵂⴰⵙ ⴾⴰⵔⵜⵉ ⵜⴰⵏ ⴰⵔⵜⴰⵉⵏⵢⵏ
English: A desk atlas is made similar to a reference book.
Tamasheq: ⴱⵉⵔⵓ ⵏ ⴰⵜⵍⴰⵙ ⵓⵍⴰⵂ ⵉⴷ ⴰⵍⴾⵉⵜⵜⴰⴱ ⵓⴰⵏ ⵉⵗⴰⵏⵏⵉ ⵏⵢⵜ
English: In cartography, a contour line (often just called a "contour") joins points of equal elevation (height) above a given level, such as mean sea level.
Tamasheq: “ⴰⵗ ⴾⴰⵔⵜⵓⴶⵔⴰⴼⵉ, ⵉⵉⴰⴾⴰ ⵢⵗⵍⴰⵉⴰⵏ (ⵙ ⴰⵍⵓⴰⵈ ⵉⵉⵉⴰⵏ ⵉⵙⵉⵎ ⵏⵢⵜ ““ⵜⴰⵗⵢⵍⵉⵜ” ⴰⵙⵙⵉⵔⵜⴰⵉ ⵜⵉⵜⴱⴰⵈⵈⴰ ⵏ ⵜⵉⴶⴷⴰⵜ (ⵜⵉⵣⵣⵉⵋⵔⵉⵜ) ⵙ ⴰ ⵢⵋⵋⴰⵔⴰⵏ ⴻⴷⴰⴶ ⵛⵓⵏⴷ ⵢⴷⴰⴶ ⵓⴰⵏ ⴻⵋⵋⴰⵔⵢⵓ”
English: The gradient of the function is always perpendicular to the contour lines.
Tamasheq: ⵗⵔⵉⵉⴰⵋ ⵓⴰ ⵓⵍⴰⵗⴰⵏ ⵂⴰⵔⴾⵓⴾ ⵓⵣⵗⴰⵗ ⵉ ⵉⵉⴰⴾⴰ ⵜⴰⵏ ⵓⵉⵏ ⵜⴰⵗⵢⵍⵉⵜ
English: Contour lines are curved, straight or a mixture of both lines on a map describing the intersection of a real or hypothetical surface with one or more horizontal planes.
Tamasheq: ⵉⵉⴰⴾⴰ ⵜⴰⵏ ⵓⵉⵏ ⵜⴰⵗⵢⵍⵉⵜ ⴰⴾⵔⴰⵎⴱⴰⵉⴰⵏ , ⵓⵗⴰⴷ ⵎⵢⵗ ⵜⴰⵔⵜⵉⵜ ⵏ ⵉⵉⴰⴾⴰ ⵜⴰⵏ ⴼⵓⴾ ⴼⴰⵍ ⴾⴰⵔⵜⵉ ⵜⴰⵙⵙⵓⴾⵏⴰⵜ ⴰⵎⵎⴰⵙ ⵏ ⴰⵔⵓⵔⵉ ⵏ ⵜⵉⴷⵉⵜⵜ ⵉⵍⴰⵏ ⵉⵉⵉⴰⵏ ⵎⵢⵗ ⴰⴱⵉⵓⵏ ⵜⴰⵏ ⴰⵋⵋⵓⵜⵏⵢⵏ ⵓⵣⵗⴰⵗⵏⵢⵏ.
English: In 1701, Edmond Halley used such lines (isogons) on a chart of magnetic variation.
Tamasheq: ⴷⴰⵗ ⴰⵓⴰⵜⴰⵉ ⵓⴰⵏ 1701, ⴻⴷⵎⵓⵏⴷ ⵂⴰⵍⵢⵉ ⵉⵋⵋⴰ ⵉⵉⴰⴾⴰ ⵜⴰⵏ ⵛⵓⵏⴷ ⵓⵉⵏ ⴷⴰⵗ ( ⵉⵙⵓⴶⵓⵏⵙ) ⴼⴰⵍ ⴾⴰⵔⵜⵉ ⵜⵉⵍⴰⵜ ⵎⴰⴶⵏⴻⵜⵉⴾ vⴰⵔⵉⴰⵜⵉⵓⵏ
English: In 1791, a map of France by J. L. Dupain-Triel used contour lines at 20-metre intervals, hachures, spot-heights and a vertical section.
Tamasheq: ⴷⴰⵗ ⴰⵓⴰⵜⴰⵉ ⵓⴰⵏ 1791, ⴾⴰⵔⵜⵉ ⵜⴰⵏ Fⵔⴰⵏⵛⴻ ⵉⵋⵋⴰ ⵋ. ⵍ. ⴻⵓⴱⴰⵉⵏ-ⵟⵔⵉⴻⵍ ⵉⵋⵋⴰ ⵉⵉⴰⴾⴰ ⵜⴰⵏ ⵋⵉⵔ ⵉⵍⴰ 20 ⵏ ⵎⵢⵜⵉⵔ, ⵂⴰⵛⵂⵓⵔⴻ ⵜⴰⵏ,ⵂⴰⵛⵂⵓⵔⵓ,ⵙⴱⵓⵜ-ⵂⵢⵉⴶⵂⵜ ⵜⴰⵏ ⴷ ⴻⴷⴰⴶ ⵉⴱⴷⴰⴷⴰⵏ
English: Isobaths were not routinely used on nautical charts until those of Russia from 1834, and those of Britain from 1838.
Tamasheq: ⵉⵙⵓⴱⴰⵜⵂ ⵜⴰⵏ ⵉⵏⵜⴰⵏⴻⴷ ⵂⴰⵔⴾⵓⴾ ⴰ ⵉⵋⵋⴰⵏⵓⵏ ⴼⴰⵍ ⴾⴰⵔⵜⵉ ⵏⴰⵓⵜⵉⴾ ⵜⴰⵏ ⵂⴰⵔ ⵓⵉⵏ ⵔⵓⵙⵙⵉⴰ ⵗⵓⵔ ⴰⵓⴰⵜⴰⵉ ⵓⴰⵏ 1834 ⴷ ⵓⵉⵏ ⴱⵔⵉⵜⴰⵏⵉⴰ ⴷⴰⵗ ⴰⵓⴰⵜⴰⵉ ⵓⴰⵏ 1838
English: As late as 1944, John K. Wright still preferred isogram, but it never attained wide usage.
Tamasheq: ⵗⵓⵔ ⴰⵎⵉⵏⴷⵉ ⴰⵓⴰⵜⴰⵉ ⵓⴰⵏ 1944, ⵋⵓⵂⵏ ⵆ ⵓⵔⵉⴶⵂⵜ ⴰⵙⵙⵓⴼ ⵉⵙⵓⴶⵔⴰⵎ ⵎⵓⵛⴰⵏ ⴾⴰⵍⴰ ⵓⴰⵔ ⵢⵓⵢⴷ ⴰⵍⵆⵉⴷⵎⴰⵜ ⴰⵋⵋⵓⵏ
English: Despite attempts to select a single standard, all of these alternatives have survived to the present.
Tamasheq: ⴷⵔⴻⵎ ⴼⵓⴾ ⵓⴰ ⵉⵋⵋⴰ ⵉ ⵏⴻⴼⵔⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵂⴰⵔⴰⵜ ⵉⵉⵉⴰⵏ ⴰⵣⵣⵓⴾⴻⵏ , ⴼⴻⵍⵍⴰ ⵜⴰⵏ ⵓⵉ ⵉⴰⴷⵏⴻⵏ ⵓⵉⵏ ⴼⵓⴾ ⵉⵍⵍⴰ ⵜⵉ ⵂⴰⵔ ⴰⵎⴰⵔⴰⴷ
English: Weather stations are seldom exactly positioned at a contour line (when they are, this indicates a measurement precisely equal to the value of the contour).
Tamasheq: ⵙⵜⴰⵙⵉⵓⵏ ⵜⴰⵏ ⴰⴾⴰⵉⴰⴷ ⵏ ⴰⵣⵣⴰⵎⴰⵏⴰⵏ ⵛⵂⴰⵔⵏⴰⵛ ⵜⴰⵋⵋⵉⵏ ⵜⴻⵏⴰⵙⵙⴻ ⵜⴰⵗⴰⴷⴰⵜ ⴶⵂⵓⵔ ⵉⵉⴰⴾⴰ ⵓⴰⵏ ⵜⴰⵗⴻⵍⵉⵜ ( ⴰⵍⵓⴰⵈ ⵓⴰ ⵜⵉ ⵉⵋⵋⴰⵏ , ⴰⵓⴻⵏ ⵉⵙⴰⴾⵉⵏ ⵉⴷⴷⵉⴾⵓⴷ ⵏ ⴰⵓⴰ ⵜⵉⵏⴼⴰ ⵜⴰⵗⴻⵍⵉⵜ)
English: In meteorology, the barometric pressures shown are reduced to sea level, not the surface pressures at the map locations.
Tamasheq: ⴷⴰⵗ ⵎⴻⵜⴻo, ⵉⴷⴷⵉⴾⵓⴷⴰⵏ ⵓⵉⵏ ⴰⴷⵓ ⵉⴷ ⵉⵣⵋⴰⵔⵏⴻⵏ ⵉⴼⵏⴰⵣⴰⵏ ⵂⴰⵔ ⵓⴰⵏ ⴻⵋⴰⵔⴻⵓ ⵎⵓⵛⴰⵏ ⵓⴰⴷⴷⴻⵏ ⵉⴷⴷⵉⴾⵓⴷⴰⵏ ⵓⵉⵏ ⴰⵔⵓⵔⵉ ⴼⴰⵍ ⴾⴰⵔⵜⵉ
English: Isallobars are lines joining points of equal pressure change during a specific time interval.
Tamasheq: ⵉⵙⴰⵍⵍⵓⴱⴰⵔ ⵜⴰⵏ ⴰⵈⵈⴰⵍⴰⵏ ⵉⵉⴰⴾⴰ ⵜⴰⵏ ⵓⵙⴰⴶⵂⵏⴻⵏ ⵜⵉⵜⴱⴰⵈⵈⴰ ⵏ ⴰⵎⵓⵜⵜⵉ ⵏ ⵉⴷⴷⵉⴾⵓⴷ ⴷⴰⵗ ⵋⵉⵔ ⴰⵍⵓⴰⵈ
English: Isallobaric gradients are important components of the wind as they increase or decrease the geostrophic wind.
Tamasheq: ⴶⵔⴰⴷⵉⴻⵏⵜ ⵜⴰⵏ ⵓⵉⵏ Iⵙⵓⵍⵍⵓⴱⴰⵔ ⵜⴰⵏ ⴰⵈⵈⴰⵍⴰⵏ ⵂⴰⵔⴰⵜⴰ ⵓⵍⴰⵗⵏⴻⵏ ⵏ ⴰⴷⵓ ⴼⴰⵍ ⴰⵙ ⵜⵉⵓⵓⴰⴷⴰⵏ ⵎⴻⵗ ⴼⴰⵏⵏⴰⵣⴰⵏ ⴰⵛⵉⵓⵏⵉⵏⴾⵉ ⵏ ⴰⴷⵓ
English: An isotherm at 0 °C is called the freezing level.
Tamasheq: ⵉⵙⵓⵜⵂⴻⵔⵎ ⵗⵓⵔ 0 °ⵛ ⵉⵙⵉⵎ ⵏⴻⵜ ⴻⴷⴰⴶ ⵓⴰ ⵙⴰⵎⵎⴻⴷⴰⵏ
English: From these contours, a sense of the general terrain can be determined.
Tamasheq: ⵗⵂⵓⵔ ⵜⵉⴶⵂⴻⵍⵉⵉⴻⵏ ⵜⵉⵏ ,ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵔ ⵏ ⴶⴻⵏⴻⵔⴰⵍ ⵜⴻⵔⵔⴰⵉⵏ ⴰⴷⴷⵓⴱⴰⵜ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵜ ⵓ ⴰⴶⵂⵉⵍ
English: In cartography, the contour interval is the elevation difference between adjacent contour lines.
Tamasheq: ⴷⴰⵗ ⴾⴰⵔⵜⵓⴶⵔⴰⴼⵉ, ⴰⵓⴰ ⵉⵍⴰⵏ ⵋⵉⵔ ⵜⴰⴶⵂⴻⵍⵉⵜ ⵉⵎⵓⵙ ⵜⵉⵣⵣⵉⵋⵔⵉⵜ ⵜⴰ ⵜⵉⵣⵍⴰⵉⴰⵜ ⵉⵉⴰⴾⴰ ⵜⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵜⴰⵗⴻⵍⵉⵜ ⵓⵉⵏ ⵙⵉⴷⴻⵔ
English: Two or more contour lines merging indicates a cliff.
Tamasheq: ⵉⵙⵙⵉⵏ ⵎⴻⴶⵂ ⵜⵉⵗⴻⵍⵉⵉⴻⵏ ⴰⵋⵋⵓⵜⴻⵏ ⵏ ⵉⵉⴰⴾⴰ ⵓⵍⴰⵏⴰⵜ ⵉⴷ ⴰⴷⴰⵗ
English: Usually contour intervals are consistent throughout a map, but there are exceptions.
Tamasheq: ⵂⴰⵔⴾⵓⴾ ⵜⴰⵈⵈⴰⵏ ⵋⵉⵔ ⵜⴰⵗⴻⵍⵉⵜ ⵜⵉⵍⴰ ⴰⵍⵗⵎⴰ ⴼⴰⵍ ⴾⴰⵔⵜⵉ ⵎⵓⵛⴰⵏ ⵉⵍⵍⴻ ⵎⵓⵛⴰⵏ
English: Whether crossing an equipotential line represents ascending or descending the potential is inferred from the labels on the charges.
Tamasheq: ⵋⵉⵔ ⵗⴰⵙ ⴰ ⵓⴾⴰⵉⴰⵏ ⴼⴰⵍ ⵜⴰⵗⴻⵍⵉⵜ ⵜⵉⴷⴰ ⵉⴷ ⵓⴶⴷⴰⵏⴰⵜ ⵎⴻⴶⵂ ⴰ ⵉⵙⵙⴻⵓⴰⴷⴰⵏ ⵎⴻⵗ ⵉⴼⵏⴰⵣⴰⵏ ⴻⵈⵈⴰⵍ ⴰⵏⴰⵛⵂⴰⵛⵂ ⵗⵓⵔ ⵍⴰⴱⴻⵍ ⵜⴰⵏ ⵓⵉ ⴼⴰⵍ ⵛⴰⵔⵋ ⵜⴰⵏ
English: Acid precipitation is indicated on maps with isoplats.
Tamasheq: ⴰⵙⵉⵔⵎⴰⴷ ⵏ ⴰⵛⵉⴷ ⴱⵔⴻⵛⵉⴱⵉⵜⴰⵜⵉⵓⵏ ⵜⵉⵓⴰⵔ ⴼⴰⵍ ⴾⴰⵔⵜⵉ ⵜⴰⵏ ⵙ ⵉⵙⵓⴱⵍⴰⵜ ⵜⴰⵏ
English: Contour lines are also used to display non-geographic information in economics.
Tamasheq: ⵜⴰⵗⴻⵍⵉⵉⴻⵏ ⵏ ⵉⵉⴰⴾⴰ ⵙⴰⴾⵏⵉⵏⴰⵜ ⵂⴰⵔ ⴰⵋⵋⵓⴷⵉ ⵉⵙⴰⵍⴰⵏ ⵏ ⴰ ⵓⴰⵔ ⵏ ⴰⵈⵈⴻⵍ ⵋⵓⴶⵔⴰⴼⵉⴰ ⴷⴰⵗ ⴻⴾⵓⵏⵓⵎⵉ
English: Such isolines are useful for representing more than two dimensions (or quantities) on two-dimensional graphs.
Tamasheq: ⵛⵓⵏⴷ ⵜⴰⴶⵂⴻⵍⵉⵉⴻⵏ ⵏ ⵉⵙo ⵜⵉⵏ ⴷⴰⵗ ⴰⵈⵈⴰⵍ ⵏⴰⵜ ⴰ ⵓⵍⴰⵗⴰⵏ ⵉ ⴰⵙⵓⴾⵏⵉ ⵏ ⴰ ⵓⵋⵋⴰⵔⴰⵏ ⵜⴰⵂⵉⵔⵉⴾⴻⵏ ⵙⴰⵏⴰⵜⴰⵜ (ⵎⴻⵗ ⵜⴰⵣⵣⴰⵉⴻⵏ ) ⴼⴰⵍ ⴶⵔⴰⴱⵂ ⵜⴰⵏ ⵓⵉⵏ ⵉⵙⵙⵉⵏ.
English: In interpreting radar images, an isodop is a line of equal Doppler velocity, and an isoecho is a line of equal radar reflectivity.
Tamasheq: ⴻⴰⴶⵂ ⴰⴼⴰⵂⴰⵎ ⵏ ⵜⴰⵍⵉⵓⴻⵏ ⵜⵉⵏ ⵔⴰⴷⴰⵔ ⵜⴰⵏ, ⵉⵙⵓⴷⵔⵓⴱ ⵜⴰⵈⵈⴰⵍ ⵜⴰⵗⴻⵍⵉⵜ ⵏ ⴻⴱⴱⵍⴻⵔ vⴻⵍⵓⵛⵉⵜⵉ ⵜⵓⴶⴷⴰⵂⴰⵜ ⴷ ⵉⵙⵓⴻⵛⵂⵓ ⴻⵈⵈⴰⵍ ⵜⴰⵗⴻⵍⵉⵜ ⵏ ⵔⴰⴷⴰⵔ ⵔⴻⴼⵍⴻⵛⵜⵉvⵉⵜⵉ ⵜⵓⴶⴷⴰⵂⴰⵜ
English: Line color is the choice of any number of pigments that suit the display.
Tamasheq: ⴻⵓⵎⵓ ⵏ ⵜⴰⴶⵂⴻⵍⵉⵜ ⴻⵈⵈⴰⵍ ⵏⴻⴼⵔⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵉⴷⴷⵉⴾⵓⴷ ⴼⵓⴾ ⵏ ⵜⵉⵙⵉⵍⵎⴰⴶⵂ ⵜⵉ ⵉⵏⵂⴰⵋⵋⴰⵏⴻⵏ ⵉⴷ ⴰⵙⵓⴾⵏⵉ
English: Line type refers to whether the basic contour line is solid, dashed, dotted or broken in some other pattern to create the desired effect.
Tamasheq: ⵉⵛⵉⴾⵉⵍ ⵉⵉⴰⴾⴰ ⵉⵎⵓⵙ ⴰⵙ ⵜⴰⴶⵂⴻⵍⵉⵜ ⵜⴰⵏ ⵉⵉⴰⴾⴰ ⵜⴰⵙⵙⵓⵂⴰⵜ, ⵜⵉⵜⴱⴰⵗⵜⴰⴱⴰⵗ ⵎⴻⴶⵂ ⵜⴰⵔⵣⴰ ⴷⴰⵗ ⴷⴻⵙⵉⵏ ⵉⵉⵉⴰⵏ ⵉ ⴰ ⵜⵉⵋⵔⵓ ⵉⵏⵏⵓⴶⵂ ⵓⴰⵏ ⵓⵜⴰⵙⴰⵏ
English: Numerical marking is the manner of denoting the arithmetical values of contour lines.
Tamasheq: ⴻⵛⵓⴰⵍ ⵓⴰⵏ ⵉⴷⴷⵉⴾⵓⴷ ⴻⵈⵈⴰⵍ ⵉⵎⵎⵉⴾ ⵙ ⵉⵜⵉⵓⴰⵋⵔⴰⵓ ⴰⵔⵉⵜⵂⵎⴻⵜⵉⵛ vⴰⵍⵓⴻ ⵓⴰⵏ ⵉⵉⴰⴾⴰ ⵓⴰⵏ ⵜⴰⵗⴻⵍⵉⵜ.
English: If the contour lines are not numerically labeled and adjacent lines have the same style (with the same weight, color and type), then the direction of the gradient cannot be determined from the contour lines alone.
Tamasheq: ⴰ ⴼⴰⵍ ⵉⵉⴰⴾⴰ ⵜⴰⵏ ⵓⵉⵏ ⵜⴰⵗⴻⵍⵉⵜ ⵓⴰⵔ ⴻⵛⵛⴻⵍⴰⵏ ⵜⵓⵍⴰⵙ ⵉⵉⴰⴾⴰ ⵜⴰⵏ ⵓⵉⵏ ⵙⵉⴷⴻⵔ ⵓⵍⴰⵂⴰⵏ ⵉⵛⵂⵉⴾⵉⵍ ( ⵓⵍⴰⵂⴰⵏ ⵜⴰⵣⵣⴰⵉⵜ , ⴷⵓⵎⵓ ⴷ ⵉⵛⵂⵉⴾⵉⵍ) ⴷⵉⵂⴻⵏ ⴰⵙⴰⵜⵓⵗ ⵓⴰⵏ ⴶⵔⴰⴷⵉⴻⵏⵜ ⵓⴰⵔ ⴰⴷⴷⵓⴱⴰⵜ ⴰⴷ ⴻⵋ ⵗⵓⵔ ⵉⵉⴰⴾⴰ ⵜⴰⵏ ⵓⵉⵏ ⵜⴰⵗⴻⵍⵉⵜ ⵗⴰⵙ
English: A properly labeled contour map helps the reader to quickly interpret the shape of the terrain.
Tamasheq: ⵜⴰⵗⴻⵍⵉⵜ ⵏ ⴾⴰⵔⵜⵉ ⵜⵉⵋⵋⴰⵜ ⴻⵛⵓⴰⵍ ⵉⴾⵏⴰⵏ ⵜⴰⴷⴷⵓⴱⴰⵜ ⴰⴷ ⵜⵉⴷⵂⵉⵍ ⴻⵎⴰⴶⵂⵉⵔ ⵏⴻⵜ ⵉ ⴰⴷ ⵉⴼⵂⵉⵎ ⴷⴰⵗ ⴰⵔⵎⵓⴷ ⵜⵓⵍⴰⵜ ⵏ ⵜⴻⵔⵔⴰⵉⵏ
English: Then the coordinates of other places are measured from the nearest control point through surveying.
Tamasheq: ⴻⵉⵂⴻⵏ ⵛⵓⵓⵔⴷⵓⵏⴰⵜⴻ ⵜⴰⵏ ⵓⵉⵏ ⵉⴷⴰⴶⴰⵏ ⵉ ⵉⴰⴷⵏⴻⵏ ⵉⵜⴾⴰⴷⴰⵏ ⵗⵓⵔ ⵜⵉⵜⴱⴰⵈⵈⴻⵜ ⵏ ⴰⵓⵉⴾⴾⵉⵍ ⵜⴰ ⵜⵓⵋⵋⴰⵔⴰⵜ ⴻⵂⵉⵣ ⵙ ⵜⴰⵏ ⴰⴾⴰⵉⴰⴷ ⵏ ⵉⴷⴷⵉⴾⵓⴷ
English: This phenomenon is called datum shift.
Tamasheq: Iⵎⵎⵉⴾ ⵛⵓⵏⴷ ⵓⴻⵏ ⵉⵙⵉⵎ ⵏⴻⵜ ⴷⴰⵜⵓⵎ ⵙⵂⵉⵍⴼⵜ
English: More ambitious undertakings such as the Struve Geodetic Arc across Eastern Europe (1816-1855) and the Great Trigonometrical Survey of India (1802-1871) took much longer, but resulted in more accurate estimations of the shape of the Earth ellipsoid.
Tamasheq: ⴰⵍⵆⵉⴷⵎⴰⵜⴻⵏ ⵜⵉ ⵉⴾⵏⴰⵏⴻⵏ ⵓⴶⵍⴰⵉ ⵛⵓⵏⴷ ⵜⴰⵏⵏ ⵙⵜⵔⵓⴱⴻ ⵗⴻⵓⴷⴻⵜⵉⵛ ⴰⵔⵛ ⴷⴰⵗ ⴰⵍⵈⵉⴱⵍⴰⵜ ⵜⴰⵏ ⴻⵔⵓⴱⴰ ⵗⵓⵔ ⴰⵓⴰⵜⴰⵉ ⵓⴰⵏ (1816 ⵂⴰⵔ 1855) ⴷ ⴼⴰⵔⴰⴾ ⵏ ⵟⵉⴶⵓⵏⵓⵎⴻⵜⵔⵉⵛⴰⵍ ⵎⴰⵈⵈⵓⵔⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵉⵏⴷⵉⴰ ⵗⵓⵔ ⴰⵓⴰⵜⴰⵉ ⵓⴰⵏ (1802 ⵂⴰⵔ 1871) ⴰⵂⵓⵋ ⵎⵓⵛⴰⵎ ⴻⵓⴰⴷ ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵙ ⵏ ⵎⵉⵔⴷⴰ ⵜⴰⵏ ⵏ ⴷⵓⵎⵓ ⵓⴰⵏ ⴻⵍⵍⵉⴱⵙⵉⴷ ⵓⴰⵏ ⴰⴾⴰⵍ
English: An approximate definition of sea level is the datum WGS 84, an ellipsoid, whereas a more accurate definition is Earth Gravitational Model 2008 (EGM2008), using at least 2,159 spherical harmonics.
Tamasheq: ⴰⵍⵎⴰⵗⵏⴰ ⵂⵉⵏ ⵉⴾⴾⴰⵏ ⵉⴷⴷⵉⴾⵓⴷ ⵓⴰⵏ ⴻⵋⴰⵔⴻⵓ ⵉⵏⵜⴰ ⵙ ⴷⴰⵜⵓⵎ ⵓⵗⵙ 84, ⴻⵍⵍⵉⴱⵙⵓⵉⴷ, ⴰⵙ ⵉⵋⵋⴰ ⴰⵓⴻⵏ ⴰⵍⵎⴰⵗⵏⴰ ⵓⴰ ⵓⵗⴰⴷⴰⵏ ⵂⵓⵍⵍⴰⵏ ⵉⵏⵜⴰ ⵙ ⴻⴰⵔⵜⵂ ⵗⵔⴰvⵉⵜⴰⵜⵉⵓⵏⴰⵍ ⵎⵓⴷⴻⵍ 2008 ( ⴻⵗⵎ2008) ⵉⵙⴰⵆⴷⴰⵎⴰⵏ 2.159.ⵙⴱⵂⴻⵔⵉⵛⴰⵍ ⵂⴰⵔⵎⵓⵏⵉⵛⵙ
English: When used without qualification, the term latitude refers to geodetic latitude.
Tamasheq: ⴰⵍⵓⴰⵈ ⵓⴰ ⵜⵉ ⴻⵆⴷⴰⵎ ⴰⵓⴰⴷⵉⵎ ⵓⴰⵍⴰ ⵎⵓⵙⵏⴰⵜ ⵏⴻⵜ ⵉⵙⵉⵎ ⵓⴰⵏ ⵍⴰⵜⵉⵜⵓⴷⴻ ⵉⵜⴰⵓⴰⵏ ⵉ ⴶⴻⵓⴷⴻⵜⵉⵛ ⵍⴰⵜⵉⵜⵓⴷⴻ
English: The datum shift between two particular datums can vary from one place to another within one country or region, and can be anything from zero to hundreds of meters (or several kilometers for some remote islands).
Tamasheq: ⴷⴰⵜⵓⵎ ⵙⵂⵉⴼⵜ ⵋⵉⵔ ⵉⵙⵙⵉⵏ ⴷⴰⵜⵓⵎ ⵜⴰⵏ ⵉⵣⵍⴰⵉ ⵙ ⵢⴷⴰⴶ ⵙ ⵢⵉⴰⵏ ⴷⴰⵗ ⴰⴷⴷⴰⵓⵍⴰ ⵎⵢⴶⵂ ⵔⴻⵋⵉⵓⵏ ⵢⵉⴰⵜ ⴰⴷⴷⵓⴱⴰⵜ ⴰⴷ ⵢⵈⵈⵉⵍ ⵂⴰⵔⴰⵜ ⴶⵂⵓⵔ ⴱⴰⵏⵏⴰⵏ ⵂⴰⵔ ⵜⵉⵎⴰⴷ ⵏ ⵎⵢⵜⵉⵔ ⵜⴰⵏ ( ⵎⴻⵗ ⵎⴻⵜⵉⵔ ⵜⴰⵏ ⴰⵋⵋⵓⵜⵏⵢⵏ ⵉ ⵉⵙⵍⴰⵏⴷ ⵜⴰⵏ ⵓⵉ ⴰⵋⵋⵓⵋⵏⴻⵏ)
English: For example, in Sydney there is a 200 metres (700 feet) difference between GPS coordinates configured in GDA (based on global standard WGS 84) and AGD (used for most local maps), which is an unacceptably large error for some applications, such as surveying or site location for scuba diving.
Tamasheq: ⵉⵍⵎⵉⵜⴰⵍ, ⴷⴰⵗ ⵙⵉⴷⵏⵢⵉ ⵉⵍⵍⴰⵏ ⵜⵉ 200 ⵏ ⵎⵢⵜⵉⵔ (700 ⵏ ⴰⵜⴾⵓⵍ) ⵉⵣⵍⴰⵉⵏⵢⵏ ⵋⵉⵔ ⵉⵙⴰⵍⴰⵏ ⵓⵉⵏ ⵗⴱⵙ ⵓⴰ ⵢⵂⴰⵏ ⵗⵢⴰ ( ⵉⴾⵏⴰⵏ ⴼⴰⵍ ⵙⵜⴰⵏⴷⴰⵔⴷ ⵓⵗⵙ 84 ⵓⴰⵏ ⴰⵍⵗⴰⵍⵉⵎ) ⴷ ⴰⵗⴻ ( ⵢⵆⴰⴷⴷⴰⵎⴰⵏ ⵂⵓⵍⵍⴰⵏ ⵉ ⴾⴰⵔⵜⵉ ⵜⴰⵏ ⵜⵉⵏ ⴰⴾⴰⵍ) ⵂⴰⵔⴰⵜ ⴻⵈⵈⴰⵍⴰⵏ ⵜⴰⵋⵋⴰⵔⵣⴰⵣⵣⴰⵍ ⵎⴰⵈⵈⵓⵔⴰⵜ ⵉ ⴰⴱⵍⵉⴾⴰⵙⵉⵓⵏ ⵜⴰⵏ ⵢⵉⵉⴰⴷ ⵛⵂⵓⵏⴷ ⵓⵉⵏ ⵢⴾⵢⵜ ⵏ ⵉⴷⴷⵉⴾⵓⴷ ⵎⵢⵗ ⴰⵋⴰⵔⵓ ⵏ ⵢⴷⴰⴶ ⵙ ⴰⵍⴰⵎⴰⵗ ⴷⴰⵗ ⴰⵎⴰⵏ
English: Since reference datums can have different radii and different center points, a specific point on Earth can have substantially different coordinates depending on the datum used to make the measurement.
Tamasheq: ⴰⵍⵓⴰⵈ ⵓⴰ ⵉⴷ ⴷⴰⵜⵓⵎ ⵜⴰⵏ ⴰⴷⴷⵓⴱⵢⵏ ⴰⴷ ⵉⴾⵔⵉⵛⵂⴰⵏ ⵔⴰⴷⵉⵉ ⵉⵣⵍⴰⵉⴰⵏ ⴷ ⵜⵉⵜⴱⴰⵈⵈⴰ ⵏ ⴰⵎⵎⴰⵙ ⵉⵣⵍⴰⵉⵏⵢⵏ, ⵜⵉⵜⴱⴰⵈⵈⴻⵜ ⴼⴰⵍ ⴰⴾⴰⵍ ⵜⴰⴷⴷⵓⴱⴰⵜ ⴰⴾⴰⵔⴰⵛ ⵏ ⵛⵓⵓⵔⴷⵉⵏⴰⵜ ⵜⴰⵏ ⵉⵣⵍⴰⵉⵏⵢⵏ ⴼⴰⵍ ⴷⴰⵜⵓⵎⵎ ⵉⵋⵋⴰⵏ ⵢⴾⴻⵜ
English: The most common reference Datums in use in North America are NAD27, NAD83, and WGS 84.
Tamasheq: ⴷⴰⵜⵓⵎ ⵜⴰⵏ ⵓⵂⴰⵔⵏⴻⵏ ⴰⵆⴷⴰⵎⵏⵢⵏ ⴷⴰⵗ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵙⵏⴰ ⵏ ⴰⵎⵔⵉⴾ ⵉⵎⵓⵙⴰⵏ ⵏⴰⴻ27, ⵏⴰⴻ83, ⴷⵓⵗⵙ 84
English: This datum, designated as NAD 83 ...is based on the adjustment of 250,000 points including 600 satellite Doppler stations which constrain the system to a geocentric origin."
Tamasheq: “ⴷⴰⵜⵓⵎ ⵓⴻⵏ ⵉⵜⴰⵓⴰⵏ ⵉⵏ ⵉ ⵏⴰⵢ 83...ⵉⵋⵋⴰ ⴼⴰⵍ ⴰⵈⵈⴰⴷ ⵏ 250.000 ⵏ ⵜⵉⵜⴱⴰⵈⵈⴻⵜ ⵂⴰⵏ 600 ⵏ ⵙⴰⵜⵢⵍⵉⵜ ⵜⵉⵏ ⵙⵜⴰⵙⵉⵓⵏ ⴹⵓⴱⴱⵍⴻⵔ ⴰⵙⵙⵉⴱⴷⴰⴷⵏⵢⵏ ⵙⵉⵙⵜⵢⵎ ⴶⵂⵓⵔ ⴶⴻⵓⵛⵢⵏⵜⵔⵉⵛ ⵓⵔⵉⴶⵉⵏ””
English: It is the reference frame used by the U.S. Department of Defense (DoD) and is defined by the National Geospatial-Intelligence Agency (NGA) (formerly the Defense Mapping Agency, then the National Imagery and Mapping Agency).
Tamasheq: ⴰⵓⴻⵏ ⴻⵈⵈⴰⵍ ⵉⵍⴰⵏ ⴰⴷⵉⵔⵉⵛ ⵙ ⴻⴻⴱⴰⵔⵜⵎⴻⵏⵜ ⵓⴼ ⴻⴻⴼⴻⵏⵙⴻ ⵓⴰⵏ ⴰⵎⵔⵉⴾ (ⴻⵓⴻ) ⴻⵆⴷⴰⵎ ⵙⵉⵔⵉⵙ ⵜⵓⵍⴰⵙ ⵉⴾⴼⴻ ⵏⴰⵜⵉⵓⵏⴰⵍ ⵗⴻⵓⵙⴱⴰⵜⵉⴰⵍ-ⵉⵏⵜⴻⵍⵍⵉⴶⴻⵏⵛⴻ ⴰⴶⴻⵏⵛⵉ (ⵏⵗⴰ) ⴰⵍⵎⴰⵗⵏⴰ (ⴰ ⴻⵔⵓⵓⴰⵏ ⴻⴻⴼⴻⵏⴻ ⵎⴰⴱⴱⵉⵏⴶ ⴰⴶⴻⵏⵛⵉ ⴷⵉⵂⴻⵏ ⵏⴰⵜⵉoⵏⴰⵍ Iⵎⴰⴶⴻⵔⵉ ⴰⵏⴷ ⵎⴰⴱⴱⵉⵏⴶ ⴰⴶⴻⵏⵛⵉ)
English: It was used as the reference frame for broadcast GPS Ephemerides (orbits) beginning January 23, 1987.
Tamasheq: ⴻⵈⵈⴰⵍ ⴰ ⴼⴰⵍ ⵉⵋⵋⴰ ⴰⵏⵉⴼⵂⴰⵎ ⵉ ⴱⵔⵓⴰⴷⵛⴰⵙⵜ ⵗⴱⵙ ⴻⴱⵂⴻⵎⴻⵔⵉⴷⴻⵙ ( ⵓⵔⴱⵉⵜⵙ) ⵉⵙⵙⵉⵏⵜⴰⵏ ⵗⵓⵔ ⴰⵉⵓⵔ ⵓⴰⵏ ⵜⵉⵏⴷⵓⴼⴰⵏ ⴷⴰⵗ ⴰⵛⵂⴰⵍ ⵓⴰⵏ 23 ⵏ ⴰⵓⴰⵜⴰⵉ ⵓⴰⵏ 1987.
English: It became the reference frame for broadcast orbits on June 28, 1994.
Tamasheq: ⴻⵈⵈⴰⵍ ⴰ ⴼⴰⵍ ⵉⵋⵋⴰ ⴰⵏⵉⴼⵂⴰⵎ ⵉ ⴱⵔⵓⴰⴷⵛⴰⵙⵜ ⵓⵔⴱⵉⵜⵙ ⵗⵓⵔ ⴰⵉⵓⵔ ⵓⴰⵏ ⴰⵓⵣⴻⵎ ⵓⴰⵏ ⴾⴰⵔⴰⴷ ⵏ ⴰⵛⵂⴰⵍ ⵓⴰⵏ 28 ⵏ ⴰⵓⴰⵜⴰⵉ 1994.
English: WGS 84 (G873) was adopted as the reference frame for broadcast orbits on January 29, 1997.
Tamasheq: ⵓⵗⵙ 84 (ⵗ873) ⴻⵈⵈⴰⵍ ⴰ ⴼⴰⵍ ⵉⵋⵋⴰ ⴰⵏⵉⴼⵂⴰⵎ ⵉ ⴱⵔⵓⴰⵛⴰⵙⵜ ⵓⵔⴱⵉⵜⵙ ⴷⴰⵗ ⴰⵉⵓⵔ ⵓⴰⵏ ⵜⵉⵏⴷⵓⴼⴰⵏ ⴷⴰⴶ ⴰⵛⴰⵍ ⵓⴰⵏ 29 ⵏ ⴰⵓⴰⵜⴰⵉ ⵓⴰⵏ 1997
English: WGS 84 is the default standard datum for coordinates stored in recreational and commercial GPS units.
Tamasheq: ⵓⵗⵙ 84 ⴻⵈⵈⴰⵍ ⴹⴻⴼⴰⵓⵍⵜ ⵙⵜⴰⵏⴷⴰⵔⴷ ⴷⴰⵜⵓⵎ ⵉ ⵛⵓⵓⵔⴷⵉⵏⴰⵜⴻ ⵜⴰⵏ ⴰⴶⵂⵣⴰⵏⵏⴻⵏ ⴷⴰⵗ ⵗⴱⵙ ⵜⴰⵏ ⵓⵉⵏ ⴷⴰⵍⵍⵓⵍ ⴷ ⵎⴰⵎⴰⵍⴰ
English: For example, the longitudinal difference between a point on the equator in Uganda, on the African Plate, and a point on the equator in Ecuador, on the South American Plate, increases by about 0.0014 arcseconds per year.
Tamasheq: Iⵍⵎⵉⵜⴰⵍ, ⵓⵣⵍⴰⵉ ⵏ ⵜⵉⵛⵂⵉⵋⵔⵉⵜ ⵋⵉⵔ ⵜⴰⵜⴱⴰⵈⵈⴻⵜ ⴶⵂⵓⵔ ⴻⵈⵓⴰⵜⵓⵔ ⵙ Uⴶⴰⵏⴷⴰ ⴷⴰⵗ ⴰⴼⵔⵉⴾⵉⵉⴰ ⴷ ⵜⵉⵜⴱⴰⵈⵈⴻⵜ ⵗⵓⵔ ⴻⵈⵓⴰⵜⵓⵔ ⴷⴰⵗ ⴰⵛⵂⵔⵓⵜ ⵏ ⴰⵎⵔⵉⴾ ⵓⴰⵏ ⴰⵋⴰⵍⴰ ⵉⵓⵓⵉⴷ ⵙ 0.0014ⴰⵔⵛⵙⴻⵛⵓⵏⴷⵙ ⴷⴰⴶⵂ ⴰⵓⴰⵜⴰⵉ
English: Most mapping, such as within a single country, does not span plates.
Tamasheq: Iⵋⵋⵉ ⵏ ⵆⴰⵔⵜⵉ ⵜⴰⵏ ⴰⵋⵋⵓⵜⵏⴻⵏ ⵛⵓⵏⴷ ⴷⴰⵗ ⴰⵎⵎⴰⵙ ⵏ ⴰⴷⴷⴰⵓⵍⴰ ⵉⵉⵉⴰⵜ ⵓⴰⵔ ⵉⵍⵙⴰ ⴱⵍⴰⵜⴻ ⵜⴰⵏ
English: Ptolemy credited him with the full adoption of longitude and latitude, rather than measuring latitude in terms of the length of the midsummer day.
Tamasheq: ⴱⵜⵓⵍⴻⵎⵉ ⵉⴼⵍⴰⵙ ⵜⵉ ⵙ ⴰⵜⴾⵓⵍ ⵏ ⵜⵉⵣⵣⵉⵋⵔⵉⵜ ⵂⴰⴾ ⵉⴷ ⵜⴰⵂⵔⵉⴾⴻ ⵓⵂⵓⵏ ⴻⴾⴻⵜ ⵏ ⵜⴰⵂⵔⵉⴾⴻ ⴷⴰⵗ ⵜⵉⵣⵣⵉⵋⵔⵉⵜ ⵏ ⴰⵛⵔⵓⵜ ⵏ ⴰⵛⵂⴰⵍ ⵏ ⴰⵓⴻⵍⴰⵏ
English: Mathematical cartography resumed in Europe following Maximus Planudes' recovery of Ptolemy's text a little before 1300; the text was translated into Latin at Florence by Jacobus Angelus around 1407.
Tamasheq: ⵆⴰⵔⵜoⴶⵔⴰⴼⵉ ⵜⴰⵏⴱⵜⵓⵍⴻⵎⵉ ⵉⴼⵍⴰⵙ ⵜⵉ ⵙ ⴰⵜⴾⵓⵍ ⵏ ⵜⵉⵣⵣⵉⵋⵔⵉⵜ ⵂⴰⴾ ⵉⴷ ⵜⴰⵂⵔⵉⴾⴻ ⵓⵂⵓⵏ ⴻⴾⴻⵜ ⵏ ⵜⴰⵂⵔⵉⴾⴻ ⴷⴰⵗ ⵜⵉⵣⵣⵉⵋⵔⵉⵜ ⵏ ⴰⵛⵔⵓⵜ ⵏ ⴰⵛⵂⴰⵍ ⵏ ⴰⵓⴻⵍⴰⵏ ⵎⴰⵜⴻⵎⴰⵜⵉⴾ ⵜoⵍⴰⵙ ⴰⵎⴰⵙⵓⴶⵂⴰⵍ ⴷⴰⴶⵂ Eⵔⵓⴱⴰ ⴶⵂⵓⵔ ⴰⵋⵋⴰⵔⴰⵓ ⵉⵋⵋⴰ ⵎⴰⵆⵉⵎⵓⵙ ⴱⵍⴰⵏⵓⴷⴻⵙ ⵉ ⴰⴾⴰⵜⴰⴱ ⵓⴰⵏ ⴱⵜⵓⵍⴻⵎⵉ ⴰⴷ ⵓⵔⴰⴾⴰⵏ ⵉ 1300: ⴰⴾⴰⵜⴰⴱ ⵓⴻⵏ ⵉⴼⴼⵉⵙⴰⵔ ⵜⵉ ⵊⴰⵛⵓⴱⵓⵙ ⴰⵏⴶⴻⵍⵓⵙ ⴷⴰⴶⵂ ⵍⴰⵜⵉⵏ ⴷⴰⴶⵂ ⴰⴾⴰⵍ ⵓⴰⵏ ⴼⵍⵓⵔⴻⵏⵛⴻ ⴶⵂⵓⵔ ⴰⵓⴰⵜⴰⵉ ⵓⴰⵏ 1407
English: They then choose the most appropriate mapping of the spherical coordinate system onto that ellipsoid, called a terrestrial reference system or geodetic datum.
Tamasheq: ⴻⵉⵂⴻⵏ ⵙⴰⵏⵏⴰⴼⵔⴰⵏⴰⵏ ⵉⵋⵋⵉ ⵏ ⴾⴰⵔⵜⵉ ⵓⴰ ⵓⴼⴰⵏ ⵉ ⵙⵉⵙⵜⴻⵎ ⵏ ⵛⵓⵓⵔⴷⵉⴰⵜⴻ ⵜⴰⵏ ⴼⴰⵍ ⴻⵍⵍⵉⴱⵙoⵉⴷ ⵙ ⵉⵙⵉⵎ ⵏⴻⵜ ⵟⴻⵔⵔⴻⵙⵜⵔⵉⴰⵍ ⵙⵉⵙⵜⴻⵎ ⵎⴻⵗ ⵗⴻⴰⴷⴻⵜⵓⵉⵛ ⴷⴰⵜⵓⵎ
English: φ, or phi) of a point on Earth's surface is the angle between the equatorial plane and the straight line that passes through that point and through (or close to) the center of the Earth.
Tamasheq: φ, ⵓⵔ ⵔⵂⵉ) ⵏ ⵜⵉⵜⴱⴰⵈⵈⴻⵜ ⴼⴰⵍ ⴰⵔⵓⵔⵉ ⵏ ⴰⴾⴰⵍ ⴻⵈⵈⴰⵍ ⵂⴰⵔⴰⵜ ⵓⴰ ⵉⵍⵍⴰⵏ ⵋⵉⵔ ⴻⵈⵓⴰⵜⵓⵔⵉⴰⵍ ⵔⵍⴰⵏⴻ ⴷ ⵜⴰⵗⴻⵍⵉⵜ ⵜⵓⴶⵂⴰⴷⴰⵜ ⵜⴰ ⵂⵉ ⵜⵉⴾⴾⴰⵜ ⵗⵓⵔ ⵜⵉⵜⴱⴰⵈⵈⴻⵜ ⵜⴻⵏ ⴷ ⵜⵓⴾⴰⵉ (ⵎⴻⵗ ⵜⴰⵂⵓⵣ ⵉⵏ) ⵙ ⴰⵎⵎⴰⵙ ⵏ ⴰⴾⴰⵍ
English: All meridians are halves of great ellipses (often called great circles), which converge at the North and South Poles.
Tamasheq: ⵎⵓⵎⴻⵔⵉⴷⵉⴰ ⵜⴰⵏ ⴼⵓⴾ ⵉⵍⴰⵏ ⵜⵉⵣⵓⵏⴰⵓⴻⵏ ⵏ ⵉⵜⴰⵔⵎⵉⵙⴰⵏ ⵎⴰⵈⵈⵓⵔⵏⴻⵏ ( ⵜⴰⵓⴰⴶⵂⵔⵉⵏⴻⵏ ⵙ ⵜⵉⵋⵋⵉⵍⵉⵍⵍⵓⵓⴰ ⵎⴰⵈⵈⵓⵔⵏⴻⵏ) ⴰⵂⴰⵍⵏⴻⵏ ⵙⵉⵂⴰ ⵙ ⵔⵓⵍⴻ ⵜⴰⵏ ⵓⵉⵏ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵙⵏⴰ ⴷ ⵓⵉⵏ ⴰⵋⴰⵍⴰ
English: The antipodal meridian of Greenwich is both 180°W and 180°E. This is not to be conflated with the International Date Line, which diverges from it in several places for political and convenience reasons, including between far eastern Russia and the far western Aleutian Islands.
Tamasheq: ⴰⵏⵜⵉⵛⵢⴷⴰⵍ ⵎⴻⵔⵉⴷⵉⴰⵏ ⵓⴰⵏ ⴶⵔⴻⴻⵏⵓⵉⵛⵂ ⴻⵈⵈⴰⵍ 180°W ⴰⵏⴷ 180°E ⴷⴰⴶⵂ ⴻⴷⴰⴶ ⵉⵉⵉⴰⵏ. ⴰⵓⴻⵏ ⵓⴰⵔ ⵓⵂⴻⵔ ⵂⴰⵔⴰⵜ ⵏ ⵜⴰⵗⴻⵍⵉⵜ ⵜⴰ ⵙ ⵉⵜⴰⵓⴰⵏ Iⵏⵜⴻⵔⵏⴰⵜⵉⵓⵏⴰⵍ ⴹⴰⵜⴻ ⵍⵉⵏⴻ ⵜⴰ ⵉⴷ ⵜⵉⴼⴰⵍⴰⵜ ⵙ ⵉⴷⴰⴶⴰⵏ ⴰⵋⵋⵓⵜⵏⴻⵏ ⴼⴰⵍ ⵉⴷⴷⵉⵍⵉⵍⴰⵏ ⵏ ⴼⵓⵍⵉⵜⵉⴾ ⴷ ⵏ ⴱⴰⵏⵏⴰⵏ ⴻⵂⴰ ⵋⵉⵔ ⴰⵍⵈⵉⴱⵍⴰⵜ ⵏ ⵔⵓⵙⵙⵉⴰ ⴷ ⴰⵍⴻⵓⵜⵉⴰⵏ Iⵙⵍⴰⵏⴷⵙ ⵓⵉⵏ ⴰⵜⴰⵔⴰⵎ
English: Coordinates on a map are usually in terms northing N and easting E offsets relative to a specified origin.
Tamasheq: ⵛⵓⵓⵔⴷⵉⵏⴰⵜⵢ ⵜⴰⵏ ⴼⴰⵍ ⴾⴰⵔⵜⵉ ⵂⴰⵔⴾⵓⴾ ⵉⴾⵜⴰⴱⴰⵏ ⵉⵙⵉⵎ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵙⵏⴰ ⵓⴰⵏ ⵏ ⴷ ⵢ ⵉ ⴰⵍⵈⵉⴱⵍⴰⵜ ⵉ ⴰⵙⵉⵍⵎⴰⴷ ⵏ ⵉⵗⵉⵏⵏⵉ
English: In geography, latitude is a geographic coordinate that specifies the north–south position of a point on the Earth's surface.
Tamasheq: ⴷⴰⵗ ⵋⵓⴶⵔⴰⴼⵉⴰ , ⵜⴰⵂⵔⵉⴾⵢ ⵜⴰⵈⵈⴰⵍ ⵛⵓⵓⵔⴷⵉⵏⴰⵜⵢ ⵏ ⵋⵓⴶⵔⴰⴼⵉⴰ ⵜⵉⵙⴰⵍⵎⴰⴷⴰⵜ ⵙ ⵢⴷⴰⴶ ⵏ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵙⵏⴰ-ⴷⴰⵗ ⴰⵋⴰⵍⴰ ⵏ ⵜⵉⵜⴱⴰⵈⵈⵢⵜ ⴼⴰⵍ ⴰⵔⵓⵔⵉ ⵏ ⴰⴾⴰⵍ
English: Latitude is used together with longitude to specify the precise location of features on the surface of the Earth.
Tamasheq: ⵜⴰⵂⵔⵉⴾ ⵉⵏⵜⴰ ⵉⴷ ⵜⵉⵣⵣⵉⵋⵔⵉⵜ ⴰⵍⵓⴰⵈ ⵢⵉⴰⵏ ⵜⴰⵋⵉⵏⴰⵜ ⴰⵜⵉⵓⴰⵗⵉⵔ ⵢⵉⴰⵏ ⵉ ⴰⵙⵉⵍⵎⴰⴷ ⵏ ⵢⴷⴰⴶ ⵙ ⵜⵉⴷⵉⵜⵜ ⵏ ⵙⴰⵎⴰⵍⴰⵏ ⴼⴰⵍ ⴰⵔⵓⵔⵉ ⵏ ⴰⴾⴰⵍ
English: The second step is to approximate the geoid by a mathematically simpler reference surface.
Tamasheq: ⵜⵉⴾⴾⵢⵍⵜ ⵜⴰⵏ ⵙⴰⵏⴰⵜⴰⵜ ⵉⵏⵜⴰ ⵙ ⵉⵜⵓⵔ ⵏ ⴰⵂⵉⵣ ⵓⴰⵏ ⵗⵢⵓⵉⴷ ⵙ ⵔⵢⴼⵔⵢⵏⵙ ⵔⴰⵈⵈⵉⵙⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵎⴰⵜⵢⵎⴰⵜⵉⴾ
English: Lines of constant latitude and longitude together constitute a graticule on the reference surface.
Tamasheq: ⵉⵉⴰⴾⴰ ⵜⴰⵏ ⵓⵉⵏ ⵜⴰⵂⵔⵉⴾⵢ ⴷ ⵜⵉⵛⵉⵋⵔⵉⵜ ⴰⵈⵈⴰⵍⴰⵏ ⴼⵓⴾ ⵏⴰⵙⴰⵏ ⴶⵔⴰⵜⵉⵛⵓⵍⴻ ⴼⴰⵍ ⴰⵔⵓⵔⵉ ⵏ ⵔⵢⴼⵢⵔⵢⵏⵙ
English: Since there are many different reference ellipsoids, the precise latitude of a feature on the surface is not unique: this is stressed in the ISO standard which states that "without the full specification of the coordinate reference system, coordinates (that is latitude and longitude) are ambiguous at best and meaningless at worst".
Tamasheq: “ⴰⵍⵓⴰⵈ ⵜⵉ ⵉⵍⵍⴰⵏⴰⵜ ⴻⵍⵍⵉⴱⵙⵓⵉⴷ ⵜⴰⵏ ⴰⵋⵋⵓⵜⵏⵢⵏ ⵉⵣⵍⴰⵉⵏⵢⵏ , ⵜⴰⵂⵔⵉⴾⵢ ⵜⴰⵏ ⵜⵉⴷⵉⵜⵜ ⵏ ⵙⴰⵎⴰⵍ ⴼⴰⵍ ⴰⵔⵓⵔⵉ ⵓⴰⵔ ⵜⴰⵈⵈⵢⵍ ⵉⵉⵉⴰⵜ ⴶⵂⴰⵙ. ⴰⵓⵢⵏ ⵉⵜⵉⵓⴰⵗⴰⵍ ⴷⴰⴶⵂ IⵙO ⵙⵜⴰⵏⴷⴰⵔⴷ ⴰⵍⵍⴰⴶⵂⴰⵜ ⵏⴻⵏ ⴰⵙ “ⴰ ⴼⴰⵍ ⵓⴰⴷⴷⴻⵏ ⵙ ⴰⵎⴰⵙⵉⵔⵙⴰⵔ ⵉⵎⴷⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵙⵉⵙⵜⵢⵎ ⵓⴰⵏ ⵛⵓⵓⵔⴷⵉⵏⴰⵜⴻ, ⵛⵓⵓⵔⴷⵉⵏⴰⵜⴻ ⵜⴰⵏ ( ⵜⴰⵂⴰ ⵜⴰⵂⵔⵉⴾⴻ ⴷ ⵜⵉⵛⵉⵋⵔⵉⵜ) ⴰⵈⵈⴰⵏⴰⵏ ⴻⵗⴰⴼ ⵂⵓⵍⵍⴰⵏ ⵜⵓⵍⴰⵙ ⵓⴰⵔ ⵉⵍⴻⵏ ⴰⵍⵎⴰⵗⵏⴰ””
English: The plane through the centre of the Earth and perpendicular to the rotation axis intersects the surface at a great circle called the Equator.
Tamasheq: ⴰⴱⵉⵓⵏ ⵓⴰ ⵗⵓⵔ ⴰⵎⵎⴰⵙ ⵏ ⴰⴾⴰⵍ ⵢⵈⵈⴰⵍⴰⵏ ⴰ ⵓⵣⵗⴰⵗⴰⵏ ⵉ ⵔⵓⵜⴰⵜⵉⵓⵏ ⴰⵆⵉⵙ ⴰⵣⵓⵏ ⴰⵔⵓⵔⵉ ⴶⵂⵓⵔ ⵜⴰⵋⵋⵉⵍⵉⵍⵓⴰⵉⵜ ⵜⴰ ⵎⴰⵈⵈⵓⵔⴰⵜ ⵙ ⵉⵜⴰⵓⴰⵏ Eⵈⵓⴰⵜⵓⵔ
English: The time variation is discussed more fully in the article on axial tilt.
Tamasheq: ⴰⵎⵓⵜⵜⵉ ⵏ ⴰⵍⵓⴰⵈ ⵉⵋⵋⴰ ⴼⴰⵍ ⵎⴰⵋⵔⴰⴷ ⴰⵋⵋⵢⵏ ⴷⴰⴶⵂ ⴰⵔⵜⵉⴾⵍ ⴼⴰⵍ ⴰⵆⵉⴰⵍ ⵜⵉⵍⵜ
English: The situation is reversed at the June solstice, when the Sun is overhead at the Tropic of Cancer.
Tamasheq: ⵜⴰⵍⴶⵂⴰ ⵜⵉⵎⵓⵜⵜⵉ ⵗⵓⵔ ⴰⵓⵣⵢⵎ ⵓⴰ ⴷⴰⵔⴰⵜ ⴰⵍⵓⴰⵈ ⵓⴰ ⵉⴷ ⵜⴰⴼⵓⴾⵜ ⵜⴰⵂⴰ ⵢⴷⵢⵙ ⵏ ⵟⵔⵓⴱⵉⵛ ⵓⴼ ⵛⴰⵏⵛⴻⵔ
English: Since latitude is defined with respect to an ellipsoid, the position of a given point is different on each ellipsoid: one cannot exactly specify the latitude and longitude of a geographical feature without specifying the ellipsoid used.
Tamasheq: ⴰⵍⵓⴰⵈ ⵓⴰ ⵉⴷ ⵜⴰⵂⵔⵉⴾⵢ ⵜⵉⵍⴰ ⴰⵍⵎⴰⵗⵏⴰ ⴷⴰⵗ ⵙⵢⵎⵗⴰⵔ ⵏ ⵢⵍⵍⵉⴱⵙⵓⵉⴷ, ⵢⴷⴰⴶ ⵏ ⵜⵉⵜⴱⴰⵈⵈⴻⵜ ⵉⵉⵉⴰⵏ ⵉⵣⵍⴰⵉ ⴼⴰⵍ ⵢⵍⵍⵉⴱⵙⵓⵉⴷ ⴼⵓⴾ: ⵓⴰⵔ ⵜⵉ ⵉⵍⵍⴰ ⵉ ⴰⴷⴷⵓⴱⵢⵏ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵣⵍⵉ ⵜⴰⵂⵔⵉⴾⵢ ⴷ ⵜⵉⵛⵉⵋⵔⵉⵜ ⵏ ⵙⴰⵎⴰⵍ ⵏ ⵋⵓⵔⴶⴰⴼⵉⴰ ⴷⴰⵗ ⵓⴰⵔ ⵉⵎⴻⵍ ⴻⵍⵍⵉⴱⵙⵓⵉⴷ ⵓⴰⵔ ⵙ ⴻⵆⴷⴰⵎ
English: Geographic latitude must be used with care.
Tamasheq: ⵜⴰⵂⵔⵉⴾⵢ ⵜⴰⵏ ⵋⵓⴶⵔⴰⴼⵉⴰ ⵜ ⵉⵏⵂⴰⵋⵋⴰ ⵉⴷ ⴰⵆⴰⴷⴰⵎ ⵉⵉⵋⴰⵏ ⴻⵙⴰⵓⵢⵉ
English: The evaluation of the meridian distance integral is central to many studies in geodesy and map projection.
Tamasheq: ⴰⵎⵉⵏⵛⵉⵛ ⵏ ⵓⵋⵋⵉⵋ ⵓⴰⵏ ⵎⵢⵔⵉⴷⵉⴰⵏ ⵢⵈⵈⴰⵍ ⴰ ⵢⵂⴰⵏ ⴰⵎⵎⴰⵙ ⵏ ⴼⴰⵔⴰⴾ ⵜⴰⵏ ⴷⴰⵗ ⴶⵢⵓⴷⵢⵙⵉ ⴷ ⴰⵙⵓⴾⵏⵉ ⵓⴰⵏ ⴾⴰⵔⵜⵉ
English: There are two methods of proceeding.
Tamasheq: ⵉⵍⵍⴰⵏⴰⵜ ⵙⴰⵏⴰⵜⴰⵜ ⵜⵉⴾⴰⵔⵙⵉⵓⵢⵏ ⵉ ⴰⵏⵓⵜⵜⵉⴼ ⵏⵢⵜ
English: When converting from isometric or conformal to geodetic, two iterations of Newton-Raphson gives double precision accuracy.
Tamasheq: ⴰⵍⵓⴰⵈ ⵓⴰ ⵉⴷ ⵜⵉⵙⴰⵎⵎⴰⵙⴾⴰⵍⴰ Iⵙⵓⵎⴻⵜⵔⵉⵛ ⵎⴻⵗ ⵛⵓⵏⴼⵓⵔⵎⴰⵍ ⵙ ⴶⴻⵓⴷⴻⵜⵉⵛ, ⵉⵍⵍⴰⵏ ⵜⵉ ⵉⵙⵙⵉⵏ ⵉⵜⵢⵔⴰⵜⵉⵓⵏ ⵜⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵏⵢⵓⵜⵓⵏ-ⵔⴰⴱⵂⵙⵓⵏ ⵂⴰⴾⴾⵉⵏⵢⵏ ⵉⵙⴰⵍⴰⵏ ⵓⵗⴰⴷⵏⵢⵏ
English: The differences shown on the plot are in arc minutes.
Tamasheq: ⵜⴰⵎⴻⵣⵍⴰⵉⵜ ⵜⴰ ⴼⴰⵍ ⵜⴻⵔⵔⴰⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵓⴰⵔ ⵜⵉⵛⴰⵏⴶⴰⵉ ⵜⴰⵏ ⵎⵉⵏⵉⵜ ⵜⴰⵏ
English: The transformation between geodetic and Cartesian coordinates may be found in Geographic coordinate conversion.
Tamasheq: ⴰⵎⵓⵜⵜⵉ ⵏ ⵛⵓⵓⵔⴷⵉⵏⴰⵜⴻ ⵜⴰⵏ ⵓⵉⵏ ⴶⴻⵓⴷⴻⵜⵉⵛ ⵛⴰⵔⵜⴻⵙⵉⴰⵏ ⴰⴷⴷⵓⴱⴻⵏ ⴰⴷ ⵜⵉⵓⴰⵋⵔⵉⵓⴰⵏ ⴷⴰⵗ ⴰⵎⴰⴾⴰⵍ ⵏ ⵛⵓⵓⵔⴷⵉⵏⴰⵜⴻ ⵜⴰⵏ ⵓⵓⵉⵏ ⵋⵓⴶⵔⴰⴼⵉⴰ
English: In general the true vertical at a point on the surface does not exactly coincide with either the normal to the reference ellipsoid or the normal to the geoid.
Tamasheq: ⵜⵉⵜⴱⴰⵈⵈⵢⵜ ⵜⴰ ⵜⵉⴾⵏⴰⵜ ⴰⵈⵈⴰⴷ ⴼⴰⵍ ⴰⵔⵓⵔⵉ ⵓⴰⵔ ⵜⵉⵋⵉⵉⵉⵜ ⵉⴷ ⴰⵍⵓⴰⵈ ⵓⴰ ⵉⴷ ⴻⵍⵍⵉⴱⵙⵓⵉⴷ ⵜⴰⵍⴶⵂⴰ ⵏⴻⵜ ⵜⴰ ⵜⵓⵍⴰⴶⵂⴰⵜ ⵎⴻⵗ ⴶⴻⵓⵉⴷ ⵏⴻⵜ ⵓⴰ ⵓⵍⴰⴶⵂⴰⵏ
English: Longitude is a geographic coordinate that specifies the east–west position of a point on the Earth's surface, or the surface of a celestial body.
Tamasheq: ⵟⵉⵛⵉⵋⵔⵉⵜ ⵜⴰⵏ ⵛⵓⵓⵔⴷⵉⵏⴰⵜⴻ ⵜⴰⵏ ⵓⵉⵏ ⵋⵓⴶⵔⴰⴼⵉⴰ ⵉⵙⵍⴰⴷⴰⵏ ⴰⵍⵈⵉⴱⵍⴰⵜ-ⴷⴰⴶⵂ-ⴰⵜⴰⵔⴰⵎ ⵏ ⵜⵉⵜⴱⴰⵈⴻⵜ ⴼⴰⵍ ⴰⵔⵓⵔⵉ ⵏ ⴰⴾⴰⵍ ⵎⴻⴶⵂ ⴼⴰⵍ ⴰⵔⵓⵔⵉ ⵏ ⴰⵜⵔⵉ ⵏ ⵉⵛⵉⵏⵏⴰⵓⴰⵏ
English: The prime meridian, which passes near the Royal Observatory, Greenwich, England, is defined as 0° longitude by convention.
Tamasheq: ⴱⵔⵉⵎⴻ ⵎⴻⵔⵉⴷⵉⴰⵏ ⵓⴰ ⵉⵜⵉⴾⵉⵉⴰⵏ ⴻⴷⴻⵙ ⵏ ⵔⵓⵉⴰⵍ Oⴱⵙⴻⵔvⴰⵜⵓⵔⵉ, ⵗⵔⵢⵏⵓⵉⵛⵂ, ⴻⵏⴶⵍⴰⵏⴷ, ⵉⵜⴰⵓⴰⴶⵂⵉⵔ ⵙ 0° ⴷⴰⴶⵂ ⵜⵉⵛⵉⵋⵔⵉⵜ ⵙ ⴰⵏⵉⴼⵂⴰⵎ
English: Local time (for example from the position of the sun) varies with longitude, a difference of 15° longitude corresponding to a one-hour difference in local time.
Tamasheq: ⴰⵍⵓⴰⵈ ⵓⴰⵏ ⴰⴾⴰⵍ ( ⵉⵍⵎⵉⵜⴰⵍ ⴶⵂⵓⵔ ⵢⴷⴰⴶ ⵓⴰⵏ ⵜⴰⴼⵓⴾⵜ) ⵉⵣⵍⴰⵉ ⵙ ⵜⵉⵛⵉⵋⵔⵉⵜ, ⵉⵍⴰ ⵜⴻⵣⴰⵣⵍⵉⵜ ⵏ 15° ⵏ ⵜⵉⵛⵉⵋⵔⵉⵜ ⵜⵓⴶⴷⴰⵂⴰⵜ ⵉⴷ ⴰⵍⵓⴰⵈ ⵢⵉⵉⴰⵏ ⵉⵣⵍⴰⵉⴰⵏ ⵏⵏ ⴰⴾⴰⵍ
English: The principle is straightforward, but in practice finding a reliable method of determining longitude took centuries and required the effort of some of the greatest scientific minds.
Tamasheq: ⵎⴰⴱⴷⴰ ⵉ ⵔⴰⵈⵈⵉⵙⴰⵏ ⵎⵓⵛⴰⵏ ⵙ ⵜⵉⴷⵉⵜⵜ ⴰⵋⵋⴰⵔⴰⵓ ⵏ ⵜⵉⴾⴰⵔⵙⵢ ⵏ ⵜⴰⴼⵍⵉⵙⵜ ⵉ ⴰⵍⵎⵓⴷ ⵏ ⵜⵉⵛⵉⵋⵔⵉⵜ ⵉⵋⵋⴰ ⵜⵉⵎⴰⴷ ⵏ ⵉⵓⵉⵜⵉⴰⵏ ⵜⵓⵍⴰⵙ ⴰⵣⵉⵍⵣⴰⵎ ⵎⵓⵙⵏⴰⵜⴻⵏ ⵎⴰⵈⵈⵓⵔⵏⵢⵏ ⵏ ⴻⵛⴰⵔⴰⵋ ⵓⴰⵏ ⵙⵛⵉⴻⵏⵛⵢ
English: His prime meridian passed through Alexandria.
Tamasheq: ⴱⵔⵢⵎⴻ ⵎⵢⵔⵉⴷⵉⴰⵏ ⵉⵜⵉⴾⵉ ⴼⴰⵍ ⴰⵍⴻⵆⴰⵏⴷⵔⵉⴰ
English: He used a prime meridian through the Canary Islands, so that all longitude values would be positive.
Tamasheq: ⴰⵙⵙⴰⵆⴷⴰⵎ ⴱⵔⵉⵎⴻ ⵎⵢⵔⵉⴷⵉⴰⵏ ⴷⴰⵗ ⵛⴰⵏⴰⵔⵉ Iⵙⵍⴰⵏⴷⵙ ⵂⴰⵔ ⵉⴷ ⵉⵙⴰⵍⴰⵏ ⵓⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵛⵉⵋⵔⵉⵜ ⴰⴷ ⴰⵍⴰⵗⴰⵏⵀ
English: Hindu and Muslim astronomers continued to develop these ideas, adding many new locations and often improving on Ptolemy's data.
Tamasheq: ⴼⴰⵍⴰⵉ ⵜⴰⵏ ⵡⵉⵏ Iⵏⴷⵓ ⵜⴰⵏ ⴷ ⵉⵏⴰⵙⵍⵉⵎⴰⵏ ⵀⴰⵔ ⴰⵊⵊⵓⴷⵉ oⴽⴰⵢⴰⵏ ⴷⴰⵗ ⴻⴼⴻⵙ ⵏ ⴰⵏⵏⵉⵢⴰⵜⴻⵏ ⵜⵉⵏ, ⵉⵙⵙⴻⵡⴷⴰⵏ ⵉⴷⴰⴶⴰⵏ ⴻⵢⵏⴰⵢⵏⴻⵏ ⵜⵓⵍⴰⵙ ⴰⵍⵓⴰⵇ ⵉⵢⵢⴰⵏ ⵙⵉⵎⵓⵜⵜⵉⵢⵏ ⵉⵙⴰⵍⴰⵏ ⴼⴰⵍ ⴱⵜⵓⵍⴻⵎⵢ ⵗⴼ
English: In the later Middle Ages, interest in geography revived in the west, as travel increased, and Arab scholarship began to be known through contact with Spain and North Africa.
Tamasheq: ⴷⴰⵗ ⴰⵉⵏⴷⵉ ⵏ ⵉⵓⵉⵜⵉⴰⵏ ⵓⵉⵏ ⴰⵔⵓ, ⴰⴼoⵔ ⴷⴰⵗ ⵋoⴶⵔⴰⴼⵉⴰ ⴰⵎⵉⵜⴰⴾⵓⴰⵉ ⵗⵓⵔ Iⴾⵓⴼⴰⵔ ⵓⵉⵏ ⴰⵜⴰⵔⴰⵎ ⵛⵓⵏⴷ ⵉⵋⵋⵉⵜ ⵏ ⵉⵙⵉⴾⵉⵍⴰⵏ ⴷ ⵔⴰⵙⵉⵉⴰ ⵜⴰⵏ ⵜⵉⵏ ⵜⴻⵗⴰⵔⴻ ⵉⵍⵎⴰⴷⴰⵏ ⴼⴰⵍ ⴰⵙⵙⴰⵏⴰⵜ ⴰⴷⴷⵉⵏⴰⵜ ⵗⵓⵔ ⴰⵔⴰⵜⴰⵉ ⵓⴰ ⵉⵋⵋⴰⵏ ⵉⴷ ⵙⴱⴰⵏⵉⴰ ⴷ ⴰⴼⵔⵉⴾⵉⵉⴰ ⵜⴰⵏ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵙⵏⴰ
English: Christopher Columbus made two attempts to use lunar eclipses to discover his longitude, the first in Saona Island, on 14 September 1494 (second voyage), and the second in Jamaica on 29 February 1504 (fourth voyage).
Tamasheq: ⴾⵔⵉⵙⵜⵓⴼⵔ ⵓⵍⵓⵎⴱⵓⵙ ⴻⵔⴰⵎ ⵂⴰⵔ ⵉⵙⵙⵉⵏ ⵉⵂⴰⵏⴷⴰⴶⴰⵏ ⴰⴷ ⴻⵆⴷⴰⵎ ⵙ ⵜⵉⵙⴻⵜⴻⵏ ⵜⵉⵏ ⴰⴾⴰⵉⴰⴷ ⵏ ⴰⵜⴰⵔⵎⴰⵙ ⵏ ⵜⴰⴼⵓⴾⵜ ⵉ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵙ-ⵙⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵛⵉⵋⵔⵉⵜ ⵏⴻⵜ, ⴰⵓⴰ ⴻⵣⵣⴰⵔⴰⵏ ⴷⴰⵗ ⵙⴰⵓⵏⴰ ⵏⵙⵍⴰⵏⴷ ⴷⴰⵗ ⴰⵉⵓⵔ ⵓⴰⵏ ⵙⵓⵜⴰⵎⴱⴰⵔ ⵏ ⴰⵛⴰⵍ ⵓⴰⵏ 14 ⵏ ⴰⵓⴰⵜⴰⵉ ⵓⴰⵏ 1494 ( ⴰⵙⵉⴾⵉⵍ ⵓⴰⵏ ⵉⵙ-ⵙⵉⵏ) ⴷ ⵓⴰⵏ ⵉⵙ-ⵙⵉⵏ ⴷⴰⵗ ⴳⴰⵎⴰⵉⵛⴰ ⴷⴰⵗ ⴰⵉⵓⵔ ⵓⴰⵏ ⵜⵉⵏⴷⵓⴼⴰⵏ ⵏ ⴰⵛⴰⵍ ⵓⴰⵏ 29 ⴷⴰⵗ ⴰⵓⴰⵜⴰⵉ ⵓⴰⵏ 1504. ( ⴰⵙⵉⴾⵉⵍ ⵓⴰⵏ ⴰⴾⴾⵓⵣ
English: Initially an observation device, developments over the next half century transformed it into an accurate measurement tool.
Tamasheq: ⵙ ⵜⵢⵣⴰⵔⵜⴰⵎⵓⵜⴰⵖⴰⵋ ⵏ ⴰⴾⴰⵉⴰⴷ, ⵉⴼⴻⵙⴰⵏ ⴷⴰⵗ ⵜⴰⵣⵓⵏⴻ ⵏ ⵜⴻⵎⴻⴷⴻ ⵏ ⴰⵓⴰⵜⴰⵉ ⵓⴰⵏ ⵉⵍⴾⴰⵎⴰⵜ ⴰⵎⵓⵜⵜⵉ ⵙ ⴰⵎⵓⵜⴰⵋ ⵏ ⴻⴾⴻⵜ ⵓⵍⴰⵗⴰⵏ
English: On land, the period from the development of telescopes and pendulum clocks until the mid 18th-Century saw a steady increase in the number of places whose longitude had been determined with reasonable accuracy, often with errors of less than a degree, and nearly always within 2-3°.
Tamasheq: ⴼⴰⵍ ⴰⴾⴰⵍ, ⵗⵓⵔ ⴰⵣⵣⴰⵎⴰⵏ ⵓⴰⵏ ⴻⴼⴻⵙ ⵏ ⵜⴻⵍⴻⵙⵛⵓⴱⴻ ⵜⴰⵏ ⴷ ⵎⵓⵏⵜⴰⵔ ⵜⴰⵏ ⴱⴻⵏⴷⵓⵍⵓⵎ ⵂⴰⵔ ⵜⴰⵣⵓⵏⴻ ⵏ ⴰⵓⴰⵜⴰⵉ ⵓⴰⵏ 1800 ⵉⵙⵙⴻⵓⴰⴷ ⵉⴷⴷⵉⴾⵓⴷ ⵏ ⵉⴷⴰⴶⴰⵏ ⵓⵉ ⵙ ⵜⵉⵛⵉⵋⵔⵉⵜ ⵏⴰⵙⴰⵏ ⵜⵉⵙⴾⴰⵜ ⵙ ⴰⵈⵈⵓⴷ ⵏ ⵜⵉⴷⵉⵜⵜ , ⴰⵍⵓⴰⵈ ⵉⵉⵉⴰⵏ ⴰⵂⴰⵏ ⵎⴰⵔⵙⴰⵍⴰⵏ ⵉⴷ ⵓⵔⴰⴾⵏⴻⵏ ⵉ ⴷⴻⴶⵔⴻ ⵙ ⵂⴰⵔⴾⵓⴾ ⵉⵍⵍⴰⵏ ⵋⵉⵔ 2 ⴷ 3 °.
English: Making accurate observations in an ocean swell is much harder than on land, and pendulum clocks do not work well in these conditions.
Tamasheq: Iⵋⵋⵉ ⵏ ⵉⴾⵉⴰⴷⴰⵏ ⵓⵗⴰⴷⵏⴻⵏ ⴷⴰⴶⵂ ⴻⵋⵋⴰⵔⴻⵓ ⵓⴰⵏ ⵎⴰⵈⵈⵓⵔⴰⵏ ⵂⵓⵍⵍⴰⵏ ⵓⵋⵋⴰⵔ ⵓⴰⵏ ⴰⴾⴰⵍ ⴰⵙⵙⴰⵂⴰⵜ ⴷ ⵎⵓⵏⵜⴰⵔ ⵜⴰⵏ ⵜⵉⵏ ⴱⴻⵏⴷⵓⵍⵓⵎ ⴰⵔ ⵆⴰⴷⴷⵉⵎ ⵏⴰⵜ ⵂⵓⵍⵍⴰⵏ ⴷⴰⵗ ⵜⴰⵍⵗⵉⵓⴻⵏ
English: It offered two levels of rewards, for solutions within 1° and 0.5°.
Tamasheq: ⴻⵂⴰⴾ ⵉⵙⵙⵉⵏ ⵉⵂⴰⵏⴷⴰⴶⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵉⵎⵣⴰⵍ ⵉ ⴰⴷⴷⴰⴱⴰⵔⴰ ⵜⴰⵏ ⴷⴰⵗ 1° ⵂⴰⵔ 0.5°
English: This work was supported and rewarded with thousands of pounds from the Board of Longitude, but he fought to receive money up to the top reward of £20,000, finally receiving an additional payment in 1773 after the intervention of parliament.
Tamasheq: ⴰⵍⵆⴷⵉⵎⴰⵜ ⵜⴻⵏ ⵉⴷⵂⴰⵍ ⵜⴰⵜ ⵜⵓⵍⴰⵙ ⵜⵉⵍⴰ ⵜⵉⵎⵣⴰⵍ ⵏ ⵜⵉⵎⴰⴷ ⵏ ⴰⵣⵔⵓⴼ ⵓⴰⵏ ⴱⵓⵓⵏⴷⵙ ⴶⵂⵓⵔ ⴱⵓⴰⵔⴷ ⵓⴼ Lⵓⵏⴶⵉⵜⵓⴷⴻ ⵎⵓⵛⴰⵎ ⴻⴶⵂⵉⵍ ⴷ ⵉⵋⵔⵓ ⴰⵣⵔⵓⴼ ⴻⵓⴰⴷⴰⵏ ⴰ ⵓⵋⵋⴰⵔⴰⵏ 20,000 ⵏ ⴷⵓⵍⵍⴰⵔ, ⴰⵙ ⵉⵛⵔⴰⵉ ⵉⵋⵋⵔⴰⵓ ⵜⵉⵎⵣⴰⵍ ⴰⵓⵉⴷⵏⴻⵏ ⴷⴰⵗ ⴰⵓⴰⵜⴰⵉ ⵓⴰⵏ 1773 ⴷⴰⵔⴰⵜ ⵎⴰⵋⵔⴰⴷ ⵓⴰⵏ ⴷⵉⴱⵉⵜⵉ ⵜⴰⵏ
English: Lunar distances came into general use after 1790.
Tamasheq: Uⵋⵋⵉⵋ ⵓⴰⵏ ⴰⵉⵓⵔ ⴻⵈⵈⴰⵍ ⴰ ⴼⴰⵍ ⵜⵉⵋⵋⴰ ⴰⵍⵆⴷⵉⵎⴰⵜ ⵗⵓⵔ ⴷⴰⵔⴰⵜ ⵏ ⴰⵓⴰⵜⴰⵉ ⵓⴰⵏ 1790
English: It was quickly realised that the telegraph could be used to transmit a time signal for longitude determination.
Tamasheq: Iⵋⵔⴰⵏ ⴰ ⵂⵉⵏ ⴰⴷⴷⵉⵏⴰⵜ ⴷⴰⵗ ⴰⵔⵎⵓⴷ ⴰⵙ ⵜⴻⵍⴻⴶⵔⴰⴱⵂ ⴰⴷⴷⵓⴱⴰⵜ ⴰⵆⴰⴷⴰⵎ ⴷⴰⵗ ⴰⵙⵉⵙⵙⵉⴾⵉ ⵏ ⵙⵉⵏⵉⴰⵍ ⵓⴰⵏ ⴰⵍⵓⴰⵈ ⵉ ⵎⵓⵙⵏⴰⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵉⵛⵉⵋⵔⵉⵜ
English: The Survey established chains of mapped locations through Central and South America, and the West Indies, and as far as Japan and China in the years 1874–90.
Tamasheq: ⴼⴰⵔⴰⴾ ⵉⴷⴰⵉ ⵉⵙⴰⵙⵙⴰⵔⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵉⴷⴰⴶⴰⵏ ⵓⵔ ⵏⴻⵏ ⴾⴰⵔⵜⵉ ⴷⴰⵗ ⴰⵎⵔⵉⴾ ⵜⴰⵏ ⴰⵎⵎⴰⵙ ⵂⴰⵔ ⵜⴰⵏ ⴰⴶⴰⵍⴰ ⴷ ⵓⴻⵙⵜ Iⵏⴷⵉⴻⵙ ⵂⴰⵔ ⴰⴱⵓⵏ ⴷ ⵛⵂⵉⵏⴻ ⴷⴰⵗ ⵉⵓⵉⵜⵉⴰⵏ ⵓⵉⵏ 1874 ⵂⴰⵔ ⵓⵉⵏ 90
English: This changed when wireless telegraphy became available in the early 20th-Century.
Tamasheq: ⴰⵓⴻⵏ ⴰⵎⵎⵓⵜⴰⵉ ⴰⵍⵓⴰⵈ ⵓⴰ ⵉⴷ ⵜⴻⵍⴻⴶⵔⴰⴶⵂⵉ ⵜⴰ ⵓⴰⵔ ⵏ ⵉⵍⴰ ⵉⵗⵓⵏⴰⵏ ⵜⴰⵈⵈⴰⵍ ⴰ ⵜⵉ ⵉⵍⵍⴰⵏ ⴷⴰⴶⵂ ⵉⵓⵉⵜⵉⴰⵏ ⴰⵣⵣⴰⵔⵏⴻⵏ ⵏ ⴰⵓⴰⵜⴰⵉ ⵓⴰⵏ 2000
English: Radio navigation systems came into general use after World War II.
Tamasheq: ⵙⵉⵙⵜⴻⵎ ⵜⴰⵏ ⵓⵉⵏ ⴰⵎⴰⵜⵉⴾⵓⵉ ⵏ ⵔⴰⴷⵉⵓ ⵉⵙⵙⵉⵏⵜⴰⵏ ⴰⵍⵆⵉⴷⵎⴰⵜ ⴷⴰⵔⴰⵜ ⴰⴾⴾⵉⵏⴰⵙ ⵓⴰⵏ ⵉⵙⵙⵉⵏ ⵏ ⴰⵍⵗⴰⵍⵉⵎ
English: With the exception of magnetic declination, all proved practicable methods.
Tamasheq: ⴰ ⵓⴰⵔ ⵏ ⵉⵎⵓⵙ ⵎⴰⴶⵏⴻⵜⵉⵛ ⴷⴻⵛⵍⵉⵏⴰⵜⵉoⵏ, ⴰⵓⴰ ⵉⴰⴷⴰⵏ ⴼⵓⴾ ⴻⵈⵈⴰⵍ ⵉⵛⵓⵋⵋⵉⵛⴰⵏ ⵉⴾⵏⴰⵏⴻⵏ
English: Longitude at a point may be determined by calculating the time difference between that at its location and Coordinated Universal Time (UTC).
Tamasheq: ⵜⴰⵛⵉⵋⵔⵉⵜ ⵗⵓⵔ ⵜⵉⵜⴱⴰⵈⴻⵜ ⴰⴷⴷⵓⴱⴰⴰⵜ ⴰⵓⴰⴷⵉⵎ ⴰⵍⴰⵎⴰⴷ ⵏⴻⵜ ⵗⵓⵔ ⵜ ⵉⵙⵙⴻⴷⴰⵏⴰ ⴰⵣⵍⵉ ⵏ ⴰⵍⵓⴰⵈ ⵋⵉⵔ ⴻⴷⴰⴶ ⵓⴰ ⴻⵂⴰ ⴷ ⵛⵓⵔⴷⵉⵏⴰⵜⴻⴷ ⵓⵏⵉvⴻⵔⵙⴰⵍ ⵟⵉⵎⴻ (ⵓⵟⵙ)
English: The word near is used because the point might not be at the centre of the time zone; also the time zones are defined politically, so their centres and boundaries often do not lie on meridians at multiples of 15°.
Tamasheq: Iⵙⵉⵎ ⵓⴰⵏ ⴻⴷⴻⵙ ⴰⵜⵉⵓⴰⵏⴰ ⴼⴰⵍ ⴰⵙ ⵜⴰⵜⴱⴰⵈⴻⵜ ⵓⴰⵔ ⵏ ⴻⵂⴰ ⴰⵎⵎⴰⵙ ⵏ ⴰⵍⵓⴰⵈ ⵓⴰⵏ ⴻⴷⴰⴶ: ⵙⴰⴷⴷⴻⵈ ⴰⵍⵓⴰⵈ ⵓⴰⵏ ⵉⵂⴰⵏⴷⴰⴶⴰⵏ ⴰⵍⵎⴰⵗⵏⴰ ⵏⴻⵜ ⴼoⵍⵉⵜⵉⴾ ⴰ ⵜⵉ ⵜⵉⵋⵋⴰⴰⵜ, ⴷⴰⵗ ⴰⵓⴻⵏ ⴰⵎⵎⴰⵙⵙⴰⵏ ⵏⴰⵙⴰⵏ ⴷ ⴰⵍⵆⴰⴷⵓⴷⴰⵏ ⵏⴰⵙⴰⵏ ⴰⵍⵓⴰⵈ ⵉⵉⵉⴰⵏ ⴼⴰⵍ ⵓⵂⴻⵔⴰⵏ ⵂⴰⵔⴰⵜ ⵉⴷ ⵎⴻⵔⵉⴷⴰⵏ ⵜⴰⵏ ⵙ ⵉⵏⴰⵜⴼⵉⵙⴰⵏ ⵏ 15°
English: The international standard convention (ISO 6709)—that East is positive—is consistent with a right-handed Cartesian coordinate system, with the North Pole up.
Tamasheq: Iⵏⵜⴻⵔⵏⴰⵜⵉⵓⵏⴰⵍ ⴱⵜⴰⵏⴷⴰⵔⴷ ⵛⵓⵏⴱⴻⵏⵜⵉoⵏ (IⵙO6709)- ⵏ ⴰⵙ ⴰⵍⵈⵉⴱⵍⴰⵜ ⵜⵓⵗⴰⴷ - ⵉⵍⴰ ⵓⵋⵔⴰⵂ ⵙ ⴰⵈⵈⵓⴷ ⵏ ⵛⴰⵔⵜⴻⵙⵉⴰⵏ ⵛⴻⴻⵔⴷⵉⵏⴰⵜⴻ ⴱⵉⵙⵜⴻⵎ ⵉⴷ ⵏⵓⵔⵜⵂ ⴱⵓⵍⴻ
English: They have since shifted to the standard approach.
Tamasheq: ⵙ ⴰⵎⵎⵓⵜⴰⵉⴰⵏ ⵗⵓⵔ ⴰⵍⵓⴰⵈ ⵓⴻⵏ ⴷⴰⵗ ⵙ ⴰⵛⵓⵋⵋⵛ ⵓⴰ ⵉⵋⵍⴰⵏ
English: The geoid is the shape that the ocean surface would take under the influence of the gravity of Earth, including gravitational attraction and Earth's rotation, if other influences such as winds and tides were absent.
Tamasheq: ⵗⴻⵓⵉⴷ ⴻⵈⵈⴰⵍ ⴷⵓⵎⵓ ⵓⴰ ⴷⴰⵔ ⴻⵍⴰ ⴰⵔⴻⵔⵉ ⵏ ⴻⵋⴰⵔⴻⵓ ⵉ ⴰⵙⵙⴰⵂⴰⵜ ⵜⴰⵏ ⴰⵋⵋⴰⵍⵉⵍⵍⵉⵓⵉ ⵓⴰⵏ ⴰⵎⴰⴷⴰⵍ ⴻⵂⴰ ⴰⵓⴰ ⵉⴷ ⴻⵔⴰⵎⵎⴰⵙ ⴰⵋⵋⴰⵍⵉⵍⵍⵉⵓⵉ ⴷ ⴰⵗⴰⵍⵉⵍⵓⴰⵉ ⵏ ⴰⵎⴰⴷⴰⵍ ⴼⴰⵍ ⵓⴰⵔ ⵜⵉ ⵉⵍⵍⴻⵏ ⴰⵜ ⴰⵙⵙⴰⵂⴰⵜⴻⵏ ⵜⵉⵉⵉⴰⴷ ⵛⵓⵏⴷ ⴰⴷⵓⴷ ⵜⴰⵏ ⴷ ⵜⵉⵏⴰⵣⵣⴰⵎⴰⵔⴻⵏ
English: It can be known only through extensive gravitational measurements and calculations.
Tamasheq: Iⴾⴻⵜ ⵜⴰⵏ ⵂⵉⵏ ⵉⵏⴾⴰⵛⵏⴻⵏ ⵓⵉⵏ ⴰⵗⴰⵍⵉⵍⵓⴰⵉ ⵏ ⴰⵎⴰⴷⴰⵍ ⴷ ⵉⴷⴷⵉⴾⵓⴷⴰⵏ ⵏⴰⵙⴰⵏ ⴰ ⴰⴷⴷⵓⴱⴰⵜ ⵏⴻⵏ ⴼⴰⵍ ⴰⵙⵉⵍⵎⴰⴷ ⵏⴻⵜ
English: Although the physical Earth has excursions of +8,848 m (Mount Everest) and −10,984 (Marianas Trench), the geoid's deviation from an ellipsoid ranges from +85 m (Iceland) to −106 m (southern India), less than 200 m total.
Tamasheq: ⵆⵓⴷⴷⴻⵗ ⴰⵙ ⴰⵎⴰⴷⴰⵍ ⵙ ⵜⴰⵗⵉⵙⵙⴰ ⵏⴻⵜ ⴰ ⵂⴰⵏ ⵜⵉ ⵉⴼⵔⵓⵗⴰⵏ ⵏ +8,848 ⵎ (ⴰⴷⴰⵗ ⵓⴰⵏ Eⴱⴻⵔⴻⵙⵜ) ⴷ -10,984 (ⵎⴰⵔⵉⴰⵏⴰⵙ ⵟⵔⴻⵏⵛⵂ), ⴰⴼⵔⵓⵗ ⵓⴰⵏ ⴶⴻⵓⵉⴷ ⵗⵓⵔ ⵉⵜⴰⵔⵜⴰⵔⴰⵏ ⵓⵉⵏ ⴻⵍⵍⵉⴱⵙⵓⵉⴷ ⵗⵓⵔ +85ⵎ (Iⵛⴻⵍⴰⵏⴷ) ⵂⴰⵔ -106ⵎ (Iⵏⴷⵉⴰ ⵜⴰⵏ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵙⵏⴰ), ⴰ ⵓⵔⴰⴾⴰⵏ ⴼⵓⴾ ⵉ 200 ⵎ
English: If the continental land masses were crisscrossed by a series of tunnels or canals, the sea level in those canals would also very nearly coincide with the geoid.
Tamasheq: ⴰ ⴼⴰⵍ ⵜⵉⴾⵓⵏⴻⵏ ⵏ ⵉⴷⴰⵗⴰⵏ ⵓⵉⵏ ⴰⵎⴰⴷⴰⵍ ⴻⵗⵍⴰⵉⴰⵏ ⵜⴰⵏ ⵉⴷ ⵜⵉⵋⵓⵔⵙⴰⵉⴻⵏ ⵏ ⵉⵗⴻⵛⴰⵏ, ⵉⴷⴷⵉⴾⵓⴷ ⵏ ⴻⵋⵋⴰⵔⴻⵓ ⵓⴰ ⵎⴰⵈⵈⵓⵔⴰⵏ ⴷⴰⵗ ⵉⵗⴻⵛⴰⵏ ⵓⵉⵏ ⵉⵏⵜⴰ ⴷⴻⵗ ⴰ ⵉⵣⵍⵉ ⵂⴰⵔ ⵂⵉⵏ ⴻⵂⴰⵣ ⴶⴻⵓⵉⴷ
English: That means that when traveling by ship, one does not notice the undulations of the geoid; the local vertical (plumb line) is always perpendicular to the geoid and the local horizon tangential to it.
Tamasheq: ⴰⵓⴻⵏ ⴰⵍⵎⴰⵗⵏⴰ ⵏⴻⵜ ⴰ ⴼⴰⵍ ⵉⵙⵙⴻⴾⴻⵍ ⴰⵓⴰⴷⵉⵎ ⴷⴰⵗ ⴱⴰⵜⵓ, ⵓⴰⵔ ⵂⵉⵏ ⵣⴰ ⴻⴶⵔⴰ ⴰ ⵂⵉⵏ ⴰⵓⴰⴷⵉⵎ ⵉⵎⵉⵜⵉⴾⵓⵉⵉⴰⵏ ⵏ ⴶⴻⵓⵉⴷ; ⵜⴻⵗⴰⵜⴻ ⵏⴻⵜ (ⵉⵉⴰⴾⴰ ⵓⴰⵏ ⴰⵎⵎⴰⵙ) ⵂⵔⴾⵓⴾ ⵓⵣⵗⴰⵗ ⵉ ⴶⴻoⵉⴷ ⴷ ⴻⴷⴰⴶ ⵓⴰ ⵉⴷ ⵉⵎⵎⵓⵈⴰⵙ ⴷⵉⵔⵉⵙ
English: That is because GPS satellites, orbiting about the center of gravity of the Earth, can measure heights only relative to a geocentric reference ellipsoid.
Tamasheq: ⴰⵓⴻⵏ ⴼⴰⵍ ⴰⵙ ⵙⴰⵜⴻⵍⵉⵜ ⵜⵏ ⵓⵉⵏ ⵗⴱⵙ ⵜⴰⵏ, ⴰⵈⵈⴰⵍⵏⴻⵏ ⵛⵓⵏⴷ ⴻⴱⴰⵏⵗ ⵏ ⴰⵎⵎⴰⵙ ⵓⴰⵏ ⴰⵗⴰⵍⵉⵍⵓⴰⵉ ⵏ ⴰⵎⴰⴷⴰⵍ, ⴰⴷⵓⴱⴰⵜ ⴻⴾⴻⵜ ⵏ ⵉⴷⴷⵉⴾⵓⴷ ⵏ ⵉⵣⵓⴾ ⵏⴻⵜ ⴷⴰⵗ ⴰⵙ ⵓⵔⴰⴾ ⵙⴰ ⵙ ⴰⵎⵎⴰⵙ ⵏ ⴻⵍⵍⵉⴱⵙoⵉⴷ
English: Modern GPS receivers have a grid implemented in their software by which they obtain, from the current position, the height of the geoid (e.g. the EGM-96 geoid) over the World Geodetic System (WGS) ellipsoid.
Tamasheq: ⵗⴱⵙ ⵔⴻⵛⴻⵉⴱⴻⵔⵙ ⵓⵉⵏ ⴰⵎⴰⵔⴰⴷ ⵉⵍⴰⵏ ⴶⵔⵉⵉⴰⵋ ⴻⵂⴰⵏ ⵙⵓⴼⵜⵓⴰⵔⴻ ⵜⴰⵏ ⵙ ⴾⴰⵔⵔⴰⵛⴰⵏ ⵗⵓⵔ ⴻⴷⴰⴶ ⵓⴰⵏ ⴰⵂⴰⵏ ⵉⴷⴷⵉⴾⵓⴷ ⵏ ⵉⵣⵓⴾ ⵏ ⴶⴻⵓⵉⴷ (ⴰⵍⵎⵉⵜⴰⵍ Eⵗⵎ-96 ⵗⴻⵓⵉⴷ) ⴼⴰⵍ ⵓⴻⵔⵍⴷ ⵗⴻⵓⴷⴻⵜⵉⵛ ⵙⵉⵙⵜⴻⵎ (ⵗⵓⵙ) ⴻⵍⵍⵉⴱⵙⵓⵉⴷ
English: If that sphere were then covered in water, the water would not be the same height everywhere.
Tamasheq: ⴰ ⴼⴰⵍ ⴰⴾⴰⵍ ⵉⵙⵍⴰⵏ ⵜⵉ ⴰⵎⴰⵏ , ⴰⵎⴰⵏ ⵓⴰⵔ ⵂⴻ ⵉⴾⴾⵔⵉⵛⴰⵏ ⵉⴷⴷⵉⴾⵓⴷ ⵏ ⵉⵣⵓⴾ ⵓⵍⴰⵂⴰⵏ ⴷⴰⵗ ⴻⴷⴰⴶ ⴼⵓⴾ
English: This is why many handheld GPS receivers have built-in undulation lookup tables to determine the height above sea level.
Tamasheq: ⴰⵓⴻⵏ ⴷⴰⵗ ⴰⵙ ⵗⴱⵙ ⵔⴻⵛⴻⵉⴱⴻⵔ ⵜⴰⵏ ⴰⵋⵋoⵜⵏⴻⵏ ⵓⵉⵏ ⵉⴼⴰⵙⵙⴰⵏ ⵉⵍⴰⵏ ⵜⴰⴱⴻⵍ ⵏ ⴰⵎⴰⵜⵉⴾⵓⵉ ⵜⵉⵙⴰⵍⵎⴰⴷⴰⵜ ⵉⴷⴷⵉⴾⵓⴷ ⵏ ⵉⵣⵓⴾ ⵏ ⴻⵋⵋⴰⵔⴻⵓ.
English: The first products based on GOCE satellite data became available online in June 2010, through the European Space Agency (ESA)’s Earth observation user services tools.
Tamasheq: Iⵙⵓⵋ ⵓⵉ ⴰⵣⵣⴰⵔⵏⴻⵏ ⵉⵋⵋⴰⵏⴻⵏ ⴼⴰⵍ ⵙⴰⵜⴻⵍⵉⵜ ⵗⵓⵛE ⵉⵓⴰⵔⴰⵏ ⵉⵜⴻⵔⵏⴻⵜ ⴷⴰⵗ ⴰⵉⵓⵔ ⵓⴰⵏ ⴰⵓⵣⴻⵎ ⵓⴰⵏ ⴷⴰⵔⴰⵜ ⵏ ⴰⵓⴰⵜⴰⵉ ⵓⴰⵏ 2010 ⵙ Eⵓⵔⵓⴱⴻⴰⵏ ⵙⴱⴰⵛⴻ ⴰⴶⴻⵏⵛⵉ (ⵢⵙⴰ) ⵉⵙⵓⵋ ⵓⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵎⴰⵛⵗⵓⵍⴻⵏ ⵜⵉⵏ ⴰⴾⴰⵉⴰⴷ ⵏ ⴰⵎⴰⴷⴰⵍ
English: The geoid is a particular equipotential surface, and is somewhat involved to compute.
Tamasheq: ⵗⴻⵓⵉⴷ ⴻⵈⵈⴰⵍ ⴰⵔⵓⵔⵉ ⵏ ⵉⵎⴰⵏ ⵏⴻⵜ ⵓⴶⴷⴰⵂⴰⵏ ⵜⵓⵍⴰⵙ ⵙ ⴻⴷⴰⴶ ⵉⵉⵉⴰⵏ ⴻⵂⴰ ⵎⴻⴷⴰⵏⴰⵏ
English: A globe is a spherical model of Earth, of some other celestial body, or of the celestial sphere.
Tamasheq: ⵗⵍⵓⴱⴻ ⴻⵈⵈⴰⵍ ⵉⵛⵉⴾⵉⵍ ⵏ ⴰⵎⴰⴷⴰⵍ ⵉⵍⴰⵏ ⵜⴰⵗⵉⵙⵙⴰ ⵏ ⵉⵛⵉⵏⵏⴰⵓⴰⵏ ⵎⴻⵗ ⵏ ⴰⴾⴰⵍ
English: A model globe of the celestial sphere is called a celestial globe.
Tamasheq: Iⵛⵛⵉⴾⵉⵍ ⵏ ⴶⵍⵓⴱⴻ ⵓⴰⵏ ⴰⴾⴰⵍ ⴻⵈⵈⴰⵍ ⴶⵍⵓⴱⴻ ⵓⴰⵏ ⵉⵛⵉⵏⵏⴰⵓⴰⵏ
English: It might show nations and major cities and the network of latitude and longitude lines.
Tamasheq: ⴰⴷⴷⵓⴱⴰⵜ ⴰⵙⵓⴾⵏⵉ ⵏ ⴰⴷⴷⴰⵓⵍⴰ ⵜⴰⵏ ⴷ ⵉⵗⵉⵔⵎⴰⵏ ⵎⴰⵈⵈⵓⵔⵏⴻⵏ ⴷ ⵔⴻⵣⵓ ⵓⴰⵏ ⵜⴰⵂⵔⵉⴾⴻ ⴷ ⵉⵉⴰⴾⴰ ⵜⴰⵏ ⵜⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵛⵛⵉⵋⵔⵉⵜ
English: Typically, it will also divide the celestial sphere into constellations.
Tamasheq: ⴰⴷ ⵓⵣⴰⵏ ⴰⴾⴰⵍ ⵓⴰⵏ ⵉⵛⵉⵏⵏⴰⵓⴰⵏ ⵙ ⴻⴷⴰⴶ ⵏ ⴻⵜⵔⴰⵏ
English: The first known mention of a globe is from Strabo, describing the Globe of Crates from about 150 BC.
Tamasheq: Iⵙⵉⵎ ⵏ ⴶⵍⵓⴱⴻ ⵓⴰ ⴻⵣⵣⴰⵔⴰⵏ ⵙⵜⵔⴰⴱⵓ ⵉⵎⴰⵍⴰⵏ ⵙⴰⵎⴰⵍⴰⵏ ⵏ ⴶⵍⵓⴱⴻ ⵓⴰⵏ ⵛⵔⴰⵜⴻⵙ ⵗⵓⵔ ⴰⵓⴰⵜⴰⵉ ⵓⴰⵏ 150 ⴷⴰⵜⴰ ⴰⵏⵏⴰⴱⵉ ⵗⵉⵙⴰ
English: Many globes are made with a circumference of one metre, so they are models of the Earth at a scale of 1:40 million.
Tamasheq: ⵗⵍⴰⴱⴻ ⵜⴰⵏ ⴰⵋⵋoⵜⵏⴻⵏ ⵉⴾⵏⴰⵏ ⵙ ⵜⴰⵋⵋⵉⵍⵉⵍⵓⴰⵉⵜ ⵏ ⴰⵗⵉⵍ ⵉⵉⵉⴰⵏ ⴷⴰⵗ ⴰⵓⴻⵏ ⴰⵈⵈⴰⵍⴰⵏ ⵉⵛⵛⵉⴾⵉⵍⴰⵏ ⵏ ⴰⵎⴰⴷⴰⵍ ⴼⴰⵍ 1:40 ⵏ ⵎⵉⵍⵉⴰⵏ ⴷⴰⵗ ⴰⴼⵉⵍⵜⴰⵗ
English: Most modern globes are also imprinted with parallels and meridians, so that one can tell the approximate coordinates of a specific location.
Tamasheq: Iⵋⵋⵉⵜ ⵏ ⵗⵍoⴱⴻ ⵜⴰⵏ ⵓⵉ ⴷⴰⵗ ⵉⵛⵔⴰⵉⵏⴻⵏ ⵉⵣⵋⴰⵔⴰⵏ ⴱⴰⵔⴰⵍⵍⴻⵍ ⵜⴰⵏ ⴷ ⵎⴻⵔⵉⴷⵉⴰⵏ ⵜⴰⵏ ⵂⴰⵔ ⴰⴷⴷⵓⴱⴰⵜ ⴰⴷ ⴻⵍⵍⴰⵗⴰⵜ ⴰⵓⴰⴷⵉⵎ ⵛⵓⵖⵔⴷⵉⵏⴰⵜⴻ ⵜⴰⵏ ⵏ ⴻⴷⴰⴶ ⴰ ⴻⵈⵈⴰⵍ
English: Early terrestrial globes depicting the entirety of the Old World were constructed in the Islamic world.
Tamasheq: ⵗⵍⵓⴱⴻ ⵏ ⴰⴾⴰⵍ ⵓⵉ ⴰⵣⵣⴰⵔⵏⴻⵏ ⴷⴰⵍⵍⴰⵋ ⵏⴻⵏ ⵜⵓⵎⴰⵙⵜ ⵏ ⴰⵍⵗⴰⵍⵉⵎ ⵓⴰ ⴻⵔⵓ ⵓⴰⵏ ⵉⴷⴰⵉⴰⵏ ⴷⴰⵗ ⴰⵍⵗⴰⵍⵉⵎ ⵓⴰⵏ ⵉⵏⴰⵙⵍⵉⵎⴰⵏ
English: Behaim was a German mapmaker, navigator, and merchant.
Tamasheq: ⴱⴻⵂⴰⵉⵎ ⴻⵈⵈⴰⵍ ⴰⵓ ⴾⴰⵔⵜⵉ ⵜⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵗⴻⵔⵎⴰⵏⵉ, ⴰⵎⴰⵙⵙⴰⴾⵓⵍ ⴼⴰⵍ ⴰⵎⴰⵏ ⴷ ⴰⵍⵎⵓⵙⴰⴱⴱⵉⴱ
English: Before constructing the globe, Behaim had traveled extensively.
Tamasheq: ⵢⴰⵔⴰⵜ ⴻⴷⴻⵉ ⵓⴰⵏ ⵗⵍⵓⴱⴻ, ⴱⴻⵂⴰⵉⵎ ⴰⵙⵙⴻⴾⴰⵍ ⵂⵓⵍⵍⴰⵏ
English: Another early globe, the Hunt–Lenox Globe, ca.
Tamasheq: ⵗⵍⵓⴱⴻ ⵉⵉⵉⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵉⵣⴰⵔⴰⵜ , ⵂⵓⵏⵜ-ⵍⴻⵏⵓⵆ, ⵛⴰ
English: It may be the oldest globe to show the New World.
Tamasheq: ⴰⴷⴷⵓⴱⴰⵜ ⴰⵙ ⴻⵈⵈⴰⵍ ⴶⵍⵓⴱⴻ ⵓⴰ ⴻⵣⵣⴰⵔⴰⵏ ⵉⵙⵉⴾⵏⴰⵏ ⴰⵍⵗⴰⵍⵉⵎ ⵓⴰ ⴻⵉⵏⴰⵉⴰⵏ
English: A facsimile globe showing America was made by Martin Waldseemueller in 1507.
Tamasheq: ⵗⵍⵓⴱⴻ ⵉⵜ ⵉⵓ ⴰⵙⴰⴶⴱⴰⵔ ⴰⵏ ⵉⵙⴰⴾⵏⵉⵏ ⴰⵎⵔⵉⴾ ⵉⴾⵏⴻ ⵎⴰⵔⵜⵉⵏ Wⴰⵍⴷⵙⴻⴻⵎⵓⴻⵍⵍⴻⵔ ⵗⵓⵔ ⴰⵓⴰⵜⴰⵉ ⵓⴰⵏ 1507