Tamazight-NLP/NLLB-Seed_Tamasheq-Tifinagh-Script huggingface dataset:
English: In the mosque the mob ripped out the ventilation fans that had been presented by the US Embassy at the time of the Iraq War and then went on a rampage through the town.
Tamasheq: ⴷⴰⵗ ⵜⴰⵎⵉⵣⴶⵉⴷⴰ, ⴰⵎⴰⵙⴰⵏⴶⴰⵏ ⵏⴰⵜⵈⵉⵔ ⵉⴾⴰⵙⴰⵏ ⵗⵢⵏⵜⵉⵍⴰⵜⵢⵔⵜⴰⵏ ⴰⵜⵓⴰⴶⵔⴰⵓⵏⵢⵏ ⴷⴰⵗ ⴰⵎⴱⴰⵙⵙⴰⴷⵢ ⵓⴰⵏ ⵉⵜⴰⵜⵙ-ⵓⵏⵉⵙ ⵗⵓⵔ ⴰⴾⵉⵏⴰⵙ ⵓⴰⵏ Iⵔⴰⴾ, ⴷⴰⵔⴰⵜ ⴰⵓⵢⵏ ⴰⵈⴰⵍⴰⵏ ⴰⵎⵛⴰⵔⵛⴰⵔⴰⵏ ⴷⴰⵗ ⴰⵗⵔⴰⵎ.
English: The Great Sphinx of Giza, commonly referred to as the Sphinx of Giza or just the Sphinx, is a limestone statue of a reclining sphinx, a mythical creature.
Tamasheq: ⵓⴰⵎⴰⵈⴰⵔⴰⵏ ⵙⴱⵂⵉⵏⵆ ⵓⴰⵏ ⵗⵉⵣⵢⵂ, ⴷⴰⵗ ⴰⵜⵓⵉⵣⴰⵉ ⵙⵉⵜⴰⵓⴰⵏ ⵙⴷⵂⵉⵏⵆ ⵓⴰⵏ ⵗⵉⵣⵢⵂ ⵎⵢⵆ ⵈⴰⵙ ⵙⴱⵂⵉⵏⵆ, ⵢⵈⴰⵍ ⵜⴰⴱⴰⵔⴰⵜ ⴰⵏ ⵜⴰⵍⴰⵈ ⵜⵓⵍⴰⵂⴰⵜ ⴰⴷ ⵙⴷⵂⵉⵏⵆ ⴰⵙⴰⵏ, ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵗⵍⴰⵈ ⵓⴰⵏ ⵜⴰⵓⵉⵏⵂⵉⵉ.
English: Furthermore, the angle and location of the south wall of the enclosure suggests the causeway connecting Khafre's Pyramid and Valley Temple already existed before the Sphinx was planned.
Tamasheq: ⴰⴶⵓⴷⵢⵏ, ⵢⴷⴰⵏⴶ ⴰⴷ ⴷⴰⵂⴰⴷⵉⵍⴰ ⴰⵗⴰⵍⴰ ⵓⴰⵏ ⵢⵎⴰⵉⵏⴰⴶ ⵏⴰⵎⴰⵙ ⵜⴰⴱⴰⵔⴰⵜ ⵜⴰ ⵜⴰⵙⵉⵔⵜⴰⵉⴰⵜ ⴷⵉⵔⴰⵎⵉⴷⵢ ⵓⴰⵏ ⵆⵂⵉⴱⵂⵔⵢⵏ ⴰⴷ ⴷⵢⵂⴰⵏ ⵓⴰⵏ ⴶⴰⵔ ⵜⵓⵂⵓⵏ ⵜⴰⵍⴰⵉ ⴷⴰⵜⴰⵓⴰ ⴷⴰⵜ ⵉⴶⵉⵜⴰⵏ ⵓⴰⵏ ⵙⴱⵂⵉⵏⵆ.
English: When the Stele was re-excavated in 1925, the lines of text referring to Khaf flaked off and were destroyed.
Tamasheq: ⵓⴶⵓⴷ ⵓⴰ ⵙⵜⵉⵍⵢ ⴰⵜⴰⵈⴰⵍ ⴰⵉⵗⴰⵛⴰⵏ ⴷⴰⵗ 1925, ⴰⵍⵗⵓⵔⵓⴼⴰⵏ ⵓⵉ ⵙⴰⵏⵎⵉⵗⵉⵍⵏⵢⵏ ⴰⴷ ⵆⵂⴰⴼⵔⵢ ⴰⵜⵎⴰⵙⴰⴷⴰⵓⴰⵏ ⴰⴷ ⴰⵈⴰⵍⴰⵏ ⴰⵙⴶⴰⴷⴰⵏ.
English: The cult of the Sphinx continued into medieval times.
Tamasheq: ⵜⵓⵎⴰⵜ ⵜⴰⵏ ⵙⴱⵂⵉⵏⵆ ⵜⴰⵜⵓⴰⵍⴾⴰⵎ ⵂⴰⵓⴱⵏⴷⴰⵗ ⵂⴰⵔ ⵓⴶⵓⴷ ⵓⴰⵏ ⵎⵢⴷⵉⴱⵗⴰⵍⵜⴰⵏ.
English: Alexandria, Rosetta, Damietta, Cairo and the Giza Pyramids are described repeatedly, but not necessarily comprehensively.
Tamasheq: ⴰⵍⵢⵆⴰⵏⴷⵔⵉⵢ, ⵔⵓⵙⵢⵜⵢ, ⵢⴰⵎⵉⵢⵜⵢ, ⴰⴰⵉⵔⵢ ⴰⴷ ⴷⵉⵔⴰⵎⵉⴷⵜⴰⵏ ⵓⴰⵏ ⵗⵉⵣⵢⵂ ⴰⵈⴰⵍⴰⵏ ⴰⵉⴾⵜⴰⴱⴰⵏ ⵙⴰⵋⵉⵜ ⵓⵍⴰⵙⴰⵏ, ⵎⴰⵛⴰⵏ ⵓⴰⴷⵢⵏ ⵙⴰⵍⵎⴰⵗⵏⴰ ⴰⵏ ⵙⴰⵍⴰⵏ ⴼⵓⴾ.
English: Seven years after visiting Giza, André Thévet (Cosmographie de Levant, 1556) described the Sphinx as "the head of a colossus, caused to be made by Isis, daughter of Inachus, then so beloved of Jupiter".
Tamasheq: "ⴰⵙⴰ ⵢⵍⴰⵏ ⴷⴰⵔⴰⵜ ⵉⴾⵉ ⴰⵏ ⵗⵉⵣⵢⵂ, ⴰⵏⴷⵔⵉ ⵟⵂⵢⴱⵢⵜ ( ⵛⵓⵙⵎⵓⴶⵔⴰⴱⵂⵉⵢ ⵜⴰⵏ ⵍⵢⴱⴰⵏⵜ, 1556) ⵜⴰⴾⵜⴰⴱⴰⵜ ⵙⴱⵂⵉⵏⵆ ⵙⵓⵏⴷ "ⵢⵗⴰⴼ ⴰⵏ ⵜⴰⴱⴰⵔⴰⵜ ⵎⴰⵈⴰⵔⴰⵜ, ⵜⴰⵜⴰⵈⴰⵍⴰⵜ Iⵙⵉⵙ, ⵢⵍⵢⵙ ⴰⵏ Iⵏⴰⴰⵂⵓⵙ, ⵉⵣⴰⵔ ⴰⵜⵉⵓⴰⵔⵂⴰ ⴷⴰⵗ ⵋⵓⴱⵉⵜⵢⵔ"".
English: Johannes Helferich's (1579) Sphinx is a pinched-face, round-breasted woman with a straight haired wig; the only edge over Thévet is that the hair suggests the flaring lappets of the headdress.
Tamasheq: ⵙⴱⵂⵉⵏⵆ ⵓⴰⵏ ⵋⵓⵂⴰⵏⵏⵢ ⵂⵢⵍⴼⵢⵔⵉⵛⵂ (1579) ⴰⵜⴰⵈⴰⵍ ⵜⴰⵎⴰ ƭ ⵜⴰⵙⵏⵉⵏⴰⵜ, ⵢⴶⵉⵔⴶⴰⵔ ⴰⵗⵉⵍⴰⵍⵓⴰⵉⵏⵢⵏ, ⴰⵏ ⵜⴰⴾⵓⵎⴱⵓⵜ ⵏⴰⵎⵣⴰⴷⴰⵏ ⴰⵈⵓⵔⵏⵢⵏ ; ⵂⴰⵔⴰ ⵉⵉⴰⵏⴷⴰⵗ ⴰⵙⵜⵉⵍⴰ ⵟⵂⵉⵗⵢⵜ ⵢⵈⴰⵍ ⴰⵙ ⴰⵎⵣⴰⴷⴰⵏ ⵜⵉⵉⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⴼⴰⵜⵢⵏ ⴰⵏⵉⵎⴰⴾⴰⵛⵢⵏⵢⵏ ⴷⴰⵗ ⴰⵋⴰⴱⵓⵏⵢⵙ.
English: Although certain tracts on the Stela are likely accurate, this passage is contradicted by archaeological evidence, thus considered to be Late Period historical revisionism, a purposeful fake, created by the local priests as an attempt to imbue the contemporary Isis temple with an ancient history it never had.
Tamasheq: ⴰⵂⵓⵙⴾⴰⵜ ⴰⵙ ⵂⴰⵔⴰⵜ ⴰⵏ ⵜⴰⴱⴰⵔⴰⵜⵢⵏ ⵜⵉⵉⴰⴷ ⴰⵏ ⵙⵜⵉⵍⵢ ⴰⴷⵉⵈⴰⵍⴰⵜ ⴰⵓⵗⴰⴷⴰⵏ, ⵜⴰⴱⴰⵔⴰⵜ ⴰⵙⵉⵎⴰⴷⴰⵛⴰⵏⵜⴰⵜ ⵉⴰⵏⴰⵉⴰⵏ ⵓⵉ ⵏⵓⵎⴰⵗⴰⵏ ⴰⴷ ⵜⴰⵈⴰⵍ ⴰⴷⵉⵛ ⵙⵓⵏⴷ ⴰⵙⴾⴰⵍⴰ ⴷⵓⴾⴰⵉ ⴷⴰⵗ ⵜⵉⵏⴼⴰⵙ ⴰⵍⵓⴰⵈ ⵓⴰⵂⵉⵏ ⴰⵂⵓⴶⴰⵏ, ⴰⵏⴰⵙⴱⴰⵂⵓ ⵢⵔⴷⴰⵏ, ⵉⴶⴰⵏ ⴾⴰⵍ ⴰⵙⵓⴾ ⵓⵉ ⵏⴰⴾⴰⵍ ⴷⴰⵗ ⵉⴶⵉ ⵓⵏ ⵙⵓⵍⵓ ⵓⴰⵏ Iⵙⵉⵙ ⵏⴰⵂⴰⵏⵉⵏ ⴷⴰⵗ ⵜⴰⵏⴼⵓⵙⵜ ⵜⴰⵔⵓⵓⴰⵜ ⴰⵙ ⴾⴰⵍⴰ ⵓⴰⵜⴰⵜⴶⵔⵢⵓ.
English: Recent discoveries, however, strongly show that it was really not built before the reign of Khafre, in the fourth dynasty."
Tamasheq: “ⴰⵜⵓⵉⵏⵂⵉⵉ ⴰⵉⵏⴰⵉⴰⵏ, ⵓⵏⴷⵢⵏⴷⴰⵗ, ⴰⵙⴰⴾⴰⵏ ⵙⴰⵙⴰⵂⴰⵜ ⴰⵙ ⵓⴰⵔⵢⵈⵢⵍ ⵓⴰⵉⴾⵔⴰⵙⴰⵏ ⴷⴰⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⴰⵉⴰ ⵜⴰⵏ ⵆⵂⴰⴼⵔⵢ, ⴷⴰⵗ ⵜⴰ ⵙⵓⴾⵓⵣⴰ ⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⴰⵉⵉⵓⵢⵏ."""
English: Maspero believed the Sphinx to be "the most ancient monument in Egypt".
Tamasheq: “ⵎⴰⵙⴱⵢⵔⵓ ⴰⵗⵢⵍ ⴰⵙ ⵙⴱⵂⵉⵏⵆ ⵜⵈⴰⵍ ""ⵜⴰⵎⵓⵈⵓⵏⵜ ⵜⴰ ⵜⵓⴶⴰⵔⴰⵜ ⵜⴰⵔⵓⵜ ⴷⴰⵗ ⵎⵉⵙⵔ""."
English: Part of its headdress had fallen off in 1926 due to erosion, which had also cut deeply into its neck.
Tamasheq: ,ⵜⴰⵙⴰⴶⴰ ⵉⵉⵉⴰⵜ ⵏⴰⵋⴰⴱⵓⵏⵢⵙ ⵜⴰⵈⵈⴰⵍ ⴰⵓⴷⴰⵏ ⴷⴰⵗ 1926 ⴼⴰⵍ ⵜⴰⵙⴰⴱⴰ ⵜⴰⵏ ⴰⴷⵓⵜⵣⵏ, ⵉⴾⵔⴰⴷⵏⵢⵏ ⴷⴰⵗ ⴰⵎⴰⵙ ⵉⵏⵜⴰⵏⵢⴷ ⴷⴰⵗ ⵢⵔ ⵏⵢⵙ.
English: The layer in which the head was sculpted is much harder.
Tamasheq: ⵜⵢⵙⴰⵉⵜ ⵜⴰ ⴷⴰⵗ ⵉⴶⴰ ⴰⵜⵉⴾⴰⵜ ⵢⵗⴰⴼ ⵜⴰⵈⴰⵍ ⴰⵙⵢⵂⵢⵏ ⵂⵓⵍⵢⵏ.
English: Other tales ascribe it to being the work of Mamluks.
Tamasheq: ⴰⵏⴰⵏ ⴾⵉⵜⴱⴰⵏ ⵉⵉⴰⴷ, ⴰⵜⴰⵈⴰⵍ ⴰⵍⴾⵉⵜⴰⴱ ⵓⴰⵏ ⵎⴰⵎⵢⵍⵓⴾⵙ
English: According to al-Maqrīzī, many people living in the area believed that the increased sand covering the Giza Plateau was retribution for al-Dahr's act of defacement.
Tamasheq: ⵜⴰⵏⴰ ⴰⵍ-ⵎⴰⵈⵔⵉⵣⵉ, ⴰⴷⵉⵏⴰⵜ ⴰⵋⵓⵜⵏⵢⵏ ⴰⴷⴰⵔⴰⵏ ⴷⴰⵗ ⴰⴾⴰⵍ ⴰⵗⵢⵍⴰⵏ ⵜⴰⵓⴰ ⵜ ⴰⵏ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵍⴰⵍⵜ ⵜⵉⵍⵙⴰ ⵢⴷⴰⴶ ⵓⴰⵏ ⵗⵉⵣⴰⵂ ⵢⵈⴰⵍⴰⵏ ⴰⴷⴰⴶⴰⵍ ⵏⴰⵣⴰⴶⴰⵔ ⴰⵏ ⴰⵍ-ⵢⴰⵂⵔ.
English: Al-Minufi stated that the Alexandrian Crusade in 1365 was divine punishment for a Sufi sheikh of the khanqah of Sa'id breaking off the nose.
Tamasheq: ⴰⵍ-ⵎⵉⵏⵓⴼⵉ ⵉⵏⴰ ⴰⵙ ⵜⴰⵏⵎⵉⵔⵜⴰⵉ ⵜⴰⵏ ⴰⵍⵢⵆⴰⵏⴷⵔⵉⵢ 1365 ⵜⴰⵈⴰⵍ ⴰⴷⴰⴶⴰⵍ ⴰⵏ ⵗⴰⵍⵍⴰⵂ ⵉⵢ ⵙⵢⵉⴾⵂ ⵙⵓⵓⴼⵉ ⵓⴰⵏ ⵆⵂⴰⵏⵈⴰⵂ ⴰⵏ ⵙⴰ'ⵉⴷ ⵢⵈⴰⵍⴰⵏ ⴰⵔⵣⴰⵏ ⵜⴰⵏⵛⴰⵔ.
English: The idea is considered pseudoarchaeology by academia, because no textual or archaeological evidence supports this to be the reason for the orientation of the Sphinx.
Tamasheq: ⴰⵏⵓⵣⴶⵓⵎ ⵓⵢⵏ ⵢⵈⴰⵍ ⴰⵎⵓⵙ ⵙⵓⵏⴷ ⵜⴰⵎⵓⵈⵓⵏⵢⵏ ⴰⵔⵓⵏⵢⵏ ⴷⴰⵗ ⴰⴷⵓⵏⵉⵉⴰⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⴷⴰⵜ, ⴼⴰⵍⴰⵙ ⵓⴰⵍⴰ ⵉⵉⴰⵜ ⵜⴰⴱⵓⵂⵢ ⵜⴰⴾⵜⴰⴱⴰⵜ ⵎⵢⵗ ⵜⴰⵏⵉⴼⴰⵙⴰⴶ ⵓⴰⵔⵜⵉⴷⴶⵢⵍ ⵉⴶⵉ ⵏⵓⵏⵉⴷ ⵓⴰⵏ ⵙⴱⵂⵉⵏⵆ.
English: There is a long history of speculation about hidden chambers beneath the Sphinx, by esoteric figures such as H. Spencer Lewis.
Tamasheq: ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵍⴰⵉ ⵜⴰⵏⴼⵓⵙⵜ ⵣⵉⴶⵔⵢⵜ ⴰⵜⵉⵓⴰⵏⴰⵣⴶⴰⵎⴰⵜⵏⵢⵏ ⴼⴰⵍ ⵢⵂⴰⵏ ⵓⴰ ⵉⴼⴰⵔⴰ ⴷⴰⵓ ⵙⴷⵂⵉⵏⵆ, ⵙⴰ ⴰⴷⵉⵏⴰⵜ ⴰⵗⵔⴰⵏⵢⵏ ⵙⵓⵏⴷ ⴼ. ⵙⴱⵢⵏⵛⵢⵔ ⵍⵢⵓⵉⵙ.
English: It is believed to be the second most visited historical site in Egypt; only the Giza pyramid complex near Cairo receives more visits.
Tamasheq: Oⵔⴷⴰⵂⴰⵏ ⴰⵙ ⵢⵈⵈⴰⵍ ⵢⴷⴰⴶ ⵓⴰⵏ ⴰⵙⵙⵉⵏ ⵜ ⴰⵙ-ⵉⵏ ⴰⴷⴷⵉⵏⴰⵜ ⴷⴰⵗ ⵎⴰⵙⴰⵔ; ⴱⵉⵔⴰⵎⵉⴷ ⵜⴰⵏ ⵗⵉⵣⴰ ⵗⴰⵙ ⴰ ⵋⴰⵔⵔⴰⵓ-ⴰⵜ ⴰⴷⴷⵉⵏⴰⵜ ⴷⴰⵗ ⵛⴰⵉⵔⵓ
English: The three other parts, the Precinct of Mut, the Precinct of Montu, and the dismantled Temple of Amenhotep IV, are closed to the public.
Tamasheq: ⵜⴰⵣⵓⵏⵢⵏ ⵜⴰⵏ ⵉⵉⵉⴰⴷ ⴰⵏ ⴾⴰⵔⴰⴷⴰⵜ, ⴰⵉⵜⵉ ⵜⴰⵏ ⵎⵓⵓⵜ, ⴰⵉⵜⵉ ⵜⴰⵏ ⵎⵓⵏⵜⵓⵓ ⴷ ⵙⵓⵍⵓ ⵓⴰⵉⴶⵎⴰⴷⴰⵏ ⴰⵏ ⴰⵎⵢⵏⵂⵓⵜⵢⴱ IƔ, ⴰⵈⴰⵍⴰⵏ ⴰ ⵢⵂⴰⵔⴰⵏ ⵉⵢ ⴰⴷⴷⵉⵏⴰⵜ.
English: The original temple was destroyed and partially restored by Hatshepsut, although another pharaoh built around it in order to change the focus or orientation of the sacred area.
Tamasheq: ⵙⵓⵍⵓ ⵓⴰⵏ ⵜⵉⴷⵉⵜ ⵢⵈⴰⵍ ⴰⵗⵛⴰⴷⴰⵏ ⴰⴷ ⴰⴶⵓⴷⵉⵉⴰⵏ ⴰⵉⴾⵏⴰⵏ ⴰⵙ ⵂⴰⵜⵛⵢⴷⵙⵓⵓⵜ, ⴰⵛⵓⵙⴾⴰⵜ ⴼⵢⵔⵗⴰⵓⵏⴰ ⵉⵉⴰⵏ ⴰⴷⵉⵈⵉⵏ ⴷⴰⵆ ⴰⵂⴰⵣⴰⴰⵢⵙ ⴼⴰⵍ ⴰⴷⵉⵙⵉⵎⵓⵜⵉⵉ ⴰⵎⴰⵙ ⵎⵢⵗ ⴰⵔⴰⴾⴰⵏ ⵏⴰⴷⴰⴶ ⵓⴰⵉ ⵉⵙⵓⵓⴰⵏ.
English: Construction of temples started in the Middle Kingdom and continued into Ptolemaic times.
Tamasheq: ⵜⴰⵎⵓⵈⵓⵏⵜ ⵜⴰⵏ ⵙⵓⵍⵓ ⴰⴷⴰⵗ ⵜⴰⵏⵜⴰ ⵎⵓⵉⵢⵏ ⵢⵎⴱⵉⵔⵢ ​ⴰⴷ ⴷⵓⵍⴾⴰⵎⴰⵏ ⵏⵢⵙ ⴰⵍⵓⴰⵈ ⵓⴰⵏ Pⵜⵢ ⵍⵓⵎⴰⵉⵈⵓⵢⵜⴰⵏ
English: The deities represented range from some of the earliest worshiped to those worshiped much later in the history of the Ancient Egyptian culture.
Tamasheq: ⵜⴰⵏⴼⵓⵙⵢⵏ ⵜⴰ ⵓⵍⴰⵂⵏⵢⵏ ⴰⴷⴰⵗ ⵉⴶⴰⵏⴰⵜ ⴰⵔⵓⵓⴰⵏ ⵉⵢ ⵜⴰ ⵜⴰⵓⴰⵔⵂⴰⵏⵢⵏ ⵙⴰⵋⵉⵜ ⴷⴰⵔⴰⵜ ⴰⵓⴰ ⴷⴰⵗ ⵜⴰⵏⴼⴰⵙ ⵜⴰⵏ ⴰⵜⵓⵉⴶⴰⵣ ⵓⴰⵏ ⵎⵉⵙⵔⵜⴰⵏ ⴰⵔⵓⵓⴰⵏ.
English: These architraves may have been lifted to these heights using levers.
Tamasheq: ⴰⴾⵉⵜⴱⴰⵏ ⵓⴰⵏ ⴰⴷⵓⴱⵢⵏ ⴰⴶⴰⵔⴰⵓ ⵏⵓⵗⵉⵍ ⵏⴰⴼⴰⵍⴰ , ⴷⴰⵗ ⴰⵣⴰⵓⴰⵉ ⵏⴰⵙⴰ ⵙⴰⵙ ⵜⵉⴷⵂⵉⵍ ⵜⴰⵏ ⴰⵎⴰⵍⵓⴰⵉ.
English: If stone had been used for the ramps, they would have been able to use much less material.
Tamasheq: ⴰⴼⴰⵍ ⵜⵛⵓⵏⵜ ⵜⴰⵈⴰⵍ ⴰⵎⵉⵜⴾⴰⵍⴰⵏ ⴼⴰⵍ ⴰⵉⴷⴰⵔⵏ, ⵏⴰⴷⵓⴱⴰⵜ ⴰⴷⴰⴾⴰⵍ ⵏⴰⵋⵢⵏ ⴷⴰⵗ ⴰⵏⴷⴰⵔⴰⵏ ⴰⵏ ⵍⴰⵍⴰⵏ.
English: Final carving was executed after the drums were put in place so that it was not damaged while being placed.
Tamasheq: ⴰⵜⵉⴾⵉ ⵓⴰⵏ ⵙⴰⵎⴰⵏⴷⵓ ⵢⵈⴰⵍ ⴰⵜⵓⴰⴶⴰⵏ ⴷⴰⵔⴰⵜ ⵉⴶⵉ ⴰⵏ ⵜⵉⴷⴰⴷⴰⵓⵢⵏ ⴼⴰⵍ ⴰⴷⵓⵉ ⵗⵉⵛⵉⵓⵏⴰⵜ ⵓⴶⵓⴷ ⵓⴰ ⵏⵉⴶⵉ.
English: The city of Thebes does not appear to have been of great significance before the Eleventh Dynasty and previous temple building there would have been relatively small, with shrines being dedicated to the early deities of Thebes, the Earth goddess Mut and Montu.
Tamasheq: ⴰⵗⵔⵢⵎ ⵓⴰⵏ ⵟⵉⴱⵢⵙ ⵢⵈⴰⵏⴰⵏ ⴰⵈⴰⵍⴰⵏ ⵉⵏⵜⴰⵏⵢⴷⴰⵗ ⴰⵏⴷⵉⵔⴰⵏ, ⵉⴷⴰⴶⴰⵏ ⵓⵉ ⵜⵓⵎⴰⵜ ⴰⵈⴰⵍⴰⵏ ⴰⴶⵔⴰⵓⴰⵏ ⵓⵉⴷⴰⵣⴰⵔⵏⵢⵏ ⵎⴰⵗⵔⴰⵏ ⴰⵏ ⵟⵂⵉⴱⵢⵙ, ⵜⴰⵏⴰⵎⵓⴾⴰⵍⵜⵢ ⵜⴰⵏ ⵟⵢⵔⵔⵢ ⵎⵓⵓⵜ ⴰⴷ ⵎⵓⵏⵜⵓⵓ.
English: Amun (sometimes called Amen) was long the local tutelary deity of Thebes.
Tamasheq: ⴰⵎⵓⵏ ( ⵓⴶⵓⴷⵉⵉⴰⵏ ⵉⵜⴰⵓⴰⵗⵔⵢⵏ ⴰⵙ ⴰⵎⵢⵏ) ⵢⵈⴰⵍ ⴰⵂⵓⴶⴰⵏ ⴷⴰⵗ ⵜⴰⵎⵓⵙⵏⵢ ⵏ ⴰⵋⴰⵔⴰⵓ ⵏ ⴰⴾⴰⵍ ⵓⴰⵏ ⵟⵂⵉⴱⵢⵙ.
English: Major construction work in the Precinct of Amun-Re took place during the Eighteenth Dynasty, when Thebes became the capital of the unified Ancient Egypt.
Tamasheq: Iⴼⴰⵏⵢⵏ ⴰⵛⵉⵗⵉⵍⴰⵏ ⴰⵏ ⵜⴰⵎⵓⵈⵓⵏⵜ ⴷⴰⵗ ⴰⵉⵜⵉ ⴰⵎⵓⵏ-ⵔⵢ ⴰⴷⴰⵗ ⵉⴶⴰⵏ 18 ⴰⵏ ⵜⴰⵏⵓⵎⵓⴾⵍⴰ,ⵓⴶⵓⴷ ⵓⴰⵙ ⵟⵂⵉⴱⵢⵙ ⵜⴰⵈⴰⵍ ⴰⵗⵔⴰⵎ ⵏⴰⵎⴰⵙ ⵓⴰⵏ ⵉⴶⵉⴷⵜⵢ ⵜⴰⵔⵓⵓⴰⵜ ⵜⴰⵔⵜⴰⵉⴰⵏ.
English: Another of her projects at the site, Karnak's Red Chapel or Chapelle Rouge, was intended as a barque shrine and originally may have stood between her two obelisks.
Tamasheq: Iⵉⴰⵏ ⴷⴰⵗ ⴷⴰⵓⵍⴰⵜⴰⵏ ⵓⴰⵏ ⵢⴷⴰⴶ, ⵛⴰⴱⵢⵍⵍⵢ ⵙⵓⵓⴶⵢ ⵜⴰⵏ ⵆⴰⵔⵏⴰⴾ, ⵢⵈⴰⵍⴰⵏ ⴰⵉⴾⴰⵏ ⴰⴷ ⴰⴷⴰⵈⵉⵍ ⴰⴷⴰⴶⴰⵏ ⵓⵉ ⵜⵓⵎⴰⴷⵢⵏ ⴰⴷ ⴰⵗⵓⵔ ⴰⵜⵉⵍⴰ ⵉⵂⵓⵎⵉⵛⵉ ⵙⴰⵏⵜⵢ ⴰⴶⴰⵔ ⵓⵉ ⵏⴰⵙⵉⵏ ⵓⵍⴰⵂⵏⵢⵏ ⵜⴰⵎⵓⵈⵓⵏⵢⵏ.
English: Known as the unfinished obelisk, it provides evidence of how obelisks were quarried.
Tamasheq: ⴰⵜⵉⵓⴰⵣⴰⵉ ⴼⴰⵍ ⴰⵙⵉⵎ ⵜⴰⵎⵓⵈⵓⵏⵜ ⵓⴰⵔⴰⵎⵉⵏⴷⴰ, ⴰⵙⵋⴰⵉⵂⴰ ⵙⴰⵎⵉⴾ ⵓⴰⵙ ⴷⵉⵣⴶⵈⴰⵔⵏⴰⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⵓⵈⵓⵏⵢⵏ
English: The last major change to the Precinct of Amun-Re's layout was the addition of the First Pylon and the massive enclosure walls that surround the whole precinct, both constructed by Nectanebo I of the Thirtieth Dynasty.
Tamasheq: ⵓⴰⵉⵍⴾⴰⵎⴰⵏ ⵜⴰⵎⵓⵜⴰⵉⵜ ⵎⴰⵈⴰⵔⴰⵏ ⵜⴰⵓⴰⵂⵉⴷ ⵉⵢ ⵜⴰⴱⴰⵔⴰⵜ ⵜⴰⵏ ⴰⵎⴰⵙ ⴰⵏ ⴰⵎⵓⵏ-ⵔⵢ ⵢⵈⴰⵍ ƭⵉⵓⴰ ƭ ⴰⵏ ⵓⴰⵣⴰⵔⴰⵏ ⴼⵓⴶⵉⴰⵙ ⴰⴷ ⵗⴰⵍⴰⵏ ⵓⵉ ⵏⴰⵎⴰⵙ ⴰⵣⴰⵉⵏⵢⵏ ⴰⴷ ⵓⴰⵗⵍⴰⵉⵏⵢⵏ ⵜⴰⴷⴰⵓⵜ ⵜⴰⵏ ⴰⵎⴰⵙ, ⴷⴰⴾ ⵜⴰⵏ ⵙⴰⵏⴰⵜⴰⵜ ⴰⵈⴰⵏⴰⵜ ⴼⴰⵍ ⵏⵢⴰⵜⴰⵏⵢⴱⵓ 1ⵢⵔ ⵓⴰⵏ ⵜⴰⵙⴾⴰⵔⴰⴷ ⵜⴰⵏⴰⵉⴰ.
English: The Karnak temple complex is first described by an unknown Venetian in 1589, although his account gives no name for the complex.
Tamasheq: ⴰⵙⵓⵂⵓ ⴰⵏ ⵙⵓⵍⵓⵜⴰⵏ ⵓⵉ ⵆⴰⵔⵏⴰⴾ ⵢⵈⴰⵍ ⴰⵉⴾⵜⴰⴱⴰⵏ ⴷⴰⵗ ⵜⴰⴱⴰⵔⴰⵜ ⵜⴰⵜⴰⵣⴰⵔⴰⵜ ⴰⵏ Ɣⵉⵏⵉⵜⵉⵢⵏ ⵓⴰⵏⴰⵏ ⴰⵜⵓⴰⵣⴰⵉ ⴷⴰⵗ 1589, ⴰⵂⵓⵙⴾⴰⵜ ⴰⵙ ⴰⵓⴰⴷⵓⴾⴰⵉ ⵓⴰⵔⵉⴼⴰ ⴷⴰⴾ ⴰⵙⵉⵎ ⴰⵙⵓⵂⵢⵏ.
English: Protais' writing about their travel was published by Melchisédech Thévenot (Relations de divers voyages curieux, 1670s–1696 editions) and Johann Michael Vansleb (The Present State of Egypt, 1678).
Tamasheq: ⴰⴾⵉⵜⴱⴰⵏ ⵓⴰⵏ ⴷⵔⵓⵜⴰⵉⵙ ⴼⴰⵍ ⴰⵙⵉⴾⵉⵍ ⴰ ⵜⴰⵏ ⵉⴷ ⴰⵣⵉⵣⵋⴰⵔⴰⵏ ⵎⵢⵍⵛⵉⵙⵉⴷⵢⵛ ⵟⵂⵉⵗⵢⵏⵓⵜ ( ⵜⴰⵔⵜⵉⵜ ⴰ-ⵏ ⵙⵉⴾⵉⵍⴰⵏ ⴰⴱⴷⴰⵏⵢⵏ ⵏ ⴰⵓⵏⴰⴼ, ⴰⵍⵓⴰⵈ 1670-1696) ⴰⴷ ⵋⵓⵂⴰⵏⵏ ⵎⵉⵛⴰⵢⵍ Ɣⴰⵏⵙⵍⵢⴱ ( ⵎⵉⵙⵔ ⵜⴰⵏ 1678).
English: Following excavation and restoration works by the Johns Hopkins University team, led by Betsy Bryan (see below) the Precinct of Mut has been opened to the public.
Tamasheq: ⴷⴰⵔⴰⵜ ⴰⵛⵉⵗⵉⵍ ⵓⴰ ⵏⵓⵎⴰⵗ ⴰⴷ ⴷⴰⵙⵉⴷⵓⵓ ⵜⴰⵣⴰⵔ ⵜⴰⵔⵜⵉⵜ ⵜⴰⵏ ⵓⵏⵉⵗⵢⵔⵙⵉⵜⵓ ⵋⵓⵂⵏⵙ ⵂⵓⴷⴾⵉⵏⵙ, ⵙⴰⵏⵉⵂⴰⴷ ⴱⵢⵜⵙⵉ ⵏⵔⵉⴰⵏ ( ⴰⵏⵂⵉⵉ ⵉⴷⵢⵔ), ⴰⵉⵜⵉ ⵜⴰⵏ ⵎⵓⵓⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⵢⵔⴰ ⵉⵢ ⴰⴷⵉⵏⴰⵜ.
English: In 2006, Betsy Bryan presented her findings of one festival that included apparent intentional overindulgence in alcohol.
Tamasheq: ⴷⴰⵗ 2006, ⴱⵢⵔⵙⵉ ⴱⵔⵉⴰⵏ ⴰⵙⵉⴾⵏⴰ ⴰⵓⴰ ⴷⵉⵏⵂⴰⵉ ⴷⴰⵗ ⴰⴷⴰⵍ ⴰⵂⴰⵏ ⵂⵓⵍⵢⵏ ⵎⵓⵙⵓⴾⴰⵉ ⴰⵏ ⵜⵢⵙⴰⵙⵢ ⵏⵉⴱⴰ ⵏ ⴰⵏⵓⵣⵋⵓⵎ ⵏ ⴰⵙⵎⵉⴷ.
English: These findings were made in the temple of Mut because when Thebes rose to greater prominence, Mut absorbed the warrior goddesses, Sekhmet and Bast, as some of her aspects.
Tamasheq: ⵜⴰⵎⵓⵏⵂⵓⵉⵢⵏ ⵜⴰⵏ ⴰⴷⴰⵗ ⵉⴶⴰⵏⴰⵜ ⴷⴰⵗ ⵙⵓⵍⵓ ⵓⴰⵏ ⵎⵓⵓⵜ, ⴼⴰⵍⴰⵙ ⵓⴶⵓⴷ ⵓⴰ ⵟⵂⵉⴱⵢⵙ ⵢⵈⴰⵍ ⵓⴶⴰⵔⴰⵏ ⵜⴰⵏⴼⵓ, ⵎⵓⵓⵜ ⵉⵙⵓⴰ ⵜⴰⵎⵓⵙⵓⵂⴰ ⵜⴰⵏ ⴰⴾⵉⵏⴰⵙ, ⵙⵢⴾⵂⵎⵢⵜ ⴰⴷ ⴱⴰⵙⵜ, ⴼⴰⵍ ⵉⴶⵉ ⴰⵏ ⵏⵉⵉⴰⴷ ⴰⵂⴰⵏⴰⵉ.
English: In a later myth developed around the annual drunken Sekhmet festival, Ra, by then the sun god of Upper Egypt, created her from a fiery eye gained from his mother, to destroy mortals who conspired against him (Lower Egypt).
Tamasheq: ⴷⴰⵗ ⵙⵓⵍⵓ ⵏⴰⵎⴰⵙ ⵉⴷⵓⴰⵍⴰⵏ ⴷⴰⵗ ⴰⵂⴰⵣⴰⵏ ⵏⴰⴷⴰⵍ ⵓⴰⵏ ⴰⵓⴰⵜⴰⵉ ⴰⵏ ⵙⵢⴾⵂⵎⵢⵜ, ⵙⵢ, ⵉⵣⴰⵔ ⵗⴰⵍⵍⴰⵂ ⵓⴰⵏ ⵜⴰⴼⵓⴾ ⵓⴰⵏ ⵎⴰⵈⴰⵔⴰⵏ-ⵉⴶⵉⴷⵜⵢ, ⵉⴶⴰⵏ ⴰⵙ ⵜⴰ ⵜ ⵜⴰⵙⵓⵂⵢⵜ ⵉⴶⵔⴰⵓ ⴼⴰⵍ ⵎⴰⵙ, ⴼⴰⵍ ⴰⴷⴰⵛⵉⴷ ⵜⴰⴼⵉⴾⵓⵢⵏ ⵜⵉⵜⵉⵙⴰⵎⴰⵗⵏⵢⵏ ( ⵟⴰⵏⴷⵉⵔⴰⵜ-ⵎⵉⵙⵔ).
English: The Luxor Temple is a large Ancient Egyptian temple complex located on the east bank of the Nile River in the city today known as Luxor (ancient Thebes) and was constructed approximately 1400 BCE.
Tamasheq: ⵙⵓⵍⵓ ⵓⴰⵏ ⵍⵓⵓⵆⵓⵔ ⵢⵈⴰⵍ ⵉⵎⴰⵈⴰⵔⴰⵏ ⴰⵙⵓⵂⵢⵏ ⵙⵓⵍⵓ ⴰⵏ ⵎⵉⵙⵔ ⵜⴰⵏ ⵏⵓⵔⵓ ⵜⴰⵂⴰⵜ ⵢⴼⴰⴷⴰⵉ ⵓⴰⵏ ⵏⵉⵍ ⴷⴰⵗ ⴰⵗⵔⴰⵎ ⵓⴰⵙ ⵢ ⵛⴰⵍⵉ ⴰⵜⵉⵓⴰⵣⴰⵉⴰⵏ ⴼⴰⵍ ⴰⵙⵉⵎ ⵓⴰⵏ ⵍⵓⵓⵆⵓⵔ ( ⵓⴰⵏⵓⵔⵓ ⵟⵂⵉⴱⵢⵙ) ⴰⴷ ⴰⵉⵈⴰⵍ ⵢⵈⴰⵏⴰⵏ ⴷⴰⵗ ⴰⵉⵓⴰⴷⴰⵏ 1400 ⴷⴰⵜ ⴰⵍⵓⴰⵈ ⵓⴰⵏⴰⵏⴰⵗ.
English: Four of the major mortuary temples visited by early travelers include the Temple of Seti I at Gurnah, the Temple of Hatshepsut at Deir el Bahri, the Temple of Ramesses II (i.e., Ramesseum), and the Temple of Ramesses III at Medinet Habu.
Tamasheq: ⴰⴾⵓⵣ ⴷⴰⵗ ⵙⵓⵍⵓⵜⴰⵏ ⵓⴰⵏ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵜⴰⵏⵜ ⵜⵉⵙⵉⵏ ⵓⵉ ⴷⴰⵣⴰⵔⵏⵢⵏ ⵉⵎⵓⵙⵓⴾⴰⵍ ⴰⵎⵓⵙⴰⵏ ⵙⵓⵍⵓ ⵓⴰⵏ ⵙⵉⵜⵉ Iⵢⵔ ⵗⵓⵔⵏⴰⵂ, ⵙⵓⵍⵓ ⵓⴰⵏ ,ⵂⴰⵜⴰⵂⵢⴷⵙⵓⵓⵜ ⴰⵏ ⵢⵓⵉⵔ ⵢⵍ ⴱⴰⵂⵔⵉ, ⵙⵓⵍⵓ ⵓⴰⵏ ⵔⴰⵎⵙⵉⵙ II ( ⵓⴰⵙⵉⵜⴰⵓⴰⵏ ⵔⴰⵎⵢⵙⵙⵢⵓⵎ) ⴰⴷ ⵙⵓⵍⵓ ⵓⴰⵏ ⵔⴰⵎⵙⵉⵙ III ⴰⵏⵗⵓⵔ ⵎⵢⴷⵉⵏⵢⵜ ,ⵂⴰⴱⵓ.
English: To the rear of the temple are chapels built by Amenhotep III of the 18th Dynasty, and Alexander.
Tamasheq: ⴷⴰⵔⴰⵜ ⵙⵓⵍⵓ ⴰⵍⴰⵏⵜⵉ ⵙⵉⴷⵉⵏⴰⵏ ⴰⴶⴰⵏⵢⵏ ⴰⵙ ⴰⵎⵢⵏⵂⵓⵜⵢⴷ III ⵓⴰⵏ ⵜⴰⵏ 18ⵢ ⵜⴰⵏⴰⵉⵉⵓⵢⵏ ⴰⴷ ⴰⵍⵢⵆⴰⵏⴷⵔⵢ.
English: This sandstone is referred to as Nubian sandstone.
Tamasheq: ⵜⴰⵍⴰⵈ ⵜⵢⵏ ⵜⴰⵈⴰⵍ ⴰⵜⵉⵓⴰⴾⴰⵙⴰⵏ ⴼⴰⵍ ⴰⵙⵉⵎ ⵓⴰⵏ ⵜⴰⵍⴰⵈ ⵜⴰⵏ ⵏⵓⴱⵉⵜⴰⵏ.
English: Alexander Badawy, "Illusionism in Egyptian Architecture," Studies in the Ancient Oriental Civilization, 35 (1969): 23.
Tamasheq: ⴰⵍⵢⵆⴰⵏⴷⵔⵢ ⴱⴰⴷⴰⵓⵉ, "ⴰⵓⵉⵏⴰⵏ ⵉⵜⵉⵓⵉⵏⵂⵉⵉ ⴷⴰⵗ ⵜⴰⵎⵓⵙⵏⴰⵓⵢⵏ ⵜⴰⵏ ⵎⵉⵙⵔⵜⴰⵏ" ,ⵙⵜⵓⴷⵉⵢⵙ ⵉⵏ ⵜⵂⵢ ⴰⵏⵛⵉⵢⵏⵜ Oⵔⵉⵢⵏⵜⴰⵍ ⵛⵉⴱⵉⵍⵉⵣⴰⵜⵉⵓⵏ, 35 (1969) : 23.
English: Along the avenue the stations were set up for ceremonies such as the Feast of Opet which held significance to temple.
Tamasheq: ⴷⴼⴰⴷⴰⵉ ⴰⵏ ⵏ ⴰⴷⴰⴶ, ⵉⴷⴰⴶⴰⵏ ⵓⴰⵏ ⵜⴰⴱⴰⴷⵢ ⴰⵈⴰⵍⴰⵏ ⴰⴼⵜⴰⵗⴰⵏ ⵉⵢ ⵜⵉⴷⴰⵓⵜ ⵜ ⴰⵎⵓⵙⴰⵜ ⴰⴷⴰⵍ ⵓⴰⵏ ⵓⴱⵢⵜ, ⵢⵈⴰⵍⴰⵏ ⴰⵉⴼⴰⵏ ⵉⵢ ⵙⵓⵍⵓ.
English: Lalibela is a town in Lasta district of North Wollo Zone in Amhara Region, Ethiopia.
Tamasheq: ⵍⴰⵍⵉⴱⵢⵍⴰ ⴰⵜⴰⵈⴰⵍ ⴰⵗⵔⴰⵎ ⴷⴰⵗ ⵜⴰⵣⵓⵏⵢ ⵜⴰ ⵍⴰⵙⵜⴰ, ⴷⴰⵗ ⵢⴷⴰⴶ ⵓⴰⵏ ⵓⵓⵍⵍⵓ ⵏⵓⵔⴷ, ⴷⴰⵗ ⴰⴾⴰⵍ ⵓⴰⵏ ⴰⵎⵂⴰⵔⴰ, ⴷⴰⵗ ⴱⵜⵂⵉⵓⵢⵉⵓ.
English: To Christians, Lalibela is one of Ethiopia's holiest cities, second only to Axum, and a center of pilgrimage.
Tamasheq: Ɣⵓⵔ ⴾⵔⵢⴾⵢⵏ ⵜⴰⵏ, ⵍⴰⵍⵉⴱⵢⵍⴰ ⵜ-ⴰⵈⵈⴰⵍ ⴰⵗⵔⴰⵎ ⵓⴰⵏ ⴰⵍⵓⴰⵍⵉ ⵜⴰⵏ ⴷⴰⵗ ⵢⵜⵂⵉⵓⴱⵉⴰ, ⵓⴰ ⵙ ⴰⵙⵙⵉⵏ ⴷⴰⵔⴰⵜ ⴰⵆⵓⵎ, ⴰⴷ ⴰⵎⴰⵙ ⵏ ⵓⵂⵓⵋⵉⵋ.
English: The names of several places in the modern town and the general layout of the rock-cut churches themselves are said to mimic names and patterns observed by Lalibela during the time he spent as a youth in Jerusalem and the Holy Land.
Tamasheq: ⴰⵙⵉⵎⴰⵓⴰⵏ ⴰⵏ ⴷⴰⴶⴰⵏ ⴰⵋⵓⵜⵏⵢⵏ ⴷⴰⵗ ⴰⵗⵔⴰⵎ ⵓⴰⵉⵏⴰⵉⴰⵏ ⴰⴷ ⴷⴰⵎⵉⴾ ⵏⴰⵙⴰⵏ ⵓⴰⴷⴰⵗ ⴰⵏ ⵢⴶⵍⵉⵙⵢⵜⴰⵏ ⵉⴾⵏⴰⵏⵢⵏ ⴷⴰⵗ ⵜⴰⵂⵓⵏⵜ ⵙⵉⴶⴱⵓⵔⵏⴰⵜ ⴰⵙⵎⴰⵓⴰⵏ ⴰⴷ ⵂⴰⵔⴰⵜⴰⵏ ⴰⵜⵉⵓⴰⵏ ⵂⴰⵉⵏⵢⵏ ⴰⵙ ⵍ ⵍⴰⵍⵉⴱⵢⵍⴰ ⵓⴶⵓⴷ ⵓⴰⵏ ⵜⴰⵎⵉⴷⵔⵉⵜ ⴰⵏⵢⵙ ⴷⴰⵗ ⵋⵉⵔⵓⵙⴰⵍⵢⵎ ⴰⴷ ⴰⴾⴰⵍ ⵛⴰⴷⵉⴶⴰⵏ.
English: Christian faith inspires many features with Biblical names – even Lalibela's river is known as the River Jordan.
Tamasheq: ⵜⴰⴼⵍⵉⵙⵜ ⵜⴰⵏ ⴰⵂⵔⵢⵜⵉⵢⵏⵜⴰⵏ ⵜⴰⵂⴰ ⵂⴰⵔⴰⵜⴰⵏ ⴰⵋⵓⵜⵏⵢⵏ ⵉⵓⴰⵔⴰⵏ ⵉⵙⴰⵎⴰⵓⴰⵏ ⴰⵏ ⴱⵉⴱⵍⵉⵈⵓⵢⵜⴰⵏ – ⴷⴰⵗ ⵉⵂⴰ ⴰ ⵛⴰ ⵛⵉⵍ ⵓⴰⵏ ⵍⴰⵍⵉⴱⵢⵍⴰ ⵢⵈⴰⵍ ⴰⵜⵉⵓⴰⵣⴰⵉⴰⵏ ⴼⴰⵍ ⴰⵙⵉⵎ ⵓⴰⵏ ⵋⵓⵓⵔⴷⴰⵉⵏ.
English: Portuguese priest Francisco Álvares (1465–1540), accompanied the Portuguese Ambassador on his visit to Dawit II in the 1520s.
Tamasheq: ⴰⵍⴰⵎⵓⵙⴰⵏ ⵓⴰⵏ ⴷⵓⵔⵜⵓⴶⴰⵉⵙ ⴼⵔⴰⵏⵛⵉⵙⵛⵓ ⴰⵍⴱⴰⵔⵢⵙ ( 1465-1540), ⴰⴷⵢⵓ ⴷⴰⵎⴱⴰⵙⴰⴷⵢⵔ ⵓⴰⵏ ⴷⵓⵔⵜⵓⴶⴰⵉⵙ ⵓⴶⵓⴷ ⵓⴰⵏ ⵜⴰⵙⴰⵓⵜ ⵉⵢ ⵢⴰⵓⵉⵜ II ⴷⴰⵗ ⴰⵓⴰⵜⴰⵉ ⵓⴰⵏ 1520.
English: The next reported European visitor to Lalibela was Miguel de Castanhoso, who served as a soldier under Cristóvão da Gama and left Ethiopia in 1544.
Tamasheq: ⵓⴰⴷⵉⵎⴰⵍⴰⵏ ⴰⵎⴰⵙⴰⴾⵓⵍ ⴰⵎⴰⵏ ⵏⵢⵓⵔⵓⴷⵢⵢⵏ ⴰⵜⵓⴰⵍⴰⵗⵢⵏ ⴷⴰⵗ ⵎⴰⵍⵉⴱⵢⵍⴰ ⵢⵈⴰⵍ ⵎⵉⴶⵓⵢⵍ ⵓⴰⵏ ⴰⴰⵙⵜⴰⵏⵂⵓⵙⵓ, ⵢⵈⴰⵍⴰⵏ ⵙⵓⵏⴷ ⵢⵎⴰⵔⵏ ⴷⴰⵗ ⵛⵔⵉⵙⵜⵓⴱⴰⵓ ⴷⴰ ⵗⴰⵎ ⴰⴷ ⴰⴷⵉⴼⴰⵍⴰⵏ ⵢⵜⵂⵉⴱⵓⵉⵢ ​ⴷⴰⵗ 1544.
English: Its pillars were likewise cut from the mountain."),
Tamasheq: "ⵜⴰⴶⵉⵜⵢⵓⴰⵏ ⴰⵈⴰⵍⵏⴰⵜ ⵉⵏⵜⴰⵏⴰⵜⵢⴷⴰⵗ ⴰⴷⵉⵙⵍⴰⴱⴰⵏ ⴷⴰⵗ ⵢⴾⴰⵔⴰⴼ."""),"
English: There is some controversy as to when some of the churches were constructed.
Tamasheq: Iⵍⴰⵏⵜⵉ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⴷⴰ ⵛ ⵜⵉⵉⴰⵜ ⵓⴶⵓⴷ ⵓⴰⵏ ⴰⵍⵓⴰⵈ ⵓⴰⵏ ⵜⴰⵎⵓⵈⵓⵏⵜ ⵜⴰⵏ ⵢⴶⵍⵉⵙⵢⵜⴰⵏ ⵜⵉⵉⴰⴷ.
English: His report described two types of vernacular housing found in the area.
Tamasheq: ⴰⵛⵉⵗⵉⵍ ⵏⵢⵙ ⵉⴾⵜⴰⴱ ⴰⵙⵉⵏ ⴰⵏⵉⵜⴰⵏ ⴰ-ⵏ ⵂⵉⵏⴰⵏ ⴰⵏ ⴾⴰⵍⴰⴾⴰⵍ ⴰⵜ-ⴰⵋⵔⴰⵓ ⵏⵢⵏ ⴷⴰⵗ ⴰⴾⴰⵍ.
English: Saint Catherine's Monastery, officially Sacred Monastery of the God-Trodden Mount Sinai, is an Eastern Orthodox monastery located on the Sinai Peninsula, at the mouth of a gorge at the foot of Mount Sinai, near the town of Saint Catherine, Egypt.
Tamasheq: ⴰⵎⵉ ⵛⵉⵔ ⵓⴰⵏ ⵙⴰⵉⵏⵜⵢ-ⵛⴰⵜⵂⵢⵔⵉⵏⵢ, ⵢⵈⴰⵍⴰⵏ ⴰⵎⵉ ⵛⵉⵔ ⵓⴰⵏⴰⵏ ⴼⴰⵓⵉⴷⵉⵙ ⵜⴰⵏ ⵎⵓⵏⵜ ⵙⵉⵏⴰⵉ, ⵢⵈⴰⵍⴰ ⴰⵎⵉ ⵛⵉⵔ ⵓⵗⴰⴷⴰⵏ ⴷⴰⵗ ⴰⵍⴾⵉⴱⵍⴰⵜ ⴰⵏ ⵏⴰⵂⴰⵣⴰⵏ ⴰⵏ ⵙⵉⵏⴰⵢ, ⴰⵙⴰⴶⵉⵉ ⴰⵏ ⵜⴰⴱⴰⵔⴰⵜ ⴷⴰⵓ ⵎⵓⵏⵜ ⵙⵉⵏⴰⵢ ⴷⴰⵗ ⴰⵂⴰⵣⴰⵏ ⵏⴰⵗⵔⵉⵎ ⵓⴰⵏ ⵙⴰⵉⵏⵜⵢ-ⵛⴰⵜⵂⵢⵔⵉⵏⵢ, ⴷⴰⵗ ⵎⵉⵙⵔ.
English: The Saint Catherine monastery is located in the shadow of a group of three mountains; Ras Sufsafeh (possibly "Mount Horeb" c.1 km west), Jebel Arrenziyeb and Jebel Musa, the "Biblical Mount Sinai" (peak c.2 km south).
Tamasheq: "ⴰⵎⵉⵛⵉⵔ ⵓⴰⵏ ⵙⴰⵉⵏⵜⵢ- ⵛⴰⵜⵂⵢⵔⵉⵏⵢ ⵜⴰⵈⴰⵍ ⴰⵉⵂⴰⵏ ⵜⵢⵍⵢ ⴰⵏ ⵜⴰⵎⵙⵓⴷⵓⵜ ⴰⵏ ⴾⵉⵔⴼⴰⵏ : ⵔⴰⵙ ⵙⵓⴼⵙⴰⴼⵢⵂ (ⴰⴷⵓⴱⴰⵜ ⵓⵗⵉⵍ ⴰⵏ "ⵎⵓⵏⵜ ⵂⵢⵔⵢⴱ" ⴷⴰⵗ 1ⴾⵎ ⴷⴰⵗ ⵢⴶⴰⴷⴰⵍ ⴰⵏ ⵜⴰⴼⵓⴾ), ⵋⵢⴱⵢⵍ ⴰⵔⵔⵢⵏⵣⵉⵉⵢⴱ ⴰⴷ ⵋⵢⴱⵢⵍ ⵎⵓⵙⴰ, "ⵎⵓⵏⵜ ⵙⵉⵏⴰⵉ ⴱⵉⴱⵍⵉⵈⵓⵢ" (ⵢⵎ ⴷⴰⵗ 2 ⴾⵎ ⵢⵎⴰⵉⵏⴰⴶ).(ⵢⵎ ⴰⵏ 2ⴾⵎ ⴱⵉⴱⵍⵉⵈⵓⵢ".
English: Catherine herself ordered the execution to commence.
Tamasheq: ⵛⴰⵜⵂⵢⵔⵉⵏⵢ ⵉⵏⵜⴰ ⵢⵎⴰⵏⵢⵙ ⵜⵉⴼⴰ ⵜⴰⴱⴰⵔⴰⵜ ⵏⴰⵙ ⵙ ⴰⵏⵜⵉⵏⵂⵢⵜ ⵜⵢⵏⴰⵗⵢ.
English: The monastery was built by order of Emperor Justinian I (reigned 527–565), enclosing the Chapel of the Burning Bush (also known as "Saint Helen's Chapel") ordered to be built by Empress Consort Helena, mother of Constantine the Great, at the site where Moses is supposed to have seen the burning bush.
Tamasheq: "ⴰⵎⵉⵛⵉⵔ ⴰⵉⵈⴰⵍ ⵢⵈⴰⵏⴰⵏ ⴰⵙ ⵜ ⴰⵔⵉⴷⴰⵓⵜ ⴰⵏ ⵏⴰⵏⴰⵎⵓⴾⴰⵍ ⵋⵓⵙⵜⵉⵏⵉⵢⵏ Iⵢ (527-565), ⴰⴷ ⴷⴰⵗⵍⴰⵏⵢⵏ ⵢⵂⴰⵏ ⵓⴰⵏ ⵜⵓⵎⴰⵜ ⴰⵏ ⵏⵓⴼⵓⵔ ⴰⵙⵓⵂⵢⵏ (ⵉⵏⵜⴰⴷⴰⵗ ⴰⵜⵉⵓⴰⵣⴰⵉⴰⵏ ⴼⴰⵍ ⴰⵙⵉⵎ ⵓⴰⵏ " ⴰⵂⴰⴷⵢⵍⵍⵢ ⵙⴰⵉⵏⵜⵢ-ⵂⵢⵍⵢⵏⵓ") ⴰⵙ ⵜ ⴰⵎⵓⵈⵓⵏⵜ ⴰⵜⴰⵜ ⵢⵔⴷⴰⵏ ⴰⵏⴰⵎⵓⴾⴰⵍ ⴰⵓⵏⵙⵓⵔⵜ ⵂⵢⵍⵢⵏ, ⵎⴰⵙ ⴰⵏ ⴰⵓⵏⵙⵜⴰⵏⵜⵉⵏ ⵓⴰ ⵎⴰⵈⴰⵔⴰⵏ, ⴷⴰⵗ ⵢⴷⴰⴶ ⵗⵓⵔ ⴱⵓⵉⵙⵢ ⵉⵏⵉⵂⴰⴶⴰ ⴰⴷ ⴰⵏⵂⵉⵉ ⵜⴰⵏⵓⴼⴰⵔⵜ ⵜⴰ ⵜⴰⵙⵓⵂⵢⵜ."
English: The site is sacred to Christianity, Islam, and Judaism.
Tamasheq: ⴷⴷⴰⴶ ⵢⵈⴰⵍ ⴰⵏ ⵜⵓⵎⴰⵜ ⵜⴰⵏ ⴰⵂⵔⵉⵙⵜⵉⴰⵏⵉⵙⵎⵢ, ⴰⵏⵉⵙⵍⵎⴰ ⴰⴷ ⵋⵓⴷⴰⵉⵉⵙⵎ.
English: During the seventh century, the isolated Christian anchorites of the Sinai were eliminated: only the fortified monastery remained.
Tamasheq: Ɣⵓⵔ ⵓⴶⵓⴷ ⵓⴰⵏ ⵜⵢ ⵢⵎⵢⴷⵢ ⵏⴰⵓⴰⵜⴰⵉ, ⵉⵏⴰⵗⴱⴰⵍⴰⵏ ⵓⵉ ⵆⵂⵔⵢⵜⵉⵢⵏⵜⴰⵏ ⴰⴱⴷⴰⵏⵢⵏ ⴰⴷ ⵙⵉⵏⴰⵉ ⴰⵜⵓⴰⴾⴰⵙⴰⵏⵉⵏ : ⵓ ⴰⵏ ⴾⴰⵍ ⴰⵎⵛⴰⵔ ⵗⴰⵙ ⴰⵙⵉⵙⵂⴰⵜⵏⵢⵏ ⴰⴷⵉⵈⵉⵎⴰⵏⵢⵏ.
English: From the time of the First Crusade, the presence of Crusaders in the Sinai until 1270 spurred the interest of European Christians and increased the number of intrepid pilgrims who visited the monastery.
Tamasheq: ⴷⴰⵆ ⴰⵍⵓⴰⵈ ⵓⴰⵏ ⵓⴶⵓⴷ ⵓⴰⵏ ⵜⴰⵜⴰⵣⴰⵔⴰⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⵎⵉⵔⵜⴰⵉⵜ, ⴷⴰⵗ ⵜⴰⵋⴰⵉⵂⵉⵜ ⴰⵏ ⵓⵉ ⴰⵔⵜⴰⵉⵏⵢⵏ ⴷⴰⵗ ⵙⵉⵏⴰⵉ ⵂⴰⵓⵢⵏⴷⴰⵗ ⵂⴰⵔ 1270 ⴰⵙ ⴰⴷⵓⴰⵍ ⵜⴰⵏⴼⵓ ⵉⵢ ⴰⵂⵔⵢⵜⵉⵢⵏⵜⴰⵏ ⵓ ⴰⵏ ⵢⵓⵔⴷⵓⵉⵢⵏⵜⴰⵏ ⴰⴷ ⴰⵙⵢⵓⴰⴷ ⵂⴰⴷⵉ ⵂⵓⴶⵓⴶⴰⵏ ⵉⴼⵍⴰⵙⵏⵢⵏ ⵓⵙⴰⵏⵉⴷ ⴰⵎⵛⴰⵔ.
English: The exact administrative status of the church within the Eastern Orthodox Church is ambiguous: by some, including the church itself, it is considered autocephalous, by others an autonomous church under the jurisdiction of the Greek Orthodox Church of Jerusalem.
Tamasheq: ⴰⵂⵏⴰⵏ ⵏ ⴰⵛⵉⵍ ⴰⵜⴱⴰⵜⴰⵏ ⴰⵏ ⵍⴰⴶⵔⵉⵙ ⴷⴰⵗ ⴰⵎⴰⵙ ⴰⵏ ⵍⴰⴶⵔⵉⵙ ⵜ ⴰⵜⴱⴰⵜⴰⵜ ⵜⴰⵏ ⴰⵍⵈⵉⴱⵍⴰⵜ ⵜⴰⵈⴰⵍ ⴰⵙⵉⵔⵜⴰⵉⴰⵏ : ⴼⴰⵍ ⵉⵉⴰⴷ, ⴷⴰⵗ ⵜⴰⵂⴰ ⵍⴰⴶⵔⵉⵙ ⵉⵏⵜⴰ ⵢⵎⴰⵏⵢⵙ, ⴰⵜⵉⵜⵉⵓⴰⴶ ⵙⵓⵏⴷ ⴰⵓⵜⵓ ⵛⵉⴱⵂⴰⵍⵢ, ⴼⴰⵍ ⵉⵉⴰⴷ ⵙⵓⵏⴷ ⵍⴰⴶⵔⵉⵙ ⵉⵎⴰⵏⵢⵙ ⴷⴰⵗ ⵜⴰⵏⴰⵉⴰ ⵜⴰⵏ ⵍⴰⴶⵔⵉⵙ ⴰⵏ ⴶⵔⵢ ⴰⵈⵓⵢⵜⴰⵏ ⴰⵜⴱⴰⵏⵢⵏ ⴷⴰⵗ ⵋⵉⵔⵓⵙⴰⵍⵢⵎ.
English: But in 2003 Russian scholars discovered the donation act for the manuscript signed by the Council of Cairo Metochion and Archbishop Callistratus on 13 November 1869.
Tamasheq: ⴷⴰⵗ 2003, ⴰⵏⵓⵎⴰⵗⴰ ⴰⵏ ⵔⵓⵙⵙⵢⵜⴰⵏ ⴰⵏⵂⴰⵉⴰⵏ ⵉⴶⵉ ⴰⵏ ⵜⴰⵂⴰⴾⵢ ⵏⴰⵉ ⴰⴾⵜⴰⴱⴰⵏ ⵓⵛⵓⴰⵍⴰⵏ ⴰⵙ ⵛⵓⵏⵙⵢⵉⵍ ⵓⴰⵏ ⵛⴰⵉⵔⵢ ⵎⵢⵜⵓ ⴰⵂⵉⵓⵏ ⴰⴷ ⴰⵏⴰⵎⵓⴾⴰⵍ ⵛⴰⵍⵍⵉⵙⵜⵔⴰⵜⵓⵙ ⵓⴰⵏ 13 ⵏⵓⵗⵢⵎⴱⵔⵢ 1869.
English: Palimpsests are notable for having been reused one or more times over the centuries.
Tamasheq: ⴱⴰⵍⵉⵎⴱⵙⵢⵙⵜⵢⵜⴰⵏ ⴰⵈⴰⵍⴰⵏ ⴰⵜⵉⵓⴰⵣⴰⵉⴰⵏ ⴼⴰⵍ ⵓⵗⵉⵍ ⵏ ⴰⵛⵉⵗⵉⵍ ⵉⵉⴰⵏⴷⴰⵗ ⵎⵢⵗ ⴰⵋⵢⵏ ⵂⴰⴷⴰⴶⴰⵏ ⴷⴰⵗ ⴰⵏⵎⵉⴾⵉⵉ ⴰⵏ ⵜⵉⵎⴰⴷ ⴰⵏ ⵓⵉⵜⵉⴰⵏ.
English: Each page took approximately eight minutes to scan completely.
Tamasheq: ⴰⵙⵉⴷⵉⵏ ⴷⴰⴾ ⴰⵏ ⵂⴰⴾ ⵜⴰⵙⴰⴶⴰ ⵉⵜⴾⴰⵍ ⴰⵉⵓⴰⴷⴰⵏ ⴰⵂⴰⵎⵉⵛ ⴰⵜⴰⵎ ⵎⵉⵏⵓⵜⴰⵏ.
English: The large icon collection begins with a few dating to the 5th (possibly) and 6th centuries, which are unique survivals; the monastery having been untouched by Byzantine iconoclasm, and never sacked.
Tamasheq: ⵓⴰⵎⴰⵈⴰⵔⴰⵜ ⴰⵙⵉⴷⵉⵓ ⴰⵏ ⵂⴰⵔⴰⵜ ⴰⵏⵜⴰⵏⵢⵏ ⴰⵙ ⵉⵉⴰⴷ ⵗⵓⵔ 5 ( ⵉⵂⵓⵎⵉⵛ) ⴰⴷ ⵓⴰⵏ 6 ⵜⵢⵎⵢⴷⵢ ⵏⴰⵓⴰⵜⴰⵉ, ⴰⵈⴰⵍⵏⵢⵏ ⴰⵉⵣⴰⵗⴰⵏ ⵉⵏⵜⴰⵏⵢⴷ ⵗⴰⵙ; ⴰⵎⵉⵛⵉⵔ ⵓⴰⵔⴰⵜⵓⴰⴷⴰⵙ ⴰⵙ ⵉ ⴰⵓⵏⵓ ⴰⵍⴰⵙⵎⵢⵜⴰⵏ ⴰⵏ ⴱⵉⵣⴰⵏⵜⵉⵏ ⴰⴷ ⴰⵙⴾⴰⵍⴰ ⵓⴰⵔⵢⵛⵢⴷ.
English: The conservation of its architectural structures, paintings, and books comprise much of the Foundation's purpose.
Tamasheq: ⴰⵜⴰⵓⴰⵔ ⵢⵏ ⵜ ⴰⵎⵓⵈⵓⵏⵜ, ⴰⵏ ⵉⵏⵉⵜⴰⵏ ⵏⴰⵙⵏⴰⵜ ⴰⴷ ⴰⵍⴾⵉⵜⴰⴱⴰⵏ ⴰⵎⵢⵙ ⴰⵓⴰ ⴰⵏⵉⵂⴰⴶⴰⵏ ⴷⴰⵗ ⵙⴰⵏⵜⵓ.
English: Its size reflects the relative prosperity of the time.
Tamasheq: ⴰⴷⴷⴰⴾⵓⴷ ⵏⵢⵜ ⵙ-ⴰⴾⵏⵓ ⴰⵙⵓⴷⵓⵆⴰⵍ ⴰⵣⵣⴰⵎⴰⵏ ⵓⵢⵏ.
English: It was built on the site of an earlier, smaller temple also dedicated to Horus, although the previous structure was oriented east-west rather than north-south as in the present site.
Tamasheq: ⴰⴷⴰⵗ ⵢⵈⴰⵏ ⵢⴷⴶⴰ ⴰⵏ ⵙⵓⵍⵓⵓⵓⴰⵏⴰⵎⴰⵙ, ⵓⴶⴰⵔⴰⵏ ⵜ ⴰⵎⵉⴷⵔⵉⵜ, ⵢⵈⴰⵍⴰ ⵉⵢ ⵂⵓⵔⵓⵙ, ⴰⵂⵓⵙⴾⵢⵏ ⴰⵙ ⵜⴰⵔⵜⵉⵜ ⵜ ⴰⵏⵉⵏ ⴰⵜⴰⵈⴰⵍ ⴰⵉⵏⴰⴷⴰⵏ ⵙⴰⵍⵈⵉⴱⵍⴰⵜ ⴷⴰⵗ ⵢⴶⴰⴷⴰⵍ ⵜⴰⴼⵓⴾ ⵓⴰⴷⵢⵏ ⴰⵜⴰⵔⴰⵎ ⴷⴰⵗ ⵢⵎⴰⵉⵏⴰⴶ ⵙⵓⵏⴷ ⴰⵓⴰⴷⴰⵗ ⴰⵏ ⵢⴷⴰⴶ ⵓⵢⵏ ⴰⵎⴰⵔⴰⴷⴰⵗ.
English: The temple of Edfu fell into disuse as a religious monument following Theodosius I's persecution of pagans and edict banning non-Christian worship within the Roman Empire in 391.
Tamasheq: ⵙⵓⵍⵓ ⵓⴰⵏ Eⴷⴼⵓⵓ ⵓⴷⴰ ⴷⴰⵗ ⵜⴰⵉⴰⵓⵜ ⴷⴰⵗ ⵜⵓⵎⴰⵙⵜ ⵏⴰⵂⴰⵏ ⴰⵏ ⵜⵓⵎⴰⵜ ⴷⴰⵔⴰⵜ ⴰⵙⵉⵔⵎⴰⵗ ⵓⴰⵏ ⴷⴰⵉⵢⵏⵜⴰⵏ ⴰⵙ ⵟⵂⵉⵓⴷⵓⵙ Iⵢⵔ ⴰⴷ ⵓⴰⵙⵉⵜⴰⵓⴰⵏ ⴰⴷⴰⴶⴰⵍ ⴰⵏ ⵜⵓⵎⴰⴷⵢⵏ ⵜ ⴰⵓⵉⴷⵉⵍⵢⵏ ⴰⵂⵔⵢⵜⵉⵢⵏⵜⴰⵏ ⴷⴰⵗ ⵢⵎⴷⵉⵔⵓ ⵓⴰⵏ ⵔⵓⵎⴰⵉⵏ ⴷⴰⵗ 391
English: Over the centuries, the temple became buried to a depth of 12 metres (39 ft) beneath drifting desert sand and layers of river silt deposited by the Nile.
Tamasheq: ⴰⵏⵉⵏⴾⴰⵎ ⴰⵏ ⵜ ⴰⵎⴰⴷ ⴰⵏ ⵓⵉⵜⵉⴰⵏ, ⵙⵓⵏⵓ ⵢⵈⴰⵏ ⴰⵉⴱⴰⵏⴰⵏ ⴷⴰⵗ ⵉⴷⵢⵔ ⴰⵉⵓⴰⴷⴰⵏ 12 ⵎⵢⵜⵔⵢⵜⴰⵏ ⴷⴰⵓ ⵜⵢⵎⴰⵏⴰⵏⵜ ⵜⴰⵏ ⵣⴰⵏⵉⵗⴰⵜ ⴰⴷ ⵜ ⴰⵙⵓⴰⵜ ⵏⵢⵔⴾⵉⵛⵉⵗⵉⵏ ⴰⵙⵉⵏⵙⴰ ⵏⵉⵏ.
English: In 1860 Auguste Mariette, a French Egyptologist, began the work of freeing Edfu temple from the sands.
Tamasheq: ⵢⴰⵗ 1860, ⴰⵓⴶⵓⵙⵜ ⵎⴰⵔⵉⵢⵜⵜ, ⴰⵏⵓⵎⴰⵗ ⴰⵏ ⵂⵔⴰⵏⵛⴰⵉⵙⵜⴰⵏ ⴷⴰⵗ ⵎⵉⵙⵔ, ⴰⵙⴷⴰⵓ ⵉⵢ ⵓⴾⵉⵙ ⴰⵏ ⵙⵓⵍⵓ ⵓⴰⵏ ⵢⴷⴼⵓⵓ ⴰⵏ ⵜ ⴰⵎⴰⵏⴰⵏⵢⵏ.
English: Great Zimbabwe is a medieval city in the south-eastern hills of Zimbabwe near Lake Mutirikwe and the town of Masvingo.
Tamasheq: ⵓⴰⵈⴰⵔⴰⵏ ⵌⵉⵎⴱⴰⴱⵓ ⵜⴰⵈⴰⵏ ⵢⴷⴰⴶ ⴰⵏ ⵜⵉⴷⴰⵓⵢⵏ ⵉⵂⴰⵏ ⴷⴰⵗ ⵆⵉⵔⵂⴰⵏ ⵓ ⴰⵏ ⵢⵎⴰⵉⵏⴰⴶ ⴷⴰⵗ ⵢⴶⴰⴷⴰⵏ ⴰⵏ ⵜⴰⵂⵓⴾ ⵓⴰⵏ ⵌⵉⵎⴱⴰⴱⵓⵢ, ⴷⴰⵔⴰⵜ ⵢⴱⴰⴶ ⵎⵓⵜⵉⵔⵉⴾⵓ ⴰⴷ ⴰⵗⵔ ⴰⵎ ⵓⴰⵏ ⵎⴰⵙⵗⵉⵏⴶo
English: Great Zimbabwe is believed to have served as a royal palace for the local monarch.
Tamasheq: ⴰⵗⵢⵏⴰⵏ ⴰⵙ ⵗⵔⴰⵏⴷ ⵌⵉⵎⴱⴰⴱⵓⵢ ⵢⵈⴰⵏ ⵙⵓⵍⵓ ⵓⴰⵏ ⵏⴰⵏⴰⵎⵓⴾⴰⵏ ⵂⴰⵏ ⵜⴰⵏⴰⵉⴰ ⵜⴰⵏ ⵏⴰⴾⴰⵏ.
English: They were constructed without mortar (dry stone).
Tamasheq: ⴰⵈⴰⵏⴰⵏ ⴰⵉⵓⵈⴰⵏⴰⵏ ⴷⴰⵗ ⵓⴰⵏⴰ ⵜⵢⵏⴷⵢ ( ⵜⴰⵂⵓⵏⵜ ⵜⴰⵈⵓⵔⴰⵜ
English: The first confirmed visits by Europeans were in the late 19th century, with investigations of the site starting in 1871.
Tamasheq: ⵓⵉⴷⴰⵣⴰⵔⵏⵢⵏ ⴰⵎⵓⵙⵓⴾⴰⵏ ⴰⵜⵓⴰⵏⴰⵗⴰⵜⵏⵢⵏ ⴰⵏ ⵢⵓⵔⵓⴱⴱⵏⵜⴰⵏ ⴷⴰⵗ ⵙⴰⵎⴰⵏⴷⵓ ⴰⵏ 19 ⵜⵢⵎⵢⴷⵢ ⵏⴰⵓⴰⵜⴰⵉ, ⵓⵎⴰⵗⴰⵏ ⵂⴰⵏ ⵢⴷⴰⴶ ⵉⵏⵜⴰⵏⴰⵜ ⴷⴰⵗ 1871.
English: The Great Zimbabwe area was settled by the 4th century AD.
Tamasheq: ⴰⴾⴰⴰⵏⴰⵏ ⵗⵔⴰⵏⴷ ⵌⵉⵎⴱⴰⴱⵓⵢ ⴰⴷⴰⵗ ⴰⵜⵓⴰⵏⴰ 4 ⵜⵢⵎⵢⴷⵢ ⵏⴰⵓⴰⵜⴰⵉ ⵜⴰⵏ ⴰⵏⵓⴰⵈ ⵓⴰⵏⴰⵏⴰⵗ.
English: David Beach believes that the city and its state, the Kingdom of Zimbabwe, flourished from 1200 to 1500, although a somewhat earlier date for its demise is implied by a description transmitted in the early 1500s to João de Barros.
Tamasheq: ⵢⴰⵗⵉⴷ ⴱⵢⴰ ⴰⵂ ⴰⵗⵢⵏ ⴰⵙ ⴰⵗⵔ ⴰⵎ ⴰⴷ ⴷⴰⴾⴰⵏ ⴰⵏⵢⵙ, ⵜⴰⵗⵔ ⵏⵎ ⵜⴰⵏ ⵌⵉⵎⴱⴰⴱⵓⵢ, ⵉⴾⴰⵙⴰⵏ 1200 ⴰⴷ 1500, ⴰⵂⵓⵙⴾⵢⵏ ⴰⵙ ⴰⵍⵓⴰⵈ ⴰⵏⴷⵉⵔⴰⵏ ⴰⵔⵓⵓⴰⵏ ⵂⴰⵏ ⵉⴱⴰⵏⵢⵙ ⵜⴰⵈⴰⵏⴰⵜ ⵂⴰⵏ ⴰⵙⵉⵜⴱⴰⵜ ⴰⵏ ⵙⴰⵏⴰⵏ ⴰⴷⵓⵙⴰⵏⵢⵏⵢ ⴷⴰⵗ ⵙⴰⵏⵜⵓ ⴰⵏ ⵓⵉⵜⵉⴰⵏ 1500 ⴷⴰⵗ ⵋⵓⴰⵓ ⵓⴰⵏ ⴱⴰⵔⵔⵓⵙ.
English: They are known as the Hill Complex, the Valley Complex and the Great Enclosure.
Tamasheq: ⴰⵈⴰⵏⴰⵏ ⴰⵜⵉⵓⴰⵣⴰⵉⴰⵏ ⵂⴰⵏ ⴰⵙⵉⵎ ⵓⴰⵏ ⵂⵉⵏⵏ ⵛⵓⵎⵢⵏⵢⵆ, ⴱⴰⵏⵏⵢⵉ ⵛⵓⵎⴱⵏⵢⵆ ⴰⴷ ⵗⵔⵢⴰⵜ Eⵏⵛⵍⵓⵙⵓⵔⵢ.
English: The Valley Complex is divided into the Upper and Lower Valley Ruins, with different periods of occupation.
Tamasheq: ⴰⵙⵓⵂⵓ ⵏⴰⴶⴰⴷ ⵓⴰⵏ ⴶⴰⵔⵜⵓⵂⵓⵏ ⵢⵈⴰⵏ ⴰⵉⴱⴷⴰⵏ ⴰⵏ ⴰⵗⵛⴰⴷⴰⵏ ⴰⵏ ⴶⴰⵔⵜⵓⵂⵓⵏ ⵜ ⴰⵏⴰⵂⴰⵏⴰ ⴰⴷ ⴶⴰⵔⵜⵓⵂⵓⵏ ⵜ ⴰⵏⵉⴷⵢⵔ, ⴷⴰⵗ ⴰⵏⵓⴰⵈⴰⵏ ⴰⵏ ⵜ ⴰⵎⵓⵣⵗⵢ ⴰⴱⴷⴰⵏⵢⵏ.
English: The focus of power moved from the Hill Complex in the 12th century, to the Great Enclosure, the Upper Valley and finally the Lower Valley in the early 16th century.
Tamasheq: ⵢⵂⴰⵏ ⵓⴰⵏ ⵜ ⴰⵏⵓⵎⵓⴾⵉⵏⴰ ⴰⵜⵓⴰⵙⴰⵂⴰⵏⴰ ⴷⴰⵗ ⴰⵙⵓⵂⵢⵏ ⵓⴰⵏ ⵜⴰⴾⴰⵔⴰⵂⵜ ⴰⵏ 12 ⵜⵢⵎⵢⴷⵢ ⵏⴰⵓⴰⵜⴰⵉ, ⵉⵣⴰⵔ ⵓⴰⵎⴰⵈⴰⵔⴰⵏ ⵙⵓⵏⵓ, ⴰⵏ ⵓⴰⵉⵣⵓⴰⵂⴰⵏ ⴰⴶⴰⵔⵜⵓⵂⵓⵏ ⴰⴷ ⴷⴰⵗ ⵙⴰⵎⴰⵏⴷⵓ ⴰⵏ ⵙⴰⵎⴰⵏⴷⵓ ⴰⵏ ⵓⴰⵉⴷⴰⵔⴰ ⴶⴰⵔⵜⵓⵂⵓⵏ ⴰⵏ 16 ⵜⵢⵎⵢⴷⵢ ⵏⴰⵓⴰⵜⴰⵉ.
English: Other artefacts include soapstone figurines (one of which is in the British Museum), pottery, iron gongs, elaborately worked ivory, iron and copper wire, iron hoes, bronze spearheads, copper ingots and crucibles, and gold beads, bracelets, pendants and sheaths.
Tamasheq: ⵓⴰⵉⴰⴷⵏⵢⵏ ⵂⴰⵔⴰⵜ ⴰⵏⴰⵏⵢⵏ ⵜⴰⵏⵓⵗⵔⵓⵂⴻⵏ ⴷⴰⵗ ⵜⴰⵂⵓⵏ ( ⵜⴰⵙ ⵉⵉⴰⵜ ⴰⵜⴰⵂ ⴱⵔⵉⵜⵉⵙ ⵎⵓⵙⵢⵓⵎ), ⴰⵏⴰⴾⴰⵏ, ⵜⴰⴷⴰⵓⴷⴰⵓⵜ ⴰⵏ ⵜⴰⵣⵓⵏⵉ, ⴰⵙⵓⵂⵢⵏ ⴰⵙⵉⵎⴰⵏⴷⴰⵏ ⴰⵜⵉⴾⵉ, ⵜⵉⵗⵓⵏⵢⵏ ⴰⵏ ⵜⴰⵣⵓⵏⵉ ⴰⵏ ⴰⵓⵉⵗⵔⵢ, ⴰⴷ ⴰⴾⵓⵎⴰⵏ ⴰⵏ ⵜⴰⵣⵓⵏⵉ, ⵉⵏⴰⵜⴰⵔⴰⵏ ⴰⵏ ⵜⵉⵋⵉⵔ ⴰⵏ ⴱⵔⵓⵏⵣⵢ, ⴰⴾⵔⵓⵎⴰ ⴰⴷ ⵗⵢⵔⴰⵏ ⴰⵏ ⵛⵓⵉⴱⵔⵢ, ⴰⴷ ⵣⴰⴾⴰⵜⵢⵏ, ⵉⵛⵉⴶⴱⴰⵏ, ⵜⵉⴷⵉⵓⵢⵏ ⴰⴷ ⴰⵏⴷⴰⵏⴰⵏ ⵏⵓⵔⴰⵗ.
English: That international commerce was in addition to the local agricultural trade, in which cattle were especially important.
Tamasheq: ⵂⵢⴱⵓ ⵓⵢⵏ ⵏⴰⴷⵉⵏⴰⵜ ⴷⴰⴾ ⴰⵙⵢⵓⴰⴼⵉ ⵂⵢⴱⵓ ⵓⴰⵏ ⵙⵉⴶⵉⴰⴾ ⵏⴰⴾⴰⵏ, ⴷⴰⵗ ⴰⵎⵓⵙ ⵢⵂⴰⵔⵢ ⵢⵈⴰⵏⴰⵏ ⵂⵓⵏⵢⵏ ⴰⵉⵂⴰⵏ.
English: Portuguese traders heard about the remains of the medieval city in the early 16th century, and records survive of interviews and notes made by some of them, linking Great Zimbabwe to gold production and long-distance trade.
Tamasheq: Iⵎⴰⵛⴰⵏⵛⴰⵏ ⵓⴰⵏ ⴷⵓⵔⵜⵉⴶⴰⵉⵜⴰⵏ ⵉⵙⵏⴰⵏ ⵉⵜⴰⵓⴰⵏ ⴰⴷⵔⵉⵛ ⵓⴰⵏ ⵢⴷⴰⴶ ⴰⵏ ⵎⵢⴷⵉⵢⵗⴰⵏ ⴷⴰⵗ ⵙⴰⵏⵜⵓ ⴰⵏ 16 ⵜⵢⵎⵢⴷⵢ ⵏⴰⵓⴰⵜⴰⵉ, ⴰⴷ ⴰⵏⵢⵉ ⴰⴷⵔⵉⵛ ⵏⵓⴶⵓⵣ ⴰⴷ ⵙⴰⵏⴰⵏ ⴰⵎ ⴰⵜⴾⴰⵏⵏⵢⵏ ⵓⵙ ⵉⵉⴰⴷⴰⵗⵙⴰⵏ, ⵓⵉ ⵜⴰⴶⴰⵏⵢⵏ ⵜⴰⵏⵎⵉⵜⴰⵂⵜ ⴶⴰⵔ ⵗⵔⴰⵏⴷ ⵥⵉⵎⴱⴰⴱⵓⵢ ⴰⴷ ⵓⴾⵉⵙⴰⵓⴰⵏ ⵏⵓⵔⴰⵗ ⴰⴷ ⵂⵢⴱⵓⵜⴰⵏ ⵓⴶⵉⴶⵏⵢⵏ.
English: He asserted that the figurine instead appeared to date to the subsequent Ptolemaic era (c. 323–30 BC), when Alexandria-based Greek merchants would export Egyptian antiquities and pseudo-antiquities to southern Africa.
Tamasheq: Iⵏ ⴰⵗⴰⵜ ⴰⵙ ⵜⴰⵏⵓⵗⵔⵓⵂⵜ ⵜⵓⵏⴰⵂ ⴷⴰⵔⵓⵓⴰⵏ ⵏⴰⵏⵓⴰⵈ ⵓⴰⵏ ⴱⵜⵓⵏⵢⵎⴰïⵈⵓⵢ ( ⵉⴱⵔⵢⵜ ⴰⵏ 323-30 ⴰⵗ. ⵋ.- ⴰ.), ⵉⵣⴰⵔ ⴾⴰⵏ ⵂⵢⴱⵓⵜⴰⵏ ⵓ ⴰⵏ ⴶⵔⵢ ⴰⵜⴰⵏ ⴰⵂⴰⵏⵢⵏ ⴰⵏⵢⵆⴰⵏⴷⵔⵉⵢ ⵜⵉⵓⵉⵉⴰⵏ ⴰⴷ ⴷⴰⵗ ⴰⵔⵓ ⵏⴷ ⵓⴰⵏ ⴷⴰⵜ ⵓⵉ ⵏⵓⵔⵓ ⵎⵉⵙⵔⵜⴰⵏ ⴷⴰⵗ ⴰⵂⵔⵉⴾⵉⵉⴰ ⵜⴰⵏ ⵢⵎⴰⵉⵏⴰⴶ.
English: Bent had no formal archaeological training, but had travelled very widely in Arabia, Greece and Asia Minor.
Tamasheq: ⴱⵢⵏⵜ ⵓⴰⴷⵉⵏⴰ ⵜⴰⵎⵓⵙⵏⵢ ⴰⵏ ⵜⴰⵎⵓⵈⵓⵏⵢⵏ ⵜⴰⵜⵉⵓⴰⵙⴰⵏⴰⵜ, ⵎⴰⵛⴰⵏ ⵉⴶⴰ ⵉⵙⵉⴾⵉⵏⴰⵓⴰⵏ ⴰⵋⵓⵜⵏⵢⵏ ⴷⴰⵗ ⴰⵔⴰⴱⵉⵉⴰ, ⴷⴰⵗ ⵗⵔⵢⵛⵢ ⴰⴷ ⴷⴰⵗ ⴰⵙⵉⵢ ⵎⵉⵏⵢⵓⵔⵢ.
English: They have a tradition of ancient Jewish or South Arabian descent through their male line.
Tamasheq: ⴰⵏⴰⵏ ⵓⴶⵓⵣ ⴰⴷ ⴷⵉⵣⴶⴰⵔⴰⵏ ⵋⵓⵉⵗⵢⵜⴰⵏ ⵓⵉ ⵔⵓⵏⵢⵏ ⵎⵢⵆ ⵙⵓⴷ-ⴰⵔⴰⴱⵢ ⴼⴰⵏ ⴰⵏⵉⵏⴾⴰⵎ ⵏⴰⵙⴰⵏ ⵓⴰⵏ ⵎⵢⴷⵉⵏ.
English: The Lemba claim was also reported by a William Bolts (in 1777, to the Austrian Habsburg authorities), and by an A.A. Anderson (writing about his travels north of the Limpopo River in the 19th century).
Tamasheq: ⴰⵙⵓⵙⵜⴰⵏ ⵓⴰⵏ ⵏⵢⵎⴱⴰ ⵢⵈⴰⵏ ⵉⵏⵜⴰⴷⴰⵗ ⴰⴷⵉⵓⴰⵉ ⵓⵉⵏⵏⵉⴰⵎ ⴱⵓⵏⵜⵙ (ⴷⴰⵗ 1777, ⵉⵢ ⵏⴰⵎⵓⴾⴰⵏⴰⵏ ⵓⵉ ⴰⵓⵜⵔⵉ ⴰⵂⵉⵢⵏⵜⴰⵏ ⵓ ⴰⵏ ⵂⴰⴱⵙⴱⵓⵓⵔⴶ), ⴰⴷ ⴰ.ⴰ. ⴰⵏⴷⵢⵔⵙⵓⵏ (ⴰⴾⵜⴰⴱⴰⵏ ⵉⵙⵉⴾⵉⵏⴰⵓⴰⵏ ⴰⵏⵢⵙ ⵓⵉ ⵏⴰⵜⴰⵔⴰⵎ ⴰⵏ ⵏⴰⴱⴰⴶ ⵏⵉⵎⴱⵓⴱⵓ ⴷⴰⵗ 19 ⵜⵢⵎⵢⴷⵢ ⵏⴰⵓⴰⵜⴰⵉ).
English: She had first sunk three test pits into what had been refuse heaps on the upper terraces of the hill complex, producing a mix of unremarkable pottery and ironwork.
Tamasheq: ⵟⴰⵗⴰⵛ ⵉⵣⴰⵔ ⴾⴰⵔⴰⴷ ⵢⵏⵓⵓⴰⵏ ⵏ ⴰⵂⴰⵏⴰⵉ ⴷⴰⵗ ⴰⵓⴰ ⵢⵈⴰⵏⴰⵏ ⵜⴰⵎⵙⵓⴷⵉⵓⵢⵏ ⵏ ⴰⵏⴰⴾⴰⵍⴰⵏ ⴼⴰⵍ ⴷⴰⵜ ⵂⵉⵏⴰⵏ ⵉⵣⵓⴰⵉⵏⵢⵏ ⴰⵏ ⵙⵓⵏⵓ ⵓⴰⵏ ⵜⴰⴾⵉⵔⴼⵢⵏ, ⵜⴰⵋⴰⵏ-ⵢⵏ ⴰⵉⵜⴰⵔⵉⴰⵏ ⴰⵏ ⵜⴰⵏⴰⵈ ⴰⴷ ⵜⵉⵣⵓⵍⵉⴰⵓⵉⵏⵢⵏ ⵓⵉⵏⴰⵏ ⵢⵔⵜⵢⵉ.
English: Caton Thompson immediately announced her Bantu origin theory to a meeting of the British Association in Johannesburg.
Tamasheq: ⵛⴰⵜⵓⵏ ⵟⵂⵓⵎⴱⵙⵓⵏ ⴰⴶⵓⴷⵢⵏⴷⴰⵗ ⴰⴷⵉⵍ ⴰⵗⴰⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⵓⵙⵏⵢⵏ ⵏⵢⵙ ⵜⴰⵏ ⴷⵉⵜⵉⵣⴶⴰⵔⴰⵜ ⴱⴰⵏⵜⵓⵓⵢ ⵓⴶⵓⴷ ⴰⵏ ⵜⵉⴷⴰⵓⵜ ⵜⴰⵏ ⴱⵔⵉⵜⵉⵙⵂ ⴰⵙⵙⵓⵛⵉⴰⵜⵉⵓⵏ ⴷⴰⵗ ⵋoⵂⴰⵏⵏⵢⵙⴱⵓⵔⴶ.
English: The radiocarbon evidence is a suite of 28 measurements, for which all but the first four, from the early days of the use of that method and now viewed as inaccurate, support the 12th-to-15th-centuries chronology.
Tamasheq: ⴰⵙⵉⴷⵓⵜⵓ ⵓⴰⵏ ⴰⵔⴰⵋⵓ ⵜⴰⵏ ⵓⴼⴰⵙ ⵢⵈⴰⵍ ⴰⴷⵉⵍⴾⴰⵎⴰⵏ ⴷⴰⵗ 28 ⵏⴰⴾⴰⵜ, ⴰⵙ ⴾⵓⵍ, ⴰⵜⵉⴾⴰⵙ ⵓⵉ ⵏⵓⴾⵢⵣ ⴰⵣⴰⵏⵢⵏ, ⵉⴶⴰⵏⵢⵏ ⴷⴰⵗ ⵙⴰⵏⵜⵓ ⵏ ⴰⵛⵉⵍ ⵏ ⴰⵎⵉⴾ ⵓⵢⵏⴷⴰⵗ ⴰⴷ ⵢⵈⴰⵍⴰⵏ ⵢⵛⴰⵍⵉⴷⴰⵗ ⵙⵓⵏⴷ ⴰⵓⵉⵏⴰⵏ ⵓⵗⵢⴷ, ⴰⴷⵂⴰⵍⴰⵏ ⴰⵍⵓⴰⵈⴰⵏ ⵓ ⴰⵏ 12 ⵂⴰⵔ 15 ⵜⵢⵎⵢⴷⵢ ⵏⴰⵓⴰⵜⴰⵉ.
English: The removal of gold and artefacts in amateurist diggings by early colonial antiquarians caused widespread damage, notably diggings by Richard Nicklin Hall.
Tamasheq: ⵓⴾⵉⵙⴰⵓⴰⵏ ⵓⵉ ⵏⵓⵔⴰⵗ ⴰⴷ ⴶⵓⵍⴰⵛⴰⵏ ⴷⴰⵗ ⵓⵎⴰⵗⴰⵓⴰⵏ ⵓⵉ ⵎⴰⵔⵂⴰⵏ ⴰⵏ ⵓⵉⴷⴰⵣⴰⵔⵏⴻⵏ ⴰⵏⵓⵎⴰⵗⴰⵏ ⴰⵏ ⴾⴰⵍⴰⵏ ⴼⴰⵍ ⵗⴰⵛⴰⴷⴰⵏ ⴰⵋⵓⵜⵏⵢⵏ, ⴰⵜⴰⵎⵓⵙⴰⵏ ⴷⴰⵗ ⵓⵎⴰⵗⴰⵓⴰⵏ ⵓ ⴰⵏ ⵔⵉ ⴰⵂⴰⵔⴷ ⵏⵉ ⴰⴾⵍⵉⵏ ⵂⴰⵍⵍ.
English: Preben Kaarsholm writes that both colonial and black nationalist groups invoked Great Zimbabwe's past to support their vision of the country's present, through the media of popular history and of fiction.
Tamasheq: ⴱⵔⵢⴱⵢⵏ ⵆⴰⴰⵔⵙⵂⵓⵍⵎ ⴰⴾⵜⴰⴱ ⴰⵙ ⴶⵔⵓⵓⴷⵜⴰⵏ ⵓ ⴰⵏ ⵗ ⴰⵔⵎⴰⵏ ⴰⴰⴰⴷ ⵓ ⴰⵏ ⴾⴰⵍⴰⴾⴰⵍ ⴾⴰⵓⴰⵍⵏⵢⵏ ⴰⵗⵔⴰⵏ ⵉⵢ ⴰⵓⴰⴷⵓⴾⴰⵉⴰⵏ ⴷⴰⵗ ⵗⵔⴰⵏⴷ ⵥⵉⵎⴱⴰⴱⵓⵢ ⴼⴰⵍ ⴰⴷⵉⴷⵂⵉⵍⴰⵏ ⴰⵂⴰⵏⴰⵉ ⵏⴰⵙⴰⵏ ⴰⵍⵓⴰⵈⵢⵏⴷⴰⵗ ⴷⴰⵗ ⴰⴾⴰⵍ, ⴷⴰⵗ ⴼⴰⵙⵉⴱⴰ ⵜⴰⵏ ⵜⴰⵏⴼⵓⵙⵜ ⵜⴰⵜⵉⵓⴰⵣⴰⵉⴰⵜ ⴰⴷ ⴷⴰⵉⵂⴰ ⴱⴰⵂⵓ.
English: Pikirayi and Kaarsholm suggest that this presentation of Great Zimbabwe was partly intended to encourage settlement and investment in the area.
Tamasheq: ⴱⵉⴾⵉⵔⴰⵉⵉ ⴰⴷ ⵆⴰⴰⵔⵙⵂⵓⵍⵎ ⵉⴶⴰⵏ ⴷⴰⵗ ⴰⵏⵉⵉⴰⵜⴰⵏ ⴰⵙ ⵜⴰⵋⴰⵉⵂⵉⵜ ⵜⴰⵏ ⵗⵔⴰⵏⴷ ⵥⵉⵎⴱⴰⴱⵓⵢ ⵜⴰⵈⴰⵍ ⴷⴰⵗ ⵜⴰⵣⵓⵏⵢ ⴰⵉⴾⴰⵏ ⴰⴷ ⴷ ⴰⴷⵂⵉⵍ ⵜⴰⵏⴰⵉⴰ ⴰⴷ ⵂⵓⴾⵜⴰⵏ ⴷⴰⵗ ⴰⴾⴰⵍ.
English: In 1980 the new internationally recognised independent country was renamed for the site, and its famous soapstone bird carvings were retained from the Rhodesian flag and Coat of Arms as a national symbol and depicted in the new Zimbabwean flag.
Tamasheq: ⴷⴰⵗ 1980, ⵓⴰ ⵢⵉⵏⴰⵉⴰⵏ ⴰⴾⴰⵍ ⴰⵏ ⵜⴰⵏⵂⴰⵜ ⵈⵏⵢⵙ ⴰⵜⵓⴰⵣⴰⵉ ⴷⴰⵗ ⴾⴰⵍⴰⵏ ⵢⵈⴰⵍ ⴰⵉⴶⴰⵏ ⴰⵙⵉⵎ ⵓⴰⵏ ⵏ ⴰⴷⴰⴶ, ⴰⴷ ⴰⵙⵓⵂⵓ ⵏ ⵢⴶⴷⴰⴷ ⴰⵙⵍⴰⴱⵏⵢⵏ ⴷⴰⵗ ⵜⴰⵂⵓⵏⵜ ⴰⵈⴰⵍⴰⵏ ⴰⵉⵜⵓⴰⵔⴰⵏ ⴷⴰⵓ ⴷⵔⴰⴷⵢⴰⵓ ⴰⴷ ⵜ ⴰⵏⵉⵎⵓⴾⵍⴰⵓⵢⵏ ⵜⴰⵏ ⵔⵂⵓⴷⵢⵙⵉⵢ ⵙⵓⵏⴷ ⴰⵛⵉⴾⴰⵍ ⵏⴰⴾⴰⵍ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵂⴰ ⵢⴷⴰⴶ ⴷⴰⵗ ⴷⵔⴰⴷⴰⵓ ⵜⴰⵜⴰⵉⵏⴰⵉⴰⵜ ⴰⵏ ⵥⵉⵎⴱⴰⴱⵓⵢ.
English: An example of the former is Ken Mufuka's booklet, although the work has been heavily criticised.
Tamasheq: ⴰⵍⴾⵉⵜⴰⴱ ⵓⴰⵏ ⵆⵢⵏ ⵎⵓⴼⵓⴾⴰ ⵢⵈⴰⵍ ⵏⵢⵂⴰⵍ ⴰⵏ ⴰⴷⴰⴱⴰⵔⴰ ⵓⴰⴷ ⴷⴰⵣⴰⵔⴰⵏ, ⴰⵂⵓⵙⴾⴰⵜ ⴰⵙ ⴰⵍⴾⵉⵜⴰⴱ ⵓⵢⵏ ⵢⵈⴰⵍ ⵙⴰⵙⴰⵂⴰⵜ ⴰⵉⵜⴰⵓⴰⵣⴰⵏ.
English: It was created to preserve the rich history of this country which was facing a dark future due to globalisation.
Tamasheq: ⴰⵜⵓⴰⴶⴰ ⴼⴰⵍ ⴰⴷⵉⵜⵉⴼ ⵜⴰⴱⴰⵗⵓⵔ ⵜⴰⵏ ⴰⵓⴰⴷⵓⴾⴰⵉⴰⵏ ⴷⴰⵗ ⴰⴾⴰⵍ ⵓⴰ ⵉⵏⴰⴷⴰⵏ ⴰⵙ ⵜⴰ ⴰⵎⵓⴷⵔⵢⵏⵢⵙ ⴷⴰⵗ ⵜⵉⵂⴰⵉ ⴼⴰⵍ ⵙⴰⵍⴰⵏ ⴰⵏ ⵜⵉⵓⴰⴼ.
English: The site exhibits a multitude of architectural styles, reminiscent of styles seen in central Mexico and of the Puuc and Chenes styles of the Northern Maya lowlands.
Tamasheq: ⴰⴷⴰⴶ ⵢⵈⴰⵍ ⵜ ⴰⵎⵓⵈⵓⵏⵢⵏ ⴰⵋⵢⵜⵏⵢⵏ, ⴰⴷⵉⴷⵙⴰⴾⵏⴰⵏⵢⵏ ⴰⵎⵉⴾⴰⵏ ⵓⴰ ⴰⵜⵉⵓⴰⵏⵂⴰⵉⴰⵏ ⴷⴰⵗ ⴰⵎⴰⵙ ⴰⵏ ⵎⵢⵆⵉⵈⵓⵢ ⴰⴷ ⴰⵎⵉⴾⴰⵏ ⵓ ⴰⵏ ⴷⵓⵓ ⴰ ⴰⴷ ⴰⵂⵢⵏⵢⵙ ⵓⴰⵏ ⴾⴰⵍⴰⵏ ⵓⵉ ⴷⴰⵔⵏⵢⵏ ⴰⵏ ⵎⴰⵉⴰⵙ ⴷⴰⵗ ⴰⵜⴰⵔⴰⵎ.
English: The city may have had the most diverse population in the Maya world, a factor that could have contributed to the variety of architectural styles at the site.
Tamasheq: ⴰⵗⵔ ⴰⵎ ⵉⴶⵓⵎⵉⵛⵉ ⵉⴶⵔⴰⵏ ⵜⴰⵎⵉⵜⵢ ⵜⴰ ⵜⵓⴶⴰⵔⴰⵜ ⴰⵋⵉⵜ ⴷⴰⵗ ⴰⴷⵓⵏⵉⵉⴰⵜ ⵜⴰⵏ ⵎⴰⵉⴰ, ⵂⴰⵔⴰⵜ ⴰⴷⵓⴱⵢⵏ ⴰⴶⴰⵔⴰⵓ ⵏⴰⵙ ⵉⵂⴰ ⵜⴰⴷⵂⵉⵍ ⵜⴰⵏ ⴰⵙⵉⵋⵉⵜ ⴰⵏ ⵜ ⴰⵎⵓⵈⵓⵏⵢⵏ ⴰⴱⴷⴰⵏⵢⵏ ⴷⴰⵗ ⵢⴷⴰⴶ.
English: One possible translation for Itza is "enchanter (or enchantment) of the water," from its (itz), "sorcerer", and ha, "water".
Tamasheq: "ⴰⵍⵉⵗⵉ ⵓⴰⴷⵓⴱⵢⵏ ⵉⵢ Iⵜⵣⴰ ⵢⵈⴰⵍ ""ⵢⵏⴰⴷⴰⴱⴰⵔ (ⵎⵢⵆ ⴰⴷⴰⴱⴰⵔⴰ) ⵓⴰⵏ ⴰⵎⴰⵏ"", ⴰⵏ ⵉⵜⵙ (ⵉⵜⵣ), "ⴰⵣⵉⵎⴰ", ⴰⴷ ⵂⴰ, "ⴰⵎⴰⵏ"".
English: This form preserves the phonemic distinction between chʼ and ch, since the base word chʼeʼen (which, however, is not stressed in Maya) begins with a postalveolar ejective affricate consonant.
Tamasheq: ⵜⴰⵏⴰⵗⵔⵓⴼⵜ ⵜⵢⵏ ⵜⴰⵜⵓⴰⵔⵢ ⵉⴱⴰⴷⴰⵏ ⴰⵏ ⵍⴰⴼⵉⵣⴰⵏ ⵢⵏ ⴶⴰⵔ ⴰⵂ' ⴰⵏ ⴰⵂ, ⴼⴰⵍⴰⵙ ⴰⵙⵉⵎ ⵓⴰⵏ ⵙⴰⵏⵜⵓ ⴰⵂ’ⵢ’ ⴷⴰⵗ ( ⴰⵎⵢⵙ, ⴰⴶⵓⴷⵢⵏⴷⴰⵗ, ⵓⴰⵔⵉⵋⵉⵜ ⴷⴰⵗ ⵎⴰⵉⴰ) ⴰⵏⵜⴰⵏ ⴰⵙ ⴰⵍⵗⴰⵔⵓⴼ ⴰⴼⴼⵔⵉ ⴰⵜⵉⵗⵢ ( ⵛ ⵎⵢⵗ ⵙⵂ ⴷⴰⵗ ⵟⴰⵎⴰⵛⵢⵈ) ⴰⵍⵗⴰⵔⵓⴼⴰⵏ ⴰⵏⵉⵍⴾⴰⵏⵢⵏ.
English: Of these cenotes, the "Cenote Sagrado" or Sacred Cenote (also variously known as the Sacred Well or Well of Sacrifice), is the most famous.
Tamasheq: ⴷⴰⵗ ⵎⴰⵙⵍⴰⵏ ⵓⵉⵏ, "ⵢⵎⴰⵙⵍⵉ ⵙⴰⴶⵔⴰⴷⵓ" ⵎⵜⵗ ⵢⵎⴰⵙⵍⵉ ⵙⴰ ⴰⵔⵉ ( ⴰⴷ ⴰⵜⵉⵓⴰⵣⴰⵉⴰⵏ ⵙⴰⵋⵉⵜ ⴼⴰⵍ ⴰⵙⵉⵎ ⵓⴰⵏ ⴰⵏⵓ ⵙⴰⵛⵔⵉ ⵎⵢⵗ ⴰⵏⵓ ⵓⴰⵏ ⵟⴰⴾⵓⵜⵢ), ⵢⵈⴰⵍⴰⵏ ⵓⵓⴶⴰⵔⴰⵏ ⴰⵙⵓⵂⵓ.
English: Instead, the city's political organization could have been structured by a "multepal" system, which is characterized as rulership through council composed of members of elite ruling lineages.
Tamasheq: ⴰⵙⵉⴶⴰ ⴰⵓⵢⵏ, ⴰⵎⵙⵓⴷⵉⵓ ⴰⵏ ⵜⴰⵏⵓⵎⵓⴾⵉⵍⴰ ⴷⴰⵗ ⴰⵗⵔⴰⵎ ⴰⴷⵓⴱⴰⵜ ⴰⴷⵉⵈⵉⵍ ⴰⵉⴶⴰⵏ ⵙⴰⵎⵉⴾ "ⵎⵓⵍⵜⵢⴷⴰⵍ", ⵉⴶⴰⵏⵢⵏ ⴼⴰⵍ ⵜⴰⵔⵏⴰ ⵜⴰⵏ ⵜ ⴰⵏⵎⵉⵂⵢⵍⵜ ⴷⴰⵗ ⵢⵔⵜⴰⵉⴰⵏ ⴰⴷⵉⵏⴰⵜ ⴰⵏ ⵜⴰⵓⵙⵢⵜ ⵜⴰⵏ ⵏⴰⵎⵓⴾⴰⵍⴰⵏ ⴰⵏ ⵓⴰⵂⵓⵙⴾⵢⵏ.
English: It was, however, toward the end of the Late Classic and into the early part of the Terminal Classic that the site became a major regional capital, centralizing and dominating political, sociocultural, economic, and ideological life in the northern Maya lowlands.
Tamasheq: ⴰⴶⵓⴷ ⵓⴰⵏ ⵉⴱⵔⵢⵜ ⴰⵏ ⵙⴰⵎⴰⵏⴷⵓ ⵓⴰⵏ ⵛⵍⴰⵙⵙⵉⵈⵓⵢ ⴰⵂⵓⴶⴰⵏⴰⵏ ⴰⴷ ⵓⴰⵏ ⵛⵍⴰⵙⵙⵉⵈⵓⵢ ⴰⵏ ⵙⴰⵎⴰⵏⴷo ⴰⵙ ⵢⴷⴰⴶ ⴰⴷⴰⵈⴰⵍ ⴰⵎⴰⵙ ⵏⴰⴾⴰⵍ ⵓⴰ ⵎⴰⵈⴰⵔⴰⵏ, ⴰⵙⵉⴷⴰⵓ ⵉⵣⴰⵔ ⵢⵔⵏⴰ ⵜⴰⵎⵓⴷⵔⵢ ⵜⴰⵏ ⵜ ⴰⵏⵓⵎⵓⴾⵉⵍⴰ, ⵜⴰⴷⴰⵓⵜ ⵏⴰⴷⵉⵏⴰⵜ, ⵏⴰⵣⵔⵉⴼ ⴰⴷ ⴷⴰⵏⵉⵉⴰⵜⴰⵏ ⵓⵉ ⵙⴰⵏⵜⵓ ⴷⴰⵗ ⴰⴾⴰⵍ ⵓⴰⵏ ⵎⴰⵉⴰ ⵜⴰⵏ ⴻⵎⴰⵉⵏⴰⴶ.
English: Hunac Ceel supposedly prophesied his own rise to power.
Tamasheq: ⵆⵓⵏⴰⵛ ⵛⵢⵢⵍ ⴰⵎⵉⵏⴰⵓⵏⴰⵓ ⵜⴰⵏⵓⵎⵓⴾⵍⴰⵏⵢⵙ ⵙⴰⵙⴰⵂⴰⵜ.
English: While there is some archeological evidence that indicates Chichén Itzá was at one time looted and sacked, there appears to be greater evidence that it could not have been by Mayapan, at least not when Chichén Itzá was an active urban center.
Tamasheq: ⴰⵂⵓⵙⴾⴰⵜ ⴰⵙ ⵜⵉⴷⵉⵜⵢⵏ ⴰⵏ ⵜⴰⵎⵓⴾⵉⵏⴰⵜⵢⵏ ⵜⵉⵉⴰⴷ ⵙⴰⴾⵏⵢⵏⴰⵜ ⴰⵙ ⵛⵂⵉⵛⵂⵉⵏ Iⵜⵏⴰ ⵢⵈⴰⵍⴰⵏ ⵂⴰⵔⴰⵜ ⴰⵉⵛⴰⴷⴰⵏ ⴰⴷ ⴰⴶⵎⴰⴷⴰⵏ, ⵓⵍⴰⵂ ⴷⴰⵙ ⵉⵍⴰ ⵜⵉⴷⵉⵜⵢⵏ ⵉⵣⴰⵔ ⴰⵎⵓⵙ ⴰⵓⵉⵏⴰⵏ ⵢⵈⵢⵍ ⴰⵉⴶⴰⵏ ⴷⴰⵗ ⵎⴰⵉⴰⴷⴰⵏ, ⵉⴼⵏⴰⵣⴰⵏ ⴷⴰⵗ ⵓⴶⵓⴷ ⵓⴰ ⵂⵉ ⴰⵂⵉⵏ Iⵜⵣⴰ ⵢⵈⴰⵍ ⵢⴷⴰⴶ ⵜⴰⴷⴰⴱⴰⵉⵜ ⵜⴰⴷⴰⵔⴰⵜ.
English: After Chichén Itzá elite activities ceased, the city may not have been abandoned.
Tamasheq: ⴷⴰⵔⴰⵜ ⵜⵢⴱⴰⴷⵢ ⵜⵢⵏ ⵏⴰⵛⵉⵗⵉⵍ ⵓⴰⵏ ⴰⵎⵓⵙⴰⵏ ⵓⴰⵏ ⵛⵂⵉⵛⵂⵉⵏ Iⵜⵣⴰ, ⴰⵗⵔⴰⵎ ⵓⴰⵔⵢⵈⵢⵍ ⵉⵂⵓⵎⵉⵛ ⴰⵜⵉⵓⴰⵉⴰⵏ.
English: Montejo returned to Yucatán in 1531 with reinforcements and established his main base at Campeche on the west coast.
Tamasheq: ⵎⵓⵏⵜⵢⵋⵓ ⵢⵈⴰⵍ ⴰⴷ ⵗⵓⵔ ⵗⵓ ⴰⴰⵜⴰⵏ ⴷⴰⵗ 1531 ⴷⴰⵔ ⵜⴰⵍⴰⵍⵜ ⵉⵣⴰⵔ ⵉⴶⴰ ⵢⴷⴰⴶ ⴰⵏⵢⵙ ⵓⴰⵣⴰⵔⴰⵏ ⴷⴰⵗ ⵛⴰⵎⴱⵢ ⴰⴰⵂⵢ ⴷⴰⵗ ⵜⴰⵙⴰⴶⴰ ⵜⴰⵏ ⵢⴶⴰⴷⴰⵍ ⴰⵏ ⵜⴰⴼⵓⴾ.
English: Montejo the Younger eventually arrived at Chichen Itza, which he renamed Ciudad Real.
Tamasheq: ⵎⵓⵏⵜⵢⵋⵓ ⵟⵂⵢ ⵗⵓⵓⵏⴶⵢⵔ (ⵎⵓⵏⵜⵢⵋⵓ ⵓⴰⵏ ⴰⵎⴰⵓⴰⴷ) ⴰⵙⵎⴰⴷⴰ ⴷⴰⵗ ⴰⴶⴰⴷ ⵛⵏ ⵛⵂⵉⵛⵂⵢⵏ Iⵜⵣⴰ, ⵙⵛⴶⴰⵏ ⵛⵙⵉⵎ ⵛⵉⵓⴷⴰⴷ ⵔⵢⴰⵍ.
English: Months passed, but no reinforcements arrived.
Tamasheq: ⵓⵔⴰⵏ ⵓⴾⴰⵉⵏⵏ, ⵎⴰⵛⴰⵏ ⵓⴰⵍⴰⴷⴰⵗ ⵉⵉⴰⵜ ⵜⴰⴷⵂⵉⵍ ⵓⴰⴷⵉⵜ ⵜⵓⵙⴰ.
English: By 1535, all Spanish had been driven from the Yucatán Peninsula.
Tamasheq: ⴷⴰⵗ 1535, ⵢⵙⴱⴰⴶⵏⵓⵍⵜⴰⵏ ⴷⴰⴾ ⴰⵈⴰⵍⴰⵏ ⴰⵜⵓⴰⵛⴰⴶⴰⵏ ⴷⴰⵗ ⴱⵉⵏⵉⵏⵙⵓⵍⵢ ⵓⴰⵏ ⵗⵓⴾⴰⵜⴰⵏ.
English: In 1860, Désiré Charnay surveyed Chichén Itzá and took numerous photographs that he published in Cités et ruines américaines (1863).
Tamasheq: ⴷⴰⵗ 1860, ⴹⵉⵙⵉⵔⵉ ⵛⵂⴰⵔⵏⴰⵉ ⵉⴾⴰⵜ ⵛⵂⵉⴰⵂⵉⵏ Iⵜⵣⴰ ⵉⵣⴰⵔ ⵉⴾⴰⵍ ⴷⵂⵓⵜⵓⴶⵔⴰⴷⵂⵉⵜⴰⵏ ⴰⵋⵓⵜⵏⵢⵏ ⴰⴷ ⴷⵉⵣⴰⵣⴶⴰⵔ ⴷⴰⵗ ⵛⵉⵜⵢⵜⴰⵏ ⴰⴷ ⵎⵉⵛⵉⵔⵛⴰⵔⴰⵏ ⵓⵉ ⴰⵎⵢⵔⵉⴾⵉⵏⵜⴰⵏ ( 1863).
English: Augustus Le Plongeon called it "Chaacmol" (later renamed "Chac Mool", which has been the term to describe all types of this statuary found in Mesoamerica).
Tamasheq: "ⴰⵓⴶⵓⵙⵜⵢ ⵓⴰⵏ ⴱⵍⵓⵏⴶⵢⵓⵏ ⵢⵗⵔⴰⵉ ""ⵛⵂⴰⴰⵛⵎⵢⵍ"" (ⵉⵓⴰⵔ ⴰⴶⵓⴷⵉⵉⴰⵏ ""ⵛⵂⴰⵛ ⵎⵓⵓⵍ"", ⵓⴰⵈⴰⵍⴰⵏ ⵜⴰⵜⴰⵎⴰⵍ ⴼⴰⵍ ⵙⴰⵍⴰⵏ ⴰⵏ ⵂⴰⵔⴰⵜⴰⵏ ⵜⴰⵏ ⵜⴰⴱⴰⵔⴰⴷⵢⵏ ⴰⵂⴰⵏⵢⵏ ⴷⴰⵗ ⵎⵉⵙⵓ-ⴰⵎⵓⵔⵉⵈⵓⵢ)".
English: In 1894 the United States Consul to Yucatán, Edward Herbert Thompson, purchased the Hacienda Chichén, which included the ruins of Chichen Itza.
Tamasheq: ⴷⴰⵗ 1894, ⵢⵎⴰⵏⴰⵂⴰⴷ ⵓⴰⵏ ⵢⵜⴰⵜⵙ-ⵓⵏⵉⵙ ⴷⴰⵗ ⵗⵓⴾⴰⵜⴰⵏ, ⵢⴷⵓⴰⵔⴷ ⵂⵢⵔⴱⵢⵔⵜ ⵟⵂⵓⵎⴱⵙⵓⵏ ⴰⵛⵉⵏⵛⴰ ⵂⴰⵛⵉⵢⵏⴷⴰ ⵛⵂⵉⵛⵂⵉⵏ, ⴰⵂⴰⵏⴰⵜ ⵎⵉⵛⵉⵔⵛⴰⵔⴰⵏ ⵓⴰⵏ ⵛⵂⵉⴰⵂⵉⵏ Iⵜⵣⴰ.
English: Thompson is most famous for dredging the Cenote Sagrado (Sacred Cenote) from 1904 to 1910, where he recovered artifacts of gold, copper and carved jade, as well as the first-ever examples of what were believed to be pre-Columbian Maya cloth and wooden weapons.
Tamasheq: ⵜⵂⵓⵎⴱⵙⵓⵏ ⵢⵈⴰⵍ ⴰⵜⵉⵓⴰⵣⴰⵉⴰⵏ ⴷⴰⵗ ⵜⴰⵔⵂⴰ ⴰⵏ ⵛⵢⵏⵓⵜⵢ ⵙⴰⴶⵔⴰⴷⵓ ( ⵛⵢⵏⵓⵜⵢ ⵙⴰⵛⵔⵓ) ⵓⴰⵏ 1904 ⵂⴰⵔ 1910, ⵗⵓⵔ ⴶⵔⴰⵏⴷ ⵂⴰⵔⴰⵜⴰⵏ ⴰⵏ ⵏⵓⵔⴰⵗ, ⴰⵏ ⴰⵓⵉⵗⵔⵢ ⴰⴷ ⵜⵓⵂⵓⵏⵜ ⵜⴰⵜⵉⴾⵢⵜ, ⴰⴷ ⵓⵉⴷⴰⵣⴰⵔⵏⵢⵏ ⵏⵢⵂⴰⵍⴰⵏ ⵏⴰⵓⴰ ⴰⵗⵢⵍ ⴰⵓⴰⴷⴰⵎ ⴷⴰⵗ ⵜⴰⵙⵓⵉⵜ ⵜⴰⵏ ⵎⴰⵉⴰⵙ ⴰⵏ ⴷⴰⴶ ⵆⵓⵍⵓⵎⴱⵉⵢⵏⵜⴰⵏ ⴰⴷ ⵙⵉⴾⵏⴰⵙ ⴰⵏ ⵛⴰⵗⵢⵔⴰⵏ.
English: The Mexican Revolution and the following government instability, as well as World War I, delayed the project by a decade.
Tamasheq: ⵜⴰⵏⴰⴾⵔⴰ ⵜⴰⵏ ⵎⵢⵆⵉⴾⵉⵏⵜⴰⵏ ⴰⴷ ⴰⴱⴰ ⴰⵏ ⵜⵢⴷⴰⴾⵉⵜ ⴰⵏ ⵜⴰⵏⴰⵉⵉⵓⵢⵏ ⵜⴰⴷⵉⵜⵉⵍⴾⴰⵎⴰⵜ, ⴰⴷ ⵓⴰⵣⴰⵔⴰⵏ ⴰⴾⵉⵏⴰⵙ ⵏⴰⴾⴰⵍ ⴷⴰⴾ, ⵉⵓⴰⵗⵉⵏ ⵜⴰⵓⵍⴰⵜ ⴰⵏ ⵎⴰⵔⴰⵓ ⵢⵍⴰⵏ.
English: At the same time, the Mexican government excavated and restored El Castillo (Temple of Kukulcán) and the Great Ball Court.
Tamasheq: ⴰⴶⵓⴷⵢⵏⴷⴰⵗ, ⵉⵎⴰⵏⴰⵂⴰⴱⴰⵏ ⵓⵉ ⵎⵢⵆⵉⴾⵉⵏⵜⴰⵏ ⵉⵎⴰⵗⴰⵏ ⴰⴷ ⵉⴾⵏⴰⵏ ⵢⵍ ⵛⴰⵙⵜⵉⵍⵍⵓ (ⵙⵓⵍⵓ ⵓⴰⵏ ⵆⵓⴾⵓⵍⴾⴰⵏ) ⴰⴷ ⵓⴰⵎⴰⵈⴰⵔⴰⵏ ⴰⵗⴰⵍ ⴰⵏ ⵏⴰⴷⴰⵍⴰⵏ.
English: Thompson, who was in the United States at the time, never returned to Yucatán.
Tamasheq: ⵜⵂⵓⵎⴱⵙⵓⵏ, ⵉⵂⴰⵏ ⵗⵓⵔ ⵢⵜⴰⵜⵙ-ⵓⵏⵉⵙ ⴷⴰⵗ ⵢⵂⴰⵏⵉⵏ, ⴾⴰⵍⴰ ⵓⴰⴷⵉⵔⴾⵢⵏ ⵗⵓⵔ ⵗⵓⴾⴰⵜⴰⵏ.
English: In 1944 the Mexican Supreme Court ruled that Thompson had broken no laws and returned Chichen Itza to his heirs.
Tamasheq: ⴷⴰⵗ 1944, ⴰⵗⴰⵍⴰ ⵓⴰⵈⴰⵔⴰⵏ ⴰⵏ ⵎⵢⵆⵉⵈⵓⵢ ⵢⵗⵔⴰ ⵟⵂⵓⵎⵢⵙⵢⵏ ⵓⵉⵏⴰⵏ ⵢⵗⵛⵢⴷ ⵓⴰⵍⴰ ⵉⵣⴰⵔ ⴰⵜⵓⴰⵙⴰⴾⴰ ⵛⵂⵉⴰⵂⵢⵏ Iⵜⵣⴰ ⵗⵓⵔ ⵎⵓⴾⵓⵙⴰⵏⵢⵙ.
English: The first was sponsored by the National Geographic, and the second by private interests.
Tamasheq: ⵓⴰⴷⴰⵣⴰⵔⴰⵏ ⵢⵈⴰⵍ ⴰⵉⴷⵂⴰⵍ ⴰⵙ ⵏⴰⵜⵉⵓⵏⴰⵍ ⵗⵉⵓⴶⵔⴰⴱⵂⵉⵛ, ⴰⴷ ⵓⴰⵙⴰⵙⵉⵏ ⴰⵙ ⵍⴰⵍⴰⵏ ⴰⵏⵎⴰⵏⵢⵙ.
English: The city was built upon broken terrain, which was artificially levelled in order to build the major architectural groups, with the greatest effort being expended in the levelling of the areas for the Castillo pyramid, and the Las Monjas, Osario and Main Southwest groups.
Tamasheq: ⴰⵗⵔⴰⵎ ⴰⴷⴰⵗ ⵢⵈⴰⵏ ⵢⴷⴰⴶ ⴰⴾⵓⵜⴰⵔⴰⵏ, ⵓⴰ ⴰⵙⴰⴶⴷⴰⵂⴰⵏ ⴰⴷⵉⵏⴰⵜ ⴼⴰⵍ ⴰⴷⵓⴷⴰⴱⵢⵏ ⵓⵗⵉⵏ ⴰⵏ ⵓⵉ ⴰⵣⴰⵔⵏⵢⵏ ⴶⵔⵢⵓⴱⵜⴰⵏ ⴰⵏ ⵜⴰⵎⵓⵈⵓⵏⵢⵏ, ⴰⵓⴰ ⵓⴶⴰⵔⴰⵏ ⴰⵙⴰⵂⴰⵜ ⴰⴷⴰⵗ ⴰⵜⵓⴰⴶⴰ ⴰⵙⴰⵙⵉⴶⴷⴰ ⴰⵏ ⴷⴰⴶⴰⵏ ⵓⵉ ⵙⵓⵍⵓ ⵆⴰⵙⵜⵉⵍⵍⵓ ⴰⴷ ⴶⵔⵓⵓⴷⵜⴰⵏ ⵓⴰⵏ ⵍⴰⵙ ⵎⵓⵏⵋⴰⵙ, Oⵙⴰⵔⵉⵓ ⴰⴷ ⵎⴰⵉⵏ ⵙⵓⵓⵜⵂⵓⵢⵙⵜ.
English: Many of these stone buildings were originally painted in red, green, blue and purple colors.
Tamasheq: ⴰⵋⵢⵏ ⴷⴰⵗ ⵂⵉⵏⴰⵏ ⵓⴰⵏ ⴰⵏ ⵜⴰⵂⵓⵏ ⴰⵈⴰⵍⴰⵏ ⴰⵉⴶⴰⵏ ⴼⵉⵏⵜⵓⵔ ⵓⴰⵏ ⵉⵏⵉ ⵛⴰⵋⴰⵗⴰⵏ, ⴷⴰⵍⵢⵏ, ⴷⴰⵍⵢⵏ ⴰⴷ ⴷⴰⴱⴰⵔⴰⵏ.
English: Just like gothic cathedrals in Europe, colors provided a greater sense of completeness and contributed greatly to the symbolic impact of the buildings.
Tamasheq: ⴷⴰⴾ ⵙⵓⵏⴷ ⴾⴰⵜⵂⵉⴷⵔⴰⵍⵢⵜⴰⵏ ⴰⵏ ⴶⵓⵜⵂⵉⵈⵓⵢ ⵓⴰⵏ ⵢⵓⵔⵓⴱⵉⵉⴰ, ⵉⵏⵉⵜⴰⵏ ⵂⴰⴾⴰⵏⵢⵏ ⵓⴰ ⵓⴶⴰⵔⴰⵏ ⵜⴰⵎⵗⵉⵔⵢ ⴰⵏ ⵜⴰⵂⴰⵏⵉⵏⵜ ⵜⴰⵜⵓⴶⴰⵔⴰⵜ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵂⴰⴾⵓ ⵂⵓⵍⵢⵏ ⵙⴰⵍⵎⴰⵗⵏⴰ ⵏⵢⵎⵉⴾ ⵓⴰⵏ ⵜⴰⵎⵓⵈⵓⵏⵢⵏ.
English: The Puuc-style building feature the usual mosaic-decorated upper façades characteristic of the style but differ from the architecture of the Puuc heartland in their block masonry walls, as opposed to the fine veneers of the Puuc region proper.
Tamasheq: ⵜⴰⵎⵓⵈⵓⵏⵢⵏ ⵜⴰⵏ ⴰⵎⵉⴾ ⵓⴰⵏ ⴱⵓⵓⵛ ⵙⴰⴾⵏⵢⵏⴰⵜ ⴰⵓⴰⵜⵉⵓⴰⵣⴰⵉⴰ ⴷⴰⵗ ⵜⴰⵙⵉⴶⵓⵢⵏ ⵏⴰⴼⴰⵍⴰ ⴰⴷⵍⴰⴶⵏⴻⵏ ⵙⴰⵉⵜⴰⵓⴰⵏⵂⴰⵉⴰⵏ, ⵜⴰⵍⵗⵉⵓⵢⵏ ⴰⵏ ⴰⵎⵉⴾ, ⵎⴰⵛⴰⵏ ⴰⴱⴷⴰⵏ ⴰⵏ ⵜⴰⵎⵓⵈⵓⵏⵜ ⵜⴰⵏ ⵓⵍⵂ ⵓⴰⵏ ⴱⵓⵓⵛ ⴰⵙ ⵗⴰⵍⴰⵏ ⵏⴰⵙⵏⴰⵜ ⴷⴰⵗ ⴰⵉⵢⵔⵜⴰⵉⴰⵏ ⵣⵆⵏ ⵎⵓⵗⴰⵏⴰ, ⴷⴰⵗ Iⴱⴰⵏ ⴰⵏ ⵜⴰⵎⵉⵏⴰⴾ ⴷⴰⵗ ⵙⴰⵎⴰⵏⴷⵓ ⵉⵂⴰⵏ ⴰⴾⴰⵍ ⵓⴰⵏ ⴱⵓⵓⵛ ⵙⵉⵜⴰⵓⴰⵏ ⵉⵎⴰⵏⵢⵙ.
English: At the base of the balustrades of the northeastern staircase are carved heads of a serpent.
Tamasheq: ⴷⴰⵗ ⵙⴰⵏⵜⵓ ⵓⴰⵏ ⵜⴰⵎⵓⵈⵓⵏⵢⵏ ⴰⵏ ⵙⵓⴾⵓⵏⴾⴰⵏ ⴷⴰⵗ ⴰⵜⴰⵔⴰⵎ ⴷⴰⵗ ⴰⵍⵈⵉⴱⵍⴰⵜ ⴰⵈⴰⵍⵏⴰⵜ ⴰⵜⵉⴾⵢⵏ ⴷⴰⵗ ⵈⴰⴼⴰⵓⴰⵏ ⴰⵏ ⵏⴰⵛⴰⵍⴰⵏ.
English: After several false starts, they discovered a staircase under the north side of the pyramid.
Tamasheq: ⴷⴰⵔⴰⵜ ⴰⵋⵓⵜⵏⵢⵏ ⵉⴶⵉⵍⵉⵜⴰⵏ ⴰⵏ ⴱⴰⵂⵓ, ⴰⵏⵂⴰⵉⴰⵏ ⵉⵙⵓⴾⵓⵏⴾⴰⵏ ⴷⴰⵓ ⵜⴰⵙⴰⴶⴰ ⵜⴰⵏ ⴰⵜⴰⵔⴰⵎ ⴰⵏ ⵙⵓⵍⵓ.
English: The Mexican government excavated a tunnel from the base of the north staircase, up the earlier pyramid's stairway to the hidden temple, and opened it to tourists.
Tamasheq: ⴰⵎⵉⵣⴰⵔⴰⵏ ⵓⴰⵏ ⵎⵢⵆⵉⴰⴰⵉⵏⵜⴰⵏ ⴰⵗⴰⵛⴰⵏ ⵜⴰⴱⴰⵔⴰⵜ ⵜⵉⴼⴰⵍⴰⵜⴰⴷ ⵙⴰⵏⵜⵓ ⴰⵏ ⵙⵓⴾⵓⵏⴾⴰⵏ ⵓⴰⵏ ⴰⵜⴰⵔⴰⵎ, ⵉⵓⴰⵏⴰⵏ ⴰⵙⵓⴾⵓⵏⴾⴰⵏ ⴰⵏ ⵙⵓⵍⵓ ⵓⴰⵏⴷⴰⵗ ⵂⴰⵓⵢⵏⴷⴰⵗ ⵂⴰⵔ ⵙⵓⵍⵓ ⵓⴰ ⵉⴼⴰⵔⴰⵏ, ⴰⴷ ⵉⵣⴰⵔ ⴰⵎⵢⵔⴰ ⵉⵢ ⵎⵓⵙⵓⴾⴰⵍ.
English: In one panel, one of the players has been decapitated; the wound emits streams of blood in the form of wriggling snakes.
Tamasheq: ⵆⴰⵍ ⵉⵉⴰⴷ ⴷⴰⵗ ⵜⴰⴼⵓⵍⵓⵙⵢⵏ, ⵉⵉⴰⴷ ⴷⴰⵗ ⵎⴰⵙⴰⵍⴰⵏ ⴼⴰⵍⴰⵙ ⴰⵔⴰⵜⵓⴰⵏⴶⴰ; ⴰⵂⴰⵉⵓⴶ ⴰⵜⵓⴰⵉ ⵉⴶⵎⴰⴷ ⵜⵉⵙⴰⵔⴰⴷ ⵏⴰⵛⵏⵉ ⵏⴰⵍⵎⴰⵗⵏⴰ ⴰⵏ ⵜⴰⵛⵉⵍⵢⵏ ⵜⴰⵎⵍⵉⵍⵉⵉⵏⵢⵏ.
English: At the south end is another, much bigger temple, but in ruins.
Tamasheq: ⵜⴰⵗ ⵙⴰⵎⴰⵏⴷⵓ ⵓⴰⵏ ⵢⵎⴰⵉⵏⴰⴶ ⵉⵍⴰⵉ ⵉⵉⴰⵏ ⵙⵓⵍⵓ, ⴰⵋⵉⵜⴰⵏ ⴷⴰⵗ ⵜⴰⵎⵗⵉⵔⵢ, ⵎⴰⵛⴰⵏ ⵢⵗⵛⴰⴷ.
English: Inside there is a large mural, much destroyed, which depicts a battle scene.
Tamasheq: ⴷⴰⵗ ⴰⵎⴰⵙ ⵉⵍⵢⵉ ⵉⵏⵉ ⵎⴰⵈⴰⵔⴰⵏ ⴼⴰⵍ ⴰⵗⴰⵍⴰ, ⵙⴰⵋⵉⵜ ⴰⵏⵢⵙ ⵢⵗⵛⴰⴷ, ⵉⵂⴰⵏ ⵢⴷⴰⴶ ⴰⵏ ⵜⴰⵔⵜⵉⵜ ⵏⴰⴾⵉⵏⴰⵙ.
English: It is built in a combination Maya and Toltec styles, with a staircase ascending each of its four sides.
Tamasheq: ⴰⴷⴰⵗ ⵢⵈⴰⵏ ⴷⴰⵗ ⵜⴰⵏⵎⵉⵔⵜⴰⵉⵢⵏ ⵜⴰⵏ ⴰⵎⵉⴾ ⵓⴰⵏ ⵎⴰⵉⴰ ⴰⴷ ⵜⵓⵍⵜⵉⵈⵓⵢ, ⴷⴰⵔ ⴰⵙⴰⴾⴰⴾⵉⵏ ⵓⴰ ⵓⵓⴰⵏⴰⵏ ⴼⴰⵍ ⵂⴰⴾ ⵜⴰⵙⴰⴶⴰ ⴷⴰⵗ ⴰⴾⵓⵣⴰⴼ ⵜⴰⵙⵉⴶⵓⵢⵏ.
English: In its interior archeologists discovered a collection of large cones carved out of stone, the purpose of which is unknown.
Tamasheq: ⴷⴰⵗ ⴰⵎⴰⵙ, ⴰⵏⵓⵎⴰⵗⴰⵏ ⴰⵏⵂⴰⵉⴰⵏ ⵜⴰⵎⵙⵓⴷⵓⵜ ⵎⴰⵈⴰⵔⴰⵏ ⴰⵏ ⵂⴰⵔⴰⵜ ⴰⵙⵍⴰⴱⵏⵢⵏ ⴷⴰⵗ ⵜⴰⵂⵓⵏ, ⴰⵙ ⴰⵓⴰ ⴰⵈⴰⵍⵏⴰⵜ ⵓⴰⵔⴰⵜⵓⴰⵣⴰⵉ.
English: Its name comes from a series of altars at the top of the structure that are supported by small carved figures of men with upraised arms, called "atlantes."
Tamasheq: ⴰⵙⵉⵎ ⴰⵏⵢⵙ ⴰⴷⵉⵣⴶⴰⵔ ⵙⵓⵍⵓ ⴰⵏⵉⵍⴾⴰⵏⵢⵏ ⵗⵓⵔ ⵙⴰⵎⴰⵏⴷⵓ ⴰⵏ ⵜⴰⵏⵎⵉⵔⵜⴰⵉⵜ ⴰⵈⴰⵍⵏⵢⵏ ⴰⴷⵂⴰⵍⴰⵏ ⴼⴰⵍ ⵜⴰⵏⵉⵗⵔⵓⴼⵢⵏ ⴰⵏⴷⵉⵔⴰⵜⵏⵢⵏ ⴰⵙⵍⴰⴱⵏⵢⵏ ⴷⴰⵗ ⵎⵢⴷⵉⵏ ⴰⵏ ⴼⴰⵙⴰⵏ ⵉⵣⵓⴰⵉⵏⵢⵏ, ⴰⵂⴰⵙⴰⵏ ⵉⵜⴰⵓⴰⵏⵢⵏ "ⴰⵜⵍⴰⵏⵜⵢⵙ".
English: This complex is analogous to Temple B at the Toltec capital of Tula, and indicates some form of cultural contact between the two regions.
Tamasheq: ⵙⵓⵍⵓ ⵓⵢⵏ ⵢⵈⴰⵍ ⵓⵍⴰⵂⴰⵏ ⴰⴷ ⵙⵓⵍⵓ ⴱ ⵓⴰⵏ ⵏⴰⵎⴰⵙ ⴰⵏ ⵜⵓⵍⵜⵉⵈⵓⵢ ⵓⴰⵏ ⵟⵓⵍⴰ, ⴰⴷ ⵉⵙⴰⴾⵏⴰ ⴰⵎⵉⴾ ⵉⵉⴰⴷ ⵏⴰⵏⵎⵉⴷⴰⵙ ⴷⴰⵗ ⴰⵓⴰ ⴷⵓⴶⴰⵣⴰⵏ ⴾⴰⵍⴰⵏ ⵓⴰⵏ ⵏⴰⵙⵉⵏ ⴶⴰⵔⵢⵙⴰⵏ.
English: This temple encases or entombs a former structure called The Temple of the Chac Mool.
Tamasheq: ⵙⵓⵍⵓ ⵓⵢⵏ ⴰⵙⵉⵔⵜⴰⵉ ⵎⵢⵗ ⵓⴷⴰⴷⴰⵗⴰⵗ ⵜⴰⵏⵎⵉⵔⵜⴰⵉⵜ ⵜⴰⵔⵓⵓⴰⵜ ⵙⵉⵜⴰⵓⴰⵏⴰ ⵙⵓⵍⵓ ⵓⴰⵏ ⵛⵂⴰⵛ ⵎⵓⵓⵍ.
English: To the south of the Group of a Thousand Columns is a group of three, smaller, interconnected buildings.
Tamasheq: Ɣⵓⵔ ⵢⵎⴰⵉⵏⴰⴶ ⵓⵏ ⵗⵔⵢⵓⴱⵢ ⵓⴰⵏ ⵎⵉⵍⵍⵢ ⵛⵓⵍⵓⵏⵏⵢⵙ ⵉⵍⴰⵉ ⵜⴰⵎⵙⵓⴷⵓⵜ ⴰⵏ ⴾⴰⵔⴰⴷ ⵂⵉⵏⴰⵏ oⴶⴰⵔⵏⵢⵏ ⵜⴰⵎⵉⴷⵔⵉⵜ, ⴰⵏⵉⵎⴰⵜⴰⴼⵏⵢⵏ ⴶⴰⵔⵢⵙⴰⵏ.
English: A section of the upper façade with a motif of x's and o's is displayed in front of the structure.
Tamasheq: ⵜⴰⵙⵓⵍⵢ ⴰⵏ ⵜⴰⵙⴰⴶⴰ ⵜⴰⵏ ⴰⴼⴰⵍⴰ ⴷⴰⵔ ⴰⵎⵉⴾ ⵓⴰⵏ ⵆⴰⴷ ⵓⴰⵏ o ⵢⵈⴰⵍⴰⵏ ⴰⵉⵣⴶⴰⵔⴰ ⴷⴰⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⵎⵉⵔⵜⴰⵉⵜ.
English: The Temple of Xtoloc is a recently restored temple outside the Osario Platform is.
Tamasheq: ⵙⵓⵍⵓ ⵓⴰⵏ ⵆⵜⵓⵍⵓⴰ ⵢⵈⴰⵍ ⵙⵓⵍⵓ ⴰⵉⵏⴰⵉⴰⵏ ⴰⵎⴰⴷ ⴾⴰⵏⴰⵏ ⴷⴰⵗ ⴰⴶⴰⵎⴰ ⵏⴰⴷⴰⴶ ⵓⴰⵏ Oⵙⴰⵔⵉⵓ.
English: Between the Xtoloc temple and the Osario are several aligned structures: The Platform of Venus, which is similar in design to the structure of the same name next to Kukulkan (El Castillo), the Platform of the Tombs, and a small, round structure that is unnamed.
Tamasheq: ⵗⴰⵔ ⵙⵓⵍⵓ ⵓⴰⵏ ⵆⵜⵓⵍⵓⵛ ⴰⴷ ⵓⵙⴰⵔⵉⵓ ⴰⵂⴰⵏⴰⵜⴰⵏ ⵜⴰⵂⴰⵔⴰⵜⵉⵜⵢⵏ ⴰⵋⵢⵜⵏⵢⵏ ⴰⵏⵉⵍⴾⴰⵏⴻⵏ : ⵏⴰⴷⴰⴶ ⵓⴰⵏ ⴱⵉⵏⵓⵙ, ⴰⵙ ⴰⵂⴰⵏⴰⵉ ⴰⵏⵢⵙ ⵢⵈⴰⵍ ⴰⴷⵉⵙⵉⴾⵜⴰⵏ ⵜⴰⵏⵎⵉⵔⵜⴰⵉ ⵜⵓⵍⴰⵂⴰⵏ ⴷⴰⵙⵉⵎ ⴰⵏ ⵜⴰⵙⴰⴶⴰ ⴷⴰⵗ ⵆⵓⴾⵓⵍⴾⴰⵏ (ⵢI ⵛⴰⵙⵜⵉⵍⵍⵓ), ⵏⴰⴷⴰⴶ ⵓⴰⵏ ⵟⵢⵎⴱⵢⴰⵓⵆ, ⴰⴷ ⵜⴰⵏⵎⵉⵔⵜⴰⵉⵜ ⴰⵏⴷⵉⵔⴰⵜ ⵜⴰⴱⵉⵍⴰⵍⴰⵗⴰⵜ ⵓⵉⵏⴰⵏ ⵜⵉⵍⴰ ⴰⵙⵉⵎ.
English: The Casa Colorada (Spanish for "Red House") is one of the best preserved buildings at Chichen Itza.
Tamasheq: ⵛⴰⵙⴰ ⵛⵓⵍⵓⵔⴰⴷⴰ (ⴷⴰⵗ ⵢⵙⴱⴰⴶⵏⵢⵍ, "ⵢⵂⴰⵏ ⵓⴰ ⵙⵂⴰⴶⴰⴱⴰⵏ") ⵢⵈⴰⵍ ⵂⴰⵔⴰⵜ ⴷⴰⵗ ⵂⵉⵏⴰⵏ ⵓⵉ ⵓⴶⴰⵔⵏⵢⵏ ⵜⴰⵗⵍⵉⴼⵜ ⴰⵏ ⵛⵂⵉⵛⵂⵉⵏ Iⵜⵣⴰ.
English: In 2009, INAH restored a small ball court that adjoined the back wall of the Casa Colorada.
Tamasheq: ⴷⴰⵗ 2009, Iⵏⴰⵂ ⵉⴾⵏⴰ ⵢⴷⴰⴶ ⴰⵏⴷⵉⵔⴰⵏ ⴰⵏ ⵏⴰⴷⴰⵍⴰⵏ ⴰⵏ ⴱⴰⵍⵓ ⵓⵂⴰⵣⴰⵏ ⴰⵗⴰⵍⴰ ⵓⴰⵏ ⵉⵣⴷⴰⵔⴰⵜ ⴰⵏ ⵛⴰⵙⴰ ⵛⵓⵍⵓⵔⴰⴷⴰ.
English: This building's name has been long used by the local Maya, and some authors mention that it was named after a deer painting over stucco that doesn't exist anymore.
Tamasheq: ⴰⵙⵉⵎ ⵓⴰⵏ ⵢⵂⴰⵏ ⵓⵢⵏ ⵢⵈⴰⵍ ⴰⵉⵜⴰⵓⴰⵏⵢⵏ ⵂⴰⵔⵓⴰ ⵉⵢ ⵎⴰⵉⴰⵙ ⵓⴰⵏ ⵏⴰⴾⴰⵍ, ⴰⴷ ⵉⵉⴰⴷ ⴰⵏⵓⵎⴰⵗⴰⵏ ⴰⴶⴰⵏⵢⵏ ⴰⵙ ⵉⵜⴰⵓⴰⵏⵢⵏ ⴷⴰⵔⴰⵜ ⵉⵏⵉ ⵓⴰⵏ ⴰⵢⵔⵜ ⴼⴰⵍ ⵙⵜⵓⴰ ⴰⵙ ⵙⴰⴱⴰⵙ ⵜⴰⵍⴰⵏ.
English: The Spanish named this complex Las Monjas ("The Nuns" or "The Nunnery"), but it was a governmental palace.
Tamasheq: "ⴷⵙⴱⴰⴶⵏⵓⵍⵜⴰⵏ ⵉⴶⴰⵏ ⴰⵙⵉⵎ ⵉⵢ ⵙⵓⵍⵓ ⵍⴰⵙ ⵎⵓⵏⵋⴰⵙ ("ⵏⵓⵏⵏⵢⵜⴰⵏ" ⵎⵢⵗ "ⴰⵙⵉⵜⴰⵉⴰⵏ"), ⵎⴰⵛⴰⵏ ⴰⵉⵢⵈⴰⵍ ⵢⵂⴰⵏ ⴰⵏ ⵏⴰⵎⵓⴾⴰⵍⴰⵏ."
English: These texts frequently mention a ruler by the name of Kʼakʼupakal.
Tamasheq: ⴰⴾⵉⵜⴱⴰⵏ ⵓⴰⵏ ⴶⴰⵏⴰⵏⵢⵏ ⵙⴰⵍⵓⴰⵈ ⴷⴰⴾ ⴰⵏⴰⵎⵓⴾⴰⵍ ⵓⴰⵏ ⵏⴰⵙⵉⵎ ⵆ'ⴰⴾ'ⵓⴷⴰⴾⴰⵍ.
English: It gets its name from the stone spiral staircase inside.
Tamasheq: ⴰⵙⵉⵎ ⴰⵏⵢⵙ ⴰⴷⴰⵔ ⵉⵏⵉⵂⴰⴶⴰ ⴰⵙⴰⴾⴰⵏⴾⵉⵏ ⴰⵏ ⴰⵎⵛⵓⵈⵓⵈⵔⵓ ⴰⵏ ⵜⴰⵂⵓⵏⵜ ⵉⵂⴰⵏ ⴰⵎⴰⵙ.
English: The long, western-facing façade has seven doorways.
Tamasheq: ⵜⴰⵣⵉⴶⵔⵉⵜ ⴰⵏ ⵜⴰⵙⴰⴶ ⵜⴰⵜ ⵉⵏⴰⴷⴰⵛⴼ ⵙⴰⴱⵔⵢⵜ ⵏ ⴰⴶⴰⴷⴰⵍ ⴰⵏ ⵜⴰⴼⵓⴾ ⵜⵉⵍⴰ ⴰⵙⴰ ⴰⵛⴰⵔ.
English: The southern end of the building has one entrance.
Tamasheq: ⴷⴰⵗ ⵙⴰⵎⴰⵏⴷⵓ ⵓⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵢⵂⴰⵏ ⵉⵍⴰ ⵢⵎ.
English: Inside one of the chambers, near the ceiling, is a painted hand print.
Tamasheq: ⴷⴰⵗ ⴰⵎⴰⵙ ⵏⵉⵉⴰⴷ ⴷⴰⵗ ⵂⵉⵏⴰⵏ, ⴷⴰⵗ ⴷⵢⴷⵢⵙ ⵏⴰⴼⴰ, ⵉⵍⴰⵉ ⴰⴷⵔⵉⵛ ⵏⴰⴼⵓⵙ ⵉⴷⵍⴰⴶⴰⵏ.
English: The location of the cave has been well known in modern times.
Tamasheq: ⴷⴷⴰⴶ ⵓⴰ ⵜⴰⵂⴰ ⵜⵢⴾⵔⴰⴾ ⵢⵈⴰⵍ ⴰⵂⵓⵙⴾⵢⵏ ⴰⵜⵉⵓⴰⵣⴰⵉⴰⵏ ⴷⴰⵗ ⴰⵍⵓⴰⵈ ⵓⴰⵏ ⵏⴰⵂⴰⵏⵉⵏ.
English: E. Wyllys Andrews IV also explored the cave in the 1930s.
Tamasheq: ⴷ.ⵓⵉⵍⵍⵉⵙ ⴰⵏⴷⵔⵢⵓⵙ 4 ⵉⵏⵜⴰⴷⴰⵗ ⵉⴾⵉⴰⴷ ⵜⵢⴾⴰⵔⴰⴼⵜ ⴷⴰⵗ ⵓⵉⵜⵉⴰⵏ ⵓⴰⵏ 1930.
English: On 15 September 1959, José Humberto Gómez, a local guide, discovered a false wall in the cave.
Tamasheq: ⴷⴰⵗ 15 ⵙⵓⴱⵜⵢⵎⴱⵔⵢ 1959, ⵋⵓⵙⵉ ⵂⵓⵎⴱⵢⵔⵜⵓ ⵗⵓⵎⵢⵣ, ⵢⵎⴰⵙⴰⴾⴰⵏ ⵏⴰⴾⴰⵍ, ⵉⵏⵂⴰⵉ ⴰⵗⴰⵍⴰ ⵉⴱⵔⴰⵔⴰⵏ ⴷⴰⵗ ⵜⵢⴾⴰⵔⴰⴼⵜ.
English: Even before the book was published, Benjamin Norman and Baron Emanuel von Friedrichsthal traveled to Chichen after meeting Stephens, and both published the results of what they found.
Tamasheq: ⴷⴰⵜ ⴰⵣⵓⴶⵓⵔ ⵉⵎⴰⵏⵢⵙ ⴰⵏ ⴰⵍⴾⵉⵜⴰⴱ, ⴱⵢⵏⵋⴰⵎⵉⵏ ⵎⵏⵓⵔⵎⴰⵏ ⴰⴷ ⴰⵏⴰⵎⵓⴾⴰⵍ ⵢⵎⴰⵏⵓⵢⵍ ⴱⵓⵏ ⴼⵔⵉⵢⴷⵔⵉⵛⵂⵙⵜⵂⴰⵍ ⴰⵍⵎⴰⴷⴰⵏ ⴰⵙ ⵛⵂⵉⵛⵂⵢⵏ ⴷⴰⵔⴰⵜ ⴰⵎⵓⵈⵉⵙ ⴰⵎⴰⵏ ⵙⵜⵢⴱⵂⵢⵏⵙ, ⴰⴷ ⵉⵣⴰⵔ ⴷⴰⴾⵏⴰⵙⴰⵏ ⴼⴰⵍ ⴰⵙⵉⵏ ⴰⵙⵉⴾⵏⴰⵏ ⴰⵓⴰ ⴷⴰⴶⵔⴰⵓⴰⵏ ⴷⴰⵗ ⵓⵎⴰⵗ ⵏⴰⵙⴰⵏ.
English: In 1923, Governor Carrillo Puerto officially opened the highway to Chichen Itza.
Tamasheq: ⵢⴰⵗ 1923, ⵢⵎⴰⵏⴰⵂⴰⴷ ⵛⴰⵔⵔⵉⵍⵍⵢ ⴱⵓⵢⵔⵜⵓ ⵓⵔⴰⵏ ⴷⴰⵗ ⴰⵜⵓⵉⵙⴰⵏ ⵜⴰⴱⴰⵔⴰⵜ ⵜⴰⵏ ⴰⴱⵔⵢⵜ ⵛⵂⵉⵛⵂⵢⵏ Iⵜⵣⴰ.
English: In 1930, the Mayaland Hotel opened, just north of the Hacienda Chichén, which had been taken over by the Carnegie Institution.
Tamasheq: ⴷⴰⵗ 1930, ⵢⵂⴰⵏ ⵓⴰⵏ ⵎⴰⵔⵉⵍⴰⵏⴷ ⵓⵔⴰ ⴰⵎⴰⵓⴰⵏⵢⵙ, ⴷⴰⵗ ⴰⵜⴰⵔⴰⵎ ⵓⴰⵏ ⵂⴰⵛⵉⵢⵏⴷⴰ ⵛⵂⵉⵛⵂⵉⵏ, ⵓⴰ ⵢⵈⴰⵍⴰⵏ ⴰⵛⵉⵏⵛⴰ ⵛⴰⵔⵏⵢⴶⵉⵢ Iⵏⵙⵜⵉⵜⵓⵜⵉⵓⵏ.
English: In 1972, Mexico enacted the Ley Federal Sobre Monumentos y Zonas Arqueológicas, Artísticas e Históricas (Federal Law over Monuments and Archeological, Artistic and Historic Sites) that put all the nation's pre-Columbian monuments, including those at Chichen Itza, under federal ownership.
Tamasheq: ⴷⴰⵗ 1972, ⵎⵢⵆⵉⵈⵓⵢ ⵜⴰⵣⵉⵣⴶⴰⵔ ⵍⵢⵉ ⴼⵢⴷⵢⵔⴰⵍ ⵙⵓⴱⵔⵢ ⵎⵓⵏⵓⵎⵢⵏⵜⵓⵙ ⵉ ⵤⵓⵏⴰⵙ ⴰⵔⵈⵓⵢⵍⵍⵓⴶⵉⵛⴰⵙ, ⴰⵔⵜíⵙⵜⵉⵛⴰⵙ ⵢ ⵂⵉⵙⵜⵓⵔⵉⵛⴰⵙ (ⴰⵛⵉⵔⵉⵗⴰ ⵓⴰⵏ ⵜⴰⵔⵜⵉⵜ ⵜⴰⴱⴰⵔⴰⴷⵢⵏ ⴰⴷ ⵜⴰⵎⵓⵈⵓⵏⵢⵏ ⵜⴰⵏⵓⵔⵓ, ⵎⴰⵏⵣⴰⵔⴰⵏ ⴰⴷ ⴾⴰⵍ ⵜⴰⵏⴼⵓⵙⵢⵏ) ⵉⵂⴰⵏ ⵙⵓⵍⵓⵜⴰⵏ ⵓⴰⵏ ⴷⴰⵜ ⴰⵓⵍⵢⵎⴱⵉⵢⵏⵜⴰⵏ ⵓⴰⵏ ⴰⴾⴰⵍ, ⴷⴰⵗ ⵉⵂⴰ ⵓⴰⵏ ⵛⵂⵉⵛⵂⵢⵏ Iⵜⵣⴰ, ⴷⴰⵓ ⵜⴰⴷⵉⵜ ⵜⴰⵏ ⵜⴰⵔⵜⵉⵜ.
English: Tour guides will also demonstrate a unique the acoustical effect at Chichen Itza: a handclap before the in front of the staircase the El Castillo pyramid will produce by an echo that resembles the chirp of a bird, similar to that of the quetzal as investigated by Declercq.
Tamasheq: ⴰⵎⵉⵣⴰⵔⴰⵏ ⵓⴰⴰⵏ ⵎⵓⵙⵓⴾⴰⵍ ⵜⴰⴶⴰⵏ ⵉⵏⵜⴰⵏⵢⴷⴰⵗ ⴰⵙⵉⴾⵏⵉⵜⴰⵏ ⴰⵏ ⵂⴰⵔⴰⵜ ⵓⴰ ⵙⴰⵎⵓⵜⵓⵉⴰⵏ ⵗⴰⵙ ⴷⴰⵗ ⵛⵂⵉⵛⵂⵢⵏ Iⵜⵣⴰ: ⵜⵉⵓⵉⵜ ⵏⴰⴼⵓⵙ ⴷⴰⵜ ⴰⵙⴰⴾⴰⵏⴾⵉⵏ ⵓⴰⵏ ⵙⵓⵍⵓ ⴰⵏ ⵢⵍ ⵛⴰⵙⵜⵉⵍⵍⵓ ⵉⵜⴰⴾⴰⵙⴰⴷ ⴰⵉⵜⴰⵏⴰⵍⴰⵙⴰⵏ ⵓⵍⴰⵂⴰⵏ ⴰⴷ ⵎⴰⵙⵍⴰⵏ ⴰⵏ ⵏⵉⴶⴷⴰⵜ, ⵓⵍⴰⵂⵏⵢⵏ ⴰⴷ ⵙⵓⵏⴷ ⵓⴰⵏ ⵈⵓⵢⵜⵣⴰⵍ ⴰⵜⵓⴰⵗⵔⴰⵏ ⴰⵙ ⵢⵢⵛⵍⵢⵔⵛⵈ.
English: INAH, which manages the site, has closed a number of monuments to public access.
Tamasheq: ⵏⵏⴰⵂ, ⵉⵏⴰⵉⴰⵏ ⵢⴷⴰⴶ, ⵉⵂⴰⵔ ⵉⴷⴰⴶⴰⵏ ⵉⵉⴰⴷ ⴰⵋⵢⵜⵏⵢⵏ ⵉⵂⵏⴰⵏ ⵉⵢ ⴰⴷⵉⵏⴰⵜ.
English: Originally a project of real estate developer and former New York State Senator William H. Reynolds, the building was constructed by Walter Chrysler, the head of the Chrysler Corporation.
Tamasheq: ⴷⴰⵗ ⵙⴰⵏⵜⵓ ⴰⵏ ⴷⴰⵓⵍⴰ ⵜⴰⵏ ⵎⴰⵂⴰⴾⴰⵏ ⴰⵏ ⵂⵉⵏⴰⵏ ⴰⴷ ⵓⴰⵔⵓⵓⴰⵏ ⴰⵏⴰⵎⵓⴾⴰⵍ ⵓⴰⵏ ⵢⵜⴰⵜ ⵓⴰⵏ ⵏⵢⵓ ⵗⵓⵔⴾ ⵓⵉⵍⵍⵉⴰⵎ ⵂ. ⵔⵢⵉⵏⵓⵍⴷⵙ, ⵢⵂⴰⵏ ⴰⵜⵢⴾⴰⵏⴰⵏ ⵓⴰⵍⵜⵢⵔ ⵛⵂⵔⵉⵙⵍⵢⵔ, ⴰⵏⴰⵎⵓⴾⴰⵍ ⵓⴰⵏ ⵛⵂⵔⵉⵙⵍⵢⵔ ⵛⵓⵔⴱⵓⵔⴰⵜⵉⵓⵏ.
English: An annex was completed in 1952, and the building was sold by the Chrysler family the next year, with numerous subsequent owners.
Tamasheq: ⵜⴰⵙⴰⵏⴰⵜⴰⵜ ⴰⴷⴰⵗ ⵜⴰⵎⵉⵏⴷⴰ 1952, ⴰⴷ ⵢⵂⴰⵏ ⵢⵈⴰⵍ ⴰⵉⵛⴰⵏ ⴼⴰⵍ ⵜⵢⵔⵓⵢ ⵜⴰⵏ ⵛⵂⵔⵉⵙⵍⵢⵔ ⴰⵓⴰⵜⴰⵉ ⵓⴰⵉ ⴰⵍⴾⴰⵎⴰⵏ, ⴷⴰⵔ ⵎⵉⵙⴰⵓⵙⴰⵏ ⴰⵏ ⵂⴰⵔⴰⵜ ⵉⵉⴰⴷ ⴰⵋⵓⵜⵏⵢⵏ.
English: The era was characterized by profound social and technological changes.
Tamasheq: ⴰⵍⵓⴰⵈ ⵉⵍⴰ ⴰⵎⵉⴾⴰⵏ ⴰⵏ ⵜⴰⵎⵓⵜⴰⵉⵢⵏ ⴰⵍⵎⴰⵣⵏⵢⵏ ⴰⵏ ⵜⴰⵔⵜⵉⵜ ⴰⴷ ⵜⵉⵎⵓⵙⵏⴰⵓⵢⵏ.
English: The following year, Chrysler was named Time magazine's "Person of the Year".
Tamasheq: "ⴰⵓⴰⵜⴰⵉ ⵓⴰⴷⵉⵎⴰⵍⴰⵏ, ⵛⵂⵔⵉⵙⵍⵢⵔ ⵢⵈⴰⵍ ⵓⴰ ⴰⴶⵎⴰⴷⴰⵏ ⴷⴰⵗ ⵎⴰⴶⴰⵣⵉⵏⵢ ⵟⵉⵎⵢ ⵙⵓⵏⴷ "ⴰⵓⴰⴷⴰⵎ ⵓⴰⵏ ⴰⵓⴰⵜⴰⵉ".
English: Following the end of World War I, European and American architects came to see simplified design as the epitome of the modern era and Art Deco skyscrapers as symbolizing progress, innovation, and modernity.
Tamasheq: ⴷⴰⵔⴰⵜ ⵙⴰⵎⴰⵏⴷⵓ ⵓⴰⵏ ⵢⴰⵣⴰⵔⴰⵏ ⴰⴾⵉⵏⴰⵙ ⴰⵏ ⵆⴰⵍⴰⵏ ⴷⴰⴾ, ⴰⵎⵓⵙⴰⵏⴰⵏ ⴰⵏ ⵢⵓⵔⴷⵉⵢⵏⵜⴰⵏ ⴰⴷ ⴰⵎⵢⵔⵉⴰⵉⵏⵜⴰⵏ ⴰⵈⴰⵍⴰⵏ ⴰⴷoⵙⴰⵏ ⵉⵢ ⴰⵔⵉⴶⵉⵏ ⴰⵎⵓⴾⴰⵙ ⵓⴰ ⵙⵉⵔⵗⴰⵙⴰⵏ ⵙⵓⵏⴷ ⴰⵙⵓⴶⴱⴰⵔⴰⵏ ⴰⵍⵓⴰⵈ ⵓⴰⵏ ⵜⴰⵎⵓⵙⵏⴰⵓⵢⵏ ⴰⴷ ⵎⴰⴾⵔⴰⴷⴰⵏ-ⴰⵏ ⵛⵉⵏⴰⵓⴰⵏ ⴰⵔⵜ ⵢⵢⵛⵓ ⵙⵓⵏⴷ ⴰⵛⵉⴾⵢⵍ ⵓⴰⵏ ⵉⴾⵉⵏⴰⵙⴷⴰⵜ, ⵜⴰⵎⵓⵜⴰⵉⵢⵏ ⴰⴷ ⵜⴰⵎⵓⵙⵏⴰⵓⵢⵏ.
English: Prior to his involvement in planning the building, Reynolds was best known for developing Coney Island's Dreamland amusement park.
Tamasheq: ⴷⴰⵜ ⵓⴶⵉⵛ ⴰⵏ ⴰⴷⴰⴱⴰⵔⴰⵜⴰⵏ ⵓⴰⵏ ⵏⴰⵂⴰⵏ, ⵜⵢⵉⵏⵓⵍⴷⵙ ⵢⵈⴰⵍ ⵉⵏⵜⴰⴷⴰⵗ ⴰⵜⵉⵓⴰⵣⴰⵉⴰⵏ ⵉⵢ ⵉⴶⵉ ⴰⵏ ⴼⴰⵓⴰⵜ ⴰⵏ ⵜⴰⴷⵎⵉⵔ ⵜⴰⵏ ⵏⴰⵔⴰⴾⴰⴱ ⴰⵏ ⵢⵔⵢⴰⵎⵍⴰⵏⴷ ⵓⴰⵏ ⵛⵓⵏⵢⵉ Iⵙⵍⴰⵏⴷ.
English: In 1927, after several years of delays, Reynolds hired the architect William Van Alen to design a forty-story building there.
Tamasheq: ⴷⴰⵗ 1927, ⴷⴰⵔⴰⵜ ⵢⵍⴰⵏ ⴰⵋⵓⵜⵏⵢⵏ ⴰⵏ ⵜⴰⵂⴰⴶⵉⵜ, ⵔⵢⵉⵏⵓⵍⴷⵙ ⵉⵏⴰ ⵉⵢ ⴰⵎⵓⵙⴰⵏ ⵓⵉⵍⵍⵉⴰⵎ ⴱⴰⵏ ⴰⵍⵢⵏ ⴼⴰⵍ ⵉⴶⵉ ⵙⵓⵍⵓ ⴰⵏ ⴰⴾⵓⵣⴰⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⵉⵔⵓⵢⵏ ⵏⴰⵂⴰⵏ.
English: Van Alen and Severance complemented each other, with Van Alen being an original, imaginative architect and Severance being a shrewd businessperson who handled the firm's finances.
Tamasheq: ⴱⴰⵏ ⴰⵍⵢⵏ ⴰⴷ ⵙⵜⴱⵢⵔⴰⵏⵛⵢ ⵜⴰⵏⵎⵉⵍⴰⵍⴰⵏ, ⴱⴰⵏ ⴰⵍⵢⵏ ⵢⵈⴰⵍ ⴰⵎⵓⵙⴰⵏ ⴰⵜⵉⵓⴰⵣⴰⵉⴰⵏ ⵉⵣⴰⵔ ⵉⵙⴰⵎⴰⴾⵜⴰ ⴰⴷ ⵙⵢⵗⵢⵔⴰⵏⴰⵢ ⴰⵂⴰⵍⵉⵙ ⴰⵏ ⴰⴷⴰⴱⴰⵔⴰⵜⴰⵏ Oⵗⴰⴷⵏⵢⵏ ⴰⵏⵉⵂⴰⴷ ⵉⵢ ⴰⵣⵔⵉⴼ ⵓⴰⵏ ⴷⴰⵓⵍⴰ.
English: The proposal was changed again two weeks later, with official plans for a 63-story building.
Tamasheq: ⵜⴰⵏⴰ ⵜⴰⵈⴰⵍ ⴰⵎⵓⵜⴰⵉⴰⵏ ⴷⴰⵗ ⵜⵉⵉⵏⵉⵉⵢ ⴷⴰⵗ ⴰⵙⵉⵏ ⴰⵙⴰⵜⴰⵏ ⴷⴰⵔⴰⵜ ⴰⵓⴰ, ⴰⴷⴰⴱⴰⵔⴰⵜⴰⵏ ⵂⴰⵏⴰⵉⵏⵢⵏ ⵂⵢⵏⴰ ⴰⵏ 63-ⵉⵂⵉⵏⴰⵏ.
English: The adjacent 56-story Chanin Building was also under construction.
Tamasheq: ⵛⵂⴰⵏⵉⵏ ⴱⵓⵉⵏⴷⵉⵏⴶ ⵓⵂⴰⵣⴰⵏ ⵓⴰⵏ 56 ⵉⵂⵉⵏⴰⵏ ⵢⵈⴰⵍ ⵉⵏⵜⴰⴷⴰⵗ ⴷⴰⵗ ⵜⴰⵎⵓⵈⵓⵏⵜ.
English: These plans were approved in June 1928.
Tamasheq: ⴰⴷⴰⴱⴰⵔⴰⵜⴰⵏ ⴰⴷⴰⵗ ⴰⵜⵓⴰⵙⴰⴾⵏⴰⵏ ⴷⴰⵗ ⵋⵓⵉⵏ 1928.
English: He instead devised an alternate design for the Reynolds Building, which was published in August 1928.
Tamasheq: ⴷⴰⵗ ⵢⴷⴰⴶ, ⵉⴶⴰ ⴷⴰⵓⵍⴰ ⵉⵉⴰⵜ ⴼⴰⵍ ⵉⵢ ⵔⵢⵉⵏⵓⵍⴷⵙ ⴱⵓⵉⵍⴷⵉⵏⴶ, ⵢⵈⴰⵍⴰⵏ ⴰⴷⵉⵣⴶⴰⵔⴰⵏ ⴷⴰⵗ ⴰⵓⵓⵜ 1928
English: A contract was awarded on October 28, and demolition was completed on November 9.
Tamasheq: ⵜⴰⵏⵎⵉⵔⴷⴰⵓ ⵜⴰⵈⴰⵍ ⴰⵜⵓⴰⴼⴰⵏ ⴷⴰⵗ 28 Oⵛⵜⵓⴱⵔⵢ, ⴰⴷ ⵜⵢⵔⴰⵣⵢ ⴰⴷⴰⵗ ⵜⴰⵎⵉⵏⴷⴰ 9 ⵏⵓⴱⵎⴱⵔⵢ.
English: From late 1928 to early 1929, modifications to the design of the dome continued.
Tamasheq: ⴷⴰⵗ ⵙⴰⵎⴰⵏⴷⵓ ⵏⴰⵓⴰⵜⴰⵉ ⵓⴰⵏ 1928 ⴷⴰⵗ ⵙⴰⵏⵜⵓ ⵏⴰⵓⴰⵜⴰⵉ 1929, ⵜⴰⵎⵢⵜⴰⵉⵢⵏ ⴰⵏ ⴰⵎⵉⴾ ⵓⴰⵏ ⴷⵓⵎⵢ ⴰⵏⵉⵍⴾⴰⵏⵢⵏ.
English: Lower down, the design was affected by Walter Chrysler's intention to make the building the Chrysler Corporation's headquarters, and as such, various architectural details were modeled after Chrysler automobile products, such as the hood ornaments of the Plymouth (see ).
Tamasheq: ⴷⴰⵗ ⵉⴷⵢⵔ, ⵜⴰⵏⵎⵉⵏⴰⴾ ⵜⴰⵈⴰⵍ ⴰⵜⵓⴰⵓⴰⵉⴰⵏ ⴼⴰⵍ ⴰⵏⵉⵉⴰⵜ ⵓⴰⵏ ⵓⴰⵍⵜⵢⵔ ⵛⵂⵔⵉⵙⵍⵢⵔ ⵉⵢ ⵉⴶⵉ ⵏⴰⵂⴰⵏ ⵓⴰⵏ ⵜⵉⴷⴰⵓⵜ ⴰⵏ ⵛⵂⵔⵉⵙⵍⵢⵔ ⵛⵓⵔⴱⵓⵔⴰⵜⵉⵓⵏ, ⴰⴷ ⴰⵙⵉⵎ ⵓⵢⵏ, ⴰⵋⵓⵜⵏⵢⵏ ⵜⵉⵎⵓⵜⴰⵉⵢⵏ ⴷⴰⵗ ⵜⴰⵎⵓⵈⵓⵏⵢⵏ ⴰⵈⴰⵍⵏⴰⵜ ⴰⵎⵓⵜⴰⵉⴰⵏ ⴷⴰⵗ ⵍⴰⵍⴰⵏ ⵏⵓⵗⵉⵏ ⵓⴰⵏ ⵛⵂⵔⵉⵙⵍⵢⵔ, ⵙⵓⵏⴷ ⴰⴷⴰⵍⴰⴶⴰⵏ ⵓⴰⵏ ⴰⵜⵉⵓⴰⴷⴶⴰⵍⵏⵢⵏ ⵉⵢ ​ⴱⵍⵉⵎⵓⵓⵜⵂ (ⴰⵏⵂⵉⵉ)
English: Construction of the building proper began on January 21, 1929.
Tamasheq: ⵜⴰⵎⵓⵈⵓⵏⵜ ⵜⴰⵏ ⵢⵂⴰⵏ ⵙⵉⵜⴰⵓⴰⵏ ⴰⵙ ⵜⵉⴷⵉⵜ ⴰⴷⴰⵗ ⵜⴰⵏⵜⴰ 21 ⵋⴰⵏⴱⵉⵢⵔ 1929.