Tamazight-NLP/NLLB-Seed_Tamasheq-Tifinagh-Script huggingface dataset:
English: Globus IMP, electro-mechanical devices including five-inch globes have been used in Soviet and Russian spacecraft from 1961 to 2002 as navigation instruments.
Tamasheq: ⵗⵍⵓⴱⵓⵙ IMP, ⵉⵙⵓⵋ ⵏ ⴻⵍⴻⴾⵜⵔⵓ-ⵎⴻⴾⴰⵏⵉⴾ ⴰⵂⴰⵏ ⵙⴰⵎⵎⵓⵙⴰⵜ ⵜⵉⴾⵓⵉⵜⵜⴰ ⵏ ⴰⵍⵗⵓⵍⴰⵎ ⵜⴰⵏ ⴻⵆⴷⴰⵎ ⵏⴰⵜ ⴷⴰⵗ ⵙoⴱⵉⴻⵜ ⴷ ⵙⴱⴰⵛⴻⵛⵔⴰⴼⵜ ⵓⴰⵏ ⵔⵓⵙⵙⵉⴰ ⵗⵓⵔ ⴰⵓⴰⵜⴰⵉ ⵓⴰⵏ 1961 2002 ⴰⵙ ⴰⵈⵈⴰⵍⴰⵏ ⵉⵎⵓⵜⴰⵋ ⵏ ⴰⵙⵉⴾⵉⵍ ⴼⴰⵍ ⴰⵎⴰⵏ
English: This method of globe making was illustrated in 1802 in an engraving in The English Encyclopedia by George Kearsley .
Tamasheq: ⴰⵗⵉⵏⵏⵉ ⵓⴻⵏ ⵏ ⴶⵍⵓⴱⴻ ⵉⴾⵏⴰ ⵓⴾⵜⴰⴱ ⵜⵉ ⵗⴻⵓⵔⴶⴻ ⵆⴻⴰⵔⵙⵍⴻⵉ ⴷⴰⵗ ⴷⵏⵛⵉⵛⵍⵓⴱⴻⴷⵉⴰ ⵜⴰⵏ ⵟⴰⵏⴶⵉⵍⵉⵙⵜ ⵗⵓⵔ ⴰⵓⴰⵜⴰⵉ ⵓⴰⵏ 1802
English: This is placed in a machine which molds the disk into a hemispherical shape.
Tamasheq: ⴰⵓⴻⵏ ⵉⵏⵙⴰ ⴷⴰⵗ ⵎⴰⵔⵛⵉⵏ ⵜⴰ ⵗⴰⵏⵏⵉⵜ ⴷⵉⵙⴾ ⴷⴰⵗ ⵉⵛⵉⴾⵉⵍ ⵓⴰⵏ ⴰⴾⴰⵍ
English: These globes were “enormous” and very costly.
Tamasheq: ⵗⵍⵓⴱⴻ ⵜⴰⵏ ⵓⵉⵏ ⵉⴾⵏⴰⵏ “ⵜⴰⵎⵗⴰⵔⴻ” ⴷ ⴰⵙⵙⴰⵂⴰⵜ ⵂⵓⵍⵍⴰⵏ
English: The latter has a Soviet bullet hole through Germany.
Tamasheq: ⵓⴰⵏ ⵓⵛⵔⴰⵉ ⵉⵍⴰ ⴰⵍⴾⵓⵔⵔⴰ ⵜⵉⵎⴱⴰⵋⴰⵜ ⵂⴰⵔ ⵗⴻⵔⵎⴰⵏⵉ
English: A great circle, also known as an orthodrome, of a sphere is the intersection of the sphere and a plane that passes through the center point of the sphere.
Tamasheq: ⵜⴰⵋⵉⵍⵉⵍⵓⴰⵉⵜ ⵎⴰⵈⵈoⵔⴰⵜ ⵙ ⵉⵙⵉⵎ ⵏⴻⵜ ⵓⵜⵂⵓⴷⵔⵓⵎⴻ , ⵜⵉⵍⴰⵜ ⴰⵔⵓⵔⵉ ⴻⵈⵈⴰⵍⴰⵏ ⵓⴰⵏ ⵜⴰⵎⵓⵈⵈⴻⵙⵜ ⵏ ⴰⵔⵓⵔⵉ ⴷ ⴰⴱⵉⵓⵏ ⵜⵉⴾⵉⵏⴻⵏ ⴷⴰⵗ ⴰⵎⵎⴰⵙ ⵏ ⵜⵉⵜⴱⴰⵈⴻⵜ ⵜⴰⵏ ⴰⵔⵓⵔⵉⴰⵍⵆⴰⵍⴰⵜ ⵜⴻⵏ ⵏ ⵉⵎⴰⵏ ⵏⴻⵜ ⵏ ⵜⴰⵋⵉⵍⵉⵍⵓⴰⵉⵜ ⵜⴰⵏ ⴰⵔⵓⵔⵉ ⵜⴰⵈⵈⴰⵍ ⴰ ⵉⵎⵍⴰⵍⵍⴰⵉⴰⵏ ⴼⴰⵍ ⵜⴰⵋⵉⵍⵉⵍⵓⴰⵉⵜ ⴰⵏⴷⴰⵔⵔⴰⵜ ⴰⵓⴻⵏ ⴻⴷⴰⴶ ⵏ ⵜⴰⵎⵓⵈⵈⴻⵙⵜ ⵏ ⴰⵔⵓⵔⵉ ⴷ ⴰⴱⵉⵓⵏ ⵓⴰⵔ ⵏ ⵜⵉⴾⵉ ⴷⴰⵗ ⴰⵎⵎⴰⵙ
English: This special case of a circle of a sphere is in opposition to a small circle, that is, the intersection of the sphere and a plane that does not pass through the center.
Tamasheq: ⴰⵍⵆⴰⵍⴰⵜ ⵜⴻⵏ ⵏ ⵉⵎⴰⵏ ⵏⴻⵜ ⵏ ⵜⴰⵋⵉⵍⵉⵍⵓⴰⵉⵜ ⵜⴰⵏ ⴰⵔⵓⵔⵉ ⵜⴰⵈⵈⴰⵍ ⴰ ⵉⵎⵍⴰⵍⵍⴰⵉⴰⵏ ⴼⴰⵍ ⵜⴰⵋⵉⵍⵉⵍⵓⴰⵉⵜ ⴰⵏⴷⴰⵔⵔⴰⵜ ⴰⵓⴻⵏ ⴻⴷⴰⴶ ⵏ ⵜⴰⵎⵓⵈⵈⴻⵙⵜ ⵏ ⴰⵔⵓⵔⵉ ⴷ ⴰⴱⵉⵓⵏ ⵓⴰⵔ ⵏ ⵜⵉⴾⵉ ⴷⴰⵗ ⴰⵎⵎⴰⵙ
English: The exception is a pair of antipodal points, for which there are infinitely many great circles.
Tamasheq: Iⴱⴰⵏ ⵜⵉⵍⴰⵜ ⵜⵉⵎⵓⵙ ⵜⵉⵜⴱⴰⵈⵈⴰ ⵙ ⵜⵉ ⵉⵍⵍⴰⵏⴰⵜ ⵜⵉⵋⵉⵍⵉⵍⵓⴰⵉⴻⵏ ⴰⵋⵋⵓⵜⵏⴻⵏ ⵎⴰⵈⵈⵓⵔⵏⴻⵏ
English: The length of the minor arc of a great circle is taken as the distance between two points on a surface of a sphere in Riemannian geometry where such great circles are called Riemannian circles.
Tamasheq: ⵜⴰⵋⵉⵍⵉⵍⵓⴰⵉⵜ ⵎⴰⵈⵈoⵔⴰⵜ ⵜⴰⵈⵈⴰⵍ ⵓⵋⵋⵉⵋ ⵓⴰ ⵋⵉⵔ ⵙⴰⵏⴰⵜⴰⵜ ⵜⵉⵜⴱⴰⵈⵈⴰ ⴼⴰⵍ ⴰⵔⵓⵔⵉ ⵏ ⴰⴾⴰⵍ ⴷⴰⵗ ⵜⴰⴶⴰⵎⵛⴰⴾ ⵜⴰⵏ ⵔⵉⴻⵎⴰⵏⵏⵉⴰⵏ ⵙ ⵜⵉⵋⵉⵍⵉⵍⵓⴰⵉⴻⵏ ⵜⵉⵏ ⵎⴰⵈⵈⵓⵔⵏⴻⵏ ⵉⵙⵎⴰⵓⴰⵏ ⵏⴰⵙⵏⴰⵜ ⵜⵉⵋⵉⵍⵉⵍⵓⴰⵉⴻⵏ ⵜⵉⵏ ⵔⵉⴻⵎⴰⵏⵏⵉⴰⵏ
English: Another great circle is the one that divides the land and water hemispheres.
Tamasheq: ⵜⴰⵋⵉⵍⵉⵍⵓⴰⵉⵜ ⵉⵉⵉⴰⵜ ⵎⴰⵈⵈⵓⵔⴰⵜ ⵜⴰⵈⵈⴰⵍ ⵜⴰ ⵜⴰⵣⵓⵏⴰⵜ ⵂⴻⵎⵉⵙⵒⵂⴻⵔⴻ ⵜⴰⵏ ⵓⴰⵏ ⴰⴾⴰⵍ ⴷ ⴰⵎⴰⵏ
English: In cartography, a map projection is a way to flatten a globe's surface into a plane in order to make a map.
Tamasheq: ⴻⴰⵗ ⴾⴰⵔⵜⵓⴶⵔⴰⴼⵉ, ⴰⴾⴰⵉⴰⴷ ⵏ ⴾⴰⵔⵜⵉ ⴻⵈⵈⴰⵍ ⴻⴱⴰⵔⵉⴷ ⵉ ⴰⵙⴰⵙⵙⵉⴶⴷⵉ ⵏ ⴰⵔⵓⵔⵉ ⵓⴰⵏ ⴶⵍⵓⴱⴻ ⴷⴰⵗ ⵉ ⵉⵋⵋⵉ ⵏ ⴾⴰⵔⵜⵉ
English: Depending on the purpose of the map, some distortions are acceptable and others are not; therefore, different map projections exist in order to preserve some properties of the sphere-like body at the expense of other properties.
Tamasheq: ⵢⴰⵗ ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵙ ⵏ ⴾⴰⵔⵜⵉ, ⵉⴼⵔⵓⵗⴰⵏ ⵉⵉⵉⴰⴷ ⵉⵍⴰⵏ ⴰⵜⵓⴰⵗⴱⵉⵍ ⵉⵉⵉⴰⴷ ⴾⴰⵍⴰ; ⴰⴷⵉⵛ , ⵉⵙⵓⴾⵏⵉ ⵜⴰⵏ ⵉⵣⵍⴰⵉⵏⴻⵏ ⵏ ⴾⴰⵔⵜⵉ ⵉⵍⵍⴰⵏ ⵜⵉ ⴰⴶ-ⴰⵣ ⵏ ⵜⵉⵍⴰⵜⴻⵏ ⵛⵓⵏⴷ ⵜⵉⵏ ⴰⴾⴰⵍ ⴷⴰⵗ ⵜⵉ ⵉⴰⴷⵏⴻⵏ
English: Projections are a subject of several pure mathematical fields, including differential geometry, projective geometry, and manifolds.
Tamasheq: Iⵙⵓⴾⵏⵉ ⵜⴰⵏ ⴻⵈⵈⴰⵍⴰⵏ ⵛⵓⵏⴷ ⵜⵉⵓⵉⴶⴰⵙⵜ ⵏ ⵎⴰⵜⴻⵎⴰⵜⵉⴾ ⵗⴰⵙ ⴼⵍⴰ ⵉⵋⵋⴰ ⴰⴷⵓⵓⵉⵏⵏⵉ ⴻⵂⴰ ⵜⴰⴶⴰⵎⵛⴰⵗⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵣⵍⴰⵉ, ⵜⴰⴶⴰⵎⵛⴰⵗⵜ ⵏ ⴰⴾⴰⵉⴰⴷ ⴷ ⵜⵉⴶⵓⵔⵙⴰⵉ ⴻⵏ
English: Rather, any mathematical function that transforms coordinates from the curved surface distinctly and smoothly to the plane is a projection.
Tamasheq: ⵜⵉⵜⴱⴰⵈⵈⴻⵜ ⵏ ⵎⴰⵜⴻⵎⴰⵜⵉⴾ ⴼⵓⴾ ⵜⴰ ⵜⵉⵙⵉⵎⵓⵜⵜⵉⵉⴰⵜ ⵛⵓⵓⵔⴷⵉⵏⴰⵜⴻ ⵜⴰⵏ ⴼⴰⵍ ⴰⵔⵓⵔⵉ ⵉⴼⵔⴰⵗⴰⵏ ⵓⴰⵔ ⵏ ⵓⵍⴰ ⴷ ⵙⵓⵍⵍⴰⵏ ⵙ ⴰⴱⵉⵓⵏ ⴻⵈⵈⴰⵍ ⴰⵙⵓⴾⵏⵉ
English: The Earth and other large celestial bodies are generally better modeled as oblate spheroids, whereas small objects such as asteroids often have irregular shapes.
Tamasheq: ⴰⵎⴰⴷⴰⵍ ⴷ ⵜⵉⵗⵉⵙⵓⴻⵏ ⵏ ⵉⵛⵉⵏⵏⴰⵓⴰⵏ ⵎⴰⵈⵈⵓⵔⵏⴻⵏ ⵉⴾⵏⴰⵏⴰⵜ ⵓⵗⵏⴰ ⵛⵓⵏⴷ ⵓⴱⵍⴰⵜⴻ ⵙⴱⵂⴻⵔⵓⵉⴷ ⵜⴰⵏ ⴰⵙ ⵉⵋⵋⴰ ⴰⵓⴻⵏ ⵂⴰⵔⴰⵜⴰⵏ ⴼⵓⴾ ⵓⵉ ⵎⴰⴷⵔⵓⵉⵏⴻⵏ ⵛⵓⵏⴷ ⴰⵙⵜⴻⵔⵓⵉⴷ ⵜⴰⵏ ⵉⵍⴰⵏ ⴰⵍⵓⴰⵈⵈⴰⵏ ⵉⵉⵉⴰⵏ ⴻⵔⴾ ⵉⵛⵛⵉⴾⵉⵍ
English: Because the curved Earth's surface is not isometric to a plane, preservation of shapes inevitably leads to a variable scale and, consequently, non-proportional presentation of areas.
Tamasheq: ⴼⴰⵍ ⴰⵙ ⴰⵔⵓⵔⵉ ⵏ ⴰⵎⴷⴰⵍ ⵉⴾⵔⴰⵎⴱⴰⵉ ⵓⴰⵔ ⴻⵈⵈⴻⵍ ⴰ ⵓⴶⴷⴰⵂⴰⵏ ⵉⴷ ⴰⴱⵉⵓⵏ , ⴰⵗⴰⵍⴰⵙ ⵏ ⵉⵛⵛⵉⴾⵉⵍⴰⵏ ⵉⵜⵉⵓⵉ ⵙ ⴻⵙⴰⵙⵙⴰⵔ ⵉⵣⵍⴰⵉⴰⵏ ⴷ ⴰⵗⴰⵍⴰⵙ ⵓⴰⵔ ⵏ ⵓⴶⴷⴰⵂ ⵉ ⵉⴷⴰⴶⴰⵏ
English: The purpose of the map determines which projection should form the base for the map.
Tamasheq: ⴰIⵜⵜⵓⵙ ⵏ ⴾⴰⵔⵜⵉ ⵉⵙⴰⵍⵎⴰⴷ ⵉⵛⵛⵉⴾⵉⵍ ⵏ ⴰⴾⴰⴰⵉⴰⴷ ⴰⵙ ⵉⵏⵂⴰⵋⵋⴰ ⴰⴷ ⴻⵈⵈⵉⵍ ⵜⴰⵏⵉⵜⵜⴰⵓⵜ ⵉ ⴾⴰⵔⵜⵉ
English: Data sets are geographic information; their collection depends on the chosen datum (model) of the Earth.
Tamasheq: Iⵙⵓⴶ ⵏ ⴹⴰⵜⴰ ⴰⵈⵈⴰⵍⴰⵏ ⵉⵙⴰⵍⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵋⵓⴶⵔⴰⴼⵉⴰ ; ⴰⵙⵉⴷⵓ ⵏⴰⵙⴰⵏ ⵉⵍⴾⴰⵎ ⵉ ⴷⴰⵜⵓⵎ ⵏ ⴰⵎⴰⴷⴰⵍ ⵓⴰ ⵉⵏⵏⵓⴼⵔⴰⵏⴰⵏ
English: Like Tissot's indicatrix, the Goldberg-Gott indicatrix is based on infinitesimals, and depicts flexion and skewness (bending and lopsidedness) distortions.
Tamasheq: ⵛⵓⵏⴷ ⵟⵉⵙⵙⵓⵜ’ⵙ Iⵏⴷⵉⵛⴰⵜⵔⵉⵆ, ⵗⵓⵍⴷⴱⴻⵔⴶ-ⵗⵓⵜⵜ Iⵏⴷⵉⵛⴰⵜⵔⵉⵆ ⵉⵋⵋⴰ ⴼⴰⵍ ⵉⵏⴼⵉⵏⵉⵜⴻⵙⵉⵎⴰⵍⵙ ⴷ ⴰⴷⴰⵍⵓⵋ ⵏ ⴰⴾⵔⴰⵎⴱⵉ ⴷ ⵉⴱⴰⵏ ⵜⵉⴶⴷⴰⵂⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵓⵣⴰⵏⵜ ( ⴰⴾⵔⴰⵎⴱⵉ ⴷ ⴰⵏⴰⵎⵉⵋⴰⵔ ) ⵉⴾⵔⴰⵎⴱⵉⵉⴰⵏ
English: Sometimes spherical triangles are used.
Tamasheq: ⴰⵍⵓⴰⵈⵈⴰⵏ ⵉⵉⵉⴰⴷ ⵜⴻⴶⴰⵎⵛⴰⴾⴻⵏ ⵉⵋⵋⴰⵏⴻⵏ ⵉⵛⵛⵉⴾⵉⵍ ⵏ ⴰⴾⴰⵍ ⴰ ⴰⵆⴷⴰⵎⵏⴻⵏ
English: Another way to visualize local distortion is through grayscale or color gradations whose shade represents the magnitude of the angular deformation or areal inflation.
Tamasheq: Iⵎⵎⵉⴾ ⵉⵉⵉⴰⵏ ⵉ ⴰⴾⴰⵉⴰⴷ ⴰⴾⵔⴰⵎⴱⵉ ⵓⴰⵔ ⵉ ⵜⵉⵋ ⴰⵔ ⵙ ⴶⵔⴰⵉⵙⵛⴰⵍⴻ ⵎⴻⴶⵂ ⵉⵙⵓⴼⵜⴰⵏ ⵏ ⴷⵓⵎⵓ ⵜⴰⵏ ⵙ ⵜⴻⵍⴰⵉ ⵏⴰⵙⴰⵏ ⵜⴰⵂⴰ ⴻⴷⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵜⴰⵂⵔⵉⴾⴻ ⵏ ⴰⵎⴾⵔⴰⵎⴱⵉ ⵏ ⵜⴰⵙⴰⵋⵋⴰ ⵎⴻⵗ ⵜⵉⵓ-ⴰⵜ ⵙ ⵜⵉⴷⵉⵜⵜ
English: Because the Earth's actual shape is irregular, information is lost in this step.
Tamasheq: ⴼⴰⵍ ⴰⵙ ⴷⵓⵎⵓ ⵓⴰⵏ ⴰⵎⴰⴷⴰⵍ ⵓⴰⵔ ⵉⵣⵣⵓⴾⴰⵜ , ⵉⵙⴰⵍⴰⵏ ⵜⵉⵙⵓⴶⵉⵍⴰⵏ ⴷⴰⵗ ⵜⵉⴾⴾⴻⵍⵜ ⴻⵏ ⴷⴰⵗ
English: To compare, one cannot flatten an orange peel without tearing and warping it.)
Tamasheq: ⵓⴰⵔ ⴰⴷⴷⵓⴱⴰⵜ ⴰⵓⴰⴷⵉⵎ ⴰⵙⵉⴶⴷⴰⵂ ⵏ ⵂⴰⵔⴰⵜ ⵓⵉⵔ ⴷⴰⵗ ⵉⴾⵉⴻⴷ ⴷⵉⵂⴻⵏ ⵉⵙⴰⵎⵎⴰⵙⵓⵍⵗⵉⵍⵜ)
English: Tangent means the surface touches but does not slice through the globe; secant means the surface does slice through the globe.
Tamasheq: ⴰ ⴼⴰⵍ ⵉⵉⴰⴾⴰ ⵜⴰⵏ ⵓⵉⵏ ⴰⵈⵈⴰⵍⴰⵏ ⴰⵏⵉⵎⴰⵍⵍⴰⵍ ⵏⴰⵜ ⴷⴰⵗ ⵜⴰⵂⵔⵉⴾⴻ ⵛⵓⵏⴷ ⵛⵓⵏⵉⵛⴰⵍ ⴱⵔⵓⵋⴻⵛⵜⵉⵓⵏⵙ, ⵉⵙⵉⵎ ⵏⴻⵜ ⴰⵏⵎⵉⵍⵍⴰⵍ ⵓⴰⵔ ⵏ ⴰⴾⵔⴰⵎⴱⴰⵉ
English: If these lines are a parallel of latitude, as in conical projections, it is called a standard parallel.
Tamasheq: ⴰⴼⴰⵍ ⵉⵉⴰⴾⴰ ⵜⴰⵏ ⵓⵉⵏ ⴰⵈⵈⴰⵍⴰⵏ ⴰⵏⵉⵎⴰⵍⵍⴰⵍ ⵏⴰⵜ ⴷⴰⵗ ⵜⴰⵂⵔⵉⴾⴻ ⵛⵓⵏⴷ ⵛⵓⵏⵉⵛⴰⵍ ⴱⵔⵓⵋⴻⵛⵜⵉⵓⵏⵙ, ⵉⵙⵉⵎ ⵏⴻⵜ ⴰⵏⵎⵉⵍⵍⴰⵍ ⵓⴰⵔ ⵏ ⴰⴾⵔⴰⵎⴱⴰⵉ
English: This applies for any cylindrical or pseudocylindrical projection in normal aspect.
Tamasheq: ⴰⵓⴻⵏ ⵉⵋⵋⴰ ⵉ ⴰⴾⴰⵉⴰⴷ ⵏ ⵙⵉⵍⵉⵏⴷⵉⵔ ⵎⴻⵗ ⴱⵙⴻⵓⴷⵓⵛⵉⵍⵉⵏⴷⵔⵉⵛⴰⵍ ⴷⴰⵗ ⴰⵛⵔⵓⵜ
English: Scale is constant along all straight lines radiating from a particular geographic location.
Tamasheq: ⴰⵙⵓⵋ ⴻⵈⵈⴰⵍ ⴰ ⵉⵍⴰⵏ ⵉⵉⴰⴾ ⵜⴰⵏ ⵓⴰⵔ ⵏ ⵜⵉⵎⵓⵜⵜⵉ ⴷⴰⵗ ⴻⴷⴰⴶ ⵏ ⵋⵓⴶⵔⴰⴼⵉⴰ
English: Whether spherical or ellipsoidal, the principles discussed hold without loss of generality.
Tamasheq: ⵋⵉⵔ ⵗⴰⵙ ⵏ ⴰⴾⴰⵍ ⵓⴰⵍⴰ ⵏ ⴻⵍⵍⵉⴱⵙoⵉⴷ, ⵉⵛⵛⵉⵔⵉⵜⴰⵏ ⴼⴰⵍ ⵉⵋⵋⴰ ⵎⴰⵋⵔⴰⴷ ⴷⴰⵗ ⴰⵙ ⵓⴰⵔ ⵜⴰⵙⵙⵓⵋⴰⵍ ⴰⵓⴰ ⵉⴷⵓⵜⵜⴻⵏ
English: The ellipsoidal model is commonly used to construct topographic maps and for other large- and medium-scale maps that need to accurately depict the land surface.
Tamasheq: ⵉⵔ ⵗⴰⵙ ⵏ ⴰⴾⴰⵍ ⵓⴰⵍⴰ ⵏ ⴻⵍⵍⵉⴱⵙⵓⵉⴷ, ⵉⵛⵛⵉⵔⵉⵜⴰⵏ ⴼⴰⵍ ⵉⵋⵋⴰ ⵎⴰⵋⵔⴰⴷ ⴷⴰⵗ ⴰⵙ ⵓⴰⵔ ⵜⴰⵙⵙⵓⵋⴰⵍ ⴰⵓⴰ ⵉⴷⵓⵜⵜⴻⵏ
English: Compared to the best fitting ellipsoid, a geoidal model would change the characterization of important properties such as distance, conformality and equivalence.
Tamasheq: ⴻⴰⵗ ⴰⵙⵉⴶⴷⴰⵂ ⵏⴻⵜ ⵉⴷ ⴻⵍⵍⵉⴱⵙⵓⵉⴷ ⵓⴰ ⵉⵍⴰⵏ ⵉⵋⵓⵛ ⵓⴰ ⵓⴼⴰⵏ,ⵉⵛⵛⵉⴾⵉⵍ ⵏ ⴶⴻⵓⵉⴷ ⵉⵜⵉⵎⵓⵜⵜⵉ ⴷⴰⵗ ⵙⴰⵎⴰⵍⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵉⵍⴰⵜⴻⵏ ⵛⵓⵏⴷ ⵓⵋⵉⵋ ,ⴰⵈⵈⴰⴷ ⴷ ⵜⵉⵍⴰⵜ
English: For irregular planetary bodies such as asteroids, however, sometimes models analogous to the geoid are used to project maps from.
Tamasheq: ⵜⵉⵗⵉⵙⵓⴻⵏ ⴼⴰⵍ ⴰⴾⴰⵍ ⵓⴰⵔ ⵏ ⴰⵣⵣⵓⴾⴾⴰⵜ ⵛⵓⵏⴷ ⴰⵙⵜⴻⵔⵓⵉⴷ ⵜⴰⵏ, ⵂⴰⴾ ⵉⴷ ⵉⵋⵋⴰ ⴰⵓⴻⵏ, ⴰⵍⵓⴰⵈⵈⴰⵏ ⵉⵉⵉⴰⴷ ⵉⵛⵛⵉⴾⵉⵍⴰⵏ ⵓⵍⴰⵂⵏⴻⵏ ⵉⴷ ⴶⴻⵓⵉⴷ ⵜⴰⵓⴰⵆⴷⴰⵎⴰⵏ ⵉ ⴰⵙⵓⴾⵏⵉ ⵏ ⴾⴰⵔⵜⵉ ⵜⴰⵏ
English: The projections are described in terms of placing a gigantic surface in contact with the Earth, followed by an implied scaling operation.
Tamasheq: Iⵙⵓⴾⵏⵉ ⵜⴰⵏ ⵉⴼⴼⵉⵙⴰⵔⴰⵏ ⴷⴰⵗ ⴰⵙⵉⴷⵉⵙ ⵏ ⴰⵔⵓⵔⵉ ⵎⴰⵈⵈⵓⵔⴰⵏ ⴰⵍ ⴰⵎⴰⴷⴰⵍ ⵙ ⵜⵉⵍⴾⴰⵎ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵛⵗⵓⵍⵜ ⵏ ⴰⵙⵓⵋ
English: Where the light source emanates along the line described in this last constraint is what yields the differences between the various "natural" cylindrical projections.
Tamasheq: “ⴰⴷⴰⴶ ⵓⴰ ⵉⴷ ⵉⴼⴰⵍ ⴻⴼⴻⵓ ⴷⴰⵗ ⴻⴷⴻⵙ ⵏ ⵉⵉⴰⴾⴰ ⵉⴾⵜⴰⴱⴰⵏ ⴷⴰⵗ ⵜⵙⵉⴱⴷⴰⵜ ⵜⴰⵏ ⴷⴰⵔⴰⵜ ⴰⵓⴰ ⵉⴷ ⵉⵜ ⵉⵔⵓⵓⴰⵏ ⵓⵣⵍⴰⵉⴰⵏ ⵋⵉⵔ ⵉⵙⵓⴾⵏⵉ ⵜⴰⵏ ⵉⵋⵋⴰⵏ ⵉⴶⵉⵎⵛⴰⵜⵏⴻⵏ”
English: This cylinder is wrapped around the Earth, projected onto, and then unrolled.
Tamasheq: ⵙⵉⵍⵉⵏⴷⵉⵔ ⵓⴻⵏ ⵉⵍⵙⴰ ⴰⵎⴰⴷⴰⵍ , ⵉⵜ ⴰⵓ ⴰⴾⴰⵉⴰⴷ ⴼⴰⵍ ⴰⵜ ⴷⵉⵂⴻⵏ ⴰⵎⵎⴻⵔⴰ
English: North-south distances neither stretched nor compressed (1): equirectangular projection or "plate carrée".
Tamasheq: “ⵓⵋⵉⵋⴰⵏ ⵓⵉⵏ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵙⵏⴰ-ⴷⴰⵗ-ⴰⴶⴰⵍⴰ ⴾⴰⵍⴰ ⵓⴰⵔ ⴰⵏⵏⴰⵔⴾⴰⴱⴰⵏ ⵓⴰⵍⴰ ⵉⵙⴻⵙⴰⵏ (1) ⴰⴾⴰⵉⴰⴷ ⵓⴶⴷⴰⵂⴰⵏ ⵎⴻⵗ ““ⴱⵍⴰⵜⴻ ⵛⴰⵔⴻⴻ””
English: Since this projection scales north-south distances by the reciprocal of east-west stretching, it preserves area at the expense of shapes.
Tamasheq: ⴰ ⵉⵋⵋⴰⵏ ⵉⵙⵓⵋ ⵓⵉⵏ ⴰⴾⴰⵉⴰⴷ ⵓⴻⵏ ⵓⵋⵉⵋⴰⵏ ⵓⵉⵏ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵙⵏⴰ-ⴷⴰⵗ-ⴰⴶⴰⵍⴰ ⵏ ⴰⵏⵉⵔⴾⴰⴱ ⵓⴰⵏ ⴰⵍⵈⵉⴱⵍⴰⵜ-ⴷⴰⵗ-ⴰⵜⴰⵔⴰⵎ , ⴻⵗⴰⵍⵍⴰⵙ ⴻⴷⴰⴶ ⴷⴰⵗ ⵉⵛⵛⵉⴾⵉⵍⴰⵏ
English: Other meridians are longer than the central meridian and bow outward, away from the central meridian.
Tamasheq: ⵎⴻⵔⵉⴷⵉⴰⵏ ⵜⴰⵏ ⵉⵉⵉⴰⴷ ⵓⵋⵋⴰⵔⴰⵏ ⵎⴻⵔⵉⴷⵉⴰⵏ ⵓⴰⵏ ⴰⵎⵎⴰⵙ ⵜoⵍⴰⵙ ⵉⵛⵛⵉⵋⴰⵏ ⵙ ⴰⵋⵋⴰⵎⴰ ⴷⴰⵗ ⵓⵋⵉⵋ ⵏ ⵎⴻⵔⴷⵉⴰⵉⵏ ⵓⴰⵏ ⴰⵎⵎⴰⵙ
English: Therefore, meridians are equally spaced along a given parallel.
Tamasheq: ⴰⴷⵉⵛ ⵎⴻⵔⴷⵉⴰⵏ ⵜⴰⵏ ⵓⴶⴷⴰⵂⴰⵏ ⵉⴷⴰⴶⴰⵏ ⴷⴰⵗ ⴰⵏⵎⵉⵍⵍⴰⵍ ⵉⵋⵋⴰⵏ
English: The resulting conic map has low distortion in scale, shape, and area near those standard parallels.
Tamasheq: ⵆⴰⵔⵜⵉ ⴾⵓⵏⵉⵛ ⵜⴰ ⵉⴷ ⵜⵉⵣⵋⴰⵔⴰⵜ ⴻⵂⴻⵜ ⴰⴼⵔⵓⵗ ⴰⵏⴷⴰⵔⵔⴰⵏ ⴷⴰⵗ ⴰⵙⵓⵋ,ⵉⵛⵛⵉⴾⵉⵍ ⴷ ⴻⴷⴰⴶ ⴻⵂⴰⵏ ⴻⴷⴻⵙ ⵏ ⴰⵏⵎⵉⵍⵍⴰⵍⴰⵏ ⵓⵉⵏ
English: Can be constructed from a point of perspective an infinite distance from the tangent point; r(d) = c sin .
Tamasheq: ⴰⴷⴷⵓⴱⴰⵜ ⴻⴷⴻⵉ ⴷⴰⵗ ⴰⴾⴰⵉⴰⴷ ⵓⵋⵋⵉⵋⴰⵏ ⴰⵏⴷⴰⵔⴰⵏ ⴷⴰⵗ ⵜⵉⵜⴱⴰⵈⵈⴻⵜ ⵜⴰⵏ ⵜⵉⵛⵛⵉⵋⵔⵉⵜ, ⵔ (ⴷ)= ⵛ ⵙⵉⵏ
English: Near-sided perspective projection, which simulates the view from space at a finite distance and therefore shows less than a full hemisphere, such as used in The Blue Marble 2012).
Tamasheq: ⴰⴾⴰⵉⴰⴷ ⵏ ⵜⴰⵙⴰⵋⴰ ⴻⴷⴻⵙ ⵉⵙⴾⴱⴰⵔⴰⵏ ⴰⴾⴰⵉⴰⴷ ⴷⴰⵗ ⵉⵛⵉⵏⵏⴰⵓⴰⵏ ⵙ ⴻⴷⴰⴶ ⵓⵋⵉⵋⴰⵏ ⴷⴰⵗ ⴰⵓⴻⵏ ⵉⵙⵙⵉⴾⵏⴰ ⴰ ⵉⴷ oⵔⴰⴾⴰⵏ ⵉ ⵂⴻⵎⵉⵙⴱⵂⴻⵔⴻ ⵉⵎⴷⴰⵏ ⵛⵓⵏⴷ ⵓⴰ ⵉⵋⵋⴰⵏ ⴷⴰⵗ ⴱⵍⵓⴻ ⵎⴰⵔⴱⵍⴻ 2012)
English: The special point or points may get stretched into a line or curve segment when projected.
Tamasheq: ⵜⵉⵜⴱⴰⵈⵈⴻⵜ ⵏ ⵉⵎⴰⵏ ⵏⴻⵜ ⵎⴻⵗ ⵜⵉⵜⴱⴰⵈⵈⴰ ⴰⴷⴷoⴱⴰⵜ ⵏⴰⵜ ⴰⵏⴰⵔⴾⵉⴱ ⵙ ⵉⵉⴰⴾⴰ ⵎⴻⵗ ⴰⵙⵓⵋ ⵉⴾⵔⴰⵎⴱⴰⵉⴰⵏ ⴰⵍⵓⴰⵈ ⵓⴰ ⵉⴷ ⵉⵜⵉⵓⴰⵙⴰⴾⵉⵏ
English: Azimuthal equidistant: Distances from the center and edge are preserved.
Tamasheq: ⵟⵉⴶⴷⴰⵂⵜ ⵏ ⴰⵣⵉⵎⵓⵜⵂ: ⵓⵋⵉⵋⴰⵏ ⵗⵓⵔ ⴰⵎⵎⴰⵙ ⴷ ⵉⵙⵉⴾ ⴰⵗⵍⴰⵙⴰⵏ
English: Thus, many projections exist to serve the many uses of maps and their vast range of scales.
Tamasheq: ⴷⴰⵗ ⴰⵓⴻⵏ ⵉⵙⵓⴾⵏⵉ ⵜⴰⵏ ⴰⵋⵋⵓⵜⵏⴻⵏ ⵉⵍⵍⴰⵏ ⵜⵉ ⵉ ⴰⴷ ⵉⴷⵂⵉⵍⴰⵏ ⴷⴰⵗ ⵜⵉⵎⴰⵛⵗⵓⵍⴻⵏ ⴰⵋⵋⵓⵜⴻⵏ ⵏ ⴾⴰⵔⵜⵉ ⵜⴰⵏ ⴷ ⴻⵙⴰⵙⵙⴰⵔ ⵂⴰⵔⵉⴾⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵉⵙⵓⵋ ⵜⴰⵏ
English: Reference maps of the world often appear on compromise projections.
Tamasheq: ⵆⴰⵔⵜⵉ ⵜⴰⵏ ⵜⵉ ⴼⴰⵍ ⵉⵋⵍⴰ ⴰⵍⵗⴰⵍⵉⵎ ⴰⵍⵓⴰⵈⵈⴰⵏ ⵉⵉⵉⴰⴷ ⵣⴰⵋⵋⴰⵔ ⵏⴰⵜ ⵉⴷ ⴼⴰⵍ ⵉⵙⵓⴾⵏⵉ ⵜⴰⵏ ⵎⵉⵆⴰⵍⵆⴰⵍⵏⴻⵏ
English: The Mercator projection is a cylindrical map projection presented by Flemish geographer and cartographer Gerardus Mercator in 1569.
Tamasheq: ⴰⵙⵓⴾⵏⵉ ⵓⴰⵏ ⵎⴻⵔⵛⴰⵜoⵔ ⴻⵈⵈⴰⵍ ⴰⵙⵓⴾⵉⵏ ⵏ ⴾⴰⵔⵜⵉ ⵓⵍⴰⵂⴰⵏ ⵉⴷ ⵙⵉⵍⵉⵏⴷⵉⵔ ⵉⵙⵙⵉⴾⵉⴰⴷ ⴼⵍⴻⵎⵉⵙⵂ ⵓⴰⵏ ⴰⵓ ⵋⵓⴶⵔⴰⴼⵉⴰ ⴷ ⴰⵓ ⴾⴰⵔⵜⵉ ⵜⴰⵏ ⵗⴻⵔⴰⵔⴷⵓⵙ ⵎⴻⵔⵛⴰⵜⵓⵔ ⴷⴰⵗ ⴰⵓⴰⵜⴰⵉ ⵓⴰⵏ 1569.
English: As a side effect, the Mercator projection inflates the size of objects away from the equator.
Tamasheq: ⵛⵓⵏⴷ ⴰⵓⴰ ⵉⴾⵎⴰ, ⴰⵙⵓⴾⵏⵉ ⵓⴰⵏ ⵎⴻⵔⵛⴰⵜⵓⵔ ⵉⵙⵙⴻⵓⴰⴷ ⵉⵉⵋⵉⵜ ⵏ ⵂⴰⵔⴰⵜⴰⵏ ⴷⴰⵗ ⵓⵋⵋⵉⵋ ⵏ ⴻⵈⵓⴰⵜⵓⵔ
English: However, given the geometry of a sundial, these maps may well have been based on the similar central cylindrical projection, a limiting case of the gnomonic projection, which is the basis for a sundial.
Tamasheq: ⵗⴰⴾ ⵉⴷ ⵉⵋⵋⴰ ⴰⵓⴻⵏ, ⴰⴾⴰⵉⴰⴷ ⵏ ⵜⴰⴶⴰⵎⵛⴰⴾⵜ ⵜⴰⵏ ⵙⵓⵏⴷⵉⴰⵍ, ⴾⴰⵔⵜⵉ ⵜⴰⵏ ⵜⵉⵏ ⴰⴷⴷⵓⴱⴰⵜ ⴰⵙ ⵉⴷⴰⵉ ⵏⴰⵜ ⴼⴰⵍ ⴰⵙⵓⴾⵏⵉ ⵏ ⵉⵋⴰⵏ ⵉⵎⵎⵉⴾ ⵏ ⵙⵉⵍⵉⵏⴷⵉⵔ oⵍⴰⵂⴰⵏ, ⵜⴰⵣⴰⵣⵣⴾⵓⵜ ⵏ ⴰⵙⵓⴾⵏⵉ ⵓⴰⵏ ⴶⵏⵓⵎⵓⵏⵉⵛ ⴻⵈⵈⴰⵍⴰⵏ ⵜⴰⵙⴻⴷⵉⵜ ⵜⴰⵏ ⵙⵓⴷⵉⴰⵍ
English: However, this was a simple, and common, case of misidentification.
Tamasheq: ⵂⴰⴾ ⵉⵋⵋⴰ ⴰⵓⴻⵏ, ⴰⵓⴻⵏ ⴻⵈⵈⴰⵍ ⴻⵔⴾ ⴰⵋⴰⵎⵓⵍ ⵔⴰⵈⵈⵉⵙⴰⵏ ⵜⵓⵍⴰⵙ ⴰⵙⵙⵉⵔⵜⴰⵉⴰⵏ
English: Mercator titled the map : "A new and augmented description of Earth corrected for the use of sailors".
Tamasheq: “” ⴻⵔⵛⴰⵜⵓⵔ ⵉⵋⵋⴰ ⴾⴰⵔⵜⵉ “” ⴰⴼⵉⵙⵙⴰⵔ ⴻⵉⵏⴰⵉⴰⵏ ⵜⵓⵍⴰⵙ ⵉⵓⵉⴷⴰⵏ ⵏ ⴰⵎⴰⴷⴰⵍ ⵉⴾⵏⴰⵏ ⵉ ⴰⵍⵆⵉⴷⵎⴰⵜ ⵜⴰⵏ ⵉⵎⴰⵙⵙⵓⴾⴰⵍ ⵓⵉⵏ ⴰⵎⴰⵏ”””
English: Various hypotheses have been tendered over the years, but in any case Mercator's friendship with Pedro Nunes and his access to the loxodromic tables Nunes created likely aided his efforts.
Tamasheq: ⵎⵉⵔⴷⴰ ⵜⴰⵏ ⴰⵋⵋⵓⵜⵏⴻⵏ ⵉⵋⵋⴰⵏ ⴷⴰⵗ ⵉⵓⵉⵜⵉⴰⵏ ⵎⵓⵛⴰⵎ ⵜⴰⵎⵎⵉⴷⵓⵓⴰ ⵜⴰⵏ ⵎⴻⵔⵛⴰⵜⵓⵔ ⵉⴷ ⴱⴻⴷⵔⵓ ⵏⵓⵏⴻⵙ ⴷ ⵜⵓⵔⵂⴰⵋⵋⴰⵜ ⵜⴰ ⵉⵋⵋⵔⴰⵓ ⵙ ⵜⴰⴱⴻⵍ ⵜⴰⵏ ⵍⵓⵆⵓⴷⵔⵓⵎⵉⵛ ⵉⴷ ⴻⵗⵏⴰ ⵏⵓⵏⴻⵙ ⵉⴷⴰⵂⴰⵍⴰⵏ ⵜⵉ ⴷⴰⵗ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵛⵗⵓⵍⴻⵏ ⵏⴻⵜ
English: However, the mathematics involved were developed but never published by mathematician Thomas Harriot starting around 1589.
Tamasheq: ⵂⴰⴾ ⵉⴷ ⵉⵋⵋⴰ ⴰⵓⴻⵏ, ⵎⴰⵜⴻⵎⴰⵜⵉⴾⵙ ⵜⵉ ⴰⵂⴰⵏⴻⵏ ⴻⴼⴻⵙ ⵏⴰⵙⵏⵂⵜ ⵉⵋⵋⴰ ⵎⵓⵛⴰⵎ ⴾⴰⵍⴰ ⵓⴰⵔ ⵜⵉ ⵉⵣⵉⵣⵋⴰⵔ ⵎⴰⵜⴻⵎⴰⵜⵉⵙⵉⴻⵏ ⵟⵂoⵎⴰⵙ ⵂⴰⵔⵔⵉⵓ ⵉⵙⵙⵉⵏⵜⴰⵏ ⴻⴷⴻⵙ ⵏ ⴰⵓⴰⵜⴰⵉ ⵓⴰⵏ 1589
English: Two main problems prevented its immediate application: the impossibility of determining the longitude at sea with adequate accuracy and the fact that magnetic directions, instead of geographical directions, were used in navigation.
Tamasheq: Iⵙⵙⵉⵏ ⵎⵓⵛⴾⵉⵍⴰ ⵜⴰⵏ ⵉⴶⴷⴰⵍⴰⵏ ⴰⵙⵙⴰⵆⴷⵉⵎ ⵏⴻⵜ ⴷⴰⵗ ⴰⵔⵎⵓⴷ: Iⴱⴰⵏ ⵜⵓⴷⴰⴱⴰⵜ ⵏ ⵎⵓⵙⵏⴰⵜ ⵏ ⵜⴰⵛⵉⵋⵔⵉⵜ ⴷⴰⵗ ⴻⵗⴰⵛⴰⵔ ⵙ ⵉⵈⵈⵓⴷ ⴷ ⴰⵓⴰ ⴼⴰⵍ ⵜⵉⵙⴷⴰⴶ ⵎⴰⴶⵏⴻⵜⵉⵛ ⴰ ⴰⵆⴷⴰⵎⵏⴻⵏ ⴷⴰⵗ ⴰⵙⵉⴾⵉⵍ ⴼⴰⵍ ⴰⵎⴰⵏ ⵓⵂⵓⵏ ⵜⵉⵙⴷⴰⴶ ⵜⵉⵏ ⵋⵓⴶⵔⴰⴼⵉⴰ
English: However, it did not begin to dominate world maps until the 19th century, when the problem of position determination had been largely solved.
Tamasheq: ⵂⴰⴾ ⵉⴷ ⵉⵋⵋⴰ ⴰⵓⴻⵏ, ⵓⴰⵔ ⵉⵙⵙⵉⵏⵜⴰ ⵜⴰⵔⵏⴰ ⵏ ⴾⴰⵔⵜⵉ ⵜⴰⵏ ⵜⵉⵏ ⴰⵍⵗⴰⵍⵉⵎ ⵂⴰⵔ ⴰⵓⴰⵜⴰⵉ ⵓⴰⵏ 1900 ⴰⵍⵓⴰⵈ ⵓⴰ ⵉⴷ ⵎⵓⵛⴰⴾⵉⵍ ⵓⴰⵏ ⵎⵓⵙⵏⴰⵜ ⵏ ⴻⴷⴰⴶ ⴰⵎⵎⵓⴾⵏⴰⵏ ⵂⵓⵍⵍⴰⵏ
English: Due to these pressures, publishers gradually reduced their use of the projection over the course of the 20th century.
Tamasheq: ⴼⴰⵍ ⵜⵉⵍⵣⴰⵎⴰⵜⴻⵏ ⵜⵉⵏ ⴷⴰⵗ, ⴱⵓⴱⵍⵉⵙⵂⴻⵓ ⵜⴰⵏ ⵉⴼⵏⴰⵣⴰⵏ ⵂⵓⵍⵍⴰⵏ ⴰⵆⴰⴷⴰⵎ ⵏ ⴰⵙⵓⴾⵏⵉ ⴷⴰⵗ ⴰⵓⴰⵜⴰⵉ ⵓⴰⵏ 2000
English: In accomplishing this, the unavoidable east–west stretching of the map, which increases as distance away from the equator increases, is accompanied in the Mercator projection by a corresponding north–south stretching, so that at every point location the east–west scale is the same as the north–south scale, making it a conformal map projection.
Tamasheq: ⴻⴰⵗ ⵉⵋⵋⵉ ⵏ ⴰⵓⴻⵏ, ⴰⵏⴰⵔⴾⴰⴱ ⵏ ⴰⵍⵈⵉⴱⵍⴰⵜ ⴷⴰⵗ ⴰⵜⴰⵔⴰⵎ ⴻⵂⵓⵛⴰⵍⴰⵏ ⵏ ⴾⴰⵔⵜⵉ ⵉⵙⵙⴻⵓⴰⴷⴰⵏ ⵓⵋⵋⵉⵋ ⴼⴰⵍ ⴻⵈⵓⴰⵜⵓⵔ , ⵉⴷⴷⴻⵓ ⴷⴰⵗ ⴰⵙⵓⴾⵏⵉ ⵓⴰⵏ ⵎⴻⵔⵛⴰⵜⵓⵔ ⵉⴷ ⴰⵏⴰⵔⴾⴰⴱ ⵓⴰ ⴷⵉⵔ ⵓⴶⴷⴰⵂ ⵏ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵙⵏⴰ ⴷⴰⵗ ⴰⴶⴰⵍⴰ ⵂⴰⵔ ⴻⴷⴰⴶ ⴼⵓⴾ ⵏ ⵜⵉⵜⴱⴰⵈⴻⵜ ,ⴰⵗⴰⵏ ⵓⴰⵏ ⴰⵍⵈⵉⴱⵍⴰⵜ ⴷⴰⵗ ⴰⵜⴰⵔⴰⵎ ⵓⴶⴷⴰⵂ ⵉⴷ ⵓⴰⵏ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵙⵏⴰ ⴷⴰⵗ ⴻⵎⴰⵉⵏⴰⴶ, ⵜⵉ ⵉⵋⵋⴰⵏ ⴰⵙⵓⴾⵏⵉ ⵏ ⴾⴰⵔⵜⵉ ⵓⵍⴰⵂⴰⵏ
English: At latitudes greater than 70° north or south the Mercator projection is practically unusable, because the linear scale becomes infinitely large at the poles.
Tamasheq: ⴷⴰⵗ ⵜⴰⵂⵔⵉⴾⴻ ⵜⵓⵋⵋⴰⵔⴰⵜ 70° ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵙⵏⴰ ⵎⴻⵗ ⴻⵎⴰⵉⵏⴰⴶ ⴰⵙⵓⴾⵏⵉ ⵓⴰⵏ ⵎⴻⵔⵛⴰⵜⵓⵔ ⵓⴰⵔ ⴻⵆⴷⴻⵎ ⴼⴰⵍ ⴰⵙ ⴰⵗⴰⵏ ⵓⴰ ⵉⵎⵏⴰⵏⴰⴷⴰⵏ ⵎⴰⵈⵈⵓⵔ ⵂⵓⵍⵍⴰⵏ ⵗⵓⵔ ⴱⵓⵍⴻ ⵜⴰⵏ
English: Ellesmere Island on the north of Canada's Arctic archipelago looks about the same size as Australia, although Australia is over 39 times as large.
Tamasheq: ⵢⵍⵍⴻⵙⵎⴻⵔⴻ Iⵙⵍⴰⵏⴷ ⴼⴰⵍ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵙⵏⴰ ⵏ ⴰⵔⵜⵉⵛ ⴰⵔⵛⵂⵉⴱⴻⵍⴰⴶⵓ ⵓⴰⵏ ⵛⴰⵏⴰⴷⴰ oⴶⴷⴰⵂ ⵉⴷ ⵓⴰⵏ ⴰⵓⵙⵜⵔⴰⵍⵉⴰ ⴾⵓⴷⴷⴻⵗ ⴰⵙ ⴰⵓⵙⵜⵔⴰⵍⵉⴰ ⵜⵉⵋⵋⴰ 39 ⵏ ⴰⵏⵉⵜⴼⴰⵙ ⴼⴰⵍ ⵛⴰⵏⴰⴷⴰ
English: Greenland's real area is comparable to the Democratic Republic of the Congo's alone.
Tamasheq: ⴻⴷⴰ ⵏ ⵗⵔⴻⴻⵏⵍⴰⵏⴷ ⵓⴰⵏ ⵙ ⵜⵉⴷⵉⵜⵜ ⵓⴶⴷⴰⵂ ⵉⴷ ⵋⴰⵎⴰⵂⵉⵔⵉⵉⴰ ⵜⴰⵏ ⵛⵓⵏⴶⵓ ⴷⴻⵎⵓⴾⵔⴰⵜⵉⴾ
English: Alaska appears to be the same size as Australia, although Australia is actually 4½ times as large.
Tamasheq: ⴰⵍⴰⵙⴾⴰ ⵉⵏⵜⴰ ⴷⴻⵗ ⵜⵓⴶⴷⴰⵂ ⵉⴷ ⴰⵓⵙⵜⵔⴰⵍⵉⴰ ⴾⵓⴷⴷⴻⵗ ⴰⵙ ⵜⴰⵜ ⵜⵓⵋⵋⴰⵔ ⴰⵓⵙⵜⵔⴰⵍⵉⴰ ⵜⵉⵎⵗⴰⵔⴻ ⵙ 4½
English: Sweden appears much larger than Madagascar.
Tamasheq: ⵙⵓⴻⴷⴻ ⵉⵏⵜⴰ ⴷⴻⵗ ⵜⵓⵋⵋⴰⵔ ⵎⴰⴷⴰⴶⴰⵙⵛⴰⵔ ⵜⵉⵎⴰⵗⵔⴻ
English: A World Map on a Regular Icosahedron by Gnomonic Projection."
Tamasheq: “ⵆⴰⵔⵜⵉ ⵏ ⴰⵍⵗⴰⵍⵉⵎ ⴼⴰⵍ Iⵛⵓⵙⴰⵂⴻⴷⵔⵓⵏ ⵙ ⴰⵙⵓⴾⵏⵉ ⵏ ⵗⵏⵓⵎⵓⵏⵉⵛ””
English: As a result of these criticisms, modern atlases no longer use the Mercator projection for world maps or for areas distant from the equator, preferring other cylindrical projections, or forms of equal-area projection.
Tamasheq: ⴰⵓⴰ ⵉⴷ ⴻⵔⴰⵓⴰⵏ ⵎⴰⵋⵔⴰⴷⴰⵏ ⵓⵉⵏ, ⴰⵜⵍⴰⵙ ⵜⴰⵏ ⵓⵉ ⵓⵛⵔⴰⵉ ⵉⴱⴰⵙ ⴰⵆⴷⴰⵎⴰⵏ ⵙ ⵎⴻⵔⵛⴰⵜⴰⵔ ⴱⵔⵓⵋⴻⵛⵜⵉⵓⵏ ⵉ ⴾⴰⵔⵜⵉⵜ ⵜⴰⵏ ⵜⵉⵏ ⴰⵍⵗⴰⵍⵉⵎ ⵎⴻⵗ ⵉⴷⴰⴶⴰⵏ ⵓⵋⵉⵋⵏⴻⵏ ⴻⵈⵓⴰⵜoⵔ, ⵉⵙⵙoⴼⴰⵏⴻⵏ ⵉⵙⵓⴾⵏⵉ ⵜⴰⵏ ⵉⵉⵉⴰⴷ ⵏ ⵙⵉⵍⵉⵏⴷⵉⵔ ⵎⴻⵗ ⵉⵛⵉⴾⵉⵍⴰⵏ ⵏ ⴰⵙⵓⴾⵏⵉ ⵏ ⴻⴷⴰⴶ oⴶⴷⴰⵂⴰⵏ
English: Arno Peters stirred controversy beginning in 1972 when he proposed what is now usually called the Gall–Peters projection to remedy the problems of the Mercator, claiming it to be his own original work without referencing prior work by cartographers such as Gall's work from 1855.
Tamasheq: ⴰⵔⵏⵓ ⴱⴻⵜⴻⵔⵙ ⴻⵔⴰⵓ ⵎⴰⵋⵔⴰⴷ ⵉⵙⵙⵉⵏⵜⴰⵏ ⴷⴰⵗ ⴰⵓⴰⵜⴰⵉ ⵓⴰⵏ 1972 ⴰⵍⵓⴰⵈ ⵓⴰ ⵉⴷ ⵉⴾⴼⴰ ⴰⴷⴷⴰⴱⴰⵔⴰ ⵏ ⴰⵓⴰ ⴻⵈⵈⴰⵍⴰⵏ ⴰⵛⴰⵍ ⵉⴷ ⵗⴰⵍⵍ-ⴱⴻⵜⴻⵔⵙ ⴱⵔⵓⵋⴻⵛⵜⵉⵓⵏ ⵉ ⴰⵙⴰⴼⴰⵔ ⵏ ⵎⵓⵛⴰⴾⵉⵍ ⵜⴰⵏ ⵜⵉⵏ ⴰⵎⴻⵔⵛⴰⵜⵓⵔ ⵙ ⵉⵙⵉⵍⵎⴰⴷ ⴰⵙ ⴻⵈⵈⴰⵍ ⴰⵍⵆⵉⴷⵎⴰⵜ ⵏⴻⵜ ⵜⴰⵏ ⴰⵍⴰⵙⴰⵍ ⴷⴰⵗ ⴰⵙ ⵓⴰⵔ ⵉⵙⵙⴻⵓⴰⵍ ⴷⴰⵗ ⴰⵍⵆⵉⴷⵎⴰⵜ ⵜⴰ ⵉⵋⵋⴰⵏ ⴰⵓ ⴾⴰⵔⵜⵉ ⵜⴰⵏ ⵛⵓⵏⴷ ⴰⵍⵆⵉⴷⵎⴰⵜ ⵜⴰⵏ ⵗⴰⵍⵍ ⴷⴰⵗ ⴰⵓⴰⵜⴰⵉ ⵓⴰⵏ 1855
English: The range for a amongst the possible choices is about 35 km, but for small scale (large region) applications this variation may be ignored, and mean values of 6,371 km and 40,030 km may be taken for the radius and circumference respectively.
Tamasheq: ⵢⵜⴰⵔⵜⴰⵔ ⴷⴰⵗ ⵓⵉ ⵉⵍⴰⵏⴻⵏ ⵏⴻⴼⵔⴰⵏ ⵂⵓⵍⵍⴰⵏ ⴻⵂⴰ 35 ⵏ ⴾⵉⵍoⵎⴻⵜⵉⵔ ⵎⵓⵛⴰⵎ ⵉ ⴰⵗⴰⵏ ⴰⵏⴷⴰⵔⵔⴰⵏ (ⵔⴻⵋⵉⵓⵏ ⵎⴰⵈⵈⵓⵔⴰⵜ) ⵏ ⴰⴱⵍⵉⴾⴰⵙⵉⵓⵏ ⵜⴰⵏ ⴰⵎⵓⵜⵜⵉ ⵓⴻⵏ ⴰⴷⴷⵓⴱⴰⵜ ⴰ ⵂⵉⵏ ⴻⵜⵜⴰⵓⴰⴷ ⵉⵏ ⵜⵓⵍⴰⵙ ⴻⵓⴰⴷ ⵜⵉⵛⵂⵉⵜⴻⵏ ⵏ 6371 ⵏ ⴾⵉⵍⵓⵎⴻⵜⵉⵔ ⴷ 40.030 ⵏ ⴾⵉⵍⵓⵎⴻⵜⵉⵔ ⴰⴷⴷⵓⴱⴰⵜ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵎⵎⵓⴾⴰⵙ ⴷⴰⵗ ⵔⴰⴷⵉⵓⵙ ⴷ ⵜⴰⵗⴰⵍⴰⵍⵓⴰⵉⵜ ⵏ ⵉⵉⵉⴰⵏ ⴼⵓⴾ
English: A cylindrical map projection is specified by formulae linking the geographic coordinates of latitude φ and longitude λ to Cartesian coordinates on the map with origin on the equator and x-axis along the equator.
Tamasheq: ⴰⵙⵓⴾⵏⵉ ⵏ ⴾⴰⵔⵜⵉ ⵉⵋⵋⴰⵏ ⵙ ⵙⵉⵍⵉⵏⴷⵉⵔ ⵜⵉⴱⴷⴻ ⴼoⵔⵎⵓⵍⴰⴻ ⵜⴰ ⵜⵓⵙⴰⵗⴰⵜ ⵛⵓⵔⴷⵉⵏⴰⵜⴻ ⵜⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵋⵓⴶⵔⴰⴼⵉⴰ ⵓⵉⵏ ⵜⴰⵂⵔⵉⴾⴻ ⴷ ⵜⵉⵛⵉⵋⵔⵉⵜ λ ⵙ ⵛⵓⵔⴷⵉⵏⴰⵜⴻ ⵜⴰⵏ ⵓⵉⵏ ⵛⴰⵔⵜⴻⵙⵉⴰⵏ ⴼⴰⵍ ⴾⴰⵔⵜⵉ ⵙ ⵉⵓⴰⵔ ⵓⵗⵏⴰ ⵏⴻⵜ ⴻⵈⵓⴰⵜⵓⵔ ⴷ ⴰⵍⵓⴰⵈ ⴷⴰⵗ ⵓⵔⴰⵏ ⴼⴰⵍ ⴻⵈⵓⴰⵜⵓⵔ
English: Since the cylinder is tangential to the globe at the equator, the scale factor between globe and cylinder is unity on the equator but nowhere else.
Tamasheq: Iⵛⵎⴰⴷ ⵙⵉⵍⵉⵏⴷⵉⵔ ⵉⴷⴰⵙ ⴶⵍⵓⴱⴻ ⴷⴰⵗ ⴻⵈⵓⴰⵜoⵔ, ⴰⵗⴰⵏ ⵓⴰ ⵋⵉⵔ ⴶⵍⵓⴱⴻ ⴷ ⵙⵉⵍⵉⵏⴷⵉⵔ ⴻⵈⵈⴰⵍ ⵜⴰⵔⵜⵉⵜ ⴼⴰⵍ ⴻⵈⵓⴰⵜⵓⵔ ⵎⵓⵛⴰⵎ ⵓⴰⵔ ⵜⵉ ⵉⵍⵍⴰ ⴻⴷⴰⴶ ⵉⵉⵉⴰⵏ
English: The difference (λ − λ0) is in radians.
Tamasheq: ⵓⵣⵍⴰⵉ ⵓⴰ ⵋⵉⵔ λ 0ⵂⴰⵔ λⵓ ⴻⵂⴰ ⵔⴰⴷⵉⴰⵏ ⵜⴰⵏ
English: Even more extreme truncations have been used: a Finnish school atlas was truncated at approximately 76°N and 56°S, an aspect ratio of 1.97.
Tamasheq: ⵆⵓⴷ ⴷⴰⵗ ⴰⵙ ⵉⵏⴰⴼⴰⵣⴰⵏ ⴰⵋⵋoⵜⵏⴻⵏ ⵉⵋⵋⴰⵏ: ⴰⵜⵍⴰⵙ ⵏ ⵍⴰⴾⴾoⵍ ⵓⴰⵏ ⴼⵉⵏⵍⴰⵏⴷ ⵉⴼⵏⴰⵣ ⵂⴰⵔ ⵂⵉⵏ ⵓⵂⴰⵣ 76°ⵏ ⴷ 56° ⵙ, ⵙⴰⵎⴰⵍ ⵏ 1.97 ⴷⴰⵗ ⵉⴷⴷⵉⴾⵓⴷ
English: Narrower strips are better: sec 8° = 1.01, so a strip of width 16° (centred on the equator) is accurate to within 1% or 1 part in 100.
Tamasheq: ⴱⴰⵏⴷⴰⵔ ⵜⴰⵏ ⵉⴾⵏⴰⵏⴻⵏ ⵓⵂⵉⵣ ⵉⴾⵏⴰⵏ ⵜⵓⴼⵉⵜ : ⵙⴻⵛ 8°= 1.01, ⴷⴰⵗ ⴰⵓⴻⵏ ⴱⴰⵏⴷⴰⵔ ⵂⴰⵔⵉⴾⴰⵏ 16° (ⴻⵂⴰ ⴰⵎⵎⴰⵙ ⵏ ⴻⵈⵓⴰⵜⵓⵔ) ⵓⵗⴰⴷ ⵂⴰⵔ 1% ⵎⴻⵗ ⴰⵛⵔⵓⵜ 1 ⴷⴰⵗ 100.
English: The value of e2 is about 0.006 for all reference ellipsoids.)
Tamasheq: ⵜⵉⵛⵉⵜ ⵏ ⴻ2 ⵜⵉⵎⵓⵙ 0.006 ⵉ ⴻⵍⵍⵉⵒⵙoⵉⴷ ⵜⴰⵏ ⴼⵓⴾ
English: For the above model 1 cm corresponds to 1,500 km at a latitude of 60°.
Tamasheq: I ⵉⵛⵉⴾⵉⵍ ⵓⴰⵏ ⴰⴼⴰⵍⵍⴰ 1 ⵛⵎ ⵓⴶⴷⴰⵂ ⵉⴷ 1,500 ⵏ ⴾⵉⵍⵓⵎⴻⵜⵉⵔ ⴷⴰⵗ ⵜⴰⵂⵔⵉⴾⴻ ⵏ 60°
English: This chord subtends an angle at the centre equal to 2arcsin(cos φ sin ) and the great circle distance between A and B is 2a arcsin(cos φ sin ).)
Tamasheq: ⴰⵏⵎⵉⵏⵏⴰⴾ ⵓⴻⵏ ⴻⵈⵈⴰⵍ ⵜⴰⵏⴶⴰⵍⵜ ⵏ ⴰⵙ ⵜⴰⵙⴰⵋⴰ ⵜⴰⵂⴰⵜ ⴰⵎⵎⴰⵙ ⵜoⴶⴷⴰⵂ ⵉⴷ 2 ⴰⵔⵛⵙⵉⵏ (ⵛⵓⵙ φ ⵙⵉⵏ ) ⵜoⵍⴰⵙ ⵜⴰⵋⵉⵍⵉⵍⵓⴰⵉⵜ ⵜⴰ ⵎⴰⵈⵈⵓⵔⴰⵜ ⵋⵉⵔ ⴰ ⴷ ⴱ ⵜⴰⵈⵈⴰⵍ 2ⴰ ⴰⵔⵛⵙⵉⵏ ⵛⵓⵙ φ ⵙⵉⵏ )
English: For other bodies a fixed surface feature is usually referenced, which for Mars is the meridian passing through the crater Airy-0.
Tamasheq: I ⵜⵉⵗⵉⵙⵓⴻⵏ ⵜⵉⵉⵉⴰⴷ, ⵙⴰⵎⴰⵍ ⵏ ⴰⵔⵓⵔⵉ ⴰⵣⵣⵓⴾⴾⴻⵏ ⵂⴰⵔⴾⵓⴾ ⵉⵍⴰ ⴰⵛⴰⵎⵓⵍ ⵏⴻⵜ ⵙ ⵎⴰⵔⵙ ⵜⴰⵈⵈⴰⵍ ⵎⴻⵔⴷⵉⴰⵏ ⵉⵜⵉⴾⵉⵉⴰⵏ ⴼⴰⵍ ⵛⵔⴰⵜⴻⵔ ⴰⵉⵔⵉ-ⵓ0
English: By convention for the Earth, Moon, and Sun it is expressed in degrees ranging from −180° to +180° For other bodies a range of 0° to 360° is used.
Tamasheq: ⴷⴰⵗ ⴰⵏⵉⴼⵂⴰⵎ ⵓⴰ ⵉⵋⵋⴰⵏ ⴼⴰⵍ ⴰⵎⴰⴷⴰⵍ, ⴰⵉoⵔ ⴷ ⵜⴰⴼⵓⴾⵜ, ⵉⵋⵋⴰ ⵙ ⴷⴻⴶⵔⴻ ⵜⴰⵏ ⵉⵍⵍⴰⵏⴻⵏ ⵋⵉⵔ -180° ⵂⴰⵔ +180 ⵉ ⵜⵉⵗⵉⵙⵓⴻⵏ ⵜⵉⵉⵉⴰⴷ ⴻⵜⴰⵔⵜⴰⵔ ⵏ 0° ⵂⴰⵔ 360° ⴰ ⵉⵋⵍⴰⵏ
English: The scale of a map is the ratio of a distance on the map to the corresponding distance on the ground.
Tamasheq: ⴰⵗⴰⵏ ⵏ ⴾⵔⴰⵜⵉ ⴻⵈⵈⴰⵍ ⵉⴷⴷⵉⴾⵓⴷ ⵏ ⵓⵋⵉⵋ ⴼⴰⵍ ⴾⴰⵔⵜⵉ ⵂⴰⵔ ⵓⵋⵉⵋ ⵓⴰ ⴷⴰⵔ ⵓⴶⴷⴰⵂ ⴼⴰⵍ ⴰⴾⴰⵍ
English: The first way is the ratio of the size of the generating globe to the size of the Earth.
Tamasheq: ⴰⴱⴰⵔⴰ ⵓⴰ ⴻⵈⵈⴰⵍ ⵉⴷⴷⵉⴾⵓⴷ ⵏ ⵉⵣⵓⴾ ⵏ ⴶⵍⵓⴱⴻ ⴻⵗⵏⴰⵏ ⵂⴰⵔ ⵉⵣⵓⴾ ⵓⴰⵏ ⴰⵎⴰⴷⴰⵍ
English: Many maps state the nominal scale and may even display a bar scale (sometimes merely called a 'scale') to represent it.
Tamasheq: ⵆⴰⵔⵜⵉ ⵜⴰⵏ ⴰⵋⵋoⵜⵏⴻⵏ ⴰⵙⵙⵉⵍⵎⴰⴷ ⵏⴰⵜ ⵉⵙⵉⵎ ⵏ ⴰⵗⴰⵏ ⵜⵓⵍⴰⵙ ⴰⴷⴷoⴱⴰⵜ ⴰⵙⵓⴾⵏⵉ ⵏ ⴶⵔⵉⵉⴰⵋ ⵏ ⴰⵗⴰⵏ (ⴰⵍⵓⴰⵈⵈⴰⵏ ⵉⵉⵉⴰⴷ ⵉⵙⵉⵎ ⵓⴰ ⵔⴰⵈⵈⵉⵙⴰⵏ “ⴰⵗⴰⵏ”) ⵉ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵋⵋⵉⵛ ⴻⴷⴰⴶ ⵏⴻⵜ
English: In this case 'scale' means the scale factor (= point scale = particular scale).
Tamasheq: ⴷⴰⵗ ⴰⵓⴻⵏ “ⴰⵗⴰⵏ” ⵉⵎⵓⵙ ⵙⵛⴰⵍⴻ ⴼⴰⵛⵜⵓⵔ (ⵜⵉⵜⴱⴰⵈⵈⴻⵜ ⵏⴰⵗⴰⵐ ⴰⵗⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵉⵎⴰⵏ ⵏⴻⵜ)
English: The map projection becomes critical in understanding how scale varies throughout the map.
Tamasheq: ⴰⵙⵓⴾⵏⵉ ⵓⴰⵏ ⴾⴰⵔⵜⵉ ⴻⵈⵈⴰⵍ ⴰ ⴼⴰⵍ ⵉⵋⵋⴰ ⵎⴰⵋⵔⴰⴷ ⴷⴰⵗ ⴰⴼⴰⵂⴰⵎ ⵏ ⵉⵎⵎⵉⴾ ⵓⴰ ⵙ ⵉⵜⵉⵎⵓⵜⵜⵉ ⴰⵗⴰⵏ ⴼⴰⵍ ⴾⴰⵔⵜⵉ
English: This is a survey of virtually all known projections from antiquity to 1993.
Tamasheq: ⴰⵓⴻⵏ ⴼⴰⵔⴰⴾ ⵏ ⵉⵙⵓⴾⵏⵉ ⵜⴰⵏ ⴼⵓⴾ ⵉⵙⵙⴰⵏⴰⵏ ⴰⴷⴷⵉⵏⴰⵜ ⴷⴰⵗ ⵉⵓⵉⵜⵉⴰⵏ ⵓⵉⵏ ⴰⵔⵓ ⵂⴰⵔ ⴰⵓⴰⵜⴰⵉ ⵓⴰⵏ 1993
English: Small scale refers to world maps or maps of large regions such as continents or large nations.
Tamasheq: ⴰⵗⴰⵏ ⴰⵏⴷⴰⵔⵔⴰⵏ ⵉⵜⵉⵓⴰⵏ ⵉ ⴾⴰⵔⵜⵉ ⵜⴰⵏ ⵏ ⴰⵍⵗⴰⵍⵉⵎ ⵎⴻⵗ ⴾⴰⵔⵜⵉ ⵜⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵔⴻⵋⵉⵓⵏ ⵜⴰⵏ ⵎⴰⵈⵈⵓⵔⵏⴻⵏ ⵛⵓⵏⴷ ⵉⵎⵉⴷⵍⴰⵏ ⵎⴻⵗ ⴰⴷⴷⴰⵓⵍⴰ ⵜⴰⵏ ⵎⴰⵈⵈⵓⵔⵏⴻⵏ
English: Large-scale maps show smaller areas in more detail, such as county maps or town plans might.
Tamasheq: ⵆⴰⵔⵜⵉ ⵜⴰⵏ ⵜⵉ ⵎⴰⵈⵈⵓⵔⵏⴻⵏ ⵙⴰⴾⵏⵉⵏⴰⵜ ⵉⴷⴰⴶⴰⵏ ⵎⴰⴷⵔⵓⵉⵏⴻⵏ ⴷⴰⵗ ⵉⵙⴰⵍⴰⵏ ⴷⴰⵔⵓⵙⵏⴻⵏ ⵂⵓⵍⵍⴰⵏ ⵛⵓⵏⴷ ⴰⴷⴷⴰⴰⴱⴰⵔⴰ ⵏ ⴾⴰⵔⵜⵉ ⵜⴰⵏ ⵜⵉⵏ ⵛⵓⵏⵜⵉ ⵎⴻⵗ ⵜⵉⵏ ⴰⵗⵔⵉⵎ
English: However, as explained above, cartographers use the term "large scale" to refer to less extensive maps – those that show a smaller area.
Tamasheq: “ⵂⴰⴾ ⵉⴷ ⵉⵋⵋⴰ ⴰⵓⴻⵏ ⴷⴰⵗ ⴰⴼⵉⵙⵙⴰⵔ ⵓⴰ ⵉⵋⵋⴰⵏ ⵙ ⴰⴼⴰⵍⵍⴰ, ⴰⵓ ⴾⴰⵔⵜⵉ ⵜⴰⵏ ⵋⴰⵏⵉⵏ ⵉⵙⵉⵎ ⵓⴰⵏ “”ⴰⵗⴰⵏ ⵎⴰⵈⵈoⵔⴰⵏ”” ⵉ ⴾⴰⵔⵜⵉ ⵜⴰⵏ ⴰⵎⵎⴻⵔⴰⵏⴻⵏ - ⵜⵉ ⵙⴰⴾⵏⵉⵏⴻⵏ ⴻⴷⴰⴶ ⵉⴾⵏⴰⵏ ⵜⴰⵎⵎⴰⴷⵔⵉⵜ”
English: This is commonly illustrated by the impossibility of smoothing an orange peel onto a flat surface without tearing and deforming it.
Tamasheq: ⴰⵓⴻⵏ ⴰⵙⵙⵉⵍⵎⴰⴷ ⵜⵉ ⵉⴱⴰⵏ ⵜⵓⴷⴰⴱⴰⵜ ⵏ ⴰⵛⵉⵏⴶⵉⴼ ⵏ ⴻⵍⴰⵎ ⵏ ⵓⵔⴰⵏⴶⴻ ⴷⴰⵗ ⴰⵔⵓⵔⵉ ⵏ ⴻⵗⴰⵔⵗⴰⵔ ⴷⴰⵗ ⵓⴰⵔ ⵙ ⴰⵈⵈⴰⵔⵔⴰⵓ ⴻⴷ ⴷ ⴰⵙⴰⵎⵎⵓⵜⵉ ⵏⴻⵜ
English: Conversely isotropic scale factors across the map imply a conformal projection.
Tamasheq: ⵎⴰⵔⵙⴰⵍⴰⵏ ⵏ ⴰⵗⴰⵏ ⵓⴰⵏ ⵉⵙoⵜⵔⵓⴱⵉⵛ ⴼⴰⵍ ⴾⴰⵔⵜⵉ ⴻⵂⴰⵉ ⵛⵓⵏⴼⵓⵔⵎⴰⵍ ⴱⵔⵓⵋⴻⵛⵜⵉoⵏ
English: The qualification 'small' means that at some given accuracy of measurement no change can be detected in the scale factor over the element.
Tamasheq: ⴰⵗ ⴰⵔⴰⵙ ⵏ ⵉⵙⵉⵎ ⵓⴰⵏ “ⴰⵏⴷⴰⵔⵔⴰⵏ” ⵉⵎoⵙ ⴰⵓⴻⵏ ⴰⵙ ⴷⴰⵗ ⵉⵈⵈⵓⴷⴰⵏ ⵉⵉⵉⴰⴷ ⵏ ⴻⴾⴻⵜ ⵓⴰⵔ ⵜⵉ ⵉⵍⵍⴰ ⴰⵎⵓⵜⵜⵉ ⴰⴷⴷoⴱⴻⵏ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵣⵋⵉⵔ ⴷⴰⵗ ⴰⵗⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵎⴰⵔⵙⴰⵍ ⴼⴰⵍ ⵜⵉⵜⴱⴰⵈⴻⵜ
English: We say that these coordinates define the projection map which must be distinguished logically from the actual printed (or viewed) maps.
Tamasheq: ⵏ ⴰⵍⵍⴰⵗⴰⵜ ⴰⵙ ⵛooⵔⴷⵉⵏⴰⵜⴻ ⵜⴰⵏ ⴰⵍⵍⴰⵗⴻⵏ ⵙ ⴾⴰⵔⵜⵉ ⵏ ⴰⵙⵓⴾⵏⵉ ⵜⴰ ⵙ ⵉⵏⵂⴰⵋⵋⴰ ⴰⵍⵎⵓⴷ ⵏⴻⵜ ⴷⴰⵗ ⴾⴰⵔⵜⵉ ⵜⴰⵏ ⵜⵉⵏ ⴰⵎⴰⵔⴰⴷ ⵉⵓⴰⵔⵏⴻⵏ ⵉⵍⴾⴰⴷⴰⵏ
English: Since the point scale varies with position and direction the projection of the circle on the projection will be distorted.
Tamasheq: ⴰⵍⵓⴰⵈ ⵓⴰ ⵙ ⴰⵗⴰⵏ ⵓⴰⵏ ⵜⵉⵜⴱⴰⵈⵈⴰ ⵉⵜⵉⵎⵓⵜⵜⵉ ⵙ ⴻⴷⴶ ⴷ ⵜⴰⵙⵉⴷⵉⴾⵜ ⵏ ⵜⴰⵗⴰⵍⵉⵍⵓⴰⵉⵜ ⴼⴰⵍ ⴰⵙⵓⴾⵏⵉ ⴰⴷ ⵉⴾⵔⴰⵎⴱⴰⵉ
English: Superimposing these distortion ellipses on the map projection conveys the way in which the point scale is changing over the map.
Tamasheq: ⴰⵎⵉⵙⵉⵓⴰⵔ ⵏ ⵉⴾⵔⴰⵎⴱⵉⵉⴰⵏ ⵓⵉⵏ ⴻⵍⵍⵉⵒⵙⴻ ⵜⴰⵏ ⵓⵉⵏ ⴼⴰⵍ ⴰⵙⵓⴾⵏⵉ ⵓⴰⵏ ⴾⴰⵔⵜⵉ ⴻⵓⴰⵉ ⴰⴱⴰⵔⴰ ⵓⴰ ⴷⴰⵗ ⴰⵗⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵉⵜⴱⴰⵈⵈⴻⵜ ⵉⵜⵉⵎⵓⵜⵜⵉ ⴼⴰⵍ ⴾⴰⵔⵜⵉ
English: The ratio of the major axis to the minor axis is .
Tamasheq: Iⴷⴷⵉⴾⵓⴷ ⵏ ⴰⵆⵉⵙ ⵓⴰ ⵎⴰⵈⵈoⵔⴰⵏ ⵙ ⴰⵆⵉⵙ ⵓⴰ ⴰⵏⴷⴰⵔⵔⴰⵏ ⴻⵈⵈⴰⵍ
English: The scale is true (k=1) on the equator so that multiplying its length on a printed map by the inverse of the RF (or principal scale) gives the actual circumference of the Earth.
Tamasheq: ⴰⵗⴰⵏ ⴻⵈⵈⴰⵍ ⵜⵉⴷⵉⵜⵜ (ⵆ1) ⴼⴰⵍ ⴻⵈⵓⴰⵜⵓⵔ ⵂⴰⵔ ⴰⵏⴰⵜⴼⴰⵙ ⵏ ⵜⵉⵛⵉⵋⵔⵉⵜ ⵏⴻⵜ ⴼⴰⵍ ⴾⴰⵔⵜⵉ ⵜ ⵉⵓⴰⵔⴰⵜ ⴰⵍⴾⴰⴷ ⵙ ⴰⵛⵔⵓⵜ ⵓⴰ ⵉⴰⴷⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵔⴼ (ⵎⴻⵗ ⴰⵗⴰⵏ ⵓⴰⵏ ⴰⵙⵙⴰⵂⴰⵜ) ⴻⵂⴰⴾ ⵜⴰⵋⵉⵍⵉⵍⵓⴰⵉⵜ ⵏ ⴰⵎⴰⴷⴰⵍ
English: The top plot shows the isotropic Mercator scale function: the scale on the parallel is the same as the scale on the meridian.
Tamasheq: ⴻⴷⴰⴶ ⵓⴰⵏ ⵙ ⴰⴼⴰⵍⵍⴰ ⴰⵙⵙⵓⴾⵉⵏ ⴰⵗⴰⵏ ⵓⴰⵏ Iⵙⵓⵜⵔⵓⴱⵉⵛ ⵎⴻⵔⵛⴰⵜⵓⵔ: ⴰⵗⴰⵏ ⴼⴰⵍ ⴰⵏⵎⵉⵍⵍⴰⵍ ⵓⵍⴰⵂ ⵉⴷ ⴰⵗⴰⵏ ⴼⴰⵍ ⵎⴻⵔⵉⴷⵉⴰⵏ
English: Therefore, the tangent Mercator projection is highly accurate within a strip of width 3.24 degrees centred on the equator.
Tamasheq: ⵉⵛⵎⴰⴷ ⴰⵎⵓⵈⵈⵉⵙ ⵏ ⴰⵙⵓⴾⵏⵉ ⵓⴰⵏ ⴰⴻⵔⵛⴰⵜⵓⵔ ⵉⴾⵏⴰ ⴰⵈⵈⴰⴷ ⴷⴰⵗ ⴱⴰⵏⴷⴰⵔ ⵓⴰⵏ ⵜⴰⵂⵔⵉⴾⴻ 3.24 ⵏ ⴷⴻⴶⵔⴻ ⴰⵂⴰⵏⴻⵏ ⴰⵎⵎⴰⵙ ⵏ ⴻⵈⵓⴰⵜⵓⵔ
English: These observations prompted the development of the transverse Mercator projections in which a meridian is treated 'like an equator' of the projection so that we obtain an accurate map within a narrow distance of that meridian.
Tamasheq: Iⴾⴰⵉⴰⴷⴰⵏ ⵓⵉⵏ ⵙ ⴰⵔⵎⴰⴷⴰⵏ ⴻⴼⴻⵙ ⵏ Iⵙⵓⴾⵏⵉ ⵜⴰⵏ ⵓⵉ ⴰⵣⵓⵏⴻⵏ ⵎⴻⵔⵛⴰⵜⵓⵔ ⴷⴰⵗ ⴻⵈⵈⴰⵍ ⵎⴻⵔⵉⴷⵉⴰⵏ ⵛⵓⵏⴷ ⴻⵈⵓⴰⵜⵓⵔ” ⵏ ⴰⵙⵓⴾⵏⵉ ⵉ ⴰⴷ ⵏ ⵉⵋⵔⵓ ⴾⴰⵔⵜⵉ ⵜⵓⵍⴰⵗⴰⵜ ⴷⴰⵗ ⵓⵋⵋⵉⵋ ⵏ ⵎⴻⵔⵉⴷⵉⴰⵏ ⵓⴰ
English: The four cardinal directions, or cardinal points, are the four main compass directions: north, east, south, and west, commonly denoted by their initials N, E, S, and W respectively.
Tamasheq: ⵜⵉⵙⵉⴷⴰⴶ ⵜⵉⵏ ⴰⴾⴾⵓⵣⴰⵜ ⵏ ⴰⴾⴰⵍ ⵎⴻⵗ ⵜⵉⵜⴱⵈⵈⴰ ⵏ ⴰⴾⴰⵍ, ⴰⵈⵈⴰⵍ ⵏⴰⵜ ⴰⴾⴾⵓⵣⴰⵜ ⵜⵉⵙⵉⴷⴰⴶ ⵏ ⴰⴾⴰⵍ: ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵙⵏⴰ, ⴰⵍⵈⵉⴱⵍⴰⵜ, ⴰⴶⴰⵍⴰ ⴷ ⴰⵜⴰⵔⴰⵎ ⵙ ⴻⵛⵓⴰⵍⴰⵏ ⵏⴰⵙⴰⵏ ⵏ,ⴻⵙ ⴷ ⵓ ⵉⵉⵉⴰⵏ ⴼⵓⴾ
English: When travelling East or West, it is only on the Equator that one can keep East or West and be going straight (without the need to steer).
Tamasheq: ⴰⵍⵓⴰⵈ ⵓⴰ ⵉⴷ ⵜⵉⵙⵙⴻⴾⴰⵍⴰ ⵙ ⴰⵍⵈⵉⴱⵍⴰⵜ ⵎⴻⵗ ⴰⵜⴰⵔⴰⵎ , ⴼⴰⵍ ⴻⵈⵓⴰⵜⵓⵔ ⵗⴰⵙ ⴰⵙ ⴰⴷⴷⵓⴱⴰⵜ ⴰⵓⴰⴷⵉⵎ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵙⵙⴰⵏ ⴰⵍⵈⵉⴱⵍⴰⵜ ⵎⴻⵗ ⴰⵜⴰⵔⴰⵎ ⴷⴰⵗ ⴰⵙ ⵓⵗⴰⴷ ⴷⴰⵗ ⵜⴻⴾⵍⴻ ⵏⴻⵜ (ⴷⴰⵗ ⵓⴰⵔ ⴻⵂⵓⵛⴰⵍ ⴰⵎⴰⵜⵉⴾⵓⵉ)
English: The north pole of the magnetic needle points towards the geographic north pole of the earth and vice versa.
Tamasheq: ⴱⵓⵍⴻ ⵓⴰⵏ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵙⵏⴰ ⵏ ⴰⵏⴰⵣⵎⴰⵉ ⵓⴰⵏ ⵎⴰⴶⵏⴻⵜⵉⵛ ⴻⵂⴰⵍ ⵙ ⴱⵓⵍⴻ ⵏ ⵋⵓⴶⵔⴰⴼⵉⴰ ⵓⴰⵏ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵙⵏⴰ ⵏ ⴰⵎⴰⴷⴰⵍ ⴷ ⵂⴰⴾ ⴰⵛⵔⵓⵜ ⵓⴰ ⵉⴰⴷⴰⵏ
English: In the middle of the day, it is to the south for viewers in the Northern Hemisphere, who live north of the Tropic of Cancer, and the north for those in the Southern Hemisphere, who live south of the Tropic of Capricorn.
Tamasheq: ⵜⴰⵗ ⵜⴰⵣⵓⵏⴻ ⴰⵛⴰⵍ, ⴻⵈⵈⴰⵍ ⴻⵎⴰⵉⵏⴰⴶ ⵉ ⵉⵎⴰⴾⵉⴰⴷⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵂⴻⵎⵉⵙⴱⵂⴻⵔⴻ ⵓⴰⵏ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵙⵏⴰ ⵓⵉ ⵉⵣⵣⴰⵗⵏⴻⵏ ⴷⴰⵗ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵙⵏⴰ ⵏ ⵟⵔⵓⴱⵉⴾ ⵓⴰⵏ ⵛⴰⵏⵛⴻⵔ ⴷ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵙⵏⴰ ⵉ ⵓⵉⵏ ⵂⴻⵎⵉⵙⴱⵂⴻⵔⴻ ⵓⴰⵏ ⴻⵎⴰⵉⵏⴰⴶ ⵉⵣⵣⴰⵗⵏⴻⵏ ⴷⴰⵗ ⵜⵔⵓⴱⵉⴾ ⵓⴰⵏ ⵛⴰⴱⵔⵉⵛⵓⵔⵏ
English: In these locations, one needs first to determine whether the sun is moving from east to west through north or south by watching its movements—left to right means it is going through south while the right to left means it is going through north; or one can watch the sun's shadows.
Tamasheq: ⴻⴰⵗ ⵉⵂⴰⵏⴷⴰⴶⴰⵏ ⵓⵉⵏ, ⴰⵓⴰⴷⵉⵎ ⴾⵓⵍ ⴻⵂⵉⵛⴰⵍ ⵜⵉ ⴷⴰⵗ ⵜⵉⵣⴰⵔⴰⵜ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵙⵙⵉⵏ ⴾⵓⴷ ⵉⵏⵜⴰ ⵜⴰⴼⵓⴾⵜ ⵜⵉⵛⴰⵏⴾⴰⵛ ⵙ ⴰⵍⵈⵉⴱⵍⴰⵜ ⴷⴰⵗ ⴰⵙ ⵜⵓⴾⴰⵉ ⵙ ⴻⵎⴰⵉⵏⴰⴶ ⵎⴻⵗ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵙⵏⴰ ⵙ ⴰⴾⴰⵉⴰⴷ ⵏ ⵉⵎⵉⵜⵉⴾⵓⵉⵉⴰⵏ ⵏⴻⵜ- ⵜⵉⵛⴰⵍⴶⵓⵉ ⵙ ⴰⵗⵉⵍ ⵉⵎⵓⵙ ⴰⵓⴻⵏ ⵜⵉ ⵜⴰⴾ ⵙ ⴻⵎⴰⵉⵏⴰⴶ ⴰⵙ ⵉⵋⵋⴰ ⴰⵓⴻⵏ ⴰⵗⵉⵍ ⵙ ⵜⵉⵛⴰⵍⴶⴰⵉ ⵉⵎⵓⵙ ⵜⵉⴾⴾⴰ ⵙ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵙⵏⴰ ; ⵎⴻⵗ ⵙ ⴰⴾⴰⵉⴰⴷ ⵏ ⵜⴻⵍⴰⵉ ⵜⴰⴼⵓⴾⵜ
English: Because of the Earth's axial tilt, no matter what the location of the viewer, there are only two days each year when the sun rises precisely due east.
Tamasheq: ⴼⴰⵍ ⴰⵙ ⴻⵏⴻⵛ ⵓⴰⵏ ⴰⵎⴰⴷⴰⵍ, ⵓⴰⵔ ⵉⵣⵍⴰⵉ ⵉⴷ ⵉⵍⴰ ⴰⵎⴰⴾⵉⴰⴷ , ⵉⵍⵍⴰⵏ ⵜⵉ ⵉⵙ-ⵙⵉⵏ ⵉⵛⵉⵍⴰⵏ ⴷⴰⵗ ⴰⵓⴰⵜⴰⵉ ⴰⵍⵓⴰⵈ ⵓⴰⵏ ⴰⵏⴰⴾⴰⵔ ⵏ ⵜⴰⴼⵓⴾⵜ ⴼⴰⵍ ⵓⴷⵉⵎ ⵏ ⴰⵍⵈⵉⴱⵍⴰⵜ
English: For this method to work in the southern hemisphere, the 12 is pointed toward the Sun and the point halfway between the hour hand and 12 o'clock will indicate north.
Tamasheq: I ⴰⵙⵉⵆⴷⴰⵎ ⵏ ⵜⵉⴾⴰⵔⵙⴻ ⵜⴻⵏ ⴷⴰⵗ ⵂⴻⵎⵉⵙⴱⵂⴻⵔⴻ ⵓⴰⵏ ⴰⴶⴰⵍⴰ, 12 ⴻⵂⴰⵍ ⵙ ⵜⴰⴼⵓⴾⵜ ⵜⵓⵍⴰⵙ ⵜⴰⵣⵓⵏⴻ ⵏ ⵜⵉⵜⴱⴰⵈⴻⵜ ⵋⵉⵔ ⴰⵍⵓⴰⵈ ⵓⴰⵏ ⵉⵙⵙⵉⴾⴰⴷ ⵉⴷ ⵎⵉⴷⵉ (12ⵂ00) ⴰⴷ ⴰⵂⵉⵍⴰⵏ ⵙ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵙⵏⴰ.
English: This axis intersects the Celestial Sphere at the North and South Celestial poles, which appear to the observer to lie directly above due North and South respectively on the horizon.
Tamasheq: ⴰⵆⵉⵙ ⵓⴻⵏ ⴰⵣⵓⵏ ⵛⴻⵍⴻⵙⵜⵉⴰⵍ ⵙⴱⵂⴻⵔⴻ ⵗⵓⵔ ⴱⵓⵍⴻ ⵜⴰⵏ ⵓⵉⵏ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵙⵏⴰ ⴷ ⴻⵎⴰⵉⴰⴶ ⵓⵍⴰⵂⵏⴻⵏ ⵉ ⴰⵎⴰⴾⵉⴰⴷ ⵉⴷ ⴰ ⵉⵏⵙⴰⵏ ⵙ ⴰⴼⴰⵍⵍⴰ ⴷⴰⵗ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵙⵏⴰ ⴷ ⴻⵎⴰⵉⵏⴰⴶ ⴼⴰⵍ ⵉⵛⵉⵏⵏⴰⵓⴰⵏ
English: The resulting photograph reveals a multitude of concentric arcs (portions of perfect circles) from which the exact center can be readily derived, and which corresponds to the Celestial pole, which lies directly above the position of the true pole (North or South) on the horizon.
Tamasheq: ⵜⴻⵍⴰⵉ ⵜⴰ ⴷⵉⴷ ⵜⵉⵣⵋⴰⵔⴰⵜ ⵜ ⴰⵙⵙⵉⵍⵎⴰⴷ ⵙ ⵜⵉⵛⴰⵏⴶⵉⵓⴻⵏ ⴰⵋⵋⵓⵜⵏⴻⵏ ( ⵉⴼⵔⵓⵙⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵉⵋⵉⵍⵉⵍⵓⴰⵉⴻⵏ oⵗⴰⴷ ⵏⴻⵏ)ⵙ ⴰⴷⴷⵓⴱⴰⵜ ⴰⵎⵎⴰⵙ ⵓⴰⵏ ⵜⵉⴷⵉⵜⵜ ⴰ ⴷⴰⵗ ⵉⵙ ⵏⴰⵜ ⵉⴷ ⵉⵣⵋⵉⵔ ⵜoⵍⴰⵙ oⴶⴷⴰⵂⵏⴻⵏ ⵉ ⵛⴻⵍⴻⵙⵜⵉⴰⵍ ⴱⵓⵍⴻ ⵉⵏⵙⴰⵏⴻⵏ ⴼⴰⵍ ⴰⴼⴰⵍⵍⴰ ⵏ ⴻⴷⴰⴶ ⵏ ⴱⵓⵍⴻ ⵓⴰⵏ ⵜⵉⴷⵉⵜⵜ (ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵙⵏⴰ ⵎⴻⵗ ⴰⵜⴰⵔⴰⵎ) ⴼⴰⵍ ⵉⵛⵉⵏⵏⴰⵓⴰⵏ
English: The exact position of the pole changes over thousands of years because of the precession of the equinoxes.
Tamasheq: ⴻⴷⴰⴶ ⵓⴰⵏ ⵜⵉⴷⵉⵜⵜ ⵏ ⴱⵓⵍⴻ ⵉⵜ ⵉⵎⵓⵜⵜⵉ ⴷⴰⵗ ⵜⵉⵎⴰⴷ ⵏ ⵉⵓⵉⵜⵉⴰⵏ ⴰⵓⴰ ⵉⵋⵋⴰ ⴰⵎⵉⵜⵉⴾⵓⴰⵉ ⵏ ⴻⵈⵓⵉⵏⵓⵆ ⵜⴰⵏ
English: The asterism "Big Dipper" may be used to find Polaris.
Tamasheq: “ⴰⵙⵜⴻⵔⵉⵙⵎ”’ⴱⵉⴶ ⴻⵉⴱⴱⴻⵔ”” ⴰⴷⴷⵓⴱⴰⵜ ⴰⵆⴰⴷⴰⵎ ⵉ ⴰⵋⴰⵔⴰⵓ ⵏ ⴱⵓⵍⴰⵔⵉⵙ”
English: Since it finds true, rather than magnetic, north, it is immune to interference by local or shipboard magnetic fields.
Tamasheq: ⴰⵍⵓⴰⵈ ⵓⴰ ⵉⴷ ⴻⵈⵈⴰⵍ ⵜⵉⴷⵉⵜⵜ ⵓⵂⵓⵏ ⵎⴰⴶⵏⴻⵜⵉⵛ ⵏ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵙⵏⴰ
English: Most maps in medieval Europe, for example, placed east (E) at the top.
Tamasheq: ⵆⴰⵔⵜⵉ ⵜⴰⵏ ⴰⵋⵋⵓⵜⵏⴻⵏ ⵏ Eⵔⵓⴱⴰ ⵜⴰⵏ ⴰⵔⵓ ⴷⴰⵗ ⴰⵍⵎⵉⵜⴰⵍ ⵉⵋⵋⴰⵏⴰⵜ ⴰⵍⵈⵉⴱⵍⴰⵜ (ⴻ) ⴷⴰⵗ ⵙ ⴰⴼⴰⵍⵍⴰ
English: Topographic maps include elevation, typically via contour lines.
Tamasheq: ⵆⴰⵔⵜⵉ ⵜⵓⴱⵓⴶⵔⴰⴼⵉⴾ ⵜⴰⵏ ⴻⵂⴻⵏⴰⵜ ⴰⴷⴾⵓⵍ ⵙ ⵉⵉⴰⴾⴰ ⵜⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵜⴰⵗⴻⵍⵉⵜ
English: The North point will then be the point on the limb that is closest to the North celestial pole.
Tamasheq: ⵜⵉⵜⴱⴰⵈⴻⵜ ⵜⴰⵏ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵙⵏⴰ ⴷⵉⵂⴻⵏ ⴰⴷ ⵜⴰⵈⵈⵉⵍ ⵜⵉⵜⴱⴰⵈⴻⵜ ⴼⴰⵍ ⵜⴻⵉⵜ ⵜⴰ ⵜⵉⴾⵏⴰⵜ ⵉⵂⵉⵣ ⵏ ⴱⵓⵍⴻ ⵏ ⴻⵜⵔⴰⵏ ⵓⴰⵏ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵙⵏⴰ
English: Going around the disk clockwise from the North point, one encounters in order the West point, the South point, and then the East point.
Tamasheq: ⴰⵗⴰⵍⴰⵉ ⵏ ⴷⵉⵙⴾ ⵙ ⵜⴻⴾⵍⴻ ⵜⴰⵏ ⵎⵓⵏⵜⴰⵔ ⵗⵓⵔ ⵜⵉⵜⴱⴰⵈⴻⵜ ⵜⴰⵏ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵙⵏⴰ, ⵉⵜⴰⵋ ⴰⵎⵓⵈⵈⵉⵙ ⴷⴰⵗ ⵜⵉⵜⴱⴰⵈⴻⵜ ⵜⴰⵏ ⴰⵜⴰⵔⴰⵎ, ⵜⵉⵜⴱⴰⵈⴻⵜ ⵜⴰⵏ ⴻⵎⴰⵉⵏⴰⴶ ⴷ ⵜⴰⵏ ⴰⵍⵈⵉⴱⵍⴰⵜ.
English: In pre-modern Europe more generally, between eight and 32 points of the compass – cardinal and intercardinal directions – were given names.
Tamasheq: ⴻⴰⵗ ⴻⵓⵔⵓⴱⴰ ⵜⴰⵏ ⵜⵉⵣⴰⵔⴰⵜ ⵉ ⵜⴰ ⵜⵉⵛⴰⵉⴰⵜ ⵋⵉⵔ ⴰⵜⵜⵜⴰⵎ ⴷ 32 ⵏ ⵜⵉⵜⴱⴰⵈⵈⴰ ⵏ ⵜⵉⵙⵉⴷⴰⴶ ⵜⵉⵏ ⴰⴾⴾⵓⵣⴰⵜ ⵏ ⴰⵎⴰⴷⴰⵍ- ⵉⵍⴰⵏⴰⵜ ⵉⵙⵎⴰⵓⴰⵏ
English: Systems with five cardinal points (four directions and the center) include those from pre-modern China, as well as traditional Turkic, Tibetan and Ainu cultures.
Tamasheq: ⵔⵉⵙⵜⴻⵎ ⵜⴰⵏ ⵉⵍⴰⵏⴻⵏ ⵙⵉⵎⵎoⵙⴰⵜ ⵜⵉⵜⴱⴰⵈⵈⴰ (ⴰⴾⴾⵓⵣⴰⵜ ⵜⵉⵙⵉⴷⴰⴶ ⴷ ⴰⵎⵎⴰⵙ ) ⴰⵂⴰⵏ ⵓⵉⵏ ⵛⵂⵉⵏⴰ ⵜⴰⵏ ⵜⵉⵣⴰⵔⴰⵜ ⵉ ⵜⴰⵏ ⵓⵛⵔⴰⵉ ⵂⴰⴾ ⵉⴷ ⴰⴶⵏⴰ ⵜⴰⵏ ⵓⵉⵏ ⵟⵓⵔⴾⵉⵛ, ⵟⵉⴱⴻⵜⴰⵏ ⴷ ⴰⵉⵏⵓ
English: Some may also include "above" and "below" as directions, and therefore focus on a cosmology of seven directions.
Tamasheq: “ⵉⵉⵉⴰⴷ ⵜⴰⵋ ⵉⵏ ““ⵙ ⴰⴼⴰⵍⵍⴰ”” ⴷ ““ⵙⵉⴷⴻⵔ”” ⵛⵓⵏⴷ ⵉ ⵜⵉⵙⵉⴷⴰⴶ ⴷ ⴾⵓⵙⵎⵓⵉⵓⴶⵉ ⵜⴰⵏ ⵜⵉⵙⵉⴷⴰⴶ ⵜⵉⵏ ⴰⵙⵙⴰⵉⴰⵜ”
English: North is associated with the Himalayas and heaven while the south is associated with the underworld or land of the fathers (Pitr loka).
Tamasheq: ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵙⵏⴰ ⵜoⵙⴰⵗ ⵉⴷ ⵂⵉⵎⴰⵍⴰⵉⴰⵙ ⴷ ⴰⵍⵣⴰⵏⵏⴰⵜ ⴰⵙ ⵉⵋⵋⴰ ⴰⵓⴻⵏ ⴻⵎⴰⵉⵏⴰⴶ ⵓⵙⴰⵗ ⵉⴷ ⵓⵏⴷⴻⵔⵓⵓⵔⵍⴷ ⵎⴻⵗ ⴰⵎⴰⴷⴰⵍ ⵓⵉⵏ ⴰⴱⴱⴰ ⵜⴰⵏ ( ⴱⵉⵜⵔ ⵍⵓⴾⴰ)
English: North is one of the four compass points or cardinal directions.
Tamasheq: ⵓⴰⵎⴰⵙⵏⴰ ⵜⴰⵈⵈⴰⵍ ⵉⵉⵉⴰⵜ ⴷⴰⵗ ⵜⵉⵜⴱⴰⵈⵈⴰ ⵏ ⵜⵉⵙⵉⴷⴰⴶ ⵜⵉⵏ ⴰⴾⴾⵓⵣⵜ
English: Septentrionalis is from septentriones, "the seven plow oxen", a name of Ursa Major.
Tamasheq: “ⵙⴻⴱⵜⴻⵏⵜⵔⵉⵓⵏⴰⵍⵉⵙ ⵉⵣⵋⴰⵔ ⵉⴷ ⵙⴻⴱⴻⵏⵜⵔⵉⵓⵏⴻⵙ, “”ⴱⵍⵓⵓ ⵓⵆⴻⵏ ⵓⴰⵏ ⴰⵙⵙⴰ””, ⵉⵙⵉⵎ ⵏ ⵓⵔⵙⴰ Mⴰⵋⵓⵔ
English: For example, in Lezgian, kefer can mean both "disbelief" and "north", since to the north of the Muslim Lezgian homeland there are areas formerly inhabited by non-Muslim Caucasian and Turkic peoples.
Tamasheq: “ⴰⵍⵎⵉⵜⴰⵍ ⴷⴰⵗ Lⴻⵣⴶⵉⴰⵏ, ⵆⴻⴼⴻⵔ ⴰⴷⴷⵓⴱⴰⵜ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵎⵓⵙ “ⵜⴰⴾⴾⵓⴼⵉⵔⴰ”” ⴷ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵙⵏⴰ”” ⴼⴰⵍ ⴰⵙ ⴷⴰv ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵙⵏⴰ ⵏ ⴰⴾⴰⵍ ⵏ Lⴻⵣⴶⵉⴰⵏ ⵜⴰⵏ ⵓⵉⵏ ⵉⵏⴰⵙⵍⵉⵎⴰⵏ ,ⵉⵍⵍⴰⵏ ⵜⵉ ⵉⵂⴰⵏⴷⴰⴶⴰⵏ ⵉⵣⵣⴰⵗⴰⵏ ⴰⴷⴷⵉⵏⴰⵜ ⵏ ⵛⵓⴰⵛⴰⵙⴻ ⴷ ⵟⵓⵔⴾⵉⵛ ⵓⵉ ⵓⴰⵔ ⵏ ⴰⵈⵈⴻⵍ ⵉⵏⴰⵙⵍⵉⵎⴰⵏ”
English: On any rotating astronomical object, north often denotes the side appearing to rotate counter-clockwise when viewed from afar along the axis of rotation.
Tamasheq: ⵂⴰⵔⴰⵜ ⴼⵓⴾ ⴼⴰⵍ ⵜⴰⵋ ⵜⴰⵋⵉⵍⵉⵍⵓⴰⵉⵜ , ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵙⵏⴰ ⵜⴰⵈⵈⴰⵍ ⵜⴰⵙⴰⵋⵋⴰ ⵜⵉⵣⵋⴰⵔⴰⵜ ⵉ ⴰⵗⴰⵍⵉⵍⵓⴰⵉ ⵛⵓⵏⴷ ⵓⴰⵏ ⵎⵓⵏⵜⴰⵔ ⴰⵍⵓⴰⵈ ⵓⴰ ⴷⴰⵗ ⵉⵙ ⵉⴾⵉⴰⴷ ⴰⵓⴰⴷⵉⵎ ⴷⴰⵗ ⵓⵋⵉⵋ ⵏ ⵍⴰⴾⴾⵓⵎⴰⵜ ⵉ ⴰⵆⵉⵙ ⵓⴰⵏ ⵜⴰⵗⴰⵍⵉⵍⵓⴰⵉⵜ
English: But simple generalizations on the subject should be treated as unsound, and as likely to reflect popular misconceptions about terrestrial magnetism.
Tamasheq: ⵎⵓⵛⴰⵎ ⵜⵉⵙⴰⵔⵜⵉⵉⴻⵏ ⴼⴰⵍ ⵂⴰⵔⴰⵜ ⴰⵂⵓⵛⴰⵍ ⴰⵎⵓⴾⵉⵏ ⵏⴰⵙⵏⴰⵜ ⵛⵓⵏⴷ ⴰ ⵓⴰⵔ ⵏ ⵉⵍⴰ ⴻⵎⴰⵙⵍⵉ ⴷ ⴰ ⴻⵂⴰⵏ ⴻⴷⴰⴶ ⵏ ⴻⵔⴾ ⵉⴾⴰⵉⴰⴷⴰⵏ ⵍⴰⴱⴰⵙⵏⴻⵏ ⵉⵋⵋⴰⵏⴻⵏ ⴼⴰⵍ ⵜⴻⵔⵔⴻⵙⵜⵔⵉⴰⵍ ⵎⴰⴶⵏⴻⵜⵉⵙⵎ
English: This convention has developed from the use of a compass, which places north at the top.
Tamasheq: ⴰⵏⵉⴼⵂⴰⵎ ⵓⴻⵏ ⵉⵓ-ⵉⴷ ⵗⵓⵔ ⴰⵆⴰⴷⴰⵎ ⵓⴰⵏ ⴾoⵎⴱⴰ ⵉⵋⵋⴰⵏⴻⵏ ⵜⴰⵎăⵙⵏⴰ ⵙ ⴰⴼⴼⴰⵍⴰ
English: 95% of the Global North has enough food and shelter, and a functioning education system.
Tamasheq: 95% ⵏ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵙⵏⴰ ⴰⵍⵗⴰⵍⵉⵎ ⵜⵉⵍⴰ ⵜⴻⵜⴰⵜⴻ ⴷ ⵜⴻⵂⴰⵏⵏⵉⵜ ⴷ ⵙⵉⵙⵜⴻⵎ ⵏ ⵜⴻⵗⴰⵔⴻ ⴻⵆⴷⴰⵎⴰⵏ
English: Use of the term "South" may also be country-relative, particularly in cases of noticeable economic or cultural divide.
Tamasheq: “ⴰⵙⴰⵆⴷⵉⵎ ⵏ ⵉⵙⵉⵎ ⵓⴰⵏ “ⴻⵎⴰⵉⵏⴰⴶ” ⴰⴷⴷⵓⴱⴰⵜ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵋⵋⴰ ⴼⴰⵍ ⴰⴷⴷⴰⵓⵍⴰ ⵂⵓⵍⵍⴰⵏ ⴷⴰⵗ ⵉⵂⴰⵏⴷⴰⴶⴰⵏ ⴷⴰⵗ ⵉⵏⵉⴱⴰⵛⴰ ⵜⴰⵎⵓⴷⵔⴻ ⴷ ⴰⴶⵏⴰ”
English: Rarely does the meaning broaden to Bolivia, and in the most restricted sense it only covers Chile, Argentina and Uruguay.
Tamasheq: ⵛⴰⵔⵏⴰⵛ ⴰⵍⵎⴰ ⵗⵏⴰ ⴻⵓⴰⴷ ⵂⴰⵔ ⴱⵓⵍⵉvⵉⴰ ⵜⵓⵍⴰⵙ ⴷⴰⵗ ⴰⵍⵎⴰ ⵗⵏⴰ ⵓⴰ ⵉⴷ ⵉⴼⵏⴰⵣⴰⵏ ⵉⵍⵙⴰ ⵛⵂⵉⵍⵉ, ⴰⵔⴶⴻⵏⵜⵉⵏⴰ ⴷ ⴰⵔⵓⴶⵓⴰⵉ.
English: West is the direction opposite that of the Earth's rotation on its axis, and is therefore the general direction towards which the Sun appears to constantly progress and eventually set.
Tamasheq: ⴰⵜⴰⵔⴰⵎ ⴻⵈⵈⴰⵍ ⵜⴰⵙⵉⴷⵉⴾ ⵜⴰⵏⵎⵉⵛⵔⴰⵉⴰⵜ ⵉⴷ ⵜⴰⵏ ⴰⵗⴰⵍⵉⵍⵓⴰⵉ ⵓⴰⵏ ⴰⵎⴰⴷⴰⵍ ⴼⴰⵍ ⴰⵆⵉⵙ ⵜⵓⵍⴰⵙ ⴷⴰⵗ ⴰⵓⴻⵏ ⵜⴰⵈⵈⴻⵍ ⵜⴰⵙⵉⴷⵉⴾ ⵙ ⵉⵏⵜⴰ ⴰ ⴷⴰⵗ ⵜⵉⵙⵙⵉⴾⵏⴰ ⵜⴰⴼⵓⴾⵜ ⴰⵎⴰⵜⵉⴾⵓⴰⵉ ⵏⴻⵜ ⴷ ⴻⴶⴰⴷⴰⵍ ⵏⴻⵜ
English: In Ancient Egypt, the West was considered to be the portal to the netherworld, and is the cardinal direction regarded in connection with death, though not always with a negative connotation.
Tamasheq: ⴻⴰⵗ ⴻⴶⵉⴱⵜ ⵜⴰⵏ ⴰⵔⵓ, ⴰⵜⴰⵔⴰⵎ ⴾⴰⵍⴰ ⴻⵈⵈⴰⵍ ⴰⵍⴱⴰⴱ ⵉ ⵓⴰⵏ ⵋⴰⵂⴰⵏⵏⴰⵎⴰ ⵜⴱⵍⴰⵙ ⵜⴰⵙⵉⴷⵉⴾ ⵜⵓⵂⴰⵔⴰⵜ ⵂⴰⵔⴰⵜ ⵉⴷ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵜⵜⴰⵏⵜ ⵂⴰⵔⴾⵓⴾ ⵙ ⵉⵙⵉⵎ ⵏⴻⵜ ⵓⴰ ⵍⴰⴱⴰⵙⴰⵏ
English: In Judaism, west is seen to be toward the Shekinah (presence) of God, as in Jewish history the Tabernacle and subsequent Jerusalem Temple faced east, with God's Presence in the Holy of Holies up the steps to the west.
Tamasheq: ⴻⴰⵗ ⵋⵓⴷⴰⵉⵙⵎ, ⴰⵜⴰⵔⴰⵎⴰⴻⵈⵈⴰⵍ ⴰ ⴻⵂⴰⵍⴰⵏ ⵙ ⵙⵂⴻⴾⵉⵏⴰⵂ ⵓⴰⵏ ⴰⵎⴰⵆⵍⴰⴾ ⵛⵓⵏⴷ ⴷⴰⵗ ⴰⵜⵜⴰⵔⴻⵆ ⵓⴰⵏ ⴰⵍⵉⴰⵂⵓⴷ ⵜⴰⵏ ⴷⴰⵗ ⵜⴰⴱⴻⵔⵏⴰⵛⵍⴻ ⵜoⵍⴰⵙ ⴷⴰⵗ ⴰⵓⴻⵏ ⴷⴰⵗ ⴰⵙ ⴻⵂⴰⵏ ⵏ ⴰⵗⴰⴱⴰⴷ ⵓⴰⵏ ⵋⴻⵔⵓⵣⴰⵍⴻⵎ ⵉⵍⵍⴰ ⴰⵍⴱⴱ ⵏⴻⵜ ⵙ ⴰⵍⵈⵉⴱⵍⴰⵜ ,, ⵙ ⴻⵎⴻⵍ ⵏ ⴰⵎⴰⵆⵍⴰⴾ ⴷⴰⵗ ⴰⵍⵓⴰⵍⵉ ⵏ ⴰⵍⵓⴰⵍⵉ ⵜⴰⵏ ⵂⴰⵔ ⵜⵉⴾⴾⴰⵍ ⵜⵉⵏ ⴰⵜⴰⵔⴰⵎ
English: The Arctic Circle is one of the two polar circles and the most northerly of the five major circles of latitude as shown on maps of Earth.
Tamasheq: ⵜⴰⵋⵉⵍⵉⵍⵓⴰⵉⵜ ⵜⴰⵏ ⴰⵔⵜⵉⵛ ⵜⴰⵈⵈⴰⵍ ⵉⵉⵉⴰⵜ ⴷⴰⵗ ⵜⵉⵋⵉⵍⵉⵍⵓⴰⵉⴻⵏ ⵏ ⴱⵓⵍⴰⵔ ⴷ ⵜⵉⵋⵉⵍⵉⵍⵓⴰⵉⴻⵏ ⵜⵉ ⵎⴰⵈⵈⵓⵔⵏⴻⵏ ⵂⵓⵍⵍⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵙⴰⵎⵎⵓⵙⴰⵜ ⵂⴰⵔⵓⴾⵏⴻⵏ oⵔⴰⴾⵏⴻⵏ ⵙ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵙⵏⴰ ⵙ ⵉⵎⵎⵉⴾ ⵓⴰ ⵙ ⵉⵓⴰⵔ ⵏⴰⵜ ⴾⴰⵔⵜⵉ ⵜⴰⵏ ⵜⵉⵏ ⴰⵎⴰⴷⴰⵍ
English: A circle of latitude or line of latitude on Earth is an abstract east–west small circle connecting all locations around Earth (ignoring elevation) at a given latitude coordinate line.
Tamasheq: ⵜⴰⵋⵉⵍⵉⵍⴰⵉⵜ ⵏ ⵜⴰⵂⵔⵉⴾⴻ ⵎⴻⵗ ⵉⵉⴰⴾⴰ ⵏ ⵜⴰⵂⵔⵉⴾⴻ ⴼⴰⵍ ⴰⵎⴰⴷⴰⵍ ⴻⵈⵈⴰⵍ ⵜⴰⵋⵉⵍⵉⵍⵓⴰⵉⵜ ⵓⴰⵔ ⵏ ⵉⵍⴰ ⴰⴾⴰⵉⴰⴷ ⵜⵓⵔⴰⴾⴰⵜ ⵙ ⴰⵍⵈⵉⴱⵍⴰⵜ ⴷⴰⵗ ⴰⵜⴰⵔⴰⵎ ⵜⴰⵙⵙⵉⵔⵜⴰⵉⴰⵜ ⵉⵂⴰⵏⴷⴰⴶⴰⵏ ⴼⵓⴾ (ⴷⴰⵗ ⵉⵏ ⴻⵈⵈⵉⵎ ⴰⴷⴾⵓⵍ) ⴷⴰⵗ ⵜⴰⵂⵔⵉⴾⴻ ⵏ ⵜⴰⵋⵉⵍⵉⵍⵓⴰⵉⵜ ⵏ ⵛⵓⵓⵔⴷⵉⵏⴰⵜⴻ.
English: Circles of latitude are unlike circles of longitude, which are all great circles with the centre of Earth in the middle, as the circles of latitude get smaller as the distance from the Equator increases.
Tamasheq: ⵜⵉⵋⵉⵍⵉⵍⵓăⵉⴻⵏ ⵏ ⵜⴰⵂⵔⵉⴾⴻ ⵓⴰⵔ ⵓⵍⴻⵏⴰⵜ ⵉⴷ ⵜⵉⵋⵉⵍⵉⵍⵉⵓăⵉⴻⵏ ⵜⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵛⵉⵋⵔⵉⵜ ⴰⵈⵈⴰⵍⵏⴻⵏ ⴼⵓⴾ ⵏⴰⵙⵏⴰⵜ ⵜⵉⵋⵉⵍⵉⵍⵓⴰⵉⴻⵏ ⵙ ⴰⵎⵎⴰⵙ ⵏ ⴰⵎⴰⴷⴰⵍ ⵋⴰⵔⴻⵉ ⵛⵓⵏⴷ ⵜⵉⵋⵉⵍⵉⵍⵓⴰⵉⴻⵏ ⵜⵉⵏ ⵜⴰⵂⵔⵉⴾⴻ ⵜⴰⵈⵈⴰⵍ ⵏⴰⵜ ⵜⵉ ⵎⴰⴷⵔⵓⵉⵏⴻⵏ ⴷⵉⵂⴰ ⵙ ⵓⵋⵉⵋ ⵗⵓⵔ ⴻⵈⵓⴰⵜⵓⵔ ⵉⵜ ⵉⵎⵗⴰⵔ
English: A circle of latitude is perpendicular to all meridians.
Tamasheq: ⵜⴰⵋⵉⵍⵉⵍⵓⴰⵉⵜ ⵏ ⵜⴰⵂⵔⵉⴾⴻ ⵜⴰⵈⵈⴰⵍ ⴰ ⵓⵣⵗⴰⵗⴰⵏ ⵉ ⵎⴻⵔⴷⵉⴰⵏ ⵜⴰⵏ ⴼⵓⴾ
English: The Equator is the longest circle of latitude and is the only circle of latitude which also is a great circle.
Tamasheq: ⴻⵈⵓⴰⵜⵓⵔ ⴻⵈⵈⴰⵍ ⵜⵋⵉⵍⵉⵍⵓⴰⵉⵜ ⵜⴰ ⵜⵓⵋⵋⴰⵔⴰⵜ ⵜⵉⵛⵉⵋⵔⵉⵜ ⵜⴰⵏ ⵜⴰⵂⵔⵉⴾⴻ ⵜⵓⵍⴰⵙ ⵜⴰⵈⵈⴰⵍ ⵜⴰⵋⵉⵍⵉⵍⵓⴰⵉⵜ ⵗⴰⵙ ⵏ ⵜⴰⵂⵔⵉⴾⴻ ⵜⴰⵈⵈⴰⵍ ⵜⴰⵋⵉⵍⵉⵍⵓⵓⵉⵜ ⵎⴰⵈⵈⵓⵔⴰⵜ
English: On a map, the circles of latitude may or may not be parallel, and their spacing may vary, depending on which projection is used to map the surface of the Earth onto a plane.
Tamasheq: ⴼⴰⵍ ⴾⴰⵔⵜⵉ, ⵜⵉⵋⵉⵍⵉⵍⵓⴰⵉⴻⵏ ⵜⵉⵏ ⵜⴰⵂⵔⵉⴾⴻ ⴰⴷⴷoⴱⴰⵜ ⵎⴻⵗ ⵓⴰⵔ ⴰⴷⴷoⴱⴰⵜ ⴰⵏⵎⵉⵍⵍⴰⵍ ⵜoⵍⴰⵙ ⵉⵂⴰⵏⴷⴰⴶⴰⵏ ⵋⴰⵔ ⴻⵙⵙⴰⵏⴰⵜ ⵉⵣⵍⴰⵉⴰⵏ ⵙ ⴰⵙⵓⴾⵏⵉ ⵓⴰ ⴻⵆⴷⴰⵎⴰⵏ ⵉ ⴰⴾⵉⵔⴷⵉ ⵏ ⴰⵔoⵔⵉ ⵏ ⴰⵎⴰⴷⴰⵍ ⴷⴰⵗ ⴰⴱⵉoⵏ
English: For instance, on a Mercator projection the circles of latitude are more widely spaced near the poles to preserve local scales and shapes, while on a Gall–Peters projection the circles of latitude are spaced more closely near the poles so that comparisons of area will be accurate.
Tamasheq: ⴻⴰⵗ ⴰⵍⵎⵉⵜⴰⵍ, ⴼⴰⵍ ⴰⵙⵓⴾⵏⵉ ⵓⴰⵏ ⵎⴻⵔⵛⴰⵜoⵔ ⵜⵉⵋⵉⵍⵉⵍⵓⴰⵉⴻⵏ ⵜⵉⵏ ⵜⴰⵂⵔⵉⴾⴻ ⵉⵍⴰⵏⴰⵜ ⵉⵂⴰⵏⴷⴰⴶⴰⵏ ⵂⴰⵔⵓⴾⵏⴻⵏ ⴻⴷⴻⵙ ⵏ ⴱⵓⵍⴻ ⵜⴰⵏ ⵉ ⴰⵗⴰⵍⴰⵙ ⵏ ⵉⵗⵓⵏⴰⵏ ⴷ ⵉⵛⵉⴾⵉⵍⴰⵏ ⴷⴰⵗ ⴰⵙ ⵉⵋⵋⴰ ⴰⵓⴻⵏ ⴼⵍ ⴰⵙⵓⴾⵏⵉ ⵓⴰⵏ ⵗⴰⵍⵍ-ⴱⴻⵜⴻⵔⵙ ⵜⵉⵋⵉⵍⵉⵍⵓⴰⵉⴻⵏ ⵜⵉⵏ ⵜⴰⵂⵔⵉⴾⴻ ⵉⵍⵍⴰⵏ ⵉⵂⴰⵏⴷⴰⴶⴰⵏ ⵓⵙⴰⵙⵏⴻⵏ ⴻⴷⴻⵙ ⴱⵓⵍⴻ ⵜⴰⵏ ⵂⴰⵔ ⴰⵗⵉⴷ ⵏⴰⵜ ⵉⴾⴻⵜⴰⵏ ⵓⵉⵏ ⴻⴷⴰⴶ
English: There are many smaller terms, resulting in varying daily shifts of some metres in any direction.
Tamasheq: Iⵍⵍⴰⵏ ⵜⵉ ⵉⵙⵎⴰⵓⴰⵏ ⴰⵋⵋⵓⵜⵏⴻⵏ ⵎⴰⴷⵔⵓⵉⵏⴻⵏ ⵉⴷ ⵉⵣⵋⴰⵔⵏⴻⵏ ⴷⴰⵗ ⵉⵎⵓⵜⵉⵉⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵎⴻⵜⵉⵔ ⵜⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵉⵉⵉⴰⴷ ⴷⴰⵗ ⵜⴰⵙⵉⴷⵉⴾ ⴼⵓⴾ
English: 54°40'N The border between 19th century Russian territories to the north and conflicting American and British land claims in western North America.
Tamasheq: 54° 40’ⵏⴰⵍⵆⴰⴷⵓⴷ ⵋⵉⵔ ⵉⴾⴰⵍⵍⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵔⵓⵙⵙⵉⴰ ⴷⴰⵗ ⴰⵓⴰⵜⴰⵉ ⵓⴰⵏ 1800 ⵂⴰⵔ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵙⵏⴰ ⴷ ⵉⴾⵉⵏⵏⴰⵙ ⵓⴰ ⵋⵉⵔ ⴰⵎⵔⵉⴾ ⴷ ⴱⵔⵉⵜⴰⵏⵉⴰ ⴷⴰⵗ ⴰⵜⴰⵔⴰⵎ ⵉ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵙⵏⴰ ⵏ ⴰⵎⵔⵉⴾ
English: 43°30'N In the US, the border between Minnesota and Iowa.
Tamasheq: 43°30’ ⴷⴰⵗ ⴰⵎⵔⵉⴾ, ⴰⵍⵆⴰⴷⵓⴷ ⵋⵉⵔ ⵎⵉⵏⵏⴻⵙoⵜⴰ ⴷ ⵍⵓⵓⴰ
English: 42°N Originally the northward limit of New Spain.
Tamasheq: 42°ⵏ ⴰⴰⵗ ⴰⵍⴰⵙⴰⵍ ⴻⵈⵈⴰⵍ ⵜⴰⵙⵉⴱⴷⴰⵜ ⵏ ⵏⴻⵓ ⵙⴱⴰⵏⵉⴰ ⵜⴰⵏ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵙⵏⴰ
English: 41°N In the US, part of the border between Wyoming and Utah, the border between Wyoming and Colorado, and part of the border between Nebraska and Colorado.
Tamasheq: 41°ⵏ ⴷⴰⵗ ⴰⵎⵔⵉⴾ ⴰⵛⵔⵓⵜ ⵏ ⴰⵍⵆⴰⴷⵓⴷ ⵋⵉⵔ ⵓ ⵉⵓⵎⵉⵏⴶ ⴷ Uⵜⴰⵂ, ⴰⵍⵆⴰⴷⵓⴷ ⵋⵉⵔ ⵓⵉⵓⵎⵉⵏⴶ ⴷ ⵛoⵍⵓⵔⴰⴷⵓ ⴷ ⴰⵛⵂⵔⵓⵜ ⵏ ⴰⵍⵆⴰⴷⵓⴷ ⵋⵉⵔ ⵏⴻⴱⵔⴰⵙⴾⴰ ⴷ ⵛⵓⵍⵓⵔⴰⴷⵓ
English: 38°N The boundary between the Soviet and American occupation zones in Korea, and later between North Korea and South Korea, from 1945 until the Korean War (1950–1953).
Tamasheq: 38°ⵏ ⴰⵍⵆⴰⴷⵓⴷ ⵓⴰ ⵋⵉⵔ ⵙⵓⴱⵉⴻⵜ ⵓⵏⵉⵓⵏ ⴷ ⵉⴾⴰⵍⵍⴰⵏ ⴷⴰⵗ ⵜⴰⵆⴾⴰⵎ Aⵎⵔⵉⴾ ⴷⴰⵗ ⴰⴷⴷⴰⵓⵍⴰ ⵜⴰⵏ ⵆⵓⵔⴻⴰ ⴷ ⴷⴰⵗ ⵓⵛⵔⴰⵉ ⵋⵉⵔ ⵆⵓⵔⴻⴰ ⵜⴰⵏ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵙⵏⴰ ⴷ ⵆoⵔⴻⴰ ⵜⴰⵏ ⴻⵎⴰⵉⵏⴰⴶ ⵗⵓⵔ ⴰⵓⴰⵜⴰⵉ ⵓⴰⵏ 1945 ⵂⴰⵔ ⴰⴾⵉⵏⵏⴰⵙ ⵏ ⵆoⵔⴻⴰ ⵓⴰⵏ (1950 ⵂⴰⵔ 1953)
English: Geographically it is a Westward extension of the border between Virginia and North Carolina and part of the border between Kentucky and Tennessee.
Tamasheq: ⴻⴰⵗ ⵋoⵓⵔⴰⴼⵉⴰ ⴻⵈⵈⴰⵍ ⵜⴰⵙⵉⵜⵜⵉⵍⴱⵉⵜ ⵙ ⴰⵜⴰⵔⴰⵎ ⵏ ⴰⵍⵆⴰⴷⵓⴷ ⵓⴰ ⵋⵉⵔ ⵠⵉⵔⴶⵉⵏⵉⴰ ⴷ ⵛⴰⵔⵓⵍⵉⵏⴰ ⵜⴰⵏ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵙⵏⴰ ⴷ ⴰⵛⵔⵓⵜ ⵏ ⴰⵍⵆⴰⴷⵓⴷ ⵓⴰ ⵋⵉⵔ ⵆⴻⵏⵜⵓⵛⴾⵉ ⴷ ⵟⴻⵏⵏⴻⵙⵙⴻⴻ.
English: Also, part of the border between North Carolina and Georgia.
Tamasheq: ⵜⵓⵍⴰⵙ ⴰⵛⵔⵓⵜ ⵏ ⴰⵍⵆⴰⴷⵓⴷ ⵋⵉⵔ ⵛⴰⵔⵓⵍⵉⵏⴰ ⵜⴰⵏ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵙⵏⴰ ⴷ ⵗⴻⵓⵔⴶⵉⴰ
English: 32°N In the US, part of the border between New Mexico and Texas.
Tamasheq: 32° ⵏ ⴷⴰⵗ ⴰⵎⵔⵉⴾ, ⴰⵛⵔⵓⵜ ⵏ ⴰⵍⵆⴰⴷⵓⴷ ⵓⴰ ⵋⵉⵔ ⵏⴻⵓ ⵎⴻⵆⵉⵛⵓ ⴷ ⵟⴻⵆⴰⵙ
English: 25°N Part of the border between Mauritania and Mali.
Tamasheq: 25°ⵏ ⴰⵛⵔⵓⵜ ⵏ ⴰⵍⵆⴰⴷⵓⴷ ⵓⴰ ⵋⵉⵔ ⵎⴰⵓⵔⵉⵜⴰⵏⵉⴰ ⴷ ⵋⵉⵔ ⵎⴰⵍⵉ
English: 17°N The division between Republic of Vietnam (South Vietnam) and Democratic Republic of Vietnam (North Vietnam) during the Vietnam War.
Tamasheq: 17°ⵏ ⵜⵉⵣⵓⵏⵜ ⵋⵉⵔ ⵋⴰⵎⴰⵂⵉⵔⵉⵉⴰ ⵜⴰⵏ ⵠⵉⴻⵜⵏⴰⵎ (ⴱⵉⴻⵜⵏⴰⵎ ⵜⴰⵏ ⴰⴶⴰⵍⴰ) ⴷ ⵋⴰⵎⴰⵂⵉⵔⵉⵉⴰ ⵜⴰⵏ ⴱⵉⴻⵜⵏⴰⵎ ⴷⴻⵎⵓⴾⵔⴰⵜⵉⴾ (ⵠⵉⴻⵜⵏⴰⵎ ⵜⴰⵏ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵙⵏⴰ)ⵗⵓⵔ ⴰⵓⴰⵜⴰⵉ ⵓⴰⵏ ⴰⴾⴾⵉⵏⴰⵙ ⵓⴰⵏ ⵠⵉⴻⵜⵏⴰⵎ
English: 8°N Part of the border between Somalia and Ethiopia.
Tamasheq: 8°ⵏ ⴰⵛⵔⵓⵜ ⵏ ⴰⵍⵆⴰⴷⵓⴷ ⵓⴰ ⵋⵉⵔ ⵙⵓⵎⴰⵍⵉⴰ ⴷ ⴻⵜⵉⵓⴱⴰ
English: 7°S A short section of the border between Democratic Republic of the Congo and Angola.
Tamasheq: 7° ⵜⴻⵂⴰⵏⴷⵉⴶⵉⵜ ⴶⴰⵛⵓⵍⴰⵜ ⵋⵉⵔ ⴰⵍⵆⴰⴷⵓⴷ ⵓⴰⵏ ⵋⴰⵎⴰⵂⵉⵔⵉⵉⴰ ⵜⴰⵏ ⵛoⵏⴶo ⴷⴻⵎⵓⴾⵔⴰⵜⵉⴾ ⴷ ⴰⵏⴶⵓⵍⴰ
English: The arts are a very wide range of human practices of creative expression, storytelling and cultural participation.
Tamasheq: ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵛⵗⵓⵍⵜ ⵜⴰⵏ ⵉⵏⵂⴰⴷⴰⵏ ⵜⴰⵈⵈⴰⵍ ⵂⴰⵔⴰⵜ ⴷⴰⵗ ⴻⵜⴰⵔⵜⴰⵔ ⵏ ⴰⵍⵆⵉⴷⵎⴰⵜⴻⵏ ⵏ ⵉⵗⴰⵏⵏⴰⵏ ⴰⵈⵈⴰⵍⵏⴻⵏ ⵜⵉⵙⵉⵎⴰⵍ , ⵜⵉⵏⴼⵓⵙⴻⵏ ⴷ ⵉⵋⵓⵛ ⵏ ⴰⴶⵏⴰ
English: They can employ skill and imagination to produce objects, performances, convey insights and experiences, and construct new environments and spaces.
Tamasheq: ⴰⴷⴷⵓⴱⴻⵏ ⴰⴷ ⴰⵙⵙⴰⵆⴷⴰⵎ ⵎⵓⵙⵏⴰⵜ ⴷ ⴰⵏⴰⵣⵋⵓⵎ ⵉ ⴰⴷ ⴰⵗⵏⵉⵏ ⵂⴰⵔⴰⵜⴰⵏ, ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵙⴰⵏ ⵓⵍⴰⵗⵏⴻⵏ, ⴰⵙⵉⵔⵜⴰⵉ ⵏ ⵉⴾⴰⵉⴰⴷⴰⵏ ⴷ ⵉⴼⴰⵂⴰⵎⴰⵏ ⴷ ⴻⴷⴻⵉ ⵏ ⵉⵂⵉⵏⵣⵓⵣⴰⵗ ⴻⵉⵏⴰⵉⵏⴻⵏ ⴷ ⵂⴰⴰⵏⴷⴰⴶⴰⵏ
English: They can also develop or contribute to some particular aspect of a more complex art form, as in cinematography.
Tamasheq: ⴰⴷⴷⵓⴱⴻⵏ ⵂⴰⵔ ⴰⵋⵋⵓⴷⵉ ⴻⴼⴻⵙ ⵎⴻⵗ ⴰⵙⵉⵓⴰⴷ ⵏ ⵜⵉⵜⴱⴰⵈⴻⵜ ⵉⵉⵉⴰⵜ ⵏ ⴷⵓⵎⵓ ⵏ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵛⵗⵓⵍⵜ ⴰⵋⵋⴻⵏ ⵎⴰⵈⵈⵓⵔⴰⵏ ⵛⵓⵏⴷ ⴷⴰⵗ ⵙⵉⵏⴻⵎⴰⵜⵓⴶⵔⴰⴼⵉ
English: The first meaning of the word art is « way of doing ».
Tamasheq: ⴰⵍⵎⴰⵗⵏⴰ ⵓⴰ ⴻⵣⵣⴰⵔⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵉⵙⵉⵎ ⵓⴰⵏ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵛⵗⵓⵍⵜ ⵜⴰⵏ ⵉⵏⵂⴰⴷⴰⵏ ⵉⵏⵜⴰ ⵙ «ⴰⴱⴰⵔⴰ ⵉ ⴰⵎⵓⴾⵉⵏ».
English: In its most basic abstract definition, art is a documented expression of a sentient being through or on an accessible medium so that anyone can view, hear or experience it.
Tamasheq: ⴻⴰⵗ ⴰⵍⵎⴰⵗⵏⴰ ⵏⴻⵜ ⵓⴰ ⵓⴰⵔ ⵏ ⵉⵍⴰ ⴰⴾⴰⵉⴰⴷ , ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵛⵗⵓⵍⵜ ⵜⴰⵏ ⴰⵓ ⵏ ⴰⵂⴰⴷ ⵜⴰⵈⵈⴰⵍ ⵜⴰⵙⴰⵙⵙⴰⵗⵔⴰⵓⵜ ⴼⴰⵍ ⵉⵋⵋⴰ ⴼⴰⵔⴰⴾ ⵎⴻⵗ ⴷⴰⵗ ⵋⴰⵔⴻⵉ ⵙ ⴰⴷⴷⵓⴱⴰⵜ ⴰⵓⴰⴷⵉⵎ ⴼⵓⴾ ⴰⴾⵉⴰⴷ ⵏⴻⵜ , ⵜⴻⵙⴰⵍⴻ ⵏⴻⵜ ⵎⴻⵗ ⴰⴼⴰⵂⴰⵎ ⵏⴻⵜ
English: Such public rating is dependent on various subjective factors.
Tamasheq: ⵛⵓⵏⴷ ⵜⴰ-ⵉⵜⴻ ⵜⴻⵏ ⵏ ⴰⴷⴷⵉⵏⴰⵜ ⵉⵍⴾⴰⵎ ⵉ ⵜⵉⵜⴱⴰⵈⵈⴰ ⴰⵋⵋⵓⵜⵏⴻⵏ
English: In Ancient Greece, all art and craft was referred to by the same word, techne.
Tamasheq: ⴻⴰⵗ ⵗⵔⴻⴻⵛⴻ ⵜⴰⵏ ⴰⵔⵓ, ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵛⵗⵓⵍⵜ ⵜⴰⵏ ⵉⵏⵂⴰⴷⴰⵏ ⴼⵓⴾ ⵜoⵂⴰⵔ ⵉⵙⵉⵎ oⵍⴰⵂⴰⵏ , ⵜⴻⵛⵂⵏⴻ.
English: Ancient Roman art depicted gods as idealized humans, shown with characteristic distinguishing features (e.g. Zeus' thunderbolt).
Tamasheq: ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵛⵗⵓⵍⵜ ⵏ ⵉⵏⵂⴰⴷⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵕoⵎⴰ ⵜⴰⵏ ⴰⵔⵓ ⵜⵉⴷⵍⴰⵋ ⵉⵎⴰⵆⵍⴰⴾⴰⵏ ⴰⵈⵈⴰⵍⵏⴻⵏ ⵛⵓⵏⴷ ⴰⴷⴷⵉⵏⴰⵜ ⵙⴰⴾⵏⵉⵏⴻⵏ ⵙⴰⵎⴰⵍⴰⵏ (ⴰⵍⵎⵉⵜⴰⵍ ⵤⵓⴻⵙ, ⵜⵂⵓⵏⴷⴻⵔⴱⵓⵍⵜ)
English: A characteristic of this style is that the local colour is often defined by an outline (a contemporary equivalent is the cartoon).
Tamasheq: ⵙⴰⵎⴰⵍ ⵏ ⵉⵛⵉⴾⵉⵍ ⵓⴻⵏ ⵉⵏⵜⴰ ⴷⵓⵎⵓ ⴰⵍⵎⴰⵗⵏⴰ ⵜⵉⵋⵋⴰⵉ ⵜⴰⵗⴻⵍⵉⵜ (ⴰ ⵓⴶⴷⴰⵂⴰⵏ ⴷⴰⵗ ⴰⵣⵣⴰⵎⴰⵏ ⵓⴰ ⴷⴰⵗ ⵉⴷ ⵛⴰⵔⵜⵓⵓⵏ)
English: In modern academia, the arts are usually grouped with or as a subset of the humanities.
Tamasheq: ⴻⴰⵗ ⴰⵛⴰⴷⴻⵎⵉⴰ ⵜⴰⵏ ⵓⵛⵔⴰⵉ, ⵜⵉⵎⵛⴰⵗⵓⵍⴻⵏ ⵏ ⵉⵏⵂⴰⴷⴰⵏ ⴰⵔⵜⴰⵉ ⵏⴰⵜ ⵂⴰⵔⴾⵓⴾ ⵉⴷ ⵎⴻⵗ ⵜⵉⴶⵉⵜⵜⴻⵙⵜ ⵏ ⴰⵍⵗⵓⵍⴰⵎ
English: The word architecture comes from the Greek arkhitekton, "master builder, director of works," from αρχι- (arkhi) "chief" + τεκτων (tekton) "builder, carpenter".
Tamasheq: “ⵉⵙⵉⵎ ⵓⴰⵏ ⴻⴷⴻⵉ ⵉⵣⵋⴰⵔ ⵉⴷ ⵗⵔⴻⴻⴾ ⴰⵔⴾⵂⵉⵜⴻⴾⵜⵓⵏ, “”ⴰⵍⴱⴰⵏⵏⴰ ⵏ ⴰⵎⵓⵙⴰⵏ, ⴰⵎⵉⵣⴰⵔ ⵏ ⵜⵉⵎⴰⵛⵗⵓⵍⴻⵏ”” ⵉⵣⵋⴰⵔⴰⵏ ⴰⴱχι- (ⴰⵔⴾⵂⵉ) ""ⴰⵎⵉⵣⴰⵔ” + τεκτων (ⵜⴻⴾⵜoⵏ) “”ⴰⵍⴱⴰⵏⵏⴰ, ⴰⵓ ⵏ ⴰⵂⴰⴷ””
English: In modern usage, architecture is the art and discipline of creating, or inferring an implied or apparent plan of, a complex object or system.
Tamasheq: ⴻⴰⵗ ⴰⵆⴰⴷⴰⵎ ⵏⴻⵜ ⵓⴰ ⴻⵉⵏⴰⵉⴰⵏ, ⴻⴷⴻⵉ ⴻⵈⵈⴰⵍ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵛⵗⵓⵍⵜ ⴷ ⴰⵍⵆⵉⴷⵎⴰⵜ ⵏ ⵉⵗⴰⵏⵏⴰⵏ ⵎⴻⵗ ⵉⴾⵓⵙ ⵏ ⴰⴷⴷⴰⴱⴰⵔⴰ ⴰⵏⵉⴼⴰⵍⴰⵍⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵂⴰⵔⴰⵜ ⵎⴻⵗ ⵙⵉⵙⵜⴻⵎ ⵎⴰⵈⵈⵓⵔⴰⵏ
English: Planned architecture manipulates space, volume, texture, light, shadow, or abstract elements in order to achieve pleasing aesthetics.
Tamasheq: ⴻⴷⴻⵉ ⵓⴰ ⴻⵈⵈⴰⵍⴰⵏ ⴰⴷⴷⴰⴱⴰⵔⴰ ⴰⴾⴾⵓⴾⴰⵍ ⴰⴾⴰⵍ, ⴻⵎⴰⵙⵍⵉ, ⵜⴰⵗⵉⵙⵙⴰ ⵏⴻⵜ, ⴻⴼⴻⵓ, ⵜⴻⵍⴰⵉ, ⵎⴻⵗ ⵜⵉⵜⴱⴰⵈⵈⴰ ⵓⴰⵔ ⵏ ⵉⵍⴰ ⴰⴾⴰⵉⴰⴷ ⵉ ⴰⴷ ⴰⵓⵉⴷ ⴰⴷⴰⵍⵓⵋ ⵉⵋⵔⴰⵣⴰⵏ
English: While some ceramic products are considered fine art, some are considered to be decorative, industrial, or applied art objects.
Tamasheq: ⵆⵓⴷⴷⴻⵗ ⴰⵙ ⵉⵙⵓⵋ ⵉⵉⵉⴰⴷ ⵉⵋⵋⴰⵏ ⵙ ⴰⵎⴰⴷⴰⵍ ⵜ ⴰⵓⴰⵗⵔⵉⵏ ⵙ ⵉⵙⵉⵎ ⵓⴰⵏ ⴼⵉⵏⴻ ⴰⵔⵜ, ⵉⵉⵉⴰⴷ ⴰⵈⵈⴰⵍⴰⵏ ⵓⵉⵏ ⵉⴷⴰⵍoⵋⴰⵏ, ⵏ ⵎⴰⵔⵛⵉⵏ ⵜⴰⵏ ⵎⴻⵗ ⵉⵙⵓⵋ ⵏ ⵜⵉⵎⴰⵛⵗⵓⵍⴻⵏ
English: In a pottery or ceramic factory, a group of people design, manufacture, and decorate the pottery.
Tamasheq: ⴻⴰⵗ ⵉⵣⵉⵏ ⵜⴰⵏ ⵓⵉⵏ ⵉⴾⴰⵏⵏⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵉⵍⵉⴾⴾⴰⵏ ⵎⴻⵗ ⵓⵉⵏ ⴰⴾⴰⵍ, ⵜⴰⵈⵈⵉⵎⵜ ⵏ ⴰⴷⴷⵉⵏⴰⵜ ⵜ ⴰⵗⴰⵏ,ⵜⵓⵍⴰⵙ ⴷ ⴰⵍⵍⴰⵋⴰⵏ ⵉⵍⵉⴾⴾⴰⵏ
English: It generally involves making marks on a surface by applying pressure from a tool, or moving a tool across a surface.
Tamasheq: ⴻⵂⴻⵉ ⵂⴰⵔⴾⵓⴾ ⵉⵛⵉⵛⵓⵉⵍⴰⵏ ⵏ ⴰⵔⵓⵔⵉ ⵙ ⴰⵣⵓⴶⵉ ⵏ ⴰⵙⵓⵋ ⵎⴻⵗ ⴰⵛⵉⵏⴾⵉⵛ ⵏ ⴰⵙⵓⵋ ⴼⴰⵍ ⴰⵔⵓⵔⵉ
English: The main techniques used in drawing are line drawing, hatching, crosshatching, random hatching, scribbling, stippling, and blending.
Tamasheq: ⵜⵉⴾⴰⵔⵙⵉⵓⴻⵏ ⵜⵉ ⴰⵆⴷⴰⵎⵏⴻⵏ ⴷⴰⵗ ⵉⵋⵉ ⵏ ⴷⴻⵙⵉⵏ ⵜⴰⵏ ⴰⵈⵈⴰⵍⴰⵏ ⵉⵉⴰⴾⴰ ⵏ ⴷⴻⵙⵉⵏ, ⵂⴰⵜⵛⵂⵉⵏⴶ, ⵛⵔⵓⵙⵙⵂⴰⵜⵛⵂⵉⴶ, ⵔⴰⵏⴷⵓⵎ ⵂⴰⵜⵛⵂⵉⵏⴶ, ⵙⵛⵔⵉⴱⴱⵉⵏⴶ, ⵉⵣⵣⴰⴶⵏⴻⵏ ⵜⵓⵍⴰⵙ ⵎⵉⵛⴰⵔⵓⴰⵉⵏⴻⵏ
English: Paintings can be naturalistic and representational (as in a still life or landscape painting), photographic, abstract, narrative, symbolistic (as in Symbolist art), emotive (as in Expressionism), or political in nature (as in Artivism).
Tamasheq: ⴼⴰⵏⵜⵉⵔ ⵜⴰⵏ ⴰⴷⴷoⴱⴻⵏ ⴰⴷ ⴰⵈⵈⵉⵍⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵂⴰⵔⴰⵜ ⴻⵗⵏⴰⵏ ⵉⴷ ⵉⵎⴰⵏ ⵎⴻⵗ ⴻⵈⵈⴰⵍⴰⵏ ⴰ ⴻⵂⴰⵏ ⴻⴷⴰⴶ (ⵛⵓⵏⴷ ⵂⴰⵔⴰⵜ ⴰⵎⵎⵓⵜⴰⵏ ⵎⴻⵗ ⴼⴰⵏⵜⵉⵔ ⵏ ⴰⵂⵉⵏⵣⴰⵣⴰⵗ, ⵏ ⵜⴻⵍⴰⵉ, ⵓⴰⵔ ⵏ ⵉⵍⴰ ⴰⴾⴰⵉⴰⴷ, ⵉⵜⴰⵋ ⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵏⴼⵓⵙⴻⵏ, ⴻⵈⵈⴰⵍⴰⵏ ⵙⵓⴾⵏⵉ (ⵛⵓⵏⴷ ⵙⵉⵎⴱⵓⵍⵉⵙⵜ ⴰⵔⵜ), ⵉⵍⴰⵏ ⵜⴰⴼⵔⵉⵜ (ⵛⵓⵏⴷ ⴷⴰⵗ ⴻⵆⴱⵔⴻⵙⵙⵉoⵏⵉⵙⵎ) ⵎⴻⵗ ⵏ ⴼⵓⵍⵉⵜⵉⴾ (ⵛⵓⵏⴷ ⴰⵔⵜⵉvⵉⵙⵎ)
English: The noun "literature" comes from the Latin word littera meaning "an individual written character (letter)."
Tamasheq: “Iⵙⵉⵎ ⵓⴰⵏ “ⵍⵉⵜⵜⴻⵔⴰⵜⵓⵔⴻ”” ⵉⵣⵋⴰⵔ ⵉⴷ ⴷⴰⵗ ⵍⴰⵜⵉⵏ ⵍⵉⵜⵜⴻⵔⴰ ⵙ ⴰⵍⵎⴰⵗⵏⴰ ⵏⴻⵜ “ⴻⵎⴰⵙⵍⴻ ⵉⵉⵉⴰⵏ ⵉⴾⵜⴰⴱⴰⵏ (ⴻⵎⴰⵙⵍⴻ)”””
English: Each discipline in the performing arts is temporal in nature, meaning the product is performed over a period of time.
Tamasheq: ⵂⴰⴾ ⴰⵍⵆⵉⴷⵎⴰⵜ ⴷⴰⵗ ⴰⵎⵓⴾⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵛⵗⵓⵍⴻⵏ ⵏⴻⵜ ⵜⵉ ⵉⵏⵂⴰⴷⴰⵏ ⵜⵉⵍⴾⴰⵎ ⵉ ⴰⵍⵓⴰⵈ ⴰⵍⵎⴰⵗⵏⴰ ⵏ ⴰⵓⴻⵏ ⴰⵙⵓⵋ ⵉⴾⵏⴰ ⴷⴰⵗ ⴰⵣⵣⴰⵎⴰⵏ ⴷⴰⵗ ⴰⵍⵓⴰⵈ.
English: Dance is also used to describe methods of non-verbal communication (see body language) between humans or animals (e.g. bee dance, mating dance), motion in inanimate objects (e.g. the leaves danced in the wind), and certain musical forms or genres.
Tamasheq: ⴻⴰⵍⵍoⵍ ⵉⵏⵜⴰ ⴷⴻⵗ ⴰ ⵉⵜⴰⵍⴰⵗⴻⵏ ⵉⵎⵎⵉⴾⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵎⴰⵋⵔⴰⴷ ⵓⴰⵔ ⵏ ⴰⵈⵈⴻⵍ ⵓⵉⵏ ⴻⵎ (ⴰⵓⴰⵍ ⵓⴰⵏ ⵜⴰⵗⵉⵙⵙⴰ) ⵋⵉⵔ ⴰⴷⴷⵉⵏⴰⵜ ⵎⴻⵗ ⵉⵔⵉⵣⵣⴻⵋ (ⴻ.ⴶ ⴷⴰⵍⵍoⵍ ⵓⴰⵏ ⵉⵛⴰⵏ, ⴷⴰⵍⵍoⵍ ⵓⴰⵏ ⵉⵋⵉ ⵏ ⴰⵏⴰⴱⴰⴾⴾⴰⴷ) , ⴰⵛⵉⵓⵉⵏⴾⵉ ⵏ ⵂⴰⵔⴰⵜⴰⵏ ⵓⵉ ⴰⵎⵎⵓⵜⵏⴻⵏ (ⴻ.ⴶ ⵉⴼⵔⵉⵏⴾⵉⵜⵜⴰⵏ ⵜⴰⴷⴷⴰⵍ ⵏⴻⵏ ⴷⴰⵗ ⴰⴷⵓ) ⴷ ⴷⵓⵎⵓ ⵜⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵉⵙⵓⵂⴰⵗ ⵎⴻⵗ ⵉⵛⵉⴾⵉⵍⴰⵏ ⵉⵉⵉⴰⴷ
English: The creation, performance, significance, and even the definition of music vary according to culture and social context.
Tamasheq: Iⵗⴰⵏⵏⵉ,ⴰⵍⵎⴰⵗⵏⴰ ⵂⴰⴾ ⵉⴷ ⴰⴼⵉⵙⵙⵉⵔ ⵏ ⴰⵙⴰⵂⴰⵗ ⵉⵣⵍⴰⵉ ⵙ ⴰⴶⵏⴰ ⵜⴰⵏ ⴷ ⵜⵉⵎⵉⵣⴷⴰⵗ“ⵛoⴱⵓⵙⴻⵔ ⵕⵉⵛⵂⴰⵔⴷ ⵢⴶⵏⴻⵔ ⴻⵔⴷⴰⵂ ⴼⴰⵍ ⴰⵏⴰⵗⵉⵎⴱⴰⵍ ⵏ ⵜⵉⵗⵉⵔ ⴰⵋⵋⵓⵜⵏⴻⵏ ⴷⴰⵗ ⴰⵍⵆⵉⴷⵎⴰⵜ ⵉⵉⵉⴰⵜ ⵏ oⴱⴻⵔⴰ, ⵙ ⴰⵍⵎⵉⵜⴰⵍ ⵏⴻⵜ ⴹⴻⵔ ⵔⵉⵏⴶ ⴷⴻⵙ ⵓⵉⴱⴻⵍⵓⵏⴶⴻⵏ (““ⴰⵙⴰⵂⴰⵗ ⵓⴰⵏ ⵍⵉⴱⴻⵍⵓⵏⴶ””).
English: The composer Richard Wagner recognized the fusion of so many disciplines into a single work of opera, exemplified by his cycle Der Ring des Nibelungen ("The Ring of the Nibelung").
Tamasheq: “ⵛⵓⴱⵓⵙⴻⵔ ⵔⵉⵛⵂⴰⵔⴷ ⵓⴰⴶⵏⴻⵔ ⴻⵔⴷⴰⵂ ⴼⴰⵍ ⴰⵏⴰⵗⵉⵎⴱⴰⵍ ⵏ ⵜⵉⵗⵉⵔ ⴰⵋⵋⵓⵜⵏⴻⵏ ⴷⴰⵗ ⴰⵍⵆⵉⴷⵎⴰⵜ ⵉⵉⵉⴰⵜ ⵏ ⵓⴱⴻⵔⴰ, ⵙ ⴰⵍⵎⵉⵜⴰⵍ ⵏⴻⵜ ⴹⴻⵔ ⵔⵉⵏⴶ ⴷⴻⵙ ⵏⵉⴱⴻⵍⵓⵏⴶⴻⵏ (““ⴰⵙⴰⵂⴰⵗ ⵓⴰⵏ ⵏⵉⴱⴻⵍⵓⵏⴶ””).
English: Other works in the late 19th, 20th and 21st centuries have fused other disciplines in unique and creative ways, such as performance art.
Tamasheq: ⴰⵍⵆⵉⴷⵎⴰⵜⴻⵏ ⵜⵉⵉⵉⴰⴷ ⵏ ⵓⵛⵔⴰⵉ ⵏ ⴰⵓⴰⵜⴰⵉ ⵓⴰⵏ 1900, 2000 ⴷ ⵓⴰⵏ 2021 ⵙⴰⴱⴱⵓⵈⴻⵏ ⵜⵉⵗⵉⵔ ⵜⵉⵉⵉⴰⴷ ⴷⴰⵗ ⴰⴱⴰⵔⴰ ⵜⴰⵏ ⵉⵉⵉⴰⴷ ⴷ ⵏ ⵓⵗⵏⴰ ⵛⵓⵏⴷ ⵏⴻⵔⴼoⵔⵎⴰⵏⵛⴻ ⴰⵔⵜ.
English: John Cage is regarded by many as a performance artist rather than a composer, although he preferred the latter term.
Tamasheq: ⵋⵓⵂⵏ ⵛⴰⴶⴻ ⵉⵋⵋⴰⵏ ⵜⵉ ⴰⴷⴷⵉⵏⴰⵜ ⵉⵉⵉⴰⴷ ⴰⴶ-ⴶⵓ ⵉⵙⵙⴰⵏⴰⵏ ⵉⵍⴰⵏ ⵎⵓⵙⵏⴰⵜ ⵓⵂⵓⵏ ⵛⵓⵎⴱⴽⵙⴻⵔ ⴾⵓⴷⴷⴻⵗ ⴰⵙ ⴰⵙⵙⵓⴼ ⵉⵙⵉⵎ ⵓⴰⵏ ⵓⵛⵔⴰⵉ
English: The applied arts includes fields such as industrial design, illustration, and commercial art.
Tamasheq: ⴰⴱⴱⵍⵉⴻⴷ ⴰⵔⵜⵙ ⴰⵂⴰⵏ ⵜⵉ ⵉⵣⴰⵔⴰⴶⴰⵏ ⵛⵓⵏⴷ ⴷⴻⵙⵉⴶⵏ ⵓⵉⵏ ⵉⵣⵉⵏ ⵜⴰⵏ, ⵓⵉⵏ ⵜⴰⵍⵉⵓⴻⵏ ⴷ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵛⵗⵓⵍⵜ ⵏ ⵎⴰⵎⴰⵍⴰ
English: Within social sciences, cultural economists show how video games playing is conducive to the involvement in more traditional art forms and cultural practices, which suggests the complementarity between video games and the arts.
Tamasheq: ⵍⵍⴹⴰⵗ ⵙⵛⵉⴻⵏⵛⴻⵙ ⵙoⵛⵉⴰⵍ ⵜⴰⵏ, ⴻⴾoⵏⵓⵎⵉⵙⵜ ⵜⴰⵏ ⴰⴶⵏⴰ ⵉⵙⵙⵉⴾⵏⴰⵏ ⵉⵎⵎⵉⴾ ⵓⴰ ⵙ ⵙⵓⵍⵂ ⵉⵏ vⵉⴷⴻo ⵜⴰⵏ ⵜⵉⵏ ⴷⴰⵍⵍⵓⵍ ⵉⵜⵉⵓⵉ ⵉⴷ ⵙ ⴰⵎⵓⵜⵜⵉ ⵙ ⴷⵓⵎⵓ ⵜⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵉⵎⴰⵛⵗⵓⵍⴻⵏ ⵜⵉⵏ ⴰⵍⴰⵙⴰⵍ ⵏ ⵉⵏⵂⴰⴷⴰⵏ ⴷ ⵜⵉⵎⴰⵛⵗⵓⵍⴻⵏ ⵏ ⴰⴶⵏⴰ ⴰⵣⵣⵉⵍⵣⴰⵎⵏⴻⵏ ⴰⵂⴰⵔⵓⵋ ⵏ vⵉⴷⴻⵉⵓ ⵜⴰⵏ ⵜⵉⵏ ⴷⴰⵍⵍⵓⵍ ⴷ ⵜⵉⵎⴰⵛⵗⵓⵍⴻⵏ ⵜⵉⵏ ⵉⵏⵂⴰⴷⴰⵏ
English: Architecture (Latin architectura, from the Greek ἀρχιτέκτων arkhitekton "architect", from ἀρχι- "chief" and τέκτων "creator") is both the process and the product of planning, designing, and constructing buildings or other structures.
Tamasheq: “ⴻⴷⴻⵉ (ⵍⴰⵜⵉⵏ ⴰⵔⵛⵂⵉⵜⴻⵛⵜⵓⵔⴰ, ⵉⴷ ⵉⴼⴰⵍⴰⵏ ⵗⵔⴻⴻⴾ ἀρχιτέκτων ⴰⵔⴾⵂⵉⵜⴻⴾⵜoⵏ ""ⴰⵔⵛⵂⵉⵜⴻⴾⵜ"", ⴼⵔoⵎ ⴰρχι- ""ⴰⵎⴰⵏoⴾⴰⵍ"" ⴰⵏⴷ τέκτων ""ⴰⵎⴰⵆⵍⴰⴾ"") ⴰⵈⵈⴰⵍⴰⵏ ⴼⵓⴾ ⵜⴰⵎăⵛⴰⵍⵜ ⴷ ⴰⵙⵓⵋ ⵏ ⵉⵋⵉ ⵏ ⴰⴷⴷⴰⴱⴰⵔⴰ, ⴰⴰⴱχιτέκτων ⴰⵔⴾⵂⵉⵜⴻⴾⵜⵓⵏ ""ⴰⵔⵛⵂⵉⵜⴻⵛⵜ"", ⴼⵔⵎ ἀρχι- ""ⵛⵂⵉⴻⴼ"" ⴰⵏⴷ τέκτων ""ⵛⵔⴻⴰⵜⵓⵔ"") ⴰⵗⴰⵏⵏⵉ ⴷ ⴻⴷⴻⵉ ⵏ ⵉⵂⴰⵏⴰⵏ ⵓⵉ ⵎⴰⵈⵈⵓⵔⵏⴻⵏ ⵎⴻⵗ ⵜⵉⵋⵉⵜⴰⵓⴻⵏ ⵜⵉⵉⵉⴰⴷ”
English: The practice, which began in the prehistoric era, has been used as a way of expressing culture for civilizations on all seven continents.
Tamasheq: ⴰⵍⵆⵉⴷⵎⴰⵜ ⵜⴰ ⵜⴰⵙⵙⵉⵏⵜⴰⵜ ⴷⴰⵗ ⵉⵓⵉⵜⵉⴰⵏ ⵏ ⴰⵜⵜⴰⵔⴻⵆ ⵓⴰⵏ ⵜⵉⵣⴰⵔⴰⵜ ⵉⵋⵋⵏⴰⵜ ⵆⴰⴷⴰⵎ ⵏ ⵉⵎⵎⵉⴾ ⵏ ⴰⵍⴰⵗⵉ ⵏ ⴰⴶⵏⴰ ⵉ ⴰⵍⵆⴰⵍⴰⵏ oⵍⴰⵗⵏⴻⵏ ⴼⴰⵍ ⵉⵎⵉⴷⵍⴰⵏ ⵓⵉⵏ ⴰⵙⵙⴰ.
English: In the 19th century, Louis Sullivan declared that "form follows function". "
Tamasheq: “ⴻⴰⵗ ⴰⵓⴰⵜⴰⵉ ⵓⴰ 1900, ⵍoⵓⵉⵙ ⵙⵓⵍⵉⴱⴰⵏ ⵉⵍⵍⴰⵗⴰⵜ ⴰⵙ “ⴷⵓⵎⵓ ⵉⵍⴾⴰⵎ ⵉ ⴰⵆⴰⴷⴰⵎ ⵏⴻⵜ”””
English: Architecture began as rural, oral vernacular architecture that developed from trial and error to successful replication.
Tamasheq: ⴻⴷⴻⵉ ⵉⵙⵙⵉⵏⵜⴰ ⴷⴰⵗ ⴰⵎⴰⴶⵓⵏ ⵙ ⵎⴰⵋⵔⴰⴷ ⵏ ⴰⴷⴷⵉⵏⴰⵜ ⴻⴷⴻⵉ ⵜⴰ ⵙ ⵉⵋⵋⴰ ⴻⴼⴻⵙ ⵏⴻⵜ ⵙ ⴻⵔⴻⵎ ⵂⴰⵔ ⵓⵗⵏⴰ ⵓⵍⴰⵗⴰⵏ
English: During the European Middle Ages, pan-European styles of Romanesque and Gothic cathedrals and abbeys emerged while the Renaissance favored Classical forms implemented by architects known by name.
Tamasheq: ⴰⵗ ⵉⵓⵉⵜⵉⴰⵏ ⵏ Eⵔⵓⴱⴰ ⵓⵉⵏ ⴰⵔⵓ, ⵉⵛⵛⵉⴾⵉⵍⴰⵏ ⵏ ⴱⴰⵏ-Eⵔⴱⴱⴰ ⵓⵉⵏ ⵆⴰⵜⴻⴷⵔⴰⵍ ⴷ ⴱⵓⵎⴱⴻⵔⵜⴰⵏ ⵓⵉⵏ ⵔⵓⵎⴰⵏ ⴷ ⵗⵓⵜⵂⵉⵛ ⵉⵣⵋⴰⵔⴰⵏ ⵉⴷ ⴰⵙ ⵉⵋⵋⴰ ⴰⵓⴻⵏ ⵔⴻⵏⴰⵉⵙⵙⴰⵏⵛⴻ ⵜ ⴰⵙⵙⵓⴼ ⴷⵓⵎⵓ ⵜⴰⵏ ⵓⵉⵏ ⴰⵍⴰⵙⴰⵍ ⵉⵋⵋⴰⵏ ⴰⵍⴱⴰⵏⴰ ⵜⴰⵏ ⵉⵍⴰⵏⴻⵏ ⵉⵙⵉⵎ
English: Emphasis was put on modern techniques, materials, and simplified geometric forms, paving the way for high-rise superstructures.
Tamasheq: ⵜⵉⵜⴱⴰⵈⴻⵜ ⵜⵉⵋⵋⴰ ⴼⴰⵍ ⵜⵉⴾⴰⵔⵙⵉⵓⴻⵏ ⵜⵉ ⴻⵉⵏⴰⵉⵏⴻⵏ, ⵉⵙⵓⵋ ⴷ ⴷⵓⵎⵓ ⵜⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵜⴰⴶⴰⵎⵛⴰⵗⵜ ⵔⴰⵈⵈⵓⵙⵏⴻⵏ ⵉⵋⵋⴰⵏⴻⵏ ⴰⴱⴰⵔⴰ ⵉ ⵉⴷⴻⵉⴰⵏ ⵓⵉ ⵛⴰⵋⵔⵜⵏⴻⵏ
English: A unifying or coherent form or structure.
Tamasheq: ⴻⵓⵎⵓ ⴰⵙⵉⵔⵜⴰⵉⴰⵏ ⵎⴻⵗ ⵉⵍⴰⵏ ⴰⵍⵎⴰⵗⵏⴰ ⵎⴻⵗ ⵜⵉⵋⵉⵜⵜⴰⵓⵜ.