Tamazight-NLP/NLLB-Seed_Tamasheq-Latin-Script huggingface dataset:
English: Cagney also established a dance school for professionals, and then landed a part in the play Women Go On Forever, directed by John Cromwell, which ran for four months.
Tamasheq: Cagney asṣəkrᾰs edagg ən teɣᾰre ye kᾰl musnᾰt ən dallol ɗarᾰt a wen ijjraw ᾰšəɣəl ɣor womem Go on forever wa issabdadᾰn awa ikkan ᾰtwəj a tamosᾰn John Cromwell ətwəšəɣəl a wen har ətwəjjən əkkoẓ orᾰn.
English: The show received rave reviews and was followed by Grand Street Follies of 1929.
Tamasheq: Addᾰl en əjjannen ᾰddinᾰt awa hin əjrahᾰn fᾰl qs attiwakyᾰd hullᾰn daɣ street follie dᾰɣ awatay wa n 1929.
English: Retitled Sinners' Holiday, the film was released in 1930.
Tamasheq: Iwar t isəm wa n Sinners Holiday izjᾰr əd film en dᾰɣ awatᾰy wa n 1930.
English: However, the contract allowed Warners to drop him at the end of any 40-week period, effectively guaranteeing him only 40 weeks’ income at a time.
Tamasheq: Dᾰɣ awa asəbdadᾰn tərəɗawt əs amšəɣəl en ijraw ye Warners tərəɗᾰwt dᾰr əs ɣor samdo ən hak 40 ən əssayaten ᾰssiɗmᾰn a wen awa s annimahᾰl ad t əjrəw dᾰɣ 40 ən əssayaten
English: Due to the strong reviews he had received in his short film career, Cagney was cast as nice-guy Matt Doyle, opposite Edward Woods as Tom Powers.
Tamasheq: Fᾰl təsəba n iməjridᾰn olaɣnen ᾰtwajanen fᾰl as ijraw dᾰɣ təməɗrit ən tᾰqqᾰn jəzəlᾰt dᾰɣ ᾰšəɣəl ən sənnəmatᾰn ᾰnnifrᾰnnen Cagney y ijji n awa t id eqqalᾰn šund sarho ən Matt Doyle dat Edwar Woods dᾰɣ ᾰšəɣəl ən Tom Powers.
English: Producer Darryl Zanuck claimed he thought of it in a script conference; Wellman said the idea came to him when he saw the grapefruit on the table during the shoot; and writers Glasmon and Bright claimed it was based on the real life of gangster Hymie Weiss, who threw an omelette into his girlfriend's face.
Tamasheq: Darryl Zanuck wa ikkanᾰn awa mad en ətwəšəɣel ᾰsdatat dᾰɣ ᾰnnəzjum ən asəwəj ən təɣimit fᾰl awa ᾰtwašaɣalᾰn Wellman inna ikraš ᾰnnəzjum as inhay alwᾰq wa d ᾰšeɣalᾰn telajᾰẓt təwarᾰt tabəl Addinᾰt wi ᾰšeɣᾰlnen Glasmon əd Brigh ᾰsdᾰten as wᾰr t əjja ar fᾰl awa d əd taqqal əs tidət tᾰmudre n awadəm ən timašalen əbrarnen s itawanna Hymie Weiss əs kala ijjᾰr tamidit ənnes əs tikakiten dᾰɣ idəm.
English: I never dreamed it would be shown in the movie.
Tamasheq: Kala wᾰr ᾰznᾰzjameɣ əs a-wen ad ətwəsəkən dᾰɣ sənəma.
English: He saw the film repeatedly just to see that scene, and was often shushed by angry patrons when his delighted laughter got too loud."
Tamasheq: Ijja ikayadᾰn ᾰjjootnen y-akkayad ənnes y-ad ənhəy edᾰgg en təzzar harkuk wᾰr ᾰnmannᾰk əd wi kayyadnen itajᾰš tᾰn ᾰlhᾰm ən təɗəẓẓa nes - i-t-aṣṣohet.
English: Warner Bros. was quick to team its two rising gangster stars—Edward G. Robinson and Cagney—for the 1931 film Smart Money.
Tamasheq: Warner Bros arorᾰd tartit ən ᾰddinᾰt wi-n-əssin ən erk timašalen a-tᾰn amoosᾰn: Edward G Robinson əd Cagney y-ijji ən sənəma wa-s-itawanna Smart Honey ᾰtwᾰjjᾰn dᾰɣ awatay wa-n 1931.
English: As he completed filming, The Public Enemy was filling cinemas with all-night showings.
Tamasheq: šamad imidu ammukən ənnes, The Public Energy, dᾰɣ ehaɗ-ən, idaggan kul wi dᾰɣ tajjᾰn sənəmatᾰn.
English: The studio heads also insisted that Cagney continue promoting their films, even ones he was not in, which he opposed.
Tamasheq: imizzarᾰn ən idaggan wi-n-n asəɣal asəbdadᾰn əs tahasilt Cagney əs assiəɗ ən tanfo ən əs dᾰt ən thé
English: The success of The Public Enemy and Blonde Crazy forced Warner Bros.' hand.
Tamasheq: Public Enemy əd Blonde Eranzy ašašᾰlᾰn affus ən Zurner Bros.
English: The film was swiftly followed by The Crowd Roars and Winner Take All.
Tamasheq: The Crowd Roars əd Winner Take all, əkyadᾰn film- ən šik.
English: Historians also debate the nature of history as an end in itself, as well as its usefulness to give perspective on the problems of the present.
Tamasheq: Tinfusen, ammədaš hullen fᾰl əmmək ən tanfust šund- as awa attiwamaɣᾰn kul, wᾰr- atwawaɗ hak-əd tanfo nes y- assəkən ən timusnawen əs əmmək wa-s mad ətwəfhəm.
English: However, ancient cultural influences have helped spawn variant interpretations of the nature of history which have evolved over the centuries and continue to change today.
Tamasheq: Masᾰn haratᾰn, ajjootnen əd attiwakaynen orawᾰn əmməkkan abɗanen ən esawa ən tanfust, aqqalan tiwaɗt dᾰɣ elan tikkyan əs ammutəy harwa ašal-i.
English: Herodotus, a 5th-century BC Greek historian, is often considered the "father of history" in the Western tradition, although he has also been criticized as the "father of lies".
Tamasheq: ”Héradote, emaj ən tinfust hin okkaynen dᾰɣ addəwal wan gree dᾰɣ temaɗe ta-sdat J.C ᾰttiwaɗkᾰl šund “”amaraw ən bahu”” .”
English: In Middle English, the meaning of history was "story" in general.
Tamasheq: Dᾰɣ tawalt tan anglais hin tašmᾰt tanfust a has itawanen ”story.”
English: In modern German, French, and most Germanic and Romance languages, which are solidly synthetic and highly inflected, the same word is still used to mean both "history" and "story".
Tamasheq: ”Dᾰɣ Allemangne tan w-aynayᾰn ta fransit’əd harᾰt dᾰɣ kal tawalen t-in kᾰl germanie ədromanes, əknanᾰt mehaw hullen amoostᾰn ad annikaben, tafert- en itawᾰ-as harwa”” tanfust””əd”isᾰln””.”
English: In the words of Benedetto Croce, "All history is contemporary history".
Tamasheq: Dᾰɣ tənna ən Benedetto” tanfust kul t-amoos tanfust ən isᾰlan attiwajanen dᾰɣ azzaman iyyᾰn.
English: Therefore, the constitution of the historian's archive is a result of circumscribing a more general archive by invalidating the usage of certain texts and documents (by falsifying their claims to represent the "true past").
Tamasheq: Dᾰɣ isᾰlan wi-d-əqqalnen asəməsədu fᾰl wi ətwᾰrnen ən emᾰj ən tənfusen əmmalᾰnt isᾰlan iyyᾰɗ d-ᾰlkəttabᾰn ( s-assəmutəy ən awa əkkqn əs asəkkən ən awa ᾰtwajjᾰn əs tidət ;
English: The study of history has sometimes been classified as part of the humanities and at other times as part of the social sciences.
Tamasheq: Ahanay ən əmmək ən tᾰnfust ᾰmoos ᾰlwᾰq iyyᾰn harᾰt ᾰttiwᾰɗkalᾰn dᾰɣ ummᾰɣ ən təmusnawen fᾰl agg-ᾰddəm ijja daɣ fᾰl timusnawen ajjootnen.
English: In the 20th century, French historian Fernand Braudel revolutionized the study of history, by using such outside disciplines as economics, anthropology, and geography in the study of global history.
Tamasheq: Dagh awatay wan 2000,Fernand Braudel iyyan dagh kel attarex n France, eway id tamuttayt n teghare tan attarex s majal tan n s ajjama chund aqtisad, teghare n musnat n awadim d jografia dagh teghare n attarex wan alghalim
English: In general, the sources of historical knowledge can be separated into three categories: what is written, what is said, and what is physically preserved, and historians often consult all three.
Tamasheq: Fᾰl tiwit ən tanfust musnᾰt ənnes t-addobᾰt ad t-ajj tiẓunawen karaɗᾰt: awa ᾰtiwᾰktabᾰn awa ᾰtwᾰnnᾰn əd awa iɣalasᾰn kᾰl tənfusen kayadᾰn tᾰnᾰt fᾰl karaɗᾰt .
English: Archaeological finds rarely stand alone, with narrative sources complementing its discoveries.
Tamasheq: Ajaraw ən ᾰsəfukᾰr ən haratᾰn əfᾰrnen ay-illan afɗᾰn ən elan əgdahᾰn y-iman fall-as asiwəɗ a t-ajjᾰn isᾰlan ən awa-t-illan dat awa .
English: For example, Mark Leone, the excavator and interpreter of historical Annapolis, Maryland, USA, has sought to understand the contradiction between textual documents idealizing "liberty" and the material record, demonstrating the possession of slaves and the inequalities of wealth made apparent by the study of the total historical environment.
Tamasheq: “Almital iyyan Mark Leone ᾰnnumaɣ əd enᾰsfahᾰm ən tanfust ta-n Annapolis Maryland USA immᾰɣ y-ad əfhəm awa ᾰtiwᾰktabᾰn dᾰɣ ᾰlkəttabᾰn wi saknanen əmmək ən ajjaraw ən iman ənnes əd umᾰɣ ən wi ətwarnen amoosnen ay-isaknen.”
English: It is possible for historians to concern themselves with both the very specific and the very general, although the modern trend has been toward specialization.
Tamasheq: Uɗəf ən eclan əd ibq-igdᾰh dᾰɣ tanfo t-ᾰttiwajᾰt fᾰl umᾰɣ ən ajaraw ən timusnawen ajjootnen əjjanen fᾰl ᾰšaɣalᾰn ᾰjjootnen.
English: Thirdly, it may refer to why history is produced: the philosophy of history.
Tamasheq: Wa-s-karaɗ ᾰddobᾰt ummᾰɣ ən ᾰsəbab wa fᾰl t-ᾰtwᾰjja tanfust : esawe nes.
English: By whom was it produced (authorship)?
Tamasheq: (Mi tᾰt ikatabᾰn)?
English: What is the evidential value of its contents (credibility)?
Tamasheq: Əndek awa isiduten as-awa-t-ihan amoos (tidət) fᾰl.
English: The historical method comprises the techniques and guidelines by which historians use primary sources and other evidence to research and then to write history.
Tamasheq: Esawe n-asənfəs əhhanᾰt timusnawen əd haratᾰn ᾰmoosnen ᾰtiwasabdadᾰn ɣor kᾰl əs aɗkul ən santo nasnᾰt w-azzarᾰn d-ummaɣ ən timtᾰr təzzar a dᾰɣ təttawaktab tənfust .
English: Thucydides, unlike Herodotus, regarded history as being the product of the choices and actions of human beings, and looked at cause and effect, rather than as the result of divine intervention (though Herodotus was not wholly committed to this idea himself).
Tamasheq: Mi tᾰt ikatabᾰn uɗəf ən eclan əd ibq-igdᾰh dᾰɣ tanfo t-ᾰttiwajᾰt fᾰl umᾰɣ ən ajaraw ən timusnawen ajjootnen əjjanen fᾰl ᾰšaɣalᾰn ᾰjjootnen.
English: There were historical traditions and sophisticated use of historical method in ancient and medieval China.
Tamasheq: Kala–t-əllanᾰt assanɣaten ən tənfusen ellanen asənnəfəs ammutayᾰn hullan fᾰl əmmək nasnᾰt dqɣ ᾰddəwəl wa-n Chine .
English: Chinese historians of subsequent dynastic periods in China used his Shiji as the official format for historical texts, as well as for biographical literature.
Tamasheq: Kᾰl tənfusen wi-n chinois ən tinayiwen ti əlkamnen dᾰɣ Chine, ᾰɗkalnᾰt awa-s itawanna (Shiji) nes šund awa ᾰtwasabdadᾰn fᾰl esawe y-ikətba n ən tanfust ed ajaraw əs teɣᾰre əs awa-t-illan fall-asnᾰt.
English: Around 1800, German philosopher and historian Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel brought philosophy and a more secular approach in historical study.
Tamasheq: S-ibret ən iwətyan wi-n 1800 , awadəm ən-u-ᾰnnəzjum wq-s-itawanna Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel ən ᾰddəwəl wa-n Allemagne n-ᾰnnaktib ən tənfusen , ijrᾰw əs akayad ən awa-t-illan fᾰl -asnᾰt dᾰɣ temeɗe n-awatay hin-t-okkayᾰt.
English: The originality of Ibn Khaldun was to claim that the cultural difference of another age must govern the evaluation of relevant historical material, to distinguish the principles according to which it might be possible to attempt the evaluation, and lastly, to feel the need for experience, in addition to rational principles, in order to assess a culture of the past.
Tamasheq: Dᾰɣ isᾰlᾰn ən asədətu n- Ibn Khaldoum orda as awa ebɗᾰn awa-t-illan dᾰɣ azzaman iyyan, ilzam-s-a-d ətwəxsəb awa-t-illan daɣ ilalᾰn wi əllanen ᾰlfayda əd ahanay ən əmmek ən tirmit -n-eket ennes, təzzar ad tətwənhəy tanoflayt əd derhan ən ajjaraw ən tᾰmusne y-ad ətwejrew axasab ən awa-d-ᾰtwakayᾰn.
English: His historical method also laid the groundwork for the observation of the role of state, communication, propaganda and systematic bias in history,H. Mowlana (2001). "
Tamasheq: “Esawe nes wa-n-ijji ən tenfusen, asiṣᾰjrᾰw-t- əs ujreh n-ᾰddawlᾰt dᾰɣ-ašəɣəl ən a-wen əd-anməkf en isᾰlan, tərəɗawt ən isᾰlan iyyaɗ ᾰtiwᾰɗkᾰlnen dᾰɣ tenfusen, H. Mowlana (2001)."""
English: Dr. S.W. Akhtar (1997). "
Tamasheq: “Dr.S.W.Akhtar ( 1997).””””
English: For Ranke, historical data should be collected carefully, examined objectively and put together with critical rigor.
Tamasheq: Fᾰl awa inna Ranke, awa-t-illan daɣ isᾰlan wi-n tənfusen, ilzam ad əmsədewᾰn əs sarho, ətwəkƴəd awa otasᾰn, təzzar əmsədewᾰn dᾰɣ-as -ᾰtiwaɗanan hullan.
English: In the 20th century, academic historians focused less on epic nationalistic narratives, which often tended to glorify the nation or great men, to more objective and complex analyses of social and intellectual forces.
Tamasheq: Ɣor temeɗe ta-s 20 n-awatay,kᾰl tənfusen ən tiɣᾰr ti mᾰqqornen wᾰr-hin əknen ujreh hullan ən awa-t-illan fᾰl-isᾰlan wi-d-aqqalnen tinfusen, i-amoosnen harᾰt isamɣarᾰn ᾰddawlᾰt əd ᾰddinᾰt wi maqqornen s-unəɗ əs akayad ən amṣəṣsuhu ən təmusnawen .
English: Many of the advocates of history as a social science were or are noted for their multi-disciplinary approach.
Tamasheq: Imagaẓᾰn ajjootnen ən tenfusen fᾰl-awa –d-eqqalᾰn timettawen əd asəssəjran nᾰsnᾰt .
English: So far only one theory of history came from the pen of a professional Historian.
Tamasheq: Har-ašᾰl-i-dᾰɣ, tinfusen t-id –aqqalnen timettawen, ad ᾰzjᾰrnat ere iknan tᾰmusne hullan.
English: Intellectual historians such as Herbert Butterfield, Ernst Nolte and George Mosse have argued for the significance of ideas in history.
Tamasheq: Kᾰl tənfusen wi əknanen teɣᾰre, šund Herbert Butterfield, Ernst Nolte əd George Mosse əknᾰn asəbdad ən timusnawen dᾰɣ tənfust .
English: Scholars such as Martin Broszat, Ian Kershaw and Detlev Peukert sought to examine what everyday life was like for ordinary people in 20th-century Germany, especially in the Nazi period.
Tamasheq: Kᾰl tenfusen šund Martin Broszat, Lan Keršhaw əd Detlev Peukert əmmaɣᾰn y-ad ənhəyᾰn awa-t-amoos tᾰmudre en ᾰddinᾰt wi-n bannan daɣ ᾰddəwəl za-n-Allemagne dᾰɣ hak ašᾰl ɣor temeɗe n-awatay ta-s 20 dᾰɣ ijji ən azzamanᾰn arunen.
English: Feminist historians such as Joan Wallach Scott, Claudia Koonz, Natalie Zemon Davis, Sheila Rowbotham, Gisela Bock, Gerda Lerner, Elizabeth Fox-Genovese, and Lynn Hunt have argued for the importance of studying the experience of women in the past.
Tamasheq: Šᾰt tənfusen daɣ t-iyyaɗ, šund Joan Wallach Scott, Claudia Koonz, Natalie Zemon Davis, Šeila Rowbotham, Gisela Bock, Gerda Lerner, Elizabeth Fox-Genovese əd Lynn Hunt, ədhalan hullan tanfo ta-n-ummaɣ ən təmusnawen ən ɗeɗen dᾰɣ -awa-d-ᾰtiwakayᾰn.
English: Another defence of history from post-modernist criticism was the Australian historian Keith Windschuttle's 1994 book, The Killing of History.
Tamasheq: Australien iyyᾰn daɣ ən tənfusen, s-itawanna Keit Windschuttle,ənta dᾰɣ idhᾰl hullan awa ᾰnnəfasᾰn fᾰl tənnawen t-id-əšrᾰynen dᾰɣ əlkəttab ənnes wa-n 1994 s-itawanna The Killing Of History.
English: Historical omissions can occur in many ways and can have a profound effect on historical records.
Tamasheq: Awa hi-n-ᾰtwayyᾰn dᾰɣ tənfusen ,ᾰddoobᾰt ᾰtwəkken əs əmməkᾰn ᾰjjootnen, ᾰddoobᾰt harwa ajjaraw ən esawe mᾰqqarᾰn fᾰl əlkəttabᾰn wi-n tənfusen.
English: Ancient history: the study from the beginning of human history until the Early Middle Ages.
Tamasheq: Tanfust tᾰruwᾰt : Teɣᾰre ən santo ən tanfust ta-n-addunya hᾰr ɣor awatay wq-s maraw əd əkkoẓ.
English: Comparative history: historical analysis of social and cultural entities not confined to national boundaries.
Tamasheq: Tanfust tᾰmmeẓlayᾰt : Akayad ən ad-okayᾰn fᾰl tənfusen əjjanen fᾰl timəttawen əd awa itawajjen ,amoosᾰn ad ᾰtiwagaẓᾰn wᾰr et qqel ay-ibdadᾰn ɣas ɣor isəɣlay ən ᾰddawlᾰt .
English: Cultural history: the study of culture in the past.
Tamasheq: Tanfust fᾰl awa-t-illan əd eqqalᾰn timəttawen : Ummᾰɣ ən awa ᾰtwasabdadᾰn dᾰɣ-əs .
English: Intellectual history: the study of ideas in the context of the cultures that produced them and their development over time.
Tamasheq: Tanfust fᾰl musnᾰt : Akawad ən təyyətwen ed ahanay ən əmmək wa-s-t-ᾰtwajja tənfust dᾰɣ awa dᾰɣ-əs –t-illan , wi tᾰt janen əd əmmək wq-s təwwiɗ dᾰɣ ᾰzzamanᾰn.
English: Modern history: the study of the Modern Times, the era after the Middle Ages.
Tamasheq: Tanfust tᾰynayᾰt Teɣᾰre n-azzamanan wi əšraynen, ɗarᾰt awatay wq-n maraw əd əkkoẓ.
English: Palaeography: study of ancient texts.
Tamasheq: Akayad ən harat aruwᾰn: Šund ən isalan -ikətban wi arunen
English: Psychohistory: study of the psychological motivations of historical events.
Tamasheq: Ijji fᾰl tanfust : Asəməɗni fᾰl tanfust əd haratᾰn wi fall-as ᾰtwajjanen.
English: Women's history: the history of female human beings.
Tamasheq: Tanfust fᾰl ɗeɗen : Tanfust təjjᾰt fal ᾰddinᾰt ( tiɗeɗen )
English: Centuries and decades are commonly used periods and the time they represent depends on the dating system used.
Tamasheq: Timaɗ ən elan əd təmerwen nasᾰn , amooᾰan azzamanᾰn wi-d--atiwaɗkalnen ,ᾰlwᾰq dav wa saknanᾰt , ilkam y-əmmək wq-s mad ətwəj .
English: To do this, historians often turn to geography.
Tamasheq: A wen dᾰɣ a fᾰl kᾰl tenfusen ,siɣulᾰn ᾰnniwᾰt nasᾰn s-ibret ən awa –d-eqqalᾰn tumast ən kᾰl akqll əd a-sal-a-wen.
English: For example, to explain why the ancient Egyptians developed a successful civilization, studying the geography of Egypt is essential.
Tamasheq: Almital fᾰl awa asəbabᾰn tanoflayt ye kᾰl addawlᾰt ta taruwᾰt ən kᾰl Misr, ilzam ummᾰɣ ən isᾰlan fᾰl-as .
English: History of the Americas is the collective history of North and South America, including Central America and the Caribbean.
Tamasheq: Tanfust ta-n kᾰl Amerique ,t-amoos a-t-ohar Amerique tan--afalla əd ta-n-ajjus əd Amerique ta-n-ammas əd Caraibe .
English: History of the Caribbean begins with the oldest evidence where 7,000-year-old remains have been found.
Tamasheq: Tanfust ta-n Caraibe ,tenta əs timtᾰr əknanen tarut ɣor ahanay ən awa-d-aqqimᾰn dᾰɣ haratᾰn əɣšadnen ,əllanen ᾰɗəkoɗ ən 7000 n-awatay .
English: History of Eurasia is the collective history of several distinct peripheral coastal regions: the Middle East, South Asia, East Asia, Southeast Asia, and Europe, linked by the interior mass of the Eurasian steppe of Central Asia and Eastern Europe.
Tamasheq: Tanfust ta-n Eurasie ,t-amoos tanfust oharᾰn-ikallᾰn ᾰjjootnen wi mᾰqqornen ᾰmoosnen ; Moyent-Orient , Asie ta-n-ajjus ta-n-Alqqiblᾰt , ta-n jer ᾰjjus d-Alqqiblᾰt ed əddewəlᾰn wi-n Europe əd Asie ta-n-ammas əd Europe ta-n-Alqqiblᾰt .
English: History of East Asia is the study of the past passed down from generation to generation in East Asia.
Tamasheq: Tanfust ən Asie ta-n Alqqiblᾰt t-amoos tamsədawt ən isᾰlan tamsədawt ən isᾰlan ᾰtwᾰjjanen dᾰɣ ᾰzzamanᾰn əs ᾰzzamananfal-as .
English: History of Southeast Asia has been characterized as interaction between regional players and foreign powers.
Tamasheq: Tanfust ən Asie ta-n jer qjjus əd Alqqiblᾰt ,t-amoos harat ᾰtwašaɣalᾰn jer kᾰl ᾰkkal əd inaftaɣᾰn wi ta-n ojjarnen tᾰddabit.
English: The "old" social history before the 1960s was a hodgepodge of topics without a central theme, and it often included political movements, like Populism, that were "social" in the sense of being outside the elite system.
Tamasheq: Tanfust ta tᾰruwᾰt fal timəttawen dat awatay wa-n 1960, t-amoos a wᾰr-en-illa eɣaf , əhhantᾰt iməjridan ən kᾰl folitik šund as kala t-eqqal harᾰt ohqrᾰn –s-əmmək iyyᾰn wᾰr-enamoos wa olaɣᾰn .
English: It examines the records and narrative descriptions of past knowledge, customs, and arts of a group of people.
Tamasheq: Təkkayᾰd alkəttabᾰn əd əmmək əᵑ tanfo ən timusnawen , assanɣᾰten , əd ašaɣalᾰn hin okaynen -ᾰlzhamaɣᾰt -iyyᾰt ən addinᾰt .
English: This type of political history is the study of the conduct of international relations between states or across state boundaries over time.
Tamasheq: Esawe ən tanfust ten ,ən kᾰl folitik , t-amoos akayad ən əmmək wa-s –t-əggla tassaɣt jer addəwəlᾰn meɣ a okkayᾰn isəɣlay nasᾰn dᾰɣ azzamanan .
English: It gained popularity in the United States, Japan and other countries after the 1980s with the realization that students need a broader exposure to the world as globalization proceeds.
Tamasheq: Təjraw tamette t-ajjet ɣor əddəwəlᾰn wi artaynen-s-itawanna Etats-Unies, Japon, əd əddəwəlᾰn -iyyaɗ ajjootnen ɗarᾰt awatay wa-n 1980 əs əfhamᾰn as kᾰl teɣᾰre ta mᾰqqarᾰt , addorhanen asəkən ənnes y-asuk ən ᾰddunya əs dat .
English: Despite being a relatively new field, gender history has had a significant effect on the general study of history.
Tamasheq: Kud amoos esawe olaɣᾰn dᾰɣ ,tanfust fᾰl awṣəf ,təsifhᾰm ajjen fᾰl isᾰlan wi-d-aqqalnen tanfust .
English: At Oxford and Cambridge, scholarship was downplayed.
Tamasheq: Ɣor Oxford əd Cambridge,fᾰl awa-d-eqqalᾰn tiwaɗt ən tᾰmusne ,amoos ɣor sᾰn ay-iknan fənnəẓ hullan .
English: The tutors dominated the debate until after the Second World War.
Tamasheq: Imanahaɗᾰn ennes , əntaneɗ a ojjarnen majrad fᾰl-as har ɗarᾰt Akkənnas wq-s əssin ᾰtwajjan aw- illan elan jer əddəwəlᾰn .
English: In the United States after World War I, a strong movement emerged at the university level to teach courses in Western Civilization, so as to give students a common heritage with Europe.
Tamasheq: Ɣor əddəwəlᾰn wi-s-itawanna Etats-Unis ,ɗarᾰt akkənnas w-azzarᾰn ijjan jer əddəwəlᾰn imᾰl-t ᾰmmatekway maqqarᾰn ən kᾰl teɣᾰre ta mᾰqqarᾰt ɣor dihad ɣarᾰn y-ihuk nasᾰn ye timusnawen y-ad əjrawᾰn wi ɣaranen əmmək ən takasit oharᾰn əddəwelan wi-n Europe.
English: Many view the field from both perspectives.
Tamasheq: Ajjə awa addorhanᾰn ᾰlkum y-a-wen .
English: In the United States, textbooks published by the same company often differ in content from state to state.
Tamasheq: Dᾰɣ əddəwəlᾰn , wi ᾰrtaynen-s-itawanna Etats-Unis , əlkəttabᾰn wi t-ᾰzzəzjᾰr jer ᾰlzhamaɣᾰt-en , ᾰlwᾰq- iyyan təmmalᾰn idᾰggan wᾰr-en oleh jer əddəwəlᾰn .
English: Academic historians have often fought against the politicization of the textbooks, sometimes with success.
Tamasheq: Kᾰl tənfusen wi əknanen teɣᾰre fᾰl-awen ,tabalanᾰn ᾰlwᾰq iyyan fᾰl y-ad wᾰr tətwəjin iməjridᾰn ən folitik fall-asnᾰt .
English: A civilization (or civilisation) is a complex society that is characterized by urban development, social stratification, a form of government, and symbolic systems of communication (such as writing).
Tamasheq: Timəttawen ti annuflaynen ,aṣṣohᾰtnᾰt hullᾰn fᾰl-as a-wen , isᾰknenᾰt tiwwᾰɗt nasnᾰt , əllanᾰt idᾰggan fᾰl ᾰnimanᾰknᾰt ,əmmək ən ᾰlxəkum əd esawe wa-s-t-imsəslin (šund ᾰkatab) .
English: In this broad sense, a civilization contrasts with non-centralized tribal societies, including the cultures of nomadic pastoralists, Neolithic societies or hunter-gatherers; however, sometimes it also contrasts with the cultures found within civilizations themselves.
Tamasheq: Dᾰɣ a wen , timəttawen ti ᾰnnuflaynen wᾰr-ᾰnmannaknᾰt əd tewsaten t-iyyaɗ wᾰr-en ertey dᾰɣ edagg iyyan šund idoman, iməgəla, timəttawen iman nᾰsnᾰt .
English: The fundamental treatise is Norbert Elias's The Civilizing Process (1939), which traces social mores from medieval courtly society to the Early Modern period.
Tamasheq: Tərəɗawt , awa fᾰl tatwaja , tanmənnᾰk t-amoosᾰt The Civilizing process (1939) ən Norbert Eliaks, isᾰknen awa –t-illan fᾰl təməttawen ti-n aru har ti-n-ašᾰl-i;
English: Related words like "civility" developed in the mid-16th century.
Tamasheq: “Tifer šund ti-n semɣar əd “”musnᾰt”” ən tᾰmudre ,ᾰwwiɗnᾰt ɣor temeɗe n-awatay ta-s marawᾰt əd saɗisᾰt (16).”
English: In the late 1700s and early 1800s, during the French Revolution, "civilization" was used in the singular, never in the plural, and meant the progress of humanity as a whole.
Tamasheq: “Ɣor samdo n-awatay wa-n 1700 əd ɣor santo n-awatay wa-n 1800 azzaman wq-d ənkarᾰn ikufar (faransetᾰn), awa “”oharnᾰt timəttawen”” ti ᾰsnaflᾰynen, eqqal əmmək ən iba-n-tənmənnak jer awadəm iyyan əd iyyan waden jer ᾰddinᾰt əd ᾰddinᾰt.”
English: Only in this generalized sense does it become possible to speak of a "medieval civilization", which in Elias's sense would have been an oxymoron.
Tamasheq: “Harᾰt šund wa dᾰɣ ay-isaknen əs təlle tᾰdabit ən majrad fᾰl-awa –d-eqqalᾰn “tamette tᾰnnuflayᾰt ən azzaman iyyan” , dᾰɣ isalᾰn ən a-wen, Elias, ijja esawe ən asəmənnək ən a-wᾰr-en oher harᾰt.”
English: Here, civilization, being more rational and socially driven, is not fully in accord with human nature, and "human wholeness is achievable only through the recovery of or approximation to an original discursive or prerational natural unity" (see noble savage).
Tamasheq: Diha, timəttawen ti annuflᾰynen oharnen ajjen ,amoosnat ay-isaknen esawe wa olaɣᾰn is ənta a annihᾰjjᾰn mašan wᾰr fᾰl-as tᾰtwaja tənmənnak, wen harᾰt ¬wᾰr ti kənnu edawᾰnni əs iba-ən təreɗᾰwt s-awa animahalᾰn.
English: Civilizations have been distinguished by their means of subsistence, types of livelihood, settlement patterns, forms of government, social stratification, economic systems, literacy and other cultural traits.
Tamasheq: Timəttawen ti annuflᾰynen, asəknanᾰt iman nasnᾰt əs tadabit ən awa tattanᾰt əd uɗəf ənnes olaɣᾰn, tulaten n-imənsiwᾰn nasnᾰt ,esawe n-ᾰlxəkumᾰt nasnᾰt, tərše n-idᾰggan-iman nasnᾰt, əmmək ən awa hasnᾰt iha ᾰlfayda, tiɣər əd a-sᾰl-a-wen.