Tamazight-NLP/NLLB-Seed_Tamasheq-Latin-Script huggingface dataset:
English: The systematic, careful collection of measurements or counts of relevant quantities is often the critical difference between pseudo-sciences, such as alchemy, and science, such as chemistry or biology.
Tamasheq: Umaɣ almaɣna əd aƭinan ən hakotan meɣ ən asiƭin ən haditan iknanen eqalan agudiyan təbiɗawt in gar pseudo-tənumaɣen, sund alshimi, ən tənumaq, sund əhimie meɣ biologie.
English: Uncertainties may also be calculated by consideration of the uncertainties of the individual underlying quantities used.
Tamasheq: Iba nafalasatan adobatan intanedǎɣ adiqil aɗinan dǎɣ uduf ən edan ən iba nafalasatan abdanen ən haditan daw-iba ən amitkalan.
English: The operational definition of a thing often relies on comparisons with standards: the operational definition of "mass" ultimately relies on the use of an artifact, such as a particular kilogram of platinum-iridium kept in a laboratory in France.
Tamasheq: "Aliɣi atiwasanan ən harat əsan agudiyan fal zimuzuɣan dər uqudan : aliɣi atiwasanan ən "tazayt" tinsat dǎɣ samando fal amitkal ən artefaət, atamosan kilaw ən gramme ebdan ən ɗlatine-iridium itwaran dǎɣ edag nakayad ən Fransya."
English: Scientific quantities are often characterized by their units of measure which can later be described in terms of conventional physical units when communicating the work.
Tamasheq: Haditan ən tənumaɣen aqalnen agudiyan aylwayan əs iyadǎɣ akot, wa adoben darat awen adiqil ayktaban dǎɣ əmik iyadǎɣ tawanhaynen ən təridawt ugud ən magrad ən əšiɣil.
English: It took thousands of years of measurements, from the Chaldean, Indian, Persian, Greek, Arabic, and European astronomers, to fully record the motion of planet Earth.
Tamasheq: Izar as waden afdan ən wityan ən akotan, atiwaganen fal astronometan ən əhaldéentan, indientan, Perstan, grektan əd européentan, fal asiqim ən harkuk ən almaɣna wan tablulaq tan Akal.
English: The observed difference for Mercury's precession between Newtonian theory and observation was one of the things that occurred to Albert Einstein as a possible early test of his theory of General relativity.
Tamasheq: Təbiɗawt tat-tiwakyadat fal asimutiy ən Merəure dər təmusne tan newtonien əd akayad eqalan iyan dǎɣ haratan wi iganen asimikt ye Albert Einstein sund irum iyan aśohen adoben ən təmusne nes tan milahaw natiwasanan.
English: Scientists are free to use whatever resources they have – their own creativity, ideas from other fields, inductive reasoning, Bayesian inference, and so on – to imagine possible explanations for a phenomenon under study.
Tamasheq: Siantifik tan ilan alxoriya s axădăm n alfăyda tan ti ilan- eɣăni tan năsan, inasjăm daɣ abăra tan iyyăd,attăɣlil ijjăn s akăyad , inferens n Bayesian d ajjen- i anăsjum almăɣna tan hărat wa fal tija teɣăre .
English: Scientists often use these terms to refer to a theory that is following the known facts but is nevertheless relatively simple and easy to handle.
Tamasheq: Tənumaɣen amitkalnen agudiyan əmikan wən fal asiknin təmusne ta tilkamat ye igi atiwasanan mašan wa eqalan adiš olahan ən banan əd ariqisan ye edes.
English: It is essential that the outcome of testing such a prediction be currently unknown.
Tamasheq: Eqalan santo as asiduw ən irum atamosan aliɣi eqalan amaradǎɣ awinan atwasan.
English: If the predictions are not accessible by observation or experience, the hypothesis is not yet testable and so will remain to that extent unscientific in a strict sense.
Tamasheq: Afal iliɣitan winan eqel aytawagašan fal akayad meɣ təmusne, ən salan winan eqel harwa atiwaraman əd taɣaymen atamosan dǎɣ awen akot winan eqel tənumaq dǎɣ əmik oɣadan.
English: This implied that DNA's X-ray diffraction pattern would be 'x shaped'.
Tamasheq: Awen itagu as diagramme ən təzunawen ən zaranzaran ən X ən ADN eqalan əmik ən "x".
English: Sometimes the experiments are conducted incorrectly or are not very well designed when compared to a crucial experiment.
Tamasheq: Alwăqăn iyyad , imiyizăn ijan s s iban aqqud meɣ war ijen eɣăn olaɣan alwăq wa id ogdăhăn id amiyiz wan xăraj .
English: This technique uses the contrast between multiple samples, or observations, or populations, under differing conditions, to see what varies or what remains the same.
Tamasheq: Təmusne tən adakal animašrayan ən gar ajotnen śolotan, meɣ ikayadan, meɣ aljamaɣatan, dǎɣ tabaraten abdanen, fal ahanay nawa abdan meɣ awa eqal iyandǎɣ.
English: Factor analysis is one technique for discovering the important factor in an effect.
Tamasheq: Umaɣ ən təzunawen eqalan təmusne taganen ye adinhiyan faəteur infan ən atiwagan.
English: Even taking a plane from New York to Paris is an experiment that tests the aerodynamical hypotheses used for constructing the plane.
Tamasheq: Dǎɣ adakal ən aɣiyon ən New York dǎɣ Paris eqalan təmusne ta tirimat tabaraten ən aéodynamiquetan amitkalnen fal igi naivyon.
English: Franklin immediately spotted the flaws which concerned the water content.
Tamasheq: Franklin iga agudendǎɣ azikna ijeran wi amosnen uduf ən naman.
English: Failure to develop an interesting hypothesis may lead a scientist to re-define the subject under consideration.
Tamasheq: Iba nagaraw ən azizgar ən salan iknanen adoben atiwawayan ən təmusne tatiwagat ən salan atiwaɣranen.
English: Other scientists may start their own research and enter the process at any stage.
Tamasheq: Tiyad təmusnawen adobatnen adigišnat umaɣawan aridnen nasan əd gar dǎɣ tabarat ən dagan dak.
English: Crucially, experimental and theoretical results must be reproduced by others within the scientific community.
Tamasheq: Eqal santo ən liɣitan ən təmusnawen ən təmusnawen aqalnen atiwagan fal iyad adinat ən aljamaɣat tan təmusne.
English: The better an explanation is at making predictions, the more useful it frequently can be, and the more likely it will continue to explain a body of evidence better than its alternatives.
Tamasheq: A ija almăɣna i olaɣăn daɣ iji n tanăbbu tan , ad infa hărat , tolas a ija it -alăɣat almăɣna n taɣissa n asidutti ohun as amos fella tan iyyad.
English: Scientific models vary in the extent to which they have been experimentally tested and for how long, and in their acceptance in the scientific community.
Tamasheq: Əmikan ən tənumaɣen abdanen dǎɣ akot ɣur aqalan atiwaraman ən təmusne əd ugud hadi nazaman, əd dǎɣ ƭəbidawen nasan fal aljamaɣat tan tənumaq.
English: If such evidence is found, a new theory may be proposed, or (more commonly) it is found that modifications to the previous theory are sufficient to explain the new evidence.
Tamasheq: Afal asidutitan wən aqalan atiwagrawan, təmusne taynayat tadobǎt atiqil atiwasaknan, meɣ (ogaran agudiyan) eqal atiwanhayan as isimutuyan ən təmusne tatokayat aqalan aygdahan fal asikin ən wi aynaynen isidututan.
English: For example, Newton's laws explained thousands of years of scientific observations of the planets almost perfectly.
Tamasheq: Dǎɣ asikin, tənaten tən Newton asiknanat ihomiši oɣadan ən afdan nelan ən kayadan ən tənumaɣen dǎɣ tək-ruruyen.
English: Since new theories might be more comprehensive than what preceded them, and thus be able to explain more than previous ones, successor theories might be able to meet a higher standard by explaining a larger body of observations than their predecessors.
Tamasheq: Falas təmusnawen tə aynaynen adobǎtnat adiqilnat ogaran təmidawt ye dazarnenid, əd adiš eqalan adoben aliɣi oogaran ən haratan wi dokaynen, təmusnawen tidilkamnen adobǎtnen asudmirtan ye iyat uqud ogaran azaway dǎɣ asikin ogaran təmɣire ən hadi ən kayadan ye wi ahanen idagan nasan.
English: Once a structurally complete and closed system of opinions consisting of many details and relations has been formed, it offers enduring resistance to anything that contradicts it".
Tamasheq: "Ehadag ən əmikan ən tarha tiknat əs təmda əd tahar, artaynen əd haditan abdanen əd tartit, ataqal ayertayan, hakan aśahat itahagen ye dak wi winan ƭarda".
English: Its successes can shine but tend to be transitory.
Tamasheq: Igaraw wən adobǎtnen adiqirnat mašan taszalnat ye adiqilnat okayan.
English: The method of the a priori – which promotes conformity less brutally but fosters opinions as something like tastes, arising in conversation and comparisons of perspectives in terms of "what is agreeable to reason."
Tamasheq: Təmusne ən tizart – ta kanat ye sinihigitan ən əmik ifnazan dǎɣ išugu mašan asilmad ye tarhaten sund harat iyan əd olahnen dǎɣ tembe, itiwin dǎɣ asostanan əd asiniyufu ən əmikan ən "awa eqalan ayiknan ye tidit."
English: That is a destination as far, or near, as the truth itself to you or me or the given finite community.
Tamasheq: Awa eqalan agad deɣqanen ugigan, meɣ ohazan, as tidit inta-emanes fal kawaned meɣ nak meɣ aljamaɣat timindat əs huk.
English: From abduction, Peirce distinguishes induction as inferring, based on tests, the proportion of truth in the hypothesis.
Tamasheq: Dǎɣ amsisir, Peirce ebda ugiš sund asikin, fal santo ən irum, ən tafirest ən tidit dǎɣ salan.
English: Oftenest, even a well-prepared mind guesses wrong.
Tamasheq: Ogaran agudiyan, imanes aniyat ahusken igan itimtulu.
English: Peirce, Charles S. (1902), Carnegie application, see MS L75.329330, from Draft D of Memoir 27: "Consequently, to discover is simply to expedite an event that would occur sooner or later, if we had not troubled ourselves to make the discovery.
Tamasheq: Peirce, Charles S. (1902), itagan Carnegie, anhiy MS L75.329330, adizgaran əmik wan santo D ən aniyat wan 27, afal war nigrew adakal ən ye tebade nigi ən atwigraw".
English: Consequently, the conduct of abduction, which is chiefly a question of heuretic and is the first question of heuretic, is to be governed by economical considerations."
Tamasheq: Dǎɣ awen, alaway ən alwaq, wa eqalan atamosan asostan iyan ən alwaq əd wa eqalan wadazaran asostan ən alwaq, anihaga adiqil aykaran fal maɣulatan ən zirfan."
English: The hypothesis, being insecure, needs to have practical implications leading at least to mental tests and, in science, lending themselves to scientific tests.
Tamasheq: Isalan, aqalnen adoben aditbit, a sinihaga adigriwan ugišawan tawaganen ikanen adiš dǎɣ uruman ən aniyat əd, dǎɣ umaɣ, sadawnen ye iruman ən tənumaɣen.
English: Einstein, Albert (1936, 1956) One may say "the eternal mystery of the world is its comprehensibility."
Tamasheq: Einstein, Albert (1936, 1956) nadobǎt ananu as "watilan arkuk əmik ən aduniyat eqalan afahamat ən manes."
English: These assumptions from methodological naturalism form a basis on which science may be grounded.
Tamasheq: Isalan wən ən tarha nitwigaz ən adabaratan amosnen santo wa tamosan ən tənumaq tadobet atiqil aytbatan.
English: His observations of science practice are essentially sociological and do not speak to how science is or can be practiced in other times and other cultures.
Tamasheq: Ikayădăn net win amišil n science ijan hullan fal socioloji tolas war siwilăn fal immik wa s science t amos meɣ taddobăt axădam daɣ alwăqan iyyad d agna tan iyyăd.
English: He opens Chapter 1 with a discussion of the Golgi bodies and their initial rejection as an artefact of staining technique, and a discussion of Brahe and Kepler observing the dawn and seeing a "different" sunrise despite the same physiological phenomenon.
Tamasheq: Ora asurat tas 1 fal timadašen fal təɣiswen tən Golgi əd ajer nasan ən santo sund iyan artéfaət ən təmusne tan dalagan, əd iyan magrad fal Brahe əd Keɗler kayadnen aɣora əd hanaynen azagar ən tafuk "abdanen" mašan imanes azaman ən fisiologiq.
English: In essence, he says that for any specific method or norm of science, one can find a historic episode where violating it has contributed to the progress of science.
Tamasheq: Dǎɣ iba namel, ina as fal təmusne dak meɣ oɣadan atiwasanan ən tənumaq, adobat agaraw ən tasaga ən tənfust ɣur uhuɣan nes ye ukis ən ƭiwaƭ ən tənumaq.
English: The postmodernist critiques of science have themselves been the subject of intense controversy.
Tamasheq: Təzmiten ən dat təmotayen ən tənumaq igrawnat intanated-imanes taganat harat ən intamnen animašraynen.
English: Models, in both science and mathematics, need to be internally consistent and also ought to be falsifiable (capable of disproof).
Tamasheq: Təmusnawen, atamosan dǎɣ təmusne ən maɗinan, anihaganen adiqil ašohatnen dǎɣ amas əd anihaga deɣqanen adiqilan atiwisimutuyan (adoben adiqil ayugayan).
English: For example, the technical concept of time arose in science, and timelessness was a hallmark of a mathematical topic.
Tamasheq: Dǎɣ olahan, atiwasanan təmusne ən azaman eqalan adizgaran dǎɣ tənumaq, əd winan itimutiy eqalan talɣa iyat ən salan ən maɗinan.
English: Eugene Wigner's paper, The Unreasonable Effectiveness of Mathematics in the Natural Sciences, is a very well-known account of the issue from a Nobel Prize-winning physicist.
Tamasheq: Tabarat tan Eugene Wigner, The Unreasonable Effectiveness of Mathematics in the Natural Sciences, eqalan edan atiwafan hulen atiwazayan dǎɣ asostan wen ən tasaga ən waytawanhayan ən lauréat ən alhak ən Wayernan.
English: In Proofs and Refutations, Lakatos gave several basic rules for finding proofs and counterexamples to conjectures.
Tamasheq: Dǎɣ Proofs and Refutations, Lakatos hakan ajotnen tabaraten ən santo fal agaraw ən asidututan əd adagal ən sidutitan dǎɣ tanhaden.
English: This may explain why scientists so often express that they were lucky.
Tamasheq: Awen adobat adisaknu mafal tənumaɣen zazgarnat afal agudiyan as igrawan tabaɣort.
English: Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.
Tamasheq: Mahwah, NJ : LawrenceErlbaum Associates.
English: This is what Nassim Nicholas Taleb calls "Anti-fragility"; while some systems of investigation are fragile in the face of human error, human bias, and randomness, the scientific method is more than resistant or tough – it actually benefits from such randomness in many ways (it is anti-fragile).
Tamasheq: Awen amos a-wa s ijan Nassim Nicolas Taleb "a išmaran i abrur"; alwăq wa is sistem tan iyyad n farăk abrurăn dat xăta tan win awădim, taxăyuz tan n awădim d mărsal , immik wan science amos asihădădăn meɣ assohen -infa marsăl tan win daɣ ihăndăgan ajjotnen ( amos a ichmăran i abrur)
English: These unexpected results lead researchers to try to fix what they think is an error in their method.
Tamasheq: Iliɣitan wən winan atwasagad ilwayan ənumaɣan ye adariman ikanan nawa aɣelan adiqil awinan ikna dǎɣ təmusne nasan.
English: A scientific theory is an explanation of an aspect of the natural world and universe that has been repeatedly tested and verified in accordance with the scientific method, using accepted protocols of observation, measurement, and evaluation of results.
Tamasheq: Təmusne ən tənumaq taqalat aliɣi ən ahanay ən aduniyat imanes əd zaleɣat ta taqalat atiwaraman əd atwaram dǎɣ musuɣulan ajotnen olahnen əd təmusne tan tənumaq, dǎɣ adakal ən milalan atiwardanen ən nakayad, ən hakot əd irum ən liɣitan.
English: Established scientific theories have withstood rigorous scrutiny and embody scientific knowledge.
Tamasheq: Təmusnawen ən tənumaɣen atiwaganen as śahatnat dǎɣ examen aśohen əd hakan təmuzuyt ən tənumaq.
English: Stephen Jay Gould wrote that "...facts and theories are different things, not rungs in a hierarchy of increasing certainty.
Tamasheq: "Stephen Jay Gould iktab as " …igitan əd təmusnawen aqalnen haratan abdanen, əd winan eqel tabarat dǎɣ təmɣire ən afalasat ikan isdat."
English: The meaning of the term scientific theory (often contracted to theory for brevity) as used in the disciplines of science is significantly different from the common vernacular usage of theory.
Tamasheq: Almaɣna n tifert n mirda wan science (alwaq iyyan ifannaz s mirda war n tahij) immik wa exdam daɣ majal tan n science amos a izlayan id alxidmat toharat n mirda.
English: In everyday speech, theory can imply an explanation that represents an unsubstantiated and speculative guess, whereas in science it describes an explanation that has been tested and is widely accepted as valid.
Tamasheq: Dǎɣ magrad atiwasanan, təmusne tadobet atigiš aliɣi iyan wa isaknen maɣulat iyan winan eqel aytbatan əd azinuzgumu, mašan dǎɣ tənumaq, katab aliɣi iyan wa eqalan atiwaraman əd atamosan tahagit taqalat ahuruwan atiwardan.
English: Some theories are so well-established that they are unlikely ever to be fundamentally changed (for example, scientific theories such as evolution, heliocentric theory, cell theory, theory of plate tectonics, germ theory of disease, etc.).
Tamasheq: Təmusnawen tiyad aqalnat afal ahusken atiwaga as eqal adobǎt aduten as waraqelnat abada dǎɣ amasnanat amutayan (dǎɣ asikin, təmusnawen ən tənumaɣen atamosnen awiɗan, təmusne tan héliocentrique, təmusne tan əellule, təmusne tan tektonik ən tisayen, asidwil ən ADN, darat awen.
English: Scientific theories are testable and make falsifiable predictions.
Tamasheq: təmusnawen tən tənumaɣawen aqalnat aytawaraman əd tagan maɣulatan təwisimutuynen.
English: The defining characteristic of all scientific knowledge, including theories, is the ability to make falsifiable or testable predictions.
Tamasheq: Talɣa tan asikin ən dak təmusne ən tənumaq, dǎɣ ihanat təmusnawen, eqalan aśahat ye igi ən maɣulatan tiwisimutuynen meɣ tawaramnen.
English: It is well-supported by many independent strands of evidence, rather than a single foundation.
Tamasheq: Idhalan ti titbaqa ajjotnen n tamitert ohun akaros ɣas .
English: The theory of biological evolution is more than "just a theory".
Tamasheq: Təmusne ən təwatt ən biologique eqalan ogaran as "ɣas iyat təmusne".
English: This provides evidence either for or against the hypothesis.
Tamasheq: Awen ihaku isidututan fal meɣ adagal ən salan.
English: This can take many years, as it can be difficult or complicated to gather sufficient evidence.
Tamasheq: Awen adobat adikil ajotnen elan, falas adobat adiqil aśohen meɣ asisandaran ən asidiw igdahan ye asidutu.
English: The strength of the evidence is evaluated by the scientific community, and the most important experiments will have been replicated by multiple independent groups.
Tamasheq: Ašahat ən asidututan eqalan atiwakyadan fal aljamaɣat ən tənumaq, əd təmusnawen ogarnen tanfo adigriwnat adiqilnat atiwagan fal ajotnen tartiten ən manasnat.
English: In chemistry, there are many acid-base theories providing highly divergent explanations of the underlying nature of acidic and basic compounds, but they are very useful for predicting their chemical behavior.
Tamasheq: Dǎɣ šimie, ilanati təmusnawen ajotnen ən aman-ən santo hakanen iliɣitan hulen abdanen fal awa eqal ən daw-amas ən sirtayan ən aman əd basiquetan, mašan aqalnat hulen amitkalan fal aditiwaɣlaknen talɣiwen nasan ən šimiq.
English: Acceptance of a theory does not require that all of its major predictions be tested, if it is already supported by sufficiently strong evidence.
Tamasheq: Təridawt ən təmusne winan itigu dak tabaraten ən aditiwaɣlakan eqalan atiwaraman, falas taqal harwa atiwadhalan fal sidututan igdahan dǎɣ ašuhu.
English: Solutions may require minor or major changes to the theory, or none at all if a satisfactory explanation is found within the theory's existing framework.
Tamasheq: Adabaratan adobatnen atiwahašalan ən təbiɗawen madroynen meɣ magornen ən təmusne, anhiy wala iyat tamotayt falas aliɣi iyan asisagdahan eqalan atiwagrawan dǎɣ tabarat atitilat ən təmusne.
English: If modifications to the theory or other explanations seem to be insufficient to account for the new results, then a new theory may be required.
Tamasheq: Afal təmotayen ən təmusne meɣ iyad iliɣitan olahnen ən iba ən gadehat fal kanan ən muziyat ən liɣitan wi aynaynen, iyat taynayat təmusne tadobet adiš atiqil ayfan.
English: This is because it is still the best available explanation for many other phenomena, as verified by its predictive power in other contexts.
Tamasheq: Dǎɣ awa atiwagan, taqalat ahusken ən aliɣi atilan fal ajotnen iyad ən azamanan, sund asikin ən asahat ən awaditiwaɣlakan dǎɣ tiyad tabaraten.
English: After the changes, the accepted theory will explain more phenomena and have greater predictive power (if it did not, the changes would not be adopted); this new explanation will then be open to further replacement or modification.
Tamasheq: Darat təmotayen, ən təmusne tatiwardat talaɣet dǎɣ tanfo ən azamanan əd adigriw iyan ogaran aśahat ən awaditiwagazan (afal wadeqel awen, təmotayen waraqelnat atiwalmadan); wən taynayan aliɣi adobat adiš adiqil amiskalan meɣ amutayan.
English: For example, electricity and magnetism are now known to be two aspects of the same phenomenon, referred to as electromagnetism.
Tamasheq: Dǎɣ milahaw, nisan amara as koran əd ən magnétisme eqalan əsin hanayan ən manasan ən azaman, asitawan éleətromagnétisme.
English: This was resolved by the discovery of nuclear fusion, the main energy source of the Sun.
Tamasheq: Wen asostan eqal aykan fal ahanay ən asirtay ən nukléaire, atamosan tabarat ən takast ən Tafuk.
English: By omitting from special relativity the luminiferous aether, Einstein stated that time dilation and length contraction measured in an object in relative motion is inertial—that is, the object exhibits constant velocity, which is speed with direction, when measured by its observer.
Tamasheq: Dǎɣ awinan tila dǎɣ talɣiwen karoznen ən éther luminifereu, Einstein iliɣat as asihraw ən azaman əd təmɣinanen zagrotnen ən ikatnen dǎɣ harat ən ewalawal olahan aqalnen awinan ider – atamosan as harat isakna urmad winan itimutuy, atamosan urmad dər təsigwen, agud wadaqalnat aykatan fal amanhay ənes.
English: Einstein sought to generalize the invariance principle to all reference frames, whether inertial or accelerating.
Tamasheq: Einstein imaɣ ye adisitbit isalan wi niba nimutiy ye dak tabaraten, samos aqalnat awinan ider meɣ winan orgeš.
English: Even massless energy exerts gravitational motion on local objects by "curving" the geometrical "surface" of 4D space-time.
Tamasheq: Imanes ašahat winan azay itagu ewalewal ən taɣalaywayt fal haratan ən nakal dǎɣ "agungin" ən "taryare" ən géométrieq ən nedag-alwaq wan 4D.
English: However, scientific laws are descriptive accounts of how nature will behave under certain conditions.
Tamasheq: Agudendǎɣ, isalan wi tənumaɣen aqalnen isiknitan ən kitban ən əmik atamosan tamaɣlaq adǎɣ tiga dǎɣ iyad əšiɣilan.
English: A common misconception is that scientific theories are rudimentary ideas that will eventually graduate into scientific laws when enough data and evidence have been accumulated.
Tamasheq: Anuzgum bahawan atiwasan eqal as təmusnawen ən tənumaɣen aqalnat inuzguman ən banan ad amandanat fal uɣil ən salan wi tənumaɣen agud igdahan ye hukitan əd sidututan aqalan atiwasamasadawan.
English: Both theories and laws could potentially be falsified by countervailing evidence.
Tamasheq: Təmusnawen sund isalan adobatnen dǎɣ aśahat adiqilan atiwasamatayan fal sidututan animašraynen.
English: First-order logic is an example of a formal language.
Tamasheq: Awa anihagan ən tizaraten ən anilkam eqal asiknan magrad atiwanan.
English: The phenomena explained by the theories, if they could not be directly observed by the senses (for example, atoms and radio waves), were treated as theoretical concepts.
Tamasheq: Azamanan ati alaɣatnen fal təmusnawen, afal waradoben adiqilan atiwakyadan agudendǎɣ fal əmik (fal olahan, atometan əd ondetan ən arajo), aqalnen atiwagan sund awinan atwaga ən təmusnawen.
English: The phrase "the received view of theories" is used to describe this approach.
Tamasheq: Magrad "ahanay wa dosan ən təmusnawen" eqalan fal akǎtǎb ən ahaz wen.
English: One can use language to describe a model; however, the theory is the model (or a collection of similar models), and not the description of the model.
Tamasheq: Nadobǎt anitkil magrad fal akatǎb ən əmik; aguden, təmusne taqalat əmik (meɣ iyan asimusudiw ən əmikan olahnen), əd babo asikin ən əmik.
English: The model parameters, e.g., Newton's Law of Gravitation, determine how the positions and velocities change with time.
Tamasheq: Tabaraten ən əmik, fal asikin ən salan ən naɣalay wan Newton, isaknen əmik wa amosan ihadagan əd urmaɗan təmutuynen dǎɣ azaman.
English: The word "semantic" refers to the way that a model represents the real world.
Tamasheq: Tifirt "atiwasanan" itagu asinimihil almaɣna amosan əmik isaknen aduniyat titbatat.