Tamazight-NLP/NLLB-Seed_Tamasheq-Latin-Script huggingface dataset:
English: He criticizes the regimes described in Plato's Republic and Laws, and refers to the theory of forms as "empty words and poetic metaphors."
Tamasheq: “ Ammijrad fal regime tan wi afissar nen daɣ jamahiriya tan d achareɣa tan win Platon tolas eqqal fal theory n dumu tan chund ‘”ismawan n batil d tangalen”””
English: Antisthenes was inspired by the ascetism of Socrates, and accused Plato of pride and conceit.
Tamasheq: Antisthenes omar ti acentism wan Socrates tolas allaɣat as Platon ikfar tolas itaj abaraj
English: It was founded by Euclides of Megara, one of the pupils of Socrates.
Tamasheq: Eɣnay Euclides wan Megara, iyyan daɣ attalaba tan n Socrates
English: Pyrrhonism places the attainment of ataraxia (a state of equanimity) as the way to achieve eudaimonia.
Tamasheq: Pyrrhonism ijja ag-ad n musna tan ataraxia (talɣa n tigdaht n iman) eqqalan abara i ag-ad n eudaimonia
English: His ethics were based on "the pursuit of pleasure and the avoidance of pain".
Tamasheq: “ Ethics net tijja fal “”itur n izijraz d gaddulat n tazzurt”’”
English: Their logical contributions still feature in contemporary propositional calculus.
Tamasheq: Tidhilen nasan har ajjudi ahanat calculus wan addabara n amarad
English: This skeptical period of ancient Platonism, from Arcesilaus to Philo of Larissa, became known as the New Academy, although some ancient authors added further subdivisions, such as a Middle Academy.
Tamasheq: Azzaman wen iban asiflas n platonism wa aruwan, ɣur Arcesillaus har Philo wan Larissa atiwassan s New Academy kuddeɣ as inaktuban iyyad n aru issewadan tizunawen chund Middle Academy
English: While the objective of the Pyrrhonists was the attainment of ataraxia, after Arcesilaus the Academic skeptics did not hold up ataraxia as the central objective.
Tamasheq: Alwaq wa id ijja as ittus n Pyrrhonist tan eqqal ag-ad n musnat tan ataraxia , darat Arcesilaus academics skeptics war ittef s ataraxia chund ittus wan ammas
English: In the Byzantine Empire Greek ideas were preserved and studied, and not long after the first major expansion of Islam, however, the Abbasid caliphs authorized the gathering of Greek manuscripts and hired translators to increase their prestige.
Tamasheq: Daɣ Empire Byzantin inasjam win Greek tan aɣlasan tolas at w aɣran tolas war ehoj darat efes wa ezzaran n al-islam , hak id ijja awen,Abbasid wan Xalifa ikf-a turhajat n asidu n ikitban win Greek tolas issaxdam addinat win tafsir i ad issiwidan tihussay
English: Medieval philosophy is the philosophy that existed through the Middle Ages, the period roughly extending from the fall of the Western Roman Empire in the 5th century to the Renaissance in the 15th century.
Tamasheq: Medieval Philosophy taqqal filozofi tan Middle Ages, azzaman issintan ɣur Roman Empire wan ataram daɣ awaty wan 500 har Renaissance daɣ awatay wan 1500
English: With the possible exceptions of Avicenna and Averroes, medieval thinkers did not consider themselves philosophers at all: for them, the philosophers were the ancient pagan writers such as Plato and Aristotle.
Tamasheq: Awa war n amos Avicenna d Averroes , imaɣran win aru war ijjen iman nasan filozof tan ; ɣur san, filozof tan amosan inaktuban win inammuchray n aru chund Platon d Aristotle
English: One of the most heavily debated things of the period was that of faith versus reason.
Tamasheq: Iyyan daɣ haratan wi fal ijja majrad hullan n azzaman wen amos addin d ta-ite
English: It is generally agreed that it begins with Augustine (354–430) who strictly belongs to the classical period, and ends with the lasting revival of learning in the late eleventh century, at the beginning of the high medieval period.
Tamasheq: Ardahan addinat fuk as issinta fal Augustine (354 har 430) win azzaman wan alasal tolas imda ɣur tanakkra tn teɣare tahojat daɣ uchray awatay wan 1100 ɣur asinti n azzaman wan aru
English: In later periods, monks were used for training administrators and churchmen.
Tamasheq: Daɣ azzamanan win uchray, bomber tan kala taqqal alxidmat nasan inaxdiman n alxakumb d egliz tan
English: Much of the work of Aristotle was unknown in the West in this period.
Tamasheq: Ijjit alxidmat tan Aristotle war itawasan daɣ ikallan win Ikufar azzaman wen
English: Augustine is regarded as the greatest of the Church Fathers.
Tamasheq: Augustine t amos tamat ta maqqorat n egliz wi s itawan Church Fathers
English: For over a thousand years, there was hardly a Latin work of theology or philosophy that did not quote his writing, or invoke his authority.
Tamasheq: Iddikud n 1000 n awatay , ille axlidmat n Latin fal addin meɣ filozofi t ijjat war n amajrad daɣ ikitban net meɣ issewal nen fal axakam net
English: He became consul in 510 in the kingdom of the Ostrogoths.
Tamasheq: Eqqal Consul daɣ awatay wan 501 daɣ almalakiya tan Ostrogoths
English: He wrote commentaries on these works, and on the Isagoge by Porphyry (a commentary on the Categories).
Tamasheq: Iktab majradan fal alxidmaten tin tolas fal Isagoge s Porphyry ( majrad ijjan fal ich-ikilan)
English: Around this period several doctrinal controversies emerged, such as the question of whether God had predestined some for salvation and some for damnation.
Tamasheq: Daɣ azzaman wen timazaɣen ajjotnen fal mazhab tan ijjanat chund asistan wan as amaxlak illan ti addinat ɣas wi eɣlis d addinat iyyad wi he izaqqizzab
English: Is the host the same as Christ's historical body?
Tamasheq: Ajjen almudifa olah id taɣissa n attarex wan annabi ɣisa?
English: This period also witnessed a revival of scholarship.
Tamasheq: Azzaman wen n taguhe n as n tanakkra n Bursatan tin teɣare
English: Later, under St. Abbo of Fleury (abbot 988–1004), head of the reformed abbey school, Fleury enjoyed a second golden age.
Tamasheq: Darat awa, ɣur azzaman wan Abbo n Fleury wan alwali (abbot awatay wan 988 har 1004) amuzar n lakkol wan reformed abbey school , Felury ijraz has golden age wan issin
English: The early 13th century witnessed the culmination of the recovery of Greek philosophy.
Tamasheq: Tizart n awatay wan 1300 eqqal taguhe n tamazzit n filozofi tan Greek
English: Powerful Norman kings gathered men of knowledge from Italy and other areas into their courts as a sign of their prestige.
Tamasheq: Almalika tan assohat nen win Norman issedawan meddan n musnat daɣ Italy d iyyad n ihandagan iyyad daɣ iɣalayan nasan chund achamol n tihussay
English: The universities developed in the large cities of Europe during this period, and rival clerical orders within the Church began to battle for political and intellectual control over these centers of educational life.
Tamasheq: Lakkolan wi maqqornen ikrasan daɣ iɣirman wi maqqornen n Euroba daɣ azzaman wen tolas ixakaman amchakat nen daɣ egliz issintan s ikinnasan fal axakam wan folitik d ta-ite fal santartan win teɣare
English: The great representatives of Dominican thinking in this period were Albertus Magnus and (especially) Thomas Aquinas, whose artful synthesis of Greek rationalism and Christian doctrine eventually came to define Catholic philosophy.
Tamasheq: Imannaɣafan maqqornen n amedran wan Dominique daɣ azzaman wen aqqalan Albert Magnus d hullan Thomas Aquinas s aklulu net n rationalism wan Greek d Mazhab n kriken tan t amos almaɣna n filozofi tan katolik tan
English: Aquinas showed how it was possible to incorporate much of the philosophy of Aristotle without falling into the "errors" of the Commentator Averroes.
Tamasheq: “Aquinas issikna immik wa s addobat ijjuch n ajjen n filozofi tan Aristotle daɣ war t aftaqeɣ daɣ marsalan” n Averroes”
English: The problem of evil: The classical philosophers had speculated on the nature of evil, but the problem of how an all-powerful, all-knowing, loving God could create a system of things in which evil exists first arose in the medieval period.
Tamasheq: Muchakil wan alchil: Filozof tan win alasal ijjan takalt fal annuɣ n alchin muchham muchakil n immik wa Amaxlak wan ojjaran harat fuk assahat, musnat, tarha addobat ad eɣnu sistem n haratan eha alchin isinta s tizarat daɣ azzaman wan aru
English: However, from the fourteenth century onward, the increasing use of mathematical reasoning in natural philosophy prepared the way for the rise of science in the early modern period.
Tamasheq: Hak id ijja awen, daɣ awatay wan 1400, ataxdam hullan n ta-ite tan mathematic daɣ filozofi ijja abara i tiw-at n science daɣ azzaman ezzaran
English: In the earlier period, writers such as Peter Abelard wrote commentaries on the works of the Old logic (Aristotle's Categories, On interpretation, and the Isagoge of Porphyry).
Tamasheq: Daɣ azzaman wa ezzaran, inaktuban chund Peter Abelard iktab fal alxidmaten tin Old Logic (Aristotle Categories, On Interpretation d Isagoge of Porphyry)
English: (The word 'intentionality' was revived by Franz Brentano, who was intending to reflect medieval usage).
Tamasheq: ( Isim wan ittus’ assodar ti Franz Brentano otasan ad alah axadam net wan kel aru)
English: The designation "Renaissance philosophy" is used by scholars of intellectual history to refer to the thought of the period running in Europe roughly between 1355 and 1650 (the dates shift forward for central and northern Europe and for areas such as Spanish America, India, Japan, and China under European influence).
Tamasheq: “ Isim wan “Renaissance Pilosophy” assaxdaman ti imaɣran win attarex eqqal fal amedran wan azzaman wa ochalan daɣ Eroba jir awatay wan 1355 har 1650 ( azzamanan amuttayan s data har Eroba tan ammas d emaynaj tolas id ihandagan chund Spania, Amerik, India, Japon, d Chine )
English: The assumption that Aristotle's works were foundational to an understanding of philosophy did not wane during the Renaissance, which saw a flourishing of new translations, commentaries, and other interpretations of his works, both in Latin and in the vernacular.
Tamasheq: Mirda wan as alxidmaten tin Aristotle aqqal nat a assohen daɣ afaham n filozofi war ifnza daɣ Renaissance t asuknat efes n ifassiran eynaynen d ifahaman iyyad n alxidmaten net daɣ Latin d awal wa ochalan
English: The latter, similar in some ways to modern debates, examined the pros and cons of particular philosophical positions or interpretations.
Tamasheq: Wan uchray olah s immikan iyyad id isiwilan win amarad, ammiyazan kel exxay d kel booo n ihandagan n filozofi meɣ ifahaman net
English: Plato, known directly only through two and a half dialogues in the Middle Ages, came to be known through numerous Latin translations in fifteenth century Italy, culminating in the hugely influential translation of his complete works by Marsilio Ficino in Florence in 1484.
Tamasheq: Platon itiwazzayan ɣas s two d tazune n asiwil daɣ Middle Ages, tawazzayan s ifassiran win Latin daɣ awatay wan 1500 n Italy ikmalan afissar wa ojjaran n alxidmaten imdan nen ijja Marsilio Ficio daɣ Florence awatay wan 1484
English: Not all Renaissance humanists followed his example in all things, but Petrarch contributed to a broadening of his time's 'canon' (pagan poetry had previously been considered frivolous and dangerous), something that happened in philosophy as well.
Tamasheq: Wadden Humanist tan fuk win Renaissance a ilkam i almital net daɣ haratan fuk mucham Petrach idhal daɣ asiwad n alwaq net “canon” (tasawit tan anammachruy taqqal a war n infa harat d a labasan), harat ijjan daɣ filozofi iman net
English: Other movements from ancient philosophy also re-entered the mainstream.
Tamasheq: Taggayen t iyyad n filozofi tan aru intanated deɣ olas at ijjuch n awen
English: This position came under increasing strain in the Renaissance, as various thinkers claimed that Thomas's classifications were inaccurate, and that ethics were the most important part of morality.
Tamasheq: Edag wen issewad titbaqqet tan Renaissance fal as imaɣran ajjotnen allaɣen as amaskat wa ijja Thomas war oɣed tolas as ethics eqqal achrut wa ojjaran n uxlak
English: As we have seen, they believed that philosophy could be brought under the wing of rhetoric.
Tamasheq: S immik wa s t n ikyad n aɣiln as filozofi taddobat a tijjich daw afrut n rhetoric
English: In 1416–1417, Leonardo Bruni, the pre-eminent humanist of his time and chancellor of Florence, re-translated Aristotle's Ethics into a more flowing, idiomatic and classical Latin.
Tamasheq: Daɣ aaty wan 1416 har 1417, Leonardo Bruni, harat daɣ humanist tan wa ojjaran hullan daɣ azzaman net d Chancellor Florance, olasan afissar har ajjudi n Ethics wan Aristotle daɣ Latin ochalan, ilan almaɣna tolas n alasal
English: The driving conviction was that philosophy should be freed of its technical jargon so that more people would be able to read it.
Tamasheq: Fellah amos as filozofi ilzam tt a tabdu id timuchaɣ ti assohat ne i ad udaben addinat teɣare net
English: Desiderius Erasmus, the great Dutch humanist, even prepared a Greek edition of Aristotle, and eventually those teaching philosophy in the universities had to at least pretend that they knew Greek.
Tamasheq: Desiderius Earsmus , Humanist Danemark wa maqqoran inta deɣ ijja Edisyon daɣ Greek n Aristotle tolas isassaɣritan net win filozofi daɣ lakkolan wi maqqornen ijjan abaraj as issanan greek
English: Once it had been determined, however, that Italian was a language with literary merit and that it could carry the weight of philosophical discussion, numerous efforts in this direction started to appear, particularly from the 1540s onward.
Tamasheq: Alwaq wa id atwasan , Italian wen eqqal awal ilan timzal n akatab tolas addobat ad awiy azuk n majrad n filozofi, addabara tan ajjotnen daɣ abara wen issintan id azjor hullan ɣur awatay wan 1540
English: We know that debates about the freedom of the will continued to flare up (for instance, in the famous exchanges between Erasmus and Martin Luther), that Spanish thinkers were increasingly obsessed with the notion of nobility, that duelling was a practice that generated a large literature in the sixteenth century (was it permissible or not?).
Tamasheq: Nissan as majradan fal alxoriya tan derhan ad iw-adan (almital daɣ isiwilan wi ijja Erasmus d Martin Luther) as imaɣran win Espagne ikna daɣ san ag-ad hullan isi wan tammujaɣa , as amchakki eqqal achaɣil id erawan literature ajjet daɣ awatay wan 1600 (ajjen turhajat n awen t ille meɣ bo?)
English: We must not forget that most philosophers of the time were at least nominal, if not devout, Christians, that the sixteenth century saw both the Protestant and the Catholic reformations, and that Renaissance philosophy culminates with the period of the Thirty Years' War (1618–1648).
Tamasheq: Ilzam anaɣ ad wr hin n atiwah s filozof tan fuk win azzaman wen aqqalan kriken tan n isim war n addin, as awatay wan 1600 Reformations n bomber tan win Protestan d Katolik tan ojjaran daɣ azzaman wan akinnas n karadat timirwen n awatay (1618 har 1648)
English: In conclusion, like any other moment in the history of thought Renaissance philosophy cannot be considered to have provided something entirely new nor to have continued for centuries to repeat the conclusions of its predecessors.
Tamasheq: Daɣ amindi, chund hak id daɣ alwaq n attarex n amedran filozofi tan Renaissance war addobat as tikf-a harat ikmalan eynayan meɣ tijja iwityan daɣ amasuɣal n ikimmilan n win data s
English: Modern philosophy is philosophy developed in the modern era and associated with modernity.
Tamasheq: Filozofi tan amarad taqqal filozofi t ijjat daɣ azzaman wa uchray tolas osaɣ id modernity
English: By the 17th and 18th centuries the major figures in philosophy of mind, epistemology, and metaphysics were roughly divided into two main groups.
Tamasheq: Daɣ amindi n awatay wan 1700 d wan 1800 kel musnat fuk maqqornen n filozofi tan ta-ite , epistemology d metaphysics azunan hullan s sanatat taqqimen
English: The "Empiricists," by contrast, held that knowledge must begin with sensory experience.
Tamasheq: “Empiricist tan ijja ɣur san as musnat ilzam ad tantu s musnat tan tanafrit”
English: Other important figures in political philosophy include Thomas Hobbes and Jean-Jacques Rousseau.
Tamasheq: Kel musnat iyyad assohat nen daɣ filozofi tan folitik ehen Thomas Hobbes d Jean-Jacques Rousseau
English: Kant sparked a storm of philosophical work in Germany in the early nineteenth century, beginning with German idealism.
Tamasheq: Kant issinkar id tadut n alxidmat n filozofi daɣ Allemagne daɣ tizarat n awatay wan 1900 isintan s German idealism
English: Karl Marx appropriated both Hegel's philosophy of history and the empirical ethics dominant in Britain, transforming Hegel's ideas into a strictly materialist form, setting the grounds for the development of a science of society.
Tamasheq: Kalr Marx ikf-a iman net filozofi tan Hegel n attarex d empirical etics ojjaran daɣ Britania , isammutay anasjum wan Hegel s materialist form, ijjan edag i efes n science daɣ tamazduq
English: Arthur Schopenhauer took idealism to the conclusion that the world was nothing but the futile endless interplay of images and desires, and advocated atheism and pessimism.
Tamasheq: Arthur Schopenhauer itkal idealism s akamal n as alɣalim war eqqal wala ar dallol war n infa harat n taliwen d derhanan tolas eɣr s atheism d pessimisme
English: Descartes argued that many predominant Scholastic metaphysical doctrines were meaningless or false.
Tamasheq: Descartes allaɣat as mazhab tan ajjotnen n scolastique d metaphysique war ilen almaɣna meɣ n bahu
English: He tries to set aside as much as he possibly can of all his beliefs, to determine what if anything he knows for certain.
Tamasheq: Eram ad ej s achrut s immik wa s addobat amedran tan net fuk nasan i ad ilmid harat fuk wa issan fal harat s tiditt
English: From this basis he builds his knowledge back up again.
Tamasheq: S talɣa ten olas id akaros n musnat net har ajjudi
English: While historicism also acknowledges the role of experience, it differs from empiricism by assuming that sensory data cannot be understood without considering the historical and cultural circumstances in which observations are made.
Tamasheq: Alawaq wa id Historicism ardah fal edag wan musnat , anmazlay id empiricism exyazan as isalan win tanafrit war addobat at aw afhaman wala s attarex d agna daɣ ijjan ikayadan
English: As such empiricism is first and foremost characterized by the ideal to let observational data "speak for themselves", while the competing views are opposed to this ideal.
Tamasheq: “ Ichmad empiricism wen eqqal samal net wa ezzaran ittus n tayyit n isalan win akayad “ammajradan intaned iman nasan”, as ijja awen ikayadan wi amichwar nen unjayan s ittus”
English: In other words: Empiricism as a concept has to be constructed along with other concepts, which together make it possible to make important discriminations between different ideals underlying contemporary science.
Tamasheq: Daɣ almaɣna iyyan: Empiricism ilzam akaros net edes n ismawan s a fal artayan asirɣasan tamiz tan maqqornen jir ittusan n science tan n amarad
English: Epistemologically, idealism manifests as a skepticism about the possibility of knowing any mind-independent thing.
Tamasheq: Daɣ ezaraj wan epistemology, Idealism eqqal iban s asiflas fal tudabat n musnat n harat fuk s ta-ite
English: It describes a process where theory is extracted from practice, and applied back to practice to form what is called intelligent practice.
Tamasheq: Tafassar tamakiwayt daɣ edag id tizjar theory alxidmat n tiditt tolas t assoɣal fal alxidmat tan tiditt ikannan n awa s itawan alxidmat tan ta-ite
English: Brian Leiter (2006) webpage “Analytic” and “Continental” Philosophy.
Tamasheq: Brian Leiter (2006) Webpage filozofi “analytic” d “continental”
English: Contemporary philosophy is the present period in the history of Western philosophy beginning at the early 20th century with the increasing professionalization of the discipline and the rise of analytic and continental philosophy.
Tamasheq: Filozofi tan amarad taqqal azzamanwan amarad daɣ attrex wan filozofi tan ikufar assintan ɣur tizarat n awatay wan 2000 s tiw-at n majal daɣ almaɣna n ijjuch n alxidmat d tiw-at n analytic d continental philosophy
English: Germany was the first country to professionalize philosophy.
Tamasheq: Allemagne taqqal addawla ta tazzarat ijjan filozofi majal n alxidmat
English: Furthermore, unlike many of the sciences for which there has come to be a healthy industry of books, magazines, and television shows meant to popularize science and communicate the technical results of a scientific field to the general populace, works by professional philosophers directed at an audience outside the profession remain rare.
Tamasheq: A anmazlayan id science tan ajjotnen fal id osa industri n alkittaban, magazine tan d talavizyon almaɣna n awen anafaz n science d asiwal fal ittusan net wi tewad daɣ abara wan science har ichaɣib imdan, alxidmaten ijjan filozof tan amlallaynen s addinat ahanen ajjama n alxidmat
English: Each division organises a large annual conference.
Tamasheq: Tazunt taj taɣaymit maqqorat daɣ awatay
English: Among its many other tasks, the association is responsible for administering many of the profession's top honors.
Tamasheq: Daɣ alxidmaten net t iyyad ajjotnen , taggayt ilzam tat axakam n inassemɣaran n alxidmat ajjotnen
English: This development was roughly contemporaneous with work by Gottlob Frege and Bertrand Russell inaugurating a new philosophical method based on the analysis of language via modern logic (hence the term "analytic philosophy").
Tamasheq: “ Efes wen enhay hullan s alxidmat ijja Gottlob Frege d Bertrand Russel oran nen tikarsay n filozofi teynayat tijjat fal amiyiz n awal s modern logic (isim wan “analytic philosophy’’’)
English: Some philosophers, such as Richard Rorty and Simon Glendinning, argue that this "analytic–continental" divide is inimical to the discipline as a whole.
Tamasheq: “” Filozof tan iyyad chund Richard Rorty d Simon Glendinning allaɣat as awen “”analytic-continental’’’ war ammedaw id majal fuk
English: Afterwards, analytic and continental philosophers differ on the importance and influence of subsequent philosophers on their respective traditions.
Tamasheq: Filozof tan win analytic d continental izlay daɣ tinfa d assahat n filozof tan fal attarexan nasan
English: Although, since analytic and continental philosophy have such starkly different views of philosophy after Kant, continental philosophy is also often understood in an extended sense to include any post-Kant philosophers or movements important to continental philosophy but not analytic philosophy.
Tamasheq: Kuddeɣ as alwaq wa id analytic d continental philosophy ilan ikayadan chund win izlaynen n filozofi darat Kant, continental philosophy inta tila afaham s almaɣna chajreen i at ijjichan filozof tan fuk win darat Kant meɣ taggayen assohat nen i continental philosophy mucham wadden analytic philosophy
English: Thus continental philosophy tends toward historicism, where analytic philosophy tends to treat philosophy in terms of discrete problems, capable of being analyzed apart from their historical origins.
Tamasheq: Continental philosophy tahal s historicism edag s analytic philosophy tasafar philosophy s muchakil tan istarnen, addobat nen amiyaz edes n eɣani wan attarex
English: The major orthodox schools arose sometime between the start of the Common Era and the Gupta Empire.
Tamasheq: Lakkolan wi maqqornen n Orthodox ankar alwaq iyan jir amindi n Common Era d Gupta Empire
English: These religio-philosophical traditions were later grouped under the label Hinduism.
Tamasheq: Tumasen tin jir addin d filozofi addew nat darat awa daw label wan Hinduizm
English: Western scholars regard Hinduism as a fusion or synthesis of various Indian cultures and traditions, with diverse roots and no single founder.
Tamasheq: Imaɣan win ikfuar ijja ɣur san as Hinduiszm eqqal anmartay d aklulu n agna tan d tumasen ajjotnen ilanen ikewan izlaynen tolas war ilen amaxlak
English: Indian philosophers developed a system of epistemological reasoning (pramana) and logic and investigated topics such as Ontology (metaphysics, Brahman-Atman, Sunyata-Anatta), reliable means of knowledge (epistemology, Pramanas), value system (axiology) and other topics.
Tamasheq: Filozof tan win India ijjan efes n epistemological reasoning (pramana) d muduɣ tan n almaɣna tolas n imuɣ chund Ontology (metaphysics, Brahman-Atman, Sunyta-Anatta) isuj n musnat n taflis (epistemology, Pramanas), sistem n alqim (axiology) d muduɣ tan iyyad