Tamazight-NLP/NLLB-Seed_Tamasheq-Latin-Script huggingface dataset:
English: Influenced by psychoanalytic psychologists including Sigmund Freud and Carl Jung, these authors sought to understand the way that individual personalities were shaped by the wider cultural and social forces in which they grew up.
Tamasheq: A id omaran Psychoanalytic psychologist tan eha Sigmund Freud d Carl Jung, Inaktuban win ittaran ad ifhiman immik wa s id aɣnanat tichiten n awadim daɣ assahaten n agna d tamazduq ti i daɣ idwal
English: Economic anthropology as influenced by Karl Polanyi and practiced by Marshall Sahlins and George Dalton challenged standard neoclassical economics to take account of cultural and social factors, and employed Marxian analysis into anthropological study.
Tamasheq: Economic anthropology daɣ ezzar Karl Poanyi tolas axdam Marshall Sahlins d George Dalton asilmadan as war axyezan s majrad wan alasal ichryan n ekonomi i a hin agrahan in agna d tamazduq tolas id axdam n amiyiz wan Marx n Anthropological study
English: In keeping with the times, much of anthropology became politicized through the Algerian War of Independence and opposition to the Vietnam War; Marxism became an increasingly popular theoretical approach in the discipline.
Tamasheq: Daɣ amutti n azzamanan, anthropology ijjet akinnas wan algeria n alistexlal net harat n folitik d anmichray wan akinnas wan Vietnam, Marxism eqqal tazujicht hullan n mirda daɣ teɣare
English: In the 1980s books like Anthropology and the Colonial Encounter pondered anthropology's ties to colonial inequality, while the immense popularity of theorists such as Antonio Gramsci and Michel Foucault moved issues of power and hegemony into the spotlight.
Tamasheq: Daɣ alkittaban win 1980 chund wan Anthropology d Colonial Encounter zanasjamen id temedt n anthropology s anmijar daɣ alistexmar as ijja awen azajor n isim n addinat win theorist tan chund Antonio Gramsci d Michel Foucault ichikachan marsalan n tanaya d tijraht har tan ikyadan addinat
English: These interpretations must then be reflected back to its originators, and its adequacy as a translation fine-tuned in a repeated way, a process called the hermeneutic circle.
Tamasheq: Almaɣna tan win ilzam ad ajjin fal massaw san tolas aqqud n afissar net izdajan daɣ amasuɣal net, tikkelt s isim net afaham ijjan daɣ tadrut
English: David Schnieder's cultural analysis of American kinship has proven equally influential.
Tamasheq: Amiyiz wan David Xhnieder i agna n temedt tan Amrik t asilmad s tigdaht tassohet
English: The method originated in the field research of social anthropologists, especially Bronislaw Malinowski in Britain, the students of Franz Boas in the United States, and in the later urban research of the Chicago School of Sociology.
Tamasheq: Immik wa id izjaran daɣ abara wan anthropologist tan win tamazduq , hullan Bronislaw Malinowski daɣ Britania, attalaba net Franz Boas daɣ Amrik d farak wan uchray ijja lakkol n Chicago School of Sociology
English: Walnut Creek, CA: AltaMira Press.
Tamasheq: Walnut Creek, CA: AltaMira Press
English: To establish connections that will eventually lead to a better understanding of the cultural context of a situation, an anthropologist must be open to becoming part of the group, and willing to develop meaningful relationships with its members.
Tamasheq: Edey n iharojan za arunen s addinat afaham n talɣa tan agna, anthropologist ilzam ti ad ijjich achrut n taqqimt tolas daɣ erha ad ijja tammiduwa tilat almaɣna id addinat win
English: Before participant observation can begin, an anthropologist must choose both a location and a focus of study.
Tamasheq: Darat asinti n akayad wan addinat, anthropologist ilzam ti ad asinnafran edg d ezaj wan teɣare
English: This allows the anthropologist to become better established in the community.
Tamasheq: Awen ijjraw i anthropologist ad izdaɣan hullan daɣ tawset
English: The majority of participant observation is based on conversation.
Tamasheq: Ijjit n akayad n addinat ijja fal adwǝnni
English: In some cases, ethnographers also turn to structured observation, in which an anthropologist's observations are directed by a specific set of questions he or she is trying to answer.
Tamasheq: Daɣ ihandagan iyyad, ethnographer tan amlallayan s akayad ilan ichiritan, s addoben ikayadan n anthropologist a tan oɣadan isistanan s addobat meɣ taddobat a has san ej meɣ taj alwazab
English: This helps to standardize the method of study when ethnographic data is being compared across several groups or is needed to fulfill a specific purpose, such as research for a governmental policy decision.
Tamasheq: Awen eqqal tadhilt i asibdad n immik n teɣare alwaq wa id isalan win ethnograph tan ogdahan daɣ taqqimen ajjotnen meɣ at war ha ag-ad ittus iyyan chund imuɣ i addabara n folitik tan alxakumat
English: Who the ethnographer is has a lot to do with what he or she will eventually write about a culture, because each researcher is influenced by his or her own perspective.
Tamasheq: Awa eqqal ethnographer ohar harat id awa he iktib meɣ tiktib daɣ tilkamat fal agna fal as aw farak fuk eqqal as akayad net assahat net
English: However, these approaches have not generally been successful, and modern ethnographers often choose to include their personal experiences and possible biases in their writing instead.
Tamasheq: Hak id ijja awen, tizujichen tin wadden alwaq fuk oɣad nat tolas ethnographer win uchray alwaq iyyan sanafranan ijji n musnaten nasan d anmichraan daɣ ikitban nasan
English: An ethnography is a piece of writing about a people, at a particular place and time.
Tamasheq: Ethnography taqqal afrus akatab ijjan fal addinat, daɣ edag iyyan d alwaq
English: A typical ethnography will also include information about physical geography, climate and habitat.
Tamasheq: Ethnography n alasal tajjachan tat isalan ijjanen fal taɣissa n jografia , azzaman d tamazduq
English: Boas' students such as Alfred L. Kroeber, Ruth Benedict and Margaret Mead drew on his conception of culture and cultural relativism to develop cultural anthropology in the United States.
Tamasheq: Attalaba win Boa chund Alfred L Kroeber, Ruth Benedict d Margaret Mead idlajan wan agna d cultural relativism i efes n cultural anthropology dav Amrik
English: Today socio-cultural anthropologists attend to all these elements.
Tamasheq: Achal Anthropologist tan win agna d tamazaduq ijjan anniyat i titbaqqa tin fuk
English: American "cultural anthropologists" focused on the ways people expressed their view of themselves and their world, especially in symbolic forms, such as art and myths.
Tamasheq: “”Anthropologist tan win agna n Amrik”” ijjan alxidmat nasan fal abara tan wi daɣ saknin addinat iman nasan d alɣalim nasan hullan daɣ ichikilan chund timaknuwen d tinfusen “
English: Monogamy, for example, is frequently touted as a universal human trait, yet comparative study shows that it is not.
Tamasheq: Adubin n tamadt iyyat eqqal daɣ almital achamol n addina daɣ alɣalim harwa teɣare tasukna as awen war ijja
English: Through this methodology, greater insight can be gained when examining the impact of world-systems on local and global communities.
Tamasheq: S immik wen, akayad maqqoran addobat ad ittijru alwaq wa id immiyaz awadim sistem tan n alɣalim fal tawseten tin akal d alɣalim
English: For example, a multi-sited ethnography may follow a "thing," such as a particular commodity, as it is transported through the networks of global capitalism.
Tamasheq: “ Daɣ almital, ethnography ijjan fal sit tan ajjotnen addobat alkum i “”harat”” chund ilalan ammeway nen fal rezo tan n alɣalim wan kapitalism”
English: An example of multi-sited ethnography is Nancy Scheper-Hughes' work on the international black market for the trade of human organs.
Tamasheq: Almital n ethnography ijjan fal sit tan ajjotnen imos alxidmat n Nancy Scheper-Hughes fal hebu wan imikwalan n jir ikkalan i mamala wan isan n addinat
English: Research in kinship studies often crosses over into different anthropological subfields including medical, feminist, and public anthropology.
Tamasheq: Imuɣ n tiɣir fal temedt alwaq iyyan itiki fal izarajan izlaynen eha anthropolgy tan assexat, tan deden, d tan addinat
English: That is the matrix into which human children are born in the great majority of cases, and their first words are often kinship terms.
Tamasheq: Awa tabalbot tan tiwit n ilyadan daɣ ihandagan ajjotnen tolas awalan nasan wi azzarnen amosan n temedt
English: There are stark differences between communities in terms of marital practice and value, leaving much room for anthropological fieldwork.
Tamasheq: Illan ti uzlayan s tiditt jir tawsaten daɣ awa id eqqalan isalan win adubin ijjanen edag maqqoran i teɣare n tamaxluk n alɣalim
English: The marital practice found in most cultures, however, is monogamy, where one woman is married to one man.
Tamasheq: Adubin daɣ agna tan ajjotnen,war ijja fal tanamekrist, ijja fal tamat iyyat adoban ahalis iyyan
English: There are similar foundational differences where the act of procreation is concerned.
Tamasheq: Illan ti haratan ajjotnen olahnen s tikkelt taha tan akarach n ilyadan
English: The shift can be traced back to the 1960s, with the reassessment of kinship's basic principles offered by Edmund Leach, Rodney Neeham, David Schneider, and others.
Tamasheq: Adirich amutti eqqal s data har awatay wan 1960, id ijja akulukulu n ichiritan wi fal tijla tamedt ijjan Edmund Leach, Rodney Neeham, David Schneider d iyyad
English: This shift was progressed further by the emergence of second-wave feminism in the early 1970s, which introduced ideas of marital oppression, sexual autonomy, and domestic subordination.
Tamasheq: Amutti wen ichinkach in s data ɣur tenazzamart tan sanatat n tigdaht n alxaq wan tamadt d ahalis daɣ awatay wan 1970 s inta a id ijjan ta-ite tan alɣazab daɣ adubin, turhagat n atkul n techne d echinich daɣ adubin
English: At this time, there was the arrival of "Third World feminism", a movement that argued kinship studies could not examine the gender relations of developing countries in isolation, and must pay respect to racial and economic nuance as well.
Tamasheq: “ S alwaq wen, imal ti assa “Third World Feminism”””, tagayt tamǝɣannanat as tiɣir n temedt war addobat nat amiyiz n aharoj n addinat daɣ n addawla tan tin talaqqiwen iskatnen tolas iwar tan semɣar i tazizlayt ta jir tawset d ekonomi
English: In Jamaica, marriage as an institution is often substituted for a series of partners, as poor women cannot rely on regular financial contributions in a climate of economic instability.
Tamasheq: Daɣ Jamaica, adubin eqqalan tijittawt tahat edag n addinat fal as deden tin tilaqqiwen war addobat nat ad ilkam nat ɣas i tadhilen n azruf daɣ azzaman id war tozga tamudre n addinat
English: With this technology, questions of kinship have emerged over the difference between biological and genetic relatedness, as gestational surrogates can provide a biological environment for the embryo while the genetic ties remain with a third party.
Tamasheq: Teknoloji ten tissewad isistanan n temedt n awa izlayan temedt tan abarkot d tan etari fal as deden tiyyad karach nat tekakit n alyad daɣ abarkot as ijja awen temedt tan etari taqqim ɣur awatay wa s karad
English: There have also been issues of reproductive tourism and bodily commodification, as individuals seek economic security through hormonal stimulation and egg harvesting, which are potentially harmful procedures.
Tamasheq: Illan ti muchakil tan har ajjudi asaɣli wan reproductive tourism d amutti n taɣissa fal as addinat tattaran alxer wan tamudre s hormanal stimulation d afuqqi n tekakit aqqalnen haratan iknanen labasnen
English: One critique is that, as its inception, the framework of kinship studies was far too structured and formulaic, relying on dense language and stringent rules.
Tamasheq: Majrad iyyan imos as ichmad eqqal asinti net,ezarag wan tiɣir tin temedt ikna edey ijjan fal awal assohen d achareɣa tan oɣadnen
English: Much of this development can be attributed to the rise in anthropologists working outside of academia and the increasing importance of globalization in both institutions and the field of anthropology.
Tamasheq: Ijjit n efes wen addobat a ti ikrich tiw-at ta tijja alxidmat tan anthropologist daɣ ajjama n academia tolas tinfa ta maqoqorat n tartit alɣalim daɣ tijittawen net d abara wan anthropology
English: The two types of institutions defined in the field of anthropology are total institutions and social institutions.
Tamasheq: Issin ichikilan n tijittawen ijjanen almaɣna daɣ abra wan anthropology aqqal nat tijittawen imdanen d tijittawen n tamazduq
English: Anthropology of institutions may analyze labor unions, businesses ranging from small enterprises to corporations, government, medical organizations, education, prisons, and financial institutions.
Tamasheq: Anthropology tan tijjittawen taddobat amiyiz n tagayen tin inaxdiman, kel taɣuchawen jir ti madroynen har ti maqqornen , alxakum, tagayen tin assexat, tin teɣare, tin kaso tan d tagayen tan azruf
English: Institutional anthropologists may study the relationship between organizations or between an organization and other parts of society.
Tamasheq: Kel anthropology tan win tagayen addoben teɣare n aharoj jir tagayen meɣ jir tagayt d ichrutan iyyad n tamazduq
English: More specifically, anthropologists may analyze specific events within an institution, perform semiotic investigations, or analyze the mechanisms by which knowledge and culture are organized and dispersed.
Tamasheq: Hullan anthropologist tan addoben amiyiz n timachɣulen daɣ tagayt, ajjin farak tan win ašămol meɣ amiyiz n immikan wi s msnat d agna oɣadan tolas nibachan
English: This new era would involve many new technological developments, such as mechanical recording.
Tamasheq: Azzaman wa eynayan ad isammuti efes eynayan n teknoloji chund aɣazan n iman net
English: Current Anthropology 43(Supplement):S5-17.Schieffelin, Bambi B. 2006.
Tamasheq: Anthropology tan amarad 43 (Supplement): S5-17. Schieffelin , Bambi B. 2006
English: Woolard, in her overview of "code switching", or the systematic practice of alternating linguistic varieties within a conversation or even a single utterance, finds the underlying question anthropologists ask of the practice—Why do they do that?—reflects a dominant linguistic ideology.
Tamasheq: “ Woolard, daɣ akayad net n “”amutti n kod””, meɣ tamattit n anamichray n ichikilan n awal id iman nasan s adǝwǝnni meɣ s majrad iyyan , ijraw asistan wa dar asistanan anthropologist - mafal ijjan awa? - eha n ta-ite maqqoran n awal”
English: Other linguists have carried out research in the areas of language contact, language endangerment, and 'English as a global language'.
Tamasheq: Kel awal iyyad ijjan imuɣ daɣ ihandagan n awal, asirmaɣ n awal, tangilist taqqalat awal n alɣlim”
English: The work of Joel Kuipers develops this theme vis-a-vis the island of Sumba, Indonesia.
Tamasheq: Alxidmat tan Joel Kuipers tijja efes n awa fal ijjra majrad wen fal Island wan Sumba daɣ Indonesia
English: He feels, in fact, that the exemplary center idea is one of linguistic anthropology's three most important findings.
Tamasheq: Ofray i as mirda wan ammas eqqalan almital imos iyyan daɣ ijjrawan win karad iknanen tulaɣay n anthropology tan awal
English: Therefore, after a couple generations these languages may no longer be spoken.
Tamasheq: Ichmad as darat harat n iwityan awalan win war addoben a tit aw majradan har ajjudi
English: To follow best practices of documentation, these records should be clearly annotated and kept safe within an archive of some kind.
Tamasheq: Lakkumat n ijji tan olaɣnen n isuj wi n isalan , iɣazanan win iwar tan ad iknan afissar tolas aɣzanan daɣ edag n dar olah
English: Language revitalization is the practice of bringing a language back into common use.
Tamasheq: Ahuk n unfas i awal imos alxidmat tan axadam n awal har ajjudi
English: The course aims to educate indigenous and non-indigenous students about the Lenape language and culture.
Tamasheq: Ittus n teɣare imos asissaɣir n attalaba tan win akal d wi war ila akal fal awal d agna wan Lenape
English: Encouraging those who already know the language to use it, increasing the domains of usage, and increasing the overall prestige of the language are all components of reclamation.
Tamasheq: Ehakki n assaha i addinat wi issannen axadam s tawalt, issewad nen izaragan win alxidmat net tolas issewadan temɣar n awal aqqalan fuk haratan tilzamnen
English: Social anthropology is the study of patterns of behaviour in human societies and cultures.
Tamasheq: Anthropology tan tamazduq taqqal teɣare n ichikilan win alxal n awadim daɣ tamizdaq d agna tan
English: British and American anthropologists including Gillian Tett and Karen Ho who studied Wall Street provided an alternative explanation for the financial crisis of 2007–2010 to the technical explanations rooted in economic and political theory.
Tamasheq: Anthropologist tan n Britania d Amrik eha Gillian Tett d Karen Ho wi aɣranen Wall Street ikfan alwazab izlayan i tewete tan iban azruf n awatay wan 2007- 2010 har alwazaban wi ijjanen daɣ tamudre n addinat d mirda wan kel folitik
English: This development was bolstered by Franz Boas's introduction of cultural relativism arguing that cultures are based on different ideas about the world and can therefore only be properly understood in terms of their own standards and values.
Tamasheq: Efes wen ilkam as Franz Boas s bismilla net wan cultural relatiism amǝɣannan as agna tan ijjan fal ta-ite tan izlaynen fal alɣalim tolas war addobat nat at wa faham hullan s titbaqqa n ichiritan nas nat
English: In 1906, Congolese pygmy Ota Benga was put by American anthropologist Madison Grant in a cage in the Bronx Zoo, labelled "the missing link" between an orangutan and the "white race" — Grant, a renowned eugenicist, was also the author of The Passing of the Great Race (1916).
Tamasheq: “ Daɣ awatay wan 1906, amagizzul n awadim wan Congo Ota Benga ije Anhropoligist wan Amrikain daɣ assakok daɣ Bronx Zoo ijjan isim “” temedt ta tissujalat”” jir orangutan d “ ikufar”” -Grant harat daɣ Eugenicist tan wa iknan tila n isim eqqal harwa inaktab n akkay n tawset ta maqqoorat “(1916)”
English: Anthropology grew increasingly distinct from natural history and by the end of the 19th century the discipline began to crystallize into its modern form - by 1935, for example, it was possible for T.K. Penniman to write a history of the discipline entitled A Hundred Years of Anthropology.
Tamasheq: Anthropology tiw-id hullan daɣ as tazun jir attarex wan alasal d attarex wan amind n awatay wan 1900 teɣare t issinta efes s ichikil net wa eynayan daɣ awatay wan 1935, daɣ almital , raqqis i T. K Penniman ad iktib attarex n teɣare s isim net Temede n awtay daɣ Anthropology
English: Non-European societies were thus seen as evolutionary "living fossils" that could be studied in order to understand the European past.
Tamasheq: “ Timizdaɣ ti war n imos tin Eroba intanated deɣ it awan as ammutay nat “” iglichan n addinat win kel aru iddarnen”” addobat nen atiwaɣir i afaham n attarex n Eroba tan data”
English: However, as Stocking notes, Tylor mainly concerned himself with describing and mapping the distribution of particular elements of culture, rather than with the larger function, and he generally seemed to assume a Victorian idea of progress rather than the idea of non-directional, multilineal cultural change proposed by later anthropologists.
Tamasheq: Kuddeɣ as stocking notes, Taylor isilmad iman net s afissar d akardi n tazunt n titbaqqa n agna ohun ittus net wa maqqoran tolas harkuk issikna as igluy n ta-ite n Victoria daɣ efes ohun ta-ite tan iban aqqud, amutti n agna wa allaɣen Anthropologist tan win uchray
English: His comparative studies, most influentially in the numerous editions of The Golden Bough, analyzed similarities in religious belief and symbolism globally.
Tamasheq: Tiɣir net tin tigdaht hullan daɣ edition tan net wi ajjotnen n Golden Bough, ammiyaz nat tulaten daɣ mirda tan win addin d achamol imdan
English: The findings of the expedition set new standards for ethnographic description.
Tamasheq: Ijjarawan n isikilan issibdadan ichiritan eynaynen i afissar n ethnographic
English: Other intellectual founders include W. H. R. Rivers and A. C. Haddon, whose orientation reflected the contemporary Parapsychologies of Wilhelm Wundt and Adolf Bastian, and Sir E. B. Tylor, who defined anthropology as a positivist science following Auguste Comte.
Tamasheq: Imaɣran iyyad eha W. H. R Rivers d A. C Haddon, s asatoɣ wan nasan olah id wa eynayan n parapsychologies n Wilhelm Wundt d Adolf Bastian , d Sir E. B . Taylor ikfanen almaɣna n anthropology n as taqqal positivist science tilkamat i Auguste Comte.
English: A. R. Radcliffe-Brown also published a seminal work in 1922.
Tamasheq: A. R. Radcliffe-Brown inta deɣ izizjar id alxidmat taɣnat daɣ awatay wan 1922
English: This was particularly the case with Radcliffe-Brown, who spread his agenda for "Social Anthropology" by teaching at universities across the British Empire and Commonwealth.
Tamasheq: “ Awen eqqal chund talɣa tan Radcliffe-Brown infazan alwaq net “Social Anthropology”” s asassaɣir n lallkolan wi maqqornen daɣ Britania d Commonwealth”.
English: He believed that indigenous terms used in ethnographic data should be translated into Anglo-American legal terms for the benefit of the reader.
Tamasheq: Orda s ismawan win kel akal axdamnen daɣisalan win ethnographi iwar tan ad affasaran daɣ ismawan win achareɣa n Anglo-Amerikin daɣ maruchat n emaɣar
English: Departments of Social Anthropology at different Universities have tended to focus on disparate aspects of the field.
Tamasheq: Ihanan win Social Anthropology daɣ lakkolan wi maqqornen istannad ijjan fal titbaqqa izlaynen n edag
English: A people is any plurality of persons considered as a whole.
Tamasheq: Addinat amosan ijjit n eyteda artaynen
English: Four states — Massachusetts, Virginia, Pennsylvania, and Kentucky — refer to themselves as the Commonwealth in case captions and legal process.
Tamasheq: Akkoz addawla tan - Massachussetts, Virginia, Pennsylvania d Kentucky ɣar i nat imas nat s Commonwealth daɣ tinfusen d tamachalt tan achareɣa
English: In some parts of the world, ethnology has developed along independent paths of investigation and pedagogical doctrine, with cultural anthropology becoming dominant especially in the United States, and social anthropology in Great Britain.
Tamasheq: Daɣ ichrutan n alɣalim iyyad, ethnology ijja efes net edes abara tan win farak d alqiddat tan teɣare, s anthropology wan agna eqqal a oran daɣ Amerik d social anthropology daɣ Britania
English: The 15th-century exploration of America by European explorers had an important role in formulating new notions of the Occident (the Western world), such as the notion of the "Other".
Tamasheq: “ asikil wa ijjan daɣ awatay wan 1500 daɣ Amerik ijjan imassukal win Eroba ilan edag maqqoran daɣ isimil n ismawan eynaynen daɣ Ikufar ( Alɣalim wan ataram) chund isim wan wi “yadnen”””
English: The progress of ethnology, for example with Claude Lévi-Strauss's structural anthropology, led to the criticism of conceptions of a linear progress, or the pseudo-opposition between "societies with histories" and "societies without histories", judged too dependent on a limited view of history as constituted by accumulative growth.
Tamasheq: “ Efes n ethnology daɣ almital n Claudee Lévi-Strauss structural antropology, t eraw id majrad n mirda tan n efes ifraɣan meɣ immik n amšǝkki jir ‘’timizdaɣ id attarexan””” d “” timizdaɣ wala attarexan””, s ijja achareɣa n as ikna ijjuch n alisteɣmar fal akayad n attarex eqqal iddikud n efes””
English: However, the claims of such cultural universalism have been criticized by various 19th- and 20th-century social thinkers, including Marx, Nietzsche, Foucault, Derrida, Althusser, and Deleuze.
Tamasheq: Hak id ijja awen, derhanan n universalism chund wen ammijradan tikel musnat win tamazduq ajjotnen n awatay wan 1900 d an 2000, eha Marx, Nietzsche, Foucault, Derrida, Althusser d Deleuze.