Tamazight-NLP/NLLB-Seed_Tamasheq-Latin-Script huggingface dataset:
English: Discussions have typically attributed the rise of the castle to a reaction to attacks by Magyars, Muslims, and Vikings and a need for private defence.
Tamasheq: Batutan intanedǎɣ iganid əmik wan anu dǎɣ asisinkir na kinasan wi Magyars, Inislimann əd Vikings əd tarha nuguz ənmanes.
English: Some high concentrations of castles occur in secure places, while some border regions had relatively few castles.
Tamasheq: Iyad asohatnen timsuduwen ən nenuwan a yur ilana dǎɣ dagan əntiflist, mašan iyad edagan ən frontiertan ilan intanedǎɣ andiran dǎɣ enuwan.
English: Building the hall in stone did not necessarily make it immune to fire as it still had windows and a wooden door.
Tamasheq: Təmuqunt tan ehan wan tumat watitigu dǎɣ əsarho dǎɣ asitwir ye afew, falas tila harkuk tisakaroten əd dəshir ən našxer.
English: Castles were not just defensive sites but also enhanced a lord's control over his lands.
Tamasheq: Enuwan waraqelan xas idgan nuguzan, kanan intanedǎɣ ye namokalan dad digin nəniyat ye kalal nasan.
English: In 864 the King of West Francia, Charles the Bald, prohibited the construction of castella without his permission and ordered them all to be destroyed.
Tamasheq: Dǎɣ 864, anamokal wan Francie tan egadal ən tafuk, Charles wan Chauve, idgal təmuqunt tan castella aswaden əs tiridawt ənes əd ifa atwirzinhet fuk.
English: Switzerland is an extreme case of there being no state control over who built castles, and as a result there were 4,000 in the country.
Tamasheq: Suisse taqal edag izwayan yur État wiritugu əniyat ye təmuqunen ən nenuwan, əs ahuskat as akal adila 4 000.
English: In 950 Provence was home to 12 castles, by 1000 this figure had risen to 30, and by 1030 it was over 100.
Tamasheq: Dǎɣ 950, Provence sadan 12 enuwan, dǎɣ 1000 edan wen eqal okayan əs 30, əd dǎɣ 1030 okay 100.
English: In the early 11th century, the motte and keep – an artificial mound with a palisade and tower on top – was the most common form of castle in Europe, everywhere except Scandinavia.
Tamasheq: Dǎɣ santo ən 11e temede nawatay, farajitan əd donjon – tadmir nakal iwar axala əd tasaxlit - aqalan wogaran atwiziy dǎɣ enuwan wi Europe, dahatiked wənan amos dǎɣ Scandinavetan.
English: Although stone construction would later become common elsewhere, from the 11th century onwards it was the primary building material for Christian castles in Spain, while at the same time timber was still the dominant building material in north-west Europe.
Tamasheq: Ahuskat as təmuqunen aqalnat ugudiyan atiwazayan sax edag ihan, at tifilad 11e temede nawatay, ataqal ta tazarat əlil wa nəsusuxin ən nenuwan ən chretientan dǎɣ Espagne, izar dǎɣ alwaq iyandǎɣ, išaxeran aqiyman ye əlil wan nəsusuxin itbatan dǎɣ emaynag dǎɣ egadal ən tafuk ən Europe.
English: Before the 12th century castles were as uncommon in Denmark as they had been in England before the Norman Conquest.
Tamasheq: Dat XIIe temede nawatay, enuwan aqalan intanedǎɣ andiran sahan Danemark aqalan dǎɣ Angleterre dat tahaq tan normande.
English: Their decoration emulated Romanesque architecture, and sometimes incorporated double windows similar to those found in church bell towers.
Tamasheq: Adalag nasan adizgaran igitan wən romane əd itagaš ugudiyan tisankorotnen animatafnen olahnen dər clochertan wi neglisetan.
English: Although superseded by their stone successors, timber and earthwork castles were by no means useless.
Tamasheq: Ahuskat as tan əsigmadan mašrayan nasan ən tuhun, enuwan ən šaxeran əd ənakal waraqelan ayfan əs harat.
English: Until the late 12th century castles generally had few towers; a gateway with few defensive features such as arrowslits or a portcullis; a great keep or donjon, usually square and without arrowslits; and the shape would have been dictated by the lay of the land (the result was often irregular or curvilinear structures).
Tamasheq: Hawendǎɣ har samando ən XIIe temede nawatay, enuwan aqalan ugudiyan aylan harat ən təsixlay, nashir dər andiran dǎɣ harat wi nuguz ət tamosan išugušan mex herse, maqaran donjon, agudiyan ogdahan əd išugušan, əd əmik nasan eqalan atiwanan fal salan ən dagan (idigmadnen ugudiyan tidawt abdanen mex axirambaynen).
English: The towers would have protruded from the walls and featured arrowslits on each level to allow archers to target anyone nearing or at the curtain wall.
Tamasheq: Təsixlay okaynat i ɣalan əd ilanat išugušan hak edag fal arudaben archertan uduf dǎɣ harat wa manatan dahizəd dǎɣ tasitwir mex yur diha dilan.
English: Where keeps did exist, they were no longer square but polygonal or cylindrical.
Tamasheq: Diha yur ilan donjon, wareqel amara agdahan mašan tisugwen ajotnen mex sund takbat.
English: Probably developed in the 12th century, the towers provided flanking fire.
Tamasheq: Amos awidan dǎɣ XIIe temede nawatay, təsixlan infant igi ən tijir agud dak.
English: It seemed that the Crusaders had learned much about fortification from their conflicts with the Saracens and exposure to Byzantine architecture.
Tamasheq: Ola as wimuqasnen ilan ajen dǎɣ timusne tan asusuhu ugud wa nəkinasan dər Sarrasins əd azagar nasan dǎɣ təmusnawen tən byzantine.
English: Legends were discredited, and in the case of James of Saint George it was proven that he came from Saint-Georges-d'Espéranche, in France.
Tamasheq: Legendtan aqalan imarwasan, əd dǎɣ sund Jacque wan Saint-Georges, eqal aduten as adifal Saint-Georges-Esperanche, ən France.
English: The castle builders of Western Europe were aware of and influenced by Roman design; late Roman coastal forts on the English "Saxon Shore" were reused and in Spain the wall around the city of Ávila imitated Roman architecture when it was built in 1091.
Tamasheq: "Əmuxanan ən nenuwan dǎɣ Europe tan egadal ən tafuk əzaynat əd aqalnat asisimastal fal nuzguman romaine ; wi asohatnen cotiertan wi samando nalwaq wan romaintan, fal "Saxon Shore" nanglais aqalan anelas dǎɣ əšəxil əd dǎɣ Espagne, i ɣalan wən dedes naxrim wan Ávila asugbar ən təmisnawen ən romaintan yur təmuqunt dǎɣ 1091."
English: An example of this approach is Kerak.
Tamasheq: Olahan ən harat ədohazan eqal sund wan Kerak.
English: The castles they founded to secure their acquisitions were designed mostly by Syrian master-masons.
Tamasheq: Enuwan wi iga fal adagiz əgarawan aqalan ənuguman ən niyadad dǎɣ namokalan-ən muxanan wi syrientan.
English: While castles were used to hold a site and control movement of armies, in the Holy Land some key strategic positions were left unfortified.
Tamasheq: Izar enuwan aqalan amitkalan fal uduf nadag əd digi nəniyat ye mutumušan dǎɣ armé, dǎɣ Akal Šidigan, iyad əmikan amutaynen ətbatnen waraqelnat asohatan.
English: Design varied not just between orders, but between individual castles, though it was common for those founded in this period to have concentric defences.
Tamasheq: Ənusguman abdan sa dag sa dag, mašan dǎɣ anu sə yan, ahuskat adisan as enuwan iganendǎɣ alwaq wendǎɣ ilan əmugazan adiwnen.
English: If assailants made it past the first line of defence they would be caught in the killing ground between the inner and outer walls and have to assault the second wall.
Tamasheq: Afal əmakradan garawan anabag ən tatazarat tabarat nuguz, əmitkalan dǎɣ amas ən gar ɣalan wi namas əd dagama əd arhan arawidan axala wa səsin.
English: For instance, it was common in Crusader castles to have the main gate in the side of a tower and for there to be two turns in the passageway, lengthening the time it took for someone to reach the outer enclosure.
Tamasheq: Olahan, eqalašalan dǎɣ enuwan artaynen as ashie wazaran ayha fal tasaga naxalay əd tabarat tila irakanan əsin, awa sahagawan alwaq infan awadim ye arawid edag wa namas.
English: Although there were hundreds of wooden castles in Prussia and Livonia, the use of bricks and mortar was unknown in the region before the Crusaders.
Tamasheq: Ahuskat as tila timad nenuwan ən šaxeran dǎɣ Prusse əd dǎɣ Livonie, adakal ən farajitan əd tende taqalat awinan atwazay dǎɣ edag dat mənhayan.
English: Arrowslits did not compromise the wall's strength, but it was not until Edward I's programme of castle building that they were widely adopted in Europe.
Tamasheq: Əmuhuya wazizgiran əsuhu ən ɣalan, mašan asgadan ye ayktaban ən təmuqunt tan enuwan wi Edouard fal ataqal dǎɣ təhurut aylmadan dǎɣ Europe.
English: Although machicolations performed the same purpose as the wooden galleries, they were probably an Eastern invention rather than an evolution of the wooden form.
Tamasheq: Ahuskat machicoulitan daqaran aolahan dǎɣ əšəxil dǎɣ dagan ən šaxeran , aqalan aoxadan atiwagan ihan alqiblat mex sund tiwat nəmik ən šaxeran.
English: Conflict and interaction between the two groups led to an exchange of architectural ideas, and Spanish Christians adopted the use of detached towers.
Tamasheq: Əkinasan əd tinmirtayen gar wi nəsin grouptan tilway əs tehake niniyatan ən nuzguman, əd chretientan espagnol ilmadan adakal ən xalayan abdanen.
English: French historian François Gebelin wrote: "The great revival in military architecture was led, as one would naturally expect, by the powerful kings and princes of the time; by the sons of William the Conqueror and their descendants, the Plantagenets, when they became dukes of Normandy.
Tamasheq: "Awtinfas wan français François Gebelin əktab : ""wamaqaran aynayan anuzgum ən militairtan eqal aylway, sund adobat yemanes arisigid, fal namokalan wi asohatnen əd dag namokalan wi nahanin fal ara wan Guillaume wan Conquerant əd dawa watan dizgaran, plan.tagenets, ugud wa daqalan ducs de Notmandie.""
English: The new castles were generally of a lighter build than earlier structures and presented few innovations, although strong sites were still created such as that of Raglan in Wales.
Tamasheq: Wiyaynaynen enuwan aqalan wi azarnen ən tamuqunt togarat tifise dǎɣ tidawen namas əd saknanen andiran tidawen, ahuskat as edagan wi asohatnen ilan intanedǎɣ igi, sund wi Raglan dǎɣ Pays wan Galles.
English: These guns were too heavy for a man to carry and fire, but if he supported the butt end and rested the muzzle on the edge of the gun port he could fire the weapon.
Tamasheq: Kanontan aqalan azayan ye halis ya arudabat alangi əd dahabu, mašan ilil ye crosse əd sinfu em fat efaday ən port wan canon, adobat igi nafew.
English: This adaptation is found across Europe, and although the timber rarely survives, there is an intact example at Castle Doornenburg in the Netherlands.
Tamasheq: Alamad wen iha dǎɣ dak Europe, əd Ahuskat as išaxeran tadarat dǎɣ awintila, iley aolahan intaman dǎɣ anu wan Doornenburg dǎɣ Pays-Bas.
English: Other types of port, though less common, were horizontal slits – allowing only lateral movement – and large square openings, which allowed greater movement.
Tamasheq: Əyad haratan ən port, Ahuskat as ifnaz dǎɣ salan, aqalan əsiturura arigayragaynen – waradoben as amtumiš dǎɣ tasaga- əd wimagornen imawan ogdahnene, taganen wi magornen əmikan.
English: Ham is an example of the trend for new castles to dispense with earlier features such as machicolations, tall towers, and crenellations.
Tamasheq: Ham eqal aolahan dəmik wan nenuwan aynaynen animakayan dǎɣ talxiwen namas atamosan machicoulitan, wi əzwaynen sixlay əd creneautan.
English: In an effort to make them more effective, guns were made ever bigger, although this hampered their ability to reach remote castles.
Tamasheq: Dǎɣ asuhušil fal adiqilan agaran asuhu, canontan daqalan wi ogarnen dak təmxire ahuskat as awen igal ye asahat nasan fal arawidan enuwan wi ogignen.
English: While this sufficed for new castles, pre-existing structures had to find a way to cope with being battered by cannon.
Tamasheq: Awen igdha fal enuwan wi aynaynen, təmuqunen tis kala ətilat anihaga adigrunat ilil wa nigi əndat dǎɣ tiwit ən canon.
English: A solution to this was to pull down the top of a tower and to fill the lower part with the rubble to provide a surface for the guns to fire from.
Tamasheq: Adabara adoben tenaxe nem ən tasaxlit əd dadakar ən tizune tan ider dər gravatan Dal samando nigi nadag yur kanontan adoben ewet.
English: From this evolved star forts, also known as trace italienne.
Tamasheq: ɣur idagan wi ahanen win etran s itawan aɣalay wan italia
English: The second choice proved to be more popular as it became apparent that there was little point in trying to make the site genuinely defensible in the face of cannon.
Tamasheq: Nefran wan issin isilmăd as izjar isim net hullan fal as war eha aš-ak tille titbaqqet andarrat taɣlasat sit wen daɣ tewete n albarod wa măqqoran
English: Some true castles were built in the Americas by the Spanish and French colonies.
Tamasheq: šato tan tin tiditt idayan tanat daɣ Amerika addawla tan ti s kala ahanat atiwikraš n Frans ed Spania
English: Among other defensive structures (including forts and citadels), castles were also built in New France towards the end of the 17th century.
Tamasheq: Daɣ ihanan iyyad n ag-az (ehan ihanan wi s itawanna Fort tan ed sitadel tan) , šato tan ikras nat tolas daɣ Frans ta teynayat ɣur amindi n awatay wan 1700.
English: The manor house and stables were within a fortified bailey, with a tall round turret in each corner.
Tamasheq: Ehan wa s itawan manor ed iɣalayan win ibijwan a han aɣalay issintaman ilahan esik ijilallawen daɣ edag fuk
English: Although castle construction faded towards the end of the 16th century, castles did not necessarily all fall out of use.
Tamasheq: Kuddeɣ as edey n šato ilach ɣur amindi n awatay wan 1600 , šato tan fuk nasnat war tanat issoda axadam nasnat
English: In other cases they still had a role in defence.
Tamasheq: Daɣ idagan iyyad ilan majrad daɣ awa id eqqalan ag-az
English: In later conflicts, such as the English Civil War (1641–1651), many castles were refortified, although subsequently slighted to prevent them from being used again.
Tamasheq: Daɣ ikinnasan wi išraynen šund ikinnas wan jir išaɣib wan britania (1641-1651) šato tan ajotnen issintaman tanat addinat kuddeɣ as tanat tigraw tagarzazzal has nat tigdalat alxidmat iyyat har ajudi
English: Revival or mock castles became popular as a manifestation of a Romantic interest in the Middle Ages and chivalry, and as part of the broader Gothic Revival in architecture.
Tamasheq: Asissini meɣ amasxir s ato tan eqqal harat izgaran eqqalan assilmad n tarha tan afor id abaraj daɣ iwityan win aru tolas ašrut n teynaya n asimɣar n gotik daɣ ikarosan
English: This was because to be faithful to medieval design would have left the houses cold and dark by contemporary standards.
Tamasheq: Awen fal as a fal tarhed ad torakad s innugh wan kel aru a tayad ihanan sammednen ahanat tihay fal imugašan win iwityan wi daɣ naha
English: Follies were similar, although they differed from artificial ruins in that they were not part of a planned landscape, but rather seemed to have no reason for being built.
Tamasheq: Amaku ola kuddeɣ as izlay daɣ aɣašad n addinat daɣ awen war eqqel šund etaɣas igan immik mušan ola id a war n ila ittus s edey.
English: A castle with earthen ramparts, a motte, timber defences and buildings could have been constructed by an unskilled workforce.
Tamasheq: šato ta s iɣalayan wi tat aɣlafnen, egam, imastaran wi ihiskkan id ihanan wi maqqornen war tan he idayan addinat war n issen alxidmat
English: The cost of building a castle varied according to factors such as their complexity and transport costs for material.
Tamasheq: Alqim n edey n šato izlay s fal as tiyyat tim maqqornen tolas arhanat alqiman win asihunin n imutaj
English: In the middle were castles such as Orford, which was built in the late 12th century for UK£1,400, and at the upper end were those such as Dover, which cost about UK£7,000 between 1181 and 1191.
Tamasheq: Daɣ ammas illan ti chato tan šund Orford idayan daɣ 12 n efad n awatay wi hin okaynen s 1,400 £ n azruf wan britania tolas ɣur amindi net wan s afalla illan ti iyyad chund Dover ikrasan jir awatay wan 1181 ed 1191 s 7,000 £ n azruf wan Britania
English: The cost of a large castle built over this time (anywhere from UK£1,000 to UK£10,000) would take the income from several manors, severely impacting a lord's finances.
Tamasheq: Alqim n šato maqqorat tidayat s azzaman wen ( edag fuk ɣur 1,000 £ har £10,000 n azruf wan Britania) erammas azruf n ihanan win manor tan ajjotnen ikmanen emannaɣaf n kel azruf
English: Medieval machines and inventions, such as the treadwheel crane, became indispensable during construction, and techniques of building wooden scaffolding were improved upon from Antiquity.
Tamasheq: Maršin tan tin azzaman wan ibda d timaxluken nasan šund tarkertkert, aqqalan a ehušalan daɣ akaros, tolas musnaten n akaras wan asiftin iknan s ahišk ammutayan ɣur azzaman wen daɣ arruwan.
English: Many countries had both timber and stone castles, however Denmark had few quarries and as a result most of its castles are earth and timber affairs, or later on built from brick.
Tamasheq: Addawla tan ajotnen ilanat chato tan n ihishkan id tikadayen as ijja awen addawla wan Danemark ila harat n difart
English: For example, when Tattershall Castle was built between 1430 and 1450, there was plenty of stone available nearby, but the owner, Lord Cromwell, chose to use brick.
Tamasheq: Ilmital alwaq wa id tiday šato tan Tattershall jir awatay wan 1430 id wan 1450, illanat ti edes has tikadayen ajjotnen mušan massis Lord Cromwell assofa ad idi s ilbilɣan
English: He relied on the support of those below him, as without the support of his more powerful tenants a lord could expect his power to be undermined.
Tamasheq: Igda has tilal ta has ijjan addinat wi has ardaɣnen fal as a fal wadden s tilalt n addinat wi has ilkamnen emannaɣaf war itirid as tanaya net ad ilkam ad timda
English: This especially applied to royalty, who sometimes owned land in different countries.
Tamasheq: Awen inta deɣ iwar tanaya tan tichit n rayis s alwaqqan iyyad ikarraš akal daɣ addawlat tan tiyyad
English: Royal households took essentially the same form as baronial households, although on a much larger scale and the positions were more prestigious.
Tamasheq: Timašɣulen tin arraxba n ehan wan rayis olahnat id tin wan rayis wa has illan sider kuddeɣ as aqqiman fal taxyamen maqqornen
English: As social centres castles were important places for display.
Tamasheq: Ihanan n šato tan tin tamazduq n addinat aqqalan idagan n adal
English: Castles have been compared with cathedrals as objects of architectural pride, and some castles incorporated gardens as ornamental features.
Tamasheq: šato tan ogdah nat id katedral tan as aqqalan ikarosan n tammal tolas tiyyad daɣ šato tan ahan tanat ifirjan aqqalnen šund adaloj
English: Courtly love was the eroticisation of love between the nobility.
Tamasheq: Anmarha daɣ aɣalay wan rayis eqqal šund iji n iblis i abakad jir imissirha
English: The legend of Tristan and Iseult is one example of stories of courtly love told in the Middle Ages.
Tamasheq: Tanfust n Tristan id Iseult taqqal ilmital n attarex n anmarha wa s itwana daɣ aɣalay n rayis dagh iwityan win aru.
English: The purpose of marriage between the medieval elites was to secure land.
Tamasheq: Ittus n adubin jir imuzaran win kel aru war ija ɣas ar fal ag-az n akal
English: This derives from the image of the castle as a martial institution, but most castles in England, France, Ireland, and Scotland were never involved in conflicts or sieges, so the domestic life is a neglected facet.
Tamasheq: Awen izjar id taswera n šato šund ehan n mušakil mušan šato tan ajjotnen daɣ Britania, France, Ireland, Ecosse kala war ijjehan ikinnasan daɣ awen tamudre tan ehan taqqal as itiwaja tagarzazzal
English: For instance many castles are located near Roman roads, which remained important transport routes in the Middle Ages, or could lead to the alteration or creation of new road systems in the area.
Tamasheq: Daɣ ilmital šato tan ajjoten ahanat edes n abara tan win Roma s kala aqqalan abara tan n ahunin assohaten daɣ iwityan win aru meɣ addoben a did aruwan iban anufham meɣ ikannan n ichikil n abara tana eynaynen daɣ akal wen.
English: Urban castles were particularly important in controlling centres of population and production, especially with an invading force, for instance in the aftermath of the Norman Conquest of England in the 11th century the majority of royal castles were built in or near towns.
Tamasheq: šato tan win iɣirman aqqalan a olaɣan dagh iji n anniyat i tamazduq n išaɣib id immuk nasan assahat hullan daɣ anafaz daɣ ilmital idiršan n araman wa ijjan Norman tan i Britania ɣur awatay wan 1100, Ijjit n šato tan rayis ikrasnat daɣ meɣ edes n iɣirman
English: Rural castles were often associated with mills and field systems due to their role in managing the lord's estate, which gave them greater influence over resources.
Tamasheq: šato tan tin amagon ahan tanat alwaq iyyan maršin tan id sistem tan i ijji n anniyat i akal wan rayis awen ikfen assahat fal tidarfiten
English: Not only were they practical in that they ensured a water supply and fresh fish, but they were a status symbol as they were expensive to build and maintain.
Tamasheq: War eha aš-ak as i tajjin alxidmat tiknat fal as hak in addinat aman id imanan eynaynen mušan aqqalan šund tiset fal as assohat akros nasan id aɣalaf nasan
English: The benefits of castle building on settlements was not confined to Europe.
Tamasheq: Tinfa ta tahat akaros n šato edes n timizdaɣ war tibded ɣur Eroba ɣas
English: Settlements could also grow naturally around a castle, rather than being planned, due to the benefits of proximity to an economic centre in a rural landscape and the safety given by the defences.
Tamasheq: Timizdaɣ ojjar as addobat nat ad idwil nat edes n šato uhun adamu nasnat fal awa s tinfa ta tahat ahirij id idagan win tamudre daɣ amagon tolas alɣafiyat ta ti ikfan imagazan
English: They were usually located near any existing town defences, such as Roman walls, although this sometimes resulted in the demolition of structures occupying the desired site.
Tamasheq: Harkuk ahan edes n mangazan tan aɣrim šund Iɣalayan win Roma kuddeɣ as alwaqqan iyyad uchray nasan egadal n ikarosan fuk wi ahanen sit wen idorhanan
English: When the Normans invaded Ireland, Scotland, and Wales in the 11th and 12th centuries, settlement in those countries was predominantly non-urban, and the foundation of towns was often linked with the creation of a castle.
Tamasheq: Alwaq wa id infazan Norman tan daɣ addawlat tan Ireland, Ecosse id Wales ghur awatay wan 1100 id wan 1200 , timizdagh daɣ addawla tan tin ojjar as wadden tin iɣirman tolas tenattawt n tiɣirmen osaɣ id akaros n chato
English: This signified a close relationship between feudal lords and the Church, one of the most important institutions of medieval society.
Tamasheq: Awen imos as tartit ta ijjan imannaɣafan win aru id ehan n kriken wan amud iyyan daɣ ihanan wa ojjaran daɣ tamazduq tan ibda
English: Another example is that of the 14th-century Bodiam Castle, also in England; although it appears to be a state of the art, advanced castle it is in a site of little strategic importance, and the moat was shallow and more likely intended to make the site appear impressive than as a defence against mining.
Tamasheq: Ilmital iyyan imos wan šato tan Bodiam ɣur awatay wa 1400 daɣ Britania tolas, kuddeɣ as eqqal akal n inhadan, šato tan ti šajrotnen tahat sit war n ila assahat iyyat tolas eɣeš war šijrit tolas ajjar as ijja sit wen a huskiyan uhun awa ti ogazan daɣ alɣam tan.
English: Garrisons were expensive and as a result often small unless the castle was important.
Tamasheq: Taqqimen n alɣiskir ti ogaznen akal assohat asudir nasnat tolas alwaq iyyan tojjar tan šato tinfa
English: In 1403, a force of 37 archers successfully defended Caernarfon Castle against two assaults by Owain Glyndŵr's allies during a long siege, demonstrating that a small force could be effective.
Tamasheq: ɣur awatay wan 1403, 37 n militer tan win allaɣan iknan ag-az n šato tan Caernafon daɣ issin iftaqqi tan n imidiwan win Owain Glyndŵr's a ehojjan daɣ azzaman issilmadan as taqqimt andarrat taddobat a tabdid fal iman net
English: Under him would have been knights who by benefit of their military training would have acted as a type of officer class.
Tamasheq: ɣur azzaman wan net a ti imalan kel ibijwan imoyanen i teɣare n alɣiskir ta ijjan ad ajjin alxidmat n dumu n anušam