Tamazight-NLP/NLLB-Seed_Tamasheq-Latin-Script huggingface dataset:
English: Darwin developed his theory of "natural selection" from 1838 onwards and was writing up his "big book" on the subject when Alfred Russel Wallace sent him a version of virtually the same theory in 1858.
Tamasheq: “ Darwin ijja efes wan mirda net wan “nefran wan batil” daɣ awatay wan 1838 tolas iktab “alkittab net wa maqqoran” fal titbaqet ten alwaq wa has isassaway Alfred Russel Wallace akatab n mirda olahan daɣ awtay wan 1858”
English: Towards this end, Darwin developed his provisional theory of pangenesis.
Tamasheq: Siha s amindi net, Darwi ijja efes n mirda net wan pangenesis
English: To explain how new variants originate, de Vries developed a mutation theory that led to a temporary rift between those who accepted Darwinian evolution and biometricians who allied with de Vries.
Tamasheq: Afissar n almaɣna wa s id axlakan inmizlayan , de Vries ijja efes n mirda n amutti ewayan s aafuqqi jir addinat wi ardaɣ en fal Darwinian evolution d biometricians ijjanen eɣaf id de Vries.
English: The publication of the structure of DNA by James Watson and Francis Crick with contribution of Rosalind Franklin in 1953 demonstrated a physical mechanism for inheritance.
Tamasheq: Azizjar wan edey wan DNA ijja James Watson d Francis Crick idhal Rosalind daɣ awatay wan 1953 isikna almaɣna wa s itaj etari et
English: In 1973, evolutionary biologist Theodosius Dobzhansky penned that "nothing in biology makes sense except in the light of evolution," because it has brought to light the relations of what first seemed disjointed facts in natural history into a coherent explanatory body of knowledge that describes and predicts many observable facts about life on this planet.
Tamasheq: “” Daɣ awatay wan 1973, Biologist Theodosius Dobzhanzky iktab as “war t illa harat daɣ biology ilan almaɣna a fal wadden s annur wan amutti “” fal as eway id annur s tartit s awa eqqalan s tizarat haratan war n oher harat daɣ attarex wan batil s taɣissa n musnat tilat afaham oharan harat eqqalan asilmad tolas immalan daɣ tilkamat haratan ilanen akayad fal tamudre daɣ adduniya
English: The complete set of observable traits that make up the structure and behaviour of an organism is called its phenotype.
Tamasheq: Amindi n ich-ikilan ilanen akayad wi ahanen edey d alxal n tamaxluk isim net phenotype
English: For example, suntanned skin comes from the interaction between a person's genotype and sunlight; thus, suntans are not passed on to people's children.
Tamasheq: Daɣ almital , elam t asikway tafukt ifal id anittaf jir genotype wan awadim d tafukt fal as suntan tn wr tan za akki awadim s ilyadan n addinat
English: DNA is a long biopolymer composed of four types of bases.
Tamasheq: DNA eqqal biopolymer chajren daɣ artayan akkoz ich-ikilan n tijittawt
English: Portions of a DNA molecule that specify a single functional unit are called genes; different genes have different sequences of bases.
Tamasheq: Ifrusan n DNA molecule wi tiskatat ichikil iyyan isim net genes, gene tan ilanen iddikudan nasan ajjotnen n tijittawt
English: If the DNA sequence at a locus varies between individuals, the different forms of this sequence are called alleles.
Tamasheq: A fal iddikud wan DNA daɣ edg anmazlay jr addinat, dumu tan n iddikud wen fuk isim nasan alleles
English: However, while this simple correspondence between an allele and a trait works in some cases, most traits are more complex and are controlled by quantitative trait loci (multiple interacting genes).
Tamasheq: Hak id ijja awen, alwaq wa id tigdaht jir allele d samal t axdam daɣ ihandagan iyyad, samalan ajjotnen i harok nen tolas awikal tan samal loci n ijjit (gene tan annitaf nen ajjotnen)
English: DNA methylation marking chromatin, self-sustaining metabolic loops, gene silencing by RNA interference and the three-dimensional conformation of proteins (such as prions) are areas where epigenetic inheritance systems have been discovered at the organismic level.
Tamasheq: DNA methylation echwalan chromatin, tezabaten n metabolic igdah nen i ima nasnat , gene s assosam RNA interference d aqqud wan karad inatfisan n protein tan (chund prions) aqqalan ihandagan s sistem win etari n epigenetic at ijrawan daɣ edag wan organismic
English: For example, ecological inheritance through the process of niche construction is defined by the regular and repeated activities of organisms in their environment.
Tamasheq: Daɣ almital, ecological inheritance s tamatikwayt n edey n niche ikf-et almaɣna alɣidmaten n timaxluken ijjanen harkuk daɣ ahinzazaɣ nasnat
English: Despite the constant introduction of new variation through mutation and gene flow, most of the genome of a species is identical in all individuals of that species.
Tamasheq: Hak id ijja ijjuch wan harkuk n anmizlay s amutti d gene flow, ijjit n genome n ich-ikilan olah daɣ ich-ikilan fuk
English: A substantial part of the phenotypic variation in a population is caused by genotypic variation.
Tamasheq: ăšrut maqqorăn n amutti n fenotipik  daɣ ǝššăɣǝb ǝddǝlǝl net genotypic variation
English: Variation disappears when a new allele reaches the point of fixation—when it either disappears from the population or replaces the ancestral allele entirely.
Tamasheq: Anmizlay itisujjil alwaq wa id allele eynayan ewad edag wan uɣin net - alwaq wa id itisujjil i ichaɣib meɣ itajjach edag n allele n kel aru fuk net
English: When mutations occur, they may alter the product of a gene, or prevent the gene from functioning, or have no effect.
Tamasheq: Alwaq wa id ijjan imutiyan, addoben ad akmin asuj n gene meɣ igdilan i gene axadam meɣ war ilen adarich fuk
English: Extra copies of genes are a major source of the raw material needed for new genes to evolve.
Tamasheq: kKopi tan okaynen n gene tan aqqalan tijittawt maqqorat n asuj war ides harat i gene tan i amatikway nasan
English: New genes can be generated from an ancestral gene when a duplicate copy mutates and acquires a new function.
Tamasheq: Gene tan eynaynen addoben a id izjiran daɣ gene n aru alwaq wa id kopit tannutfasat tanmazlay tolas tazilzam axadam eynayan
English: The generation of new genes can also involve small parts of several genes being duplicated, with these fragments then recombining to form new combinations with new functions.
Tamasheq: Ichaɣib gene tan eynaynen addobat a ti ahan ichrutan madroynen n gene tan ajjotnen annutfas nen, s ifrusan win anaɣimbal nasan har ajjudi i ad alisan inaɣimbalan eynaynen ilanen alxidmaten eynaynen
English: Recombination and reassortment do not alter allele frequencies, but instead change which alleles are associated with each other, producing offspring with new combinations of alleles.
Tamasheq: Asinnaɣambal d reassortment war ikmen iddikud n allele mucham s amutti wa dar osaɣan allele tan, ɣan in aratan ilanen inaɣimbalan eynaynen n allele tan
English: The first cost is that in sexually dimorphic species only one of the two sexes can bear young.
Tamasheq: Alqim wa ezzaran amos as daɣ ich-ikilan n dimorphic iyyan ɣas daɣ issin jannas tan addoben tammadrit har ajjudi
English: Yet sexual reproduction is the more common means of reproduction among eukaryotes and multicellular organisms.
Tamasheq: Attakasar eqqal almaɣna wa oharan n attakasar daɣ eukaryote tan d organizm tan ilanen izirwan ajjotnen
English: Gene transfer between species includes the formation of hybrid organisms and horizontal gene transfer.
Tamasheq: Akkay n Gene jir ich-ikilan eha akudukudu n organizm tan n albaxil d akkay ozɣaɣan n gene
English: Horizontal transfer of genes from bacteria to eukaryotes such as the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae and the adzuki bean weevil Callosobruchus chinensis has occurred.
Tamasheq: Akkay ozɣaɣan n gene daɣ bakteria tan har eukaryote tan chund Yeast Sacharomyces cerevisiae d anchan wan adzuki weevil Callosobruchus chinensis ijja
English: Different traits confer different rates of survival and reproduction (differential fitness).
Tamasheq: Samalan izlaynen hak in iddikudan izlaynen n tamudre d attakasar (fitness izlayan)
English: Consequently, organisms with traits that give them an advantage over their competitors are more likely to pass on their traits to the next generation than those with traits that do not confer an advantage.
Tamasheq: Organizm tan ilanen samalan tan hakkinen tinfa fal manafas tan iknay ach-ak ijjuch hullan n as ad akiyan fal samalan nasan s ichaɣib wa yadan ohun fal samalan war tan n afk manafas
English: The central concept of natural selection is the evolutionary fitness of an organism.
Tamasheq: Isim wan ammas n nefran eqqal fitness n organizm
English: For example, if an organism could survive well and reproduce rapidly, but its offspring were all too small and weak to survive, this organism would make little genetic contribution to future generations and would thus have low fitness.
Tamasheq: Almital, a fal organizm addobat tamudre hullan tolas aru daɣ armud mucham aratan net fuk nasan i madroynen tolas war an taha assahat i tamudre, organizm wen a ej tadhilt n etari andarrat i ichaɣiban win tilkamat tolas fitness andarran
English: Examples of traits that can increase fitness are enhanced survival and increased fecundity.
Tamasheq: Almital tan n samalan wi addobat nen asiwad n fitness amosan amutti n tamudre d asiwad n aratan
English: However, even if the direction of selection does reverse in this way, traits that were lost in the past may not re-evolve in an identical form (see Dollo's law).
Tamasheq: Hak id ijja awen, kuudeɣ as tisidik tan nefran war itimutti s immik wen , samalan wi asujjalnen a hin okayan war za udaben ahunin s dumu olahan ( ikyid aachareɣ wan Dollo)
English: The first is directional selection, which is a shift in the average value of a trait over time—for example, organisms slowly getting taller.
Tamasheq: Wa ezzaran eqqal nefran wan tasidik eqqalan achinkach daɣ alqim n samal daɣ azzaman- almital , organizm tan tichijratan sollan
English: Finally, in stabilising selection there is selection against extreme trait values on both ends, which causes a decrease in variance around the average value and less diversity.
Tamasheq: Azuki n nefran ille nefran fal alqim n samal wan hullan daɣ ichrutan fuk taqqal nen iddilil i afanaz daɣ eket edes n alqim d daw anmizlay
English: This broad understanding of nature enables scientists to delineate specific forces which, together, comprise natural selection.
Tamasheq: Afaham wen maqqoran n ijraw i scientist tan turhajat i ijji n tisibdad i assahaten ti taqqal nen daɣ edag iyyan nefran
English: However, the rate of recombination is low (approximately two events per chromosome per generation).
Tamasheq: Hak id ijja awen, iddikud n anɣambal i andarran (a hin ikkan issin haratan i chromosome fuk n ichaɣib)
English: A set of alleles that is usually inherited in a group is called a haplotype.
Tamasheq: Taqqimt n allele tan ta taqqalat tan etari daɣ taqqimt isim net haplotype
English: This drift halts when an allele eventually becomes fixed, either by disappearing from the population or replacing the other alleles entirely.
Tamasheq: Drift wen ibaddad alwaq wa id eqqan allele s asujil net daɣ ichaɣib meɣ amutti net s allele tan iyyad
English: The neutral theory of molecular evolution proposed that most evolutionary changes are the result of the fixation of neutral mutations by genetic drift.
Tamasheq: Mirda wan muxayid n amutti wan molecule tan ijja addabara as imuttiyan fuk tajjinen aqqalan ittus n tewaɣne n imuttiyan win muxayid tan s drift wan etari
English: However, a more recent and better-supported version of this model is the nearly neutral theory, where a mutation that would be effectively neutral in a small population is not necessarily neutral in a large population.
Tamasheq: Hak id ijja awen, majrad eynayan hullan tolas iknan lakkumat i ich-ikil wen eqqal mirda wan muxayid edg s inta as amutti wan muxayid daɣ ichaɣib andarran war eqqel muxayid daɣ ichaɣib maqqoran
English: The number of individuals in a population is not critical, but instead a measure known as the effective population size.
Tamasheq: Iddikud n addinat daɣ ichaɣib war ijjit mucham eqqal eket itiwassanan s iddikud n ichaɣib
English: The presence or absence of gene flow fundamentally changes the course of evolution.
Tamasheq: Emel meɣ iban gene isimutti tamatikwayt n amutti
English: This opposing-pressures argument was long used to dismiss the possibility of internal tendencies in evolution, until the molecular era prompted renewed interest in neutral evolution.
Tamasheq: Amšǝkki wen izlayan ahoj exdam i a hin ey tudabat n alxalaten tin ammas daɣ amutti har azzaman wan molecule assarmad asissini n afor daɣ amutti n muxayid
English: For instance, mutation biases are frequently invoked in models of codon usage.
Tamasheq: Almital, amutti war n ilkem i tiditt eqqal a ehan dumu tan n codon usage
English: Different insertion vs. deletion biases in different taxa can lead to the evolution of different genome sizes.
Tamasheq: ijjuch izlayan s imusan war n ilkem i tiditt daɣ taxa izlayan addoben ad awiyan s amutti n iddikud n genome
English: Contemporary thinking about the role of mutation biases reflects a different theory from that of Haldane and Fisher.
Tamasheq: anazjum wan amarad fal edag wan amutti war n ilkem i tiditt asilmd s mmirda izlayan n wan Haldane d Fisher
English: Organisms can also respond to selection by cooperating with each other, usually by aiding their relatives or engaging in mutually beneficial symbiosis.
Tamasheq: Organizm tan addoben ad alwazaban nefran s anifham jar essan, s tadhilt n ichaqqaɣan meɣ ijjan tartit tan tinfat
English: Macroevolution refers to evolution that occurs at or above the level of species, in particular speciation and extinction; whereas microevolution refers to smaller evolutionary changes within a species or population, in particular shifts in allele frequency and adaptation.
Tamasheq: Macroevolution imos amutti ijjan ɣur meɣ s afalla n edag wan ich-ikilan daɣ speciation d tamattant;as ijja awen macroevolution eqqal fal imuttiyan madroynen daɣ ich-ikilan meɣ ichaɣib, daɣ imutiyan n iddikud n allele d amatikway wan amutti
English: However, in macroevolution, the traits of the entire species may be important.
Tamasheq: Hak id ijja awen, daɣ macroevolution, samalan n ich-ikilan imdanen addoben ad assohen
English: A common misconception is that evolution has goals, long-term plans, or an innate tendency for "progress", as expressed in beliefs such as orthogenesis and evolutionism; realistically however, evolution has no long-term goal and does not necessarily produce greater complexity.
Tamasheq: “ Majrad n bahu eqqal as amutti ila ittusan, addabara tan chajrotnen meɣ alxalat n ammas i “efes” s immik wa s ijjan amedran tan chund orthogenesis d evolutionism; hak id ijja awen, amutti ila ittus charjen tolas war ilzem ad ikrich assahat maqqorat”
English: Also, the term adaptation may refer to a trait that is important for an organism's survival.
Tamasheq: Tolas , tamatikwayt tan amutti t amos samal assohen i tamudre n organizm
English: An adaptive trait is an aspect of the developmental pattern of the organism which enables or enhances the probability of that organism surviving and reproducing.
Tamasheq: Samal eqqal titbaqet n efes n organizm meɣ ehak in turhajat meɣ issawadan miji n organizm wa iɣazzan tolas itiruwan
English: Other striking examples are the bacteria Escherichia coli evolving the ability to use citric acid as a nutrient in a long-term laboratory experiment, Flavobacterium evolving a novel enzyme that allows these bacteria to grow on the by-products of nylon manufacturing, and the soil bacterium Sphingobium evolving an entirely new metabolic pathway that degrades the synthetic pesticide pentachlorophenol.
Tamasheq: Almital tan iyyad amosan bacteria Escherichia coli isawadan tudabat n axadam n citric acid daɣ amiyiz chajren n labo, Flavobacterium isawadan enzyme n alkittab ehak in turhajat i bacteria tan win i ad idwilan fal isuj n nylon tolas bacterium sphingobium tan win akal sawadan abara eynayan n metabolic ifannazan fazon pentachlorophenol
English: Consequently, structures with similar internal organisation may have different functions in related organisms.
Tamasheq: ǝdeyăn w-ǝ ǝlănen ǝkănnăn wǝn ammăs olah nen addoben ad ǝkrǝšăn tǝmăšɣulen ǝzlăynen ǝd aqqăl nen organizm tan
English: However, since all living organisms are related to some extent, even organs that appear to have little or no structural similarity, such as arthropod, squid and vertebrate eyes, or the limbs and wings of arthropods and vertebrates, can depend on a common set of homologous genes that control their assembly and function; this is called deep homology.
Tamasheq: Hak id ijja awen, alwaq wa id organizm tan fuk idarnen anmahazan jir iman nasan, hak id organ tan wi ilanen tulat andarrat meɣ n edeychund arthropod, squid d tettawen n imudaran win iɣasan meɣ idaran d ifrutan n anthropod tan d imudaran win iɣasan ilkaman i gene tan aɣlas nen tidawt nasan d alxidmat ; awen isim net tulat tan hullan
English: Examples include pseudogenes, the non-functional remains of eyes in blind cave-dwelling fish, wings in flightless birds, the presence of hip bones in whales and snakes, and sexual traits in organisms that reproduce via asexual reproduction.
Tamasheq: Almital tan ahan tan pseudogene tan, awa war n axdem daɣ tettawen daɣ emn izzaɣan addurɣalan, ifrutan n egadid itilammen, emel n iɣasan win tegache daɣ imanan wi maqqornen d tachalen d samalan n jannas tirunen s arraw war n imos s jannas
English: One example is the African lizard Holaspis guentheri, which developed an extremely flat head for hiding in crevices, as can be seen by looking at its near relatives.
Tamasheq: Almital iyyan eqqal African Lizards Hoplaspis Guenteri, ilan eɣaf iknan afatillas i iffar daɣ iɣaɣan s immik wa s addobat awadim a ti ikyid fal imidiwan net
English: Another example is the recruitment of enzymes from glycolysis and xenobiotic metabolism to serve as structural proteins called crystallins within the lenses of organisms' eyes.
Tamasheq: Almital iyyan amos asaxdam n enzyme tan daɣ glycolysis d xenobiotic metabolism i ad aqqiln protein tan s ismawan nasnat crystallins daɣ timaswaden tin tettawen n organizm
English: These studies have shown that evolution can alter development to produce new structures, such as embryonic bone structures that develop into the jaw in other animals instead forming part of the middle ear in mammals.
Tamasheq: Farak tan win issiknan as amutti addobat a ekim efes i arraw n ideyan eynaynen chund ideyan n eɣas n achnaɣ idaw-alan daɣ tamasurt n irzzejan iyyd ohun ad aqqilan achrut n ammas n tamazzuk daɣ ifafan
English: These changes in the second species then, in turn, cause new adaptations in the first species.
Tamasheq: Imuttiyan win daɣ ich-ikil wan issin aqqalan iddilil i tamatikwayt n imuttiyan daɣ ich-ikilan wi azzarnen
English: For instance, an extreme cooperation exists between plants and the mycorrhizal fungi that grow on their roots and aid the plant in absorbing nutrients from the soil.
Tamasheq: Almital, anifham assohen ille jir ihishkan d ihanan n alchin win mucorrhizal idawalan fal ikewan nasan tolas dahhalan ahishk daɣ tesase n isudar daɣ akal
English: Coalitions between organisms of the same species have also evolved.
Tamasheq: Inifhaman jir organizm tan n ich-ikil olahan intaned deɣ amuttayan
English: Here, somatic cells respond to specific signals that instruct them whether to grow, remain as they are, or die.
Tamasheq: ǝzǝrwăn somatik hăk ǝn alwăzăb ǝ tădogănen tan s aɣrǝnen fal tadawla năsăn, tăɣǝmǝt daɣ edăg năsăn meɣ tămăttănt
English: There are multiple ways to define the concept of "species."
Tamasheq: “ Illan ti immikan ajjotnen n almaɣna n isim wan “”species”
English: Despite the diversity of various species concepts, these various concepts can be placed into one of three broad philosophical approaches: interbreeding, ecological and phylogenetic.
Tamasheq: Anmizlay n ich-ikilan n ismawan win imudaran , ismawan win ajjotnen addoben ad ijjichan iyyat daɣ karadat tizujach: interbreeding, ecological d phylogenetic
English: Despite its wide and long-term use, the BSC like others is not without controversy, for example because these concepts cannot be applied to prokaryotes, and this is called the species problem.
Tamasheq: Alxidmat net ta harokat tolas chajret , BSC inta deɣ ijja fal as majrad chund awa ijjan wi yadnen, almital fal as ismawan win war addoben a tan ajin prokaryote tan tolas awen isim net muchakil wan ich-ikilan n imudaran
English: Gene flow may slow this process by spreading the new genetic variants also to the other populations.
Tamasheq: Gene addobat ad ifniz tamatikwayt ten s afanaz n ich-ikilan n genetic eynaynen tolas s ichaɣiban iyyad
English: In this case, closely related species may regularly interbreed, but hybrids will be selected against and the species will remain distinct.
Tamasheq: Daɣ awen , ǝššǝkilăn n ǝmudărăn w- ǝknănen anmǝhăz addoben assăɣ mušăm albăxǝlăn war he annăfrănăn fal as-ăn tolas ǝššǝkǝlăn n ǝmudărăn ad aqqăm ǝn ǝzlăyăn
English: Speciation has been observed multiple times under both controlled laboratory conditions (see laboratory experiments of speciation) and in nature.
Tamasheq: Speciation t atwakay alwaqqan ajjotnen daw almaɣna tan n labo (ikyid amiyiz n labo wan speciation) d s aɣana net
English: The most common in animals is allopatric speciation, which occurs in populations initially isolated geographically, such as by habitat fragmentation or migration.
Tamasheq: Awa oharan irizzejan hullan amos allopatric speciation itaj in daɣ ichaɣiban iskat nen daɣ jografia chund ifrusan n tamazduq meɣ isikilan
English: The second mode of speciation is peripatric speciation, which occurs when small populations of organisms become isolated in a new environment.
Tamasheq: Dumu wan issin n speciation eqqal peripatric speciation itaj in alwaq wa id ichaɣiban madroynen n organizm tan iskatan daɣ ahinzazaɣ eynayan
English: The third mode is parapatric speciation.
Tamasheq: Dumu wan kărăd amos spesiason parapatrik
English: Generally this occurs when there has been a drastic change in the environment within the parental species' habitat.
Tamasheq: Awen itaj alwaq wa ti illa amutti hullan daɣ ahinzazaɣ daɣ ich-ikilan atteraw nen
English: Selection against interbreeding with the metal-sensitive parental population produced a gradual change in the flowering time of the metal-resistant plants, which eventually produced complete reproductive isolation.
Tamasheq: Nefran wa war ijja interbreeding daɣ ichaɣib wa atterawan eraw id amutti daɣ alwaq n ihishkan wi assohat nen wi tiruwen aratan iskatnen
English: This form is rare since even a small amount of gene flow may remove genetic differences between parts of a population.
Tamasheq: Dumu wen war raqqis ɣur alwaq wa id iddikud andarran n gene addobat ad ikkis anmizlayan n etari jir ichrutan n ichaɣib
English: This is not common in animals as animal hybrids are usually sterile.
Tamasheq: Awen war ti oheran irizzejan fal as albaxilan harkuk war tiruwan
English: This allows the chromosomes from each parental species to form matching pairs during meiosis, since each parent's chromosomes are represented by a pair already.
Tamasheq: Awen ehak turhajat i chromosome tan n ich-ikil n atterawan fuk ad anmiwiyan daɣ meiosis, fal as chromosomes fuk ahan issin edag net
English: Indeed, chromosome doubling within a species may be a common cause of reproductive isolation, as half the doubled chromosomes will be unmatched when breeding with undoubled organisms.
Tamasheq: Chromosome it anatfasan daɣ ich-ikil addobat ad eqqil iddilil oharan i arraw iskatan , chund tazune tannutfasat n chromosome tan war he anmawalan alwaq wa id akkofadan id organizm tan war n anatfas
English: Nearly all animal and plant species that have lived on Earth are now extinct, and extinction appears to be the ultimate fate of all species.
Tamasheq: Arizzej fuk d ich-ikil n ahishk s kala izzaɣan fal akal ammutan amarad tolas tamattant taqqal taqqan tan uchray i ich-ikilan fuk