Tamazight-NLP/NLLB-Seed_Tamasheq-Latin-Script huggingface dataset:
English: An ethnic group or ethnicity is a grouping of people who identify with each other on the basis of shared attributes that distinguish them from other groups such as a common set of traditions, ancestry, language, history, society, culture, nation, religion, or social treatment within their residing area.
Tamasheq: Tawset taqqal taqqimt n addinat olahnen id iyyad haratan ajjotnen tan izlaynen id wi yadnen chund tumasen ajjotnen, iwissaran, awal, attarex, tamazduq, agna, addin, meɣ tigdaht n alxaq daɣ edag n tamazduq
English: Membership of an ethnic group tends to be defined by a shared cultural heritage, ancestry, origin myth, history, homeland, language, or dialect, symbolic systems such as religion, mythology and ritual, cuisine, dressing style, art, or physical appearance.
Tamasheq: Ijjuch n taqqimt n tawset tila almaɣna n etari n agna oharan, iwissaran, akal, awal, majrad, sistem tan olahnen chund addin,assatar d ichiridan, alkuzayna, telasse, eɣanni meɣ tulat tan taɣissa
English: By way of language shift, acculturation, adoption and religious conversion, individuals or groups may over time shift from one ethnic group to another.
Tamasheq: S amutti n awal, asujil n ana, adkul d asammutti n addin, addinat meɣ taqimen n addinat addobat nat as ammutti n tawset iyyat s ta yadat
English: Whether through division or amalgamation, the formation of a separate ethnic identity is referred to as ethnogenesis.
Tamasheq: Jir ɣas s amuzzi meɣ axarok , tartit n tawseten azunnen it aw annas ethnogeneis
English: In Early Modern English and until the mid-19th century, ethnic was used to mean heathen or pagan (in the sense of disparate "nations" which did not yet participate in the Christian oikumene), as the Septuagint used ta ethne ("the nations") to translate the Hebrew goyim "the nations, non-Hebrews, non-Jews".
Tamasheq: “ Daɣ iwityan n tingilist wi azzarnen d har achrut n awatay wan 1900, tawset heathen meɣ asǝmmǝgru (daɣ almaɣna wan ‘addawla tan’ n-ibachanen war n ijjech oikumene wan kriken tan) chund Septuagint exdaman ta ehne “addawla tan”” i afissar n goyim wan hebreu tan “”addawlat tan”, wi war n aqqel hebreu tan, wi war n aqqel alyahud tan””
English: In the 19th century, the term came to be used in the sense of "peculiar to a race, people or nation", in a return to the original Greek meaning.
Tamasheq: “ Daɣ awatay wan 1900, isim ila almaɣna “ilachan i ini , addinat meɣ addawlat “””, daɣ tewaɣle n almaɣna net wan greek”
English: ethnic, a. and n.") Depending on context, the term nationality may be used either synonymously with ethnicity or synonymously with citizenship (in a sovereign state).
Tamasheq: “tawset, a d n “) daɣ uzlay n talɣa, isim wan addawla tan tiwit it awan i tawset meɣ i tichit n aw addawla ( daɣ addawla n ebarid)”
English: Whether ethnicity qualifies as a cultural universal is to some extent dependent on the exact definition used.
Tamasheq: Kuddeɣ as tawset t amos agna n alɣalim eqqal a ilkam i almaɣna n wan tiditt igalahan
English: According to Thomas Hylland Eriksen, the study of ethnicity was dominated by two distinct debates until recently.
Tamasheq: Daɣ majrad wa ijja Thomas Hylland Erikson, teɣare n tawset ojjaraan daɣ is issin idiwinni tan ijjanen har a eynayan
English: The instrumentalist approach, on the other hand, treats ethnicity primarily as an ad hoc element of a political strategy, used as a resource for interest groups for achieving secondary goals such as, for instance, an increase in wealth, power, or status.
Tamasheq: Instrumentalist approach, s afar wa yadan, t ijja tawset tikkelt taɣnat i tikarsay tan folitik taqqalat titbaqqet i taqqimen oharnen afor i ad awidan ittusan nasan wi war n ozer amos nen tiw-at n ehare, tanaya meɣ tumast
English: Constructivists view national and ethnic identities as the product of historical forces, often recent, even when the identities are presented as old.
Tamasheq: I Contstructivist tan akayad wan tumasen n tawseten n addawla aqqalnen assahaten n attarex , daɣ a eynayan hak id tumasen aqqal nat a wassaran
English: This is in the context of debates over multiculturalism in countries, such as the United States and Canada, which have large immigrant populations from many different cultures, and post-colonialism in the Caribbean and South Asia.
Tamasheq: Daɣ almaɣna n idiwinni tan fal ijjit n agna tan daɣ addawla tan chund Amerika, d Canada ilanen ichaɣib n imassukal n inaftaɣan id ialnen agna tan ajjotnen d darat n alisteɣmar daɣ Caribbean d South Asia
English: Third, group formation resulted from the drive to monopolize power and status.
Tamasheq: Wa s karad, aratay n taqqimen war ti id erew ar itur n akarach n tanaya d tumast
English: Barth went further than Weber in stressing the constructed nature of ethnicity.
Tamasheq: Barth ojjar Weber unkach daɣ isalan win annuɣ n edey n tawset
English: He wanted to part with anthropological notions of cultures as bounded entities, and ethnicity as primordialist bonds, replacing it with a focus on the interface between groups. "
Tamasheq: “ Erha a ijjich ismawan n agna tan tin anthropolgy osaɣnen tolas tawset taqqalat temet tan tizarat,acharay net daɣ t iwar titbaqqet awa ilan jir taqqimen”””
English: He agrees with Joan Vincent's observation that (in Cohen's paraphrase) "Ethnicity... can be narrowed or broadened in boundary terms in relation to the specific needs of political mobilization.
Tamasheq: “ Erdaɣ fal akayad wan Joan Vincent daɣ (asuɣil n majrad wan Cohen) “”tawset.. t addobat ad tikraz meɣ ad timɣare daɣ alxadudan net daɣ as tahiraj id timɣutar n asidu wan folitik’’’
English: Ethnic groups came to be defined as social rather than biological entities.
Tamasheq: Taqqimen tin tawset ijjan at almaɣnas n as aqqal nat a ijjan fal tmazduq ohun fal abarkot
English: Examples of various approaches are primordialism, essentialism, perennialism, constructivism, modernism, and instrumentalism.
Tamasheq: Almitalan n tizujichen ajjotnen amosan prmordialism, essentialism, perennialism, constructivism, modernism d instrumentalism
English: """Essentialist primordialism"" further holds that ethnicity is an a priori fact of human existence, that ethnicity precedes any human social interaction and that it is unchanged by it."
Tamasheq: “”Essentialist primordialism”” ijja ɣur is as tawset akayad n uxlak n addinat, as tawset t azzar i anmirtay n addinat daɣ tamazduq tolas war t addobat asammuti net”
English: """Kinship primordialism"" holds that ethnic communities are extensions of kinship units, basically being derived by kinship or clan ties where the choices of cultural signs (language, religion, traditions) are made exactly to show this biological affinity."
Tamasheq: “”””Tizart n temedt’’’’’ ijja ɣur is as tawseten aqqal nat iɣunan n temedt daɣ alasal id izjar nen temedt meɣ taqqimt s inta a id tajjin isannafrinan win samalan n agna (awal, addin, tumasen) i asikni n tamedt tan abarkot”
English: """Geertz's primordialism"", notably espoused by anthropologist Clifford Geertz, argues that humans in general attribute an overwhelming power to primordial human ""givens"" such as blood ties, language, territory, and cultural differences."
Tamasheq: “”””Primordialism wan Geetz, wa ijrazan i anthropologist Clifford Geetz, isilmad as addinat fuk hak in assahat maqqorat i inalkam wa ezzaran ‘”ehak””” chund temedt n achni , awal, akal, d uzlayan win agna tan”
English: Smith (1999) distinguishes two variants: "continuous perennialism", which claims that particular nations have existed for very long periods, and "recurrent perennialism", which focuses on the emergence, dissolution and reappearance of nations as a recurring aspect of human history.
Tamasheq: “”Smith daɣ awatay wan (1999) izlay issin haratan “” continuous perennialism””” allaɣen as addawala tan ti axlaknen a ilan azzamanan ajjotnen d “”reurrent perennialism””, ijjan fal efes, afatay d tewaɣle n addawla tan eqqalan titbaqet n attarex wan awadim”
English: This view holds that the concept of ethnicity is a tool used by political groups to manipulate resources such as wealth, power, territory or status in their particular groups' interests.
Tamasheq: Akayad wen ijja ɣur is as tawset taqqal asuj i taqqimt n folitik i attidas chund ehare, tanaya, akal meɣ tumast daɣ afor n taqqimen nasan
English: """Instrumentalist perennialism"", while seeing ethnicity primarily as a versatile tool that identified different ethnics groups and limits through time, explains ethnicity as a mechanism of social stratification, meaning that ethnicity is the basis for a hierarchical arrangement of individuals."
Tamasheq: “””Instrumentalist pernnialism”” , kuddeɣ as ikya tawset chnd asuj itimutiyan isalmadan fal taqqimen n tawseten d iyaka tan daɣ azzaman, afissar as tawset taqqal tikarsay n tamasduq almaɣna n awen as tawset taqqal anifham n anmizal n addinat”
English: According to Donald Noel, ethnic stratification will emerge only when specific ethnic groups are brought into contact with one another, and only when those groups are characterized by a high degree of ethnocentrism, competition, and differential power.
Tamasheq: Daɣ ta-ite tan Donald Noel,tikarsay n tawset ad tahil s data alwaq wa id taqqimen n tawseten artay nat id ti yadnen tolas alwaq wa id taqqimen tin ojjar daɣ sanat anmizlay n tawsaten, takrikira d tanaya tizlayat.
English: Continuing with Noel's theory, some degree of differential power must be present for the emergence of ethnic stratification.
Tamasheq: Daɣ akkay id mirda wan Noel, degre tan iyyad n tanaya tizlayat ilzam a ti illan i efes n tikarsay tan tawset
English: The different ethnic groups must be competing for some common goal, such as power or influence, or a material interest, such as wealth or territory.
Tamasheq: Taqqimen tin tawseten ilzam tamat takrikira fal ittusan iyyan oharnen, chund tanaya, tarna meɣ afor chund ehare meɣ akal
English: It holds that ethnic groups are only products of human social interaction, maintained only in so far as they are maintained as valid social constructs in societies.
Tamasheq: Ijja ɣur is as taqqimen n tawset aqqalan isuj n anmiratay n addinat daɣ tamazduq, tosaɣat a ijja edey assaɣ n timizdaɣ ijja
English: They hold that prior to this ethnic homogeneity was not considered an ideal or necessary factor in the forging of large-scale societies.
Tamasheq: Ijja ɣur san as data i tartit ten anɣimbal war eqqel ittus meɣ tikkelt tinfat harat daɣ ikannan n timizdaɣ ajjotnen
English: Members of an ethnic group, on the whole, claim cultural continuities over time, although historians and cultural anthropologists have documented that many of the values, practices, and norms that imply continuity with the past are of relatively recent invention.
Tamasheq: Addinat win taqqimen n tawset, asilmadan fuk nasan as uɣlalan n agna daɣ azzaman, kuddeɣ as kel attarex d anthropologist tan win agna ikataban ilkadan s tumasen, alxidmaten, d ichiritan win aɣlul daɣ iwityan win tizarat aqqalan iɣanni id ichrayan.
English: It is based on the notion of "culture".
Tamasheq: “ Ija fal isim wan “agna”
English: This view arose as a way to justify enslavement of African Americans and genocide of Native Americans in a society that was officially founded on freedom for all.
Tamasheq: Akayad wen inkar id as eqqal abara i azilzam n akarach n Africain Americins d tamattant tan Americain tan win alasal daɣ tamazduq i taxlakad daɣ alxoriya i addinat fuk
English: Many of the foremost scientists of the time took up the idea of racial difference and found that white Europeans were superior.
Tamasheq: Ajjen daɣ scientist tan win tizarat n azzaman itkalan ta-it tan uzlay n addinat tolas ijrawan as ikufar win Eroba ojjaran
English: Instead of attributing the marginalized status of people of color in the United States to their inherent biological inferiority, he attributed it to their failure to assimilate into American culture.
Tamasheq: As jarrawan addinat wi iskatnen tumast n addinat in ini daɣ Amerik har eres nasan daɣ abarkot, ifhay tagarzazzal nasan i ad alahan id agna wan Amerika
English: They argue in Racial Formation in the United States that the ethnicity theory was exclusively based on the immigration patterns of the white population and did take into account the unique experiences of non-whites in the United States.
Tamasheq: Michakken as daɣ tartit tan tawseten daɣ Amerik as mirda wan tawset ijja fuk net fal isikilan n ichaɣib wan ifukar tolas daɣ itkalan musnaten tin addinat wi war n aqqel ikufar daɣ Amerika
English: Assimilationshedding the particular qualities of a native culture for the purpose of blending in with a host culturedid not work for some groups as a response to racism and discrimination, though it did for others.
Tamasheq: Amaskal itiba has ichikilan n agna wan kel awal i ittus n tartit id agna n anaftaɣ war exdem i taqqimen n addinat chund alwazab i anmizlay n tawseten d amaza kuddeɣ as ijja i addinat iyyad
English: They culminated in the rise of "nation-states" in which the presumptive boundaries of the nation coincided (or ideally coincided) with state boundaries.
Tamasheq: “ Iwi-idan daɣ tadawla n “nation-states” s alxadudan wi eha mich timuqqisan (daɣ ittus timuqqisan) id alxadudan win addawla”
English: Nation-states, however, invariably include populations who have been excluded from national life for one reason or another.
Tamasheq: Nation-states, ahan tan ichaɣiban hin iskatnen daɣ tamachɣult tan addawla fal iddilil iyyan meɣ wa yadan
English: Multi-ethnic states can be the result of two opposite events, either the recent creation of state borders at variance with traditional tribal territories, or the recent immigration of ethnic minorities into a former nation-state.
Tamasheq: Addawla tan ajjotnen addoben ad aqqilan ad izjaran timaɣinnanen war n anmakyad axluk wa eynayan n alxadudan win addawla ilanen ikallan n tawset n alasal meɣ isikilan wi eynaynen n tawseten ti madroynen s addawla tan tin aru
English: States such as the United Kingdom, France and Switzerland comprised distinct ethnic groups from their formation and have likewise experienced substantial immigration, resulting in what has been termed "multicultural" societies, especially in large cities.
Tamasheq: “Addawla tan chund United Kingdom, France d Switzerlnd ahan tan taqqimen n tawseten izlaynen ɣur tartit nasan tolas idasan tan fuk nasan isikilan ajjotnen id eraw nen awa s itawan “timizdaɣ”n agna ajjotnen” hullan daɣ iɣirman wi maqqornen
English: Though these categories are usually discussed as belonging to the public, political sphere, they are upheld within the private, family sphere to a great extent.
Tamasheq: Kuddeɣ as ichikilan win ijja majrad n as aqqalan n addinat, kel folitik, iknan asuhi daɣ tagayan n iman nasnat , daɣ egadach hullan
English: Before Weber (1864–1920), race and ethnicity were primarily seen as two aspects of the same thing.
Tamasheq: Data Weber (awatay wan 1864 har 1920) ini d tawset kala t=aqqalan sanatat titbaqqa n harat olahan
English: According to this view, the state should not acknowledge ethnic, national or racial identity but rather instead enforce political and legal equality of all individuals.
Tamasheq: Dav akayad wen , addawla war inhajja a t issin tumast n tawset ,, n addawla meɣ n ini ohu axadam n folitik d tigdaht daɣ achareɣa n addinat fuk
English: The 19th century saw the development of the political ideology of ethnic nationalism, when the concept of race was tied to nationalism, first by German theorists including Johann Gottfried von Herder.
Tamasheq: Daɣ awatay wan 1900 issikna efes n anasjum n folitik tarha n tawset i addawal alwaq wa id ertay ini d nationalism, s tizarat theorist tan win germany eha Johann Gottried von Herder
English: Each promoted the pan-ethnic idea that these governments were acquiring only lands that had always been inhabited by ethnic Germans.
Tamasheq: Iyyan fuk eqqas i ta-ite t asirtayat tawseten s alxakumaten ijarraw ikallan ɣas s harkuk izzaɣan daɣ san tawseten n german tan
English: The colonization of Asia was largely ended in the 20th century, with national drives for independence and self-determination across the continent.
Tamasheq: Alisteɣmar wan Asia imda s ijjit net daɣ awatay wan 2000 s ijrawan n addawlaten n alistexlal n nasnat d axxakumat iman nasnat daɣ amadal
English: A number of European countries, including France and Switzerland, do not collect information on the ethnicity of their resident population.
Tamasheq: Iddikud n addawla te tin Eroba t aha France d Switzeland war sidiw nat isalan win tawsaten n ichaɣib nasnat wa izzaɣan
English: During European colonization, Europeans arrived in North America.
Tamasheq: Daɣ azzaman wan alistexlal , Kel Eroba osan Amerik tan eynaynag
English: Digital ethnography allows for a lot more opportunities to look at different cultures and societies.
Tamasheq: Digital ethnography t ikfa tafawen ajjotnen i akayad n agna tan d timizdaɣ anmazlayen
English: Relational Ethnography articulates studying fields rather than places or processes rather than processed people.
Tamasheq: Relational Ethnography ijja tatbaqqet fal ihandagan win teɣare ohun ihandagan meɣ talɣiwen ohun addinat ammutaynen
English: The goal is to collect data in such a way that the researcher imposes a minimal amount of personal bias in the data.
Tamasheq: Ittus war eqqel ar asidu n isalan chund abara wa s izalzam aw farak iddikud darosan n mirda n ichaki da isalan
English: Interviews are often taped and later transcribed, allowing the interview to proceed unimpaired of note-taking, but with all information available later for full analysis.
Tamasheq: Imijridan n isistanan alwaqqan iyyad aɣzanan tolas darat awa iktiban ijjarrawan i majrad a ej s aqqud n aɣazan net mucham id isalan wi ti illanen darat awa i amiyiz imdan
English: Despite these attempts of reflexivity, no researcher can be totally unbiased.
Tamasheq: Ereman fuk wi ijjaen n reflexitivity , war ti illa aw farak addoben as ej issin olh awan
English: These informants are typically asked to identify other informants who represent the community, often using snowball or chain sampling.
Tamasheq: Kel isalan win at w arha daɣ san ad issinan kel isalan iyyad ahanen edag n addinat s alwaq iyyan asixdama snowball meɣ chain sampling
English: 2010) examine the ontological and epistemological presuppositions underlying ethnography.
Tamasheq: 2010) ammiyaz mirda tan win n almaɣna n ontological d epistemological ijjanen titbaqqet fal ethnography
English: Critical theory researchers address "issues of power within the researcher-researched relationships and the links between knowledge and power."
Tamasheq: “Kel farak win mirda wan isistanan issewalan fal “”” muchakil tan n tanaya daɣ iharojan n kel farak d temedt jir musnat d tnaya”””
English: An image can be contained within the physical world through a particular individual's perspective, primarily based on that individual's past experiences.
Tamasheq: Telay t addobat ijjuch n alɣalim wan taɣissa s akayad n awadim a ijjan s tizarat fal musnaten n awadim tin data net
English: The idea of an image relies on the imagination and has been seen to be utilized by children in a very spontaneous and natural manner.
Tamasheq: Ta-ite tan telay tijja fal anasjum tolas a ti wajrah a hin as assixdaman tin ilyadan s immik ermadan meɣ n alasal
English: Cultural and social anthropologists today place a high value on doing ethnographic research.
Tamasheq: Anthropologst tan win agna d tamazduq ahan achal id edag n semɣar hullan i umaɣ wan uttir wan ethnographic
English: Ethnographies are also sometimes called "case studies."
Tamasheq: “”Ethographies aqqalnen alwaq iyyan “”Ihadagan n tiɣir
English: The fieldwork usually involves spending a year or more in another society, living with the local people and learning about their ways of life.
Tamasheq: Edaɣ wan axidmat ehay harkuk ijji n awatay meɣ a ojjaran daɣ tamazduq iyyat , izzaɣnen id addinat n kel addinat d almud n addabara tan n tamudre
English: Benedict's experiences with the Southwest Zuni pueblo is to be considered the basis of her formative fieldwork.
Tamasheq: Musnaten tin Benedictinta id Zuni pueblo wan emaynag daɣ ataram ilzam ad eqqil tijittawt tan edag wan alxidmat
English: A typical ethnography attempts to be holistic and typically follows an outline to include a brief history of the culture in question, an analysis of the physical geography or terrain inhabited by the people under study, including climate, and often including what biological anthropologists call habitat.
Tamasheq: Ethnography tan alasal t arram a t assirtay haratan fuk tolas tilkam i abara he ijjich attarex andarran n agna iman net, amiyiz n taɣissa n jografia meɣ etaɣas war izzeɣan addinat wi fal ijja farak ha amutti n azzaman tolas eha awa s jan in antropologist tan win abarkot habitat
English: Kinship and social structure (including age grading, peer groups, gender, voluntary associations, clans, moieties, and so forth, if they exist) are typically included.
Tamasheq: Temedt d edey n tamazduq (eha iwityan, taqqimen olahnen, ichikil, tagayen tin fi sabilillah, iskutan, ifrusan d haratan iyyad a fal ti illan) fuk nasan ahan
English: Rites, rituals, and other evidence of religion have long been an interest and are sometimes central to ethnographies, especially when conducted in public where visiting anthropologists can see them.
Tamasheq: Chaɣira tan, chaɣa-ir tan d iditi tan iyyad n addin aqqal a ehojan a hin ijrahan addinat tolas alwaqqan iyyad a ehan ammas n ethnographies hullan alwaq wa id ijjanat daɣ addinat daɣ edag s addoben a tan ikyadan anthropologist tan
English: For example, if within a group of people, winking was a communicative gesture, he sought to first determine what kinds of things a wink might mean (it might mean several things).
Tamasheq: Almital, a fal daɣ taqqimt n addinat, anazaj n tet eqqal immik n majrad, ittar s tizarat ad isilmad ichilan n haratan wi s imos anazaj n tet almaɣna ( addobat ad ila almaɣna tan ajjotnen)
English: Geertz, while still following something of a traditional ethnographic outline, moved outside that outline to talk about "webs" instead of "outlines" of culture.
Tamasheq: “Geertz, as ilkam i harat n abara n ethnographic n alasal, okay s ajjama n abara wen i ad issiwil fal “””Web tan””” ohun “””abara tan “”” n agna
English: Writing Culture helped bring changes to both anthropology and ethnography often described in terms of being 'postmodern,' 'reflexive,' 'literary,' 'deconstructive,' or 'poststructural' in nature, in that the text helped to highlight the various epistemic and political predicaments that many practitioners saw as plaguing ethnographic representations and practices.
Tamasheq: Akatab n agna idhal daɣ imuttiyan n anthropology d ethnography fuk nasan s alwaq iyyan affisar s ismawan win “postmoderm” reflexive” literary”, ifattayan” meɣ poststructural” s aɣana net , dav awen akatab idhal s azizjar n talɣiwen tin assohatnen n musnat d folitik s imusanan ajjotnen eqqal chund fazon i ideyan d timachɣulen tin ethnography
English: In regards to this last point, Writing Culture became a focal point for looking at how ethnographers could describe different cultures and societies without denying the subjectivity of those individuals and groups being studied while simultaneously doing so without laying claim to absolute knowledge and objective authority.
Tamasheq: Daɣ akayad n titbaqqet tan darat, akatab n agna eqqal titbaqqet tan hullan i akayad n immik wa s addoben ethnogapher tan afissar n agna anmazlaynen d timizdaɣ deɣ war s abahawan tichit n addinat win d taqqimen fal ijja farak awen i taj daɣ war iɣal awadim fuk as ila musnat t imdat d assahat n tiditt
English: As the purpose of ethnography is to describe and interpret the shared and learned patterns of values, behaviors, beliefs, and language of a culture-sharing group, Harris, (1968), also Agar (1980) note that ethnography is both a process and an outcome of the research.
Tamasheq: Daɣ eqqal ittus n ethnography afissar d afaham n tikkelen ti azunnen tolas at walmad nen n alqiman, alxalan, mirda tan d awal n tqqimt t oharat agna,Harris, (daɣ awatay wan 1968), d Agar ( daɣ awatay wan 1980) itkaban as ethnography t imos daɣ edag iyyan a imitakwayan d amindi n farak