Tamazight-NLP/NLLB-Seed_Tamasheq-Latin-Script huggingface dataset:
English: Altruism between social insects and littermates has been explained in such a way.
Tamasheq: Altruism jir imudaran d littermates at-w-afassar almaɣna net s immik wen
English: In general, females with more bearing opportunities may value offspring less, and may also arrange bearing opportunities to maximize the food and protection from mates.
Tamasheq: Deden ilanen tafawen ajjotnen addobat nat ihuk n alqim andarran i aratan tolas addobat nat ikannan n tafawen i asiwad n attaɣam d alɣillas i imidiwan nasnat
English: Studies of human behavior genetics have generally found behavioral traits such as creativity, extroversion, aggressiveness, and IQ have high heritability.
Tamasheq: Tiɣir fal etari n alxal wan addinat ijraw samalan n alxal chund eɣanni, extroversion, tadlimt d IQ ilan takasit hullan
English: Thus, when FEV is genetically deleted from the mouse genome, male mice will instantly attack other males, whereas their wild-type counterparts take significantly longer to initiate violent behaviour.
Tamasheq: Alwaq wa id etri n FEV imas a hin daɣ mouse genome, akundar wan ahalis ad idlim wi yadnen n meddan as ijja awen ich-ikil n imidiwan nasan tahaj in war areman alxal n tadlimt
English: During a 1976 meeting of the Sociobiology Study Group, as reported by Ullica Segerstråle, Chomsky argued for the importance of a sociobiologically informed notion of human nature.
Tamasheq: Daɣ taɣaymit tijat daɣ awatay wan 1976 n taqqimt n farak fal Sociobiology daɣ awa allaɣat Ullica Segerstrale, Chomsky allaɣat s tulaɣay n isim daɣ sociobiology n annuɣ n awadim
English: Wilson has claimed that he had never meant to imply what ought to be, only what is the case.
Tamasheq: Wilson asilmad as kala war otes chund harat s inhajja , harat ɣas wa ijjan a otas
English: Business is the activity of making one's living or making money by producing or buying and selling products (such as goods and services).
Tamasheq: Taɣuche t amos alxidmat n ijji n tamudre n awadim meɣ ikannan n azruf s nataj meɣ isuj n inachan d a ehan hebu (chund ilanan d alxidmaten)
English: If the business acquires debts, the creditors can go after the owner's personal possessions.
Tamasheq: A fal taɣuche tichanch imarwasan ,addinat wi ilanen amarwas addoben ad armisan ehare n awadim wa eha amarwas
English: The term is also often used colloquially (but not by lawyers or by public officials) to refer to a company.
Tamasheq: Tifert tawaɣar alwaq iyyan (mucham war tat ɣar in muxam tan meɣ alxakum) s taggayt
English: A privately owned, for-profit corporation is owned by its shareholders, who elect a board of directors to direct the corporation and hire its managerial staff.
Tamasheq: Taggayt war ila alxakum ilan tat musahim tan daqqal nen imuzaran axkam nen fal taggayt tolas dakkalan inaxdiman net
English: A cooperative differs from a corporation in that it has members, not shareholders, and they share decision-making authority.
Tamasheq: Cooperative tizlay n taggayt fal as tila addinat ,wadden musahim tan tolas oharan addabara
English: Limited liability companies (LLC), limited liability partnerships, and other specific types of business organization protect their owners or shareholders from business failure by doing business under a separate legal entity with certain legal protections.
Tamasheq: Limited Liability Companies (LLC) , limited liability partnerships d ich-ikilan n taggayen n taɣuche ɣallas nat missawis nasnat meɣ musahim tan nasnat daɣ aftaqi n taɣuche s iji n taɣuche s taggayt iyyat tazunat daɣ ahareɣa s alɣillasan daɣ achareɣa
English: The members guarantee the payment of certain (usually nominal) amounts if the company goes into insolvent liquidation, but otherwise, they have no economic rights in relation to the company.
Tamasheq: Addinnat net ifrajan timzal n alqim iyyan a fal taggayt ijraw tat iban azruf mucham s immik iyyan war ilen alxakan n aqtisad osaɣa id taggayt
English: This type of company may no longer be formed in the UK, although provisions still exist in law for them to exist.
Tamasheq: Ich-ikil n taggayt ten war ilkem ad ijja daɣ Rwayom Uni kuddeɣ as maxzun tan illan ti daɣ achareɣa i emel has-an
English: Note that "Ltd after the company's name signifies limited company, and PLC (public limited company) indicates that its shares are widely held."
Tamasheq: “ Ilmid as “ LTD darat as almaɣna wan isim n taggayt amos limited company d PLC (public limited company) eqqal achamol n as asham tan net tiwattafan s ijjit”
English: In a company limited by guarantee, this will be the guarantors.
Tamasheq: Daɣ company limited s addaman, awen eqqal inadmanan
English: Private companies do not have publicly traded shares, and often contain restrictions on transfers of shares.
Tamasheq: Taggayen ti war ila alxakum war ilenant asham tan n mamala tolas ahan tan marsakan fal transer n asham tan
English: Entertainment companies and mass media agencies generate profits primarily from the sale of intellectual property.
Tamasheq: Taggayen tin dallol d mass media jaraw nat riba tansa s tarrayt tan ta-ite
English: They include tangible goods such as cars, buses, medical devices, glass, or aircraft.
Tamasheq: Ahan tan ilalan olaɣnen chund torfen, isuj n asafar, tiset meɣ aircraft
English: Most stores and catalog companies are distributors or retailers.
Tamasheq: Bitiji tan ajjotnen d catalog compagnies aqqalan kel mamala wi maqqornen d win detay tan
English: They make their profits by selling goods and services that are sports related.
Tamasheq: Karrachan riba nasan s asitig n ilalan d alxidmaten id aqqal nen fal karay
English: The modern field was established by the Italian mathematician Luca Pacioli in 1494.
Tamasheq: Abara wan abara iday ti Mathematicien Luca Pacolli daɣ Italia daɣ awatay wan 1494
English: Finance can also be defined as the science of money management.
Tamasheq: Finance addobat almaɣna net ad amos sicence tan awikkal n azruf
English: Owners may manage their businesses themselves, or employ managers to do so for them.
Tamasheq: Kel tila addoben awikkal n tiɣuchawen n iman nasan meɣ assaxdiman addinat ha-san ijjanen awen
English: Business process management (BPM) is a holistic management approach focused on aligning all aspects of an organization with the wants and needs of clients.
Tamasheq: Business Proccess Management (BPM) amos tazujicht n awikkal tijjat fal titbaqqa fuk n taggayt id timɣutar d derhanan n zabun tan
English: Many businesses are operated through a separate entity such as a corporation or a partnership (either formed with or without limited liability).
Tamasheq: Tiɣuchawen ajjotnen at axdam nat s taggayen azunnen chund corporation meɣ partnership (ijjanen s meɣ iban limited liability)
English: Generally speaking, shareholders in a corporation, limited partners in a limited partnership, and members in a limited liability company are shielded from personal liability for the debts and obligations of the entity, which is legally treated as a separate "person".
Tamasheq: “ Daɣ majrad,musahim tan daɣ corporation, limited partners daɣ limited partership d addinat wi ahanen limited liability company aɣlasan daɣ personal liability i imarwasa d izilzam win taggayt t-amosat daɣ achareɣa “”awadim” azunan
English: The terms of a partnership are partly governed by a partnership agreement if one is created, and partly by the law of the jurisdiction where the partnership is located.
Tamasheq: Tifir tin charaka exkam daɣ sanat hullan tanmerdut n charaka a fal iyyan eɣna tolas s achrut iyyan s achareɣa n edag wa eha charaka wen
English: In some tax systems, this can give rise to so-called double taxation, because first the corporation pays tax on the profit, and then when the corporation distributes its profits to its owners, individuals have to include dividends in their income when they complete their personal tax returns, at which point a second layer of income tax is imposed.
Tamasheq: Daɣ sistem baya tan iyyad, awen isawad awa s itawan anutfas n baya tan fal as s tizarat taggayt tizzal baya fal arabax tolas alwaq wa id tuzan taggayt riba tan net i missawis, addinat ilzam tan ad aj in edagar nasan daɣ riba tan nasan alwaq wa id akimmalan asilmad fal timzal nasan i baya tan, tatbaqet s ahuchal baya fal riba
English: """Going public"" through a process known as an initial public offering (IPO) means that part of the business will be owned by members of the public."
Tamasheq: “”Ikki n addinat’ s tazujicht tiwassan s Initial Public Offering (IPO) almaɣna net as achrut n taɣuche a ti ikrichan addinat win aljamaɣat
English: The Code of Hammurabi dates back to about 1772 BC for example and contains provisions that relate, among other matters, to shipping costs and dealings between merchants and brokers.
Tamasheq: Code of Hammurabi eqqal har awatay 1772 data annabi ɣisa tolas ahan ti biqalat tan orak nen s alqim tan n tusil tan d muɣamala tan jir ălmusăbbib d alwasit tan
English: Local jurisdictions may also require special licenses and taxes just to operate a business.
Tamasheq: Achareɣa tan tin akal addobat nat azilzam n ilkadan win turhajat d baya tan i axadam n taɣuche
English: Most countries with capital markets have at least one.
Tamasheq: Addawla tan ajjotnen ilanen capital markets ilan iyyan fuk nasan
English: Other western nations have comparable regulatory bodies.
Tamasheq: Addawla tan tiyyad n ikufar ilanat ibarnamichn win amukin ogdahnen
English: The proliferation and increasing complexity of the laws governing business have forced increasing specialization in corporate law.
Tamasheq: Ijjit tolas d tiw-at n achareɣa tan ti axkam nen fal tiɣuche azilzaman teɣare tijat daɣ tarrayt tan corporate law
English: Most businesses have names, logos, and similar branding techniques that could benefit from trademarking.
Tamasheq: Tiɣuchawen ajjotnen ilanat ismawan, logo tan d teknik tan addobat nen ad aqqil nat arabax i trademarking
English: Economics is the social science that studies how people interact with value; in particular, the production, distribution, and consumption of goods and services.
Tamasheq: Aqtisad amos science tan teɣare n immik wa s artayan addinat s alqim, hullan daɣ intaj, tazunt d tetate n ilalan d alxidmaten
English: He affirmed that previous economists have usually centred their studies on the analysis of wealth: how wealth is created (production), distributed, and consumed; and how wealth can grow.
Tamasheq: Isaduttat as economist tan win data taj in harkuk tiɣir nasan fal amiyiz n tabaɣort , immik wa s id taɣna tabaɣort (intaj), tazun d tetate net d immik wa s taw-id tabaɣort
English: If the war is not winnable or if the expected costs outweigh the benefits, the deciding actors (assuming they are rational) may never go to war (a decision) but rather explore other alternatives.
Tamasheq: A fal akinnas war ti taha tarna meɣ a fal alqim tan net ojjaran alfayda tan net, kel tarna war ilkem ad iknasan (abbara) mucham ad ariman badil tan tiyyad
English: Economic precepts occur throughout the writings of the Boeotian poet Hesiod and several economic historians have described Hesiod himself as the "first economist".
Tamasheq: “ Achareɣa tan tin aqtisad tajin at s ikitban n Boetian Hesiod wan tisiway d kel attarex n aqtisad ajjotnen ijjan Hesiod iman net “”economist wa ezzaran”
English: Two groups, who later were called "mercantilists" and "physiocrats", more directly influenced the subsequent development of the subject.
Tamasheq: “Sanatat taqqimen s isim nasan darat awa “”mercantilist”^d “”physiocrats”, iknan tarna n efes n majal ten”
English: It held that a nation's wealth depended on its accumulation of gold and silver.
Tamasheq: Ijja s tabaɣort tan addawla tilkam isidiwan net i ura d azruf
English: Physiocrats, a group of 18th-century French thinkers and writers, developed the idea of the economy as a circular flow of income and output.
Tamasheq: Physiocrats, taqqimt n imaɣran d inaktiban n France daɣ awatay wan 1800 iknan ta-ite n aqtisad i anji n arabax d intaj
English: Physiocrats advocated replacing administratively costly tax collections with a single tax on income of land owners.
Tamasheq: Physiocrats aɣran s anamichray n isidiwan n baya tan s baya iyyan fal riba n addinat win ilanen akal
English: Smith discusses potential benefits of specialization by division of labour, including increased labour productivity and gains from trade, whether between town and country or across countries.
Tamasheq: Smith issewal fal alfayda tan n teɣare daɣ ezaraj iyyan s tuzant n alxidmat eha asiwad n intaj n alxidmat d arabax daɣ mamala jir aɣrim d addawla meɣ jir addawla tan
English: The force of a rapidly growing population against a limited amount of land meant diminishing returns to labour.
Tamasheq: Assahat n ichaɣib s ermad tiw-at net i addakud n akal war n ajjit amos afanaz n riba tan n alxidmat
English: While Adam Smith emphasized the production of income, David Ricardo (1817) focused on the distribution of income among landowners, workers, and capitalists.
Tamasheq: Alwaq wa id Adam Smith ijjan majrad net fal intaj wan riba , David Ricardo (1817) inta ijje fal tazunt n riba jir addinat wi ilanen akal, inaxdima d capitalist tan
English: Ricardo was the first to state and prove the principle of comparative advantage, according to which each country should specialize in producing and exporting goods in that it has a lower relative cost of production, rather relying only on its own production.
Tamasheq: Ricardo amos wa ezzaran allaɣen tolas isaduttat tisitaɣhal n tinfa togdaht, s addawla fuk inhajja addawla fuk a daɣ is ej teɣared daɣ tarrayt tan intaj d tasdir n ilalan daɣ wen tila alqim andarran n intaj ohun fella fal intaj n iman net
English: Mill pointed to a distinct difference between the market's two roles: allocation of resources and distribution of income.
Tamasheq: Mill asikin anmizlay jir dawur tan n hebu issin: ihuk n malatan d tazunt n riba
English: Smith wrote that the "real price of every thing ... is the toil and trouble of acquiring it".
Tamasheq: “Smith iktab as “ alqim wan tiditt n hara fuk amos alxidmat d tamɣatert n ajaraw net””
English: Say's definition has prevailed up to our time, saved by substituting the word "wealth" for "goods and services" meaning that wealth may include non-material objects as well.
Tamasheq: “”Almaɣna ikfa ille har amarad, eɣlas anmichray n tifer “”tabaɣort”” s “”ilalan d alxidmaten” almaɣna n awen as tabaɣort addoben a tat ijjichan haratan war n amos win isuj””
English: For Robbins, the insufficiency was solved, and his definition allows us to proclaim, with an easy conscience, education economics, safety and security economics, health economics, war economics, and of course, production, distribution and consumption economics as valid subjects of the economic science."
Tamasheq: “”I Robbins, iban tigdaht t amukin tolas almaɣna net ijraw anaɣ ad n allaɣat s tenasse n ta-ite as education economics , safety d security economics , aqtisad wan assexat, aqtisad wan akinnas, d intaj, tazunt d tetate n aqtisad as amosan haratan n economic science”””
English: Although far from unanimous, most mainstream economists would accept some version of Robbins' definition, even though many have raised serious objections to the scope and method of economics, emanating from that definition.
Tamasheq: Kuddeɣ as war fal as ardahan addinat fuk, economist tan fuk ad aɣbilan almaɣna wa ikfa Robbins kuddeɣ as addinat ajjotnen unjayan s immik wan aqtisad is izajaran almaɣna wen
English: The term "economics" was popularized by such neoclassical economists as Alfred Marshall as a concise synonym for "economic science" and a substitute for the earlier "political economy".
Tamasheq: “Tifert tan “”aqtisad”” ikfet isim hullan neoclassical economists chund Alfred Marshall s amos anmaɣran id “”economic science”” d a icharayan “”aqtisad wan folitik””
English: It dispensed with the labour theory of value inherited from classical economics in favour of a marginal utility theory of value on the demand side and a more general theory of costs on the supply side.
Tamasheq: Ijja as labour theory n alqim amosan etari n aqtisad wan alasal ardahan fal utility theory tan alqim daɣ achrut wa ilzaman d general theory n issukan daɣ achrut wan al-imdad
English: An immediate example of this is the consumer theory of individual demand, which isolates how prices (as costs) and income affect quantity demanded.
Tamasheq: Almital n awen amos consumer theory n derhan n awadim iskat nen immik wa s alqimat tan d arabax idasan iddikud wa ilzaman
English: Modern mainstream economics builds on neoclassical economics but with many refinements that either supplement or generalize earlier analysis, such as econometrics, game theory, analysis of market failure and imperfect competition, and the neoclassical model of economic growth for analysing long-run variables affecting national income.
Tamasheq: Aqtisad wan amarad iday fal neoclassical economics mucham daɣ imuttiyan ajjotnen kammal nen meɣ asirtay nen amiyiz chund econometrics, game theory, amiyiz n egadal n hebu d iban n aqqud n tamadacht d neoclassical model n tiw-at n aqtisad i amiyiz n haratan wi idas nen riba n addawla
English: There exists an economic problem, subject to study by economic science, when a decision (choice) is made by one or more resource-controlling players to attain the best possible outcome under bounded rational conditions.
Tamasheq: Ille muchakil n aqtisad fal tijja economic science farak alwaq wa id addabara (nefran) ijje iyyan meɣ kel mala tan i ag-ad n intaj olaɣan s talɣiwen ilanen osaɣnen
English: The book focused on determinants of national income in the short run when prices are relatively inflexible.
Tamasheq: Alkittab ijja fal awa isalmadan fal arabax wan addawla alwaq wa id alqimat tan war tizubben
English: Keynesian economics has two successors.
Tamasheq: Keneysian economics tila issin xalif tan issin
English: It is generally associated with the University of Cambridge and the work of Joan Robinson.
Tamasheq: Osaɣ harkuk id lakkol ta maqqorat n Cambridge d alxidmat tan Joan Robinson
English: Ben Bernanke, former Chairman of the Federal Reserve, is among the economists today generally accepting Friedman's analysis of the causes of the Great Depression.
Tamasheq: Ben Bernanke ,amuzar n Federal Reserve n aru eha economist tan win achal id ardah nen fal amiyiz wan Friedman n iddililan win Great Depression
English: When creating theories, the objective is to find ones which are at least as simple in information requirements, more precise in predictions, and more fruitful in generating additional research than prior theories.
Tamasheq: Alwaq wa id aɣna nat theory tan, ittus amos ajaraw n ti s raqqosan isalan nasnat, attanabu tan oɣadnen tolas ilanen tinfa daɣ ugmak n asiwad n farak ohun theory tan ti izzar nen
English: Early macroeconomic models focused on modelling the relationships between aggregate variables, but as the relationships appeared to change over time macroeconomists, including new Keynesians, reformulated their models in microfoundations.
Tamasheq: Dumu tan wi azzarnen n macroeconomy ijjan fal adaloj n iharojan jir aggregate variables mucham alwaq wa id iharojan t imuttiyan daɣ azzaman s macroeconomist tan ahan Keynesian tan wi eynaynen, olas nen amasuɣal n dumu tan nasan daɣ microfoundations
English: Sometimes an economic hypothesis is only qualitative, not quantitative.
Tamasheq: Alwaq iyyan economic analysis t amos a ijjan fal tulaɣay wadden iddikud
English: However, the field of experimental economics is growing, and increasing use is being made of natural experiments.
Tamasheq: Abara wan aqtisad tan amiyiz tiw-ad tolas tiw-at n alxidmat sar is tijja s amiyizan
English: By such means, a hypothesis may gain acceptance, although in a probabilistic, rather than certain, sense.
Tamasheq: S almaɣna wen, mirda addobat ad at-w-aɣbal kuddeɣ as ila almɣna fal ijja amchikki wadden a izjar ach-ak
English: Criticisms based on professional standards and non-replicability of results serve as further checks against bias, errors, and over-generalization, although much economic research has been accused of being non-replicable, and prestigious journals have been accused of not facilitating replication through the provision of the code and data.
Tamasheq: Naqad tan wi ijjanen fal ichiritan win alxidmat d non-replicability n ittusan amos a idhalan daɣ checks fal taxayuz, tajarzazzal d asirtay n fuk kuddeɣ as farak n aqtisad ajjen atwanna as amos non-replicable tolas journal tan iyyad atwanna war sarɣisan replication s mala tan n code of data
English: In applied economics, input–output models employing linear programming methods are quite common.
Tamasheq: Daɣ applied economics , dumu tan win input-output ijlanen s linear programming methods olahan fuk nasan
English: This has reduced the long-noted distinction of economics from natural sciences because it allows direct tests of what were previously taken as axioms.
Tamasheq: Awen ifnaz anmizlay n aqtisad daɣ natural sciences fal as ikfa turhajat s ijirriban n awa s kala amos axioms
English: Similar empirical testing occurs in neuroeconomics.
Tamasheq: Ijirriban n akayad olahnen ijjan daɣ neuroeconomics
English: In perfectly competitive markets, no participants are large enough to have the market power to set the price of a homogeneous product.
Tamasheq: Daɣ hebu tan n chawara tan , war t illa awadim ilan assahat n hebu i eɣtas alqim iyyan n isuj
English: Microeconomics studies individual markets by simplifying the economic system by assuming that activity in the market being analysed does not affect other markets.
Tamasheq: Microeconomics taɣar hebu tan s asarɣas n sistem wan aqtisad s amiyiz n alxidmat daɣ hebu war t ikma hebu tan wi yadnen
English: General-equilibrium theory studies various markets and their behaviour.
Tamasheq: General-equilibruim theory ɣar hebu tan ajjotnen d alxal nasan
English: Choices must be made between desirable yet mutually exclusive actions.
Tamasheq: Ilzaman nefran tan jir alxidmaten n derhan
English: Part of the cost of making pretzels is that neither the flour nor the morning are available any longer, for use in some other way.
Tamasheq: Achrut n alqim n iji n pretzels amos jir ɣas masxuq wala tifawt illan ti i alxidmat s immik iyyan
English: Inputs used in the production process include such primary factors of production as labour services, capital (durable produced goods used in production, such as an existing factory), and land (including natural resources).
Tamasheq: Inputs at-w-axdaman daɣ intaj ahan ti ɣamil tan n intaj chund alxidmat, kapital (ilalan tahajinen tajjach nen intaj chund Izin tan) d akal ( eha alfayda tan n akal)
English: Efficiency is improved if more output is generated without changing inputs, or in other words, the amount of "waste" is reduced.
Tamasheq: “ Faɣaliyat t-imutti a fal intaj eɣna id wala amutti n tinfa meɣ iddikud n “uɣchad”” ifnaz””
English: In the simplest case an economy can produce just two goods (say "guns" and "butter").
Tamasheq: “ Alwaq wa id aqitsad addobat ad aru issin ilalan (laɣat “”albarodan” d “”udi””)
English: Scarcity is represented in the figure by people being willing but unable in the aggregate to consume beyond the PPF (such as at X) and by the negative slope of the curve.
Tamasheq: Nadrat t-iwar udim wen s derhan n addinat mucham war addoben daɣ aggregate ad akiyan PPF ( chund ɣur X) tolas s egam n curve
English: The slope of the curve at a point on it gives the trade-off between the two goods.
Tamasheq: Egam n curve har titbaqet iyyat ehak tanmerdut jir issin ilalan
English: Along the PPF, scarcity implies that choosing more of one good in the aggregate entails doing with less of the other good.
Tamasheq: Hak id PPF Nadrat amos as nefran n ajjen daɣ alil iyyan daɣ aggregate amos iddilil n ijji andarran n alil wa yadan
English: A point inside the curve (as at A), is feasible but represents production inefficiency (wasteful use of inputs), in that output of one or both goods could increase by moving in a northeast direction to a point on the curve.
Tamasheq: Titbaqet daɣ curve (chund A), addobat ijji mucham eha edag n iban tinfa n intaj (alxidmat taɣchadat n tinfa), daɣ awen intaj n iyyan meɣ ilalan ajjotnen addobat tiw-at s ehel n tasdik tan emaynaj-daɣ-alqiblat har titbaqet fal curve