Tamazight-NLP/NLLB-Seed_Tamasheq-Latin-Script huggingface dataset:
English: The folding of alpha helices and beta sheets gives a protein its three-dimensional or tertiary structure.
Tamasheq: Anatfas n alpha helices d beta sheets hak in protein i edey n karad qayas tan meɣ tertiary structure
English: The purines include guanine (G) and adenine (A) whereas the pyrimidines consist of cytosine (T), uracil (U), and thymine (T).
Tamasheq: Purine tan ehen guanine (G), d adenine (A) as ijja awen pyrimidines ahan tan cytosine (T), uracil (U) dthymine (T)
English: A cell membrane consists of a lipid bilayer, including cholesterols that sit between phospholipids to maintain their fluidity at various temperatures.
Tamasheq: Cell membrane ehet lipid bilayer, ahan cholesterol tan illanen jir phospholipids i ag-az n amatikway nasan daɣ taqqan
English: Cell membranes are involved in various cellular processes such as cell adhesion, storing electrical energy, and cell signalling and serve as the attachment surface for several extracellular structures such as a cell wall, glycocalyx, and cytoskeleton.
Tamasheq: Cell membrane tan ahanat timitikwayen ajjotnen chund alatoɣ n azar, aɣazan n enerji wan efew d cell signalling tolas amos arori assirtayan extracellular structures ajjotnen chund celle wall, glycocalyx d cytoskeleton
English: The Alberts text discusses how the "cellular building blocks" move to shape developing embryos.
Tamasheq: “ Akatab n Alberts issewal s immik wa s “” cellular building blocks”” chankachan har amukin n ahnaɣ “
English: Plant cells have additional organelles that distinguish them from animal cells such as a cell wall that provides support for the plant cell, chloroplasts that harvest sunlight energy to produce sugar, and vacuoles that provide storage and structural support as well as being involved in reproduction and breakdown of plant seeds.
Tamasheq: Izirwan n ahishk ilan organelles n asiwad tan izlaynen id izirwan win ehare chund cell wall ehak in tadhilt n azar n ahishk, chloroplasts wi sadaw nen enerji wan tafukt ikannan n assukar d vacuoles hakkinen aɣazan d tadhilt ahanen tolas arraw d uɣchad n isamban n ahishk
English: According to the first law of thermodynamics, energy is conserved, i.e., cannot be created or destroyed.
Tamasheq: Daɣ awa t allaɣat achareɣa ta tazzarat n thermodynamics , enerji eɣzan awen amos war addobat uɣna meɣ uɣchad
English: As a result, an organism requires continuous input of energy to maintain a low state of entropy.
Tamasheq: Taɣissa t azilzam intaj n enerji n harkuk i ag-az n talɣa n entropy
English: Usually, catabolism releases energy, and anabolism consumes energy.
Tamasheq: Catabolism izazjar enerji d anabolism itat enerji
English: The overall reaction occurs in a series of biochemical steps, some of which are redox reactions.
Tamasheq: Alwazab fuk itaj daɣ tikkelen n biochemics, tiyyad daɣ sanat amos nat tin redox
English: Acetyl-Coa enters the citric acid cycle, which takes places inside the mitochondrial matrix.
Tamasheq: Acetyl-Coa it ajach citric acid itaj in daɣ ammas n mitochondrial matrix
English: Oxidative phosphorylation comprises the electron transport chain, which is a series of four protein complexes that transfer electrons from one complex to another, thereby releasing energy from NADH and FADH2 that is coupled to the pumping of protons (hydrogen ions) across the inner mitochondrial membrane (chemiosmosis), which generates a proton motive force.
Tamasheq: Oxidative phosphorylation ahan ti ahunin n esassar wan electron amoasan akkoz protein tan sisikinen electron tan ɣur edag s iyyan, zazjaran enerji ɣur NADH d FADH2 ertayan id proton tan (hydrogen ions) fal mitpchondrial membrane tan ammas (chemiosmosis) id itiruwan assahat n proton
English: If oxygen were not present, pyruvate would not be metabolized by cellular respiration but undergoes a process of fermentation.
Tamasheq: A fal ooxygen war it illa , pyruvate a ti exxarak unfas n azar mucham a ti idas tamatikwayt n tiqwat
English: Fermentation oxidizes NADH to NAD+ so it can be re-used in glycolysis.
Tamasheq: Tiqwat taj aksad i NADH s NAD+ i ad alis at-w-axdam daɣ glycolysis
English: In skeletal muscles, the waste product is lactic acid.
Tamasheq: Daɣ taslat n iɣasan, asuj wa eɣchadan amos lactic acid
English: During anaerobic glycolysis, NAD+ regenerates when pairs of hydrogen combine with pyruvate to form lactate.
Tamasheq: Alwaq wan anaerobic glycolysis, NDA+ inakkar id alwaq wa id artay hydrogen id pyruvate i ad aqqilan lactate
English: During recovery, when oxygen becomes available, NAD+ attaches to hydrogen from lactate to form ATP.
Tamasheq: ɣur amukin, alwaq wa it imal oxygen, NDA+ itawaɣan s hydrogen da lactate i ad aqqilan ATP
English: In most cases, oxygen is also released as a waste product.
Tamasheq: Daɣ ihandagan ajjotnen, oxygen izajar as amos asuj eɣchadan
English: This is analogous to the proton-motive force generated across the inner mitochondrial membrane in aerobic respiration.
Tamasheq: Awen olah id assahat ta ija proton fal mitochondrial membrane wan ammas daɣ unfas
English: In autocrine signaling, the ligand affects the same cell that releases it.
Tamasheq: Daɣ tadogant tan autocrine, ligand idas azar wa ti izazjaran
English: In eukaryotes (i.e., animal, plant, fungal, and protist cells), there are two distinct types of cell division: mitosis and meiosis.
Tamasheq: Daɣ Eukaryotes (awen amos , ehare, ahishk, biffen d protist cells), illan ti issin ich-ikilan izlaynen n tazunt n azar: mitosis d meiosis
English: After cell division, each of the daughter cells begin the interphase of a new cycle.
Tamasheq: Darat tazunt n azar, talyat fuk n izirwan tisant dawra teynayat
English: Both of these cell division cycles are used in the process of sexual reproduction at some point in their life cycle.
Tamasheq: Tazunt n dawra tan fuk nasnat at-w-axdam nat daɣ tamatikwayt n arraw daɣ titbaqet iyyat n tamudre nasan
English: Unlike the processes of mitosis and meiosis in eukaryotes, binary fission takes in prokaryotes takes place without the formation of a spindle apparatus on the cell.
Tamasheq: Awar n amos timitikwayen tin mitosis d meiosis daɣ eukaryotes, binary fission itaj daɣ prokaryotes itaj wala teɣare n spindle apparatus fal azar
English: Mendelian inheritance, specifically, is the process by which genes and traits are passed on from parents to offspring.
Tamasheq: Takasit tan Mendel t amos tamatikwayt s gene tan d samalan tikiyan ɣur imarawan s aratan
English: The first is that genetic characteristics, which are now called alleles, are discrete and have alternate forms (e.g., purple vs. white or tall vs. dwarf), each inherited from one of two parents.
Tamasheq: Wa ezzaran amos as samalan win etari tawaɣrinen amarad s isim wan alles istaran tolas ilan dumu tan ( almital: tabangalt, tamallay meɣ tichijrit ,takkindimt)
English: Mendel noted that during gamete formation, the alleles for each gene segregate from each other so that each gamete carries only one allele for each gene, which is stated by his law of segregation.
Tamasheq: Mendel iktab as ɣur eɣanni wan achnaɣ, allele tan i gene ille amminzaɣ jir iman nasan har achaɣ fuk eway allele iyyan ɣas i gene fuk harat allavat daɣ achareɣa net tan tazunt
English: The nucleotides are joined to one another in a chain by covalent bonds between the sugar of one nucleotide and the phosphate of the next, resulting in an alternating sugar-phosphate backbone.
Tamasheq: Nucleotides osaɣan jir iman nasan s covalent bonds jir assukar n nucleotide iyyan d phospahte n wa yadan harat icharayan arori n assukar-phosphate
English: The bases are divided into two groups: pyrimidines and purines.
Tamasheq: Baz tan aqqal nat sanatat taqqimen : Pyramidines d purines
English: DNA is replicated once the two strands separate.
Tamasheq: DNA ijji iyyan a itaj alwaq wa id azunnat tinilwa tin sanatat
English: A chromosome is an organized structure consisting of DNA and histones.
Tamasheq: Chromosome eqqal edey oɣadan ahan DNA d Histones
English: In prokaryotes, the DNA is held within an irregularly shaped body in the cytoplasm called the nucleoid.
Tamasheq: Daɣ Prokaryotes, DNA it awattaf daɣ taɣissa alwaqqan iyyad daɣ cytoplasm s isim net Nucleoid
English: The genetic information stored in DNA represents the genotype, whereas the phenotype results from the synthesis of proteins that control an organism's structure and development, or that act as enzymes catalyzing specific metabolic pathways.
Tamasheq: Isalan win etari aɣzanan daɣ DNA eqqal genotype as ijja awen genotype izjar id aklulu protein tan wi o-gaznen taɣissa d efes meɣ exdam chund enzymes jarraw nen abara tan n i metabolic
English: Under the genetic code, these mRNA strands specify the sequence of amino acids within proteins in a process called translation, which occurs in ribosomes.
Tamasheq: Daw kod wn genetic,tinilwa tin mRNA tallaɣat kay i iddikud n protein tan daɣ amino tamatikwayt ten isim net afissar itaj in daɣ ribosomes
English: Sequencing and analysis of genomes can be done using high throughput DNA sequencing and bioinformatics to assemble and analyze the function and structure of entire genomes.
Tamasheq: Musnat d amiyiz n genome tan addoba at ej s afalla daɣ d boinformatics d amiyiz n alxidmat d edey n genome tan imdanen
English: The genomes of prokaryotes are small, compact, and diverse.
Tamasheq: Genome tan winprokaryotes i madroynen, isasan tolas izlayan
English: There are four key processes that underlie development: Determination, differentiation, morphogenesis, and growth.
Tamasheq: Illan ti akkoz tikkalen n tasassarut i afanaz n efes, agluy, anmizlay, morphogenesis d efes
English: Stem cells are undifferentiated or partially differentiated cells that can differentiate into various types of cells and proliferate indefinitely to produce more of the same stem cell.
Tamasheq: Izirwan wi enatti amosan a war n izlay meɣ izirwan izlaynen a andarran addobat nen uzlay s ichikilan ajjotnen tolad anfiz nat harkuk i ad aɣnin at azar olahan id an enatti
English: Apoptosis, or programmed cell death, also occurs during morphogenesis, such as the death of cells between digits in human embryonic development, which frees up individual fingers and toes.
Tamasheq: Apoptosis meɣ tamattant n azar fal ijja addabara inta deɣ itj alwaq wan morphogenesis chund tamattant n izirwan jir iddikud wan efes n achnaɣ n awadim ituzanan issikadan d tinsawen n addinat
English: These toolkit genes are highly conserved among phyla, meaning that they are ancient and very similar in widely separated groups of animals.
Tamasheq: Foti tan asuj wan gene tan iknan aɣalas daɣ ophyla, almaɣna imos as illan addinat aru nen d iyyad olahnen ajjotnen daɣ taaqimen azunen n ehare
English: Hox genes determine where repeating parts, such as the many vertebrae of snakes, will grow in a developing embryo or larva.
Tamasheq: Gene tan win Hox asilmadan edag wa daɣ annitfasan ichrutan chund iɣasan ajjotnen n tachalen , ad idwil daɣ achnaɣ meɣ larva tasuteft
English: A toolkit gene can be expressed in a different pattern, as when the beak of Darwin's large ground-finch was enlarged by the BMP gene, or when snakes lost their legs as Distal-less (Dlx) genes became under-expressed or not expressed at all in the places where other reptiles continued to form their limbs.
Tamasheq: Foti n asuj wan gene addobat ad it waɣil s ichikil izlayan chund alwaq em n ground-finch wan Darwin isahrak BMP gene meɣ alwaq wa id ibas ilanat tachalen idaran nasnat chund Distal-less (DIx° gene tan ifanaz at waɣir meɣwar it waɣil ja daɣ ihandagan s addoben imudaran wi yadnen rattayan idaran nasan.
English: This perspective holds that evolution occurs when there are changes in the allele frequencies within a population of interbreeding organisms.
Tamasheq: Akăyăd wen ǝjja ɣur is as ǝki s dăta ităj alwăq wa t-ǝlăn ǝmutǝyăn n allele daɣ ǝššăɣǝb n tǝɣǝswen ohărnen tămudre
English: When selective forces are absent or relatively weak, allele frequencies are equally likely to drift upward or downward at each successive generation because the alleles are subject to sampling error.
Tamasheq: Alwăq wa ǝd assăhăt tan nefrăn war t-ǝlla meɣ tăbrur, ǝddǝkud n allele tan ogdăhăn tiw-at d afanaz  daɣ ǝkǝ tan n ǝššaɣǝb azzămăn ǝyyăn fuk hărwa daɣ wăr t- ǝjješăn mărsălăn
English: Reproductive isolation also tends to increase with genetic divergence.
Tamasheq: Reproductive isolation inta deɣ t arha ad tiw-ad ɣu emel n anmizlay wan etari
English: When a lineage divides into two, it is represented as a node (or split) on the phylogenetic tree.
Tamasheq: Alwaq wa id ezarag wan tiwit ijja sanatat tazunawen, samal net tamirkest meɣ ahishk wan temedt
English: Within a tree, any group of species designated by a name is a taxon (e.g., humans, primates, mammals, or vertebrates) and a taxon that consists of all its evolutionary descendants is a clade, otherwise known as a monophyletic taxon.
Tamasheq: Daɣ ahishk, taqqimt n imudaran fuk iwar isim wan taxon (daɣ almital, addinat, primate tan, ehare meɣ imudaran) tolas taxon ahan ihayawan net fuk nasan eqqal clade s immik iyyan isim net monophyletic Taxon
English: A species or group that is closely related to the ingroup but is phylogenetically outside of it is called the outgroup, which serves a reference point in the tree.
Tamasheq: Ichikil n imudaran meɣ taqqimt ta tiknat orak s taqqimt taɣfalat mucham ehan ajjama net isim net outgroup eqqalan titbaqqet n samal daɣ ahishk
English: Based on the principle of Parsimony (or Occam's razor), the tree that is favored is the one with the fewest evolutionary changes needed to be assumed over all traits in all groups.
Tamasheq: Fal almadda wan Parsimoni (meɣ Occcam razor) , ahishk wa ilan irrizaɣ inta s wa ilan imutiyan madroynen s ilzam aɣabal nasan fl samalan n taqqimen fuk ti yadnen
English: Based on this system, each species is given two names, one for its genus and another for its species.
Tamasheq: Fal sistem wen, taqqimt n imudaran fuk tigraw issin ismawan, iyyan i wan tichit net tolas wa yadan wan ichikil net n amudar
English: Biologists regard the ubiquity of the genetic code as evidence of universal common descent for all bacteria, archaea, and eukaryotes.
Tamasheq: Biolojist tan ǝjja ɣur săn as anăfăz n kod wan etări eqqăl asǝdutti n attărex daɣ alɣălǝm n tǝwǝkkăwen, arkea d ekariot tan
English: Later, around 1.7 billion years ago, multicellular organisms began to appear, with differentiated cells performing specialised functions.
Tamasheq: Daɣ uchray, a ilan 1.7 n milyar n awatay, tiɣiswen tin izirwan ajjotnen issinta nat id azajor id as izlayan izirwan tajjinen alxidmaten war n olah
English: Land plants were so successful that they are thought to have contributed to the Late Devonian extinction event.
Tamasheq: Ihishka win akal rabbaxan hullan har aɣilan addinat as issewadan tamattant tan Devonian
English: During the recovery from this catastrophe, archosaurs became the most abundant land vertebrates; one archosaur group, the dinosaurs, dominated the Jurassic and Cretaceous periods.
Tamasheq: ɣur azzaman wan tamazzit daɣ albana, archosau tan aqqalan imudaran n akal wi ojjar nen ijjit; taqqimt n archosaur iyyat, dinozor tan, ojjaran azzamanan win Jurassic d Cretaceous
English: Bacteria inhabit soil, water, acidic hot springs, radioactive waste, and the deep biosphere of the earth's crust.
Tamasheq: Tiwikkawen izzaɣ nat daɣ amadal, aman, azzamanan win awelan,jibi tan win izin tan d ammas n tamaxluk n amadal
English: Archaea constitute the other domain of prokaryotic cells and were initially classified as bacteria, receiving the name archaebacteria (in the Archaebacteria kingdom), a term that has fallen out of use.
Tamasheq: Archea eqqal ezarag iyyan n izirwan win prokaryotic tolas ahan edag wan tiwikkaen, igrawan isim nasan archaebacteria ( daɣ almalikiya tan Archaebacteria), isim s ibas exdam amarad
English: Archaea and bacteria are generally similar in size and shape, although a few archaea have very different shapes, such as the flat and square cells of Haloquadratum walsbyi.
Tamasheq: Archea d tiwikkawen ogdahan harkuk daɣ izuk d innuɣ kuddeɣ as harat n archea tan ilan annuɣan izlaynen chud izirwan wi lamamasnen d wi ilan tisijwa n Haloquadratum walsbyi
English: Archaea use more energy sources than eukaryotes: these range from organic compounds, such as sugars, to ammonia, metal ions or even hydrogen gas.
Tamasheq: Archea exdam hullan s assahat ohun eukaryotes: awen ifal id isartiyan chund assukar, ammonia , ion tan win tazoli meɣ gaz
English: The first observed archaea were extremophiles, living in extreme environments, such as hot springs and salt lakes with no other organisms.
Tamasheq: Archea tan wi azzarnen amosan extremophile tan izzaɣnen daɣ ihinzuzaɣ chund awelan d ijirwan win tesimt war ahen imudaran fuk iyyad
English: Archaea are a major part of Earth's life.
Tamasheq: Archea ta aqqalan achrut maqqoran n tamudre n adduniya
English: Five of these clades are also collectively known as protists, which are mostly microscopic eukaryotic organisms that are not plants, fungi, or animals.
Tamasheq: Sammos daɣ clade tan intaned deɣ ismawan nasan fuk protist tan aqqal nen imudaran madroynen n eukaryotic war n aqqel ihishkan,ihanan n alchinan mev arizzej
English: Most protists are unicellular, which are also known as microbial eukaryotes.
Tamasheq: Protist tan fuk aqqalan a ilan azar iyyan s ismawan nasan iyyad microbial eukaryotes
English: Dinoflagellates are photosynthetic and can be found in the ocean where they play a role as primary producers of organic matter.
Tamasheq: Dinolagellates aqqalan photosynthetic tan tolas tawajrawan daɣ ijirwan wi maqqornen id axdaman azilzam nasan wan imarawan wi azzarnen n jibi tan wi ichikrach
English: Ciliates are alveolates that possess numerous hair-like structure called cilia.
Tamasheq: Ciliates aqqalan alveolates ilanen edey chund wan imzadan ajjotnen s ismawan nasan cilia
English: The excavates are groups of protists that began to diversify approximately 1.5 billion years ago shortly after the origin of the eukaryotes.
Tamasheq: Excavates aqqalan taqqimt n protist tan issintanen ijjit a ilan 1.5 n milyar n awatay s andarran darat axalak wan eukaryote tan
English: Stramenopiles, most of which can be characterized by the presence of tubular hairs on the longer of their two flagella, include diatoms and brown algae.
Tamasheq: Stramenopiles s ijjit nasan ahan tan samalan n imzadan daɣ tichijrit n falgella tin sanatat nasan eha diatoms d algae bangalan
English: The rhizarians comprise three main groups: cercozoans, foraminiferans, and radiolarians.
Tamasheq: Rhizarians ijjan tizunawen karadat: cercozan tan, forminiferan tan d radiolrian tan
English: Algae comprise several distinct clades such as glaucophytes, which are microscopic freshwater algae that may have resembled in form to the early unicellular ancestor of Plantae.
Tamasheq: Algae ila cade tan ajjotnen izlaynen chud glaucophytes amos nen alge win aan wi darosnen s daroɣ olahan daɣ dumu id imarawan wi azzarnen n plantae n azar iyyan
English: Land plants (embryophytes) first appeared in terrestrial environments approximately 450 to 500 million years ago.
Tamasheq: Ihiskan win akal (embryophites) izjaran id s tizarat daɣ ihinzuzaɣ n amadal a ilan jir 450 har 500 n awatay
English: In contrast, the other three clades are nonvascular plants as they do not have tracheids.
Tamasheq: Daɣ achrut iyyan, clades tan wi yadnen amosan ihishkan war n ila ikewan fal as war ilen ekew wan tracheid
English: They tend to be found in areas where water is readily available.
Tamasheq: Tat ajrawan daɣ ihandagan wi ti illan aman
English: Most nonvascular plants are terrestrial, with a few living in freshwater environments and none living in the oceans.
Tamasheq: Ijjit n Ihishkan fuk wi war n ila ikewan aqqalan win akal ilanen harat n timizdaɣ daɣ ihanzuzaɣ n aman darosnen tolas war ziddaɣan daɣ ijirwan wi maqqornen
English: Gymnosperms includes conifers, cycads, Ginkgo, and gnetophytes.
Tamasheq: Gymnosperms ehe confiers, cycads, Gikgo d gnetophytes.
English: They do so through a process called absorptive heterotrophy whereby they would first secrete digestive enzymes that break down large food molecules before absorbing them through their cell membranes.
Tamasheq: ǝjjan awen s ǝmmǝk s ǝsǝm n absortiv heterofi s ǝnta as tăkkăsăn dijetiv enzim tan erăzzǝn tǝblălen n ǝmănsǝwăn w-ǝ măqqornen data tesase năsăn s agorš n ǝzǝrwăn năsăn
English: Fungi, along with two other lineages, choanoflagellates and animals, can be grouped as opisthokonts.
Tamasheq: Ehan n alchinan, hak id attarex issin iyyad, choanoflagatellates d arizzej addoben ad artiyan chund opisthokonts
English: Multicellular fungi, on the other hand, have a body called mycelium, which is composed of a mass of individual tubular filaments called hyphae that allows for nutrient absorption to occur.
Tamasheq: ihanan n alchinan ilanen izirwan ajjotnen, s achrut iyyan, ilan taɣissa s ism net myceluim, ahan iɣunan n taqqimt n addinat s isim net hyphae tahak it turhajat i ajaraw n tesase
English: With few exceptions, animals consume organic material, breathe oxygen, are able to move, can reproduce sexually, and grow from a hollow sphere of cells, the blastula, during embryonic development.
Tamasheq: Daɣ uzlay n majrad, arizzej itat , sajaran adu, addoben achwinki, addoben akarach n ilyadan, tolas idaw-al daɣ arori n izirwan , blastula alwaq wan efes n achnaɣ
English: Animals can be distinguished into two groups based on their developmental characteristics.
Tamasheq: Arizzej addobat ad ilu annuɣan issin n taqqimen ijja fal samalan n efes nasan
English: In protostomes, the blastopore gives rise to the mouth, which is then followed by the formation of the anus.
Tamasheq: Daɣ protostomes, blastopore itaraw id em s ilkam eɣanni n ajilal
English: The bodies of most animals are symmetrical, with symmetry being either radial or bilateral.
Tamasheq: Tiɣiswen n arizzej ajjen olah, s tulat chund azejir meɣ a ilan sanatat tisijwen
English: Finally, animals can be distinguished based on the type and location of their appendages such as antennae for sensing the environment or claws for capturing prey.
Tamasheq: Arizzej addobat ad ilu annuɣan issin daɣ ichikil d edag n appendage nasan chund eskaw wan asunsij n ahinzazaɣ meɣ iskaran wi s rammasan imudaran
English: The majority (~97%) of animal species are invertebrates, which are animals that neither possess nor develop a vertebral column (commonly known as a backbone or spine), derived from the notochord.
Tamasheq: Tăššăma n 97 daɣ temede n tăqqǝmen n ǝmudărăn war ǝlen , amosăn arǝzzej war n ǝla meɣ wăr n asǝdwǝl ǝɣăsăn w-ǝn arori (s ǝsmăwăn năsăn arori ǝd ǝzjărăn notochord
English: Many invertebrate taxa have a greater number and variety of species than the entire subphylum of Vertebrata.
Tamasheq: Imudaran ajjotnen war n ila iɣasan ilan iddikud ajjen d ichikilan ajjotnen ojjar nen subphylim n vertebrata
English: More than 6,000 virus species have been described in detail.
Tamasheq: A ojjaran 6.000 n birus ichikilan n arizzej afissar har daɣ almaɣna net wa andarran
English: When not inside an infected cell or in the process of infecting a cell, viruses exist in the form of independent particles, or virions, consisting of the genetic material (DNA or RNA), a protein coat called capsid, and in some cases an outside envelope of lipids.
Tamasheq: Alwăq wa id wăr eha ammăs azăr wan erhinăn meɣ ehăn abăra n torhǝnna, burǝs tan ǝllăn tǝ s dumu n particle tan ǝjjănen teklăy n ǝmăn năsăn meɣ virions , eha asuj n etări (DNA meɣ RNA) , alfǝsta s ǝsǝm net capsid tolăs daɣ ǝhăndăgăn ǝyyăd envelob tăhăt ajjăma n lipid tan
English: The origins of viruses in the evolutionary history of life are unclear: some may have evolved from plasmids—pieces of DNA that can move between cells—while others may have evolved from bacteria.
Tamasheq: Aslunan n birus tan daɣ attarex n adduniya war ikna anfilal hullan. Iyyad idwalan ɣur plasmid tan—isuj n DNA addobat nen ahunin jir izirwan—as ijja awen iyyad addoben ad idwilan daɣ tiwikkawen
English: Viruses can spread in many ways.
Tamasheq: Birus tan addoben anafaz daɣ ihandagan ajjotnen