Tamazight-NLP/NLLB-Seed_Tamasheq-Latin-Script huggingface dataset:
English: In the early postwar decades, the colonies in Asia and Africa of the Belgian, British, Dutch, French, and other west European empires won their formal independence.
Tamasheq: Alwaq wan elan wi azarnen ən darat akənas, ikalan win Asiya ad Afrikiya ən kalan win Belge, britannique, Holandtan,Fransiya ad kalan wi iyadnen ən europe tan egadəl ən tafuk igrawan tənna ən tanoflayt.
English: The European Union's effectiveness was handicapped by the immaturity of its common economic and political institutions, somewhat comparable to the inadequacy of United States institutions under the Articles of Confederation prior to the adoption of the Constitution of the United States that came into force in 1789.
Tamasheq: Assexat wan tartit tan euroɗe təbdan ən təmadrit ən iguitan ən asdu ad fulatik ertayan, amigdah əndaran əs iban agədahat ən təmsədaw ən Etats-Unis daw tənawen tin tartit dat adakal ən tidit tan Etats-Unis təsənta ugiš gor 1789.
English: In the decades after World War II, these advances led to jet travel, artificial satellites with innumerable applications including the Global Positioning System (GPS), and the Internet.
Tamasheq: Daɣ elan wid dəlkamnen ye akənas wa maqaran, išənzitan iwayənd assikəl dag atiera tan assəkar, tahunt tatiwagat əs amikatən agotnen, əs harat wan assəbdad kul (GPS), ad ye internet.
English: Worldwide competition for natural resources has risen due to growing populations and industrialization, especially in India, China, and Brazil.
Tamasheq: Taməšiga ən adunya ye iguitan ahusktnen awed fal tagute ən adinat ad aguit ən izintan,adigan gor Inde, gor Šine ad gor Brésil.
English: An archive is an accumulation of historical records – in any media – or the physical facility in which they are located.
Tamasheq: Alkad ekal tamsədawt ən alkadan arunen –fal idud kul-meg afatax ye daɣ wa iha.
English: They have been metaphorically defined as "the secretions of an organism", and are distinguished from documents that have been consciously written or created to communicate a particular message to posterity.
Tamasheq: " Abdadnat daɣ ašanzi sund ""iguitan an mudaran"", izar abdan ad alkadan wi atwaktabnen əs tamusne meɣ ganen ye tənna ən batu igan dat azaman.
English: This means that archives are quite distinct from libraries with regard to their functions and organization, although archival collections can often be found within library buildings.
Tamasheq: Awen adaɣ tidila as alkadan iknan ebadi daɣ məngazatan ad ekalan gor tənfo nassan ad amsədu nassan, harwa timsədawen nalkadan adobatnat atwəgrəw dag tixəšmen tin alkadan.
English: Archaeologists have discovered archives of hundreds (and sometime thousands) of clay tablets going back to the third and second millennia BC in sites like Ebla, Mari, Amarna, Hattusas, Ugarit, and Pylos.
Tamasheq: Kal aru agrawan alkadan iwadnen timad (izr agud iyan efdan) ye tafəltak ən talaq tiwadat gor iwətyan wiw karad ad wis assin darat Nabi Issa. dag dagan sund Ebla, Mari, Amarna, Haƭusas, Ugarit ad Pylos.
English: However, they have been lost, since documents written on materials like papyrus and paper deteriorated at a faster pace, unlike their stone tablet counterparts.
Tamasheq: Aguden, atiwas sagalnat, falas alkadan wi iktabnen fal haratan sund alaflaf ad alkad ɣašadan šikanen, daɣ ebadi ən milhawen fal tafəltaq ən tahunt.
English: England after 1066 developed archives and archival research methods.
Tamasheq: Anglterre, darat 1066,təkraš alkadan ad adaratan win umax ən kal alkadan.
English: While there are many kinds of archives, the most recent census of archivists in the United States identifies five major types: academic, business (for profit), government, non-profit, and other.
Tamasheq: Harwa as tilan iritan agotnen nalkadan, assidən wa iknan tinayt nalkadan gor Etats-Unis izay səmos afranen : alkadan win texare ta maqarat,alkadan win hebu (win agraw ən azrif), alkadan win alhakum, alkadan wi waren iha hebu ad alkadan wiyadnen.
English: Access to the collections in these archives is usually by prior appointment only; some have posted hours for making inquiries.
Tamasheq: Ugiš gor timsədaw nalkadan win tag ɣas fal takən ;iyad ilan alwaq wan amer izgaran ye tamadilt ən asestan.
English: Examples of prominent business archives in the United States include Coca-Cola (which also owns the separate museum World of Coca-Cola), Procter and Gamble, Motorola Heritage Services and Archives, and Levi Strauss & Co. These corporate archives maintain historic documents and items related to the history and administration of their companies.
Tamasheq: Gar iritan ən alkadan ən ɣor Etats-Unis,naxra Əoəa-Əola (təlat deɣ edag azunan World of Coca-Cola), Procter and Gamble, Motorola Heritage Serɣice and Archives,ad Levi Straus & Co. Alkadan win ašəxal ogazan alkadan ad haratan arunen artaynen ad tafunst ad ašəxal ən tartit.
English: Workers in these types of archives may have any combination of training and degrees, from either a history or library background.
Tamasheq: Imašəxalan ən iritan nalkadan adoben agaraw mertay kul wan alamad ad takard, tizgarat almud ən tinfust mex dag tamusne edag wan alkadan.
English: In the United States, National Archives and Records Administration (NARA) maintains central archival facilities in the District of Columbia and College Park, Maryland, with regional facilities distributed throughout the United States.
Tamasheq: Gor Etats-Unis, National Archive and Records Administration (NANA) tətaf ugatan nalkadan win amas daɣ tazunt tan Columbia ad College Park, daɣ Maryland, ad ugatan ən kalan azunen fal akal wan amerique.
English: In the UK, the National Archives (formerly known as the Public Record Office) is the government archive for England and Wales.
Tamasheq: Gor Royaume-Uni, alkadan ən kalan (atiwazaynen aru fal issəm wan Public Record Offiəe) aqalan alkadan win alɣaqum ye Angleterre ad akal wan Pays de Galles.
English: Put together, the total volume of archives under the supervision of the French Archives Administration is the largest in the world.
Tamasheq: Ɣor asedən, agət ən alkadan daw akayad ən mašagalan win Franəe wan alkadan eqal wa iknan tahuskət ən adunya.
English: Archdioceses, dioceses, and parishes also have archives in the Roman Catholic and Anglican Churches.
Tamasheq: Tazunt ən lagristan, lagristan ad tihənaten tin amud ilan dex alkadan daɣ lagristan win Katholiktan ad romaintan ad angliəatan.
English: Often these institutions rely on grant funding from the government as well as the private funds.
Tamasheq: Timsədaw ten tazlay agud iyan ad tilalt ən alxaqum ad sund timsədaw afarnen.
English: Many museums keep archives in order to prove the provenance of their pieces.
Tamasheq: Ihanan agotnen ogazan alkadan ye alamad ən diha ad difəlan ikarəmatan.
English: This was a separate figure from the 1.3% that identified themselves as self-employed.
Tamasheq: Amos ašəkel ebdan ad 1,3% atiwazaynen sund anuflayan.
English: The archive's mission is to gather stories from women who want to express themselves, and want their stories heard.
Tamasheq: Əsalan win alkadan ekal agaraw ən tunfast ən deden ti arhanen magrəd ad ti arhanen as tinfasen nasnat ad atwəsəlnat.
English: The archives of an organization (such as a corporation or government) tend to contain other types of records, such as administrative files, business records, memos, official correspondence, and meeting minutes.
Tamasheq: Alkadan win tamsədawt (sund tartit mex alxaqum) ilan anyat ən ugiš ən iri nalkadan iyad, sund alkadan win ašaxal, alkadan win hebu, tənawen ašaxal, tasasawit ən alxaqum ad sənəfas ən taximiten.
English: Many of these donations have yet to be cataloged, but are currently in the process of being digitally preserved and made available to the public online.
Tamasheq: Ihuk agotnen war atwasadənan harwa,mašan han amaradaɣ tin atawar izar atwafan ye adinat.
English: International partners for archives are UNESCO and Blue Shield International in accordance with the Hague Convention for the Protection of Cultural Property from 1954 and its 2nd Protocol from 1999.
Tamasheq: Imašaxalan gar kalan ye alkadan amosan UNESƏO ad Blue Shield International, milhaw daɣ tarədawt tan Haye ye igoz ən təla ən tamusne gor 1954 ad əs igui was assin ɣor 1999.
English: Page, Morgan M. "One from the Vaults: Gossip, Access, and Trans History-Telling."
Tamasheq: "Page, Morgan M. "" One from the Vaults: Gossip, Aəəes, and Trans History-Telling.""
English: An example of this is Morgan M. Page’s description of disseminating transgender history directly to trans people through various social media and networking platforms like tumblr, Twitter, and Instagram, as well as via podcast.
Tamasheq: Iri nawen ekal asənəfas wan Morgan M. ašrut ən amsuxəl ən tafunst waren tatwazay šik gor adinat waren atwazay axil ən salan ən adinat ad tedagit tan agət ən rozotan sund tumblr, Twiƭer ad Instagram, ad harwa as ɗodəast.
English: With the options available through counter-archiving, there is the potential to "challenge traditional conceptions of history" as they are perceived within contemporary archives, which creates space for narratives that are often not present in many archival materials.
Tamasheq: "Daɣ təsiba tan timotayen ətilanen fal arakon wan təmuqunen, adobat ad ""adisisikit əsalan wən tinfas uurunen"atamosan eqalan atiwahayan daɣ amas ən tumuqunen tirunen, awa itagan edag ən əkitban wənan eqel agudiyan ayhan awinan iha alkadan ajotnen."
English: A biography, or simply bio, is a detailed description of a person's life.
Tamasheq: Awa tanfust ən tamudre, mex qas tamudre, eqal ayatimalan əs ƭibiɗawen ən tamudre nawadəm.
English: Biographical works are usually non-fiction, but fiction can also be used to portray a person's life.
Tamasheq: Əlkitaban wən təmalen aqalan harkuk awənn amos atiwazgaman, mašan unuzguman adoben intanedaɣ uɣil nayfan fal adalag ən tamudre nawadim.
English: Another well-known collection of ancient biographies is De vita Caesarum ("On the Lives of the Caesars") by Suetonius, written about AD 121 in the time of the emperor Hadrian.
Tamasheq: Iyan əlkitab atiwazaynen ən təmalen arunen eqal De ɣita Saesarum ("fal tamudre tan Sésars"(wan Stuétone, əktaban daɣ 121 aɗ. Nabi Issa, ugud wa anamokal Hadrien.
English: Hermits, monks, and priests used this historic period to write biographies.
Tamasheq: Kal finta, amaɣsadan əd kal usuk igan alwaq wendaɣ ən tənfas fal kitban ən təmalen.
English: One significant secular example of a biography from this period is the life of Charlemagne by his courtier Einhard.
Tamasheq: Asəgbar alwaqan asisagrahnen ən təmalen nalwaq wa eqalan tamudre tan Šarlamagne fal amadhal ənes Einhard.
English: They contained more social data for a large segment of the population than other works of that period.
Tamasheq: Ahantan haratan ogarnen daɣ garawan wən tərtit fal edag haruwan ən nədinat wəs iyad tirint daɣ alwaq wəndaɣ.
English: By the late Middle Ages, biographies became less church-oriented in Europe as biographies of kings, knights, and tyrants began to appear.
Tamasheq: Dax samando ən Moyen Âge, biographitan aqalnat agizilan dax Eglistan ən Europe, falas biographitan tan namokalan, tan manayan əd tan mašanšan ilanati.
English: Following Malory, the new emphasis on humanism during the Renaissance promoted a focus on secular subjects, such as artists and poets, and encouraged writing in the vernacular.
Tamasheq: Darat Malory, waynayan azaway atwagan fal adunyat alwaq wan Renaissance infa texare tan salan wi əslaynen, amosnen imazaran əd mabotan, əd asuhusku nakatab dax magrad ən kalakal.
English: Two other developments are noteworthy: the development of the printing press in the 15th century and the gradual increase in literacy.
Tamasheq: Əsin simutiyan iyad aqalan ayktaban : dawla wan imprimerie dax 15e temede nawatay əd dasiwid ikan isdat na səxir.
English: Influential in shaping popular conceptions of pirates, A General History of the Pyrates (1724), by Charles Johnson, is the prime source for the biographies of many well-known pirates.
Tamasheq: Iha dǎɣ formatontan nuzguman dədinat wi tikirnen, A General History of the Pyrates (1724), wən Charles Johnson, eqal tatazarat tabarat ən biographitan ən ajotnen makradan atiwazaynen.
English: Carlyle asserted that the lives of great human beings were essential to understanding society and its institutions.
Tamasheq: Carlyle ina as tamudre nədinat tagal harat adoben asəfihimi ən tənmitafen əd timsidawen nes.
English: Boswell's work was unique in its level of research, which involved archival study, eye-witness accounts and interviews, its robust and attractive narrative, and its honest depiction of all aspects of Johnson's life and character – a formula which serves as the basis of biographical literature to this day.
Tamasheq: Əlkitab wan Boswell eqal inta xas fal dawla numax ənes, dǎɣ taha taxare nəlkitaban, tinfas ən tujuhe nahanay əd batutan, dǎɣ tifas ənes asohatnen əd azigranat, əd timalines ən tidit dǎɣ haratan ən tamudre əd talxiwen tən Johnson - əmik wakanan santo ən texare tan biographie awendǎɣ ar ešalidǎɣ.
English: However, the number of biographies in print experienced a rapid growth, thanks to an expanding reading public.
Tamasheq: Əgudendǎɣ, hadi ən biographitan ədizgaran izay tiwat šik, dǎɣ təsəba nədinat wi maxran dǎɣ asihraw.
English: Periodicals began publishing a sequence of biographical sketches.
Tamasheq: Alawaqan əsintan azizgar ən seritan ən theâtre tan biographitan.
English: Sociological" biographies conceived of their subjects' actions as the result of the environment, and tended to downplay individuality.
Tamasheq: Wi tagan biographie "sociologitan" samakten əšəxilan ən salan sund adizgaranid tamusuq əd tirmit ən əsimidriy nawa iyandǎɣ."
English: The conventional concept of heroes and narratives of success disappeared in the obsession with psychological explorations of personality.
Tamasheq: Tinawt tartayan ən musuha əd tiffas ən dawla nasan igmadanin dǎɣ tarah tan nəsišicil nəniyat nədinat.
English: Up until this point, as Strachey remarked in the preface, Victorian biographies had been "as familiar as the cortège of the undertaker", and wore the same air of "slow, funereal barbarism."
Tamasheq: Awendǎɣ had harwa, sund awa isan Strachey dǎɣ santo, biographitan wi digrawnen aqalan ""terwe dǎɣ tax axlasan nufasan-ən tamatant"" əd ilsan iyandǎɣ adu ən "talafen hin əlanen əd tihay".
English: The book achieved worldwide fame due to its irreverent and witty style, its concise and factually accurate nature, and its artistic prose.
Tamasheq: Əlkitab iwadat ehandǎɣ nəsim dǎɣ adunyat dər tisiba ən temalsi ənes niba natiqal əd dinyat, ən xalaqa ənes tisanat əd damaradǎɣ əntadendǎɣ, əd dǎɣ magrad ənes wa namazar.
English: Robert Graves (I, Claudius, 1934) stood out among those following Strachey's model of "debunking biographies."
Tamasheq: "Robert Graves (l, Claudius, 1934) eqal aybdan əd wi əlkamnen ye əmik wan Strachey wən ""əsiknan asirtay ən biographitan"".
English: By World War I, cheap hard-cover reprints had become popular.
Tamasheq: Ugud wan Première Guerre Mondiale, asinilis ən hebu ahusken ən tamalsit tasogat aqalan ahoran ədinat.
English: Along with documentary biographical films, Hollywood produced numerous commercial films based on the lives of famous people.
Tamasheq: A olahan ən silmatan tən biographitan əktabnen, Hollywood iga ajotnen silmatan ən šanšan əganen fal tamudre nədinat əmarnan.
English: Unlike books and films, they often do not tell a chronological narrative: instead they are archives of many discrete media elements related to an individual person, including video clips, photographs, and text articles.
Tamasheq: Əbdanen dəlkitaban əd silmatan, wi tigin agudiyan tinfas na nilkaman : amosan wəndǎɣ əkitban ajotnen ən salan ifarnen artaynen dawadim iyandǎɣ, atamosan videotan, əmatkalan ən phatotan əd salan əktabnen.
English: General "life writing" techniques are a subject of scholarly study.
Tamasheq: "Əmusanan ətbanen ən "kətban naduniyat" tagan harat ən taxare tan musan
English: The information can come from "oral history, personal narrative, biography and autobiography” or "diaries, letters, memoranda and other materials".
Tamasheq: "Əsalan adoben tasawt dǎɣ ""tinfas ən magrad, tafust nawadim, dǎɣ tinfas ən tamudre əd dǎɣ tafust nawadim əktab " mex dǎɣ ""salan əstarnen, letre, memoirtan əd diyad buktutan.""
English: European-style castles originated in the 9th and 10th centuries, after the fall of the Carolingian Empire resulted in its territory being divided among individual lords and princes.
Tamasheq: Enuwan wi nalmaxna europeen adǎɣ dizgaran 9e əd 10e dǎɣ timad ən wityan, darat egadal wan Empire carolingien əsibab ye budutan nakalines gar anamokalan əd dagnamokalan.
English: Urban castles were used to control the local populace and important travel routes, and rural castles were often situated near features that were integral to life in the community, such as mills, fertile land, or a water source.
Tamasheq: Enuwan wi naxrim aqalan atiwatkalan dǎɣ igi nəniyat ye ədinat ən kalakal əd tabaraten tən salan ənfanen, əd enuwan wi kal finta eqalan ugud iyan aohazan harat wi taganen amas ən tamudre tan ədinat, sund gnikagnika, akal abirjen mex ašašil naman.
English: In the late 12th and early 13th centuries, a scientific approach to castle defence emerged.
Tamasheq: Dǎɣ samando ən 12e temede nawatay əd santo ən 13e temede nawatay, aohazan ye maxran dǎɣ uguz nenuwan wi tilanen.
English: These changes in defence have been attributed to a mixture of castle technology from the Crusades, such as concentric fortification, and inspiration from earlier defences, such as Roman forts.
Tamasheq: Əsimutuyan wən nuguz igan asirtay ən timusnawen tən nenuwan ədosanen dǎɣ tanmirtayt, sund asusuhu namas, əd tarha nuguz ta taruwat, sund wi asohatnen romaintan.
English: Although gunpowder was introduced to Europe in the 14th century, it did not significantly affect castle building until the 15th century, when artillery became powerful enough to break through stone walls.
Tamasheq: Ahuskat ejel wan canon igašan Europe dǎɣ 14e temede nawatay, wartigrew haratan ilanen tanfo fal tamuqunt tan nenuwan dat 15e temede nawatay, ugud wa imawan ən malfatan aqalan hulen asohen fal anabag ən xalan ən tuhun.
English: Feudalism was the link between a lord and his vassal where, in return for military service and the expectation of loyalty, the lord would grant the vassal land.
Tamasheq: Feodalismiya eqal aylan gar anamokal ən demašaɣal ənes yur, dǎɣ asimiskil dǎɣ əšəɣil wan marnan əd asigid wan tidit, amanokal ihaku idagan imašaxalan.
English: Castles served a range of purposes, the most important of which were military, administrative, and domestic.
Tamasheq: Enuwan ilan əšəxilan ajotnen, wis wiogarnen tanfo aqalan əmarnan, burawtan əd hinane.
English: As William the Conqueror advanced through England, he fortified key positions to secure the land he had taken.
Tamasheq: Dǎɣ anilkaman Guillaume wa namanokal əmišwar sa Angleterre, isisuhut almaxnatan itbatnen fal uguz nakal wa grawan.
English: A castle could act as a stronghold and prison but was also a place where a knight or lord could entertain his peers.
Tamasheq: Enu adobat arafu ye sasuhu əd kaso mašan aqal intadǎɣ edag yur emarn mex anamokal adobat adigriw imidawanes.
English: In different areas of the world, analogous structures shared features of fortification and other defining characteristics associated with the concept of a castle, though they originated in different periods and circumstances and experienced differing evolutions and influences.
Tamasheq: Dǎɣ təbidawt ən dagan na duniyat, tidawen oxadnen tuzanat talxiwen tən asusuhu əd tiyad talxiwen artaynen nəniyat wan nenuwan, ahuskat a saqalnat aywan hadagan əd dǎɣ təmuzuxen abdanen əd izaynat tiwat əd dagalan abdanen.
English: By the 16th century, when Japanese and European cultures met, fortification in Europe had moved beyond castles and relied on innovations such as the Italian trace italienne and star forts.
Tamasheq: Dǎɣ XVIe temede nawatay, ugud wa isigyak wən japonaitan əd europeentan timuqusan, adusuhu dǎɣ Europe okay ehandag wa enuwan əd sahatalan dǎɣ tiwaden ət tabarat tan italientan əd wi asohatnen dǎɣ etran.
English: The excavation of earth to make the mound left a ditch around the motte, called a moat (which could be either wet or dry).
Tamasheq: Eɣeš nakal fal uxin ən farajitan itiyu tagaša dǎɣ ahaz ən farajitan, sitawana tagaša ( eqalan aybdagan mex aquran).
English: It was a common feature of castles, and most had at least one.
Tamasheq: Eqal talxa taoharan enuwan, əd diyad dak ilan əndar iyandǎɣ.
English: Water was supplied by a well or cistern.
Tamasheq: Aman tawahaken senuwan mex əs turaft.
English: Although often associated with the motte-and-bailey type of castle, baileys could also be found as independent defensive structures.
Tamasheq: Ahuskat as ugudiyan artaynat denuwan wi əmik wan tagaš-əd-bailey, baileys adoben əntanedǎɣ uxil tidawen nuguz imanasan.
English: Keep" was not a term used in the medieval period – the term was applied from the 16th century onwards – instead "donjon" was used to refer to great towers, or turris in Latin.
Tamasheq: Donjon" wareqel isim amitkalan alwaq wan medievale – isim a dǎɣ eqal aygan ugud wan 16e temede nawatay dǎɣ edag, ""donjon"" eqal amitkalan fal ariqil imaqornen irakonan, mex turris dǎɣ latin."
English: Although often the strongest part of a castle and a last place of refuge if the outer defences fell, the keep was not left empty in case of attack but was used as a residence by the lord who owned the castle, or his guests or representatives.
Tamasheq: Ahuskat as agudiyan tasune ta togarat isuhu ən nanu əd tatilkat tugit nugud nagadal nuguz wan sagama, donjon wareqel iyiwayan ba dǎɣ ugud wa natuwgiš mašan taqalanat ihinan ən namokalan ilanen enuwan, ye naftaxan mex wi ahanen idag ənes.
English: Walkways along the tops of the curtain walls allowed defenders to rain missiles on enemies below, and battlements gave them further protection.
Tamasheq: Dagetan dǎɣ tizigrit nimawan ən dagan infanen imagazan atigin agina əs projectiltan fal mušunga ilanen sider, əd creneautan ət tan hakanen tagazt maqarat.
English: The front of the gateway was a blind spot and to overcome this, projecting towers were added on each side of the gate in a style similar to that developed by the Romans.
Tamasheq: Dat ashir eqal edag warahen idinat əd fal asafar, egilitan dǎɣ nazagar aqalan awidan safirdak nəshir dǎɣ əmik wa olahan əd wa maqiran əs Romaintan.
English: The passage through the gatehouse was lengthened to increase the amount of time an assailant had to spend under fire in a confined space and unable to retaliate.
Tamasheq: Tabarat tatimarat ehan wa militairtan taqal asisagdahan fal asiwid nalwaq ye maxdaran anihaga arakiy daw afew dǎɣ edag atiwakatan əd waradobat asuxil.
English: They were most likely used to drop objects on attackers, or to allow water to be poured on fires to extinguish them.
Tamasheq: Aqalnat ugudak amitkalan fal igi nagadal ən harat fal maxdaran, mex fal arudaben ya sagilan aman dǎɣ fewan fal dǎɣ samando atan əgin.
English: A smaller horizontal opening could be added to give an archer a better view for aiming.
Tamasheq: Ashir arigayragay ən wadiran adobat ariqil asewadan fal huk nere itijaran ahanay ahusken fal adisigdah.
English: The earliest fortifications originated in the Fertile Crescent, the Indus Valley, Egypt, and China where settlements were protected by large walls.
Tamasheq: Widazarnene imusuha adǎɣ dizgaran dǎɣ dagan abirjatnen, gartuhun wi Indus, Egypttan əd Chinetan, yur muzɣan aqalnen aogazan ɣalan maqornen.
English: Many earthworks survive today, along with evidence of palisades to accompany the ditches.
Tamasheq: Ajotnen alkitaban ən nakal itilanen ešalidǎɣ, dəd driš ən ɣalan adewnen ən tigašiwen.
English: Although primitive, they were often effective, and were only overcome by the extensive use of siege engines and other siege warfare techniques, such as at the Battle of Alesia.
Tamasheq: Ahuskat wa dazaran, aqalan agudiyan asohen əd aqalan awidan əs fal asišixil ən harkuk dǎɣ haratan wi siège əd diyad əmikan nakinas wan siège, sund ugud wa tanmigašt tan Alesia.