Tamazight-NLP/NLLB-Seed_Tamasheq-Latin-Script huggingface dataset:
English: Vascular land plants make lignin, a polymer used to strengthen the secondary cell walls of xylem tracheids and vessels to keep them from collapsing when a plant sucks water through them under water stress.
Tamasheq: Ihishkan n akal chund lignin, polymer exdaman i aassuhi n iɣalayan win issin n xylem tracheids d vessels i a tan ogazan daɣ egadal alwaq wa id iswa ahishk aman sarsan daw aman
English: Others, such as the essential oils peppermint oil and lemon oil are useful for their aroma, as flavourings and spices (e.g., capsaicin), and in medicine as pharmaceuticals as in opium from opium poppies.
Tamasheq: Iyyad chund peppermint oil d sitron infan harat daɣ ihuk n adu (almital capsaicin) tolas daɣ medecine chund isifran chund opium daɣ opium poppies
English: For example, the pain killer aspirin is the acetyl ester of salicylic acid, originally isolated from the bark of willow trees, and a wide range of opiate painkillers like heroin are obtained by chemical modification of morphine obtained from the opium poppy.
Tamasheq: Almital, tablalt ta tanaqqit tazzurt t aqqal acetyl ester n acid saticlic daɣ alasal azun id tafrinka n ihishkan win willow trees, d ichikil n tiblalen ti n aqqinen tazzurt chund heroin ta tajraw nat s amutti n morphine ta tajraw at daɣ opium poppy
English: Native Americans have used various plants as ways of treating illness or disease for thousands of years.
Tamasheq: Ameriken tan win akal assaxdaman ihishkan ajjotnen chund abara tan n asafar n tirhinna n afdan n iwityan
English: Sugar, starch, cotton, linen, hemp, some types of rope, wood and particle boards, papyrus and paper, vegetable oils, wax, and natural rubber are examples of commercially important materials made from plant tissues or their secondary products.
Tamasheq: Assukar, edaɣdaɣ, koton, ikarchayan, hemp, ichikilan iyyad n aɣan, ahishk d particle boards, papyrus, d alkad, dilwilan, wax,d rubber aqqalan almitalan n isuj n asuk assohat nen iknanen daɣ ihishkan meɣ asuj wan nasan wan issin
English: Products made from cellulose include rayon and cellophane, wallpaper paste, biobutanol and gun cotton.
Tamasheq: Isuj iknanen daɣcellulose eha rayon d cellophane, wallpaper, biotunatol d gus cotton,
English: Some ecologists even rely on empirical data from indigenous people that is gathered by ethnobotanists.
Tamasheq: Ecologist tan iyyad sifallan fal isalan n addinat win akal id issedwan ehnobotanist tan
English: Plants depend on certain edaphic (soil) and climatic factors in their environment but can modify these factors too.
Tamasheq: Ihishkan ilkaman i edaphic iyyan d marsalan n amutti n azzaman daɣ ahinzazaɣ nasan mucham addobat asammuti n marsalan har ajjudi
English: They interact with their neighbours at a variety of spatial scales in groups, populations and communities that collectively constitute vegetation.
Tamasheq: Anmartayan n inarhajan nasans iddikud daɣ taqqimen , ichaɣiban d tawseten s fuk nasan aqqalan ihishkan
English: Gregor Mendel discovered the genetic laws of inheritance by studying inherited traits such as shape in Pisum sativum (peas).
Tamasheq: Gregor Mendel ijraw achareɣa tanwin etari s teɣare n samalan win etari s dumu daɣ Pisusm sativum (peas)
English: Nevertheless, there are some distinctive genetic differences between plants and other organisms.
Tamasheq: Kud ijja awen daɣ, illan ti anmazlayan ajjontnen jir ahisks d tamaxulat
English: The many cultivated varieties of wheat are the result of multiple inter- and intra-specific crosses between wild species and their hybrids.
Tamasheq: Ichikilan wi ajjotnen igyaknen n erig aqqalan ittus wa ewad anmirtay wan jir d wan ammas jir ichikilan n imudaran d amiskal nasan
English: In many land plants the male and female gametes are produced by separate individuals.
Tamasheq: Daɣ ihishkan n meddan d dede n akal gametes tan tiriwan tan addinat azunen
English: The formation of stem tubers in potato is one example.
Tamasheq: Tartit n tuyo tan daɣ bombater eqqal almital iyyan
English: Apomixis can also happen in a seed, producing a seed that contains an embryo genetically identical to the parent.
Tamasheq: Apomixis addobăt ad ej daɣ adom, ǝtărăw adom eha ăšnăɣ olăhăn ǝd emărăw net
English: An allopolyploid plant may result from a hybridisation event between two different species.
Tamasheq: Ahishl wan allopolyploid izajar id amaskal n issin ichikilan izlaynen
English: Some otherwise sterile plant polyploids can still reproduce vegetatively or by seed apomixis, forming clonal populations of identical individuals.
Tamasheq: Poliplwad tan n ǝhǝškăn ǝyyăd war ǝtǝru addoben ad arǝwăn meɣ s adom wăn apomixis aqqǝl nen ǝšăɣǝbăn n addǝnăt olăhnen
English: Common dandelion is a triploid that produces viable seeds by apomictic seed.
Tamasheq: Dandelon oharan n triploid itiruwan idomman olaɣnen s adom wan apomictic
English: The sequencing of some other relatively small genomes, of rice (Oryza sativa) and Brachypodium distachyon, has made them important model species for understanding the genetics, cellular and molecular biology of cereals, grasses and monocots generally.
Tamasheq: Anmizar n genome tan iyyad madroynen , n tafaɣat (Oryza sativa) d Brachypodium distachyon ijjan tan ichikil n afaham n genetics, biology tan cellular d molecular n attaɣam, alammuz d monocots
English: Spinach, peas, soybeans and a moss Physcomitrella patens are commonly used to study plant cell biology.
Tamasheq: Spinach , tanzant, soybean d moss Physcomitrella patens ammos a exdaman i teɣare n biology tan ahishk
English: Gene expression can also be controlled by repressor proteins that attach to silencer regions of the DNA and prevent that region of the DNA code from being expressed.
Tamasheq: asiwil wan gene addobat a ti ewakkal repressor proteins i taqqanan silencer rejion tan n DNA tolas t igdalat i rejion i kod wan DNA i asiwil
English: Some epigenetic changes have been shown to be heritable, while others are reset in the germ cells.
Tamasheq: Imuttiyan n epigenetic atwan aqqalan harat n etari, as ijja awen iyyad amisaɣalan daɣ germ cells
English: Unlike animals, many plant cells, particularly those of the parenchyma, do not terminally differentiate, remaining totipotent with the ability to give rise to a new individual plant.
Tamasheq: Daɣ anmizlay id arizzej, ihishkan ajjotnen, hullan win parenchyma, war imda anmizlay nasan, aqqalan totipotent addobat nen ad aru an ahishk eynayan
English: The algae are a polyphyletic group and are placed in various divisions, some more closely related to plants than others.
Tamasheq: Algae tan aqqalan taqqimt n polyphyletic tolas ahan tizunawen ajjotnen , t iyyad iknan at arrak s ihiskan fal wi yadnen
English: The Charophyte class Charophyceae and the land plant sub-kingdom Embryophyta together form the monophyletic group or clade Streptophytina.
Tamasheq: Charophyte class Charophyceae d ahishk wan amadal sub-kingdom Embryophyta fuk nasan aqqalan taqqimt tan monophyletic meɣ clade Streptophytina
English: Pteridophytic vascular plants with true xylem and phloem that reproduced by spores germinating into free-living gametophytes evolved during the Silurian period and diversified into several lineages during the late Silurian and early Devonian.
Tamasheq: Ihishkan win Pteridophytic ilanen xylem wan tiditt d phloem itiruwan s spores itifuqen s karad gametophyte tan daɣ azzaman wan Silurian tolas ijjatan s ihandagan ajjotnen daɣ Silurian wan darat d Devonian wan tizarat
English: Their reduced gametophytes developed from megaspores retained within the spore-producing organs (megasporangia) of the sporophyte, a condition known as endospory.
Tamasheq: Gametophyte tan nasan ifnaznen ijja efes nasan daɣ megaspore tan ahanen spore-producing organs (megasporangia) n sporophyte, talɣa ti wassanat s endospory
English: The earliest known seed plants date from the latest Devonian Famennian stage.
Tamasheq: Ihishkan win tizarat tawassannen ijlan wan azzaman wan Devonian Famenian wan uchray
English: Chemicals obtained from the air, soil and water form the basis of all plant metabolism.
Tamasheq: Chemicals ti w ajraw nen daɣ adu, akal d aman taqqalan tijittawt n metabolism n ahishk fuk
English: Heterotrophs including all animals, all fungi, all completely parasitic plants, and non-photosynthetic bacteria take in organic molecules produced by photoautotrophs and respire them or use them in the construction of cells and tissues.
Tamasheq: Heterotrophs ahan irizzejan fuk, ihanan n alchinan fuk, ihishkan fuk win marsal d non-photosynthetic bacteria jarraw an molecule tan ti eraw photoautotrophs tolas asunfis tan meɣ exdam tan daɣ edey n cells d tissues
English: Subcellular transport of ions, electrons and molecules such as water and enzymes occurs across cell membranes.
Tamasheq: Asikil n sucellular wan ion tan, electron tan d molecule tan chund aman d enzymes i taj fal cell membrane tan
English: Examples of elements that plants need to transport are nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium, calcium, magnesium, and sulfur.
Tamasheq: Almital tan n haratan wi s arha ahishk asikil nasan amosan nitrogen, phophorus, potassium, calcium, magnesium d sulfur
English: This compound mediates the tropic responses of shoots and roots towards light and gravity.
Tamasheq: Mediates win artaynen alwazaban win tropic n tasidwalt d ikewan s annur d gravity
English: The natural cytokinin zeatin was discovered in corn, Zea mays, and is a derivative of the purine adenine.
Tamasheq: Cytokinin zeatin it w ajraw daɣ erij, kolkoti wan zea tolas izjar id purine adenine
English: They are involved in the promotion of germination and dormancy-breaking in seeds, in regulation of plant height by controlling stem elongation and the control of flowering.
Tamasheq: Ahan daɣ tiw-at n ifuqqi tan d terazze n dormancy daɣ tisidwal,daɣ amukin n tizzijrit n tadamalut tan ahishk d awikkil n ifrinkittan
English: It was so named because it was originally thought to control abscission.
Tamasheq: Ikna tila n isim fal as daɣ attarex itiwaɣal as ad eɣlis tuzant
English: Another class of phytohormones is the jasmonates, first isolated from the oil of Jasminum grandiflorum which regulates wound responses in plants by unblocking the expression of genes required in the systemic acquired resistance response to pathogen attack.
Tamasheq: Ichikil iyyan n phytohormones eqqal jasmonates, iskatan s tizarat daɣ udi wan Jasmin grandiflorum wa ikan in alwazaban win ihayojan daɣ ihishkan s agabal n asiwil n gene tan ilzaman daɣ alwazab ijjan i tadlimt tan n awa isarhanan
English: Non-vascular plants, the liverworts, hornworts and mosses do not produce ground-penetrating vascular roots and most of the plant participates in photosynthesis.
Tamasheq: Ihishkan wi war n ila ikewan chund liverworts, hornworts d mosses war t iriwan ikewan tajjach nen akal tolas ijjit n ihishkan tajjachan photosynthesis
English: Cells in each system are capable of creating cells of the other and producing adventitious shoots or roots.
Tamasheq: Cells tan daɣ sistem fuk addoben ad aɣnin cells tan n wa yadan tolas ariwan tadamalut meɣ ikewan infanen
English: In the event that one of the systems is lost, the other can often regrow it.
Tamasheq: A fal iyyan daɣ sistem tan assujjal, wa yadan a ti id issidwil
English: In vascular plants, the xylem and phloem are the conductive tissues that transport resources between shoots and roots.
Tamasheq: Daɣ ǝhǝškăn w-ǝn ǝkewăn, xylem d floem aqqălăn ǝzǝrwăn w-ǝ tăsăkăl nen jǝr tădămălut d ǝkewăn
English: Leaves gather sunlight and carry out photosynthesis.
Tamasheq: Ifrinkittan sadawan annur tolas tiwiyan photosynthesis
English: Angiosperms are seed-producing plants that produce flowers and have enclosed seeds.
Tamasheq: Angiosperm tan aqqalan ihishkan wi tirunen ihishkan hakkin nen ifrinkittan tolas ilan adom assikaran
English: Some plants reproduce sexually, some asexually, and some via both means.
Tamasheq: Ihishkan iyyad tiriwan s tartit, iyyad s iban tartit d iyyad s immikan wi fuk
English: Biological classification is a form of scientific taxonomy.
Tamasheq: Amaskat wan abarkot eqqal dumu n scientific taxonomy
English: While scientists do not always agree on how to classify organisms, molecular phylogenetics, which uses DNA sequences as data, has driven many recent revisions along evolutionary lines and is likely to continue to do so.
Tamasheq: Kud inta scientifik tan harkuk war ardeɣan fal immik wa s iskatan tamaxluken , molecular phylogenetics, wi axdamnen s DNA chund isalan, ewayan imasuɣilan ajjotnen eynaynen id iyaka tan ikkannen s data tolas war eha ach-ak as ad aki daɣ awen
English: The nomenclature of botanical organisms is codified in the International Code of Nomenclature for algae, fungi, and plants (ICN) and administered by the International Botanical Congress.
Tamasheq: Noenclature tan botanical organisms tikkodat daɣ International Code of Nomenclature i algae, ehan n alcginan d ihishkan (ICN) tolas exkam ti International Botanical Congress.
English: The scientific name of a plant represents its genus and its species within the genus, resulting in a single worldwide name for each organism.
Tamasheq: Isim n ahishk wan scientifik eha edag n genus d ichikilan net daɣ genus, id ichrayan s isim iyyan daɣ alɣali i tamaxluk fuk
English: The combination is the name of the species.
Tamasheq: Anmirtay eqqal isim n taqqimt n imudaran
English: The evolutionary relationships and heredity of a group of organisms is called its phylogeny.
Tamasheq: Iharojan d etari n taqqimt n tamaxluk isim net phylogeny
English: As an example, species of Pereskia are trees or bushes with prominent leaves.
Tamasheq: Chund almital, taqqimt n imudaran win Pereskia aqqalan ihishkan meɣ irajjan ilanen ifrinkittan chajrotnen
English: Judging relationships based on shared characters requires care, since plants may resemble one another through convergent evolution in which characters have arisen independently.
Tamasheq: Acharaɣ n iharojan ijjanen fal samalan azunnen azilzam iji n anniyat, fal as ihishkan addoben ad alahan id wi yadnen s amutti iddewan daɣ id idwalan samalan fal iman nasan
English: Only derived characters, such as the spine-producing areoles of cacti, provide evidence for descent from a common ancestor.
Tamasheq: Samalan ɣas wi id izjarnen chund spine-producing areoles n cacti eqqal asidduti n tila n awich-ar oharan
English: The difference is that the genetic code itself is used to decide evolutionary relationships, instead of being used indirectly via the characters it gives rise to.
Tamasheq: Anmizlay amos as kod wan etari iman net exdam i musnat n iharojjan ohun exadam net s samalan ti isadwal
English: Genetic evidence suggests that the true evolutionary relationship of multicelled organisms is as shown in the cladogram below – fungi are more closely related to animals than to plants.
Tamasheq: Asidduti n wan etari asilmad as aharoj wan tidit n taimaxluken ajjotnen eqqal immik wa s ijja daɣ cladogram wan sider- ihanan win alchinan orakan hullan s arizzej ohun ihishkan
English: Investigating how plant species are related to each other allows botanists to better understand the process of evolution in plants.
Tamasheq: Imuɣ n immik wa s taqqimen n ihishkan olah nat id ti yadnen ijjarraw i botanist tan ad afhaman hullan tamikwayt tan amutti n ihishkan
English: Although humans have always been interested in the natural history of the animals they saw around them, and made use of this knowledge to domesticate certain species, the formal study of zoology can be said to have originated with Aristotle.
Tamasheq: Kuddeɣ as addinat iknan in hullan ejarri n attarex wan irrizejjan wi ahanen edes has-san tolas assaxdaman musnat ten i ad asuninan issikilan iyyad, teɣare n zoology addobat ad itwan as asinti net Aristotle
English: Modern zoology has its origins during the Renaissance and early modern period, with Carl Linnaeus, Antonie van Leeuwenhoek, Robert Hooke, Charles Darwin, Gregor Mendel and many others.
Tamasheq: Zoology wan uchray ila iɣanni tan net daɣ Renaissance d azzaman wa uchray ezzaran id Carl Linnaeus, Antonie Van Leuuwenhoek, Robert Hooke, Charles Darwin, Gregor Mendel d iyyad ajjotnen
English: There are cave paintings, engravings and sculptures in France dating back 15,000 years showing bison, horses and deer in carefully rendered detail.
Tamasheq: Illan ti idalojan win aru d echwalan daɣ France ilanen 1500 n awatay issiknanen bison, ibijwan,d eswan s almaɣna iknan aqqad
English: Ancient knowledge of wildlife is illustrated by the realistic depictions of wild and domestic animals in the Near East, Mesopotamia and Egypt, including husbandry practices and techniques, hunting and fishing.
Tamasheq: Musnat tan aru n arizzej n asuf iknan ti asukin idalojan win tiditt n arizzej wan asuf d wa annunan daɣ Near East, Mesopotamia d Egypt eha tamadint d tikarsiwen , ahuyi d ittur n imanan
English: Aristotle, in the fourth century BC, looked at animals as living organisms, studying their structure, development and vital phenomena.
Tamasheq: Aristotle , daɣ awatay wan 400 data annabi ɣisa , ikyad daɣ arizzej chund timaxluken iddarnen, eɣra edey nasan, efes d almaɣna n tamudre
English: Four hundred years later, Roman physician Galen dissected animals to study their anatomy and the function of the different parts, because the dissection of human cadavers was prohibited at the time.
Tamasheq: Akkozăt tǝmăd n awătăy dărăt awa, Galen wan lăɣtor n Roma ora arǝzzej ǝ ad eɣir ǝššikǝl n edey năsăn d alxǝdmăt tan ǝššrutăn ǝzlăynen fal as ameri n alzănăzăt n addǝnăt ǝmnăɣ daɣ azzămăn wen daɣ
English: In Europe, Galen's work on anatomy remained largely unsurpassed and unchallenged up until the 16th century.
Tamasheq: Daɣ Eroba, alxidmat tan Galen fal ichikil n edey ehoj hullan war ti illa a ti okayan tolas a ti amiɣannan har awatay wan 1600
English: Having previously been the realm of gentlemen naturalists, over the 18th, 19th and 20th centuries, zoology became an increasingly professional scientific discipline.
Tamasheq: S kala eqqal daɣ tizzarat abara wan gentlemen naturalist daɣ awatay wan 1800, 1900 d 2000, zoology t aqqal hullan ezaraj n teɣaretan sicentifik
English: These developments, as well as the results from embryology and paleontology, were synthesized in the 1859 publication of Charles Darwin's theory of evolution by natural selection; in this Darwin placed the theory of organic evolution on a new footing, by explaining the processes by which it can occur, and providing observational evidence that it had done so.
Tamasheq: Efes win hak id awa id izjaran embryology d paleontology, akulukalawan daɣ akatab n attarex wan Charles Darwin daɣ awatay wan 1859 n achiwinki s data s nefran n batil; daɣ awen mirda wan Darwin n iki s data s tikkelt teynayat , s afaham n timitikwayen n immik wa s itaj tolas ekf asidittu n akayad wa i ijja awen
English: Darwin gave a new direction to morphology and physiology, by uniting them in a common biological theory: the theory of organic evolution.
Tamasheq: Darwin ikf tasidik teynayt i morphology d physiology s asarti nasan daɣmirda n biology oharan: mirda wan iki s data
English: An early necessity was to identify the organisms and group them according to their characteristics, differences and relationships, and this is the field of the taxonomist.
Tamasheq: Harat daɣ tilzamat tan tizarat t aqqal musnat n timaxluken tolas asidu nasan s samalan nasan, anmizlayan nasan d tartit nasan, tolas awen eqqal abara wan taxonomist
English: His ideas were centered on the morphology of animals.
Tamasheq: Ta-ite tan net ijjan at fal dumu n irizzejan
English: These groupings have since been revised to improve consistency with the Darwinian principle of common descent.
Tamasheq: Isidiwan win olasan at wikyad iyyan i asimmuti n assahat n ichiritan win Darwin n attarex oharan
English: Homo is the genus, and sapiens the specific epithet, both of them combined make up the species name.
Tamasheq: Homo eqqal genus tolas sapiens tasassaɣrot iyyat, fuk nasan artayan hak in isim n taqqimen n imudaran
English: The dominant classification system is called the Linnaean taxonomy.
Tamasheq: Sistem n asakat wan ojjaran isim net Linnaean Taxonomy
English: Understanding the structure and function of cells is fundamental to all of the biological sciences.
Tamasheq: Afaham n edey d alxidmat n izirwan eqqal a ilzaman i biological science tan fuk
English: It focuses on how organs and organ systems work together in the bodies of humans and animals, in addition to how they work independently.
Tamasheq: Ijja fal immik wa s ɣuduw d sistem tan win ɣuduw oharan alxidmat daɣ tiɣiswen n addinat d irizzejan i asiwad n immik wa s axadman iyyan fuk
English: Physiological studies have traditionally been divided into plant physiology and animal physiology, but some principles of physiology are universal, no matter what particular organism is being studied.
Tamasheq: Tiɣir tin tiɣiswen daɣ alasal azzunnat s plant taɣissa tan ahihk d taɣissa tan arizzej mucham ichiritan n ichikil n taɣissa olahan daɣ alɣalim a t imos tamaxluk fuk ta fal tijja teɣare
English: For example, it generally involves scientists who have special training in particular organisms such as mammalogy, ornithology, herpetology, or entomology, but use those organisms as systems to answer general questions about evolution.
Tamasheq: Daɣ almital, ahan ti harkuk sicent tan ijjanen teɣare n timaxluken chund mammology, omithology, herpetology, meɣ entomology mucham asaxdim n timaxluken tin s sitem tan i alwazab n isistanan ajjotnen fal tamattit
English: Ethologists have been particularly concerned with the evolution of behavior and the understanding of behavior in terms of the theory of natural selection.
Tamasheq: Ethologists taqqal tan id talɣa tan tamattit n alxal d afaham n alxal daɣ mirda wan nefran n batil
English: While researchers practice techniques specific to molecular biology, it is common to combine these with methods from genetics and biochemistry.
Tamasheq: Kud inta alxidmat n tikarsiwen n kel farak i molecular biology, raqqis asirtay n tikarsiwen tin s genetics d biochemistry
English: Biological systematics is the study of the diversification of living forms, both past and present, and the relationships among living things through time.
Tamasheq: Biological system eqqal teɣare n asijjit n dumu tan n tamudre wa okayan d wan aarad tols tartit n imudaran iddar nen s azzaman
English: Phylogenetic trees of species and higher taxa are used to study the evolution of traits (e.g., anatomical or molecular characteristics) and the distribution of organisms (biogeography).
Tamasheq: taqqimen n ihishkan n phylogenetic d taxa wa chajren axdaman i teɣare n samalan n imutiyan (almital:samalan win anatomical meɣ molecular) tolas tazunt n tiimaxluken (biogeography)
English: Biological systematics classifies species by using three specific branches.
Tamasheq: Biological systematics azunan ichikilan imudran s karad iliktan izlaynen
English: Experimental systematics identifies and classifies animals based on the evolutionary units that comprise a species, as well as their importance in evolution itself.
Tamasheq: Sistematik tan amyiz tǝssăn tolas tăzun ǝrǝzzejăn s tǝšǝten năsăn ǝjjănen jǝr ǝššǝkǝlăn hak ǝd assăhăt năsăn daɣ amuti năsăn
English: Explaining the biodiversity of the planet and its organisms.
Tamasheq: Afissar n biodersity n alɣalim d organizm tan
English: Taxonomy is that part of Systematics concerned with topics (a) to (d) above.
Tamasheq: Taxonomy taqqal achrut n Systematics taqqal fal topic tan (a) har (d)
English: However, in modern usage, they can all be considered synonyms of each other.
Tamasheq: Hak id ijja awen, daɣ majrad wan uchray, addoben ad aqqilan inamaɣran n iyyan fuk
English: Some claim systematics alone deals specifically with relationships through time, and that it can be synonymous with phylogenetics, broadly dealing with the inferred hierarchy of organisms.
Tamasheq: Iyyad tajjin systematics ɣas id aqqalnen iharojan daɣ azzaman tolas addobat ad eqqil anammaɣraw n phylogenetics, taqqalat fal anmillal n timaxluken
English: Scientific classifications are aids in recording and reporting information to other scientists and to laymen.
Tamasheq: Iskutan win Scientifik tan aqqalan tidhilen daɣ aɣazan d alaɣi n isalan i scientist tan wi yadnen tolas i aljuhal