Tamazight-NLP/NLLB-Seed_Tamasheq-Latin-Script huggingface dataset:
English: It was more efficient to starve the garrison out than to assault it, particularly for the most heavily defended sites.
Tamasheq: Ojjar as raqqis asijru n laz taqqimt n alɣiskir uhun aftaqqi fal as hullan daɣ sit tan wi iknanen atwigiz
English: A long siege could slow down the army, allowing help to come or for the enemy to prepare a larger force for later.
Tamasheq: Aɣafal ehojan addobat ikus n assahat daɣ alghiskir har id ariw awen tadhilen meɣ i emazangaw ad issidu assahat i a ilkaman
English: If forced to assault a castle, there were many options available to the attackers.
Tamasheq: A fal eqqal aftaqqi fal chato a ilkaman i assahat, illan ti addabara tan ajjotnen i inadlaman
English: The trebuchet, which probably evolved from the petraria in the 13th century, was the most effective siege weapon before the development of cannons.
Tamasheq: Tetanbawt s war eha ach-ak as sa s Petraria a did tifal ɣur awatay wan 1300, taqqal albarod issohen i aɣafal n militer data tiwit tin albarodan
English: Ballistas or springalds were siege engines that worked on the same principles as crossbows.
Tamasheq: Ballista id springald aqqalan tazoli ti tajjit alxidmat chund tan tišangay
English: They were more commonly used against the garrison rather than the buildings of a castle.
Tamasheq: Ojjar awa iwatan taqqimen tin alɣiskir uhun awa ijjašan ihanan win šato
English: A mine leading to the wall would be dug and once the target had been reached, the wooden supports preventing the tunnel from collapsing would be burned.
Tamasheq: Alɣam ta tikkat siha s aɣalay ad teɣešt alwaq wata id ewad awa eqqalan ittus , ad igiš efew ahišk wa igdalan i anu ad aftaqqat
English: A counter-mine could be dug towards the besiegers' tunnel; assuming the two converged, this would result in underground hand-to-hand combat.
Tamasheq: Alɣam wa iknan i inadlaman ad eɣeš siha sarsan s a fal tijja tamuqqest, a did ariw akinnas wan ifassan
English: They were used to force open the castle gates, although they were sometimes used against walls with less effect.
Tamasheq: Kala s alxidmat nasan war taqqel ar amiri n albaban win šato tan, kuddeɣ as alwaqqan iyyed t iw axdaman iɣalayan war taha assahat.
English: A safer option for those assaulting a castle was to use a siege tower, sometimes called a belfry.
Tamasheq: Addabara wa eha alxer i addinat wi tiftaqqitnen fal šato war eqqel ar asaxdim n awa s itawan belfry
English: The estates of the realm, or three estates, were the broad orders of social hierarchy used in Christendom (Christian Europe) from the Middle Ages to early modern Europe.
Tamasheq: Ikallan wi ahanen daɣ tanaya tan rayis,megh karad ikallan aqqalan alxaq daɣ tamazduq assigla iddin wan ikufar ( ikufar win euroba) ɣur iwityan win aru har Euroba tan ušray.
English: The monarchy included the king and the queen, while the system was made up of clergy (the First Estate), nobles (Second Estate), peasants and bourgeoisie (Third Estate).
Tamasheq: Almalikiya ehet almalik id almalikat as ijja sistem artayan daɣ is kahanat tan ( Amuzar n akal), imissirha (kal akal wi ilkamnen) tilaqqawen id addinat win ammas (kel akal win karad)
English: In England, a two-estate system evolved that combined nobility and clergy into one lordly estate with "commons" as the second estate.
Tamasheq: “Daɣ Britania, akal ilan issin sistem tan issirtayan imissirha id kahanat tan daɣ edag iyyan n tanaya n almalik with “common tan” as aqqalan kel akal win issin”
English: In Scotland, the Three Estates were the Clergy (First Estate), Nobility (Second Estate), and Shire Commissioners, or "burghers" (Third Estate), representing the bourgeois, middle class, and lower class.
Tamasheq: “Daɣ addawla tan Ecosse, kel akal win karad aqqalan qahanat ( amuzar n akal), imissirha ( kel akal win issin), id komiser wa iwikalan akal meɣ ““burgher tan”” (Win karad) imosnen inušaman, addinat win ammas id wi war taha assahat”
English: Since clergy could not marry, such mobility was theoretically limited to one generation.
Tamasheq: Alwaq wa s kahanat war addoben adubin , tamašarwayat ten tizzukat ɣur tawlid iyyat
English: Huizinga The Waning of the Middle Ages (1919, 1924:47).
Tamasheq: Huizinga afanaz n iwityan wi arunen (1919, 1924:47).
English: Commoners were universally considered the lowest order.
Tamasheq: Commoner tan itiwassan daɣ alɣalim as aqqalan addinat wi darat daɣ tamazduq
English: In many regions and realms there also existed population groups born outside these specifically defined resident estates.
Tamasheq: Daɣ rejion tan id ikallan ajjotnen imalan ti daɣ idagan daɣ exlaq išaɣib daɣ tifirray n idagan win
English: The economic and political transformation of the countryside in the period were filled by a large growth in population, agricultural production, technological innovations and urban centers; movements of reform and renewal attempted to sharpen the distinction between clerical and lay status, and power, recognized by the Church also had their effect.
Tamasheq: Amutti wan tamudre id folitik assaxra tan idnayan daɣ azzaman wen tiwat n išaɣib, tiw-at n alfayda tan tiwijjast, medran tan teknoloji id idagan win aɣrim; issamutiyan n talghiwen id asissini ijjanen daɣ asimil n uzlay jir qahanat tan id aljuhal id tanaya ta fal erda egliz inta deɣ tila awa tinfa
English: The second order, those who fight, was the rank of the politically powerful, ambitious, and dangerous.
Tamasheq: Addinat wi ilkamnen, win imikkunasan , aqqalan wi ahanen edag awa iknan assahat daɣ folitik, ilanen ittusan tolas i labasnen
English: In addition, the First and Second Estates relied on the labour of the Third, which made the latter's inferior status all the more glaring.
Tamasheq: Har ajjudi, Missawis n kel akal wi azzarnen id win issin ijjan fella nasan fal addinat wi war taha assahat aqqalnen win darat daɣ tamazduq
English: Most were born within this group and also died as a part of it.
Tamasheq: Ajjen axlakan id daɣ taqqimt ten hi tolas ammutan daɣ as aqqalan ašrut net.
English: In May 1776, finance minister Turgot was dismissed, after failing to enact reforms.
Tamasheq: Daɣ ayor n awzem wan issin daɣ awatay wan 1776, ministir wan azruf Turgot itawakkas daɣ edag net fal as indar ad egu ejwal net fal ad erawan amutti n talgha
English: When he could not persuade them to rubber-stamp his 'ideal program', Louis XVI sought to dissolve the Estates-General, but the Third Estate held out for their right to representation.
Tamasheq: Alwaq wa id war addobat a tan essardu fal “brogram wa otas”, Louis XVI ittar ad ifti tagayt ta s itawan estate-general mušan addinat win darat daɣ tamazduq ittaran alxaq nasan i ad igišan
English: Because the Parliament of Scotland was unicameral, all members sat in the same chamber, as opposed to the separate English House of Lords and House of Commons.
Tamasheq: Fal as assemble tan Ecosse taqqal a ilan ehan iyyan, dibiti tan net fuk ehan iyyan a daɣ tayghimin awen izlay id assemble tan britania tilat ehan wan Lord tan id wan common tan.
English: As in England, the Parliament of Ireland evolved out of the Magnum Concilium "great council" summoned by the chief governor of Ireland, attended by the council (curia regis), magnates (feudal lords), and prelates (bishops and abbots).
Tamasheq: "Išmad daɣ Britania, assemble tan Ireland tinkaš in sa s Magnum Concilium ““edag n taɣimit ta maqqorat”” isayɣim Gafar wa ezzaran n Ireland daɣ as ti idhal komsey (curia regis), magnate tan (imannaɣafan win akal), id imuzaran n egliz (bomber tan)."
English: In 1297, counties were first represented by elected knights of the shire (sheriffs had previously represented them).
Tamasheq: Daɣ awatay wan 1297, tiɣarmaten imuzaran nasnat kel ibajawan immitkalnen “sherif tan as kala hasan tizarnen)
English: Each were free men, and had specific rights and responsibilities, and the right to send representatives to the Riksdag of the Estates.
Tamasheq: Iyyan fuk nasnat aqqalan meddan ilanen alxoriya nasan tolas iyyan fuk ila alxaqan id timazalen n iman net id alxaq n ad isissiwi addinat s RiKsdag n ikallan
English: Prior to the 18th century, the King had the right to cast a deciding vote if the Estates were split evenly.
Tamasheq: Data awatay wan 1800, almalik ila alxaq n ad itkil addabara n a fal ikallan azzunan s tigdat
English: However, after the Diet of Porvoo, the Diet of Finland was reconvened only in 1863.
Tamasheq: Had id ijja awen, darat Diet wan Provoo , Diet wan addawla tan Finland tijja fal tariddawt ɣur awatay wan 1863
English: Around 1400, letters patent were introduced, in 1561 the ranks of Count and Baron were added, and in 1625 the House of Nobility was codified as the First Estate of the land.
Tamasheq: ɣur awatay wan 1400, imal ti baya, ɣur 1561 rank tan id Baron tan ijjašan tolas ɣur awatay wan 1625 ehan wan imannaɣafan ikodat as eqqal wa ezzaran daɣ akal
English: Heads of the noble houses were hereditary members of the assembly of nobles.
Tamasheq: Imuzaran n ihanan win imannaɣafan aqqalan addinat id itranen takasit n assmeble tan imannaɣafan
English: This resulted in great political influence for the higher nobility.
Tamasheq: Awen eraw id assahat n folitik maqqoran fal Imannaɣafan win afalla
English: In later centuries, the estate included teachers of universities and certain state schools.
Tamasheq: Daɣ iwityan win ušray, akal ahan moši tan win lakkolan wi maqqornen id lakkolan iyyad n addawla
English: Trade was allowed only in the cities when the mercantilistic ideology had got the upper hand, and the burghers had the exclusive right to conduct commerce within the framework of guilds.
Tamasheq: Mamala ille daɣ tiɣarmaten alwaq wen ta-ite tan ijji asahat daɣ alxakumat tojjar hullan tolas Burgh tan ilan alxaqqan n iman nasan i ijji n mamala daɣ abara wan tagayen
English: In order for a settlement to become a city, a royal charter granting market right was required, and foreign trade required royally chartered staple port rights.
Tamasheq: A fal tarha tamazduq a taqqil šund taɣrimt , ahušal ad ikrašš alkad n almalik ikfan turhagat s asimil n hebu tolas mamala wan jir addawla tan ahušal ad ila alkad wan alxaqan win port tan
English: Since most of the population were independent farmer families until the 19th century, not serfs nor villeins, there is a remarkable difference in tradition compared to other European countries.
Tamasheq: Alwaq wa s ijjit n išaɣib aqqalan addinat n tiwigas ilalen alistexlal nasan har awatay wan 1900 wadden serf tan wala villein tan, ille jar essan attarex izlayan id wan addawla tan tin eroba.
English: Their representatives to the Diet were elected indirectly: each municipality sent electors to elect the representative of an electoral district.
Tamasheq: Imuzaran n tanaya war tan dikkilan addinat , taɣrimt fuk a tasisaway kel wote tan net i ad itkilan imuzaran daɣ wote tan kapital.
English: They had no political rights and could not vote.
Tamasheq: War ilen alxaqan n folitik tolas war addoben ijji n wote
English: In Sweden, the Riksdag of the Estates existed until it was replaced with a bicameral Riksdag in 1866, which gave political rights to anyone with a certain income or property.
Tamasheq: Daɣ addawla tan Suede , Riksdag wan ikallan kala ti illa har ti išray Riksdag wan issin ihanan ɣur awatay wan 1866 ikfan alxaqan n folitik i awadim fuk ilan a daɣ ikarraš tamudre net meɣ ilan tila
English: In Finland, this legal division existed until 1906, still drawing on the Swedish constitution of 1772.
Tamasheq: Daɣ addawla tan Finland, tazunt ten daɣ ašareɣa kala ti tilla har awatay wan 1906 har ajjudi iktab daɣ konstitusyon tan awatay wan 1772
English: Furthermore, the industrial workers living in the city were not represented by the four-estate system.
Tamasheq: Har ajjudi, inaxdiman win izin tan izzaɣnen dagh aɣrim war ilen imuzaran daɣ sistem wan kel akal win akkoz
English: Later in the 15th and 16th centuries Brussels became the place where the States General assembled.
Tamasheq: Darat awa ɣur awatay wan 1500 id 1600 addawla tan Beljik taqqal edag wan tiɣaymaten tin State General
English: As a consequence of the Union of Utrecht in 1579 and the events that followed afterwards, the States General declared that they no longer obeyed King Philip II of Spain, who was also overlord of the Netherlands.
Tamasheq: Awa ikma tartit tan Utrecht daɣ awatay wan 1579 id haratan wi has ilkamnen darat awa, state general illaghat as ibas issodmaran i rayis wan Spania Philip wan 2 eqqalan har ajjudi rayis n addawla tan Pays-bas
English: It was the level of government where all things were dealt with that were of concern to all the seven provinces that became part of the Republic of the United Netherlands.
Tamasheq: ɣur edag wan alxakum inta ad kannin haratan wi id aqqalnen tiɣarmaten tin assayat artaynen id addawlat tan Pays-Bas
English: In the Southern Netherlands, the last meetings of the States General loyal to the Habsburgs took place in the Estates General of 1600 and the Estates General of 1632.
Tamasheq: Daɣ emaynaj n Pays-Bas, tiɣaymaten tin darat n States General ilkamnen i Habsburgs ijjan- at daɣ ɣur awatay wan 1600 id wan 1632 daɣ Estate General
English: It no longer consisted of representatives of the States, let alone the Estates: all men were considered equal under the 1798 Constitution.
Tamasheq: Ibas ti ahan imuzaran n addawla tan , aqqiman ɣas Estate tan: Addinat fuk ogdahan alxaq daɣ achareɣa wan 1798
English: In 1815, when the Netherlands were united with Belgium and Luxemburg, the States General were divided into two chambers: the First Chamber and the Second Chamber.
Tamasheq: ɣur awatay wan 1815, alwaq artayan kel Pays-bas id Belgik id luxemburg, State General tan azunan s issin tehanniten: tehannit ta tazzarat id tehannit tan sanatat.
English: From 1848 on, the Dutch Constitution provides that members of the Second Chamber be elected by the people (at first only by a limited portion of the male population; universal male and female suffrage exists since 1919), while the members of the First Chamber are chosen by the members of the States Provincial.
Tamasheq: ɣur awatay wan 1848, Ašareɣa wa maqqoran n Danemark ikfa addinat win tehanniten tan sanatat s ijjan addinat wote ( s tizarat harat n iddikud n išaɣib ɣas n meddan , wote wan meddan id deden imal ti ɣur awatay wan 1919) as ijja awen addinat wi ahanen tehannit ta tazzarat sinafranantan addinat win tiɣarmaten tin addawla tan.
English: The clergy was represented by the independent prince-bishops, prince-archbishops and prince-abbots of the many monasteries.
Tamasheq: Imuzaran win qahanat war imosan ar bomber tan ijalanen fal iman nasan
English: Many peoples whose territories within the Holy Roman Empire had been independent for centuries had no representatives in the Imperial Diet, and this included the Imperial Knights and independent villages.
Tamasheq: Addinat ajjoten s ikallan nasan daɣ Roma tan talwilit n aru ijrawnen alistexlal nasan a ilan timad n iwityan war ilen imuzaran daɣ tanaya tan rayis tolas awen ahan ti kel ibijwan wan rayis id vilaj tan ilanen alistexal nasan
English: The four major estates were: nobility (dvoryanstvo), clergy, rural dwellers, and urban dwellers, with a more detailed stratification therein.
Tamasheq: Ikallan win akkoz maqqornen amosan: Imassarha (dvoyanstvo), qahanat, kel amagon id kel iɣirman ijjan tamazduq timmerat
English: The bourgeoisie in its original sense is intimately linked to the existence of cities, recognized as such by their urban charters (e.g., municipal charters, town privileges, German town law), so there was no bourgeoisie apart from the citizenry of the cities.
Tamasheq: Burjwazi daɣ almaɣna net wan alasal ijja temet id emel wan tiɣarmaten tiwazdaynen fal tikardiwen nasnat (ilmital,tikardiwen tin meri, semɣaran win tiɣarmaten , achareɣa n aɣrim wan germany) daɣ awen war ti tilla burjwazi tizlayat id tišit n awadim n akal daɣ tiɣarmaten
English: Historically, the medieval French word bourgeois denoted the inhabitants of the bourgs (walled market-towns), the craftsmen, artisans, merchants, and others, who constituted "the bourgeoisie".
Tamasheq: “”Daɣ attarex, issim wa s jannin fransi tan bourgeois imos addinat wi izzaɣnen daɣ Bourg ( ighirman ijjan ighalayan) inhadan,kel mamala tan, id iyyad awen daɣ as itiwin “”bourgeoisie””
English: Guilds arose when individual businessmen (such as craftsmen, artisans and merchants) conflicted with their rent-seeking feudal landlords who demanded greater rents than previously agreed.
Tamasheq: Tagayen n akkarnat alwaq id kel taɣuchay iyyad fuk (šund inhadan id kel mamala) iknasan id imannaɣafan n akal wi tattarnen timzal wi tattarnen timzal ojjarnen ti fal ijja anifham
English: They tend to belong to a family that has been bourgeois for three or more generations.
Tamasheq: Arhan a tan ila egadaš s kala eqqal Bourgeois a ilan karad meɣ ajjen daɣ iwityan
English: The names of these families are generally known in the city where they reside, and their ancestors have often contributed to the region's history.
Tamasheq: Ismawan n igidchan win ttiwazzayan daɣ aɣrim wa daɣ izzaɣan tolas addinat wi id izjaran dahalan daɣ akaros n attarex wan akal
English: These people nevertheless live lavishly, enjoying the company of the great artists of the time.
Tamasheq: Addinat win daɣ izzaghan daɣ tanaflit ilkaman hassan kel isuhaɣ win azzaman wen daɣ
English: In the French language, the term bourgeoisie almost designates a caste by itself, even though social mobility into this socio-economic group is possible.
Tamasheq: Daɣ tafransit , awa s itawan bourgeoisie eqqal isim n tawset kud erha as tiwat n addinat id tamudre nasan tijja
English: Hitler distrusted capitalism for being unreliable due to its egotism, and he preferred a state-directed economy that is subordinated to the interests of the Volk.
Tamasheq: Hilter iftay kapitalizm fal as ila taflasat fal awa s ifarras addinat tolas assof addawla s tamudre net infa talɣiwen tin ichaɣib
English: Hitler also said that the business bourgeoisie "know nothing except their profit. '
Tamasheq: “Hilter illaghat har ajjudi as kel bourgeoisie win biznes tan ““ war issenan ghas ar awa karrašan””
English: The utility of these things was inherent in their practical functions.
Tamasheq: Tinfa n haratan win eqqal a ilkaman i timašghulen id illanen
English: Belle de Jour (Beauty of the day, 1967) tells the story of a bourgeois wife who is bored with her marriage and decides to prostitute herself.
Tamasheq: Belle de Jour ( tihussay tin achal, awatay wan 1967) it alaghat tanfust n tamat n bouregois ijraw a labasan dagh adubin net ehušal as taqqal talkaxbat
English: In Europe, the title of Emperor has been used since the Middle Ages, considered in those times equal or almost equal in dignity to that of Pope due to the latter's position as visible head of the Church and spiritual leader of the Catholic part of Western Europe.
Tamasheq: Dagh euroba, isim wan Emperor wa andarran inta as kala ijla dagh iwityan wi arunen eqqal dagh azzamanan win dagh a ogdahan megh darogh ogdah id tichit n Pope fal edag wan ušray šund amuzar n egliz id aw addin n achrut n katolik tan win ataram n eroba
English: In as much as there is a strict definition of emperor, it is that an emperor has no relations implying the superiority of any other ruler and typically rules over more than one nation.
Tamasheq: A dar togdah afissil n awa s itawan emperor, awen imos as emperor war ila a osaghan harat id tijra n amanokal iyyan fuk tolas exkam fal a ojjaran addawlat iyyat.
English: Their status was officially recognised by the Holy Roman Emperor in 1514, although not officially used by the Russian monarchs until 1547.
Tamasheq: Tišit nasan exyaz tat Emperor wan alwali n Roma dagh awatay wan 1514, kuddegh as war izdjer as issaxdaman imanokalan win Russia awen har awatay 1547
English: Such pre-Roman titles as Great King or King of Kings, used by the Kings of Persia and others, are often considered as the equivalent.
Tamasheq: Ismawan šund win oraknen s Roma šund rayis wan moaqqoran megh rayis wan rayis tan s tawaghrin rayis tan win Persia id iyyad aqqalan alwaq iyyan a ogdahan
English: Empire became identified instead with vast territorial holdings rather than the title of its ruler by the mid-18th century.
Tamasheq: Empire ešwal as eqqal a ilan akal maqqoran wadden ghas isim wan amanokal ghur awatay wan 1800
English: Ancient Romans abhorred the name Rex ("king"), and it was critical to the political order to maintain the forms and pretenses of republican rule.
Tamasheq: “Kel Roma win aru ifragan isim wan Rex (““rayis””) tolas war olegh i kel folitik ag-az n ichikilan id isoran n ašaregha win addawlat
English: Augustus, considered the first Roman emperor, established his hegemony by collecting on himself offices, titles, and honours of Republican Rome that had traditionally been distributed to different people, concentrating what had been distributed power in one man.
Tamasheq: Augustus eqqalan emperor n Roma a ezzaran iday assahat net dagh asidu fal iman net n biro tan, ismawan, id semgharan n addawlat tan Roma s dagh attarex aqqalan a ituzanan i addinat , iduf n assahat n addinat fuk dagh afus n awadim iyyan
English: However, it was the informal descriptive of Imperator ("commander") that became the title increasingly favored by his successors.
Tamasheq: “Hak id ijja awen dagh,awen war eqqel titimal n jeneral (“”kumanda””) eqqalan isim iknan imakkusa net tarha”
English: This is one of the most enduring titles: Caesar and its transliterations appeared in every year from the time of Caesar Augustus to Tsar Simeon II of Bulgaria's removal from the throne in 1946.
Tamasheq: Awen eqqal iyyan dagh ismawan wa issohen: Caesar id ikataban net zajaran id awatay fuk dagh azzaman wen dagh n Caesar Augustus har wan Tsar Simeon wan 2 n amukkis n Bulgaria dagh taxyamt ghur awatay wan 1946
English: Exceptions include the title of the Augustan History, a semi-historical collection of Emperors' biographies of the 2nd and 3rd century.
Tamasheq: Haratan fuk ahan isim wan attarex wan August hak id asidu n ašrut n attarexan n emperor tan win awatay wan 2 id wan 3.
English: Few were however granted the title, and it was certainly not a rule that all wives of reigning Emperors would receive it.
Tamasheq: Harat daɣ san ikrašan dagh ismawan win tolas war eha aš-ak as wadden ašaregha a illaɣen as deden n emperor tan win axka,en fuk a ijriwan awen
English: In the late Republic, as in the early years of the new monarchy, Imperator was a title granted to Roman generals by their troops and the Roman Senate after a great victory, roughly comparable to field marshal (head or commander of the entire army).
Tamasheq: Daɣ republik ta tišrayat, hak id dagh iwityan wi azzarnen n almalikiya , kumanda eqqal isim karrašan jeneral tan win Roma i taqqimen nasan id Assemble n Roma darat as ornan id, ogdah awen id marešal daɣ jala (Amuzar megh kumanda wan alɣiskir imdan)
English: The succeeding Nervan-Antonian Dynasty, ruling for most of the 2nd century, stabilised the Empire.
Tamasheq: Egadaš n Nervan-Antonia wi tidas tanaya, ijjanen iddikud n sanat timat n awatay ewayan id tizgat s addawlat.
English: Three short lived secessionist attempts had their own emperors: the Gallic Empire, the Britannic Empire, and the Palmyrene Empire though the latter used rex more regularly.
Tamasheq: Imalan ti karadat iššikil n addawla tan war n ahoj s kala ilan emperor tan n iman nasan: Gallic Empire, Britania Empire i Palmyrene Empire kuddeɣ as wan ušray ɣarrint hullan s isim wan Rex
English: At one point, there were as many as five sharers of the imperium (see: Tetrarchy).
Tamasheq: Dagh titbaqqet iyyat, illan ti iddikud n sammos addinat wi tuzannen Imperium (ikyid: Tetrachy)
English: The city is more commonly called Constantinople and is today named Istanbul).
Tamasheq: Aɣrim isim net wa s itawaghir hullan Constantinople s achal id isim net Istanbul)
English: These Later Roman "Byzantine" Emperors completed the transition from the idea of the Emperor as a semi-republican official to the Emperor as an absolute monarch.
Tamasheq: “Kel Roma ta win ušray s itawan Iminokalen n ““Byzantin”” issimdan jir anasjum wan Amanokal as eqqal ašrut n amuzar dagh republik s amanokal eqqalan amuzar imadan”.