Tamazight-NLP/NLLB-Seed_Tamasheq-Latin-Script huggingface dataset:
English: In biology, a species is the basic unit of classification and a taxonomic rank of an organism, as well as a unit of biodiversity.
Tamasheq: Daɣ biology, ichikil n imudaran eqqal tijittawt n iskutan d edag wan taxonomic n tamaxluk hak id ichikil n biodiversity
English: In addition, paleontologists use the concept of the chronospecies since fossil reproduction cannot be examined.
Tamasheq: Daɣ asiwad, paleontologist tan asaxdaman isim wan chronospecies alwaq wa id arraw n iɣasan wi aru war addobat amiyiz
English: All species (except viruses) are given a two-part name, a "binomial".
Tamasheq: “ Ichikilan fuk (ar win birus tan) aqqalan ilan ichrutan issin n isim, “binominal””
English: For example, Boa constrictor is one of four species of the genus Boa, with constrictor being the species's epithet.
Tamasheq: Daɣ almital, Boa constrictor eqqal iyyan daɣ ichikilan win akkoz n genus Boa, s Constrictor eqqal ichikil n tasassaɣrat
English: Also, among organisms that reproduce only asexually, the concept of a reproductive species breaks down, and each clone is potentially a microspecies.
Tamasheq: Daɣ timaxluken ti t irunen daɣ war artay nat, isim wan ichikilan wi t irunen erza tolas tekakit iyyat fuk taqqal microspecies
English: Species were seen from the time of Aristotle until the 18th century as fixed categories that could be arranged in a hierarchy, the great chain of being.
Tamasheq: Ichikilan ti w akyadan har daɣ azzaman wan Aristotle har awatay wan 1800 chund ichikilan wi addobat nen ad ijjichan anmillal , esassar wa maqqoran n addinat
English: That understanding was greatly extended in the 20th century through genetics and population ecology.
Tamasheq: Afaham ikna anakch hullan daɣ awatay wan 2000 s genetics d ichaɣib wan ecology
English: Ernst Mayr emphasised reproductive isolation, but this, like other species concepts, is hard or even impossible to test.
Tamasheq: Ernt Mayr ijja titbaqqet fal iru iskatan mucham awen chund ichikilan n imudran iyyad, eqqal a issohen meɣ as war ila erem net almaɣna
English: This method was used as a "classical" method of determining species, such as with Linnaeus early in evolutionary theory.
Tamasheq: “ Tazujicht taxdam chund tazujicht n “alasal” n musnat tan imudaran chund Linnaeus daɣ mirda wa ezzaran n amutti”
English: As a rule of thumb, microbiologists have assumed that kinds of Bacteria or Archaea with 16S ribosomal RNA gene sequences more similar than 97% to each other need to be checked by DNA-DNA hybridisation to decide if they belong to the same species or not.
Tamasheq: Daɣ ijjit n haratan, microbiologis tan asilmadan as dumu n tiwikkawen n Archaea ilanen 16S ribosomal RNA gene sequences iknan tulat ohun 97% jir iman nasan arhanen ikuch n ach-ak s DNA-DNA hybridisation i atkul n addabara as ilen ichikil olahan meɣ bo
English: Modern approaches compare sequence similarity using computational methods.
Tamasheq: Tizujichen eynaynen ikat nat tulat tan sequence s asaxdim n computational methods
English: A database, Barcode of Life Data Systems (BOLD), contains DNA barcode sequences from over 190,000 species.
Tamasheq: Barkod wan tamudre n sistem wan data tan (BOLD),fătăw tan aɣăzăn n ǝsălăn, ahăn tat sekens tan n DNA  ojjăr nen 190.000 n ǝššǝkǝl
English: For example, in a study done on fungi, studying the nucleotide characters using cladistic species produced the most accurate results in recognising the numerous fungi species of all the concepts studied.
Tamasheq: Daɣ almital , daɣ teɣare t ijjat fal ehan wan alchinan, teɣare fal samalan win nucleotide s ichikilan cladistic ikfan ittusan oɣadnen daɣ musnat n ichikilan n ihanan n alchinan ajjotnen n ismawan fuk fal t ija teɣare
English: Yet others defend this approach, considering "taxonomic inflation" pejorative and labelling the opposing view as "taxonomic conservatism"; claiming it is politically expedient to split species and recognise smaller populations at the species level, because this means they can more easily be included as endangered in the IUCN red list and can attract conservation legislation and funding.
Tamasheq: “ Har ajjudi iyyad azzuken fal tazujicht ten, asilmadan “”taxonomic inflation”” i harayan tolas ijjan akayad wa izlayan “” taxonomic conservatism”” jan in awen daɣ ezaraj wan folitik i ad uzanan tolas issinan ichaɣiban wi madroynen hullan daɣ edag wan ichikilan fal as awen imos as addoben ad ijjichan s tarɣise as aqqalan a annukmaman daɣ takarde ta chajaɣat n IUCN tolas addobat ad erkib aɣalas addakal n achareɣa tan d asirfi net”
English: If scientists mean that something applies to all species within a genus, they use the genus name without the specific name or epithet.
Tamasheq: A fal scientist tan amosan as harat itaj in i ichikilan fuk daɣ genus, saxdaman isim wan genus deɣ wala isim net meɣ tasassaɣrawt net
English: As further information comes to hand, the hypothesis may be corroborated or refuted.
Tamasheq: A ijjan isalan tizuben id, mirda addobat ad addutat meɣ ebbahaw
English: Dividing a taxon into multiple, often new, taxa is called splitting.
Tamasheq: Tuzant n taxon s taxa ajjotnen, eynaynen isim net afrus
English: The term quasispecies is sometimes used for rapidly mutating entities like viruses.
Tamasheq: Isim wan quasiispecies axdam alwaqqan iyyad i tagayen ti s ermad ajili nasnat chund birus tan
English: In ring species, when members of adjacent populations in a widely continuous distribution range interbreed successfully but members of more distant populations do not.
Tamasheq: Daɣ ichikilan win ring, alwaq addinat win ichaɣiban daɣ tazunt tijjat maqqorat t imuqqisan mucham addinat win ichaɣiban wi ajjuj nen war t ijjin awen
English: Ring species thus present a difficulty for any species concept that relies on reproductive isolation.
Tamasheq: Ichikilan n ring aqqalan marsal i ichikilan fuk aqqal nen fal iru wan iskatnen
English: Speciation depends on a measure of reproductive isolation, a reduced gene flow.
Tamasheq: Speciation t ilkam i eket wan iruwan iskat nen gene flow ifnazan
English: Bacteria can exchange plasmids with bacteria of other species, including some apparently distantly related ones in different phylogenetic domains, making analysis of their relationships difficult, and weakening the concept of a bacterial species.
Tamasheq: Tiwikkawen addobat nat asimmuti n plasmid tan s tiwikkawen n ichikilan iyyad ahan iyyad s daɣ akayad tilla jir san temedt chajret daɣ abara tan n phylogenetic izlaynen ,harat asisahen amiyiz n iharojan nasan d ifnazan assahat n isim wan ichikilan win tiwikkawen
English: Mass extinctions had a variety of causes including volcanic activity, climate change, and changes in oceanic and atmospheric chemistry, and they in turn had major effects on Earth's ecology, atmosphere, land surface and waters.
Tamasheq: Timatanen ajjotnen ilanat iddilan ajjotnen eha Volcanic activity, amutti n azzaman, d imutiyan n ejjarew wa maqqoran d ichinnawan tolas ilan tikmawen maqqor nen fal akal, ichinnawan, arori n akal d iman
English: Some observers claim that there is an inherent conflict between the desire to understand the processes of speciation and the need to identify and to categorise.
Tamasheq: Imakyadan iyyad allaɣen as ille akinnas jir afaham wan immikan win speciation d derhan n musnat d asakat
English: One of the classic cases in North America is that of the protected northern spotted owl which hybridises with the unprotected California spotted owl and the barred owl; this has led to legal debates.
Tamasheq: Iyyan daɣ haratan win daɣ Amerik tan tamasna imos as buwen wan tamasna eɣlasan id izjaran buwen war n aɣles n California d tabuwent , awen eraw id imijridan daɣ achareɣa
English: A form was distinguished by being shared by all its members, the young inheriting any variations they might have from their parents.
Tamasheq: Dumu izlay s tazunt has ijjan addinat net fuk,wi madroynen itran id amluluwan id ijrawan daɣ imarawan nasan
English: He established the idea of a taxonomic hierarchy of classification based upon observable characteristics and intended to reflect natural relationships.
Tamasheq: Iday ta-ite tan anmillal wan taxonomic n askut ijjan samalan ilanen akayad tolas otas ad ijjich edag n iharojan
English: Jean-Baptiste Lamarck, in his 1809 Zoological Philosophy, described the transmutation of species, proposing that a species could change over time, in a radical departure from Aristotelian thinking.
Tamasheq: Jean-Baptiste Lamarch , daɣ Zoological Phylosophy net wan 1809, afissr imutiyan n ichikilan , ijjan addabara tan as ichikilan addoben amutti daɣ azzaman daɣ telkay timdat n amedran wan Aristotelian
English: Genus (plural genera) is a taxonomic rank used in the biological classification of living and fossil organisms as well as viruses.
Tamasheq: Genus ( plural genera) eqqal edag n taxonomic daɣ askut wan abarkot timaxluken d iɣasan win kel aru hak id birus tan
English: E.g. Panthera leo (lion) and Panthera onca (jaguar) are two species within the genus Panthera.
Tamasheq: Daɣ almǝtăl, Panthera leo (ahǝr) d Pantera onca (jaguar) aqqălăn ǝššǝkšlăn ǝssǝn daɣ genus Panthera
English: A botanical example would be Hibiscus arnottianus, a particular species of the genus Hibiscus native to Hawaii.
Tamasheq: Almital n botanic eqqal Hibiscus anorttianus, ichikilan n akal n Genus Hibiscuss
English: Available names are those published in accordance with the International Code of Zoological Nomenclature and not otherwise suppressed by subsequent decisions of the International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature (ICZN); the earliest such name for any taxon (for example, a genus) should then be selected as the "valid" (i.e., current or accepted) name for the taxon in question.
Tamasheq: “ǝllăn-t ǝsmăwăn ǝzjăr nen daɣ as ǝlkămăn ǝ abăra wan International Code  Zoolojikal Nomenklatur tolas war tan ǝmes nat addăbăra tan n International komisyon tan Zoolojikal Nomenklatur (ICZN), ǝsǝm wa ezzărăn ǝ taxon fuk (daɣ almǝtăl, genus) a he ennăfrănăn šund ǝsǝm fal t ǝjja “tărǝddăwt”” (awen ǝmos, ǝjlan meɣ ătwăɣbălăn) ǝ taxon w-ǝs atwăn”
English: In botany, similar concepts exist but with different labels.
Tamasheq: Daɣ botany, ismawan olah nenillan mucham id label tan izlaynen
English: However, many names have been assigned (usually unintentionally) to two or more different genera.
Tamasheq: Hak id ijja awen, ismawan ajjotnen t aw afk-an (harkuk daɣ ittus) i issin meɣ genera tan ajjotnen
English: A name that means two different things is a homonym.
Tamasheq: Isim ilan almaɣna n issin haratan eqqal isim n anammaɣraw
English: However, a genus in one kingdom is allowed to bear a scientific name that is in use as a generic name (or the name of a taxon in another rank) in a kingdom that is governed by a different nomenclature code.
Tamasheq: Hak id ijja awen, genus eqqal iyyan daɣ almalikiyat ilan turhajat n ad ila isim n scientiik exdaman as isim wa oharan (meɣ isim n taxon daɣ eday iyyan) daɣ almalikiyat daɣ exkam kod wan askut anmazlayan
English: For instance, among (non-avian) reptiles, which have about 1180 genera, the most (>300) have only 1 species, ~360 have between 2 and 4 species, 260 have 5–10 species, ~200 have 11–50 species, and only 27 genera have more than 50 species.
Tamasheq: Daɣ almital, daɣ imudaran (non-avian) s itawan reptile tan ilanen iddikud n 1180 genera, wa ojjaran (>300) ilan ichikil iyyan ɣas, -360 ilan jir 2 d 4 ichikilan, 260 ilan 5 har 10 ichikilan ,-200 ila 11 har 50 n ich-ikil tolas 27 n genera ilan a ojjaran 50 n ich-ikil.
English: Which species are assigned to a genus is somewhat arbitrary.
Tamasheq: Ma imosan ich-ikil wa ijrawan isim wan genus eqql harat ilkam i nefran
English: What belongs to a family—or if a described family should be recognized at all—are proposed and determined by practicing taxonomists.
Tamasheq: Tila tan egadach - meɣ a fal egadach ad at w aɣbil fuk - ihuk net d aɣatas net war t itij ar taxonomist tan
English: Often there is no exact agreement, with different taxonomists each taking a different position.
Tamasheq: Alwaq iyyan war t ila tanmerdut t oɣadat id taxonomist tan ajjotnen iyyan fuk ila edag n iman net
English: Michael Novacek (1986) inserted them at the same position.
Tamasheq: Michael Novacek (1986) ijjen daɣ edag iyyan
English: There are no objective rules for describing a class, but for well-known animals there is likely to be consensus.
Tamasheq: War t illenat achareɣa tan n tiditt aqqal nen a imalan samalan n taqqimt mucham daɣ awa id eqqalan irizzejan ille anafham ijjan.
English: In botany, classes are now rarely discussed.
Tamasheq: Daɣ botany, taqqimen war ijja majrad nasnat hullan amarad
English: Informally, phyla can be thought of as groupings of organisms based on general specialization of body plan.
Tamasheq: Daɣ a war n ilkem i achareɣa, phyla addobat as eqqal taqqimen n timaxluken ijjan fal izarajan n taɣissa
English: So phyla can be merged or split if it becomes apparent that they are related to one another or not.
Tamasheq: Daɣ awen phyla addobat ad anɣambal meɣ uzan a fal izjar ach-ak as orakan iyyad s wi yadnen
English: By Budd and Jensen's definition, a phylum is defined by a set of characters shared by all its living representatives.
Tamasheq: S almaɣna wa ikf-a Budd d Jensen, phlum almaɣna net samalan ajjotnen oharnen mumasal tan fuk iddarn nen
English: However, as it is character based, it is easy to apply to the fossil record.
Tamasheq: Hăk ǝd ǝjja awen, ǝšmăd ǝjja fal sămăl, răqqos asǝltăɣ net daɣ aɣ aɣăzăn n axfuri
English: However, proving that a fossil belongs to the crown group of a phylum is difficult, as it must display a character unique to a sub-set of the crown group.
Tamasheq: Hăk ǝd ǝjja awen, tǝmtar n as axfuri n tăqqǝmt tan takabut n filum assohăt fal as ǝlzăm ad ǝsăkin sămăl ǝyyăn ǝ tăqqǝmt tan takabut
English: The table below follows the influential (though contentious) Cavalier-Smith system in equating "Plantae" with Archaeplastida, a group containing Viridiplantae and the algal Rhodophyta and Glaucophyta divisions.
Tamasheq: “” Tabel ta t ilkam i sistem wan Cavalier-Smith (kuddeɣ as ijja fal at takalt) n tulat “Plantae” id Archaeplastida, taqqimt eha Viridiplantae d tizunawen tin algal Rhodophyta d Glaucophyta
English: The division Pinophyta may be used for all gymnosperms (i.e. including cycads, ginkgos and gnetophytes), or for conifers alone as below.
Tamasheq: Tazunt tan Pinophyta addobat ad exdim daɣ gymnosperm tan fuk (awen amos a eha cycads, ginkgos d gnetophytes) meɣ conifer tan ɣas chund sider
English: Protista is a polyphyletic taxon, which is less acceptable to present-day biologists than in the past.
Tamasheq: Protista eqqal polyphyletic taxon aɣbalan biologist tan amarad ohun daɣ a hin okayan daɣ iwityan
English: Carl Linnaeus (1707–1778) laid the foundations for modern biological nomenclature, now regulated by the Nomenclature Codes, in 1735.
Tamasheq: Carl Linnaeus (1707 har 1778) iday tijjittawen tin modern biological nomenclature, isassaɣad Kod tan win Nomenclature amarad daɣ awatay wan 1735
English: In 1937 Édouard Chatton introduced the terms "prokaryote" and "eukaryote" to differentiate these organisms.
Tamasheq: “ Daɣ awătay wan 1937 Edouard Chatton azzojăš id ismăwăn “”prokariot”” d “”ekariot”” ǝ anmǝzlăy n tǝmăxluken t-ǝn “
English: Robert Whittaker recognized an additional kingdom for the Fungi.
Tamasheq: Robert Whittaker eɣbal as iw-id almalikiyat tan Fungi
English: The remaining two kingdoms, Protista and Monera, included unicellular and simple cellular colonies.
Tamasheq: Almalikiya tan ti aqqim nen n sanata, Protista d Monera eha azar d igamman n izirwan raqqosnen
English: In other systems, such as Lynn Margulis's system of five kingdoms, the plants included just the land plants (Embryophyta), and Protoctista has a broader definition.
Tamasheq: Daɣ sistem tan iyyad chund wan Lynn Marguli n sammos almalikiya tan, ihishkan ahan tan ihishkan win akal ɣas (Embryophyta) d Protoctista ilan almaɣna maqqoran
English: Technological advances in electron microscopy allowed the separation of the Chromista from the Plantae kingdom.
Tamasheq: Iki s data wan teknoloji daɣ ezaraj wan electron microscopy eraw id ebaddi wan Chromista id Plantae Kingdom
English: Finally, some protists lacking mitochondria were discovered.
Tamasheq: Daɣ amǝndi, protist tan ǝyyăd hǝn odăn nen mitokondri a tăjrăwăn
English: This superkingdom was opposed to the Metakaryota superkingdom, grouping together the five other eukaryotic kingdoms (Animalia, Protozoa, Fungi, Plantae and Chromista).
Tamasheq: Superkingdom wen anmachray id Metakaryota Superkingdom, asirtayn daɣ edag iyyad sammos almalikiya tan n eukaryotic yadnen (Animalia, Protozoa, Fungi, Plantae d Chromista)
English: Cavalier-Smith no longer accepted the importance of the fundamental Eubacteria–Archaebacteria divide put forward by Woese and others and supported by recent research.
Tamasheq: Cavalier-Smith ibas eqbal tulaɣay tan Eubacteria-Archaebacteria tazunat ijja Woese d iyyad s data tolas idhal farak ijjan a eynayan
English: Cavalier-Smith does not accept the requirement for taxa to be monophyletic ("holophyletic" in his terminology) to be valid.
Tamasheq: “Cavalier-Smith war eqbel izilzam i taxa n as eqqal monophyletic (holophytetic”” daɣ tasassaɣrawt net) i a fal as taj taridawt”
English: The advances of phylogenetic studies allowed Cavalier-Smith to realize that all the phyla thought to be archezoans (i.e. primitively amitochondriate eukaryotes) had in fact secondarily lost their mitochondria, typically by transforming them into new organelles: Hydrogenosomes.
Tamasheq: Iki tan s data win tiɣir tin phylogenetic ijraw nat i Cavalier-Smith ad ilmid as phyla fuk aɣilan aqqalan archezoans (awen imos amitochondriate eukaryotes wan aru) assujal mitochondria nasan fal amutti nasan s organelles Hydrogenosomes.
English: Based on such RNA studies, Carl Woese thought life could be divided into three large divisions and referred to them as the "three primary kingdom" model or "urkingdom" model.
Tamasheq: “ Tiɣir ijjanen fal RNA chund wen, Carl Woese aɣil tamudre taddobat a taqqil tizunawen karadat maqqornen tolas eɣren s dumu wan“Three Primary Kingdom” meɣ s dumu wan “urkingdom””
English: Woese divided the prokaryotes (previously classified as the Kingdom Monera) into two groups, called Eubacteria and Archaebacteria, stressing that there was as much genetic difference between these two groups as between either of them and all eukaryotes.
Tamasheq: Woese azun prokariot tan ( s tǝzărăt iskătăn as aqqălăn Monera) s sănatăt tăqqǝmen s ǝsmăwăn năsnăt Eubacteria d Archaebacteria allăɣen as ǝllăn t-ǝ ajjotnen s etari năsăn anmăzlăy jǝr tăqqǝmen t- ǝn  sănatăt šund jǝr ǝyyăn fuk daɣ san d eukariot tan fuk
English: They held that only monophyletic groups should be accepted as formal ranks in a classification and that – while this approach had been impractical previously (necessitating "literally dozens of eukaryotic 'kingdoms) – it had now become possible to divide the eukaryotes into "just a few major groups that are probably all monophyletic".
Tamasheq: “ Ijja ɣur san as taqqimen tin monophyletic ɣas addbat nen at w aɣbal n as ahan ihandagan wi iskat nen tolas as ijja s tazujicht ten war taxdem s tizarat (t rha ‘’ timirwen n eukaryotic kindoms) - raqqos amarad tazunt n eukaryote tan s “”harat n taqqimen maqqornen s eha- ach-ak as aqqal nat fuk monophyletic””
English: It divided the eukaryotes into the same six "supergroups".
Tamasheq: “ Azun eukaryote tan s “”supergroup tan”” sadis olahnen
English: Plants are thought to be more distantly related to animals and fungi.
Tamasheq: ǝhǝškăn at w aɣăl as t ǝllă jar essăn temedt šăjret ǝd ǝrǝzzejăn d bǝffen
English: The ten arguments against include the fact that they are obligate intracellular parasites that lack metabolism and are not capable of replication outside of a host cell.
Tamasheq: amšǝkki tan win maraw ehen as aqqalan intracellular parasites ilzam ne hin odan nen metabolism tolas war addoben anatfas i s ajjama n host cell
English: The first two are all prokaryotic microorganisms, or mostly single-celled organisms whose cells have a distorted or non-membrane bound nucleus.
Tamasheq: Wǝn ǝssǝn fuk aqqălăn organizm tan wi madroynen n prokariotik meɣ tǝmăxluken ǝlănen azăr ǝyyăn s ǝzǝrwăn ǝlăn nucleus ǝfrăɣăn meɣ war n aqqel membran
English: Halophiles, organisms that thrive in highly salty environments, and hyperthermophiles, organisms that thrive in extremely hot environments, are examples of Archaea.
Tamasheq: Halophile tan, tǝmăxluken năffăznen net daɣ ǝhănzuzăɣ n tesǝmt tolas hipertermofil tan, tǝmăxluken tǝ năffăznen daɣ ǝhănzuzăɣ akkus nen aqqălăn almǝtăl tan n Arckea
English: Cyanobacteria and mycoplasmas are two examples of bacteria.
Tamasheq: Cyanobacteria d mycoplasma tan aqqalan issin almitalan n tiwikkawen
English: Evolution is change in the heritable characteristics of biological populations over successive generations.
Tamasheq: Evolution eqqal iki n s data daɣ samalan n etari n ichaɣiban n abarkot daɣ ichaɣiban
English: Evolution occurs when evolutionary processes such as natural selection (including sexual selection) and genetic drift act on this variation, resulting in certain characteristics becoming more common or rare within a population.
Tamasheq: Evolution itaj alwaq wa id timitikwayen chund nefran n batil (eha nefran wan jansiy) d drift wan etari fal amuti wen icharayan s samalan iyyad taqqal nen a oharan meɣ a war n raqqis daɣ ichaɣib
English: The scientific theory of evolution by natural selection was conceived independently by Charles Darwin and Alfred Russel Wallace in the mid-19th century and was set out in detail in Darwin's book On the Origin of Species.
Tamasheq: Mirda wan science fal amutti s nefran n batil eɣany id Charles Darwin d Alfred Russel Wallace daɣ tazune n awatay wan 1900 tolas ikna daɣ alkittab wn Darwin n attarex wan ich-ikilan
English: Thus, in successive generations members of a population are more likely to be replaced by the progenies of parents with favourable characteristics that have enabled them to survive and reproduce in their respective environments.
Tamasheq: Addinat n ichaɣiban wi tinimichraynen eha ach-ak s a ta ichriyan progenies n imarwan ilanen samalan has-an ijraw nen tamudre d tiwit daɣ ahinzazaɣ n iyyan fuk
English: The fossil record includes a progression from early biogenic graphite, to microbial mat fossils, to fossilised multicellular organisms.
Tamasheq: aɣazan wan fossil ehay anminkach ɣur biogenic graphite wa ezzaran har microbial mat fossils har timaxluken n fossil tan multicellular
English: It sought explanations of natural phenomena in terms of physical laws that were the same for all visible things and that did not require the existence of any fixed natural categories or divine cosmic order.
Tamasheq: Tittar almaɣna tan win haratan win batil daɣ awa id eqqalan achareɣa tan wi olahnen i haratan fuk tolas war izilzaman emel n ich-ikilan n batil azukat nen meɣ aqqud wan cosmic n amaxlak
English: The biological classification introduced by Carl Linnaeus in 1735 explicitly recognised the hierarchical nature of species relationships, but still viewed species as fixed according to a divine plan.
Tamasheq: Askut wan abarkot ijja Carl Linnaeus daɣ awatay wan 1735 erdaɣ fl anmillal n iharojan win ich-ikilan mucham har ajjudi ikyad ich-ikilan chund a izzuken s addabara wan amaxlak
English: These ideas were condemned by established naturalists as speculation lacking empirical support.
Tamasheq: Ta-ite tan tin ankuran tanat naturalist tan fal as majrad ajjen war ikrech tadhilt tan empire
English: Partly influenced by An Essay on the Principle of Population (1798) by Thomas Robert Malthus, Darwin noted that population growth would lead to a "struggle for existence" in which favourable variations prevailed as others perished.
Tamasheq: “ Parti orna Essay wan Principle wa Ichaɣib (daɣ awatay wan 1798) ijja Thomas Robert Malthus, Darwin iktab as tiw-at n ichaɣib ad aru “”akinnas i emel”” daɣ as imutiyan wi ochalnen chud awa s ammutan wi yadnen “