Tamazight-NLP/NLLB-Seed_Tamasheq-Latin-Script huggingface dataset:
English: It has been observed that a high volume of trade occurs among regions even with access to a similar technology and mix of factor inputs, including high-income countries.
Tamasheq: Akayad ijja n as iddikud ajjen n mamala itaj daɣ rejion tan hak id ijja as ilan teknoloji tolahat d anɣambal n tinfa eha riba maqqoran n addawla tan
English: Among each of these production systems, there may be a corresponding division of labour with different work groups specializing, or correspondingly different types of capital equipment and differentiated land uses.
Tamasheq: Iyyan fuk daɣ sistem tan win n intaj, addobat a ila tazunt net n alxidmat id taqqimen n alxidmat izlaynen meɣ ich-ikilan izlaynen n isuj d alxidmaten izlaynen i akal
English: Theory and observation set out the conditions such that market prices of outputs and productive inputs select an allocation of factor inputs by comparative advantage, so that (relatively) low-cost inputs go to producing low-cost outputs.
Tamasheq: Theory d akayad iknan talɣiwen chund alqim tan win hebu n intaj tan d adom taj in nefran n tazunt n adom s tigdaht i as adom tan wi raqqosnen ad ijichan intaj tan wi raqqosnen
English: In microeconomics, it applies to price and output determination for a market with perfect competition, which includes the condition of no buyers or sellers large enough to have price-setting power.
Tamasheq: Daɣ microeconomics ,i taj i alqim d musnat n intaj i hebu daɣ tija tamadacht toɣadat taha talɣa n as war ila awadim ijjan mamala wala i hin ichanchin ajjen ilan assahat n aɣatas n alqim daɣ hebu
English: Demand theory describes individual consumers as rationally choosing the most preferred quantity of each good, given income, prices, tastes, etc.
Tamasheq: Demand theory tija fal addinat wi sanafran nen iddikud n alil fuk ajjen ,riba,alqim tan, tembe
English: The law of demand states that, in general, price and quantity demanded in a given market are inversely related.
Tamasheq: Achareɣa wan addaror allaɣat as alqim d iddikud wi ilzam nen daɣ hebu osaɣan daɣ as war oheran harat
English: In addition, purchasing power from the price decline increases ability to buy (the income effect).
Tamasheq: Daɣ asiwad, assahat n akarach n ilalan s afanaz n alqim issewad tudabat n achinch (asar n riba)
English: Supply is the relation between the price of a good and the quantity available for sale at that price.
Tamasheq: Al-imdad amos aharoj n alqim n alil d iddikud a it illan n inachan s alqim wen
English: Supply is typically represented as a function relating price and quantity, if other factors are unchanged.
Tamasheq: Al-imdad amos alxidmat tosaɣat alqim d iddikud , a fal ɣansar tan iyyad war ammutayan
English: Just as on the demand side, the position of the supply can shift, say from a change in the price of a productive input or a technical improvement.
Tamasheq: Chund fal achrut wan addaror , edag wan al-imdad addobat amutti, alaɣi n as amutti daɣ alqim n adom meɣ amutti n teknik
English: Market equilibrium occurs where quantity supplied equals quantity demanded, the intersection of the supply and demand curves in the figure above.
Tamasheq: Almizann hebu itaj edag wa id iddikud itajrawan ogdah i iddikud wa eqqalan addaror, edag n amuqqas n al-imdad d addaror akrambayan fal udim wa
English: At a price above equilibrium, there is a surplus of quantity supplied compared to quantity demanded.
Tamasheq: Alqim ojjaran almizan, tille tasiwat n iddikud tat ijrawat togdahat id tan addaror
English: The most obvious kinds of firms are corporations, partnerships and trusts.
Tamasheq: Ich-ikilan n taggayen tin tiditt hullan amos nat taggayen , charaka tan d alsiqa tan
English: In perfectly competitive markets studied in the theory of supply and demand, there are many producers, none of which significantly influence price.
Tamasheq: Daɣ hebu tan wi daɣ tijja tamadacht n mirda wan ak-imdad d addaror , illan ti muntij tan ajjotnen,war tan eha ilan assahat fal alqim
English: Common market structures studied besides perfect competition include monopolistic competition, various forms of oligopoly, and monopoly.
Tamasheq: Tijittawen n hebu oharnen fal tijja teɣare edes n tamadacht taha monopolistic competition, dumu tan ajjotnen oligopoly d monopoly
English: Given its different forms, there are various ways of representing uncertainty and modelling economic agents' responses to it.
Tamasheq: Id dumu tan net wi izlaynen,illan ti abara tan ajjotnen n emele n iban ikuch n ach-ak d adaloj n alwazab tan win inaxdiman n aqtisad
English: In behavioural economics, it has been used to model the strategies agents choose when interacting with others whose interests are at least partially adverse to their own.
Tamasheq: Daɣ behavioural economics, at-w-axdam i adaloj n tikarsiwen ti sanafranan inaxdiman alwaq wa id artayan id wi yadnen s afor tan nasan izlayan id win nasan
English: It has significant applications seemingly outside of economics in such diverse subjects as formulation of nuclear strategies, ethics, political science, and evolutionary biology.
Tamasheq: Ila aplikasyon tan ajotnen s ajjama n aqtisad daɣ musuɣ tan chund ikannan n nuclear strategies ,axlaqiya, science tan folitik d evolutionary biology
English: It also analyses the pricing of financial instruments, the financial structure of companies, the efficiency and fragility of financial markets, financial crises, and related government policy or regulation.
Tamasheq: Har ajjudi it imuyiz alqim n isuj win azruf, edey n azruf wan taggayen, kafaɣa d tanalmut n hebu tan win azruf, azwat maliyat d folitik n alxakum meɣ tanzim tan
English: Customers without knowledge of whether a car is a "lemon" depress its price below what a quality second-hand car would be.
Tamasheq: “ Alɣamil tan war n ila musnat n as toruft t amos chund “”lemon” ifannaz alqim net chund wan toruft n okazyon “”
English: Both problems may raise insurance costs and reduce efficiency by driving otherwise willing transactors from the market ("incomplete markets").
Tamasheq: “Muchakil tan fuk addoben ad issiwidan alqim tan n asurance tolas ifnizan kafaɣa s achichil s immik iyyan arhan inaxdiman daɣ hebu ( “”hebu tan war n akkimmal””)
English: Information asymmetries and incomplete markets may result in economic inefficiency but also a possibility of improving efficiency through market, legal, and regulatory remedies, as discussed above.
Tamasheq: Isalan asymmetries d hebu tan war n akkimmal addoben ad aruwan iban assahat n aqtisad mucham hak id tudabat n amutti n kafaɣa s hebu, isafran n achareɣa d amukin
English: Public goods are goods which are under-supplied in a typical market.
Tamasheq: Ilalan win aljamaɣat amosan ilalan s war ijjit emel nasan daɣ ich-ikil n hebu wen
English: For example, air pollution may generate a negative externality, and education may generate a positive externality (less crime, etc.).
Tamasheq: Almital ,amadas n adu addobat ad eɣan n negative externality tolas teɣare eɣan n positive externality (afanaz n tadlimt)
English: In many areas, some form of price stickiness is postulated to account for quantities, rather than prices, adjusting in the short run to changes on the demand side or the supply side.
Tamasheq: Daɣ ihandagan ajjotnen, dumu tan iyyad n tanalmot n alqim tijittawt n iddikud tan ohun alqim tan ilkam nen imutiyan fal achrut wan addaror meɣ achrut wan al-imdad
English: Examples of such price stickiness in particular markets include wage rates in labour markets and posted prices in markets deviating from perfect competition.
Tamasheq: Almital tan chund tanalmot n alqim daɣ hebu ehay iddikud n bana daɣ alxidmat n hebu tan tolas asilmad fal alqim tan daɣ hebu tan istaɣnen fal tamadacht ta toɣadat
English: Such aggregates include national income and output, the unemployment rate, and price inflation and subaggregates like total consumption and investment spending and their components.
Tamasheq: Aggregate tan eha riba n addawla d intaj, iddikud n iban n alxidmat d tiw-at n alqim d subaggregate tan chund tetate fuk d tanaɣla n azruf d markab tan nasan
English: This has addressed a long-standing concern about inconsistent developments of the same subject.
Tamasheq: Awen amos asafar n muchakil ehojan fal efes n mawduɣ olahan
English: Keynes contended that aggregate demand for goods might be insufficient during economic downturns, leading to unnecessarily high unemployment and losses of potential output.
Tamasheq: Keynes amchakkat fal as aggregate addaror n ilalan addobat ad war igdah daɣ ifanazan n aqtisad harat id aruwan iban n alxidmat ajjen d iba tan n intaj
English: New classical macroeconomics, as distinct from the Keynesian view of the business cycle, posits market clearing with imperfect information.
Tamasheq: Classical macroeconomics chund immik wa s izlayan id akayad wan Keynes n taɣuche ,hebu tan wi ammitkal imasan in s isalan war n oɣed
English: The labour force only includes workers actively looking for jobs.
Tamasheq: Assahat n alxidmat war tat ahen ɣas ar inaxdiman wi tattar nen alxidmaten
English: Classical models of unemployment occurs when wages are too high for employers to be willing to hire more workers.
Tamasheq: Dumu tan win alasal n iban n alxidmat itaj alwaq wa id bana tan aw-idan i inaxdiman ohun derhan n asaxdam n inaxdiman ajjotnen
English: Large amounts of structural unemployment can occur when an economy is transitioning industries and workers find their previous set of skills are no longer in demand.
Tamasheq: Iddikud maqqoran n iban alxidmat addobat iji alwaq wa id aqtisad itiki s izin tan tolas inaxdiman igrahan as musnat nasan tojjar daɣ addaror
English: Money has general acceptability, relative consistency in value, divisibility, durability, portability, elasticity in supply, and longevity with mass public confidence.
Tamasheq: Azruf ila aɣabal i fuk, aqqud daɣ alqim, tazunt, tahajit, ila ag-ay, achilway daɣ al-imdad d taɣrist id taflast n addinat
English: In the words of Francis Amasa Walker, a well-known 19th-century economist, "Money is what money does" ("Money is that money does" in the original).
Tamasheq: “ Daɣ majrad n Francis Amasa Walker , economist ilan isim hullan n awatay wan 1900 “”azruf amos awa exdam azruf”” (azruf amos as azruf itaj”” daɣ alasal)”
English: Its economic function can be contrasted with barter (non-monetary exchange).
Tamasheq: Alxidmat net tan aqtisad t azlay id barter ( iban amaskal s azruf)
English: When aggregate demand falls below the potential output of the economy, there is an output gap where some productive capacity is left unemployed.
Tamasheq: Alwaq wa id addaror wan aggregate oda sider n intaj n aqtisad, ille etaɣas n intaj s tudabat iyyat taqqim war tat axdam
English: For example, unemployed home builders can be hired to expand highways.
Tamasheq: Almital , albanna tan wi war n axdem addoben ad ammatkalan daɣ asahrak n abara tan
English: The effects of fiscal policy can be limited by crowding out.
Tamasheq: Asar tan folitik tan baya addobat ahunin asibdad net
English: Some economists think that crowding out is always an issue while others do not think it is a major issue when output is depressed.
Tamasheq: Economist tan iyyad ordahan as ahunin amos harkuk muchakil as ijja awen iyyad ordahan as muchakil wa maqqoran amos alwaq wa id ifnaz intaj
English: The latter, an aspect of public choice theory, models public-sector behaviour analogously to microeconomics, involving interactions of self-interested voters, politicians, and bureaucrats.
Tamasheq: Titbaqet n nefran n addinat i mirda, dumu tan n alxal wan addinat olahan id microeconomics ahan anmartiyan n kel wote tan ,kel folitik d kel biraw tan
English: It also concerns the size and distribution of gains from trade.
Tamasheq: Eqqal tolas fal iddikud d tazunt n arabax daɣ mamala
English: It is often stated that Carlyle gave economics the nickname "the dismal science" as a response to the late 18th century writings of The Reverend Thomas Robert Malthus, who grimly predicted that starvation would result, as projected population growth exceeded the rate of increase in the food supply.
Tamasheq: “”Allaɣat alwaq iyyan as Carlyle ehak aqtisa tasassaɣrawt tan “”dismal science” chund alwazab i ikitban win amindi n awatay wan 1800 ijja Reverend Thomas Robert Malthus allaɣen as daɣ tilkamat ad as manna fal as iddikud n ichaɣɣib ad aki iddikud n al-imdad wan attaɣam”
English: The close relation of economic theory and practice with politics is a focus of contention that may shade or distort the most unpretentious original tenets of economics, and is often confused with specific social agendas and value systems.
Tamasheq: Aharoj anmahazan jir economic theory d tamachɣult id folitik amos harat fal ijja amchakki addoben ad isabbahu n igzamit tan aqtisad tolas as-n-aɣambal social agendas d alqim n sistem tan
English: Some academic economic journals have increased their efforts to gauge the consensus of economists regarding certain policy issues in hopes of effecting a more informed political environment.
Tamasheq: Journal tan iyyad n teɣare n aqtisad issewadan jahad tan nasan i eket n anafham n economist tan fal muchakil tan n folitik daɣ mirda tan n edes n ahinzazaɣ n folitik ahan isalan
English: Issues like central bank independence, central bank policies and rhetoric in central bank governors discourse or the premises of macroeconomic policies (monetary and fiscal policy) of the state, are focus of contention and criticism.
Tamasheq: Muchakil tan chund alistexal n bank tan ammas, folitik tan n bank tan ammas d tihussay n issiwilan n gafar tan n bank tan ammas meɣ isanti tan n folitik tan macroeconomics (azruf d folitik tan baya) n addawla amosan a fal ijja amchikki d majrad
English: The field of information economics includes both mathematical-economical research and also behavioural economics, akin to studies in behavioural psychology, and confounding factors to the neoclassical assumptions are the subject of substantial study in many areas of economics.
Tamasheq: Abara n isalan n aqtisad ahan farak mathematics id economy d behavioural economics fuk nasan olah nen i tiɣir daɣ behavioural psychology d amartay n ɣansar tan i inhajja tan n neoclassics amosan muduɣ fal taj teɣare daɣ abara tan ajjotnen n aqtisad
English: Joskow had a strong feeling that the important work in oligopoly was done through informal observations while formal models were "trotted out ex post".
Tamasheq: “ Joskow ila tanafrit maqqorat n as alxidmat ta tassohet daɣ oligopoly taj s ikayadan as ijja dumu tan “trotted out ex post””
English: Another major theme is evolution, which explains the unity and diversity of life.
Tamasheq: Muduɣ iyyan maqqoran amos tamuttayt tamost asifham n tartit d anmizlay
English: His works such as History of Animals were especially important because they revealed his naturalist leanings, and later more empirical works that focused on biological causation and the diversity of life.
Tamasheq: Alxidmaten net chund attarex wan arizzej amosan assohen fal as safukkaran id naturalist leanings net tolas darat alxidmaten tin akayad ijjanen fal iddilil wan abarkot d wan anmizlay n tamudre
English: Medicine was especially well studied by Islamic scholars working in Greek philosopher traditions, while natural history drew heavily on Aristotelian thought, especially in upholding a fixed hierarchy of life.
Tamasheq: Medecine ijjan as imaɣran n al-islam teɣare tolaɣat s alxidmat n tumasen tin filozof an Greel as ijja awen attarex ijja hullan fal amedran wan Aristot hullan ag-az n anmillal n tamudre
English: Investigations by Jan Swammerdam led to new interest in entomology and helped to develop the basic techniques of microscopic dissection and staining.
Tamasheq: Farak tan ijja Swammerdam ewayan s afor eynayan daɣ entomoloy tolas idhal daɣ efes n teknik tan n abarichi s microscope d ihuk n dumu
English: Then, in 1838, Schleiden and Schwann began promoting the now universal ideas that (1) the basic unit of organisms is the cell and (2) that individual cells have all the characteristics of life, although they opposed the idea that (3) all cells come from the division of other cells.
Tamasheq: Daɣ awatay wan 1838, Schwann issinta efes n inasjam win amarad n as (1) tijittawt ta oharan addinat amos azar tolas (2) as izirwan n awadim fuk ilan samalan fuk wi tamudre kuddeɣ as war ilkem i anasjum (3) izirwan fuk izjaran id tazunt n izirwan iyyad
English: Carl Linnaeus published a basic taxonomy for the natural world in 1735 (variations of which have been in use ever since), and in the 1750s introduced scientific names for all his species.
Tamasheq: Carl Linnaeus izizjar akatab fal taxonomy i alɣalim daɣ awatay wan 1735 (anmizlayan wi axdam nen ɣur azzaman wen) tolas daɣ awatay wan 1750 azojach ismawan n sicence i imudaran fuk
English: Lamarck believed that these acquired traits could then be passed on to the animal's offspring, who would further develop and perfect them.
Tamasheq: Laarck ordah as samal tan win addoben at-w-ikiyan s aratan n arizzej he idwilan darat awa tolas aɣid ta
English: The basis for modern genetics began with the work of Gregor Mendel, who presented his paper, "Versuche über Pflanzenhybriden" ("Experiments on Plant Hybridization"), in 1865, which outlined the principles of biological inheritance, serving as the basis for modern genetics.
Tamasheq: “” Tijittawt n modern genetics tissinta s alxidmat n Gregor Mendel issik nan alkad net “””Versuche über Pflanzenhybriden"" (‘’’’imiyizan fal Plant Hybridization””) daɣ awatay wan 1865 wi idlajnen tisittaɣhal n takasit n abarkot amosan tijittawt n modern genetics”
English: A focus on new kinds of model organisms such as viruses and bacteria, along with the discovery of the double-helical structure of DNA by James Watson and Francis Crick in 1953, marked the transition to the era of molecular genetics.
Tamasheq: Tarkiz ijjan fal dumu tan eynaynen n dumu n birus tan d bacteria ɣur afukkar n double-helical structure tan DNA ijja James Watson d Francis Crick daɣ awatay wan 1953 eqqal echwal s iki n azzaman wan molecular genetics
English: Finally, the Human Genome Project was launched in 1990 with the goal of mapping the general human genome.
Tamasheq: Human Genome Porject amatakway daɣ awatay wan 1990 s ittus net akardi n genome n addinat fuk
English: Life on Earth began from water and remained there for about three billions years prior to migrating onto land.
Tamasheq: Tamudre fal akal tissinta s aman tolas taqqim dihen har karad milyar tan n awatay data ahunin net s akal
English: The nucleus is made of one or more protons and a number of neutrons.
Tamasheq: Nucleus ikna daɣ iyyan meɣ proton tan ajjotnen d iddikud n neutron tan
English: The atom of each specific element contains a unique number of protons, which is known as its atomic number, and the sum of its protons and neutrons is an atom's mass number.
Tamasheq: Atom n ɣansar fuk ehay esassar n proton tan amosan esassar n atom net tolas assuma n proton tan d neutron tan amos esassar ajjen n atom
English: Carbon, for example, can exist as a stable isotope (carbon-12 or carbon-13) or as a radioactive isotope (carbon-14), the latter of which can be used in radiometric dating (specifically radiocarbon dating) to determine the age of organic materials.
Tamasheq: Daɣ almital ,Carbon, addobat emel as amos isotope (tamakat-12 meɣ tamakat 13) meɣ radioactive isotope (tamakat -14), wan uchray s addobat radiometric dating (hullan radiocarbon dating) i musnat n awatay n isuj
English: Ionic bonding involves the electrostatic attraction between oppositely charged ions, or between two atoms with sharply different electronegativities, and is the primary interaction occurring in ionic compounds.
Tamasheq: Ionic bonding ehay electrostatic attraction jir ion tan itkar nen meɣ jir atom tan ilanen electronegativitie izlaynen tolas amos amartay ezzaran ijjan daɣ ionic compounds
English: Unlike ionic bonds, a covalent bond involves the sharing of electron pairs between atoms.
Tamasheq: Covalent bond ehay tazunt n electron tan jir atom tan harat war ijja ionic bonds
English: A ubiquitous example of a hydrogen bond is found between water molecules.
Tamasheq: Almital ehan edag fuk n hydrogen bond it aw ajraw jir water molecule tan
English: Water is important to life because it is an effective solvent, capable of dissolving solutes such as sodium and chloride ions or other small molecules to form an aqueous solution.
Tamasheq: Aman amosan assohen i tamudre fal as harat assohen, addoben asilyam n solutes chund sodiumvd chloride ions meɣ molecules iyyad madroynen ad aqqilan asafar ahan aman
English: Because the O–H bonds are polar, the oxygen atom has a slight negative charge and the two hydrogen atoms have a slight positive charge.
Tamasheq: Fal as O-H amosan a ilan qutbi tan,oxygen atom ila negative charge tolas hydrogen atom tan win issin ilan positive charge
English: Water is also adhesive as it is able to adhere to the surface of any polar or charged non-water molecules.
Tamasheq: Aman amosan a ilattaɣan fal as addobat ad iltaɣ arori n qutbi fuk meɣ itkar molecule tan war n amos tin aman
English: The lower density of ice compared to liquid water is due to the lower number of water molecules that form the crystal lattice structure of ice, which leaves a large amount of space between water molecules.
Tamasheq: Addakud n aɣeris andarran d aman war n aqqiras issibab net addakud andarran n molecule tan n aman wi taqqal nen crystal lattice n aɣeris itay in addikud n edag maqqoran jir molecule tan n aman
English: Thus, a large amount of energy is needed to break the hydrogen bonds between water molecules to convert liquid water into gas (or water vapor).
Tamasheq: Addikuud maqqoran n enerji izlam i terazze n hydrogen bonds jir molecule tan n aman i amaskal n aman war n aqqiras s gaz (meɣ ihohan n aman)
English: With the exception of water, nearly all the molecules that make up each organism contain carbon.
Tamasheq: A fal wadden aman, molecule tan fuk ti ahanen taɣissa iyyat fuk tahet tamakat
English: For example, a single carbon atom can form four single covalent bonds such as in methane, two double covalent bonds such as in carbon dioxide, or a triple covalent bond such as in carbon monoxide (CO).
Tamasheq: Almital, tamakat n atom fuk t addobat a taqqil covalents bonds chund daɣ methane , covalents bonds annutfasan chund carbon dioxide meɣ covalent bond ijjan anutfas wan karad chund carbon onoxide (CO)
English: A hydrocarbon backbone can be substituted by other elements such as oxygen (O), hydrogen (H), phosphorus (P), and sulfur (S), which can change the chemical behavior of that compound.
Tamasheq: Arori n hydrocarbon addoben ɣansar tan iyyad ad ijjichan edag net chund oxygen (O) , hydrogen (H), phosphorus (P), d sulfur (S) addobat nen as amutti n chemical behaviour n amartay wen
English: When two monosaccharides such as glucose and fructose are linked together, they can form a disaccharide such as sucrose.
Tamasheq: Alwaq wa id monosaccharides chund glucose d fructose osaɣan daɣ edag iyyan , addoben ad aqqilan disaccharide chund sucrose
English: These lipids are organic compounds that are largely nonpolar and hydrophobic.
Tamasheq: Lipid tan win amosan imartayan s hullan war amosan qutbi tan d hydrophobic
English: The glycerol and phosphate group together constitute the polar and hydrophilic (or head) region of the molecule whereas the fatty acids make up the nonpolar and hydrophobic (or tail) region.
Tamasheq: Glycerol d phosphate taqqalan daɣ edag iyan qutbi d hydrophilic ( meɣ eɣaf) n molecule tan as ijja awen acid tan r-artayan daɣ edag war n imos n qutbi d hydrophobic
English: Proteins are the most diverse of the macromolecules, which include enzymes, transport proteins, large signaling molecules, antibodies, and structural proteins.
Tamasheq: Protein tan amosan macromolecule tan wi iknanen ijjit ahan enzyme tan, ahunin n protein tan, molecule tan maqqornen n tadogant, antibodies d structural proteins
English: The polarity and charge of the side chains affect the solubility of amino acids.
Tamasheq: Qatbiya d adkor n esassar wan tasaja idasan alayam n amino acids
English: The primary structure consists of a unique sequence of amino acids that are covalently linked together by peptide bonds.
Tamasheq: Edey wa ezzaran ehay edag n amino acids osaɣan peptide bonds daɣ edag iyyan