Tamazight-NLP/NLLB-Seed_Tamasheq-Latin-Script huggingface dataset:
English: New studies of culture and the fledgling field of population genetics undermined the scientific standing of racial essentialism, leading race anthropologists to revise their conclusions about the sources of phenotypic variation.
Tamasheq: Tiɣir eynaynen n agna d abara n genetics tan ichaɣib immar edag wan science tan racial essentialism ewayan id race anthropologist tan ad aqqilan daɣ igzamit n xatim tan fal attarex wan phenotypic variation
English: Studies of human genetic variation show that human populations are not geographically isolated, and their genetic differences are far smaller than those among comparable subspecies.
Tamasheq: Tiɣir n genetic variation tan awadim asuknan as ichaɣib tan win addinat war isketan daɣ jografia tolas anmizlayan win etari iknan tammadrit hullan daɣ wi ich-ikilan wi dar ogdahan
English: Andreasen cited tree diagrams of relative genetic distances among populations published by Luigi Cavalli-Sforza as the basis for a phylogenetic tree of human races (p. 661).
Tamasheq: Andreasen eɣra karad diagram tan n genetic distances daɣ ichaɣib tan izizjar Luigi Cavalli-Sforza fal alkad chund as eqqall tijittawt n phylogenetic tree wan tawseten n addinat (P.661)
English: Marks, Templeton, and Cavalli-Sforza all conclude that genetics does not provide evidence of human races.
Tamasheq: Marks, Templeton d Cavalli-Sforza fuk nasan asilmadan as genetics war t aqqel asidutti n tawseten n addinat
English: For example, with respect to skin color in Europe and Africa, Brace writes:To this day, skin color grades by imperceptible means from Europe southward around the eastern end of the Mediterranean and up the Nile into Africa.
Tamasheq: Almital, daɣ semɣar n dumu n taɣissa daɣ Eroba d Afrikiya , Brace ilktab: Achal id, dumu n taɣissa iskatan isuj war n ila akayad daɣ achrut n Eroba wan emaynag edes n achrut wa alqiblat n Mediterrannée tolas ɣur Ejarew wan Nile daɣ Afrikiya
English: He further argued that one could use the term race if one distinguished between "race differences" and "the race concept".
Tamasheq: “ Allaɣat darat awa as addobat awadim axadam n isim wan twset a fal izlay jir “””anmizlayan win tawset”” d “”isim wan tawset”
English: In short, Livingstone and Dobzhansky agree that there are genetic differences among human beings; they also agree that the use of the race concept to classify people, and how the race concept is used, is a matter of social convention.
Tamasheq: Livingstone d Dobzhansk ardahan as illan anmizlayan daɣ etari daɣ addinat; ardahan har ajjudi fal axadam n isim wan tawset i askut n addinat d immik wa s exdam isim wan tawset ,eqqal anafham n tamazduq
English: As the anthropologists Leonard Lieberman and Fatimah Linda Jackson observed, "Discordant patterns of heterogeneity falsify any description of a population as if it were genotypically or even phenotypically homogeneous".
Tamasheq: “Immik wa s ikyadan anthropologist tan Leonard Lieberman d Fatimah Linda Jackson “”dumu tan war n oɣed n heterogeneity isammutay afissar n ichaɣib fuk chund ɣas kala anmartay ‘’’
English: The mid-20th-century anthropologist William C. Boyd defined race as: "A population which differs significantly from other populations in regard to the frequency of one or more of the genes it possesses.
Tamasheq: “Daɣ tazune n awatay wan 2000, anthropologist William C. Boyd ijja almaɣna n tawset: “”ichaɣib izlayan hullan id ichaɣib tan iyyad siha s iddikud n gene iyyan meɣ ajjotnen ilah”
English: Moreover, the anthropologist Stephen Molnar has suggested that the discordance of clines inevitably results in a multiplication of races that renders the concept itself useless.
Tamasheq: Anthropologist Stephen Molnar inta deɣ allaɣat as iban aqqud n clines itaraw id anatfas n tawseten ijjanen isim iman net war n ila alxidmat
English: Joanna Mountain and Neil Risch cautioned that while genetic clusters may one day be shown to correspond to phenotypic variations between groups, such assumptions were premature as the relationship between genes and complex traits remains poorly understood.
Tamasheq: Joanna Mountain d Neil Rish ardahan as alwaq wa id genetic clusters t addobat achal iyyan ad tilu id phenotypic variations jir taqqimen ,mirda tan chund win arroradan fal as aharoj jir gene tan d samalan maqqornen war ikna at w afham hullan
English: Any category you come up with is going to be imperfect, but that doesn't preclude you from using it or the fact that it has utility."
Tamasheq: “ Edag fuk dar id osa awadim ad t aqqil a war n oɣed mucham war t agdal i awadim axadam net meɣ as taqqal harat ilan tinfa””
English: This assumed three population groups separated by large geographic ranges (European, African and East Asian).
Tamasheq: Awen amos karadat taqqimen n ichaɣib azunan itartaran n jografia maqqornen (n Eroba, n Afrikiya d n Asia tan alqiblat)
English: Anthropologists such as C. Loring Brace, the philosophers Jonathan Kaplan and Rasmus Winther, and the geneticist Joseph Graves, have argued that while there it is certainly possible to find biological and genetic variation that corresponds roughly to the groupings normally defined as "continental races", this is true for almost all geographically distinct populations.
Tamasheq: “” Anthropologist tan chund C. Loring Brace , filozof tan Honathan Kaplan d Rasus Winther d geneticist Joseph Graves allaɣen as alwaq wa id addobat at ijraw n biological d genetic variation olah nen hullan id tqqimen s almaɣna nasnat “”continental races””, awen eqqal tiditt fal ichaɣib tan izlaynen daɣ jorgrafia”
English: Weiss and Fullerton have noted that if one sampled only Icelanders, Mayans and Maoris, three distinct clusters would form and all other populations could be described as being clinally composed of admixtures of Maori, Icelandic and Mayan genetic materials.
Tamasheq: Weiss d Fullerton iktaban as a fal t illa Icelanders iyyan, Mayans d Maroris, karad ibarnamichan izlay nen ad aknin tolas ichaiban fuk wi yadnen addoben at w afasaran chund anɣambal n isuj n Maori, Icelandic d Maya
English: Moreover, the genomic data underdetermines whether one wishes to see subdivisions (i.e., splitters) or a continuum (i.e., lumpers).
Tamasheq: Genomic Data asilmad kud inta ille i adurhanan akayad n tizunawen (awen amos ,Splitter) meɣ iki (awen amos, lumpers)
English: Alongside empirical and conceptual problems with "race", following the Second World War, evolutionary and social scientists were acutely aware of how beliefs about race had been used to justify discrimination, apartheid, slavery, and genocide.
Tamasheq: “ Muchakil tan win akayad d win ta-ite tan id “tawset” ,id osanen ɣur akinnas n alɣalim wan issin, evolutionar d Social scientis tan issanan hullan immik wa s medran tan fal tawset at axadam i ihu n almaɣna i anmizlay ,apartheid, takkiluwa d emes n tawset””
English: Craig Venter and Francis Collins of the National Institute of Health jointly made the announcement of the mapping of the human genome in 2000.
Tamasheq: Craig Venter d Francis Collins n National Institute wan assexat allaɣen s akirdi n genome wan awadim daɣ awatay wan 2000
English: It's not a scientific one.
Tamasheq: War eqqel harat n science
English: Anthropologist Stephan Palmié has argued that race "is not a thing but a social relation"; or, in the words of Katya Gibel Mevorach, "a metonym", "a human invention whose criteria for differentiation are neither universal nor fixed but have always been used to manage difference."
Tamasheq: “ Anthropologist Stephan Pamié allaɣat as tawset”” war t aqqel harat mucham aharoj n tamazduq”” meɣ daɣ majrad wan Katya Gibel Mevorach “”tangalt” , eɣanni n awadim s ichiritan net i anmizlay war amosan a ilsan alɣalim meɣ a azzuken mucham ijjan harkuk i axakam fal anmizlay””
English: There, racial identity was not governed by rigid descent rule, such as the one-drop rule, as it was in the United States.
Tamasheq: Tumast n tawset war fal as exkem achareɣa assohen chund achareɣa wan titbaqet n achni iyyat immik wa s ijja daɣ Amerik
English: These types grade into each other like the colors of the spectrum, and not one category stands significantly isolated from the rest.
Tamasheq: Ich-ikilan win iskatan jir iman nasan chund dumu tan n spectrum tolas war t illa edag ehan achrut fal wi yadnen
English: New Jersey: Prentice Hall Inc, 1984.
Tamasheq: New Jersey: Prentice Hall Inc, 1984
English: In European context, historical resonance of "race" underscores its problematic nature.
Tamasheq: “ Daɣ taɣa tan Eroba, emasli n attarex n “tawset” eqqal echwal n annuɣ n muchakil”
English: The concept of racial origin relies on the notion that human beings can be separated into biologically distinct "races", an idea generally rejected by the scientific community.
Tamasheq: “ Isim wan attrex n tawset ijja fal ta-ite tan as addinat addoben tuzant s “tawseten” n abakort izlaynen, ta-ite tankur aljamaɣat tan Science”
English: In the United States most people who self-identify as African American have some European ancestors, while many people who identify as European American have some African or Amerindian ancestors.
Tamasheq: Daɣ Amerik addinat ajjotnen wi ɣarrinen iman nasan s kel Afrikiya win Amerik ilan iwicharan iyyad n Eroba as ijja awen addinat wi ɣarrinen iman nasan s kel Eroba win Amerik ilan iwicharan iyyad n Afrikiya meɣ Ameridien tan
English: The criteria for membership in these races diverged in the late 19th century.
Tamasheq: Ichirit i ijjuch n tawseten tin war olah daɣ amindi n awatay wan 1900
English: Amerindians continue to be defined by a certain percentage of "Indian blood" (called blood quantum).
Tamasheq: “ Ameridian tan har ajjudi t atwasanan s iddikud n “achni n endu tan” (s isim net achni wan quantum)”
English: This rule meant that those that were mixed race but with some discernible African ancestry were defined as black.
Tamasheq: Achareɣa wen almaɣna net as addinat win tawseten artay nen mucham ilan iwicharan n afrikiya amosan imikwalan
English: The term "Hispanic" as an ethnonym emerged in the 20th century with the rise of migration of laborers from the Spanish-speaking countries of Latin America to the United States.
Tamasheq: “ Isim” wan “”Hispanic”” amosan tasassaɣrawt n tawset dav awatay wan 2000 ɣur tiw-at n isikilan n inaxdiman ɣru addawla tan n Amerik Latin wi sawal nen Spania har addawlat tan Etazuni”
English: Three factors, country of academic education, discipline, and age, were found to be significant in differentiating the replies.
Tamasheq: Haratan karad n addawla tan teɣare , majal d awatay aqqalan as amosan asohen daɣ anmizlay n alwazaban
English: In 2007, Ann Morning interviewed over 40 American biologists and anthropologists and found significant disagreements over the nature of race, with no one viewpoint holding a majority among either group.
Tamasheq: Daɣ awatay wan 2007, Ann tassitan a ojjaran 40 n biologist d anthropologist tan dihen tijraw iban tanmerdut maqqorat fal annuɣ n tawset s war t illa majrad ojaran win taqqimt ta yadat
English: While he can see good arguments for both sides, the complete denial of the opposing evidence "seems to stem largely from socio-political motivation and not science at all".
Tamasheq: “ Kuddeɣ as addobat akayad daɣ isidutta olaɣ nen daɣ ichrutan fuk, asabbahu ikmalan asidutti n achrut wa yadan “”s tannad izjar id tamatikwayt n tamazduq d folitik wadden science””
English: In partial response to Gill's statement, Professor of Biological Anthropology C. Loring Brace argues that the reason laymen and biological anthropologists can determine the geographic ancestry of an individual can be explained by the fact that biological characteristics are clinally distributed across the planet, and that does not translate into the concept of race.
Tamasheq: Daɣ alwazab i majrad n Gill, Emassaɣar wan Biology tan Anthropology C. Loring Brace amchakkat as iddilil wa fal aljuhal d Anthropologist tan win Biology addoben musnat n iwicharan n jografia tan awadim addobat afaham s tajuhe n as samalan win biology azunan daɣ alɣalim tolas war addoben ad afassaran s isim wan tawset
English: Physical anthropology texts argued that biological races exist until the 1970s, when they began to argue that races do not exist.
Tamasheq: Ikitban n Physical anthropology allaɣen as tawsaten tin abarkot illanat har daɣ awatay wan 1970 alwaq wa id issintan amchikki fal as tawseten war it illenat
English: In February 2001, the editors of Archives of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine asked "authors to not use race and ethnicity when there is no biological, scientific, or sociological reason for doing so."
Tamasheq: “Daɣ ayor wan Fibrayir n awatay wan 2001, editor tan n ilkadan win aru n Pediatrics d Adolescent Medecine ittaran daɣ“”inaktiban ad war aɣren isim n tawset alwaq wa id war t illa iddilil n abarkot, n science meɣ n sociology””
English: Morning (2008) looked at high school biology textbooks during the 1952–2002 period and initially found a similar pattern with only 35% directly discussing race in the 1983–92 period from initially 92% doing so.
Tamasheq: Morning (awatay wan 2008) ikyad daɣ alkittaban win biology n lakkol wan ammas daɣ awatay wan 1952 har 2002 tolas ijraw dumu olahan s 35% ɣas issewalan fal tawset daɣ awatay wan 1983 har 1992 s tizarat 92% ɣas a ijjan awen
English: In general, the material on race has moved from surface traits to genetics and evolutionary history.
Tamasheq: Asuj fal tawset inkach s ɣur samalan n arori s genetics d attarex wa ikkan s data
English: She notes, "At best, one can conclude that biologists and anthropologists now appear equally divided in their beliefs about the nature of race."
Tamasheq: “Tiktab as “addobat awadim ad ekkammal s tulaɣay a biologist ta n d anthropologist tan ogdahan amarad tuzant daɣ medran tan nasan fal annuɣ wan tawset “””
English: 33 health services researchers from differing geographic regions were interviewed in a 2008 study.
Tamasheq: 33 n Kel Farak fal assexat n rejion tan ajjotnen at-w-asastanan daɣ farak ijjan daɣ awatay wan 2008
English: Many sociologists focused on African Americans, called Negroes at that time, and claimed that they were inferior to whites.
Tamasheq: Sociologist tan ajjotnen ijjan alxidmat nasan fal kel Afrikiya win Amerik s ismawan nasan Negro tan azzaman wen tolas asilmadan war tan ojjaran ikufar
English: In 1910, the Journal published an article by Ulysses G. Weatherly (1865-1940) that called for white supremacy and segregation of the races to protect racial purity.
Tamasheq: Daɣ awatay wan 1910, Journal izizjar id Ilfisil ijja Ulysess G. Weatherly (awatay wan 1865 har 1940) eɣran s tijra n ikufar d amaskat n tawsaten i alɣillas n tizdije n tawset
English: In his work, he contended that social class, colonialism, and capitalism shaped ideas about race and racial categories.
Tamasheq: Daɣ alxidmat net, erdaɣ as taqqimen n addinat daɣ tamazduq, alisteɣmar, kapitalizm iknan ta-ite tan fal tawset d iššikil n tawseten
English: By 1978, William Julius Wilson (1935–) argued that race and racial classification systems were declining in significance, and that instead, social class more accurately described what sociologists had earlier understood as race.
Tamasheq: Daɣ awatay wan 1978, William Julius Wilson (1935-) amǝšakkat as tawset d sistem tan n amiskat n tawseten fannazan hullan tolas taqqimen n addinat daɣ tamazduq iknanat afissar n awa ifhaman kel farak s tizart daɣ tawset
English: Eduardo Bonilla-Silva, Sociology professor at Duke University, remarks, "I contend that racism is, more than anything else, a matter of group power; it is about a dominant racial group (whites) striving to maintain its systemic advantages and minorities fighting to subvert the racial status quo.
Tamasheq: “ Eduardo Bonilla-Silva , emasɣar n socioloji daɣ lakkol ta maqqorat n Duke, assilmad,”” aredeɣ as anmizlay n addinat daɣ tijjart n harat fuk, eqqal harat n assahat n taqqimt;imos anmijar hullan n taqqimt n addinat (ikufar) axdamnen i ag-az n irabaxan nasan d akinnas jir tilaqqiwen i ad alɣaman alxalat tan anmizlay”
English: In clinical settings, race has sometimes been considered in the diagnosis and treatment of medical conditions.
Tamasheq: Daɣ ihandagan win laɣtor, anmizlay a t aw ajr a hin daɣ amiyiz d asafar n torhinna awen
English: There is an active debate among biomedical researchers about the meaning and importance of race in their research.
Tamasheq: Ille majrad ijjan jir kel farak tan fal almaɣna d tinfa n anmizlay daɣ imuɣ nasan
English: Members of the latter camp often base their arguments around the potential to create genome-based personalized medicine.
Tamasheq: Addinat win uchray ijjan amšǝkki tan nasan fal tubabat n eɣanni n asifran ijjanen fal genome n amirhan
English: They argue that overemphasizing genetic contributions to health disparities carries various risks such as reinforcing stereotypes, promoting racism or ignoring the contribution of non-genetic factors to health disparities.
Tamasheq: Mǝšakken as tehakke n tamɣar maqqorat i isiwad n etari i anmizalyan n assexat ahan ti haratan ajjotnen assuksadnen šund asiwad n erk kayadan n addinat, asiwad n anmizlay meɣ tetawit n awa infa titbaqqa war n imos tin etari i anmizlayan win assexat
English: IC" stands for "Identification Code;" these items are also referred to as Phoenix classifications.
Tamasheq: “”IC”” amos “”kod wan alamad”, “”isuj win it awan has san Phoenix classifications”
English: In many countries, such as France, the state is legally banned from maintaining data based on race, which often makes the police issue wanted notices to the public that include labels like "dark skin complexion", etc.
Tamasheq: “ Dav addawla tan ajjotnen chund France, igdal achareɣa i alxakum atkul n isalan win anmizlay n addinat, harat ijjan alwaq iyyan i muchakil tan tin bolistan a erhan isarɣam i addinat eha chund “”takkawalt”” etc”
English: Many consider de facto racial profiling an example of institutional racism in law enforcement.
Tamasheq: Addinat ajjotnen ijjan arabax n anmizlay n addinat almital n anmizlay daɣ tamatikwayt n achareɣa
English: Mass incarceration is also, "the larger web of laws, rules, policies, and customs that control those labeled criminals both in and out of prison."
Tamasheq: “ Ijji n addinat ajjotnen daɣ kaso ita deɣ eqqal “” web wa maqqoran n achareɣ tan, folitik tan d alxal wa inahadan daɣ inasjafa tan win daɣ ammas hak id ajjama n kaso””””
English: Many research findings appear to agree that the impact of victim race in the IPV arrest decision might possibly include a racial bias in favor of white victims.
Tamasheq: ijjarawan n farak ajjotnen ardaɣan fal as albas wan anmizlay daɣ addabara tan tin IPV wan atarmas addobat a tanat eha iban tigdaht n anmizlay assofan ikufar
English: Some studies have reported that races can be identified with a high degree of accuracy using certain methods, such as that developed by Giles and Elliot.
Tamasheq: Tiɣir tiyyad asilmad nat as anmizlay n addinat addobat at w-ilmad s iddikud chajren n iqqud s immikan iyyad chund wi s ijja Giles d Elliot efes nasan
English: The study concluded that "The apportionment of genetic diversity in skin color is atypical, and cannot be used for purposes of classification."
Tamasheq: “ Teɣare t asilmad as “” tazunt tan anmizlay n etari daɣ dumu n taɣissa war ola tolas war addobat alxidmat s ittusan aɣazan””””
English: Cultural anthropology is a branch of anthropology focused on the study of cultural variation among humans.
Tamasheq: Teɣare tan agna taqqal elakat n anthropology ijjan fal teɣare n imuttiyan n agna jir addinat
English: In addressing this question, ethnologists in the 19th century divided into two schools of thought.
Tamasheq: Daɣ alwazab i asistan wen, ethnologist tan win awatay wan 1900 azunan s issin lakkolan n ta-ite
English: Some of those who advocated "independent invention", like Lewis Henry Morgan, additionally supposed that similarities meant that different groups had passed through the same stages of cultural evolution (See also classical social evolutionism).
Tamasheq: “ Iyyad daɣ wi og-az nen” uɣna ijjan s alistexal”” chund Henry Morgan , issewad as tulaten amos nat taaqimen n addinat izlaynen okay nat s ihandagan iyyad n amutti n agna ( ikyid social evolutionnism wan alasal)”
English: Morgan, like other 19th century social evolutionists, believed there was a more or less orderly progression from the primitive to the civilized.
Tamasheq: Mogan , chund, addinat wi iflasnen s amutti n tamazduq n awatay wan 1900, orda s ille iki n s sata iw-idan meɣ ifnazan ɣur iwityan win aru har akarach n ta-ite tolaEvolutionat
English: Although 19th-century ethnologists saw "diffusion" and "independent invention" as mutually exclusive and competing theories, most ethnographers quickly reached a consensus that both processes occur, and that both can plausibly account for cross-cultural similarities.
Tamasheq: “ KuddeEvolution as ethnoloist tan win awatay wan 1900 ikyadan as “ asilmad “ d uɣna wa ijjan s alistexal”” as aqqal nat fuk mirda tan war n oher harat tolas miɣanna nen, ijjit n kel teɣare win agna ewadan daɣ armud anifham n as timachalen tin fukvijjanat tolas fuk nasan addobat nat ijjuch n tulaten jir agna tan “”
English: Boas first articulated the idea in 1887: "...civilization is not something absolute, but ... is relative, and ... our ideas and conceptions are true only so far as our civilization goes."
Tamasheq: “ Boas a ezzaran s asilmad n ta-ite daɣ awatay wan 1887 “”... Akarach n ta-ite tolavat war eqqel harat imaddin mucham eqqal harat osaɣan tolas...anazjum nanaɣ d mirda tan addutat nat a ijja akarach n ta-ite tolaɣat nanaɣ ijla”””””
English: Cultural relativism involves specific epistemological and methodological claims.
Tamasheq: Cultural relativism ahan ti mutarrabatan n epistemology d methodology
English: Cultural relativism was in part a response to Western ethnocentrism.
Tamasheq: Cutural relativism eqqal alwazab i tufit n agna tan fal wi yadnen ijjan ɣur ikufar
English: This understanding of culture confronts anthropologists with two problems: first, how to escape the unconscious bonds of one's own culture, which inevitably bias our perceptions of and reactions to the world, and second, how to make sense of an unfamiliar culture.
Tamasheq: Afaham wen n agna asimoqqas Anthropologist tan id issin muchakil tan : Awa ezzaran, indek immik wa s he igmid awadim temedt n agna net s war ehamich an imajar id ikayadan nanaɣ n d alwazaban nanaɣ i alɣalim tolas wan issin , indek immik wa s he ijru agna wa war izzeyaɣ almaɣna
English: One such method is that of ethnography: basically, they advocated living with people of another culture for an extended period of time, so that they could learn the local language and be enculturated, at least partially, into that culture.
Tamasheq: Immik iyyan chund wen eqqal wan teɣare n agna: asilmadan hullan s tamazzuq id addinat n agna iyyan har azzaman hin inkachan ; har ilmidan agna n akal d war he assujalan kuddeɣ s achrut daɣ agna iyyan
English: His approach was empirical, skeptical of overgeneralizations, and eschewed attempts to establish universal laws.
Tamasheq: Tazujich net tijja fal musnat, a ehamich d ereman i edey n achareɣa tan n alɣalim
English: He believed that each culture has to be studied in its particularity, and argued that cross-cultural generalizations, like those made in the natural sciences, were not possible.
Tamasheq: Orda as agna fuk ilzam teɣare net daɣ uzlay net tolas mǝšakken as isartiyan n jir agna tan chund wi ijjanen daɣ natural sicences, war addoben ijji
English: His first generation of students included Alfred Kroeber, Robert Lowie, Edward Sapir, and Ruth Benedict, who each produced richly detailed studies of indigenous North American cultures.
Tamasheq: Attalaba tn net win tizarat eha Alfred Kroeber, Robert Lowie, Edward Spir d Ruth Benedict, s iyyan fuk ijja tiɣir taha alfaydat n agna tan tin kel akal wan Amrik tan emaynag
English: The publication of Alfred Kroeber's textbook Anthropology (1923) marked a turning point in American anthropology.
Tamasheq: Azajjor n alkittab n Anthrpology wan iktab Alfred Kroeber daɣ awtay wan 1923 eqqal titbaqqet maqqorat daɣ American Anthrpology