Tamazight-NLP/NLLB-Seed_Tamasheq-Latin-Script huggingface dataset:
English: According to this way of thinking, one could classify some countries and nations as more civilized than others and some people as more cultured than others.
Tamasheq: Daɣ immik wa s ijja anasjum net, addobat awadim asakat n addawla tan tiyyad addinat chund as ojjaran wi yadnen ijarri tolas addinat iyyad as ilan agna ojjaran wan wi yadnen
English: Other 19th-century critics, following Rousseau, have accepted this differentiation between higher and lower culture, but have seen the refinement and sophistication of high culture as corrupting and unnatural developments that obscure and distort people's essential nature.
Tamasheq: Daɣ critics win 1900, Rousseau ardah fal anmizlay wen jir agna wan s afalla d wan sider mucham ikyad as tihussay d milɣaw n agna n afalla as amos efes amixalxalan eha tihay tolas isimuti annuɣ n addinat
English: In 1870 the anthropologist Edward Tylor (1832–1917) applied these ideas of higher versus lower culture to propose a theory of the evolution of religion.
Tamasheq: Daɣ awatay wan 1870 anthropologist Edward Tylor (1832 har 1917) ijja inasjam net n agna wan s afalla d wan sider i ad ej addabara n mirda n iki s data n addin
English: For sociologist Georg Simmel (1858–1918), culture referred to "the cultivation of individuals through the agency of external forms which have been objectified in the course of history."
Tamasheq: “ I Sociologist Georg Simmel (1858 har 1918), agna amos ‘ teɣare n addinat s Agency wan dumu win ajjama addutat nen daɣ attarex””
English: Non-material culture refers to the non-physical ideas that individuals have about their culture, including values, belief systems, rules, norms, morals, language, organizations, and institutions, while material culture is the physical evidence of a culture in the objects and architecture they make or have made.
Tamasheq: Agna war n aqqel wan asuj amos inasjam war n ila taɣissa ilan addinat fal agna tan nasan eha alqim nasan, amedran tan, achareɣa tan, axluk tan,awal, taggayen, d tijittawen as ijja awen agna wan asuj amos asidduti n taɣissa n agna daɣ haratan d edey wa itajj meɣ wa ijjan
English: Cultural sociology was then "reinvented" in the English-speaking world as a product of the "cultural turn" of the 1960s, which ushered in structuralist and postmodern approaches to social science.
Tamasheq: “ Cultural Sociology “”olas id iɣannan” daɣ alɣalim wa issewalan tangilist chund asuj n “cultural turn” daɣ awtay wan 1960 tiijach at tizujach tin structuralist d postmodern i social sciene”
English: Culture" has since become an important concept across many branches of sociology, including resolutely scientific fields like social stratification and social network analysis.
Tamasheq: “”Agna” ɣur azzaman wen eqqal isim assohen daɣ iliktan ajjotnen chund sociology ahan abara tan n science chund social stratificatio d amiyiz n rezo wan tamazduq
English: They saw patterns of consumption and leisure as determined by relations of production, which led them to focus on class relations and the organization of production.
Tamasheq: Ikyadan daɣ dumu tan n tetate d izijrz s immik wa s tan asilmadan iharojan n itaj tan id ewayan ad ej fal iharojan d amukin n intaj
English: It has since become strongly associated with Stuart Hall, who succeeded Hoggart as Director.
Tamasheq: ɣur azzaman wen daɣ a id osaɣ hullan id Stuart Hall ichrayan Hoggart as Direkter
English: These practices comprise the ways people do particular things (such as watching television or eating out) in a given culture.
Tamasheq: Alxidmten tin ahan tanat immikan wa s taj in addinat haratan (chund akayad n talavizyon meɣ tetate daɣ ajjama), daɣ agna iyyn
English: Watching television to view a public perspective on a historical event should not be thought of as culture unless referring to the medium of television itself, which may have been selected culturally; however, schoolchildren watching television after school with their friends to "fit in" certainly qualifies since there is no grounded reason for one's participation in this practice.
Tamasheq: “ Akayad n talavizyon i akayad n akayad n awadim fal attarex war oleɣ ad eqqil amedran n agna har umas a eqqalan fal asuj n talavisyon iman net addoben ad eqqil nefran n agna; hak id ijja awen ilyadan n lakkol wi kayadnen darat lakkol id imidiwan nasan” ad “”ichijan” alwaq wa id war t ila iddilil i ijjuch n alxidmat ten”
English: Culture" for a cultural-studies researcher not only includes traditional high culture (the culture of ruling social groups) and popular culture, but also everyday meanings and practices.
Tamasheq: “Agna” aw farak wan tiɣir n agna itaj agna n s afalla wan alasal (agna wan axakam daɣ taqqimen n tamazduq) d agna izjaran hullan mucham achal fuk almaɣna tan d alxidmaten”
English: Scholars in the United Kingdom and the United States developed somewhat different versions of cultural studies after the late 1970s.
Tamasheq: Imaɣran daɣ Rwayom Uni d Amerik ijjan efes n ich-ikilan n tiɣir war n olah darat amindi n awatay wan 1970
English: The distinction between American and British strands, however, has faded.
Tamasheq: Anmizlay jir anasjum wan Amerik d wan Britania, imzay
English: The main focus of an orthodox Marxist approach concentrates on the production of meaning.
Tamasheq: Tazujicht tan Orthodox Marxist tan t ijja fal ihuk n almaɣna
English: Other approaches to cultural studies, such as feminist cultural studies and later American developments of the field, distance themselves from this view.
Tamasheq: Tizujichen tiyyad n tiɣir tin agna chund tiɣir n agna wan feminist d darat awa efes wa ijjan Ameriken tan i abara assojajan iman nasan akayan wen
English: Culture psychologists began to try to explore the relationship between emotions and culture, and answer whether the human mind is independent from culture.
Tamasheq: Psychologist tan win agna issintan erem n imuɣ i aharoj jir tanafrit d agna tolas aj in alwazab n as kud inta ta-ite n awadim tijraw alxoriya net daɣ agna
English: On the other hand, some researchers try to look for differences between people's personalities across cultures.
Tamasheq: Daɣ achrut iyyan, kel farak iyyad araman ittuar i anmizlayan jir imuzarn n addinat daɣ agna tan
English: For example, people who are raised in a culture with an abacus are trained with distinctive reasoning style.
Tamasheq: Almital, addinat wi idwalnen daɣ agna s abacus ijja teɣare s ichikil izlayan
English: Basically, the Hague Convention for the Protection of Cultural Property in the Event of Armed Conflict and the UNESCO Convention for the Protection of Cultural Diversity deal with the protection of culture.
Tamasheq: Tanmerdut tan Haye fal Alɣillas n Agna Arizzej daɣ azzaman n akinnas n kel efew d tanmerdut tan UNESCO fal alɣillas n anmizlay n agna
English: Under international law, the UN and UNESCO try to set up and enforce rules for this.
Tamasheq: Daɣ achareɣa wa jar ikallan , UN d UNESCO eram ad ej tolas asaxdim n achareɣa tan fal awen
English: The target of the attack is the identity of the opponent, which is why symbolic cultural assets become a main target.
Tamasheq: Ittus n tadlimt ten amos tumast n xasim ,awen daɣ a fal ilalan ajjotnen n agna aqqalan ittus wa ojjaran
English: A festival is an event ordinarily celebrated by a community and centering on some characteristic aspect of that community and its religion or cultures.
Tamasheq: Tamadacht taqqal harat s taj tawset amud net tolas ijja fal harat n samalan n tawseten ten d addin meɣ agna tan
English: Next to religion and folklore, a significant origin is agricultural.
Tamasheq: Attarex wan tiwwijjast inta a ilkman i wan addin dallol
English: Festivals often serve to fulfill specific communal purposes, especially in regard to commemoration or thanking to the gods, goddesses or saints: they're called patronal festivals.
Tamasheq: Timadachen alwaq iyyan tajjach nat edag n ittusan n tawset hullan tichilen meɣ alxer i imaxlakan, timaxlaken meɣ alwali tn: Ismawan nasan timadachen tin alwali tan
English: In Ancient Greece and Rome, festivals such as the Saturnalia were closely associated with social organisation and political processes as well as religion.
Tamasheq: Daɣ Greece d Roma win aru, timadachen chund Saturnalia iknanen assaɣ id taggayen n tamazduɣ d timitikwayen n folitik hak id tin addin
English: In Middle English, a "festival dai" was a religious holiday.
Tamasheq: “ Daɣ Middl English, ‘“tamadacht dai’’’eqqal achal n addin “”
English: The term "feast" is also used in common secular parlance as a synonym for any large or elaborate meal.
Tamasheq: “” Isim wan “”amud” int deɣ itawar daɣ teklay war n aqqel tan addin eqqalan n almaɣna olahan i amansi fuk maqqoran olaɣan”
English: The most important religious festivals such as Christmas, Rosh Hashanah, Diwali, Eid al-Fitr and Eid al-Adha serve to mark out the year.
Tamasheq: Timadachen n addin iknanen tulaɣay chund amud n kriken Rosh Hashanah, Diwali, Eid al-Fitr d Eid al-Adha aqqalan ehwal i awatay
English: An early example is the festival established by Ancient Egyptian Pharaoh Ramesses III celebrating his victory over the Libyans.
Tamasheq: Almital ezzaran amos tamadacht ijjan Farɣawna n Masar tan aru Ramses III ijjan dallol n tarna fal kel Libya
English: There are numerous types of festivals in the world and most countries celebrate important events or traditions with traditional cultural events and activities.
Tamasheq: Illan ich(ikilan ajjotnen n timadachen daɣ alɣalim tolas addawla tan ajjotnen t ajjinat amud n tumasen n xadas tan tin agna tan d timachɣulen
English: Ancient Egyptian festivals could be either religious or political.
Tamasheq: Timadachen tin Masar n aru addobat nat ad aqqil nat tin addin meɣ tin folitik
English: The Sed festival, for example, celebrated the thirtieth year of an Egyptian pharaoh's rule and then every three (or four in one case) years after that.
Tamasheq: Daɣ almital tamadacht tan Sed i taj amud net daɣ 30 n awatay n axakam n Farɣawna wan Masar tolas hak karad (meɣ akkoz alwaq iyyan) iwityan darat awa
English: In the Christian liturgical calendar, there are two principal feasts, properly known as the Feast of the Nativity of our Lord (Christmas) and the Feast of the Resurrection (Easter), but minor festivals in honour of local patron saints are celebrated in almost all countries influenced by Christianity.
Tamasheq: Daɣ alquddas n kriken tan wan taqqan d ichilan , illan ti issin imaddan tiwassan nen s Amud wan Tiwit n Amaxlak nanaɣ (Christmas) d Amud wan baɣas (Easter) mucham timadachen ti madroynen i alwali tan win akal taj i nat daɣ addawla tan fuk daɣ ojjar addin wan kriken tan
English: Buddhist religious festivals, such as Esala Perahera are held in Sri Lanka and Thailand.
Tamasheq: Timadachen tin addin wan Buddhist tan chund Esala Perahera taj i nat daɣ Sri Lanka d Thailand
English: Film festivals involve the screenings of several different films, and are usually held annually.
Tamasheq: Timadachen n Film tan eha asukni n film tan ajjotnen izlaynen tolas taj i nat awatay fuk
English: There are also specific beverage festivals, such as the famous Oktoberfest in Germany for beer.
Tamasheq: T-ille tamadacht n tesase chund tan alxamar s izjar isim net hullan daɣ Allemagne
English: Ancient Egyptians relied upon the seasonal inundation caused by the Nile River, a form of irrigation, which provided fertile land for crops.
Tamasheq: Daɣ Masar tan aru ijjan fal at iɣachodan n aman s addilil nasan ejarew wa maqqoran n Nile dumu n asiswi ehak in akal lammedan i tadamut
English: Dree Festival of the Apatanis living in Lower Subansiri District of Arunachal Pradesh is celebrated every year from July 4 to 7 by praying for a bumper crop harvest.
Tamasheq: Tamadacht tan Dri n Apatanis izzaɣan daɣ Subansiri District wan Aunachal Pradesh itaj amud net awatay fuk daɣ achal wan 4 har wan 7 n ayor wan juwiliyat s amud i tadamut tiknat tulaɣay
English: A holiday is a day set aside by custom or by law on which normal activities, especially business or work including school, are suspended or reduced.
Tamasheq: Achal n tasanfut eqqal achal iskat agna meɣ achareɣa s alxidmaten tin almaɣna hulan chawara tan meɣ alxidmat tan lakkol tasikkar meɣ t ifnaz
English: The degree to which normal activities are reduced by a holiday may depend on local laws, customs, the type of job held or personal choices.
Tamasheq: Edag wa s ifnaz achal wan tasanfut alxidmaten tin almaɣna izlay daɣ achareɣa tan win akal ,agna tan, dumu n alxidmat meɣ nefran wa ijja awadim
English: In most modern societies, however, holidays serve as much of a recreational function as any other weekend days or activities.
Tamasheq: Daɣ timizdaɣ tin amarad, hak id ijja as ichilan win tasanfut aqqalan hullan ittus n asuf chund ichilan wi yadnen id war t ila alxidmat
English: In some cases, a holiday may only be nominally observed.
Tamasheq: Daɣ ihandagan iyyad, achal wan tasanfut addoben addinat a has aj in akayad s isim
English: The modern use varies geographically.
Tamasheq: Axadam wan amarad izlay s jografia tan
English: For example, Monkey Day is celebrated on December 14, International Talk Like a Pirate Day is observed on September 19, and Blasphemy Day is held on September 30.
Tamasheq: ALmital, Monkey Day i taj amud net daɣ achal wan 14 n ayor wan Disambir, International Talk chund Pirate Day i taj amud net daɣ achal wan 19 n ayor wan sutambar d Blasphemy Day i taj in daɣ achal wan 30 n ayor wan sutambar
English: Jehovah's Witnesses annually commemorate "The Memorial of Jesus Christ's Death", but do not celebrate other holidays with any religious significance such as Easter, Christmas or New Year's.
Tamasheq: “ Jehovah Witness taj in awatay fuk amud n ‘’Isikta n tamattant tan annabi ɣisa”” mucham war taj in amud wan ichilan wi yadnen n tasanfut s almaɣna n addin chund Easter, christmas meɣ teynaya n awatay””
English: Ahmadi Muslims additionally celebrate Promised Messiah Day, Promised Reformer Day, and Khilafat Day, but contrary to popular belief, neither are regarded as holidays.
Tamasheq: Inasliman win Ahmadi issewadan amud n Promised Messiah Day, Promised Reformer Day d Xilafa Day mucham a izlayan id awa aɣilan addinat , war tan eha i eqqalan achal n tasanfut
English: Celtic, Norse, and Neopagan holidays follow the order of the Wheel of the Year.
Tamasheq: Ichilan n tasanfut win Celtic, Norse d Neopagan ilkaman i Wheel of the Year
English: Researchers in bioarchaeology combine the skill sets of human osteology, paleopathology, and archaeology, and often consider the cultural and mortuary context of the remains.
Tamasheq: Kel farak daɣ bioarchaeology assirtayan musnat nasan n human osteology, paleopathology d archaeology tolas alwaq iyyan ijrahan in talɣa tan agna d iɣasan n inamuttan
English: Evolutionary psychology is the study of psychological structures from a modern evolutionary perspective.
Tamasheq: Evolutionary Psychology t amos teɣare n spychological structures n akayad wan amarad ikkan s data
English: Human behavioral ecology is the study of behavioral adaptations (foraging, reproduction, ontogeny) from the evolutionary and ecologic perspectives (see behavioral ecology).
Tamasheq: Human Behavioral ecology amos teɣare n almud n alxal (imuɣ i tetate,akarac n aratan, tadawla ) daɣ ikayadan n iki s data d ecology ( ikyid ecology)
English: Paleoanthropology is the study of fossil evidence for human evolution, mainly using remains from extinct hominin and other primate species to determine the morphological and behavioral changes in the human lineage, as well as the environment in which human evolution occurred.
Tamasheq: Paleoanthropology amos teɣare n asiduttii n iɣasan win aru i iki s data n addinat hullan s axadam n iɣasan amutnen n hominin d ich-ikilan iyyad i musnat n imutiyan n taɣissa d alxal n nasab wan awadim hak id ahinzazaɣ wa daɣ ijja amutti wen
English: The name is even relatively new, having been 'physical anthropology' for over a century, with some practitioners still applying that term.
Tamasheq: Isim wen eynay , ila “physical anthropolagy” har ikrach temede n awatay har mumaris tan iyyad issintan teɣare n isim en
English: Some editors, see below, have rooted the field even deeper than formal science.
Tamasheq: Editor tan iyyad, ikyid sider, issewadan ikewan n abara wzn hullan a ojjaran awa has t ijja science
English: This became the main system through which scholars thought about nature for the next roughly 2,000 years.
Tamasheq: Awen eqqal sistem wan ammas s taj in imaɣran medran fal ahinzazaɣ i 2000 n awatay win tilkamat
English: He also wrote about physiognomy, an idea derived from writings in the Hippocratic Corpus.
Tamasheq: Olas akatab fal physiognomy , anasjum id izjaran ikitban daɣ Hippocratic Corpus
English: In the 19th century, French physical anthropologists, led by Paul Broca (1824-1880), focused on craniometry while the German tradition, led by Rudolf Virchow (1821–1902), emphasized the influence of environment and disease upon the human body.
Tamasheq: Daɣ awatay wan 1900, Physical Anthropologist tan win France s ezzar Paul Broca ( awatay wan 1824 har 1880) ijjan axlidmat fal craniometry as ijja awen daɣ tumast tan allemagne s ezzar Rudolf Virchow (awatay wan 1821 har 1902) issewad assahat n ahinzazaɣ d torhinna fal taɣissa n awadim
English: He changed the focus from racial typology to concentrate upon the study of human evolution, moving away from classification towards evolutionary process.
Tamasheq: Isammutay alxidmat net fal racial tpology i ad exdam fal teɣare n amutti n awadim , ichinkach fal amaskat s tamatikay tan iki n s data
English: A race is a grouping of humans based on shared physical or social qualities into categories generally viewed as distinct by society.
Tamasheq: Tawset taqqal taqqimt n addinat tijat fal immikan n taɣissa meɣ tamazduq s ihandagan anmazlay nen daɣ akayad wan addinat
English: Modern science regards race as a social construct, an identity which is assigned based on rules made by society.
Tamasheq: Science tan amarad ijja ɣur is as tawset t aqqal akaros n tamazduq, tumast tat ijraw at taɣnat s achareɣa tan tamazduq
English: Still others argue that, among humans, race has no taxonomic significance because all living humans belong to the same subspecies, Homo sapiens sapiens.
Tamasheq: Addinat iyyad har ajjudi jan in daɣ addinat, tawset war it ila almaɣna n asakat fal as addinat fuk izjaran id ich-ikilan olah nen n Homo sapiens
English: In South Africa, the Population Registration Act, 1950 recognized only White, Black, and Coloured, with Indians added later.
Tamasheq: Daɣ South Africa, Population Registration Act daɣ awatay wan 1950 wae issen ɣas fal ikufar, imikwalan d addinat win dumu tan artaynen id ijjachan Indian tan darat awa
English: The United States Census Bureau proposed but then withdrew plans to add a new category to classify Middle Eastern and North African peoples in the U.S. Census 2020, over a dispute over whether this classification should be considered a white ethnicity or a separate race.
Tamasheq: Biraw n Amerik wan Tudant itkal addabara mucham ikkas id addabara tan i asiwad n edag eynayan i eket n Addinat win Alqiblat d Emaynaj n Afrikiya daɣ tudant n Amerik tan 2020 fal amchikki n as amaskat wen eqqal n tawset tan ikufar meɣ tawset tazunat
English: The establishment of racial boundaries often involves the subjugation of groups defined as racially inferior, as in the one-drop rule used in the 19th-century United States to exclude those with any amount of African ancestry from the dominant racial grouping, defined as "white".
Tamasheq: “ Asimal n alxadudan win tawset ehe alwaq iyyan achinich ijjanat taqqimen amos nen tawseten madroynen fal as daɣ achareɣa wan tatbaqet iiyyat n achni wan Amerik daɣ awatay wan 1900 i askut n addinat fuk wi ilanen iwicharan id ifal nen Afrikiya daɣ taqqimt n taset tan “”ikufar””
English: According to geneticist David Reich, "while race may be a social construct, differences in genetic ancestry that happen to correlate to many of today's racial constructs are real."
Tamasheq: “Daɣ awa allaɣat Geneticist David Reich “”alwaq wa id tawset t addobat a t aqqil edey n tamazduq anmizlayan daɣ genetic ancestry i aharoj n ikarosan ajjotnen n tawset aqqalan tiditt amarad””
English: Other dimensions of racial groupings include shared history, traditions, and language.
Tamasheq: Iddikud tan iyyad n taqqimen n tawset ehen attarex, tumasen d awal oharnen
English: Socioeconomic factors, in combination with early but enduring views of race, have led to considerable suffering within disadvantaged racial groups.
Tamasheq: Marsalan n socioeconomics daɣ artayan id ikayadan wi azzarnen n tawset ewayan id tisnant maqqornen s taqqimen n tawset ikma awen
English: Racism has led to many instances of tragedy, including slavery and genocide.
Tamasheq: Anmikad eraw id almital tan ajjotnen n aɣachad eha takiluwa d emes n taqqimt n addinat
English: Because in some societies racial groupings correspond closely with patterns of social stratification, for social scientists studying social inequality, race can be a significant variable.
Tamasheq: Fal as daɣ timizdaɣ tiyyad taqqimen n tawset olah nat hullan id dumu tan n tabaqat tan n tamazduq fal as sociologist tan win tamazduq ɣarrin nen anchich-am n tamazduq, tawset t addobat a taqqil harat maqqoran
English: For example, in 2008, John Hartigan, Jr. argued for a view of race that focused primarily on culture, but which does not ignore the potential relevance of biology or genetics.
Tamasheq: Almital , daɣ awatay wan 2008, John Hartigan,Jr allaɣat akayad n tawset ijjan s tizarat fal agna mucham war hin n atuwa aqqud n biology d genetics
English: In this way the idea of race as we understand it today came about during the historical process of exploration and conquest which brought Europeans into contact with groups from different continents, and of the ideology of classification and typology found in the natural sciences.
Tamasheq: Daɣ abara wen anasjum wan wa s n afham tawset achal id osa id alwaq wan tamatikwayt n attarex tan itur d ifukkiran id eway nen Kel Eroba ad ammuqisan id taqqimen n imadlan iyyad tolas fal medran n askut d ich-ikil wa i tajrawan daɣ natural sciences
English: A set of folk beliefs took hold that linked inherited physical differences between groups to inherited intellectual, behavioral, and moral qualities.
Tamasheq: Taqqimt n medran tan n addinat osaɣan anmizlayan n tiɣiswen aqqal nen yarisun tan jir taqqimen tin jawda tan tin ta-ite, alxal d almaɣna aqqalnen yarisun tan
English: The 1735 classification of Carl Linnaeus, inventor of zoological taxonomy, divided the human species Homo sapiens into continental varieties of europaeus, asiaticus, americanus, and afer, each associated with a different humour: sanguine, melancholic, choleric, and phlegmatic, respectively.
Tamasheq: Amaskat wan 1735 ijja Carl Linnaeus, emaɣan n Zoological taxonomy azun ich-ikilan n addinat Homo sapiens s ich-ikilan n imidlan win europaeus, asiaticus, americanus tolas darat awa iyyan fuk osaɣan ila fukahat izlayan: n achni, n asuf, amattisu d tanasmut iyyan fuk
English: Blumenbach also noted the graded transition in appearances from one group to adjacent groups and suggested that "one variety of mankind does so sensibly pass into the other, that you cannot mark out the limits between them".
Tamasheq: “ Bluemenbach inta deɣ iktab fal akkay n tulaten ɣur taqqimt iyyat s taqqimen n sider tolas ijja derhan n as ‘’’ ich-ikil iyyan n addinat war itiki s wi yadnen, as war addobat awadim achiwal n alxadudan jar essan’’’
English: It was further argued that some groups may be the result of mixture between formerly distinct populations, but that careful study could distinguish the ancestral races that had combined to produce admixed groups.
Tamasheq: At w-a-laɣat sihen as taqqimen tiyyad addobat nat as aqqal nat ittus ewad amartay jir ichaɣib tan jir aru mucham teɣare tijat s almaɣna t addobat anmizlay n tawseten tin aru ti artay nen i akarach n taqqimen anɣambal nen