Tamazight-NLP/NLLB-Seed_Tamasheq-Latin-Script huggingface dataset:
English: The Asilomar meeting recommended a set of voluntary guidelines regarding the use of recombinant technology.
Tamasheq: Tidawt tan Asilomar asistan dǎɣ ayertayan ən tabaraten ən tiridawt tahat amitkil wan təmusne tartayat.
English: One hundred and fifty-seven countries are members of the Protocol and many use it as a reference point for their own regulations.
Tamasheq: Temede d sammosat timirwen n addwla d assayat amos nat erdahan fal Protocol tola addobat nat axadam net chund as amos titbaqqet i amukin n iman nasan.
English: Most countries that do not allow GMO cultivation do permit research.
Tamasheq: Addawla tan ajjotnen war n ardah fal afarad n OGM war aɣbelan farak
English: Emily Marden, Risk and Regulation: U.S. Regulatory Policy on Genetically Modified Food and Agriculture, 44 B.C.L. Rev. 733 (2003) The European Union by contrast has possibly the most stringent GMO regulations in the world.
Tamasheq: Emily Marden,, Risk d Regulation: Folitik Amerik tan amukin n Genetically Modified Food d Agriculture , 44 B.C.L Rev. 733 (2003) Unyon Erobeyen ila ichiritan n amukin wi assohat nen n GMO daɣ alɣalim
English: These controversies have led to litigation, international trade disputes, and protests, and to restrictive regulation of commercial products in some countries.
Tamasheq: Amchakki tan wi eway id iban n anifham, tamɣinanen fal mamala jir addawala tan d iban tanmerdut d amukin ifnazan n isuj win mamala daɣ addawla tan iyyad
English: Although doubts have been raised, economically most studies have found growing GM crops to be beneficial to farmers.
Tamasheq: Kuddeɣ as imalan ti ichaki tan, tiɣir ajjotnen ijjanen fal aqtisad ijraw nat as tiw-at n asawijis n GM infa kel ifirjan
English: Many of the environmental impacts regarding GM crops may take many years to be understood and are also evident in conventional agriculture practices.
Tamasheq: Tikma ten ajjotnen fal ahinzazaɣ n asawajis wan GM addobat ad ej afaham iwityan ajjotnen tolas aqqal nat anfalalan daɣ timachɣulen tin tiwijas
English: Few films have informed audiences about genetic engineering, with the exception of the 1978 The Boys from Brazil and the 1993 Jurassic Park, both of which made use of a lesson, a demonstration, and a clip of scientific film.
Tamasheq: Harat n Film tan iyyat asilmadan addinat fal genetic engineering a war n amos wan The Boys wi Brazilia daɣ awatay wan 1978 d Jurassic Park daɣ awatay wan 1993, fuk nasan aqqal nen teɣare, asuknin n film n science
English: Nanotechnology, also shortened to nanotech, is the use of matter on an atomic, molecular, and supramolecular scale for industrial purposes.
Tamasheq: Nanotechnologie, a daɣ id ifras nanotech amos alxidmat n harat fal edag n atomic, molecular d supramolecular fal ittuan n indistri
English: This definition reflects the fact that quantum mechanical effects are important at this quantum-realm scale, and so the definition shifted from a particular technological goal to a research category inclusive of all types of research and technologies that deal with the special properties of matter which occur below the given size threshold.
Tamasheq: Almaɣna wen amos tiset n as asar tan win quantum amosan assohen daɣ quantum-realm scale wen tolas almaɣna amuttay ɣur ittus wan teknoloji s wan farak asirtayan ichikilan fuk win farak d teknoloji tan ti oraknen s haratan wi tajinen sider n iddikud.
English: The associated research and applications are equally diverse, ranging from extensions of conventional device physics to completely new approaches based upon molecular self-assembly, from developing new materials with dimensions on the nanoscale to direct control of matter on the atomic scale.
Tamasheq: Farak wen osaɣan d aplikasyon tan ogdahan daɣ anmizlay asintanen ɣur tamattant n isuj win physics har tizujichen ti eynaynen ijjanen fal amasidu n molecule tan , ɣur efes n isuj eynaynen ilanen tiɣimmar fal nonscale har awikkal oɣadan n harat fal atomic scale.
English: The term "nano-technology" was first used by Norio Taniguchi in 1974, though it was not widely known.
Tamasheq: “Tifert” tan nano-technology”” aos Norio Taniguchi awadim sar is exdaman daɣ awatay wan 1974 kuddeɣ war t awazzay hullan “
English: The emergence of nanotechnology as a field in the 1980s occurred through convergence of Drexler's theoretical and public work, which developed and popularized a conceptual framework for nanotechnology, and high-visibility experimental advances that drew additional wide-scale attention to the prospects of atomic control of matter.
Tamasheq: Emel wan naotechnology chund as t amos majal daɣ awatay wan 1980 ijja s anmiwal n alxidmat tan Drexler iknan tolas izizjar isim n wan nanotechnology d anafilal n ikitan s data wi id eraw nen egar n addinat fal ikayada n awikkal n atome n harat
English: The microscope's developers Gerd Binnig and Heinrich Rohrer at IBM Zurich Research Laboratory received a Nobel Prize in Physics in 1986.
Tamasheq: Addinat wi iknann microscope Gerd Binnig d Heinrich Rohrer daɣ Laboratwar n farak wan IBK Zurich ijrawan marušat n Nobel Prize wan Physics daɣ awatay wan 1986
English: C60 was not initially described as nanotechnology; the term was used regarding subsequent work with related carbon nanotubes (sometimes called graphene tubes or Bucky tubes) which suggested potential applications for nanoscale electronics and devices.
Tamasheq: C60 war ijja s tizarat afissar n as amos nanotechnology; tifert tijja ɣur alxidmat fal carbon nanotubes ( alwaqqan iyyan itawaɣir fal graphen tubes meɣ Bucky tubes) ijjan addabara aplikasyon tan i nanoscale electronics d imutaj.
English: Decades later, advances in multi-gate technology enabled the scaling of metal–oxide–semiconductor field-effect transistor (MOSFET) devices down to nano-scale levels smaller than 20 nm gate length, starting with the FinFET (fin field-effect transistor), a three-dimensional, non-planar, double-gate MOSFET.
Tamasheq: Timirwen n iwityan darat awa iki tan s data daɣ albaban ajjotnen n teknoloji ikfan turhajat n eket n isuj n metal-oxide-semiconductor field-effect transistor (MOSFET) s ihandagan n nano-scale ojjar nen tamadrit 20 n aɣil daɣ tichijrit santinen s Fin FET (fin field-effect transistor), MOSFET ilan tiɣimmar karadat war amos polar n issin albaban.
English: Controversies emerged regarding the definitions and potential implications of nanotechnologies, exemplified by the Royal Society's report on nanotechnology.
Tamasheq: Amchakki tan imalan ti fal almaɣna tan d mucharaka tan n nanotechnologies s amos almital net Royal Society Report fal nanotechnology
English: These products are limited to bulk applications of nanomaterials and do not involve atomic control of matter.
Tamasheq: Isuj win id imdanen ɣur asimɣar n aplikasyon tan n nanomaterials tolas war tan eha awikkal n atom n harat
English: It was based on gate-all-around (GAA) FinFET technology.
Tamasheq: Ijja fal Gate-All-Around (GAA) FinFET teknoloji
English: This covers both current work and concepts that are more advanced.
Tamasheq: Awen ilsa alxidmat fuk d tifir ti iknanen ehel s data
English: The lower limit is set by the size of atoms (hydrogen has the smallest atoms, which are approximately a quarter of a nm kinetic diameter) since nanotechnology must build its devices from atoms and molecules.
Tamasheq: Alxadud wa andarran ijje iddikud n atom tan (hydrogen ila wa andarran hullan daɣ atom tan hin ikkanen achut n aɣil n metir n kinetic diameter) fal as nanotechnology ilzam tat edey n isuj net daɣ atom tan d molecule tan.
English: To put that scale in another context, the comparative size of a nanometer to a meter is the same as that of a marble to the size of the earth.
Tamasheq: Ihuk n almaɣna iyyan i eket wen, iddikud n nanometir s metir ogdah id marble s iddikud n akal
English: In the "bottom-up" approach, materials and devices are built from molecular components which assemble themselves chemically by principles of molecular recognition.
Tamasheq: “ Daɣ tazujicht tan ider s afalla” , imutaj d isuj idayan daɣ molecule tan asirtay ichiritan n musnat n molecule tan”
English: One example is the increase in surface area to volume ratio altering mechanical, thermal and catalytic properties of materials.
Tamasheq: Almital iyyan amos tiw-at fal arori n edag n iddikud wa isimuttiyan haratan n mekanik, thermal d catalityc n imutaj.
English: The catalytic activity of nanomaterials also opens potential risks in their interaction with biomaterials.
Tamasheq: Tamachɣult tan catalytic n nanomaterials inta deɣ ora xatar tan iyyan daɣ tartit nasan id biomaterials
English: The concept of molecular recognition is especially important: molecules can be designed so that a specific configuration or arrangement is favored due to non-covalent intermolecular forces.
Tamasheq: Tifert tan musnat n molecule tan tikna assahat: molecule tan addoben ad aɣnin i as samal fuk meɣ amukin ijjan as assahaten n non-covalent intermocule edag
English: Such bottom-up approaches should be capable of producing devices in parallel and be much cheaper than top-down methods, but could potentially be overwhelmed as the size and complexity of the desired assembly increases.
Tamasheq: Chund tazujicht tn santit ɣur ider s afalla ilzam tat a tudabat eɣan n isuj izlaynen tolas raqqos nen fal top-down methods ,mucham addobat nen at-w-aɣabal alwaq wa id iddikud d tahrike n asidu wa eqqal derhan aw-id
English: Manufacturing in the context of productive nanosystems is not related to, and should be clearly distinguished from, the conventional technologies used to manufacture nanomaterials such as carbon nanotubes and nanoparticles.
Tamasheq: Ikanan daɣ talɣa tan productive nanosystem tan war orak, tolas ilzam ti ad izannamazli , teknoloji tan ti s exaddam nanomaterials chund carbon nanotubes d nanoparticles.
English: It is hoped that developments in nanotechnology will make possible their construction by some other means, perhaps using biomimetic principles.
Tamasheq: Eqqal attama as efes win nanotechnology ad assarɣis akaros nasan s immikan iyyad ehamich s axadam n ichiritan n biomimetic
English: In general it is very difficult to assemble devices on the atomic scale, as one has to position atoms on other atoms of comparable size and stickiness.
Tamasheq: Assohat asidu n isuj fal natq wan atom fal as iyyan fuk ilzam ti ad ijja atom tan fal atom tan wi yadnen dar ogdahan iddikud d assahat
English: This led to an exchange of letters in the ACS publication Chemical & Engineering News in 2003.
Tamasheq: Awen eraw id amaskal n tikardiwen daɣ ACS publication Chemical d Engineering News dɣ awatay wan 2003
English: They have constructed at least three distinct molecular devices whose motion is controlled from the desktop with changing voltage: a nanotube nanomotor, a molecular actuator, and a nanoelectromechanical relaxation oscillator.
Tamasheq: Ikkrasan iddikud n karad isuj izlaynen n molecule s amatikway nasan ijja fal as awikkal ɣur biraw har amutti n voltage; nanotube nanomotor, molecular actuator d nanoelectromechanical relaxation oscillator
English: Nanomaterials with fast ion transport are related also to nanoionics and nanoelectronics.
Tamasheq: Nanomaterial tan wi ilanen io tan ermad asikil net orakan tolas s nanionics d nanoelectronics
English: Nanoscale materials such as nanopillars are sometimes used in solar cells which combats the cost of traditional silicon solar cells.
Tamasheq: Isuj win nanoscale chund nanopillar tan aqqalan alwaqqan iyyad a exaddaman daɣ solar cell tan wi iknasnen alqim n silicon solar cell tan win alasal
English: More generally, molecular self-assembly seeks to use concepts of supramolecular chemistry, and molecular recognition in particular, to cause single-molecule components to automatically arrange themselves into some useful conformation.
Tamasheq: Asidu n molecule tan wan iman nasnat itattar axadam s tifir n supramolecular chemistry d molecular recognition , i ad aqqilan iddilil s iratayan n molecule tan ad aknin iman nasan daɣ aqqud ilan tinfa.
English: Giant magnetoresistance-based hard drives already on the market fit this description, as do atomic layer deposition (ALD) techniques.
Tamasheq: Hard drive tan n Magnetoristance maqqornen fal hebu taj in i afissar wen chund awa ijjanat tikarsiwen n atomic layer deposition (ALD).
English: Focused ion beams can directly remove material, or even deposit material when suitable precursor gasses are applied at the same time.
Tamasheq: Ion beam tan addoben ad ikkisan asuj meɣ asansin asuj alwaq wa id gaz tan wi azzarnen axdaman daɣ alwaq wen daɣ
English: These could then be used as single-molecule components in a nanoelectronic device.
Tamasheq: Awen addobat axadam chund as amos iratayan n molecule daɣ asuj n naneectronics.
English: Molecular nanotechnology is a proposed approach which involves manipulating single molecules in finely controlled, deterministic ways.
Tamasheq: Molecular technology t amos tazujicht taqqalat addabara eha edes n molecule tan fuk daɣ abara tan awikal nen , tiwassanen.
English: There are hopes for applying nanorobots in medicine.
Tamasheq: Illan ti attama tan n as nanorobot tan ad ijjichan medecine
English: Because of the discrete (i.e. atomic) nature of matter and the possibility of exponential growth, this stage is seen as the basis of another industrial revolution.
Tamasheq: Fal asatar n annuɣ n harat (awen amos atom) d tudabat n tiw-at , edag wen eqqal nehhal as amos tijittawt n tamattit iyyat n indistri.
English: With the decrease in dimensionality, an increase in surface-to-volume ratio is observed.
Tamasheq: ɣur afanaz net daɣ tiɣimmar , tiw-at fal arori har volume ratio ila akayad.
English: Although conceptually similar to the scanning confocal microscope developed by Marvin Minsky in 1961 and the scanning acoustic microscope (SAM) developed by Calvin Quate and coworkers in the 1970s, newer scanning probe microscopes have much higher resolution, since they are not limited by the wavelength of sound or light.
Tamasheq: Kuddeɣ as daɣ asinti net olah id scanning confocal microscope wa ikna Marvin Minsky daɣ awatay wan 1961 d scanning acoustic microscope (SAM) wa ikna Calvin Quate d imidiwan net win alxidmat daɣ awatay wan 1970, scanning probe microscopes tan iknanen teynaya ilan amukin maqqoran fal as war akkimalan ɣur wavelength n emasli meɣ annur.
English: However, this is still a slow process because of low scanning velocity of the microscope.
Tamasheq: Hak id ijja awen, awen amos har ajjudi tamatikwayt tazzayat fal tazzayat n scanning velocity n microscope
English: Another group of nanotechnological techniques include those used for fabrication of nanotubes and nanowires, those used in semiconductor fabrication such as deep ultraviolet lithography, electron beam lithography, focused ion beam machining, nanoimprint lithography, atomic layer deposition, and molecular vapor deposition, and further including molecular self-assembly techniques such as those employing di-block copolymers.
Tamasheq: Taqqimt iyyat n tikarsiwen n nanotechnology ahan tanat ti axdam nen i amukin n nanotubes d nanowires, ti axdamnen daɣ amukin semiconductor chund ultraviolet lithography chajren, electron beam lithography , ijjanen fal beam machining, nanoimprint lithography, atomic layer deposition d olecular vapor deposition,tolas ahan tikarsiwen n asidu n molecule tan chund ti tajjach nen di-block copolymer tan
English: Scanning probe microscopy is an important technique both for characterization and synthesis of nanomaterials.
Tamasheq: Scanning porbe microcopy amos tikarsay maqqorat i samal s amiyiz n nanomaterials
English: By using, for example, feature-oriented scanning approach, atoms or molecules can be moved around on a surface with scanning probe microscopy techniques.
Tamasheq: Daɣ almital , axadam s tazujicht tan scanning approach, atom tan meɣ molecule tan addoben ad inkichan fal arori s tikarsiwen n scanning Probe microscopy.
English: These techniques include chemical synthesis, self-assembly and positional assembly.
Tamasheq: Tikarsiwen tin ehenat amiyiz n chimi , tiddawt d positional assembly
English: Researchers at Bell Telephone Laboratories like John R. Arthur.
Tamasheq: Kel farak daɣ Bell Telephone Laboraties chund John R. Arthur
English: MBE allows scientists to lay down atomically precise layers of atoms and, in the process, build up complex structures.
Tamasheq: MBE ehak turhajat i siantifik tan edey n layer tan n atom tan d akaros n ideyan maqqornen
English: Bandages are being infused with silver nanoparticles to heal cuts faster.
Tamasheq: Bandar tan rattayan id azruf nanoparticles i azuzi ermadan
English: Nanotechnology may have the ability to make existing medical applications cheaper and easier to use in places like the general practitioner's office and at home.
Tamasheq: Nanotechnology addobat a ila tudabat n ikannan n apliksyon tan win assexat raqqosnen tolas s raqqos axadam nasan daɣ ihandagan chund general practitioner’office d akal
English: Platinum is currently used as the diesel engine catalyst in these engines.
Tamasheq: Platinum exdam harkuk chund moter wan dieel catalyst daɣ moter tan win
English: Next the oxidation catalyst oxidizes the hydrocarbons and carbon monoxide to form carbon dioxide and water.
Tamasheq: Darat awa oxidation catalyst itaj okside hydrocarbon tan d carbon monoxide i ad aqqilan carbon dioxide d aman
English: Danish company InnovationsFonden invested DKK 15 million in a search for new catalyst substitutes using nanotechnology.
Tamasheq: Danish Company InnovationsFonden tanɣal iddikud n 15 n milyon n azruf wan DKK daɣ farak i catalyst eynayan exdaman s nanotehnology.
English: If the catalyst's surface area that is exposed to the exhaust fumes is maximized, efficiency of the catalyst is maximized.
Tamasheq: A fal arori n edag wan catalyst wa anifalal i exhaust fumes ad iw-ad -assahat n catalyst tiw-ad
English: Thus, creating these nanoparticles will increase the effectiveness of the resulting diesel engine catalyst—in turn leading to cleaner exhaust fumes—and will decrease cost.
Tamasheq: Eɣan n nanaparticle tan win isawad akimmal n moter n catalyst wan diezel - itawayan exhaust fume tan tolas ifannaz alqim
English: When designing scaffolds, researchers attempt to mimic the nanoscale features of a cell's microenvironment to direct its differentiation down a suitable lineage.
Tamasheq: Alwaq wan eɣan n scaffold tan, kel farak arraman asikbar n samalan n nanoscale n cell microenvironnement i aqqud n anmizlay n etari
English: TSMC began production of a 7 nm process in 2017, and Samsung began production of a 5 nm process in 2018.
Tamasheq: TSMC tasinta intaj n tamatikwayt tan 7nm daɣ awatay wan 2017 tolas Samsung tasinta intaj n 5 nm daɣ awatay wan 2018
English: For these reasons, some groups advocate that nanotechnology be regulated by governments.
Tamasheq: Fal iddililan win, taqqimen tiyyad aɣranat alxakumat i amukin n nanotechnology.
English: Some nanoparticle products may have unintended consequences.
Tamasheq: Isuj n anoparticle tan tiyyad ilan iɣachidan iyyad war otesan
English: Inhaling airborne nanoparticles and nanofibers may lead to a number of pulmonary diseases, e.g. fibrosis.
Tamasheq: Asaraɣ n airbone nanoparticles d nanofibers addobat ad aru iddikud n torhinawen n taruten ajjotnen , almital fibrosis
English: A major study published more recently in Nature Nanotechnology suggests some forms of carbon nanotubes – a poster child for the "nanotechnology revolution" – could be as harmful as asbestos if inhaled in sufficient quantities.
Tamasheq: “ Teɣare maqqorat did tizjarat eynayan fal annuɣ nanotechnology tija addabara dumu iyyad n carbon nanotubes- dumu n alyad i “”nanotenology revolution””- addobat ad ila tikma chund asbestos a fal israɣ awadim iddikud ajjen””
English: Davies (2008) has proposed a regulatory road map describing steps to deal with these shortcomings.
Tamasheq: Davies (2008) ijja addabara karti n abara afissaran tikkelen i anmittaf id alɣiban win
English: As a result, some academics have called for stricter application of the precautionary principle, with delayed marketing approval, enhanced labelling and additional safety data development requirements in relation to certain forms of nanotechnology.
Tamasheq: Academics tan iyyad aɣran s aplikasyon n ichirit id marketing approval simutinen labelling d asiwad n efes n safety data jaresan id nanotechnology
English: Nuclear technology is technology that involves the nuclear reactions of atomic nuclei.
Tamasheq: Nuclear technology t amos teknoloji ehay nuclear reactions n atomic nuclei
English: He, Pierre Curie and Marie Curie began investigating the phenomenon.
Tamasheq: Pierre Curie d Marie issintan farak fal harat.
English: Some of these kinds of radiation could pass through ordinary matter, and all of them could be harmful in large amounts.
Tamasheq: Iyyad daɣ dumu tan n radiation itiki s harat tolas haratan fuk addoben ad ilin tikma maqqorat.
English: Gradually it was realized that the radiation produced by radioactive decay was ionizing radiation, and that even quantities too small to burn could pose a severe long-term hazard.
Tamasheq: Sollan at-w-agrahin as reaction ta taj in radioctive decay itaj ionizing radiation tolas hak ijjit har andarran i ad eqqid addobat ad aru aɣachid chajren.
English: As the atom came to be better understood, the nature of radioactivity became clearer.
Tamasheq: Alwaq wa id itilu atom afaham olaɣan , annuɣ n radioactivity itimlal
English: Alpha decay is when a nucleus releases an alpha particle, which is two protons and two neutrons, equivalent to a helium nucleus.
Tamasheq: Alpha itirkah alwaq wa id nucleus izazjar alpha particle amosa issin proton tan d issin neutron tan ogdah nen id helium nucleus
English: This type of radiation is the most dangerous and most difficult to block.
Tamasheq: Ichikil wen n radiation amos wa ojjaran albas tolas wa s ojjar agabal net assahat
English: The average number of neutrons released per nucleus that go on to fission another nucleus is referred to as k. Values of k larger than 1 mean that the fission reaction is releasing more neutrons than it absorbs, and therefore is referred to as a self-sustaining chain reaction.
Tamasheq: Iddukud wan ammas n neutrons zajar nen nucleus iyyan tajjach nen fision n nucleus wa yadan itwan has K. Values n K ojjaran 1 n metir fission reaction wen zajaran ti neutron tan ajjotnen ojjar nen wi isas tolas itwan ha chain reaction wa s igdahan iman net
English: If there are enough immediate decays to carry on the chain reaction, the mass is said to be prompt critical, and the energy release will grow rapidly and uncontrollably, usually leading to an explosion.
Tamasheq: A fal ti illa markah daɣ armud fal chain reaction, takunkut atwan atmaxitir tolas azajor n enerji ad iw-ad daɣ armud d iban tudabat n awakkil har id aru abuqqi
English: During the project, the first fission reactors were developed as well, though they were primarily for weapons manufacture and did not generate electricity.
Tamasheq: Azzaman wan froje wen, fission reactor tan wi azzarnen intaned deɣ iknan kuddeɣ as s tizarat i amukin n albarodan tolas war id tiruwan efew
English: However, if the mass is critical only when the delayed neutrons are included, then the reaction can be controlled, for example by the introduction or removal of neutron absorbers.
Tamasheq: Kud ijja awen, a fal takunkut samaxatar alwaq wa id neutron tan wi aqqim nen ahan dihen alwazab addobat ad at awakkal , almital s ijjuch meɣ azajor n neutron absorbers
English: When the resulting nucleus is lighter than that of iron, energy is normally released; when the nucleus is heavier than that of iron, energy is generally absorbed.
Tamasheq: Alwaq wa id nucleus wa id izjaran ojjar iron tafissay, awa inhajjan enerji izajar; alwaq wa id ucleus ezzay fal iron, enerji itamasu
English: The remaining abundance of heavy elements, from nickel to uranium and beyond, is due to supernova nucleosynthesis, the R-process.
Tamasheq: Ijjit wa eqqiman n haratan wi azzaynen ɣur nickel har uranium d s afalla war ti id erew ar supernova nucleosysnthesis,R-process
English: Hydrogen bombs obtain their enormous destructive power from fusion, but their energy cannot be controlled.
Tamasheq: Bomb tan tin Hydrogen ijraw nat tudabat nasnat tan aɣachod daɣ fusion muchan assahat nasnat war addobat awikkal net