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573344334776f419006607d5 | Genocide | The word genocide was later included as a descriptive term to the process of indictment, but not yet as a formal legal term According to Lemming, genocide was defined as "a coordinated strategy to destroy a group of people, a process that could be accomplished through total annihilation as well as strategies that elimi... | What was the nationality of anthropologist Peg LeVine? | {
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636
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573344334776f419006607d6 | Genocide | The word genocide was later included as a descriptive term to the process of indictment, but not yet as a formal legal term According to Lemming, genocide was defined as "a coordinated strategy to destroy a group of people, a process that could be accomplished through total annihilation as well as strategies that elimi... | What relative term did LeVine coin to refer to cultural destruction, without the death of its members? | {
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0.331145852... | Von Neumann was born Neumann János Lajos (in Hungarian the family name comes first), Hebrew name Yonah, in Budapest, Kingdom of Hungary, which was then part of the Austro-Hungarian Empire, to wealthy Jewish parents of the Haskalah. He was the eldest of three children. He had two younger brothers: Michael, born in 1907,... | In the United States, the practice of racial profiling has been ruled to be both unconstitutional and a violation of civil rights. There is active debate regarding the cause of a marked correlation between the recorded crimes, punishments meted out, and the country's populations. Many consider de facto racial profiling... | The Holocaust (which roughly means "burnt whole") was the deliberate and systematic murder of millions of Jews and other "unwanted" during World War II by the Nazi regime in Germany. Several differing views exist regarding whether it was intended to occur from the war's beginning, or if the plans for it came about late... | "ritualcide" | 1,205 |
573206f1b9d445190005e73b | Genocide | The word genocide was later included as a descriptive term to the process of indictment, but not yet as a formal legal term According to Lemming, genocide was defined as "a coordinated strategy to destroy a group of people, a process that could be accomplished through total annihilation as well as strategies that elimi... | What term was coined to describe the destruction of culture? | {
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573206f1b9d445190005e73c | Genocide | The word genocide was later included as a descriptive term to the process of indictment, but not yet as a formal legal term According to Lemming, genocide was defined as "a coordinated strategy to destroy a group of people, a process that could be accomplished through total annihilation as well as strategies that elimi... | What kind of scientist is Peg LeVine? | {
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573206f1b9d445190005e73d | Genocide | The word genocide was later included as a descriptive term to the process of indictment, but not yet as a formal legal term According to Lemming, genocide was defined as "a coordinated strategy to destroy a group of people, a process that could be accomplished through total annihilation as well as strategies that elimi... | What elements of group existence, other than people themselves, can be targets of genocide? | {
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"language, culture, and economic infrastructure"
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573350a0d058e614000b5840 | Genocide | The study of genocide has mainly been focused towards the legal aspect of the term. By formally recognizing the act of genocide as a crime, involves the undergoing prosecution that begins with not only seeing genocide as outrageous past any moral standpoint but also may be a legal liability within international relatio... | What has been the primary focus in the study of genocide? | {
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} | What has been the primary focus in the study of genocide? | [
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573350a0d058e614000b5841 | Genocide | The study of genocide has mainly been focused towards the legal aspect of the term. By formally recognizing the act of genocide as a crime, involves the undergoing prosecution that begins with not only seeing genocide as outrageous past any moral standpoint but also may be a legal liability within international relatio... | In prosecuting genocide, what must the act be formally acknowledged as? | {
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573350a0d058e614000b5842 | Genocide | The study of genocide has mainly been focused towards the legal aspect of the term. By formally recognizing the act of genocide as a crime, involves the undergoing prosecution that begins with not only seeing genocide as outrageous past any moral standpoint but also may be a legal liability within international relatio... | In a general aspect, what is genocide viewed as? | {
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573350a0d058e614000b5843 | Genocide | The study of genocide has mainly been focused towards the legal aspect of the term. By formally recognizing the act of genocide as a crime, involves the undergoing prosecution that begins with not only seeing genocide as outrageous past any moral standpoint but also may be a legal liability within international relatio... | In trials of genocidal crimes, what responsibly party is difficult to prosecute? | {
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"officials in power of a state or area"
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573350a0d058e614000b5844 | Genocide | The study of genocide has mainly been focused towards the legal aspect of the term. By formally recognizing the act of genocide as a crime, involves the undergoing prosecution that begins with not only seeing genocide as outrageous past any moral standpoint but also may be a legal liability within international relatio... | Long before genocide was established as a legal term, what treaty was in place to protect various groups from persecution and mass killings? | {
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57321200e17f3d140042265d | Genocide | The study of genocide has mainly been focused towards the legal aspect of the term. By formally recognizing the act of genocide as a crime, involves the undergoing prosecution that begins with not only seeing genocide as outrageous past any moral standpoint but also may be a legal liability within international relatio... | Why does genocide often go unpunished? | {
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"genocide is more often than not committed by the officials in power"
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} | Why does genocide often go unpunished? | [
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57321200e17f3d140042265e | Genocide | The study of genocide has mainly been focused towards the legal aspect of the term. By formally recognizing the act of genocide as a crime, involves the undergoing prosecution that begins with not only seeing genocide as outrageous past any moral standpoint but also may be a legal liability within international relatio... | Who was the Peace of Westphalia designed to protect? | {
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57321200e17f3d140042265f | Genocide | The study of genocide has mainly been focused towards the legal aspect of the term. By formally recognizing the act of genocide as a crime, involves the undergoing prosecution that begins with not only seeing genocide as outrageous past any moral standpoint but also may be a legal liability within international relatio... | What year was the Peace of Westphalia signed? | {
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5731eb9bb9d445190005e697 | Genocide | Genocide has become an official term used in international relations. The word genocide was not in use before 1944. Before this, in 1941, Winston Churchill described the mass killing of Russian prisoners of war and civilians as "a crime without a name". In that year, a Polish-Jewish lawyer named Raphael Lemkin, describ... | When was the word "genocide" first used? | {
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} | When was the word "genocide" first used? | [
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5731eb9bb9d445190005e698 | Genocide | Genocide has become an official term used in international relations. The word genocide was not in use before 1944. Before this, in 1941, Winston Churchill described the mass killing of Russian prisoners of war and civilians as "a crime without a name". In that year, a Polish-Jewish lawyer named Raphael Lemkin, describ... | What is the etymology of the term "genocide"? | {
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391
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} | What is the etymology of the term "genocide"? | [
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5731eb9bb9d445190005e699 | Genocide | Genocide has become an official term used in international relations. The word genocide was not in use before 1944. Before this, in 1941, Winston Churchill described the mass killing of Russian prisoners of war and civilians as "a crime without a name". In that year, a Polish-Jewish lawyer named Raphael Lemkin, describ... | What is the definition of genocide? | {
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"a specific set of violent crimes that are committed against a certain group with the attempt to remove the entire group from existence or to destroy them"
]
} | What is the definition of genocide? | [
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5731eb9bb9d445190005e69a | Genocide | Genocide has become an official term used in international relations. The word genocide was not in use before 1944. Before this, in 1941, Winston Churchill described the mass killing of Russian prisoners of war and civilians as "a crime without a name". In that year, a Polish-Jewish lawyer named Raphael Lemkin, describ... | Who coined the term "genocide"? | {
"answer_start": [
297
],
"text": [
"Raphael Lemkin"
]
} | Who coined the term "genocide"? | [
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5731eb9bb9d445190005e69b | Genocide | Genocide has become an official term used in international relations. The word genocide was not in use before 1944. Before this, in 1941, Winston Churchill described the mass killing of Russian prisoners of war and civilians as "a crime without a name". In that year, a Polish-Jewish lawyer named Raphael Lemkin, describ... | Who referred to acts of genocide in 1941? | {
"answer_start": [
138
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"text": [
"Winston Churchill"
]
} | Who referred to acts of genocide in [MASK]? | [
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0.2376663... | The economist F. A. Hayek analyzed how the Rule of Law might be beneficial to the free market. Hayek proposed that under the Rule of Law individuals would be able to make wise investments and future plans with some confidence in a successful return on investment when he stated: "under the Rule of Law the government is ... | Turkish authorities deny the genocide took place to this day. The Armenian Genocide is acknowledged to have been one of the first modern genocides. According to the research conducted by Arnold J. Toynbee, an estimated 600,000 Armenians died during deportation from 1915–16). This figure, however, accounts for solely th... | On 24 August, Pravda and Izvestia carried news of the non-secret portions of the Pact, complete with the now infamous front-page picture of Molotov signing the treaty, with a smiling Stalin looking on. The news was met with utter shock and surprise by government leaders and media worldwide, most of whom were aware only... | Winston Churchill | 1,221 |
5732c3e8cc179a14009dac46 | Genocide | Genocide has become an official term used in international relations. The word genocide was not in use before 1944. Before this, in 1941, Winston Churchill described the mass killing of Russian prisoners of war and civilians as "a crime without a name". In that year, a Polish-Jewish lawyer named Raphael Lemkin, describ... | The word "genocide" was unknown until what year? | {
"answer_start": [
110
],
"text": [
"1944"
]
} | The word "genocide" was unknown until what year? | [
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0.36158603429... | Carolingian art was produced for a small group of figures around the court, and the monasteries and churches they supported. It was dominated by efforts to regain the dignity and classicism of imperial Roman and Byzantine art, but was also influenced by the Insular art of the British Isles. Insular art integrated the e... | Turkish authorities deny the genocide took place to this day. The Armenian Genocide is acknowledged to have been one of the first modern genocides. According to the research conducted by Arnold J. Toynbee, an estimated 600,000 Armenians died during deportation from 1915–16). This figure, however, accounts for solely th... | Also, other human rights were advocated for by some Protestants. For example, torture was abolished in Prussia in 1740, slavery in Britain in 1834 and in the United States in 1865 (William Wilberforce, Harriet Beecher Stowe, Abraham Lincoln - against Southern Protestants). Hugo Grotius and Samuel Pufendorf were among t... | 1944 | 1,222 |
5732c3e8cc179a14009dac47 | Genocide | Genocide has become an official term used in international relations. The word genocide was not in use before 1944. Before this, in 1941, Winston Churchill described the mass killing of Russian prisoners of war and civilians as "a crime without a name". In that year, a Polish-Jewish lawyer named Raphael Lemkin, describ... | In 1941, how did Winston Churchill refer to the mass killings of Russian prisoners of war? | {
"answer_start": [
225
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"as \"a crime without a name\""
]
} | In [MASK], how did [MASK] refer to the mass killings of [MASK] prisoners of war? | [
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0.226777836680412... | Arthur Collier published similar assertions though there seems to have been no influence between the two contemporary writers. The only knowable reality is the represented image of an external object. Matter as a cause of that image, is unthinkable and therefore nothing to us. An external world as absolute matter unrel... | Turkish authorities deny the genocide took place to this day. The Armenian Genocide is acknowledged to have been one of the first modern genocides. According to the research conducted by Arnold J. Toynbee, an estimated 600,000 Armenians died during deportation from 1915–16). This figure, however, accounts for solely th... | Soviet propaganda and representatives went to great lengths to minimize the importance of the fact that they had opposed and fought against the Nazis in various ways for a decade prior to signing the Pact. Upon signing the pact, Molotov tried to reassure the Germans of his good intentions by commenting to journalists t... | as "a crime without a name" | 1,223 |
5732c3e8cc179a14009dac48 | Genocide | Genocide has become an official term used in international relations. The word genocide was not in use before 1944. Before this, in 1941, Winston Churchill described the mass killing of Russian prisoners of war and civilians as "a crime without a name". In that year, a Polish-Jewish lawyer named Raphael Lemkin, describ... | What was the name of the Polish-Jewish lawyer who first described Nazi atrocities as "genocide?" | {
"answer_start": [
297
],
"text": [
"Raphael Lemkin"
]
} | What was the name of the [MASK]- Jewish lawyer who [MASK] described [MASK] atrocities as" genocide?" | [
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5732c3e8cc179a14009dac49 | Genocide | Genocide has become an official term used in international relations. The word genocide was not in use before 1944. Before this, in 1941, Winston Churchill described the mass killing of Russian prisoners of war and civilians as "a crime without a name". In that year, a Polish-Jewish lawyer named Raphael Lemkin, describ... | What is the etymological basis of the word "genocide?" | {
"answer_start": [
435
],
"text": [
"Greek prefix geno- (meaning tribe or race) and caedere (the Latin word for to kill)"
]
} | What is the etymological basis of the word "genocide?" | [
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5732c3e8cc179a14009dac4a | Genocide | Genocide has become an official term used in international relations. The word genocide was not in use before 1944. Before this, in 1941, Winston Churchill described the mass killing of Russian prisoners of war and civilians as "a crime without a name". In that year, a Polish-Jewish lawyer named Raphael Lemkin, describ... | As it pertains to violent crimes against targeted groups, what is the ultimate motivation within the actions of genocide? | {
"answer_start": [
636
],
"text": [
"to remove the entire group from existence or to destroy them"
]
} | As it pertains to violent crimes against targeted groups, what is the ultimate motivation within the actions of genocide? | [
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0.0188981629... | The two finalists were Kris Allen and Adam Lambert, both of whom had previously landed in the bottom three at the top five. Allen won the contest in the most controversial voting result since season two. It was claimed, later retracted, that 38 million of the 100 million votes cast on the night came from Allen's home s... | Turkish authorities deny the genocide took place to this day. The Armenian Genocide is acknowledged to have been one of the first modern genocides. According to the research conducted by Arnold J. Toynbee, an estimated 600,000 Armenians died during deportation from 1915–16). This figure, however, accounts for solely th... | Throughout history, many rulers, empires and nations have oppressed their Jewish populations or sought to eliminate them entirely. Methods employed ranged from expulsion to outright genocide; within nations, often the threat of these extreme methods was sufficient to silence dissent. The history of antisemitism include... | to remove the entire group from existence or to destroy them | 1,226 |
5733c3c7d058e614000b61ef | Genocide | The judges continue in paragraph 12, "The determination of when the targeted part is substantial enough to meet this requirement may involve a number of considerations. The numeric size of the targeted part of the group is the necessary and important starting point, though not in all cases the ending point of the inqui... | Several considerations were involved in meeting the requirement to determine what? | {
"answer_start": [
59
],
"text": [
"when the targeted part is substantial enough"
]
} | Several considerations were involved in meeting the requirement to determine what? | [
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5733c3c7d058e614000b61f0 | Genocide | The judges continue in paragraph 12, "The determination of when the targeted part is substantial enough to meet this requirement may involve a number of considerations. The numeric size of the targeted part of the group is the necessary and important starting point, though not in all cases the ending point of the inqui... | What is the key aspect of the targeted part of the group at the starting point of the inquiry? | {
"answer_start": [
169
],
"text": [
"The numeric size"
]
} | What is the key aspect of the targeted part of the group at the starting point of the inquiry? | [
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5733c3c7d058e614000b61f1 | Genocide | The judges continue in paragraph 12, "The determination of when the targeted part is substantial enough to meet this requirement may involve a number of considerations. The numeric size of the targeted part of the group is the necessary and important starting point, though not in all cases the ending point of the inqui... | The number of people targeted in a genocide should not be solely evaluated by what? | {
"answer_start": [
391
],
"text": [
"absolute terms"
]
} | The number of people targeted in a genocide should not be solely evaluated by what? | [
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5733c3c7d058e614000b61f2 | Genocide | The judges continue in paragraph 12, "The determination of when the targeted part is substantial enough to meet this requirement may involve a number of considerations. The numeric size of the targeted part of the group is the necessary and important starting point, though not in all cases the ending point of the inqui... | In addition to the numeric size of a targeted group, what other consideration was useful to the ICTY? | {
"answer_start": [
530
],
"text": [
"prominence within the group"
]
} | In addition to the numeric size of a targeted group, what other consideration was useful to the [MASK]? | [
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5733c6224776f419006611f4 | Genocide | In paragraph 13 the judges raise the issue of the perpetrators' access to the victims: "The historical examples of genocide also suggest that the area of the perpetrators’ activity and control, as well as the possible extent of their reach, should be considered. ... The intent to destroy formed by a perpetrator of geno... | The issue of what is raised by judges in Paragraph 13? | {
"answer_start": [
50
],
"text": [
"perpetrators' access to the victims"
]
} | The issue of what is raised by judges in [MASK]? | [
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5733c6224776f419006611f5 | Genocide | In paragraph 13 the judges raise the issue of the perpetrators' access to the victims: "The historical examples of genocide also suggest that the area of the perpetrators’ activity and control, as well as the possible extent of their reach, should be considered. ... The intent to destroy formed by a perpetrator of geno... | What is the basis for suggesting that several factors regarding the activity of the perpetrators be considered? | {
"answer_start": [
92
],
"text": [
"historical examples of genocide"
]
} | What is the basis for suggesting that several factors regarding the activity of the perpetrators be considered? | [
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5733c6224776f419006611f6 | Genocide | In paragraph 13 the judges raise the issue of the perpetrators' access to the victims: "The historical examples of genocide also suggest that the area of the perpetrators’ activity and control, as well as the possible extent of their reach, should be considered. ... The intent to destroy formed by a perpetrator of geno... | The extent of what by the perpetrators was considered in an examination of their activity and level of control? | {
"answer_start": [
209
],
"text": [
"possible extent of their reach"
]
} | The extent of what by the perpetrators was considered in an examination of their activity and level of control? | [
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5733c6224776f419006611f7 | Genocide | In paragraph 13 the judges raise the issue of the perpetrators' access to the victims: "The historical examples of genocide also suggest that the area of the perpetrators’ activity and control, as well as the possible extent of their reach, should be considered. ... The intent to destroy formed by a perpetrator of geno... | What will always be restricted in terms of a perpetrator's intent to destroy? | {
"answer_start": [
351
],
"text": [
"the opportunity presented to him"
]
} | What will always be restricted in terms of a perpetrator's intent to destroy? | [
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5733c6224776f419006611f8 | Genocide | In paragraph 13 the judges raise the issue of the perpetrators' access to the victims: "The historical examples of genocide also suggest that the area of the perpetrators’ activity and control, as well as the possible extent of their reach, should be considered. ... The intent to destroy formed by a perpetrator of geno... | While the factor cannot independently indicate if the targeted group is substantial, it can do what? | {
"answer_start": [
511
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"text": [
"inform the analysis"
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} | While the factor cannot independently indicate if the targeted group is substantial, it can do what? | [
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5733ce494776f41900661298 | Genocide | The Convention came into force as international law on 12 January 1951 after the minimum 20 countries became parties. At that time however, only two of the five permanent members of the UN Security Council were parties to the treaty: France and the Republic of China. The Soviet Union ratified in 1954, the United Kingdo... | On which date did the Genocide Convention become effective? | {
"answer_start": [
55
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"text": [
"12 January 1951"
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} | On which date did [MASK] become effective? | [
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5733ce494776f41900661299 | Genocide | The Convention came into force as international law on 12 January 1951 after the minimum 20 countries became parties. At that time however, only two of the five permanent members of the UN Security Council were parties to the treaty: France and the Republic of China. The Soviet Union ratified in 1954, the United Kingdo... | What was the minimum number of countries necessary to form parties? | {
"answer_start": [
89
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"text": [
"20"
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} | What was the minimum number of countries necessary to form parties? | [
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5733ce494776f4190066129a | Genocide | The Convention came into force as international law on 12 January 1951 after the minimum 20 countries became parties. At that time however, only two of the five permanent members of the UN Security Council were parties to the treaty: France and the Republic of China. The Soviet Union ratified in 1954, the United Kingdo... | Of the five permanent members of the UN Security Council, how many were parties to the treaty? | {
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140
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"only two"
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} | Of the [MASK] permanent members of [MASK], how many were parties to the treaty? | [
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5733ce494776f4190066129b | Genocide | The Convention came into force as international law on 12 January 1951 after the minimum 20 countries became parties. At that time however, only two of the five permanent members of the UN Security Council were parties to the treaty: France and the Republic of China. The Soviet Union ratified in 1954, the United Kingdo... | What member ratified in 1970? | {
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303
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"text": [
"the United Kingdom"
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} | What member ratified in [MASK]? | [
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5733ce494776f4190066129c | Genocide | The Convention came into force as international law on 12 January 1951 after the minimum 20 countries became parties. At that time however, only two of the five permanent members of the UN Security Council were parties to the treaty: France and the Republic of China. The Soviet Union ratified in 1954, the United Kingdo... | The delay in support by certain powerful members meant the Convention was largely powerless for over how many decades? | {
"answer_start": [
601
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"text": [
"four"
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} | The delay in support by certain powerful members meant the [MASK] was largely powerless for over how many decades? | [
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5733cf6a4776f419006612a2 | Genocide | Writing in 1998 Kurt Jonassohn and Karin Björnson stated that the CPPCG was a legal instrument resulting from a diplomatic compromise. As such the wording of the treaty is not intended to be a definition suitable as a research tool, and although it is used for this purpose, as it has an international legal credibility ... | In 1998 it was written that the CPPCG was a legal entity resulting in which type of compromise? | {
"answer_start": [
110
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"text": [
"a diplomatic compromise"
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} | In [MASK] it was written that the [MASK] was a legal entity resulting in which type of compromise? | [
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5733cf6a4776f419006612a3 | Genocide | Writing in 1998 Kurt Jonassohn and Karin Björnson stated that the CPPCG was a legal instrument resulting from a diplomatic compromise. As such the wording of the treaty is not intended to be a definition suitable as a research tool, and although it is used for this purpose, as it has an international legal credibility ... | Rather than a definition, the text of the treaty is considered as what type of tool? | {
"answer_start": [
216
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"text": [
"a research tool"
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} | Rather than a definition, the text of the treaty is considered as what type of tool? | [
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5733cf6a4776f419006612a4 | Genocide | Writing in 1998 Kurt Jonassohn and Karin Björnson stated that the CPPCG was a legal instrument resulting from a diplomatic compromise. As such the wording of the treaty is not intended to be a definition suitable as a research tool, and although it is used for this purpose, as it has an international legal credibility ... | What does the treaty possess that others lack? | {
"answer_start": [
288
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"text": [
"international legal credibility"
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} | What does the treaty possess that others lack? | [
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5733cf6a4776f419006612a5 | Genocide | Writing in 1998 Kurt Jonassohn and Karin Björnson stated that the CPPCG was a legal instrument resulting from a diplomatic compromise. As such the wording of the treaty is not intended to be a definition suitable as a research tool, and although it is used for this purpose, as it has an international legal credibility ... | The writers Jonassohn and Bjornson cite various reasons for the lack of widespread support of what? | {
"answer_start": [
438
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"text": [
"alternative definitions"
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} | The writers [MASK] and [MASK] cite various reasons for the lack of widespread support of what? | [
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5733f7b64776f419006615e3 | Genocide | Jonassohn and Björnson postulate that the major reason why no single generally accepted genocide definition has emerged is because academics have adjusted their focus to emphasise different periods and have found it expedient to use slightly different definitions to help them interpret events. For example, Frank Chalk ... | What two writers examined the lack of an accepted and singular definition for genocide? | {
"answer_start": [
0
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"text": [
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} | What [MASK] writers examined the lack of an accepted and singular definition for genocide? | [
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5733f7b64776f419006615e4 | Genocide | Jonassohn and Björnson postulate that the major reason why no single generally accepted genocide definition has emerged is because academics have adjusted their focus to emphasise different periods and have found it expedient to use slightly different definitions to help them interpret events. For example, Frank Chalk ... | The two writers suggested that academics adjusted what in their different definitions to assist them in interpreting events? | {
"answer_start": [
155
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"text": [
"their focus"
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} | The [MASK] writers suggested that academics adjusted what in their different definitions to assist them in interpreting events? | [
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5733f7b64776f419006615e5 | Genocide | Jonassohn and Björnson postulate that the major reason why no single generally accepted genocide definition has emerged is because academics have adjusted their focus to emphasise different periods and have found it expedient to use slightly different definitions to help them interpret events. For example, Frank Chalk ... | What writer joined Jonassohn in the study of the whole of human history? | {
"answer_start": [
308
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"text": [
"Frank Chalk"
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} | What writer joined [MASK] in the study of the whole of human history? | [
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5733f7b64776f419006615e6 | Genocide | Jonassohn and Björnson postulate that the major reason why no single generally accepted genocide definition has emerged is because academics have adjusted their focus to emphasise different periods and have found it expedient to use slightly different definitions to help them interpret events. For example, Frank Chalk ... | With whom was Leo Kuper paired in research that focused on 20th century works? | {
"answer_start": [
395
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"text": [
"R. J. Rummel"
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} | With whom was [MASK] paired in research that focused on [MASK] works? | [
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5733f7b64776f419006615e7 | Genocide | Jonassohn and Björnson postulate that the major reason why no single generally accepted genocide definition has emerged is because academics have adjusted their focus to emphasise different periods and have found it expedient to use slightly different definitions to help them interpret events. For example, Frank Chalk ... | Two women and what man concentrated on post World War II events? | {
"answer_start": [
503
],
"text": [
"Ted Gurr"
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} | [MASK] women and what man concentrated on [MASK] events? | [
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5733f9c64776f41900661615 | Genocide | The exclusion of social and political groups as targets of genocide in the CPPCG legal definition has been criticized by some historians and sociologists, for example M. Hassan Kakar in his book The Soviet Invasion and the Afghan Response, 1979–1982 argues that the international definition of genocide is too restricted... | Some historians were critical of what exclusion in the definition of victims of genocide? | {
"answer_start": [
17
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"text": [
"social and political groups"
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} | Some historians were critical of what exclusion in the definition of victims of genocide? | [
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5733f9c64776f41900661616 | Genocide | The exclusion of social and political groups as targets of genocide in the CPPCG legal definition has been criticized by some historians and sociologists, for example M. Hassan Kakar in his book The Soviet Invasion and the Afghan Response, 1979–1982 argues that the international definition of genocide is too restricted... | In what book did Kakar contend that the international definition of genocide was too narrow? | {
"answer_start": [
195
],
"text": [
"The Soviet Invasion and the Afghan Response"
]
} | In what book did [MASK] contend that the international definition of genocide was too narrow? | [
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5733f9c64776f41900661617 | Genocide | The exclusion of social and political groups as targets of genocide in the CPPCG legal definition has been criticized by some historians and sociologists, for example M. Hassan Kakar in his book The Soviet Invasion and the Afghan Response, 1979–1982 argues that the international definition of genocide is too restricted... | Kakar argued that the definition should include any group defined by the perpetrator and which other group? | {
"answer_start": [
349
],
"text": [
"political groups"
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} | [MASK] argued that the definition should include any group defined by the perpetrator and which other group? | [
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5733f9c64776f41900661618 | Genocide | The exclusion of social and political groups as targets of genocide in the CPPCG legal definition has been criticized by some historians and sociologists, for example M. Hassan Kakar in his book The Soviet Invasion and the Afghan Response, 1979–1982 argues that the international definition of genocide is too restricted... | In the writing of Chalk and Jonassohn, what is stated to be a form of one-sided mass killing? | {
"answer_start": [
442
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"text": [
"Genocide"
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} | In the writing of [MASK] and [MASK], what is stated to be a form of [MASK]- sided mass killing? | [
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5733f9c64776f41900661619 | Genocide | The exclusion of social and political groups as targets of genocide in the CPPCG legal definition has been criticized by some historians and sociologists, for example M. Hassan Kakar in his book The Soviet Invasion and the Afghan Response, 1979–1982 argues that the international definition of genocide is too restricted... | In further elaborating on the definition, how did Chalk and Jonassohn phrase the intention of the perpetrator? | {
"answer_start": [
523
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"text": [
"intends to destroy a group"
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} | In further elaborating on the definition, how did [MASK] and [MASK] phrase the intention of the perpetrator? | [
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5733fb934776f41900661637 | Genocide | Barbara Harff and Ted Gurr defined genocide as "the promotion and execution of policies by a state or its agents which result in the deaths of a substantial portion of a group ...[when] the victimized groups are defined primarily in terms of their communal characteristics, i.e., ethnicity, religion or nationality." Har... | Harff and Gurr's definition of genocide included the promotion and execution of what, by a state or its agents? | {
"answer_start": [
79
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"text": [
"policies"
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} | [MASK] and [MASK] 's definition of genocide included the promotion and execution of what, by a state or its agents? | [
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5733fb934776f41900661638 | Genocide | Barbara Harff and Ted Gurr defined genocide as "the promotion and execution of policies by a state or its agents which result in the deaths of a substantial portion of a group ...[when] the victimized groups are defined primarily in terms of their communal characteristics, i.e., ethnicity, religion or nationality." Har... | Harff and Gurr further defined what in terms of ethnicity, religion or nationality? | {
"answer_start": [
190
],
"text": [
"victimized groups"
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} | [MASK] and [MASK] further defined what in terms of ethnicity, religion or nationality? | [
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5733fb934776f41900661639 | Genocide | Barbara Harff and Ted Gurr defined genocide as "the promotion and execution of policies by a state or its agents which result in the deaths of a substantial portion of a group ...[when] the victimized groups are defined primarily in terms of their communal characteristics, i.e., ethnicity, religion or nationality." Har... | What was important to Harff and Gurr to distinguish from genocides? | {
"answer_start": [
373
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"text": [
"politicides"
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} | What was important to [MASK] and [MASK] to distinguish from genocides? | [
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0.243775010... | Genetics compression algorithms are the latest generation of lossless algorithms that compress data (typically sequences of nucleotides) using both conventional compression algorithms and genetic algorithms adapted to the specific datatype. In 2012, a team of scientists from Johns Hopkins University published a genetic... | In the United States, the practice of racial profiling has been ruled to be both unconstitutional and a violation of civil rights. There is active debate regarding the cause of a marked correlation between the recorded crimes, punishments meted out, and the country's populations. Many consider de facto racial profiling... | Non-revolutionary civil disobedience is a simple disobedience of laws on the grounds that they are judged "wrong" by an individual conscience, or as part of an effort to render certain laws ineffective, to cause their repeal, or to exert pressure to get one's political wishes on some other issue. Revolutionary civil di... | politicides | 1,257 |
5733fb934776f4190066163a | Genocide | Barbara Harff and Ted Gurr defined genocide as "the promotion and execution of policies by a state or its agents which result in the deaths of a substantial portion of a group ...[when] the victimized groups are defined primarily in terms of their communal characteristics, i.e., ethnicity, religion or nationality." Har... | Along with ethnicity and and religion, what other characteristic defined a member of a victimized group? | {
"answer_start": [
596
],
"text": [
"nationality"
]
} | Along with ethnicity and and religion, what other characteristic defined a member of a victimized group? | [
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5733fb934776f4190066163b | Genocide | Barbara Harff and Ted Gurr defined genocide as "the promotion and execution of policies by a state or its agents which result in the deaths of a substantial portion of a group ...[when] the victimized groups are defined primarily in terms of their communal characteristics, i.e., ethnicity, religion or nationality." Har... | What did Harff define as "short-lived outbursts by mobs...?" | {
"answer_start": [
871
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"text": [
"pogroms"
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} | What did [MASK] define as" short- lived outbursts by mobs...?" | [
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5733fcd5d058e614000b6717 | Genocide | According to R. J. Rummel, genocide has 3 different meanings. The ordinary meaning is murder by government of people due to their national, ethnic, racial, or religious group membership. The legal meaning of genocide refers to the international treaty, the Convention on the Prevention and Punishment of the Crime of Gen... | In the writings of Rummel, what is the first and ordinary meaning of genocide? | {
"answer_start": [
86
],
"text": [
"murder by government"
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} | In the writings of [MASK], what is the [MASK] and ordinary meaning of genocide? | [
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5733fcd5d058e614000b6718 | Genocide | According to R. J. Rummel, genocide has 3 different meanings. The ordinary meaning is murder by government of people due to their national, ethnic, racial, or religious group membership. The legal meaning of genocide refers to the international treaty, the Convention on the Prevention and Punishment of the Crime of Gen... | Rummel postulates that murder of people of government is due to national, ethnic, racial and which other membership? | {
"answer_start": [
159
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"religious group"
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} | [MASK] postulates that murder of people of government is due to national, ethnic, racial and which other membership? | [
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0.0909521356225... | The first semi-permanent inhabitants of regions near Antarctica (areas situated south of the Antarctic Convergence) were British and American sealers who used to spend a year or more on South Georgia, from 1786 onward. During the whaling era, which lasted until 1966, the population of that island varied from over 1,000... | Criticism of the War on Terror addresses the issues, morality, efficiency, economics, and other questions surrounding the War on Terror and made against the phrase itself, calling it a misnomer. The notion of a "war" against "terrorism" has proven highly contentious, with critics charging that it has been exploited by ... | Some theories of civil disobedience hold that civil disobedience is only justified against governmental entities. Brownlee argues that disobedience in opposition to the decisions of non-governmental agencies such as trade unions, banks, and private universities can be justified if it reflects "a larger challenge to the... | religious group | 1,261 |
5733fcd5d058e614000b6719 | Genocide | According to R. J. Rummel, genocide has 3 different meanings. The ordinary meaning is murder by government of people due to their national, ethnic, racial, or religious group membership. The legal meaning of genocide refers to the international treaty, the Convention on the Prevention and Punishment of the Crime of Gen... | The legal meaning of genocide is contained in which international treaty? | {
"answer_start": [
257
],
"text": [
"Convention on the Prevention and Punishment of the Crime of Genocide"
]
} | The legal meaning of genocide is contained in which international treaty? | [
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5733fcd5d058e614000b671a | Genocide | According to R. J. Rummel, genocide has 3 different meanings. The ordinary meaning is murder by government of people due to their national, ethnic, racial, or religious group membership. The legal meaning of genocide refers to the international treaty, the Convention on the Prevention and Punishment of the Crime of Gen... | Included in the CPPCG is non-killings that ultimately achieve what end? | {
"answer_start": [
375
],
"text": [
"eliminate the group"
]
} | Included in the [MASK] is non - killings that ultimately achieve what end? | [
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5733fcd5d058e614000b671b | Genocide | According to R. J. Rummel, genocide has 3 different meanings. The ordinary meaning is murder by government of people due to their national, ethnic, racial, or religious group membership. The legal meaning of genocide refers to the international treaty, the Convention on the Prevention and Punishment of the Crime of Gen... | In the interpretation of non-killings, the CPPCG cites the forceful relocation of children along with what other factor? | {
"answer_start": [
404
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"text": [
"preventing births"
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} | In the interpretation of non - killings, the [MASK] cites the forceful relocation of children along with what other factor? | [
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57340136d058e614000b6783 | Genocide | Highlighting the potential for state and non-state actors to commit genocide in the 21st century, for example, in failed states or as non-state actors acquire weapons of mass destruction, Adrian Gallagher defined genocide as 'When a source of collective power (usually a state) intentionally uses its power base to imple... | In terms of failed states and non-state actors, the possession of weapons of mass destruction was an issue examined by which writer? | {
"answer_start": [
188
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"Adrian Gallagher"
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} | In terms of failed states and non-state actors, the possession of weapons of mass destruction was an issue examined by which writer? | [
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57340136d058e614000b6784 | Genocide | Highlighting the potential for state and non-state actors to commit genocide in the 21st century, for example, in failed states or as non-state actors acquire weapons of mass destruction, Adrian Gallagher defined genocide as 'When a source of collective power (usually a state) intentionally uses its power base to imple... | In Gallagher's definition of genocide, a source of what is malicious in it implementation of the destruction of a group? | {
"answer_start": [
243
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"collective power"
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57340136d058e614000b6785 | Genocide | Highlighting the potential for state and non-state actors to commit genocide in the 21st century, for example, in failed states or as non-state actors acquire weapons of mass destruction, Adrian Gallagher defined genocide as 'When a source of collective power (usually a state) intentionally uses its power base to imple... | Gallagher's definition upholds the centrality of what? | {
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"intent"
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57340136d058e614000b6786 | Genocide | Highlighting the potential for state and non-state actors to commit genocide in the 21st century, for example, in failed states or as non-state actors acquire weapons of mass destruction, Adrian Gallagher defined genocide as 'When a source of collective power (usually a state) intentionally uses its power base to imple... | The centrality of intent broadens what definition, beyond the 1948 one? | {
"answer_start": [
604
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"group identity"
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57340136d058e614000b6787 | Genocide | Highlighting the potential for state and non-state actors to commit genocide in the 21st century, for example, in failed states or as non-state actors acquire weapons of mass destruction, Adrian Gallagher defined genocide as 'When a source of collective power (usually a state) intentionally uses its power base to imple... | In order for a genocide classification to happen, a major part of a group has to be what? | {
"answer_start": [
710
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"destroyed"
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} | In order for a genocide classification to happen, a major part of a group has to be what? | [
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573402a3d058e614000b6797 | Genocide | All signatories to the CPPCG are required to prevent and punish acts of genocide, both in peace and wartime, though some barriers make this enforcement difficult. In particular, some of the signatories—namely, Bahrain, Bangladesh, India, Malaysia, the Philippines, Singapore, the United States, Vietnam, Yemen, and forme... | Signatories to the CPPC are required to prevent and punish what? | {
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} | Signatories to the [MASK] are required to prevent and punish what? | [
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573402a3d058e614000b6798 | Genocide | All signatories to the CPPCG are required to prevent and punish acts of genocide, both in peace and wartime, though some barriers make this enforcement difficult. In particular, some of the signatories—namely, Bahrain, Bangladesh, India, Malaysia, the Philippines, Singapore, the United States, Vietnam, Yemen, and forme... | During which times can a perpetrator of genocide be charged? | {
"answer_start": [
82
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"both in peace and wartime"
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} | During which times can a perpetrator of genocide be charged? | [
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573402a3d058e614000b6799 | Genocide | All signatories to the CPPCG are required to prevent and punish acts of genocide, both in peace and wartime, though some barriers make this enforcement difficult. In particular, some of the signatories—namely, Bahrain, Bangladesh, India, Malaysia, the Philippines, Singapore, the United States, Vietnam, Yemen, and forme... | In enforcing a charge of genocide, what loophole do many of the signatories possess? | {
"answer_start": [
362
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"no claim of genocide could be brought against them"
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} | In enforcing a charge of genocide, what loophole do many of the signatories possess? | [
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573402a3d058e614000b679a | Genocide | All signatories to the CPPCG are required to prevent and punish acts of genocide, both in peace and wartime, though some barriers make this enforcement difficult. In particular, some of the signatories—namely, Bahrain, Bangladesh, India, Malaysia, the Philippines, Singapore, the United States, Vietnam, Yemen, and forme... | What major western power is exempt from charges or claims of genocide against itself? | {
"answer_start": [
276
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"text": [
"the United States"
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} | What major [MASK] power is exempt from charges or claims of genocide against itself? | [
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573402a3d058e614000b679b | Genocide | All signatories to the CPPCG are required to prevent and punish acts of genocide, both in peace and wartime, though some barriers make this enforcement difficult. In particular, some of the signatories—namely, Bahrain, Bangladesh, India, Malaysia, the Philippines, Singapore, the United States, Vietnam, Yemen, and forme... | Along with Cyprus, what other major signatory official protested the the immunity of others from prosecution of genocide? | {
"answer_start": [
543
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} | Along with [MASK], what other major signatory official protested the the immunity of others from prosecution of genocide? | [
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573404abd058e614000b67c9 | Genocide | Because the universal acceptance of international laws which in 1948 defined and forbade genocide with the promulgation of the Convention on the Prevention and Punishment of the Crime of Genocide (CPPCG), those criminals who were prosecuted after the war in international courts for taking part in the Holocaust were fou... | In 1948 the worldwide acceptance of international laws that defined and forbade genocide was promulgated by which treaty? | {
"answer_start": [
127
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"Convention on the Prevention and Punishment of the Crime of Genocide"
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} | In [MASK] the worldwide acceptance of international laws that defined and forbade genocide was promulgated by which treaty? | [
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573404abd058e614000b67ca | Genocide | Because the universal acceptance of international laws which in 1948 defined and forbade genocide with the promulgation of the Convention on the Prevention and Punishment of the Crime of Genocide (CPPCG), those criminals who were prosecuted after the war in international courts for taking part in the Holocaust were fou... | Perpetrators who were tried after World War II were in general found guilty of crimes against what? | {
"answer_start": [
348
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"humanity"
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} | Perpetrators who were tried after [MASK] were in general found guilty of crimes against what? | [
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573404abd058e614000b67cb | Genocide | Because the universal acceptance of international laws which in 1948 defined and forbade genocide with the promulgation of the Convention on the Prevention and Punishment of the Crime of Genocide (CPPCG), those criminals who were prosecuted after the war in international courts for taking part in the Holocaust were fou... | An example of a more specific genocidal crime of which one could be accused was what? | {
"answer_start": [
381
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"crimes like murder"
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} | An example of a more specific genocidal crime of which one could be accused was what? | [
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573404abd058e614000b67cc | Genocide | Because the universal acceptance of international laws which in 1948 defined and forbade genocide with the promulgation of the Convention on the Prevention and Punishment of the Crime of Genocide (CPPCG), those criminals who were prosecuted after the war in international courts for taking part in the Holocaust were fou... | After WWII criminals were largely prosecuted under CPPCG for their involvement in what massive genocidal effort? | {
"answer_start": [
298
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"the Holocaust"
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} | After [MASK] criminals were largely prosecuted under [MASK] for their involvement in what massive genocidal effort? | [
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573404abd058e614000b67cd | Genocide | Because the universal acceptance of international laws which in 1948 defined and forbade genocide with the promulgation of the Convention on the Prevention and Punishment of the Crime of Genocide (CPPCG), those criminals who were prosecuted after the war in international courts for taking part in the Holocaust were fou... | Who is notable for coining the term "Holocaust?" | {
"answer_start": [
533
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"Raphael Lemkin"
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} | Who is notable for coining the term" [MASK]?" | [
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573406d84776f41900661731 | Genocide | On 12 July 2007, European Court of Human Rights when dismissing the appeal by Nikola Jorgić against his conviction for genocide by a German court (Jorgic v. Germany) noted that the German courts wider interpretation of genocide has since been rejected by international courts considering similar cases. The ECHR also not... | Which court dismissed Nikola Jorgic's appeal against his conviction for genocide by a German court? | {
"answer_start": [
17
],
"text": [
"European Court of Human Rights"
]
} | Which court dismissed [MASK] appeal against his conviction for genocide by a [MASK] court? | [
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573406d84776f41900661732 | Genocide | On 12 July 2007, European Court of Human Rights when dismissing the appeal by Nikola Jorgić against his conviction for genocide by a German court (Jorgic v. Germany) noted that the German courts wider interpretation of genocide has since been rejected by international courts considering similar cases. The ECHR also not... | In Jorgic v. Germany, what about the German courts was later rejected by international courts hearing similar cases? | {
"answer_start": [
195
],
"text": [
"wider interpretation of genocide"
]
} | In [MASK] v. [MASK], what about the [MASK] courts was later rejected by international courts hearing similar cases? | [
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573406d84776f41900661733 | Genocide | On 12 July 2007, European Court of Human Rights when dismissing the appeal by Nikola Jorgić against his conviction for genocide by a German court (Jorgic v. Germany) noted that the German courts wider interpretation of genocide has since been rejected by international courts considering similar cases. The ECHR also not... | The ECHR noted that among certain academics, what act carried out by the Serbs agains Bosnian Muslims and Croats did not constitute genocide? | {
"answer_start": [
405
],
"text": [
"ethnic cleansing"
]
} | The [MASK] noted that among certain academics, what act carried out by the [MASK] agains [MASK] and [MASK] did not constitute genocide? | [
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573406d84776f41900661734 | Genocide | On 12 July 2007, European Court of Human Rights when dismissing the appeal by Nikola Jorgić against his conviction for genocide by a German court (Jorgic v. Germany) noted that the German courts wider interpretation of genocide has since been rejected by international courts considering similar cases. The ECHR also not... | The ethnic cleansing perpetrated by the Serbs against Bosnia-Herzegovina was conducted with what ultimate goal in mind? | {
"answer_start": [
519
],
"text": [
"expel Muslims and Croats from their homes"
]
} | The ethnic cleansing perpetrated by the [MASK] against [MASK] was conducted with what ultimate goal in mind? | [
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573406d84776f41900661735 | Genocide | On 12 July 2007, European Court of Human Rights when dismissing the appeal by Nikola Jorgić against his conviction for genocide by a German court (Jorgic v. Germany) noted that the German courts wider interpretation of genocide has since been rejected by international courts considering similar cases. The ECHR also not... | Conversely the scholars who did view the Serbs' acts as constituting genocide, were backed up by what Tribunal? | {
"answer_start": [
712
],
"text": [
"the ICTY"
]
} | Conversely the scholars who did view the [MASK] ' acts as constituting genocide, were backed up by what Tribunal? | [
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5734087f4776f4190066174d | Genocide | About 30 people have been indicted for participating in genocide or complicity in genocide during the early 1990s in Bosnia. To date, after several plea bargains and some convictions that were successfully challenged on appeal two men, Vujadin Popović and Ljubiša Beara, have been found guilty of committing genocide, Zd... | In the 1990s, how many people were indicted for war crimes that were officially defined as genocide? | {
"answer_start": [
0
],
"text": [
"About 30"
]
} | In [MASK], how many people were indicted for war crimes that were officially defined as genocide? | [
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5734087f4776f4190066174e | Genocide | About 30 people have been indicted for participating in genocide or complicity in genocide during the early 1990s in Bosnia. To date, after several plea bargains and some convictions that were successfully challenged on appeal two men, Vujadin Popović and Ljubiša Beara, have been found guilty of committing genocide, Zd... | Convicted perpetrators Popovic and Beara were found guilty of genocide despite what evasive action? | {
"answer_start": [
140
],
"text": [
"several plea bargains"
]
} | Convicted perpetrators [MASK] and [MASK] were found guilty of genocide despite what evasive action? | [
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5734087f4776f4190066174f | Genocide | About 30 people have been indicted for participating in genocide or complicity in genocide during the early 1990s in Bosnia. To date, after several plea bargains and some convictions that were successfully challenged on appeal two men, Vujadin Popović and Ljubiša Beara, have been found guilty of committing genocide, Zd... | Tolimir was found guilty of both genocide and what other charge? | {
"answer_start": [
383
],
"text": [
"conspiracy to commit genocide"
]
} | [MASK] was found guilty of both genocide and what other charge? | [
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5734087f4776f41900661750 | Genocide | About 30 people have been indicted for participating in genocide or complicity in genocide during the early 1990s in Bosnia. To date, after several plea bargains and some convictions that were successfully challenged on appeal two men, Vujadin Popović and Ljubiša Beara, have been found guilty of committing genocide, Zd... | Another charge beyond the act of genocide and for which Krstic and Nikolic were found guilty was what? | {
"answer_start": [
491
],
"text": [
"aiding and abetting genocide"
]
} | Another charge beyond the act of genocide and for which [MASK] and [MASK] were found guilty was what? | [
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5734087f4776f41900661751 | Genocide | About 30 people have been indicted for participating in genocide or complicity in genocide during the early 1990s in Bosnia. To date, after several plea bargains and some convictions that were successfully challenged on appeal two men, Vujadin Popović and Ljubiša Beara, have been found guilty of committing genocide, Zd... | Three others were charged with participating in genocides in Bosnia by which country's courts? | {
"answer_start": [
600
],
"text": [
"German courts"
]
} | [MASK] others were charged with participating in genocides in [MASK] by which country 's courts? | [
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57340aae4776f41900661790 | Genocide | Slobodan Milošević, as the former President of Serbia and of Yugoslavia, was the most senior political figure to stand trial at the ICTY. He died on 11 March 2006 during his trial where he was accused of genocide or complicity in genocide in territories within Bosnia and Herzegovina, so no verdict was returned. In 1995... | What event occurred in March 2006 that essentially ended Milosevic's trial? | {
"answer_start": [
138
],
"text": [
"He died"
]
} | What event occurred in [MASK] that essentially ended [MASK] 's trial? | [
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57340aae4776f41900661793 | Genocide | Slobodan Milošević, as the former President of Serbia and of Yugoslavia, was the most senior political figure to stand trial at the ICTY. He died on 11 March 2006 during his trial where he was accused of genocide or complicity in genocide in territories within Bosnia and Herzegovina, so no verdict was returned. In 1995... | Where was Karadzic when he was finally arrested? | {
"answer_start": [
495
],
"text": [
"Belgrade"
]
} | Where was [MASK] when he was finally arrested? | [
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57340aae4776f41900661792 | Genocide | Slobodan Milošević, as the former President of Serbia and of Yugoslavia, was the most senior political figure to stand trial at the ICTY. He died on 11 March 2006 during his trial where he was accused of genocide or complicity in genocide in territories within Bosnia and Herzegovina, so no verdict was returned. In 1995... | With Milosevic dead, who did the ICTY next charge with crimes of genocide in 1995? | {
"answer_start": [
380
],
"text": [
"Radovan Karadžić and Ratko Mladić"
]
} | With [MASK] dead, who did the [MASK] next charge with crimes of genocide in [MASK]? | [
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57340aae4776f41900661791 | Genocide | Slobodan Milošević, as the former President of Serbia and of Yugoslavia, was the most senior political figure to stand trial at the ICTY. He died on 11 March 2006 during his trial where he was accused of genocide or complicity in genocide in territories within Bosnia and Herzegovina, so no verdict was returned. In 1995... | Had Milosevic not died, what charges might he have been convicted of? | {
"answer_start": [
204
],
"text": [
"genocide or complicity in genocide"
]
} | Had [MASK] not died, what charges might he have been convicted of? | [
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57340aae4776f4190066178f | Genocide | Slobodan Milošević, as the former President of Serbia and of Yugoslavia, was the most senior political figure to stand trial at the ICTY. He died on 11 March 2006 during his trial where he was accused of genocide or complicity in genocide in territories within Bosnia and Herzegovina, so no verdict was returned. In 1995... | Which former president was by far the most senior politician to be accused of genocidal crimes by the ICTY? | {
"answer_start": [
0
],
"text": [
"Slobodan Milošević"
]
} | Which former president was by far the most senior politician to be accused of genocidal crimes by the [MASK]? | [
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57340c46d058e614000b6893 | Genocide | The International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda (ICTR) is a court under the auspices of the United Nations for the prosecution of offenses committed in Rwanda during the genocide which occurred there during April 1994, commencing on 6 April. The ICTR was created on 8 November 1994 by the Security Council of the United N... | What court was established under the aegis of the United Nations to prosecute genocidal crimes in Rwanda? | {
"answer_start": [
4
],
"text": [
"International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda (ICTR)"
]
} | What court was established under the aegis of [MASK] to prosecute genocidal crimes in [MASK]? | [
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57340c46d058e614000b6894 | Genocide | The International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda (ICTR) is a court under the auspices of the United Nations for the prosecution of offenses committed in Rwanda during the genocide which occurred there during April 1994, commencing on 6 April. The ICTR was created on 8 November 1994 by the Security Council of the United N... | The prosecutorial efforts of the ICTR focused on genocidal acts that took place during which time period? | {
"answer_start": [
206
],
"text": [
"April 1994"
]
} | The prosecutorial efforts of the [MASK] focused on genocidal acts that took place during which time period? | [
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57340c46d058e614000b6895 | Genocide | The International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda (ICTR) is a court under the auspices of the United Nations for the prosecution of offenses committed in Rwanda during the genocide which occurred there during April 1994, commencing on 6 April. The ICTR was created on 8 November 1994 by the Security Council of the United N... | the ICTR was created in November 1995 by which branch of the UN? | {
"answer_start": [
284
],
"text": [
"the Security Council of the United Nations"
]
} | the [MASK] was created in [MASK] by which branch of the [MASK]? | [
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57340c46d058e614000b6896 | Genocide | The International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda (ICTR) is a court under the auspices of the United Nations for the prosecution of offenses committed in Rwanda during the genocide which occurred there during April 1994, commencing on 6 April. The ICTR was created on 8 November 1994 by the Security Council of the United N... | The ICTR was established for the purpose of convicting those responsible for acts of genocide and what other charges? | {
"answer_start": [
405
],
"text": [
"serious violations of the international law"
]
} | The [MASK] was established for the purpose of convicting those responsible for acts of genocide and what other charges? | [
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57340c46d058e614000b6897 | Genocide | The International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda (ICTR) is a court under the auspices of the United Nations for the prosecution of offenses committed in Rwanda during the genocide which occurred there during April 1994, commencing on 6 April. The ICTR was created on 8 November 1994 by the Security Council of the United N... | The charges of genocide brought up by the ICTR were against what group of people? | {
"answer_start": [
493
],
"text": [
"Rwandan citizens"
]
} | The charges of genocide brought up by the [MASK] were against what group of people? | [
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57340e5dd058e614000b68b9 | Genocide | There has been much debate over categorizing the situation in Darfur as genocide. The ongoing conflict in Darfur, Sudan, which started in 2003, was declared a "genocide" by United States Secretary of State Colin Powell on 9 September 2004 in testimony before the Senate Foreign Relations Committee. Since that time howev... | What has been widely debated as a possible act of genocide in Sudan? | {
"answer_start": [
49
],
"text": [
"situation in Darfur"
]
} | What has been widely debated as a possible act of genocide in [MASK]? | [
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0.2892096042633... | Federal law originates with the Constitution, which gives Congress the power to enact statutes for certain limited purposes like regulating interstate commerce. The United States Code is the official compilation and codification of the general and permanent federal statutes. Many statutes give executive branch agencies... | Kerry said on September 9 in response to a reporter's question about whether Syrian President Bashar al-Assad could avert a military strike: "He could turn over every single bit of his chemical weapons to the international community in the next week. Turn it over, all of it, without delay, and allow a full and total ac... | In October 2012 the number of ongoing conflicts in Myanmar included the Kachin conflict, between the Pro-Christian Kachin Independence Army and the government; a civil war between the Rohingya Muslims, and the government and non-government groups in Rakhine State; and a conflict between the Shan, Lahu and Karen minorit... | situation in Darfur | 1,300 |
57340e5dd058e614000b68ba | Genocide | There has been much debate over categorizing the situation in Darfur as genocide. The ongoing conflict in Darfur, Sudan, which started in 2003, was declared a "genocide" by United States Secretary of State Colin Powell on 9 September 2004 in testimony before the Senate Foreign Relations Committee. Since that time howev... | In 2003 what well known U.S. Secretary of State declared the situation in Darfur as an act of genocide? | {
"answer_start": [
206
],
"text": [
"Colin Powell"
]
} | In [MASK] what well known [MASK] Secretary of [MASK] declared the situation in [MASK] as an act of genocide? | [
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57340e5dd058e614000b68bb | Genocide | There has been much debate over categorizing the situation in Darfur as genocide. The ongoing conflict in Darfur, Sudan, which started in 2003, was declared a "genocide" by United States Secretary of State Colin Powell on 9 September 2004 in testimony before the Senate Foreign Relations Committee. Since that time howev... | In front of which committee did Powell testify? | {
"answer_start": [
259
],
"text": [
"the Senate Foreign Relations Committee"
]
} | In front of which committee did [MASK] testify? | [
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57340e5dd058e614000b68bc | Genocide | There has been much debate over categorizing the situation in Darfur as genocide. The ongoing conflict in Darfur, Sudan, which started in 2003, was declared a "genocide" by United States Secretary of State Colin Powell on 9 September 2004 in testimony before the Senate Foreign Relations Committee. Since that time howev... | What did UN Security Council Resolution 1564 authorize in 2004? | {
"answer_start": [
418
],
"text": [
"an International Commission of Inquiry on Darfur"
]
} | What did [MASK] 1564 authorize in [MASK]? | [
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0.23401708... | To classify the computation time (or similar resources, such as space consumption), one is interested in proving upper and lower bounds on the minimum amount of time required by the most efficient algorithm solving a given problem. The complexity of an algorithm is usually taken to be its worst-case complexity, unless ... | Kerry said on September 9 in response to a reporter's question about whether Syrian President Bashar al-Assad could avert a military strike: "He could turn over every single bit of his chemical weapons to the international community in the next week. Turn it over, all of it, without delay, and allow a full and total ac... | US troops participated in a UN peacekeeping mission in Somalia beginning in 1992. By 1993 the US troops were augmented with Rangers and special forces with the aim of capturing warlord Mohamed Farrah Aidid, whose forces had massacred peacekeepers from Pakistan. During a raid in downtown Mogadishu, US troops became trap... | an International Commission of Inquiry on Darfur | 1,303 |
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