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Dominic Savio (; 2 April 1842 – 9 March 1857) was an Italian student of John Bosco. He was studying to be a priest when he became ill and died at the age of 14, possibly from pleurisy.Bosco, John. Memoirs of the Oratory of Saint Francis de Sales, (Daniel Lyons, trans.) New Rochelle, New York. Don Bosco Publications, 1989. Chapter 6, footnote 19; Retrieved on 24 November 2006. He was noted for his piety and devotion to the Catholic faith, and was canonized a saint by Pope Pius XII in 1954. Bosco regarded Savio very highly, and wrote a biography of his young student, The Life of Dominic Savio. This volume, along with other accounts of him, were critical factors in his cause for sainthood. Despite the fact that many people considered him to have died at too young an age – fourteen – to be considered for sainthood, he was considered eligible for such singular honour on the basis of his having displayed "heroic virtue" in his everyday life. Savio was canonised a saint on 12 June 1954, by Pope Pius XII, making him the youngest non-martyr to be canonised in the Catholic Church,Dominic Savio Altar, Basilica of Our Lady Help of Christians; Retrieved on 24 November 2006 until the canonisations of Francisco and Jacinta Marto, the pious visionaries of Fatima, in 2017. ==Biography== The major part of the biographical information known about Dominic Savio comes from his biography written by John Bosco, in addition to the testimonies given by Savio's family and friends. ==Early life== On 2 April 1842 in the village of Riva, from the town of Chieri, in Piedmont, northern Italy a son was born to Carlo and Brigitta Savio. He was given the name Domenico at baptism. The name Domenico means "of the Lord""the etymology and history of first names: Dominic", Behind The Name; Retrieved on 24 November 2006. and the surname Savio means "wise"."the etymology and history of first names: Savio", Behind The Name; Retrieved on 24 November 2006. His parents had ten children in all. His father was a blacksmith and his mother, a seamstress. They were poor, hardworking and pious.John Bosco's Three Lives: The Life of Dominic Savio (Chapter 1: Home – The boy's character – His early goodness) ; Retrieved on 24 November 2006. When he was two years old, his parents returned to their native place at Murialdo on the outskirts of Castelnuovo d'Asti and from where they had gone to Riva in 1841. His parents took great care to give him a Christian upbringing. By the age of four, Dominic was able to pray by himself and was occasionally found in solitude, praying."The Life of Dominic Savio: Chapter 1-Early Life and Extraordinary Gifts", Traditionalcatholic.net; Retrieved on 24 November 2006. John Bosco records that Savio's parents recollect how he used to help his mother around the house, welcome his father home, say his prayers without being reminded, (even reminding others when they forgot) and say Grace at mealtimes unfailingly. ===At the village school=== Fr. Giovanni Zucca from Murialdo, who was then the chaplain at Murialdo when Dominic was five years old,Bosconet.aust.com: John Bosco's Three Lives: The Life of Dominic Savio (Chapter 2: Good behaviour at Murialdo – Signs of virtue – Attendance at the village school) ; Retrieved on 24 November 2006. notes in a statement to John Bosco that he came to notice Dominic due to his regular church attendance with his mother, and his habit of kneeling down outside the church to pray (even in the mud or snow) if he happened to come to church before it had been unlocked in the morning. The chaplain also notes that Savio made good progress at the village school not merely due to his cleverness, but also by working hard. He would not join the other boys in doing something that he believed to be morally wrong and would explain why he thought a particular deed was wrong. At the age of five, he learned to serve Mass, and would try to participate at Mass every day as well as go regularly to Confession. Having been permitted to make his First Communion at an early age, he had much reverence for the Eucharist."The Life of Dominic Savio: Chapter 2-Examples of Youthful Virtue at Murialdo. His Early Days at School", Traditionalcatholic.net; Retrieved on 24 November 2006. ===First Communion=== At that time, it was customary for children to receive their First Communion at the age of twelve. (Pope Pius X would later lower this age to seven)Avella, Steven M; Zalar, Jeffrey (Fall 1997), "Sanctity in the Era of Catholic Action: The Case of St. Pius X", Catholic Historian (Spirituality and Devotionalism ed.), US, 15 (4), pp. 57–80 After initial hesitation, and subsequent consultation with other priests, the parish priest agreed to permit Dominic to receive his First Communion at the age of seven, since he knew the catechism and understood something of the Eucharist.Bosconet.aust.com: John Bosco's Three Lives: The Life of Dominic Savio (Chapter 3: His first communion – Preparation, recollection and memories of the day) ; Retrieved on 24 November 2006. He spent much time praying and reading in preparation,"The Life of Dominic Savio: Chapter 3-Dominic is Allowed to Make His First Communion Before the Usual Age. Preparation for the Important Day. His Resolutions." Traditionalcatholic.net; Retrieved on 24 November 2006. asking his mother's forgiveness for anything he might have done to displease her and then went to church. In his biography of Dominic Savio, John Bosco devotes a chapter to tell of Dominic's First Communion. He says that several years later, whenever he talked of the day of his First Communion, he said with joy: "That was the happiest and most wonderful day of my life." John Bosco records that on the day of his First Communion, Dominic made some promises which he wrote in a "little book", and re-read them many times. John Bosco once looked through Dominic's book, and he quotes from it the promises that he made: :Resolutions made by me, Dominic Savio, in the year 1849, on the day of my First Communion, at the age of seven. :1. I will go to Confession often, and as frequently to Holy Communion as my confessor allows. :2. I wish to sanctify the Sundays and festivals in a special manner. :3. My friends shall be Jesus and Mary. :4. Death rather than sin.Another translation reads "Death, but not sin." ===At the county school=== For secondary education, Dominic had to go to another school and it was decided that he would go to the County School at Castelnuovo, three miles (5 km) from his home.Bosconet.aust.com: John Bosco's Three Lives: The Life of Dominic Savio (Chapter 4: School at Castelnuovo d'Asti – An edifying occasion – Wise answer to bad advice) ; Retrieved on 24 November 2006. (Castelnuovo d' Asti, now Castelnuovo John Bosco, was the birthplace of another contemporary of John Bosco, Joseph Cafasso, also a saint. He was four years the senior of John Bosco, and was Bosco's mentor and advisor.Bosco, John. St. Joseph Cafasso, excerpts, CatholicTradition.org Retrieved on 24 November 2006.) Now ten years old, he walked daily to and from school. In his biography of Dominic Savio, John Bosco records how a local farmer once asked him, on a hot sunny day, if he was not tired from walking, and received the reply: "Nothing seems tiresome or painful when you are working for a master who pays well.""The Life of Dominic Savio: Chapter 4-Dominic's School Career at Castelnuovo d'Asti. Trials and Difficulties. His Treatment of Evil Council. His Master's Encomium", Traditionalcatholic.net; Retrieved on 24 November 2006. Don Bosco also notes that Dominic refused to go swimmingBosco, Memoirs, Chapter 8, footnotes (2.1), (2.2), (2.3); Retrieved on 24 November 2006. with his friends since Dominic considered that in such a situation, it would be "also easy to offend God", he believed that on a previous occasion his friends behaved in, what was to him, a vulgar manner.Library.catholic.org: The Saints and Our Children-Chapter 3: Dominic Savio:The Schoolboy Saint by Mary Reed Newland In his biography Bosco records that Fr. Allora, the head of this school, had this to say about Dominic: "...Hence it may very well be said that he was Savio (wise), not only in name, but in fact, viz., in his studies, in piety, in conversation and his dealing with others, and in all his actions. ..." ===Under John Bosco's mentorship=== ====Meeting with John Bosco==== It was Fr. Giuseppe Cugliero, Dominic's teacher at school, who gave a high account of him to John Bosco and recommended that Bosco meet him during the Feast of the Rosary, when he would take his boys to Murialdo. Accordingly, accompanied by his father, Dominic met John Bosco on the first Monday in the month of October 1854."The Life of Dominic Savio: Chapter 6-My First Meeting with Dominic Savio. Some Curious Incidents Connected With It", Traditionalcatholic.net; Retrieved on 24 November 2006. John Bosco records this conversation in some detail. He notes that Dominic was eager to go to Turin with John Bosco, and that he wished to become a priest after completing his studies in that town.Bosconet.aust.com: John Bosco's Three Lives: The Life of Dominic Savio (Chapter 7: The first time I got to know him. Some curious moments in our meeting) ; Retrieved on 24 November 2006. To test Dominic's intelligence, Don Bosco gave him a copy of The Catholic Readings (pamphlets on the subject of Catholic Apologetics),Bosconet.aust.com: I WAS DON BOSCO'S CONFESSOR-Sworn testimony of Fr Giovanni Giacomelli ; Retrieved on 24 November 2006. asking him to recite a particular page by heart and explain its meaning the next day, and then spoke for a while with Dominic's father. Ten minutes later, he found Dominic was beside him reciting the page and explaining its meaning satisfactorily. This meeting was the beginning of their relationship, the result of which was that John Bosco agreed to take Dominic to Turin with him. ====At the Oratory of St. Francis de Sales==== John Bosco records that when Dominic arrived at the Oratory, he at once placed himself under his guidance."The Life of Dominic Savio: Chapter 7-Dominic Comes to the Oratory of St. Francis of Sales. His Manner of Life", Traditionalcatholic.net; Retrieved on 24 November 2006. He also notes that Dominic worked diligently and followed the school rules. He would happily listen to talks and sermons (even if they tended to be lengthy at times), and would, without hesitation, ask for clarification on points that were not clear to him. John Bosco also notes how Dominic was obedient to his teachers and chose his companions carefully.Bosconet.aust.com: John Bosco's Three Lives: The Life of Dominic Savio (Chapter 8: He comes to the Oratory of St Francis de Sales – His lifestyle at the beginning) ; Retrieved on 24 November 2006. This happened in 1854, when, in Rome, the dogma of the Immaculate Conception of Mary was being defined. Preparations for the observation of this feast were thus going on at the Oratory. Don Bosco records that, at the advice of his confessor, Dominic renewed his First Communion promises at the altar of Mary at the Oratory. Bosco says that, from this point the result of Dominic's attempts towards holy life were so apparent, that he (John Bosco) took to recording the various incidents that occurred for future reference. John Bosco's mother, who was called "Mamma Margaret" remarked to him of Dominic, "You have many good boys, but none can match the good heart and soul of Dominic Savio. I see him so often at prayer, staying in church after the others; every day he slips out of the playground to make a visit to the Blessed Sacrament. When he is in church he is like an angel living in Paradise.""Saint Dominic Savio (1842–1857)", Salesians of Don Bosco, UK ; Retrieved on 24 November 2006. ====Resolve to become a saint==== Around six months after Dominic had come to the Oratory, he had the occasion to listen to a talk on sainthood. John Bosco records that the talk had three main points that impressed Dominic:Bosconet.aust.com: John Bosco's Three Lives: The Life of Dominic Savio (Chapter 10: His decision to become a saint) ; Retrieved on 24 November 2006. # That it is God's will that each one should become a saint. # That it is easy to become a saint. # That there is a great reward waiting in heaven for those who try to become saints. This inspired Dominic to take a conscious decision to become a saint. The immediate result of this was that, not being sure how to live a saintly life, and worried about it, he was quiet and worried for the next few days. Noticing this, John Bosco spoke to Dominic and advised him to resume his customary cheerfulness, persevere in his regular life of study and religious practices, and especially not neglect being with his companions in games and recreation."The Life of Dominic Savio: Chapter 9-Dominic Forms the Resolution of Striving After Perfection", Traditionalcatholic.net; Retrieved on 24 November 2006. On learning that his first name meant "belonging to God", his desire to be a saint intensified. Dominic's spiritual growth progressed under the guidance of Don Bosco. Clifford Stevens says in his biography of Savio, "In other circumstances, Dominic might have become a little self-righteous snob, but Don Bosco showed him the heroism of the ordinary and the sanctity of common sense."EWTN.com: Stevens, Clifford. "St. Dominic Savio", The One Year Book of Saints, OSV Publishing; Retrieved on 24 November 2006. ====Attempts to do penances==== In his desire to become a saint, Dominic attempted to perform physical penances, like making his bed uncomfortable with small stones and pieces of wood, sleeping with a thin covering in winter, wearing a hair shirt, and fasting on bread and water. When his superiors (i.e., John Bosco, or his Rector, or his confessor) learned of this, they forbade him from doing bodily mortification, as it would affect his health.Bosconet.aust.com: John Bosco's Three Lives: The Life of Dominic Savio (Chapter 15: Penances) ; Retrieved on 24 November 2006. John Bosco told Dominic that as a schoolboy, the best penance would be to perform all his duties with perfection and humility, and that obedience was the greatest sacrifice.Newland, Mary Reed. The Saints and Our Children, Chapter 3, Tan Books Retrieved on 24 November 2006. Thus, Dominic formed an important aspect of his philosophy of life, which was, in his words, "I can't do big things but I want everything to be for the glory of God."Salesianvocation.com: Biography of St. Dominic Savio ; Retrieved on 24 November 2006. Don Bosco notes that from that time on, Dominic did not complain about the food or the weather, unlike some other boys at the Oratory, bore all suffering cheerfully, and practised custody of his eyes and tongue.Bosconet.aust.com: John Bosco's Three Lives: The Life of Dominic Savio (Chapter 16: Mortification of the senses) ; Retrieved on 24 November 2006. Eugenio Ceria, a Salesian commentator on the autobiography of John Bosco, (Memoirs of the Oratory of Saint Francis de Sales) notes that by this time, owing to his experience as an educator, John Bosco's ideas on several pedagogical and spiritual principles were well developed and linked and this led him to associate the fulfillment of daily duties with holiness in his advice to Savio.Bosco, Memoirs, Chapter 18, footnote 8 ; Retrieved on 24 November 2006. ====The Immaculate Conception Sodality==== The definition of the dogma of the Immaculate Conception of Mary influenced Dominic and he was anxious to create at the school a lasting reminder of this event."The Life of Dominic Savio: Chapter 16-The Confraternity of the Immaculate Conception", Traditionalcatholic.net; retrieved 24 November 2006. He now felt that he had not long to live. With the help of his friends, he started a group called the Sodality of Mary Immaculate, the main aim of which was to be to obtain the special protection of Mary during life and at the time of death. The means Dominic proposed to this end were: (1) to honour, and to bring others to honour, Mary by different means, and (2) to encourage frequent Communion. On 8 June, he and his friends read out together before the altar of Mary at the Oratory, the set of rules they had drawn up. There were twenty-one articles (which were recorded by John Bosco in his biography), ending with an appeal to Mary for her assistance. These were submitted to the rector, and, after careful perusal, he gave his approval, under certain conditions.Bosconet.aust.com: John Bosco's Three Lives: The Life of Dominic Savio (Chapter 17: The Immaculate Conception Sodality) ; retrieved 24 November 2006. One of the members of this Sodality, Giuseppe Bongioanni, (who was later ordained a priest) was later to found the Sodality of the Blessed Sacrament, which became a traditional sodality in Catholic schools. ====Preparation for a holy death==== All the pupils under John Bosco observed a monthly event called The Exercise of a Happy Death; this practice continues under the name The Monthly Day of Recollection. This practice was encouraged by Pope Pius IX.Bosconet.aust.com: John Bosco's Three Lives: The Life of Dominic Savio (Chapter 21: His thoughts about death – His preparation for a holy death) ; Retrieved on 24 November 2006. Part of this was to make a Confession and Communion as though they were the last ones to be made before death. Bosco notes that Dominic observed this practice devoutly, and that one day, Dominic said that he would be the first amongst the group to die. During the month of May, before his death, the intensity of his spiritual practices increased. John Bosco notes that he said, "Let me do what I can this year; if I am here next year I'll let you know what my plans are.""The Life of Dominic Savio: Chapter 20-Dominic's Ideas About Dying and His Preparation for a Happy Death" Traditionalcatholic.net; Retrieved on 24 November 2006. ====Failing health==== Dominic's health was steadily deteriorating, but he spent most of his time with his friends, talking with them, and encouraging those who were experiencing troubles.Bosconet.aust.com: John Bosco's Three Lives: The Life of Dominic Savio (Chapter 22: His care for the sick – He leaves the Oratory – His words on that occasion) ; Retrieved on 24 November 2006. He also helped at the school infirmary whenever his companions were admitted. On the recommendation of doctors, Dominic was sent home to recover from his ill health, but a few days later Bosco found him back at the Oratory. Despite his affection for Dominic, and his wish to allow Dominic to remain at the Oratory, John Bosco decided to follow the recommendation of the doctors, especially since Dominic had developed a severe cough and he wrote to Dominic's father, fixing the date of his departure on 1 March 1857. Though Dominic said that he wanted to spend his last days at the Oratory, he accepted this decision and spent the evening before his departure at John Bosco's side, discussing spiritual matters. (Bosco recorded a part of this conversation in his biography of Dominic). On the morning of his departure, Don Bosco notes that Dominic made the Exercise of a Happy Death with great zeal, even saying that this would be his final such devotion. He said his farewell to John Bosco, asking as a keepsake that Bosco add his name to the list of those who would participate in the Plenary Indulgence that John Bosco had received from the Pope, to which John Bosco readily agreed. He then took leave of his friends with great affection, which surprised them, for his illness was not considered by many of his companions to be serious."The Life of Dominic Savio: Chapter 21-Dominic's Interest in the Sick. He had to Leave the Oratory for Change of Air. His Parting Words", Traditionalcatholic.net; Retrieved on 24 November 2006. ===Death=== In his first four days at home his appetite decreased and his cough worsened; this prompted his parents to send him to the doctor, who, at once, ordered bed rest.Bosconet.aust.com: John Bosco's Three Lives: The Life of Dominic Savio (Chapter 24: The progress of his illness – Last confession and Viaticum – Edifying details) ; Retrieved on 24 November 2006. Inflammation was diagnosed, and as was the custom at that time, the doctor decided to perform bloodletting. The doctor cut Dominic's arm ten times in the space of four days and it is now considered that this probably hastened his death.Donbosco.asn.au: St. Dominic Savio ; Retrieved on 24 November 2006. In his biography, John Bosco records that Dominic was calm throughout the procedure. The doctor assured his parents that the danger had passed and now it only remained for him to recuperate. Dominic, however, was sure that his death was approaching, and asked that he be allowed to make his Confession and receive Communion. Though they thought it unnecessary, his parents sent for the parish priest who heard Dominic's confession and administered the Eucharist."The Life of Dominic Savio: Chapter 22-The Progress of his Illness. He Receives the Last Sacraments. Edifying Incidents" Traditionalcatholic.net; Retrieved on 24 November 2006. After four days, despite the conviction of the doctor and his parents that he would get better, Dominic asked that he be given Extreme Unction in preparation for death. Again, his parents agreed, to please him. On 9 March, he was given the papal blessing and he said the Confiteor. Don Bosco records that throughout these days, he stayed serene and calm.Bosconet.aust.com: John Bosco's Three Lives: The Life of Dominic Savio (Chapter 25: His final moments and his wonderful death) ; Retrieved on 24 November 2006. On the evening of 9 March 1857, after being visited by his parish priest, he asked his father to read him the prayers for the Exercise of a Happy Death from his book of devotions. Then he slept a while, and shortly awakened and said in a clear voice, "Goodbye, Dad, goodbye ... what was it the parish priest suggested to me ... I don't seem to remember ... Oh, what wonderful things I see ...". With these words, Dominic died, though, at first, it appeared to his father that he was asleep.Bosconet.aust.com: John Bosco's Three Lives: The Life of Dominic Savio (Chapter 26: Announcing his death – Fr Picco's words to the students) ; Retrieved on 24 November 2006. Dominic's father wrote in a letter to John Bosco, conveying the news of the death of his son, > With my heart full of grief I send you this sad news. Dominic, my dear son > and your child in God, like a white lily, like Aloysius Gonzaga, gave his > soul to God on 9 March after having received with the greatest devotion the > Last Sacraments and the Papal Blessing. ==Notable incidents in the life of Dominic Savio== In order to give the reader a well rounded picture of Dominic's personality Don Bosco recorded several incidents from Dominic's life in his biography. ===Before he joined the Oratory=== ====At the school at Mondonio==== Don Bosco records this from the testimony of Fr Giuseppe Cugliero.Bosconet.aust.com: John Bosco's Three Lives: The Life of Dominic Savio (Chapter 6: School at Mondonio- He puts up with a great injustice) ; Retrieved on 24 November 2006. One day, in the absence of his teacher, two of Dominic's classmates stuffed the room-heating iron stove with snow and rubbish as a prank. Fearing expulsion, they blamed Dominic. Fr. Cugliero soundly berated Dominic in front of the class and Dominic bore this silently.Traditionalcatholic.net: The Life of Dominic Savio: Chapter 5-Dominic's School-Life at Mondonio. His Conduct Under a Calumnious Charge; retrieved 24 November 2006. The following day, the true culprits were discovered. On being asked why he had remained silent, Dominic replied that he had thought that he would be let off with a scolding whereas the other boys might have been expelled. Dominic added that Jesus had remained silent when blamed unjustly and that he was trying to imitate him. Mary Reed Newland, in her book, suggests that, since Dominic was yet to meet John Bosco, this incident is indicative of the upbringing his parents had given him. ===At the Oratory=== ====Resolves a conflict==== At the Oratory, two of his friends had a disagreement and decided to fight each other by throwing stones. As they were older and stronger than Dominic (he had been promoted from first form to second form Bosconet.aust.com: John Bosco's Three Lives: The Life of Dominic Savio (Chapter 9: Study of Latin – Curious incidents – School – He prevents a fight – He avoids danger) ; retrieved on 24 November 2006.) physical intervention was not possible. He tried to reason with them but with no positive result. Thus, on the day of the fight, he went with them to the site where the fight was to take place, and just before they could start, he placed himself between them, and holding up his crucifix, requested that they throw their first stones at him. Ashamed, the two boys gave up their fight. Dominic then persuaded them to go to Confession.Traditionalcatholic.net: The Life of Dominic Savio: Chapter 8-His Studies at the Oratory. His Conduct at School. His Dealings with Quarrels and Special Dangers; retrieved 24 November 2006. ====Custody of the eyes==== John Bosco records that once a boy who was visiting had brought with him a "magazine with bad pictures", and a group of fascinated boys were looking. On finding out, Dominic snatched the magazine and tore it up, saying, "You know well enough that one look is enough to stain your souls, and yet you go feasting your eyes on this." ====Influence over his friends==== John Bosco records that Dominic spent a lot of time with his friends, encouraging them in their devotions, discouraging those with a habit of swearing,Traditionalcatholic.net: The Life of Dominic Savio: Chapter 10-Zeal for the Salvation of Souls.; Retrieved on 24 November 2006. and teaching Catechism at Sunday School.Bosconet.aust.com: John Bosco's Three Lives: The Life of Dominic Savio (Chapter 11: His zeal for the good of souls) ; Retrieved on 24 November 2006. Bosco also records that he would encourage his friends to make frequent use of the sacrament of confession and take Communion regularly, even giving them encouragement and advice in spiritual practices during games.Bosconet.aust.com: John Bosco's Three Lives: The Life of Dominic Savio (Chapter 12: Various episodes and his way of speaking with his friends) ; Retrieved on 24 November 2006. John Bosco makes particular mention of two of Dominic's friends, Camillo Gavio of Tortona,Traditionalcatholic.net: The Life of Dominic Savio: Chapter 17-Dominic's Intimate Associates.; Retrieved on 24 November 2006. and John Massaglia of Marmorito.Bosconet.aust.com: John Bosco's Three Lives: The Life of Dominic Savio (Chapter 19: His relationship with young John Massaglia) ; Retrieved on 24 November 2006. (These two friends were dead by the time John Bosco wrote the biography, as he thought it best not to write about the friends of Dominic who were still alive.) ====Devotions practised by Dominic==== John Bosco narrates that before he came to the Oratory, Dominic made his Confession and took Communion once a month. After hearing a homily on the Sacraments, he chose a priest as his regular Confessor, (to whom Dominic made his Confessions until the end of his stay at the Oratory). The regularity with which Dominic approached the sacraments increased and, at the end of that year, as per the advice of his confessor, Dominic was taking Communion daily.BoscoNet.aust.com: John Bosco's Three Lives: The Life of Dominic Savio (Chapter 14: He goes frequently to Confession and Communion) ; Retrieved on 24 November 2006. He had a special intention for the Eucharist each day of the week. John Bosco notes that, whenever permitted, Dominic eagerly accompanied the priest when he took the Viaticum, and that he also kept the habit of kneeling down in the street if he encountered the Eucharist being carried by a priest, as was the custom in Catholic countries.: "The Life of Dominic Savio: Chapter 13-His Frequentation and Devout Reception of the Sacraments" TraditionalCatholic.net; Retrieved on 24 November 2006. ===Incidents with special spiritual significance=== ===="Distractions"==== John Bosco records that Dominic occasionally had intense experiences during prayer, which Dominic described as such: "It is silly of me; I get a distraction and lose the thread of my prayers and then I see such wonderful things that the hours pass by like minutes”.Bosconet.aust.com: John Bosco's Three Lives: The Life of Dominic Savio (Chapter 20: Special graces and particular deeds) ; Retrieved on 24 November 2006. On one occasion, he was missing from breakfast and the rector finally found him in the chapel, standing motionless and gazing at the tabernacle. He was not aware that the morning Mass had ended. On another occasion, John Bosco records that he saw Dominic in the chapel, speaking to God, and then waiting, as though listening to a reply. ====Special knowledge==== John Bosco narrates how Dominic came to his room one day and urged him to accompany him. He led Bosco through many streets to a block of flats, rang the doorbell, and at once, went away. When the door opened, John Bosco found that within, there was a dying man who was desperately asking for a priest to make his last confession.Traditionalcatholic.net: The Life of Dominic Savio: Chapter 19-Special Graces Granted to Dominic. Some Particular Incidents.; Retrieved on 24 November 2006. Later, John Bosco asked Dominic how he had known about that man. However, since the question made Dominic uncomfortable, John Bosco did not press the matter. thumbnail|right|150px|Pope Pius IX formally defined the dogma of the Immaculate Conception and figured in a vision that occurred to Dominic Savio. ====The vision of England==== John Bosco records that Dominic once recounted to him a vision he had: :"... . One morning as I was making my thanksgiving after Communion, a very strong distraction took hold of me. I thought I saw a great plain full of people enveloped in thick fog. They were walking about like people who had lost their way and did not know which way to turn. Someone near me said: 'This is England'. I was just going to ask some questions, when I saw Pope Pius IX just like I have seen him in pictures. He was robed magnificently and carried in his hand a torch alive with flames. As he walked slowly towards that immense gathering of people, the leaping flames from the torch dispelled the fog, and the people stood in the splendour of the noonday sun. 'That torch', said the one beside me, 'is the Catholic Faith, which is going to light up England'". At his last goodbyes, Dominic requested John Bosco to tell the pope of his vision, which he did in 1858. The pope felt that this confirmed the plans he had already made concerning England. ====His mother's pregnancy==== On 12 September 1856, Dominic asked John Bosco permission to go home, saying that his mother was ill, though he had received no communication. Dominic's mother was then expecting a baby and was in great pain,Salesiansisters.org: Salesian Saints: St. Dominic Savio ; Retrieved on 24 November 2006. and when Dominic reached the house, he hugged and kissed his mother, and then left. His mother felt her pain leave her and Dominic's baby sister, Catherine, was born. The women assisting at the birth found that Dominic had left a green scapular around his mother's neck. His sister Theresa later wore this same scapular when she was in labour. She testified that it had been passed around to several other pregnant women and was later lost.Donboscowest.org: St. Dominic Savio: Extraordinary Gifts ; Retrieved on 24 November 2006. ====Charles Savio's vision of Dominic after his death==== The veneration of Dominic Savio grew with an event narrated by his father:Traditionalcatholic.net: The Life of Dominic Savio: Chapter 25-The Influence of Dominic's Virtues. Favours Received. A Recommendation.; Retrieved on 24 November 2006. :"I was in the greatest affliction at the loss of my son, and was consumed by a desire to know what was his position in the other world. God deigned to comfort me. About a month after his death, during a very restless night, I saw, as it were, the ceiling opened, and Dominic appeared in the midst of dazzling light. I was beside myself at this sight, and cried out: "O Dominic, my son, are you already in Paradise?" "Yes," he replied, "I am in Heaven." Then pray for your brothers and sisters, and your mother and father, that we may all come to join you one day in Heaven." "Yes, yes, I will pray," was the answer. "Then he disappeared, and the room became as before." ==The Life of Dominic Savio== thumbnail|left|150px|Don Bosco's biography of Dominic Savio contributed to his canonisation. Soon after the death of Dominic, John Bosco wrote his biography, The Life of Dominic Savio, which contributed to his canonisation. The original Italian edition was considered so well written during the time of Don Bosco that, along with his History of Italy and Ecclesiastical History, it was used in many public schools as part of the course materials on the Italian language.Olrl.org: The Life of St. Dominic Savio by St. John Bosco ; Retrieved on 24 November 2006. Among the other writings of John BoscoSDBmedia: eircom.net Writings of Don Bosco; Retrieved on 24 November 2006. are the Biography of Fr. Joseph Cafasso, The Life of Francis Besucco and The Life of Michael Magone.Bosconet.aust.com: John Bosco's Three Lives: The Life of Dominic Savio, The Life of Francis Besucco, The Life of Michael Magone ; Retrieved on 24 November 2006. thumbnail|right|150px|Pope Pius X set in motion the canonisation process for Dominic Savio. ==Veneration== Though some were of an opinion that Dominic was too young to be canonised, Pope Pius X insisted that this was not so, and started the process of his canonisation. Dominic Savio was declared Venerable in 1933 by Pope Pius XI, was beatified on 5 March 1950 by Pope Pius XII, and declared a saint in 1954. Pope Pius XI described him as "small in size, but a towering giant in spirit." == See also == *Saint Dominic Savio, patron saint archive *Carlo Acutis, an Italian teenager who was also beatified for living what was seen as a holy life in October 2020 ==Notes== ==References== * ==Sources== * Bosco, John. Memoirs of the Oratory of Saint Francis de Sales, (Daniel Lyons, trans.) New Rochelle, New York. Don Bosco Publications, 1989 * Pascucci, S.D.B., Paul J., A Brief Life of St. Dominic Savio ==External links== * "Saint Dominic Savio", Pontificium Opus a Sancta Infantia * The multimedia resource page on St. Dominic Savio at the website of the Salesians of Don Bosco. Category:1842 births Category:1857 deaths Category:Beatifications by Pope Pius XII Category:19th-century Christian saints Category:Italian children Category:Italian Roman Catholic saints Category:People from the Province of Turin Category:Roman Catholic child saints Category:Canonizations by Pope Pius XII Category:Salesians of Don Bosco Category:Venerated Catholics by Pope Pius XI

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The Accademia del Cimento (Academy of Experiment), an early scientific society, was founded in Florence in 1657 by students of Galileo, Giovanni Alfonso Borelli and Vincenzo Viviani and ceased to exist about a decade later. The foundation of Academy was funded by Prince Leopoldo and Grand Duke Ferdinando II de' Medici. The tenets of the society included:Bruno, pp. 17–18. *Experimentation (about everything, in this early period of science) *Avoidance of speculation *Creation of laboratory instruments *Standards of measurement *Motto – Provando e riprovando = Proving and proving again (or Trying and Trying again) *A publication ’Saggi di naturali esperienze fatte nell'Accademia del Cimento sotto la protezione del Serenissimo Principe Leopoldo di Toscana e descritte dal segretario di essa Accademia first published in 1666, later translated into Latin in 1731. It became the standard laboratory manual in the 18th century. ==Overview== The Cimento published a manual of experimentation which began the process of standardizing processes, instruments and measurements throughout Europe.Ornstein, p.105. Their motto Provando e riprovando means “proving and disproving”, i.e. providing proofs of true facts and confuting false ones, while a literal translation may read "trying and trying again". Unlike many of the other scientific societies formed in the seventeenth century, such as the Accademia dei Lincei (founded 1603), the Royal Society of London (founded 1660), and the Academie Royale des Sciences (founded 1666), the Accademia del Cimento never established rules to make it a formal body.Middleton, pp. 15–17. There were no formal rules for joining the society, there was no established meeting calendar and the society never set up an organizational structure. Instead the society remained a close knit group of virtuosi under the direction of their patrons, Prince Leopold of Tuscany and Ferdinando II de' Medici, Grand Duke of Tuscany, both sons of Cosimo II de’ Medici. The society only published one manuscript during its existence, Saggi di naturali esperienze fatte nell'Academia del Cimento sotto la protezione del Serenissimo Principe Leopoldo di Toscana e descritte dal segretario di essa Accademia and all the works in the manuscript were published anonymously. This means there are very few actual records of the workings of the society. The lack of historical sources was compounded by the fact that although sixteen volumes of writings of the Accademia del Cimento were copied in the early eighteenth century by Giovanni Targioni-Tozzetti, assistant librarian of the Magliabecchi Library, the original manuscripts were lost.Middleton, pp. 11–12. The history of the society can only be pieced together through the letters and diaries of the people associated with the operation. The National Library of Florence recently digitized all of these documents and they are available on-line. ==Members== * Prince Leopold of Tuscany – considered by many to be the founder of the Academy, Prince Leopold was known for his interest in astronomy.Middleton, pp. 17–21. When he was made a Cardinal in 1667 and moved to Rome the Accademia del Cimento ceased to exist. * Ferdinando II de' Medici, Grand Duke of Tuscany – Ferdinando was an influential patron of Galileo and supporter of learned men. Ferdinando was known within the society for his interest in experiments concerned with what we now call physics. * Giovanni Alfonso Borelli – Chair of Mathematics at the University of Pisa during the time of the Accademia del Cimento. Borelli is the best known of the members but also known for his intolerance of criticism and quarrelsome disposition. There is speculation his peevish nature caused Leopold’s final dissolution of the Academy. Borelli was also the only member who strenuously objected to merging his work with others of the Academy, and extensively published works under his own name.Ornstein, p.96. * Candido and Paolo del Buono – Not much is known of Candido but Paolo was personally invited by Prince Leopold to become a member of the society. He was a contemporary student of Galileo with Viviani. Was in service to the Polish court during much of the existence of the society. * Alessandro Marsili – Highly thought of by Galileo who wrote a letter to Prince Leopold in 1640 praising him. This praise seemed to have secured his position as the chair of philosophy at Pisa and membership in the society. He was not liked by the other members because he was a “rotten and mouldy peripatetic” according to Borelli in a letter to Paolo del Buono in 1657. The historian W.E.Knowles Middelton suggests that Marsili was added to the group to act as the simpleton used by Galileo in his work Dialogue Concerning the Two Chief World Systems. * Francesco Redi – Although letters from Redi to others which state Redi was a member of the Accademia del Cimento there are no corroborating evidence from other members.Middleton, p. 34. * Carlo Rinaldini – First to lecture on works of Galileo as the chair of Philosophy at Padua. Proposed an experiment on the diffusion of heat which gives him claim to be the discoverer of the convection in air.Middleton, p. 35. * Nicolas Steno – A pioneer in anatomy, paleontology, geology and stratigraphy, and crystallography, he made observations and discoveries still recognized today. Brought up as a Lutheran, he converted to Catholicism and later became a bishop. * Antonio Uliva – Libertine who was totally undisciplined and no records exist of any input into the experiments of the society exist. Was arrested for scandalous conduct in Rome in 1667 and threw himself out a window and died.Middleton, p. 36. * Vincenzo Viviani – Famous scholar, and student of Galileo. He was offered positions by Louis XIV, King of France, and John II Casimir of Poland. He took the position of court mathematician offered by Duke Fedinando. Viviani had a reputation for being slow on completing his work.Middleton, p. 37. Borelli and Viviani were considered to be the most brilliant of the members of the society, but they could not get along.Middleton, p. 29. *Secretary (1657–1660) – Alessandro Segni – Made no ascertainable contribution to the Academy but as Prince Cardinal’s Superintendent of his secretariat, became the owner of the Academy’s papers. His heirs are responsible for the loss of the originals.Middleton, p. 12. *Secretary (1660–1667) Lorenzo Magalotti – Main author of the only publication of the Academy, the Saggi. Known for his meticulous attention to detail and his growing disinterest in the work of the Academy, both of which contributed to the 5 year process it took to publish the work. ==Founding== Since the workings of the Academy were not formalized there can be no clear cut answer to the exact date of the founding of the Cimento. suggests that the Cimento was the formal organization of meetings held by Prince Leopold in his study, and that the society did not exist, except when Leopold was present.Middleton, pp. 94-95. Middleton agrees that the overall emphasis was on what Leopold and Ferdinand wanted to study but makes the case that the society performed experiments according to each individuals curiosity. Nevertheless they both agree with The Istituto e Museo di Storia della Scienza in Florence which gives the starting date of 1657. ==Publication== The main publication of the Cimento is the Saggi di naturali esperienze fatte nell'Academia del Cimento sotto la protezione del Serenissimo Principe Leopoldo di Toscan e descrittedal segretario di essa Accademia usually referred to as the Saggi. This document has been called the laboratory manual of the eighteenth century.Ornstein, p.105. The manual was published anonymously and took over 6 years to write. Most of the experiments discussed in the Saggi were completed within the first two years of the Cimento and the rest of the time the book went through revisions. These revisions were caused by Magalotti’s perfectionism, his growing uninterestedness with the experiments themselves, further compounded by the fact the book was being written by a committee.Middleton, pp. 70–77. Recent studies show the adverse impact of the patronage culture and Prince Leopold's desire to be known as a patron of the "new science" on the publication of the document.Strano pp. 85–90. Other studies show the influence the trial of Galileo had on Prince Leopoldo. He wrote Magalotti and informed him that the manuscript be sent to Cardinal Ranucci and that "nothing will be printed against his wishes."Boschiero, p. 192 Letter to Magalotti Leopoldo even sent parts of the manual to the Pope for approval. Boschiero argues that leaving out all astronomical experiments and not advancing theories of why things happened in nature, just recording what happened when nature is observed was driven by Leopoldo's concern with offending the church.Boschiero, p. 192 The first part of the Saggi discussed the highly accurate instruments the Cimento used to perform their experiments. Measurement of physical phenomenon was a new area and this section of the manual laid out what and how physical properties were to be measured for a variety of disciplines, to include heat (thermometer), humidity (hygrometer), time (pendulum) etc. The first set of experiments relates to determining air pressure with mercury barometers. The second set reviewed work done by Robert Boyle on variant air pressure and vacuums. The third set discussed artificial cooling and the fourth set discussed natural cooling. The fifth set looked at the effect of heat and cold on various objects. The sixth set investigated the compressibility of waterAitken, chap 1. while the seventh series put a nail in Aristotle’s idea of the natural state of fire by proving that smoke does not rise in a vacuum. The eighth set discussed magnetism and the ninth discussed amber. The tenth set looked at color while the eleventh investigated the speed of sound. The twelfth set demonstrated falling body laws Galileo discussed but did not perform experiments to prove. The Saggi is replete with pictures of laboratory instruments and how-to instructions on the use of the instruments. A modern translation of the manual is provided in Middelton’s book, The Experimenters: A Study of the Accademia del Cimento ==Demise of the Accademia del Cimento== The Cimento never became an institution. It was always dependent upon the rules and orders of its patrons, Leopold and Fernando. Although it has been said that the Pope made the dissolution of the Cimento a prerequisite to Leopold becoming a cardinal, this has not been proven.Ornstein, p.95. Instead, it seems as if the main members of the society performed the experiments that most interested them with the best instruments currently available from the patrons and then all moved to different pursuits. Borelli, in particular, seemed to tire of having to share his accolades with others and grew tired of the cooperative effort that did not allow for individual recognition. The Cimento did not disband as much as it just fizzled out.Middleton, pp.327-328. ==The Societies' Place in the Scientific Revolution== ===Experimentation=== The Accademia del Cimento existed during the period of European history when, arguably, the foundations of modern science were established; a period sometimes referred to as the Scientific Revolution. Using ancient authority and divine revelation as the ultimate source of knowledge was replaced by a belief that knowledge of nature could only be obtained through detailed observations or artificial experiments.Henry, p. 1. If one read the Saggi alone, it would seem that this new experimental science underlay the Cimento's every activity. The Saggi epitomized the new way of doing science, concentrating on the experiments themselves, with little or no analysis or explanations of the results of the experiments.Boschiero, p. 18. Recent studies have cast doubt about society member's acceptance of this new method for acquiring knowledge and determining truth. The intellectual elite of the early modern period functioned within a prestige-conscious society. At the top of the intellectual hierarchy were the philosophers; the people who used their ability to think and reason to determine how the world works. The prestigious chairs at universities were allocated to philosophy and theology, people who thought not mathematicians.Biagioli, p. 6 Francis Bacon’s utopia world, described in his book New Atlantis described the natural philosophers quest as determining “...the knowledge of causes, and secret motions of things; and the enlarging of the bounds of human empire, to the effecting of all things possible.Bacon, p. 442 described a society ruled by nine levels of knowledge creators, and at the very top of the organization were the Interpreters of Nature, who raised the “discoveries by experiments into greater observations, axioms, and aphorisms.”Bacon, pp.573-575 Italian society of the seventeenth century was governed through a culture of patronage. In the book Galileo, Courtier, Mario Biagioli argues that many of Galileo's actions, the most famous Italian scientist of the time, were dictated by the patronage system. This patronage system also influenced the actions and output of the Cimento. The Medici family had long been a supporter of arts and culture within Florentine society and wanted to use the Cimento to project their power and prestige throughout Europe. The members of the society knew this and envisioned the publication of the Saggi would "return the applause that is merited by the talent and dilligence of thies gentleman [the accadmeician], and first of all by the manganimity of Your Highness.[sic?]"Boschiero, p. 22. This prestige could only come about if the society was seen as being at the forefront of the "new" science, which meant emphasis on experiments and not causes.Boschiero, p. 22. Giorgio Strano argues that the members of the Cimento, especially Galileo’s students, continued to use a deductive approach using ancient texts to drive their selection of experiments and how the experiments were conducted. In a debate about Galileo’s discovery of the Rings of Saturn these members developed an experiment which would demonstrate that Galileo’s discovery was validated by Christiaan Huygens theory. Not only was this experiment never published but all references to the members being motivated by a desire to determine the causes of nature were stricken from published works. The patron’s desire to gain stature in society overshadowed the members desire to be thought of as Philosophers of Natural History.Strano, pp. 85-90. Thus, the patronage system the Cimento worked under created the myth that the Cimento was exclusively concerned with experimentation, when reality paints a different picture. It was only when the Cimento decided to publish their work to their European colleagues, that they decided to describe an atheoretical experimental practice.Boschiero, p. 184. ===Early Modern Medicine=== Experimental procedures pioneered by one of the Cimento’s members crossed the boundaries between physician-mathematical and medico-anatomical disciplines and can be used as a starting point in the investigation of modern-day experimental methods such as parallel trials. Francesco Redi continuously disagreed with Athanasius Kircher in the proper way to conduct experiments. In one instance Kircher let meat out in the open. After a few days maggots appeared and Kircher said that the maggots were spontaneously generated. Redi conducted parallel trials where he took meat from the same animal and left some exposed to the air, some exposed to air, but covered so flies could not land on it and some under a glass cover. Only that meat which was exposed to flies generated maggots.Meli, pp. 125–127. In another experiment concerning the efficacy of SnakeStones Kircher used letters from other Jesuits in the field which said snakestones could counteract poison. Kircher poisoned a dog, placed the snakestone on the wound and the dog recovered. Therefore, according to Kircher, Snakestones worked. Redi, on the other hand conducted many trials using different animals, different poisons and found that the Snakestone did not work all the time.Baldwin The historian Meli believes that further investigation into the spread of this type of experimentation may show the Cimento and its members as pioneers in the creation of medical experimentation protocols.Meli, p. 134. ===Republic of Letters=== From the fifteenth century through the age of enlightenment the intellectuals of Europe formed a network of knowledge exchange through the writing and sharing of letters and pamphlets known as the Republic of Letters. The scientific societies in the 17th century and their members were important members of this network. One of the most famous contributors to this Republic was Henry Oldenburg, the secretary of the Royal Society of London. Oldenburg laid the foundation for the exchange of information and ideas between scientific societies and institutionalized this exchange of ideas with the publication of the Philosophical Transactions in 1665.Hunter, p. 130. Robert Southwell, a friend of Robert Boyle, told Boyle and Oldenburg about the Cimento after he attended a Cimento meeting while traveling in Rome in 1660.Iliffe, p. 21. Although Oldenburg continually tried to establish consistent contacts with the society they did not come to fruition. However, Lorenzo Magalotti made a special trip to London to present the Royal Society with a copy of the Saggi. It is argued that the reason no correspondence was established was that Robert Boyle was sensitive to having his ideas stolen and saw the Cimento as a direct competitor for priority and stature.Feingold, pp.239–241. A chance to have two prestigious societies collaborate was never realized. ==See also== *Old Fortress, Livorno ==Footnotes== ==References== * * * * * * * * * * * * ==External links== * Online guide to Accademia del Cimento records, at The Bancroft Library * Notes on the history of Accademia del Cimento from the Scholarly Societies Project, University of Waterloo Libraries—includes information about the Academy's publications. * Stanford University discussion of the Republic of Letters * Entire correspondence of the Cimento Academicians at the National Library in Florence Category:Academies of sciences Category:Science and technology in Italy Category:1657 establishments in Italy Category:Scientific organizations established in 1657 Category:Learned societies of Italy

['Florence', 'Galileo', 'Giovanni Alfonso Borelli', 'Vincenzo Viviani', "Ferdinando II de' Medici", 'Experiment', 'Latin', 'Accademia dei Lincei', 'Royal Society', 'Dialogue Concerning the Two Chief World Systems', 'Francesco Redi', 'Nicolas Steno', 'Louis XIV', 'Lorenzo Magalotti', 'Robert Boyle', 'Scientific Revolution', 'Francis Bacon', 'New Atlantis', 'Rings of Saturn', 'Christiaan Huygens', 'Jesuits', 'Republic of Letters', 'Henry Oldenburg', 'Old Fortress, Livorno', 'The Bancroft Library']

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Potomac Mills is a shopping mall located in Dale City, Virginia, in the Washington, D.C., metropolitan area. The first mall developed by the Mills Corporation, it was acquired in 2007 by Simon Property Group. Simon claims it to be the largest outlet mall in Virginia. It has also been claimed to be the top tourist attraction in Virginia, but the commonwealth tourism board ranked it as tenth in 2004. ==Layout== The mall has over 225 retailers and an 18-screen AMC movie theater organized into five "neighborhoods." Major tenants include Nordstrom Rack, Saks Fifth Avenue OFF 5TH, Costco, Burlington, Marshalls & HomeGoods, Buy Buy Baby, AndThat!, JCPenney, American Freight, TJ Maxx, Bloomingdales Outlet, AMC Potomac Mills 18, The Children's Place, Nike Factory Outlet, Forever 21, Camille La Vie, H&M;, ZavaZone, Five Below, IKEA, and Round 1 Bowling & Amusement. == History == Real estate developer Herbert S. Miller and his Western Development Corporation developed Potomac Mills as a prototype for a shopping center which would combine elements of a regional mall with discount retail. Originally called "Washington Outlet Mall" during planning stages, it was not planned to be enclosed until the last minute. The 130 acres selected for construction was mostly farmland and woods, although it included several homes and businesses. The Prince William Board of Supervisors approved the first of several rezonings for the mall on February 21, 1984, after a fight over the proposed -tall, illuminated sign. The first phase of the mall opened September 19, 1985. Comprising what are now neighborhoods 1 and 2, it occupied approximately and had parking for over 5,500 cars. The next phase, completed in 1986, added another of retail space and the movie theater. The third phase, completed in 1993, added of value-retail space. anchored by Marshalls and JCPenney Outlet Store, along with a Burlington Coat Factory. Cohoes Fashions was also an early tenant and later closed in 1987, being replaced by a Woodward & Lothrop outlet store. Other original tenants included IKEA, Sears Outlet and Waccamaw Pottery. The IKEA location at Potomac Mills was one of the company's earliest retail outlets in America, and proved so popular that it eventually required a new, dedicated building adjacent to the primary Potomac Mills complex. The sign was damaged by high winds in 2011, and again in February 2018. The second incident bent and stressed its steel support poles, causing it to tilt precariously over Interstate 95, and forced the sign's dismantling. Near the end of March 2019 a new sign was unveiled, featuring an updated design. On April 24, 2023, it was announced that buybuyBaby will be closing as the company is going out of business. On May 9, 2023, andThat announced that they would be closing as part of a plan to close 10 stores nationwide. ==References== ==External links== * Category:Buildings and structures in Prince William County, Virginia Category:Shopping malls in Virginia Category:Simon Property Group Category:Outlet malls in the United States Category:Tourist attractions in Prince William County, Virginia Category:Shopping malls established in 1985 Category:1985 establishments in Virginia Category:Shopping malls in the Washington metropolitan area Category:Woodbridge, Virginia

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Palmgren is a Swedish-language surname. ==Geographical distribution== As of 2014, 59.1% of all known bearers of the surname Palmgren were residents of Sweden (frequency 1:4,096), 21.0% of the United States (1:423,011), 11.0% of Finland (1:12,325), 2.4% of Denmark (1:58,191) and 2.2% of Norway (1:57,779). In Sweden, the frequency of the surname was higher than national average (1:4,096) in the following counties: * 1. Gotland County (1:1,671) * 2. Blekinge County (1:1,769) * 3. Östergötland County (1:2,074) * 4. Jönköping County (1:2,457) * 5. Kalmar County (1:2,542) * 6. Norrbotten County (1:3,059) * 7. Halland County (1:3,360) * 8. Södermanland County (1:3,723) * 9. Stockholm County (1:3,777) In Finland, the frequency of the surname was higher than national average (1:12,325) in the following regions:Palmgren surname distribution * 1. Uusimaa (1:6,016) * 2. Central Ostrobothnia (1:6,687) * 3. Lapland (1:7,220) * 4. Åland (1:10,764) * 5. Kymenlaakso (1:12,207) ==People== * Alvar Palmgren (1880–1960), Finnish botanist * Aurore Palmgren (1880–1961), Swedish film actress * Axel Palmgren (1867–1939), Finnish lawyer and politician * Eric Palmgren (1916–2015), Finnish Olympic sailor * Gunnar Jedeur-Palmgren * Jayson Palmgren (b. 1989) * Maikki Järnefelt-Palmgren (1871–1929), Finnish opera singer * Maria Jonae Palmgren (1630–1708), Swedish scholar * Niclas Palmgren (born 1970), Swedish politician * Pontus Palmgren (1907–1993), Finnish zoologist * Raoul Palmgren (1912–1995), Finnish writer * Roger Palmgren, Swedish football manager * Selim Gustaf Adolf Palmgren (1878–1951), Finnish composer, pianist, and conductor * Valfrid Palmgren (1877–1967), Swedish politician; one of the first female members of the Stockholm City Council and a reformer of the public libraries. == Palmgreen == * Karl Palmgreen ==References== Category:Swedish-language surnames

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This is a list of typefaces made by/for Apple Inc. == Serif == === Proportional === * Apple Garamond (1983), designed to replace Motter Tektura in the Apple logo. Not included on Macs in a user-available form. * New York (1984, by Susan Kare), a serif font. * Toronto (1984, Susan Kare) * Athens (1984, Susan Kare), slab serif. * Hoefler Text (1991, Jonathan Hoefler), still included with every Mac. Four-member family with an ornament font. * Espy Serif (1993, bitmapped font, dropped with Mac OS 8) * Fancy (1993), Apple Newton font based on Times Roman * New York (2019), a new design unrelated to the earlier typeface of the same name. Designed to work with San Francisco. Available in four optical sizes: extra large, large, medium, and small. == Sans-serif == === Proportional === * Chicago (1984 by Susan Kare, pre-Mac OS 8 system font, also used by early iPods) * Geneva (1984 by Susan Kare), sans- serif font inspired by Helvetica. Converted to TrueType format and still installed on Macs. * Espy Sans (1993, Apple eWorld, Apple Newton and iPod Mini font, known as System on the Apple Newton platform) * System (1993, see Espy Sans) * eWorld Tight (1993), Apple eWorld font based on Helvetica Compressed * Simple (1993), Apple Newton font, based on Geneva * Skia (1993 Matthew Carter), demonstration of QuickDraw GX typography in the style of inscriptions from antiquity. Still installed on Macs. * Charcoal (1999, Mac OS 8 system font) * Lucida Grande (2000) by Charles Bigelow and Kris Holmes, used in OS X) * San Francisco (2014), the new system font on Apple Watch and other Apple devices from winter 2015, now since 2017 Apple's corporate font. * Myriad (Apple's corporate font (until 2017) and used by the iPod photo), not installed on Macs in a user-accessible format. Designed by Robert Slimbach and Carol Twombly. === Monospaced === * Monaco (1984, Susan Kare) Bitmap, later converted to TrueType. Still included with Macs, but default monospace typeface is now Menlo. * Menlo (2009, Jim Lyles), based on the open-source font Bitstream Vera. * SF Mono (2017, Apple), mono variant of the San Francisco font introduced in 2015. == Script and handwritten == * Venice (1984, Bill Atkinson), bitmap script inspired by chancery cursive. Never converted to TrueType format. * Los Angeles (1984, Susan Kare), bitmap casual script font. Never converted to TrueType format. * Apple Casual (1993, used on Apple Newton) * Apple Chancery (1993, Kris Holmes), a test-bed for contextual alternates in font programming. Still installed on Macs. == Miscellaneous == * Apple Symbols (2003, Unicode symbol/dingbat font) * Cairo (1984 by Susan Kare, a dingbat font best known for the dogcow in the 0x7A (lowercase Z) position) * LastResort (2001 by Michael Everson, Mac OS X Fallback font) * London (1984, Susan Kare), bitmap blackletter. Never converted to TrueType format. * San Francisco (1984, Susan Kare), bitmap font in a 'ransom note' style. Never converted to TrueType format. == See also == * List of macOS fonts * Fonts on Macintosh * Typography of Apple Inc. ==References== Apple typefaces

['Apple Inc.', 'Apple Garamond', 'Susan Kare', 'Hoefler Text', 'Jonathan Hoefler', 'Apple Newton', 'Times Roman', 'Mac OS 8', 'Espy Sans', 'Helvetica', 'Matthew Carter', 'QuickDraw GX', 'Lucida Grande', 'Apple Watch', 'Robert Slimbach', 'Carol Twombly', 'Bitstream Vera', 'Kris Holmes', 'Bill Atkinson', 'Apple Symbols', 'Unicode', 'LastResort', 'Michael Everson', 'Mac OS X', 'List of macOS fonts', 'Fonts on Macintosh']

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The Windows Pioneers are the seven individuals who received awards from Microsoft in 1994 in recognition of their contributions to Microsoft Windows. Bill Gates presented each pioneer with an award. The seven Windows Pioneers were:Press Release on microsoft.com (Jeff Raikes, Group Vice President, Microsoft Information Worker Business) * Alan Cooper – the "father of Visual Basic"Waite, Mitchell (1992). The Waite Group's Visual Basic How-To. Waite Group Press. , , pp. dedication page * Lyle Griffin – created Micrografx Designer, the earliest graphics application for Windows * Joe Guthridge – led the development of Samna Amí, the first Windows word processor, later renamed Lotus Word Pro * Ted Johnson – led the development of PageMaker desktop publishing software. Co-founder of Visio Corporation * Ian Koenig – led the development of the Reuters Terminal financial information software * Ray Ozzie – created Lotus Notes. Would later (2005–2010) serve as Microsoft's Chief Software Architect * Charles Petzold – author of Programming Windows series from Microsoft Press, as well as many other programming books for Microsoft ==References== ==External links== *Ted Johnson bio on Microsoft's site Category:History of Microsoft

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Wax were a new wave duo based in Manchester, England, consisting of American singer-songwriter Andrew Gold and 10cc guitarist/bassist Graham Gouldman. They are best known for their European hit singles "Bridge to Your Heart" and "Right Between the Eyes". In the US, they were listed as Wax UK, while later releases were additionally credited as Andrew Gold & Graham Gouldman. == History == === Premise === In 1981, 10cc was working on what would become the album Ten Out of 10. Andrew Gold was invited to record with the band by Lenny Waronker, head of A&R; at Warner Bros, and played keyboards and percussion on the completed album, as well as adding background vocals. The U.S. release of Ten Out of 10 also featured three songs co-written by Gold: "Power of Love," "Runaway" and "We’ve Heard It All Before". It led to an offer to join the band – an offer Gold declined because of other commitments. ===Initial work=== After 10cc split in 1983, Graham Gouldman persuaded Gold to visit him at his home in Mottram St Andrew, England, to write and spend some time together. Gold ended up staying for seven months. During this period, they wrote enough songs for an album. They chose World in Action as the band name and released a single, "Don't Break My Heart." Soon afterwards, they changed the name of the collaboration to Common Knowledge and later pressings of the debut single went under the new name. A second single, "Victoria", was released, but both singles failed to get any attention, and the album was shelved.common knowledge.com liner notes Under the supervision of Harvey Lisberg, Gouldman's long-time manager, the pair started working on songs for a new album, and took the name Wax. They signed with RCA Records, and released three studio albums between 1986 and 1989. The band's best known singles during that period were "Right Between the Eyes" and "Bridge to Your Heart". with the latter being a European hit which was supported by European TV appearances including performances of the song on the renowned, high-profile British pop-music showcase Top of the Pops and the German series Peter's Pop Show. The band's third album, A Hundred Thousand in Fresh Notes, failed to achieve the level of success of its predecessor and both Gold and Gouldman went on to continue with other ventures. ===Break=== In the beginning of 1990, Gouldman was offered the chance to reform 10cc with Eric Stewart. They got back together to record the group's comeback album ...Meanwhile, on which Andrew Gold also appeared, adding guitar to the track "Charity Begins at Home". Andrew Gold himself re- formed Bryndle with its original members to record their self-titled debut album. Gouldman and Stewart continued as 10cc and their next album, Mirror Mirror, also featured Gold. His contributions were backing vocals on "Grow Old with Me" and lead vocals on "Ready to Go Home", the latter co-written by Gold and Gouldman. Despite Gold not being an official member of 10cc, the band still released "Ready to Go Home" with his lead vocals. ===Later work=== After 10cc's second split, Andrew Gold and Graham Gouldman continued to work together both as Wax and on each other's solo records. First new Wax material resulted in The Wax Files compilation album released in 1997, putting together six new songs, two previously unreleased Common Knowledge tracks, and already released material from the 1980s. In 1998, their Common Knowledge album was finally released as Common Knowledge.com, with several new tracks, under the Wax name. A collection of out-takes and rarities, Bikini, was released in 2000. Andrew Gold died in 2011. A live album was released in 2019 featuring a 1987 concert. ==Discography== ===Studio albums=== Title Album details Peak chart positions UK AUS GER NLD SWE US Magnetic Heaven *Released: 1986 *Label: RCA — — 65 — 47 101 American English *Released: 1987 *Label: RCA 59 86 — 41 8 — A Hundred Thousand in Fresh Notes *Released: 1989 *Label: RCA — — — — — — Common Knowledge.com *Released: 1998 *Label: For Your Love — — — — — — "—" denotes items that did not chart or were not released in that territory. ===Live albums=== Title Album details Live in Concert 1987 *Released: 2019 *Label: Cherry Red ===Compilation albums=== Title Album details Works: Best of Andrew Gold & Graham Gouldman *Released: 1996 *Label: Camden The Wax Files *Released: 1997 *Label: For Your Love Bikini *Released: 2000 *Label: Quarkbrain ===Box Sets=== Title Album details Box of Wax *Released: 2022 *Label: Renaissance ===Singles=== Year Title Chart positions Album UK AUS BEL GER IRE NLD SPA SWE US 1984 "Don't Break My Heart" (as World in Action / Common Knowledge) 137 – – – – – – – – common knowledge.com 1985 "Victoria" (as Common Knowledge) – – – – – – – – – "Ball and Chain" – 89 – – – – – – – Magnetic Heaven 1986 "Right Between the Eyes" 60 68 18 – 28 24 1 – 43 "Shadows of Love" 151 – – – – – – – – "Systematic" 155 – – – – – – – – 1987 "Bridge to Your Heart" 12 17 3 19 11 6 8 9 – American English "American English" – – 29 – – 96 – – – 1988 "In Some Other World" – – 37 – – – – – – 1989 "Wherever You Are" – – – – – – – – – A Hundred Thousand in Fresh Notes "Anchors Aweigh" 95 – – – – – – – – 2022 "Ready to Go Home" – – – – – – – – – Non-album single "—" denotes items that did not chart or were not released in that territory. ===Music videos=== Year Song Director(s) Album 1984 "Don't Break My Heart" Common Knowledge.com 1985 "Ball and Chain" Magnetic Heaven 1986 "Shadows of Love" John Scarlett-Davis "Shadows of Love (North American version)" Storm Thorgerson "Right Between the Eyes" 1987 "Bridge to Your Heart" Storm Thorgerson American English "American English" Storm Thorgerson "In Some Other World" Storm Thorgerson 1989 "Wherever You Are" A Hundred Thousand in Fresh Notes "Anchors Aweigh" ===Other Gold-Gouldman collaborations=== Year Release Artist Notes 1981 Ten Out of 10 10cc Andrew Gold co-wrote, co-produced and performed on "The Power of Love", "We've Heard It All Before" and "Run Away" 1992 ...Meanwhile Andrew Gold plays 12 string guitar on "Charity Begins at Home" 1995 Mirror Mirror Andrew Gold performs lead vocal on "Ready To Go Home" and backing vocals on "Grow Old With Me" 1996 ...Since 1951 Andrew Gold Most of the tracks on the album co-written and performed with Graham Gouldman. "Ready To Go Home" is taken from 10cc album Mirror Mirror, "Can Anybody See You" and "Baby's Got A Gun" would later appear on The Wax Files, while "First Time In Love" would later appear on Common Knowledge.com. "The King of Showbiz" is Andrew Gold's solo recording of the Common Knowledge.com track 1997 Thank You for Being a Friend: The Best of Andrew Gold The album includes "Can Anybody See You" and "The King of Showbiz" from ...Since 1951 Greetings From Planet Love The Fraternal Order of the All The song "Love Tonight" is written by Andrew Gold, Graham Gouldman and Mike Botts. The album also includes "The King of Showbiz" that would later appear on Common Knowledge.com 1998 Leftovers Andrew Gold 1989 song "Tail Lights" written by Andrew Gold and Graham Gouldman 2000 And Another Thing... Graham Gouldman Andrew Gold performed on and co-produced six songs with Gouldman 2011 The Essential Collection Andrew Gold Andrew Gold's best of compilation includes several Wax tracks ==References== ==External links== * * Wax at Discogs * Wax at Harvey Lisberg Category:British pop music duos Category:New wave duos Category:Male musical duos Category:Musical groups from Manchester Category:English new wave musical groups Category:Musical groups established in 1983 Category:Musical groups disestablished in 1990 Category:RCA Records artists Category:Cherry Red Records artists

['Manchester', 'RCA Records', 'Cherry Red Records', '10cc', 'Andrew Gold', 'Graham Gouldman', 'Bridge to Your Heart', 'Ten Out of 10', 'Lenny Waronker', 'Mottram St Andrew', 'Harvey Lisberg', 'Top of the Pops', 'Eric Stewart', '...Meanwhile', 'Bryndle', 'Magnetic Heaven', 'RCA', 'Storm Thorgerson', 'American English', 'Mike Botts', 'Discogs']

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"Mr. Garrison's Fancy New Vagina" is the first episode in the ninth season of the American animated television series South Park. It first aired on Comedy Central in the United States on March 9, 2005. In the episode, Mr. Garrison undergoes a sex change after feeling that he is a "woman trapped in a man's body". Garrison's operation inspires Kyle and his father Gerald to undergo cosmetic surgery themselves, as Kyle becomes a tall black boy and Gerald fulfills his childhood dream of becoming a dolphin. Written and directed by series co-creator Trey Parker, the episode is rated TV-MA in the United States. ==Plot== Seeing himself as a "woman trapped in a man's body", Mr. Garrison decides to have a sex change, performed by Dr. Biber of the Trinidad Medical Center (accompanied by a video clip depicting an actual sex change operation). He is later introduced as "Mrs. Garrison" at a supermarket. Meanwhile, Kyle is trying out for the all-state basketball team. However, his performance against his African American competitors is unimpressive (by a physical standpoint, considering that he is too small compared to his taller competitors), and the coach and Cartman tell him that "Jews can't play basketball". This depresses Kyle, and when he, Stan, Cartman and Kenny are walking home, Mr. Garrison tells the boys of his surgery. At dinner, Kyle asks his parents what a sex change is, and while explaining the term, his mother Sheila insists that cosmetic surgery is an important and legitimate aid for people whose physical appearance contrasts with their self-image. However, in applauding Mrs. Garrison's courage, she inadvertently implies that Kyle's own problems can be solved similarly. Stan accompanies Kyle to Trinidad to see about the situation, and Biber suggests that Kyle undergo a "negroplasty" to make him African-American, which outrages his parents when Kyle explains his plight. His father Gerald travels to the Institute in order to confront Biber, who spots Gerald's dolphin shirt, appeals to his affinity for dolphins and convinces him to undergo "dolphinoplasty", surgically altering his appearance to resemble a dolphin's. At his home, Mr. Garrison asks Mr. Slave to take him to bed, but Mr. Slave, upset that he was never asked his feelings regarding the operation, refuses and breaks up with him. As he has now been persuaded to endorse cosmetic surgery, Gerald Broflovski allows Kyle to undergo the negroplasty. Meanwhile, Garrison, puzzled at not having had his period, believes he's pregnant and cheerfully decides to have an abortion, but the abortion provider says that due to lacking ovaries or a uterus, he cannot do any of the above. He demands Biber to change his sex back, but learns that the operation is irreversible, as his former testicles have been transplanted into Kyle's knees to make him taller, and his former scrotum fashioned into Mr. Broflovski's dorsal fin. At the all-state basketball game, Garrison, Biber, Mr. Broflovski and the other three boys try to stop Kyle from playing basketball, as any jumping could cause Mr. Garrison's testicles to explode. In the dramatic climax, Kyle goes up to dunk and when he lands his new "kneecaps" explode, covering everyone in blood and semen. Biber then apologizes to Kyle and Gerald, saying he should have told them that their surgeries were cosmetic only; he then offers to reverse the surgeries for a nominal fee, which they accept, as they are shown returned to normal in later episodes. Conversely, Mrs. Garrison, having lost her testicles, decides to accept her new gender, while breaking the fourth wall to the audience saying that she is staying a woman. ==Production== According to the DVD commentary for "Mr. Garrison's Fancy New Vagina", Trey Parker and Matt Stone came into the season with "basically no ideas". "Mr. Garrison's Fancy New Vagina" and "Die Hippie, Die" were the first two episodes that were brainstormed just prior to the start of the production season. Parker said that they originally had an idea for an episode about hippies and an episode where Garrison undergoes a sex change but just "basically winged" the rest of the season's episodes.South Park: The Completed Ninth Season DVD commentary from Trey Parker and Matt Stone. Parker stated that several days before this episode's air date, he was so stressed that he nearly "pulled a Dave Chappelle" and gave up. The scene in which Garrison undergoes his sex change originally featured over five minutes of real sex change footage because of the lack of ideas. Eventually, the sex change footage was trimmed to three brief one second shots after Comedy Central disapproved and after the idea of Gerald Broflovski's dolphin operation was brought up. The idea for Kyle wanting to play basketball came from Parker's desire to play for the Denver Broncos. ==References== ==External links== * "Mr. Garrison's Fancy New Vagina" Full episode at South Park Studios * Category:LGBT-related South Park episodes Category:South Park (season 9) episodes Category:Transgender-related television episodes Category:Television episodes about educators Category:Television episodes with live action and animation Category:LGBT-related controversies in television Category:LGBT- related controversies in animation

['South Park', 'Trey Parker', 'Die Hippie, Die', 'South Park (season 9)', 'Comedy Central', 'Mr. Garrison', 'Matt Stone', 'Dave Chappelle', 'Denver Broncos']

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Planet Waves is the fourteenth studio album by American singer-songwriter Bob Dylan, released on January 17, 1974, by Asylum Records in the United States and Island Records in the United Kingdom. Dylan is supported on the album by longtime collaborators The Band, with whom he embarked on a major reunion tour (documented on the live album Before the Flood) following its release. With a successful tour and a host of publicity, Planet Waves was a hit, enjoying a brief stay at on the U.S. Billboard charts—a first for the artist—and in the UK. Reviews were generally positive; Critics were not as negative as they had been with some then-recent Bob Dylan albums (namely Self Portrait and Dylan) but still not enthusiastic for the album's brand of laid-back roots rock, but it was nevertheless considered an improvement over those albums. The album was originally set to be titled Ceremonies of the Horsemen, a reference to the song "Love Minus Zero/No Limit", from the 1965 album Bringing It All Back Home; the release was delayed two weeks when Dylan decided to change the title at the last minute. Another, earlier, working title was Wedding Song. ==Artwork== The cover art is drawn by Dylan himself. Written on the right side of the cover image is the phrase "Cast-iron songs & torch ballads", apparently signaling Dylan's own conception of the album. On the left side is written "Moonglow", which is sometimes interpreted as a subtitle. The original back artwork for the album is handwritten, with a long, rambling essay on the left- hand side. In the center, the performers' names are listed, though Richard Manuel's surname is misspelled "Manual". The initial release also included an insert, which reportedly set out excerpts from Dylan's personal journals. ==Recording== In the summer of 1973, Robbie Robertson, lead guitarist of the Band, relocated to Malibu, California, not far from Dylan's residence. According to Robertson, the idea of collaborating with Dylan evolved from a conversation that took place sometime after July 28, when the Band played to hundreds of thousands of people at Summer Jam at Watkins Glen in upstate New York. After much discussion about that experience, the idea of touring again "seemed to really make sense," says Robertson. "It was a good idea, a kind of step into the past...The other guys in the Band came out [to Malibu] and we went right to work." Dylan had not toured since 1966, when the Band accompanied him as The Hawks. In the interim, he had played with the Band on a number of occasions, most recently a New Year's concert in 1971/1972 that was received warmly by the audience. When Dylan joined the Band for a test run at Robertson's home in September 1973, he was satisfied with the results, enough to proceed with touring plans. "We sat down and played for four hours and ran over an incredible number of tunes", recalls Robertson. "Bob would ask us to play certain tunes of ours, and then we would do the same, then we'd think of some that we would particularly like to do." Dylan left for New York in October to compose new material for album sessions scheduled in November. He already had three songs ("Forever Young", "Nobody 'Cept You" and "Never Say Goodbye") which he had demoed in June, and when he returned to Malibu after twenty days in New York, he had six more. On Friday, November 2, Dylan and the Band held a session at Village Recorder Studio A in Los Angeles, California. Engineer Rob Fraboni recalls the proceedings as fairly relaxed and informal, an opportunity "to get set up and to get a feel for the studio." Drummer Levon Helm was not even present, as he was still in transit, on his way to Los Angeles from the East Coast. Nevertheless, the session was devoted to all three songs demoed in June, and Dylan and the Band succeeded in recording complete takes of "Forever Young" and "Nobody 'Cept You" as well as the master take for "Never Say Goodbye". When Dylan and the Band reconvened at Village Recorder the following Monday, November 5, with Levon Helm now present, they made another attempt at "Nobody 'Cept You". Robertson abandoned the wah-wah pedal used during the November 2 session, and a satisfactory take was completed and marked for possible inclusion. Master takes for "You Angel You" and "Going, Going, Gone" were also completed. "Forever Young" occupied a portion of the Monday session, but the results were not to Dylan's satisfaction. He returned to it for three more sessions, as it proved to be the most difficult song to record. On the next day, November 6, Dylan and the Band recorded master takes for three more songs: "Hazel", "Something There Is About You" and "Tough Mama". They reconvened two days later, on November 8, performing three takes of "Going, Going, Gone" before recording "On A Night Like This". Attempts at the former would not replace the master take from the 5th, but a master take of the latter was successfully recorded. The session would then end with "Forever Young". After several false starts, Dylan and the Band executed what would ultimately be one of two master takes for "Forever Young". However, Dylan nearly rejected the performance after hearing some disparaging criticism from one particular visitor. "We only did one [complete] take of the slow version of 'Forever Young,'" recalls Fraboni. "This take was so riveting, it was so powerful, so immediate, I couldn't get over it. When everyone came in nobody really said anything. I rewound the tape and played it back and everybody listened to it from beginning to end and then when it was over everybody sort of just wandered out of the room. There was no outward discussion. Everybody just left. There was just [a friend] and I sitting there. I was so overwhelmed I said, 'Let's go for a walk.' We went for a walk and came back and I said, 'Let's go listen to that again.' We were like one minute or two into it, I was so mesmerized by it again I didn't even notice that Bob had come into the room...So when we were assembling the master reel I was getting ready to put that [take] on the master reel. I didn't even ask. And Bob said, 'What're you doing with that? We're not gonna use that.' And I jumped up and said, 'What do you mean you're not gonna use that? You're crazy! Why?' Well,...during the recording...[Dylan's childhood friend] Lou Kemp and this girl came by and she had made a crack to him: 'C'mon, Bob. What! Are you getting mushy in your old age?' It was based on her comment that he wanted to leave [that version] off the record."Heylin, Clinton (2003). Bob Dylan: Behind the Shades Revisited, p. 354-57. HarperCollins. . Fraboni would defend the recording, and when he refused to relent, Dylan reconsidered and allowed him to include it on the album. Fraboni also convinced Dylan to do his first vocal overdubs for the album.Heylin, Clinton (1997). Bob Dylan: The Recording Sessions, 1960–1994, pp. 95-99. MacMillan. . (Although the Band had three regular vocalists—Richard Manuel, Rick Danko, and Helm—none of them sing on the album.) On November 9, Dylan held what he intended to be the final session for the album. From Fraboni's perspective, Dylan already had a perfect take of "Forever Young" from the previous day, but Dylan still attempted a different, acoustic arrangement, which was ultimately rejected. Dylan would tell Fraboni that afternoon, "I been carrying this song around in my head for five years and I never wrote it down and now I come to record it I just can't decide how to do it." The last song recorded on the 9th was a new composition titled "Wedding Song", which Dylan had completed over the course of the sessions. "Nobody 'Cept You" was originally planned as the album's closing number, but without a satisfactory performance, it would be omitted and replaced by "Wedding Song" (The November 2 recording of "Nobody 'Cept You" was eventually released in 1991 on The Bootleg Series Volumes 1–3 (Rare & Unreleased) 1961–1991). Though there was enough material to fill an album, Dylan decided to hold one more session. On the 14th, the Band was called back to record two songs. The first was another arrangement of "Forever Young", this time with Helm on mandolin and Danko on fiddle. This new version of "Forever Young" would create the second of two master takes for the song, and both of them would be included on the album. The second song recorded on the 14th was "Dirge" (or "Dirge For Martha" as it was marked on the tape box). "Bob went out and played the piano while we were mixing [the album]. All of a sudden, he came in and said, 'I'd like to try 'Dirge' on the piano.'...We put up a tape and he said to Robbie, 'Maybe you could play guitar on this.' They did it once, Bob playing piano and singing, and Robbie playing acoustic guitar. The second time was the take." ==Songs== Critic Bill Wyman described Planet Waves via Salon.com as "a spare but twisted collection of songs". As a whole, they deal with domestic themes with a few tracks seeming like straightforward love songs, particularly the opener "On A Night Like This" and "You Angel You" (which Dylan dismissed in 1985 as having "dummy lyrics"). However, as music critic Tim Riley notes, many of the songs take on darker overtones, with lyrics suggesting "death ('Dirge'), suicide ('Going, Going, Gone,' a song that doesn't toy around with the idea), and the brick wall that love collides with when possessiveness curdles into obsession (the overstated contradictions of 'Wedding Song')."Riley, Tim (updated ed. 1999). Hard Rain: A Dylan Commentary, pp. 214-17. Da Capo Press. . Unlike the "settled-in homilies" of Nashville Skyline and New Morning, Planet Waves is "rounded out with more than one shade of romance: subterfuge, suspicion, self-hate ('Dirge,' 'Tough Mama'), and memory ('Something There Is About You') counter lighthearted celebration ('On A Night Like This')." Many critics gave the performances on Planet Waves plenty of attention, perhaps more than the songs themselves. Dylan and the Band had performed on numerous occasions, most notably on tour in 1966 and during the "Basement Tapes" sessions of 1967, but at the time of Planet Wavess release, very few of these performances were officially released. "The Band's windup pitch to 'Going, Going, Gone' is a wonder of pinpoint ensemble playing", writes Riley. "Robertson makes his guitar entrance choke as if a noose had suddenly tightened around its neck, and you get the feeling these guys could shadow Dylan in their sleep." Riley also writes that "'Tough Mama' is the track that exemplifies the best playing on Planet Waves, and a pitch of writing that shows Dylan can still challenge himself." Clinton Heylin also singled out Dylan's performances, noting that "Tough Mama" featured "one of his raunchiest vocals". Cash Box said of "Something About You" that it is "strong on the lyric with fine backing from the Band and Bob’s usual unique vocal performance." Record World called it "a somewhat cute (for Dylan) observation on such diverse topics as Duluth, Ruth and truth." Arguably the most celebrated song on Planet Waves, "Forever Young", was originally written for his children, and a demo recording from June 1973 (released on Biograph in 1985) explicitly shows this. As described by Heylin, the song is "an attempt to write something hymnal and heartfelt that spoke of the father in him." Though two different versions were released on the album, most critics and listeners defer to the "beautiful slow waltz of a performance" recorded on November 8 as the primary recording. It is not a waltz, it is in 4/4 time. Formally this song is a passacaglia, just as "Something There Is About You". "Dirge", "his most twisted song since the accident", writes Heylin, "represents a quite astonishing catharsis on Dylan's part. As the narrator expresses an underlying hatred for 'the need that was expressed' by her presence, he encapsulates all the ambivalence this popular artist felt for both muse and audience." Critics also singled out Dylan's piano playing in praising the recording. The closing number on Planet Waves is "Wedding Song", and over the years, a number of critics have called it autobiographical. "It begins with the narrator attempting to convince his lady love that he loves her 'more than life itself,'" writes Heylin. "However, the focus begins to turn when he informs her, "we can't regain what went down in the flood." Dylan would, five months later in June 1974, release his first live album and call it Before the Flood, evidently referring to the concert reprises from his 60's material. By the sixth verse we have come to the crux of the song—the singer's protestation that it's never been his duty "to remake the world at large", nor is it his intention "to sound a battle charge" because he loves her 'more than all of that.'" Many critics have dismissed such claims of autobiographical content, making "Wedding Song" one of the more debated numbers on Planet Waves. ==Reception== Planet Waves was Dylan's first 'proper' album in three and a half years. With a planned tour to follow (his first since 1966 and backed by the same band that supported him on that legendary tour), the media coverage was enormous. Asylum Records had planned to release Planet Waves on the same day the tour began, but an album title change (from Ceremonies of the Horsemen) and a last-minute substitution in liner notes (also written by Dylan) pushed the release date back two weeks. Planet Waves would ship gold, topping Billboards album charts on the basis of advance orders, but by the end of 1974, it had sold a modest 600,000 copies, selling only 100,000 units after those initial orders were made. The figures were a surprise, considering the enormous success of the tour; it is estimated that $92 million worth of checks and money orders were sent in from roughly ten million ticket applicants. The critical reception was generally positive, if a bit muted. The consensus was ultimately strong enough to secure Planet Waves at #18 on The Village Voices Pazz & Jop Critics Poll for 1974. "In a time when all the most prestigious music, even what passes for funk, is coated with silicone grease, Dylan is telling us to take that grease and jam it", wrote critic Robert Christgau. "Sure he's domestic, but his version of conjugal love is anything but smug, and this comes through in both the lyrics and the sound of the record itself. Blissful, sometimes, but sometimes it sounds like stray cat music—scrawny, cocky, and yowling up the stairs." Ellen Willis of The New Yorker wrote, "Planet Waves is unlike all other Dylan albums: it is openly personal...I think the subject of Planet Waves is what it appears to be—Dylan's aesthetic and practical dilemma, and his immense emotional debt to Sara."Quoted in Heylin (2003), p. 357. Only "Tough Mama", "Something There is About You", "Forever Young" and "Wedding Song" were played on the tour (as well as a solo, acoustic rendition of the outtake, "Nobody 'Cept You"), and as the tour progressed, songs from the album were removed from the setlist. By the end of the tour, only "Forever Young" was left. In the meantime, Dylan and the Band professionally recorded many of the shows as they planned their next release. None of the Planet Waves songs were included on the subsequent live album (Before the Flood), and only "Forever Young", "Hazel", and "Tough Mama" have been performed in recent years. ==Track listing== All tracks are written by Bob Dylan. ==Personnel== * Bob Dylan – guitar, piano, harmonica, vocals, cover artwork * Rick Danko – bass guitar * Levon Helm – drums, mandolin * Garth Hudson – Lowrey organ, accordion * Richard Manuel – piano, drums * Robbie Robertson – guitar * Ken Lauber – conga (7) Technical * Rob Fraboni – production, engineering * David Gahr, Joel Bernstein – photography * Nat Jeffery – assistant engineer * Robbie Robertson – special assistance ==Charts== Year Chart Peak 1974 Billboard 200 1 Spanish Albums Chart 6 ==Certifications== ==In popular culture== This album is referenced in Part 6 of Jojo's Bizarre Adventure, Stone Ocean, with a character possessing a power called "Planet Waves". ==References== ==External links== * Bob Dylan's Shortest Interview – Planet Waves Category:1974 collaborative albums Category:Asylum Records albums Category:Bob Dylan albums Category:CBS Records albums Category:Columbia Records albums Category:Island Records albums Category:The Band albums Category:Albums produced by Rob Fraboni Category:Albums with cover art by Bob Dylan

['Bob Dylan', 'Asylum Records', 'Rob Fraboni', 'The Band', 'Island Records', 'Billboard charts', 'Love Minus Zero/No Limit', 'Bringing It All Back Home', 'Robbie Robertson', 'Malibu, California', 'Summer Jam at Watkins Glen', 'Los Angeles', 'Levon Helm', 'Richard Manuel', 'Rick Danko', 'Salon.com', 'Nashville Skyline', 'New Morning', 'Cash Box', 'Record World', 'Duluth', 'The Village Voice', 'Robert Christgau', 'The New Yorker', 'Garth Hudson', 'Lowrey organ', 'Ken Lauber', 'Joel Bernstein', "Jojo's Bizarre Adventure", 'Stone Ocean']

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Thunder Bay Chill Soccer Club is a Canadian soccer team based in Thunder Bay, Ontario, Canada. Founded in 2000, the team plays in USL League Two, the fourth tier of the American Soccer Pyramid. The team plays its home games at Chapples Park Stadium. The team's colours are white and blue. The club also has a large youth program, with over 2000 youth players. ==History== The Thunder Bay Chill were established in 2000 by founder Tony Colistro. They played their first home match on May 27, 2000, against the Wisconsin Rebels, losing 4–0. In 2002, they were named the PDL Organization of the Year. In 2007, the Chill won their first Heartland Division title. In 2008, the Chill became the first Canadian club to win the PDL National Championship, after the defeated the Laredo Heat in penalty kicks in the final. In 2009, the four Ontario-based PDL teams (Forest City London, Toronto Lynx, Ottawa Fury, and the Chill) created a pre- season round robin tournament called the Victoria Challenge Cup, with the Chill emerging as champions, after winning all three of their matches. From 2007 to 2013, they won the Heartland Division six times in seven seasons (finishing 2nd in 2009), and qualified for the playoffs ten times in an eleven-year span from 2007 through 2017 (missing only in 2014), as part of a dominant stretch in their history which included a five-year period, where they did not suffer a home loss until 2014. In 2015, they moved their home stadium to Fort Williams Stadium, after splitting the past two seasons between the turf stadium and the natural grass field at Chapples Field. They finished as Central Conference Champions five time over this period, earning them trips to the playoffs Final Four. After their PDL Championship title in 2008, they advanced to the Championship final an additional three times in 2010, 2013, and 2017, but ultimately lost in the finals on each of those occasions. In 2018, the Chill formed a partnership with English Premier League club West Ham United through Global Image Sports, who are West Ham's North American partnership mechanism. In 2020, the Chill announced they would not play in the 2020 USL League Two season due to the COVID-19 pandemic, with the league later cancelling the entire season anyways. In 2021, the Chill once again withdrew from the league due to continuing travel restrictions associated with the pandemic (although the league did return to operate a season in 2021). After a two-year hiatus due to the COVID-19 pandemic, the Chill returned to the league for the 2022 season, also marking their return to newly reconstructed Chapples Park, which previously served as their home field until 2014. == Current squad == Updated 5 June 2023. ==Coaching Staff== Updated 05 June 2023.' Role Name Manager/First Team Coach Tony Colistro Assistant Manager Sean Pierce Goalkeeping Coach Francesco Leuzzi ==Notable former players== The following players have either played at the professional or international level, either before or after playing for the PDL/USL2 team: ==Year-by-year== Year League Regular season Playoffs Reference 2000 PDL 4–1–13 6th, Heartland (6) did not qualify 2001 6–1–13 4th, Heartland (5) did not qualify 2002 5–1–12 6th, Heartland (8) did not qualify 2003 10–1–7 3rd, Heartland (8) did not qualify 2004 11–0–7 4th, Heartland (10) did not qualify 2005 6–1–9 4th, Heartland (7) did not qualify 2006 2–3–11 7th, Heartland (7) did not qualify 2007 10–3–3 1st, Heartland (7) Conference Semi-finals (R16) 2008 13–1–2 1st, Heartland (6) Champions 2009 8–5–3 2nd, Heartland (7) Divisional First Round (R32) 2010 12–2–2 1st, Heartland (7) National Finalists (F) 2011 12–2–2 1st, Heartland (7) Semi-Finals (SF) 2012 13–1–2 1st, Heartland (7) Conference Semi-Finals (R16) 2013 12–1–1 1st, Heartland (7) National Finalists (F) 2014 6–1–7 3rd, Heartland (6) did not qualify 2015 9–3–2 2nd, Heartland (6) Conference Semi- Finals (R16) 2016 7–5–2 2nd, Heartland (6) Conference Semi-Finals (R16) 2017 9–2–3 1st, Heartland (6) National Finalists (F) 2018 6–1–7 5th, Heartland (6) did not qualify 2019 USL League Two 6–2–6 3rd, Heartland (6) did not qualify 2020 USL League Two season cancelled due to the COVID-19 pandemic 2021 USL League Two did not play due to COVID-19 pandemic travel restrictions 2022 USL League Two 6–3–3 3rd, Deep North (6) did not qualify 2023 USL League Two 9–1–2 1st, Deep North (7) Conference Semifinals ==Honours== *Premier Development League / USL League Two **National Champions: 2008 ***Finalists: 2010, 2013, 2017 **Central Conference Champions: 2008, 2010, 2011, 2013, 2017 **Heartland Division Champions: 2007, 2008, 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2017 **Deep North Champions: 2023 * Victoria Challenge Cup **Champions: 2009 ==Head coaches== * Tony Colistro (2000–2014, 2023-Present) * Giovanni Petraglia (2015–2022) ==Stadiums== * Chapples Park Stadium (2004–2014, 2022–present) * Fort William Stadium (2000–2003, 2014–2019) ==References== Category:2000 establishments in Ontario Category:Association football clubs established in 2000 Category:USL League Two teams Category:Soccer clubs in Ontario Category:Sport in Thunder Bay Category:United Soccer League teams based in Canada Category:Expatriated football clubs

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The Graham Bond Organisation (GBO) were a British jazz/rhythm and blues group of the mid-1960s consisting of Graham Bond (vocals, keyboards, alto- saxophone), Jack Bruce (bass), Ginger Baker (drums), Dick Heckstall-Smith (tenor/soprano saxophone) and John McLaughlin (guitar). They recorded several albums and further recordings were issued when the group's members achieved fame in progressive rock and jazz fusion. The spelling of the band's original name varied between releases, often depending on the intended audience. The British English spelled as "Organisation" or "ORGANisation" (Bond's original plan), while in some other countries outside the UK spelled "Organization". ==History== At the start of the British rhythm and blues boom the Graham Bond Organisation earned a reputation for playing aggressive R & B with prominent jazz and blues. Bond was the primary songwriter but encouraged the other musicians to contribute material, including Dick Heckstall-Smith's "Dick's Instrumental" and Ginger Baker's "Camels and Elephants", in which the drummer explored ideas he eventually developed into his signature piece "Toad". Jack Bruce's harmonica-driven version of Peter Chatman's "Train Time" would become a staple in Cream's live performances. The first commercial recording by the original lineup of the Graham Bond Organisation was released under the name of singer Winston G. (real name Winston Gork). A protégé of expatriate Australian impresario Robert Stigwood, Winston had launched his career under the pseudonym "Johnny Apollo". In early 1965 both Winston and the Graham Bond Organisation were part of Stigwood-promoted UK package tour headlined by Chuck Berry (on which Stigwood incurred heavy losses). Since they shared management, the Graham Bond Organisation backed Winston on the Parlophone single "Please Don't Say" / "Like A Baby"; the A-side was credited "Arrangement directed by Graham Bond" and the B-side "Arrangement directed by Ginger Baker". The band signed for Decca Records who released their dynamic version of the Don Covay composition "Long Tall Shorty" in 1964, backed with "Long Legged Girl" ("Long Tall Shorty" had been popularised by US singer/organist Tommy Tucker). Their best-known single, and the second released under their own name, was "Tammy" (Jay Livingston/Ray Evans) / "Wade in the Water" (trad. arr. group), recorded on 4 January 1965 at Olympic Sound Studios, London (EMI Columbia DB 7471, 29 January 1965). The track also appeared on their debut album The Sound of 65 (EMI Columbia, March 1965). In 1965, the band appeared as themselves in the film Gonks Go Beat, where they played two songs including "Harmonica". The band's fourth 45 featured the single-only tracks "Lease on Love" / "My Heart's in Little Pieces" (July 1965). The A-side is noteworthy for its pioneering use of the Mellotron, which Bond also played on several tracks on their second LP There's A Bond Between Us (November 1965); the album also included studio versions of the two aforementioned instrumentals. The single and the album tracks are believed to be the first 'popular' recordings to feature the instrument, since "Lease on Love" appeared more than a year before the first UK chart hit to feature a Mellotron—Manfred Mann's "Semi-Detached Suburban Mr. James" (October 1966)—and at least 18 months before The Beatles made the Mellotron world-famous with "Strawberry Fields Forever" (January 1967). The tracks recorded for the second album were also the last cut by the original Graham Bond Organisation lineup before Jack Bruce was fired in August 1965. On 7 August 1965 they played at the Richmond-on-Thames Jazz and Blues Festival which was televised on the US television show Shindig!. The band gained minor attention after their "Waltz For a Pig" (originally titled "Ode to a Toad") was issued as the B-side of the Who's 1966 single "Substitute", which reached number 5 on the UK Singles Chart. The band was billed as 'the Who Orchestra' for this release and the track was written by Baker. The group was plagued with problems because of substance abuse and Baker's ongoing feud with Bruce. Retrospectives of Cream indicate that Bond deputised Baker to fire Bruce, who joined Manfred Mann for a short time until July 1966 when Baker formed Cream with Bruce and Eric Clapton. The group recorded "St. James' Infirmary" without Bruce on 10 January 1966, which was released in the United States on the Ascot label and received indifferently. Another sideman was Mike Falana on trumpet. He already had a degree of star status by the early 1960s.Melody Maker, August 3, 1963 - Page 8 JAZZ CLUBS - LONDON, WEDNESDAY - contd. *, KOOKS KLEEK, Railway Hotel, West Hampstead., TRUMPET STAR: MIKE FALANAThe Wire, Issue 424 June 2019 - Mike Falana: The talented Nigerian trumpeter was a star of UK jazz until he vanished from the London scene. By Val Wilmer Falana, sometimes spelt as Mike Felana was with Bond in 1963 and at some stage, replaced Jack Bruce with Bond then playing bass on the pedals.Dokumen PUB, Graham Bond: The Mighty Shadow 0851125832, 9780851125831 - Citation preview Bond reformed the Organisation with Jon Hiseman on drums. As a trio, Bond, Heckstall-Smith and Hiseman recorded the single "You’ve Gotta Have Love Babe" / "I Love You" (both by Graham Bond) on 18 January 1967 for Page One records. Bond left for the USA, releasing two albums there in 1969 with well-known session players. Hiseman and Heckstall-Smith would leave to join John Mayall & the Bluesbreakers for Bare Wires (recorded April 1968) before forming Colosseum in the summer of 1968, with Tony Reeves on bass and Dave Greenslade keyboards. The Graham Bond Organisation's lack of commercial success, internal struggles and drug problems brought the band to an end in 1967, but its importance was soon recognised with the vogue for blues and progressive rock and the increased sales of albums. The double album Solid Bond, released by Warner Bros. Records in 1970, compiled live tracks recorded in 1963 by the Graham Bond Quartet (Bond, McLaughlin, Bruce and Baker) and a studio session from 1966 by the final trio version of the Graham Bond Organisation (Bond, Heckstall-Smith and Hiseman). Graham Bond reunited with his former bandmates in the early 1970s, playing with Ginger Baker's Air Force and also spending a short time touring with Jack Bruce's band. He subsequently signed a contract with Vertigo Records and was reportedly off drugs by this time, although he was becoming increasingly obsessed with black magic. Bond died in May 1974, when he was hit by a train at London's Finsbury Park underground station. As of 2023, John McLaughlin is the last surviving member of the band, following the death of Baker. Baker was the last surviving member of the band who had performed on any release by the band. == Members == * Graham Bond – keyboards, saxophone, vocals (1963–1967) * Jack Bruce – bass, harmonica, vocals (1963–1965) * Ginger Baker – drums, percussion (1963–1966) * John McLaughlin – guitar (1963) * Dick Heckstall-Smith – saxophone (1963–1967) * Jon Hiseman – drums, percussion (1966–1967) === Timeline === ==Discography== * 1965 The Sound of '65 * 1965 There's a Bond Between Us * 1988 Live at Klooks Kleek (recorded October 1964) (also issued as The Beginning of Jazz-Rock) ==See also== * Steampacket * Manfred Mann * Shotgun Express * Blues Incorporated * John Mayall * Colosseum * Harvey Mandel ==External links== * ==References== Category:Beat groups Category:British rhythm and blues boom musicians Category:British rhythm and blues musical groups Category:Musical groups established in 1963 Category:Musical groups disestablished in 1970 Category:1963 establishments in England Category:1970 disestablishments in England

['Decca Records', "Ginger Baker's Air Force", 'Manfred Mann', 'Graham Bond', 'Jack Bruce', 'Dick Heckstall-Smith', 'Ginger Baker', 'Jon Hiseman', 'British rhythm and blues', 'Peter Chatman', 'Robert Stigwood', 'Chuck Berry', 'Parlophone', 'Don Covay', 'Jay Livingston', 'Ray Evans', 'The Sound of 65', 'Gonks Go Beat', 'Mellotron', 'The Beatles', 'Strawberry Fields Forever', 'Shindig!', 'UK Singles Chart', 'Eric Clapton', 'Bare Wires', 'Vertigo Records', 'Klooks Kleek', 'Steampacket', 'Shotgun Express', 'Blues Incorporated', 'John Mayall', 'Harvey Mandel']

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thumb|right|A seatpost with a significant setback on a BMX bike. A bicycle seatpost, seatpin, saddlepole, saddle pillar, or saddle pin is a tube that extends upwards from the bicycle frame to the saddle. The amount that it extends out of the frame can usually be adjusted, and there is usually a mark that indicates the minimum insertion (or maximum extension). Seatposts can be made of steel, aluminum, titanium, carbon fiber, or aluminum wrapped in carbon fiber. ==Attachment points== Seatposts generally clamp directly onto saddle rails with which they must be compatible, while old or inexpensive seatposts slide into a separate clamp that then clamps the saddle rails. To attach it to the bicycle's main frame, the seatpost is inserted into the seat tube, which must be of a very slightly larger diameter (or a cylindrical shim can be used). The seatpost is held in place by squeezing the top of the seat tube with a tightening ring (temporarily reducing its diameter; a vertical slit cut into the tube allows this to happen without crumpling) until the tube firmly hugs the post where it leaves the frame. A hole for a pinch bolt (also known as a "binder bolt") may be built into the frame for this purpose, or a "seat post clamp" may be purchased separately (but must be sized to closely fit the diameter of the seat tube). Whether integrated or separate, the seat post bolt can have a simple nut, can be an Allen bolt, or can include a quick-release mechanism, with a handle that releases the clamp without tools. A quick- release allows easy height adjustment of the seat, though increases the risk of seat theft unless it is also used to detach the seat when parking. ==Sizes== The size of the seatpost is dependent upon the internal dimensions of the seat tube of the bicycle frame. They come in various diameters, lengths and offsets. Offset is the distance between the centerline of the seatpost tube, and the centerline of the clamp area. Shims are often available to adapt a too-small seatpost to a too-large seat tube. ===Diameters=== Seatpost diameters generally range from 22 mm to 35 mm in 0.2 mm increments. The most common size is 27.2 mm (1.07 in) for most bikes, especially for the higher- quality models. BMX bikes commonly use 25.4 mm seatposts. In some modern bikes with thicker alloy or carbon tubing, larger diameters such as 30.9 mm are used. Tapering seatposts often have a diameter of 22.2 mm (⅞ in) at the top. Sheldon Brown collected and published a list of seat post diameters on his website, evidence of the common problem of finding compatible replacements. ===Length=== Lengths range from 75 mm to 430 mm. Mountain bike seatposts tend to be longer than road bicycle seatposts. ===Offset or layback=== Offset or "layback" can range from 0 mm to 45 mm. A seatpost with offset is necessary when the seat tube angle of the frame is too steep to give the desired saddle setback (the horizontal distance between a plumb line hung from the nose of the saddle and the bottom bracket spindle). Conversely, an "in line" post may be required if the seat tube angle is too slack. Some saddles, notably Brooks leather saddles, have relatively short rails, allowing less adjustment of setback, and changing the seatpost or inserting a saddle adjuster may be the only way to achieve the correct position. ==Types== ===Plain=== This type, usually found on older bikes, less expensive bikes, or kids bikes, consists of a tube which may decrease in diameter for the last inch or so (2.54 cm) and a separate clamping mechanism at the top. One bolt tightens the clamp to the rest of the seatpost and to the saddle rails at the same time. ===Micro- adjustable=== They can be divided into two types; ones which can adjust the saddle angle continuously, and ones in which the saddle angle can only be adjusted to a certain number of positions. ===Integrated=== Some high end road and track bicycle frames are made from one piece of molded carbon fiber with an integrated seatpost that is cut to length depending upon the rider, also known as a seat mast. The advantage is that it is lighter, can be molded into an aerodynamic shape, and removes the need to clamp an irregular tube shape. The disadvantage of this setup is that the seatpost height is not as adjustable. There is usually 2-3 centimeters of adjustment with the clamping device. ===Aero=== thumb|right|An aero seatpost in an aero seat tube held with two pinch bolts on an Orbea Ordu. As alternatives to the integrated seatpost mentioned above, some seatposts merely have an aerodynamic shape that either matches the shape of the aero seat tube or is only not round above a certain point. In the case of aero seat tubes, there are a variety of clamping mechanisms for such seatposts that include pinch bolts and wedges. Aero seatposts are typically proprietary designs for a specific frame model and thus cannot be mounted on bikes of other manufacturers. ===Suspension=== Suspension seatposts allow the saddle to move up and down with either a telescoping or parallelogram mechanism and incorporate a spring, an elastomer, or compressed air and possibly a damper to insulate against bumps. The preload of the spring may be adjustable. These seatposts are most common on hybrid and mountain bikes. Suspension seatposts usually come in fewer diameters, and shims are more likely to be necessary. ===Pivotal=== Pivotal seatposts are common on BMX bikes. They have a concave semicircle of ridges at their top that matches the convex semicircle of ridges on the bottom of a pivotal saddle. The two semicircles are held together with a bolt to attach the saddle to the seatpost. Pivotal seatposts are currently expanding rapidly in popularity with mountain bikes. ===Seatmast and cap=== Some bikes, such as Trek Madones, provide saddle height adjustment with a seatmast and cap arrangement. The seatmast is extension of the seat tube above the top tube, and the cap slides into it, clamps in place, and attaches to the saddle. ===Dropper=== Dropper seatposts (also known as dropper posts or droppers) on mountain and gravel bikes can be remotely adjusted while riding using a lever or switch on the handlebar. This can be used to quickly lower the saddle and position it out of the way to allow for better body positioning and maneuverability on technical sections. The same lever or switch can then be used to return the saddle to its normal position for better pedaling efficiency. Most dropper seatposts use a hydraulically damped air or coil spring with cable, hydraulic, or electronic actuation. Matej Mohorič used a dropper seatpost on his road bike to help him win the 2022 Milan–San Remo one- day race. File:Transition VANQUISH 29 - 49025341916.jpg|Extended dropper post. File:Transition VANQUISH 29 - 49025549167.jpg|Lowered dropper post. File:MTB Handlebar Left.jpg|Control lever for a dropper post mounted on handlebars. ==Maintenance== Seatposts should be periodically removed from the frame, cleaned, greased and refitted to prevent the seatpost seizing in the frame. This is particularly important with bikes which do not have mudguards (fenders) that are regularly ridden in wet conditions. Care should be taken not to overtighten the bolt or quick-release lever which clamps the post in the frame, especially where this acts on two brazed lugs rather than a separate clamp-on collar. Overtightening can bend or break the frame lugs or strip the threads in a separate collar. Metal seatposts should be very well greased, with the slot in the bicycle's seat tube also filled with a smear of grease. This helps to prevent water from running down the seat tube. There is some controversy about whether to grease carbon seatposts or not. There does not yet appear to be a consensus. There are now specialty products, referred to as "carbon prep" or "carbon paste", specifically for the interface between carbon and most other materials. ==References== ==External links== * seatpost sizing database by Sheldon Brown Category:Bicycle parts

['BMX', 'Allen bolt', 'Mountain bike', 'Matej Mohorič']

['Q215184', 'Q16953', 'Q223705', 'Q3298399']

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Oenosandridae is a family of Australian noctuoid moths. Genera include: *Diceratucha *Discophlebia *Nycteropa *Oenosandra ==References== * Fullard, J.H. 2006: Evolution of hearing in moths: the ears of Oenosandra boisduvalii (Noctuoidea: Oenosandridae). Australian journal of zoology, 54: 51–56. * Kuznetzov, V.I.; Naumann, C.M.; Speidel, W.; Stekolnikov, A.A. 2004: The skeleton and musculature of male and female terminalia in Oenosandra boisduvalii Newman, 1856 and the phylogenetic position of the family Oenosandridae (Insecta: Lepidoptera). SHILAP Revista de Lepidopterologia, 32: 297–313. * Miller, J.S. 1991: Cladistics and classification of the Notodontidae (Lepidoptera, Noctuoidea) based on larval and adult morphology. Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History, (204). Category:Moth families

['Noctuoidea', 'Diceratucha', 'Discophlebia', 'Nycteropa']

['Q133240', 'Q2608076', 'Q534241', 'Q652105']

[[(226, 236), (681, 691)], [(73, 84)], [(86, 98)], [(100, 109)]]

Fripp Island is a 6.546 sq mi (16.954 km2) barrier island and census- designated place (CDP) located along the Atlantic coast of the lowcountry part of South Carolina. It was first listed as a CDP in the 2020 census with a population of 963. It is approximately 21 miles from Beaufort, 96 miles south of Charleston, and 65 miles north of Savannah, Georgia. Some of the neighboring islands include Hunting Island, Harbor Island, Saint Helena Island, Lady's Island, and Pritchard's Island. The island mostly serves as a residential vacation resort, but several hundred residents make it their permanent home. It is also the most seaward of the South Carolina Sea Islands. Fripp is renowned for its resort amenities and natural conservation. ==History== Although it has had several names over its history, the island is presently named after Captain Johannes Fripp, a British sailor charged with protecting the Carolina colony from Spanish attacks. Local folklore history has long suspected Fripp to be the location where Edward Teach, the pirate known as Blackbeard, had stowed away some of his treasures. There may have been pirates who stopped at the island, but treasure was seldom buried by 18th-century sea rovers. Due to its relatively remote location, the island was utilized primarily as a private hunting range for most of its history. In the mid-20th century, completion of bridges connecting Beaufort with nearby Hunting Island State Park, investors looked to develop a residential resort community on Fripp. Upon securing bonds and establishing a public service district, a bridge was built in 1961 that connected Fripp with Hunting Island, U.S. Highway 21, and nearby Beaufort and began to stimulate residential development. Within 10 years, developers had built the Ocean Point Golf Links, a Racquet Club for tennis, a marina and a variety of homes and condominium units that would serve as the benchmark for development for the next thirty years. In 1994, the island underwent its final major development phase on its southwestern end. Ocean Creek Golf Course designed by Davis Love III was built, as well as a new amenities center. Additional housing styles were offered and the marina was expanded. Though the island will not undergo any future expansion, nearly one-third of the lots on the island remain undeveloped. ==Island Services== ===Fire Department=== The need for a fire department was determined in 1962 by legislation establishing the Fripp Island Public Service District. Originally, the fire department and first fire truck was housed in a three-sided building. The fire department started as a volunteer effort and was later recognized by South Carolina as a volunteer organization. In 1982, a new fire station was built to park the two trucks owned by the department. Four years later the Public Service District hired its first professional Fire Chief to operate the department on a daily basis. The fire station that serves as the island's current station was built in 1999. A full-time paramedic was later hired by the county in 2001. The department is composed of 34 volunteers and 19 paid personnel. The department has owned two fire truck pumpers, a squad truck, a Quick Response Vehicle, and a 6-wheeled Beach Rescue ATV since 2006. The fire department's main services include Fire Suppression, Search and Rescue, Medical Emergency Response, Vehicle Extrication, Top Water Rescue, and Fire Prevention and Public Fire Education."History" "Fripp Island Public Service District", 2008. Accessed June 7, 2013 ===Water System=== thumb|right|300px|Fripp Island Bridge In the early days of the island's population, all drinkable water had to be transported onto the island. St. Helena Island started to pump water into Fripp's central water tank by 1965. By 1980, all water was bought from the Beaufort-Jasper Water and Sewer Authority and pumps an average 172 million gallons a year into the island for use by the public. ===Fripp Inlet Bridge=== The main bridge leading to Fripp Island was completed in 1964. The legislation authorizing the 2,067 foot bridge called for a two dollar toll; it is now toll-free. The bridge is owned and managed by the Fripp Island Public Service District. ==Geography== Geologically speaking, Fripp Island is considered to be a barrier island. The island is the most seaward of the Sea Islands and forms a de facto cape. Located halfway between Charleston, South Carolina and Savannah, Georgia along the coast, it is locally positioned between Hunting Island State Park to the north and Pritchards Island to the southwest. A wide marsh and estuarine system separates these islands from the larger St. Helena's Island to the northwest. The upland acreage of the island is approximately . Fripp has approximately three miles of beachfront along the Atlantic, though some parts of the beach are fully submerged at high tide. Fripp Island is located approximately 20 miles (30 km) from Beaufort and is connected with the city via U.S. 21. Savannah is approximately a 75-minute drive by car while Charleston is approximately 1 hour and 45 minutes away. Bermuda lies 900 miles (1,450 km) due east of Fripp. ==Population and governance== According to the 2000 census, Fripp Island has a year-round primary population of 887 residents. The realistic figure is likely higher than reported because many homeowners consider Fripp Island property as second homes and may spend weeks or months on the island, but do not consider it their primary residence. In summer months the island's population can rise to about 5,000 due to an increase in visitors. Fripp Island is a private, gated community, run by the Fripp Island Property Owners Association (FIPOA) since the mid-1980s. It is not a municipality though it maintains island operations via a public service district and property owners association. In addition to providing a security force and fire/rescue squad, the island also maintains its own bridges, roads, paths, parks, and beach access routes. Meetings and gatherings are typically held at the Fripp Island Community Centre. An all- faiths chapel is also located on the island. ==Demographics== ===2020 census=== Fripp Island CDP, South Carolina – Demographic Profile (NH = Non-Hispanic) Race / Ethnicity Pop 2020 % 2020 White alone (NH) 909 94.39% Black or African American alone (NH) 15 1.56% Native American or Alaska Native alone (NH) 0 0.00% Asian alone (NH) 9 0.93% Pacific Islander alone (NH) 0 0.00% Some Other Race alone (NH) 2 0.21% Mixed Race/Multi-Racial (NH) 17 1.77% Hispanic or Latino (any race) 11 1.14% Total 963 100.00% Note: the US Census treats Hispanic/Latino as an ethnic category. This table excludes Latinos from the racial categories and assigns them to a separate category. Hispanics/Latinos can be of any race. ==Transportation== Although cars and trucks are allowed on roads and streets, golf carts are the prevailing method of transportation on the island. Bicycles are also popular and are used among residents and visitors alike, and several streets offer parallel bike trails to separate bicyclists from motor vehicles. ==Amenities== All amenities are owned and operated by Fripp Resorts. These include all restaurants, golf courses, tennis courts, pools and stores. The initiation fee is $25,000. There are three levels of membership with an annual fee depending on the membership level. ===Restaurants=== *The Beach Club Restaurant *Ocean View Sports Bar *The Bonito Boathouse *The Ocean Point Grille *Cabana Club Restaurant *The Food Club *The Marina Deli *The 19th Hole ===Golf=== *Ocean Point Golf Links *Ocean Creek Golf Course (designed by Davis Love III) ===Rentals=== The island offers: * stand up paddle surfing rentals and tours * bicycles * golf carts * mopeds * kayaks and canoes ==Nature== ===Flora=== Most of the island's trees are loblolly pine, though there are some hardwood live oak and magnolia stands located throughout the island. Spanish moss is a prevalent feature as well. ===Fauna=== Prior to human development, the island was fertile ground for several wild animals, including wild hogs. Development though has been carefully undertaken to preserve much of the wildlife habitat that existed beforehand. It is common to see deer in any area across the island, and population control of deer has been a major concern for the island.There are several small mammals that inhabit Fripp, including squirrels, raccoons, opossums, bats, and armadillos. Most interior lagoons contain an alligator population. Fripp and its surrounding areas are home to dozens of species of birds. Among the most striking include populations of egrets, herons, osprey, and pelicans, though seagulls are the most common. Island residents established an Audubon Club in 1978 and the entire island is an Audubon- designated bird preserve. The island is a major loggerhead turtle hatchery and an active group of residents works to make the beaches safe for the laying turtles by observing outside lighting precautions during nesting seasons and protecting nests from predation by humans, raccoons and other animals. Numerous fish and crustacean species can be found in the waterways and estuaries that surround the island, and the island remains a popular destination for fishing and crabbing. Fiddler crab is the most common of crab species, while blue crab is the most common species caught. ==Media== *The Pat Conroy novel Beach Music makes reference to the "Isle of Orion", which is a fictional stand-in for Fripp Island. Conroy was a full-time resident of the island for many years, but resided in Beaufort until his death in March 2016. *The Vietnam War scenes from the movie Forrest Gump (1994) were filmed on Fripp Island. Also, many other scenes were filmed in the Beaufort area. The Gay Fish Company, right outside of Fripp, sold shrimp to the production and served as a real life prop for the shrimping boat scene."Movies Filmed in South Carolina - Forrest Gump" "South Carolina's Information Highway" - Accessed June 7, 2013 *Rudyard Kipling's The Jungle Book was filmed on this island in 1994. Jason Scott Lee starred as Mowgli. His scenes featuring wild animals were shot on the island near the present location of the Ocean Creek Golf Course as well as Fall Creek Falls State Park in Tennessee.https://www.mcall.com/news/mc-xpm-1994-12-24-2999489-story.htm *The Prince of Tides (1991), based on the Pat Conroy novel of the same name, was partially filmed on Fripp Island in 1990. The home of Tom (Nick Nolte) and Sally Wingo (Blythe Danner) and their children is located along the beach on the northern section of the island. ==References== *Miller, Page Putnam. Fripp island: A History. The History Press, 2006. 190 pp. *Fripp Island: Block Group 2, Census Tract 12, Beaufort County, South Carolina United States Census Bureau ==External links== *About Fripp Island *Fripp Island Public Service District *Fripp Island Audubon Club *Fripp Island Turtle Nest Protection Program Category:Barrier islands of South Carolina Category:Populated places in Beaufort County, South Carolina Category:Seaside resorts in the United States Category:Populated coastal places in South Carolina Category:Hilton Head Island–Beaufort micropolitan area Category:Islands of Beaufort County, South Carolina Category:Census-designated places in Beaufort County, South Carolina Category:Census-designated places in South Carolina

['Census-designated place', 'Beaufort County, South Carolina', 'South Carolina', 'United States Census Bureau', 'Savannah, Georgia', 'Hunting Island State Park', 'Sea Islands', 'Blackbeard', 'Davis Love III', 'Search and Rescue', 'Fire Prevention', 'Beaufort-Jasper Water and Sewer Authority', 'Bermuda', 'Alaska Native', 'Spanish moss', 'Fiddler crab', 'Pat Conroy', 'Forrest Gump', 'Jason Scott Lee', 'Fall Creek Falls State Park', 'The Prince of Tides', 'Nick Nolte', 'Blythe Danner']

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Henry Solomon Lehr (March 8, 1838 – January 28, 1923) was the founder of Ohio Northern University. The Lehr Building at that school was named in his honor. Born the 11th child to George and Salome Lehr in Oldtown, Mahoning County, Ohio, Henry Lehr first attended school at the age of 12 while still working full-time as a farm hand. His primary interest was in scholarship, so in 1854 he earned his teaching certification and began part-time teaching while still continuing to do his farm work. He then enrolled at Mount Union College in March 1857. As a student there, Lehr began to develop the idea that colleges should design their schedules and curriculum to the convenience of the student - an idea which up until that point had not been implemented in schools of higher learning. Lehr's studies were interrupted by the American Civil War. When discharged, in 1865, Lehr was tired of the migratory life of teachers at the time, and felt compelled to do more with his teaching. In 1866 Lehr moved to Ada, Ohio and became the schoolmaster there. He negotiated to use the facilities after classes to teach a “select school” for those wishing education beyond that offered during the day. As his reputation grew throughout the area, the number of select school students increased, and in 1870, Lehr felt sufficiently well established to approach the citizens of Ada for funds to purchase land for a campus and an academic building. In August 1871, the Northwestern Ohio Normal School, later Ohio Northern University, was launched. While all this was going on, Lehr managed to find time to commute back to home to complete the requirements for his PhD degree at Mount Union College, graduating 10 years behind the class with which he had entered. During Ohio Northern University's early years, Lehr attempted to keep tuition as low as possible to enable as many people as possible to afford to enroll. Unfortunately, by the 1890s, the school faced financial difficulties. To place the university on sound financial footing, Lehr transferred Ohio Normal University to the Methodist Church, and since 1899, the institution has been affiliated with the Church. In 1903, Ohio Normal University became Ohio Northern University. Lehr, was president of Ohio Northern University from 1871 to 1900. Dr. Leroy Belt was selected as the new president in May 1901. From 1901 to 1903 Lehr agreed to continue on as secretary, treasurer, and general manager. Due to differences with Dr. Belt, Lehr severed his ties with the university at the end of the 1902–03 academic year. He then moved to Winona Lake, Indiana. On April 27, 1905, President Belt resigned, and Dr. Albert Edwin Smith became Ohio Northern's third president. With the change of administrations, Lehr returned to Ada in September 1905. Lehr's memoirs appeared in serial form in the University Herald of Ada; the memoirs occupied Lehr from 1904 to early 1909. Henry Solomon Lehr died Jan, 28, 1923 in Ada, Ohio. ==External links== * (Detailed coverage from the school's creation in 1871 to roughly 1903 when Lehr retired, written by his daughter, * (The serialized memoirs of Ohio Northern University's founder)) * (Album of photographs that originally resided in the Lehr/Kennedy house on Ohio Northern University's campus.) Category:People from Mahoning County, Ohio Category:People from Ada, Ohio Category:Ohio Northern University Category:University of Mount Union alumni Category:1838 births Category:1923 deaths

['Ohio Northern University', 'Mahoning County', 'Ohio', 'Mount Union College', 'American Civil War', 'Methodist Church', 'Winona Lake', 'Indiana']

['Q1683585', 'Q485502', 'Q1397', 'Q3551642', 'Q8676', 'Q33203', 'Q2590154', 'Q1415']

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Conrath is a surname. Notable people with the surname include: * Jean-Marie Conrath (born 1952), French Olympic long-distance runner * Matthew Conrath (born 1989), American football defensive end * Paul Conrath (1896–1979), German general during World War II * Theodore Conrath (1920–1995), American painter, sculptor, and teacher * Walter J. Conrath (1907–1942), American philatelist ==See also== * Conrath, Wisconsin, village in Rusk County * Rudolf Bernhard Conrath (1901–1962), Swiss comedian, radio personality, and stage and film actor

['Jean-Marie Conrath', 'Matthew Conrath', 'Paul Conrath', 'Walter J. Conrath', 'Conrath, Wisconsin', 'Rudolf Bernhard']

['Q19952195', 'Q6790330', 'Q72352', 'Q7965221', 'Q2229606', 'Q1724608']

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Chromatoidal bodies are aggregations of ribosomes found in cysts of some amoebae including Entamoeba histolytica and Entamoeba coli. They exist in the cytoplasm and are dark staining. In the early cystic stages of E. histolytica, chromatid bodies arise from aggregation of ribosomes forming polycrystalline masses. As the cyst matures, the masses fragment into separate particles and the chromatoidal body disappears. It is thought that the chromatoidal body formation is a manifestation of parasite-host adaptive conditions. Ribonucleoprotein is synthesized under favorable conditions, crystallized in the resistant cyst stage and dispersed in the newly excysted amoebae when the amoeba is able to establish itself in a new host. ==References== Category:Cell biology

['Entamoeba histolytica', 'Entamoeba coli']

['Q131027', 'Q584299']

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The Oneonta Tigers were a minor league baseball team located in Oneonta, New York. They were members of the New York–Penn League. The Tigers were the Short-Season A classification affiliate of the Detroit Tigers, and played their home games at Damaschke Field. The team was relocated to Norwich, Connecticut, for the 2010 season and became known as the Connecticut Tigers. ==Oneonta baseball history== Oneonta's first pro baseball team came to town on August 7, 1924, when the Utica Utes of the old New York–Pennsylvania League moved there. The newly renamed Indians folded at the end of the season. In 1940, the Cornwall, Ontario club in the old Canadian–American League moved to Oneonta. The Oneonta Indians (who, despite the name, were an affiliate of the Boston Red Sox) won back-to-back championships in 1941–42 before the loop shut down for three years due to World War II. After the war, the renamed Oneonta Red Sox took two more titles, in 1948 and in the league's final season of 1951. In 1966, the Red Sox shifted their franchise in the current New York–Penn League from Wellsville, New York to Oneonta, keeping the Red Sox moniker for that season. In 1967, Sam Nader and Sidney Levine purchased the team and renamed them the Oneonta Yankees, or O-Yanks, an affiliation they would have for three decades. Stocked with future New York Yankees stars, the O-Yanks won NYPL titles in 1968, 1969, 1971, 1974, 1977, 1979, 1980, 1981, 1985, 1988, 1990 and 1998. Since 1991, the franchise has participated in the annual New York–Penn League Game in Cooperstown, New York. This is an official New York–Penn League game played at Doubleday Field in conjunction with the Hall of Fame's Induction Weekend festivities. In 1999, the Yankees moved their affiliation to the Staten Island Yankees, so the Detroit Tigers organization moved in. Notable Oneonta Yankees alumni include Don Mattingly (1979), Bernie Williams (1987) and Jorge Posada (1991). NFL hall-of-fame quarterback John Elway batted .318 over 45 games in 1982 for the Oneonta Yankees in his brief professional baseball career. ===Recent years=== On July 20, 2006, the Tigers won the longest game in NYPL history: a 6-hour and 40-minute, 26-inning marathon against the Brooklyn Cyclones. Brooklyn scored the first run in the bottom of the first inning; the Tigers tied the game in the top of the fourth. Neither side scored again until the 26th inning, when the Tigers plated five runs (three earned) off of Cyclones outfielder Mark Wright, who had entered the game to pitch (the Cyclones had already used six of their regular pitchers). The Tigers had three players who went 1-for-12, including center fielder Deik Scram, whose lone hit knocked in the go-ahead run for the Tigers in the 26th inning. The 2007 season ushered a new era for Oneonta Tiger baseball, as their stadium received a face-lift, while premiering the team's official website, www.oneontatigers.com. Guillermo Moscoso pitched the second perfect game in NYPL history in a 6-0 victory over the Batavia Muckdogs on July 15, 2007.Blinn, Michael. "Tigers' Moscoso pitches perfect game," MiLB.com, Sunday, July 15, 2007. In early July 2008, it was announced that long-time owner Sam Nader had sold the franchise he purchased in 1966. The agreement allowed the Tigers to stay in Oneonta up until the 2010 season. ===Departure from Oneonta=== On January 27, 2010, Oneonta Mayor Dick Miller announced in a press release saying that the Tigers would be leaving Oneonta for Norwich, Connecticut for the 2010 season. The new team would play their games in the newly renovated Dodd Stadium which had been vacated by the Connecticut Defenders of the Eastern League, who had left for Richmond, Virginia. Miller also said in the press release that he had hoped to have organized baseball playing in Damaschke Field for the 2010 baseball season, but early indications showed that local Oneonta High School will use the field for playing purposes as early as their 2010 season. ==Notable alumni== ===Hall of Fame alumni=== * John Elway (1982) Inducted, Pro Football Hall of Fame ===Notable alumni=== * Brad Ausmus (1988-1989) MLB All-Star * Dave Bergman (1974) * Tom Brookens (2005-2006) * Ken Brett (1966) MLB All-Star * Mike DeJean (1992) * Dave Eiland (1987) * Damaso Garcia (1975) 2 x MLB All-Star * Cesar Geronimo (1967) * Curtis Granderson (2002) 3 x MLB All-Star * Mike Heath (1974) * Sterling Hitchcock (1993) * Rex Hudler (1978) * Jair Jurrjens (2004) MLB All-Star * Ricky Ledee (1993) * Al Leiter (1984-1985) 2 x MLB All-Star * Jim Leyritz (1986) * Mike Lowell (1995) 4 x MLB All-Star; 2003 World Series Most Valuable Player * Tippy Martinez (1972) MLB All-Star * Don Mattingly (1979) 6 x MLB All-Star; 1984 AL Batting Title; 1985 AL Most Valuable Player * Andy McGaffigan (1978) * Willie McGee (1977) MLB All-Star; 2 x NL Batting Champion (1985, 1990) 1985 NL Most Valuable Player * Doc Medich (1970) * Amos Otis (1966) 5 x MLB All-Star * Mike Pagliarulo (1981) * Andy Pettitte (1991) 3 x MLB All-Star * Jorge Posada (1991) 5 x MLB All-Star * Dan Pasqua (1982) * Domingo Ramos (1975) * Buck Showalter (1985-1986, MGR) 3 x AL Manager of the Year (1994, 2004, 2014) * J.T. Snow (1989) * Pat Tabler (1976) MLB All-Star * Bob Tewksbury (1981) MLB All-Star * Willie Upshaw (1975) * Terry Whitfield (1972) * Bernie Williams (1987) 5 x MLB All-Star; 1998 AL Batting Title * Gerald Williams (1987) == References == Notes Sources * Tiger Game Box Score == External links == *MiLB.com writeup about the Tigers' 26-inning game *Box score from the 26-inning game *Photographs of Damaschke Field, home of the Oneonta Tigers - Rochester Area Ballparks *TigsTown.com Category:Baseball teams established in 1966 Category:Sports clubs and teams disestablished in 2010 Category:Defunct baseball teams in New York (state) Category:New York Yankees minor league affiliates Category:Detroit Tigers minor league affiliates Category:Defunct New York–Penn League teams Category:Professional baseball teams in New York (state) Category:1966 establishments in New York (state) Category:2009 disestablishments in New York (state) Category:Oneonta, New York

['New York–Penn League', 'Detroit Tigers', 'New York Yankees', 'Boston Red Sox', 'Damaschke Field', 'Oneonta, New York', 'Norwich, Connecticut', 'Connecticut Tigers', 'Cornwall, Ontario', 'Canadian–American League', 'Oneonta Red Sox', 'Wellsville, New York', 'Cooperstown, New York', 'Doubleday Field', 'Staten Island Yankees', 'Brooklyn Cyclones', 'Guillermo Moscoso', 'Batavia Muckdogs', 'Dodd Stadium', 'Connecticut Defenders', 'Richmond, Virginia', 'John Elway', 'Brad Ausmus', 'Dave Bergman', 'Tom Brookens', 'Ken Brett', 'Mike DeJean', 'Dave Eiland', 'Damaso Garcia', 'Cesar Geronimo', 'Curtis Granderson', 'Sterling Hitchcock', 'Rex Hudler', 'Jair Jurrjens', 'Ricky Ledee', 'Al Leiter', 'Jim Leyritz', 'Mike Lowell', 'Tippy Martinez', 'Don Mattingly', 'Andy McGaffigan', 'Willie McGee', 'Doc Medich', 'Amos Otis', 'Mike Pagliarulo', 'Andy Pettitte', 'Jorge Posada', 'Dan Pasqua', 'Domingo Ramos', 'Buck Showalter', 'J.T. Snow', 'Pat Tabler', 'Bob Tewksbury', 'Willie Upshaw', 'Terry Whitfield', 'Bernie Williams']

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Aries Spears (born April 3, 1975) is an American stand-up comedian, impressionist, and actor from New Jersey. Spears was a regular on Fox's sketch comedy series MADtv, appearing in 198 episodes, making him the second longest- serving cast member on the show behind Michael McDonald. In 2011, he released a special called Aries Spears: Hollywood, Look I'm Smiling. He co-hosted for the AVN Awards in 2018. ==Early life== Spears was born in Chicago, Illinois and moved to New York when he was two years old. His mother, Doris Spears, is a jazz singer. Spears moved to New Jersey at age 11 and attended Arthur M. Judd Elementary School. He became a comedian at 14, performing stand-up comedy in various comedy clubs in New York City. He was expelled for fighting during his sophomore year in North Brunswick Township High School in North Brunswick Township, at age 17.Gadino, Dylan P. "Sketching up with Aries Spears", Punchline. accessed October 10, 2007. Spears started doing his own comedy routine around his hometown. Spears said that his first stand-up comedy was doing impressions at the Uptown Comedy Club in Harlem, and Spears said that he recalls himself doing impressions of James Brown and Jack Nicholson during his first stand-up comedy.In a video that was published to YouTube on February 29, 2016, an interviewer asked Spears questions. From the 1:48 mark of the video to the 1:55 mark of the video, the interviewer asked Spears, "Okay, so what was like, the first time you actually got in front of an audience, and did your thing?" From the 1:54 mark of the video to the 2:41 mark of the video, Spears answered, "Uh, you know I I went down, me and my mother my sister went down to uh The Improv in New York, and back then, to try to get on stage, you had to put ya your name in a hat, and they would pull it out of a hat, so all three of us put my, all three of us put my name in, and uh neither one of us got it, so I was, I was a little discouraged that day but then someone kinda pulled me to the side, said, you know, there's the Uptown Comedy Club, in half-, in Harlem. Uptown Comedy Cafe is what it was called. Uh, so, jump on a train. Go up there. Maybe get your feet wet. So, I went up there. I I did, you know, two minutes of impressions, and uh the, the got bit by the bug man. It was kinda, kinda successful for me, and I said okay this is what I want to do, and been, been riding the wave ever since." From the 2:40 mark of the video to the 2:42 mark of the video, the interviewer asked Spears, "What were the impressions, that you did back there?" From the 2:41 mark of the video to the 2:52 mark of the video, Spears answered "Ah man, I think I did like James Brown, Jack Nicholson, doing a Pepsi commercial. Uh, really raw stuff, man. Just just really, stuff that I had practiced in front of the mirror at the crib." ==Career== ===Early film and TV roles=== Spears's first television appearance was on Russell Simmons's Def Comedy Jam, followed by It's Showtime at the Apollo (1987). He moved to Los Angeles in 1992, landed a recurring role on A Different World (1993) and became a regular at The Comedy Store, The Improv and The Laugh Factory. Other television credits include Crosstown Traffic, The Adventures of Brisco County, Jr. (1993) and Soul Train. At 16, Spears landed a part in the film Malcolm X. Shortly thereafter, he was cast in a starring role opposite Glenn Frey in South of Sunset (1993). Spears's other film appearances include Home of Angels (1994), The Pest (1997), Jerry Maguire in which he played Teepee, brother of Rod Tidwell (1996), Out-of-Sync (1995), and The Proud Family (2003). ===MADtv=== He joined the cast of MADtv during its third season in 1997, and he left at the end of its 10th season in 2005. During his stay, he created characters such as comedian Belma Buttons (co-host of fictional BET show "Reality Check"), Dollar Bill Montgomery (a host of an urban parody of Politically Incorrect called "Real **********ing Talk with Dollar Bill Montgomery"), James Brown Jr. (co-host of Cabana Chat), and controversial rapper Emcee Esher. He is well known for his impressions of celebrities, including rappers Jay-Z, Kanye West, LL Cool J, DMX, and Snoop Dogg actors Robert De Niro, Al Pacino, Sylvester Stallone, Denzel Washington, and Arnold Schwarzenegger, as well as fellow comedians Eddie Murphy and Paul Mooney. ===After MADtv=== Spears appeared in a second-season episode of Mind of Mencia, which parodied Jamie Foxx's role in Kanye West's music video for "Gold Digger." He appeared in the 2006 film Hood of Horror. Spears performed in the TV series The Underground and voiced the character Wizard Kelly in the animated television series The Proud Family. Spears appeared in two episodes of Frank Caliendo's sketch comedy show Frank TV as Shaquille O'Neal. He appeared alongside Cedric the Entertainer and other comedians in the All Star Comedy Jam in 2009. His 2011 stand-up comedy special Aries Spears: Hollywood, Look I'm Smiling was shown on Showtime. According to Deadline Hollywood, Spears was expected to appear in the dark comedy feature film directed by Vladislav Kozlov The Immortalist in 2020, along with Franco Nero, Sherilyn Fenn, Paul Rodriguez, and Jeff DuJardin. ==Sexual abuse allegation== On August 30, 2022, Spears and Tiffany Haddish were sued for alleged grooming and sexual abuse of two minors. The lawsuit details that the minors were recruited to film comedy skits, and were asked to perform sexually suggestive content. Spears's attorney stated "he isn't going to fall for any shakedown" in reference to Spears. That September, the accuser filed to have the claims against both dismissed with prejudice. ==Filmography== ===Film=== Year Title Role Notes 1994 Home of Angels Gang Leader 1995 Out-of-Sync Frank 1996 Jerry Maguire Tee Pee 1997 The Pest Chubby 1998 Why Do Fools Fall in Love Redd Foxx 2001 Josie and the Pussycats The Other Carson Daly 2001 Higher Ed Lil' Bud 2003 Love Chronicles Playa 2003 The Night B4 Christmas Elvin (voice) TV movie 2004 Jiminy Glick in Lalawood Gunnar "MC GUN" Jorge 2005 The Proud Family Movie Wizard Kelly/Board Member (voice) TV movie 2006 Hood of Horror Quon 2006 The Boo Crew Money/Jay-Z/Africans (voice) TV movie 2015 Promoted Homothug 2017 Kings Keith 2019 Chase Miles 2020 The 420 Movie: Mary & Jane Patrolman Watkins 2021 Immortalist Doctor Olivier Johnson ===Television=== Year Title Role Notes 1992 Def Comedy Jam Himself Episode: "Episode #2.9" 1993 A Different World Ty Episode: "Mind Your Own Business" & "Dancing Machines" 1993 South of Sunset Ziggy Duane Main Cast 1993 Soul Train Himself/Guest Host Episode: "Episode #22.13" & "#23.3" 1994 The Adventures of Brisco County, Jr. Bobby Swan Episode: "Stagecoach" 1996 C Bear and Jamal Big Chill (voice) Main Cast 1997 Def Comedy Jam Himself Episode: "Episode #7.6" 1997–2005 MADtv Himself/Cast Member Main Cast: Season 3-10 2001 The Test Himself/Panelist Episode: "The Roommate Test" 2001–03 The Proud Family Wizard Kelly (voice) Recurring Cast 2002 Late Friday Himself Episode: "Episode #2.8" 2002 The Rerun Show Louise Jefferson 2003 Laffapalooza Himself Episode: "Laffapalooza Volume 3" 2004 ComicView Himself Episode: "Episode #13.2" 2005 Lilo & Stitch Wizard Kelly (voice) Episode: "Spats: Experiment 397" 2005 Comedy Central Presents Himself Episode: "Aries Spears" 2006–14 Comics Unleashed Himself Recurring Guest 2006 The Underground Himself/Cast Member Main Cast 2006 Mind of Mencia Himself/Guest Host Episode: "Episode #2.1" 2007 CSI: Miami Oscar Monahan Episode: "Inside Out" & "Chain Reaction" 2009 Black to the Future Himself Episode: "Hour 1: The 70s" 2009 Just for Laughs Himself Episode: "Gerry Dee" 2009–19 Laugh Factory Himself Recurring Guest 2010 The Boondocks Lord Rufus Crabmiser (voice) Episode: "Stinkmeaner 3: The Hateocracy" 2010 Supreme Court of Comedy Himself Episode: "Aries Spears vs. Paul Mooney" 2012 ComicView Himself Episode: "Kevin Hart/Aries Spears/Omar" 2012 Black Dynamite Mr. T/O. J. Simpson (voice) Supporting Cast: Season 1 2013 Funny as Hell Himself Episode: "Episode #3.8" 2013 Who Gets the Last Laugh? Himself Episode: "Aries Spears/Natasha Leggero/Andy Dick" 2015 Turbo FAST Mr. Tinfoil (voice) Episode: Tough as Snails/C.O.N.S.P.I.R.A.C.Y. 2015 Gotham Comedy Live Himself/Host Episode: "Aries Spears" 2016 MADtv Himself Episode: "Episode #15.3" 2016 American Dad! Shaquille O'Neal (voice) Episode: Criss-Cross Applesauce: The Ballad of Billy Jesusworth 2016 TripTank Various Voices (voice) Supporting Cast: Season 2 2016 The 5th Quarter Young Shaq Episode: "I'm So Mean" 2018 Family Guy Episode: "Pal Stewie" & "Regarding Carter" AVN Awards Himself/Host Main Host 2020 Gentefied Chef Michael Episode: "Unemployed AF" 2022 Himself Main Guest 2022 Dark Side of Comedy Himself Episode: "Roseanne Barr" 2022–23 The Proud Family: Louder and Prouder Wizard Kelly (voice) Recurring Cast 2023 See It Loud: The History of Black Television Himself Recurring Guest ===Comedy releases=== Year Title 2010 Chocolate Sundaes Comedy Show: Live on Sunset Strip! 2011 Aries Spears: Hollywood, Look I'm Smiling 2016 Aries Spears: Comedy Blueprint ===Discography=== Year Title 2005 I Ain't Scared! ===Documentary=== Year Title 2011 Ladies and Gentlemen, Jordan Rock 2011 Phunny Business: A Black Comedy ==References== ==External links== * Category:1975 births Category:Living people Category:Male actors from Chicago Category:Male actors from New Jersey Category:African-American male actors Category:African-American male comedians Category:American male comedians Category:American male film actors Category:American impressionists (entertainers) Category:American male television actors Category:American male voice actors Category:People from North Brunswick, New Jersey Category:American sketch comedians Category:Comedians from Chicago Category:20th-century American comedians Category:21st-century American comedians Category:Comedians from New York City Category:20th-century African- American people Category:21st-century African-American people Category:Comedians from New Jersey

['Chicago, Illinois', 'New Jersey', 'MADtv', 'AVN Awards', 'New York City', 'North Brunswick Township High School', 'Harlem', 'James Brown', 'Jack Nicholson', 'The Improv', 'Russell Simmons', 'Def Comedy Jam', "It's Showtime at the Apollo", 'Los Angeles', 'A Different World', 'The Comedy Store', 'The Laugh Factory', 'The Adventures of Brisco County, Jr.', 'Soul Train', 'Glenn Frey', 'South of Sunset', 'Home of Angels', 'Jerry Maguire', 'Out-of-Sync', 'The Proud Family', 'Politically Incorrect', 'Jay-Z', 'Kanye West', 'LL Cool J', 'Snoop Dogg', 'Robert De Niro', 'Al Pacino', 'Sylvester Stallone', 'Denzel Washington', 'Arnold Schwarzenegger', 'Eddie Murphy', 'Mind of Mencia', 'Jamie Foxx', 'Hood of Horror', 'Frank Caliendo', 'Frank TV', "Shaquille O'Neal", 'Cedric the Entertainer', 'Deadline Hollywood', 'Franco Nero', 'Sherilyn Fenn', 'Tiffany Haddish', 'Redd Foxx', 'Jiminy Glick in Lalawood', 'The Proud Family Movie', 'The Boo Crew', 'C Bear and Jamal', 'The Rerun Show', 'ComicView', 'Comedy Central Presents', 'Comics Unleashed', 'CSI: Miami', 'Gerry Dee', 'Mr. T', 'O. J. Simpson', 'Turbo FAST', 'Gotham Comedy Live', 'American Dad!', 'TripTank', 'Family Guy']

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R Doradus (HD 29712 or P Doradus) is a red giant variable star in the far- southern constellation Dorado. Its distance from Earth is . Having a uniform disk diameter of , it is thought to be the extrasolar star with the largest apparent size as viewed from Earth. == Variability == The visible magnitude of R Doradus varies between 4.8 and 6.6, which means it is usually visible to the naked eye, but in the infrared it is one of the brightest stars in the sky. With a near-infrared J band magnitude of −2.6, only Betelgeuse at −2.9 is brighter. In the infrared K band, it is sometimes the brightest star in the sky, although usually Betelgeuse is brighter. It is classified as a semiregular variable star of type SRb, indicating giants with slow poorly- defined variations, often alternating between periodic and irregular brightness changes. Some studies show it alternating between periods of about 175 and 332 days, and a period of 117.3 days has also been identified. It has been likened to a Mira variable when its variations are relatively regular, although its amplitude of only 1.5 magnitudes is smaller than Mira variables. == Angular diameter == The angular diameter of R Doradus is easily measured using interferometry. Its uniform disc diameter, the diameter when interpreted as a disc of uniform brightness, when viewed at is . When viewed at and interpreted as a limb-darkened disc, the diameter is . The angular diameter of R Doradus is larger than any other measured star other than the Sun. The angular diameter of the next-largest star, Betelgeuse, is around . == Properties == The Hipparcos parallax of R Doradus is , corresponding to a distance of . The bolometric luminosity of R Doradus, derived from its bolometric flux at a distance of , is . The measured angular diameter, again assuming a distance of gives a radius of . The effective temperature corresponding to this luminosity and radius is . Comparison of its properties with theoretical evolutionary tracks gives an age of between 6 and 14 billion years, with a current mass of between 0.7 and . Its initial mass would have been between 1 and . It is on the asymptotic giant branch having exhausted its core helium. The radius of means that the diameter of R Doradus is 415 million km (). If placed at the centre of the Solar System, the perihelion of Mars would be within the star. R Doradus has a projected equatorial rotation velocity of . It is calculated to take to rotate once on its axis. R Doradus figures almost at the western limit of Dorado, next to Reticulum (map to be held, as standard, upwards, with south horizon in front of viewer). Like Alpha Reticulum, which outshines it, it is a little south of a line between the bright stars Canopus and Achernar, as is the narrow kite-shaped asterism of Reticulum. ==References== ==External links== * Swinburne Astronomy Online; information about R Doradus * Variáveis Binoculares * The 3µ spectrum of R Doradus observed with the ISO-SWS Category:Dorado Category:M-type giants Category:Mira variables Doradus, P Doradus, R 029712 1492 CD-62 00175 021479 J04364544-6204379 Category:Emission-line stars

['Dorado', 'Betelgeuse', 'Mira variable', 'Solar System', 'Mars', 'Reticulum', 'Canopus', 'Achernar']

['Q8837', 'Q12124', 'Q744691', 'Q544', 'Q111', 'Q10498', 'Q12189', 'Q12183']

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The United States soccer league system is a series of professional and amateur soccer leagues based, in whole or in part, in the United States. Sometimes called the American soccer pyramid, teams and leagues are not linked by the system of promotion and relegation typical in soccer elsewhere. Instead, the United States Soccer Federation (USSF or U.S. Soccer) defines professional leagues in three levels, called divisions, with all other leagues sanctioned by the USSF not having an official designated level or division. For practical and historical reasons, some teams from Bermuda, Canada, and Puerto Rico (considered a separate country by FIFA) can also compete in these leagues. However, these teams are not eligible for the U.S. Open Cup and cannot represent the United States in the CONCACAF Champions Cup because they are not affiliated with U.S. Soccer. == Structure == No professional league in any of the major pro sports leagues in the U.S. or Canada, including the professional soccer leagues, currently uses a system of promotion and relegation. The country's governing body for the sport, the United States Soccer Federation (also known as the USSF or U.S. Soccer), oversees the league system and is responsible for sanctioning professional leagues. The leagues themselves are responsible for admitting and administering individual teams. Amateur soccer in the United States is regulated by the United States Adult Soccer Association (USASA), the only amateur soccer organization sanctioned by the USSF. Automatic promotion and relegation between its leagues, as exists in many other national league systems, was considered by United Soccer League, but was never implemented; although voluntary promotion and relegation has occurred. Some amateur leagues sanctioned by the USASA also use promotion and relegation systems within multiple levels of their leagues. However, there has never been a merit-based promotion system offered to the USASA's "national" leagues, the NPSL and League Two. College soccer in the United States is sanctioned by bodies outside the direct control of the USSF, the most important of which is the National Collegiate Athletic Association (NCAA). See NCAA Division I women's soccer programs, NCAA Division I men's soccer programs, and NCAA Division II men's soccer programs for a list of college soccer programs in the United States. === General professional standards === The standards for Division I, II and III leagues are set by the USSF. ==== Market requirements ==== * At least 75% of a league's teams must be based in the United States * At least a certain percentage of a league's teams must be based in markets with a certain population ==== Field and stadium requirements ==== * All stadiums must have controllable ingress/egress * All outdoor leagues must be playing on FIFA-approved surfaces at least 70 yards by 110 yards in dimension * Minimum required stadium fan capacity, dependent on league level * Each team must have a lease to use its stadium for at least one full season no later than a certain date before each season begins ==== Financial viability ==== * Minimum annual bond each team must pay to the league (or Federation), dependent on league level * Each ownership group must display the ability to fund their team for a certain number of years * At least a certain net worth for each team's principal owner ==== Standards summary table ==== DI DII DIII Indoor Men Women Men Women Men Women Teams 12 8 8 6 8 6 6 Teams (Year 3: 14) (Year 4: 10) (Year 3: 10, Year 6: 12) (Year 3: 8) (Year 3: 8) (Year 3: 8) (Year 3: 8) Req. Participation All eligible CONCACAF competitions All eligible CONCACAF competitions All eligible CONCACAF competitions All eligible CONCACAF competitions Open Cup Open Cup Geographic Coverage Eastern, Central, and Pacific time zones Two time zones Two time zones Geographic Coverage Eastern, Central, and Pacific time zones (Year 6: Eastern, Central, and Pacific time zones) (Year 6: Eastern, Central, and Pacific time zones) Market Population >75% with >1mil >75% with >750k >75% with >750k >50% with >500k Min. Stadium Capacity 15,000 5,000 5,000 2,000 1,000 1,000 1,000 Lease Lead 180 days 120 days 120 days 120 days Bond $1mil $100k $750k $50k $250k $20k $20k Time Guarantee 5 years 3 years 3 years 3 years 3 years 3 years 3 years Primary Owner Worth $40mil $15mil $20mil $7.5mil $10mil $5mil $3mil ==== League specifics ==== ===== Men's Division I ===== Ownership requirements * League must have a minimum of 12 teams to apply. By year three, the league must have a minimum of 14 teams * US-based teams must participate in all representative U.S. Soccer and CONCACAF competitions for which they are eligible (ex. U.S. Open Cup, CONCACAF Champions League.) * The majority owner must have a net worth of US$40 million, and the total ownership group must have a net worth of US$70 million. Both of these net worth requirements must be independent of both the club and the individuals' primary residence. Market requirements * Teams located in at least the Eastern, Central and Pacific time zones in the continental United States. These three time zones are required because the majority of the large population centers are located in these time zones * At least 75% of the league's teams must be based in markets with one million population * All stadiums must be enclosed * All league stadiums must have a minimum seating capacity of 15,000 * Not later than 180 days prior to the start of each season, each team shall have a lease for at least one full season with its home stadium Financial viability * The league must demonstrate adequate financial viability to ensure continued operation on a season-by-season basis either in the form of a performance bond or similar instrument for each team in the amount of US$1 million or readily available league funds representing US$1 million * The maximum amount of readily available league funds for covering teams operations is US$20 million * Any team whose performance bond is used during the season will be required to replenish it at least 120 days prior to the next season * Each team ownership group must demonstrate the financial capacity to operate the team for five years. As part of the process of demonstrating financial capacity, each ownership group must provide detailed financial history (if applicable) and projections (including a detailed budget) for the team to the Federation in a form satisfactory to the Federation. In addition, each team must have and its governing legal documents must designate one principal owner with a controlling interest who owns at least 35% of the team and has authority to bind the team. Such principal owner must have an individual net worth of at least forty million US dollars (US$40,000,000) exclusive of the value of his/her ownership in the league or team and his/her primary personal residence. The principal owner, together with all other owners, must have a combined individual net worth of at least seventy million US dollars (US$70,000,000) exclusive of the value of ownership interests in the league or team and primary personal residences. Federation shall have the right to require an independent audit to establish that the team meets these net worth requirements; the cost of such audit shall be the responsibility of the team or league. The Federation will take reasonable steps to protect from disclosure and limit access to financial information provided under this section Media * The league must have broadcast or cable television contracts that provide for the telecasting of all regular season games as well as the championship game/series. High-quality internet streaming of regular season games satisfies this requirement Team organization * All required positions must be filled by full-time staff year-round * Each US-based team must demonstrate a commitment to a player development program. This requirement may be satisfied by supporting either an amateur or professional reserve team competing in a USSF-sanctioned league or by the league itself * Each US-based team must maintain teams and a program to develop players at the youth level. This requirement may be satisfied by fielding teams in a Federation academy program League operations In addition to the required positions filled by full-time staff, the league office must have full-time staff performing the functions of a chief operations officer, a chief financial officer and a director of marketing/public relations on a year-round basis ===== Men's Division II ===== Ownership requirements * Principal owner with at least US$20,000,000 net worth, 35% ownership stake. Markets and stadia * Year 1: Eight teams in at least 2 time zones * Year 3: At least 10 teams * Year 6: at least 12 teams in Eastern, Central, and Pacific time zones * 75% of teams must be in metro areas of at least 750,000 population * Stadiums must have 5,000 capacity ===== Men's Division III ===== Ownership requirements * Principal owner with at least US$10,000,000 net worth, 35% ownership stake. Markets and stadia * Year 1: Eight teams * Stadiums must have 1,000 capacity == Men's leagues == === Professional leagues === Division League Abbreviation Teams First season I Major League Soccer MLS 29 1996 II USL Championship USLC 24 2011 III USL League One USL1 12 2019 National Independent Soccer Association NISA 9 2019–20 MLS Next Pro MLSNP 27 2022 Since 1996, Major League Soccer (MLS) has been the only sanctioned USSF Division I men's outdoor soccer league in the United States. MLS has grown from 10 teams in 1996 to 29 teams as of the 2023 season. The USL Championship (USLC) is the only sanctioned Division II men's outdoor soccer league as of 2021. Formed in 2010 as a result of the merger of the former USL First Division and USL Second Division, the USL Championship was sanctioned as Division III league from 2011 to 2016 before becoming provisionally sanctioned as a Division II league for 2017, and receiving full Division II sanctioning in 2018. The USL Championship expanded almost three-fold since its first season in 2011 to include 35 teams in the 2020 season, with the league divided into two conferences, Eastern and Western. After that season, held amid the backdrop of the COVID-19 pandemic, five teams left the league. The previously Division II North American Soccer League (NASL) was formed in 2009, but did not debut until 2011 following the controversial 2010 season that saw neither the USL First Division nor the NASL receive Division II sanctioning from the USSF, resulting in the temporary USSF Division 2 Pro League. NASL was sanctioned as a Division II league from 2011 to 2016; when it fielded 8 teams for the 2017 season, U.S. Soccer only granted the league provisional sanctioning as it fell under the 12-team requirement. The USSF rejected the NASL's application to maintain provisional Division II status for the 2018 season as the NASL did not present a plan on how it would meet the Division II criteria. In response, the NASL filed "a federal antitrust suit against the U.S. Soccer Federation" in an attempt to force USSF to drop all Division designations. Due to the continuing litigation against U.S. Soccer, the NASL then had to postpone its season to August 2018 and lost four more teams in the process. In March 2017, United Soccer League announced following the sanctioning of the USL Championship as a Division II league it would start a new tier in its professional structure. USL League One received sanctioning in December 2018 and conducted its first season in 2019 with 10 teams. The league expanded to include 12 teams for its second season in 2020 and further expansion had been planned prior to the 2021 season, but was delayed until 2022 or later by COVID-19. A second Division III league, National Independent Soccer Association (NISA) debuted in August 2019 with eight teams. The league initially played a fall-to-spring season spanning two calendar years but switched to the standard U.S. schedule in 2022. In September 2015, it was reported that the USSF was proposing the addition of eligibility requirements for sanctioned Division I soccer leagues, including that they must have at least 16 teams, stadiums with a capacity of at least 15,000, and at least 75% of the teams must be in cities that have a population of at least 2 million. In 2018, the National Premier Soccer League (NPSL), a nationwide amateur league announced the intention to set up a professional division, NPSL Pro. As part of the announcement, NPSL initiated a single season competition, the NPSL Founders Cup, involving 11 teams that will form the new professional league in 2020. As of 2022 this has not materialized and NPSL remains an amateur league. ==== Number of teams in each league ==== Below is a list of the number of teamsSee All-Time Division II Standings for Division II list of teams and records. and All-Time Division III Standings for Division III teams sanctioned by the USSF in the so-called "modern era" under the division sanctioning scheme described above. Pro soccer teams (includes teams outside United States) Year Total pro teams 1 2 3 Non-sanctioned Year Total pro teams MLS APSL USISL PL – 1994 7 – 7 - 1995 61 – 6 55 MLS APSL/USISL SL USISL PL – 1996 65 10 28 27 MLS A-League USISL D3PL – 1997 73 10 24 39 1998 79 12 28 39 1999 68 12 30 26 2000 59 12 25 22 2001 50 12 21 17 2002 46 10 18 18 MLS A-League Pro League – 2003 42 10 19 13 2004 38 10 16 12 MLS USL-1 USL-2 MLS Reserve 2005 33 12 12 9 12 2006 33 12 12 9 12 2007 35 13 12 10 13 2008 35 14 11 10 14 2009 35 15 11 9 MLS USSF D2 Pro USL-2 – 2010 34 16 12 6 MLS NASL USL MLS Reserve 2011 38 18 8 12 18 2012 38 19 8 11 19 2013 40 19 8 13 15 2014 43 19 10 14 8 2015 55 20 11 24 2016 61 20 12 29 MLS NASL/USL – – 2017 60 22 38 none MLS USL – – 2018 56 23 33 none MLS USLC USL1/NISA – 2019 77 24 36 17 2020 81 26 35 20 2021 79 27 31 21 MLS USLC USL1/MLSNP/NISA – 2022 95 28 27 40 2023 101 29 24 48 ;Notes ===Semi-professional and amateur leagues=== The USSF does not officially recognize distinctions beyond the three professional divisions above. Currently, three other national leagues are sanctioned by the US Soccer Federation and one of those, the National Premier Soccer League (NPSL), is part of USASA which is a national association member of the USSF and the only member of the Adult Council. USL League Two (USL 2) is a national league run by the USL. Both are recognized in practical terms as playing at a higher level and both since 2020 are considered national leagues earning automatic berths to the US Open Cup first round based on their previous season's league results rather than going through local qualifying. The United Premier Soccer League (UPSL) is also recognized by the USSF as a National Affiliate, but does not gain automatic entry to the Open Cup through the National League track, instead going through local qualifiers. Additionally, clubs in USL2, UPSL and NPSL pay some of their players and are more accurately described as semi-professional leagues. USL League Two takes place during the summer months, and has age restrictions.PDL rules dictate that a maximum of eight players on each team's 26-man roster can be over 23 years old, while at least three players on each team's roster must be 18 or younger. Thus, the player pool is drawn mainly from NCAA college soccer players seeking to continue playing high level soccer during their summer break, while still maintaining their college eligibility. The National Premier Soccer League is similar to USL2 and also attracts top amateur talent from around the United States. However, unlike USL2, the NPSL does not have any age limits or restrictions, thus incorporating both college players and former professional players.. The United Premier Soccer League takes place year round with two seasons, one in spring and one in fall. Unlike USL2 and NPSL, the UPSL does not rely on college players and is the national league with the most diverse participation. ===Men's league structure=== The table below shows the current structure of the system. For each division, its official name, sponsorship name, number of clubs and conferences/divisions are given. The United States Soccer Federation regulates the standards for a league or division to be recognized as professional, while also determining the level of division for each league. Division Professional leagues sanctioned by the United States Soccer Federation I Major League Soccer 29 clubs – 2 conferences II USL Championship 24 clubs – 2 conferences III USL League One 12 clubs National Independent Soccer Association 9 clubs MLS Next Pro 27 clubs – 2 conferences The system is only defined as far as Division 3. Some semi-professional leagues refer to themselves as fourth division, however any tier or division numbers are not recognized for these leagues as U.S. Soccer does not designate a division number nor directly sanction anything below Division 3. What follows is a list of additional notable leagues. Amateur leagues Geographic scope USASA Sanctioned Non-USASA Sanctioned National Leagues National Premier Soccer League 92 clubs – 4 regions with 14 conferences USL League Two 120 clubs – 4 conferences with 18 divisions NISA Nation 25 clubs – 4 regions United Premier Soccer League Premier Division (Tier 1) – 4 conferences with 25 divisions Regional and Local Leagues USASA Regional Elite Amateur and State Premier Leagues Various Multi-State and State Premier Leagues – 4 regions United Premier Soccer League Division 1 (Tier 2) – 4 conferences with 17 divisions USASA State Leagues Various, many with multiple tiers – 54 state associations ===Men's national soccer cups=== * U.S. Open Cup – open to all US Soccer sanctioned amateur and professional leagues, though professional teams that are owned by, or whose playing staffs are managed by, higher-level outdoor professional teams are barred from entry. * USASA National Amateur Cup – USASA cup tournament open to amateur-only teams from USASA sanctioned leagues. Winner gains entry to the U.S. Open Cup. * Hank Steinbrecher Cup – contested between the defending champion, the league winners of the NPSL and USL League Two, and the defending champion of the USASA Amateur Cup. ==Women's leagues== The Women's United Soccer Association started playing in 2001, but suspended operations in 2003. It was replaced in 2009 with Women's Professional Soccer. WPS closed after the 2011 season due to a dispute with owners, and the WPSL Elite League was the de facto top tier of women's soccer in 2012. In November 2012 the National Women's Soccer League, sponsored by the United States Soccer Federation, the Canadian Soccer Association and the Mexican Football Federation was announced. The league started play in April 2013. Mexico withdrew from sponsorship of the NWSL once it established its own women's league in 2017. For many years, there were two leagues that acted as an unofficial lower division. The United Soccer Leagues ran the W-League from 1995 to 2015. The Women's Premier Soccer League (WPSL) was founded in 1998. Almost immediately following the demise of the W-League, United Women's Soccer was founded with orphan W-League teams and WPSL breakaways. UWS then formed a U23 reserve league, UWS2, in early 2020. After the 2019 FIFA Women's World Cup, USL began exploring the idea of creating a professional league to directly compete with NWSL. This effort ultimately was scaled back to running an amateur revival of the W-League, which would operate beneath the DII WISL (operated by NISA) and a planned DIII league run by UWS. The amateur USL W League was officially revived in June 2021, called by USL as "pre-professional", and the new USL Super League was announced for professional Division II status three months later in direct competition to WISL, both of which aim to launch in 2023. USL announced it would pursue Division I sanctioning for the USL Super League and would launch 8 teams in 2024 and an additional 5 teams in 2025. While there was never official distinction between the national amateur leagues, it was commonly assumed that the W-League was a higher quality than WPSL. Two W-League teams had effectively promoted into the first division – the Buffalo Flash becoming the Western New York Flash in 2011 and D.C. United Women becoming the Washington Spirit in 2013 – while no WPSL teams have ever done so. UWS, as W-League's spiritual successor, has strengthened this image of being the higher-quality amateur league by attracting four teams that had been associated with WPSL Elite. Division Professional leagues by the United States Soccer Federation I National Women's Soccer League (NWSL) 12 clubs USL Super League (USLS) (sanctioning pending) 13 clubs (planned) II Women's Independent Soccer League (WISL) (sanctioning pending) 1 club (TBA planned) III Planned UWS Pro League TBA Clubs Planned WPSL Pro (sanctioning pending) 10 clubs (planned) Amateur leagues not directly sanctioned by USSF Affiliated through United States Adult Soccer Association (USASA)http://uwssoccer.com/2015/12/16/uws-to-form-national-pro-am-womens- soccer-league-in-2016/ Affiliation TBA United Women's Soccer (UWS) 49 clubs – 6 conferences Women's Premier Soccer League (WPSL) 129 clubs – 4 regions with 21 conferences USL W League (USLW) 65 clubs – 10 divisions UWS League 2 (UWS2) 47 clubs – 9 conferences United States Adult Soccer Association (USASA) 55 state associations in 4 regions See List of USASA affiliated leagues for complete list Region I Region II Region III Region IV ===Women's national soccer cups=== * NWSL Challenge Cup – open to NWSL teams * USASA National Women's Open – open to WPSL and UWS teams * USASA National Women's Amateur – open to all USASA-affiliated women's teams ==Indoor soccer== Indoor soccer in North America is governed by the Confederación Panamericana de Minifutbol (CPM), a member of the World Minifootball Federation (WMF). Leagues/divisions Leagues/divisions Major Arena Soccer League (MASL) 13 clubs Major Arena Soccer League (MASL) 13 clubs Major Arena Soccer League 2 (M2) 13 clubs Major Arena Soccer League 2 (M2) 13 clubs Premier Arena Soccer League (PASL) 9 men's clubs 8 women's clubs Major Arena Soccer League 3 (M3) 9 men's clubs ==See also== * Soccer in the United States * List of soccer clubs in the United States * Record attendances in United States club soccer * Canadian soccer league system ==References== ==External links== *USSF Standards 2014 *United States Soccer Federation *United Soccer Leagues *United States Futsal Federation Category:Football league systems in North America

['United States Soccer Federation', 'Bermuda', 'Canada', 'Puerto Rico', 'FIFA', 'U.S. Open Cup', 'CONCACAF Champions League', 'United States Adult Soccer Association', 'United Soccer Leagues', 'National Collegiate Athletic Association', 'Major League Soccer', 'USL Championship', 'USL League One', 'National Independent Soccer Association', 'USL First Division', 'USL Second Division', 'USSF Division 2 Pro League', 'National Premier Soccer League', 'NPSL Founders Cup', 'USL League Two', 'United Premier Soccer League', 'List of USASA affiliated leagues', 'National Amateur Cup', "Women's United Soccer Association", "Women's Professional Soccer", 'WPSL Elite League', "National Women's Soccer League", 'Canadian Soccer Association', 'Mexican Football Federation', "Women's Premier Soccer League", "United Women's Soccer", 'Buffalo Flash', 'D.C. United Women', 'Washington Spirit', "USASA National Women's Open", "USASA National Women's Amateur", 'World Minifootball Federation', 'Major Arena Soccer League', 'Major Arena Soccer League 2', 'Premier Arena Soccer League', 'Soccer in the United States', 'List of soccer clubs in the United States', 'Record attendances in United States club soccer', 'Canadian soccer league system']

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Robert Lee Jr. (born September 17, 1971) is an American stand-up comedian, actor, and podcaster. From 2001 to 2009, Lee was a cast member on MADtv, and he co-starred in the ABC single-camera sitcom series Splitting Up Together alongside Jenna Fischer and Oliver Hudson between 2018 and 2019. Lee has also appeared in the films Harold & Kumar Go to White Castle (2004), Pineapple Express (2008), and The Dictator (2012). He had a guest appearance as the cynical, burned-out Dr. Kang on FX on Hulu's TV comedy series Reservation Dogs. Lee co-hosts the podcast TigerBelly with his ex-partner, Khalyla Kuhn; he is also the co-host of the podcast Bad Friends with Andrew Santino. ==Early life and education== Lee was born on September 17, 1971, to Korean immigrant parents Jeanie and Robert Lee. He and his younger brother Steve grew up in Poway, California. His parents owned clothing stores in both Escondido and Encinitas, California. He attended Painted Rock Elementary School, Twin Peaks Middle School, and Poway High School. In high school, he was part of a breakdancing team. At 18, Lee moved out of his parents' home and took jobs in restaurants and coffee shops in the San Diego area while attending Palomar College, which he later dropped out of. ==Career== Lee worked various jobs at cafes and restaurants before pursuing a career in comedy. In 1994, the coffee shop where he was working abruptly closed. "I just went next door to get a job," he said, "which was The Comedy Store in San Diego" (also known as the La Jolla Comedy Store). After a few months of working odd jobs at the club, he decided to try stand-up during one of their amateur nights. Within a year of doing regular comedy sets, he received offers to open for both Pauly Shore and Carlos Mencia. Lee went on to work regularly at The Comedy Store in Los Angeles, a comedy club owned by Pauly Shore's mother Mitzi. Lee has said that his parents had hoped he would continue on with the family business and were less than supportive of his comedic pursuits at first. During a podcast interview conducted by fellow actor and comedian Joe Rogan on February 1, 2011, Lee stated that during the first few years he did stand-up, his parents barely spoke to him. However, after his appearance on The Tonight Show with Jay Leno his father called him, asked how much he had to pay to be on the show, and then apologized for not supporting his comedy career. Lee has included his family in some of his work; his younger brother has appeared in several non-speaking roles on MADtv, and his entire family has appeared in a sketch on the show. Lee also pitched a sitcom to Comedy Central in 2007 about a Korean family which was to star his own family. Lee hosted the 9th MusiCares MAP Fund Benefit Concert in 2013. In 2020, Lee began co-hosting the Bad Friends podcast with Andrew Santino. ===MADtv=== In 2001, Lee joined the cast of MADtv, making him the show's first and only Asian cast member. He has publicly expressed that he dreaded playing the characters Bae Sung and Connie Chung, as well as the "Average Asian" skits. Lee remained with the cast until the series' cancellation in 2009 and returned briefly when MADtv was revived in 2016 on The CW. Some of Lee's recurring characters included: Character name Description Kim Jong-il Host of the imaginary Kim Jong-il Show Connie Chung Journalist Bae Sung The hapless interpreter Tank Asian-American "Street Tuner" character in the style of the film The Fast and the Furious: Tokyo Drift Xing Lao "Johnny" Gan Host of Many Shows! With Johnny Gan and Pongo "The Blind Kung-fu Master" Title character Dr. Poon Ji-Sum Character on the Korean soap opera parody Taedo-Attitudes and Feelings, Both Desirable and Sometimes Secretive Hideki "The Average Asian" Asian man whose friends think he adheres to the stereotypes associated with East Asian people John McCain United States Senator from Arizona Stewie Griffin Infant super-villain in a live-action re- creation of a scene from the Family Guy episode "Fast Times at Buddy Cianci High" Yamanashi Student in gym class of Coach Hines (Keegan-Michael Key), who always gets yelled at and harassed by Coach Hines (whether or not he deserved it). === TigerBelly podcast === TigerBelly is a video podcast hosted by Bobby Lee and his ex-partner, Khalyla Kuhn, that they started in 2015, with appearances by technical engineer Gilbert Galon and producer George Kimmel. Kuhn became interested in doing podcasts of her own after she was a guest on the DVDASA podcast. The show's intro song "Shadow Gook" was written and produced by Lee and performed by Lee and Kuhn. The hosts discuss events from their lives and news topics from popular culture, often revolving around Asian American issues related to the entertainment industry, adolescence, sexuality, ethnicity, racism, and politics. Lee and Erik Griffin initially pitched a podcast to All Things Comedy, and they were immediately signed but they could never make the time to meet. Around this time Lee and Kuhn were visiting her family in the Philippines, when Kuhn came down with serious heart trouble. She spent weeks in hospitals and couldn't return to her nursing job. She needed something to do to keep busy and so started her own podcast. Lee came on her show and the chemistry was so good that Lee decided to instead focus on podcasts with Kuhn. As TigerBelly grew, Lee and Kuhn needed an engineer to watch over the computer and consult on technical issues, so they asked Gilbert to handle the technical side of the podcast; Lee had met Gilbert at a viewing of a Manny Pacquiao fight. Lee met future TigerBelly producer George Kimmel when he was working on The Station comedy channel for Maker Studios, where Kimmel was working as a producer. Since 2018 Lee has made several appearances as recurring character Jin Jeong in the new Magnum P.I. TV-series. ==Personal life== Lee began taking methamphetamine and marijuana around age 12, as well as heroin by age 15, and went through three drug-rehabilitation attempts before becoming sober when he was 17. Lee relapsed on Vicodin and ended 12 years of sobriety after receiving negative feedback from a producer. He got sober after MADtv producer Lauren Dombrowski fought for him after he was fired from the show a second time, a story which Lee discusses in his appearance on the pilot episode of Comedy Central's TV series This Is Not Happening. On TigerBelly episode 224, Lee admitted to guest Theo Von that he had relapsed after his father's death in August 2019 from Parkinson's disease. He subsequently went to rehab and became sober again. Lee has stated that he is a recovering alcoholic. Lee is a long-time Arsenal Football Club supporter. Lee is also an avid fan of computer games, playing FIFA, Stardew Valley, The Elder Scrolls, Red Dead Redemption 2, and The Witcher series. Lee's younger brother, Steve Lee, is a musician and also a comedian. He hosts The Steebee Weebee podcast and co-hosts the Scissor Bros podcast with comedian Jeremiah Watkins. Steve has also made guest appearances alongside Bobby on MADtv, especially in sketches featuring Kim Jong-il and Tank. ==Filmography== ===Film=== Year Title Role Notes 1999 The Underground Comedy Movie Chinese Man 2003 Pauly Shore Is Dead Delivery Boy 2003 American Misfits Korean General Video 2004 Harold & Kumar Go to White Castle Kenneth Park 2005 Accidentally on Purpose Bobby Short 2006 Undoing Kenny 2006 Thugaboo: Sneaker Madness Mr. Lee Young/William Hung (voice) TV movie 2007 Kickin' It Old Skool Aki 2008 Killer Pad Winnie 2008 Pineapple Express Bobby 2008 Larry of Arabia Bobby Short 2009 Soldiers of Capernaum - Video 2010 Fudgy Wudgy Fudge Face Kangaroo Hands 2010 Hard Breakers Travis 2011 Paul Valet 2011 A Very Harold & Kumar 3D Christmas Kenneth Park 2012 The Dictator Mr. Lao 2013 Final Recipe Park 2013 Wedding Palace Kevin 2013 Jesus is My Co-Pilot Himself Short 2014 Meet Me at the Reck Himself Video 2014 Bro, What Happened? Brah Man 2014 Out of Love Stanley Short 2015 The Comments Hugh Short 2016 Laid in America Goose 2016 Keeping Up with the Joneses Ricky Lu 2018 Curious Georgina Bobby Short 2018 Public Disturbance Chuck 2019 Extracurricular Activities Mr. Mulnick 2020 The Wrong Missy Check- In Desk Employee 2020 Guest House Benny 2021 Wish Dragon Tall Goon (voice) 2021 How It Ends Derek 2021 Hero Mode VP Goodson 2023 Death and Ramen Timmy Lee Short 2023 The Throwback Charles ===Television=== Year Title Role Notes 1999 Arli$$ - Episode: "D-Day" 2001 Late Friday Himself Episode: "Episode #1.19" 2001 The Brothers Garcia Pet Store Clerk Episode: "But Football Is a Religion" Mad TV Himself/Cast Member Featured Cast: Season 7 & 15, Main Cast: Season 8–14 2004 I Love the '90s Himself Episode: "1995" & "1999" 2004 Faking It Himself Episode: "Fireman to Funnyman" 2005 Minding the Store Himself Episode: "Makeover" & "La Jolla" 2005 The Drop Himself Episode: "Episode #3.14" 2005 Party @ the Palms Chu Episode: "Episode #1.6" 2005 Curb Your Enthusiasm Sung Episode: "The Korean Bookie" 2005–06 Mind of Mencia Asian CSI Agent/Gay Pirate Episode: "Episode #1.6" & "Stereotype Olympics" 2006 Icons Himself Episode: "Jamie Kennedy" 2006 Comedy Zen Himself Episode: "Episode #1.4" 2007 American Dad! Danny (voice) Episode: "Bush Comes to Dinner" 2007–14 Chelsea Lately Himself/Round Table Guest Recurring Round Table Guest 2008 Asian Excellence Awards Himself/Host Main Host 2009 Live at Gotham Himself/Host Episode: "Episode #4.2" 2009 Himself Episode: "Reality TV Made Me Do It" 2009 Family Guy Sharply Dressed Asian Man (voice) Episode: "Business Guy" 2009 The League Chu Episode: "The Usual Bet" 2009–19 Laugh Factory Himself Recurring Guest 2010 Supreme Court of Comedy Himself Episode: "Tom Arnold vs. Bobby Lee" 2010 Ktown Cowboys Himself Episode: "Episode #1.9" 2010 Cubed Bob Yamamoto Recurring Cast: Season 1, Guest: Season 2 2011 After Lately Himself Episode: "The 'M' Word" 2011 Big Time Rush T.J. Episode: "Big Time Reality" 2011 Family Guy Chinese Man (voice) Episode: "Amish Guy" 2012 Equals Three Himself Episode: "Spelling Bee" 2012 Samurai! Daycare Park Recurring Cast 2012 RVC: The Lone Shopping Network Hiri Episode: "Father of My Squids" 2012–13 Animal Practice Dr. Yamamoto Main Cast 2013 Who Gets the Last Laugh? Himself Episode: "Bam Margera/Bobby Lee/Matt Besser" 2013 Gotham Comedy Live Himself/Host Episode: "Bobby Lee" 2013 Knife Fight Himself Episode: "Travi vs. Kuramoto" 2013 Internet Shock Quiz Himself Episode: "Bobby Lee's Racist Confession" 2013 JustKiddingFilms Himself Episode: "Don't Bang My Wife" & "Sharing Is Caring" 2013 Arrested Development Mrs. Oh Episode: "Queen B." 2013 Tubbin' with Tash Tiger Belly Episode: "Chelsea Handler" & "Chelsea Peretti & Reggie Watts" 2013 Sean Saves the World Mr. Kim Episode: "Sean Comes Clean" 2013–14 Kill Tony Himself/Guest Host Episode: "Kill Tony #9" & "Kill Tony #32" 2013–14 Deal with It Himself Recurring Cast: Season 1, Guest: Season 3 2013–15 The Awesomes Tim/Sumo (voice) Main Cast 2014 TripTank Episode: "The Green" & "Candy Van Finger Bang" 2014 The League Lee Wei Lee Episode: "Epi Sexy" 2014–16 This Is Not Happening Himself Recurring Guest 2015 The Comedians Fortune Teller's nephew Episode: "Billy's Birthday" 2015 Bad Weather Films Himself Episode: "Hottest Instagram Models" 2015 NCIS: Los Angeles Rio Syamsundin Episode: "Blame It on Rio" 2015–19 Nature Cat MC Ferret (voice) Recurring Cast: Season 1–3 2016 Jeff Ross Presents Roast Battle Himself/Judge Episode: "Road to Roast Battle" 2016 Bad Weather Films Himself Episode: "Movie Directors" 2016 @midnight Himself Episode: "Episode #4.6" 2016 Another Period Sea Captain Episode: "Lillian's Wedding" & "The Duel" 2016 Son of Zorn Jakton Episode: "The War of the Workplace" 2016–18 Love Truman Recurring Cast 2017 The Comedy Jam Himself Episode: "Tiffany Haddish/Chris Hardwick/Bobby Lee" 2017 Funny You Should Ask Himself Recurring Guest 2017 Comrade Detective New York Degenerate (voice) Episode: "Two Films for One Ticket" 2017 What Would Diplo Do? Brian Main Cast 2017 Real Rob Kim Lin Episode: "Best Play Date Ever" 2018 Something’s Burning Himself 2018 Alone Together Stan Episode: "Pop-Up" 2018 NCIS: Los Angeles Jeff Carol Episode: "Goodbye, Vietnam" 2018–19 Splitting Up Together Arthur Main Cast 2019 Family Style Himself Episode: "Sweets" 2019 Beyond the Arc Himself Episode: "Montreal" 2019–23 Magnum P.I. Jin Recurring Cast: Season 2-4, Guest: Season 5 2020 Game On! Himself/Captain Main Captain 2020 The Stand-Up Show with Jon Dore Himself Episode: "Episode #1.5" 2020 The Cabin with Bert Kreischer Himself Episode: "Release" 2020 The Comedy Store Himself Main Guest 2020 Dream Corp LLC Tricky Ricky Recurring Cast: Season 3 2021 Fast Foodies Himself Episode: "Bobby Lee" 2021 Nailed It! Himself/Guest Judge Episode: "Travel Dos and Donuts" 2021 Well Done with Sebastian Maniscalco Himself Episode: "The Macaroniscalco" 2021 Immoral Compass Dylan Episode: "Part 2: Secrets" 2021–22 Reservation Dogs Dr. Kang Guest: Season 1, Recurring Cast: Season 2 2021–22 Inside Job Dr. Andre (voice) Main Cast 2021–23 And Just Like That... Jackie Nee Recurring Cast 2022 About Last Night Himself Episode: "Anna Camp/Loni Love/Bobby Lee" 2022 Dark Side of Comedy Himself Episode: "Andrew Dice Clay" 2023 History of the World, Part II Harold Episode: "VI" ===Music Videos=== Year Title Artist Role Notes 2009 "We Made You" Eminem Sulu 2010 "2 Different Tears" Wonder Girls Adriane (May 24, 2010). "The Wonder Girls: New Music Video, Exclusive Pics, Videos Here at MTV Iggy!"MTV K. Archived from the original on June 04 2011. Retrieved January 29, 2020. 2011 "Hangover" Taio Cruz Captain 2017 "Dure Dure" Jencarlos ===Documentary=== Year Title Role Notes 2007 Heckler Himself 2016 Dying Laughing Himself 2017 Funny: The Documentary Himself 2020 Happy Happy Joy Joy: The Ren and Stimpy Story Himself ==References== ===Sources=== * * * * ==External links== * * Official Mad TV Website Category:1971 births Category:Living people Category:American male comedians Category:American male film actors Category:American impressionists (entertainers) Category:American male television actors Category:American male voice actors Category:Male actors from San Diego Category:American male actors of Korean descent Category:21st-century American male actors Category:American sketch comedians Category:American stand-up comedians Category:Comedians from California Category:21st-century American comedians Category:American comedians of Korean descent Category:Palomar College alumni

['MADtv', 'Splitting Up Together', 'Jenna Fischer', 'Oliver Hudson', 'Andrew Santino', 'Korean immigrant', 'Poway, California', 'Encinitas, California', 'Twin Peaks Middle School', 'Poway High School', 'Palomar College', 'Pauly Shore', 'Carlos Mencia', 'The Comedy Store', 'Los Angeles', 'Joe Rogan', 'The Tonight Show with Jay Leno', 'MusiCares MAP Fund Benefit Concert', 'The CW', 'Kim Jong-il', 'Connie Chung', 'The Fast and the Furious: Tokyo Drift', 'John McCain', 'Stewie Griffin', 'Keegan-Michael Key', 'DVDASA', 'Erik Griffin', 'All Things Comedy', 'Manny Pacquiao', 'Maker Studios', 'Vicodin', 'Theo Von', 'Stardew Valley', 'The Elder Scrolls', 'Red Dead Redemption 2', 'The Underground Comedy Movie', 'Pauly Shore Is Dead', 'Thugaboo: Sneaker Madness', "Kickin' It Old Skool", 'Killer Pad', 'Final Recipe', 'Laid in America', 'Wish Dragon', 'The Brothers Garcia', 'Minding the Store', 'Curb Your Enthusiasm', 'Mind of Mencia', 'American Dad!', 'Chelsea Lately', 'Asian Excellence Awards', 'Live at Gotham', 'Family Guy', 'The League', 'Laugh Factory', 'Ktown Cowboys', 'After Lately', 'Big Time Rush', 'Equals Three', 'Animal Practice', 'Arrested Development', 'Sean Saves the World', 'The Awesomes', 'TripTank', 'Nature Cat', '@midnight', 'Another Period', 'Son of Zorn', 'The Comedy Jam', 'Comrade Detective', 'What Would Diplo Do?', 'Real Rob', 'Dream Corp LLC', 'Nailed It!', 'Sebastian Maniscalco', 'We Made You', 'Eminem', '2 Different Tears', 'Wonder Girls', 'MTV K', 'Taio Cruz', 'Dying Laughing']

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Patrick Lance Borders (born May 14, 1963) is an American former professional baseball player and current minor league manager. He played as a catcher in Major League Baseball from to . He was the Most Valuable Player of the 1992 World Series as a member of the Toronto Blue Jays. Borders also won an Olympic gold medal with the United States baseball team at the 2000 Summer Olympics in Sydney. He is the current manager of the Williamsport Crosscutters of the New York–Penn League. ==Early years== Borders was born in Columbus, Ohio, but spent the majority of his childhood in Lake Wales, Florida, where he currently resides. He attended Lake Wales High School and was a standout in both football and baseball. He batted .440 as a junior, and as a senior he batted .510 with a school single season record 10 home runs and 36 RBI. Although he was offered a football/baseball scholarship to Mississippi State University, he turned it down to sign with the Blue Jays, who had drafted him in the sixth round of the 1982 Major League Baseball Draft. ==Professional career== Borders was brought up in the Toronto Blue Jays system and made his major league debut in , playing in 56 games. Initially playing first and third base, he was converted to a catcher as his defense was deemed not strong enough to keep him in the majors. Over the next few seasons, he earned the full-time position behind the plate, and he was a cornerpiece of the 1992 and 1993 World Series champion teams. In the 1992 Series, he hit .450 with one home run en route to winning the World Series MVP award. On September 2, 1990, while with the Blue Jays, Borders caught Dave Stieb's no-hitter—the only one in franchise history to date. Borders left the Jays as a free agent after the season, but never found a permanent home like Toronto had been for him in his seven years there. Over the following decade he played for the Kansas City Royals (), Houston Astros (1995), St. Louis Cardinals (), California Angels (1996), Chicago White Sox (1996), Cleveland Indians (-), returned to Toronto in 1999, Seattle Mariners (-), Minnesota Twins (2004), and again with the Mariners (), never playing in more than 55 games for any one team during a season. Borders was signed by the Milwaukee Brewers to a minor league contract after the 2004 season. On May 19, 2005, he was acquired by Seattle from the Brewers for cash considerations and was assigned to Triple-A Tacoma of the Pacific Coast League. With Seattle's primary catcher Miguel Olivo struggling, and losing backup catcher Dan Wilson to an injury, Borders became Seattle's primary catcher for most of the first half of the 2005 season. Seattle designated him for assignment shortly after the All-Star Break to make room for some younger prospects. During his time in Triple-A Tacoma for the Mariners, Borders stated that he would rather remain in Triple-A, because he was closer to his family, enjoyed the lifestyle, and had enough money. On January 25, , the Los Angeles Dodgers signed Borders to a minor league contract and invited him to spring training. On May 27, he announced his retirement. Borders finished his career with a .253 batting average, 69 home runs, and 346 runs batted in in 1,099 games. Borders is one of only five players to have won both a World Series championship and an Olympic gold medal, along with Doug Mientkiewicz and Cuban players Orlando Hernandez, Jose Contreras and Yuli Gurriel. ==Post- retirement== On August 7, 2009, the Blue Jays held a pre-game ceremony at the Rogers Centre recognizing members of the 1992 and 1993 World Series teams, including Borders. As part of the event, Borders caught the ceremonial first pitch from Cito Gaston, then in his second stint as Blue Jays manager after leading the team to both Series titles. In June 2015, Borders began his first season as manager of the Williamsport Crosscutters, the Philadelphia Phillies’ short-season single A affiliate. ==See also== * List of Olympic Games gold medalists who won World Series ==References== ==External links== * * Pelota Binaria (Venezuelan Winter League) * * * Category:1963 births Category:Living people Category:American expatriate baseball players in Canada Category:Baseball coaches from Florida Category:Baseball players at the 2000 Summer Olympics Category:Buffalo Bisons (minor league) players Category:Caimanes del Sur players Category:American expatriate baseball players in the Dominican Republic Category:California Angels players Category:Cardenales de Lara players Category:American expatriate baseball players in Venezuela Category:Chicago White Sox players Category:Cleveland Indians players Category:Dunedin Blue Jays players Category:Durham Bulls players Category:Florence Blue Jays players Category:Houston Astros players Category:Kansas City Royals players Category:Kinston Blue Jays players Category:Kinston Eagles players Category:Knoxville Blue Jays players Category:Las Vegas 51s players Category:Major League Baseball catchers Category:Medalists at the 2000 Summer Olympics Category:Medicine Hat Blue Jays players Category:Minnesota Twins players Category:Minor league baseball coaches Category:Minor league baseball managers Category:Nashville Sounds players Category:Olympic gold medalists for the United States in baseball Category:People from Lake Wales, Florida Category:Baseball players from Polk County, Florida Category:People from Scioto County, Ohio Category:Seattle Mariners players Category:Baseball players from Columbus, Ohio Category:Baseball coaches from Ohio Category:St. Louis Cardinals players Category:Syracuse Chiefs players Category:Tacoma Rainiers players Category:Toronto Blue Jays players Category:Vero Beach Dodgers players Category:World Series Most Valuable Player Award winners

['Columbus, Ohio', 'Toronto Blue Jays', 'Kansas City Royals', 'Houston Astros', 'St. Louis Cardinals', 'California Angels', 'Chicago White Sox', 'Cleveland Indians', 'Seattle Mariners', 'Minnesota Twins', 'World Series', 'World Series MVP', 'Major League Baseball', 'Olympic Games', '2000 Summer Olympics', 'Sydney', 'Williamsport Crosscutters', 'New York–Penn League', 'Lake Wales, Florida', 'Lake Wales High School', 'Mississippi State University', 'Dave Stieb', 'Milwaukee Brewers', 'Tacoma Rainiers', 'Pacific Coast League', 'Miguel Olivo', 'Los Angeles Dodgers', 'Doug Mientkiewicz', 'Orlando Hernandez', 'Jose Contreras', 'Yuli Gurriel', 'Rogers Centre', 'Cito Gaston', 'Philadelphia Phillies']

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Alvin Earl DeVane (November 2, 1923 – January 1, 2012) was a former Army Air Forces sergeant and a retired Austin Police lieutenant. A street in Austin, Texas is named for him, since its opening in 1984. He was an amateur radio operator, and an active member and former president of Austin's barbershop singing community. ==Early life== DeVane was born in Elba, Alabama in 1923 and enlisted in the Army Air Corps (then recently a component of the United States Army Air Forces) in 1943, during which he was a C-47 radio operator in the Pacific Theatre. A sergeant, he was assigned to the 318th Troop Carrier Squadron (Commando), 3rd Air Commando Group. ==Career and recognition== DeVane was a member of the Austin Police Department from 1957 to 1983. A lot of his time there was spent as a street cop, but he later achieved the rank of Lieutenant and served in the traffic office. The American-Statesman pictured DeVane in uniform among others at a disaster center for a May 1981 flood in Austin. When DeVane was nearing retirement, one of his daughters decided to try to have a street named for him as a retirement gift. She started by writing a letter to a popular Q&A; columnist in the Austin American-Statesman, Ellie Rucker. She then investigated the possibility of changing the name of the street he lived on, but soon found that to be entirely too cumbersome a project. She moved on to finding a developer who would name a new street after him instead. She contacted an acquaintance of his in the city's Street and Bridge department who was instrumental in making it happen. A new development was being planned for southeast Austin, that would be the site of Advanced Micro Devices. Thanks to the generosity of a developer, her dream became a reality in December 1984. Street and Bridge made a street sign for her to present to him along with the city plat, detailing the location. The event was covered by a local news television station and was also picked up by the AP, appearing in the Dallas paper. ==Personal life== During his military service, DeVane was stationed at Austin's Bergstrom Field where he met his future wife, Antoinette "Toni", at a USO dance. Married in September 1944, they had four children and seven grandchildren. DeVane has a namesake, Alvin DeVane II, who resides in Dallas. He was a fan of local Texas Longhorns sports, as well as their marching band, particularly during its DiNino era of directorship. DeVane was a member of The Chordrangers barbershop chorus and former president of Austin's chapter of SPEBSQSA, the Barbershop Harmony Society. He was also an amateur radio operator, having used the callsign WB5HZQ. ==References== Category:Amateur radio people Category:Barbershop Harmony Society Category:Military personnel from Texas Category:People from Austin, Texas Category:1923 births Category:2012 deaths Category:United States Army Air Forces personnel of World War II Category:United States Army Air Forces non- commissioned officers

['Elba, Alabama', 'Austin, Texas', 'United States Army Air Forces', 'C-47', '318th Troop Carrier Squadron', 'Austin Police Department', 'Austin American-Statesman', 'Advanced Micro Devices', 'Bergstrom Field', 'USO', 'Texas Longhorns', 'Barbershop Harmony Society']

['Q79487', 'Q16559', 'Q741723', 'Q714326', 'Q4634754', 'Q4823239', 'Q3629935', 'Q128896', 'Q2897138', 'Q1972821', 'Q2615493', 'Q807817']

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The Cordilleran ice sheet was a major ice sheet that periodically covered large parts of North America during glacial periods over the last ~2.6 million years. ==Extent== The ice extent covered almost all of the continental shelf north of the Strait of Juan de Fuca and south from approximately the southwestern third of the Yukon Territory. This included all of mainland British Columbia (excluding Victoria), South Central Alaska, the Alaska Panhandle, and peninsula. The southern glacial maximums extended south to Washington state near Olympia in the west and to Spokane, the Idaho Panhandle, and much of Western Montana at the eastern glacial edge. At its eastern end the Cordilleran ice sheet merged with the Laurentide Ice Sheet at the Continental Divide, forming an area of ice that contained one and a half times as much water as the Antarctic ice sheet does today. The ice sheet faded north of the Alaska Range because the climate was too dry to form glaciers. The ice sheet covered up to at the Last Glacial Maximum and probably more than that in some previous periods, when it may have extended into the northeast extremity of Oregon and the Salmon River Mountains in Idaho. It is probable, though, that its northern margin also migrated south due to the influence of starvation caused by very low levels of precipitation. ==Refugia== At its western end it is currently understood that several small glacial refugia existed during the last glacial maximum below present sea level in the now- submerged Hecate Strait and on the Brooks Peninsula in northern Vancouver Island. However, evidence of ice-free refugia above present sea level north of the Olympic Peninsula has been refuted by genetic and geological studies since the middle 1990s. ==Thawing== Unlike the Laurentide Ice Sheet, which is believed to have taken as much as eleven thousand years to fully melt, it is believed the Cordilleran ice sheet, except for areas that remain glaciated today, melted very quickly, probably in four thousand years or less. This rapid melting caused such floods as the overflow of Lake Missoula and shaped the topography of the extremely fertile Inland Empire of Eastern Washington. ==Sea levels during glaciation== Because of the weight of the ice, the mainland of northwest North America was so depressed that sea levels at the Last Glacial Maximum were over a hundred metres higher than they are today (measured by the level of bedrock). However, on the western edge at the Haida Gwaii, the lower thickness of the ice sheet meant that sea levels were as much as lower than they are today, forming a lake in the deepest parts of the strait. This was because the much greater thickness of the center of the ice sheet served to push upwards areas at the edge of the continental shelf in a glacial forebulge. The effect of this during deglaciation was that sea levels on the edge of the ice sheet, which naturally deglaciated first, initially rose due to an increase in the volume of water, but later fell due to rebound after deglaciation. Some underwater features along the Pacific Northwest were exposed because of the lower sea levels, including Bowie Seamount west of Haida Gwaii which has been interpreted as an active volcanic island throughout the last ice age. These effects are important because they have been used to explain how migrants to North America from Beringia were able to travel southward during the deglaciation process due purely to the exposure of submerged land between the mainland and numerous continental islands. They are also important for understanding the direction evolution has taken since the ice retreated. == See also == *Keewatin ice sheet *Labrador ice sheet *Baffin ice sheet ==References== * Hidy, A. J., Gosse, J. C., Froese, D. G., Bond, J. D., and Rood, D. H. (2013). A latest Pliocene age for the earliest and most extensive Cordilleran Ice Sheet in northwestern Canada. Quaternary Science Reviews 61:77-84. * Gwaii Haanas National Park Reserve and Haida Heritage Site * Clarke, T.E., D.B. Levin, D.H. Kavanaugh and T.E. Reimchen. 2001. Rapid Evolution in the Nebria Gregaria Group (Coleoptera: Carabidae) and the Paleogeography of the Queen Charlotte Islands. Evolution 51:1408-1418 * Brown, A. S., and H. Nasmith. 1962. The glaciation of the Queen Charlotte Islands. Canadian Field-Naturalist 76:209-219\. * Byun, S. A., B. F. Koop, and T. E. Reimchen. 1997. North American black bear mtDNA phylogeography: implications for morphology and the Haida Gwaii glacial refugium controversy. Evolution 51:1647-1653\. * Richard B. Waitt, Jr., and Robert M. Thorson, 1983. The Cordilleran Ice Sheet in Washington, Idaho, and Montana. IN: H.E. Wright, Jr., (ed.), 1983, Late-Quaternary Environments of the United States, Volume 1: The Late Pleistocene (Stephen C. Porter (ed.)): University of Minnesota Press, 407p., Chapter 3, p.53-70. Abstract * Holder, K., Montgomerie, R., and V.L. Friesen. 1999. A test of the glacial refugium hypothesis using patterns of mitochondrial and nuclear DNA sequence variation in the rock ptarmingan (Lagopus mutus). Evolution 53(6):1936-1950\. * Warner, B.G., Mathewes, R.W., and J.J. Clague. 1982. Ice-free conditions on the Queen Charlotte Islands, British Columbia, at the height of late Wisconsin glaciation. Science 218(4573):675-6770 Category:Glaciology Category:Glaciology of Canada Category:Glaciology of the United States Category:Ice ages Category:Ice sheets Category:Geology of British Columbia Category:Geology of Montana Category:Geology of Idaho Category:Geology of Yukon Category:Geology of Washington (state) Category:Geology of Alaska Category:Geology of Alberta

['Laurentide Ice Sheet', 'North America', 'Strait of Juan de Fuca', 'Yukon', 'South Central Alaska', 'Washington (state)', 'Idaho Panhandle', 'Western Montana', 'Antarctic ice sheet', 'Alaska Range', 'Last Glacial Maximum', 'Oregon', 'Hecate Strait', 'Brooks Peninsula', 'Vancouver Island', 'Olympic Peninsula', 'Lake Missoula', 'Eastern Washington', 'Haida Gwaii', 'Pacific Northwest', 'Bowie Seamount', 'Beringia']

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Glycogen phosphorylase is one of the phosphorylase enzymes (). Glycogen phosphorylase catalyzes the rate-limiting step in glycogenolysis in animals by releasing glucose-1-phosphate from the terminal alpha-1,4-glycosidic bond. Glycogen phosphorylase is also studied as a model protein regulated by both reversible phosphorylation and allosteric effects. ==Mechanism== Glycogen phosphorylase breaks up glycogen into glucose subunits (see also figure below): (α-1,4 glycogen chain)n \+ Pi ⇌ (α-1,4 glycogen chain)n-1 \+ α-D- glucose-1-phosphate. Glycogen is left with one fewer glucose molecule, and the free glucose molecule is in the form of glucose-1-phosphate. In order to be used for metabolism, it must be converted to glucose-6-phosphate by the enzyme phosphoglucomutase. Although the reaction is reversible in vitro, within the cell the enzyme only works in the forward direction as shown below because the concentration of inorganic phosphate is much higher than that of glucose-1-phosphate. Glycogen phosphorylase can act only on linear chains of glycogen (α1-4 glycosidic linkage). Its work will immediately come to a halt four residues away from α1-6 branch (which are exceedingly common in glycogen). In these situations, the debranching enzyme is necessary, which will straighten out the chain in that area. In addition, the enzyme transferase shifts a block of 3 glucosyl residues from the outer branch to the other end, and then a α1-6 glucosidase enzyme is required to break the remaining (single glucose) α1-6 residue that remains in the new linear chain. After all this is done, glycogen phosphorylase can continue. The enzyme is specific to α1-4 chains, as the molecule contains a 30-angstrom-long crevice with the same radius as the helix formed by the glycogen chain; this accommodates 4-5 glucosyl residues, but is too narrow for branches. This crevice connects the glycogen storage site to the active, catalytic site. Glycogen phosphorylase has a pyridoxal phosphate (PLP, derived from Vitamin B6) at each catalytic site. Pyridoxal phosphate links with basic residues (in this case Lys680) and covalently forms a Schiff base. Once the Schiff base linkage is formed, holding the PLP molecule in the active site, the phosphate group on the PLP readily donates a proton to an inorganic phosphate molecule, allowing the inorganic phosphate to in turn be deprotonated by the oxygen forming the α-1,4 glycosidic linkage. PLP is readily deprotonated because its negative charge is not only stabilized within the phosphate group, but also in the pyridine ring, thus the conjugate base resulting from the deprotonation of PLP is quite stable. The protonated oxygen now represents a good leaving group, and the glycogen chain is separated from the terminal glycogen in an SN1 fashion, resulting in the formation of a glucose molecule with a secondary carbocation at the 1 position. Finally, the deprotonated inorganic phosphate acts as a nucleophile and bonds with the carbocation, resulting in the formation of glucose-1-phosphate and a glycogen chain shortened by one glucose molecule. There is also an alternative proposed mechanism involving a positively charged oxygen in a half-chair conformation. == Structure == The glycogen phosphorylase monomer is a large protein, composed of 842 amino acids with a mass of 97.434 kDa in muscle cells. While the enzyme can exist as an inactive monomer or tetramer, it is biologically active as a dimer of two identical subunits. In mammals, the major isozymes of glycogen phosphorylase are found in muscle, liver, and brain. The brain type is predominant in adult brain and embryonic tissues, whereas the liver and muscle types are predominant in adult liver and skeletal muscle, respectively. The glycogen phosphorylase dimer has many regions of biological significance, including catalytic sites, glycogen binding sites, allosteric sites, and a reversibly phosphorylated serine residue. First, the catalytic sites are relatively buried, 15Å from the surface of the protein and from the subunit interface. This lack of easy access of the catalytic site to the surface is significant in that it makes the protein activity highly susceptible to regulation, as small allosteric effects could greatly increase the relative access of glycogen to the site. Perhaps the most important regulatory site is Ser14, the site of reversible phosphorylation very close to the subunit interface. The structural change associated with phosphorylation, and with the conversion of phosphorylase b to phosphorylase a, is the arrangement of the originally disordered residues 10 to 22 into α helices. This change increases phosphorylase activity up to 25% even in the absence of AMP, and enhances AMP activation further. The allosteric site of AMP binding on muscle isoforms of glycogen phosphorylase are close to the subunit interface just like Ser14. Binding of AMP at this site, corresponding in a change from the T state of the enzyme to the R state, results in small changes in tertiary structure at the subunit interface leading to large changes in quaternary structure. AMP binding rotates the tower helices (residues 262-278) of the two subunits 50˚ relative to one another through greater organization and intersubunit interactions. This rotation of the tower helices leads to a rotation of the two subunits by 10˚ relative to one another, and more importantly disorders residues 282-286 (the 280s loop) that block access to the catalytic site in the T state but do not in the R state. The final, perhaps most curious site on the glycogen phosphorylase protein is the so-called glycogen storage site. Residues 397-437 form this structure, which allows the protein to covalently bind to the glycogen chain a full 30 Å from the catalytic site . This site is most likely the site at which the enzyme binds to glycogen granules before initiating cleavage of terminal glucose molecules. In fact, 70% of dimeric phosphorylase in the cell exists as bound to glycogen granules rather than free floating. ==Clinical significance== The inhibition of glycogen phosphorylase has been proposed as one method for treating type 2 diabetes. Since glucose production in the liver has been shown to increase in type 2 diabetes patients, inhibiting the release of glucose from the liver's glycogen's supplies appears to be a valid approach. The cloning of the human liver glycogen phosphorylase (HLGP) revealed a new allosteric binding site near the subunit interface that is not present in the rabbit muscle glycogen phosphorylase (RMGP) normally used in studies. This site was not sensitive to the same inhibitors as those at the AMP allosteric site, and most success has been had synthesizing new inhibitors that mimic the structure of glucose, since glucose-6-phosphate is a known inhibitor of HLGP and stabilizes the less active T-state. These glucose derivatives have had some success in inhibiting HLGP, with predicted Ki values as low as 0.016 mM. Mutations in the muscle isoform of glycogen phosphorylase (PYGM) are associated with glycogen storage disease type V (GSD V, McArdle's Disease). More than 65 mutations in the PYGM gene that lead to McArdle disease have been identified to date. Symptoms of McArdle disease include muscle weakness, myalgia, and lack of endurance, all stemming from low glucose levels in muscle tissue. Mutations in the liver isoform of glycogen phosphorylase (PYGL) are associated with Hers' Disease (glycogen storage disease type VI). Hers' disease is often associated with mild symptoms normally limited to hypoglycemia, and is sometimes difficult to diagnose due to residual enzyme activity. The brain isoform of glycogen phosphorylase (PYGB) has been proposed as a biomarker for gastric cancer. ==Regulation== Glycogen phosphorylase is regulated through allosteric control and through phosphorylation. Phosphorylase a and phosphorylase b each exist in two forms: a T (tense) inactive state and an R (relaxed) state. Phosphorylase b is normally in the T state, inactive due to the physiological presence of ATP and Glucose 6 phosphate, and Phosphorylase a is normally in the R state (active). An isoenzyme of glycogen phosphorylase exists in the liver sensitive to glucose concentration, as the liver acts as a glucose exporter. In essence, liver phosphorylase is responsive to glucose, which causes a very responsive transition from the R to T form, inactivating it; furthermore, liver phosphorylase is insensitive to AMP. Hormones such as epinephrine, insulin and glucagon regulate glycogen phosphorylase using second messenger amplification systems linked to G proteins. Glucagon activates adenylate cyclase through a G protein-coupled receptor (GPCR) coupled to Gs which in turn activates adenylate cyclase to increase intracellular concentrations of cAMP. cAMP binds to and activates protein kinase A (PKA). PKA phosphorylates phosphorylase kinase, which in turn phosphorylates glycogen phosphorylase b at Ser14, converting it into the active glycogen phosphorylase a. In the liver, glucagon also activates another GPCR that triggers a different cascade, resulting in the activation of phospholipase C (PLC). PLC indirectly causes the release of calcium from the hepatocytes' endoplasmic reticulum into the cytosol. The increased calcium availability binds to the calmodulin subunit and activates glycogen phosphorylase kinase. Glycogen phosphorylase kinase activates glycogen phosphorylase in the same manner mentioned previously. Glycogen phosphorylase b is not always inactive in muscle, as it can be activated allosterically by AMP. An increase in AMP concentration, which occurs during strenuous exercise, signals energy demand. AMP activates glycogen phosphorylase b by changing its conformation from a tense to a relaxed form. This relaxed form has similar enzymatic properties as the phosphorylated enzyme. An increase in ATP concentration opposes this activation by displacing AMP from the nucleotide binding site, indicating sufficient energy stores. Upon eating a meal, there is a release of insulin, signaling glucose availability in the blood. Insulin indirectly activates protein phosphatase 1 (PP1) and phosphodiesterase via a signal transduction cascade. PP1 dephosphorylates glycogen phosphorylase a, reforming the inactive glycogen phosphorylase b. The phosphodiesterase converts cAMP to AMP. Together, they decrease the concentration of cAMP and inhibit PKA. As a result, PKA can no longer initiate the phosphorylation cascade that ends with formation of (active) glycogen phosphorylase a. Overall, insulin signaling decreases glycogenolysis to preserve glycogen stores in the cell and triggers glycogenesis. ==Historical significance== Glycogen phosphorylase was the first allosteric enzyme to be discovered. It was isolated and its activity characterized in detail by Carl F. Cori, Gerhard Schmidt and Gerty T. Cory. Arda Green and Gerty Cori crystallized it for the first time in 1943 and illustrated that glycogen phosphorylase existed in either the or b forms depending on its phosphorylation state, as well as in the R or T states based on the presence of AMP. == See also == * AMP deaminase deficiency (MADD) * Glycogenolysis * McArdle Disease (GSD-V) * Metabolic myopathies * Purine Nucleotide Cycle § Pathology == References == == Further reading == * * * * == External links == * GeneReviews/NCBI/NIH/UW entry on Glycogen Storage Disease Type VI - Hers disease * * * * Category:EC 2.4.1

['Vitamin B6', 'Schiff base', "Hers' Disease", 'G proteins', 'G protein-coupled receptor', 'Gerty Cori', 'Arda Green', 'Glycogenolysis']

['Q205130', 'Q2602701', 'Q1947298', 'Q407438', 'Q38173', 'Q204733', 'Q638355', 'Q680603']

[[(2007, 2017)], [(2134, 2145), (2156, 2167)], [(7449, 7462)], [(8628, 8638)], [(8687, 8713)], [(10924, 10934)], [(10909, 10919)], [(11208, 11222)]]

The Koschevnikov gland is a gland of the honeybee located near the sting shaft. The gland produces an alarm pheromone that is released when a bee stings. The pheromone contains more than 40 different compounds, including pentylacetate, butyl acetate, 1-hexanol, n-butanol, 1-octanol, hexylacetate, octylacetate, and 2-nonanol. These components have a low molar mass and evaporate quickly. This collection of compounds is the least specific of all pheromones. The alarm pheromone is released when a honey bee stings another animal to attract other bees to attack, as well. The release of the alarm pheromone may entice more bees to sting at the same location. Smoking the bees can reduce the pheromone's efficacy. == References == Category:Bees Category:Insect anatomy Category:Arthropod glands

['1-hexanol', '1-octanol', '2-nonanol']

['Q76933', 'Q161666', 'Q4596913']

[[(251, 260)], [(273, 282)], [(316, 325)]]

In parachuting, the term shroud lines is an old name for suspension lines. Such lines are thin cords which attach the canopy to the risers. On sailboats, shrouds are used as standing rigging to keep a mast vertical. On biplanes and triplanes, shrouds are used as the thin wire bracing between the wings. Category:Parachuting Category:Sailboats

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Riser may refer to: ==Engineering== * Stair riser, the vertical elements in a set of stairs * Riser, another name for a theatre platform * Riser, a length of vertically oriented piping used to deliver fluid, gas, or electrical signals or power upward ** Drilling riser, a device used on a ship or offshore drilling rig ** Dry riser, a pipe used to deliver water to firefighting systems that is normally kept empty (dry) ** Riser cable, a type of communications cable used to connect multiple floors in a building * Riser card, a printed circuit board which extends connectors away from another board * Riser, a skateboard component which increases the space between the wheels and the deck * Riser, the center section of a recurve bow * Parachute riser, strip of webbing joining the harness to the rigging lines * Riser (casting), a reservoir in a manufacturing mold ==People== * Larkin T. Riser (born 1949), Louisiana sheriff * Matt Riser (born 1984), American college baseball coach * Neil Riser (born 1962), a member of the Louisiana State Senate (United States) ==Other uses== * Riser, side of a terrace (geology) * Early riser, a person who wakes up early in the day * Riser (album), a 2014 studio album by Dierks Bentley ** "Riser" (song), the title track

['Stair riser', 'Drilling riser', 'Dry riser', 'Riser cable', 'Riser card', 'Parachute', 'Riser (casting)', 'Matt Riser', 'Neil Riser', 'Riser (album)']

['Q12511', 'Q953582', 'Q354411', 'Q7204573', 'Q501425', 'Q482816', 'Q1971904', 'Q16223403', 'Q6989217', 'Q17019066']

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Krista Muir is a Canadian indie rock singer-songwriter and keyboardist based in Montreal, Quebec. She initially used the stage name and persona of Lederhosen Lucil, but in 2007, she also began recording and performing under her own name. She plays two vintage Yamaha keyboards, and sometimes a ukulele, to accompany her singing. ==Early life== Muir was born in Kingston, Ontario,"Synth Punks and Super Freaks". Exclaim!, By Lorraine Carpenter, Jul 01, 2003 and went to University in Montreal, Quebec. As a child she took piano lessons and listened to The Ramones, The Clash and The Pet Shop Boys. She also loved television shows Pee Wee's Playhouse, with Pee Wee Herman, Read All About It, Seeing Things, Sol and Dr. Who. A classically trained violinist and pianist, she started writing songs in high school in all-girl trio Wild Girl Soup (self taught bassist/singer). She also played bass in a ska surf band Polka Kola - having met members from various departments at McGill University. It wasn't until she was gifted a Yamaha PSR-180 in 1998 that she began journaling her daily grind through songs. ==Career== Muir, initially an active part of the musical theatre, youth orchestra and choir community growing up in Kingston, Ontario, began performing in 1998 as alter ego "Lederhosen Lucil." As Lucil she released a cassette LL...Let's Hose! in 1999 (recorded at Hawksleytown Studios with engineer Karl Mohr), Frozenhosen in 2000 (which later was combined with the cassette, remastered and released as her first "official" release Hosemusik), Hosemusik in 2002 (most of which was recorded at Junkshop Recording Studio in Toronto with band Fembots), and Tales From the Pantry in 2003."Lederhosen Lucil Tales From The Pantry". Exclaim!, By Helen Spitzer, Oct 01, 2003 Tales was recorded/mixed in June, 2003 in only 10 days in Brooklyn, NY by engineer-producer Terence Bernardo in anticipation of the 70-performance tour LL was invited to by friend and former roommate Eric San (DJ Kid Koala). Kid Koala's Short Attention Span Theatre Tour of fall/winter 2003 (North America and Europe) garnered her an international fan base. She worked with one of her favourite filmmakers Kara Blake on the Semi-Sweet video (for which Kid Koala did a remix) In 2005, while on a 4-month tour as Lederhosen Lucil in Europe, Muir began writing songs on a tiny, cheap soprano ukulele."Krista Muir: anarchie in the «uke»". Night Life, Olivier Lalande, 5 June 2010 In 2007 Muir began performing under her own name, and within a year she had released two albums featuring the baritone-ukulele - Leave Alight and Accidental Railway,."Krista Muir - Accidental Railway [Indica]", CISM-FM, 16 October 2018 Aside from Accidental Railway released under Indica Records, Muir has self-released all her albums under her hypo records apartment label. She worked with musician and visual artist Shane Watt on these two releases. In 2011 Muir recorded and mixed psych folk pop album, Between Atoms at Marsonic Studios. This is the first album Muir engineered, mixed, produced and did the artwork for, featuring more original material and accompanying her singing and with several vintage keyboards, soprano-tenor-baritone ukulele, violin, omnichord, and percussion."Critiques CD: Krista Muir | Between Atoms". Night Life, Steve Guimond, 3 juin, 2011"Krista Muir: Between Atoms". Pop Matters, Brice Ezell, 29 Sep 2011 Muir's genre-bending 2013 album, Guten Tag Gemini, includes post punk pop folk rock garage and dance songs performed under her own name and alter-ego Lederhosen Lucil. They "duet" on Skate for their Lives (about Women's Hockey, of which Muir is a fan and LL played at several Montréal Stars CWHL games - the intro features live audio from a game and backing vocals include her sister Kori Muir). She refers to this album as a "compilation" as it features two songs live off the floor with Ottawa's Mercy Buckets (Sensitive Boy and Rich Family) and a slew of misfit songs recorded at Marsonic Studios. Due to a severe flare-up of chronic illness Endometriosis, Muir had to cancel her tour dates for Guten Tag Gemini. In March, 2016, Muir held a residency at Fisch Haus in Wichita, Kansas entitled Chanson-O-Grammes: Beloved Object Edition. She composed songs about several articles lent to her while in residence. Also in 2017 Muir provided backup vocals at Hotel2Tango at the request of engineer producer Howard Bilerman for the Karpinka Brothers album Talk is Cheap."Five Questions With… The Karpinka Brothers". FYI Music News, Nov 08, 2017 by Jason Schneider Living with unpredictable chronic illness endometriosis greatly limited her touring abilities but Muir wrote, self-engineered, and released The Tides in 2018,"Review – “The Tides” – Krista Muir". Greyowl Point, May 9, 2018, reviewed by Michael Thomas stating that it was the album that "saved my life.""Performer credits new album with saving her life". Kingston Whig-Standard, by Peter Hendra, December 7, 2017 Songs include Social Pariah, Girl Possessed, What Doesn't Kill You, and The Knife. For each song, visual artist, musician and videomaker Amy Torok created psychedelic visuals for the live performance/lyric videos. She wrote a piece about catharsis through creativity for the Endometriosis Foundation of America and continues to volunteer and sit on the board of the Endometriosis Network Canada. Muir did several Canadian "psychedelic storytelling" shows in support of this album. Muir has incorporated the contributions of other artists on her albums and those of other artists as well as in live recordings. Artists with whom she has collaborated include Kid Koala, filmmaker Kara Blake, producer Shane Watt and Paul Beaulieu. ==Discography== * Lederhosen Lucil... Let's Hose! (1999) * Frözen Hosen (2000) * Hosemusik (2002) * Music To Climb Stairs By (2003) * Tales From the Pantry (2003) * Apricota (2004) * Leave Alight (2007) * Accidental Railway (2008) * Between Atoms (2011) * Guten Tag Gemini (2013) *A Pocket Full of Lullabies (2015) *The Tides (2018) ==References== ==External links== * Krista Muir's official site * Krista Muir bandcamp page Category:Living people Category:Musicians from Kingston, Ontario Category:Canadian women rock singers Category:Canadian rock keyboardists Category:Canadian people of Scottish descent Category:Year of birth missing (living people)

['Montreal, Quebec', 'Kingston, Ontario', 'Ontario', 'Quebec', 'The Ramones', 'The Clash', 'The Pet Shop Boys', "Pee Wee's Playhouse", 'Pee Wee Herman', 'McGill University', 'Kid Koala']

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Four Swords can refer to one of a number of video games in Nintendo's The Legend of Zelda series. * A Multi-player addition to the Game Boy Advance port The Legend of Zelda: A Link to the Past & Four Swords in 2002 and later released as a standalone title for the DSiware service in 2011 as The Legend of Zelda: Four Swords Anniversary Edition *The Legend of Zelda: Four Swords Adventures (2004), for the Nintendo GameCube

['Nintendo', 'The Legend of Zelda', 'The Legend of Zelda: Four Swords Adventures']

['Q8093', 'Q12393', 'Q964997']

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Tishbe, sometimes transliterated as Thisbe,"An Exposition, with Practical Observations, of the First Book of Kings", Christian Classics Ethereal Library is a town mentioned in the Hebrew Bible's First Book of Kings, , as the residence and possibly even birthplace of the Prophet Elijah, known as the Tishbite (see that page for discussion of the term). It is placed by the biblical text in the historical region of Gilead,International Standard Bible Encyclopedia (1915), Tishbite, via BiblicalTraining.org, accessed 2020-01-13 now in the western part of modern-day Jordan. However, the toponym may denominate another location, as discussed below. ==Demonym or descriptor?== Many of the Hebrew prophets are introduced with the name of their father, their original place of residence, or both. For instance, Jonah is introduced as "Jonah, the son of Amittai... of Gath-hepher", Elisha is introduced as "Elisha, the son of Shaphat, of Abel-meholah", Micah is introduced as "Micah the Morashtite", etc. Elijah, in turn, is introduced as "Elijah the Tishbite, of the settlers of Gilead." When considering the general pattern of how prophets are first introduced in the text of the Hebrew Bible, it would seem the passage is a mere statement of Elijah's origins. Because the original Hebrew words for "Tishbite" (, tīšbī) and "settlers" (, tōšāḇē) are strikingly similar, some scholars have questioned whether tīšbī is actually a demonym for a place called "Tishbe", or if it is a form of the word "settler" conjugated to match Elijah – thereby reading "Elijah the settler" rather than "Elijah the Tishbite". The word tīšbī appears just six times in the Hebrew Bible, each time in conjunction with Elijah's own name, but no place called "Tishbe" appears throughout the entire Tanakh. Therefore, it is debated whether or not the text is indicating Elijah hailed from a place called Tishbe, or that he originated from amongst settlers in the Gilead.McClintock and Strong Biblical Cyclopedia, "Tishbite"; Biblical Training, "Tishbite" ==Possible locations== ===Tishbe in Gilead=== indicates that Elijah was from Tishbe in Gilead, which is a historical region located east of the Jordan River in present Jordan. The Jewish ancient historian Josephus supposed that Tishbe was in Gilead.Ant., 8: 13, 2. The eastern half of the Israelite Tribe of Manasseh and, possibly also, the Tribe of Gad, have been in possession of Gilead; therefore Tishbe was probably in the territory of the eastern half of Manasseh, or possibly in that of Gad. According to Pfeiffer and Vos, it is located in the territory of Manasseh, in proximity to the wadi known from the Bible as Cherith, in present-day Jordan.Charles F. Pfeiffer and Howard Frederic Vos, The Wycliffe Historical Geography of Bible Lands, Map 6 (Chicago, Illinois: Moody Press, 1967). Tishbe has for a long time been identified as the historical town of Listib in Gilead, due to its location and the similarity between the ancient Hebrew name and the Arabic name, "el-Istib", but the 1915 International Standard Bible Encyclopedia refutes the identification because el-Istib has only been established during the Byzantine period. The ruins of Listib are located 13 kilometres north of the Jabbok River in Gilead, known in Arabic as the Zarqa River, just west of biblical Mahanaim, a short distance beyond the northwest limits of Ajloun in the Ajloun Governorate in northern Jordan. However, Listib is known to have been uninhabited during the time of the Northern Kingdom of Israel.Harrison, R. K., "Tishbite", in G. W. Bromiley, gen. ed., International Standard Bible Encyclopedia, Rev., Vol. 4, p. 861 (Grand Rapids, Michigan: Eerdmans, 1988). ===Tishbe in Naphtali=== Alternatively, Tishbe may be identical to the as-yet undiscovered "Thisbe" referenced in the Book of Tobit (), which was located west of the Jordan River in the territory of the tribe of Naphtali, "to the south of Kedesh Naphtali in Upper Galilee, above Asher toward the west, and north of Phogor".: New Revised Standard Version ==References== ==External links== *Photos of Listib at the American Center of Research Category:Hebrew Bible cities Category:Gilead

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The Great Blizzard of 1899, also known as the Great Arctic Outbreak of 1899 and the St. Valentine's Day Blizzard, was an exceptionally severe winter weather event that affected most of the United States, particularly east of the Rocky Mountains. On February 11, Swift Current in present-day Saskatchewan reported a record-high barometric pressure of . ==Temperatures and records== For the 1895–2017 period of record: * February 1899 was the second-coldest February in the contiguous U.S. (behind only 1936). The average temperature was , which was colder than the 1895–2017 average of and warmer than February 1936. * December 1898 through February 1899 was the third-coldest meteorological winter in the contiguous U.S. (behind the coldest and second- coldest winters of 1978/79 and 1935/36, respectively). The average temperature was , which was colder than the 1895–2017 average of and warmer than the 1978/79 winter. * February 1899 was the coldest February in Kansas, Missouri, and Wyoming. * February 1899 was the second-coldest February in Arkansas, Colorado, Mississippi, Montana, Nebraska, Oklahoma, and South Dakota. ==Winter weather== On February 12, snow flurries were reported in areas from New Orleans eastward to Tampa. The storm crossed the Florida peninsula and intensified as it moved rapidly up the east coast. High Point, North Carolina, recorded of snow. Washington, D. C. recorded a single-day snowfall of , which was a record for the time. (On January 28, 1772, of snow fell in the Washington area during the "Washington and Jefferson Snowstorm"; however that was before official record-keeping began.National Weather Service, Mid Atlantic Winters – SNOW, WIND, ICE, AND COLD ) On February 19, ice floes were reported to be moving out of the Mississippi River into the Gulf of Mexico. On February 14, New Orleans dropped to , an all-time record. The previous day, the city experienced its coldest-ever Mardi Gras low temperature of . The Rex parade was delayed while snow was removed from the route. The low temperature in Miami, Florida, on February 14 dropped to with a high of only . The city has only recorded a lower temperature twice since record-keeping commenced on September 6, 1895. The low temperature in Tallahassee, Florida dropped to on February 13, 1899 with a record low maximum of on the 14th. This is the only time in Florida history that sub-zero temperatures have been ever recorded in Florida and these records stand to this day.Talloahassee, Florida Wikipedia article, retrieved May 22, 2023 ==Casualties, damages and inconveniences== The Great Arctic Outbreak of 1899 had disastrous impact across many areas of the continental U.S. and Cuba as people, livestock, and wildlife succumbed to the frigid cold. U.S. bird populations were decimated across the nation. Henderson County, Tennessee saw nearly the complete extinction of its bluebird population and Culpeper County, as well as most northern and central Virginia counties lost nearly all of its quail, having to import new birds in the late teens and 1920s to repopulate the areas. Some of the bird species affected: Bluebird, Blue-headed vireo, Catbirds, Chipping sparrow, Dark-eyed junco (also known as snowbird), Fox sparrow, Grass finch, Hermit thrush, Killdeer, Meadowlark, Mourning dove, Pine warbler, Quail, Savannah sparrow, Song sparrow, Swamp sparrow, and Woodcock. It has been estimated that over 100 people died. In Brooklyn, 31 year-old Mary Goodwin was frozen to death and a thinly clad, unidentified woman in The Dalles, Oregon, was found frozen to death in a hallway in an attempt to find warmth. Mail carriers Palmer and Hawkins of New York were thought to have drowned attempting to deliver the mail. It is believed that their boat, overturned by the high winds, was crushed by the floating ice. Crops were ruined, and orchards were utterly destroyed in Georgia. Walla Walla, Washington's majority of wheat was destroyed by the frost with Eureka Flat seeing the most damage. Traffic was brought to a complete standstill in all parts of the country. Barges on the Mississippi river, which was in some parts entirely frozen through and the Great Lakes, were brought to a complete standstill. Traffic across all railroads were delayed or paralyzed indefinitely while steamers and liners were likewise delayed. ==See also== *Great Freeze ==References== 1899-2 Category:1899 meteorology Category:1899 natural disasters in the United States Category:1899 in the environment Category:February 1899 events

['Tallahassee', 'Rocky Mountains', 'United States', 'Swift Current', 'Saskatchewan', 'Kansas', 'Missouri', 'Wyoming', 'Arkansas', 'Colorado', 'Mississippi', 'Montana', 'Nebraska', 'Oklahoma', 'South Dakota', 'High Point, North Carolina', 'Mississippi River', 'Gulf of Mexico', 'Rex parade', 'National Weather Service', 'Miami, Florida', 'Henderson County, Tennessee', 'Bluebird', 'Blue-headed vireo', 'Catbird', 'Chipping sparrow', 'Dark-eyed junco', 'Fox sparrow', 'Hermit thrush', 'Killdeer', 'Meadowlark', 'Mourning dove', 'Pine warbler', 'Quail', 'Savannah sparrow', 'Song sparrow', 'Swamp sparrow', 'Woodcock', 'The Dalles, Oregon', 'Great Freeze']

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The San Diego Freeway is one of the named principal Southern California freeways. It consists of the following two segments: *Interstate 5, from California State Route 94 in San Diego to Interstate 405 (El Toro Y) in Irvine *Interstate 405, in its entirety from Interstate 5 in Irvine to Interstate 5 near San Fernando ==References== Category:Southern California freeways Category:Named freeways in California Category:Interstate 5 Category:Interstate Highways in California Category:Roads in San Diego County, California Category:Roads in Orange County, California Category:Roads in Los Angeles County, California es:San Diego Freeway

['Southern California freeways', 'San Diego', 'El Toro Y']

['Q806133', 'Q16552', 'Q805990']

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Province of Bosnia may refer to: * Ottoman Empire's provinces of Bosnia: ** Sanjak of Bosnia (1463–1520) ** Eyalet of Bosnia (1520–1864) ** Vilayet of Bosnia (1864–1908) * Austria-Hungary's Condominium of Bosnia and Herzegovina (1878–1918) Category:Province name disambiguation pages

['Sanjak of Bosnia', 'Eyalet of Bosnia', 'Vilayet of Bosnia', 'Condominium of Bosnia and Herzegovina']

['Q12628176', 'Q2055400', 'Q848372', 'Q609233']

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"Rhinoceros" is a song by American alternative rock band The Smashing Pumpkins from their debut album, Gish. It was written by Billy Corgan and is one of the few songs from Gish that has been performed consistently throughout the band's career. Instead of being released as a CD single, "Rhinoceros" was instead featured as the first track on Lull. Corgan has mentioned that Lull is known within the band as "the Rhinoceros single". == Music video == The music video for "Rhinoceros" was one of the Pumpkins' earliest, directed by Angela Conway, who also directed the group's "Siva." There are three main sources of footage used in the video. The first batch of footage was filmed on a sound stage featuring the band members "looking bored" and playing guitars. In one part of these scenes, D'Arcy is playing with a white ping pong ball which appears to float, an effect that was achieved by filming the scene in slow motion and then running it backwards. == Track listing == All songs written by Billy Corgan ==Charts== Chart (1991) Peak position == References == == External links == * * Category:The Smashing Pumpkins songs Category:1991 singles Category:1991 songs Category:American psychedelic rock songs Category:Dream pop songs Category:Songs written by Billy Corgan Category:Song recordings produced by Billy Corgan Category:Song recordings produced by Butch Vig

['The Smashing Pumpkins', 'Gish', 'Billy Corgan', 'Butch Vig', 'CD']

['Q184217', 'Q1128899', 'Q311382', 'Q451084', 'Q34467']

[[(57, 78), (1099, 1120)], [(103, 107), (173, 177)], [(127, 139), (997, 1009), (1261, 1273), (1311, 1323)], [(1361, 1370)], [(276, 278)]]

William Park Jr. (4 February 1864 – 22 May 1925) was a Scottish professional golfer. He won The Open Championship twice. Park was also a successful golf equipment maker and golf writer. In his later years, Park built a significant career as one of the world's best golf course architects, with a worldwide business. He was inducted into the World Golf Hall of Fame in 2013. ==Early years== Park was born in Musselburgh, Scotland, on 4 February 1864. His father, Willie Park Sr., was one of Scotland's top golfers, winning the first Open Championship in 1860, and three further Open Championship titles. Park Jr. learned golf from childhood. His father also ran a successful golf equipment business, producing clubs and balls to order. Park Sr. also played challenge matches for stakes, and competed in professional tournaments. The Musselburgh Links course in the family's home town was one of the main centres of golf at the time, and was on the rota for The Open Championship from 1873 to 1891. In 1892 it was removed from the rota in favor of Muirfield, a new course which became the home of the Honourable Company of Edinburgh Golfers. Mungo Park, younger brother of Park Sr., also won the Open in 1874. The Park family had a deep and fierce golf rivalry, both in competition and in business, with the Morris family (led by Old Tom Morris and Young Tom Morris) of St. Andrews during most of the 19th century. ==Open champion== Park caddied and played golf professionally, in stakes matches and tournaments, from his mid-teens. He developed his golf skills and played in his first Open Championship in 1880, at age 16, at which time he was already one of Scotland's best players. He worked in the family golf equipment business. Park won the Open in 1887 and 1889. In the latter year he was taken to a playoff by Andrew Kirkaldy. During his competitive career, Park placed in the top ten 12 times at the Open, and was out of the top eight only twice between 1881 and 1892. He was notable for his excellent short game, which compensated for a sometimes unreliable long game. He is famous for the saying: "A man who can putt is a match for anyone." ==Businessman== At the time, it was very difficult, if not impossible, for a golfer to make a living from prize money alone. Park often played challenge matches. He took over the family ball and club making business, establishing an export business just when golf was beginning to spread internationally. He patented several golf club designs. ==Golf writer== Park's The Game of Golf (1896) was the first book about golf written by a professional golfer. It was well received, and has proven continuously popular since, being available in a modern, unabridged edition from Arcturus Publishers (2010). Park's second book, The Art of Putting, was published in 1920. ==Golf course architect== He also worked as a golf course designer, with 170 designs to his credit in the British Isles, Europe, the US and Canada. Park entered this profession, while winding down his competitive play, in his mid-30s, just as golf was beginning an enormous increase in popularity, in both the British Isles and especially North America. New golfers needed new courses to play, and Park took advantage of the opportunities. His services were much in demand, and he became one of the first people, along with fellow Scot Donald Ross, to become a full-time golf course architect. ===United Kingdom designs=== Park's first well-known design was the Old Course of the Sunningdale Golf Club near London, just at the turn of the 20th century. This club's brilliant success on heathland property, which earlier had been thought unsuitable for golf, brought him worldwide fame. Sunningdale Old has frequently been ranked among the world's top courses. Park designed Temple Links, now Temple Golf Club, in Hurley, Berkshire, in 1909. He routed the course over rolling chalk downs, giving wide views of the surrounding countryside. Donald Steel described it as "challenging enough to keep good players at full stretch without diminishing the enjoyment of the rank and file". ===Canadian designs=== Park's highly regarded course designs in Canada include Weston Golf and Country Club in Toronto (host of the 1955 Canadian Open, Arnold Palmer's first professional victory), the Ottawa Hunt and Golf Club in Ottawa, Ontario (host of the 1994, 2008, and 2017 Canadian Women's Opens), the Calgary Golf and Country Club in Calgary, the Mount Bruno Golf Club in suburban Montreal, and Le Club Laval- sur-le-Lac in Laval, Quebec. Weston G&CC; hosts an annual elite amateur men's Willie Park Jr. Memorial tournament, held over 36 holes in one day in late summer; it was started in 1925 to memorialize Park's passing. ===United States designs=== Park's well-known United States courses include the Hot Springs Country Club in Hot Springs, Arkansas, the Rolling Road Golf Club in Catonsville, Maryland, the Maidstone Golf Club on Long Island, Country Club of New Canaan in New Canaan, Connecticut, Woodway Country Club in Darien, Connecticut, the New Haven Country Club in Hamden, Connecticut, Madison Country Club, Madison, Connecticut, Sylvania Country Club in Sylvania, Ohio Shorehaven Golf Club in Norwalk, Connecticut, TumbleBrook Country Club in Bloomfield, Connecticut, Red Run Golf Club in Royal Oak, Michigan, Shuttle Meadow Country Club in Kensington, Connecticut, the North Course of the Olympia Fields Country Club near Chicago (host of two U.S. Open (golf) events (1928 and 2003), as well as the 1961 PGA Championship), Berkshire Country Club in Reading, Pennsylvania and Glen Ridge Country Club in Glen Ridge, New Jersey. Massachusetts, The Milton Hoosic Club. Bellefonte Country Club in Ashland, Kentucky (Home of the longest continuously played AJGA event). Battle Creek Country Club (Battle Creek, Michigan) holds an annual Symetra Tour event, and Dustin Johnson qualified for his first US Open there. He also laid out the original six holes of The Sadaquada Club (1895) in Whitestown, NY, which were later improved to a full nine by Horace Rawlins, the first winner of the U.S. Open. He also made a stop in State College, Pennsylvania in 1922 laying out plans for the schools White Course which reopened in 1926. The only remaining holes are 6-14. Six was originally a par3 now plays as a dog leg par-5. Park designed Moonbrook Country Club in Jamestown NY as well as the Castine Golf Club in Castine, Maine in 1921. However, his final design would be a nine-hole course, St. Johnsbury Country Club in 1923 located in St. Johnsbury Vermont. His brother Mungo Park had to go to Vermont to finish the construction after Willie Park Jr. became ill and returned to Scotland. ==Family== Park's daughter, golfer Doris Park, was runner-up in the 1937 British Ladies Amateur Championship. ==Death== Overwork on his design business led to a decline in health and his eventual death, at age 61 on 22 May 1925. His health had been in decline for some time; Park knew he was dying, and traveled home from the United States to Scotland, in order to die in his home country. He died in Edinburgh, although his "usual residence" was given as Musselburgh. ==Major championships== thumb|400px|A group photo of Scotland's 1903 international golf team. Park is standing in the back row, second from the right. They defeated the English team that year. ===Wins (2)=== Year Championship 18 holes Winning score Margin Runner-up 1887 The Open Championship 5 shot deficit 82-79=161 1 stroke Bob Martin 1889 The Open Championship (2) 1 shot deficit 39-38-39-39=155 Playoff 1 Andrew Kirkaldy 1 Park defeated Kirkaldy by five strokes in a 36-hole playoff. ===Results timeline=== Tournament 1880 1881 1882 1883 1884 1885 1886 1887 1888 1889 The Open Championship 16 T5 T18 8 T4 T4 T4 1 T11 1 Tournament 1890 1891 1892 1893 1894 1895 1896 1897 1898 1899 The Open Championship T4 6 7 T19 12 T14 T22 2 14 Tournament 1900 1901 1902 1903 1904 1905 1906 1907 1908 1909 The Open Championship 6 T18 T23 T15 T12 T13 WD Tournament 1910 1911 1912 1913 1914 1915 1916 1917 1918 1919 U.S. Open NT NT CUT The Open Championship T38 CUT NT NT NT NT NT Note: Park only played in The Open Championship and the U.S. Open. NT = No tournament WD = Withdrew CUT = missed the half-way cut "T" indicates a tie for a place ==Team appearances== *England–Scotland Professional Match (representing Scotland): 1903 (winners), 1904 (tie), 1905 (tie), 1907, 1910 ==References== Category:Scottish male golfers Category:Winners of men's major golf championships Category:World Golf Hall of Fame inductees Category:Golf course architects Category:Golf writers and broadcasters Category:Golfers from Musselburgh Category:Scottish expatriate sportspeople in the United States Category:1864 births Category:1925 deaths

['Musselburgh', 'Edinburgh', 'The Open Championship', 'World Golf Hall of Fame', 'Scotland', 'Willie Park Sr.', 'Musselburgh Links', 'Muirfield', 'Old Tom Morris', 'Young Tom Morris', 'St. Andrews', 'British Isles', 'Sunningdale Golf Club', 'Temple Golf Club', 'Hurley, Berkshire', 'Weston Golf and Country Club', 'Arnold Palmer', 'Ottawa Hunt and Golf Club', 'Ottawa, Ontario', "Canadian Women's Open", 'Calgary', 'Mount Bruno Golf Club', 'Laval, Quebec', 'Maidstone Golf Club', 'Long Island', 'New Haven Country Club', 'Royal Oak, Michigan', 'Olympia Fields Country Club', 'Chicago', 'U.S. Open (golf)', 'Reading, Pennsylvania', 'Horace Rawlins', 'State College, Pennsylvania', 'British Ladies Amateur Championship']

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Peluca is a short film by director Jared Hess, produced for an assignment while attending Brigham Young University in 2002. It was shown at the 2003 Slamdance Film Festival. The film is almost nine minutes long and was shot on black-and-white 16mm film. It stars Jon Heder as the main character, Seth. The film's title is the Spanish word for "wig", referring to the wig that is purchased in the film. The short was later adapted into the 2004 film Napoleon Dynamite, which featured Heder as the title character. The short appears as a special feature on the DVD. ==Plot== The film follows its main character, Seth (Jon Heder), as he skips school with two of his friends, Pedro and Giel, to attempt to buy a lottery ticket at the convenience store and shop at a local thrift store, where they find a wig for Giel (who shaved his head after catching a fever). Later, they return to the school, and Seth leaves to go to an FFA contest. ==Cast== * Jon Heder as Seth * Greg Hansen as Pedro * Chris Sanchez as Giel * Bracken Johnson as Randy ==Production== Peluca was shot in black-and-white on 16mm film. It was filmed in locations around Hess' hometown of Preston, Idaho, including Preston High School and a local D.I. store. The film was completed in two days with a budget of under $500. ==Legacy== The Seth character was later adapted into the titular character of the 2004 feature film Napoleon Dynamite. Heder also played Napoleon. The characters of Giel and Pedro are combined in Napoleon Dynamite as the character Pedro Sanchez. Nearly all elements and locations from Peluca are used in the film (the convenience store scene was deleted from the final cut, however). ==References== ==External links== * * Category:2002 films Category:2002 short films Category:Napoleon Dynamite Category:American student films Category:Films directed by Jared Hess Category:2000s English-language films

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The Dan Patrick Show is a syndicated radio and television sports talk show, hosted by former ESPN personality Dan Patrick. It is currently produced by Patrick and is syndicated to radio stations by Premiere Radio Networks, within and independently of their Fox Sports Radio package. The three-hour program debuted on October 1, 2007. It is broadcast weekdays live beginning at 9:00 a.m. Eastern. The current show is a successor to the original Dan Patrick Show, which aired from 1999 to 2007 on ESPN Radio weekdays at 1:00 p.m. Eastern/10:00 a.m. Pacific. The show was televised on three networks: on DirecTV's Audience Network (formerly the 101 Network) since August 3, 2009; on three AT&T; SportsNet affiliates since October 25, 2010; and on B/R Live as of March 1, 2019. It can also be heard on Sirius XM Radio channel 211, and is distributed as a podcast by PodcastOne. On January 10, 2020, Patrick announced on his show that the relationship with AT&T; Sports for the live video broadcast would end in its current form, shortly after Super Bowl LIV. AT&T;'s Audience Network, which had simulcast the program since 2009, was ceasing operations, and the show would also end streaming via B/R Live, following a short-run that began in 2019. The final show under AT&T; aired on February 28. On March 2, the live show began airing on The Dan Patrick Show YouTube channel with the radio show still being nationally syndicated via multiple platforms. On August 10, 2020, it was announced that the show would move to Peacock on August 24, 2020. Highlights of the show continue to appear on the YouTube channel. On July 19, 2023, Patrick announced that the show's run will end on December 24, 2027. ==Guests== The show mainly features guests involved with American football and sometimes other sports, whether current or former athletes, coaches, commissioners or agents. Less often, guests who are not affiliated with sports will come on the show, although it is common for Patrick to ask at least one sports related question. Guests typically appear when the sport they are involved with is in-season, but may also come on before the release of a movie or music album or when the guest is in the news. Few guests appear year-round and some may only appear once a year. Patrick has said that he welcomes anyone to come on the show who feels he has misrepresented or misquoted them. The show has attracted high-profile guests, after heated or controversial events. Patrick rejects requests to restrict the questions asked, saying that doing this would only cheat his audience. There have been guests who have cancelled appearances due to Patrick's desire for candor. Current regular guests include reporters, broadcasters, and former professional coaches and athletes, most whom are current broadcasters working for a variety of media outlets, including Sports Illustrated, Yahoo! Sports, various network and cable stations, and reporters from local media sources covering the beat involving a team, player or league in the news at the time. Patrick is known for his wry, irreverent interviews, often asking humorous hypothetical questions and occasionally, making bets with his guests. For example, in January 2006, Patrick made a bet with Arizona Cardinals' quarterback Kurt Warner, where if Warner got the Cardinals to the Super Bowl by 2008, then Patrick would personally campaign for Warner to be inducted into the Pro Football Hall of Fame. (Warner took Arizona to the Super Bowl in the 2008 NFL season, and would later be inducted into the Hall of Fame in 2017.) Another bet Patrick made was with the rap star Nelly, where Nelly said the St. Louis Rams would win the Super Bowl in 2007, while Patrick had the field. If Patrick won, he would get to name a song on Nelly's next album, and, if Nelly won, Patrick would have to appear in one of Nelly's music videos. St. Louis did not make the playoffs in 2007. Patrick frequently has on NBA Hall of Famer Reggie Miller to discuss NBA news. ==ESPN Radio== The show was broadcast on ESPN Radio from 1999 to 2007; broadcasts originated in Bristol, Connecticut, during most of the year, and from New York City during the NBA season. The show debuted on September 13, 1999 and was heard weekdays from 1 pm ET to 4 pm ET. It was often viewed as the signature program on the network at the time, primarily because of Patrick's high-profile at ESPN/ABC and his ability to attract well-known and popular guests. The show often broadcast live at the Super Bowl site, during the week before the big game, and during ESPN The Weekend at Orlando, Florida. ===Supporting cast=== The ESPN Radio SportsCenter anchor was long-time ESPN Radio personality Dan Davis. From 1999 to 2004, the show was co-hosted by former Cincinnati Reds pitcher Rob Dibble. During this time, ESPN NFL analyst Sean Salisbury was a regular third-man-in, though he was never given the title of co-host. Dibble left the show and went on to co- host The Best Damn Sports Show Period on Fox Sports Net) (FSN) and weekends on Fox Sports Radio. The show's producers were Ray Necci and Phil "The Showkiller" Ceppaglia. The latter earned the nickname while working for ESPN Radio's The Tony Kornheiser Show. After inadvertently giving Kornheiser the wrong name of a caller, Kornheiser was prompted to say that he was killing his show and the nickname stuck. Ceppaglia was also often made fun of by Patrick about the time he inadvertently hung up on former U.S. president Bill Clinton while working on Patrick's show. During the 2 pm ET hour, Patrick was reunited with long-time SportsCenter co-anchor Keith Olbermann, marking the latter's return to ESPN, since his abrupt departure from the company in 1997. Olbermann appeared in 2004 and 2005 every Friday, then appeared daily starting in late 2005. Patrick would also preview what was coming up on the 6:00 p.m. ET edition of SportsCenter, while Olbermann previewed what was coming up on his MSNBC show, Countdown with Keith Olbermann. This hour was dubbed "The Big Show", which was the nickname previously given by the duo for their SportsCenter broadcasts. ===Departure=== On July 9, 2007, Patrick announced that he was leaving ESPN and its radio properties, on amicable terms. The last live edition of the Dan Patrick Show aired on August 17 of that year. However, earlier on July 12, the Chicago Sun-Times had reported that Patrick would continue in radio and launch a new nationally syndicated program via the Chicago-based Content Factory. From the date of that announcement, Patrick did not appear as host of that time slot, which was referred to by guest hosts as simply "ESPN Radio". ESPN announced Patrick would remain off-air from ESPN Radio until August 13, for his week-long farewell. He actually returned on August 15, and finished his final three broadcasts as his "Farewell for Now Tour" shows. During his final shows, clips from memorable interviews were played during the bumper music before each segment, and Dan encouraged listeners to visit his website (www.danpatrick.com) in order to keep up with him in the future. He signed off from his final show by thanking everyone involved with it as well as those who supported him throughout his TV work at ESPN. His concluding remarks were simply, "With that said, thank you. Goodbye... for now." Guests who appeared on his final show included Bob Costas, MLB outfielder Ken Griffey Jr., former NFL players Jerry Rice and Joe Montana, and actor Will Ferrell, as Ron Burgundy. ==Radio, TV, and Internet== The Dan Patrick Show returned to the air on October 1, 2007; the show was produced by the Content Factory, with national sales and syndication handled by Premiere Networks. The program initially began on outlets owned by Clear Channel, but has since expanded to many more stations across the United States, both live and tape-delayed depending on the market. Eventually, the show was added to national radio when Fox Sports Radio used it to replace Out Of Bounds with Craig Shemon & James Washington on January 20, 2009. The show could be heard live on Sirius XM 247, a Fox Sports Radio simulcast. It used to be heard on a delayed basis on Sirius XM Sports Nation, which broadcast on both XM and Sirius. The show was removed the first week of January 2010, removing it from the Sirius platform entirely. The show is simulcast online at danpatrick.com, and live on the Fox Sports Radio site. The show began simulcasting live on DirecTV's Audience Network (formerly The 101 Network) in August 2009. The show's web site was hosted by Sports Illustrated, for which Patrick still serves as a senior writer. In October 2009, the rights to the show were purchased from The Content Factory by DirecTV's sports division, DirecTV Sports Group, which now produces the show. Premiere continued its role as distributor. As of October 25, 2010, the show began simulcasting on Fox Sports Net and Comcast Sports Net.The Dan Patrick Show Syndicated to More Than 85 Million Homes! – Fox Sports Net Will Distribute the Popular Sports Talk TV Series Beginning October 25 DirecTV Press Release October 4, 2010 The Comcast and Fox Sports Net broadcasts ended in July and on October 17, 2012, respectively, though DirecTV continued carrying the show on their Root Sports regional sports networks which formerly affiliated with FSN. After a short delay, the program began airing on NBC Sports Network on November 5, 2012. The show’s airing on NBCSN was subject to preemption by other sporting events, especially the Tour de France in July. The NBCSN simulcast ended with the show of February 28, 2019, and resumed March 25, 2019 on AT&T-owned; streaming service B/R Live. After Patrick's and Rich Eisen's shows were dropped by Audience as of February 28, 2020, both moved briefly to YouTube (with Eisen also simulcast on NBCSN), before Patrick moved again on August 24, 2020 to Comcast-owned streaming service Peacock, simulcasting on both services for a week before permanently settling with Peacock. (Eisen would follow that October.) The main studio from which the show is broadcast is in Milford, Connecticut. Space above a then-Subway restaurant at River Street and New Haven Avenue in downtown Milford was converted into an elaborate clubhouse- style studio by DIY Network, as part of their "Man Caves" series hosted by former NFLer Tony Siragusa and DIY's Jason Cameron. The studio features several monitors, sports memorabilia, a basketball hoop, a pinball machine, a foosball table, a bar with 3 kegs and a golf simulator. The show had previously been produced in the attic of Patrick's home in the transition period from ESPN to Premiere. From September 2012 until the show's relationship with AT&T; ended, the Monday show was broadcast from a studio in New York City during the NFL season. Patrick did this so he would not be as inconvenienced following Football Night in America's late ending on Sunday nights. As of 2015, with the move of all NBC Sports operations to Stamford including Football Night, the show mainly originates from Milford. On April 19, 2019, the show moved again to a larger location at 363 Naugatuck Avenue in Milford, which includes a basketball court and full kitchen. Patrick often relates anecdotes of his ESPN career, in both positive and negative lights. He often refers to his former employer as "The Mother Ship" (he also used "ESPeon" in the show's early years), and expressed disappointment with their practice of preventing their talent from appearing as guests on his show, and frustration when an ESPN employee has agreed to come on the show only to later cancel. In the case of Erin Andrews appearing on the show, she later sent him a message and Patrick then stated on air that she had been told by ESPN she would no longer be available as a guest to the show. In response, Patrick has used the phrase, "if you're afraid, buy a dog", and on the rare occasion an ESPN employee does appear on the show, will say, "you don't own a dog." Michael Wilbon, co-host of Pardon the Interruption, is the only regular guest from ESPN, appearing a handful of times per year. Mike Golic and Chris Berman are the only other former colleagues to appear on the show since Patrick's departure from ESPN, appearing on set before the Super Bowls in 2010 and 2013, respectively. (Scott Van Pelt called in briefly on one occasion.) Whenever college basketball analyst Jay Bilas appears, it is while he is doing television commentary for CBS during March Madness. Other guests who have developed a relationship with Patrick over the years and served alongside Patrick while when both were at ESPN include baseball analyst Peter Gammons, whom Patrick affectionately refers to as "The Dalai Lama" for his tremendous insight of the game. Patrick will often mockingly speak to ESPN management directly while on air, in large part after discovering thoughts or news he has been able to divulge from guests appearing on his show are later found on ESPN programs or website, without giving credit or mentioning The Dan Patrick Show as their source. Patrick has stated on his show many times he is less forgiving when his former employer fails to give credit to guests who appear on his show regularly who might be in direct competition with ESPN, such as ProFootballTalk.com's Mike Florio, who might be the first to report on a story and later appear on The Dan Patrick Show but may be lesser-known than Patrick. He also has remarked on their history of stealing news that is broken on his show, and having their own reporters "confirm" such news rather than directly attributing it to Patrick's show (this has caused him to coin the phrase, "We don't break news, we sprain news"). Despite mocking ESPN, he often speaks fondly of his former co-workers, both those appearing on and off the air. ==The Danettes== Patrick is joined on the air by the "Danettes": executive producer Paul Pabst ("Paulie"); executive producer Todd "LVD" Fritz ("Fritzy"); director of operations Patrick O'Connor ("Seton"); and board ops chief Marvin "Small Hands" Prince. Blogger/writer Andrew Perloff ("McLovin") is a former Danette. Patrick regularly chats with his crew about sports, and discussion will often break off into other topics, such as current events, entertainment, and their personal lives. The Danettes are generally encouraged to speak honestly and share their actual opinions, with Patrick often carrying on with them in a conversational manner. Patrick has acknowledged that he was influenced by Howard Stern when incorporating the members of his staff into the on-air aspects of the show. In addition to their duties on the show, the Danettes have their own television program; The Box Score airs on DirecTV (in addition to being available online) and was carried on the NBC Sports Network until August 16, 2013, immediately following The Dan Patrick Show. The Box Score serves as a complementary program, recapping highlights from the day's show and further expanding on the behind-the-scenes elements of the program. The 30-minute program features the four Danettes and Casey Geraghty, who serves as the program's host. On November 27, 2013, Geraghty left The Box Score and the show was revamped and returned in early 2014. Dan Patrick himself is not a credited cast member, although he occasionally makes appearances or prerecords brief segments. The term "Danette" was given to the crew by former NBA player Reggie Miller. On December 3, 2021, Perloff announced he'd be leaving the show after nine years after having agreed to co- host an afternoon show on CBS Sports Radio alongside sportscaster Maggie Gray. It marked the first time in the show's history a Danette had left the show. His last show was on December 23, 2021. Will Ferrell will be joining the Danettes for two days in August 2023 while the show is in Dublin. ===MVD=== The "Most Valuable Danette" (MVD) award is a year-end honor typically bestowed upon the best-performing (or 'exceeding low expectations') member of the "Danettes" by Dan Patrick. Year Winner 2008 Patrick O'Connor ("Seton") 2009 Andrew Perloff ("McLovin”) 2010 Todd "LVD" Fritz ("Fritzy") 2011 Todd "LVD" Fritz ("Fritzy") 2012 Patrick O'Connor ("Seton") 2013 Patrick O'Connor ("Seton") 2014 Andrew Perloff ("McLovin”) 2015 Paul Pabst ("Paulie") 2016 Andrew Perloff ("McLovin”) 2017 Todd "LVD" Fritz (“Fritzy”) 2018 Ethan ("The 4th Danette") 2019 Ethan ("The 4th Danette") 2021 Todd "LVD" Fritz ("Fritzy") 2022 Todd "LVD" Fritz ("Fritzy") ===LVD=== The Least Valuable Danette (LVD) award is a year-end honor typically bestowed upon the worst-performing member of the "Danettes" by Dan Patrick. Year Winner 2014 Todd "LVD" Fritz ("Fritzy") 2015 Todd "LVD" Fritz ("Fritzy") 2016 Andrew Perloff ("McHatin") 2017 Todd "LVD" Fritz ("Fritzy") 2018 Andrew Perloff ("McHatin") 2019 Andrew Perloff ("McHatin") 2021 Todd "LVD" Fritz ("Fritzy") 2022 Todd "LVD" Fritz ("Fritzy") ==Mobile apps== Aside from show's official homepage, podcasts can be accessed through the mobile apps on Android devices and iOS devices. These apps also give the ability to listen to the live stream. The apps can be found for free on Apple's iOS App Store, and on Google Play for Android. ==References== ==External links== * * Sirius XM Dan Patrick Radio Channel 211 Category:American sports radio programs Category:Audience (TV network) original programming Category:Peacock (streaming service) original programming Category:AT&T; SportsNet Category:ESPN Radio programs Category:NBCSN shows Category:Sirius XM Radio programs Category:Simulcasts Category:Sirius XM Radio channels Category:Sports podcasts Category:Television series based on radio series Category:1999 radio programme debuts

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The Rev. William Jay (6 May 176927 December 1853) was an English nonconformist divine who preached for sixty years at Argyle Chapel in Bath. He was an eminent English Congregationalist minister of Regency England. ==Early life== William Jay was born at Tisbury in Wiltshire. He adopted his father's trade of stonemason and worked with him on alterations to Fonthill House, but gave it up in 1785 in order to enter the Rev. Cornelius Winter's school at Marlborough. Before he was twenty-one he had preached nearly a thousand times, and in 1788 he had for a while occupied Rowland Hill's pulpit at the Surrey Chapel in Southwark, London. Wishing to have time for self-education or scholarly interests, he accepted the pastorate of Christian Malford near Chippenham where he remained about two years. This was followed by one year at Hope Chapel, Clifton. ==Life as a preacher and writer== On 30 January 1791 Jay was called to the ministry of the Independent or Congregationalist chapel with which he became connected, Argyle Chapel in Bath. Here he followed revivalist principles by preaching to people regardless of religious denomination or social rank; attracting note as a populist pulpit orator, religious author and scholar, and a counselor. Richard Brinsley Sheridan praised his oratorical skills. William Jay's connection with Argyle Chapel came to an end in January 1853. He died on 27 December following in Bath. Amongst the best-known of his works are his Morning and Evening Exercises; The Christian Contemplated; The Domestic Ministers Assistant; and his Discourses. He also wrote a Life of Rev. Cornelius Winter, Memoirs of Rev. John Clarke and Female Scripture Characters, along with Jay's Works (first published in the early 1840s, and again in 1856, followed by a new edition in 1876). ==Family== One of William Jay's sons, also William Jay (1792/3-1837), became an architect, continuing the family's interest in stonemasonry and building design.William Jay (c. 1792–1837), The New Georgia Encyclopaedia, published November 1, 2004. Retrieved 26 January 2012.Bradbury, Oliver C. William Jay's English Works after 1822: Recent Discoveries, Architectural History: Journal of the Society of Architectural Historians of Great Britain, Volume 43, 2000 (archived on JTOR.org). Retrieved 26 January 2012. William Jay's eldest daughter, Anne, married Robert Bolton and, among their thirteen children was William Jay Bolton, who became an early artisan of stained glass in America. ==Notes== ==References== * Jay, William (1854; reprinted 1974) The Autobiography of William Jay (repro. ed. : Edinburgh, Banner of Truth, 1974) *Wilson, S. (1854) The Rev. William Jay: a memoir by the Rev. S. S. Wilson. London: Binns & Goodwin 1854 *Silvester, James (1900) Two Famous Preachers of Bath: brief biographies of William Jay and William Connor Magee. London: C. J. Thynne *Sherman, James (1854) Ministerial Qualifications and Success:a sermon preached at Argyle Chapel, Bath, on Sunday evening, January 6, 1854, on the decease of the Rev. William Jay. London: Ward & Co * Attribution: * ==External links== * Architecture by Jay's son in America * Life of William Jay, a dissertation * Works of William Jay in PDF format (lacking one volume of the 12 plus six volumes of sermons taken in shorthand and a Jubilee memorial) Category:1769 births Category:1853 deaths Category:People from Tisbury, Wiltshire Category:English Christian religious leaders Category:English Congregationalist ministers Category:18th- century Christian clergy Category:19th-century Christian clergy

['Congregational', 'Tisbury, Wiltshire', 'Wiltshire', 'Cornelius Winter', 'Christian Malford', 'Richard Brinsley Sheridan']

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John Jebb may refer to: *John Jebb (Dean of Cashel) (died 1787), Irish Anglican priest *John Jebb (reformer) (1736–1786), son of the latter, English clergyman and doctor *John Jebb (bishop) (1775–1833), bishop of Limerick *John Jebb (canon) (1805–1886), nephew of the latter, canon chancellor of Hereford Cathedral

['John Jebb (Dean of Cashel)', 'John Jebb (reformer)', 'John Jebb (bishop)', 'John Jebb (canon)']

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The Democratic Renewal Secretariat was an Ontario government agency, created in 2003, mandated to strengthen the Canadian province of Ontario electoral system. The office's mandated responsibilities deal primarily with engaging youth voters, encouraging open debate on electoral reforms, encouraging transparency and accountability, and to develop legislation for fixed election dates in Ontario. In 2006 the office of the Democratic Renewal Secretariat oversaw the formation of an independent jury of Ontarians called the Citizens' Assembly on Electoral Reform to examine the electoral system in Ontario, research possible reforms and to furnish a report to be submitted to the government of Ontario. The secretariat was overseen by the Minister responsible for Democratic Renewal, previously the Honourable Marie Bountrogianni. ==External links== * Recommendation of the Ontario Citizens' Assembly on Electoral Reform Category:Defunct Ontario government departments and agencies Category:Electoral reform in Canada

['Ontario government', 'Canadian province', 'Ontario', 'Marie Bountrogianni']

['Q5589283', 'Q2879', 'Q1904', 'Q6762773']

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GameNight is a weekend evening sports talk radio show on ESPN Radio hosted by a variety of ESPN hosts and contributors, most notably hosted by John Seibel, until he left ESPN in 2009. GameNight is regarded as being the flagship series of ESPN Radio, being the network's first long-form program and airing every night since the network's 1992 debut until July 21, 2008. On that day, the weeknight run was replaced by Football Tonight and SportsCenter Nightly, which was later replaced by The Freddie Coleman Show, followed by Freddie and Fitz/Freddie and Fitzsimmons. Since 2023, the show airs daily from 10pm–1am (originally Saturday 8pm–12am and Sunday 10pm–1am, then both days from 8pm-1am ET). The program features in-game updates, guests ranging from superstars to experts, and in-depth analysis on the day's sports stories. It is broadcast from ESPN headquarters in Bristol, Connecticut. Guests on GameNight over the years include Mel Kiper Jr., John Clayton, Chris Mortensen, Ric Bucher, Tim Kurkjian, ·and Eric Byrnes. Jeff Rickard currently is the fill-in host. The most notable former host is Chuck Wilson, who was on the program from its debut to July 2005, when his contract expired and was not extended. Other former hosts include sports personalities such as John Seibel, Doug Gottlieb, Keith Olbermann, Tony Bruno, and Mike Tirico. ESPN Radio SportsCenter airs every thirty minutes throughout GameNight. A local version of GameNight also airs on CHUM 1050, the flagship of TSN Radio (ESPN Radio's sister network), from Tuesday through Saturday nights. Several ESPN Radio affiliates do not air this show but instead use GameNight as the brand of their own local evening shows, including: Note: These shows don't air during play-by-play live coverage Station Time Day(s) Hosts ESPN Chicago 7 p.m.–10 p.m. Weeknights Jonathan Hood ESPN 92.9 1 hour before Grizzlies games Gary Darby ESPN 101.3 6 p.m.–7 p.m. Brady Farkas ESPN 97.3 6 p.m.–7 p.m. Josh Hennig ==Past== ===Personalities=== *Keith Olbermann: (regular, 1992) *Tony Bruno: (regular, 1992–1995) *Mike Tirico: (regular, 1992–1996) *Chuck Wilson: (regular, 1992–2005) *Doug Gottlieb: (regular, 2003–2006) *Andy Gresh: (fill-in, 2007–2008) *Freddie Coleman: (regular, 2004–2008) *Ryen Russillo: (regular, 2006–2008) *Amy Lawrence: (fill-in, 2006–2008) *John Seibel: (regular, 2000–2006, 2009) *Jeff Rickard: (regular, 2006–2008 & fill-in 2009–present) ===Format=== Until late 2006, GameNight was heard nightly 7pm–1am ET. The program was featured full of segments including: "The Starting Lineups" at the top of every hour, "GameNight Recycles" at the top of the last hour, "The Last Word" at the end of the fifth hour, "Studs and Duds" at the end of the last hour, "Tomorrow's Headlines Tonight" at the end of the fifth hour, "Sound Off" in the middle of the fifth hour, and "Choice Cuts" at the end of the last hour. Throughout the program, the hosts were also joined by contributors from around the nation giving live in-game updates of a variety of odd sporting events. They were also joined by players after their games to discuss what happened in their game and what they are thinking. Beginning in late 2006, GameNight was cut back to four hours (and moved to a later timeslot) to make room for The Pulse with Doug Gottlieb, who left GameNight to host his own show. In 2008, the show was removed from its 10pm ET to 2am ET on weeknights and replaced by Football Tonight and SportsCenter Nightly. The show now airs from 8pm to 1 am on Saturday & Sunday night with John Seibel hosting. ===Segments=== *Starting Lineups: This was when each host shares their views on the sports world. This segment occurs at the beginning of each hour. *Recycles: In this segment, first five hours of the show were summarized in ten minutes. It usually included interviews with the day's biggest stars and experts with sound bites. *The Last Word: This segment was near the end of the show when the hosts play discussions from earlier show like Mike and Mike in the Morning and The Dan Patrick Show and the hosts gave their take on how they feel about the subject. *Tomorrow's Headlines Tonight: In this segment the hosts ran down all of the big news whether sports or not that you would be reading about that next morning, whether it's in the Sports section, the Business section or the Money sections and more. *Studs and Duds: This is when the hosts would review all of the studs of the day and all of the duds of the day. This occurred near the end of the show. *Fast Break Trivia: This was a trivia game in which the hosts would ask three callers five different questions, which generallyed to a common theme. All of the contestants got ESPN Scene it and the player who gets the most correct answers wins a Sony PlayStation 2. *Champs or Chumps: A spin-off of Studs or Duds, in this segment the host(s) runs down some of the top players or teams and discusses why they are a champ or a chump. *Freddie's Bold Prediction: Started by John Seibel, each Friday night during the college football season, Freddie Coleman makes his bold prediction for an upset on Saturday. *Freddie Coleman's GameNight Challenge: This segment appears every Sunday night when Jeff Rickard will pose Freddie Coleman multiple trivia questions from the past week in sports with respect to history. *Monday Buzz: Somewhat of a spin-off of Tomorrow's Headlines Tonight, each Sunday Coleman and Rickard run down the top stories that your newspapers will be covering tomorrow. *Sound Off: This segment is when the hosts will post questions or topics and ether read or respond to phone calls and e-mails from listeners. *GameNight Guarantees: This segment is on Saturday night where Andy Gresh & Freddie Coleman make their Sunday NFL picks. *Baseball Tonight, College GameNight, NBA Fastbreak, and NFL Quick Hits: These are segments that rundown all of the game scores and news from their respective leagues, such as college basketball, Major League Baseball, the NBA and the NFL. *What's Bugging Me?: A new segment in 2009 where John Seibel will talk about something that's bugging him in the world of sports. *Choice Cuts: This segment is when the big calls and plays from the day's games are replayed over the air. Often during baseball season, they will play one of Ron Santo's outburst to one of the Chicago Cubs plays. ==References== *ESPN Show page ==External links== *ESPN Show page *ESPN Radio Category:ESPN Radio programs Category:American sports radio programs Category:Radio programs on XM Satellite Radio

['Sports', 'ESPN Radio', 'ESPN', 'John Seibel', 'Bristol, Connecticut', 'Mel Kiper Jr.', 'Chris Mortensen', 'Ric Bucher', 'Tim Kurkjian', 'Eric Byrnes', 'Jeff Rickard', 'Doug Gottlieb', 'Keith Olbermann', 'Tony Bruno', 'Mike Tirico', 'TSN Radio', 'Jonathan Hood', 'Andy Gresh', 'Freddie Coleman', 'Ryen Russillo', 'Amy Lawrence', 'Mike and Mike in the Morning', 'The Dan Patrick Show', 'Sony', 'PlayStation 2', 'Major League Baseball', 'NBA', 'NFL', 'Ron Santo', 'Chicago Cubs']

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The Oglala National Grassland is a United States National Grassland in the northwest corner of Nebraska. It is in northern Sioux and northwestern Dawes counties, on the borders with South Dakota and Wyoming. It is in size and is one of the small handful of National Grasslands administered by the US Department of Agriculture's Forest Service. It is managed by the U.S. Forest Service together with the Nebraska and Samuel R. McKelvie National Forests and the Buffalo Gap and Fort Pierre National Grasslands from common offices in Chadron, Nebraska. ==Attractions== Oglala National Grassland is home to some of the most striking badlands formations in Toadstool Geologic Park, near Crawford, Nebraska and Whitney, Nebraska. The Hudson-Meng Bison Kill, also located on the grassland, is an archaeological excavation in progress. The Warbonnet Battlefield Monument, commemorating the 1876 Battle of Warbonnet Creek, is located on Oglala National Grassland on Montrose Road. The grassland also contains the Agate, Bordgate, and Rock Bass reservoirs. ==References== ==External links== * Oglala National Grassland - Nebraska National Forests and Grasslands * Wildlife Viewing Area: Oglala National Grassland Category:Protected areas of Dawes County, Nebraska Category:National Grasslands of the United States Category:Protected areas of Sioux County, Nebraska Category:Grasslands of Nebraska Category:Federal lands in Nebraska

['Sioux County, Nebraska', 'Dawes County, Nebraska', 'Nebraska', 'United States', 'National Grassland', 'South Dakota', 'Wyoming', 'US Department of Agriculture', 'Nebraska National Forest', 'Samuel R. McKelvie National Forest', 'Toadstool Geologic Park', 'Hudson-Meng Bison Kill', 'Battle of Warbonnet Creek']

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John Jebb (1736–1786) was an English divine, medical doctor, and religious and political reformer. ==Life== Jebb was the son of John Jebb, Dean of Cashel, a member of the Irish branch of a distinguished family which came originally from Mansfield in Nottinghamshire: among his Irish cousins was John Jebb, Bishop of Limerick and the bishop's brother Richard Jebb, judge of the Court of King's Bench (Ireland). His mother was Anne Gansel, daughter of David Gansel of Donnyland House, Colchester, and sister of Lieutenant General William Gansel, who was noted as the protagonist in Gansel's case (1774), on whether a lodger had a legal right to resist being evicted from his lodgings. John Jebb was educated at Peterhouse, Cambridge, where he was elected fellow in 1761, having previously been Second Wrangler at Cambridge in 1757. He was a man of independent judgement, and he and his wife Ann warmly supported the movement of 1771 for abolishing university and clerical subscription to the Thirty-nine Articles. In his lectures on the Greek New Testament he is said to have expressed Socinian views. In 1775 he resigned his Suffolk church livings, and two years afterwards graduated M.D. at St Andrews. He practised medicine in London and was elected a fellow of the Royal Society in 1779. He and Ann continued to be involved in political reform. ==Views== Like Edmund Law and Francis Blackburne, he was an advocate of soul sleep.Anthony Page John Jebb and the Enlightenment origins of British radicalism p68 Jebb was a keen supporter of the American Revolution. He co-founded the Society for Constitutional Information in London in 1780, and was a leading figure in the early 1780s Association movement which pioneered the campaign for parliamentary reform that was carried on by the nineteenth-century Chartists. ==Notes== ==References== * *Gascoigne, John. “Jebb, John (1736–1786).” Oxford Dictionary of National Biography. Ed. H. C. G. Matthew and Brian Harrison. Oxford: OUP, 2004. Online ed. Ed. Lawrence Goldman. October 2005. 7 May 2007. *Page, Anthony. John Jebb and the Enlightenment Origins of British Radicalism. Praeger Publishers, 2003. ==External links== * Category:1736 births Category:1786 deaths Category:Alumni of Peterhouse, Cambridge Category:Alumni of the University of St Andrews Category:Fellows of Peterhouse, Cambridge Category:18th-century English Anglican priests Category:Fellows of the Royal Society Category:Second Wranglers Category:British reformers

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"Siva" is a song by American alternative rock band The Smashing Pumpkins. It was the first single from their debut album Gish, and was written by Billy Corgan. "Siva" was also the first music video filmed by the band. == Background == In an early interview with Billy Corgan, he admitted that he had thought of the name for the song before he had written it, had labeled dozens of tapes with its name, and even considered naming the band "Siva" instead of "Smashing Pumpkins". Corgan has stated the riff was conceived on an acoustic guitar while working at a record store in Chicago.Corgan, Billy. "Guitar Geek U.S.A." Guitar World, August 1995. The song was one of three played at the band's 1991 session with John Peel, released on Peel Sessions. Corgan originally titled the song "Shiva", referring to the Tantric concepts of Shiva and Shakti as opposing masculine and feminine forces, ignorant of any further implications of the name. Upon realizing that the name was more readily connected with the Hindu god Shiva, he removed the letter "h" from the title to lessen this association.Smashing Pumpkins band commentary, "Siva." Greatest Hits Video Collection. The song was only released as a single in the UK and Australia, as well as appearing on the Peel Sessions EP. On January 29, 2008, it was also made available as a downloadable track for the video game Rock Band. == Track listing == All songs written by Billy Corgan ==Charts== Chart (1993) Peak position == Notes == == External links == * * Category:The Smashing Pumpkins songs Category:1991 songs Category:Songs written by Billy Corgan Category:Song recordings produced by Billy Corgan Category:Song recordings produced by Butch Vig Category:Virgin Records singles Category:Indian mythology in music sw:Shiva

['The Smashing Pumpkins', 'Gish', 'Virgin Records', 'Billy Corgan', 'Butch Vig', 'Chicago', 'Guitar World', 'Shiva', 'Shakti', 'Greatest Hits Video Collection']

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The Coosan (also Coos or Kusan) language family consists of two languages spoken along the southern Oregon coast. Both languages are now extinct. ==Classification== * Hanis † * Miluk † ( Lower Coquille) Melville Jacobs (1939) says that the languages are as close as Dutch and German. They share more than half of their vocabulary, though this is not always obvious, and grammatical differences cause the two languages to look quite different. The origin of the name Coos is uncertain: one idea is that it is derived from a Hanis stem gus- meaning 'south' as in gusimídži·č 'southward'; another idea is that it is derived from a southwestern Oregon Athabaskan word ku·s meaning 'bay'. Frachtenburg was the first major ethnolinguist to address the relatedness of these languages, saying that Hanis and Miluk were dialects of the same "Kusan" language.Frachtenburg (1914:305) Melville Jacobs also said that they were two dialects of the same languages; though he did note that Mrs. Annie Miner Peterson said they were in fact distinct languages and that Miluk had two dialects.Jacobs (1940:4) In 1916 Edward Sapir suggested that the Coosan languages are part of a larger Oregon Penutian genetic grouping. This analysis has been accepted by some.Delancey and Golla (1997:181) However, more recent work has placed Hanis and Miluk as both separate languages and part of their own language family,Mithun (1999:72) with Douglas-Tavani doing a comparative reconstruction of Proto-Coosan's phonemes and vocabulary Douglas- Tavani (2021) == Phonology == === Vowels === Short /i/ /e/ /a/ /u/ /ə/ Long /i•/ /e•/ /a•/ /u•/ /-/ === Diphthongs === /ai/ /a*/ /e*/ /o*/ === Three Series of Stops === Aspirated /p/, /t/, /c/, /ĉ/, /k/, /kw/, /q/, /ʔ/ Optionally Voiced /b/, /d/, /ɜ/, /g/, /gw/, /ɢ/ Ejectives /pʼ/, /tʼ/, /cʼ/, /kʼ/, /kwʼ/, /qʼ/ === Consonants === Labial Coronal Dorsal Glottal plain lateral affricate plain labial Occlusive voice b d d g gw voiceless p t ts tc k kw ejective p' t' ts' tc' k' kw' Continuant voice m n l j voiceless s ɬ c x w h === Key === * Glottal Stops are represented by ʔ for subscript epsilon * Ejectives raised by an apostrophe (pʼ) can be substituted as exclamation points (p!) * Length and gemination are shown by a dot (m·) Mithun, Marianne. The Languages of Native North America. Edited by R. M. W. Dixon and Alexandra Y. Aikhenvald, Cambridge University Press, 2001. * Campbell, Lyle. (1997). American Indian languages: The Historical Linguistics of Native America. New York: Oxford University Press. . * Frachtenberg, Leo J. (1914). Lower Umpqua texts and notes on the Kusan dialects. Columbia University Contributions to Anthropology (Vol. 4, pp. 141–150). (Reprinted 1969, New York: AMS Press). * * Atlas of languages of intercultural communication in the Pacific, Asia, and the Americas * Mithun, Marianne. (1999). The Languages of Native North America. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. (hbk); . * Whereat, Don. (1992). (Personal communication in Mithun 1999). * Jacobs, Melville. (1940). Coos Narrative and Ethnologic Texts. University of Washington: Seattle. * DeLancey, S., & Golla, V. (1997). ‘The Penutian Hypothesis: Retrospect and Prospect’. International Journal of American Linguistics, 63(1), 171-202. * Douglas-Tavani, Jordan AG. (2021). 'Languages of the Bay: On the Proto-Coosan Hypothesis'. University of California: Santa Barbara. https://escholarship.org/uc/item/20f1966w ==External links== *Confederated Tribes of Coos, Lower Umpqua, and Siuslaw homepage *Languages of Oregon - Coos *Coos, Lower Umpqua & Siuslaw Tribes profile Category:Coast Oregon Penutian languages Category:Language families

['Oregon', 'Melville Jacobs', 'Edward Sapir', 'Oregon Penutian', 'Continuant']

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James H. "Shamus" Culhane (November 12, 1908 – February 2, 1996) was an American animator, film director, and film producer. He is best known for his work in the Golden age of American animation. ==Career== Shamus Culhane worked for a number of American animation studios, including Fleischer Studios, the Ub Iwerks studio, Walt Disney Animation Studios, and Walter Lantz Productions. He began his animation career in 1925 working for Bray Productions on the Dinky Doodle series, produced under the supervision of Walter Lantz. After Bray he served as an inker on Ben Harrison’s and Manny Gould’s Krazy Kat cartoons before moving to Fleischer Studios in 1929 after producer Charles Mintz did not retain him upon transferring the studio to Hollywood. Culhane is known for promoting the animation talents of his inker/assistant at Fleischer in the early 1930s, Lillian Friedman Astor, making her the first female studio animator.Who's Who in Animated Cartoons: An International Guide to Film & Television's Award-Winning and Legendary Animators, by Jeff Lenburg, p. 95-97 After serving as director on several Talkartoons and early Betty Boop shorts, Culhane moved to Hollywood to animate at the Iwerks Studio, operated by influential former Disney alumnus Ub Iwerks, under which he directed, alongside his longtime colleague and friend Al Eugster, several ComiColor Cartoons. On departing Iwerks's studio, Culhane briefly returned to New York to direct at the reorganized Van Beuren Corporation, then supervised by Burt Gillett, before opting to apply to Disney in 1935. While at the Disney studio, he discovered while working on Hawaiian Holidays crab sequence an animation method that involved stewing for multiple days, before drawing the entire thing in rough sketches all at once, straight ahead. He was a lead animator on Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs, animating arguably the most well-known sequence in the film, the animation of the dwarves marching home singing "Heigh-Ho". The scene took Culhane and his assistants six months to complete. During this time he developed his "High-speed" technique of animating with quick dashed-off sketches. He also worked as an animator on Pinocchio, where he worked on Honest John and Gideon. However, he was left uncredited on the film. During the production of the film he left Disney to work at Fleischer Studios. While there, he worked as an animator on several crowd scenes in Gulliver's Travels and as the uncredited co-director on Mr. Bug Goes to Town. Following the completion of Gulliver, Culhane was assigned his own unit, which he attempted to instil with the artistic principles and ethos he had acquired at Disney, yielding shorts such as Popeye Meets William Tell, notable for their unusually fluid and expressive character animation relative to much of Fleischer's previous work. A year following his departure from Fleischer, Culhane worked briefly in the units of Chuck Jones and Frank Tashlin at Warner Bros. Cartoons, before moving on to being a director for Walter Lantz. At Lantz, he collaborated on The Greatest Man in Siam with the layout artist (and former Disney and Chuck Jones alumnus) Art Heinemann. In that animation, "the king of Siam bolts past doorways that are distinctly phallic in shape and peers at another that mimics a vagina." Later the same year he helmed Woody Woodpecker's classic The Barber of Seville. The cartoon debuted a new streamlined design for the woodpecker, and is also known for featuring one of the first uses of fast cutting, after taking the idea from Sergei Eisenstein. At Lantz, he sporadically introduced Russian avant-garde influenced experimental art into the cartoons.; one example is briefly visible during an explosion in the Woody Woodpecker short The Loose Nut. Culhane departed Lantz in October 1945 following a pay dispute. Following a succession of aborted projects, he returned to New York in 1948 to found Shamus Culhane Productions (Culhane had gone by his birthname of James up until this point, before going by its Irish variant Shamus), one of the first companies to create animated television commercials, among them an iconic Muriel Cigars commercial featuring a Mae West caricature stylized as a cigar. It also produced the animation for at least one of the Bell Telephone Science Series films. Shamus Culhane Productions folded in the 1960s, at which point Culhane became the head of the successor to Fleischer Studios, Paramount Cartoon Studios. He left the studio in 1967, ceding its creative supervision to a young Ralph Bakshi, and went into semi-retirement. ==Post-animation career== Culhane wrote two highly regarded books on animation: the how-to/textbook Animation from Script to Screen, and his autobiography Talking Animals and Other People. Since Culhane worked for a number of major Hollywood animation studios, his autobiography gives a balanced general overview of the history of the Golden age of American animation. At his death on February 2, 1996, Culhane was survived by his fourth wife, the former Juana Hegarty, and by two sons from his third marriage,Maxine Marx, Growing Up With Chico, p. 168: "... Shamus, who was twice divorced" when he married Maxine. to Maxine Marx (the daughter of Chico Marx): Brian Culhane of Seattle and Kevin Marx Culhane of Portland, Oregon. ==References== ==External links== * Category:1908 births Category:1996 deaths Category:American animated film directors Category:American animated film producers Category:Animators from Massachusetts Category:Film producers from Massachusetts Category:People from Ware, Massachusetts Category:20th- century American businesspeople Category:Warner Bros. Cartoons people Category:Film directors from Massachusetts Category:Fleischer Studios people Category:Bray Productions people Category:Walter Lantz Productions people Category:Walt Disney Animation Studios people Category:Famous Studios people

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Heavy Gear is a mecha science fiction game universe published since 1994 by Canadian publisher Dream Pod 9. It includes a tabletop tactical wargame, a role-playing game, and a combat card game (Heavy Gear Fighter). The setting is also known through the PC game incarnations published by Activision in 1997 and 1999, which were developed after Activision lost the rights to the Battletech/MechWarrior series. It also spawned a 40-episode, 3D-animated TV series in 2001, which featured a much simplified version of the universe developed in the role-playing game. The background universe of the game is very detailed – more than a hundred books and game accessories have been published since 1994. A continual epic storyline runs throughout all of the game's material, with new publications moving chronologically along the timeline. Heavy Gear is best known for its humanoid combat vehicles (or mecha) – the Gears and Striders used by the military forces in the setting. ==Plot and setting== Heavy Gear is set on a distant, fictional planet called Terra Nova around 4,000 Earth Standard Years from now (AD 6132). Terra Nova was once the pride of the United Earth Government's colonies. However, an economic collapse forced the UEG government to abandon Terra Nova and all its other colonies centuries before the period depicted in the game setting, leaving Terra Nova in a Dark Age. Eventually, City-states rose from the ashes and either through treaties or tyranny, united to form national unions called Leagues. These Leagues would in turn ally (again either peacefully or forcibly) to form the superpower blocs that dominated the temperate southern and northern hemispheres of the planet. The planet's geography is primarily land containing deep underground water reserves, but few large bodies of open water, and no oceans. This is unlike Earth, which is covered by 70% ocean. The planet has its own existing ecosystem of plants and animals, such as the bison that Barnaby used as livestock, and the Hopper which is the equivalent of Earth's rabbit, though most animals are reptilian in nature. The single dominant land feature is a massive mineral rich, hot, desert belt around the equator of the world known as the Badlands. This territory is not dominated by any one political group, and is considered open territory to everyone, and contains many bandit groups known as Rovers. Most people live in the northern or southern polar regions where temperatures are more acceptable to human life, and other terrain types such as forests, grasslands, swamps and jungles can be found. Small ice caps with arctic conditions and glaciers are found on the true north and true south poles. As the setting is primarily the backdrop for a series of strategy, roleplaying, and video games the military and weaponry are the main focus. One of the most popular weapon systems of the various groups on Terra Nova are the machines known as Heavy Gears that give the universe its name. They are 12- to 20-foot-tall () bipedal, armored, single occupancy military combat units. The Gears are less heavily armed and armored than main battle tanks used by the Terra Nova armies. However, the Gears provide a mix of capabilities that prove effective as the setting/game rules typically allow victory through maneuver warfare and place less emphasis on raw firepower and armor. Several major wars take place over time, including the War of the Alliance. A new dictatorial government on Earth attempts to re- take its former colonies by force using its own advanced war machines such as hover tanks and armies of purple skinned GREL super soldiers (Genetically Recombined Experimental Legionaries). In this war both the North and the South cooperate to fight off the Colonial Expeditionary Force, which during their first defeat and withdrawal abandon many personnel (both human and GREL), who eventually settle Terra Nova and form the city-state of Port Arthur. As of 6132 AD (TN 1936, local calendar), the Confederated Northern City-States (CNCS) and the Allied Southern Territories (AST) are recovering and rebuilding from the War of the Alliance. Despite the looming common threat posed by the eventual return of Earth's colonial armies, the polar superpowers have great fear and animosity for each other, an analogy of the real world NATO and Warsaw Pact, while the independent City-States of the Badlands simply try to survive the crossfire. ==Confederated Northern City-States== The political situation on Terra Nova has three major nations of the north polar region banding together to form their alliance called the Confederated Northern City- States to oppose the Allied Southern Territories from the south pole. ===Northern Light Confederacy=== A large nation known for its devotion to the major religion of Sorrento Revisionism based on the teachings of an early wandering desert colonist prophet named Mamoud. Sorrento Revisionism is a sect that preaches conservatism, and the necessary use of force to make the world a better place. They are most often motivated to conflict by that reason, and even incorporate chaplains into military units. ===Mercantile Federation === An industrial power that puts a price on everything, including buying and selling votes in their political system, and has a keen interest in exploiting the untapped resources buried in the sand and rock of the Badlands. ===Western Frontier Protectorate=== A region of open plains and ranching that promote family, hard work, and patriotism by military service. Indeed, the WFP requires a person to be a reservist in the Protectorate armed forces in order to be elected to high office, and only military veterans may vote. ==Allied Southern Territories== The south pole of Terra Nova likewise has an overall political grouping known as the Allied Southern Territories. Unlike the three nations forming the CNCS, which are generally on an equal level with one another politically, the Southern Republic dominates over the other three southern nations in order to field the strength necessary to meet Northern aggressive policies towards them. ===Southern Republic=== The real power of the southern pole. They are the largest nation on the planet with both territory and population, and dominate the other southern nations by military force if necessary. They are openly free with many individual rights of expression, a high level of art and culture, and legalized vices, but with the major exception of freedom for political dissent. The government is intolerant of dissent and opposition groups, and employs secret police. Prisoners often form poorly trained and equipped military units. ===Mekong Dominion=== A nation of manufacturing, money lending, and corporations as government. They are also minimally armed, using their small military as a dual purpose police force and often hires outside forces to supplement their own when necessary. ===Humanist Alliance=== This nation uses science and technology to structure their society in an attempt to create harmony and utopia. This ideal has almost attained religious status in their people. They place citizens into castes based on aptitude testing and are highly educated at all levels. Research and development, and an efficient skilled work force are some of their greatest assets. ===Eastern Sun Emirates=== A fractured nation of individual City-States that are almost nations unto themselves. They are led by hereditary monarchs known as Emirs who rule over their common citizens with no middle class in between. ==Minor powers on Terra Nova== Along with the major polar regions, several smaller factions exist on Terra Nova. ===Peace River=== An independent city state in the Badlands of Terra Nova. They are an industrial nation capable of sophisticated, but practical manufacturing. This nation is home to Paxton Arms, one of the few independent corporations outside the two polar regions to build military hardware, including Heavy Gears of their own design. Peace River is the largest independent nation in the Badlands. The Peace River military also tries its best to defend other badland nations from encroachments by either polar League, but is often stretched thin to cover such a vast area. Their other major conflicts involve Rovers, the bandits of the Badlands. ===Port Arthur=== The remnants of the failed expeditionary army sent by Earth to reconquer Terra Nova, Port Arthur was one of their primary staging bases in the Badlands. Over one-hundred thousand human officers and GREL (Genetically Recombined Experimental Legionaries) super-soldiers were abandoned by the Earth fleet concentrated on Port Arthur. From here they have established a nation for themselves, and benefit from the high technology of the Colonial Expeditionary Force (CEF) hover tanks, and GREL infantry to safeguard their territory. ===Rovers and independents=== Most people in the Badlands owe their allegiance to no nation. They live as families, gangs, or individuals. Small facilities of human habitation known as Oasis Towers are spotted around the Badlands at any available surface, or shallow wells of water, and small-scale agriculture can even be attempted. However, most Badlanders make their living as miners or caravan traders. They ply back and forth between the polar regions and far flung industrial sites of the Badlands selling and buying goods. Rovers are the criminal element of the Badlands. They are groups of local outcasts, criminals escaping the law, deserters fleeing their homelands, simple runaways, or even hereditary rovers born to other rovers who live in the wilds of the badlands and prey on local trade caravans, independent miners, and homesteaders. They are a common problem in the lawless Badlands. Rather than work for their living, they take from others. Most Badlanders protect themselves in some fashion, though an unwritten code has developed over time where Rovers only take enough for themselves, and will not leave their victims destitute or without the supplies to survive. However, the cruelty and/or humanity of the Rover bands runs the full spectrum of decency. Many Rover bands even operate Heavy Gears salvaged from forgotten battle fields, stolen, or even bought on the open or black markets. ==Heavy Gears== The namesake machines of the universe setting are the Heavy Gears. They are 12- to 20-foot-tall () machines usually weighing between 5 and 12 tons, that resemble robotic humanoids. They seat a single pilot inside the chest and head unit. They provide a flexibility to the battlefield of Heavy Gear setting that make them more useful than most other units, though they do not dominate. They can traverse more difficult terrain faster, and change direction swifter than tanks, which is important to a setting that emphasizes mobility, and not just firepower. They are powered by a unique hydrocarbon-burning piston engine called a V-engine, often mounted as a backpack. This is different from most science fiction settings, which use some form of nuclear power or a more obscure or invented power source. Confusingly, this V-engine is not the same design as a modern V-engine, but an alternative working design invented by students at the University of Colorado. The engine has two rotating cylindrical engine blocks with multiple chambers in each block. The blocks somewhat resemble large scale cylinders from a revolver handgun. The two rotating cylinders are set approximately 90 degrees from each other, and shared between each rotating block are several solid V-shaped rods that serve as pistons. As the blocks rotate inside static housings, openings in the sides of the rotating and static portions of the engine will line up and act as intake and exhaust ports, and electrical contact connections trigger the spark plugs. The rotation of the cylinder blocks is tapped for electrical power generation or directly for hydraulic pressure. The computer system that enables the machines to move and operate fluidly are called Optical Neural Networks, or ONNets for short. They are learning computers that work, in many ways, similarly to an organic brain and are trained to perform advanced tasks instead of being programmed with software. They operate using light instead of electricity, and use microscopic crystals to form logic circuits for the light to pass through. New connections are made over time by the computer and allow it to learn new instructions. This factor leads the ONNet computer to develop traits, instincts, and habits over time based on the pilots that operate with them. Some functions become automatic as the computer tries to predict what the pilot wants and has used in the past in similar situations. This allows faster reactions in most situations, but can sometimes also cause indecision on the ONNet's part if tactics or patterns change in an unusual situation. Heavy Gear pilots tend to form a bond with their Gears' ONNets, or at least recognize the efficiency that an experienced ONNet provides; pilots forced to abandon a damaged or disabled Gear often take with them the ONNet unit from beneath their seats. The weaponry of the Heavy Gear is usually lighter and less powerful than a main battle tank, as Gears themselves typically weigh only a fifth (or less) the weight of a tank. They typically have one automatic cannon carried as a Gear sized hand held assault rifle. They also typically have a shoulder mounted multiple-launch missile launcher rack, as well as a small anti-personnel fragmentation grenade launcher for use against infantry. However, variants of many machines, especially heavier models, can carry or mount a wide variety of weapons, such as heavy mortars, bazookas, guided missiles, larger hand-held grenade launchers, larger cannons or artillery, and even advanced directed energy weapons. Heavy Gears can walk, run, crawl, and generally mimic most of the mobility of the human form, on which they are patterned. This flexibility affords the Heavy Gear many of the advantages of an infantryman, such as the ability to traverse difficult terrain and make effective use of cover, while at the same time having the resilience and firepower of a light armored vehicle. Most Gears also have a secondary movement system consisting of wheels (or tracks for heavier gears) fitted to their feet, powered either by efficient electric motors or a drive train connected to the V-Engine. The use of the alternate movement systems afford a higher speed and increased fuel efficiency on roads or flat terrain, and reduce wear on leg joints when traveling long distances. However, the wheels sacrifice maneuverability and cannot be used in rough or soft terrain due to their relatively small size, requiring the Gear to switch back to walker mode. ==Artwork and design== The Heavy Gear books are notable for their heavily illustrated content. Each book features highly detailed plans and cutaways of the machines, along with flags, insignias, maps and other visual information to help players' immersion. Most of the artwork was done by illustrator Ghislain Barbe, who was also responsible for the artwork of Jovian Chronicles, another Dream Pod 9 game. Although he left Dream Pod 9, Ghislain produced book covers for the Heavy Gear franchise until Heavy Gear Blitz! Locked & Loaded. Currently, artwork is provided by a team of individuals; Avelardo Paredes, Mariko Shimamoto and David Tauzia, among others. The main themes of many artworks include the Heavy Gears themselves, with distinctive backpacks for the V-engine, single 'eye' head units, and at least a small area of the machine painted with an alternating yellow and black warning stripe paint scheme. Northern military combat machines are typically shaped with rectilinear right-angled armor plates, and are usually named for predatory mammals such as bears and large cats. Southern military machinery usually include numerous curved shaped armor plates. They are usually named for reptiles, often snakes. ==Rules== All editions of Heavy Gear use some variation of Dream Pod 9's own Silhouette game system. The first and second editions of the game contain both Role-playing and Tactical Wargame Rules. "Tactical" Heavy Gear calls for the use of hex maps and paper counters or miniatures. The third edition of the Heavy Gear RPG uses a separate Silhouette CORE Rulebook, which is needed for play. The Heavy Gear 3rd Edition book contains useful summaries from many 2nd edition products, combined with some detailed statistics for both the SilCORE and OGL D20 systems. Heavy Gear: Blitz! Locked & Loaded is the most recent Heavy Gear: Blitz! rulebook, the first of which was released concurrently in 2006 with a new line of miniatures. It contains no role-playing material and is styled as a dedicated wargame; it contains a streamlined rule system, an innovative new army building system, complete army lists and background information for five factions, a basic campaign system, a painting guide, and a timeline of historic events in the Heavy Gear universe. The Heavy Gear: Blitz! rules are intended for use with 1:144 scale model terrain, but it is still possible to use hexed mapsheets and paper counters. The Heavy Gear Blitz! ruleset was a nominee for the 2007 Origins Award for Best Miniatures Game or Expansion of the Year. In May, 2009, Dream Pod 9 released "Return to Cat's Eye", the first expansion book for Heavy Gear Blitz!, which provides background information and army lists for three new armies. ===Silhouette CORE RPG Rules=== The Silhouette RPG, known in later editions as SilCORE is a simulationist system that defines characters in terms of 10 base attributes (agility, knowledge, etc.), 5 derived attributes (health, etc.), and a variety of skills. Skill rolls make up the "backbone" of the system, while basic and derived Attributes serve as modifiers to the roll. The task resolution and tests involve rolling a number of 6-sided dice, taking the highest result, adding in modifiers for attributes and/or situation, and then comparing it to a set threshold number. If the result is higher than the threshold the test is a success; if it is lower the test is a failure. The margin by which the test succeeded (Margin of Success, MoS) or failed (Margin of Failure, MoF) helps to determine the outcome. Characters may suffer penalty-inflicting wounds rather than depleting a set number of health points. Some players regard the system as particularly lethal, especially for inexperienced characters. A variety of optional rules are available in the SilCORE rulebook to mitigate this lethality. DP9 ceased producing RPGs between 2006 and 2008 for their entire game catalog, including Heavy Gear. On August 27, 2008, Steve Jackson Games announced that they had entered into an agreement with Dream Pod 9 to produce a fourth edition of a Heavy Gear roleplaying game. The project never got past the planning stages, however, and on August 9, 2010, Steve Jackson Games announced that they were relinquishing the rights to Heavy Gear back to DP9. Dream Pod 9 announced that they would produce a fourth edition of a Heavy Gear RPG themselves, with a tentative release date of late 2011. This edition was not published. In May of 2023, Dream Pod 9 announced the coming of the official 4th edition rules for Heavy Gear, funded by crowdfunding to raise money for production and art costs. The project was fully funded and plans for a Q4, 2023 release are still in place. This marks the first new product for the Heavy Gear RPG line since production ceased in 2008. This new edition is reported to be compatible with Dream Pod 9's Heavy Gear Blitz! miniatures game as well as being backwards compatible with all Heavy Gear 2nd Edition rulebooks. ===Heavy Gear 20th Anniversary Edition=== On March 5, 2014, Dream Pod 9 announced that a new Heavy Gear RPG would be produced by Arkrite Press LLC, which is co-owned by Dream Pod 9 staff members. ==Heavy Gear Fighter== Heavy Gear Fighter is a stand-alone two-player card game set in the Heavy Gear universe. It was published by Dream Pod 9 in 1994, and is currently out of print. ===Game description=== Heavy Gear Fighter is a card-based dueling game in which two Heavy Gears duel in the Badlands. It is not a collectible card game; everything needed to play is contained in the box. Every playing card is illustrated with a full color picture of a Gear. They are divided into Attacks of various strengths, Defenses, and Special Effects. Both players draw from the same pile. The game does not use dice or paper. Each playable Gear has a full color record/action sheet that is used to keep track of actions/damage with small counters. Cards are dealt from a player's hand to cause damage, defend against enemy attacks, and create various special effects. ===Expansion sets=== The game received an official expansion set, Equipment & Weapons, in 1995. As its name implies, it added new Equipment and Weapon cards that could be played on the Gears. Several "mini-sets" were included as promotional material in the pages of various magazines, notably Mecha Press and White Wolf Magazine. These cards were always optional and allowed players to create special combat conditions as well as execute different maneuvers. A set was designed that would have featured new vehicles (notably tanks and Striders), but it was never published. ==Miniatures== Heavy Gear has had three successive lines of wargaming miniatures starting with the RAFM produced 1:87 scale line, then the in-house produced 1:144 scale Tactical Rules and varying scale Fleet line, and the current 1:144 scale resculpted line for Heavy Gear: Blitz! The 1:87 scale RAFM line was launched in 1995. The miniatures were largely cast in lead until public safety concerns, originally raised in 1993, influenced the gaming industry to cast lead-free miniatures. The price increase from the adoption of lead-free pewter made Dream Pod 9 reconsider the size and scale of their miniatures. As a result, the RAFM line of Heavy Gear miniatures was discontinued and never expanded beyond the Northern and Southern Terra Novan factions. The 1:144 scale (12mm) Tactical Rules line was launched in 1997. It was largely the result of a desire to decrease the production cost inherent in lead-free, pewter miniatures. The Tactical Rules line was also developed with a greater attention to the control of proportions of the various Heavy Gear designs using computer-aided design illustrations as guides. The Heavy Gear miniature range was then expanded beyond the Northern and Southern factions to include designs from the Badlands and Colonial Earth Forces factions. The later Tactical Rules line miniatures were sculpted by Philippe Ferrier Le Clerc, who joined Dream Pod 9 in 2001. He also provided Heavy Gear limited edition resin miniatures through his boutique studio, Minimaniak. During the same era as the Tactical Rules miniatures, Fleet Scale miniatures were also introduced which ranged from 1:350 scale for infantry, tanks, heavy gears, and striders to 1:3500 scale for landships. The 1:144 scale (12mm) Heavy Gear: Blitz! line was launched in 2006. It preserved some of the Tactical Rules line miniatures for recasting. However, the majority of the Tactical Rules line miniatures will be resculpted. The intention of this change was that the miniatures bear a closer resemblance to the original hand drawn illustrations, that they have a greater range of possible poses, and that unit recognition is made easier for overall improved gameplay. In order to accomplish this, the difference in size between some miniatures has been exaggerated by approximately 10% and the miniatures are now cast on sprues, which allows many smaller, modular parts to be cast. Another effect of the Heavy Gear: Blitz! line of miniatures has been an appreciable increase in detail due to new sculpting and resin-master casting techniques. It has also produced the first new Heavy Gear designs in many years. Fusion Models has also produced a 1:35 scale resin model of Heavy Gears Kodiak heavy assault Gear. ==Video games== Faced with the loss of the BattleTech-MechWarrior property, Activision's Production Executive, Frank Evers (CEO), spearheaded the acquisition of the video game license in 1995. The first game, Heavy Gear, was released in 1997. The second game, Heavy Gear II, was made in 1999 for the Windows 98 operating system. After years of the franchise laying dormant a licensing deal was announced on August 1, 2012, between Stompy Bot Productions and the owner of the franchise Dream Pod 9. A Kickstarter campaign for Heavy Gear Assault was launched but eventually cancelled in 2013. The game relaunched in 2015 in early access. The game is developed by MekTek Studios and published by Stompy Bot Productions for Windows and Linux. It's being developed with Epic Games' Unreal Engine 4 and was scheduled for a full release in 2018. As of 2020, Heavy Gear Assault is available for purchase on Steam, but, according to several reviews, the servers are no longer in operation, preventing the game from launching. ==TV series== In 2001, a computer-animated TV series titled Heavy Gear: The Animated Series was produced by Audu Paden at Mainframe Entertainment and Adelaide Productions for Columbia TriStar Television. The series lasted 40 episodes (though two of these were "recap" episodes and more still were clip shows). It played in syndication in various markets worldwide. The Dream Pod 9 creative staff had very little input in the series' content, and the animated universe differs significantly from the game's. The show was aimed at an audience much younger than the one the property had previously targeted. The producers' original intent was to start the series with a mecha- combat tournament held between the villainous Vanguard of Justice who are like the Legion of Doom and the honorable Shadow Dragons (representatives of Terra Nova's Northern and Southern armies respectively) like the Power Rangers, but after the resolution of the tournament storyline rising tensions would lead to war between the North and South, which would in turn be followed by an invasion from Earth trying to reconquer its old colony planet, forcing the North and South to join forces for their own survival. Worries that having the villains from the early episodes (the Vanguard characters) suddenly working with the heroes, and shifting from a tournament-styled competition to all-out mecha warfare, would have been too confusing for their targeted age group led to a decision to not use the war storyline. What ended up happening on the show was that they ran the tournament storyline as planned but even though the tournament had been 'won' within the first dozen or so episodes, the two teams just kept having exhibition matches and the like for the remainder of the 40-episode run With a cast like Lukas Haas, Vanessa Estelle Williams, David DeLuise, Ed Hopkins, Clancy Brown, and Clyde Kusatsu with Charles Shaughnessy, Greg Ellis, Karen Maruyama,Keith Szarabajka, Nicholas Guest, Jim Wise, Sarah Douglas, and Tom Kane. The "in-universe" explanation for the difference between the universes is that the animated series is a Terra Novan entertainment program not unlike real-world professional wrestling. In 2002, Heavy Gear: The Animated Series was nominated for a Golden Reel Award for Best Sound Editing in Television Animation. DVD releases include two volumes released in North America in 2002 by Columbia TriStar Home Entertainment each with five episodes edited together into "feature length" stories. 2004 saw a release in the UK of a two disc Season One set including both "feature length" stories and three standalone episodes which collectively present the first thirteen episodes of the series in one form or other, but lacks the bonus content present on the North American releases. Also in 2004 Anchor Bay issued a single disc release in Canada with another five episodes from later in the series. The entire series was formerly available for streaming for free in the US and Canada on Sony owned Crackle. It was also formerly available for streaming in Canada on Netflix. The episodes were originally produced in widescreen and presented as such on the DVD releases, while most syndication broadcasts were of a cropped pan and scan version of each episode. The streaming versions formerly available from Crackle and Netflix were also of these pan and scan versions. ==Reception== In the February 1998 edition of Dragon, Rick Swan reviewed both the Heavy Gear setting and the Jovian Chronicles setting (also published by Dream Pod 9), and praised the high production values: "Both are beautiful games, into which a lot of effort has been invested." Swan admired the "Silhouette" game system for character creation, "the smartest set of universal rules this side of the GURPS game." But he criticized the combat rules, which he called "more work than fun." And he did not like the "downright dismal" setting, nor the paucity of information about its history. "Heavy Gear purports to tell the tale of the aftermath of the War of the Alliance, when Terra Nova was invaded by Imperial Earth. But there’s next to nothing about the history of the war or the effect on the participants. And don’t expect much about politics, culture, or economics. Put it this way: the entire 'World of Heavy Gear' chapter fills only six pages." He concluded with an ambivalent shrug: "Other than the lifeless settings, I couldn’t find anything seriously wrong with Heavy Gear... But I couldn’t find much to be excited about either." In Issue 13 of Arcane, Jim Swallow reviuewed Heavy Gear Duellist's Handbook, and commented that "There's plenty of source material for campaigns, with data on NPCs. locations and the welcome addition of more maps." Although Swallow gave the game a below-average rating of 6 out of 10, he concluded, "This is certainly a good place to begin a Heavy Gear game." ==Reviews== *Shadis #48 (June, 1998) *White Wolf #47 (Sept., 1994) *Backstab #6 *Backstab #8 *InQuest Gamer #36 (2nd Edition) *Casus Belli #93 ==Publication history== * Heavy Gear Fighter (1995), stock number ICF-02, card game which was released before the First Edition Rulebook. * Heavy Gear Fighter: Weapons and Equipment (1995), stock number ICF-03, card game expansion pack. * Heavy Gear Fighter: Booster I Card Set (1995), stock number not available, card game expansion pack. * First Edition Rulebook (July 1995), first and second printings stock number ISG-001 (), later printings stock number DP9-001 (), rulebook which combined roleplaying and wargaming rules, and an early version of the game's Vehicle Construction System rules to create new Gears and conventional vehicles. * Operation Jungle Drums (October 1995), stock number ISG-06, , introductory adventure featuring both roleplaying and Tactical game material. * Field Guide: Northern Vehicles 1 (December 1995), stock number DP9-009, , expansion module with additional Gears and weapons options for the Northern faction on Terra Nova. Includes full-color counters showing the Gears in the book, for use in tabletop play. * Field Guide: Southern Vehicles 1 (December 1995), stock number DP9-010, , expansion module with additional Gears and weapons options for the Southern faction on Terra Nova. Includes full-color counters showing the Gears in the book, for use in tabletop play. * First Edition Gamemaster's Screen and Counters (1996), stock number DP9-020, trifold screen for Gamemaster and full-color counters for use in tabletop play. * Life on Terra Nova (January 1996), stock number DP9-002, , world sourcebook for Terra Nova, the primary setting for the game. * Into The Badlands (March 1996), stock number DP9-018, , regional sourcebook for the Badlands, the equatorial region of Terra Nova. * Field Guide: Northern Vehicles 2 (April 1996), stock number DP9-012, , expansion module with additional Gears, conventional vehicles and weapons options for the Northern faction on Terra Nova. Includes full-color counters showing the Gears and vehicles in the book, for use in tabletop play. * Field Guide: Southern Vehicles 2 (April 1996), stock number DP9-013, , expansion module with additional Gears, conventional vehicles and weapons options for the Southern faction on Terra Nova. Includes full-color counters showing the Gears and vehicles in the book, for use in tabletop play. * Tactical Air Support (May 1996), stock number DP9-008, , new rules and background to include aircraft in Heavy Gear games. Includes additional rules for the First Edition Vehicle Construction system, which were replaced with the rules in the Second Edition Technical Manual. * Technical Manual (July 1996), stock number DP9-004, , sourcebook describing the weapons and technology of the Heavy Gear universe. * Duelist's Handbook (August 1996), stock number DP9-005, , sourcebook describing the gladiatorial sport of Dueling. Includes roleplaying and Tactical game material. * Character Compendium 1 (September 1996), stock number DP9-021, , character sourcebook featuring influential and noteworthy characters and groups from around Terra Nova. * Tactical Field Support: Artillery & Ground Warfare (October 1996), stock number DP9-016, , sourcebook with new rules for minefields, artillery support and morale, along with new weapons options. * Southern Army List One: Southern Republic (November 1996), stock number DP9-024, , army sourcebook for the Southern Republican Army with new and expanded roleplaying and Tactical game material. Though it is labeled "Southern Army List One," no other books were published in this format. * Northern Vehicle Compendium One: Gears & Striders (December 1996), stock number DP9-025, , sourcebook featuring additional Gears and weapons options for the Northern faction on Terra Nova. The Vehicle Compendiums expand on the material included in the earlier Field Guides, and feature many new designs. * Southern Vehicle Compendium One: Gears & Striders (January 1997), stock number DP9-026, , sourcebook featuring additional Gears and weapons options for the Southern faction on Terra Nova. * Northern Record Sheets One: Gears & Striders' (February 1997), stock number DP9-027, , set of Tactical game record sheets for the vehicles described in Northern Vehicle Compendium One. * Southern Record Sheets One: Gears & Striders (February 1997), stock number DP9-028, , set of Tactical game record sheets for the vehicles described in Southern Vehicle Compendium One. * CNCS (Northern) Leaguebook One: Northern Lights Confederacy (May 1997), stock number DP9-030, , regional sourcebook. * Southern Leaguebook One: Southern Republic (August 1997), stock number DP9-031, , regional sourcebook. * The New Breed: Battle Before The Storm (September 1997), stock number DP9-035, , campaign sourcebook which tied into the Heavy Gear PC game produced by Activision. * Heavy Gear Design Works: The Making of a Universe (November 1997), stock number DP9-037, , contains artworks examples for the Heavy Gear line, from early development through the First Edition. * Storyline Book One: Crisis of Faith (November 1997), stock number DP9-033, , the first book detailing DP9's published metaplot for Heavy Gear, from TN 1933 to TN 1935. * Second Edition Rulebook (December 1997), stock number DP9-101, , updated rulebook with both roleplaying and wargaming rules. Available in both softcover and hardcover versions. * Southern Leaguebook Two: Humanist Alliance (January 1998), stock number DP9-032, , regional sourcebook. * Northern Vehicles Compendium Two: Tanks & Artillery (February 1998), stock number DP9-038, , sourcebook featuring additional conventional vehicles and weapons options for the Northern faction on Terra Nova. Includes Tactical game record sheets. * Southern Vehicles Compendium Two: Tanks & Artillery (February 1998), stock number DP9-039, , sourcebook featuring additional conventional vehicles and weapons options for the Southern faction on Terra Nova. Includes Tactical game record sheets. * Gamemaster's Guide and Screen (March 1998), stock number DP9-103, , trifold screen for Gamemasters and supplement with tips for running games. * Campaign Setting Two: The Paxton Gambit (March 1998), stock number DP9-040, , campaign sourcebook set in Peace River. * Miniatures Rules and Campaigning (April 1998), stock number DP9-043, , Tactical rules boxed set containing campaign guides, full-color maps and counters for tabletop play. * Southern Leaguebook Three: Mekong Dominion (July 1998), stock number DP9-036, , regional sourcebook. * Terranovan Military Powers Book One: Northern Guard (August 1998), stock number DP9-046, , army list sourcebook. * Life on Terra Nova Second Edition (September 1998), stock number DP9-102, , world sourcebook updated with new material to reflect the events in Storyline Book 1. * Second Edition Technical Manual (December 1998), stock number DP9-104, , includes material from the First Edition Technical Manual and an expanded version of the Vehicle Construction System rules. * Tactical Pack One: Battle of Two Towers (December 1998), stock number DP9-050, , expansion pack for the Tactical game rules. Includes full-color counters and maps. * Storyline Book Two: Blood on The Wind (February 1999), stock number DP9-034, , details DP9's published Heavy Gear metaplot from TN 1935 to TN 1939. * Northern Leaguebook Two: United Mercantile Federation (March 1999), stock number DP9-051, , regional sourcebook. * Northern Leaguebook Three: Western Frontier Protectorate (March 1999), stock number DP9-052, , regional sourcebook. * Tactical Pack Two: Shadow War (March 1999), stock number DP9-054, , expansion pack for the Tactical game rules. Includes full-color counters and maps. * Southern Leaguebook Four: Eastern Sun Emirates (April 1999), stock number DP9-053, , regional sourcebook. * Armor Pack Volume One: Tanks and Striders (May 1999), stock number DP9-057, , expansion pack for the Tactical game rules. Includes full-color counters. * Terranovan Military Powers Book Two: Southern MILICIA (August 1999), stock number DP9-048, , army list sourcebook. * Tactical Pack Three: Operation Sudden Fire (October 1999), stock number DP9-055, , expansion pack for the Tactical game rules. Includes full-color counters and maps. * Storyline Book Three: Return to Cat's Eye (November 1999), stock number DP9-056, , details DP9's published Heavy Gear metaplot from TN 1939 to TN 1941. * Activision Game Companion: Black Talon - Mission to Caprice (January 2000), stock number DP9-059, , campaign sourcebook which tied into the Heavy Gear 2 PC game produced by Activision. * Tactical Space Support - Space Warfare (March 2000), stock number DP9-060, , new rules and background material for fighting in space. * Life on Caprice (April 2000), stock number DP9-047, , world sourcebook for Caprice, a "hypercity" world first introduced in Activision Game Companion: Black Talon - Mission to Caprice. * Tools and Weapons: Equipment Catalog (June 2000), stock number DP9-061, , sourcebook featuring additional weapons and equipment for player characters. * Storyline Book Four: Storm on the Horizon (August 2000), stock number DP9-062, , details DP9's published Heavy Gear metaplot from TN 1941 to TN 1943. * Caprice Book One: Corporate Sourcebook (September 2000), stock number DP9-063, , sourcebook detailing the corporations which rule Caprice. * Caprice Book Two: Liberati Sourcebook (October 2000), stock number DP9-064, , sourcebook detailing the clans which inhabit the "highlands" of Caprice. * Second Edition Duelist's Handbook (December 2000), stock number DP9-105, , updated Dueling rules and background material. * Tactical Miniatures Rules: The War Goes On (February 2001), stock number DP9-106, , updated Tactical game rules featuring a condensed "datacard" record sheet for each Gear or vehicle. * Earth Book One: Colonial Expeditionary Force (April 2001), stock number DP9-065, , army sourcebook for the Colonial Expeditionary Force with roleplaying and Tactical game material. * Miniatures Supplement: Raids & Raiders - Interstellar Strikes (June 2001), stock number DP9-107, , additional Tactical game rules and background material for special forces units. * Spaceship Compendium One: Ships of Terra Nova (July 2001), stock number DP9-066, , sourcebook describing spacecraft and space facilities in use by the various factions on Terra Nova. * Miniatures Supplement: Tactical Dueling - Arena Champions (October 2001), stock number DP9-108, , rules for Dueling with Tactical game figures. * Operation Jungle Drums Redux (November 2001), stock number DP9-109, , updating of the original supplement for use with the Second Edition roleplaying rules and the "datacard" vehicle sheet format in Tactical Miniatures Rules. * Storyline Book Five: Distant Shores (December 2001), stock number DP9-067, , details DP9's published Heavy Gear metaplot from TN 1943 to TN 1948. * Spaceship Compendium Two: Ships of The CEF (March 2002), stock number DP9-068, , sourcebook describing spacecraft and space facilities in use by Earth and Caprice. * Life on Atlantis (September 2002), stock number DP9-070, , world sourcebook for Atlantis, a waterworld. * Life on Utopia (April 2002), stock number DP9-069, , world sourcebook for Utopia, a world devastated by nuclear war. * Life on Eden (January 2003), stock number DP9-072, , world sourcebook for Eden, a world recovering from a natural disaster. * Heavy Gear Third Edition Player's Handbook (September 2003), stock number DP9-925, , roleplaying game to be used with the Silhouette CORE rules, or the d20 OGL rules produced by Wizards of the Coast. Includes material from the Equipment Catalog. * Heavy Gear Third Edition Earth Companion (December 2003), stock number DP9-926, , an expanded and updated version of Earth Book One: Colonial Expeditionary Force to be used with the Silhouette CORE rules. Includes OGL- compatible statistics. * Heavy Gear Third Edition Vehicle Companion (January 2004), stock number DP9-927, , updates for the Silhouette CORE rules for Gears and vehicles from previous publications. Includes OGL-compatible statistics. * Heavy Gear Third Edition Terra Nova Companion (March 2004), stock number DP9-928, , a sourcebook for Terra Nova compiled from previous editions of Life on Terra Nova and the various Leaguebooks. * Silhouette CORE Miniature Rules (July 2005), stock number DP9-919, , tabletop wargaming rules for the Silhouette CORE edition. Includes Dueling and "fleet scale" rules for 1/350 scale miniatures. * Heavy Gear Blitz! (August 2006), stock number DP9-996, , new rules for tabletop wargaming play. HGB includes no roleplaying rules. * Heavy Gear Blitz! Hammers of Faith (December 2006), stock number DP9-9031, , army list book detailing rules and units in the Blitz! rules for the North. * Heavy Gear Blitz! Swords of Pride (March 2007), stock number DP9-9032, , army list book detailing rules and units in the Blitz! rules for the South. * Heavy Gear Blitz! Shields of Freedom (December 2007), stock number DP9-9033, , army list book detailing rules and units in the Blitz! rules for the Badlands. * Heavy Gear Blitz! Locked and Loaded (May 2008), stock number DP9-9996c, , updated version of the Blitz! rules. Includes new army lists. * Heavy Gear Blitz! Black Talon - Return to Cat's Eye (May 2009), stock number DP9-9034, , features new army lists and vehicles for the CEF and the local forces on Caprice. * Heavy Gear Blitz! Field Manual - Core Book Revised (November 2011), stock number DP9-9997, , update of the Blitz! rules. * Heavy Gear Blitz! Perfect Storm - NuCoal Field Guide (November 2011), stock number DP9-9191, , features new army lists and vehicles for the NuCoal faction. * Heavy Gear Blitz! Forged In Fire - Southern Field Guide (December 2012), stock number DP99266e, , features new army lists and vehicles for the Southern factions. ==References== ==External links== *Official Heavy Gear Assault website *Publisher Dream Pod 9 website * * Heavy Gear Category:2000s American animated television series Category:2002 American television series debuts Category:2003 American television series endings Category:2000s Canadian animated television series Category:2002 Canadian television series debuts Category:2003 Canadian television series endings Category:American children's animated action television series Category:American children's animated adventure television series Category:American children's animated science fiction television series Category:American computer-animated television series Category:Canadian children's animated action television series Category:Canadian children's animated adventure television series Category:Canadian children's animated science fiction television series Category:Canadian computer-animated television series Category:English- language television shows Category:Television series by Sony Pictures Television Category:Television series by Adelaide Productions Category:Television series by Mainframe Studios Category:Canadian role-playing games Category:Dream Pod 9 games Category:Miniature wargames Category:Role- playing game systems Category:Mecha role-playing games Category:Campaign settings Category:Wargames introduced in the 1990s

['Dream Pod 9', 'PC game', 'Activision', 'Battletech', 'Earth', 'City-state', 'NATO', 'Warsaw Pact', 'Mecha', 'V-engine', 'Ghislain Barbe', 'Jovian Chronicles', 'Mecha Press', 'Frank Evers (CEO)', 'Heavy Gear II', 'Kickstarter', 'Epic Games', 'Mainframe Studios', 'Adelaide Productions', 'Columbia TriStar Television', 'Legion of Doom', 'Power Rangers', 'Lukas Haas', 'Vanessa Estelle Williams', 'David DeLuise', 'Clancy Brown', 'Clyde Kusatsu', 'Charles Shaughnessy', 'Karen Maruyama', 'Keith Szarabajka', 'Nicholas Guest', 'Jim Wise', 'Tom Kane', 'Netflix', 'Rick Swan', 'GURPS', 'Shadis', 'InQuest Gamer']

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The V Show with Bob Valvano is a sports talk radio show hosted by Bob Valvano and broadcast on ESPN Radio. Normally, the show is heard Saturdays and Sundays from 1am ET to 5am ET; however, in 2009, his Friday night shows were pre- empted, and his Saturday shows shortened by one hour, during football season, mainly by Mike Tirico's Weekend Blitz and Chris Mortensen's The Mort Report. Valvano has been on the same post since he joined ESPN Radio in December 1998. During the college basketball season he broadcasts from a different location almost every week, because he does a game for ESPN2 every Saturday night during the regular season. Two personalities that often replaced him were Jeff Rickard and Amy Lawrence, both were regulars on GameNight and ESPN Radio. The ESPN Radio SportsCenter update anchor is Neil Jackson or as Bob calls him Neil "Action" Jackson. Jackson helps with trivia challenges, highlights and phone calls. Regular guests on the show include Rob Neyer of SB Nation, Ric Bucher of ESPN.com, Len Pasquarelli also of ESPN.com and "The Professor", John Clayton. ==Segments== *V Cap- This segment, which started in 2006, is at the end of each hour. It is similar to AllNight with Jason Smith's Around the Dial segment, in which Valvano along with Jackson run down all of the scores and highlights from all of the big games from that night. *ESPN Radio Match Game- This segment is every weekend, usually at the start of the second half-hour of the first show; two callers (plus an alternate, who is declared the winner in case of a tie) each play one round of Match Game, three of the staffers and a (non-celebrity) phone-in panelist as the "celebrities". The winner gets a "fabulous prize" (which, whenever the term is used, is followed by someone mentioning, "Prize is not fabulous"; they also have a recording of Gilbert Gottfried saying it). *3 with V: This segment features Valvano going over the top three stories of the day and giving his thoughts on them. *Clubhouse Cuisine- This segment is on periodically, when Valvano collects recipes from chefs and noted sports figures. *Blind Stabs in the Dark- Each week during the NFL season, they take calls from listeners across the country and they pick an NFL game against the spread. If they win, their affiliate gets a point. In the past, affiliates from Canada have won more often. During the segment, the theme music of the Mr. Magoo cartoon series from the 1960s is played. *Jimmy V Don't Ever Give Up Awards- These awards, which air periodically, was begun in 2006 and was named in honor of Bob's brother Jim Valvano. It recognizes the never give up attitude that has led to inspiring and remarkable achievements in all of sports from high school to the professionals. *Interrogation- A game show segment that usually occurs in the first half-hour of the second show of the week. Bobby asks two contestants eight questions that are related in some way. Some questions are multiple choice, others are fill in the blanks, and others have an audio clue. *V Stakes- Bob places bets on a horse race, which is then played; any winnings (or, if there were none, the amount that was bet) are donated to the V Foundation. == External links == *ESPN Show page *ESPN Radio Category:American sports radio programs Category:ESPN Radio programs Category:Radio programs on XM Satellite Radio

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thumb|Depiction of Bernart from fol. 15v of the Chansonnier BnF ms. 12473 Bernart de Ventadorn (also Bernard de Ventadour or Bernat del Ventadorn; – ) was a French poet-composer troubadour of the classical age of troubadour poetry. Generally regarded as the most important troubadour in both poetry and music, his 18 extant melodies of 45 known poems in total is the most to survive from any 12th-century troubadour. He is remembered for his mastery as well as popularization of the trobar leu style, and for his prolific cançons, which helped define the genre and establish the "classical" form of courtly love poetry, to be imitated and reproduced throughout the remaining century and a half of troubadour activity. Now thought of as "the Master Singer," he developed the cançons into a more formalized style which allowed for sudden turns. Bernart was known for being able to portray his women as divine agents in one moment and then, in a sudden twist, as Eve – the cause of man's initial sin. This dichotomy in his work is portrayed in a "graceful, witty, and polished" medium. ==Life and career== According to the troubadour Uc de Saint Circ, Bernart was possibly the son of a baker at the castle of Ventadour (Ventadorn), in today's Corrèze (France). Yet another source, a satirical poem written by a younger contemporary, Peire d'Alvernha, indicates that he was the son of either a servant, a soldier, or a baker, and his mother was also either a servant or a baker. From evidence given in Bernart's early poem Lo temps vai e ven e vire, he most likely learned the art of singing and writing from his protector, viscount Eble III of Ventadorn. He composed his first poems to his patron's wife, Marguerite de Turenne. Forced to leave Ventadour after falling in love with Margerite, he traveled to Montluçon and Toulouse, and eventually followed Eleanor of Aquitaine to England and the Plantagenet court; evidence for this association and these travels comes mainly from his poems themselves. Later Bernart returned to Toulouse, where he was employed by Raimon V, Count of Toulouse; later still he went to Dordogne, where he entered a monastery. Most likely he died there. ==Works== Bernart is unique among secular composers of the twelfth century in the amount of music which has survived: of his forty-five poems, eighteen have music intact, an unusual circumstance for a troubadour composer (music of the trouvères has a higher survival rate, usually attributed to them surviving the Albigensian Crusade, which scattered the troubadours and destroyed many sources). His work probably dates between 1147 and 1180. Bernart is often credited with being the most important influence on the development of the trouvère tradition in northern France, since he was well known there, his melodies were widely circulated, and the early composers of trouvère music seem to have imitated him. Bernart's influence also extended to Latin literature. In 1215 the Bolognese professor Boncompagno wrote in his Antiqua rhetorica that "How much fame attaches to the name of Bernard de Ventadorn, and how gloriously he made cansos and sweetly invented melodies, the world of Provence very much recognises."Quanti nominis quanteve fame sit Bernardus e Ventator, et quam gloriosa fecerit canciones et dulcisonas invenerit melodias, multe orbis provincie reconoscunt. Ipsum ergo magnificentie vestre duximos conmendandum (Boase, 5). ==Cultural references== On screen, Bernart was portrayed by actor Paul Blake in the BBC TV drama series The Devil's Crown (1978). In the final fragment (Canto CXX) of his epic poem The Cantos, American expatriate poet Ezra Pound, who had a lifelong fascination with the trouveres and troubadours of Provence and southern France, quotes from Bernart's Can vei la lauzeta mover twice. ==References== ===Citations=== ===Sources=== * * ==Further reading== * Aubrey, Elizabeth (1996). The Music of the Troubadours. Indianapolis: Indiana University Press. . * Boase, Roger (1977). The Origin and Meaning of Courtly Love: A Critical Study of European Scholarship. Manchester: Manchester University Press. . * Herman, Mark and Ronnie Apter, trans. (1999). A Bilingual Edition of the Love Songs of Bernart de Ventadorn in Occitan and English: Sugar and Salt. Ceredigion: Edwin Mellen Press. . * * Ippolito, Marguerite-Marie (2001). Bernard de Ventadour: troubadour limousin du XIIe: prince de l'amour et de la poésie romane. Paris: L'Harmattan. . * Lazar, Moshé, ed. (1966). Bernart de Ventadour: Chansons d'Amour. Paris: Klincksieck. * Merwin, W. S. (2002). "The Mays of Ventadorn." National Geographic. . ==External links== * Extant melodies by Bernart de Ventadorn on the Troubadour Melodies Database * Texts in Occitan by Bernart de Ventadorn on Trobar.org Category:1130s births Category:1190s deaths Category:People from Corrèze Category:12th-century French troubadours

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Barney Bear is an American series of animated cartoon short subjects produced by Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer cartoon studio. The title character is an anthropomorphic cartoon character, a sluggish, sleepy bear who often is in pursuit of nothing except for peace and quiet. 26 cartoons were produced between 1939 and 1954. ==History== The character was created for Metro- Goldwyn-Mayer by director Rudolf Ising, who based the bear's grumpy yet pleasant disposition on his own and derived many of his mannerisms from the screen actor Wallace Beery. The character was voiced by Rudolf Ising from 1939 to 1942, Pinto Colvig in 1941, Billy Bletcher from 1944 to 1949, Paul Frees from 1952 until 1954, Frank Welker in 1980, Lou Scheimer in 1980, Jeff Bergman in 2004, and Richard McGonagle from 2012 to 2013. Barney Bear made his first appearance in The Bear That Couldn't Sleep in 1939, and, by 1941, was the star of his own series, getting an Oscar nomination for his fourth cartoon, the 1941 short The Rookie Bear. Ising left the studio in 1943. Three additional cartoons were produced and directed by George Gordon before he too left in 1945. Ising's original Barney design contained a plethora of detail: shaggy fur, wrinkled clothing, and six eyebrows; as the series progressed, the design was gradually simplified and streamlined, reaching its peak in three late 1940s shorts, the only output of the short-lived directorial team of Preston Blair and Michael Lah. Lah and Blair's cartoons had a direction much more closer to cartoons by Hanna-Barbera and Tex Avery. Both worked as animators (and Lah ultimately as co-director) on several of Avery's pictures.Adamson, Joe, Tex Avery: King of Cartoons, New York: Da Capo Press, 1975 The last original Barney Bear cartoons were released between 1952 and 1954, directed by Ex-Disney/Lantz animator Dick Lundy. Lundy used Avery's unit to produce these cartoons while the latter was taking a one-year sabbatical from the studio. In the films from the late 1940s and early 1950s, Barney's design was streamlined and simplified, much the same as those of Tom and Jerry. In the 1941 cartoon The Prospecting Bear, Barney is paired with a donkey named Benny Burro. Though Benny would only make two further cartoon appearances, he would later feature as Barney's partner in numerous comic book stories. In the 1944 Avery cartoon Screwball Squirrel, Barney Bear is mentioned by Sammy Squirrel as he talks to Screwy Squirrel at the beginning. Barney Bear would not appear in new material again until Filmation's The Tom and Jerry Comedy Show in 1980. More recently, Barney Bear appeared in the direct-to-video films Tom and Jerry: Robin Hood and His Merry Mouse in 2012 and Tom and Jerry's Giant Adventure in 2013. Giant Adventure once again paired Barney with Benny Burro. Barney Bear also made cameo appearances in Tom and Jerry Meet Sherlock Holmes in 2010 and Tom and Jerry: Back to Oz in 2016. ==Plot== The series begins with the title character, Barney Bear, usually trying to accomplish a task in his series. He can be a bit lazy, but not too lazy. But he tends to overdo or do his task the wrong way. He also has a hard time going to sleep, but when he finally does go to sleep, he is a heavy sleeper. Mostly, he doesn't talk, but sometimes, he does. At times, he was paired with Benny Burro, a curious donkey who accompanies him on several occasions, but mostly when he's in the west (Benny never spoke, but he did in the comic books). ==Controversy== Like many animated cartoons from the 1930s to the early 1950s, Barney Bear featured racial stereotypes. After explosions, for example, characters with blasted faces would resemble stereotypical blacks, with large lips, bow-tied hair and speaking in black vernacular. In one particular cartoon, The Little Wise Quacker, when the duck kite hit the electricity cables, and Barney's face turned black because the electricity hit him, he rocked the duckling (also in blackface) and sang "Shortnin' Bread". Cartoon Network and Boomerang would usually omit these scenes on re-airings. ==MGM filmography== # Title Directed by Produced by Release Date Notes 1 The Bear That Couldn't Sleep Rudolf Ising Rudolf Ising Fred Quimby June 10, 1939 The first Barney Bear cartoon. 2 The Fishing Bear January 20, 1940 3 The Prospecting Bear March 8, 1941 4 The Rookie Bear May 17, 1941 Oscar nominee 5 The Flying Bear November 1, 1941 6 The Bear and the Beavers March 28, 1942 7 Wild Honey (Or How to Get Along Without a Ration Book!) November 7, 1942 8 Barney Bear's Victory Garden December 26, 1942 Narrated by Gayne Whitman 9 Bah Wilderness February 13, 1943 10 Barney Bear and the Uninvited Pest July 17, 1943 11 Bear Raid Warden George Gordon Fred Quimby September 9, 1944 12 Barney Bear's Polar Pest December 30, 1944 13 The Unwelcome Guest February 17, 1945 Finished by Michael Lah 14 The Bear and the Bean Preston Blair Michael Lah January 30, 1948 Also supervised by William Hanna and Joseph Barbera 15 The Bear and the Hare June 26, 1948 16 Goggle Fishing Bear January 15, 1949 17 The Little Wise Quacker Dick Lundy November 8, 1952 18 Busybody Bear December 20, 1952 19 Barney's Hungry Cousin January 31, 1953 20 Cobs and Robbers March 14, 1953 21 Heir Bear May 30, 1953 22 Wee-Willie Wildcat June 20, 1953 23 Half-Pint Palomino September 26, 1953 24 The Impossible Possum March 20, 1954 25 Sleepy-Time Squirrel June 19, 1954 26 Bird-Brain Bird Dog July 31, 1954 Last Barney Bear cartoon. ==Home media== A selection of Barney Bear cartoons have been released on VHS tapes and Happy Harmonies Cartoon Classics LaserDisc by MGM/UA Home Video in the 1980s and 1990s. The following cartoons can be found as extras on DVDs or Blu-rays of classic Warner Home Video films of the period: * The Fishing Bear is on the DVD and the Blu-ray of Pride and Prejudice * The Rookie Bear is on the DVD of Lady Be Good * Bah Wilderness is on the DVD of Du Barry Was a Lady * Bear Raid Warden is on the DVD of Thirty Seconds Over Tokyo * The Unwelcome Guest is on the DVD of Easy to Wed * The Bear and the Hare is on the DVD of On an Island with You (albeit with fake stereo sound) * Barney's Hungry Cousin is on the Blu-ray of Kiss Me Kate * Cobs and Robbers is on the DVD of Easy to Love (albeit with fake stereo sound) In 2017, most of the Barney Bear shorts were released on the Boomerang streaming app. ==Comic books== Barney Bear began appearing in comic books in 1942. Dell Comics licensed various MGM characters, including Barney Bear. He appeared in backup stories in Our Gang Comics (1942–49) starting in the first issue; then—from 1949—in Tom and Jerry Comics (later just Tom and Jerry) and its spinoffs. From Our Gang #11-36 (1944-1947), Carl Barks took over the writing and drawing of the series. Barks regularly teamed Barney up with Benny Burro; later, the obnoxious neighbor Mooseface McElk was also introduced. Mooseface was created for Barks by Western Publishing colleague Gil Turner, who wrote and drew the Barney stories for several years after Barks' run ended. Later, post-Turner talents introduced other characters, including Barney's nephews Fuzzy and Wuzzy. Other artists who've worked on Barney Bear have been Lynn Karp. In 2011, Yoe Books issued a hardback volume collecting Carl Barks' work on the series. ===List of comics=== * Our Gang Comics (1947) (Dell) * Our Gang With Tom & Jerry (1949) (Dell) * Barney Bear Comics (1949) (Magazine Management-Australia) * Barney Bear's Bumper Book Of Comics (1950) (Rosnock-Australia) * Woody Woodpecker Back to School (1952) (Dell) * Tom & Jerry Winter Carnival (1952) (Dell) * M.G.M.'s Tom & Jerry's Winter Fun #3 (1954) (Dell) * M.G.M.'s Tom & Jerry's Winter Fun #4 (1955) (Dell) * M.G.M.'s Tom & Jerry's Winter Fun #5 (1956) (Dell) * M.G.M.'s Tom & Jerry's Winter Fun #6 (1957) (Dell) * M.G.M's The Mouse Musketeers (1957) (Dell) * Tom and Jerry's Summer Fun (1957) (Dell) * M.G.M.'s Tom & Jerry's Winter Fun #7 (1958) (Dell) * Tom & Jerry Picnic Time (1958) (Dell) * Tom and Jerry Comics (1962) (Dell) * Golden Comics Digest (1970) (Gold Key) * TV Comic Annual (1975) (Polystyle) * Tom and Jerry Winter Special (1977) * Tom and Jerry Holiday Special (1978) (Polystyle) * Tom and Jerry (1979) (Gold Key) * Barks Bear Book (1979) (Editions Enfin) * Tom & Jerry Julehefte (1987) (Semic International) * Tex Avery's Wolf & Red #1 (1995) (Dark Horse Comics) (appearance as a plush toy bear) * Carl Barks' Big Book of Barney Bear (2011) (IDW Publishing) ==References== ==External links== * Barney Bear at Don Markstein's Toonopedia. Archived from the original on August 27, 2015. Category:Animated film series Bear, Barney Category:Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer animated short films Category:Comedy film series Category:Anthropomorphic bears Category:Film characters introduced in 1939 Category:Film series introduced in 1939 Category:Films adapted into comics Bear, Barney Category:Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer cartoon studio film series Category:Characters created by Rudolf Ising

['Rudolf Ising', 'Preston Blair', 'Michael Lah', 'William Hanna', 'Joseph Barbera', 'Fred Quimby', 'Pinto Colvig', 'Gayne Whitman', 'Paul Frees', 'Billy Bletcher', 'Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer cartoon studio', 'Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer', 'Wallace Beery', 'Frank Welker', 'Lou Scheimer', 'Jeff Bergman', 'Richard McGonagle', "The Bear That Couldn't Sleep", 'The Rookie Bear', 'Tex Avery', 'Tom and Jerry', 'Screwball Squirrel', 'Filmation', 'Tom and Jerry: Robin Hood and His Merry Mouse', "Tom and Jerry's Giant Adventure", "Shortnin' Bread", 'Cartoon Network', 'Bah Wilderness', 'Goggle Fishing Bear', "Barney's Hungry Cousin", 'Wee-Willie Wildcat', 'Sleepy-Time Squirrel', 'Bird-Brain Bird Dog', 'LaserDisc', 'Warner Home Video', 'Thirty Seconds Over Tokyo', 'Easy to Wed', 'On an Island with You', 'Dell Comics', 'Carl Barks', 'Western Publishing', "Don Markstein's Toonopedia"]

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Roman Józef Abraham (28 February 1891 – 26 August 1976) was a Polish cavalry general, commander of the Wielkopolska Cavalry Brigade during the German and Soviet Invasion of Poland in September 1939, and Battle of Bzura commander of Polish cavalry (combined cavalry unit). During the Second Polish Republic, he was Brigadier-General and, for a short period, from 1930 to 1931, Abraham was also a member of the Polish Parliament. ==Early life and education== Abraham was born in Lwów, in what was then Austria-Hungary (later in Poland, now Lviv, Ukraine). He was the son of Władysław Abraham, professor of Canon law and rector of the University of Lviv. He studied at the Jesuit School in Chyrów in Bąkowice, graduating in 1910. He then studied at the Faculty of Philosophy and Law at Jan Kazimierz University in Lviv, graduating in 1915. ==Military service== ===World War I=== During World War I he served from August 1914 to October 1918 in the Austro-Hungarian army in the 1st Regiment of Uhlans of National Defence, fighting on the French, Romanian, Russian, Serbian and Italian fronts, ending his service as a Lieutenant in the cavalry.Generałowie II Rzeczypospolitej s. 12 ===Polish-Ukrainian War=== At the end of World War I, he joined the Polish Military Cadres in Lwów. From 1 November 1918 in the reformed Polish Army in the rank of lieutenant, he was the commander of the Góra Strudenia sector in Lwów. He created his own unit, later called "Straceńcami". The unit fought successfully in various defences of Lwów, in the defence of Persenkówka, and in Śródmieście. The unit raised the Polish banner at the Lwów City Hall at dawn on 22 November, and on 24 November 1918 he was appointed the rank of Captain. However, his troops were accused of numerous robberies. An account, for instance, cited that the Galician unit he commanded allegedly plundered from peasants living in captured Ukrainian villages, hauling all that could be transported to Lwów. From January to August 1919 he commanded an independent battalion, regiment and Operational Group in the division of Colonel Władysław Sikorski. From August 1919, he was an officer in the operating department and an observer in the 59th Air Force Squadron. He also participated in Polish-Ukrainian battles around Przemyśl.O kawalerii polskiej XX wieku s. 65"Jeszcze z czasu zimowych walk pod Lwowem opowiadano w wojsku o oddziale rotmistrza Abrahama i innych, które – zdobywając ruską wieś – zabierały chłopom wszystko co dało się unieść lub wywieść do tego stopnia , że nawet brudną bieliznę ze strychów ładowano na sanie i wywożono do Lwowa." Jerzy Konrad Maciejewski "Na hajdamaków" – "Karta" 77/2013 str. 77 === Polish-Bolshevik War === In 1920, Abraham defended the city of Lwów during the Polish-Bolshevik War. He was wounded during the conflict but he continued performing his duties, commanding his unit whilst being carried on a stretcher. ===World War II=== He Abraham commanded the Wielkopolska Cavalry Brigade of Army Group Poznan, under General Tadeusz Kutrzeba. From 1939 to 1945 he was a Prisoner of War in Oflag VII-A Murnau in Germany. A handwritten card sent by Abraham to his friend in Chicago from his prison has been preserved, and is currently part of the Centralne Muzeum Jeńców Wojennych's collection. == Decorations == * Virtuti Militari, Silver Cross (1922) * Cross of Merit, Gold Cross (1930, 1938, 1940) * Polonia Restituta, Officer's Cross (1933) * Cross of Independence with Swords (1933) * Virtuti Militari, Golden Cross (1961) * Polonia Restituta, Commander's Cross (1970) * Cross of Valour 5 times * Lwów Defence Cross * Légion d'honneur, Knight's Cross (France) ==References== *http://www.generals.dk/general/Abraham/Roman/Poland.html Category:1891 births Category:1976 deaths Category:Military personnel from Lviv Category:Military personnel from the Kingdom of Galicia and Lodomeria Category:Nonpartisan Bloc for Cooperation with the Government politicians Category:Members of the Sejm of the Second Polish Republic (1930–1935) Category:Association of the Polish Youth "Zet" members Category:Polish generals of the Second Polish Republic Category:Austro-Hungarian military personnel of World War I Category:Polish people of the Polish–Ukrainian War Category:Polish people of the Polish–Soviet War Category:Polish military personnel of World War II Category:Polish prisoners of war Category:World War II prisoners of war held by Germany Category:Recipients of the Gold Cross of the Virtuti Militari Category:Recipients of the Cross of Independence with Swords Category:Officers of the Order of Polonia Restituta Category:Knights of the Legion of Honour Category:Recipients of the Cross of Valour (Poland) Category:Recipients of the Gold Cross of Merit (Poland) Category:People associated with Chyrów Category:Recipients of the commemorative badge Orlęta

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Richard James Lundy (August 14, 1907 – April 7, 1990) was an American animator and film director who worked at several animation studios including The Walt Disney Company, MGM, and Hanna-Barbera. Lundy was a pioneer of personality animation and is best remembered as one of the creators of Donald Duck.44\. Dick Lundy at 50 Most Influential Disney Animators. 2011-05-11; retrieved 2011-08-08. Throughout his career he worked as a primary animator on at least 60 films, both short and feature-length, and directed 51 shorts. ==Early life== Lundy was born in Sault Ste. Marie, Michigan, to James and Minnie Lundy, their only child. Shortly after his birth the family moved to Detroit, where Lundy's father worked as an inspector for the Burroughs Adding machine Company. When Lundy was ten years old, his parents separated and he and his mother went to live in Port Huron north of Detroit. They later moved back to the city where Lundy's mother worked as a waitress. Lundy moved to Los Angeles in the late 1920s. ==Career== In 1929, Lundy was employed by Walt Disney Productions, becoming the studio's dance specialist; animating many of the musical numbers in early Silly Symphony and Mickey Mouse shorts. He later worked on Three Little Pigs (1933) and Orphan's Benefit (1934). After working on Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs (1937), Lundy became a director at Disney. In 1943, Lundy departed the Disney studios and worked for Walter Lantz Productions. He started as an animator and again became a director. He directed shorts featuring Andy Panda, Woody Woodpecker, and the Swing Symphonies. Lundy was responsible for shifting the studios direction to a style more in vain to works made by Disney and MGM, a stark contrast when compared to the works of the studios previous director, James Culhane. Lundy worked for Wolff Productions after the Lantz studio temporarily closed in 1949. The Lantz studio would reopen in 1950 and remain in business until 1972, but Lundy never worked at Lantz again. While at Wolff, Lundy worked on television commercials. In 1950, he worked for MGM on Barney Bear shorts and the Droopy film Caballero Droopy. In 1959 Lundy worked for Hanna-Barbera on The Flintstones, Yogi Bear, and Scooby-Doo. He retired in 1973, but continued to do freelance work for several years thereafter.A Letter from Dick Lundy at Mayerson on Animation. 2006-05-11; retrieved 2011-08-08. ==Donald Duck== Lundy was not the first to draw or even animate Donald Duck. The character was created by Swiss-born designer Albert Hurter and animated by Art Babbitt and Dick Huemer for the short film The Wise Little Hen (1934). This was Donald's first appearance, although the story offered little opportunity for character development. This would come in Donald's second appearance, Orphan's Benefit (also 1934), in which Lundy was the sole animator of Donald. According to common animation practice, the audio and voices of the film were recorded first and were then played for the animators to reference. In listening to voice actor Clarence Nash portray the Duck in Orphan's Benefit, Lundy said "[I] decided that [Donald] was an ego-show-off. If anything crossed him, he got mad and blew his top." ==Personal life== Lundy was married three times. First marriage with Anne Lundy resulted in two biological children, after the divorce he moved to Toluca Lake California. In 1932 he married Juanita Sheridan who also worked at the Disney studio. This marriage was short and ended in divorce in 1934. By 1939, Lundy was remarried to Mabel Lundy. Together they had one daughter Llewellyn, resulting in three biological Lundy children. Donald Duck, Animation Bloggers & Ancestry.Com, or Robin’s Rules of Research #2 & #3Century Birthday – Dick Lundy at Animation – Who & Where. 2007-08-14; retrieved 2011-08-08. == Filmography == === Films === ==== Disney (and other films) period ==== In this period, most of the films in which Lundy worked belong to Disney * Playful Pan (animator - uncredited) (1930) * Pioneer Days (animator - uncredited) (1930) * Winter (animator - uncredited) (1930) * The picnic (animator - uncredited) (1930) * The Gorilla Mystery (animator - uncredited) (1930) * Monkey Melodies (animator - uncredited) (1930) * The Chain Gang (animator - uncredited) (1930) * Night (animator - uncredited) (1930) * The Shindig (animator - uncredited) (1930) * Midnight in a Toy Shop (animator - uncredited) (1930) * The Ugly Duckling (animator - uncredited) (1931) * Mickey's Orphans (animator - uncredited) (1931) * Mickey Cuts Up (animator - uncredited) (1931) * The Beach Party (animator - uncredited) (1931) * Blue Rhythm (animator - uncredited) (1931) * The China Plate (animator - uncredited) (1931) * The Moose Hunt (animator) (1931) * Mother Goose Melodies (animator - uncredited) (1931) * The Castaway (animator) (1931) * Traffic Troubles (animator - uncredited) (1931) * Birds of a Feather (animator - uncredited) (1931) * The Birthday Party (animator - uncredited) (1931) * Mickey's Good Deed (animator - uncredited) (1932) * The Duck Hunt (animator - uncredited) (1932) * Babes in the Woods (animator - uncredited) (1932) * The Whoopee Party (animator - uncredited) (1932) * Trader Mickey (animator - uncredited) (1932) * Flowers and Trees (animator - uncredited) (1932) * Just Dogs (animator - uncredited) 1932 * Mickey in Arabia (animator - uncredited) (1932) * Puppy Love (animator - uncredited) (1933) * Mickey's Mechanical Man (animator - uncredited) (1933) * Mickey's Gala Premier (animator - uncredited) (1933) * Three Little Pigs (animator - uncredited) (1933) * Father Noah's Ark (animator - uncredited) (1933) * Building a Building (animator - uncredited) (1933) * The Dognapper (animator - uncredited) (1934) * Mickey Plays Papa (animator - uncredited) (1934) * Orphan's Benefit (animator - uncredited) (1934) * The Wise Little Hen (animator - uncredited) (1934) * Gulliver Mickey (animator - uncredited) (1934) * Funny Little Bunnies (animator - uncredited) ( 1934) * Playful Pluto (animator) (1934) * The Grasshopper and the Ants (animator - uncredited) (1934) * Shanghaied (animator - uncredited) (1934) * Music Land (animator - uncredited) (1935) * Pluto's Judgement Day (animator) (1935) * Who Killed Cock Robin? (animator: "Dan Cupid" - uncredited) (1935) * Mickey's Kangaroo (animator - uncredited) (1935) * Mickey's Service Station (animator - uncredited) (1935) * The Tortoise and the Hare (animator - uncredited) (1935) * Toby Tortoise Returns (animator - uncredited) (1936) * Thru the Mirror (animator - uncredited) (1936) * Three Little Wolves (animator - uncredited) (1936) * Mickey's Grand Opera (animator - uncredited) (1936) * Orphans' Picnic (animator - uncredited) (1936) * Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs (animator) (1937) * Woodland Café (animator - uncredited) (1937) * Mickey's Parrot (animator - uncredited) (1938) * Donald's Cousin Gus (animator - uncredited) (1939) * Society Dog Show (animator - uncredited) (1939) * Sea Scouts (director) (1939) * Donald's Lucky Day (animator - uncredited) (1939) * Mr. Mouse Takes a Trip (animator - uncredited) (1940) * The Riveter (director) (1940) * Window Cleaners (animator - uncredited) (1940) * Pluto's Dream House (animator - uncredited) (1940) * Mr. Duck Steps Out (animator - uncredited) (1940) * Timber (animator - uncredited) (1941) * A Good Time for a Dime (director) (1941) * Donald's Camera (director) (1941) * Donald's Gold Mine (animator and director) (1942) * Donald's Garden (director) (1942) * The Village Smithy (director-uncredited) (1942) * The Flying Jalopy (director- uncredited) (1943) * Donald's Tire Trouble (director) (1943) * Home Defense (animator) (1943) * Commando Duck (animator - uncredited) (1944) ==== Woody Woodpecker (and other films) period ==== In this period, most of the films in which Lundy worked belong to Woody Woodpecker's film series * Ski for Two (animator - uncredited) (1944) * The Beach Nut (animator) (1944) * Abou Ben Boogie (animator - uncredited) (1944) * Fish Fry (animator - uncredited) (1944) * Chew-Chew Baby (animator - uncredited) (1945) * The Enemy Bacteria (director) (1945) * The Poet & Peasant (director) (1945 * Crow Crazy (director) (1945) * Sliphorn King of Polaroo (director) (1945) * The Pied Piper of Basin Street (animator - uncredited) (1945) * Reddy Made Magic (director) (1946) * The Wacky Weed (director) (1946) * Bathing Buddies (director) (1946) * Apple Andy (director) (1946) * Musical Moments from Chopin (director) (1946) * The Egg and I (director) (1947) * Smoked Hams (director) (1947) * The Story of Human Energy (director) (1947) * The Bandmaster (director) (1947) * Solid Ivory (director) (1947) * Well Oiled (director) (1947) * Woody the Giant Killer (director) (1947) * The Overture to 'William Tell' (director) (1947) * The Coo Coo Bird (director) (1947) * Wild and Woody! (director) (1948) * Dog Tax Dodgers (director) (1948) * Playful Pelican (director) (1948) * Pixie Picnic (director) (1948) * Wet Blanket Policy (director) (1948) * Wacky-Bye Baby (director) (1948) * Kiddie Koncert (director) (1948) * Banquet Busters (director) (1948) * The Mad Hatter (director) (1948) * Drooler's Delight (director) (1949) * Scrappy Birthday (director) (1949) * Puny Express (director-uncredited) (1950) * Sleep Happy (director-uncredited) (1951) ==== Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer period ==== In this period, most of the films in which Lundy worked belong to Metro-Golwyn-Mayer * Busybody Bear (director) (1952) * The Little Wise Quacker (director) (1952) * Caballero Droopy (director) (1952) * Tom Schuler: Cobbler Statesman (director- uncredited) (1953) * Half-Pint Palomino (director) (1953) * Wee-Willie Wildcat (director) (1953) * Heir Bear (director) (1953) * Cobs and Robbers (director) (1953) * Barney's Hungry Cousin (director) (1953) * Bird-Brain Bird Dog (director) (1955) * Sleepy-Time Squirrel (director) (1954) * Billy Boy (director-uncredited) (1954) ==== Last years as animator==== * The Impossible Possum (director) (1954) * The Man Called Flintstone (animator - credited as Richard Lundy) (1966) * Fritz the Cat (animator and second layout - credited as Richard Lundy) (1972) * Charlotte's Web (key animator) (1973) * Mickey Mouse Disco (animator) (1980) === TV === * The Woody Woodpecker Show (director) (1957) * The Huckleberry Hound Show (animator - 7 episodes) (1959-1960) ** Bear for Punishment/Batty Bat/Huck the Giant Killer (1959) **Stranger Ranger/Mighty Mite/A Bully Dog (1959) ** Papa Yogi/King Size Poodle/Somebody's Lion (1959) ** Huck Hound's Tale/Party Peeper Jinks/Robot Plot (1960) ** Spud Dud/High Jinks/Tricks and Treats (1960) (segment "High Jinks") ** Space Bear/Puss in Boats/Huck's Hack (1960) ** Hoodwinked Bear/Goldfish Fever/Picadilly Dilly (1960) * The Quick Draw McGraw Show (animator - 14 episodes) (1959-1961) * The Flintstones (animator - 60 episodes) (1960-1966) * Child Sock-Cology (Short) (animator) (1961) * Count Down Clown (Short) (animator) (1961) * Snagglepuss (TV Series) (animator - 1 episode) (1961) ** Royal Rodent (1961) * Top Cat (animator - 2 episodes) (1961-1962) **All That Jazz (1961) ** Dibble's Double (1962) * Beef for and After (Short) (animator) (1962) * The Yogi Bear Show (animator - 6 episodes, 1961 - 1962) ** Bear Foot Soldiers/Royal Rodent/Judo Ex-Expert (segment "Royal Rodent") (1961) ** Ice Box Raider/One Two Many/Baddie Buddies (segment "Baddie Buddies") (1961) **Disguise and Gals/Remember the Daze/Foxy Proxy (segment "Foxy Proxy") (1961) ** Genial Genie/The Gangsters All Here/Duck the Music (segment "Genial Genie") (1961) ** Yogi's Birthday Party (animator/animation supervisor) (1962) * The Jetsons (animator - 4 episodes) (1962-1963) ** The Venus (1962) **Uniblab (1962) **The Coming of Astro (1962) ** The Little Man (1963) * Rancid Ransom (Short) (animator) (1962) * The Hanna-Barbera New Cartoon Series (animator - 2 episodes) (1962) ** Gator-Napper/Water-Melon Felon/Zero Hero ** Droopy Dragon/See-Saw/Whale of a Tale * Common Scents (Short) (animator) (1962) * Raggedy Rug (Short) (animator) (1964) * The Magilla Gorilla Show (animator - 9 episodes) (1964-1965) ** Fairy Godmother (1964) ** Masquerade Party (1964) ** Airlift (1964) ** Mad Avenue Madness (1965) ** Magilla Mix-Up (1965) ** Montana Magilla (1965) ** That Was the Geek That Was (1965) ** Love at First Fight (1965) ** Bird Brained (1965) * The Secret Squirrel Show (animator - 1 episode) (1965) ** Sub Swiper/Way Out Squiddly/Prince of a Pup * The Atom Ant Show (animator - 2 episodes) (1966) ** Killer Diller Gorilla (uncredited) ** Bully for Atom Ant * Frankenstein Jr. and The Impossibles (animator) (1966) * Moby Dick and the Mighty Mightor (animator) (1967) * The New Adventures of Huckleberry Finn (animator - 5 episodes) (1968-1969) ** The Magic Shillelah (1968) ** Huck of La Mancha (1968) ** The Last Labor of Hercules (1968) ** The Eye of Doorgah (1968) ** Mission of Captain Mordecai (1969) * The Adventures of Gulliver (animator - 1 episode) (1968) * The Forbidden Pool (1968) * The Perils of Penelope Pitstop (animator - 6 episodes) (1969) ** The Treacherous Movie Lot Plot ** Carnival Calamity ** Wild West Peril ** The Boardwalk Booby Trap ** The Terrible Trolley Trap ** Jungle Jeopardy * Josie and the Pussycats (animator - 1 episode) (1970) ** Plateau of the Apes Plot * Scooby Doo, Where Are You! (animator - 8 episodes) (1970) ** Don't Fool with a Phantom ** Who's Afraid of the Big Bad Werewolf? ** A Tiki Scare Is No Fair ** Haunted House Hang-Up ** Jeepers, It's the Creeper ** Scooby's Night with a Frozen Fright ** Mystery Mask Mix-Up ** Nowhere to Hyde * Where's Huddles? (animator - 10 episodes) (1970) ** One Man's Family ** A Sticky Affair **The Odd Trio **Get That Letter Back **To Catch a Thief **Hot Dog Hannah ** The Offensives **The Ramblin' Wreck ** A Weighty Problem ** The Old Swimming Hole * The New Scooby-Doo Movies (animator - 16 episodes) (1972) * The Roman Holidays (animator - 3 episodes) (1972) ** Cyrano deHappius ** Hectic Holiday **Double Date * The ABC Saturday Superstar Movie (animator - 1 episode) (1972) **Yogi's Ark Lark * The Flintstone Comedy Hour (animator - 1972) * Love, American Style (animator - 1 episode) (1972) ** Love and the Bachelor Party/Love and the Latin Lover/Love and the Old-Fashioned Father/Love and the Test of Manhood (segment "Love and the Old-Fashioned Father") * Yogi's Gang (animator - 2 episodes) (1973) ** Mr. Hothead **Dr. Bigot * ABC Afterschool Specials (animator - 1 episode) (1974) ** Cyrano (1974) * Captain Caveman and the Teen Angels (animator - 8 episodes) (1977) ** Playing Footsie with Bigfoot **The Strange Case of the Creature from Space ** The Fur Freight Fright **Cavey and the Weirdo Wolfman **The Creepy Claw Caper **Double Dribble Riddle **The Creepy Case of the Creaky Charter Boat **The Mixed Up Mystery of Deadman's Reef * Woody Woodpecker and His Friends (Video documentary) (original material) (1982) * Walter, Woody and the World of Animation (Documentary short) (original material) (1982) * The King of Ads (Documentary) (segment "Coca-Cola commercial") (1991) ==Notes== ==External links== * Category:Animators from Michigan Category:American film producers Category:American film directors Category:American animated film directors Category:American animated film producers Category:Walt Disney Animation Studios people Category:1907 births Category:People from Sault Ste. Marie, Michigan Category:1990 deaths Category:Burroughs Corporation people Category:Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer cartoon studio people Category:Walter Lantz Productions people Category:Hanna-Barbera people

['Sault Ste. Marie, Michigan', 'The Walt Disney Company', 'Walter Lantz Productions', 'Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer cartoon studio', 'Hanna-Barbera', 'Donald Duck', 'Animator', 'Burroughs Corporation', 'Adding machine', 'Walt Disney Productions', 'Silly Symphony', 'Mickey Mouse', "Orphan's Benefit", 'Andy Panda', 'Woody Woodpecker', 'James Culhane', 'Barney Bear', 'Droopy', 'The Flintstones', 'Yogi Bear', 'Scooby-Doo', 'Art Babbitt', 'Dick Huemer', 'The Wise Little Hen', 'Clarence Nash', 'Playful Pan', 'The Gorilla Mystery', 'Monkey Melodies', 'The Shindig', 'Midnight in a Toy Shop', "Mickey's Orphans", 'Blue Rhythm', 'The China Plate', 'The Moose Hunt', 'Mother Goose Melodies', 'Traffic Troubles', "Mickey's Good Deed", 'Babes in the Woods', 'The Whoopee Party', 'Flowers and Trees', 'Just Dogs', 'Mickey in Arabia', "Mickey's Mechanical Man", "Mickey's Gala Premier", "Father Noah's Ark", 'Building a Building', 'The Dognapper', 'Gulliver Mickey', 'Funny Little Bunnies', 'Playful Pluto', 'Music Land', "Pluto's Judgement Day", "Mickey's Service Station", 'Toby Tortoise Returns', 'Thru the Mirror', 'Woodland Café', "Mickey's Parrot", "Donald's Cousin Gus", 'Society Dog Show', "Donald's Lucky Day", 'Mr. Mouse Takes a Trip', 'The Riveter', 'Window Cleaners', 'Mr. Duck Steps Out', 'A Good Time for a Dime', "Donald's Gold Mine", "Donald's Tire Trouble", 'Home Defense', 'Commando Duck', 'Ski for Two', 'The Beach Nut', 'Chew-Chew Baby', 'Musical Moments from Chopin', 'Wet Blanket Policy', 'Wee-Willie Wildcat', "Barney's Hungry Cousin", 'Bird-Brain Bird Dog', 'Sleepy-Time Squirrel', 'The Man Called Flintstone', 'The Huckleberry Hound Show', 'The Quick Draw McGraw Show', 'Top Cat', 'The Jetsons', 'The Magilla Gorilla Show', 'The Secret Squirrel Show', 'The Atom Ant Show', 'Frankenstein Jr. and The Impossibles', 'Moby Dick and the Mighty Mightor', 'The New Adventures of Huckleberry Finn', 'The Adventures of Gulliver', 'The Perils of Penelope Pitstop', 'Scooby Doo, Where Are You!', "Where's Huddles?", 'The Roman Holidays', 'The ABC Saturday Superstar Movie', 'The Flintstone Comedy Hour', 'Love, American Style', "Yogi's Gang", 'ABC Afterschool Specials', 'Captain Caveman and the Teen Angels']

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An ion beam is a type of charged particle beam consisting of ions. Ion beams have many uses in electronics manufacturing (principally ion implantation) and other industries. A variety of ion beam sources exists, some derived from the mercury vapor thrusters developed by NASA in the 1960s. The most common ion beams are of singly-charged ions. == Units == Ion current density is typically measured in mA/cm2, and ion energy in eV. The use of eV is convenient for converting between voltage and energy, especially when dealing with singly- charged ion beams, as well as converting between energy and temperature (1 eV = 11600 K). == Broad-beam ion sources== Most commercial applications use two popular types of ion source, gridded and gridless, which differ in current and power characteristics and the ability to control ion trajectories. In both cases electrons are needed to generate an ion beam. The most common electron emitters are hot filament and hollow cathode. === Gridded ion source === In a gridded ion source, DC or RF discharge are used to generate ions, which are then accelerated and decimated using grids and apertures. Here, the DC discharge current or the RF discharge power are used to control the beam current. The ion current density j that can be accelerated using a gridded ion source is limited by the space charge effect, which is described by Child's law: j \approx \frac{4\epsilon_0}{9} \sqrt{\frac{2e}{m}} \frac{(\Delta V)^{\frac{3}{2}}}{d^2}, where \Delta V is the voltage between the grids, d is the distance between the grids, and m is the ion mass. The grids are placed as closely as possible to increase the current density, typically d\sim 1\ \mathrm{mm}. The ions used have a significant impact on the maximum ion beam current, since j \propto m^{-{1}/{2}}. Everything else being equal, the maximum ion beam current with krypton is only 69% the maximum ion current of an argon beam, and with xenon the ratio drops to 55%. === Gridless ion sources === In a gridless ion source, ions are generated by a flow of electrons (no grids). The most common gridless ion source is the end-Hall ion source. Here, the discharge current and the gas flow are used to control the beam current. ==Applications== ===Ion beam etching or sputtering=== One type of ion beam source is the duoplasmatron. Ion beams can be used for sputtering or ion beam etching and for ion beam analysis. Ion beam application, etching, or sputtering, is a technique conceptually similar to sandblasting, but using individual atoms in an ion beam to ablate a target. Reactive ion etching is an important extension that uses chemical reactivity to enhance the physical sputtering effect. In a typical use in semiconductor manufacturing, a mask can selectively expose a layer of photoresist on a substrate made of a semiconductor material such as a silicon dioxide or gallium arsenide wafer. The wafer is developed, and for a positive photoresist, the exposed portions are removed in a chemical process. The result is a pattern left on the surface areas of the wafer that had been masked from exposure. The wafer is then placed in a vacuum chamber, and exposed to the ion beam. The impact of the ions erodes the target, abrading away the areas not covered by the photoresist. Focused ion beam (FIB) instruments have numerous applications for characterization of thin-film devices. Using a focused, high-brightness ion beam in a scanned raster pattern, material is removed (sputtered) in precise rectilinear patterns revealing a two-dimensional, or stratigraphic profile of a solid material. The most common application is to verify the integrity of the gate oxide layer in a CMOS transistor. A single excavation site exposes a cross section for analysis using a scanning electron microscope. Dual excavations on either side of a thin lamella bridge are utilized for preparing transmission electron microscope samples. Giannuzzi, Lucille A., Stevie, Fred A. Introduction to Focused Ion Beams: Instrumentation, Theory, Techniques, and Practice, Springer 2005 – 357 pages Another common use of FIB instruments is for design verification and/or failure analysis of semiconductor devices. Design verification combines selective material removal with gas-assisted material deposition of conductive, dielectric, or insulating materials. Engineering prototype devices may be modified using the ion beam in combination with gas-assisted material deposition in order to rewire an integrated circuit's conductive pathways. The techniques are effectively used to verify the correlation between the CAD design and the actual functional prototype circuit, thereby avoiding the creation of a new mask for the purpose of testing design changes. Materials science use sputtering for extending surface analytical techniques such as secondary ion mass spectrometry or electron spectroscopy (XPS, AES) so that they can depth profile them. ===Biology=== In radiobiology a broad or focused ion beam is used to study mechanisms of inter- and intra- cellular communication, signal transduction and DNA damage and repair. ===Medicine=== Ion beams are also used in particle therapy, most often in the treatment of cancer. ===Space applications=== Ion beams produced by ion and plasma thrusters on board a spacecraft can be used to transmit a force to a nearby object (e.g. another spacecraft, an asteroid, etc.) that is irradiated by the beam. This innovative propulsion technique named Ion Beam Shepherd has been shown to be effective in the area of active space debris removal as well as asteroid deflection. ===High-energy ion beams=== High-energy ion beams produced by particle accelerators are used in atomic physics, nuclear physics and particle physics. ===Weaponry=== The use of ion beams as a particle-beam weapon is theoretically possible, but has not been demonstrated. Electron beam weapons have been tested by the U.S. Navy in the early 20th century, but the hose instability effect prevents these from being accurate at a distance of over approximately 30 inches. See particle- beam weapon for more information on this type of weapon. ==See also== * Ion source * Ion thruster * Ion wind ==References== ==External links== * Stopping parameters of ion beams in solids calculated by MELF-GOS model * ISOLDE – Facility dedicated to the production of a large variety of radioactive ion beams located at CERN Category:Plasma physics Category:Semiconductor device fabrication Category:Semiconductor analysis Category:Thin film deposition Category:Ions Category:Accelerator physics

['NASA', "Child's law", 'Reactive ion etching', 'Focused ion beam', 'Ion Beam Shepherd', 'Ion source', 'Ion thruster', 'Ion wind']

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In linguistics, evidentiality is, broadly, the indication of the nature of evidence for a given statement; that is, whether evidence exists for the statement and if so, what kind. An evidential (also verificational or validational) is the particular grammatical element (affix, clitic, or particle) that indicates evidentiality. Languages with only a single evidential have had terms such as mediative, médiatif, médiaphorique, and indirective used instead of evidential. ==Introduction== All languages have some means of specifying the source of information. European languages (such as Germanic and Romance languages) often indicate evidential-type information through modal verbs (, , , ) or other lexical words (adverbials, ) or phrases (English: it seems to me). Some languages have a distinct grammatical category of evidentiality that is required to be expressed at all times. The elements in European languages indicating the information source are optional and usually do not indicate evidentiality as their primary function, thus they do not form a grammatical category. The obligatory elements of grammatical evidentiality systems may be translated into English, variously, as I hear that, I see that, I think that, as I hear, as I can see, as far as I understand, they say, it is said, it seems, it seems to me that, it looks like, it appears that, it turns out that, alleged, stated, allegedly, reportedly, obviously, etc. Alexandra Aikhenvald (2004) reports that about a quarter of the world's languages have some type of grammatical evidentiality. She also reports that, to her knowledge, no research has been conducted on grammatical evidentiality in sign languages. Laura Mazzoni (2008) has since conducted a preliminary study on evidentiality in Italian Sign Language (LIS). Many languages with grammatical evidentiality mark evidentiality independently from tense-aspect or epistemic modality, which is the speaker's evaluation of the information, i.e. whether it is reliable, uncertain, probable. Grammatical evidentiality may be expressed in different forms depending on the language, such as through affixes, clitics, or particles. For example, Japanese has inferential evidentials and reportive markers that are realized as suffixes on a variety of mainly verbal predicates, and as grammaticalized nouns. In another example, Eastern Pomo has four evidential suffixes that are added to verbs: (nonvisual sensory), (inferential), (hearsay), and (direct knowledge). Evidentials in Eastern Pomo (McLendon 2003) Evidential type Example verb Gloss nonvisual sensory "burned" [speaker felt the sensation] inferential "must have burned" [speaker saw circumstantial evidence] hearsay (reportative) "burned, they say" [speaker is reporting what was told] direct knowledge "burned" [speaker has direct evidence, probably visual] The use of evidentiality has pragmatic implications in languages that do not mark evidentiality distinctly from epistemic modality. For example, a person who makes a false statement qualified as a belief may be considered mistaken; a person who makes a false statement qualified as a personally observed fact will probably be considered to have lied. In some languages, evidential markers also serve other purposes, such as indicating the speaker's attitude towards, or belief in, the statement. Usually a direct evidential marker may serve to indicate that the speaker is certain about the event stated. Using an indirect evidential marker, such as one for hearsay or reported information, may indicate that the speaker is uncertain about the statement, or doesn't want to take responsibility for its truth. A "hearsay" evidential may then have the undertone of "that's what they say; whether or not it's true is nothing I can take responsibility for". In other languages, this is not the case. Therefore one should distinguish between such evidential markers that only mark source of knowledge, and such evidential markers that serve other functions, such as marking epistemic modality. Evidentials can also be used to "deflect culpability"Michael, Lev David. "Nanti evidential practice: language, knowledge, and social action in an Amazonian society." Diss. 2008. Abstract. in a statement. In his dissertation on Nanti, a Peruvian Amazonian language, Lev Michael refers to an example in which a young girl is accidentally burned, and a community member questions her mother about how it happened. Her mother uses the evidential marker which translates to "presumably," to deflect responsibility for the girl's mistake. Some languages are borderline cases. For example, French is mostly like English in not having grammatical evidentiality, but does allow some ability to express it via inflection. By using the conditional mood, which has three uses: conditions, future-in-the- past, and hearsay, journalistic French frequently makes a distinction between and : both translate to "He has admitted his guilt," but with an implication of certainty with the first, and the idea of "reportedly" with the second; the same happens in Spanish: vs. . It also happens in Portuguese: vs. . ==Types according to Aikhenvald== Following the typology of Alexandra Aikhenvald (2004, 2006), there are two broad types of evidential marking: # indirectivity marking ("type I") # evidential marking ("type II") The first type (indirectivity) indicates whether evidence exists for a given statement, but does not specify what kind of evidence. The second type (evidentiality proper) specifies the kind of evidence (such as whether the evidence is visual, reported, or inferred). ===Indirectivity (type I)=== Indirectivity (also known as inferentiality) systems are common in Uralic and Turkic languages. These languages indicate whether evidence exists for a given source of information—thus, they contrast direct information (reported directly) and indirect information (reported indirectly, focusing on its reception by the speaker/recipient). Unlike the other evidential "type II" systems, an indirectivity marking does not indicate information about the source of knowledge: it is irrelevant whether the information results from hearsay, inference, or perception; however, some Turkic languages distinguish between reported indirect and non-reported indirect, see Johanson 2003, 2000 for further elaboration. This can be seen in the following Turkish verbs: : (Johanson 2003: 275) In the word geldi, the unmarked suffix -di indicates past tense. In the second word gelmiş, the suffix -miş also indicates past tense but indirectly. It may be translated into English with the added phrases obviously, apparently or as far as I understand. The direct past tense marker -di is unmarked (or neutral) in the sense that whether or not evidence exists supporting the statement is not specified. ===Evidentiality (type II)=== The other broad type of evidentiality systems ("type II") specifies the nature of the evidence supporting a statement. These kinds of evidence can be divided into such categories as: :* Witness vs. nonwitness :* Firsthand vs. secondhand vs. thirdhand :* Sensory :** Visual vs. nonvisual (i.e. auditory, olfactory, etc.) :* Inferential :* Reportative :** Hearsay :** Quotative :* Assumed A witness evidential indicates that the information source was obtained through direct observation by the speaker. Usually this is from visual, or eyewitness, observation, but some languages also mark information directly heard with information directly seen. A witness evidential is usually contrasted with a nonwitness evidential which indicates that the information was not witnessed personally but was obtained through a secondhand source or was inferred by the speaker. A secondhand evidential is used to mark any information that was not personally observed or experienced by the speaker. This may include inferences or reported information. This type of evidential may be contrasted with an evidential that indicates any other kind of source. A few languages distinguish between secondhand and thirdhand information sources. Sensory evidentials can often be divided into different types. Some languages mark visual evidence differently from nonvisual evidence that is heard, smelled, or felt. The Kashaya language has a separate auditory evidential. An inferential evidential indicates information was not personally experienced but was inferred from indirect evidence. Some languages have different types of inferential evidentials. Some of the inferentials found indicate: :# Information inferred by direct physical evidence :# Information inferred by general knowledge :# Information inferred/assumed because of speaker's experience with similar situations :# Past deferred realization In many cases, different inferential evidentials also indicate epistemic modality, such as uncertainty or probability (see epistemic modality below). For example, one evidential may indicate that the information is inferred but of uncertain validity, while another indicates that the information is inferred but unlikely to be true. Reportative evidentials indicate that the information was reported to the speaker by another person. A few languages distinguish between hearsay evidentials and quotative evidentials. Hearsay indicates reported information that may or may not be accurate. A quotative indicates the information is accurate and not open to interpretation, i.e., is a direct quotation. An example of a reportative from Shipibo (-ronki): ====Typology of evidentiality systems==== The following is a brief survey of evidential systems found in the languages of the world as identified in Aikhenvald (2004). Some languages only have two evidential markers while others may have six or more. The system types are organized by the number of evidentials found in the language. For example, a two-term system (A) will have two different evidential markers; a three-term system (B) will have three different evidentials. The systems are further divided by the type of evidentiality that is indicated (e.g. A1, A2, A3, etc.). Languages that exemplify each type are listed in parentheses. The most common system found is the A3 type. Two-term systems: * A1. witness, nonwitness (e.g. Jarawara, Yukaghir languages, Mỹky, Godoberi, Kalasha-mun, Khowar, Yanam) * A2. nonfirsthand, everything else (e.g. Abkhaz, Mansi, Khanty, Nenets, Enets, Selkup, Northeast Caucasian languages) * A3. reported, everything else (e.g. Turkic languages, Tamil, Enga, Tauya, Lezgian, Kham, Estonian, Livonian, Tibeto-Burman languages, several South American languages) Three-term systems: * B1. visual sensory, inferential, reportative (e.g. Aymara, Shastan languages, Qiang languages, Maidu, most Quechuan languages, Northern Embera languages) * B2. visual sensory, nonvisual sensory, inferential (e.g. Washo) * B3. nonvisual sensory, inferential, reportative (e.g. Retuarã, Northern Pomo) * B4. witness (direct), nonwitness (indirect), inferential, reportative (e.g. Tsezic and Dagestanian languages) Four-term systems: * C1. visual sensory, nonvisual sensory, inferential, reportative (e.g. Tariana, Xamatauteri, Eastern Pomo, East Tucanoan languages) * C2. visual sensory, inferential #1, inferential #2, reportative (e.g. Tsafiki, Pawnee, Ancash Quechua) * C3. nonvisual sensory, inferential #1, inferential #2, reportative (e.g. Wintu) * C4. visual sensory, inferential, reportative #1, reportative #2 (e.g. Southeastern Tepehuan) * C5. witness (non-subjective, non-renarrative), inferential (subjective, non- renarrative), renarrative (non-subjective, renarrative), dubitative (subjective, renarrative) (e.g. Bulgarian)* Five-plus term systems: * visual sensory, nonvisual sensory, inferential, reportative, assumed (e.g. Tuyuca, Tucano) * witness, inferential, reportative, assumed, "internal support" (e.g. Nambikwaran languages) * visual sensory, nonvisual sensory, inferential, reported, heard from known source, direct participation (e.g. Fasu) * nonvisual sensory, inferential #1, inferential #2, inferential #3, reportative (e.g. Western Apache) * inferential, anticipation, performative, deduction, induction, hearsay, direct observation, opinion, assumed, "to know by culture", "to know by internal" (Lojban)* ==Evidentiality marking and other categories== Evidential systems in many languages are often marked simultaneously with other linguistic categories. For example, according to Aikhenvald, a given language may use the same element to mark both evidentiality and mirativity, i.e., unexpected information. She claims that this is the case of Western Apache where the post-verbal particle lą̄ą̄ primarily functions as a mirative but also has a secondary function as an inferential evidential. This phenomenon of evidentials developing secondary functions, or other grammatical elements such as miratives and modal verbs developing evidential functions is fairly widespread. The following types of mixed systems have been reported: :* evidentiality with mirativity :* evidentiality with tense-aspect :* evidentiality with modality (this is discussed in the next section below) In addition to the interactions with tense, modality, and mirativity, the usage of evidentials in some languages may also depend on the clause type, discourse structure, and/or linguistic genre. However, despite the intersection of evidentiality systems with other semantic or pragmatic systems (through grammatical categories), Aikhenvald believes that several languages do mark evidentiality without any grammatical connection to these other semantic/pragmatic systems. More explicitly stated, she believes that there are modal systems which do not express evidentiality, and evidential systems which do not express modality. Likewise, there are mirative systems which do not express evidentiality, and evidential systems which do not express mirativity. ===Epistemic modality=== Evidentiality is often considered to be a sub-type of epistemic modality (see, for example, Palmer 1986, Kiefer 1994). Other linguists consider evidentiality (marking the source of information in a statement) to be distinct from epistemic modality (marking the degree of confidence in a statement). An English example: : I see that he is coming. (evidential) : I know that he is coming. (epistemic) For instance, de Haan (1999, 2001, 2005) states that evidentiality asserts evidence while epistemic modality evaluates evidence and that evidentiality is more akin to a deictic category marking the relationship between speakers and events/actions (like the way demonstratives mark the relationship between speakers and objects; see also Joseph 2003). Aikhenvald (2003) finds that evidentials may indicate a speaker's attitude about the validity of a statement but this is not a required feature of evidentials. Additionally, she finds that evidential-marking may co-occur with epistemic-marking, but it may also co-occur with aspectual/tense or mirative marking. Considering evidentiality as a type of epistemic modality may only be the result of analyzing non-European languages in terms of the systems of modality found in European languages. For example, the modal verbs in Germanic languages are used to indicate both evidentiality and epistemic modality (and are thus ambiguous when taken out of context). Other (non-European) languages clearly mark these differently. De Haan (2001) finds that the use of modal verbs to indicate evidentiality is comparatively rare (based on a sample of 200 languages). ===Terminology=== Although some linguists have proposed that evidentiality should be considered separately from epistemic modality, other linguists conflate the two. Because of this conflation, some researchers use the term evidentiality to refer both to the marking of the knowledge source and the commitment to the truth of the knowledge. ==In English (not grammaticalized)== Evidentiality is not considered a grammatical category in English because it is expressed in diverse ways and is always optional. In contrast, many other languages (including Quechua, Aymara, and Yukaghir) require the speaker to mark the main verb or the sentence as a whole for evidentiality, or offer an optional set of affixes for indirect evidentiality, with direct experience being the default assumed mode of evidentiality. Consider these English sentences: : I am hungry. : Bob is hungry. We are unlikely to say the second unless someone (perhaps Bob himself) has told us that Bob is hungry. (We might still say it for someone incapable of speaking for themself, such as a baby or a pet.) If we are simply assuming that Bob is hungry based on the way he looks or acts, we are more likely to say something like: : Bob _looks_ hungry. : Bob _seems_ hungry. : Bob _would be_ hungry by now. : Bob _must be_ hungry by now. Here, the fact that we are relying on sensory evidence, rather than direct experience, is conveyed by our use of the word look or seem. Another situation in which the evidential modality is expressed in English is in certain kinds of predictions, namely those based on the evidence at hand. These can be referred to as "predictions with evidence". Examples: : Look at those clouds! It's going to rain! (Compare "It will rain!"). === Possible exceptions === The suffix "-ish" can be considered to be a grammaticalized marker of uncertainty. ==Western history of the concept== The notion of evidentiality as obligatory grammatical information was first made apparent in 1911 by Franz Boas in his introduction to The Handbook of American Indian Languages in a discussion of Kwakiutl and in his grammatical sketch of Tsimshianic. The term evidential was first used in the current linguistic sense by Roman Jakobson in 1957 in reference to Balkan Slavic (Jacobsen 1986:4; Jakobson 1990) with the following definition: : "EnEns/Es evidential is a tentative label for the verbal category which takes into account three events — a narrated event (En), a speech event (Es), and a narrated speech event (Ens). The speaker reports an event on the basis of someone else's report (quotative, i.e. hearsay evidence), of a dream (revelative evidence), of a guess (presumptive evidence) or of his own previous experience (memory evidence)." Jakobson also was the first to clearly separate evidentiality from grammatical mood. By the middle of the 1960s, evidential and evidentiality were established terms in linguistic literature. Systems of evidentiality have received focused linguistic attention only relatively recently. The first major work to examine evidentiality cross- linguistically is Chafe & Nichols (1986). A more recent typological comparison is Aikhenvald (2004). ==See also== * Epistemic modality * Linguistic modality * Mirativity * Grammatical mood * Epistemology ==References== == References and further reading == * Aikhenvald, Alexandra Y. (2003). Evidentiality in typological perspective. In A. Y. Aikhenvald & R. M. W. Dixon (Eds.) (pp. 33–62). * Aikhenvald, Alexandra Y. (2004). Evidentiality. Oxford: Oxford University Press. . * Aikhenvald, Alexandra Y.; & Dixon, R. M. W. (1998). Evidentials and areal typology: A case-study from Amazonia. Language Sciences, 20, 241-257. * Aikhenvald, Alexandra Y.; & Dixon, R. M. W. (Eds.). (2003). Studies in evidentiality. Typological studies in language (Vol. 54). Amsterdam: John Benjamins Publishing Company. ; . *Aikhenvald, Alexandra Y.; & Dixon, R. M. W. (Eds.). (2014) The Grammar of Knowledge: A Cross-Linguistic Typology. Oxford University Press. * Blakemore, D. (1994). Evidence and modality. In R. E. Asher (Ed.), The Encyclopedia of language and linguistics (pp. 1183–1186). Oxford: Pergamon Press. . * Chafe, Wallace L.; & Nichols, Johanna. (Eds.). (1986). Evidentiality: The linguistic encoding of epistemology. Norwood, NJ: Ablex. * Comrie, Bernard. (2000). Evidentials: Semantics and history. In L. Johanson & B. Utas (Eds.). * De Haan, Ferdinand. (1999). Evidentiality and epistemic modality: Setting boundaries. Southwest Journal of Linguistics, 18, 83-101. (Online: www.u.arizona.edu/~fdehaan/papers/SWJL99.pdf). * De Haan, Ferdinand. (2001). The relation between modality and evidentiality. In R. Müller & M. Reis (Eds.), Modalität und Modalverben im Deutschen. Linguistische Berichte, Sonderheft 9. Hamburg: H. Buske. . (Online: www.u.arizona.edu/~fdehaan/papers/lb01.pdf). * De Haan, Ferdinand. (2005). Encoding speaker perspective: Evidentials. In Z. Frajzyngier & D. Rood (Eds.), Linguistic diversity and language theories. Amsterdam: Benjamins. , . (Online: www.u.arizona.edu/~fdehaan/papers/boulder.pdf). * Faust, Norma. (1973). Lecciones para el aprendizaje del idioma shipibo-conibo [Lessons for learning the Shipibo-Conibo language]. Lima: Summer Institute of Linguistics. * Guentchéva, Zlatka. (1996a). Introduction. In Z. Guentchéva (Ed.) (pp. 11–18). * Guentchéva, Zlatka (Ed.). (1996b). L’Énonciation médiatisée. Bibliothèque de l’information grammaticale. Louvain: Éditions Peeters. ; . * Johanson, Lars. (2000). Turkic indirectives. In L. Johanson & B. Utas (Eds.) (pp. 61–87). * Jacobsen, W. H., Jr. (1986). The heterogeneity of evidentials in Makah. In W. L. Chafe & J. Nichols (Eds.) (pp. 3–28). * Jakobson, Roman. (1990). Shifters and verbal categories. In On language (pp. 386–392). Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press. (Original work published 1957). * Johanson, Lars. (2003). Evidentiality in Turkic. In A. Y. Aikhenvald & R. M. W. Dixon (Eds.) (pp. 273–290). * Johanson, Lars; & Utas, Bo (Eds.). (2000). Evidentials: Turkic, Iranian and neighboring languages. Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter. . * Joseph, Brian D. (2003). Evidentials: Summation, questions, prospects. In A. Y. Aikhenvald & R. M. W. Dixon (Eds.) (pp. 307–327). * Kiefer, Ferenc. (1994). Modality. In R. E. Asher (Ed.), The Encyclopedia of language and linguistics (pp. 2515–2520). Oxford: Pergamon Press. * LaPolla, Randy J. (2003). Evidentiality in Qiang. In A. Y. Aikhenvald & R. M. W. Dixon (Eds.) (pp. 63–78). * Maslova, Elena. (2003). Evidentiality in Yukaghir. In A. Y. Aikhenvald & R. M. W. Dixon (Eds.) (pp. 237–241). * Mazzoni, Laura. (2008). Impersonamento ed evidenzialità in LIS. In L. Bertone (Ed.) La grammatica della lingua dei segni italiana. Atti dell'incontro di studio. Venezia 16-17 maggio 2007. Ed. Ca' Foscarina. * McLendon, Sally. (2003). Evidentials in Eastern Pomo with a comparative survey of the category in other Pomoan languages. In A. Y. Aikhenvald & R. M. W. Dixon (Eds.) (pp. 101–129). * Noël, Dirk. (2001). The passive matrices of English infinitival complement clauses: Evidentials on the road to auxiliarihood? Studies in Language, 25, 255-296. * Palmer, F. R. (1986). Mood and modality. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. , . (2nd ed. published 2001). * Palmer, F. R. (1994). Mood and modality. In R. E. Asher (Ed.), The Encyclopedia of language and linguistics (pp. 2535–2540). Oxford: Pergamon Press. * Slobin, D. I.; & Aksu, A. A. (1982). Tense, aspect and modality in the use of the Turkish evidential. In P. J. Hopper (Ed.), Tense-aspect: Between semantics & pragmatics. Amsterdam: Benjamins. * Speas, Peggy. (2010) 'Evidentials as Generalized Functional Heads.' in A.M. diScuillo, ed. Interface Legibility at the Edge. Oxford University Press. * Valenzuela, Pilar M. (2003). Evidentiality in Shipibo- Konibo, with a comparative overview of the category in Panoan. In A. Y. Aikhenvald & R. M. W. Dixon (Eds.) (pp. 33–61). * Willet, Thomas L. (1988). A cross-linguistic survey of the grammaticalization of evidentiality. Studies in Language, 12, 51-97. ==External links== * Language & Power (Evidentiality) * Ferdinand de Haan's research on evidentiality ** Evidentiality bibliography ** world map of the language distribution of evidentiality * Semantics: Modality and Evidentiality * Evidentiality in Dena’ina Athabascan * review of Aikhenvald & Dixon (2003) (Linguist List) * review of Aikhenvald (2004) (Linguist List) Category:Grammatical moods Category:Pragmatics Category:Semantics Category:Evidence Category:Formal semantics (natural language)

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Sir Jamsetjee Jejeebhoy, 1st Baronet, (15 July 1783 – 14 April 1859),. leighrayment.com also spelt Jeejeebhoy or Jeejebhoy, was an Indian-Parsi merchant and philanthropist, later a British knight and baronet. He made a huge fortune in cotton and the opium trade with China. == Early life and business career == Jejeebhoy was born in Bombay in 1783, the son of Merwanjee Mackjee Jejeebhoy and Jeevibai Cowasjee Jejeebhoy. His father was a textile merchant from Surat, Gujarat, who migrated to Bombay in the 1770s. Both of Jeejeebhoy's parents died in 1799, leaving the 16-year-old under the tutelage of his maternal uncle, Framjee Nasserwanjee Battliwala. At the age of 16, having had little formal education, he made his first visit to Calcutta and then began his first voyage to China to trade in cotton and opium. Jejeebhoy's second voyage to China was made in a ship of the East India Company's fleet. Under the command of Sir Nathaniel Dance, this ship drove off a French squadron under Rear-Admiral Charles-Alexandre Léon Durand Linois in the Battle of Pulo Aura. On Jejeebhoy's fourth voyage to China, the Indiaman in which he sailed was forced to surrender to the French, by whom he was carried as a prisoner to the Cape of Good Hope, then a neutral Dutch possession. After much delay and great difficulty, Jejeebhoy made his way to Calcutta in a Danish ship. Undaunted, Jejeebhoy undertook another voyage to China which was more successful than any of his previous journeys. By this time Jejeebhoy had established his reputation as an enterprising merchant possessed of considerable wealth. In 1803, he married his maternal uncle's daughter Avabai (d. 1870) and settled in Bombay, where he directed his commercial operations on an extended scale. Around this time, he changed his name from "Jamshed" to "Jamsetjee" to sound similar to names of the Gujarati community. By the age of 40, he had made over two crore rupees, a staggering sum in those days. Further riches came to him from the cotton trade during the Napoleonic Wars. He bought his own fleet of ships. Lord Elphinstone, then Governor of Bombay, said of him, "By strict integrity, by industry and punctuality in all his commercial transactions, he contributed to raise the character of the Bombay merchant in the most distant markets." In 1814, his co-operation with the British East India company had yielded him sufficient profits to purchase his first ship, the Good Success, and he gradually added another six ships to this, usually carrying primarily opium and a little cotton to China. By 1836, Jejeebhoy's firm was large enough to employ his three sons and other relatives, and he had amassed what at that period of Indian mercantile history was regarded as fabulous wealth. Jejeebhoy was known by the nickname "Mr. Bottlewalla". "Walla" meant "vendor", and Jejeebhoy's business interests included the manufacture and sale of bottles on the basis of his uncle's business. Jejeebhoy and his family would often sign letters and checks using the name "Battliwala", and were known by that name in business and society, but he did not choose this assumed surname when it came to the baronetcy. In 1818, he formed the business, trading and shipping firm "Jamsetjee Jejeebhoy & Co." with two other associates Motichund Amichund and Mahomed Ali Rogay as Jejeebhoy's business associates. He was later joined by a Goan, Rogério de Faria. His voyages to China resulted in a long trading partnership with the Canton based company Jardine Matheson & Co. The connection with Jeejeebhoy was instrumental as Jardine and Matheson built up their great firm, continuing the profitable and amiable association with the Parsi entrepreneur. Jeejeebhoy long continued as one of the close associates who served as underwriters to Jardine, Matheson and Company. A tribute to their connection exists even today in a portrait of Jeejeebhoy which hangs in Jardine's Hong Kong office. He was seen as the chief representative of the Indian community in Bombay by the British Imperial authorities. == Philanthropy == An essentially self-made man, having experienced the miseries of poverty in early life, Jejeebhoy developed great sympathy for his poorer countrymen. In his later life he was occupied with alleviating human distress in all its forms. Parsi and Christian, Hindu and Muslim, were alike the objects of his beneficence. Hospitals, schools, homes of charity and pension funds throughout India (particularly in Bombay, Navsari, Surat, and Poona) were created or endowed by Jejeebhoy, and he financed the construction of many public works such as wells, reservoirs, bridges, and causeways. By the time of his death in 1859, he was estimated to have donated over £230,000 to charity. His philanthropic endeavours began in earnest in 1822, when he personally remitted the debts of all the poor in Bombay's civil jail. Some of Jejeebhoy's notable charitable works include: * Mahim Causeway: The British Government had refused to build a causeway to connect the island of Mahim to Bandra. Jejeebhoy's wife, Avabai Jamsetjee Jeejeebhoy, spent Rs. to finance its construction, after whom it was named. The work began in 1841 and is believed to have been completed four years later. * He donated Rs. 1,00,000 to build Sir J. J. Hospital * Jejeebhoy donated to at least 126 notable public charities, including the Sir Jamsetjee Jejeebhoy School of Art, the Sir J. J. College of Architecture,"Sir JJ College Of Architecture, Bombay– Home". Sir JJ College of Architecture. Accessed 23 May 2010. the Sir J.J. Institute of Applied Art and the Seth R.J.J. High School. He also endowed charities dedicated to helping his fellow Parsis and created the "Sir Jamsetjee Jeejebhoy Parsi Benevolent Fund" in 1849. *He paid two-thirds of the entire cost of the Poona (now Pune) waterworks, with the remainder coming from the government. *He gave a substantial donation to Bombay Samachar founded by Fardunjee Marzban in July 1822. The Bombay Times was launched in 1838 by a syndicate of persons, which included Sir Jamsetjee. In 1861, it was renamed The Times of India. Jamsetjee also donated handsomely to the Jam-e-Jamshed Press when it was founded in 1859. * The Dr. Bhau Daji Lad Museum, formerly The Victoria and Albert Museum, which was designed by a London architect was built with the patronage of many wealthy Indian businessmen and philanthropists like Jejeebhoy, David Sassoon and Jaganath Shunkerseth. *Construction of Charni Road and relief to cattle. Between 1822 and 1838, cattle from the congested fort area used to graze freely at the Esplanade Maidan (now called Azad Maidan), an open ground opposite the Victoria Terminus. In 1838, the British rulers introduced a 'grazing fee' which several cattle-owners could not afford. Therefore, Sir Jamshedji Jeejeebhoy spent Rs. 20,000 from his own purse for purchasing some grasslands near the seafront at Thakurdwar and saw that the starving cattle grazed without a fee in that area. In time the area became known as "Charni" meaning grazing. When a railway station on the BB&CI; railway was constructed there it was called Charni Road. *He spent Rs. 1,45,403 to set up the Sir J. J. Dharamshala at Bellasis Road, and until today, innumerable old and destitute people receive free food, clothing, shelter and medicines. All their needs for the past 150 years, irrespective of caste, creed or religion, have been looked after by the Dharamshala, the first free home for the elderly in Asia. *Whether it was the famine of Ireland (1822), the floods in France (1856) or the fire, which ravaged both Bombay (1803) and Surat (1837), this beacon of altruism gave graciously to one and all without discriminating on the basis of caste or creed. == Baronetcy == Jejeebhoy's services were first recognised by the British Empire in 1842 by the bestowal of a knighthood and in 1857 by the award of a baronetcy. These were the very first distinctions of their kind conferred by Queen Victoria upon a British subject in India. On Jejeebhoy's death in 1859, his Baronetcy was inherited by his eldest son Cursetjee Jejeebhoy, who, by a special Act of the Viceroy's Council in pursuance of a provision in the letters-patent, took the name of Sir Jamsetjee Jejeebhoy as second baronet. When he died in 1859, Jeejeebhoy was remembered in an obituary by a Bombay-based newspaper as, “Simple in his tastes and manners, and dignified in his address, the personal appearance of Sir Jamsetjee, in later years, was a picture of greatness in repose. He had done his work, and entered upon the sabbath of his life.…” == Advocate of non-violence == In 1855, under royal patronage, the Patriotic Fund was launched to aid the wounded soldiers and widows of those who had died in the Russo-Turkish war. Jamsetjee donated Rs. 5,000/- for this cause. But some remarks from his speech on this occasion are most significant: > Of none of the great evils which afflict our race do we form such inadequate > conceptions as of the evils of war. War is exhibited to us in the dazzling > dress of poetry, fiction, and history, where its horrors are carefully > concealed beneath its gaudy trappings; or we see, perhaps, its plumes and > epaulettes, and harlequin finery, we hear of the magnificence of the > apparatus, the bravery of the troops, the glory of the victors, but the > story of the wholesale miseries and wretchedness and wrongs which follow in > its train is untold … What nation is not groaning under war-debts, the > greatest of national burdens! Had the inconceivable sum wasted in the work > of human butchery been applied to promote individual comfort and national > prosperity, the world would not now be so far behind as it is in its career > of progress … Our duty to relieve the sufferers in this great war would have > remained the same whether the war had been a just one or not; but, > considering the nature and objects of this war, we extend this relief now > more as a privilege than as a duty … To the call of our gracious Sovereign, > and to the call of humanity, the Parsis, my lord, will cordially respond. His non-violent attitude extended also to the animal kingdom. He would not allow any form of cruelty towards animals. The East India Company introduced a rule "for the annual destruction of dogs in Bombay island, and a considerable number were from time to time destroyed, in spite of frequent petitions from the public". This mass dog killing led to a serious riot. To alleviate this suffering, Jamsetjee Jeejeebhoy, Jagannath Shankarsheth and Motichand Amichand founded Bombay Panjrapole on 18 October 1834. == General and cited references == * == References == == External links == * Brief profile of Sir J.J. * Brief biography of Sir J.J. * Homi Dhalla, "Sir Jamsetjee Jejeebhoy, Lesser Known Facts about his Multidimensional Personality", homidhalla.com * Sir J.J. on David Philpson's site * Parsee settlers in Bombay Category:1783 births Category:1859 deaths Category:Baronets in the Baronetage of the United Kingdom Category:Indian baronets Category:Indian knights Category:Parsi people from Mumbai Category:Businesspeople from Mumbai Category:Founders of Indian schools and colleges Category:Indian philanthropists Category:Indian businesspeople in textiles Category:Indian merchants Category:19th-century Indian educational theorists Category:19th-century Indian businesspeople Category:Parsi people Category:People from Mumbai

['Baronet', 'Bombay', 'Parsi', 'Surat', 'Gujarat', 'Calcutta', 'China', 'Nathaniel Dance', 'Charles-Alexandre Léon Durand Linois', 'Battle of Pulo Aura', 'Indiaman', 'Cape of Good Hope', 'Lord Elphinstone', 'Goan', 'Navsari', 'Poona', 'Mahim', 'Bandra', 'Avabai Jamsetjee Jeejeebhoy', 'Sir J. J. College of Architecture', 'Sir J.J. Institute of Applied Art', 'Bombay Samachar', 'Fardunjee Marzban', 'The Times of India', 'Jam-e-Jamshed', 'Dr. Bhau Daji Lad Museum', 'Jaganath Shunkerseth', 'Azad Maidan', 'Victoria Terminus', 'Thakurdwar', 'Charni Road', 'Ireland', 'France']

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thumb|200px|Julian Konstanty Ordon Konstanty Juliusz Ordon (often referred to as Konstanty Julian Ordon; born in Warsaw, 16 October 1810, died in Florence, 4 May 1887) was a participant in the Polish November Uprising in 1830–1831. ==Biography== Ordon distinguished himself as a commander of artillery in Fort 54 one of the redoubts in Wola during the storm of Warsaw by Russian Army on 6 September 1831. In the last moments of its defence the redoubt was blown up by one of the defenders, who was mistakenly identified as Ordon. He was immortalized in the poem of Adam Mickiewicz, Reduta Ordona (Ordon's Redoubt). Apparently this was not the case since he survived the assault and was taken war prisoner by Russians. From 1833 on he lived in Dresden, then he settled in Scotland. Around 1840 he joined the English Freemasonry, and in October 1847 was admitted to Polish national lodge in London. He was involved with the Polish Democratic Society. In 1848 he moved to Milan willing to join the Polish Legion of Adam Mickiewicz. Poorly accepted, eventually he found himself in the Lombard Legion. In October 1848 he entered the Sardinian army, where he served until 1855. In autumn 1856 he moved to France and settled in Paris. In 1858 he was appointed professor of modern languages at the Government College in Meaux. After 1860 he served under Giuseppe Garibaldi, and then in the Italian army until 1867. After his suicide in Florence, his body was brought to Lviv (the Russian authorities did not allow for burial in the family tomb in the Evangelical-Augsburg cemetery in Warsaw). == See also == *Battle of Warsaw (1831) == References == == External links == * Category:1810 births Category:1887 deaths Category:Military personnel from Warsaw Category:Polish Army officers Category:November Uprising participants Category:Polish Freemasons Category:Italian military personnel who committed suicide Category:Suicides in Italy Category:Burials at Lychakiv Cemetery

['Lviv', 'Warsaw', 'Florence', 'November Uprising', 'Wola', 'Adam Mickiewicz', 'Dresden', 'Scotland', 'Polish Democratic Society', 'Milan', 'France', 'Paris', 'Giuseppe Garibaldi', 'Italian army']

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George Jellinek (December 22, 1919 - January 16, 2010) was the Hungarian-born host of The Vocal Scene, a weekly syndicated radio feature produced by WQXR radio of New York City. Over three decades, from 1969 to 2004, he steadily interviewed opera singers and other figures of classical music on his show, and presented comparative recordings of arias and excerpts with commentary which the New York Times deemed "encyclopedic". Jellinek served in the United States Army and trained in Military Intelligence at Camp Ritchie in the mountains of Maryland, thus making him one of the Ritchie Boys. Born in Újpest, Budapest, Hungary, Jellinek was a longtime resident of the New York City area. He was also familiar to radio audiences for his appearances during intermissions on the Metropolitan Opera radio broadcasts. Jellinek retired from The Vocal Scene with the broadcast of December 23, 2004. On May 31, 2006, at a ceremony held at the Hungarian Consulate in New York City, he was decorated by the Hungarian Government for his lifetime contributions to the arts. Repeats of his program can still be heard on several stations, among them WQXR in New York City, WFMT in Chicago, and on XM Satellite Radio's VOX channel. Radio station WQXR announced his death in an on-air tribute on January 18, 2010.Announcement of Jellinek's death on WQXR website Among his bibliography is Callas: Portrait of a Prima Donna (1960). ==Writings== * ==References== ==External links== *Obituary in The New York Times (January 20, 2010) *Program listings for The Vocal Scene. *New York Times article on the Dec 23, 2004 broadcast *New Yorker article Nov 29, 2004 *Interview in the New York Times May 27, 2007 *Two Interviews with George Jellinek, January 7, 1988 & September 17, 1995 Category:1919 births Category:2010 deaths Category:Ritchie Boys Category:Classical music radio presenters Category:American radio personalities Category:Place of death missing Category:Grammy Award winners Category:Classical music critics Category:People from Újpest Category:Hungarian emigrants to the United States

['Hungary', 'New York City', 'New York Times', 'Camp Ritchie', 'Ritchie Boys', 'Újpest', 'Budapest', 'Metropolitan Opera radio broadcasts', 'WFMT']

['Q28', 'Q60', 'Q9684', 'Q392426', 'Q828429', 'Q330195', 'Q1781', 'Q16689258', 'Q7949402']

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Hermann Jellinek (22 January 1822 in Drslavice – 23 November 1848 in Vienna) was a writer, journalist, and revolutionary from a prominent Austrian Jewish family. His older brother Adolf Jellinek was one of Austria-Hungary's leading rabbis and writers. ==Life== He left home at 13 to study at university and gained a doctorate in philosophy from Leipzig University, where he was later expelled. During his education, he abandoned plans to become a rabbi, and became an atheist and liberal radical. Afterward, he moved to Berlin, but was expelled there too for his political activities, and arrived in Vienna in March 1848. In Vienna, Jellinek supported the liberal and anti-Hapsburg revolutionary movements as a journalist. Following the violent repression of the October 1848 Vienna Uprising, Jellinek ignored the advice of friends to flee. He was soon captured and executed by the Hapsburg military. ==References== Category:1822 births Category:1848 deaths Category:Austrian Jews Category:Leipzig University alumni Category:People executed for treason against Austria-Hungary Category:19th-century executions by Austria Category:People from Uherské Hradiště District Category:Executed revolutionaries Category:People of the Revolutions of 1848

['Vienna', 'Adolf Jellinek', 'Leipzig University', 'Vienna Uprising']

['Q1741', 'Q78889', 'Q154804', 'Q19021']

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The Sawai Gandharva Bhimsen Mahotsav (formerly known as the Sawai Gandharva Sangeet Mahotsav and simply known as Sawai) is an annual Indian Classical music festival held in Pune since 1953. The festival is hosted by the Arya Sangeet Prasarak Mandal (ASPM) and initiated by Bhimsen Joshi as a memorial music conference commemorating the life and work of Joshi's guru, Sawai Gandharva, the festival's namesake. While Joshi was leading the organisation of the festival, performing artists received personal invitations from him to perform at it. With an emphasis on Hindustani Classical Khayal music, instrumentalists, dancers, dhrupadiyas, Bhakti musicians, Ghazal musicians, Qawwals, and Carnatic musicians frequent the concert lineup. A younger artist's debut performance at the festival connotes their "arrival" and promise to the Classical music scene of India (most recently including Rahul Deshpande, Kaushiki Chakrabarty, and Mahesh Kale). Since its inception, the festival has grown into a prominent cultural soiree for Pune's musical connoisseurs, featuring the foremost musicians of traditional Indian musical forms. ==History== The festival was started in 1953 on a small scale, to commemorate the first death anniversary of Sawai Gandharva, the acclaimed Hindustani Classical vocalist of the Kirana Gharana. Bhimsen Joshi led the organisation of the festival from its beginning until 2002 when his health problems became of concern. Joshi's youngest son, Shrinivas Joshi, and senior disciple, Shrikant Deshpande, succeeded him as organisers. Since Joshi's death in 2011, Shrinivas Joshi has been the main organiser. ==Recent years== The 2009 Festival was postponed to January 2010 due to an H1N1 scare in Pune.Sawai Gandharva Festival to be held from January Indian Express. Heavy rain on 13 December 2014 caused the festival to be postponed until 1 January 2015. When Bhimsen Joshi died on 24 January 2011, the ASPM decided to rename the festival from its original name of 'Sawai Gandharva Mahotsav' to 'Sawai Gandharva Bhimsen Mahotsav' in his honour. ==Tradition== The Sawai Gandharva Music Festival is conducted every year in the first two weeks of December over three days. In the past, the festival runs through whole the night and the days used to end in the morning. Later on, when Pune Municipal Corporation set rule to finish the program before 10 pm which leads to change in the schedule of the program. Traditionally, each festival is inaugurated with a tribute honoring Sawai Gandharva, with a Shehnai musician performing first, in the early morning. During the first two days, programs begin in the late-afternoon and are supposed to officially end by 10 pm. On the third and final day (previously a Saturday, now usually a Sunday), the programme is conducted in two sessions, the first beginning in the early morning continuing until the early afternoon, the second session begins in the early evening and ends at 10 p.m. ===Finale performances=== Tradition was that the finale performance was presented by Bhimsen Joshi. Since his retirement, other members of the Kirana Gharana took on the role, including Sangmeshwar Gurav in 2005 and leading disciples of Joshi in 2006. The vocalist Prabha Atre has concluded every festival since 2007. The festival officially concludes with the entire audience and remaining performers listening to the Thumri in Raag Bhairavi recording "Jamuna Ke Teer" by Sawai Gandharva, a tune made famous by and signature of his guru, Abdul Karim Khan. ==Accompanists== * Pt.Appasaheb Jalgaonkar (born 1922): 1952–2009 * Pt. Arawind Thatte (born 1958): 1990–present * Pt. Purushottam Walawalkar * Ustad Shaik Dawood (born 1916) 1953–1988 * Tulsidas Borkar (born 1934) 1989-2006 * Sudhir Nayak (born 1972) 1992-present ==See also== *List of Indian classical music festivals *Sawai Gandharva Bhimsen Festival, Hyderabad ==References== ==External links== * * Category:Culture of Pune Category:Hindustani classical music festivals Category:1953 establishments in Bombay State Category:Music festivals established in 1953 Category:Islamic music festivals Category:Events in Pune

['Pune', 'Bhimsen Joshi', 'Arya Sangeet Prasarak Mandal', 'Sawai Gandharva', 'Khayal', 'Ghazal', 'Carnatic music', 'Rahul Deshpande', 'Kaushiki Chakrabarty', 'Mahesh Kale', 'Kirana Gharana', 'Shrinivas Joshi', 'H1N1', 'Pune Municipal Corporation', 'Shehnai', 'Sangmeshwar Gurav', 'Thumri', 'Tulsidas Borkar', 'Sudhir Nayak', 'List of Indian classical music festivals', 'Sawai Gandharva Bhimsen Festival, Hyderabad']

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Ion beam deposition (IBD) is a process of applying materials to a target through the application of an ion beam. An ion beam deposition apparatus typically consists of an ion source, ion optics, and the deposition target. Optionally a mass analyzer can be incorporated. In the ion source source materials in the form of a gas, an evaporated solid, or a solution (liquid) are ionized. For atomic IBD, electron ionization, field ionization (Penning ion source) or cathodic arc sources are employed. Cathodic arc sources are used particularly for carbon ion deposition. Molecular ion beam deposition employs electrospray ionization or MALDI sources. The ions are then accelerated, focused or deflected using high voltages or magnetic fields. Optional deceleration at the substrate can be employed to define the deposition energy. This energy usually ranges from a few eV up to a few keV. At low energy molecular ion beams are deposited intact (ion soft landing), while at a high deposition energy molecular ions fragment and atomic ions can penetrate further into the material, a process known as ion implantation. Ion optics (such as radio frequency quadrupoles) can be mass selective. In IBD they are used to select a single, or a range of ion species for deposition in order to avoid contamination. For organic materials in particular, this process is often monitored by a mass spectrometer. The ion beam current, which is quantitative measure for the deposited amount of material, can be monitored during the deposition process. Switching of the selected mass range can be used to define a stoichiometry. ==See also== *Cathodic arc deposition *Sputter deposition *Ion beam assisted deposition *Ion beam induced deposition *Electrospray ionization *MALDI Category:Thin film deposition

['MALDI', 'Cathodic arc deposition', 'Sputter deposition', 'Ion beam assisted deposition', 'Ion beam induced deposition', 'Electrospray ionization']

['Q736400', 'Q900966', 'Q847609', 'Q904053', 'Q5358152', 'Q902061']

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92nd Street Y, New York (92NY) is a cultural and community center located on the Upper East Side of Manhattan in New York City, at the corner of East 92nd Street and Lexington Avenue. Founded in 1874 as the Young Men's Hebrew Association, the 92nd Street Y (often simply called "the Y") transformed from a secular social club to a large arts and cultural center in the 20th century. ==History== In 1874, a group of German-Jewish professionals established the New York Young Men's Hebrew Association (YMHA). The founders were predominantly members of the Temple Shaaray Tefila, or synagogue, and New York's YMHA and other across the country grew out of existing Jewish congregations. The YMHA itself was a secular organization intended to serve as a social and literary fraternity. Officially incorporated on September 10, 1874, the YMHA would initially operate out of rented premises on 112 West 21st Street. A few years later, the organization would move to larger accommodations on 110 West 42nd Street; the Y also operated a downtown branch, where Emma Lazarus taught English to immigrants. This branch would later merge with other organizations to become the Educational Alliance. As the organization grew, it began integrating more Judaism into its programming. In 1878, the YMHA held its first Hannakuh Festival, which became an annual tradition. The secularized celebration of Jewish holidays like Hannakuh and Purim, according to historian Jonathan Sarna, helped save the holiday from obscurity and was part of the creation of an American Jewish identity and culture. Celebrations of the High Holidays began in 1900. These were soon followed by regular Friday evening services that grew in average attendance from 172 in 1901 to more than 400 in 1903, though secular activities remained far more popular. In the 1886 the YMHA moved from 42nd Street to 721 Lexington Avenue near 58th Street, and in 1895 to 111 East 59th Street. The Y would find a permanent home through the munificence of businessman and philanthropist Jacob Schiff. Initially donating a rowhouse at 65th Street and Lexington Avenue to the Y, Schiff would finance the construction of a new building at 92nd Street and Lexington. Designed by Arnold W. Brunner, who produced many turn-of-the-century synagogues, the new building would open in 1900. The original YMHA building would be replaced by a new building, completed in 1930. The YMHA primarily catered to Jews until the mid-1930s. The Y's director, William Kolodney, argued that the arts were central to the Jewish religious tradition of learning for learning's sake. While the board was concerned that this shift would transform the Y into a secular institution and harm its finances, Kolodney argued for not catering to the lowest common denominator in pursuit of crowds, and to keep charges minimal so that activities were within reach of salaried workers. Kolodney opened the Y's concert hall and events to nonmembers; its excellent acoustics helped land the Y on the map as a performing arts venue. The Y opened an arts center, jewelry center, dance center, poetry center, and nursery school throughout the 1930s. 75% of revenue was spent on 25% of programs. In 1945, the YMHA merged with the Young Women's Hebrew Association and became the YM-YWHA. In the 1960s, the Clara de Hirsch Home for Working Girls merged with the Y, and a new building on the southern part of the block was constructed to house it and new spaces for programming and the arts. In 1972 the YM-YWHA rebranded itself as the 92nd Street Y. In 1988, the Board elevated Sol Adler to executive director. Adler had worked for the Y for 11 years, hired by the previous executive director. In the 1990s, the decline of classical music programming and rising real estate costs threatened the Y's finances. The Y responded by cutting Jewish life and cultural offerings and expanding its class offerings. By 2003, the Y's budget had grown to $43 million and served 300,000 annually; less than a decade later, it had revenues of $80 million. After the September 11th terrorist attacks, the Y spent $1 million investigating the feasibility of a satellite building to help revitalize the rebuilding downtown. The result was 92YTribeca, a performance space in the Tribeca neighborhood that opened in 2008. The venue at 200 Hudson Street contained a movie theater, lecture hall, cafe, and art gallery. The 92YTribeca location would be closed in 2013. In February 2013, the Y fired Sal Taddeo, who served as director of facilities, after allegations were raised of a kickbacks scheme. Taddeo was the son-in-law of Catherine Marto, Adler's personal assistant; Marto was fired for being uncooperative in the investigation of Taddeo's conduct, and Adler was in turn fired after his affair with Marto was uncovered. Mr. Adler, who suffered depression, committed suicide by hanging. He was replaced by Henry Timms, formerly the Y's deputy executive director for innovation, strategy and content. Timms was the first non-Jewish director of the Y in its history, drawing some criticism; the Y announced the creation of a new director of Jewish community role, coinciding with Timms' elevation. Timms spearheaded the development of Giving Tuesday while at the Y. Henry Timms left the Y in 2019 to join Lincoln Center; he was succeeded in January 2020 by Seth Pinsky, former head of economic development under Mayor Michael Bloomberg. The choice of Pinsky was influenced by the need to revamp the organization's outdated facilities. Shortly thereafter the institution was heavily impacted by the COVID-19 pandemic; nearly 70% of its revenues came from in-person events and instruction. The Y began streaming events and classes to reach a broader, global audience. Despite success online, budget cuts required employee furloughs and cut salaries. As a result of shifting programming, the Y changed its name to the 92nd Street Y, New York (92NY for short) in 2022, reorganizing its programs under five umbrellas and launching Roundtable, an online learning platform. The rebrand preceded a $200 million campaign to renovate its facilities. In October 2023, the poetry center indefinitely postponed its reading series after the Y canceled an appearance by the writer Viet Thanh Nguyen, citing his "public comments on Israel"; Nguyen had called for a ceasefire in the 2023 Israel–Hamas war earlier that week. The cancellation had prompted two of the poetry center's three employees to resign and many speakers to cancel. ==Activities== In addition to presenting performing arts programs (classical, jazz and popular music as well as dance performances), it offers a series of talks and conversations; literary readings; film screenings; adult education; schools for music, art and dance for children and adults; professional development programs (early childhood, dance, business and fashion); family, parenting and children's activities and classes; a nursery school; a senior center; a fitness center (including fitness classes and swim team); camps; a residence that rents rooms in the Y's main building at 92nd Street and Lexington Avenue; Jewish education, cultural and community programs; and educational outreach programs for public school children among its programs. The organization serves about 300,000 people annually in its New York facilities. In recent years, 92Y has expanded its digital programming to include live webcasts of events and a free digital archive at 92YOnDemand.org that includes both stage events and web-only content. In 2012, 92Y founded #GivingTuesday, which established the Tuesday after Thanksgiving as a day to celebrate and encourage giving. The initiative was inspired by the core Jewish value of Tikkun olam (repairing the world) and reflects the institution's mission of reimagining community and giving back. 92Y is also one of the founding partners of the annual Social Good Summit, a conference that attracts NGO, tech and business leaders and entrepreneurs, which takes place in September (during UN Week). ==Programming centers== 92nd Street Y comprises eight programming centers: Bronfman Center for Jewish Life; Lillian & Sol Goldman Family Center for Youth & Family; May Center for Health, Fitness & Sport; Milstein/Rosenthal Center for Media & Technology; School of the Arts; Charles Simon Center for Adult Life & Learning; Tisch Center for the Arts, Center for Educational Outreach and Center for Innovation and Social Impact. In 1935, William Kolodney joined the 92nd Street Y as Educational Director, instituting a wide-ranging educational program for general audiences of all faiths. He made the "Y" a center for chamber music, poetry readings, and dance performances. He initiated the Y's dance center, School of Music and poetry center.Tolchin, Martin. "Attuning the Young to Music", The New York Times, June 26, 1960, accessed July 25, 2017Kisselgoff, Anna. "Tribute to the 'Y'", The New York Times, April 23, 1974, accessed July 25, 2017 The last is now called the Unterberg Poetry Center and has been led by prominent writers including American poet Karl Kirchwey who was director for thirteen years until 2000. ==Belfer Center for Innovation & Social Impact== The Belfer Center for Innovation & Social Impact brings the mission of 92nd Street Y to the world."Belfer Center". 92nd Street Y. Collaborators include the UN Foundation, Mashable, Hoover Institution at Stanford University, Harvard Kennedy School, Public Radio International, United Nations Entity for Gender Equality and the Empowerment of Women, the Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation, and the John Templeton Foundation. ==Notable guests== * Alvin Ailey American Dance Theater * Al Pacino * Aziz Ansari, interviewed by Brian Stelter * Alan Dershowitz * Alec Baldwin, in conversation with Janet Maslin * Stephen Breyer * Bo Burnham, interviewed by Lauren Duca * Richard Dawkins * Tom Ford, with Fern Mallis * Ruth Bader Ginsburg * Malcolm Gladwell, interviewed by Jacob Weisberg * Ira Glass * Don Henley, in conversation with Billy Joel * Christopher Hitchens * Billy Joel, moderating a conversation with Don Henley * Karl Kirchwey * Chaim Koppelman * Ralph Macchio, moderated by Slate's culture editor John Swanburg * Rachel Maddow * Paul McCartney, with Charlie Rose, April 24, 2001, recorded at 92nd Street Y * Nas, speaking with Anthony DeCurtis * Jimmy Page, interviewed by Jeff Koons * Colin Quinn * Jason Segel interviewed by Rolling Stones contributor, David Fear * Joan Rivers, recognized by 92nd Street Y * Jon Stewart, interviewed by Terry Gross * George St. Geegland and Gil Faizon (in character) * Neil deGrasse Tyson[sic], interviewed by Robert Krulwich * Elie Wiesel * Gene Wilder, interviewed by Robert Osborne * Bob Woodward * Lewis Hamilton, interviewed by Gayle King ===Residents=== Notable individuals who have resided at 92nd Street Y include Joseph Gurwin (1920–2009), a philanthropist who rented a room at 92nd Street Y for four years after arriving in the U.S.Martin, Douglas. "Joseph Gurwin, Textile Manufacturer and Philanthropist, Dies at 89", The New York Times, September 26, 2009. Accessed September 29, 2009. Pianist Harry Connick Jr. lived there at age 18 when he first moved to New York in 1985.Randall, Judy L. "When Harry met Staten Island's Father Richard", Staten Island Advance, April 21, 2008. Accessed February 23, 2020. ==References== ==External links== * * 92nd Street Y on NYC ARTS Category:1874 establishments in New York (state) Category:Arts centers in New York City Category:Federal Art Project Category:Jewish Community Centers in the United States Category:Jewish-American history Category:Jews and Judaism in Manhattan Category:Music venues in Manhattan Category:Organizations established in 1874 Category:Tourist attractions in Manhattan Category:Upper East Side Category:Jewish organizations based in New York City Category:Secular Jewish culture in the United States

['Jewish Community Center', 'Upper East Side', 'Manhattan', 'New York City', 'Lexington Avenue', 'Temple Shaaray Tefila', 'The New York Times', 'Emma Lazarus', 'Educational Alliance', 'Jonathan Sarna', 'Jacob Schiff', 'Arnold W. Brunner', 'William Kolodney', 'Clara de Hirsch Home for Working Girls', 'Tribeca', 'Giving Tuesday', 'Lincoln Center', 'Michael Bloomberg', 'Viet Thanh Nguyen', 'Tikkun olam', 'Karl Kirchwey', 'UN Foundation', 'Mashable', 'Hoover Institution at Stanford University', 'Harvard Kennedy School', 'Public Radio International', 'United Nations Entity for Gender Equality and the Empowerment of Women', 'Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation', 'John Templeton Foundation', 'Alvin Ailey American Dance Theater', 'Al Pacino', 'Aziz Ansari', 'Brian Stelter', 'Alan Dershowitz', 'Alec Baldwin', 'Janet Maslin', 'Stephen Breyer', 'Bo Burnham', 'Lauren Duca', 'Richard Dawkins', 'Tom Ford', 'Fern Mallis', 'Ruth Bader Ginsburg', 'Malcolm Gladwell', 'Jacob Weisberg', 'Ira Glass', 'Don Henley', 'Billy Joel', 'Christopher Hitchens', 'Chaim Koppelman', 'Ralph Macchio', 'Rachel Maddow', 'Paul McCartney', 'Charlie Rose', 'Nas', 'Anthony DeCurtis', 'Jimmy Page', 'Jeff Koons', 'Colin Quinn', 'Jason Segel', 'Rolling Stone', 'Joan Rivers', 'Jon Stewart', 'Terry Gross', 'Neil deGrasse Tyson', 'Robert Krulwich', 'Elie Wiesel', 'Gene Wilder', 'Robert Osborne', 'Bob Woodward', 'Lewis Hamilton', 'Gayle King', 'Joseph Gurwin', 'Harry Connick Jr.', 'Staten Island Advance']

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Kid Spark Education (previously known as Rokenbok Education and originally as The Rokenbok Toy Company) is a nonprofit organization that develops and produces affordable Mobile STEM Labs and curriculum for Schools and Youth Service Organizations. The Rokenbok Toy Company was founded in 1995 by Paul Eichen in the United States to create an heirloom quality toy system. The first Rokenbok toys debuted at the 1997 American International Toy Fair in New York City. In 2010 the company made a substantial push researching the effect of media, like Rokenbok, on developing minds. In 2015 the company transitioned into a 501(c)(3) and completed the development of their first 4 classroom specific products called Mobile STEM Labs. Since then, Kid Spark Education has placed Mobile STEM Labs in over 22 states across the country. Kid Spark Education has focused on developing applied technology and engineering learning experiences for K-8 students. They also provide free or subsidized Kid Spark Education programs to schools and youth organizations serving underserved children. Much of Kid Spark's work is focused on designing professional development tools that allow teachers and youth services providers to become confident STEM mentors. ==History== The Rokenbok Toy Company was founded in 1995 by Paul Eichen in the United States. In 2008 the company transitioned their sales to be nearly entirely online, due to the closure of many toy stores during the great recession. Videos were created for YouTube to act as marketing for the company, to not only demonstrate the products, but also how they could be combined to create larger builds. In 2015 the company transitioned to a 501(c)(3) not-for-profit. Around 2017 all chutes and vehicles (with exception to the Maker ROK-Bot) were discontinued. ==Rokenbok Overview== Rokenbok was an educational toy that combined a modular construction system with interactive infrared controlled vehicles. The system was expandable and could be added to and modified. Certain surfaces and platforms used in the Rokenbok constructions had a round-stud surface, making the toy compatible with Lego. Rokenbok featured multiplayer; up to four players can operate any of up to eight vehicles simultaneously. There were many different manufactured vehicles. Each player could operate a vehicle by themselves. Control of the vehicles used a controller similar to those of video game consoles with a D-pad for directional control and special function buttons and shoulder buttons for other functions. Rokenbok was non-violent by reinforcing cooperative play patterns that engage children in a positive way. Rokenbok did not use licensed characters or cartoons. ==Vehicles== The original Construction vehicles included the Loader, Dozer, and TransGripper and Cargo Trailer. The Metropolitan vehicles introduced a few years later included the Power Sweeper, Skip Track, and Emergency Speedster. In 2000, the Elevator was released along with the Monorail system. The Tower Crane began production in 2001. Rokenbok began a redesign of their product line in 2002. This included products that were more reflective of real-world construction sites and included a more realistic color scheme. The Loader and Dozer were recolored. The Forklift, ROK lift, and Night Shift Trailer were also introduced. A simpler version of the loader, known as the Dump Truck, was produced for younger children. For a short time, Rokenbok produced the Police Defender and Fire and Rescue set. With the release of the engineering-oriented products came the X2 Power Unit, which could be used to drive various machines such as drawbridges and lifts. The final lineup included: Dump Truck, Loader, Dozer, Power Sweeper, X2 Power Unit, Forklift, ROK Lift, Night Shift Trailer, and Skip Track. File:Rokenbok RC Loader.jpg|RC Loader File:Rokenbok RC Sweeper.jpg|RC Sweeper File:Rokenbok RC TransGripper.jpg|RC TransGripper File:Rokenbok RC Skip Track.jpg|RC Skip Track File:Rokenbok RC Forklift.jpg|RC Forklift File:Rokenbok RC Monorail.jpg|RC Monorail ==Action accessories== ===ROK-Lift=== The Power ROK-Lift was a Rokenbok an elevator-like accessory which was used to take a large load of ROKs up to the top of a tower. The ROK- Lift had a plate on the front as a button to operate an elevating mechanism similar to the RC Elevator. The mechanism contained gears which rode along a piece called "Elevator Racks" with grooved edges designed for the ROK Lift and the RC Elevator. A player would use an RC vehicle to dump ROKs into a storage bin on either side of the lift module, then bump into the button to start the elevating motion; once the lift reached a cap piece, the bins automatically dumped into a receiving container or chute, and the lift returned to the bottom. ===Night Shift Trailer=== The Night Shift Trailer was a trailer which could be hitched on by any Rokenbok vehicle, and driven to the desired location. The trailer is related to a highway construction sign, meant to direct RC vehicles out of the way of the construction site. The sign features two LED flood-lights, and two LED direction lights, pointing right, left, or both ways. The LED lights are activated by hand. This product was often included as a free bonus for larger sets and bundles. ===Motorized Conveyor=== The Motorized Conveyor was a motorized device which carried ROKs up. The Motorized Conveyor was 12 inches by 4" in diameter. The Motorized Conveyor used an optical sensor to detect when ROKs are in the bottom of the lift, effectively acting as an on/off switch. There were one or two spinning wheels with grooves which agitated the ROKs and helped to prevent jamming. The original Conveyor belt came in the A/C plug version, where a command deck (used with the first generation controllers) was needed with an "accessory" port for plugging in the motorized conveyor accessory. Soon after, Rokenbok created a battery operated Motorized Conveyor to eliminate wires and save electricity. The Conveyors came in orange and brown, and red and yellow. ===Action Sorter=== The Action Sorter was used to direct ROKs in four directions. One sorted them by color, one led to a tipple underneath, and two merged and let to an output for custom chutes to be built. ===Silo=== The Silo was the top of the Pump Station Start Set, as well as the Piston Plant for those who already own a different start set. The silo used a vehicle driving back and forth to push a hanging arm which would raise and lower bins above. These bins would move ROKs from ramp to ramp in two different paths. One path would dump the ROKs to a fast chute below, while the other would slowly release ROKs at one corner. ==Construction system== ===Beams and blocks=== The construction system features beams and blocks that interlock to create structures. There are two lengths of beams, one seven blocks long the other three blocks long. These have tabs on the ends that connect to the blocks. Because beams are the similar to blocks, but longer, it is possible to connect a beam at any interval down the beam. These and the ROK balls were carried over from the former Rokenbok system to Kid Spark Education. ===ROKs and chute systems=== Rokenbok contained a user-constructed chute system. This includes the ROK Motorized Conveyor, hoppers, sorting chutes, trap door chutes, along with many other curve pieces. Hoppers will sort the ROK balls in one of two directions depending on where the balls fall. Sorting chutes will force the red ROK balls to fall through a hole that the blue ROKs can't go through, due to their difference in size. Trap door chutes had a hinged door that you could open or close, used for ending a chute system. Kid Spark Education currently only sells ROK balls. All the related accessories have been discontinued. ==Monorail train system== The monorail system, introduced in 2000, uses beams and blocks just like the regular building system. There are curved and "s" beams as well to create turns or sloped (for ascending and descending) track. Rokenbok makes riser beams which are two blocks long with tabs on only one end to support the track since the monorail train itself hangs down over the sides of the track for balance and blocks the side connection holes on the beams. ==Controls== The Rokenbok vehicles, crane, and elevator were controlled with controllers, not unlike the Xbox's or PlayStation's in design. The first generation controller was wired and required that the user pressed a button to cycle to the vehicle number they wished to control. The successor to this was the "Rok-Star" controller, a wireless controller that allows players to select a vehicle by pointing a red light onto the vehicle's receiver. This removed the limit on how many vehicles could be controlled by a player, and how many players could play at once. The control pads, consist of three sections, the left contains the four-way directional pad, or D-pad, that controls the movement of the vehicles. On the center of each control pad is a button which the player presses to cycle through available units and vehicles that can be controlled (up to eight on the older RC controllers, chosen by setting a LED light on a number 1-8, presented in a circular fashion, each corresponding to the numbered radio keys in each vehicle on the Classic RC base, or on the ROK star controller, there is a large "R" button the player presses and holds and then points at a ROK star vehicle to select it). On the right section, there are four function buttons: A, B, X, and Y. They have different functions for each vehicle. The ROK star controller also has buttons to sound a siren (and change its pitch) and sound back-up alarms. Above each handle, at the top of the control pad, are two shoulder buttons. The left-hand shoulder button will switch to the last vehicle the player used; the right-hand shoulder button will slow the vehicle down. The D-pad and shoulder buttons provide the same function for each vehicle. == References == == External links == * The Rokenbok Homepage Category:Construction toys Category:Toy companies of the United States

['STEM', 'American International Toy Fair', 'Lego', 'D-pad', 'LED']

['Q1881523', 'Q4744198', 'Q170484', 'Q2445850', 'Q25504']

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Project: Snowblind is a first-person shooter video game developed by Crystal Dynamics and published by Eidos Interactive for PlayStation 2, Xbox and Microsoft Windows. The game follows soldier Nathan Frost, who is enhanced with nanotechnology following injuries on a mission and sent against a military regime known as the Republic. Players control Frost through a series of linear levels, using enhancements both in combat and to manipulate security devices such as cameras. The online multiplayer allows up to sixteen players to take part in modes ranging from team-based to solo battles. Beginning development in 2004, the game was Crystal Dynamics' first attempt at a first-person shooter and originally planned as part of the Deus Ex series with consultation from original developer Ion Storm. The game eventually evolved into its own product, but retained gameplay elements from its Deus Ex roots. Reception of the game was generally positive. ==Gameplay== Similar to the Deus Ex series, the focus of Project: Snowblinds gameplay is giving the player a variety of choices on how to approach any given situation. Although the game is generally linear, most levels feature multiple paths through any given area, allowing players to either rush in guns blazing or attempt to find a more stealthy side-path. Unlike Deus Ex, the game is entirely centered around pure combat, but nonetheless provides the player with multiple options regarding every battle. Every weapon in the game has a secondary fire mode, several of which create exotic effects such as a swarm of drones that will actively seek out and attack enemies. The player can also throw a variety of grenades with different effects, including a riot shield that creates a temporary stationary energy wall for the player to take cover behind. The player can also use a special "Icepick" device to hack enemy cameras, turrets, and robots and use them against enemy forces. The game also features several driveable vehicles. Finally, the player's character possesses a variety of nano-technology augmentations that can be used to grant them various powers. ===Augmentations=== One of the main focuses of Project: Snowblinds gameplay is Nathan Frost's nano-technology augmentations. Although most of Frost's augmentations are inactive at the beginning of the game, they become activated as the game progresses, granting Frost additional powers. ===Multiplayer=== Project: Snowblind's multiplayer mode features several of the gameplay elements found in the game's single-player campaign, including drivable vehicles, the ability to operate and hack cameras and turrets on the battlefield, and the ability to use augmentation powers. ==Synopsis== In 2065, a militant regime called the Republic led by the rogue General Yan Lo attacks Hong Kong. An international peacekeeping force stationed in Hong Kong, known as the Liberty Coalition, is tasked with defending the island from the invasion. New soldier Nathan Frost arrives just before a major attack leaves him near death. Granted experimental nanotechnological augmentations, Frost is put in charge of the Coalition's effort to defeat the Republic and killing Yan Lo. They eventually rescue defecting scientist Joseph Liaw, who reveals Yan Lo's plan. Believing technology is weakening humanity, Yan Lo has initiated "Project: Snowblind"; he plans to detonate EMP bombs in New York, Paris, and Hong Kong, destroying the world's technological hubs and triggering a new Dark Age. In an attempt to stop Project: Snowblind, Frost spearheads a controversial assault on Yan Lo's underground bunker with Liaw's inside knowledge, fighting past Yan Lo's elite augmented guard. He eventually faces Yan Lo, discovering that he is an augmented soldier like Frost. Created twenty years ago using an earlier generation of mechanical augmentation, Yan Lo was driven insane by the technology's painful side effects, fuelling his hatred of technology. Frost manages to fatally injure Yan Lo, but he declares that Project Snowblind will continue before blowing himself up. In a final attempt to stop Project: Snowblind, Frost launches a final assault on the facility where the EMP bombs are being prepared for distribution, aided by the surviving Coalition soldiers. While his forces hold off the remainder of the Republic forces, Frost enters the facility and destroys the EMP bombs, disconnecting his own augmentations so he can survive the resultant EMP shockwave. The final scene shows Frost and the survivors, including Liaw, walking to the nearest functional Coalition base fifty miles away. ==Development== In 2003, following the release of Deus Ex: Invisible War, multiple attempts were made by series developer Ion Storm and publisher Eidos Interactive to create further entries in the Deus Ex series. One of these projects, planned as the third series entry following Invisible War, was titled Deus Ex: Clan Wars. As development progressed, the game changed into its own identity and was rebranded as Project: Snowblind. Preproduction for Project: Snowblind began in early 2004, being the first FPS produced by Crystal Dynamics. During its early development, Crystal Dynamics had advice from Ion Storm and series creator Warren Spector. As development progressed, the game evolved into its own entity and took an original name. The music was composed by Troels Brun Folmann, who became involved with the game after joining the company to complete research for a PhD thesis. Project Snowblind was Folmann's second score after Robin Hood: Defender of the Crown. He was invited to score the game to further his research into video game music. The game's directors wanted Folmann to create an "epic orchestral score with eastern/ethnic elements". The Xbox and PC versions were created by Nixxes Software. The multiplayer middleware was provided by Quazal in a partnership with Eidos. Crystal Dynamics used Quazal's Net-Z and Rendez-Vous software models to allow a large player number for matches, real-time communication, and easy matching-making for sessions. ==Reception== The game received "favorable" reviews on all platforms according to video game review aggregator Metacritic. It was criticized for its short length and inactive multiplayer, but was praised for its surprisingly entertaining gameplay. ==Notes== ==References== ==External links== *Official website * Category:2005 video games Category:Crystal Dynamics games Category:Cyberpunk video games Category:Eidos Interactive games Category:First-person shooters Category:Multiplayer and single-player video games Category:PlayStation 2 games Category:Video games developed in the Netherlands Category:Video games developed in the United States Category:Video games scored by Troels Brun Folmann Category:Video games set in Hong Kong Category:Windows games Category:Xbox games Category:Nixxes Software games

['Crystal Dynamics', 'Nixxes Software', 'Eidos Interactive', 'Troels Brun Folmann', 'PlayStation 2', 'Microsoft Windows', 'First-person shooter', 'Deus Ex', 'Ion Storm', 'Hong Kong', 'Deus Ex: Invisible War', 'Warren Spector', 'Robin Hood: Defender of the Crown', 'Quazal', 'Metacritic']

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In information visualization and computing, treemapping is a method for displaying hierarchical data using nested figures, usually rectangles. Treemaps display hierarchical (tree-structured) data as a set of nested rectangles. Each branch of the tree is given a rectangle, which is then tiled with smaller rectangles representing sub-branches. A leaf node's rectangle has an area proportional to a specified dimension of the data. Often the leaf nodes are colored to show a separate dimension of the data. When the color and size dimensions are correlated in some way with the tree structure, one can often easily see patterns that would be difficult to spot in other ways, such as whether a certain color is particularly relevant. A second advantage of treemaps is that, by construction, they make efficient use of space. As a result, they can legibly display thousands of items on the screen simultaneously. == Tiling algorithms == To create a treemap, one must define a tiling algorithm, that is, a way to divide a region into sub-regions of specified areas. Ideally, a treemap algorithm would create regions that satisfy the following criteria: # A small aspect ratio—ideally close to one. Regions with a small aspect ratio (i.e., fat objects) are easier to perceive. # Preserve some sense of the ordering in the input data (ordered). # Change to reflect changes in the underlying data (high stability). Unfortunately, these properties have an inverse relationship. As the aspect ratio is optimized, the order of placement becomes less predictable. As the order becomes more stable, the aspect ratio is degraded. === Rectangular treemaps === To date, fifteen primary rectangular treemap algorithms have been developed: Treemap algorithms Algorithm Order Aspect ratios Stability BinaryTree partially ordered high stable Slice And Dice ordered very high stable Strip ordered medium medium stability Pivot by middle ordered medium medium stability Pivot by split ordered medium low stability Pivot by size ordered medium medium stability Split ordered medium medium stability Spiral ordered medium medium stability Hilbert ordered medium medium stability Moore ordered medium medium stability Squarified. ordered low low stability Mixed Treemaps unordered low medium stability Approximation unordered low medium stability Git unordered medium stable Local moves unordered medium stable === Convex treemaps === Rectangular treemaps have the disadvantage that their aspect ratio might be arbitrarily high in the worst case. As a simple example, if the tree root has only two children, one with weight 1/n and one with weight 1-1/n, then the aspect ratio of the smaller child will be n, which can be arbitrarily high. To cope with this problem, several algorithms have been proposed that use regions that are general convex polygons, not necessarily rectangular. Convex treemaps were developed in several steps, each step improved the upper bound on the aspect ratio. The bounds are given as a function of n \- the total number of nodes in the tree, and d \- the total depth of the tree. #Onak and Sidiropoulos proved an upper bound of O((d\log{n})^{17}). #De-Berg and Onak and Sidiropoulos improve the upper bound to O(d+\log{n}), and prove a lower bound of O(d). #De- Berg and Speckmann and van-der-Weele. Conference version: improve the upper bound to O(d), matching the theoretical lower bound. (For the special case where the depth is 1, they present an algorithm that uses only four classes of 45-degree-polygons (rectangles, right-angled triangles, right-angled trapezoids and 45-degree pentagons), and guarantees an aspect ratio of at most 34/7.) The latter two algorithms operate in two steps (greatly simplified for clarity): # The original tree is converted to a binary tree: each node with more than two children is replaced by a sub-tree in which each node has exactly two children. # Each region representing a node (starting from the root) is divided to two, using a line that keeps the angles between edges as large as possible. It is possible to prove that, if all edges of a convex polygon are separated by an angle of at least \phi, then its aspect ratio is O(1/\phi). It is possible to ensure that, in a tree of depth d, the angle is divided by a factor of at most d, hence the aspect ratio guarantee. ==== Orthoconvex treemaps ==== In convex treemaps, the aspect ratio cannot be constant - it grows with the depth of the tree. To attain a constant aspect- ratio, Orthoconvex treemaps can be used. There, all regions are orthoconvex rectilinear polygons with aspect ratio at most 64; and the leaves are either rectangles with aspect ratio at most 8, or L-shapes or S-shapes with aspect ratio at most 32. For the special case where the depth is 1, they present an algorithm that uses only rectangles and L-shapes, and the aspect ratio is at most 2 + 2 /\sqrt{3} \approx 3.15; the internal nodes use only rectangles with aspect ratio at most 1+\sqrt{3} \approx 2.73. === Other treemaps === ;Voronoi Treemaps:. based on Voronoi diagram calculations. The algorithm is iterative and does not give any upper bound on the aspect ratio. ;Jigsaw Treemaps.: based on the geometry of space-filling curves. They assume that the weights are integers and that their sum is a square number. The regions of the map are rectilinear polygons and highly non-ortho-convex. Their aspect ratio is guaranteed to be at most 4. ;GosperMaps:. based on the geometry of Gosper curves. It is ordered and stable, but has a very high aspect ratio. == History == Area-based visualizations have existed for decades. For example, mosaic plots (also known as Marimekko diagrams) use rectangular tilings to show joint distributions (i.e., most commonly they are essentially stacked column plots where the columns are of different widths). The main distinguishing feature of a treemap, however, is the recursive construction that allows it to be extended to hierarchical data with any number of levels. This idea was invented by professor Ben Shneiderman at the University of Maryland Human – Computer Interaction Lab in the early 1990s. Shneiderman and his collaborators then deepened the idea by introducing a variety of interactive techniques for filtering and adjusting treemaps. These early treemaps all used the simple "slice-and-dice" tiling algorithm. Despite many desirable properties (it is stable, preserves ordering, and is easy to implement), the slice-and-dice method often produces tilings with many long, skinny rectangles. In 1994 Mountaz Hascoet and Michel Beaudouin-Lafon invented a "squarifying" algorithm, later popularized by Jarke van Wijk, that created tilings whose rectangles were closer to square. In 1999 Martin Wattenberg used a variation of the "squarifying" algorithm that he called "pivot and slice" to create the first Web-based treemap, the SmartMoney Map of the Market, which displayed data on hundreds of companies in the U.S. stock market. Following its launch, treemaps enjoyed a surge of interest, especially in financial contexts. A third wave of treemap innovation came around 2004, after Marcos Weskamp created the Newsmap, a treemap that displayed news headlines. This example of a non-analytical treemap inspired many imitators, and introduced treemaps to a new, broad audience. In recent years, treemaps have made their way into the mainstream media, including usage by the New York Times. The Treemap Art Project produced 12 framed images for the National Academies (United States), shown the Every AlgoRiThm has ART in It exhibit in Washington, DC and another set for the collection of Museum of Modern Art in New York. == See also == * Disk space analyzer * Data and information visualization *List of countries by economic complexity, which includes a list of Products Exports Treemaps. *Marimekko Chart, a similar concept with one level of explicit hierarchy. ==References== == External links == * Treemap Art Project produced exhibit for the National Academies in Washington, DC * "Discovering Business Intelligence Using Treemap Visualizations", Ben Shneiderman, April 11, 2006 * Comprehensive survey and bibliography of Tree Visualization techniques * * History of Treemaps by Ben Shneiderman. * Hypermedia exploration with interactive dynamic maps Paper by Zizi and Beaudouin-Lafon introducing the squarified treemap layout algorithm (named "improved treemap layout" at the time). * Indiana University description * Live interactive treemap based on crowd-sourced discounted deals from Flytail Group * Treemap sample in English from The Hive Group * Several treemap examples made with Macrofocus TreeMap * Visualizations using dynamic treemaps and online treemapping software by drasticdata Category:User interface techniques Category:Infographics Category:Statistical charts and diagrams Category:Trees (data structures) Category:Visualization (graphics)

['Voronoi diagram', 'Gosper curve', 'Ben Shneiderman', 'University of Maryland Human – Computer Interaction Lab', 'Michel Beaudouin-Lafon', 'Jarke van Wijk', 'National Academies (United States)', 'Museum of Modern Art', 'Disk space analyzer', 'Data and information visualization', 'List of countries by economic complexity', 'The Hive Group']

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Way Out West may refer to: ==Film and television== * Way Out West (1937 film), starring Laurel and Hardy * Way Out West (1930 film), a 1930 American comedy film * "Way Out West" (Sliders), a television episode ==Music== * Way Out West (duo), an English electronic music duo from Bristol * Way Out West (jazz group), an Australian jazz group from Melbourne * Way Out West (festival), a three-day music festival in Gothenburg, Sweden ===Albums=== * Way Out West (Richard Davis album), 1980 * Way Out West (Sonny Rollins album), 1957 * Way Out West (Mae West album), 1966 * Way Out West (Way Out West album), 1997, by the above English duo * Way Out West (Marty Stuart album), a 2017 album by Marty Stuart * Way Out West, Italian issue of Sixteen Tons of Bluegrass, a 1966 album by Pete Stanley and Wizz Jones ===Songs=== * "Way Out West" (song), a 1973 song by The Dingoes * "Way Out West", a song by The Cooper Temple Clause from See This Through and Leave * "Way Out West", a song by Kurtis Blow from Kurtis Blow * "Way Out West", a song by Andrew Bird's Bowl of Fire from The Swimming Hour * "Way Out West", a song by Big Star from Radio City * "Way Out West", a song that was featured in the 1991 film An American Tail: Fievel Goes West * "Way Out West", a folk song by Mary McCaslin

['Way Out West (1937 film)', 'Way Out West (1930 film)', 'Way Out West (duo)', 'Way Out West (jazz group)', 'Way Out West (festival)', 'Way Out West (Richard Davis album)', 'Way Out West (Sonny Rollins album)', 'Way Out West (Mae West album)', 'Way Out West (Way Out West album)', 'Marty Stuart', 'Sixteen Tons of Bluegrass', 'The Cooper Temple Clause', 'See This Through and Leave', 'The Swimming Hour', 'An American Tail: Fievel Goes West', 'Mary McCaslin']

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Randy Dutiaume is a Canadian curler from Winnipeg, Manitoba.Canada Dutiaume was relatively unknown to curling until 2005, having only participated in the 2003 Manitoba men's championship finishing 0-2. However, in 2005 with a new team of Dave Elias, Greg Melnichuk and Shane Kilgallen Dutiaume won the Manitoba Curling Association Bonspiel with a record of 17-1, his only loss coming to junior curler Adam Norget, to qualify for the Manitoba championship. Dutiaume won the Manitoba championship having to get by strong teams like Kerry Burtnyk and Jeff Stoughton, and then Ryan Fry in the final. After winning the Manitoba championship, Dutiaume would go on to the 2005 Tim Hortons Brier where he finished with a strong performance, finishing 2nd in the round-robin behind defending champion Randy Ferbey and his Alberta rink. In the playoffs, Dutiaume and his Manitoba team lost the 1-2 game to Ferbey, and then lost in the semi-final to Nova Scotia's Shawn Adams. ==References== ==External links== * Category:Curlers from Winnipeg Category:Franco-Manitoban people Category:Living people Category:Year of birth missing (living people)

['Winnipeg', 'Manitoba', 'Dave Elias', 'Manitoba Curling Association', 'Bonspiel', 'Kerry Burtnyk', 'Jeff Stoughton', 'Ryan Fry', '2005 Tim Hortons Brier', 'Randy Ferbey', 'Alberta', 'Nova Scotia', 'Shawn Adams']

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El árbol de oro (English: The Tree of Gold) is a short story (roughly three pages) by Ana María Matute (1925-2014), written in Spanish. It is part of her collection of short stories, set in the Spanish countryside, called Historias de la Artámila (1961). ==Plot== The main character is a young student who is trapped at her grandfather's house one autumn because her bad health prohibits her from returning home to the city. Eventually, her grandfather consents to let her attend a local school in his small town. There, the narrator befriends a bright-eyed boy named Ivo Márquez who is described as being able to cast a "net of silver" upon those whom he encounters. Many of the children envy Ivo as he is charismatic, charming, and able to influence Señorita Leocadia, the students' teacher. Ivo has been assigned the coveted task of going to get the students' textbooks from the small tower where they are kept. Mateo Heredia, the class's best student, asks if he can be given the key, but Ivo discourages Miss Leocadia from doing so. Ivo later tells the narrator that he desires total possession of the key because of a golden tree visible from a crack in a wall inside the tower. He believes that he alone has the right to see this mysterious tree, describing it as made completely of blinding, illuminated gold. He dramatically describes how birds turn gold when they land on the tree. He wonders if everything that touches the tree turns into gold. One day, Ivo has fallen ill and does not come to class, allowing Mateo to receive the key. When the narrator asks the unfriendly Mateo if he is able to see the golden tree, he scoffs at her. Later, the narrator pays Mateo to borrow the key during recess. In the tower, when she looks through the crack she sees only the normal, barren countryside. Time goes on and the narrator moves back to the city, where she came from. She returns to the same small town two summers later, and she walks past a cemetery. She sees a tree in the cemetery that is illuminated by a dying sunset, causing it to appear to be made of shimmering gold. She enters the cemetery and finds Ivo's grave at the base of the tree. He died at the age of ten, presumably from his aforementioned illness. Upon discovering Ivo's grave and the tree of gold, the narrator is not depressed but somewhat joyful of the scene. ==References== Category:Spanish short stories Category:1961 short stories

['Ana María Matute']

['Q235403']

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Stiff may refer to: * Stiff, a human corpse * Stiffness, a material's resistance to bending * Stiff (novel), a novel by Shane Maloney in his Murray Whelan series ** Stiff (film), an Australian TV movie based on the novel * Stiff (professional wrestling), how a wrestler attacks an opponent * Stiff: The Curious Lives of Human Cadavers, a book by Mary Roach * Stiff Records, a British record label * Seattle's True Independent Film Festival (STIFF), an annual event * Jimmy Stiff, former member of American rock band Jackyl * Stiff (album), by White Denim. ==See also== * Stiff diagram, in hydrogeology and geochemistry, a way of displaying water chemistry data * Stiff equation, an ordinary differential equation that exhibits behaviour at two widely different scales

['Stiffness', 'Stiff (novel)', 'Stiff (professional wrestling)', 'Stiff: The Curious Lives of Human Cadavers', 'Stiff Records', "Seattle's True Independent Film Festival (STIFF)", 'Jimmy Stiff', 'Stiff (album)', 'Stiff diagram', 'Stiff equation']

['Q569057', 'Q7616392', 'Q1443451', 'Q7616391', 'Q1750746', 'Q7442041', 'Q2121951', 'Q25095933', 'Q7616402', 'Q29744']

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Way Out West is a 1937 Laurel and Hardy comedy film directed by James W. Horne, produced by Stan Laurel, and distributed by Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer. It was the second picture for which Stan Laurel was credited as producer. ==Plot== Laurel and Hardy are looking for a girl named Mary Roberts to tell her of her father's death and deliver her a huge inheritance, including a deed to a gold mine that her father left her. They find Mary at a cabaret in the West. But the owner of the cabaret and his wife --- who are Mary's legal guardians, but do not truly care about her as a person, and in fact are often rude and belittlingly belligerent towards her --- are trying to take over this wealth. Stan and Ollie are traveling towards Brushwood Gulch; Stan on foot, leading a mule (called Dinah) dragging a travois, on which Ollie lies. As they ford a river, the travois detaches from the mule, leaving Ollie stranded in the water. He starts to wade then completely disappears into a sink hole in the river bottom. They hitch a ride on a stagecoach and attempt to flirt with a woman passenger (Vivien Oakland), not knowing that she is actually the local sheriff's wife. Upon arriving in Brushwood Gulch, she complains to her husband (Stanley Fields), who threatens the pair by coldly informing them that they will be leaving in a hearse if they do not catch the next coach out of town. At Mickey Finn's saloon, The Avalon Boys are performing on the front porch and Stan and Ollie dance to their music. Inside, they clumsily reveal their supposedly secret mission to Mickey, including the fact that they have never seen Mary before. On Mickey's suggestion, his wife Lola pretends to be Mary and hijacks the deed from the boys, who then sing "The Trail of the Lonesome Pine" with the Avalon Boys. On their way out, Stan and Ollie encounter the real Mary, realize their mistake, and try to retrieve the deed from the couple, resulting in an extended chase and struggle. The Finns prevail and lock the deed in their safe when Lola gets the best of Stan with tickle torture. Ollie is briefly relieved by the arrival of the sheriff only to realize the sheriff is the angry husband who threatened them earlier, and who now forces them to leave town by running for their lives. Crossing the river, Ollie drops into the sink hole again. Drying Ollie’s clothes that night, the pair resolve to return under the cover of darkness to retrieve Mary’s deed. After a series of mishaps (including the mule being belayed onto a balcony and Stan stretching Ollie's neck three feet as he tries to free him from a trapdoor), they finally manage to break into the saloon, where Stan finds Mary and explains the situation to her; she decides to run away with them. Mickey discovers them, but Ollie manages to grab Mickey's shotgun and force him at gunpoint to give the deed back to them. Mary, Ollie, Stan, and the mule make their getaway, trapping Mickey and Lola inside their own saloon by locking the front gate and entangling Mickey's head in the gate grill. Outside the town, the happy trio decide to head South to Mary's hometown and sing "I Want to Be in Dixie" as they begin their journey. When they ford the river, Ollie falls back into the sink hole. ==Cast== * Stan Laurel as Stanley * Oliver Hardy as Ollie * Sharon Lynn as Lola Marcel (credited as Sharon Lynne) * James Finlayson as Mickey Finn * Rosina Lawrence as Mary Roberts * Stanley Fields as Sheriff * Vivien Oakland as Sheriff's wife * The Avalon Boys as themselves * Dinah the mule as herself Uncredited: * Harry Bernard as man eating at bar * Flora Finch as Maw * Mary Gordon as Cook * Jack Hill as Finn's employee * Sam Lufkin as stagecoach baggage handler * Fred Toones as Janitor * May Wallace as Cook * James C. Morton as Bartender ==Soundtrack== The film's score was composed by Marvin Hatley and nominated for an Academy Award for Best Music (Scoring). The film includes two well-known songs: firstly Macdonald and Carroll's "Trail of the Lonesome Pine", sung by Laurel and Hardy (except for a few lines by Chill Wills and Rosina Lawrence, lip-synched for comedic effect by Laurel), and secondly J. Leubrie Hill's "At the Ball, That's All", sung by the Avalon Boys and accompanied by Laurel and Hardy performing an extended dance routine, one that they rehearsed endlessly. "Trail of the Lonesome Pine" was released as a single in Britain in 1975, backed by "Honolulu Baby" from Sons of the Desert; it reached number 2 in the British charts. ==In popular culture== * Way Out West is referenced in the 1979 film The Sheriff and the Satellite Kid when the Sheriff (Bud Spencer) ends up replicating Stan Laurel's thumb fire trick featured in the film. * The opening scene of the 2018 biopic Stan & Ollie depicts a shooting of the film, with Laurel and Hardy arriving on the set for one of the dance scenes. * The original BBC version of "Song of Summer", Ken Russell's 1968 biopic of Frederick Delius, begins with Eric Fenby (Christopher Gable) anachronistically playing cinema organ accompaniment to a silent showing of the "Commence to Dancin'" dance episode. It was cut from the 2001 DVD release, as permission could not be obtained to use it. ==References== Notes Bibliography * * * * * * * * ==External links== * * * * * * Way Out West at Trailers from Hell Category:1937 films Category:1930s Western (genre) comedy films Category:American Western (genre) comedy films Category:American black-and-white films Category:Films directed by James W. Horne Category:Laurel and Hardy (film series) Category:Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer films Category:Films with screenplays by Charley Rogers Category:Films with screenplays by Felix Adler (screenwriter) Category:1937 comedy films Category:1930s English-language films Category:1930s American films

['James W. Horne', 'Charley Rogers', 'Felix Adler (screenwriter)', 'Stan Laurel', 'Oliver Hardy', 'Marvin Hatley', 'Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer', 'Laurel and Hardy', 'Vivien Oakland', 'The Avalon Boys', 'Sharon Lynn', 'Rosina Lawrence', 'Harry Bernard', 'Flora Finch', 'Sam Lufkin', 'Fred Toones', 'May Wallace', 'James C. Morton', 'Chill Wills', 'Honolulu Baby', 'Sons of the Desert', 'The Sheriff and the Satellite Kid', 'Bud Spencer', 'Song of Summer', 'Trailers from Hell']

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Glucose 1-phosphate (also called cori ester) is a glucose molecule with a phosphate group on the 1'-carbon. It can exist in either the α- or β-anomeric form. ==Reactions of α-glucose 1-phosphate== ===Catabolic=== In glycogenolysis, it is the direct product of the reaction in which glycogen phosphorylase cleaves off a molecule of glucose from a greater glycogen structure. A deficiency of muscle glycogen phosphorylase is known as glycogen storage disease type V (McArdle Disease). To be utilized in cellular catabolism it must first be converted to glucose 6-phosphate by the enzyme phosphoglucomutase in a free equilibrium. One reason that cells form glucose 1-phosphate instead of glucose during glycogen breakdown is that the very polar phosphorylated glucose cannot leave the cell membrane and so is marked for intracellular catabolism. Phosphoglucomutase-1 deficiency is known as glycogen storage disease type 14 (GSD XIV).Orphanet: Glycogen storage disease due to phosphoglucomutase deficiency ===Anabolic=== In glycogenesis, free glucose 1-phosphate can also react with UTP to form UDP-glucose, by using the enzyme UDP-glucose pyrophosphorylase. It can then return to the greater glycogen structure via glycogen synthase. ==β-Glucose 1-phosphate== β-Glucose 1-phosphate is found in some microbes. It is produced by inverting α-glucan phosphorylases including maltose phosphorylase, kojibiose phosphorylase and trehalose phosphorylase and is then converted into glucose 6-phosphate by β-phosphoglucomutase. ==See also== * Pentose phosphate pathway * Gerty Cori ==References== Category:Organophosphates Category:Monosaccharide derivatives Category:Phosphate esters

['UDP-glucose', 'UDP-glucose pyrophosphorylase', 'Pentose phosphate pathway', 'Gerty Cori']

['Q424649', 'Q408508', 'Q827489', 'Q204733']

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Ramachandra Kundgolkar Saunshi, popularly known as Sawai Gandharva and Ram- bhau (19 January 1886 – 12 September 1952),Artist of the month was a popular Hindustani Classical vocalist from Karnataka. He was a master in the genre of Kirana Gharana style. He was the first and foremost disciple of Ustad Abdul Karim Khan, and guru of Bharat Ratna laureate Pandit Bhimsen Joshi. Sawai Gandharva is best known for popularizing the stylings of the Kirana Gharana through his accomplished disciples, including Pt. Bhimsen Joshi, Dr. Gangubai Hangal, Firoz Dastur, and Basavaraj Rajguru.Pandit Bhimsen Joshi - Pandit Bhimsen Joshi Classical Singer - Pandit Bhimsen Joshi Khayal Singer == Early life and background == Ramchandra Kundgolkar was born into a Marathi-speaking Deshastha Brahmin family on 19 January 1886, in Kundgol, 19 km from Dharwad, present-day Karnataka, he grew to be known as Rambhau. His father, Ganesh Saunshi, was a local clerk employed by Ranganagowda Nadiger, a landlord. Early on, Rambhau did not show interest in academics but progressed in school through the admiration his teachers had for how "sweetly" he sang poems. Later, he was admitted to Lamington High School in Hubli which he would travel to everyday by train. Rambhau's father found it increasingly difficult to fund his son's education and eventually his schooling stopped. ==Initiation into music== After discontinuing his education, Rambhau's father put him under the tutelage of Balwantrao Kolhatkar who found himself in Kundgol. From Kolhatkar, Rambhau learned 75 Dhrupad compositions, 25 Tarana compositions, a hundred other compositions and also mastered a few Taals. Kolhatkar died in 1898, leaving Rambhau's tutelage incomplete and without guidance. ==Ustad Abdul Karim Khan== In traveling to high school everyday to Hubli, Sawai Gandharva would actively participate in the daily cultural events in Hubli, where he spent his time watching Nataks and listening to music. Once, he found himself listening to a young Ud. Abdul Karim Khan and was immediately captivated. From then onwards, Rambhau wished for the Ustad's tutelage. After Balwantrao Kolhatkar's passing, Ud. Abdul Karim Khan began touring Karnataka, where he often stayed with the Nadiger family, Rambhau's father's employer, whom Pt. Gandharva was staying with. It was a time when Ustad Abdul Karim Khan, the founder of Kirana Gharana, was touring Karnataka. He would often stay with the Nadigers for days on end. On such a trip, Ramchandra hovered around Abdul Karim Khan, humming jamunaa ke teer, the Ustad's Bhairavi cheez. It caught Abdul Karim Khan's ear who asked, "Kaun hai yeh ladkaa? Galaa achchaa hai". Ranganagowda Nadiger pounced upon this opportunity: "Ustadji, he is our clerk's son. He wants to learn music from you". "Yeh baath hai tho chalo hamaare saath". Fortune smiled on Ramchandra. This was in 1901. Abdul Karim Khan did not want his name to be spoilt by disciples learning haphazardly. He made a contract with them that they would learn from him for at least 8 years. == Career == Against the wishes of his teacher, he joined a drama company and became popular as a singer in Marathi theatre. He received acclaim for playing female roles, and also the title, Sawai Gandharva after, Bal Gandharva, the doyen of Marathi theatre.Two Men and Music: Nationalism in the Making of an Indian Classical Tradition by J. Bakhle; Oxford University Press, USA (2005), He worked for Govindrao Tembe's Shivraj Natak Mandali for some time, becoming famous for playing female roles. In 1942, at the age of 56, his concert career ended abruptly following a paralytic stroke, but he continued teaching until he died in 1952. ==Disciples== Although he became a well known classical vocalist, his most enduring legacy is that he trained vocalists such as Gangubai Hangal, Bhimsen Joshi, Basavaraj Rajguru and Firoz Dastur. Krishnarao Phulambrikar started his career as child singer-actor in Natyakala Prawartak music drama company where he got an opportunity to learn classical music intended for musical theatre from Sawai Gandharva. ==Sawai Gandharva Festival== His disciple Bhimsen Joshi started the annual Sawai Gandharva Music Festival in Pune, in memory of Sawai Gandharva. The festival was held on a modest scale for first two decades, but it became popular in the 1970s and 1980s. ==References== ==External links== * * * . Category:1886 births Category:1952 deaths Category:Hindustani singers Category:People from Dharwad Category:20th-century Indian male classical singers Category:Indian music educators Category:Male actors in Marathi theatre Category:Indian male musical theatre actors Category:Kirana gharana Category:Male actors from Karnataka Category:Singers from Karnataka Category:20th-century Indian male actors Category:20th-century Khyal singers

['Kundgol', 'Karnataka', 'Khayal', 'Kirana Gharana', 'Bharat Ratna', 'Pandit Bhimsen Joshi', 'Gangubai Hangal', 'Firoz Dastur', 'Basavaraj Rajguru', 'Deshastha Brahmin', 'Dharwad', 'Hubli', 'Dhrupad', 'Tarana', 'Ustad Abdul Karim Khan', 'Marathi theatre', 'Bal Gandharva', 'Govindrao Tembe', 'Krishnarao Phulambrikar', 'Sawai Gandharva Music Festival', 'Pune']

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Wilhelm Hermann Jensen (15 February 183724 November 1911) was a German writer and poet. ==Biography== Wilhelm Jensen was born at Heiligenhafen in the Duchy of Holstein (now Germany), the illegitimate son of Swenn Hans Jensen (1795–1855), the Mayor of the city of Kiel, later administrator (Landvogt) of the German/Danish island of Sylt, who came of old patrician Frisian stock. Wilhelm married Marie Brühl in May 1865 in Vienna and they had six children together. Jensen was the son-in-law of the journalist and writer Johann August Moritz Bruehl (1819–1877), the father-in-law of the historian and editor Eduard Heyck, botanist Carl Christian Mez and Ernst, Prince of Saxe-Meiningen, the grandfather of the writer and poet Hans Heyck and the step grandfather to psychologist Narziß Ach. After attending the classical schools at Kiel and Lübeck, Jensen studied medicine at the universities of Kiel, Würzburg, Jena and Breslau. He, however, abandoned the medical profession for that of writing, and after engaging for some years in individual private study proceeded to Munich, where he associated with men of letters. After a residence in Stuttgart (1865–1869), where for a short time he conducted the Schwabische Volkszeitung and became the lifelong friend of the writer Wilhelm Raabe, he became editor in Flensburg of the Norddeutsche Zeitung. In 1872 he again returned to Kiel, lived from 1876 to 1888 in Freiburg im Breisgau, and from 1888 until his death was a resident of Munich and St. Salvator near Prien on Lake Chiemsee. ==Literary works== Jensen was a prolific German writer of fiction, publishing more than one hundred and fifty works, but only comparatively few of them became popular, such as the novels, Karin von Schweden (Berlin, 1878); Die braune Erica (Berlin, 1868); and the tale, Die Pfeifer von Dusenbach, Eine Geschichte aus dem Elsass (1884). Others included: Barthenia (Berlin, 1877); Götz und Gisela (Berlin, 1886); Heimkunft (Dresden, 1894); Aus See und Sand (Dresden, 1897); Luv und Lee (Berlin, 1897); and the narratives, Aus den Tagen der Hansa (Leipzig, 1885); Aus stiller Zeit (Berlin, 1881–1885); and Heimat. Jensen also published some tragedies, among them Dido (Berlin, 1870) and Der Kampf fürs Reich (Freiburg im Br., 1884). He was also a poet; a collection of his poetry is contained in "Vom Morgen zum Abend" (1897). His output continued until the year of his death, with Fremdlinge under den Menschen. Jensen is now remembered mainly as the author of the novella Gradiva. Sigmund Freud published an analysis of this work during 1907. ==References== ==External links== * * * Category:1837 births Category:1911 deaths Category:German poets Category:People from the Duchy of Holstein Category:German male poets

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Rosina May Lawrence (December 30, 1912 – June 23, 1997) was a British-Canadian actress and singer. She had a short but memorable career in the 1920s and 1930s in Hollywood before she married in 1939 and retired from entertainment. She is best known as the schoolteacher in the Our Gang comedies of 1936-37, and as the ingenue in the Laurel and Hardy feature Way Out West. == Early years == Born in Westboro, a suburb of Ottawa, Lawrence was the daughter of George Frederick Francis Lawrence, a carpenter, and Annie Louise Hagar, who moved from Ramsgate, England to Ottawa, Ontario, Canada in 1910. George Lawrence found work as a streetcar operator, then as a home builder. The family moved to Boston in 1922, then moved to California. In 1925, a fall on a school playground in Los Angeles resulted in paralysis on her left side. Dancing (suggested by a doctor as therapy for her weakened left leg and side) led to professional engagements. Lawrence was one of the first women to swim Lake Tahoe in Nevada. ==Career== Lawrence's dancing led to work in films when she became Sally Eilers' double for a tap dance in Dance Team. Thereafter, she worked as a stand-in for Eilers in other films and gained dancing roles as well. Lawrence made her film debut in the 1924 film A Lady of Quality. She received a contract from Twentieth Century-Fox in 1935, her first Fox effort being $10 Raise, an Edward Everett Horton comedy. Her work at Fox was undistinguished, her best-known role there being the ingenue in Charlie Chan's Secret. Fox loaned her out to comedy producer Hal Roach for the 1936 feature Neighborhood House, ultimately released as a Charley Chase short subject. When her Fox contract was not renewed, she joined the Roach studio full-time, working with Chase, Our Gang, Patsy Kelly, Jack Haley, and Laurel and Hardy. Her singing voice, which had not been featured on film, came to the fore in Laurel and Hardy's Way Out West (1937); in addition to her own vocal, she provided the "high" soprano when Stan Laurel sang "Trail of the Lonesome Pine". Lawrence showed little interest in promoting her screen career, shying away from the prearranged publicity stunts or photo shoots common to studio press agents. The easygoing Roach staff respected her wishes, and her tenure at Roach ended quietly. Her final performance was in the 1972 Italian comedy film Lost, in which she plays an American film star who causes great excitement when she appears in a small Italian town. ==Personal life== Lawrence and Judge Juvenal P. Marchisio married in June 1939, and she left acting to become a housewife. Marchisio died in 1973, and in 1987, Lawrence married John McCabe, a biographer of her onetime co-stars Laurel and Hardy. Lawrence's parents became naturalized United States citizens in 1939. Lawrence's nationality was British and it is unclear if she ever became a United States citizen.Source Citation: Archives of Ontario; Series: MS929; Reel: 239 Source Information: Ancestry.com. Ontario, Canada Births, 1858-1913 [database on-line]. Provo, UT, US: Ancestry.com Operations Inc, 2010. == Death == Lawrence died of cancer on June 23, 1997, in New York City, aged 84. ==Recognition== In 1936, the Hollywood Press Photographers Association named Lawrence as one of 10 Flashlighters' Starlets — young actresses the group considered most likely to succeed in film careers. The Nepean Museum has recognized Lawrence by exhibiting publicity photographs and a variety of memorabilia related to her. It also shows a retrospective video of her career and videos of six films in which she appeared. ==Selected filmography== *The Angel of Broadway (1927) *Welcome Home (1935) *Music Is Magic (1935) *Your Uncle Dudley (1935) *$10 Raise (1935) *Charlie Chan's Secret (1936)Charlie Chan's Secret (Trailer), 1936, YouTube] *Mr. Cinderella (1936) *Arbor Day (1936) *General Spanky (1936) *On the Wrong Trek (1936)Charley Chase, "Let's Make It A Big Day," with Rosina Lawrence, YouTube *Bored of Education (1936)Little Rascals - Bored Of Education (1936), YouTube *Two Too Young (1936) *Spooky Hooky (1936) *Reunion in Rhythm (1937) *Hearts Are Thumps (1937) *Three Smart Boys (1937) *Way Out West (1937) *Nobody's Baby (1937) *Pick a Star (1937)Laurel & Hardy - Pick A Star (1937) - Guest Appearance 1, YouTube *In the Country Fell a Star (1939) ==References== ==External links== * * Category:1912 births Category:1997 deaths Category:20th-century American actresses Category:20th Century Studios contract players Category:Actresses from Ottawa Category:Deaths from cancer in New York (state) Category:Hal Roach Studios actors Category:Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer contract players Category:Musicians from Ottawa Category:Our Gang Category:20th-century Canadian women singers Category:Canadian expatriate actresses in the United States

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Shawn Adams (born April 4, 1974, in Bridgewater, Nova Scotia) is a Canadian curler from Upper Tantallon, Nova Scotia. ==Career== Adams rose to curling prominence being runner-up at the 1992 Canadian Junior Curling Championships, and then the next year, won the 1993 Canadian Junior Curling Championships, however he was stripped of the championship because of alcohol violations after the victory. 7 years later Adams came back to the scene winning the Nova Scotia championships for the right to go to the 2000 Labatt Brier, where he finished 3–8. Two years later, at the 2002 Nokia Brier he improved on that record with a 6–5 record. Finally, at the 2005 Tim Hortons Brier, Adams would finish the round-robin with an 8–3 record earning him a berth in the playoffs. In the playoffs, Adams defeated Quebec's Jean-Michel Menard in the 3–4 game, then he defeated Manitoba's Randy Dutiaume in the semi-final before losing to Randy Ferbey and Alberta in the final. Adams won his final Nova Scotia championship in 2011, and went 5–6 at the 2011 Tim Hortons Brier. In 2011, Adams moved to Newfoundland and Labrador. In 2013, he played in his only provincial championship in the province. He would later move back to Nova Scotia. ==Grand Slam record== Event 2005–06 2006–07 2007–08 2008–09 2009–10 2010–11 2011–12 2012–13 2013–14 2014–15 2015–16 Masters SF Q Q Q DNP DNP DNP DNP DNP DNP Q Canadian Open DNP DNP F DNP DNP DNP DNP DNP DNP DNP DNP The National Q QF Q Q DNP DNP DNP DNP DNP DNP DNP Players' DNP DNP Q DNP DNP DNP DNP DNP DNP DNP DNP ==References== ==External links== * Category:1974 births Category:Curlers from Newfoundland and Labrador Category:Curlers from Nova Scotia Category:Canadian male curlers Category:Living people Category:People from Bridgewater, Nova Scotia Category:Canadian people of British descent Category:Canada Cup (curling) participants Category:21st-century Canadian people

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Soame Jenyns (1 January 1704 – 18 December 1787) was an English writer and Member of Parliament. He was an early advocate of the ethical consideration of animals. ==Life and work== He was the eldest son of Sir Roger Jenyns and his second wife Elizabeth Soame, daughter of Sir Peter Soame. He was born in London, and was educated at St John's College, Cambridge. In 1742, he was chosen M.P. for Cambridgeshire, in which his property (Bottisham Hall, which he inherited from his father in 1740) was situated, and he afterwards sat for the borough of Dunwich and the town of Cambridge. From 1755 to 1780 he was one of the commissioners of the Board of Trade. He was elected as a Bailiff to the board of the Bedford Level Corporation for 1748–1769 and 1771–1787. For the measure of literary repute which he enjoyed during his life Jenyns was indebted as much to his wealth and social standing as to his accomplishments and talents, though both were considerable. His poetical works, the Art of Dancing (1727) and Miscellanies (1770), contain many passages graceful and lively though occasionally verging on licence. The first of his prose works was his Free Inquiry into the Nature and Origin of Evil (1756). This essay was severely criticized on its appearance, especially by Samuel Johnson in the Literary Magazine. Johnson condemned the book as a slight and shallow attempt to solve one of the most difficult of moral problems. Jenyns, a gentle and amiable man in the main, was extremely irritated by his review. He put forth a second edition of his work, prefaced by a vindication, and tried to take vengeance on Johnson after his death by a sarcastic epitaph: In 1776 Jenyns published his View of the Internal Evidence of the Christian Religion. Though at one period of his life he had affected a kind of deistic scepticism, he had now returned to orthodoxy, and there seems no reason to doubt his sincerity, questioned at the time, in defending Christianity on the ground of its total agreement with the principles of human reason. The work was praised for its literary merits. Jenyns published Disquisitions on Several Subjects in 1782. In "Disquisition II", Jenyns argued, using the great chain of being, that animals should be viewed in the same way that humans would want to be viewed by God. He also asserted that: "We are unable to give life, and therefore ought not wantonly to take it away from the meanest insect, without sufficient reason; they all receive it from the same benevolent hand as ourselves, and have therefore an equal right to enjoy it." ==Marriages== thumb|Arms of Soame Jenyns, St Andrew's Church, West Dereham, Norfolk. Jenyns (Argent, on a fess gules three bezants) impaling Soame (Gules, a chevron between three mallets or), for his first wife Mary Soame. He married twice, but left no progeny:Burke's Genealogical and Heraldic History of the Landed Gentry, Volume 1 *Firstly to Mary Soame, only daughter of Col. Edmund Soame (d. 1706) of Dereham, Norfolk, a Member of Parliament for Thetford in Norfolk from 1701 to 1705, who fought for King William III. His life-size alabaster statuesee images 1637067 1637070 survives in West Dereham Church. *Secondly he married Elizabeth Grey, daughter of Henry Grey of Hackney, Middlesex. ==Death and succession== Jenyns died in London of a fever, on 18 December 1787 and was buried at the church of the Holy Trinity, Bottisham. As he died without progeny, his heir was his cousin George Leonard Jenyns. ==Works== A collected edition of the works of Jenyns appeared in 1790, with a biography by Charles Nalson Cole. There are several references to him in James Boswell's Johnson. ==Commentary on Jenyns== Carl L. Becker describes Jenyns' take on the American Revolution in The Eve of the Revolution (1918) as follows:Carl Lotus Becker, The Eve of the Revolution (1918) pp. 109–113 Jenyns has been cited as an example of an Anglican utilitarian. ==References== Attribution * ==External links== * * * * Soame Jenyns at the Eighteenth-Century Poetry Archive (ECPA) Category:1704 births Category:1787 deaths Category:18th-century English male writers Category:18th-century English non-fiction writers Category:18th- century English poets Category:18th-century essayists Category:Alumni of St John's College, Cambridge Category:British male essayists Category:British MPs 1741–1747 Category:British MPs 1747–1754 Category:British MPs 1754–1761 Category:British MPs 1761–1768 Category:British MPs 1768–1774 Category:British MPs 1774–1780 Category:English animal rights scholars Category:English essayists Category:English male non-fiction writers Category:English male poets Category:Members of the Parliament of Great Britain for English constituencies Category:People from Bottisham Category:Utilitarians Category:Writers from London

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Jean-Michel Ménard (born January 19, 1976) is a curler from Aylmer, Quebec, Canada. Ménard is notable for being the first Francophone born skip from Quebec to win the Brier - Canada's national curling championship- which he did in 2006. In 2022 he won the World Mixed Curling Championship. ==Career== While living in Aylmer, Quebec and playing in leagues at the Ottawa Curling Club and the Rideau Curling Club, Ménard also represents the Club de Curling Etchemin in Saint-Romuald, Quebec along with his team of Martin Crête, Éric Sylvain and brother Philippe Ménard. Ménard had a 5-7 record at the 1996 Canadian Junior Curling Championships, and would return to a national championships at the 2000 Canadian Mixed Curling Championship. He would return to the mixed in 2001, winning the tournament. Ménard found himself on the team of Guy Hemmings as his second in 2003, which they won the Quebec championships sending them to the 2003 Nokia Brier. At the Brier, they finished 6-5, just out of the playoffs. Ménard would return to the Brier at the 2005 Tim Hortons Brier, this time as a skip where he finished the round-robin with a 7-4 record sending him to the playoffs. However, he lost in the 3-4 game to Nova Scotia's Shawn Adams. Ménard returned once again to the Brier in 2006. His team finished the round robin in second place and an 8-3 record. In the playoffs they lost the 1-2 game, but went on to win the semi-final against Team Nova Scotia skipped by Mark Dacey in a lacklustre game. In the final, against Ontario's Glenn Howard team, Ménard and his Quebec foursome played a much better game, claiming victory- the first ever for a full Francophone born team and the second ever for a Quebec team. Ménard's victory at the Brier qualified him for the 2006 World Men's Curling Championship in Lowell, Massachusetts. At the Worlds, Ménard's team went all the way to the finals, but lost to Team Scotland (skipped by David Murdoch) in the final. In 2007, Ménard lost the provincial championship to Pierre Charette, ending his bid to repeat as defending Brier champions. In 2008, Ménard returned to the Brier, where he finished with a disappointing 4-7 record. He returned again in 2009 where he finished with a 7-4 record, but lost to Manitoba's Jeff Stoughton in a tie- breaker. Ménard failed to qualify for the 2010 Brier, losing out in the semi- final of the 2010 Quebec Men's Provincial Curling Championship to Martin Ferland. He missed out on the Brier again in 2011, losing in the 2011 Quebec Men's Provincial Curling Championship final to François Gagné. Ménard missed out on the Brier for the third straight year when he lost in the semi-final of the 2012 Quebec Men's Provincial Curling Championship to Robert Desjardins. Ménard finally returned to the Brier when he won the 2013 Quebec Men's Provincial Curling Championship. At the 2013 Tim Hortons Brier, he had an average week, finishing the event with a 6-5 record. Ménard won another provincial title in 2014, sending his rink to the 2014 Tim Hortons Brier. He led his team to a strong 4th-place performance, losing to Manitoba's Jeff Stoughton in the bronze medal game. Ménard won the 2015 Quebec Men's Provincial Curling Championship, but had less success at the 2015 Tim Hortons Brier, going 6–5. He won another Quebec championship in 2016, and led Quebec to a 4–7 record at the 2016 Tim Hortons Brier. He won a final Quebec championship in 2017, and led his province to a 7–4 record at the 2017 Tim Hortons Brier. Ménard stepped away from competitive curling in 2017,https://www.ledroit.com/2021/10/07/le-retour-de-menard-sur-la-glace but returned in 2021 to win his second Canadian Mixed Championship, with teammates Marie-France Larouche, Ian Belleau and wife Annie Lemay. In 2022 he won the World Mixed Curling Championship for Canada, defeating host Scotland 7-4 in Aberdeen, Scotland. ==Personal life== Ménard is married to eight-time (as of 2016) provincial women's curling champion Annie Lemay, and they have two children. He works as a human resources manager for the Government of Canada. ==See also== *List of curlers ==References== ==External links== * Official website of Team Menard * Category:1976 births Category:Brier champions Category:Curlers from Quebec Category:French Quebecers Category:Living people Category:People from Amos, Quebec Category:Sportspeople from Abitibi- Témiscamingue Category:Sportspeople from Gatineau Category:Canadian male curlers Category:World mixed curling champions Category:Canadian mixed curling champions Category:Continental Cup of Curling participants Category:Canada Cup (curling) participants

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Samuel Osei Sarpong Jr. (19 December 1974 – 26 October 2015) was a British actor, supermodel, and musician. He performed in over sixty feature films and fifty-five television shows, including such films as Carmen The Hip Hopera, Love Don't Cost a Thing, Keeping Up with the Steins, Anchor Baby and No Weapons, for which he won best lead actor at the San Diego Black Film Festival. He was also the host on MTV's Yo Momma "Actor Sam Sarpong is a perfect role model." The News Letter, 5 August 2005. for three seasons. He was one of the first black male models for designer Tommy Hilfiger and was the face of the brand for over six years.Tim Engle, "Singing, acting, modeling: Sam Sarpong is on the verge of something big", Kansas City Star, 24 May 2008 (pay site). ==Personal life and death== Sam Sarpong was born in London and moved to Los Angeles with his father, Sam Sarpong Sr., who is a native of Ghana, when he was 11 years old. He attended El Camino Real High School in Woodland Hills, California, where he was a basketball star. When his father moved to Pasadena, Sarpong lived with a friend's family so he could continue attending El Camino Real. When his aspirations for a college and professional basketball career proved unsuccessful, he turned to acting and modelling.Fernando Dominguez, "Running the Fast Break Again : Two Years Out of High School, Sarpong Homes In on Show-Business Career", Los Angeles Times, 2 July 1995.Eric Sondheimer, "Sarpong Finding His Niches; Former ECR-Hoop Star Is Actor, Dancer, Rapper, Talk-Show Host", Los Angeles Daily News, 9 July 1997. via HighBeam Research. Sarpong died on 26 October 2015 at the age of 40 after jumping from the Colorado Street Bridge in Pasadena, California. His death was ruled a suicide by the Los Angeles County Department of Medical Examiner-Coroner, pending an autopsy. ==Career== Sarpong was a co-host of MTV's show Yo Momma, and had since gone on to serve as the host of the BET Awards pre-show All Access, for seven years. At the 2013 BET Awards, he presented the "Best International Artist" category. Sarpong starred as Paul Unanga in the film Anchor Baby and won Best Lead Actor for this role at the 2012 New York Film Festival. He also guest-starred in "Lord of the Bling", an episode of Veronica Mars. Sarpong was a fashion editorial magazine campaign for the brand Louis Vuitton, a recipient of the MAA Fashion Award for Male Model of the Year, and twice named by Today's Black Woman magazine on their "Fifty Most Beautiful People" list. He was added to Us Weekly′s "Hot 100 Young Hollywood with Style" list in 2007.Albert Benefo Buabeng, "10 facts about the late Sam Sarpong", Pulse.com.gh, 29 October 2015. Sarpong was featured in modelling campaigns for the brand Boy London, and in the past served as the international face of the Nelson Mandela Foundation clothing line. He posthumously appeared in the seventh episode of American Crime Story playing Byron/Neighbor Man No. 1. ==Selected filmography== *Sunset Park (1996) – Washington Heights Basketball Player (uncredited) *No Easy Way (1996) – Gee (uncredited) *Carnival of Wolves (1996) – Gang member #3 *All's Fair in Love & War (1997) *Mr. Show with Bob and David (1997-1998) – Professor Murder *American History X (1998) – Jail Inmate (uncredited) *Hash Brown's (1999) – Gangster *Touch (2000) *Chasing Sunsets (2001) – Terrance *King Rikki (2002) – Louis *Masked and Anonymous (2003) – Blunt *Swirl (2003) – Max (uncredited) *Love Don't Cost a Thing (2003) – Kadeem *Everybody Hates Chris (2005, TV Series) – Mario ("Everybody Hates Babysitters") *Johnny Was (2006) – Skip *Keeping Up with the Steins (2006) – Terrence Smythe *Grad Night (2006) – Jerrod Elliott *Nailed (2006) – Scott Scott *Marked (2007) – Marcus *Young Cesar (2007) – Tariq *Grindin (2007) – Morris *Carts (2007) – Conrad *7-10 Split (2007) – Himself (uncredited) *The Sweep (2008) – Chrome *Unemployed (2008) – Big Dime *Farm House (2008) – Jonas *Single Black Female (2009) – Will *The House That Jack Built (2009) – Mace *Dedd Brothers (2009) – Sugar *Church (2010) – Jay *Anchor Baby (2010) – Paul Unanga *The Preacher's Family (2011) – Deion Hines *Trigger (2012) – Trey *Crossed the Line (2014) – Twist *Battered (2014) – Ray Fleming *Tamales and Gumbo (2015) *No Weapon Formed Against Us (2015) – Deion ==References== ==External links== * * * Find a Grave Category:1974 births Category:2015 deaths Category:2015 suicides Category:20th-century English male actors Category:21st-century English male actors Category:Black British male actors Category:El Camino Real High School alumni Category:English emigrants to the United States Category:English male film actors Category:English male models Category:English male television actors Category:English television presenters Category:English people of Ghanaian descent Category:Male actors from London Category:Male actors from Los Angeles Category:Rappers from London Category:Rappers from Los Angeles Category:Suicides by jumping in California Category:Suicides in California Category:Burials at Forest Lawn Memorial Park (Hollywood Hills)

['London', 'Pasadena, California', 'Keeping Up with the Steins', 'San Diego Black Film Festival', 'MTV', 'Yo Momma', 'The News Letter', 'Tommy Hilfiger', 'Kansas City Star', 'Ghana', 'El Camino Real High School', 'Woodland Hills, California', 'Los Angeles Times', 'Los Angeles Daily News', 'Us Weekly', 'Lord of the Bling', 'Veronica Mars', 'Louis Vuitton', 'Nelson Mandela', 'American Crime Story', 'Mr. Show with Bob and David', 'American History X', 'King Rikki', 'Masked and Anonymous', 'Everybody Hates Chris', 'Johnny Was']

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Gregory Baker Wolfe (January 27, 1922 – December 12, 2015) was an American diplomat during the Kennedy and Johnson administrations,Bill Douthat and Dave Schultz, "Foreign affairs specialist in line for FIU presidency", The Miami News (February 16, 1979), p. 5A. and later president of two urban institutions of higher education, Portland State University in Portland, Oregon,"College President", St. Louis Post-Dispatch (June 16, 1968), p. 10A."President of PSC Named", Albany Democrat-Herald (June 12, 1968), p. 1. and Florida International University (FIU) in Miami, Florida. ==Early life, education, and military service== Born in Los AngelesThe Blue Book, (January 1, 1973), p. 1546. to Russian immigrant parents, Wolfe received an undergraduate degree from Reed College in Portland, and a doctorate from the Fletcher School of Law and Diplomacy in Massachusetts. Wolfe served in World War II, and was thereafter an intelligence analyst for the U.S. State Department.Florida International University Office of the President - Past Presidents . ==Academic career== In 1968, Wolfe was named president of Portland State University, which position he held until 1974, when he ran for Congress in the Democrat primary in Portland. He finished third out of seven candidates, and then moved to teach at American University. Wolfe was appointed president of Florida International University in 1979, over the objection of some state legislators who preferred a local candidate for the position. He served until his resignation in 1986, during which time he oversaw significant growth as the university progressed from being an exclusively upper-division school (having no freshman or sophomores) to becoming a four-year college granting post-graduate degrees. He also oversaw the addition of the university's engineering, nursing, and journalism programs. The Florida State Legislature recognized Wolfe's contributions to the growth and emergence of FIU by naming the Gregory Baker Wolfe University Center, located on FIU's Biscayne Bay Campus, in his honor. ==Personal life== Wolfe and his wife Mary Ann had three children. Wolfe died in Coral Gables, Florida. ==References== Category:1922 births Category:2015 deaths Category:American diplomats Category:Presidents of Florida International University Category:Presidents of Portland State University Category:People from Los Angeles Category:The Fletcher School at Tufts University alumni Category:Reed College alumni Category:American military personnel of World War II

['The Miami News', 'Portland State University', 'Portland, Oregon', 'St. Louis Post-Dispatch', 'Albany Democrat-Herald', 'Florida International University', 'Miami', 'Florida', 'Los Angeles', 'Reed College', 'Fletcher School of Law and Diplomacy', 'World War II', 'U.S. State Department', 'American University', 'Biscayne Bay Campus']

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The development of the Convair B-36 strategic bomber began in 1941 with the XB-36, which was intended to meet the strategic needs of the US Army Air Forces, and later of the United States Air Force with its Strategic Air Command. In 1948, the B-36 become a mainstay of the American nuclear deterrent. It underwent a number of design changes before being withdrawn from service in 1959. It was also well suited to high altitude very long range reconnaissance missions, and several alterations were made with this mission profile in mind. == XB-36 == In 1941, the fall of Britain to a German invasion seemed imminent. If the United States joined the war against the Axis Powers, the fall of Britain would leave no bases in Europe from which the United States Army Air Corps (AAC) could bomb Germany. This possibility led to AAC to seek a bomber of truly intercontinental range. On 1941 April 11, the AAC issued a design competition for an aircraft with a 275 mph (445 km/h) cruising speed, a service ceiling of 45,000 ft (14,000 m), capable of delivering 10,000 lb (4,500 kg) of bombs to targets 5,000 miles (8,000 km) away. At the time, these requirements far exceeded the best technology available. In November 1941, the United States Army Air Forces signed a contract for two experimental aircraft under the designation XB-36, based on design studies previously submitted by Consolidated Aircraft Corporation. A few days later, the Engineering Division at Wright Field decided that Consolidated's six-engine design, with all engines on the trailing edge of the wing, was the best option for the aircraft. The original design used vertical stabilizers and rudders, similar to those used in the B-24 Liberator. By the time the first XB-36 was delivered, the design had been changed to a huge single tail, and the wingspan increased to 230 ft (70 m), an unprecedented size. Variant Built XB-36 1 YB-36 1 B-36A 21 B-36B 62 B-36D 26 RB-36D 24 B-36F 36 RB-36F 24 B-36H 83 RB-36H 73 B-36J 33 Total 384 It was clear that the B-36 needed nose guns. Adding these required a substantial rearrangement of the cockpit. In late 1944, a mockup of the new nose was approved. Though too late for the first prototype, it would be fitted to the second XB-36. Unfortunately, the new nose with its radar and radio equipment added significant weight. The first (and only) XB-36 was completed at the Consolidated Fort Worth factory in late 1945. The plane sat on huge wheels 9 ft (2.8 m) in diameter; only three airfields in the USA had concrete thick enough to support the pressure exerted by wheels of that size. In 1948 June, the single-wheel undercarriage was replaced by a new undercarriage consisting of two wheels with half the diameter on each strut. This design, which would become the production standard, enabled the B-36 to operate on runways of reasonable thickness. The maiden flight revealed problems with the flap actuating system, engine cooling, and the reliability of the aluminum wiring. Propeller vibration adversely affected the wing structure. Worse yet, the XB-36 failed to meet the 1941 specifications. In particular, inadequate engine cooling kept its service ceiling under 30,000 ft (9,000 m), much less than that called for in the original contract. Following a grounding for modifications, the XB-36 was flight tested for 160 hours by pilots of the Army Air Force Air Materiel Command, then returned to Convair for further testing. References: * Encyclopedia of American Aircraft * USAF Museum == YB-36 == The YB-36A, a conversion of the original XB-36, was turned over to the United States Air Force in June 1948, a week before the production B-36A was scheduled to be delivered. The YB-36A had inadequate operation value, and the Strategic Air Command used it primarily for training missions. Later it was idle for several years, then employed in the Carswell Air Force Base firefighting program. The second prototype, designated YB-36, of which only a single instance was built, was chosen as the production version in mid-1945. Its new high-visibility cockpit and redesigned nose compartment became the standard. Thanks to various design improvements, the YB-36 outperformed the XB-36, eventually reaching altitudes of 40,000 ft (12,000 m). It was essentially built to B-36A specifications; in fact, it flew six months after the B-36A. In late 1950, the YB-36 was returned to Convair and converted into a reconnaissance aircraft under the designation RB-36E. In the spring of 1957, it was decommissioned and placed in the National Museum of the United States Air Force at Wright-Patterson Air Force Base. References: * Encyclopedia of American Aircraft * USAF Museum == B-36A == The B-36A included several of the new elements developed on the YB-36, including the domed canopy and the four-wheel main landing gear (as opposed to the single-wheel landing gear used on the XB-36 and the YB-36). These new features were in a sense first seen on the B-36A rather than the YB-36, because it was the former that flew first -- by six months. The first B-36A ever built was destroyed by a series of brutal stress tests, consisting mainly of applying more and more load to various parts of the aircraft until they disintegrated. On April 8, 1948, a B-36A made a 6,922 mile (11,140 km) flight of 33 hours, shuttling between Fort Worth and San Diego three times without landing, and carrying a 10,000 lb (4,500 kg) bomb load. In May, the same aircraft did a round trip of 8,062 miles (12,970 km) lasting 33 hours. By virtue of its designation, the B-36A was technically a production aircraft. However, it lacked defensive armament because the system wasn't ready. It was an explicitly interim plane used by the 7th Bomb Group at Carswell Air Force Base in Texas for the sole purpose of flight testing and transitional crew training. When the newer B-36B became available, all B-36As were converted to reconnaissance aircraft and redesignated RB-36E. A total of 22 were built. References: * Encyclopedia of American Aircraft * USAF Museum == Other variants == ;B-36B:As the B-36A with R-4360-41 engines and full armament installed (sixteen 20mm cannon in eight barbettes), 73 built. ;RB-36B:Designation given to 30 B-36Bs temporarily flown with camera installations. ;YB-36C:Projected version of the B-36B with six 4300 hp R-4360-51 engines driving tractor airscrews, not built and the prototype on order was cancelled. ;B-36C:Production version of the YB-36C, variant cancelled and the 34 on order were completed as B-36Bs. ;B-36D:As the B-36B but with four 5200 lbst J-47 engines in paired underwing pods, 22 built. ;RB-36D:Strategic reconnaissance variant of the B-36D with two of the four bomb-bays housing camera installations, 17 built. ;RB-36E:The YB-36A and 21 B-36As converted to RB-36D standard. ;B-36F:As the B-36D but with six R-4360-53 and four J-47 engines, 34 built. ;RB-36F:Strategic reconnaissance variant of the B-36F with additional fuel, 24 built. ;GRB-36F:One RB-36F (serial 49-2707) converted to carry a GRF-84F Thunderstreak on a central trapeze as part of the FICON (Fighter Conveyor) programme, other machines were also converted and used for trials including launching stand-off missiles. ;YB-36G:Initial designation of a jet-powered version that was developed as the YB-60. ;B-36H:As the B-36F but with an improved flightdeck layout and equipment changes, 83 built. ;NB-36H:One B-36H (serial 51-5712) with a nuclear reactor installed in the rear fuselage for tests. ;RB-36H:Strategic reconnaissance version of the B-36H, 73 built. ;B-36J:As B-36H but with strengthened undercarriage and increased fuel tankage, 33 built, some aircraft flew with a reduced crew and no armament apart from the tail guns for high altitude missions ;GRB-36J:Designation of a few B-36Js used for FICON testing. ;YB-60:Modified version of the B-36 with swept wings and tail surfaces and powered by eight J-57-P-3 engines for evaluation against the B-52, two built. ;XC-99:Transport version of the B-36 using the wings, tail surfaces and six R-4360-41 pusher engines with a two-deck fuselage for 400 troops. One built and used for trials and research from 1949 to 1957. ;X-6:Projected conversion of the B-36 intended for airborne nuclear powerplant testing, following the NB-36H programme. Cancelled and none built. == References and external links == * * Encyclopedia of American Aircraft * USAF Museum B-36 variants, Convair Variants

['Convair B-36', 'US Army Air Forces', 'United States Air Force', 'Strategic Air Command', 'Axis Powers', 'United States Army Air Corps', 'Consolidated Aircraft Corporation', 'Wright-Patterson Air Force Base', 'B-24 Liberator', 'Carswell Air Force Base', 'NB-36H']

['Q332657', 'Q741723', 'Q11223', 'Q937064', 'Q43056', 'Q2140008', 'Q1127527', 'Q730187', 'Q220759', 'Q5047021', 'Q3689406']

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Mystery meat is a disparaging term for meat products that have an unidentifiable source, typically ground or otherwise ultra-processed foods such as burger patties, chicken nuggets, Salisbury steaks, sausages and hot dogs. Most often the term is used in reference to food served in institutional cafeterias, such as prison food or a North American school lunch. The term is also sometimes applied to meat products where the species from which the meat has come from is known, but the cuts of meat used are unknown. This is often the case where the cuts of meat used include offal and mechanically separated meat, or when non-meat substitutes such as textured vegetable protein are used to stretch the meat, where explicitly stating the type of meat used might diminish the perceived palatability of the product to some purchasers. == Common products == The most common mystery meat products sold in The United States include Spam and sometimes sausages. It is also disputed whether or not bologna/baloney is a 'mystery meat' product. == Use in marketing == In 2016, Nissin, a Japanese food company that produces Cup Noodles, started to call their ingredients as self-deprecating Nazoniku (literally Mystery Meat) as part of their official marketing campaign. Nazoniku, or formally known as Daisuminchi (literally Minced Meat Dice), are made from pork, soybeans and other ingredients. ==See also== *Pink slime *Mystery meat navigation *Chicken McNuggets ==References== ==External links== Category:Fast food Category:Criticism of fast food Category:Meat Category:Ethically disputed business practices

['Salisbury steak', 'Cup Noodles', 'Pink slime', 'Mystery meat navigation', 'Chicken McNuggets']

['Q200527', 'Q1143401', 'Q1633051', 'Q2359573', 'Q135888']

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Millipede memory is a form of non-volatile computer memory. It promised a data density of more than 1 terabit per square inch (1 gigabit per square millimeter), which is about the limit of the perpendicular recording hard drives. Millipede storage technology was pursued as a potential replacement for magnetic recording in hard drives and a means of reducing the physical size of the technology to that of flash media. IBM demonstrated a prototype millipede storage device at CeBIT 2005, and was trying to make the technology commercially available by the end of 2007. However, because of concurrent advances in competing storage technologies, no commercial product has been made available since then. == Technology == === Basic concept === The main memory of modern computers is constructed from one of a number of DRAM-related devices. DRAM basically consists of a series of capacitors, which store data in terms of the presence or absence of electrical charge. Each capacitor and its associated control circuitry, referred to as a cell, holds one bit, and multiple bits can be read or written in large blocks at the same time. DRAM is volatile — data is lost when power is removed. In contrast, hard drives store data on a disk that is covered with a magnetic material; data is represented by this material being locally magnetized. Reading and writing are accomplished by a single head, which waits for the requested memory location to pass under the head while the disk spins. As a result, a hard drive's performance is limited by the mechanical speed of the motor, and it is generally hundreds of thousands of times slower than DRAM. However, since the "cells" in a hard drive are much smaller, the storage density for hard drives is much higher than DRAM. Hard drives are non-volatile — data is retained even after power is removed. Millipede storage attempts to combine features of both. Like a hard drive, millipede both stores data in a medium and accesses the data by moving the medium under the head. Also similar to hard drives, millipede's physical medium stores a bit in a small area, leading to high storage densities. However, millipede uses many nanoscopic heads that can read and write in parallel, thereby increasing the amount of data read at a given time. Mechanically, millipede uses numerous atomic force probes, each of which is responsible for reading and writing a large number of bits associated with it. These bits are stored as a pit, or the absence of one, in the surface of a thermo-active polymer, which is deposited as a thin film on a carrier known as the sled. Any one probe can only read or write a fairly small area of the sled available to it, known as a storage field. Normally the sled is moved so that the selected bits are positioned under the probe using electromechanical actuators. These actuators are similar to those that position the read/write head in a typical hard drive, however, the actual distance moved is tiny in comparison. The sled is moved in a scanning pattern to bring the requested bits under the probe, a process known as x/y scan. The amount of memory serviced by any one field/probe pair is fairly small, but so is its physical size. Thus, many such field/probe pairs are used to make up a memory device, and data reads and writes can be spread across many fields in parallel, increasing the throughput and improving the access times. For instance, a single 32-bit value would normally be written as a set of single bits sent to 32 different fields. In the initial experimental devices, the probes were mounted in a 32x32 grid for a total of 1,024 probes. Given this layout looked like the legs on a millipede (animal), the name stuck. The design of the cantilever array involves making numerous mechanical cantilevers, on which a probe has to be mounted. All the cantilevers are made entirely out of silicon, using surface micromachining at the wafer surface. Regarding the creation of indentations, or pits, non-crosslinked polymers retain a low glass temperature, around 120 °C for PMMA and if the probe tip is heated to above the glass temperature, it leaves a small indentation. Indentations are made at 3 nm lateral resolution. By heating the probe immediately next to an indentation, the polymer will re-melt and fill in the indentation, erasing it (see also: thermo-mechanical scanning probe lithography). After writing, the probe tip can be used to read the indentations. If each indentation is treated as one bit then a storage density of 0.9 Tb/in2 could theoretically be achieved. === Reading and writing data === Each probe in the cantilever array stores and reads data thermo-mechanically, handling one bit at a time. To accomplish a read, the probe tip is heated to around 300 °C and moved in proximity to the data sled. If the probe is located over a pit the cantilever will push it into the hole, increasing the surface area in contact with the sled, and in turn increasing the cooling as heat leaks into the sled from the probe. In the case where there is no pit at that location, only the very tip of the probe remains in contact with the sled, and the heat leaks away more slowly. The electrical resistance of the probe is a function of its temperature, and it rises with an increase in temperature. Thus when the probe drops into a pit and cools, this registers as a drop in resistance. A low resistance will be translated to a "1" bit, or a "0" bit otherwise. While reading an entire storage field, the tip is dragged over the entire surface and the resistance changes are constantly monitored. To write a bit, the tip of the probe is heated to a temperature above the glass transition temperature of the polymer used to manufacture the data sled, which is generally made of acrylic glass. In this case the transition temperature is around 400 °C. To write a "1", the polymer in proximity to the tip is softened, and then the tip is gently touched to it, causing a dent. To erase the bit and return it to the zero state, the tip is instead pulled up from the surface, allowing surface tension to pull the surface flat again. Older experimental systems used a variety of erasure techniques that were generally more time consuming and less successful. These older systems offered around 100,000 erases, but the available references do not contain enough information to say if this has been improved with the newer techniques. As one might expect, the need to heat the probes requires a fairly large amount of power for general operation. However, the exact amount is dependent on the speed that data is being accessed; at slower rates the cooling during read is smaller, as is the number of times the probe has to be heated to a higher temperature to write. When operated at data rates of a few megabits per second, Millipede is expected to consume about 100 milliwatts, which is in the range of flash memory technology and considerably below hard drives. However, one of the main advantages of the Millipede design is that it is highly parallel, allowing it to run at much higher speeds into the GB/s. At these sorts of speeds one might expect power requirements more closely matching current hard drives, and indeed, data transfer speed is limited to the kilobits-per-second range for an individual probe, which amounts to a few megabits for an entire array. Experiments done at IBM's Almaden Research Center showed that individual tips could support data rates as high as 1 - 2 megabits per second, potentially offering aggregate speeds in the GB/s range. === Applications === Millipede memory was proposed as a form of non-volatile computer memory that was intended to compete with flash memory in terms of data storage, reading and writing speed, and physical size of the technology. However, other technologies have since surpassed it, and thus it does not appear to be a technology currently being pursued. == History == === First devices === The earliest generation millipede devices used probes 10 nanometers in diameter and 70 nanometers in length, producing pits about 40 nm in diameter on fields 92 µm x 92 µm. Arranged in a 32 x 32 grid, the resulting 3 mm x 3 mm chip stores 500 megabits of data or 62.5 MB, resulting in an areal density, the number of bits per square inch, on the order of 200 Gbit/in². IBM initially demonstrated this device in 2003, planning to introduce it commercially in 2005. By that point hard drives were approaching 150 Gbit/in², and have since surpassed it. === Proposed Commercial Product === Devices demonstrated at the CeBIT Expo in 2005 improved on the basic design, using a 64 x 64 cantilever chips with a 7 mm x 7 mm data sled, boosting the data storage capacity to 800 Gbit/in² using smaller pits. It appears the pit size can scale to about 10 nm, resulting in a theoretical areal density just over 1Tbit/in². IBM planned to introduce devices based on this sort of density in 2007. For comparison, as of late 2011, laptop hard drives were shipping with a density of 636 Gbit/in², and it is expected that heat-assisted magnetic recording and patterned media together could support densities of 10 Tbit/in². Flash reached almost 250 Gbit/in² in early 2010. === Current Development === As of 2015, because of concurrent advances in competing storage technologies, no commercial product has been made available so far. == See also == * Nanoelectromechanical systems * Nanotechnology * Nanolithography * Thermal scanning probe lithography * Punched card == References == ==External links== Category:IBM storage devices Category:Non-volatile memory Category:Nanotechnology Category:Scanning probe microscopy Category:Emerging technologies

['Non-volatile memory', 'CeBIT', 'DRAM', '32-bit', 'Almaden Research Center', 'Nanoelectromechanical systems', 'Nanotechnology', 'Nanolithography', 'Thermal scanning probe lithography', 'Punched card']

['Q10997658', 'Q159599', 'Q189396', 'Q225147', 'Q3146518', 'Q175593', 'Q11468', 'Q1106386', 'Q7783026', 'Q183414']

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Mercedes-Benz has produced a range of petrol, diesel, and natural gas engines. This is a list of all internal combustion engine models manufactured. == Petrol engines == === Straight-three === * M160, 0.6 – 0.7 L (1998–2007) * M281, 0.9 - 1.0 L (2014–present) === Flat-four === * M144, 1.3 L (1936–1937, prototype) === Inline-four === * M23, 1.3 L (1933–1936) * M30, 1.5 L (1934–1939) * M136, 1.7 – 1.8 L (1935–1955) * M149, 2.0 L (1938–1939) * M121, 1.9 – 2.0 L (1955–1968) * M118, 1.5 – 1.8 L (1965–1972) * M115, 2.0 – 2.3 L (1968–1985) * M102, 1.8 – 2.5 L (1980–1996) * M111, 1.8 – 2.3 L (1992–2006) * M166, 1.4 – 2.1 L (1997–2005) * М135 1.3 – 1.6 L (2004–2010) * M271, 1.6 – 1.8 L (2002–2015) * M266, 1.5 – 2.0 L (2004–2012) * M270, 1.6 – 2.0 L (2011–present) * M200, 1.2 L (2012–present) * M274, 1.6 – 2.0 L (2012–present) * M133, 2.0 L (2013–2019) * M139, 2.0 L (2019–present) * M260/M264, 1.5 – 2.0 L (2017–present) * M282, 1.3 L (2018–present) * M254, 2.0 L (2021–present) === Flat-six === * M145, 1.9 L (1936–1937, prototype) === Straight-six === * M836, 3.9 – 4.0 L (1924–1929) * M9456, 6.3 L (1924–1929) * M01, 1.4 L (1926, prototype) * M02, 2.0 L (1926–1933) * M03, 3.0 L (1926–1927) * M04, 3.0 – 3.1 L (1927–1928) * M09, 3.4 L (1928–1929) * M06, 6.8 – 7.1 L (1928–1934) * M10, 3.5 L (1929–1933) * M11, 2.6 L (1929–1935) * M15, 1.7 L (1931–1936) * M18, 2.9 L (1933–1937) * M21, 2.0 L (1933–1936) * M143, 2.2 L (1936–1941) * M142, 3.2 L (1937–1942) * M153, 2.3 L (1939–1943) * M159, 2.6 L (1940, prototype) * M180, 2.2 – 2.3 L (1951–1980) * M186, 3.0 L (1951–1958) * M188, 3.0 L (1952–1958) * M194, 3.0 L (1952) * M198, 3.0 L (1954–1963) * M199, 3.0 L (1955–1958) * M127, 2.2 L (1958–1964) * M189, 3.0 L (1958–1967) * M129, 2.5 L (1965–1967) * M108, 2.5 L (1965–1967) * M130, 2.8 L (1968–1972) * M114, 2.5 L (1967–1972) * M123, 2.5 L (1976–1985) * M110, 2.8 L (1972–1986) * M103, 2.6 – 3.0 L (1984–1995) * M104, 2.8 – 3.6 L (1989–1997) * M256, 3.0 L (2017–present) === V6 === * M106, 2.5 L (1994–1996; non-production - prototype DTM racing engine) * M112, 2.4 – 3.7 L (1997–2005) * M272, 2.5 – 3.5 L (2004–2017) * M276, 2.8 – 3.5 L (2010–present) * Mercedes-Benz turbo-hybrid V6 F1 engine 1.6 L (2014–present) === Flat-eight === * M146, 2.5 L (1936-1937, prototype) === Straight-eight === * M08, 4.6 – 5.0 L (1928–1940) * M07, 7.7 L (1930–1938) * M19, 3.8 L (1932–1933) * M22, 3.8 – 4.0 L (1933–1934) * M24, 5.0 – 5.4 L (1934–1944) * M150, 7.7 L (1938–1944) * M124, 5.8 L (1939, prototype) * M25 / M125 3.4 - 5.7 L (1934–1939) * M196 2.5 – 3.0 L (1954–1955) === V8 === * M147, 4.0 L (1938, prototype) * M100, 6.3 – 6.9 L (1963–1981) * M116, 3.5 – 4.2 L (1969–1991) * M117, 4.5 – 5.6 L (1971–1992) * M119, 4.2 – 6.0 L (1989–1999) * 500I, 3.43 L (1994; non-production – Indy car racing engine) * IC108, 2.65 – 3.43 L (1995–2000; non-production – Indy car racing engine) * M113, 4.3 – 5.5 L (1997–2012) * M155, 5.4 L (2004–2009) * M273, 4.7 – 5.5 L (2005–2010) * FO, 2.4 L (2006–2013; non-production – Formula One racing engine) * M156, 6.2 L (2006–2014) * M159, 6.2 L (2009–2014) * M278, 4.7 L (2010–2020) * M157, 5.5 L (2010–2019) * M152, 5.5 L (2012–2015) * M176/M177/M178, 4.0 L (2014–present) === V10 === * FO, 3.0 – 3.5 L (1994–2005; non-production – racing engine) === V12 === * M154 / M163 3.0 – 4.7 L (1934–1939; non-production – Grand Prix racing engine) * M148, 6.0 L (1941–1942, prototype) * M157, 6.0 L (1941–1942, prototype) * MB503 42.4 - 44.5 L (1937-1939, prototype) * MB509, 44.0 L (used in Panzer VIII Maus V1) * M120, 6.0 – 7.3 L (1991–1998) * M297, 6.9 – 7.3 L (1997–present (limited)) * M137, 5.8 – 6.3 L (1998–2002) * M285, 5.5 L (2003–2012) * M275, 6.0 L (2004–2015) * M279, 6.0 L (2012–present) * M158, 6.0 L (2012–present) * M277, 6.0 L (2014–2020) === Flat-12 === *M291, 3.5 L (1991–1992; non-production – Group C racing engine) === Wankel === * M950, 1.8 – 2.4 L (1969–1970) == Inline diesel engines == === One-cylinder === * MB851, 1.5 L * MB861, 1.5 L === Inline-Two === * MB852, 2.9 L * MB862, 2.9 L * OM632, 0.8 L * M202B, 6.5 L (1947–???) === Inline-three === * MB853, 4.3 L * M203B, 9.7 L (1947–???) * MB863, 4.3 L (1954–???) * OM660, 0.8 L (1998–2015) * OM639, 1.5 L (2004–2009) === Inline-four === * OM138, 2.5 L (1935–1940) * OM636, 1.7 – 1.8 L (1949–1990) * OM621, 1.9 – 2.0 L (1959–1967) * OM615, 2.0 – 2.2 L (1968–1985) * OM616, 2.4 L (1973–1985) * OM601, 2.0 – 2.3 L (1983–2001) * OM604, 2.0 – 2.2 L (1993–1998) * OM668, 1.7 L (1997–2005) * OM611, 2.1 – 2.2 L (1998–2006) * OM646, 2.1 L (2002–2010) * OM640, 2.0 L (2004–2012) * OM651, 1.8 – 2.1 L (2008–present) * OM622/OM626, 1.6 L (2014–2018) * OM654, 2.0 L (2016–present) *OM664 (Ssangyong D20DT engine), 2.0 L (2005–2012) * OM699, 2.3 L (2017–2020) * OM607, 1.5 L (2012–present) * OM608, 1.5 L (2018–present) Buses and trucks: * OM314, 3.8 L (1965–???) * OM364, 4.0 L (1984–???) * OM904, 4.2 L (1996–present) * OM924, 4.8 L (2004–present) * OM934, 5.1 L (2013–present) === Inline-five === * OM617, 3.0 L (1974–1991) * OM602, 2.5 – 2.9 L (1985–2002) * OM605, 2.5 L (1993–2001) * OM612, 2.7 L (1999–2006) *OM665, 2.7 L (2001–2014) (Licensed version of OM612 engine for (WJ) Jeep Grand Cherokee (OM665.921 2.7 CRD engine) and for some models of SsangYong (D27DT/OM665.9xx 2.7 XDI engine)) * OM647, 2.7 L (2004–2006) === Inline-six === *OM603, 3.0 – 3.5 L (1986–1997) *OM606, 3.0 L (1993–2001) *OM613, 3.2 L (1999–2003) *OM648, 3.2 L (2002–2006) *OM656, 2.9 L (2017–present) Buses and trucks: * OM5, 8.6 L (1928–1932) * OM49 * OM54, 12.5 L (1934–1939) * OM57, 11.3 – 12.5 L (1938–1940) * OM65 * OM67, 7.2 – 7.4 L (1935–1954) * OM77 * OM79, 10.3 L (1932–1936) * OM302, 4.6 L (1941) (prototype) * OM312, 4.6 L (1949) * OM315, 8.2 L * OM321, 5.1 L * OM322, 5.7 L * OM326, 10.8 L * OM346, 10.8 L * OM352, 5.7 L (1963–???) * OM355, 11.6 L * OM360, 8.7 L * OM366, 6.0 L (1984–present) * OM407 11.4 L * OM427 12.0 L * OM447 12.0 L * OM457, 12.0 L (2003–present) * OM460 12.8 L * OM470, 10.7 L * OM471, 12.8 L * OM472, 14.8 L * OM473, 15.6 L (2012–present) * OM906, 6.4 L (1998–present) * OM926, 7.2 L (2000–present) * OM936, 7.6 L (2013–present) == V-diesel engines == === V6 === * OM642, 3.0 L (2005–present) Buses and trucks: * OM401, 9.6L * OM421, 11.0 L (1982–1995) * OM441 (1978–present) (used in Hyundai KR111/RM114) * OM501, 12.0 L === V8 === * OM628, 4.0 L (1999–2005) * OM629, 4.0 L (2005–2010) Busses and trucks: * OM402 12.8 L * OM422 14.6 L * OM442 14.6 L - 15.1 L * OM502 16.0 L === V10 === * OM403 16.0 L * OM423 18.3 L * OM443 18.3 L - 18.8 L * OM503 === V12 === * OM404, 20.9 L * OM424 22.0 L * OM444, 22.6 L * OM504 * MB500, 66.4 L (used in e-boats) * MB507, 42.4 – 44.5 L * MB512 * MB517, 42.4 L (used in Panzer VIII Maus V2) * MB820 * MB835 === V16 === * MB602 * MB512 * MB839, 104.3 L === V20 === * MB501 * MB511 * MB518, 134.4 L (1951–1973) == Natural gas engines == * M366 (CNG), 6.0 L * M407 (LPG) * M447 (CNG), 12.0 L * M906 (CNG), 6.9 L * M936G (CNG), 7.7 LMercedes-Benz MediaMercedes-Benz Media *OM924, 4.8 L *OM926 (CNG), 7.2 L ==References== Engines Mercedes-Benz

['Mercedes-Benz', 'Indy car racing', 'Formula One', 'Panzer VIII Maus', 'Group C']

['Q36008', 'Q3614051', 'Q1968', 'Q158041', 'Q1550954']

[[(0, 13), (2161, 2174), (6975, 6988), (6994, 7007), (7071, 7084)], [(2780, 2795), (2856, 2871)], [(3011, 3022)], [(3518, 3534), (6716, 6732)], [(3842, 3849)]]

The name Jerahmeel (Hebrew , Yəraḥməʾēl; Greek ) appears several times in the Tanakh. It means "He will obtain mercy of God",Alfred Jones, Dictionary of Old Testament Proper Names 1856, republished Kregel Publications 1990 "God pities",, "May God have compassion", "May God pity", or "Moon from God". Danby & Segal, A Concise English-Hebrew Dictionary, The Dvir Publishing Co. Tel Aviv, 1962, page 93 ==Bearers of the name== There are probably three distinct persons of that name in the Tanakh. In order of their lifetimes they are: # a son of Hezron and great-grandson of Judah, as given in the extended genealogies in , and . # a son of Kish, one of the Levites appointed by David to administer the temple worship, as described in . # a son of the king,or, according to the interpretation of the King James version, a son of Hammelech sent with others by Jehoiakim to arrest Baruch the scribe and Jeremiah the prophet, as given in Jeremiah 36:26. An old bulla with the inscription "Jerahmeel the king's son" has been found and considered authentic.Avigad, Nachman. Baruch the Scribe and Yerahme'el the King’s Son. Israel Exploration Journal (IEJ) 28:52. 1978 ==The Jerahmeelites== The Jerahmeelites were a people, presumably descended from Jerahmeel number 1 above, living in the Negev, who David, while in service with the Philistines, claimed to have attacked (), but with whom he was really on friendly terms (). Cheyne developed a theory that made the Jerahmeelites into a significant part of the history of Israel, but most subsequent scholars have dismissed his ideas as fanciful. ==An archangel== In some deuterocanonical and apocryphal writings, there are references to an archangel variously called Jeremiel, Eremiel, Remiel, etc. See the article Jerahmeel (archangel). ==Chronicles of Jerahmeel== The Chronicles of Jerahmeel is a medieval document ascribed to the 12th century Jewish historian Jerahmeel ben Solomon, and is unrelated to any of the above. ==References== Category:Set index articles on Hebrew Bible people Category:Tribe of Judah

['Tanakh', 'Hezron', 'Levites', 'David', 'Jehoiakim', 'Jeremiah', 'Jeremiah 36:26', 'Negev', 'Philistines', 'Jerahmeel (archangel)', 'Chronicles of Jerahmeel']

['Q732870', 'Q6460268', 'Q6386590', 'Q41370', 'Q319034', 'Q158825', 'Q12525174', 'Q162843', 'Q193776', 'Q2469925', 'Q5114061']

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This article summarizes the highlights of professional and amateur golf in the year 2005. ==Men's professional golf== Major championships *7–10 April: Masters Tournament - Tiger Woods defeated fellow American Chris DiMarco at the first playoff hole to claim his 4th Masters title, and his 9th major. He temporarily returned to No. 1 in the Official World Golf Rankings. DiMarco becomes only the second player (after Tom Watson) to lose playoffs in consecutive major championships. *16–19 June: U.S. Open - Michael Campbell came from behind in the fourth round to win his first major with an even par score. He was the first New Zealander to win a major since Bob Charles won the British Open in 1963. Retief Goosen led after three rounds, but fell away badly on Sunday and tied for eleventh. Tiger Woods had a good final round to claim second place, but talk of his winning a Grand Slam was ended for another year. *14–17 July: The Open Championship - Tiger Woods led wire-to-wire at the historic Old Course at St Andrews and won his second Open Championship, and 10th major, by 5 strokes. Scottish favorite Colin Montgomerie closed within a shot at one point on Sunday and finished on his own in second, his best ever result at The Open Championship. The Golden Bear, Jack Nicklaus, had a historic farewell as he retired from professional golf on Friday, July 15, after missing the cut. Woods became only the second golfer, after Jack Nicklaus, to win each major more than once. *11–15 August: PGA Championship - Phil Mickelson won his second major championship, taking the PGA at Baltusrol Golf Club by scoring a -4 276. Thomas Bjørn and Steve Elkington both tied for second with -3. The tournament had to be completed on Monday due to bad weather: this was the first time that a Monday finish occurred at the PGA since 1986. World Golf Championships (individual events) *23–27 February: WGC- Accenture Match Play Championship - David Toms defeated fellow American Chris DiMarco 6&5 in the final. *18–21 August: WGC-NEC Invitational - Tiger Woods defeated Chris DiMarco by one stroke to win the tournament for the fourth time in his career. *6–9 October: WGC-American Express Championship - Tiger Woods beat John Daly in a playoff. It was his fourth win in the six stagings of this tournament. Other leading PGA Tour events *24–27 March: The Players Championship - American Fred Funk picked up the biggest win of his career at the age of 48. *3–6 November: The Tour Championship - Bart Bryant, a 42-year- old who had come good in 2004 and 2005 after a difficult career, won by six strokes. For a full list of PGA Tour results, see 2005 PGA Tour. Other leading European Tour events *26–29 May: BMW Championship - Argentina's Ángel Cabrera picked up the most prestigious title of his career. *15–18 September: HSBC World Match Play Championship - Reigning U.S. Open champion Michael Campbell beat Paul McGinley to claim the richest prize in golf. *27–30 October: Volvo Masters - Paul McGinley of the Republic of Ireland won the tournament, and Colin Montgomerie finished ahead of Michael Campbell to top the 2005 European Tour Order or Merit. For a full list of European Tour results, see 2005 European Tour Tour money list / order of merit winners: *PGA Tour - Tiger Woods topped the money list for the sixth time, with earnings of $10,628,024. Full list *European Tour - Colin Montgomerie topped the Order of Merit for a record eighth time with earnings of €2,794,222.84. Full list *Japan Golf Tour - Shingo Katayama topped the money list for the second consecutive year, winning 134,075,280 Yen. Full list *Asian Tour - Thailand's Thaworn Wiratchant topped the order of merit with US$510,122, the first time a player had won over $500,000 in a season on the Asian Tour. Full list *PGA Tour of Australasia - Adam Scott topped the money list with earnings of A$545,429 Full list *Sunshine Tour - Charl Schwartzel of South Africa topped the 2004/05 order of merit with earnings of 1,635,850.44 South African Rand (full list). Schwartzel also topped the 2005/06 order of merit with earnings of 1,207,459.70 Rand. Awards *PGA Tour **Player of the Year/Jack Nicklaus Trophy - Tiger Woods won for the seventh time in his nine full seasons on Tour **Money winner/Arnold Palmer Award - Tiger Woods won for the sixth time **Vardon Trophy - Tiger Woods won for the sixth time with an adjusted scoring average of 68.66 **Byron Nelson Award - Tiger Woods won for the sixth time with an adjusted scoring average of 68.66 **Rookie of the year - Sean O'Hair won the John Deere Classic in his first full season on Tour **Comeback Player of the Year - Olin Browne won the Deutsche Bank Championship and qualified for the Tour Championship for the first time *Champions Tour **Player of the Year - Dana Quigley also won the senior money title **Rookie of the Year - Jay Haas won twice in only 10 starts **Comeback Player of the Year - Peter Jacobsen won the Senior Players Championship *Nationwide Tour **Player of the Year - Jason Gore won three consecutive starts and was promoted to the PGA Tour *European Tour **Player of the Year - Michael Campbell - won the U.S. Open **Rookie of the Year - Gonzalo Fernández-Castaño Team events *22–25 September: Seve Trophy - After conceding an early lead Great Britain & Ireland pulled level before the singles, and then dominated the singles matches to win 16½ to 11½ and retain the Trophy. *22–25 September: Presidents Cup - The match was all square going into the singles, but the USA pulled away to win 18½ to 15½. *17–20 November: WGC-World Cup - Third round leaders Wales, represented by Stephen Dodd and Bradley Dredge, were declared the winners after the final round was called off due to bad weather. Other happenings *26 February: Former British Open champion Max Faulkner died. *6 March: Tiger Woods won the Ford Championship at Doral and returned to Number 1 in the Official World Golf Rankings, displacing Vijay Singh. *20 March: Vijay Singh's tied second-place finish at the Bay Hill Invitational restored him to Number 1 after just two weeks. *10 April: Tiger Woods became World Number 1 again after winning The Masters. *13 May: Tiger Woods' record breaking run of 142 consecutive cuts made on the PGA Tour came to an end at the EDS Byron Nelson Championship. *22 May: Vijay Singh started his third spell as World Number 1, reclaiming the position from Woods even though neither man played that weekend. *13 June: Tiger Woods and Vijay Singh exchanged places at World Number 1 for the last time, with Woods opening a substantial gap in the rankings by early July. *2 July: Tiger Woods became the first man to pass $50 million in career earnings on the PGA Tour. *4 December: Colin Montgomerie won the Hong Kong Open and became the first man to win 20 million Euros on the European Tour. ==Women's professional golf== LPGA majors *24–27 March: Kraft Nabisco Championship - Annika Sörenstam won by eight shots, claiming her eighth major title, and equalling Nancy Lopez's 27-year-old record of winning five consecutive LPGA starts. *9–12 June: LPGA Championship - Annika Sörenstam cruised to a three shot win to claim her second major of the year and ninth of her career. Fifteen-year-old Michelle Wie was runner-up. *23–26 June: U.S. Women's Open - South Korean Birdie Kim holes a 30-yard sand shot on the 72nd hole, punctuating her two-shot win over teenage amateurs Morgan Pressel and Brittany Lang. Kim, who scored her first and only LPGA tournament win, finished the event at 3-over-par 284. Sörenstam was never a factor, finishing nine shots back. Wie was in a three-way tie for the lead after three rounds, but ballooned to an 82 and finished tied with Sörenstam. Lorena Ochoa was at 3-over after 71 holes, but hit her tee shot into the water on the final hole and shot a quadruple-bogey 8. *28–31 July: Weetabix Women's British Open - Another South Korean who had no previous LPGA tournament wins, Jeong Jang, cruises to a four-stroke win over Sophie Gustafson. Wie finished in a tie for third in her last tournament of the year before returning to high school. For a full list of LPGA Tour results click here. Ladies European Tour major (in addition to the Women's British Open) *20–23 July: Evian Masters - Paula Creamer, an 18-year-old rookie pro on the LPGA tour, waltzed to an eight- stroke win over Wie and Ochoa. Additional LPGA Tour event *30 June - 3 July: HSBC Women's World Match Play Championship - little known Colombian Marisa Baena beat Meena Lee of South Korea by one hole in the inaugural staging of this event. Money list winners *LPGA Tour - Annika Sörenstam topped the money list for the eighth time with earnings of $2,588,240. She won ten tournaments. final money list *Ladies European Tour - Iben Tinning topped the money list with earnings of €204,672.62 Team events *11–13 February: Women's World Cup of Golf - Japan, represented by Ai Miyazato and Rui Kitada, won the inaugural staging of this event. *9–11 September: Solheim Cup - The USA overcame an early deficit to beat Europe 15.5-12.5 and reclaim the cup. Other happenings *26 February: 15 year old Michelle Wie achieves her career best finish on the LPGA Tour, placing tied 2nd at the SBS Open at Turtle Bay. *22 May: 18 year old Paula Creamer became the youngest first time winner on the LPGA Tour since 1952 at the Sybase Classic presented by Lincoln Mercury. *5 October: Michelle Wie turned pro six days before her sixteenth birthday. *6 November: Annika Sörenstam becomes first professional golfer to win same tournament five- straight times at Mizuno Classic. ==Senior men's professional golf== Senior majors *26–29 May: Senior PGA Championship - Mike Reid won a three-man playoff to claim his first Champions Tour title. *7–10 July: Senior Players Championship - Peter Jacobsen won his second Champions Tour event and his second senior major. *21–24 July: Senior British Open - Tom Watson won his second Senior British Open and his fourth senior major. *28–31 July: U.S. Senior Open - Allen Doyle won his third senior major. Doyle, who started the final round nine shots out of the lead, shot a final-round 63, a course record which tied for the lowest round ever in the U.S. Senior Open, and saw the leaders come back to him. Doyle would win by one stroke. His final-round comeback is unprecedented in the history of the senior majors; in the mainstream majors, only Paul Lawrie's comeback from 10 shots down on the final day of the 1999 Open Championship surpasses this feat. *25–28 August: The Tradition - Loren Roberts defeated Dana Quigley on the second playoff hole to win his first senior major. For a complete list of Champions Tour results see 2005 Champions Tour. Money list winners *Champions Tour - Dana Quigley topped the money list for the first time with earnings of $2,170,258. Full list *European Seniors Tour - Sam Torrance topped the Order of Merit with earnings of €277,420.76.Full list ==Amateur golf== *30 May–4 June: The Amateur Championship - Ireland's Brian McElhinney beat Scotland's John Gallagher 5 & 4 in the final. *1–4 June: NCAA Division I Men's Golf Championships - The University of Georgia took the team title and James Lepp of the University of Washington won the individual title. *11–16 July: U.S. Amateur Public Links- Clay Ogden of West Point, Utah won 1 up over Martin Ureta of Chile. In the quarterfinals, Ogden defeated 15-year-old Michelle Wie, who had become the first woman ever to qualify for a men's USGA championship. *1–7 August: U.S. Women's Amateur - 17-year-old Morgan Pressel of the United States defeated Maru Martinez from Venezuela and a senior at Auburn University, 9 & 8 in the final match to win the championship. *13–14 August: Walker Cup - The United States won for the first time since 1997. Great Britain and Ireland needed to win the 18th hole of the last match on the course to tie that match and the Cup, and thus retain the trophy, but did not do so. *24–28 August: U.S. Amateur - Edoardo Molinari became the first Italian to win the tournament. ==Tables of results== ===Overview=== This table summarises all the results referred to above in date order. Date Tournament Status or tour Winner 11–13 Feb Women's World Cup of Golf Professional world team championship Japan 23–27 Feb WGC-Accenture Match Play Championship World Golf Championships David Toms 24–27 Mar The Players Championship PGA Tour Fred Funk 24–27 Mar Kraft Nabisco Championship LPGA major Annika Sörenstam 7–10 Apr Masters Tournament Men's major championship Tiger Woods 26–29 May BMW Championship European Tour Ángel Cabrera 26–29 May Senior PGA Championship Senior major Mike Reid 30 May – 4 Jun The Amateur Championship Amateur men's individual tournament Brian McElhinney 1–4 Jun NCAA Division I Men's Golf Championships U.S. college championship team - Georgia individual James Lepp (Washington) 9–12 Jun LPGA Championship LPGA major Annika Sörenstam 16–19 Jun U.S. Open Men's major championship Michael Campbell 23–26 Jun U.S. Women's Open LPGA major Birdie Kim 30 Jun – 3 Jul HSBC Women's World Match Play Championship LPGA Tour Marisa Baena 7–10 Jul Senior Players Championship Senior major Peter Jacobsen 11–16 Jul U.S. Amateur Public Links Amateur men's individual tournament Clay Ogden 14–17 Jul The Open Championship Men's major championship Tiger Woods 20–23 Jul Evian Masters Ladies European Tour major and LPGA Tour Paula Creamer 21–24 Jul Senior British Open Senior major Tom Watson 28–31 Jul Women's British Open LPGA and Ladies European Tour major Jeong Jang 28–31 Jul U.S. Senior Open Senior major Allen Doyle 1–7 Aug U.S. Women's Amateur Amateur women's individual tournament Morgan Pressel 11–14 Aug PGA Championship Men's major championship Phil Mickelson 13–14 Aug Walker Cup GB & Ireland v USA - men's amateur team USA 18–21 Aug WGC-NEC Invitational World Golf Championships Tiger Woods 24–28 Aug U.S. Amateur Amateur men's individual tournament Edoardo Molinari 25–28 Aug The Tradition Senior major Loren Roberts 9–11 Sep Solheim Cup US v Europe - women's professional USA 15–18 Sep HSBC World Match Play Championship European Tour Michael Campbell 22–25 Sep Seve Trophy GB & Ireland v Rest of Europe - men's professional GB & Ireland 22–25 Sep Presidents Cup USA v International Team - men's professional USA 6–9 Oct WGC-American Express Championship World Golf Championships Tiger Woods 27–30 Oct Volvo Masters European Tour Paul McGinley 3–6 Nov The Tour Championship PGA Tour Bart Bryant 17–20 Nov WGC-World Cup World Golf Championships Wales The following biennial events will next be played in 2006: Curtis Cup; Eisenhower Trophy; Espirito Santo Trophy; Ryder Cup ==Movies== *The Greatest Game Ever Played Category:Golf by year

['Tiger Woods', 'Chris DiMarco', 'Official World Golf Rankings', 'Michael Campbell', 'New Zealand', 'Retief Goosen', 'Old Course at St Andrews', 'Colin Montgomerie', 'Jack Nicklaus', 'Phil Mickelson', 'Baltusrol Golf Club', 'Thomas Bjørn', 'Steve Elkington', 'World Golf Championships', 'David Toms', 'PGA Tour', 'The Players Championship', 'Fred Funk', 'The Tour Championship', 'Bart Bryant', 'European Tour', 'Ángel Cabrera', 'HSBC World Match Play Championship', 'Paul McGinley', 'Volvo Masters', 'Republic of Ireland', 'Japan Golf Tour', 'Shingo Katayama', 'Asian Tour', 'Thaworn Wiratchant', 'PGA Tour of Australasia', 'Sunshine Tour', 'Charl Schwartzel', 'South Africa', 'South African Rand', 'Vardon Trophy', "Sean O'Hair", 'John Deere Classic', 'Olin Browne', 'Deutsche Bank Championship', 'Champions Tour', 'Dana Quigley', 'Jay Haas', 'Peter Jacobsen', 'Nationwide Tour', 'Jason Gore', 'Gonzalo Fernández-Castaño', 'Wales', 'Stephen Dodd', 'Bradley Dredge', 'The Open Championship', 'Max Faulkner', 'Ford Championship at Doral', 'Vijay Singh', 'Bay Hill Invitational', 'EDS Byron Nelson Championship', 'Euro', 'Annika Sörenstam', 'Nancy Lopez', 'Michelle Wie', 'South Korea', 'Birdie Kim', 'Morgan Pressel', 'Brittany Lang', 'Lorena Ochoa', 'Jeong Jang', 'Sophie Gustafson', 'Evian Masters', 'Paula Creamer', "HSBC Women's World Match Play Championship", 'Colombia', 'Marisa Baena', 'Meena Lee', 'Iben Tinning', "Women's World Cup of Golf", 'Japan', 'Ai Miyazato', 'Rui Kitada', 'Senior PGA Championship', 'Senior Players Championship', 'Senior British Open', 'U.S. Senior Open', 'Allen Doyle', 'Paul Lawrie', 'The Tradition', 'Loren Roberts', 'European Seniors Tour', 'Sam Torrance', 'The Amateur Championship', 'Scotland', "NCAA Division I Men's Golf Championships", 'University of Georgia', 'James Lepp', 'University of Washington', 'U.S. Amateur Public Links', 'West Point, Utah', 'Chile', "U.S. Women's Amateur", 'United States', 'Auburn University', 'Walker Cup', 'U.S. Amateur', 'Edoardo Molinari', 'WGC-Accenture Match Play Championship', 'Kraft Nabisco Championship', 'Masters Tournament', 'LPGA Championship', "U.S. Women's Open", "Women's British Open", 'PGA Championship', 'WGC-NEC Invitational', 'Solheim Cup', 'Seve Trophy', 'Presidents Cup', 'WGC-American Express Championship', 'WGC-World Cup', 'Curtis Cup', 'Eisenhower Trophy', 'Espirito Santo Trophy', 'Ryder Cup', 'The Greatest Game Ever Played']

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George Sidney (October 4, 1916May 5, 2002) was an American film director and producer who worked primarily at Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer. His work includes cult classics Bye Bye Birdie (1963) and Viva Las Vegas (1964). With an extensive background in acting, stage direction, film editing, and music, Sidney created many of post-war Hollywood’s big budget musicals, such as Annie Get Your Gun (1950), Show Boat (1951), Kiss Me Kate (1953); Jupiter's Darling (1955), and Pal Joey (1957). He was also a president of the Screen Directors Guild for 16 years. A founding partner of Hanna-Barbera animation studio, Sidney was a proponent of the integration of animation into live action, which is immortalized in the dance scene between actor Gene Kelly and Jerry Mouse in Anchors Aweigh (1945). An avid art collector, gardener, musician, painter, and photographer, George Sidney was known for his impeccable sense of style and generosity. His clothing, original scripts, notes, and personal papers are housed in a namesake collection at The Smithsonian National Museum of American History. == Biography == === Early life === George Sidney was born into show business. His father, Louis “L.K.” Sidney, was the CEO with Loew's Incorporated theatre chain. An only child, George tagged along with his father to work at Radio City Music Hall, where he learned the art of choreography, set design, and stage direction. His mother, Hazael Mooney, was a famous Vaudeville star and half of the aquacade team, The Mooney Sisters. Sidney attended Riverdale Country School in the Bronx, New York. George Sidney absorbed the world of New York City theatre and art. At five years old, George Sidney became the most famous child actor in the world when he played the lead role in The Littlest Cowboy, a 1921 film with western super star, Tom Mix. After a reputed tryst with a showgirl from The Rockettes , George was sent to Los Angeles at age 15 to learn the movie business from his “uncle,” studio head of Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer, Louis B. Mayer. George Sidney began as a dog walker and errand boy in the early 1930s. === Early career at MGM === Sidney soon learned the art of editing at MGM, where he worked alongside aspiring film maker Fred Zinnemann, who went on to direct From Here to Eternity (1953) and Oklahoma! (1955). By the age of 20, Sidney directed many screen tests, with established and aspiring stars, including Errol Flynn, Tyrone Power, Judy Garland and Ava Gardner. Sidney honed his skills with 85 one-reel shorts—a genre that eventually gave him two Academy Awards with “Quicker’n A Wink” (1940) and “Of Pups and Puzzles” (1941). In 1938 at age 22, Sidney directed the Our Gang short comedies, which MGM had acquired from Hal Roach upon George’s recommendation. A mere nine years older than his actors, Sidney proved his leadership and moved on to direct the Crime Does Not Pay series and popular Pete Smith specialties. During World War II, George Sidney was assigned to the Air Force to supervise the Atomic Energy Commission Film Program at Eniwetok, for which received the Certificate of Merit from the Department of Defense and the Plaque of Honor from the United States Air Force. George Sidney was a central figure in the filming of nuclear testing projects. === Feature films === George Sidney came to the fore of American popular cinema with his blockbuster musical, The Harvey Girls (1946), starring Judy Garland and Angela Lansberry. The film introduced Cyd Charisse in her first speaking part. Sidney’s adaptions of theatrical works to film include Annie Get Your Gun (1950), Show Boat(1951), Kiss Me Kate (1953); Jupiter’s Darling (1955), and Bye Bye Birdie (1963). His cast Frank Sinatra in his film Pal Joey(1957). These lavish productions brought George Sidney international acclaim. Sidney’s romantic comedies, including Key to the City (1949), Who Was That Lady? (1960), and The Swinger (1966) diversified his filmography. His period adventure films, including The Three Musketeers (1948),) and the Oscar- winning Merry Wives of Windsor (1954), earned the respect of his colleagues. Sidney’s personal favorite was Scaramouche (1952), a period piece set in pre- revolutionary France that starred Janet Leigh. Sidney left MGM to make The Eddy Duchin Story (1956) at Columbia Pictures where he made his base for the next decade for such films as Jeanne Eagels (1957),Pepe (1960), and Bye Bye Birdie (1963). He returned to MGM to film A Ticklish Affair (1963) and Elvis Presley's Viva Las Vegas (1964). In both his technical skill and artistic vision, George Sidney stands among the 20th century’s most celebrated film directors. He was ranked second 11 years later. Sidney’s dedication to the craft of movie making gave his films a visual intensity that captivated the American public and created the foundation for the big-budget Hollywood productions. Sidney’s final film Half a Sixpence was released in 1967. Lana Turner, Spencer Tracy, and George Sidney May 1947.png|George Sidney behind Spencer Tracy and Lana Turner on the set of Cass Timberlane (1947) George Sidney.jpg|Esther Williams with George Sidney in glass bottom boat during filming of "Jupiter's Darling" at Silver Springs. == Animation == Sidney became good friends with MGM animation directors William Hanna and Joseph Barbera. Hanna and Barbera's Jerry Mouse appeared alongside Gene Kelly in Sidney's film Anchors Aweigh (1945). After MGM closed its animation studio on May 15, 1957, Sidney helped Hanna and Barbera form a deal with Screen Gems, the television division of Columbia Pictures, to form the successful television animation studio Hanna-Barbera Productions, and was a shareholder in the company. Sidney later featured Hanna-Barbera's Fred Flintstone, Barney Rubble, Huckleberry Hound, and Yogi Bear in Bye Bye Birdie (1963). In 1961, Sidney appeared as himself, along with the canine Lassie in the episode "The Stones Go to Hollywood" of the sitcom The Donna Reed Show. The episode plugged Sidney's then current feature film Pepe, in which Donna Reed made a cameo. == Professional service, awards and tributes == Sidney devoted much of his later life to professional service as a mentor to directors, writers, and educators. Sidney became the youngest president of the Directors Guild of America, having been nominated by his friend, director John Ford. A lifelong learner, Sidney attended law school at the University of Southern California and lectured extensively about film production. George Sidney’s work has been celebrated at museums and film festivals around the world: Paris; Barcelona; Helsinki; Moscow; Las Vegas; Palm Springs; Deauville; and Honolulu. He has a star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame. at the Northwest corner of Hollywood Boulevard and Vine. Sidney was nominated for the Directors Guild of America Award four times, starting with the lush Technicolor remake of Show Boat. In 1958, he was presented with a Golden Globe Award for Best World Entertainment through Musical Films. Posthumously, Sidney’s widow, Corinne Entratter Sidney, donated the director’s extensive professional archive to the Smithsonian Institution. These artifacts include scripts with handwritten notes, personal correspondence, and his extensive photography collection spanning Sidney’s 60-year career in the film industry. A renown clotheshorse, Sidney was routinely on Mr. Blackwell’s Best Dressed List. He was known for his love of Hermes neckwear and British tailoring. His clothing is in the costume collection at Los Angeles County Museum of Art and the State Museum of Nevada Las Vegas. == Personal life == In his personal life, Sidney was married in 1942 to drama coach, Lillian "Burnsie" Burns Salzer (1903–1998). He was fifteen years her junior. In the late 1970s, he married his second wife, Jane Adler Robinson (d. 1991), who was the widow of actor Edward G. Robinson (1893–1973). In 1991, Sidney married his third wife, actress, model and journalist Corinne Kegley Entratter, also known as Corinne Cole, who was the widow of showman and Las Vegas entrepreneur Jack Entratter. Sidney was a prolific photographer. He collected art and was an avid and skilled gardener. Sidney was a member of the Royal Horticultural Society. He died in Las Vegas, Nevada at age 85 from lymphoma on May 5, 2002. == Awards and nominations == Year Group Award Film Result 1952 Directors Guild of America Outstanding Directorial Achievement in Motion Pictures Show Boat Nominated 1953 Directors Guild of America Outstanding Directorial Achievement in Motion Pictures Scaramouche Nominated 1954 Directors Guild of America Outstanding Directorial Achievement in Motion Pictures Young Bess Nominated 1957 Directors Guild of America Outstanding Directorial Achievement in Motion Pictures The Eddy Duchin Story Nominated 1959 Directors Guild of America DGA Honorary Life Member Award Won 1986 Directors Guild of America Robert B. Aldrich Achievement Award Won 1998 Directors Guild of America President's Award Won 1995 Golden Apple Award Louella Parsons Award Won 1958 Golden Globe Award Best World Entertainment Through Musical Films Won 1993 San Luis Obispo International Film Festival King Vidor Memorial Award Won == Partial filmography == == Further reading == * == External links == * * * * George Sidney Collection Finding Aid at the National Museum of American History - https://sova.si.edu/record/NMAH.AC.0867 == References == Category:1916 births Category:20th-century American Jews Category:2002 deaths Category:Film producers from New York (state) Category:Burials at Hillside Memorial Park Cemetery Category:Presidents of the Directors Guild of America Category:Deaths from lymphoma Category:People from Long Island City, Queens Category:Deaths from cancer in Nevada Category:Activists from New York (state) Category:Film directors from New York City Category:21st-century American Jews

["Jupiter's Darling", 'New York City', 'Las Vegas', 'Film director', 'Corinne Cole', 'Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer', 'Screen Directors Guild', 'Hanna-Barbera', 'Gene Kelly', 'Jerry Mouse', 'National Museum of American History', 'Riverdale Country School', 'Tom Mix', 'The Rockettes', 'Louis B. Mayer', 'Fred Zinnemann', 'Oklahoma!', 'Errol Flynn', 'Tyrone Power', 'Judy Garland', 'Ava Gardner', 'Our Gang', 'Eniwetok', 'The Harvey Girls', 'Cyd Charisse', 'Frank Sinatra', 'Who Was That Lady?', 'Scaramouche', 'Janet Leigh', 'The Eddy Duchin Story', 'Jeanne Eagels', 'A Ticklish Affair', 'Elvis Presley', 'Spencer Tracy', 'Lana Turner', 'Cass Timberlane', 'Esther Williams', 'William Hanna', 'Joseph Barbera', 'Columbia Pictures', 'Fred Flintstone', 'Barney Rubble', 'Huckleberry Hound', 'Yogi Bear', 'Lassie', 'The Donna Reed Show', 'Donna Reed', 'John Ford', 'Hollywood Walk of Fame', 'Directors Guild of America Award', 'Technicolor', 'Golden Globe Award', 'Smithsonian Institution', 'Mr. Blackwell', 'Hermes', 'Los Angeles County Museum of Art', 'Jack Entratter', 'Royal Horticultural Society', 'Young Bess', 'Golden Apple Award', 'The Swinger']

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A jerkin is a man's short close-fitting jacket, made usually of light-coloured leather, and often without sleeves, worn over the doublet in the 16th and 17th centuries. The term is also applied to a similar sleeveless garment worn by the British Army in the 20th century. A buff jerkin is an oiled oxhide jerkin, as worn by soldiers. The origin of the word is unknown. The Dutch word jurk, a dress, often taken as the source, is modern, and represents neither the sound nor the sense of the English word. ==Sixteenth and seventeenth centuries== Leather jerkins of the 16th century were often slashed and punched, both for decoration and to improve the fit. Jerkins were worn closed at the neck and hanging open over the peascod-bellied fashion of the doublet. At the turn of the 17th century, the fashion was to wear the jerkin buttoned at the waist and open above to reflect the fashionable narrow-waisted silhouette. By the mid-17th century, jerkins were high-waisted and long-skirted like doublets of the period. ===Gallery=== Image:Martin Frobisher by Ketel.jpg|Martin Frobisher wears his jerkin closed at the neck and open below, 1570s. Image:WalterRaleighandson.jpg|Sir Walter Raleigh wears his jerkin closed at the waist, 1602. His son wears a similar garment. Image:Musician Holding Bagpipes 1632.jpg|Dutch musician wears a jerkin with ribbon points as fasteners, 1632. Image:St_george_civic_guard_hals.jpg|Guardsman's buff jerkin worn with a sash, c. 1639, from a painting by Frans Hals. ==20th century== During the First World War, the British army issued brown leather jerkins to the troops as a measure to protect against the cold and to allow freedom of movement. These garments generally had four buttons and were lined with khaki wool. They were practical, hardwearing and appreciated by officers and other ranks alike. By the time of the Second World War, the leather jerkins were still on issue to all the Commonwealth forces and were universally popular. Jerkins made in Canada were dark brown with black wool linings and differed in general appearance from the British jerkins.canadiansoldiers.com The jerkins from WWII had bakelite buttons instead of the brass or brown leather of the originals, and were each unique in that they were finished around the bottom edges with offcuts to eliminate waste. (It has been suggested that many of the WWII jerkins were made from leather remaining from the Irvin flying jackets also in production in the UK. The flying jackets were made of sheepskin so this may not be the case). Jerkins remained warm and comfortable garments to wear whilst fighting, working or driving, and came to characterise the British forces as a preferred alternative to the heavy greatcoats that other armies persisted with. Horsehide Leather Jerkins of the Great War/Second World War pattern continued to be produced into the late 1950s before being replaced with a version made of artificial leather. A practical garment known as the Battle Jerkin was developed in 1942 by Colonel Rivers-MacPherson of the British Army. A modification of the English hunting vest, it was developed into a garment made of heavy-duty dark brown, water-repellent canvas with multiple pockets and attachment points for field equipment such as the standard issue entrenching tool that formed part of the 1937 Pattern Web Equipment. While originally intended to replace the conventional web gear then in use, the original Battle Jerkin was found to be cumbersome and lacking the flexibility of 1937 Pattern webbing to add and remove items as demanded by operational realities. The garment was found to cause soldiers to overheat during strenuous activities, and very limited numbers were issued to assault troops for the Normandy landings. A lighter, skeletalised version consisting only of a Y-shaped back piece and two large ammunition pouches on the chest as well as webbing straps for attaching other kit was used widely by commando personnel in 1944–45 to carry ammunition.Chappell, Mike British Infantry Equipments 1908–1980 Men-at-Arms series, Osprey Publishing Ltd., London, UK. During the post-war period, a much less distinctive PVC version of the Leather Jerkin was introduced to British forces with the final version being produced in olive green with a mesh back strengthened with nylon straps printed with DPM camouflage. The Belgian Army also produced vinyl jerkins in the postwar era. WD surplus leather jerkins flooded the UK during the 1950s and 1960s and were a common sight on manual workmen across the country. Wartime vintage leather jerkins are now collector's items, and at least one UK firm has produced a facsimile. ==See also== *1550–1600 in fashion *1600–1650 in fashion ==References== * *Janet Arnold: Patterns of Fashion: the cut and construction of clothes for men and women 1560–1620, Macmillan 1985. Revised edition 1986. () Category:Medieval European costume Category:16th-century fashion Category:17th-century fashion Category:20th-century fashion Category:Jackets Category:History of clothing (Western fashion)

['British Army', 'Martin Frobisher', 'Sir Walter Raleigh', 'Frans Hals', '1937 Pattern Web Equipment', 'Normandy landings', 'PVC', '1550–1600 in fashion', '1600–1650 in fashion', 'Janet Arnold']

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This is a list of internal combustion engines manufactured by Ferrari. ==Straight-2== Ferrari was rare among automobile manufacturers in attempting to build a straight-2 automobile engine. The racing prototype never made it to production. * Lampredi ** 1955 – Tipo 116 – prototype I2 prototype 252 F1 ***2,493.38 cc – 175 PS at 4,800 rpm (Bore 118 mm X Stroke 114 mm) 1,246.69 cc and 87,5 PS per cylinder 70,2 PS/litre ==Straight-3== During the 90s Ferrari developed an experimental straight-3 two-stroke engine. * Tipo F134 ** 1994 1347 cc – prototype ==Straight-4== Lampredi designed a straight-4 engine for Formula Two use. Different versions of this engine were later used in Formula One and sports car racing. * Lampredi ** 1951 ––– 500 F2, 500 Mondial, 500 TR, 500 TRC *** 1,984.86 cc – 185 PS at 7,500 rpm (Bore 90 mm X Stroke 78 mm) 496.215 cc and 46,25 PS per cylinder 93,2 PS/litre ** 1953 ––– 553 F2 *** 1,997.12 cc – 180 PS at 7,200 rpm (Bore 93 mm X Stroke 73.5 mm) 499.28 cc and 45 PS per cylinder 90,13 PS/litre ** 1953 ––– 625 F1, 625 TF, 625 LM *** 2,498.32 cc – 210-230 PS at 7,000 rpm (Bore 94 mm X Stroke 90 mm) 624.58 cc and 52.5-57.5 PS per cylinder 84-92 PS/litre ** 1954 ––– 553 F1, 555 F1 *** 2,497.56 cc – 260 PS at 7,200 rpm (Bore 100 mm X Stroke 79.5 mm) 624.39 cc and 65 PS per cylinder 104 PS/litre ** 1953 ––– 735 S *** 2,941.66 cc – 225 PS at 6,800 rpm (Bore 102 mm X Stroke 90 mm) 735.41 cc and 56.25 PS per cylinder 76.5 PS/litre ** 1954 ––– 750 Monza *** 2,999.62 cc – 260 PS at 6,000 rpm (Bore 103 mm X Stroke 90 mm) 749.90 cc and 63.5 PS per cylinder 85 PS/litre ** 1955 ––– 857 S, 860 Monza *** 3,431.94 cc – 280 PS at 6,000 rpm (Bore 102 mm X Stroke 105 mm) 857.98 cc and 70 PS per cylinder 81.6 PS/litre ==Straight-6== Lampredi also modified his four into a straight-6 for racing use. * Lampredi ** 1954 – Tipo 114 – 306 S *** 2,977.29 cc – (Bore 90 mm X Stroke 78 mm) 496.215 cc per cylinder ** 1955 – Tipo 118 – 376 S (118 LM) *** 3,747.48 cc – 280 PS at 6,200 rpm (Bore 94 mm X Stroke 90 mm) 624.58 cc and 46.67 PS per cylinder 74.72 PS/litre ** 1955 – Tipo 121 – 735 LM (121 LM) *** 4,412.49 cc – 330 PS at 5,800 rpm (Bore 102 mm X Stroke 90 mm) 735.41 cc and 55 PS per cylinder 74.79 PS/litre ==V6== Ferrari's Dino project of the late 1956 gave birth to the company's well-known 65° V6 DOHC engines. This Vittorio Jano design formed the basis of the company's modern engines right up through the mid-2000s (decade). Another series of V6 engines was started in 1959 with a 60° V-angle and single overhead camshafts design. * Dino 65° DOHC ** 1957 –– Dino 156 F2 *** 1,489.35 cc – 180 PS at 9,000 rpm (Bore 70 mm X Stroke 64.5 mm) 248.225 cc and 30 PS per cylinder – 120.86 PS/litre ** 1958–1960 –– 246 F1/246 P F1 *** 2,417.34 cc – 280 PS at 8,500 rpm (Bore 85 mm X Stroke 71 mm) 402.89 cc and 46.67 PS per cylinder – 115.83 PS/litre ** 1958 –– 326 MI *** 3210.12 cc – 330 PS at 7,250 rpm (Bore 87 mm X Stroke 90 mm) 535.02 cc and 55 PS per cylinder – 102.8 PS/litre ** 1958 –– Dino 196 S *** 1983.72 cc – 195 PS at 7,200 rpm (Bore 77 mm X Stroke 71 mm) 330.62 cc and 32.5 PS per cylinder – 98.3 PS/litre ** 1958 –– Dino 296 S *** 2,962.092 cc – 300 PS at 7,600 rpm (Bore 85 mm X Stroke 87 mm) 493.682 cc and 50 PS per cylinder – 101.28 PS/litre ** 1959 –– 256 F1 *** 2,474.55 cc – 295 PS at 8,600 rpm (Bore 86 mm X Stroke 71 mm) 412.425 cc and 49.17 PS per cylinder – 119.2 PS/litre ** 1960 –– 156 F2 *** 1,476.60 cc – 185 PS at 9,200 rpm (Bore 73 mm X Stroke 58.8 mm) 246.10 cc and 30.83 PS per cylinder – 125.3 PS/litre ** 1961 –– 246 SP *** 2,417.34 cc – 270 PS at 8,000 rpm (Bore 85 mm X Stroke 71 mm) 402.89 cc and 45 PS per cylinder – 111.70 PS/litre ** 1965 –– Dino 166 P *** 1,592.58 cc – 175 PS at 9,000 rpm (Bore 77 mm X Stroke 57 mm) 265.43 cc and 29.17 PS per cylinder – 109.9 PS/litre ** 1965–1969 –– Dino 206 SP, Dino 206 S, Dino 206 GT, Fiat Dino *** 1,986.6 cc – 220 PS at 9.000 rpm (Bore 86 mm X Stroke 57 mm) 331.10 cc and 36.67 PS per cylinder – 110.75 PS/litre ** 1967 –– Dino 166 F2 *** 1,596.258 cc – 200 PS at 10.000 rpm (Bore 86 mm X Stroke 45.8 mm) 266.043 cc and 33.33 PS per cylinder – 125.3 PS/litre ** 1966–1968 –– 246 F1-66, Dino 246 Tasmania *** 2,404.74 cc – 285 PS at 8.900 rpm (Bore 90 mm X Stroke 63 mm) 400.79 cc and 47.5 PS per cylinder – 118.52 PS/litre ** 1969–1974 –– Dino 246 GT, Fiat Dino, Lancia Stratos (iron-block version developed by Franco Rocchi and Aurelio Lampredi) *** 2,419.2 cc – 195 PS at 7.600 rpm (Bore 92.5 mm X Stroke 60 mm) 403.2 cc and 32.5 PS per cylinder – 80.60 PS/litre * Dino 60° SOHC ** 1959 –– Dino 196 S *** 1,983.72 cc – 195 PS at 7,800 rpm (Bore 77 mm X Stroke 71 mm) 330.62 cc and 32.5 PS per cylinder – 98.3 PS/litre ** 1959–1960 –– Dino 246 S *** 2,417.34 cc – 250 PS at 7,500 rpm (Bore 85 mm X Stroke 71 mm) 402.89 cc and 41.67 PS per cylinder – 103.42 PS/litre ** 1962 –– 196 SP *** 1,983.72 cc – 210 PS at 7,500 rpm (Bore 77 mm X Stroke 71 mm) 330.62 cc and 35 PS per cylinder – 105.86 PS/litre ** 1962 –– 286 SP *** 2,862.78 cc – 260 PS at 6,800 rpm (Bore 90 mm X Stroke 75 mm) 477.13 cc and 43.33 PS per cylinder – 90.82 PS/litre * Chiti 120° ** 1961–1962 –– 156 F1 *** 1,476.6 cc – 190 PS at 9,500 rpm (Bore 73 mm X Stroke 58.8 mm) 246.10 cc and 31.67 PS per cylinder – 128.674 PS/litre ** 1963–1964 –– 156 F1-63 *** 1,476.6 cc – 205 PS at 10,500 rpm (Bore 73 mm X Stroke 58.8 mm) 246.10 cc and 34.17 PS per cylinder – 138.85 PS/litre * Turbocharged Formula One V6 engines ** Tipo 021, 031 & 032 (120° V angle) – designed by Mauro Forghieri and Nicola Materazzi *** 1980–1986 1496 cc turbocharged – Ferrari 126C, Ferrari 156/85, Ferrari F1-86 ** Tipo 033 (90° V angle) – designed by Jean-Jacques His *** 1987–1988 1496 cc turbocharged – Ferrari F1-87, Ferrari F1-87/88C * Turbocharged Formula One V6 turbo-hybrid engines ** Tipo 059 (90° V angle, 1600 cc turbocharged) – designed by Luca Marmorini *** 2014–2015 1598 cc –– turbocharged – Ferrari F14 T, Ferrari SF15-T, Marussia MR-03, Marussia MR-03B, Sauber C33, Sauber C34 ** Tipo 061 (90° V angle, 1600 cc turbocharged) *** 2016 – Ferrari SF16-H, Haas VF-16, Sauber C35 ***2017 – Sauber C36 ** Tipo 062 (90° V angle, 1600 cc turbocharged) *** 2017 – Ferrari SF70H, Haas VF-17 ***2018 (062 EVO) – Sauber C37, Haas VF-18, Ferrari SF71H ** Tipo 064 (90° V angle, 1600 cc turbocharged) *** 2019 – Ferrari SF90, Alfa Romeo C38, Haas VF-19 ** Tipo 065 (90° V angle, 1600 cc turbocharged) *** 2020 (065) – Ferrari SF1000, Alfa Romeo C39, Haas VF-20 *** 2021 (065/6) – Ferrari SF21, Alfa Romeo C41, Haas VF-21 ** Tipo 066/7 (1600 cc turbocharged) *** 2022 – Ferrari F1-75, Alfa Romeo C42, Haas VF-22 ** 066/10 (1600 cc turbocharged) *** 2023 – Ferrari SF-23, Alfa Romeo C43, Haas VF-23 * Tipo F163 (120° V angle, turbocharged) ** 2022 2,992.4 cc – Ferrari 296 GTB ==V8== thumb|250px|Lancia - Ferrari D50 engine The first Ferrari V8 engine was derived from a Lancia project, used in D50 F1 racecar. The Dino V8 family lasted from the early 1970s through 2004 when it was replaced by a new Ferrari/Maserati design. * Lancia derived (Jano) ** 1955 2488 cc – DS50 ** 1956 2485 cc – DS50, 801 ** 1957 2499 cc – 801 * Chiti ** 1962 –– Tipo 199 – 248 SP *** 2458.70 cc – 250 PS at 7,400 rpm (Bore 77 mm X Stroke 66 mm) 307.337 cc and 31.25 PS per cylinder – 101.68 PS/litre ** 1962 –– Tipo 202 – 268 SP *** 2644.96 cc – 265 PS at 7,000 rpm (Bore 77 mm X Stroke 71 mm) 330.62 cc and 33.125 PS per cylinder – 100.19 PS/litre * Tipo 205/B (designed by Franco Rocchi and Angelo Bellei) ** 1964–1965 –– 158 F1 *** 1489.23 cc – 210 PS at 11,000 rpm (Bore 67 mm X Stroke 52.8 mm) 186.15 cc and 26.25 PS per cylinder – 141 PS/litre * Dino ** 1973–1983 –– 308 GT4, 308 GTB/GTS *** 2926.9 cc – 255 PS at 7,700 rpm (Bore 81 mm X Stroke 71 mm) 365.86 cc and 31.875 PS per cylinder – 86.83 PS/litre ** 1975–1981 –– 208 GT4, 208 GTB/GTS ***1990.63 cc – 170 PS (for 208 GT4) or 155 PS (for 208 GTB/GTS models) at 7,700 rpm (Bore 66.8 mm X Stroke 71 mm) 248.83 cc and 21.25 PS per cylinder – 85.4 PS/litre ** 1982–1989 1990 cc turbocharged –– 208 GTB/GTS Turbo, GTB/GTS Turbo ** 1984–1985 2855 cc turbocharged –– Tipo F114B – 288 GTO (designed by Nicola Materazzi) ** 1980–1982 2926 cc fuel injection –– 308 GTBi/GTSi, Mondial 8 ** 1982–1985 2926 cc quattrovalvole –– 308 GTB/GTS qv, Mondial qv ** 1985–1989 3185 cc –– 328 GTB/GTS, 3.2 Mondial ** 1987–1988 2936 cc turbocharged –– Tipo F120A – F40(designed by Nicola Materazzi) ** 1989–1995 3405 cc –– Mondial t, 348 tb/ts, GTB/GTS, Spider ** 1994–1999 3496 cc 5-valve –– F355 GTB, GTS, Spider ** 1999–2004 3586 cc 5-valve –– 360 Modena, Spider, Challenge Stradale * Tipo F136 Ferrari/Maserati engine ** 2001–2019 4244 cc –– Maserati Coupé, Maserati Spyder, Maserati Quattroporte V, Maserati GranTurismo ** 2004–2009 4308 cc –– F430 ** 2007–2019 4691 cc –– Maserati Quattroporte V, Maserati GranTurismo, Alfa Romeo 8C Competizione ** 2008–2014 4297 cc –– California ** 2009–2015 4499 cc –– 458 * Tipo 056 (F1 engine) (designed by Gilles Simon) ** 2006–2013 2398 cc –– 248 F1, F2007, F2008, F60, F10, 150° Italia, F2012, F138, Force India VJM01, Red Bull RB2, Spyker F8-VII/VIIB, Toro Rosso STR2/2B, STR3, STR4, STR5, STR6, STR7, STR8, Sauber C29, C30, C31, C32 * Tipo F154 (turbocharged) ** 2013–present 3797 cc –– Maserati Quattroporte GTS/Trofeo, Maserati Levante GTS/Trofeo, Maserati Ghibli Trofeo ** 2014–present 3855 cc –– California T, GTC4Lusso T, Portofino, Roma ** 2015–present 3902 cc –– 488, F8 ** 2020–present 3990 cc –– SF90 Stradale ==V10== Ferrari used V10 engines only for F1 racecars, between 1996 and 2005. * 75° ** 1996–1997 2998 cc – F310, F310B * 80° ** 1998–1999 2997 cc – F300, F399 * 90° ** 2000–2005 2997 cc – F1-2000, F2001, F2002, F2003-GA, F2004, F2005 ==V12== Ferrari is best known for its V12 engines. * Colombo (60° V angle) ** 1947 1497 cc – 125 S ** 1947 1903 cc – 159 S ** 1947–1953 1995 cc – 166 ** 1948–1950 1497 cc supercharged – 125 F1 ** 1949–1952 1995 cc supercharged – 166 FL ** 1950–1951 2341 cc – 195 ** 1950–1953 2563 cc – 212 ** 1952 2714 cc – 225 S ** 1952–1954 2953 cc – 250 S, 250 MM ** 1954 2953 cc – Tipo 117/107 – 250 Monza ** 1954–1956 2953 cc – Tipo 112 – 250 Europa GT ** 1956–1963 2953 cc – Tipo 128 – 250 GT Coupé, 250 GT LWB/GTE ** 1959–1964 2953 cc – Tipo 168 – 250 GT SWB/GTO/GTL ** 1959–1964 3967 cc – Tipo 163 – 400 Superamerica, 330 TRI/LM, 330 LMB ** 1964–1966 4962 cc – Tipo 208 – 500 Superfast ** 1964–1967 3286 cc – Tipo 213 – 275 GTB/GTS ** 1966–1968 3967 cc – Tipo 209 – 330 America, 330 GTC ** 1967–1968 3286 cc – Tipo 226 – 275 GTB/4 ** 1966–1976 4390 cc – 365, 365 GTC/4, Daytona ** 1969–1970 2991 cc – Ferrari 312 P ** 1976–1984 4823 cc – 400 ** 1985–1989 4943 cc – 412 * Lampredi (60° V angle) ** 1950 3322 cc – 275 S, 275 F1 ** 1950–1953 4101 cc – 340 F1, 340/342 America, 340 Mexico/MM ** 1950–1954 4493 cc – 375 F1/375 MM ** 1952 4382 cc – 375 Indianapolis ** 1953–1955 4522 cc – 375 America/375 MM ** 1953 2963 cc – 250 Europa ** 1954 4954 cc – 375 Plus ** 1955–1959 4962 cc – 410 S, 410 Superamerica * Jano (60° V angle) – designed by Vittorio Jano, Vittorio Bellentani and Alberto Massimino ** 1956 3490 cc – Tipo 130 – 290 MM ** 1957 3490 cc – Tipo 136 – 290 S ** 1957 3783 cc – Tipo 140 – 315 S ** 1957 2953 cc – Tipo 142 – 312 S ** 1957–1958 4023 cc – Tipo 141 – 335 S, 412 MI, 412 S * 3.5L F1 engines (65° V angle) ** 1989–1994 3500 cc – Ferrari 640, Ferrari 641, Ferrari 642, Ferrari 643, Ferrari F92A, Ferrari F93A, Ferrari 412 T1 * 3.5/3.0L F1 engines (75° V angle) ** 1994 3500 cc – Ferrari 412 T1 ** 1995 3000 cc – Ferrari 412 T2 * Tipo F116 & F133 (65° V angle) ** 1992–2001 5474 cc – 456/456 M, 550 Maranello/ 550 Barchetta Pininfarina ** 2002–2011 5748 cc – 575M Maranello/ Superamerica, 612 Scaglietti * Ferrari iron block (Tipo F130 and F310) (65° V angle) ** 1994–1999 –– 333 SP *** 3,997.12 cc – 650 PS at 11,000 rpm (Bore 85 mm X Stroke 58.7 mm) 333.1 cc and 54.17 PS per cylinder – 162.62 PS/litre ** 1995–1997 –– F50, F50 GT *** 4,698.49 cc – 749 PS at 10,500 rpm (Bore 85 mm X Stroke 69 mm) 391.54 cc and 62,42 PS per cylinder – 159.42 PS/litre * Tipo F140 (65° V angle) ** 2003–2012 5998 cc – Enzo Ferrari, 599 GTB Fiorano/ 599 GTO, Maserati MC12 ** 2005–present 6262 cc – FF, GTC4Lusso, F12berlinetta/F12tdf, LaFerrari ** 2017–present 6496 cc – 812, Daytona SP3, Purosangue == Flat-12 == *Mauro Forghieri-designed racing flat-12s ** 1964–1965 1490 cc – Tipo 207 – 512 F1 ** 1969 1991 cc – Tipo 232 – 212 E Montagna ** 1970–1974 2992 cc – Tipo 001 – Ferrari 312B series ** 1971–1973 2992 cc – Tipo 001 – Ferrari 312PB ** 1975–1980 2992 cc – Tipo 015 – Ferrari 312T series * Roadgoing flat-12s, designed by Giuliano de Angelis and Angelo Bellei ** 1971–1976 4390 cc – Tipo F102A – 365 GT4 BB ** 1976–1981 4942 cc – Tipo F102B – 512 BB ** 1981–1984 – Tipo F110A – 512 BBi ** 1984–1991 – Tipo F113A/B – Testarossa ** 1991–1994 – Tipo F113D – 512 TR ** 1994–1996 – Tipo F113G – F512 M ==See also== * Ferrari * List of Ferrari road cars * List of Ferrari competition cars ==References== * Ferrari Category:Ferrari

['Ferrari', 'Formula Two', 'Formula One', 'V6 engine', 'DOHC', 'Vittorio Jano', 'Dino 206 S', 'Fiat Dino', 'Lancia Stratos', 'Aurelio Lampredi', 'Ferrari 156', 'Mauro Forghieri', 'Nicola Materazzi', 'Ferrari 126C', 'Ferrari 156/85', 'Ferrari F1-86', 'Ferrari F1-87', 'Luca Marmorini', 'Ferrari F14 T', 'Ferrari SF15-T', 'Sauber C33', 'Sauber C34', 'Ferrari SF16-H', 'Haas VF-16', 'Sauber C35', 'Sauber C36', 'Ferrari SF70H', 'Haas VF-17', 'Sauber C37', 'Haas VF-18', 'Ferrari SF71H', 'Ferrari SF90', 'Haas VF-19', 'Lancia', 'Maserati Coupé', 'Maserati Quattroporte', 'Maserati GranTurismo', 'Alfa Romeo 8C Competizione', 'Force India VJM01', 'Red Bull RB2', 'Toro Rosso STR2', 'Sauber C29', 'Maserati Levante', 'V12 engine', 'Ferrari 312 P', 'Ferrari 640', 'Ferrari 641', 'Ferrari 642', 'Ferrari 643', 'Ferrari F92A', 'Ferrari F93A', 'Ferrari 412 T1', 'Ferrari 412 T2', 'Maserati MC12', 'Ferrari 312B', 'Ferrari 312PB', 'Ferrari 312T']

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M*A*S*H is an American television series developed by Larry Gelbart and adapted from the 1970 feature film MASH (which was itself based on the 1968 novel MASH: A Novel About Three Army Doctors by Richard Hooker). It follows a team of doctors and support staff stationed at the 4077th MASH (Mobile Army Surgical Hospital) in Uijeongbu, South Korea, during the Korean War. The episodes were produced by 20th Century Fox Television for the CBS network and aired from September 17, 1972, to February 28, 1983. The series, which covered a three-year military conflict, spanned 255 episodes and a 2 hour finale over 11 seasons. The regular cast originally consisted of Alan Alda as Captain Benjamin Franklin "Hawkeye" Pierce and Wayne Rogers as Captain "Trapper" John McIntyre, two surgeons; McLean Stevenson as Lieutenant Colonel Henry Blake, a surgeon and the base commander; Loretta Swit as Major Margaret J. "Hot Lips" Houlihan, the head nurse; Larry Linville as Major Frank Burns, another surgeon; and Gary Burghoff as Corporal Walter "Radar" O'Reilly, the company clerk. Recurring characters in the first season consisted of John Orchard as Captain "Ugly John" Black, Timothy Brown as Captain "Spearchucker" Jones, William Christopher as First Lieutenant 'Father' John Patrick Mulcahy, the company chaplain (played by George Morgan in the pilot), and Jamie Farr as Corporal Maxwell Klinger. Several changes were made in the cast line up during the 11-year run. Ugly John and Spearchucker were dropped after the first season, while Klinger and Father Mulcahy were retained and became permanent cast members in, respectively, the fourth and fifth seasons. Rogers and Stevenson left the series at the end of the third season and were replaced in the fourth by, respectively, Mike Farrell as Captain B. J. Hunnicutt and Harry Morgan as Colonel Sherman Potter. Linville left the series at the end of the fifth season and was replaced in the sixth by David Ogden Stiers as Major Charles Emerson Winchester III. Burghoff left the series during the eighth season. Two recurring characters—Allan Arbus as Major Sidney Freedman, a psychiatrist (called Milton Freedman in his first appearance) and Edward Winter as Colonel Sam Flagg (a Lieutenant Colonel, before the fourth season), CIA—were introduced in the second season. Although not an immediate success, the popularity of M*A*S*H increased in its second season, when it ranked among the ten most-popular programs on prime time American television. Except for the fourth season, where it dropped to number 15, the series stayed in the top 10 for the remainder of its run. The final episode, "Goodbye, Farewell and Amen", became the most-watched show in American television history with 106 million viewers. During its 11-year run M*A*S*H received 14 Emmy Awards. The series continues to air in syndication, while the entire run has been released on DVD. ==Series overview== Cast Character Played by Season 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 Capt. Benjamin Franklin "Hawkeye" Pierce Alan Alda colspan="11" Capt. "Trapper John" McIntyre Wayne Rogers colspan="3" colspan="8" Capt. B.J. Hunnicutt Mike Farrell colspan="3" colspan="8" Lt. Col. Henry Blake McLean Stevenson colspan="3" colspan="8" Col. Sherman T. Potter Harry Morgan colspan="3" colspan="8" Maj. Margaret "Hot Lips" Houlihan Loretta Swit colspan="11" Maj. Frank Burns Larry Linville colspan="5" colspan="6" Maj. Charles Winchester David Ogden Stiers colspan="5" colspan="6" Cpl. Walter "Radar" O'Reilly Gary Burghoff colspan="8" colspan="3" Cpl. Maxwell Q. Klinger Jamie Farr colspan="4" colspan="7" Father Francis Mulcahy William Christopher colspan="5" colspan="6" Major Sidney Freedman Allan Arbus colspan="10" Colonel Sam Flagg Edward Winter colspan="10" Captain "Ugly John" Black John Orchard colspan="10" Captain "Spearchucker" Jones Timothy Brown colspan="10" Notes * a. Harry Morgan was a guest star in the third season in a different role * b. George Morgan played Father Mulcahy in the series' first episode * c. Called Milton Freeman in his first appearance * d. Presented as a Lieutenant Colonel in the second and third seasons ==Episodes== * All episodes are listed in order of air date. * No. in Series refers to that episode's number within the overall series. * No. in Season refers to the order in which the episode aired within that particular season. * Production codes are taken from the M*A*S*H episode database. (Note: Database in Microsoft Access form needs to be downloaded) ===Season 1 (1972–73)=== * Captain Spearchucker Jones and Captain Ugly John are introduced as supporting characters; both are dropped during the season's run. ===Season 2 (1973–74)=== ===Season 3 (1974–75)=== ===Season 4 (1975–76)=== ===Season 5 (1976–77)=== ===Season 6 (1977–78)=== ===Season 7 (1978–79)=== ===Season 8 (1979–80)=== ===Season 9 (1980–81)=== ===Season 10 (1981–82)=== ===Season 11 (1982–83)=== == See also == * List of most-watched television broadcasts ==References== ;Books * * ;Web site * ;Footnotes == External links == * M*A*S*H episode list from TV Tome Category:Lists of American comedy-drama television series episodes Category:Lists of American sitcom episodes

['Alan Alda', 'Wayne Rogers', 'McLean Stevenson', 'Loretta Swit', 'Larry Gelbart', 'MASH: A Novel About Three Army Doctors', 'Mobile Army Surgical Hospital', 'Uijeongbu', 'South Korea', 'Korean War', '20th Century Fox Television', 'CBS', 'Larry Linville', 'Gary Burghoff', 'John Orchard', 'William Christopher', 'Jamie Farr', 'Mike Farrell', 'Harry Morgan', 'David Ogden Stiers', 'Allan Arbus', 'Goodbye, Farewell and Amen', 'Emmy Award', 'List of most-watched television broadcasts']

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Temotu can refer to: * Temotu Province, a province of the Solomon Islands * Temotu, Tuvalu, an island in Vaitupu, Tuvalu * Temotu, Kiribati, a village on Marakei, Kiribati == See also == * Temotu languages

['Temotu Province', 'Temotu, Tuvalu', 'Temotu languages']

['Q936088', 'Q16901401', 'Q3075769']

[[(23, 38)], [(76, 90)], [(189, 205)]]

Taumako is the largest of the Duff Islands, in the Solomon Islands. This island has steep sides and rises to a height of above sea level. It is composed of basaltic lavas and pyroclastics like the other islands in the Duffs. thumb|right|300px|Taumako seen from space. Courtesy NASA. The inhabitants of the Duff Islands are Polynesians, and their language, Vaeakau- Taumako, is a member of the Samoic branch of Polynesian languages. On the Duff Islands live about 439 people (1999 census). The islands were settled at least as early as 900 BC, by people who made pottery known as Lapita. Archaeological research has shown that this pottery was made using local clay and sand from the island. These Lapita people spread far as wide from the coastal area of Papua New Guinea to the islands of Tonga and Samoa; that is, throughout islands known as both Melanesia and Polynesia. Consequently, the people of Taumako experienced wide-ranging influences, and could be said to have been both Melanesian and Polynesian throughout their long history. The way of life is traditional by subsistence gardening and fishing. Taumako has no roads, airport, telephones, or electricity. Contact with outsiders comes by battery- powered marine radio and the scheduled (but rarely happening) monthly inter- island ship from Honiara. However the radio is only for use by the clinic, and the battery is often flat. ==Traditional navigation== Studies of David Lewis and Marianne (Mimi) George identified that traditional Polynesian navigational techniques were still preserved in these islands. The people of Taumako built one of the oldest documented proa sailing canoes, called Te Puke and known to westerners as Tepukei or TePuke or other spellings. People from Outer Reef Islands and many other islands in SE Solomons also refer to this design as "Puki" and make no distinction between TePuke and Te Alo Lili or other Taumako designs. In 1969, Tevake accompanied David Henry Lewis on his ketch Isbjorn from Taumako using traditional navigation techniques by studying wave patterns and made landfall at Fenualoa, having navigated for without being able to view the stars, due to cloud cover. Starting in 1996 the Vaka Taumako project of Pacific Traditions Society has been working to assist Taumako people to perpetuate the ancient Polynesian seafaring techniques of the people of Taumako.Vaka Taumako Project website Vaka Taumako Facebook Page Since 2017 these efforts have been led by Vaka Valo Association of Taumako. ==Prehistory== People have been living in the Duff Islands for 3,000 years. The first people on these islands made pottery using clay and sand temper which was available locally. A small amount of this pottery was decorated in the distinctive Lapita style with dentate stamping. These first inhabitants made stone tools using high quality chert which was also local. This same chert has been found in archaeological sites in the nearby Reef Islands, dating at least two centuries before the first known evidence in the Duff Islands.Leach, B.F. and Davidson, J.M. 2008. The Archaeology of Taumako: a Polynesian Outlier in the Eastern Solomon Islands. Monograph. New Zealand Journal of Archaeology Special Publication. 691 pp., page 295 Later archaeological sites dating from AD 1,000 through to the 19th century contain a diverse range of personal ornaments, many of which are similar to those present in ethnographic collections from Santa Cruz displayed in numerous museums around the world. Several of these ornaments can now be shown to be present throughout the 3,000 years of their prehistory. Amongst these are the famous Tridacna shell breast pendants.Leach, B.F. and Davidson, J.M. 2008. The Archaeology of Taumako: a Polynesian Outlier in the Eastern Solomon Islands. Monograph. New Zealand Journal of Archaeology Special Publication. 691 pp.Davidson, J.M. and Leach, B.F. 1991. Bird-man amulets and Tridacna shell discs from Taumako, Solomon Islands. pp. 478-483 In: Pawley, A. (ed.) Man and a Half: Essays in Pacific Anthropology and Ethnobiology in Honour of Ralph Bulmer. The Polynesian Society, Auckland. Memoir 48. Several specimens have imprints of fine loom woven cloth, representing the first unequivocal evidence for the presence of the loom in prehistoric Oceania.Leach, B.F. and Davidson, J.M. 2008. The Archaeology of Taumako: a Polynesian Outlier in the Eastern Solomon Islands. Monograph. New Zealand Journal of Archaeology Special Publication. 691 pp., page 190 The backstrap loom has an unusual distribution in the Pacific region, including amongst the Atayal people of Taiwan, the islands of Yap in Micronesia, the Polynesian atholl of Kapingamarangi, and the Santa Cruz area in the Solomons. Throughout the Duff Islands' prehistory there is clear archaeological evidence of contact with other Pacific Island peoples from as far afield as the Fiji-Samoa area. This is evident from stone adzes in these islands made from a form of basalt only found in the stone quarries of Tutuila in American Samoa.Campbell, H.J. Geological report on nine adzes from the Solomon Islands. pp. 427-431. In: Leach, B.F. and Davidson, J.M. 2008. The Archaeology of Taumako: a Polynesian Outlier in the Eastern Solomon Islands. Monograph. New Zealand Journal of Archaeology Special Publication. Most evidence of contact, however, is predictably from closer to Taumako, especially the nearby Santa Cruz region. These wide-ranging external contacts have resulted in a population of people which shows a profound mixture of Melanesian and Polynesian physical features.Leach, B.F. and Davidson, J.M. 2008. The Archaeology of Taumako: a Polynesian Outlier in the Eastern Solomon Islands. Monograph. New Zealand Journal of Archaeology Special Publication. 691 pp., page 245 Life in the Duff Islands during the prehistoric period was far from idyllic with a high incidence of the infectious disease yaws.Houghton, P. The people of Namu. pp. 325-352 In: Leach, B.F. and Davidson, J.M. 2008. The Archaeology of Taumako: a Polynesian Outlier in the Eastern Solomon Islands. Monograph. New Zealand Journal of Archaeology Special Publication. This affected children as well as adults and in later life was often debilitating (ibid.: 229). There is also archaeological evidence of inter-personal hostility with deaths being caused by spear wounds .Buckley, H.R. 2000. A possible fatal wounding in the prehistoric Pacific Islands. International Journal of Osteoarchaeology 10(2): 135-141. Some of this may have resulted from warfare between different groups, either locally or with arrivals from further afield. ==History== The first known European visit to the Duff Islands was the expedition led by the Spanish explorer Quiros in AD 1606. One of the late archaeological sites contained objects made from European materials. Amongst these, a piece of pottery has a mineralogy consistent with Spanish pottery of Quiros' period. In addition a small piece of brass has a chemical composition suggesting the same derivation.Leach, B.F. and Davidson, J.M. 2008. The Archaeology of Taumako: a Polynesian Outlier in the Eastern Solomon Islands. Monograph. New Zealand Journal of Archaeology Special Publication. 691 pp., page 272 ==Notes== ==References== * Article on Duff islands * Ben Finney and Sam Low, "Navigation", in K.R.Howe(eds), "Vaka Moana:Voyages of the Ancestors", Bateman, 2007. * Leach, B.F. and Davidson, J.M. 2008. The archaeology of Taumako: A Polynesian outlier in the Eastern Solomon Islands. New Zealand Journal of Archaeology Special Publication. ==External links== * HOME | Vaka Taumako Project * (PDF) Leach, B.F. and Davidson, J.M. 2008. The Archaeology of Taumako: a Polynesian Outlier in the Eastern Solomon Islands. Monograph. New Zealand Journal of Archaeology Special Publication. 691 pp. | Foss Leach - Academia.edu Category:Islands of the Solomon Islands Category:Polynesian outliers Category:Polynesian navigation

['Duff Islands', 'Solomon Islands', 'NASA', 'Polynesians', 'Polynesian languages', 'Honiara', 'David Henry Lewis', 'Polynesian navigation', 'Tepukei', 'Fenualoa', 'Lapita', 'Reef Islands', 'Kapingamarangi']

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Rohn Thomas is an American actor, based mainly in the Cleveland/Pittsburgh areas who has appeared in supporting roles in such notable movies as The Shawshank Redemption and The Mothman Prophecies. Thomas is a working man's character actor who, while not achieving the notoriety of some of his more famous co-stars, has become widely known for his consistent and strong performances. Other films Thomas has appeared in include Welcome to Collinwood, Proximity, Turn of Faith, The Dream Catcher, Sudden Death, Roommates, Double Dragon, The Dark Half, Innocent Blood, Waterland, Iron Maze, Striking Distance and The Ides of March. In addition to film, Thomas has been an Equity Actor for over twenty-five years and has worked at such regional theaters as the Repertory Theatre of St. Louis, the Studio Arena in Buffalo, The Cleveland Play House, and the Great Lakes Theatre Festival. His work also includes industrial film (corporate training videos), voice-overs and commercials. He has appeared on the hit television series The West Wing. Other television credits include the made-for-TV films What She Doesn't Know, Babe Ruth, Guilty Until Proven Innocent, Murder Ordained and the television pilot Equal Justice. When not working on stage, screen or studio, Thomas teaches his popular workshop, Acting for the Camera, at Kent State University. Thomas feels that actor training in the US today must include instruction in film acting. Thomas lives in Kent, Ohio and is married to Terri Kent, Artistic Director of Porthouse Theatre. They have four children. ==Filmography== Year Title Role Notes 1991 Iron Maze Doctor 1992 Waterland Barman 1992 Innocent Blood Coroner 1993 The Dark Half Dr. Albertson 1994 The Shawshank Redemption Bugle Editor 1995 Double Dragon Tour Guide 1995 Roommates Kevin 1995 Sudden Death Mayor Taylor 1997 Telling Lies in America Sgt. Disapri 1999 The Dream Catcher Raymond 2001 Proximity Marjorie's husband 2002 The Mothman Prophecies Dr. Williams 2002 Welcome to Collinwood Janitor 2002 Turn of Faith Agent Two 2010 True Nature Barry 2011 The Ides of March Stage Manager 2013 A Resurrection Priest 2016 The Umbrella Man Allen Atwood ==External links== * Category:Year of birth missing (living people) Category:Living people Category:American male film actors Category:Male actors from Pennsylvania Category:Male actors from Ohio Category:People from Kent, Ohio

['Cleveland', 'Pittsburgh', 'The Shawshank Redemption', 'Welcome to Collinwood', 'Turn of Faith', 'The Dream Catcher', 'Iron Maze', 'Striking Distance', 'The West Wing', 'Murder Ordained', 'Kent State University', 'Kent, Ohio', 'Telling Lies in America']

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Edward L. Cahn (February 12, 1899 – August 25, 1963) was an American film director and editor. == Early life and education == Cahn was born in Brooklyn, New York. He went to work at Universal Pictures in 1917 while still a student at UCLA. == Career == He is best known for directing Our Gang comedies from 1939 to 1943, and a long line of other short subjects and B-movies afterward. He is also known for directing the 1958 film It! The Terror from Beyond Space, the film that inspired the 1979 film Alien. He made a number of films for American International Pictures.Mark McGee, Faster and Furiouser: The Revised and Fattened Fable of American International Pictures, McFarland, 1996 p52 == Personal life == His brother was film editor Philip Cahn, who was the father of film editor Dann Cahn, who, in turn, was the father of film editor Daniel T. Cahn. == Selected filmography as director== *The Homicide Squad (1931) *Radio Patrol (1932) *Law and Order (1932) *Afraid to Talk (1932) *Laughter in Hell (1933) *Emergency Call (1933) *Confidential (1935) *Death Drives Through (1935) *Hit and Run Driver (1935) *A Thrill for Thelma (1935) *Foolproof (1936) *The Perfect Set-up (1936) *Behind the Headlines (1936) *Servant of the People: The Story of the Constitution of the United States (1937) *Bad Guy (1937) *Grid Rules (1938) *Dad for a Day (1939) *The Giant of Norway (1939) *Angel of Mercy (1939) *Alfalfa's Double (1939) *Time Out for Lessons (1939) *Redhead (1941) *Main Street After Dark (1945) *Dangerous Partners (1945) * Gas House Kids in Hollywood (1947) *Experiment Alcatraz (1950) (and producer) *Destination Murder (1950) *Creature with the Atom Brain (1955) *Girls in Prison (1956) The She-Creature (1956) Voodoo Woman (1957) *Zombies of Mora Tau (1957) *Invasion of the Saucer Men (1957) *Curse of the Faceless Man (1958) *It! The Terror from Beyond Space (1958) *Pier 5, Havana (1958) *The Four Skulls of Jonathan Drake (1959) * Inside the Mafia (1959) *Invisible Invaders (1959) *A Dog's Best Friend (1959) * Operation Bottleneck (1961) * Beauty and the Beast (1962) == Editor== * Surrender (1927) * The Man Who Laughs (1928) * Broadway (1929) (associate editor) * The White Hell of Pitz Palu (1929) * The Last Performance (1929) * All Quiet on the Western Front (1930) == References == == External links == * Category:1899 births Category:1963 deaths Cahn Category:Horror film directors Category:Science fiction film directors

['Brooklyn', 'Universal Pictures', 'Our Gang', 'B-movie', 'It! The Terror from Beyond Space', 'American International Pictures', 'Philip Cahn', 'Dann Cahn', 'Afraid to Talk', 'Laughter in Hell', 'Death Drives Through', "Alfalfa's Double", 'Time Out for Lessons', 'Main Street After Dark', 'Dangerous Partners', 'Gas House Kids in Hollywood', 'Experiment Alcatraz', 'Destination Murder', 'Zombies of Mora Tau', 'Invasion of the Saucer Men', 'Curse of the Faceless Man', 'Pier 5, Havana', 'The Four Skulls of Jonathan Drake', 'Inside the Mafia', 'Invisible Invaders', "A Dog's Best Friend", 'Operation Bottleneck', 'The Last Performance']

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Sharp NEC Display Solutions (Sharp/NEC; formerly NEC Display Solutions or NDS and NEC-Mitsubishi Electric Visual Systems or NEC-Mitsubishi or NM Visual) is a manufacturer of computer monitors and large-screen public-information displays, and has sold and marketed products under the NEC brand globally for more than twenty years. The company sells display products to the consumer, business, professional (e.g. financial, graphic design, CAD/CAM), digital signage and medical markets. The company again became a joint venture of Sharp and NEC Corporation when NEC sold 66% to Sharp on March 25, 2020. Prior to that date, it was a wholly owned subsidiary of Japan-based NEC Corporation since March 31, 2005. Originally, the company was known as NEC-Mitsubishi, a 50/50 joint venture between NEC Corporation and Mitsubishi Electric that began in 2000, and sold display products under both the NEC and Mitsubishi brands. The company is no longer affiliated with Mitsubishi. == Brands == * NEC MultiSync - line of LCD and CRT monitors and large format public displays designed for business applications, lifestyle and gaming. * NEC AccuSync - line of LCD and CRT monitors designed for home and office applications. * NEC SpectraView - line of LCD monitors designed for color sensitive graphics applications. * NEC SpectraView Reference - a line of LCD monitors designed for color critical professional applications * NEC MD Series - line of LCD monitors designed for medical diagnostic imaging applications. * NEC MULTEOS - line of LCD monitors designed for public demonstrations. ==See also== *Cromaclear *Diamondtron ==References== == External links == * Global ** Sharp NEC Display Solutions of America ** Sharp NEC Display Solutions Europe ** Sharp NEC Display Solutions Asia ** Sharp NEC Display Solutions Japan Category:NEC subsidiaries Category:Display technology companies

['NEC', 'Mitsubishi Electric', 'Cromaclear', 'Diamondtron']

['Q219203', 'Q53257', 'Q2239873', 'Q337538']

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The product/process distinction is the distinction between the product information and the process information of a consumer good. Product information is information that pertains to a consumer good, namely to its price, quality, and safety (its proximate attributes). Process information is information that pertains to the means by which the consumer good is made i.e. the working conditions under which it comes into being, as well as the treatment of animals involved in its production chain (its peripheral attributes). The product/process distinction is used by the World Trade Organization (WTO) as a way to determine whether or not a complaint filed by an importing nation is valid and warrants trade barriers against the exporting nation. Under WTO rules, an importing nation can lodge a complaint with the WTO that the exporting nation uses methods for obtaining or producing the good in question that the importing nation finds to be immoral or unethical. If the independent World Trade Organization Advisory Board, made up of a panel of international law and trade experts, finds that the importing nation has a legitimate complaint, enforces said ethical standards for domestic production, and isn't trying to merely skirt its free trade obligations, then the Board will rule that trade barriers are justified. Despite what World Trade Organization officials have said, in practice the World Trade Organization finds these complaints illegitimate the vast majority of the time. For example, if the European Union (EU) wants to ban imports of cosmetics that were tested on laboratory animals on grounds that such testing is unethical, it can file a complaint with the World Trade Organization and, in theory, the WTO would allow the EU to enact trade barriers provided that the EU bans its own domestic cosmetic producers from testing on laboratory animals. In these cases, however, the World Trade Organization has consistently ruled that such barriers are illegal because only the process is different, while the final product itself is not. Therefore, the WTO has made the product/process distinction an important factor in determining whether trade barriers are justified. The World Trade Organization has stated that if nations were able to enact barriers merely because the importing nation's standards differ from their own, control could be lost and barriers could be enacted around the world for frivolous reasons.{{|date=May 2013}} However, many complain that these rulings go against the stated intentions of the World Trade Organization, and prove that the organization often puts commercial interests above environmental, ethical, and human rights issues. ==References== Category:World Trade Organization Category:Conceptual distinctions

['World Trade Organization', 'European Union']

['Q7825', 'Q458']

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The Treaty of Ancón was a peace treaty signed by Chile and Peru on 20 October 1883, in Ancón, near Lima. It was intended to settle the two nations' remaining territorial differences at the conclusion of their involvement in the War of the Pacific and to stabilise post-bellum relations between them. Under the treaty's terms, Chile gained control over Tarapacá. Chile was also to retain the conquered provinces of Tacna and Arica for ten years, after which their fate was to be decided by a plebiscite, which was never held.Egaña, Rafael (1900) The Tacna and Arica question. Historical antecedents.--Diplomatic action. Present state of the affair (translated from the Spanish edition by Edwin C. Reed) Barcelona Printing Office, Santiago, Chile, The Tacna–Arica question would only be settled in 1929, through the mediation of the United States under President Herbert Hoover. This treaty, known as the Treaty of Lima, ceded Arica to Chile, while Peru regained Tacna and received USD $6 million indemnity and other concessions.Jane, Lionel Cecil (1930) "The question of Tacna-Arica ..." Transactions of the Grotius Society 15: pp. 93–119 ==Background== During the War of the Pacific and the subsequent Chilean occupation of Peru, a series of parallel governments were established. The Chilean occupying administration established a collaborationist government in La Magdalena headed by Francisco García Calderón in order to be able to represent the occupied country in peace negotiations, while Nicolás de Piérola's constitutional government settled in Ayacucho after leaving Lima. Both governments disputed each other's legitimacy, with a third government headed by Lizardo Montero establishing itself in Arequipa and succeeding García Calderón's government in 1883, after the latter's forced exile to Valparaíso. A fourth government, headed by Miguel Iglesias, succeeded the Magdalena government in 1883 after being recognized by Chile, with both countries establishing the negotiations that would eventually lead to a final peace treaty. Iglesias, unlike the other heads of state, demanded peace with Chile at all costs, including the loss of territory. As a result, Andrés Avelino Cáceres' troops attempted to capture Cajamarca, but did not succeed. Cáceres himself was defeated at the Battle of Huamachuco on July 10, 1883. ==Treaty== The treaty's contents mainly dealt with the restoration of peace between both countries, as well as the laws regarding commerce agreed upon by both countries before the war. Article 2 of the treaty ceded the territory of Tarapacá to Chile unconditionally, and Article 13 demanded recognition of the validity of the Chilean administrative and judicial acts that occurred during the military occupation of Peru. The time period established to exchange of ratifications of the treaty was ordered to be within 160 days of the signing of the treaty. Article 3 of the treaty proved to be the most controversial, as it stipulated that the territory of the provinces of Arica and Tacna were to continue under Chilean administration for 10 years, after which a plebiscite would decide which country the inhabitants wanted to belong to. The country chosen by the plebiscite would then pay $10,000,000 to the other. The plebiscite was never held in the end, with the status quo remaining until 1929, when the Treaty of Lima was signed. Chilean historians claim that this article was a covert transfer of both provinces to Chile and intended to be handed over to Bolivia when peace was signed there. This claim is disputed by Peruvian historians, such as and Jorge Basadre. Articles 4 to 10 deal with the economic consequences of the change of ownership of guano and saltpeter deposits. Chile was to allocate 50% of the profits from the sale of guano from already known deposits to the payment of the Peruvian debt. Profits obtained from unknown deposits before the treaty would go entirely to Chile, this was valid for any form of sales contract. Peru and Chile had to agree on sales prices and amounts to prevent harmful competition, creditors had to have their securities qualified by the Chilean authorities and other debt securities would not be recognized. The would remain under Chilean administration and exploitation as long as there were exploitable guano deposits and 50% of the profits were to be delivered to Peru. Article 12 established arbitral tribunals that determined the compensation to be paid to Chilean citizens expelled from Peru whose assets had been seized at the beginning of the war. ==Aftermath== Dissatisfaction with the treaty led to the Peruvian Civil War of 1884–1885, which overthrew Iglesias' government. On January 8, 1890, the Castellón-Elías protocol was signed, which handed Peru practically all the guano exploitation of Tarapacá, under the condition that it had to hand it over to the creditors. In exchange, the creditors recognized that the debt transferred to Chile for the occupation of the mortgaged deposits was limited to that indicated in the Treaty of Ancón. The Tacna–Arica situation began the Chilean–Peruvian territorial dispute, which would only be solved in 1929 with the Treaty of Lima, with Tacna returning to Peru and Arica being ceded to Chile. One important provision in the treaty said that Chile could not cede sovereignty of former Peruvian territories to other nations without asking Peru first. The Chapter has been invoked once, during the Chilean proposal of 1975 that offered Bolivia sovereignty over some minor ports. The Peruvian government rejected the proposed land swap. ==See also== *Bolivia–Chile peace treaty, 1904 *Treaty of Lima, 1929 ==References== ==External links== Category:History of the foreign relations of Chile Category:Chile–Peru treaties Category:War of the Pacific Category:Treaties involving territorial changes Category:1883 in Chile Category:1883 in Peru Category:Boundary treaties Category:Chile–Peru border Category:1883 treaties

['Chilean occupation of Peru', 'Chile', 'Peru', 'Lima', 'War of the Pacific', 'United States', 'Herbert Hoover', 'USD', 'Francisco García Calderón', 'Nicolás de Piérola', 'Ayacucho', 'Lizardo Montero', 'Arequipa', 'Valparaíso', 'Miguel Iglesias', 'Andrés Avelino Cáceres', 'Battle of Huamachuco', 'Jorge Basadre', 'Peruvian Civil War of 1884–1885']

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Thomas Marvin Hatley (April 3, 1905 - August 23, 1986), professionally known simply as Marvin Hatley, was an American film composer and musical director, best known for his work for the Hal Roach studio from 1929 until 1940. Hatley wrote many of the musical cues appearing in the Our Gang, Laurel and Hardy, and Charley Chase films. His most memorable composition is "Dance of the Cuckoos""Dance Of The Cuckoos": "I'm cuckoo, and you're cuckoo, so let's take a chance - and doing your dance; well I'm cuckoo, and you're cuckoo, sing Laa- laa-laa-laa-la la..." (also known as "Ku-Ku", or "The Cookoo Song"),Louvish, Simon (2001). Stan and Ollie: The Roots of Comedy: The Double Life of Laurel and Hardy, p. 267. St. Martin's Press. which serves as Laurel and Hardy's theme song. He was also the "player piano" (performing off-screen) in The Music Box (1932). His work in Laurel and Hardy's films Way Out West and Block- Heads earned him nominations for the Academy Award for Best Original Score.Piazza, Jim, & Kinn, Gail (2008). The Academy Awards: The Complete Unofficial History, p. 45. New York: Black Dog & Leventhal Publishers, Inc. In 1939, Hatley was fired from the Roach studio. At the insistence of Stan Laurel, however, he did return to score one final Laurel & Hardy film, Saps at Sea. Hatley went on to become a lounge pianist, and often remarked that he earned more money in that career than during his days at the Roach studio. Marvin Hatley was a native of Reed, Oklahoma. He died on August 23, 1986, in Hollywood, California. ==Selected filmography== * I'll Sell My Life (1941) * Uncle Joe (1941) ==References== ==External links== * *On-line bio of Hatley Category:1905 births Category:1986 deaths Category:American film score composers Category:Hal Roach Studios filmmakers Category:Burials at Forest Lawn Memorial Park (Hollywood Hills) Category:20th-century classical musicians Category:20th-century American composers Category:Our Gang

['Hal Roach', 'Our Gang', 'Laurel and Hardy', 'Charley Chase', 'The Music Box', 'Academy Award for Best Original Score', 'Stan Laurel', 'Saps at Sea', 'Reed, Oklahoma', 'Oklahoma', 'Hollywood, California']

['Q72792', 'Q1218784', 'Q33497', 'Q726089', 'Q635167', 'Q488651', 'Q72869', 'Q759472', 'Q7306606', 'Q1649', 'Q34006']

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Aditya II (942 CE - 971 CE), also known as Aditha II or Adithya Karikalan, was a Chola prince who lived in the 10th century in India.A Topographical List of Inscriptions in the Tamil Nadu and Kerala states: Thanjavur district By T. Mahalingam He was born in Tirukoilur and was the eldest son of Parantaka Chola II. He was the elder brother of Rajaraja Chola I and Kundavai. He was called Virapandiyan Thalai Konda Koparakesari Varman Karikalan.Nilakanta Sastri, K.A. (1955). A History of South India, OUP, New Delhi (Reprinted 2002) ==Early life== Aditha Karikalan was the elder son of the Chola king Parantaka II (alias Sundara) and queen Vanavan Mahadevi. He was the elder brother of Rajaraja Chola and Kundavai. He led the Chola expedition against the Pandyas and defeated the Pandya king Veerapandyan at the Battle of Chevur. He killed Veerapandiyan after chasing him on the banks of Vaigai river.According to the Esalam bronze and copper plates discovered at Esalam village in Tamil Nadu, Aditha Karikalan conquered the Pandya ruler in battle and beheaded him. Aditha was made the co-regent and heir apparent to the Chola throne even though Uttama Chola, the son of Gandaradita Chola, had more right to the throne. Aditha Karikalan was assassinated. Aditha was succeeded by Uttama Chola.Nilakanta Sastri, K.A. (1935). The ChōĻas, University of Madras, Madras (Reprinted 1984) The Udaiyarkudi stone inscriptions in Anandheeswarar temple at present day Udaiyarkudi in Tamil Nadu names the killers - Soman, Ravidasan alias Panchavan Brammadhirajan, Parameswaran alias Irumudichozha Brammadhirajan and Malaiyanooran. The inscription also mentions the decree of Raja Raja confiscating the lands of the murderers. As per epigraphs, the inquiry into the death was completed in the second year of Rajaraja Chola I's reign and the lands of certain officials were confiscated for their complicity in the murder of "Karikala Chola who took the head of the Pandya".Epigraphia Indica, Volume 21, page 167 Historians are divided as to whether the inscription says that the confiscation was a direct royal order of RajaRaja or that the decree was giving permission for selling the land confiscated earlier from the killers. According to archaeologist Kudavayil Balasubramanian, "Dr K T Tirunavukkarasu in his collection of historical essays titled "Arunmozhi Aiyvu Thogudi", comprehensively ruled out Madurantaka Uttama's role in Aaditha Karikala's murder. In the said article, basing his view on a number of historical data points, Dr Tirunavukkarasu has gone on to explain that there was a delay in apprehending the perpetrators immediately thereafter and it was only during Rajaraja I's second regnal year that the culprits were brought to book . Suspicions were pointed to Uttama Chola, but confiscations of land belonging to culprits started before Raja Raja's period, suggesting that Uttama Chola did not spare the plotters. Among the punished were Ravidasan, Soman and Parameshwaran who were all government officials. == In popular culture == * Ponniyin Selvan, a Tamil language historical fiction novel by Indian author Kalki Krishnamurthy, tells the story of the early days of Chola prince Arulmozhivarman and features Aditha Karikalan as an important character. * PS-1 and PS-2, movie adaptations by Indian director Mani Ratnam of the 1955 Ponniyin Selvan novel, feature Vikram as Aditha Karikalan. ==References== ===Works cited=== * Category:Chola dynasty Category:10th- century Indian monarchs Category:942 births Category:969 deaths Category:Murdered Indian royalty

['Parantaka II', 'Uttama Chola', 'Tirukoilur', 'Tamil Nadu', 'India', 'Chola dynasty', 'Kerala', 'Thanjavur district', 'Rajaraja Chola I', 'Pandyas', 'Vaigai river', 'Kudavayil Balasubramanian', 'Ponniyin Selvan', 'Tamil language', 'Kalki Krishnamurthy']

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Anuta is a small volcanic island in the southeastern part of the Solomon Islands province of Temotu, one of the smallest permanently inhabited Polynesian islands.Jared Diamond, Guns, Germs and Steel (Norton) 1997, p. 59. It is one of the Polynesian Outlier communities in Melanesia. ==Geography== The island lies about to the east-southeast of Nendö. It is a small volcanic island with a fringing coral reef. The highest point on the island is above sea level. The island has a diameter of only about and an area of 0.4 square kilometres. The island lies halfway between the Solomon Islands archipelago and Tuvalu. Anuta's nearest populated neighbour is Tikopia Island, about 112 kilometres to the southwest. The next closest islands are Vanikolo, Utupua, and the Reef Islands—with mixed Melanesian and Polynesian populations—and the Duff Islands, all over 320 kilometres away. Further southwest lie the Banks and New Hebrides Groups. ==History== Anuta was first mentioned in 1791, and the political and geographical circumstances led to isolation of Anuta's population. According to oral traditions, Anuta was settled by voyagers from Tonga and 'Uvea about fifteen generations ago. The time frame of the migration is not precisely identified but is understood to be some time between the 10th century and the mid-13th century, although the arrival of the voyagers in Anuta could have occurred later. The pattern of settlement that is believed to have occurred is that the Polynesians spread out from Tonga and other islands in the central and southeastern Pacific islands. During pre-European-contact times, there was frequent canoe voyaging between the islands, because Polynesian navigation skills are recognised to have allowed deliberate journeys on double-hull sailing canoes or outrigger canoes. The voyagers moved into the Tuvaluan atolls, with Tuvalu providing a stepping-stone to migration into the Polynesian Outlier communities in Melanesia and Micronesia. One of the Tongan settlers, Pu Kaurave, became the first chief, and was succeeded by his son Ruokimata. When Ruokimata died without an heir, Taroaki, one of the 'Uvean arrivals, became the next chief.It took an delection to bring Anuta into the outside world Pacific Islands Monthly, July 1973, p41 Further arrivals from Samoa and Tonga occurred two generations after the initial settlers. The current social structure was established in the sixth generation when chief Tearakura, his two brothers, and one brother-in-law slew the remainder of the island's male population. These men, along with Tearakura's two sisters, were founders of the island's four kainanga, large descent groups that are sometimes described in English as 'clans'. Another group arrived from Rotuma some time later. Anglican missionaries arrived in 1916, quickly converting the entire island. During the 1990s, Anuta's advisers rejected western medicines on the island, arguing that it would indicate a lack of faith in the church. Administratively, Anuta is part of the Anglican Church of Melanesia Diocese of Temotu. In December 2002, the island was impacted by Cyclone Zoe. ==Society and culture== Anuta has a human population of about 300. This is one of the highest population densities in the world, perhaps equalling that of Bangladesh. The island has two systems for naming villages (noporanga, or "dwelling places"). In one system there are three villages called Mua, Muri, and St. John. Mua, meaning "front", is to the east. Muri, meaning "back" is west of Mua. After establishment of the Anglican church in 1916, a third village grew up to the west of Muri and took the name of the church, St. John. In the second system, Mua and Muri are combined under the name, Rotoapi, and contrasted with the new village which, in the second system, is called Vatiana. Anutans use the uninhabited island of Fatutaka, about to the southeast, as a place to hunt birds. ===Language=== Anutans speak the Anuta language (locally te taranga paka-Anuta), which is related to other Polynesian languages. ===Relationship with environment=== An important value in Anutan society is aropa, which emphasizes collaboration, sharing and compassion for others. The concept of aropa encourages islanders to share their finite resources equitably.See Feinberg 2012. Because Anuta's high population density has not had a severely negative impact on the island's ecosystem, Anuta has attracted interest from scientists interested in sustainability. The BBC documentary series South Pacific devotes part of Episode 2 (Castaways) to the ability of Anutans to maintain their island's bounty, contrasting it with the environmental destruction found on Easter Island. The Anuta people take care to fulfil their needs with respect to the environment, to preserve it. At certain times they do not catch certain fish or hunt animals. === Social life === Like most of the other Polynesian islands, Anuta has traditions of choral polyphonic singing. Free time is spent dancing, singing and swimming. ==Research and media exposure== Anthropologist Raymond Firth visited Anuta for a day in 1952. Ethnobotanist Douglas Yen, along with archaeologists Patrick Kirch and Paul Rosendahl, spent about two months there in 1971, and anthropologist Richard Feinberg lived on Anuta for almost a year in 1972–1973. He has remained in communication with the Anutan community from that time onward and has made several additional visits. Five documentaries about Anuta have been created. In January 2005 Italian documentarists Elisabetta (Lizzi) Eordegh and Carlo Auriemma sailed aboard the sailing boat "Barca Pulita" with a crew of four (including two doctors) and visited the island for one week. In 2006, Bruce Parry of the BBC visited for several weeks, during which he and his team filmed an episode of the TV show, Tribe. In 2008, another film team from the BBC made a brief visit, and in 2012 a team from the Seoul Broadcasting System filmed a TV show there for a Korean audience. In 2013, the team and crew of the Canadian documentary 1000 jours pour la planète arrived on the island with the anthropologist Richard Feinberg. ==See also== *Austronesian peoples *Pacific Islands *Polynesia *Polynesian outlier *Solomon Islands ==References== ==Further reading== * Feinberg, Richard. 1977. The Anutan Language Reconsidered: Lexicon and Grammar of a Polynesian Outlier. Two Volumes. HRAFlex Books. New Haven: Human Relations Area Files Press. * Feinberg, Richard. "Back to Anuta." * Feinberg, Richard. 1980. History and Structure: A Case of Polynesian Dualism. Journal of Anthropological Research 36(3):361–378. * Feinberg, Richard. 1988. Polynesian Seafaring and Navigation: Ocean Travel in Anutan Culture and Society. Kent, Ohio: Kent State University Press. * Feinberg, Richard. 1986. "The 'Anuta Problem': Local Sovereignty and National Integration in the Solomon Islands" Man 21(3):438–452. * Feinberg, Richard. 1998. Oral Traditions of Anuta: A Polynesian Outlier in the Solomon Islands Oxford Studies in Anthropological Linguistics, Volume 15. New York and Oxford: Oxford University Press. * Feinberg, Richard. 2012. Anuta: Polynesian Lifeways for the 21st Century. Kent, OH: Kent State University Press. * Feinberg, Richard. 1996. "Outer Islanders and Urban Resettlement in the Salomon Islands: The Case of Anutans on Guadalcanal." Journal de la Société des Océanistes. Issue 103, p. 207-217. * Firth, Raymond. 1954. Anuta and Tikopia: symbiotic elements in social organization Journal of the Polynesian Society 63:87 131. * Yen, D. E. and Janet Gordon, eds. 1973. Anuta: A Polynesian Outlier in the Solomon Islands. Pacific Anthropological Records, Number 21. Honolulu: Bernice P. Bishop Museum Press. ==External links== * Language: Anuta, Basic Vocabulary Database * Anuta community fishing, BBC video Category:Islands of the Solomon Islands Category:Polynesian outliers Category:Volcanoes of the Solomon Islands

['Polynesians', 'Solomon Islands', 'Polynesia', 'Jared Diamond', 'Polynesian outliers', 'Melanesia', 'Tuvalu', 'Tikopia', 'Vanikolo', 'Utupua', 'Reef Islands', 'Duff Islands', 'New Hebrides', 'Tonga', "'Uvea", 'Polynesian navigation', 'Micronesia', 'Rotuma', 'Anglican church', 'Diocese of Temotu', 'Cyclone Zoe', 'Bangladesh', 'Fatutaka', 'Anuta language', 'Polynesian languages', 'BBC', 'Easter Island', 'Raymond Firth', 'Bruce Parry', 'Seoul Broadcasting System', 'Austronesian peoples', 'Pacific Islands', 'Journal de la Société des Océanistes']

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