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Merguez () is a red, spicy lamb- or beef-based fresh sausage in Maghrebi cuisine. In France, merguez became popular in the 1960s and 1970s, as Algerian immigrants and the pieds-noirs of Algeria settled in the country and opened small shops and restaurants that served traditional dishes like merguez. The popularity of merguez in France was also fueled by the rise of fast food chains like Quick and McDonald's, which began to offer merguez sandwiches and burgers to cater to their North African clientele. Merguez is a sausage made with uncooked lamb, beef, or a mixture stuffed into a lamb-intestine casing. It is heavily spiced with cumin and chili pepper or harissa, which give it its characteristic piquancy and red color, as well as other spices such as sumac, fennel and garlic. Merguez is usually eaten grilled. While not in traditional Maghrebi couscous, it is often used in couscous royal in France. It is also eaten in sandwiches and with french fries and dijon mustard. ==Etymology== There are several spellings in Arabic ( , pl. ; , and ). The hesitation between k and q probably reflects the pronunciation , for which there is no standard Arabic spelling; further confusing matters is that in some maghrebi dialects, Arabic qāf is sometimes pronounced as , as an allophone of .Pellat, Encyclopaedia of Islam, 2nd edition It is first attested in the 12th century, as mirkās or merkās.Oxford English Dictionary, Third Edition, 2001, s.v. merguez The Arabic terminology for the food is also the origin of the Spanish names of the foodstuffs morcon and morcilla.Trésor de la langue française, s.v. merguez ==See also== * List of African dishes * Berber cuisine * Maghrebi cuisine ==Notes== ==References== * Davidson, Alan, "Merguez", Oxford Companion to Food (1999), p. 497\. * Ch. Pellat, "Mirkās", Encyclopaedia of Islam, 2nd edition. == External links == *Merguez recipe Category:Maghrebi cuisine Category:Fresh sausages	['Maghreb', 'Maghrebi cuisine', "McDonald's", 'France', 'Oxford English Dictionary', 'Trésor de la langue française', 'List of African dishes', 'Berber cuisine', 'Encyclopaedia of Islam']	['Q28227', 'Q1381737', 'Q38076', 'Q142', 'Q44996', 'Q3541343', 'Q6560710', 'Q679042', 'Q1145236']	[[(64, 71), (845, 852), (1673, 1680), (1893, 1900)], [(64, 80), (1673, 1689), (1893, 1909)], [(400, 410)], [(85, 91), (330, 336), (902, 908)], [(1397, 1422)], [(1572, 1601)], [(1631, 1653)], [(1656, 1670)], [(1299, 1321), (1810, 1832)]]
Substance is a singles compilation album by British rock band Joy Division. It was released on 11 July 1988 by Factory Records. It is the companion to a similar singles compilation by their subsequent band New Order, also titled Substance. It peaked at number 7 on the UK Albums ChartJoy Division UK Charts. Officialcharts.com. Retrieved 2012-01-04 and 146 on the Billboard 200, the band's only chart appearance in the United States. It also reached number 15 in New Zealand and number 53 in Australia in August 1988. ==Content== Substance compiles the four singles released by the band that did not appear on albums — "Transmission", "Komakino", "Love Will Tear Us Apart", and "Atmosphere" — as well as most of their B-sides. It also collects tracks released on various EPs, namely the band's first release, An Ideal for Living, and two samplers issued by Factory Records, A Factory Sample and Earcom 2: Contradiction. Two of the album's tracks, "Glass" and "Dead Souls", were previously included on the 1981 compilation Still. Additionally, the single "Atmosphere" had been originally issued in France as "Licht und Blindheit" with "Dead Souls" on the B-side; following Ian Curtis's suicide, it was reissued as a posthumous B-side of the "She's Lost Control" 12-inch single. The vinyl version omits the single "Komakino" and does not include the complete titles from the EPs, due to the lower storage capacity of a vinyl record. Later CD pressings issued by London Records contain a previously unreleased mix of "She's Lost Control" that is slightly different from the original single release. More guitar is mixed within the song, the synthesizer melody is shortened and starts at a later point, and the ending of the song is extended by 15 seconds and does not fade out. Substance was digitally remastered in 2015, containing not only the alternate mix of "She's Lost Control", but also two additional tracks: "As You Said" (the second B-side of "Komakino") and the initial take of "Love Will Tear Us Apart" (originally released on the B-side of the original single), dubbed the "Pennine Version" after the studio it was recorded at. ==Cover== The cover features the title of the album in green spelled with characters from Wim Crouwel's New Alphabet typeface below Joy Division's name and the years of recording in a smaller white font. The letters used in the title actually spell "Subst1mce", rather than "Substance". Brett Wickens, who worked on this cover whilst a partner at Saville Associates, claims this was for aesthetic reasons. ==Track listing== === LP (Factory FACT 250) === === CD (Factory FACD 250) and cassette (Factory FACT 250C) === Same tracks as LP plus the following bonus tracks, titled Appendix: === 2015 remastered edition bonus tracks === ==Personnel== * Ian Curtis — lead vocals * Bernard Sumner — guitar, synthesizer * Peter Hook — bass * Stephen Morris — drums ==Certifications== ==References== Category:Joy Division compilation albums Category:Albums produced by Martin Hannett Category:1988 compilation albums Category:Factory Records compilation albums	['Joy Division', 'Factory Records', 'Martin Hannett', 'UK Albums Chart', 'Billboard 200', 'United States', 'Komakino', 'Love Will Tear Us Apart', 'An Ideal for Living', 'A Factory Sample', 'Earcom 2: Contradiction', 'France', 'Ian Curtis', "She's Lost Control", '12-inch single', 'Wim Crouwel', 'Brett Wickens', 'Bernard Sumner', 'Peter Hook']	['Q172763', 'Q578943', 'Q766551', 'Q719415', 'Q188819', 'Q30', 'Q2268007', 'Q1426177', 'Q2715517', 'Q3284391', 'Q3281605', 'Q142', 'Q207867', 'Q2746112', 'Q918887', 'Q555389', 'Q4962432', 'Q438885', 'Q431244']	[[(62, 74), (284, 296), (2270, 2282), (2936, 2948)], [(111, 126), (857, 872), (3053, 3068)], [(2996, 3010)], [(269, 284)], [(364, 377)], [(419, 432)], [(636, 644), (1313, 1321), (1951, 1959)], [(648, 671), (1987, 2010)], [(809, 828)], [(874, 890)], [(895, 918)], [(1097, 1103)], [(1172, 1182), (2784, 2794)], [(1241, 1259), (1515, 1533), (1861, 1879)], [(1261, 1275)], [(2228, 2239)], [(2425, 2438)], [(2811, 2825)], [(2850, 2860)]]
Cabaraya is a stratovolcano in Bolivia. It lies between the volcanoes Isluga and Tata Sabaya, immediately east of the border with Chile. ==See also== * List of Ultras of South America ==References== ==Sources== Category:Stratovolcanoes of Bolivia Category:Subduction volcanoes Category:Volcanoes of Oruro Department Category:Five-thousanders of the Andes	['Bolivia', 'Andes', 'Stratovolcano', 'Isluga', 'Tata Sabaya', 'Chile', 'List of Ultras of South America']	['Q750', 'Q5456', 'Q169358', 'Q3155409', 'Q1514873', 'Q298', 'Q3254620']	[[(31, 38), (239, 246)], [(349, 354)], [(220, 233)], [(70, 76)], [(81, 92)], [(130, 135)], [(152, 183)]]
Dentyne () is a brand of chewing gum and breath mints available in several countries globally. It is owned by Perfetti Van Melle. In 1899, a New York City druggist Franklin V. Canning formulated a chewing gum which he promoted as an aid to oral hygiene. "To prevent decay, To sweeten the breath, To keep teeth white," read the package. Mr. Canning called his new gum Dentyne which is a combination of the words "dental" and "hygiene" (and also sounds like dentine as some people pronounce that word). In 1916 the brand was sold to the American Chicle Company. By the 1930s, Dentyne was produced by the Adams Gum Company. Adams was one of the companies that made up the American Chicle Company. ==Products== ===Gum=== ==== Dentyne Classic ==== The original Dentyne was a cinnamon flavored breath-freshening gum which contained sugar. Dentyne Classic was removed from American and Canadian markets in 2006, and was eventually relaunched, only to be removed from markets again in 2019. ==== Dentyne Ice ==== A sugarless gum available in several flavors, all "intense" mints. Currently available flavors include "Peppermint", "Arctic Chill", "Spearmint", "Shiver Mint", "Vanilla Frost", "Cool Frost", "Wild Winter", "Intense", and "Mint Medley". Dentyne Ice gum should not be confused with Dentyne Ice mints. Outside of the U.S., products available include additional flavors and are packaged differently. In the Southeast Asia markets, for instance, the Dentyne Ice package carries nine gum pellets instead of twelve, and is available in such flavors as "Mentholyptus" (extremely strong, similar to coughdrop mint flavor), "Midnight Mint", (a version of "Arctic Chill"), and Cherry (similar to a cherry mouthwash flavor.) ==== Dentyne Fire ==== Dentyne Fire "Spicy Cinnamon" is a cinnamon-flavored sugarless gum. Dentyne Fire gum should not be confused with Dentyne Fire mints. Spicy Cinnamon is the flavor most similar to the original Dentyne Gum. ==== Dentyne Pure ==== Dentyne recently introduced Dentyne Pure, which claims to neutralize bad breath odors caused by bacteria and food. ==== Dentyne Tango ==== Dentyne Tango "Mixed Berry" comes in purple packaging and is fruit-flavored, not mint. ==== Dentyne Shine ==== A new Dentyne spinoff product, Dentyne Shine was introduced in Canada for 2009 as the Dentyne version of Trident White whitening gum. === Dentyne Mints === Dentyne Mints are a brand of breath mint manufactured by Cadbury Adams, a division of Cadbury-Schweppes. The mints are produced in two flavors: Ice (mint flavored) and Fire (cinnamon flavored). The form is a white (Dentyne Ice Mints) or red (Dentyne Fire Mints) pillow shape (slightly rounded square with rounded top and bottom). The mints are plain, with no printing or embossing. Dentyne Mints are packed in a plastic box in the form of a rectangular solid with corners slightly rounded (along the X and Y axes only). Along the top of the top is a square hole with a sliding cover. Sliding this cover away from the hole allows access to the mints. The box uses no hinges. 50 mints are contained in each package. ==See also== * Trident ==References== ==External links== * Dentyne * Category:Cadbury Adams brands Category:Chewing gum Category:Products introduced in 1899 Category:Mondelez International brands	['Mints', 'Perfetti Van Melle', 'American Chicle Company', 'Mondelez', 'Southeast Asia', 'Canada']	['Q5254978', 'Q612524', 'Q4743357', 'Q12857502', 'Q11708', 'Q16']	[[(2365, 2370), (2383, 2388), (2602, 2607), (2630, 2635), (2765, 2770)], [(110, 128)], [(535, 558), (669, 692)], [(3255, 3263)], [(1409, 1423)], [(2282, 2288)]]
Air Corridor was an airline based in Nampula, Mozambique. It operated domestic services. Its main base was Nampula Airport. Air Corridor ceased operations on 10 January 2008. == History == The airline was established in 2004 and began operations in August 2004 with a single Boeing 737. It was privately owned. Due to safety concerns, United States Government personnel were initially prohibited from using this carrier, a ban that was lifted on 9 February 2007. == Destinations == Air Corridor operated services to the following domestic scheduled destinations (at March 2007): Beira, Tete, Lichinga, Maputo, Nampula, Pemba and Quelimane. == Fleet == The Air Corridor fleet consisted of the following aircraft (at April 2008): * 2 Boeing 737-200 ==References== Category:Airlines established in 2004 Category:Airlines disestablished in 2008 Category:Defunct airlines of Mozambique	['Nampula', 'Mozambique', 'Nampula Airport', 'Boeing 737', 'Tete', 'Lichinga', 'Maputo', 'Quelimane']	['Q323801', 'Q1029', 'Q1526611', 'Q6387', 'Q365157', 'Q667650', 'Q3889', 'Q318306']	[[(37, 44), (107, 114), (610, 617)], [(46, 56), (870, 880)], [(107, 122)], [(275, 285), (732, 742)], [(586, 590)], [(592, 600)], [(602, 608)], [(629, 638)]]
The Septimontium was a proto-urban festival celebrated in ancient Rome by montani, residents of the seven (sept-) communities associated with the hills or peaks of Rome (montes): Oppius, Palatium, Velia, Fagutal, Cermalus, Caelius, and Cispius. The Septimontium was celebrated in September, or, according to later calendars, on 11 December. It was not a public festival in the sense of feriae populi, according to Varro,Varro, De lingua latina 6.24. who sees it as an urban analog to the rural Paganalia.Robert E.A. Palmer, The Archaic Community of the Romans (Cambridge University Press, 2009), pp. 122–123. The etymology from septem ("seven") has been doubted; the festival may instead take its name from saept-, "divided," in the sense of "partitioned off, palisaded."Kurt A. Raaflaub, "Between Myth and History: Rome's Rise from Village to Empire (the Eighth Century to 264)," in A Companion to the Roman Republic (Blackwell, 2010), p. 136. The montes include two divisions of the Palatine Hill and three of the Esquiline Hill, among the traditional "seven hills of Rome".Timothy Venning, A Chronology of the Roman Empire (Continuum, 2011), p. 27. Plutarch's notice of this festival is obscure, and confuses the nature of the Septimontium as represented by inscriptions and Festus with the proverbial seven hills of Rome. At this time, he notes, Romans refrained from operating horse-drawn vehicles.Plutarch, Roman Questions 69. ==Further reading== *L.A. Holland, "Septimontium or saeptimontium?" TAPA 84 (1953) 16–34. ==References== Category:Ancient Roman festivals Category:September observances Category:December observances	['Roman festival', 'Oppius', 'Palatine Hill', 'Fagutal', 'Varro', 'Paganalia', 'Robert E.A. Palmer', 'Plutarch']	['Q1367629', 'Q1036262', 'Q200642', 'Q211233', 'Q206119', 'Q1501703', 'Q7273590', 'Q41523']	[[(1555, 1569)], [(179, 185)], [(985, 998)], [(204, 211)], [(414, 419), (420, 425)], [(494, 503)], [(504, 522)], [(1152, 1160), (1403, 1411)]]
HMS Fawn, pennant number A325, was a Bulldog-class hydrographic survey ship of the British Royal Navy. On 20 November 1988 she was involved in an incident with a Guatemalan gunboat in Guatemalan waters while HMS Fawn was carrying out peaceful and legitimate hydrographic survey work in the high seas in the Gulf of Honduras. A protest was made to the Guatemalan Government. Fawn was paid off in October 1991 and sold to interests in West Germany to become an offshore support vessel of the West African and Chinese coasts under the name Red Fulmar. Category:Bulldog-class survey vessels Category:Survey vessels of the Royal Navy Category:1968 ships	['Bulldog-class survey vessel', 'Royal Navy', 'Guatemala']	['Q4996706', 'Q172771', 'Q774']	[[(558, 585)], [(91, 101), (618, 628)], [(162, 171), (184, 193), (351, 360)]]
In archival science, a fonds is a group of documents that share the same origin and that have occurred naturally as an outgrowth of the daily workings of an agency, individual, or organization. An example of a fonds could be the writings of a poet that were never published or the records of an institution during a specific period. Fonds are a part of a hierarchical level of description system in an archive that begins with fonds at the top. Subsequent levels become more descriptive and narrower as one goes down the hierarchy. The level descriptions go from fonds to series to file and then item level. Between the fonds and series level there is sometimes a sub-fonds or sous- fonds level, and between the series and file level there is sometimes a sub- series level. == Historical origins == In the archival science field, it is widely agreed upon that the term fonds originated in French archival practice shortly after the French Revolution as Natalis de Wailly, head of the Administrative Section of the Archives Nationales of France, wrote Circular no. 14, which laid out the idea of fonds as keeping records of the same origin together because prior to this announcement records were classified arbitrarily and inconsistently. In the same Circular no. 14, Wailly also coined the idea of respect des fonds which meant that archivists should leave the arrangement of fonds as it was originated by the person or agency who created the records.Hedstrom, M. & King, J.L. (2006). Epistemic Infrastructure in the Rise of the Knowledge Economy. In B. Kahin and D. Foray (Eds.), Advancing Knowledge and the Knowledge Economy (pp. 113 - 134). Cambridge, MA: The MIT Press. However, Luciana Duranti has found evidence of the idea originating in Naples and other places prior to Wailly's Circular no. 14 in 1814. Regardless of origin, respect des fonds spread rapidly across Europe after the publication of the Manual for the Arrangement and Description of Archives, which is commonly referred to as the Dutch Manual, in 1898 and the First International Congress of Archivists in 1910. === Fonds and provenance === The term fonds as created by Wailly was not as precise as it should have been and left a lot of room for interpretation of fonds. Due to this, Prussian archivists issued regulations for the arrangement of archives in 1881. These regulations provided a clearer image of fonds as public records that "should be grouped according to their origins in public administrative bodies", and this principle was termed Provenienzprinzip, or, as it is more commonly known as today among the English speaking world, provenance. Provenance is the belief that archivists should keep a group of records obtained as a unit in itself and not merge it with other documents. Provenance also is sometimes referred to as custodial history as it takes in account the different people or organizations that held these records prior to the archive obtaining them and the way they organized them. Respect des fonds is often confused as being the same as provenance, but the two ideas, although closely related, are distinct in that provenance refers to maintaining works by specific people or organizations as separate from others, while respect des fonds adds to this by also maintaining or recreating the original order of the creator. The ideas of respect des fonds and fonds transformed the archival world, and are still in use today. == Modern-day usage and practices == In modern archival practice, the idea of fonds still exists today, principally in Europe and North America. However, the fonds is sometimes changed slightly to suit other archival practices. For example, in Britain the term archive group is used instead of fonds, and in the United States' National Archives the term record group is preferred. Record groups are often compared to fonds, but in actuality they can be composed of more than one fonds or not even a full fonds. In Australian archival theory, there is recognition of the principle of respect des fonds, but the theory focuses on series as the primary descriptive level and the existence of multiple provenances.McKemmish, S. (2017). Recordkeeping in the Continuum: An Australian Tradition. In A. Gilland, S. McKemmish, and A. Lau (Eds). Research in the Archival Multiverse (pp. 122-160). Clayton, Victoria, Australia: Monash University Publishing. Fonds should not be confused with the term document collection, which is used for document aggregations assembled based on some shared characteristic by a collector, but it is not created by the collector and it often does not follow provenance. === Fonds in digital archives === As archives are increasingly being digitized (scanned and stored on a computer) and moved to an electronic platform, the idea of a fonds existing in an online database is shifting. An electronic catalog does not sort its items in the fonds level of description to follow provenance procedures unless told to do so, and it does not automatically sort the items within in a chronological order to follow respect des fonds practices either. There is also the issue of items that are born digital, which are items that have been created electronically and are not automatically subject to the hierarchy of a physical item. The practice of implementing fonds in an electronic database presents new challenges in keeping a fonds together electronically as well as physically. As Jefferson Bailey puts it, "the database logic is nonlinear and there is no original order because order is dependent upon query." In the digital context, some archives have taken to describing their holdings on a fonds or series level, or if an archive chooses to do a file and item level description, the fonds can be kept together by implementing metadata and ensuring that the metadata has information on the relationships between items to link together the item and its higher level descriptions. Fonds in a digital archive is an issue that will continue to evolve as digital archives continue to evolve, and it remains to be seen how fonds will evolve in this context. ==See also== * Archivist * Finding aid * Manuscript processing * Preservation in library and archival science * Provenance * Records management * Original order ==Footnotes== Category:Archival science	['French Revolution', 'Natalis de Wailly', 'Luciana Duranti', 'Naples', 'Dutch Manual', 'Archivist', 'Finding aid', 'Manuscript processing', 'Provenance', 'Records management', 'Original order']	['Q6534', 'Q279425', 'Q24190831', 'Q2634', 'Q635863', 'Q635734', 'Q178376', 'Q4787242', 'Q1773840', 'Q517656', 'Q17146269']	[[(932, 949)], [(953, 970)], [(1684, 1699)], [(1746, 1752)], [(2004, 2016)], [(2066, 2075), (6117, 6126)], [(6129, 6140)], [(6143, 6164)], [(2630, 2640), (2770, 2780), (6214, 6224)], [(6227, 6245)], [(6248, 6262)]]
Herman Warden Lay (March 6, 1909 – December 6, 1982) was an American businessman who was involved in potato chip manufacturing with his eponymous brand of Lay's potato chips. He started H.W. Lay Co., Inc., now part of the Frito-Lay corporation, a subsidiary of PepsiCo.Charlotte Mecklenburg Library == Early life == Lay was born in Charlotte, North Carolina on March 6, 1909.Laura Lee, The Name's Familiar: Mr. Leotard, Barbie, and Chef Boy-Ar-Dee, Pelican Publishing, 1999, p. 159 His father, Jesse N. Lay, worked for International Harvester, first as a bookkeeper in Charlotte and later as a commercial salesman in Columbia, South Carolina, where the family moved. By 1920, they moved to Greenville, South Carolina. In 1922 his mother died of cancer and his father remarried. He then attended Furman University on an athletic scholarship for two years, but did not graduate. ==Career== He began his career at Sunshine Biscuits and was laid off because of the Great Depression.The Smith Center for Private Enterprise Studies Dirk E. Burhans, Crunch!: A History of the Great American Potato Chip, Terrace Books, 2008, p. 40 He then worked as a traveling salesman for the Barrett Food Company, when he delivered potato chips to his customers in his Ford Model A.Frito Lay history His territory eventually expanded and his profits began to grow. In 1932, he borrowed US$100 and founded the H.W. Lay Distributing Company based in Atlanta, Georgia, a distributor for the Barrett Food Products Company, and began to hire employees.Happy 50th anniversary, Frito-Lay -- PEPline looks back at FLNA's history , Pesico Press release, September 29, 2011Texas State Historical Association He peddled potato chips from Atlanta to Nashville, Tennessee.Lovedeep Kaur, Advances in Potato Chemistry and Technology, Academic Press, 2009, p. 28 By 1937, he had 25 employees, and had begun producing his own line of snack foods. The H.W. Lay & Company merged with The Frito Company in September 1961, creating the largest-selling snack food company in the United States, the Frito-Lay corporation.The Wall Street Journal, Dallas In 1965, Herman W. Lay (chairman and chief executive officer of Frito-Lay) and Donald M. Kendall (President and chief executive officer of Pepsi-Cola) merged the two companies and formed PepsiCo, Inc.PepsiCo, Our history A philanthropist, he helped found the Association of Private Enterprise Education (APEE). ==Personal life== Lay married Sarah Amelia "Mimi" Harper and had four children. He died at the age of 73 on December 6, 1982. His late son, Herman Warden Lay Jr., was a Dallas-based co-founder of a bottling company in Mexico for Pepsi and 7 Up.Joe Simnacher, Herman Warden Lay Jr., son of snack icon who found his own success in business, dies at 66, Dallas News, 28 October 2011 ==Legacy== The U.S. Chamber of Commerce has a room named after him.U.S. Chamber of Commerce, Meeting Space His alma mater, Furman University, offers a scholarship in his name.Furman University scholarships The Furman University Herman W. Lay Physical Activities Center is named after him.Physical Activities Center Furman University. The Lay Ornamental Garden in the Dallas Arboretum and Botanical Garden is named after him. In 1975, Lay received the Golden Plate Award of the American Academy of Achievement. ==References== Category:Businesspeople from Charlotte, North Carolina Category:Businesspeople from Atlanta Category:Furman University alumni Category:1909 births Category:1982 deaths Category:PepsiCo people Category:Frito-Lay Category:20th-century American businesspeople ==External links== *	['Charlotte, North Carolina', "Lay's", 'Frito-Lay', 'PepsiCo', 'International Harvester', 'Columbia, South Carolina', 'Greenville, South Carolina', 'Furman University', 'Sunshine Biscuits', 'Great Depression', 'Atlanta, Georgia', 'Nashville, Tennessee', 'United States', 'Donald M. Kendall', 'Association of Private Enterprise Education', 'Mexico', 'Pepsi', '7 Up', 'Dallas News', 'U.S. Chamber of Commerce', 'Dallas Arboretum and Botanical Garden', 'Academy of Achievement']	['Q16565', 'Q723513', 'Q1221751', 'Q334800', 'Q263800', 'Q38453', 'Q574192', 'Q1475020', 'Q7641439', 'Q8698', 'Q23556', 'Q23197', 'Q30', 'Q5294731', 'Q4809983', 'Q96', 'Q47719', 'Q270059', 'Q889935', 'Q1800288', 'Q5211266', 'Q2842834']	[[(332, 357), (3354, 3379)], [(155, 160)], [(222, 231), (1550, 1559), (2055, 2064), (2173, 2182), (3526, 3535)], [(261, 268), (2296, 2303), (2309, 2316), (3502, 3509)], [(519, 542)], [(617, 641)], [(690, 716)], [(795, 812), (2923, 2940), (2975, 2992), (3010, 3027), (3115, 3132), (3426, 3443)], [(911, 928)], [(961, 977)], [(1427, 1443)], [(1717, 1737)], [(2036, 2049)], [(2188, 2205)], [(2368, 2411)], [(2638, 2644)], [(261, 266), (2248, 2253), (2296, 2301), (2309, 2314), (2649, 2654), (3502, 3507)], [(2659, 2663)], [(2771, 2782)], [(2815, 2839), (2867, 2891)], [(3167, 3204)], [(3286, 3308)]]
John Matthew Stover (born January 27, 1968) is an American former professional football player who was a placekicker for 20 seasons in the National Football League (NFL), primarily with the Baltimore Ravens. After five seasons for the Cleveland Browns, he was among the Browns players transferred to the newly- created Ravens franchise in 1996, with whom he played 13 seasons. Additionally, Stover was a member of the New York Giants during his first season and Indianapolis Colts during his last. His most successful season was in 2000 when he earned Pro Bowl and first-team All-Pro honors en route to the Ravens winning their first Super Bowl title in Super Bowl XXXV. He was also part of the Giants team that won Super Bowl XXV. For his accomplishments with the Ravens, Stover was named to the Baltimore Ravens Ring of Honor in 2011. ==Early years== Stover attended Lake Highlands High School in Dallas, Texas, the alma mater of fellow NFL placekicker Phil Dawson. Stover won All-District honors as both a wide receiver and kicker. During the 1985-86 season, he successfully kicked a 53-yard field goal. He graduated from high school in 1986. ==College career== Prior to his NFL career, Stover attended Louisiana Tech University, where he was an active member of the Alpha Omega chapter of Delta Kappa Epsilon acting as vice president. He graduated from Louisiana Tech with a degree in marketing. During his college career, Stover successfully converted on 64-of-88 field goal attempts. As a sophomore, facing Texas A&M;, he kicked a 57-yard field goal, then a school record. He also punted as a senior, punting 36 times for 1,277 yards (34.1 yards per punt avg). He left Louisiana Tech with 262 career total points and seven field goals of 50 yards or more. While at Louisiana Tech, Stover would usually kick the ball through the goal posts on the first kickoff of the game. ==Professional career== ===New York Giants=== Stover was drafted by the New York Giants with the 329th selection (12th round) in the 1990 NFL Draft. He was on the injured reserve list the entire season as the Giants won Super Bowl XXV over the Buffalo Bills. ===Cleveland Browns=== Stover signed with the Cleveland Browns in 1991. He spent five seasons as a Brown from 1991–1995. Stover made his NFL debut in Week 1 of the 1991 season against the Dallas Cowboys, converting two extra points and missing one field goal on the day. In the 1994 season, Stover led the league in field goal percentage. In Week 9 of the 1995 season, Stover connected on all five field goal attempts, including the overtime game-winner, against the Cincinnati Bengals. For his game against the Bengals, he won AFC Special Teams Player of the Week. ===Baltimore Ravens=== In 1996, the Browns moved to Baltimore to become the Baltimore Ravens. Stover spent the majority of his career as a Raven. In Week 4 of the 1997 season, Stover converted five field goals and three extra points for a career-high 18 points scored in a 36–10 victory over the Tennessee Titans. For the month of September in the 1997 season, Stover won Special Teams Player of the Month. In the 2000 season, the Ravens failed to score an offensive touchdown in five straight games, in which Stover, who was selected as a Pro Bowler and first team All-Pro, scored all the team's points. Stover won AFC Special Teams Player of the Month for November 2000. In the 2000 season, Stover led the league in field goal attempts and makes. Stover received a Super Bowl ring that year when the Ravens defeated his former team, the New York Giants in Super Bowl XXXV. In the 2006 season, Stover won AFC Special Teams Player of the Month for September. For the second time in his career, Stover led the league in field goal percentage. Stover remained kicking with the Ravens, setting several records and kicking 18 game-winning field goals. In January 2009, Stover converted a 43-yard field goal to win against the Tennessee Titans in the AFC Divisional Round 13–10. That was Stover's last field goal as a member of the Ravens. The Ravens decided not to re-sign Stover following the 2008 season. On November 20, 2011, Stover was inducted into the Ravens Ring of Honor, during a halftime ceremony at M&T; Bank Stadium against the Cincinnati Bengals. ===Indianapolis Colts=== As a free agent following 2008, Stover signed with the Indianapolis Colts in the middle of the 2009 NFL season to replace the injured Adam Vinatieri, who was placed on injured reserve. In Indianapolis, Stover played in two wins against the Ravens, and helped the Colts to an appearance in Super Bowl XLIV, at age 42, which made Stover the oldest player in Super Bowl history up to that point (since surpassed by Tom Brady, who was 43 years old when he participated in Super Bowl LV). Stover converted a 38-yard field goal and two extra points in the loss to the New Orleans Saints, while also missing a 51 yard field goal in the fourth quarter. He was not re- signed by the team. ===Retirement=== Stover announced his retirement from professional football on May 25, 2011, with the Baltimore Ravens. At the time of his retirement, he was the last remaining member of the original Cleveland Browns still active in the NFL, and was also the last Ravens player to have played for the franchise before the team moved from Cleveland. At the time, he retired as the NFL's fourth all-time leading scorer. ==Career regular season statistics== Career high/best bolded Regular season statistics Season Team (record) 1991 CLE (6–10) 16 16 22 72.7 1–2 2–3 8–9 3–6 2–2 55 1 33 34 97.1 81 1992 CLE (7–9) 16 21 29 72.4 1–1 11–11 6–8 2–6 1–3 51 0 29 30 96.7 92 1993 CLE (7–9) 16 16 22 72.7 0–0 4–4 5–6 6–8 1–4 53 0 36 36 100.0 84 1994 CLE (11–5) 16 26 28 92.9 1–1 7–7 10–11 8–8 0–1 45 0 32 32 100.0 110 1995 CLE (5–11) 16 29 33 87.9 1–1 12–12 9–10 7–9 0–1 47 0 26 26 100.0 113 1996 BAL (4–12) 16 19 25 76.0 0–0 8–8 5–6 5–10 1–1 50 0 34 35 97.1 91 1997 BAL (6–9–1) 16 26 34 76.5 0–0 8–9 12–12 6–11 0–2 49 2 32 32 100.0 110 1998 BAL (6–10) 16 21 28 75.0 0–0 6–6 5–5 10–17 0–0 48 1 24 24 100.0 87 1999 BAL (8–8) 16 28 33 84.8 4–4 9–9 6–8 7–7 2–5 50 1 32 32 100.0 116 2000 BAL (12–4) 16 35 39 89.7 2–2 9–9 12–13 10–12 2–3 51 1 30 30 100.0 135 2001 BAL (10–6) 16 30 35 85.7 0–0 16–16 9–10 5–9 0–0 49 0 25 25 100.0 115 2002 BAL (7–9) 15 21 25 84.0 0–0 9–9 4–5 7–10 1–1 51 0 33 33 100.0 96 2003 BAL (10–6) 16 33 38 86.8 0–0 16–16 6–6 11–14 0–2 49 0 35 35 100.0 134 2004 BAL (9–7) 16 29 32 90.6 2–2 9–9 7–8 9–10 2–3 50 1 30 30 100.0 117 2005 BAL (6–10) 16 30 34 88.2 1–1 8–8 10–11 11–14 0–0 49 0 23 23 100.0 113 2006 BAL (13–3) 16 28 30 93.3 0–0 12–13 9–9 6–7 1–1 52 0 37 37 100.0 121 2007 BAL (5–11) 16 27 32 84.4 1–1 11–11 7–7 8–12 0–1 49 1 26 26 100.0 107 2008 BAL (11–5) 16 27 33 81.8 0–0 11–11 11–12 5–9 0–1 47 1 41 41 100.0 122 2009 IND (14–2) 10 9 11 81.8 0–0 2–2 5–6 2–2 0–1 43 0 33 33 100.0 60 Career (19 seasons) 297 471 563 83.7 14–15 170–173 146–162 128–181 13–32 55 9 591 594 99.5 2004 ===NFL records=== * NFL's sixth all-time leading scorer: 2,004 points * Most consecutive extra points converted: 469 * Most consecutive games with a field goal: 38 * Most points scored by a player in his 30s: 1,113 * Oldest player to score in a Super Bowl: 42 years, 11 days old ==Personal life== Stover has a son, Jacob, who attended Loyola University and plays lacrosse. His daughter, Jenna, played lacrosse at Messiah College. Stover has an older brother. ==References== ==External links== Category:1968 births Category:Living people Category:American Conference Pro Bowl players Category:American football placekickers Category:Baltimore Ravens players Category:Cleveland Browns players Category:Indianapolis Colts players Category:Louisiana Tech Bulldogs football players Category:New York Giants players Category:Players of American football from Dallas	['Dallas, Texas', 'Lake Highlands High School', 'Louisiana Tech Bulldogs football', 'New York Giants', 'Cleveland Browns', 'Baltimore Ravens', 'Indianapolis Colts', 'Super Bowl XXV', 'Super Bowl XXXV', 'All-Pro', 'Pro Bowl', 'Baltimore Ravens Ring of Honor', 'American football', 'National Football League', 'Super Bowl', 'Phil Dawson', 'Louisiana Tech University', 'Delta Kappa Epsilon', '1990 NFL Draft', 'Buffalo Bills', 'Super Bowl ring', 'Tennessee Titans', 'Cincinnati Bengals', '2009 NFL season', 'Adam Vinatieri', 'Indianapolis', 'Super Bowl XLIV', 'Tom Brady', 'Super Bowl LV']	['Q16557', 'Q6476167', 'Q16155502', 'Q190618', 'Q223527', 'Q276539', 'Q193753', 'Q1512351', 'Q625210', 'Q2706900', 'Q786705', 'Q2658410', 'Q41323', 'Q1215884', 'Q32096', 'Q3378763', 'Q1872239', 'Q975232', 'Q1122216', 'Q221626', 'Q7642218', 'Q320484', 'Q223511', 'Q622672', 'Q351092', 'Q6346', 'Q268882', 'Q313381', 'Q24233824']	[[(899, 912)], [(869, 895)], [(7696, 7728)], [(418, 433), (1906, 1921), (1951, 1966), (3543, 3558), (7746, 7761)], [(235, 251), (2141, 2157), (2184, 2200), (5165, 5181), (7626, 7642)], [(190, 206), (797, 813), (2707, 2723), (2780, 2796), (5067, 5083), (7592, 7608)], [(462, 480), (4263, 4281), (4340, 4358), (7660, 7678)], [(716, 730), (2099, 2113)], [(654, 669), (3562, 3577)], [(576, 583), (3270, 3277)], [(552, 560), (3244, 3252), (7526, 7534)], [(797, 827)], [(7552, 7569), (7790, 7807)], [(139, 163)], [(634, 644), (654, 664), (716, 726), (2099, 2109), (3471, 3481), (3562, 3572), (4574, 4584), (4641, 4651), (4753, 4763), (7205, 7215)], [(955, 966)], [(1206, 1231)], [(1293, 1312)], [(2012, 2026)], [(2123, 2136)], [(3471, 3486)], [(3000, 3016), (3926, 3942)], [(2605, 2623), (4240, 4258)], [(4380, 4395)], [(4419, 4433)], [(462, 474), (4263, 4275), (4340, 4352), (4473, 4485), (7660, 7672)], [(4574, 4589)], [(4697, 4706)], [(4753, 4766)]]
The Sports Illustrated Swimsuit Model Search was a reality television show produced by NBC that debuted in January 2005, prior to the launch of that year's Sports Illustrated Swimsuit Issue in February. == Premise == The show documented twelve previously unknown fashion models as they competed against one another for a pictorial in the 2005 edition of the Sports Illustrated Swimsuit Issue in addition to a modeling contract with NEXT Model Management worth 1 million dollars. The twelve contestants were chosen after NBC and Sports Illustrated launched a nationwide search of 3,000 women. The finalists were judged on their photo shoots as well fitness tests. The show's tagline was "The business of being beautiful is about to get ugly." == Judges == Roshumba Williams, former Sports Illustrated Swimsuit Model Joel Wilkenfeld, president of NEXT Model Management Jule Campbell, founder of the SI Swimsuit Issue and former editor == Contestants == (In order of elimination) Week 1 - Come As You Are Marcela Ziemiansk Nancy Stelmaszcyzk Sabrina Sikora Shantel VanSanten Week 2 - 70s Shoot Adaora Akubilo Stella Diaz Week 3 - Freeze Frame Krisi Ballentine Betti Formeus Week 4 - Runway Jenna Spilde Week 5 - Final Shoot Stacy Klimek Shannon Hughes (runner-up) Alicia Hall (winner) ==Sports Illustrated Swim Search== In 2017, the issue hosted its first ever open casting call where aspirants were asked to submit a 60-second video via Instagram. The three-part series called Sports Illustrated Swim Search which documented the first ever open casting call with Camille Kostek as a winner (becoming a cover model in 2019) premiered on SI TV and Amazon Prime Video in February 2018. The following year, the model search held an in- person open casting call in Miami, and has been held annually since. The 2019 show of finalists was characterized as the magazine's most diverse group of models in its history, featuring among others 55-year-old model Kathy Jacobs, alopecia sufferer Christie Valdiserri, and plus-sized model Ashley Alexiss. ==See also== List of Sports Illustrated Swimsuit Issue cover models List of Sports Illustrated Swimsuit Issue models ==References== == External links == Official Website * Category:2005 American television series debuts Category:2005 American television series endings Category:2000s American reality television series Category:Modeling-themed reality television series Category:Sports Illustrated Swimsuit Issue	['NBC', 'Sports Illustrated Swimsuit Issue', 'NEXT Model Management', 'Sports Illustrated', 'Roshumba Williams', 'Shantel VanSanten', 'Adaora', 'Stella Diaz', 'Alicia Hall', 'Instagram', 'Amazon Prime Video', 'Miami']	['Q13974', 'Q2734667', 'Q3869490', 'Q275837', 'Q10364627', 'Q236275', 'Q24893289', 'Q7607058', 'Q4726263', 'Q209330', 'Q4740856', 'Q8652']	[[(87, 90), (520, 523)], [(156, 189), (358, 391), (2075, 2108), (2131, 2164), (2435, 2468)], [(432, 453), (847, 868)], [(4, 22), (156, 174), (358, 376), (528, 546), (782, 800), (1299, 1317), (1490, 1508), (2075, 2093), (2131, 2149), (2435, 2453)], [(756, 773)], [(1061, 1078)], [(1099, 1105)], [(1115, 1126)], [(1276, 1287)], [(1450, 1459)], [(1659, 1677)], [(1773, 1778)]]
Speed-the-Plow is a 1988 play by David Mamet that is a satirical dissection of the American movie business. As stated in The Producer's Perspective, "this is a theme Mamet would revisit in his later films Wag the Dog (1997) and State and Main (2000)". As quoted in The Producer's Perspective, Jack Kroll of Newsweek described Speed-the-Plow as "another tone poem by our nation's foremost master of the language of moral epilepsy." The play sets its context with an epigraph (not to be recited in performance) by William Makepeace Thackeray, from his novel Pendennis, contained in a frontispiece: It starts: "Which is the most reasonable, and does his duty best: he who stands aloof from the struggle of life, calmly contemplating it, or he who descends to the ground, and takes his part in the contest?" ==Plot summary== ===Act I=== The play begins in the office of Hollywood producer Bobby Gould. Gould's longtime associate, Charlie Fox, has arrived with important news: movie star Doug Brown is interested in making a movie Fox had sent his way some time ago. Gould tells Fox about a book he has been asked to give a "courtesy read" to, meaning that it is not seriously being considered to be made into a film. Gould's secretary, Karen, arrives with coffee and the two men chat with her about the movie business. After Karen leaves, Fox teases Gould that he is attempting to seduce Karen. He thinks that Karen is neither a "floozy" nor an ambitious girl trying to sleep her way up the Hollywood ladder, so it would be hard for Gould to bed her. Gould thinks he can and the two make a five hundred dollar wager to that effect. Fox leaves, soon to be seeing Gould at their lunch appointment. Karen returns to discuss the lunch reservation. Gould tells her about the book he has been giving a "courtesy read". He offers Karen a chance to take part in the process by reading the book and delivering to him her opinion of it to him that night at his home. ===Act II=== That night, at Gould's apartment, Karen delivers a glowing report on the book, saying she wants to work on the film adaptation. Gould says that even if the book is good, it won't make a successful Hollywood movie. Karen admonishes him for perpetuating the standard Hollywood formula instead of taking a creative risk. Karen says that she knows Gould invited her to his place in order to sleep with her and starts to seduce him into taking her to bed, and into pitching the book instead of the Doug Brown film. ===Act III=== The next morning Fox is back in Gould's office, excited about their upcoming meeting with Ross. Gould surprises Fox with news that instead he is going to be pitching the book, without him. Gould says that he feels the call to "do something which is right". Karen enters and eventually admits to being intimate with Gould the night before. Gould and Karen continue to stand together as a team until Fox gets her to admit that she would not have slept with Gould had he not agreed to green light a movie based on the book. With this, Karen's ambitious motives are revealed and Gould wins the bet. Fox throws her off the studio lot and prepares to pitch the Doug Brown film. ==Origin and meaning of the title== The Secret Middle Ages () by Malcolm Jones discusses the origin of the phrase "God Speed the Plow" in a celebration known as Plow Monday and a 14th-century poem: > God spede the plow And send us all corne enow Our purpose for to mak At crow > of cok Of the plwlete of Sygate Be mery and glade Wat Goodale this work mad There is an 18th-century English play by Thomas Morton called Speed the Plough, which introduced the character of the prudish Mrs. Grundy. In George Meredith's novel The Ordeal of Richard Feverel, the young protagonist, running away from home, encounters two peasants discussing their experiences, the Tinker and Speed-the-Plow. Describing them to a relative, he says, "Next, there's a tinker and a ploughman, who think that God is always fighting with the Devil which shall command the kingdoms of the earth. The tinker's for God, and the ploughman—" In an interview in the Chicago Tribune, Mamet explained the title as follows: ==Productions== ===Broadway=== Speed-the-Plow premiered on Broadway at the Royale Theatre in a production by the Lincoln Center Theater, opening on May 3, 1988 and closing on December 31, 1988 after 279 performances. The cast featured Joe Mantegna (Gould), Ron Silver (Fox) and Madonna (Karen). The play was nominated for a Tony Award for Best Play and Best Direction of a Play (Gregory Mosher). Silver won a Tony Award for Best Actor (Play). The first Broadway revival of Speed-the-Plow, directed by Atlantic Theatre Company artistic director Neil Pepe, began previews at the Ethel Barrymore Theatre on October 3, 2008, with an opening on October 23 in a limited engagement, closing on February 22, 2009. The cast featured Jeremy Piven as Bobby Gould, Raúl Esparza as Charlie Fox, and Elisabeth Moss as Karen. However, Piven left the production over medical issues on December 17. The role of Bobby was played by Norbert Leo Butz (from December 23 through January 11, 2009) and William H. Macy (from January 13 through February 22, 2009). Raul Esparza was nominated for the 2009 Tony Award for Best Performance by a Leading Actor in a Play. Reviews were positive. ===Regional=== It has been produced countless times in regional theaters and schools across the country. The play was presented at the Remains Theater in 1987 starring William Peterson, the Geffen Playhouse, Los Angeles, in February and March 2007. Directed by Geffen artistic director Randall Arney, the cast starred Alicia Silverstone as Karen, Greg Germann as Charlie Fox and Jon Tenney as Bobby Gould. ===London=== * In 1989, it was produced at the National Theatre, directed by Gregory Mosher, with Colin Stinton, Alfred Molina and Rebecca Pidgeon. In 2000, the play was produced at the New Ambassadors Theatre with Mark Strong, Kimberly Williams and playwright Patrick Marber in his stage debut, and then transferred to the Duke of York's Theatre with a new cast of Nathaniel Parker (Bobby Gould), Neil Morrissey (Fox) and Gina Bellman (Karen) and a new director, Rupert Goold. In 2008, it was revived at the Old Vic Theatre, starring artistic director Kevin Spacey as Fox, Jeff Goldblum as Gould, and Laura Michelle Kelly as Karen. * In September 2014, it was performed in the West End at the Playhouse Theatre, and was directed by Lindsay Posner, with Nigel Lindsay as Fox, Richard Schiff as Gould, and Lindsay Lohan as Karen. It received mixed reviews. ===Sydney=== In 2016, a production was produced by the Sydney Theatre Company at the Roslyn Packer Theatre. It was directed by Andrew Upton and featured Damon Herriman as Bobby, Lachy Hulme as Charlie and Rose Byrne as Karen. It ran from November 8 to December 17, 2016. === Hong Kong === In 2017, the production is produced by Dionysus Contemporary Theatre at the Hong Kong Academy for Performing Arts Lyric Theatre. It is directed by Olivia Yan, with the cast of Anthony Wong (Bobby Gould), Jan Lamb (Fox) and Rosa Maria Velasco (Karen), produced by Joyce Cheung. It will be the first time ever that the play has been translated into Chinese and performed in Cantonese. === Norway === * In 2002, Speed The Plow was produced by Det Norske Teatret, Norway's leading state-funded theatre in nynorsk. It is directed by Odd Christian Hagen, with the cast of Reidar Sørensen (Bobby Gould), Nina Woxholt (Fox) and Ingrid Jørgensen (Karen). It was the first time ever that the play was translated to this language. Mamet's brother attended the opening night, bringing his brother's greetings to the cast and crew. The music was composed and performed live by Ole Kristian Wetten. == Reception == The original play (1988) earned mostly positive reviews, while reviews for Madonna's acting ranged from mixed to positive. Theater critic Michael Kuchwara praised Mamet's play saying "absolutely on target, demolishing the egomaniacs who decide what reaches the silver screen". Commenting on Madonna's theatre debut, Ron Givens from Entertainment Weekly labeled it as a "very respectable Broadway debut", while Frank Rich from The New York Times complimented her "intelligent, scrupulously disciplined comic acting." In a negative review, UPI critic described "She is rigid, almost as though she is terrified to be on stage". Reviews centralized in Madonna also "left little space for considering the implications of the play itself". ===Impact=== The play debuted with a notable mass media attention, described by academic journal Modern Drama as a "rare phenomenon" for a straight play by an important American playwright, largely helped by Madonna's role. Due to her "highly publicized" stage role, every night after the show, a throng of Madonna fans would encircle the backstage exits of the theater. Although in Hollywood on Stage (2013), Kimball King recalls, "this choice also begs the question of spectator's primary intent: To see Madonna or engage with Mamet's play". The casting of Madonna effected a sell out of Lincoln Theatre venue and a transfer to a large theatre in Broadway, elevating the entire production to a "new level". Although Winship commented "The production has a cheap look that is out of line with most Lincoln Center Theater productions". Madonna's appearance reportedly helped its box-office sales; the play sold a record number of advance tickets for six consecutive months, exceeding $1 million in ticket sales. After Madonna left the show's cast, ticket demand decreased drastically. In retrospect, Ron Silver claimed, he was thankful for all the hype that was generated by Madonna's appearance in the play. If it were not for Madonna's name, ticket sales might not have been great enough for the play to move to a Broadway theater, and he might never have a Tony award. ==Related works== Bobby Gould's story is continued in Mamet's one act play Bobby Gould in Hell. In a review of Arthur Kopit's 1989 play Bone-the-Fish, New York Times theater critic Mel Gussow wrote that it "could be regarded as Mr. Kopit's response to David Mamet's Speed-the-Plow. In fact, the plays share much more than two hyphens. Mr. Kopit asks how far a film director will go in demeaning himself in quest of work." Mamet's short story "The Bridge", which is the basis for the novel of the same name in the play, was published in the literary magazine Granta in 1985. David Ives' one-act play Speed the Play, first produced in 1992 by the Chicago, Illinois-based Strawdog Theatre Company, is a parody of Speed-the-Plow. ==Awards and nominations== ===Original Broadway production=== Year Award Category Nominee Result 1988 Drama Desk Awards Outstanding Play David Mamet Outstanding Director of a Play Gregory Mosher Outstanding Actor in a Play Ron Silver Joe Mantegna Tony Awards Best Play David Mamet Best Direction of a Play Gregory Mosher Best Actor in a Play Ron Silver ===2008 Broadway Revival=== Year Award Category Nominee Result 2009 Drama Desk Awards Outstanding Actor in a Play Raúl Esparza Tony Award Best Actor in a Play ==References== ==External links== Internet Broadway Database listing, 1988 production Internet Broadway Database listing, 2008 production Category:1988 plays Category:Plays by David Mamet Category:Plays set in Los Angeles	['David Mamet', 'Gregory Mosher', 'Wag the Dog', 'State and Main', 'Jack Kroll', 'Newsweek', 'William Makepeace Thackeray', 'Pendennis', 'Plow Monday', 'Mrs. Grundy', 'George Meredith', 'The Ordeal of Richard Feverel', 'Chicago Tribune', 'Lincoln Center', 'Joe Mantegna', 'Ron Silver', 'Madonna', 'Tony Award', 'Atlantic Theatre Company', 'Ethel Barrymore Theatre', 'Jeremy Piven', 'Raúl Esparza', 'Elisabeth Moss', 'Norbert Leo Butz', 'William H. Macy', 'Alicia Silverstone', 'Greg Germann', 'Jon Tenney', 'Colin Stinton', 'Alfred Molina', 'Rebecca Pidgeon', 'Mark Strong', 'Patrick Marber', "Duke of York's Theatre", 'Nathaniel Parker', 'Neil Morrissey', 'Gina Bellman', 'Old Vic', 'Kevin Spacey', 'Jeff Goldblum', 'Laura Michelle Kelly', 'Playhouse Theatre', 'Lindsay Posner', 'Nigel Lindsay', 'Richard Schiff', 'Lindsay Lohan', 'Sydney Theatre Company', 'Roslyn Packer Theatre', 'Andrew Upton', 'Damon Herriman', 'Lachy Hulme', 'Rose Byrne', 'Olivia Yan', 'Joyce Cheung', 'Reidar Sørensen', 'Michael Kuchwara', 'Entertainment Weekly', 'Frank Rich', 'The New York Times', 'UPI', 'Modern Drama', 'Bobby Gould in Hell', 'Arthur Kopit', 'Mel Gussow', 'Granta', 'David Ives', 'Chicago, Illinois', 'Strawdog Theatre Company', 'Drama Desk Awards', 'Tony Award for Best Play']	['Q269927', 'Q5607080', 'Q623443', 'Q960668', 'Q6113533', 'Q188413', 'Q167768', 'Q7162382', 'Q7205145', 'Q1028318', 'Q90238', 'Q14476502', 'Q47596', 'Q581044', 'Q276269', 'Q382036', 'Q1744', 'Q191874', 'Q2869405', 'Q5403074', 'Q315083', 'Q747697', 'Q233466', 'Q5484158', 'Q224159', 'Q199945', 'Q740511', 'Q1321988', 'Q501750', 'Q296028', 'Q287572', 'Q312712', 'Q934640', 'Q2275938', 'Q208746', 'Q6989062', 'Q271761', 'Q868806', 'Q25144', 'Q106706', 'Q430970', 'Q7203366', 'Q6552783', 'Q7032521', 'Q355209', 'Q44903', 'Q3506845', 'Q7660173', 'Q4758784', 'Q1093867', 'Q5968695', 'Q228717', 'Q15925743', 'Q15908498', 'Q7310028', 'Q6831988', 'Q275033', 'Q5489205', 'Q9684', 'Q493845', 'Q15767055', 'Q4935055', 'Q770566', 'Q4152873', 'Q3304316', 'Q2893202', 'Q1297', 'Q7622537', 'Q682154', 'Q1799442']	[[(33, 44), (10128, 10139), (10739, 10750), (10871, 10882), (11292, 11303)], [(4526, 4540), (5795, 5809), (10782, 10796), (10908, 10922)], [(205, 216)], [(228, 242)], [(293, 303)], [(307, 315)], [(512, 539)], [(556, 565)], [(3323, 3334)], [(3643, 3654)], [(3659, 3674)], [(3683, 3712)], [(4092, 4107)], [(4260, 4274), (9303, 9317)], [(4382, 4394), (10836, 10848)], [(4404, 4414), (9604, 9614), (10825, 10835), (10944, 10954)], [(4425, 4432), (7845, 7852), (8061, 8068), (8418, 8425), (8712, 8719), (8811, 8818), (9010, 9017), (9063, 9070), (9340, 9347), (9522, 9529), (9679, 9686), (9732, 9739)], [(4471, 4481), (4556, 4566), (5227, 5237), (10849, 10859), (11082, 11092)], [(4648, 4672)], [(4724, 4747)], [(4871, 4883)], [(4900, 4912), (11069, 11081)], [(4933, 4947)], [(5061, 5077)], [(5126, 5141)], [(5630, 5648)], [(5659, 5671)], [(5691, 5701)], [(5816, 5829)], [(5831, 5844)], [(5849, 5864)], [(5934, 5945)], [(5980, 5994)], [(6043, 6065)], [(6085, 6101)], [(6117, 6131)], [(6142, 6154)], [(6230, 6237)], [(6274, 6286)], [(6295, 6308)], [(6323, 6343)], [(6415, 6432)], [(6454, 6468)], [(6475, 6488)], [(6497, 6511)], [(6526, 6539)], [(6633, 6655)], [(6663, 6684)], [(6705, 6717)], [(6731, 6745)], [(6756, 6767)], [(6783, 6793)], [(7016, 7026)], [(7132, 7144)], [(7435, 7450)], [(7908, 7924)], [(8102, 8122)], [(8180, 8190)], [(8196, 8214)], [(8308, 8311)], [(8601, 8613)], [(9951, 9970)], [(9987, 9999)], [(10057, 10067)], [(10434, 10440)], [(10450, 10460)], [(10521, 10538)], [(10545, 10569)], [(10704, 10721), (11023, 11040)], [(4471, 4495)]]
Pre-Christian may refer to: Before Christianization (the spread of Christianity): Historical polytheism (the worship of or belief in multiple deities) Historical paganism (denoting various non-Abrahamic religions) Before Christ (BC), the era before the year 1 in the Julian and Gregorian calendars Classical antiquity, a period of history centered on the Mediterranean Sea, lasting from around the 8th century BC to the 5th century AD Iron Age, lasting from around the 12th century BC to the 8th century AD	['Christianization', 'Before Christ', 'Classical antiquity', 'Iron Age']	['Q59532', 'Q159791', 'Q486761', 'Q11764']	[[(36, 52)], [(29, 42), (220, 233)], [(306, 325)], [(445, 453)]]
Darko Miličić (, ; born June 20, 1985) is a Serbian former professional basketball player. He is , and played the center position. Miličić played in the National Basketball Association (NBA) from 2003 to 2013. He is the fifth youngest player and the youngest foreign player to have played in the NBA, the youngest player to have played in an NBA Finals game, and the youngest player to win the NBA championship. Miličić was selected by the Detroit Pistons as the second overall pick in the 2003 NBA draft; he was chosen after number one pick LeBron James and ahead of other future NBA superstars including Carmelo Anthony, Chris Bosh and Dwyane Wade. Selected with a high draft pick, Miličić never played at the level expected of him in the NBA and is widely regarded as a draft bust. While he won an NBA championship with the Pistons in 2004, Miličić never received significant playing time during his seasons with the team and was traded to the Orlando Magic in 2006. Following stints with the Magic, the Memphis Grizzlies, and the New York Knicks, Miličić was traded to the Minnesota Timberwolves in 2010 and signed a four-year contract with the team that summer. After being released by Minnesota in 2012, he played one regular-season game for the Boston Celtics later that year before being released. Miličić announced his retirement from the NBA in June 2013; he retired with career averages of 6.0 points and 4.2 rebounds per game. In international play, Miličić played for the Serbian national team. ==Early life== Miličić's parents are Milorad and Zora. During the Yugoslav Wars, when Miličić was not yet 10, he heard a news report in which his father was named as one of several Serbian soldiers killed in action; however, a few minutes later, the newscaster indicated some of the soldiers, including his father, had been incorrectly included as killed. His father ultimately survived the wars. His parents' families hail from Janj near Šipovo in Bosanska Krajina. His sister Tijana is a volleyball player. Miličić played his first youth basketball in BFC Beočin until NATO bombing of Yugoslavia that lasted from 24 March 1999 to 10 June 1999, when he was forced to take a break. After that, he played for the basketball club Sports World from Novi Sad, which is also a basketball school, where he became a dominant figure and received interest from bigger teams. Miličić played club basketball with his friend Nemanja Jokić, the older brother of Nikola Jokić. At the age of 14, Miličić started playing basketball with the Serbian team Hemofarm's junior team. He was later called up from the junior team before being drafted by the NBA's Detroit Pistons in 2003. ==NBA career== ===Detroit Pistons (2003–2006)=== The Detroit Pistons chose Miličić with the second overall pick in the 2003 NBA draft. Unlike most teams with high draft choices, the Pistons were a good team that had made the Eastern Conference Finals the season before they drafted Miličić. The NBA draft rules had to be changed to allow Miličić to be drafted. The Pistons held the second overall draft pick because of a 1997 trade that had sent Otis Thorpe to the Vancouver Grizzlies. Miličić saw limited playing time during his first season with the Pistons, but did become the youngest player to appear in an NBA Finals game (18 years and 356 days) and won an NBA championship just five days later when the Pistons defeated the Los Angeles Lakers in the 2004 NBA Finals.Darko Milicic biography . NBA.com. Retrieved on October 30, 2009. Pistons team president Joe Dumars repeatedly stated that Miličić would play a big part in the team's future, but he did not see a large increase in playing time during his second season. Miličić has been quoted on numerous occasions as attributing his slow development on his lack of playing time; "I've said it 10,000 times, the best way for me to improve is to play. All the work in practice and individual workouts can only help me so much". After Larry Brown's departure, Flip Saunders was hired as head coach of the Pistons. Under Saunders, Miličić still averaged only 5.6 minutes per game, and received significant playing time only in blowout wins or blowout losses for the Pistons. Miličić's lack of playing time in Detroit was frequently highlighted in publications. In the 96 games he played as a Piston, he only scored a total of 152 points and averaged 1.6 points and 5.8 minutes per game. ===Orlando Magic (2006–2007)=== On February 15, 2006, just prior to the NBA's All-Star break, Miličić was traded, along with point guard Carlos Arroyo, to the Orlando Magic for Kelvin Cato and a first-round pick in the 2007 NBA draft (Rodney Stuckey). During a game against the New York Knicks he played 32 minutes and finished with 13 points and seven rebounds. The 13 points and 32 minutes were season highs, and he led the Magic in minutes for that game. Miličić averaged 2.4 blocks per game in his first 20 games as a member of the Magic. In the 2006–07 playoffs, he increased his scoring by four points per game to 12.3 on 58.8% shooting. When his rookie contract expired in the 2007 offseason, Orlando made him a qualifying offer; on July 3, 2007, however, the team withdrew that offer and made Milicic an unrestricted free agent. ===Memphis Grizzlies (2007–2009)=== On July 12, 2007, the first day of free agency, Miličić was signed by the Memphis Grizzlies to a three-year, $21 million contract.Milicic, Grizzlies agree on three-year deal July 11, 2007 Miličić hurt his Achilles tendon practicing with the Serbian national team in the 2008 offseason but was available to start at the beginning of the season. Miličić began the 2008–09 season starting at power forward but, due to poor play, was moved to the bench. Miličić regained his starting job as his play steadily improved in early December 2008. Miličić's progress was set back by an injury on December 26, 2008, against the Indiana Pacers when he broke a knuckle on his right hand during the game. Miličić's time with the Grizzlies was one of the low points of his career; he did not want to play for the team, he suffered an injury, and the team was not performing well. His wife would recall that he would punch the walls of his house in anger after coming home from games. During a game against the Houston Rockets in early December 2008, he even deliberately ripped his jersey in frustration (the jersey was later autographed by him and sold at an auction). ===New York Knicks (2009–2010)=== On June 25, 2009, Miličić was traded to the New York Knicks for Quentin Richardson and cash considerations. On December 17, 2009, Miličić said that he planned to leave the NBA and return to playing basketball in Europe the following season. ===Minnesota Timberwolves (2010–2012)=== On February 17, 2010, Miličić was traded to the Minnesota Timberwolves along with cash considerations for Brian Cardinal. The Timberwolves agreed to re-sign Milicic for four years and $20 million on July 1, 2010. David Kahn said that Darko was "like manna from heaven." The 2010–11 Minnesota season was Milicic's best statistically; in interviews, he looked back on that time period fondly relative to the rest of his time in the NBA. He averaged 8.8 points, 5.2 rebounds, and 2.0 blocks per game, finishing the season fifth in the league in blocks per game. Miličić had his best games on November 19, when he scored 23 points, 16 rebounds and six blocks against the Los Angeles Lakers; and on December 14, 2010, when he had a career-high 25 points and 11 rebounds against the Golden State Warriors. Miličić began the 2011-12 season as the Timberwolves' starting center. On January 20, 2012, he scored a season-high 22 points and seven rebounds against the Los Angeles Clippers. However, he would see his playing time diminish as the season went on. On July 12, 2012, Miličić was waived by the Timberwolves under the league's amnesty clause. ===Boston Celtics (2012)=== In September 2012, Miličić signed with the Boston Celtics. On November 21, 2012, the Celtics released Miličić at his request so that he could attend to personal matters. Miličić' final game ever was on November 2, 2012, in a 88 - 99 loss to the Milwaukee Bucks where he recorded 1 rebound, 2 turnovers and 1 foul. This was the Celtic's 2nd game of the season and it was the only game that Miličić played during the entire season, playing only five minutes for that game. In June 2013, Miličić announced that he had retired from the NBA. He retired with career averages of 6.0 points and 4.2 rebounds per game. In September 2014, it was revealed that Miličić had retired from professional basketball in order to pursue a kickboxing career. === Legacy === As of February 2023, Miličić is the fifth youngest player to have played in the NBA. As of February 2023, he is also the youngest foreign player to have played in the NBA, the youngest player to have played in an NBA Finals game, and the youngest NBA champion. After having been selected with the second overall pick in the 2003 NBA Draft, Miličić failed to play at the level expected of him in the NBA and is known as one of the worst draft choices in the history of the NBA. Miličić himself has questioned whether the Pistons made the right move by drafting him. The Detroit Pistons passed over future NBA stars Carmelo Anthony, Chris Bosh, and Dwyane Wade to select Miličić. In June 2011, Mark David Smith of Bleacher Report wrote, "The Pistons missed a huge opportunity when they picked Darko. Carmelo, Wade or Bosh could've helped put Detroit over the hump after the 2004 championship season. The thought of one of these superstars with that Pistons team is scary; it could've potentially made them one of the best dynasties in all of sports history". ==International basketball career== Miličić played for the FR Yugoslavia U16 national team that won a gold medal at the European Cadet Championships in 2001. In 2006, Miličić led Serbia and Montenegro at the 2006 FIBA World Championship. Serbia and Montenegro had decided to replace their aging superstars—who had led the team to a gold medal finish in the previous 2002 FIBA World Championship—with young blood. Miličić led the team in rebounds (56) and blocked shots (17) and was second on the team in scoring (16.2 ppg) and assists (11) through six games. In Serbia and Montenegro's sixth and final game against Spain, Miličić matched up against NBA All-Star Pau Gasol and finished with 18 points, 15 rebounds, and three blocks. During an interview following a 68–67 overtime loss to Greece at EuroBasket 2007, Miličić made vulgar remarks to the media in his native language. He referred to the referees with expletives and threatened to engage in various sex acts with their female relatives. He received a $13,770 fine from FIBA and his outburst was heavily criticized by Memphis Grizzlies general manager Chris Wallace and head coach Marc Iavaroni. ==Post-NBA activities== === Kickboxing career === Miličić had a stint in kickboxing during 2014. On December 18, 2014, he had his official debut in kickboxing under the WAKO rules in his hometown Novi Sad. He lost that fight by 2nd round TKO from Serbian kickboxer Radovan Radojčin from Senta, Serbia. === Attempt to return from retirement === On May 19, 2015, it was announced that Miličić had agreed to come back from retirement and start playing professional basketball again with Metalac Farmakom of the Basketball League of Serbia and the ABA League after the season was over. The announcement was made by Boško Đukanović, the club's president, and later confirmed by Miličić himself. However, Miličić later changed his mind. === Farming === Miličić works as a farmer in his native Serbia. , he owned and operated an apple orchard of about , with plans to purchase more land and also grow cherries. === Amateur basketball career === In September 2019, Miličić joined I Came to Play in his hometown of Novi Sad. He debuted with the team on 6 October in a 78–50 victory against KK Futog, scoring two points and handing out several assists before leaving the game with a minor shoulder injury. ==Personal life== On May 23, 2009, Miličić married Zorana Markuš. They have a daughter and two sons. His wife is a fashion designer and sister of deceased Serbian criminal Marko Markuš. In 2010, Miličić paid for a trip and treatment in China for five Serbian children with Batten disease. Miličić is a supporter of the Ravna Gora movement (Ravnogorski pokret), and has tattoos of World War II Chetnik leaders Nikola Kalabić and Momčilo Đujić on his stomach, and Draža Mihailović and Brane Bogunović on his back. In late 2013, he expressed his support for far-right politician and convicted war criminal Vojislav Šešelj. A folk song was made in his honour by the Bosnian Serb duo Žare i Goci. ==Career statistics== === Regular season === \|- \|style="text-align:left;background:#afe6ba;"\| † \| align="left" \| Detroit \| 34 \|\| 0 \|\| 4.7 \|\| .262 \|\| .000 \|\| .583 \|\| 1.3 \|\| .2 \|\| .2 \|\| .4 \|\| 1.4 \|- \| align="left" \| \| align="left" \| Detroit \| 37 \|\| 2 \|\| 6.9 \|\| .329 \|\| .000 \|\| .708 \|\| 1.2 \|\| .2 \|\| .1 \|\| .5 \|\| 1.8 \|- \| align="left" \| \| align="left" \| Detroit \| 25 \|\| 0 \|\| 5.6 \|\| .515 \|\| .000 \|\| .375 \|\| 1.1 \|\| .4 \|\| .1 \|\| .6 \|\| 1.5 \|- \| align="left" \| \| align="left" \| Orlando \| 30 \|\| 1 \|\| 20.9 \|\| .507 \|\| .000 \|\| .595 \|\| 4.1 \|\| 1.1 \|\| .4 \|\| 2.1 \|\| 7.6 \|- \| align="left" \| \| align="left" \| Orlando \| 80 \|\| 16 \|\| 23.9 \|\| .454 \|\| .000 \|\| .613 \|\| 5.5 \|\| 1.1 \|\| .6 \|\| 1.8 \|\| 8.0 \|- \| align="left" \| \| align="left" \| Memphis \| 70 \|\| 64 \|\| 23.8 \|\| .438 \|\| .000 \|\| .554 \|\| 6.1 \|\| .8 \|\| .5 \|\| 1.6 \|\| 7.2 \|- \| align="left" \| \| align="left" \| Memphis \| 61 \|\| 15 \|\| 17.0 \|\| .515 \|\| .000 \|\| .562 \|\| 4.3 \|\| .6 \|\| .4 \|\| .8 \|\| 5.5 \|- \| align="left" \| \| align="left" \| New York \| 8 \|\| 0 \|\| 8.9 \|\| .471 \|\| .000 \|\| .000 \|\| 2.3 \|\| .5 \|\| .5 \|\| .1 \|\| 2.0 \|- \| align="left" \| \| align="left" \| Minnesota \| 24 \|\| 18 \|\| 25.6 \|\| .492 \|\| .000 \|\| .536 \|\| 5.5 \|\| 1.8 \|\| .8 \|\| 1.4 \|\| 8.3 \|- \| align="left" \| \| align="left" \| Minnesota \| 69 \|\| 69 \|\| 24.4 \|\| .469 \|\| .000 \|\| .557 \|\| 5.2 \|\| 1.5 \|\| .8 \|\| 2.0 \|\| 8.8 \|- \| align="left" \| \| align="left" \| Minnesota \| 29 \|\| 23 \|\| 16.3 \|\| .454 \|\| .000 \|\| .432 \|\| 3.3 \|\| .6 \|\| .3 \|\| .9 \|\| 4.6 \|- \| align="left" \| \| align="left" \| Boston \| 1 \|\| 0 \|\| 5.0 \|\| .000 \|\| .000 \|\| .000 \|\| 1.0 \|\| .0 \|\| .0 \|\| .0 \|\| .0 \|- class="sortbottom" \| style="text-align:center;" colspan="2"\| Career \| 468 \|\| 208 \|\| 18.5 \|\| .460 \|\| .000 \|\| .574 \|\| 4.2 \|\| .9 \|\| .4 \|\| 1.3 \|\| 6.0 === Playoffs === \|- \|style="text-align:left;background:#afe6ba;"\| 2004† \| align="left" \| Detroit \| 8 \|\| 0 \|\| 1.8 \|\| .000 \|\| .000 \|\| .250 \|\| .4 \|\| .1 \|\| .1 \|\| .0 \|\| .1 \|- \| align="left" \| 2005 \| align="left" \| Detroit \| 9 \|\| 0 \|\| 2.3 \|\| .286 \|\| .000 \|\| 1.000 \|\| .4 \|\| .1 \|\| .0 \|\| .1 \|\| .6 \|- \| align="left" \| 2007 \| align="left" \| Orlando \| 4 \|\| 0 \|\| 28.8 \|\| .588 \|\| .000 \|\| .529 \|\| 4.5 \|\| 1.0 \|\| .3 \|\| 1.0 \|\| 12.3 \|- class="sortbottom" \| style="text-align:center;" colspan="2"\| Career \| 21 \|\| 0 \|\| 7.1 \|\| .489 \|\| .000 \|\| .500 \|\| 1.2 \|\| .3 \|\| .1 \|\| .2 \|\| 2.6 ==Kickboxing record== \|- bgcolor="FFBBBB" \| 2014-12-18 \|\| Loss \|\|align=left\| Radovan Radojčin \|\| SOUL Night of Champions\|\| Novi Sad, Serbia \|\| TKO (Cut) \|\| 2 \|\| \|\| 0-1 \|- ! style=background:white colspan=9 \| \|- \| colspan=9 \|Legend: ==See also== * List of European basketball players in the United States * List of oldest and youngest National Basketball Association players * List of Serbian NBA players ==References== ==External links== * * Darko Miličić at draftexpress.com * Darko Miličić at espn.com * * Darko Miličić at nba.com (Prospect Profile) Category:1985 births Category:Living people Category:2006 FIBA World Championship players Category:Boston Celtics players Category:Centers (basketball) Category:Detroit Pistons draft picks Category:Detroit Pistons players Category:KK BFC players Category:KK Hemofarm players Category:Members of the Assembly of KK Crvena zvezda Category:Memphis Grizzlies players Category:Minnesota Timberwolves players Category:National Basketball Association players from Serbia Category:New York Knicks players Category:I Came to Play players Category:Orlando Magic players Category:Power forwards (basketball) Category:Serbia men's national basketball team players Category:Serbian expatriate basketball people in the United States Category:Serbian farmers Category:Serbian male kickboxers Category:Serbian men's basketball players Category:Serbian people of Bosnia and Herzegovina descent Category:Basketball players from Novi Sad Category:Heavyweight kickboxers Category:Serbia and Montenegro men's basketball players Category:Serbia and Montenegro expatriate sportspeople in the United States Category:20th-century farmers	['Novi Sad', 'Detroit Pistons', 'Orlando Magic', 'Memphis Grizzlies', 'New York Knicks', 'Minnesota Timberwolves', 'Boston Celtics', '2004 NBA Finals', 'National Basketball Association', '2003 NBA draft', 'LeBron James', 'Carmelo Anthony', 'Chris Bosh', 'Dwyane Wade', 'Yugoslav Wars', 'Šipovo', 'NATO bombing of Yugoslavia', 'Nikola Jokić', 'NBA draft', 'Otis Thorpe', 'Joe Dumars', 'Flip Saunders', 'Carlos Arroyo', 'Kelvin Cato', 'Rodney Stuckey', 'Achilles tendon', 'Houston Rockets', 'Quentin Richardson', 'Brian Cardinal', 'Los Angeles Lakers', 'Golden State Warriors', 'Los Angeles Clippers', 'Milwaukee Bucks', 'Bleacher Report', '2006 FIBA World Championship', '2002 FIBA World Championship', 'Pau Gasol', 'EuroBasket 2007', 'FIBA', 'Marc Iavaroni', 'Basketball League of Serbia', 'ABA League', 'Batten disease', 'Ravna Gora movement', 'Nikola Kalabić', 'Momčilo Đujić', 'Draža Mihailović', 'Vojislav Šešelj', 'List of European basketball players in the United States', 'List of Serbian NBA players']	['Q55630', 'Q169661', 'Q161337', 'Q165529', 'Q131364', 'Q170558', 'Q131371', 'Q1022085', 'Q155223', 'Q1352101', 'Q36159', 'Q129041', 'Q201386', 'Q31683', 'Q242352', 'Q185660', 'Q155723', 'Q17281073', 'Q622521', 'Q1392517', 'Q348598', 'Q1428911', 'Q562471', 'Q763614', 'Q517029', 'Q223172', 'Q161345', 'Q504336', 'Q911981', 'Q121783', 'Q157376', 'Q976396', 'Q169637', 'Q2906353', 'Q241329', 'Q587978', 'Q193052', 'Q390319', 'Q46199', 'Q2327855', 'Q1513746', 'Q257400', 'Q1753778', 'Q872672', 'Q1565385', 'Q1287583', 'Q156122', 'Q298063', 'Q6570363', 'Q6596732']	[[(2254, 2262), (11090, 11098), (11900, 11908), (15129, 15137), (16468, 16476)], [(440, 455), (2648, 2663), (2691, 2706), (2726, 2741), (9251, 9266), (15719, 15734), (15756, 15771)], [(947, 960), (4417, 4430), (4573, 4586), (16096, 16109)], [(1007, 1024), (5254, 5271), (5361, 5378), (10816, 10833), (15895, 15912)], [(1034, 1049), (4692, 4707), (6445, 6460), (6520, 6535), (16031, 16046)], [(1077, 1099), (6720, 6742), (6806, 6828), (15930, 15952)], [(1252, 1266), (7903, 7917), (7971, 7985), (15657, 15671)], [(3430, 3445)], [(153, 184), (15340, 15371), (15970, 16001)], [(490, 504), (2792, 2806)], [(542, 554)], [(606, 621), (9296, 9311)], [(623, 633), (9313, 9323)], [(638, 649), (9329, 9340)], [(1574, 1587)], [(1947, 1953)], [(2079, 2105)], [(2457, 2469)], [(495, 504), (2797, 2806), (2968, 2977), (4638, 4647)], [(3119, 3130)], [(3535, 3545)], [(3988, 4001)], [(4551, 4564)], [(4591, 4602)], [(4649, 4663)], [(5492, 5507)], [(6282, 6297)], [(6540, 6558)], [(6864, 6878)], [(3404, 3422), (7425, 7443)], [(7535, 7556)], [(7715, 7735)], [(8173, 8188)], [(9394, 9409)], [(9947, 9975), (15611, 15639)], [(10105, 10133)], [(10401, 10410)], [(10536, 10551)], [(9952, 9956), (10110, 10114), (10768, 10772), (15616, 15620)], [(10879, 10892)], [(11402, 11429)], [(11438, 11448)], [(12363, 12377)], [(12409, 12428)], [(12499, 12513)], [(12518, 12531)], [(12552, 12568)], [(12693, 12708)], [(15253, 15309)], [(15382, 15409)]]
LAM - Mozambique Airlines, S. A. (LAM - Linhas Aéreas de Moçambique, S. A.) or Linhas Aéreas de Moçambique, Ltd., operating as LAM Mozambique Airlines (), is the flag carrier of Mozambique. The airline was established by the Portuguese colonial government of Mozambique in August 1936 as a charter carrier named DETA - Direcção de Exploração de Transportes Aéreos, and was renamed in 1980 following reorganisation. LAM Mozambique Airlines is based in Maputo, and has its hub at Maputo International Airport. It operates scheduled services in Southern Africa. The company is a member of the International Air Transport Association, and of the African Airlines Association since 1976. == History == === Early years === The airline was established on 26 August 1936 as DETADirecção de Exploração de Transportes Aéreos, as a division of the Department of Railways, Harbours and Airways of the Portuguese colonial government of Mozambique. Charter flights were operated for a short period of time; a regular airmail service commenced on 22 December 1937 using a Dragonfly, a Hornet and two Rapides. Shortly afterwards, these services started carrying passengers, most of them government officials. Flown with Rapides, the Lourenço Marques–Germinston route was one of the company’s mainstays in the early years; it was operated on a twice-weekly basis, and connected with Imperial Airways services to London. In April 1938, the eight- hour-long domestic Lourenço Marques–Inhambane–Beira–Quelimane coastal route was opened. DETA passengers that were flown along the Mozambican coast could also connect with Imperial services at Lourenço Marques. At that time, Imperial Airways ran a service between Cape Town and Cairo that called at Lourenço Marques. Early in 1938, DETA had signed a contract with Imperial for the provision of such feeder services. During the spring, another Hornet was incorporated into the fleet. Also in 1938, the airline acquired three Junkers Ju 52s and two more Rapides. The coastal service was extended farther north in , reaching Port Amelia. At April 1939, one Drangonfly, one Hornet, three Junkers Ju 52s and six Rapides were part of the fleet. Most of the operations came to a halt following the outbreak of World War II. A Beira–Salisbury route was launched in February 1947, with scheduled services to Durban and Madagascar also starting by the end of that year. By March 1952 the carrier was operating a long route network that included domestic services as well as international ones to Durban, Johannesburg and Salisbury, served with a fleet of six Doves, five Rapides, three Douglas DC-3s, two Lockheed Lodestars, a Lockheed L-14 and a Junkers Ju 52. A new Moçambique–Nampula–Vila Cabral run that called at three more intermediate stops was opened in 1954. The last leg of this service was temporarily suspended when Vila Cabral was excluded from the airline's list of destinations, but flights to the city were later reinstated after Vila Cabral got linked with Beira via Vila Pery, Tete and Vila Coutinho. At March 1955, the carrier's fleet included three DC-3s, six Doves, one Dragon Fly, four Dragon Rapides, two Junkers Ju 52/3s, one Lockheed 14H, two Lodestars and two Horner Moths. The airline was one of the last worldwide to operate the Junkers Ju 52s on scheduled services. Two of these aircraft were still in its fleet in April 1960, along with three DC-3s, four Doves, three Lodestars and four Rapides that operated a domestic network plus international services to Durban, Johannesburg and Salisbury. DETA started a fleet modernisation in the early 1960s, when three Fokker F27-200s ordered in June 1961, making the airline the customer for the type, had already been handed over to the company by August 1962; the first of them was named "Lourenço Marques" after the capital city of Portuguese East Africa. DETA and Air Malawi inaugurated the Beira–Blantyre service in 1964; it was operated in a pool agreement between the two carriers. In 1965, Nova Freizo was added to the route network; in that year, a service linking Beira with Lourenço Marques was launched. In March 1966, DETA and Swazi Air commenced flying the Lourenço Marques–Manzini run on a joint basis. Two Boeing 737-200s were ordered in 1968 both to complement the three F27s, six DC-3s, one Dove, and one Beaver already in the fleet, and to support the company's regional expansion, that had grown up to five destinations regionally served with the addition of Blantyre and Manzini to the network. The first of these machines entered the fleet in 1969. The airline would order two more Boeing 737-200s in the forthcoming years, taking possession of the fourth one in 1973. Mozambique gained its independence from Portugal in 1975. Intercontinental services started in 1976 serving the Lourenço Marques–Beira–Accra–Lisbon route, at first with a Boeing 707-320, and then with a Boeing 707-320C leased from Tempair International Airlines. In 1979, a Douglas DC-8 was ordered. === Renaming === DETA was Mozambique's flag carrier until 1980. Following allegations of corruption, the airline was restructured and renamed LAMLinhas Aéreas de Moçambique early that year. Four more Boeing 737-200s were ordered in 1981. The Douglas DC-8-62 that had been ordered at the end of the DETA era arrived in 1982. In 1983, a Douglas DC-10-30 was ordered. Also in 1983, a Maputo–Manzini–Maseru service that was flown using Fokker F27 aircraft was launched in cooperation with Lesotho Airways. The DC-10-30 joined the fleet in 1984, and new services to East Berlin, Copenhagen and Paris were started. At March 1985, the carrier had 1,927 employees. At this time, the DC-10-30 and three Boeing 737-200s (including a convertible one) worked on a route network radiating from Maputo that served Beira, Berlin-Schonefeld, Dar-es-Salaam, Harare, Johannesburg, Lisbon, Lusaka, Manzini, Maseru, Nampula, Paris, Pemba, Sofia and Quelimane. TACV Cabo Verde Airlines leased the DC-10 in the weekends during 1985. The first Boeing 737-300 entered the fleet in 1991. By that year, employment was 1,948, and the fleet consisted of two Boeing 737-200s (including a convertible one), one Boeing 767-200ER (plus another one on order) and four CASA 212-200s. The company had returned the 737-300 to the lessor in 1995 because of its inability to afford the leasing costs of the aircraft, and a Boeing 767-200ER would follow the same fate late that year. An ex-Royal Swazi Fokker 100 was leased in October 1996. On 23 December 1998, LAM became a limited company and rebranded as LAMMozambique Airlines. === EU ban === Like all airlines with an AOC issued in Mozambique, the carrier is banned from operating into the European Union. The ban dates back to April 2011. At that time, the company claimed the Mozambican Civil Aviation Institute was responsible for the actions taken by the European Commission against all Mozambican carriers, and argued that it was an airline with an excellent safety record. Prior to EuroAtlantic Airways launching Boeing 767-300ER operations to Lisbon on LAM's behalf in April 2011, the Lisbon–Maputo–Lisbon run was operated by TAP Portugal as a codeshare with LAM. The Maputo–Lisbon–Maputo route, originally launched in November 2011, was discontinued from late that year, ahead of the constitution of a new autonomous division aimed at operating intercontinental routes. , Lisbon was served with Airbus A340 aircraft. , the list of airlines banned in the EU still included LAM. In May 2017, the European Commission removed all airlines certified in Mozambique from their list of banned airlines after an audit confirmed that aviation safety had improved in the country. == Corporate affairs == === Ownership and subsidiaries === , the state holds 91% of the shares and the employees hold the balance. The company Moçambique Expresso, set up in September 1995, is 100% owned by LAM. === Business trends === The airline has been loss-making for many years. Full annual reports do not appear to have been published, although financial results are now being released. Otherwise, the main sources for trends are industry and press reports, as shown below (as at year ending 31 December): 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 Turnover (MZMm) 5,271 5,382 6,195 4,465 Profit before tax (MZMm) Number of employees 715 909 695 865 831 831 Number of passengers (000s) 612 684 788 640 539 589 Passenger load factor (%) 70 73 66.4 73 70 Number of aircraft (at year end) 7 9 6 6 5 2 Notes/sources === Key people === João Carlos Pó Jorge was appointed General Director of the company on 24 July 2018. == Destinations == As of February 2021, LAM Mozambique Airlines serves nine domestic and three international African routes mainly from its home base at Maputo International Airport.lam.co.mz - Destinations retrieved 12 February 2021 === Codeshare agreements === LAM Mozambique Airlines has codeshare agreements with the following airlines: Ethiopian Airlines fastjet Kenya Airways South African Airways TAAG Angola Airlines TAP Air Portugal == Fleet == === Current fleet === The LAMMozambique Airlines fleet consists of the following aircraft (as of July 2023): LAMMozambique Airlines fleet Aircraft In fleet Orders Passengers Notes C W Y Total Boeing 737-700 2 1 12 — 120 132 Bombardier Dash 8 Q400 2 — — — 72 72 Operated by Moçambique Expresso Boeing 777-200ER 0 1 30 24 239 304 To be leased from EuroAtlantic Airways Total 4 2 === Fleet development === The newest aircraft in LAM's fleet is the Embraer 190, the first of which the airline took possession of in August 2009. The carrier received the second aircraft of the type a month later. LAM Mozambique Airlines took delivery of a Boeing 737-500 on lease from GECAS in November 2012. Three Embraer 190s were in operation until November 2013, when one of them crashed in Namibia. In early , a Boeing 737 was leased to fill the capacity shortage created by the crashed airframe. An order, that had been signed in November 2013, for Boeing 737-700s valued at million, was announced in February 2014. === Historical fleet === The airline previously operated the following aircraft: Antonov An-26 Beech King Air 200 Boeing 707-320 Boeing 707-320C Boeing 707-420 Boeing 737-100 Boeing 737-200 Boeing 737-200C Boeing 737-300 1 Boeing 737-500 (as of August 2017) Boeing 747SP Boeing 767-200ER Boeing 767-300ER Casa C-212-200 Aviocar Douglas C-47A Douglas C-47B Douglas C-53 Fairchild Dornier Metro III Fokker 100 Fokker F27-200 Fokker F27-600 Ilyushin Il-62MK Jetstream 41 Indonesian Aerospace 212-200 Lockheed L-1011-500 Lockheed L-188AF McDonnell Douglas DC-10-30 Partenavia P.68 Raytheon Beechcraft 1900C == Accidents and incidents == , Aviation Safety Network records seven hull-loss events for the airline. Three of these events occurred in the DETA era, while the other four correspond to LAM. As of November 2013 there has been one fatal accident for LAM proper. Following is a list of these events. Date Location Aircraft Tail number Aircraft damage Fatalities Description Refs Quelimane Lockheed L-14 CR-AAV W/O /13 Crashed on takeoff at Quelimane Airport. Lagoa Páti Ju 52 CR-AAJ W/O /15 Force landing. Lourenço Marques F27-200 CR-AIB W/O /3 Crashed on a training flight at Lourenço Marques Airport. Quelimane C9-BAB W/O /110 Undercarriage failure after landing some short of the runway at Quelimane Airport. Lichinga C9-BAD W/O /108 Overran the runway on landing at Lichinga Airport. Boeing 747SP ZS-SPF W/O /66 Emergency landing, following an engine failure at that led to a fire. The aircraft, leased from South African Airways, was due to operate the Maputo–Lisbon route. Embraer 190 C9-EMC W/O /33 Preliminary evidence indicates the aircraft was deliberately crashed by the pilot. == See also == Airlines of Africa * Transport in Mozambique ==Notes== == References == == Bibliography == * == External links == * * Category:Airlines of Mozambique Category:Airlines established in 1936 Category:Airlines formerly banned in the European Union Category:Government-owned airlines Category:Companies based in Maputo Category:1936 establishments in Mozambique [C]: Business [W]: Premium Economy *[Y]: Economy	['Maputo', 'Mozambique', 'General Director', 'Moçambique Expresso', 'Maputo International Airport', 'Southern Africa', 'International Air Transport Association', 'African Airlines Association', 'McDonnell Douglas DC-10-30', 'Ilyushin Il-62M', 'Johannesburg', 'Imperial Airways', 'London', 'Inhambane', 'Quelimane', 'Cape Town', 'Cairo', 'Junkers Ju 52', 'Port Amelia', 'World War II', 'Harare', 'Durban', 'Madagascar', 'Douglas DC-3', 'Lockheed Lodestar', 'Lockheed L-14', 'Nampula', 'Vila Cabral', 'Vila Pery', 'Tete', 'Air Malawi', 'Blantyre', 'Accra', 'Lisbon', 'Boeing 707-320', 'Tempair International Airlines', 'Douglas DC-8', 'Maseru', 'Lesotho Airways', 'East Berlin', 'Copenhagen', 'Paris', 'Berlin-Schonefeld', 'Dar-es-Salaam', 'Lusaka', 'TACV Cabo Verde Airlines', 'Boeing 737-300', 'Boeing 767-200ER', 'CASA 212-200', 'Fokker 100', 'European Union', 'European Commission', 'Mozambican Civil Aviation Institute', 'EuroAtlantic Airways', 'TAP Portugal', 'Airbus A340', 'Ethiopian Airlines', 'Kenya Airways', 'South African Airways', 'TAAG Angola Airlines', 'Embraer 190', 'Bombardier Dash 8', 'GECAS', 'Namibia', 'Antonov An-26', 'Beech King Air', 'Boeing 747SP', 'Douglas C-47A', 'Fairchild Dornier Metro III', 'Jetstream 41', 'L-1011-500', 'Partenavia P.68', 'Aviation Safety Network', 'Quelimane Airport', 'Lichinga Airport', 'Emergency landing', 'Airlines of Africa']	['Q3889', 'Q1029', 'Q1501800', 'Q6928029', 'Q1022397', 'Q27394', 'Q19755', 'Q376537', 'Q208075', 'Q182575', 'Q34647', 'Q591797', 'Q84', 'Q456577', 'Q318306', 'Q5465', 'Q85', 'Q26066', 'Q498048', 'Q362', 'Q3921', 'Q5468', 'Q1019', 'Q190211', 'Q1633021', 'Q1808230', 'Q323801', 'Q667650', 'Q638509', 'Q365157', 'Q407497', 'Q188693', 'Q3761', 'Q597', 'Q6394', 'Q7698233', 'Q223315', 'Q3909', 'Q1249088', 'Q56037', 'Q1748', 'Q90', 'Q9689', 'Q1960', 'Q3881', 'Q669686', 'Q2355950', 'Q6423', 'Q6497', 'Q257298', 'Q458', 'Q8880', 'Q17037727', 'Q618132', 'Q208232', 'Q6481', 'Q245233', 'Q638900', 'Q223763', 'Q1050518', 'Q3495319', 'Q736765', 'Q1434137', 'Q1030', 'Q62156', 'Q665708', 'Q2421517', 'Q714326', 'Q1393122', 'Q2441974', 'Q852', 'Q2598865', 'Q5459239', 'Q1526745', 'Q11824536', 'Q1074121', 'Q4698798']	[[(451, 457), (478, 484), (5363, 5369), (5763, 5769), (7097, 7103), (7173, 7179), (7187, 7193), (8762, 8768), (11660, 11666), (12115, 12121)], [(6, 16), (131, 141), (178, 188), (259, 269), (419, 429), (923, 933), (4682, 4692), (5008, 5018), (6554, 6564), (6630, 6640), 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[(11518, 11535)], [(11808, 11826)]]
Jim Hodder (December 17, 1947 – June 5, 1990) was an American drummer, best known as an early member of Steely Dan. After leading the Boston-based group The Bead Game, Hodder moved to Los Angeles to join the first lineup of Steely Dan. He appeared on their first three albums before leaving the group in 1974. He worked as a session musician before his 1990 death. ==Biography== ===Early years, Bead Game=== Hodder was born in the small Long Island hamlet of Bethpage, New York in 1947. He graduated from Plainedge High School in the Plainedge Union Free School District in 1965 and relocated thereafter to the Boston area, where he became active in the local music scene. As drummer and lead vocalist, he joined the Boston-based psychedelic rock group The Bead Game, named after Hermann Hesse's novel The Glass Bead Game. The group built a local following before attracting the attention of Avco Records and producer Gary Kannon, later known as Gary Katz. Their first album, Baptism, was canceled, though it would receive a posthumous release in 1996 with a limited run. In 1970 they appeared in the film The People Next Door in which they performed two songs, and soon thereafter recorded the album Easy Ridin' as part of the collective Freedom Express. 1970 also saw the release of the band's only proper album, Welcome, on Avco/Embassy. This album showcased a late psychedelic/early progressive crossover sound, and featured Hodder singing lead vocals on all tracks. ===Steely Dan=== In 1972, Hodder accepted an invitation from Katz and Boston guitarist Jeff "Skunk" Baxter to relocate to Los Angeles and join Steely Dan, a new group built around songwriters Donald Fagen and Walter Becker with whom the two were working. He made the move with his girlfriend Kathi Kamen Goldmark, later a successful author and musician. He barely knew the other band members prior to beginning tracking for their first records. Hodder acted as the group's drummer, but was also given occasional lead vocal duties thanks to Fagen's insecurities as a vocalist. He sang lead on "Dallas", the A-side of the initial Steely Dan single, and on "Midnite Cruiser" from the debut album, Can't Buy a Thrill. The band soon embarked upon extensive touring in the wake of their early commercial success. Hodder appeared on Countdown to Ecstasy, a band-focused effort recorded the following year after the group's sound had cohered on the road. On November 18, 1973, Hodder and Baxter guested on a live broadcast concert by Linda Ronstadt from Sausalito, California. Although still a band member, he played a diminished role on the studio-oriented third LP, 1974's Pretzel Logic. With the drumming handled by session musician Jim Gordon and future Steely Dan member Jeff Porcaro, Hodder's role on the album was relegated to backup vocals. The touring band assembled to promote the record featured simultaneous drumming from both Porcaro and Hodder. Hodder was initially uncomfortable with the idea, but later acknowledged the creative potential of the setup. Both he and Baxter left the group after the tour, as Becker and Fagen relegated band activity to studio sessions with guest musicians. ===Session work=== Hodder continued working as a session musician. He played drums on tracks on the 1976 albums Nine on a Ten Scale by Sammy Hagar and Sibling Rivalry by The Rowans. He later appeared as the sole drummer on David Soul's Playing to an Audience of One and Rocky Sullivan's 1984 Caught in the Crossfire record. ===Death=== On June 5, 1990, Hodder drowned in the swimming pool of his Point Arena, California home. He was 42 years old. ==References== ==External links== * Category:1947 births Category:1990 deaths Category:Accidental deaths in California Category:American rock drummers Category:Deaths by drowning in California Category:People from Bethpage, New York Category:People from Point Arena, California Category:20th-century American drummers Category:American male drummers Category:20th-century American male musicians	['Bethpage, New York', 'Point Arena, California', 'Steely Dan', 'Boston', 'Los Angeles', 'Long Island', 'Plainedge High School', 'Plainedge Union Free School District', 'Hermann Hesse', 'The Glass Bead Game', 'Avco Records', 'Gary Katz', 'Donald Fagen', 'Walter Becker', 'Kathi Kamen Goldmark', "Can't Buy a Thrill", 'Countdown to Ecstasy', 'Linda Ronstadt', 'Pretzel Logic', 'Jeff Porcaro', 'Nine on a Ten Scale', 'Sammy Hagar', 'The Rowans', 'David Soul']	['Q1144537', 'Q1967716', 'Q852435', 'Q100', 'Q65', 'Q18438', 'Q7200665', 'Q7200668', 'Q25973', 'Q836841', 'Q2873375', 'Q5525348', 'Q506554', 'Q921204', 'Q6376597', 'Q857908', 'Q634785', 'Q229375', 'Q1065716', 'Q350353', 'Q1152134', 'Q435780', 'Q1592369', 'Q727752']	[[(459, 477), (3828, 3846)], [(3563, 3586), (3868, 3891)], [(104, 114), (224, 234), (1474, 1484), (1614, 1624), (2099, 2109), (2721, 2731)], [(134, 140), (611, 617), (717, 723), (1541, 1547)], [(184, 195), (1593, 1604)], [(437, 448)], [(505, 526)], [(534, 570)], [(780, 793)], [(802, 821)], [(892, 904)], [(946, 955)], [(1663, 1675)], [(1680, 1693)], [(1763, 1783)], [(2165, 2183)], [(2297, 2317)], [(2497, 2511)], [(2638, 2651)], [(2739, 2751)], [(3279, 3298)], [(3302, 3313)], [(3337, 3347)], [(3390, 3400)]]
Riacho de Santana may refer to the following places in Brazil: Riacho de Santana, Bahia Riacho de Santana, Rio Grande do Norte	['Riacho de Santana, Bahia', 'Riacho de Santana, Rio Grande do Norte']	['Q2013792', 'Q2232145']	[[(64, 88)], [(90, 128)]]
Luke Theodore Walton (born March 28, 1980) is an American professional basketball coach and former player who is an assistant coach for the Cleveland Cavaliers of the National Basketball Association (NBA). He played 10 seasons in the NBA as a forward, winning two NBA championships with the Los Angeles Lakers. He also won a title as an assistant coach with the Golden State Warriors before serving as the head coach of the Lakers from 2016 through 2019. Additionally, Walton served as the head coach of the Sacramento Kings from 2019 to 2021. Walton played college basketball with the Arizona Wildcats. He was a second-team All-American and a two-time first-team all-conference selection in the Pac-10. He was selected in the second round of the 2003 NBA draft by the Lakers. After the 2010 NBA Finals, Walton and his father, Hall of Famer Bill Walton, became the first father and son to have both won multiple NBA championships: Bill won in 1977 and 1986, and Luke in 2009 and 2010. His best season statistically was 2006–07 with over 11 points, 5 rebounds, and over 4 assists per game. As the Warriors' interim head coach in 2015–16, he guided the team to the longest winning streak to open a season in league history at 24 games. ==Early life== The son of Susie and former UCLA star and NBA Hall-of-Famer Bill Walton, Luke Walton was born in San Diego, California. He was named after his father's close friend and former Portland Trail Blazers teammate Maurice Lucas. He has three brothers: Adam, Nathan, and Chris. Walton attended University of San Diego High School in San Diego, California, graduating in 1998. ==College career== Walton played basketball at the University of Arizona under coach Lute Olson. A two-time first-team All-Pac-10 selection, his best year statistically was as a junior, when he averaged 15.7 points, 7.3 rebounds, 6.3 assists, 1.6 steals and 0.6 blocks per game. During his senior year he averaged 10.8 points, 5.6 rebounds, 5.1 assists and 0.9 steals per game. Walton graduated from Arizona in the spring of 2003 after completing work in family studies and human development. ==Professional career== ===Los Angeles Lakers (2003–2012)=== Walton was selected by the Los Angeles Lakers in the 2003 NBA draft with the second pick of the second round (32nd overall). Walton was a favorite of Lakers fans during his nine-year stint as a selfless, hard-working reserve player. He was chosen to represent Team Los Angeles in the Shooting Stars Competition during All-Star Weekend in 2005. In 2006–07, Walton had his best year in the NBA. He scored a career-high 25 points against the Atlanta Hawks on December 8, 2006. For the season he posted career-high per-game averages in minutes, field goal percentage, steals, blocks, rebounds, assists and points as the Lakers starting small forward. Following the season, on July 12, 2007, Walton was signed by the Lakers to a 6-year, $30 million contract. The Lakers then made three straight runs to the NBA Finals; they lost to the Celtics in 2008, but defeated the Magic in 2009 and Celtics in 2010 to win back-to-back championships. This gave Walton two championships as a player, the same amount his father won. ===Cleveland Cavaliers (2012–2013)=== On March 15, 2012, Walton was traded along with Jason Kapono and a 2012 first-round draft choice to the Cleveland Cavaliers for Ramon Sessions and Christian Eyenga. A year later would be Walton's final days as an NBA player, as his final game was on April 5, 2013, in a 97–91 victory over the Boston Celtics. In his final game Walton recorded 2 assists in 3 minutes of playing time. ==Coaching career== ===Early coaching career=== Walton's first coaching experience was with the University of Memphis, which hired Walton as an assistant coach during the 2011 NBA lockout. He remained an assistant at Memphis until the lockout was over. Following his retirement Walton was hired as a player development coach by the Los Angeles D-Fenders of the NBA Development League, joining the team in November 2013 for the 2013–14 season. ===Golden State Warriors (2014–2016)=== The following season in 2014–15, Walton became an assistant coach for the Golden State Warriors. Said Walton, "We are gonna run parts of the triangle offense, and I know that thing front and back." The Warriors won the 2015 NBA Finals after they defeated the Cleveland Cavaliers in six games to give Walton his third NBA championship and first as a coach. During 2015–16 training camp in October 2015, Walton was appointed as the Warriors interim head coach when Steve Kerr took an indefinite leave of absence to rehabilitate his back that had been bothering him after the NBA Finals. Walton made his coaching debut in the season opener on October 27 in a 111–95 win over the New Orleans Pelicans. Three games later, he presided over the third-largest margin of victory in franchise history when the Warriors defeated the Memphis Grizzlies, 119–69, which was also the largest margin in the league since 1991. The Warriors set a new NBA record by winning their first four games by a total margin of 100 points. With a win over the Los Angeles Lakers on November 24, he guided the Warriors to a 16th consecutive victory to start the season, a new NBA record. Walton was named the NBA Western Conference Coach of the Month for games played in October and November, after guiding Golden State to a 19–0 start. He received the award despite technically being winless, since the Warriors' record was credited to Kerr. Since Kerr was still the head coach, NBA rules stipulated that the team's record under an interim coach be credited to the head coach, though the league considered altering the rule given Walton's case. However, the NBA permits an interim or acting head coach to be eligible for coaching awards. The Warriors extended their record start to 24–0. They were 39–4, the second-best start in league history, when Kerr resumed coaching full-time on January 22, 2016. Golden State ended the season an NBA-record 73–9, and Kerr was voted the NBA Coach of the Year. The coach had Walton, who coached more games during the season than Kerr (43–39), sit next to him on the podium at the award press conference. Walton finished ninth in the voting, receiving one second-place and two third-place votes. ===Los Angeles Lakers (2016–2019)=== On April 29, 2016, the Lakers hired Walton to become their new head coach once the Warriors' season ended in the 2016 NBA Finals. He replaced Byron Scott. In his first season with the Lakers, the team improved upon their franchise worst 17–65 record from the previous year, finishing 26–56. During the season, Mitch Kupchak and Jim Buss were replaced by Magic Johnson and Rob Pelinka. Johnson and Pelinka both spoke highly of Walton and said he would remain the head coach of the team. The Lakers won five of their last six games of the season, bringing some momentum into the off-season. Walton's second season with the Lakers saw another slight improvement, as the team finished 35–47, its best record since the 2012–13 season. In 2018–19, the Lakers had high expectations after signing LeBron James to a four-year, $153.3 million contract. Along with James and a core of young prospects, the front office completed the roster with veterans on one-year deals, a group that was rich in ball handlers but lacking in shooters. Johnson initially preached patience during the preseason. After the team started the season 2–5, Johnson reprimanded Walton and demanded immediate results. The Lakers were 20–14 after a Christmas win over Golden State, but James and Rajon Rondo were injured during the game, which began a downturn from which the team never recovered, ending the season 37–45. Combined with season-ending injuries to Lonzo Ball and Brandon Ingram, the combination of James, Ball and Ingram played together for just 23 games, when they were 15–8. As a team, Lakers players missed over 210 games due to injuries, and Walton used more than 25 different starting lineups during the season. Prior to the season finale, Johnson resigned, citing among his reasons that he wished to avoid conflict with owner Jeanie Buss, who supported Walton, while Johnson planned to fire him. Days later on April 12, 2019, Walton and the Lakers agreed to mutually part ways. The Lakers went 98–148 under Walton and missed the playoffs in all three seasons. ===Sacramento Kings (2019–2021)=== On April 14, 2019, Walton was hired by the Sacramento Kings as their head coach. He and Kings general manager Vlade Divac had been teammates with the Lakers in 2004–05, which was Divac's final NBA season after spending six with Sacramento. The Kings began the 2019–20 season 0–5 after losing forward Marvin Bagley III for weeks when he suffered a broken thumb in the closing minutes of a 29-point, season-opening loss to the Phoenix Suns. Sacramento rebounded from their slow start to win six of their next eight. They ended the season 31–41, and Divac resigned after the season. The Kings finished 31–41 again in 2020–21, extending the franchise's playoff drought to 15 seasons, which was the longest active streak in the league. On November 21, 2021, the Kings fired Walton after a 6–11 start to the 2021–22 season. He was 68–93 in his two-plus seasons with the team. ===Cleveland Cavaliers (2022–present)=== On May 31, 2022, the Cleveland Cavaliers hired Walton as an assistant coach to serve under J. B. Bickerstaff. ==Broadcasting career== Walton was hired by Spectrum SportsNet (known then as Time Warner Cable SportsNet) in 2013 to join their Lakers on-air broadcast team. ==Personal life== In December 2008, a woman named Stacy Elizabeth Beshear pleaded no contest to charges of stalking Walton. At one point, she pulled up to Walton's car and "pretended to fire gunshots at him with her hand." She was sentenced to three years' probation, told to attend weekly counseling sessions for a year and ordered to stay away for three years from Walton's home and from the Lakers' games and practices. In 2009, Walton and his father became the third father-son duo to both win NBA championships as players, following the Guokases (Matt Sr. and Matt Jr.) and the Barrys (Rick and Brent). The Waltons later became the first father-son duo to each win multiple NBA titles. Walton married long-time girlfriend Bre Ladd in 2013. The two met in 2002 at the University of Arizona, where she played volleyball on their varsity team, and started dating in 2005. They have two children. On April 22, 2019, former Spectrum SportsNet host Kelli Tennant filed a civil lawsuit against Walton, accusing him of sexual assault. They had appeared on the network together during Walton's brief broadcasting stint. She published a book in 2014, which credits him as being the author of the foreword, which he later denied writing. She alleged that the assault occurred afterwards, when she dropped off a copy of the book to Walton in a hotel in Santa Monica, California, while he was an assistant with Golden State. According to Tennant, he invited her to his room, where he pinned her on the bed. He kissed her face, neck and chest and groped her breasts and groin area. She said he later rubbed his erection against her leg. Walton denied the charges; he acknowledged their meeting at the hotel, but wrote in court filings that "their encounter was very short, entirely pleasant and consensual." The Kings and the NBA launched a joint investigation into her claims against Walton. In August, the investigators concluded that there was "not a sufficient basis to support" the accusations. Tennant declined to participate in the investigation. On December 5, the lawsuit was dropped at her request, with records showing it was dismissed "with prejudice", meaning she cannot re-file. It was not known whether a settlement was reached. ==NBA career statistics== ===Regular season=== \|- \| style="text-align:left;"\| \| style="text-align:left;"\|L.A. Lakers \| 72 \|\| 2 \|\| 10.1 \|\| .425 \|\| .333 \|\| .705 \|\| 1.8 \|\| 1.6 \|\| .4 \|\| .1 \|\| 2.4 \|- \| style="text-align:left;"\| \| style="text-align:left;"\|L.A. Lakers \| 61 \|\| 5 \|\| 12.6 \|\| .411 \|\| .262 \|\| .708 \|\| 2.3 \|\| 1.5 \|\| .4 \|\| .2 \|\| 3.2 \|- \| style="text-align:left;"\| \| style="text-align:left;"\|L.A. Lakers \| 69 \|\| 6 \|\| 19.3 \|\| .412 \|\| .327 \|\| .750 \|\| 3.6 \|\| 2.3 \|\| .6 \|\| .2 \|\| 5.0 \|- \| style="text-align:left;"\| \| style="text-align:left;"\|L.A. Lakers \| 60 \|\| 60 \|\| 33.0 \|\| .474 \|\| .387 \|\| .745 \|\| 5.0 \|\| 4.3 \|\| 1.0 \|\| .4 \|\| 11.4 \|- \| style="text-align:left;"\| \| style="text-align:left;"\|L.A. Lakers \| 74 \|\| 31 \|\| 23.4 \|\| .450 \|\| .333 \|\| .706 \|\| 3.9 \|\| 2.9 \|\| .8 \|\| .2 \|\| 7.2 \|- \| style="text-align:left; background:#afe6ba;"\|† \| style="text-align:left;"\| L.A. Lakers \| 65 \|\| 34 \|\| 17.9 \|\| .436 \|\| .298 \|\| .719 \|\| 2.8 \|\| 2.7 \|\| .5 \|\| .2 \|\| 5.0 \|- \| style="text-align:left; background:#afe6ba;"\|† \| style="text- align:left;"\| L.A. Lakers \| 29 \|\| 0 \|\| 9.4 \|\| .357 \|\| .412 \|\| .500 \|\| 1.3 \|\| 1.4 \|\| .3 \|\| .0 \|\| 2.4 \|- \| style="text-align:left;"\| \| style="text- align:left;"\|L.A. Lakers \| 54 \|\| 0 \|\| 9.0 \|\| .328 \|\| .235 \|\| .700 \|\| 1.2 \|\| 1.1 \|\| .2 \|\| .1 \|\| 1.7 \|- \| style="text-align:left;"\| \| style="text- align:left;"\|L.A. Lakers \| 9 \|\| 0 \|\| 7.2 \|\| .429 \|\| .000 \|\| .000 \|\| 1.6 \|\| .6 \|\| .2 \|\| .0 \|\| 1.3 \|- \| style="text-align:left;"\| \| style="text- align:left;"\|Cleveland \| 21 \|\| 0 \|\| 14.2 \|\| .353 \|\| .438 \|\| .000 \|\| 1.7 \|\| 1.4 \|\| .1 \|\| .0 \|\| 2.0 \|- \| style="text-align:left;"\| \| style="text- align:left;"\|Cleveland \| 50 \|\| 0 \|\| 17.1 \|\| .392 \|\| .299 \|\| .500 \|\| 2.9 \|\| 3.3 \|\| .8 \|\| .3 \|\| 3.4 \|- class="sortbottom" \| style="text-align:center;" colspan="2"\|Career \| 564 \|\| 138 \|\| 17.2 \|\| .429 \|\| .326 \|\| .715 \|\| 2.8\|\| 2.3 \|\| .6 \|\| .2 \|\| 4.7 ===Playoffs=== \|- \| style="text-align:left;"\|2004 \| style="text-align:left;"\|L.A. Lakers \| 17 \|\| 0 \|\| 7.9 \|\| .345 \|\| .385 \|\| .700 \|\| 1.3 \|\| 1.5 \|\| .4 \|\| .1 \|\| 1.9 \|- \| style="text-align:left;"\|2006 \| style="text-align:left;"\|L.A. Lakers \| 7 \|\| 7 \|\| 33.6 \|\| .458 \|\| .364 \|\| 1.000 \|\| 6.4 \|\| 1.7 \|\| 1.0 \|\| .1 \|\| 12.1 \|- \| style="text-align:left;"\|2007 \| style="text-align:left;"\|L.A. Lakers \| 5 \|\| 5 \|\| 25.6 \|\| .389 \|\| .417 \|\| .750 \|\| 4.2 \|\| 2.6 \|\| 1.4 \|\| .2 \|\| 7.2 \|- \| style="text-align:left;"\|2008 \| style="text-align:left;"\|L.A. Lakers \| 21 \|\| 0 \|\| 16.8 \|\| .454 \|\| .423 \|\| .722 \|\| 2.6 \|\| 2.0 \|\| .5 \|\| .2 \|\| 6.0 \|- \| style="text-align:left; background:#afe6ba;"\|2009† \| style="text-align:left;"\|L.A. Lakers \|21 \|\| 0 \|\| 15.8 \|\| .427 \|\| .313 \|\| .611 \|\| 2.5 \|\| 2.1 \|\| .7 \|\| .1 \|\| 3.8 \|- \| style="text-align:left; background:#afe6ba;"\|2010† \| style="text- align:left;"\|L.A. Lakers \| 16 \|\| 0 \|\| 6.0 \|\| .304 \|\| .222 \|\| .500 \|\| .5 \|\| .9 \|\| .1 \|\| .1 \|\| 1.1 \|- \| style="text-align:left;"\|2011 \| style="text- align:left;"\|L.A. Lakers \| 1 \|\| 0 \|\| 4.0 \|\| .000 \|\| .000 \|\| .000 \|\| 1.0 \|\| .0 \|\| .0 \|\| .0 \|\| .0 \|- class="sortbottom" \| style="text-align:center;" colspan="2"\|Career \| 88 \|\| 12 \|\| 14.6 \|\| .420 \|\| .360 \|\| .701 \|\| 2.3 \|\| 1.7 \|\| .5 \|\| .1 \|\| 4.3 ==Head coaching record== \|- \| style="text-align:left;"\|L.A. Lakers \| style="text-align:left;"\| \| 82 \|\| 26 \|\| 56 \|\| \|\| 4th in Pacific \|\| — \|\| — \|\| — \|\| — \|\| Missed playoffs \|- \| style="text-align:left;"\|L.A. Lakers \| style="text-align:left;"\| \| 82 \|\| 35 \|\| 47 \|\| \|\| 3rd in Pacific \|\| — \|\| — \|\| — \|\| — \|\| Missed playoffs \|- \| style="text-align:left;"\|L.A. Lakers \| style="text-align:left;"\| \| 82 \|\| 37 \|\| 45 \|\| \|\| 4th in Pacific \|\| — \|\| — \|\| — \|\| — \|\| Missed playoffs \|- \| style="text-align:left;"\|Sacramento \| style="text-align:left;"\| \| 72 \|\| 31 \|\| 41 \|\| \|\| 4th in Pacific \|\| — \|\| — \|\| — \|\| — \|\| Missed playoffs \|- \| style="text-align:left;"\|Sacramento \| style="text-align:left;"\| \| 72 \|\| 31 \|\| 41 \|\| \|\| 5th in Pacific \|\| — \|\| — \|\| — \|\| — \|\| Missed playoffs \|- \| style="text-align:left;"\|Sacramento \| style="text-align:left;"\| \| 17 \|\| 6 \|\| 11 \|\| \|\| (fired) \|\| — \|\| — \|\| — \|\| — \|\| — \|- class="sortbottom" \| style="text-align:center;" colspan="2"\|Career \| 407 \|\| 166 \|\| 241 \|\| \|\| \|\| — \|\| — \|\| — \|\| — \|\| ==References== ==External links== Category:1980 births Category:Living people Category:All-American college men's basketball players Category:American men's basketball players Category:Arizona Wildcats men's basketball players Category:Basketball coaches from California Category:Basketball players from Los Angeles Category:Basketball players from San Diego Category:Cleveland Cavaliers players Category:Golden State Warriors assistant coaches Category:Los Angeles D-Fenders coaches Category:Los Angeles Lakers draft picks Category:Los Angeles Lakers head coaches Category:Los Angeles Lakers players Category:Memphis Tigers men's basketball coaches Category:Sacramento Kings head coaches Category:Small forwards Category:University of San Diego High School alumni	['Los Angeles Lakers', 'National Basketball Association', 'San Diego, California', 'University of San Diego High School', "Arizona Wildcats men's basketball", 'Small forward', 'Cleveland Cavaliers', "Memphis Tigers men's basketball", 'Los Angeles D-Fenders', 'Golden State Warriors', 'Sacramento Kings', 'NBA championship', '2003 NBA draft', '2010 NBA Finals', 'Bill Walton', 'UCLA', 'Portland Trail Blazers', 'Maurice Lucas', 'University of Arizona', 'Lute Olson', 'Atlanta Hawks', 'Jason Kapono', 'Ramon Sessions', 'Christian Eyenga', 'Boston Celtics', '2011 NBA lockout', 'NBA Development League', '2015 NBA Finals', 'Steve Kerr', 'New Orleans Pelicans', 'Memphis Grizzlies', 'NBA Coach of the Year', '2016 NBA Finals', 'Byron Scott', 'Mitch Kupchak', 'Jim Buss', 'Magic Johnson', 'Rob Pelinka', 'LeBron James', 'Rajon Rondo', 'Lonzo Ball', 'Brandon Ingram', 'Jeanie Buss', 'Vlade Divac', 'Marvin Bagley III', 'Phoenix Suns', 'J. 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Lawrence B. Lindsey (born July 18, 1954) is an American economist and author. He was director of the National Economic Council (2001–2002), and the assistant to the president on economic policy for George W. Bush. Lindsey previously served as a member of the Federal Reserve Board of Governors from 1991 to 1997, nominated to position by President George H. W. Bush. During his time with George W. Bush administration he played a leading role in formulating President Bush's $1.35 trillion tax cut plan, convincing candidate Bush that he needed an "insurance policy" against an economic downturn. He left the White House in December 2002 and was replaced by Stephen Friedman after a dispute over the projected cost of the Iraq War. Lindsey estimated the cost of the Iraq War could reach $200 billion, while Defense Secretary Donald Rumsfeld estimated that it would cost less than $50 billion. The overall cost of the Iraq War has been estimated by the Congressional Budget Office to be approximately $2.4 Trillion. == Biography and achievements == Lindsey was born on July 18, 1954, in Peekskill, New York. He graduated from Lakeland Senior High School in Shrub Oak, New York, in 1972. An alumnus of Alpha Rho Upsilon fraternity at Bowdoin College, he received his A.B. magna cum laude and Phi Beta Kappa from Bowdoin and his A.M. and Ph.D. in economics from Harvard University. During the Reagan administration, he served three years on the staff of the Council of Economic Advisers as senior staff economist for tax policy. He then served as special assistant to the president for policy development during the first Bush administration Lindsey served as a member of the Board of Governors of the Federal Reserve System for five years from November 1991 to February 1997. Additionally, Lindsey was chairman of the board of the Neighborhood Reinvestment Corporation, a national public/private community redevelopment organization, from 1993 until his departure from the Federal Reserve. From 1997 to January 2001, Lindsey was a resident scholar and holder of the Arthur F. Burns Chair in Economics at the American Enterprise Institute in Washington, D.C. He was also managing director of Economic Strategies, an economic advisory service based in New York City. During 1999 and throughout 2000 he served as then-Governor George W. Bush's chief economic advisor for his presidential campaign. He is a former associate professor of economics at Harvard University. Lindsey is chief executive officer of the Lindsey Group, which he runs with a former colleague from the National Economic Council and writes for The Wall Street Journal and other publications. He was a visiting scholar at the American Enterprise Institute. == Writings == Lindsey is the author of four non-fiction books covering a variety of topics on economics and politics. In 2021, he released his first novel, Currency War, which postulates an economic war between the United States and China. He has also contributed numerous articles to professional publications. His honors and awards include the Distinguished Public Service Award of the Boston Bar Association, 1994; an honorary degree from Bowdoin College, 1993; selection as a Citicorp/Wriston Fellow for Economic Research, 1988; and the Outstanding Doctoral Dissertation Award from the National Tax Association, 1985. === Nonfiction === • The Growth Experiment: How the New Tax Policy is Transforming the U.S. Economy (Basic Books, New York, 1990, ) • Economic Puppetmasters: Lessons from the Halls of Power (AEI Press, Washington, D.C., 1999, ) • What A President Should Know ...but most learn too late: An Insiders View On How To Succeed In The Oval Office (Rowman & Littlefield Publishers, Inc., Maryland, 2008, ) • Conspiracies of the Ruling Class: How to Break Their Grip Forever (Simon & Schuster, 2016, ). === Fiction === • Currency War (Forefront Books, Nashville TN, 2021, ) == Views == Lindsey is famous for spotting the emergence of the late 1990s U.S. stock market bubble back in 1996 while a Governor of the Federal Reserve. According to the meeting transcripts for September of that year, Lindsey challenged the expectation that corporate earnings would grow percent a year continually. He said, "Readers of this transcript five years from now can check this fearless prediction: profits will fall short of this expectation." According to the Bureau of Economic Analysis, corporate profits as a share of national income eroded from 1997 until 2001. Stock prices eventually collapsed, starting their decline in March 2000, though the S&P500; remained above its 1996 level, casting doubt on the assertion that there was a stock market bubble in 1996. In contrast to Chairman Greenspan, Lindsey argued that the Federal Reserve had an obligation to prevent the stock market bubble from growing out of control. He argued that "the long term costs of a bubble to the economy and society are potentially great.... As in the United States in the late 1920s and Japan in the late 1980s, the case for a central bank ultimately to burst that bubble becomes overwhelming. I think it is far better that we do so while the bubble still resembles surface froth and before the bubble carries the economy to stratospheric heights." During the 2000 Presidential campaign, Governor Bush was criticized for picking an economic advisor who had sold all of his stock in 1998. According to The Washington Post,Once a Friend and Ally, Now a Distant Memory. Washington Post Lindsey was on an advisory board to Enron along with Paul Krugman before joining the White House. Lindsey and his colleagues warned Enron that the economic environment was riskier than they perceived. === Cost of the Iraq War === On September 15, 2002, in an interview with The Wall Street Journal, Lindsey estimated the high limit on the cost of the Bush administration's plan in 2002 of invasion and regime change in Iraq to be 1–2% of GNP, or about $100–$200 billion. Reprinted in Congressional Record, vol. 148, issue 117, 107th Congress, pp. S8643–S8644. Mitch Daniels, Director of the Office of Management and Budget, discounted this estimate as "very, very high" and Defense Secretary Donald Rumsfeld stated that the costs would be under $50 billion. Rumsfeld called Lindsey's estimate "baloney". As of 2007 the cost of the invasion and occupation of Iraq exceeded $400 billion, and the Congressional Budget Office in August 2007 estimated that appropriations would eventually reach $1 trillion or more. In October 2007, the Congressional Budget Office estimated that by 2017, the total costs of the wars in Iraq and Afghanistan could reach $2.4 trillion. In response, Democratic Representative Allen Boyd criticized the administration for firing Lindsey, saying "They found him a job outside the administration." == Presidential campaign leadership == Lindsey has been a senior advisor to several Republican campaigns. He led the economic team for then Governor George W. Bush's successful presidential campaign in 2000, earning the trust of the future President who said at the time "I am very fond of Larry Lindsey and I value his advice".Gosselin, Peter "Bush's Economic Advisor Lindsey Is Man of Contradictions", LA Times, 02 January 2000. During the 2008 Presidential election, Lindsey served as Fred Thompson's Senior Economic Advisor."Larry Lindsey Named as Fred Thompson's Senior Economic Advisor", 17 September 2007. In 2012, Lindsey predicted on election day that Republican Mitt Romney would defeat President Obama."Larry Lindsey Changes Election Prediction",CNBC, 6 November 2012. In April 2016, Lindsey endorsed Ted Cruz's campaign in the Republican presidential primary over his only remaining opponent, Donald Trump. Lindsey explained that Cruz was the best candidate because he had an economic program deserving of the "top grade"."Grading the candidates: Larry Lindsey",CNBC, 18 April 2016. == References == == External links == * * * Statements and Speeches of Lawrence Lindsey Category:1954 births Category:21st-century American economists Category:American male non- fiction writers Category:Bowdoin College alumni Category:Economists from New York (state) Category:Economists from Virginia Category:Federal Reserve System governors Category:Harvard University alumni Category:Living people Category:People from Clifton, Virginia Category:People from Peekskill, New York Category:United States presidential advisors Category:Virginia Republicans Category:George H. W. Bush administration personnel Category:Clinton administration personnel Category:George W. Bush administration personnel	['George W. Bush', 'Federal Reserve Board of Governors', 'George H. W. 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Couva is an urban town (48,858 in 2011 census) in west-central Trinidad, south of Port of Spain and Chaguanas and north of San Fernando and Point Fortin. It is the capital and main urban centre of Couva–Tabaquite–Talparo, and the Greater Couva area includes the Point Lisas industrial estate and the port of Point Lisas. It is one of the fastest-growing towns in the country. Couva's southern boundary is at the village of California and Point Lisas, and to the north Couva stretches to McBean (both on the Trinidad Southern Main Road). To the east of Couva is Preysal. To the west of Couva is the road to Waterloo and Carli Bay, which are located on the Gulf of Paria. Couva was part of the Caroni County. Couva is considered a major power base for the United National Congress, whose headquarters was previously located here. == History == The first British map of Trinidad, made in 1797 after the island was surrendered by Spain, suggested the existence of a river in the area now known as Couva called "Rio de Cuba". Over time, perhaps due to the Spanish "B" having a sound similar to that of the letter "V" in English, the river became known as "Rio de Couva", which was eventually translated as "Couva River". British settlement of what is now referred to as Couva began a little to the north of the mouth of this river. For many years, the village was little more than a clearing in a sugarcane field. Its population was mainly indentured workers of Indian origin with a smaller number of former African slaves and numbered no more than a few hundred. This all changed with the arrival of the railway to Couva in 1880. By 1921, it had grown to a population of 2,667, but in the decade leading up to 1931, this number fell to 1,895. During World War II, the Camden (Field) Auxiliary Air Base was established as an emergency airstrip. It included one paved by runway with extensive taxiways and dispersed camouflaged parking bays for the USAAC, USN, and RN. It was defended by US Army infantry and AAA units. Couva continued to grow in size, with the national census recording a figure of 3,572 persons in 1980. Historically, the majority of its people have worked on the nearby sugar estates, but due to its strategic location, many residents have found employment with the oil refinery at Pointe-a-Pierre, only 13 km (8 mi) away and at the Point Lisas industrial estate located west of the town centre. Couva was profoundly affected by the closure of Caroni (1975) Ltd. in the early 2000s, particularly its residents who worked on the nearby sugarcane estates and the associated small and medium enterprises that supported this industry. Since this period, the town has recovered through use of the now-open sugar lands for new housing and business initiatives. Consequently, while the nearby town of Chaguanas has evolved and expanded significantly to become the de facto administrative and commercial capital of central Trinidad, Couva's character has changed to become a magnet for industrialisation, commercial, sports, health, education, aviation, and residential projects. ==Climate== The climate of Couva is tropical, more specifically tropical monsoon, with a short dry season February to April and a lengthy wet season May to January. Temperatures vary little between the wet and dry seasons. == Development and demise of the sugar production industry == In 1937, two major developments occurred on the sugar lands of Central Trinidad. One was the formation of the All Trinidad Sugar Estates Factory Workers Trade Union, which for the first time gave representation to many thousands of sugar workers who had revolted in 1935, 1936, and 1937 against slave conditions on the sugar estates. Under the leadership of Adrian Cola Rienzi, they transformed the nature of the industry. At the same time, Caroni (1937) was created when Tate and Lyle, a British multinational company, bought our Caroni Sugar Estates (Trinidad) Ltd making a conglomerate that included Waterloo on the western coast and Brechin Castle in Couva. By 1940, the landscape of its headquarters, Brechin Castle, was changed by the construction of the factory and the four cooling ponds at the back, as well as major company offices, the dispensary, Sevilla School, Sevilla Club, and residences for mainly expatriate senior staff. In 1960, Caroni bought out Usine Ste. Madeleine factory, which had grown considerably since its founding in 1870. In 1975, the state bought the conglomerate, calling it Caroni (1975) Ltd, which continued producing sugar, but went into diversification, producing citrus, prawns, large and small ruminants, and rice. By the end of the 20th century, as oil became increasingly significant, the sugar industry and agriculture generally sank into a low second place until the state closed down Caroni Ltd in 2003, retrenching 9,000 workers directly and a further 35,000 who were indirectly dependent on the industry. Consequently, just over of land became available for other uses. == Establishment of Point Lisas == Point Lisas is a petrochemical and heavy industrial estate clustered around a series of port facilities on Trinidad's sheltered western coastline. Construction of major plants in the estate began in the 1970s. Since then, the Point Lisas industrial estate has been a major success story in Trinidad and Tobago's recent economic history, and the development of natural gas-based industry on the estate has been a major impetus for the transformation of Trinidad and Tobago into a gas-based economy. The location at Point Lisas was chosen due to the nature of the coastline and crucially the availability of large tracts of flat, undeveloped land next to the coast. This landholding belonged to Caroni Ltd, at that time a private company owned by Tate and Lyle in London. The "estate" is now home to over 90 companies, e.g. YARA, Phoenix Park Gas Processors Ltd. (PPGPL), PLIPDECO, and Methanex. This includes the world's largest methanol plant, along with five additional plants, produces about 13% of global methanol output. National Gas Company of Trinidad and Tobago (NGC) was founded alongside this as an aggregator and distributor of feedstock provided by the upstream. The idea behind NGC was to consolidate supply and provide guaranteed distribution to the various consumers at the end of its pipeline network. The elimination of large contracts between upstream and downstream created an efficient system of gas flow on which the estate was fed. == Urban structure == Couva is about 15 km from San Fernando, 10 km from Chaguanas, and 30 km from Port of Spain. It has a general east–west orientation and sprawls the Caroni Central plains with a constant north- easterly wind. Couva benefits immensely from its unique location. The Sir Solomon Hochoy Highway ensures easy access to Port of Spain and San Fernando, in addition to the neighbouring towns of Chaguanas, Arima, and Point Fortin. Transportation, public-service utilities, shopping, recreation and entertainment, health care, businesses, schools, and tndustrial centres are readily accessible. The urban structure of Couva is similar to that of most towns in central Trinidad, with a mix of residential and commercial activity within the town centre itself, i.e. along the Southern Main Road. Recently, though, people have begun buying land and starting their businesses outside of the town centre areas in the communities of Balmain, Exchange, Point Lisas, McBean, and Camden. Couva's major urban areas are downtown Couva, McBean Village (north of Couva town centre), Balmain including Central Park (east of the town centre), Isaac Settlement (south of the Southern Main Road), Lisas Gardens construction by the government (bounded between the Southern Main Road and Rivulet Road), Exchange Lots (north of Southern Main Road and in the centre of the town), California, Camden, and Couva North Gardens and Roystonia (north of Southern Main Road and occupies the former Exchange Estate area). Phases 1–3 of the Couva North Housing Project (in Perseverance) was built by the Trinidad and Tobago Housing Development Corporation (HDC), and like Lisas Gardens, is primarily Afro-Trinidadian. The HDC entered into a joint-venture arrangement with the private sector to design, finance, and construct Phases 4–6 of the Couva North Housing Project, also known as Roystonia. Under this arrangement, the development of over of land, from Perseverance to the Southern Main Road, has been constructed and delivered in excess of 1,000 homes. This development has attracted primarily Indo-Trinidadian of middle income or upper-middle income background into the Couva area. These new communities have profoundly changed the character of the town and significantly increased its overall population. The community is located east of Perseverance/Waterloo Main Road, west of the Southern Main Road, north of Southern Main Road/Carli Bay Road, and south of the Exchange Road, Couva. Also, substantial residential developments are in progress within the Couva region on former Caroni (1975) Ltd. lands. Consequently, the current services within Couva are under strain and are in state of transition or expansion to incorporate the new influx of residential activity. === Areas in Couva === Couva consists of these main population centres: ==== Communities ==== * Downtown Couva * Point Lisas * California * Balmain * Preysal * McBean * Orange Valley * St. Andrew * Exchange * Camden * Roystonia * Couva Village Plaza * Couva North Gardens * Perseverance * Sevilla * Brechin Castle * Indian Trail * Issac Settlement * Calcutta Settlement * Union Village * Basta Hall * Felicity Hall * Esperanza * Carolina * Milton * Dow Village * Savonetta * Shashamane * Phoenix Park * Windsor Park * Central Park * Vista Park * Olive Grove Estates * Lisas Gardens ==== Beaches and bays ==== * Carli Bay * Lisas Bay * Congrejas Bay * Margaret Bay ===Electoral districts=== The electoral districts are Balmain/Calcutta No. 2, Brechin Castle/Esperanza, California/Point Lisa, Carli Bay/Calcutta No. 3/Mc Bean, Preysal/Freeport/Calcutta, and Perseverance/Waterloo. == Economy == Couva is the administrative and commercial centre of the region and the Point Lisas Port and Industrial Estate falls within the greater Couva urban area. By 2011, Couva had the highest number (1789) of businesses in the region. With the closure of Caroni (1975) Limited and the resultant decline in sugarcane production, more lands in the greater Couva area will be under pressure for residential, commercial, and industrial expansion. The main economic sectors in the region are: * Commercial business activities largely restricted to retail trade (personal and household products, auto parts and services, banks, and minimarts and groceries, etc.) * Industrial development based on the existence of cement manufacturing in Claxton Bay by the Trinidad Cement Limited (TCL), petrochemical related industries at Point Lisas, Petrotrin’s oil refinery operations at Pointe-à-Pierre, and other small light industry parks established by the Evolving Tecknologies and Enterprise Development Company (k) * Agricultural activities comprising livestock rearing, mixed agriculture, and other agriculture The Couva-Pt. Lisas Chamber of Commerce headquarters is within Couva located on Camden Road, and its new building was commissioned 2012. The town is served by all the major banks in Trinidad, e.g. Scotiabank (SCB), First Citizens Bank (FCB), Royal Bank of Canada (RBC), Republic Bank, and also the Unit Trust Corporation (UTC). Inclusive of these banks, there are numerous credit unions currently existing in Couva, e.g. TECU, Venture Credit Union etc. Including many of the common fast-food chains, Indian and Chinese food outlets as well as local franchises such as KFC, Subway, Church's Chicken, Pizza Hut and Starbucks, the most popular restaurants in the town include Balthazar, Bourgonvilla, Touch 'n' Taste, JZZ's International Steakhouse, Lady Gay, and Kazza Pot and Kettle. In addition, six beaches are in the region, where significant amounts and value of fish are landed. These beaches are Brickfield, Claxton Bay, Carli Bay, Orange Valley, St. Margaret Bay, and Waterloo. Located in Gran Couva (east of Couva), La Vega Estate is a hideaway with outdoor activities and interests for the whole family. Originally a cocoa estate, La Vega is now home to a unique combination of garden centre, plant nursery, and nature and recreation park. == Transport == The primary means of access to the region from areas in north and south Trinidad are the Sir Solomon Hochoy Highway and the Southern Main Road. Also, a route between Chaguanas and Rio Claro, in the form of the Caparo Valley Brasso Road and the Tabaquite Rio Claro Road, runs diagonally through the region. No strong road links the areas to the east of the region. The Couva/Preysal flyover was previously one of the most congested flyovers in the country, and the main access point to and from the highway, but has undergone an extensive upgrade (completed in March 2012) and significantly alleviated these problems. Rivulet Road which extends from the Couva/Preysal flyover to the Point Lisas roundabout (and runs almost the entire south-west length of Couva) was extended to have a shoulder in 2015. This is expected to allow ease of traffic directly to the Point Lisas and the Couva town centre. Access is also possible by sea through existing industrial port facilities at Point Lisas, which handles roughly 45% of container cargo and 90% of break bulk cargo (goods that do not ship in containers) for the country. The port also handles about 60% of local manufacturers' goods for export. Port Point Lisas is the second major port in Trinidad and covers a total area around 19 hectares. The national helicopter service is also based at Camden in Couva, and the town is served by the Piarco International Airport, which is located 23 km away from the town centre. == Demography == Formerly a predominantly Indian locality, Couva became increasingly populated by Afro-Trinidadians, primarily from urban areas that had reached a saturation point in terms of job opportunities, as well as dilapidated rural areas. Though Indo-Trinidadians remain dominant numerically, the presence of the Afro-Trinidadians changed the character of Couva. Afro-Trinidadian neighbourhoods center on National Housing Authority housing projects, which were inaugurated by the government, and funded by oil revenues, to accommodate this new influx in population. To its credit, the culture of the community is more or less a sample of the national culture. Religious practices and rituals are mainly along the lines of the Christian (Roman Catholic, Anglican, Presbyterian, Pentecostal/Evangelist, Seventh-day Adventist, Baptist), Hindu, and Muslim faiths. The Seventh-day Adventist Church in Trinidad and Tobago had its genesis in the spot formerly occupied by the Heart and Hand Friendly Society Hall, and the church has had a continuous presence since November 1895. == Education == The University of Trinidad and Tobago (UTT) Point Lisas campus is located on Esperanza Road, Brechin Castle, Couva, about 35 km from the University of the West Indies (UWI) campus at Saint Augustine. With its genesis in the Trinidad and Tobago Institute of Technology (TTIT), UTT initially focused on programmes in engineering and technology. The construction of the first phase of the UTT aviation campus at Camden Base, Couva, began in 2014. The entire project comprises three phases, and the first phase was completed in 2015. Phase one includes construction of classrooms as flight-device training facilities, ancillary facilities, outfitting, and consultancy services. Holy Faith Convent Couva, located on the Couva Main Road in Exchange Lots, was the first secondary school in the central rural area. Established in 1951, it remained small until the introduction of free education in the 1960s. However, the warm, loving family atmosphere of the small school was well grounded to adapt, not only to over 700 pupils, but also to a multidenominational student body today. The Couva East Secondary School (formerly known as Couva Government Secondary School) was built in 1963 and is directly opposite the Couva Magistrates Courthouse on Church Street. The school rose to prominence during the 1970s and 1980s, and since then has earned several national scholarships, and most scholarships gained by a government-run secondary school, which is also among the best of the government secondary schools in the country. Today, the school remains prestigious within the Couva area. The Couva West Secondary School (the former Couva Junior Secondary School established in 1972) is located on Balisier Street, Couva. The Preysal Secondary School is located on Couva Main Road, Preysal, Couva. The Exchange Presbyterian Primary School (at the corner of Bryce and La Croix Streets), has been consistently ranked highly in the national SEA examinations. The Exchange R.C. primary school is part of the compound of the St. Paul R.C. Church, and the Couva Anglican Primary is located further west on the Southern Main Road. The most recent of primary schools, the Couva South Government primary school is on Lisas Blvd. The Sevilla Private Primary School in the Brechin Castle residential compound is also considered one of the most prestigious schools in the region. There are several other primary schools within the wider Couva area (Balmain & McBean Presbyterian, McBean Hindu, Orange Valley Government). The Rudranath Capildeo Learning Resource Centre is located in McBean Village. It is a training hub for professionals of the education sector, and is geared towards encouraging tertiary research in all aspects of education among the Ministry of Education's staff. Its services extend further into the community, though, drawing users from the teacher-training colleges, the University of the West Indies, and other institutions and libraries, as well as members of the general public. The NESC Skills and Technology Centre, Point Lisas, is the main campus of the NESC. The centre, at the corner of Rivulet and Southern Main Roads, Point Lisas, replaced NESC's centre at Brechin Castle, which was transferred to the University of Trinidad and Tobago. The construction of the NIHERST Science City in Indian Trail is planned for learning of science and technology. the centre will cover and is an expansion of the National Science Centre in D'Abadie . == Health == The region is served by the Couva district health facility, the most heavily used of the South West Regional Health Authority's district facilities, with more than 162,000 people. The facility was to include an adjacent laboratory equipped to conduct laboratory tests, such as complete blood count, renal function, liver function, blood glucose level, and other diagnostic tests. The Trinidad and Tobago government, in a loan agreement with the Government of China, constructed a Children's Hospital and Multi-Training Centre for Medicine, Nursing, and Pharmacology (using the UDeCOTT), which will be a self-contained, centralised medical facility equipped with the most modern and high-end medical equipment. The facility will consist of 230 beds, and includes a burn-care unit, central pharmacy, children and adult casualty clinic, and helicopter rooftop access for emergencies. The completion date was 2015, but since the change of government, the facility has not been opened as of 3 October 2018. == Sport == The Ato Boldon Stadium, located in Couva, Trinidad and Tobago, is named after eight- time Olympic and World Championship medal winner and 1997 200 m world champion Ato Boldon. The stadium was constructed in 2001. The National Men's Team and Women's Team use the stadium as their training centre. ABS is also the home of athletics. Every year, various national tournaments and invitationals are held by various clubs and by the National Athletic Association. The capacity of the stadium is around 10,000 persons. Central FC plays its home games at the stadium. The Sevilla Sports Club, located south of Rivulet Road, includes two tennis courts, a swimming pool, a golf course, and snooker facilities. The Brechin Castle Golf Course started out as a 9-hole course in 1927 and was increased to an 18-hole course in 1929/1930, but by 1938, nine holes had been reclaimed by the sugarcane factory when crops were planted on the site and houses were built on it. The course is being used regularly for tournaments by other clubs and it also has its monthly medal games. The club house, called Seville Club, was formerly the residence of the manager of Brechin Castle. The National Cricket Centre (NCC) was opened by the Trinidad and Tobago Cricket Board (TTCBC) in 2002 on of land at Balmain, Couva from Caroni (1975) Ltd. (construction started in 1997). The Trinidad and Tobago Cricket Board plans to rehabilitate, refurbish and develop the Balmain Cricket Centre to allow for playing cricket at the regional first-class level. The Gilbert Park cricket ground is located on the corner of the Southern Main Road and Rivulet Road. The Couva Recreation Ground and Balmain Cricket club ground are notable sporting areas in the town. W Connection, Wanderers C.C. and Clico Preysal Sports Club are notable cricket clubs in the Couva catchment area. The National Aquatic Centre and National Cycle Track were opened in 2015 in the vicinity of the Ato Boldon Stadium. The Aquatic Centre includes a 50-metre swimming pool (to provide facilities for the hosting of and training for international competitions), a 50-metre warm-up pool, a 25-metre diving pool, and total permanent seating capacity of 700 seats. The National Cycle Track includes a wood cycling track with embankment of 42 degrees to the International Cycle Union (UCI) standard Category 1, and 2,500 seats in the cycling track configuration. Young Trinidadian and West Indies cricket team player Nicholas Pooran was also born here. The Couva public swimming pool is located in Railway Station Road. The Aquatic Centre, Cycling Velodrome, Ato Boldon Stadium, and the NCC are expected to make Couva the main hub of sports in the country. == Air services == An airstrip is located on the outskirts of the town called the Camden Base, which was originally built by the US military during World War II. It handles helicopters and light aircraft, and has a by paved runway. It is the main operating base of both National Helicopter Services Limited and Briko Air Services. Briko Air Services Limited is a multifaceted air transportation-service company, whose primary business activities include air charter and agricultural aerial-spraying services. Briko currently offers offshore energy production support, external lifts, environmental support, agricultural services, flight training, and general charter services. The company's offshore energy production charter services provide transportation and support personnel, equipment and supplies to petroleum production service firms in support of the drilling for and production of oil and gas in Trinidad. Ad hoc services are being provided to The National Gas Company, Trinmar and other non-energy based organisations. Briko owns and operates a flight training school for fixed wing aircraft and provide flight support for pilots of the regional airlines. The Trinidad and Tobago government constructed phase 1 of the Aviation Institute of Trinidad and Tobago in the vicinity of the Camden base, as part of the University of Trinidad and Tobago. The institute is established through partnerships with Caribbean Airlines Limited, Metal Industries Limited, and National Helicopter Services Limited), and the Trinidad and Tobago Civil Aviation Authority and the Air Guard. A Caribbean Airline Airplane landed there using the Camden Airstrip on the opening day of the campus. ==Utilities== Electricity generation is handled by Powergen and Trinity Power Ltd. at the Point Lisas Industrial Estate, while electrical distribution is handled by the Trinidad and Tobago Electricity Commission. Water and sanitary sewerage are under the purview of the Water and Sewerage Authority of Trinidad and Tobago. The town is served by all major telecommunication (including cable, satellite) companies, e.g. Amplia, bmobile, Flow, DirectTV, Digicel+, and Greendot. == Culture == Couva, which is known as the oldest sugar village in Trinidad, generated much of its prominence from its production of this major crop. To commemorate its historical involvement in the sugar industry, the Sugar and Energy Festival was founded by the Couva/Point Lisas Chamber of Commerce and held at the Gilbert Park grounds annually. Couva is known as a focal point for the development and dissemination of chutney music during the 1980s and 1990s. The Rienzi Complex typically hosts the Trinidad Chutney-Soca Monarch semifinals. Couva is one of the bigger Carnival hosts, with full shows on Carnival Monday and Tuesday. Jouvert is part of the Carnival Monday show and calypso shows are held in the town centre during the Carnival season. Culturally, the town is the home of Couva Joylanders Steel Orchestra, a group well known for its varied repertoire and community projects. The band holds its practice sessions in a newly built steelpan complex at Railway Road, Couva, built by the Ministry of Works and Infrastructure in conjunction with National Gas Company of Trinidad and Tobago. It is also the setting of Derek Walcott's play Beef, No Chicken. ==Notable people== Neil Benjamin Brian Haynes Rangy Nanan Rampersad Parasram Roshan Parasram Nicholas Pooran Denesh Ramdin Lall Ramnath Sawh Silvio Spann Sarran Teelucksingh La Toya Woods ==Sister cities== Hartford, Connecticut, United States ==References== * * Couva/Tabaquite/Talparo Draft Regional Development Plan ==External links== Category:Airports in Trinidad and Tobago Category:Populated places in Trinidad and Tobago Category:Populated coastal places in Trinidad and Tobago Category:Trinidad (island) Category:Ports and harbours of Trinidad and Tobago Category:Populated places established in 1797 Category:1797 establishments in North America	['Trinidad and Tobago', 'Couva–Tabaquite–Talparo', 'United National Congress', 'Trinidad', 'Port of Spain', 'Chaguanas', 'Point Fortin', 'Point Lisas', 'Gulf of Paria', 'Caroni County', 'World War II', 'Pointe-a-Pierre', 'Sir Solomon Hochoy Highway', 'Arima', 'Carli Bay', 'Claxton 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Julian Richings (born 30 August 1956)Births, Marriages & Deaths Index of England & Wales, 1916–2005.; at Ancestry.com is a British-Canadian character actor. He has appeared in over 225 films and television series. ==Career== After touring the United States with a British stage production, Richings moved to Toronto, Ontario, Canada in 1984. Within five years, he had become a regular on the second season of the War of the Worlds TV series. In the 1996 film Hard Core Logo, he played the bitter, aging, punk rock legend Bucky Haight. He appeared in the iconic opening of the 1997 film Cube. In 1999, he appeared in the science fiction film Thrill Seekers. In 2000, he appeared as Bellanger in The Claim, and earned a Genie Award nomination for best supporting actor. He was a member of the repertory cast of the A&E; TV original series A Nero Wolfe Mystery (2001–02). He played the role of Death in The CW's show Supernatural, beginning in its fifth season, and appearing again in sixth, seventh, ninth, and tenth seasons. He was also Death in the short film Dave v. Death (2011).Bravofact.com Richings performed in heavy makeup as Three Finger in Wrong Turn (2003), and nearly-blind security guard Otto in Stephen King's 2004 miniseries Kingdom Hospital. Dramatic roles include stagehand Mr. Turnbull in the 2004 film Being Julia. He appeared as Orr, a cruel loan shark in the 2004 Canadian film The Last Casino. In 2006, he appeared in a brief speaking role as the Mutant Theatre Organiser in X-Men: The Last Stand, and played a vampire killer alongside in the direct-to-DVD horror film The Last Sect. In 2007, Richings played a driver in the film Shoot 'Em Up, a dissipated and aging punk rocker in The Third Eye, transvestite psychologist Dr. Heker in The Tracey Fragments, and a number of small roles in other films, including Skinwalkers and Saw IV. He appeared in the 2008 film The Timekeeper. Richings continues to be active in short films and television series, mostly in Canada. He was presented with two Dora Awards in the late 1980s, and continues to perform professionally in the Toronto area with a number of theatre groups. In 2008, Richings was nominated for another Dora Award for his performance in The Palace of the End. He said that he had a part in the 2013 Superman film Man of Steel. When told about a campaign to see him become the next Doctor in Doctor Who, one of his favorite childhood TV shows, he said he was flattered by the idea. In 2014, he starred in the science fiction film Ejecta.IFC Midnight Dates ‘Wyrmwood’ and ‘Ejecta’ In 2015, he appeared in the horror film The Witch and the drama film Reign."EJECTA" Star and Canadian Horror Veteran Julian Richings ==Filmography== ===Film=== Year Title Role Notes 1987 Love at Stake Town Crier 1989 The Top of His Head Robert 1991 Naked Lunch Exterminator 1994 Squanto: A Warrior's Tale Sir George's Servant 1995 Moonlight and Valentino Hair Stylist 1996 Hard Core Logo Haight 1997 Mimic Workman 1997 The Boys Club Officer Cole 1997 Cube Alderson 1997 Ms. Scrooge Ghost of Christmas Yet to Come Television film 1997 Pale Saints Einstein 1998 Urban Legend Weird Janitor 1998 Universal Soldier II: Brothers in Arms Bix 1998 Red Violin Nicolas Olsberg 1999 Detroit Rock City Ticket Taker 1999 Thrill Seekers Murray Trevor 2000 The Crossing McKenzie 2000 The Claim Bellanger 2001 Century Hotel Waiter 2001 I Shout Love Cab driver 2001 Treed Murray Homeless Man 2001 Prince Charming Wacktazar Television film 2001 The Pretender: Island of the Haunted Brother Clote 2002 Between Strangers Nigel 2003 Eloise at the Plaza Patrice 2003 Open Range Wylie 2003 My Life Without Me Dr. Thompson 2003 Wrong Turn Three Finger 2004 Being Julia Mr. Turnbull 2004 The Last Casino The Usurer 2005 Black Widow Dr. Deadman 2006 Skinwalkers Sad-Looking Man 2006 X-Men: The Last Stand Mutant Organiser 2007 Shoot 'Em Up Hertz's Driver 2007 Saw IV Vagrant 2007 The Third Eye Charlie Rabbit 2007 Roxy Hunter and the Mystery of the Moody Ghost Mr. Tibers 2007 The Tracey Fragments Dr. Heker 2008 Heartland Mr. Hanley 2008 Roxy Hunter and the Myth of the Mermaid Mr. Tibers 2008 Jack and Jill vs. the World Mr. Smith 2008 Roxy Hunter and the Secret of the Shaman Mr. Tibers 2008 Toronto Stories Leather Jacket 2008 Roxy Hunter and the Horrific Halloween Mr. Tibers 2008 Elegy Actor in Play 2009 The Timekeeper Grease 2009 You Might as Well Live Dr. Pooseby 2009 Survival of the Dead James O'Flynn 2010 Percy Jackson & the Olympians: The Lightning Thief Charon 2010 Hard Core Logo 2 Bucky Haight 2010 Trigger Bucky 2010 Collaborator Maurice LeFont 2011 Three Inches Ethan Television film 2012 The Conspiracy Green Man 2013 Man of Steel Lor-Em 2013 The Last Will and Testament of Rosalind Leigh Rahn Brothers 2013 The Young and Prodigious T.S. Spivet Ricky 2013 The Colony Leyland 2013 Septic Man Phil Prosser 2014 Ejecta William Cassidy 2014 Patch Town Yuri 2014 Hellmouth Smiley 2015 A Christmas Horror Story Gerhardt 2015 The Rainbow Kid Elvis Grimes 2015 The Witch Governor 2015 Regression Tom 2015 She Stoops to Conquer 2016 Blood Hunters Father Stewart 2016 Prisoner X Jefferson 2016 The Space Between Stash 2019 Polar Lomas 2020 Stardust Tony DeFries 2020 Anything for Jackson Henry Walsh 2020 Hall Julian 2020 Vicious Fun Fritz 2021 Chaos Walking Gault 2021 Charlotte Dr. Kurt Singer/Policeman #1/SS Soldier #2 Voice 2021 Stanleyville Homunculus 2022 Relax, I'm from the Future Percy 2023 Beau Is Afraid Strange Man ===Television=== Year Title Role Notes 1989–1990 War of the Worlds Ardix Alien Scientist Man with Hat 15 episodes 1993 Street Legal Harold Cooper-Haye * * * Rolan Atkinson 1 episode * * * 1 episode 1993–1994 Ready or Not Mr. Boyle 3 episodes 1996–2000 Psi Factor: Chronicles of the Paranormal Earl Cornel 1 episode 1997–1998 Once a Thief Camier 11 episodes 1997–1999 La Femme Nikita Errol Sparks 2 episodes 1998 Highlander: The Raven Basil Morgan 2 episodes 1999 I Was a Sixth Grade Alien Meenom 3 episodes 1999–2000 Amazon Elder Malakai 9 episodes 2002 A Nero Wolfe Mystery Poet * * * Jerome Åland * * * Peter Jay * * * Alger Kates 2003 Slings and Arrows Reg Mortimer 1 episode 2004 Kingdom Hospital Otto 13 episodes 2004 Puppets Who Kill French Painter 1 episode 2006 Puppets Who Kill Mr. Portnoy 1 episode 2008 XIII Mr. Cody 2 episodes 2009–2010 Heartland Levon Hanley 2 episodes 2010 Wingin' It William Shakespeare 1 Episode 2010 Lost Girl Arval 1 episode 2010–2012 Todd and the Book of Pure Evil Hooded Leader * * * Atticus Murphy Sr. 2 episodes 2010–2015 Supernatural Death 5 episodes 2012 Republic of Doyle Lionel Harris Episode: "3x11" 2012 Transporter: The Series 5 episodes 2012 Murdoch Mysteries Phillip Uxbridge Episode: "5x3" 2014–2016 Orphan Black Benjamin Kertland 7 episodes 2014 Hell on Wheels SLC Records Clerk 1 episode 2015 Hannibal Caged Man 1 episode 2015 The Expanse Vargas 1 episode 2017 Patriot Peter Icabod 10 episodes 2017 The Magicians Asteroth 1 episodes 2017 Channel Zero The Gardener 3 episodes 2018 12 Monkeys The Adviser 5 episodes 2018 Creeped Out Zephaniah 2 episodes 2019 Doom Patrol Sturmbannführer Heinrich Von Fuchs 2 episodes 2019 American Gods Iktomi Episode: "Muninn" 2022 The Umbrella Academy Chet Recurring role (season 3) 2022 Guillermo del Toro's Cabinet of Curiosities Dooley Episode: "Graveyard Rats" ===Video games=== Year Title Voice role Notes 2018 Starlink: Battle for Atlas Grax ==References== ==External links== * Interview with Richings from 2005 Interview Julian Richings with mycoven.com, March 2014 Category:Living people Category:1956 births Category:20th-century English male actors Category:21st-century English male actors Category:Canadian male film actors Category:Canadian male television actors Category:Canadian male voice actors Category:Canadian people of English descent Category:Canadian expatriates in England Category:Dora Mavor Moore Award winners Category:English expatriates in Canada Category:English male film actors Category:English male television actors Category:Male actors from Oxford	['Oxford', 'Toronto', 'Ontario', 'Hard Core Logo', 'Genie Award', 'A Nero Wolfe Mystery', 'The CW', 'Stephen King', 'Kingdom Hospital', 'Being Julia', 'The Last Casino', 'X-Men: The Last Stand', "Shoot 'Em Up", 'Saw IV', 'Dora Award', 'Superman', 'Doctor Who', 'Love at Stake', 'The Top of His Head', "Squanto: A Warrior's Tale", 'Moonlight and Valentino', 'The Boys Club', 'Ms. Scrooge', 'Universal Soldier II: Brothers in Arms', 'Red Violin', 'Century Hotel', 'I Shout Love', 'Treed Murray', 'The Pretender: Island of the Haunted', 'Between Strangers', 'Eloise at the Plaza', 'My Life Without Me', 'Roxy Hunter and the Mystery of the Moody Ghost', 'Jack and Jill vs. the World', 'Toronto Stories', 'You Might as Well Live', 'Survival of the Dead', 'Hard Core Logo 2', 'Three Inches', 'The Last Will and Testament of Rosalind Leigh', 'The Young and Prodigious T.S. Spivet', 'Septic Man', 'A Christmas Horror Story', 'The Rainbow Kid', 'Highlander: The Raven', 'I Was a Sixth Grade Alien', 'Slings and Arrows', 'Puppets Who Kill', "Wingin' It", 'Todd and the Book of Pure Evil', 'Republic of Doyle', 'Transporter: The Series', 'Murdoch Mysteries', 'Orphan Black', 'Creeped Out', 'Sturmbannführer', "Guillermo del Toro's Cabinet of Curiosities", 'Starlink: Battle for Atlas']	['Q34217', 'Q172', 'Q1904', 'Q2675608', 'Q1502249', 'Q3180766', 'Q212252', 'Q39829', 'Q383222', 'Q814790', 'Q7745612', 'Q221168', 'Q1044478', 'Q326319', 'Q5297422', 'Q79015', 'Q34316', 'Q776742', 'Q7769602', 'Q2406987', 'Q509323', 'Q7719743', 'Q21592542', 'Q843003', 'Q376144', 'Q2185460', 'Q23755534', 'Q3538308', 'Q2489972', 'Q1191318', 'Q3282293', 'Q83630', 'Q7372462', 'Q916856', 'Q7826520', 'Q8057410', 'Q1277329', 'Q5655182', 'Q7797541', 'Q17108504', 'Q211222', 'Q18170416', 'Q21065416', 'Q20814709', 'Q448102', 'Q16994617', 'Q7540694', 'Q7260730', 'Q326314', 'Q3530297', 'Q1953963', 'Q445816', 'Q1326701', 'Q7103920', 'Q29344728', 'Q161104', 'Q55012258', 'Q39058311']	[[(8035, 8041)], [(308, 315), (2094, 2101), (4229, 4236)], [(317, 324)], [(459, 473), (2933, 2947), (4515, 4529)], [(718, 729)], [(837, 857), (6026, 6046)], [(900, 906)], [(1208, 1220)], [(1239, 1255), (6156, 6172)], [(1320, 1331), (3693, 3704)], [(1398, 1413), (3723, 3738)], [(1496, 1517), (3817, 3838)], [(1651, 1663), (3861, 3873)], [(1849, 1855), (3894, 3900)], [(2016, 2026), (2184, 2194)], [(2280, 2288)], [(2372, 2382)], [(2747, 2760)], [(2777, 2796)], [(2839, 2864)], [(2891, 2914)], [(2979, 2992)], [(3030, 3041)], [(3152, 3190)], [(3200, 3210)], [(3354, 3367)], [(3380, 3392)], [(3409, 3421)], [(3487, 3523)], [(3543, 3560)], [(3572, 3591)], [(3627, 3645)], [(3948, 3994)], [(4129, 4156)], [(4229, 4244)], [(4372, 4394)], [(4412, 4432)], [(4515, 4531)], [(4602, 4614)], [(4697, 4742)], [(4762, 4798)], [(4834, 4844)], [(4934, 4958)], [(4973, 4988)], [(5884, 5905)], [(5935, 5960)], [(6110, 6127)], [(6195, 6211), (6242, 6258)], [(6360, 6370)], [(6442, 6472)], [(6568, 6585)], [(6621, 6644)], [(6661, 6678)], [(6721, 6733)], [(7042, 7053)], [(7092, 7107)], [(7244, 7287)], [(7372, 7398)]]
Jason Derik Isringhausen ( born September 7, 1972) is an American former professional baseball pitcher and coach. He pitched in Major League Baseball from 1995 through 2012 for the New York Mets, Oakland Athletics, St. Louis Cardinals, Tampa Bay Rays, and Los Angeles Angels of Anaheim. Isringhausen was, with Bill Pulsipher and Paul Wilson, a member of "Generation K", a group of highly regarded Mets prospects. Isringhausen proceeded to have a successful career as a relief pitcher, recording exactly 300 career saves. He was a two- time All-Star and led the National League in saves in 2004. ==Early life== Isringhausen was born on September 7, 1972, in Brighton, Illinois, one of at least three children of Charles and Georgene Isringhausen. Isringhausen played catcher at Southwestern High School before being moved to the outfield at Lewis and Clark Community College. ==Playing career== ===New York Mets (1992-1999)=== Isringhausen was chosen as a draft-and-follow prospect by the New York Mets in the 44th round of the 1991 Major League Baseball draft. He signed in May 1992. In the mid-1990s, Isringhausen and fellow minor-league pitchers Bill Pulsipher and Paul Wilson—collectively dubbed "Generation K"—were widely hyped as the next New York Mets superstars. But injuries took their toll and 1995 was the first year that all three started the season healthy. Isringhausen began his career as a starter for the Mets near the end of the 1995 season, posting a 9–2 record in 14 starts. But a steady progression of serious injuries, including tuberculosis, a broken wrist (sustained while punching a dugout trash can), and three major operations on his pitching arm, derailed his progression into the major-league rotation. (He also was caught clandestinely playing softball for a strip club while rehabilitating.Olney, Buster. "BASEBALL: Mets Manage to Keep Everyone Guessing," New York Times (July 8, 1997).) He missed most of the 1997 season and the entire 1998 season. When he was finally healthy in 1999, he was moved to the bullpen after only five starts. Still, Mets manager Bobby Valentine was reluctant to use Isringhausen in relief, saying that it would be akin to "[using] an Indy car as a taxi." After inconsistent play with the Mets, he was traded to the Oakland Athletics at the trading deadline for reliever Billy Taylor. ===Oakland Athletics (1999-2001)=== As a relief pitcher and closer for the Athletics, Isringhausen's performance improved. Isringhausen established himself as a top closer with Oakland, as the A's made the playoffs in 2000 and 2001. Isringhausen earned his first selection to the All-Star game in 2000. ===St. Louis Cardinals (2002-2008)=== Isringhausen signed with the Cardinals as a free agent before the 2002 season. During Isringhausen's time with the team, the Cardinals won the Central Division in 2002, 2004, 2005, and 2006 with World Series appearances in 2004 and 2006, winning the World Series in 2006. He registered a league-leading 47 saves in 2004, tying Lee Smith's franchise record (broken in 2015 by Trevor Rosenthal). He was an All-Star and posted a 2.14 earned run average (ERA) with 39 saves in 2005 as the Cardinals won 100 games. The saves total was fifth in the NL. Despite this success, Isringhausen's 2006 season began with two losses and a blown save in his first five appearances. He struggled with control problems throughout the season, leading to 38 walks (the most given up by Isringhausen in a season since he became a closer) and a 3.55 ERA, which was his highest ERA as a closer since the 2000 season, in which his ERA was 3.78. Isringhausen finished the season with a 4–8 record and 33 saves along with 10 blown saves. He missed the entire 2006 playoffs due to a hip injury, allowing rookie Adam Wainwright to become the Cardinals' closer for the playoffs and that team's World Series Championship. During the 2006 off-season, Isringhausen underwent his second hip surgery in two years. With Wainwright slotted into the rotation, Isringhausen was returned to the closer role to begin 2007. Isringhausen responded by notching career numbers in 2007, posting a 4–0 record, 2.48 ERA, and 32 saves while walking 28, striking out 54, and giving up only four home runs in 63 innings pitched, appearing in 63 games. Batters hit .179 against him. On September 25, 2007, Isringhausen was named as one of 10 finalists for the "DHL Presents the Major League Baseball Delivery Man of the Year Award"; and on October 5, 2007, it was announced the St. Louis Cardinals had picked up Isringhausen's option for the 2008 season. On May 10, 2008, manager Tony La Russa removed Isringhausen as the club's closer. On July 29, 2008, La Russa announced that Isringhausen had resumed his role as closer. On August 19, 2008, Isringhausen left the team due to lingering elbow tendinitis and a torn tendon. ===Tampa Bay Rays (2009)=== On February 20, 2009, Isringhausen signed a minor league deal with the Tampa Bay Rays with an invitation to spring training. On April 1, 2009, Isringhausen was added to the 40-man roster of the Rays, and began the season on the disabled list. Once activated, Isringhausen pitched in nine games before it was announced on June 13 that he tore a ligament in the surgically repaired right elbow and would miss the rest of the season to undergo Tommy John surgery. ===Cincinnati Reds (2010)=== On July 20, 2010, Isringhausen pitched a bullpen session for the Cincinnati Reds. He impressed both pitching coach Bryan Price and former Cardinals and current Reds General Manager Walt Jocketty enough that the Reds prepared a contract offer for Isringhausen. On July 22, 2010, Isringhausen agreed to terms with a minor league contract with the Cincinnati Reds. ===Return to the Mets (2011)=== Isringhausen signed a minor league contract with an invitation to spring training for the 2011 season.Isringhausen, Mets reunite with Minors deal MLB.com He began the season in extended spring training, but was promoted to the Mets on April 10.Mets call up pair of pitchers, designate Boyer MLB.com He had a good outing in his first game, against the Colorado Rockies. He was called in with one out in the bottom of the eighth inning and retired both batters he faced. His return also made him the only pitcher in major league history to return to the mound after a third Tommy John operation.TJ Surgery: ALLTime List He was being used as the 8th-inning setup pitcher for the Mets until closer Francisco Rodriguez was traded to the Milwaukee Brewers. Isringhausen was then moved to the closer's role. On July 19, 2011, he picked up his first save since 2008. On August 15, 2011, Isringhausen became the 23rd pitcher to notch 300 career saves, which he did against the San Diego Padres in a 5–4 Mets win. ===Los Angeles Angels of Anaheim (2012)=== On February 22, 2012, he signed a minor league contract with the Los Angeles Angels of Anaheim. He eventually appeared in 50 games out of the bullpen for the Angels with a 4.14 ERA. ==Coaching career== On February 14, 2013, Isringhausen was named volunteer pitching coach at Southern Illinois University Edwardsville (SIUE) in Edwardsville, Illinois, where he resides during the offseason. While a member of the staff at SIUE, Isringhausen denied through his agent that he was retiring from Major League Baseball, and was still looking for pitching jobs. ==See also== * List of Major League Baseball annual saves leaders * List of Major League Baseball pitchers who have thrown an immaculate inning * List of St. Louis Cardinals team records ==References== ==External links== Category:1972 births Category:Living people Category:Baseball players from Illinois Category:American League All-Stars Category:National League All-Stars Category:National League saves champions Category:Major League Baseball pitchers Category:New York Mets players Category:Oakland Athletics players Category:St. Louis Cardinals players Category:Tampa Bay Rays players Category:Los Angeles Angels players Category:People from Brighton, Illinois Category:Gulf Coast Mets players Category:Kingsport Mets players Category:Pittsfield Mets players Category:St. Lucie Mets players Category:Binghamton Mets players Category:Norfolk Tides players Category:Tennessee Smokies players Category:Palm Beach Cardinals players Category:Springfield Cardinals players Category:Montgomery Biscuits players Category:Durham Bulls players Category:Louisville Bats players	['Brighton, Illinois', 'New York Mets', 'Oakland Athletics', 'St. Louis Cardinals', 'Tampa Bay Rays', 'Los Angeles Angels of Anaheim', 'List of Major League Baseball annual saves leaders', 'Major League Baseball', 'Bill Pulsipher', 'Lewis and Clark Community College', 'Bobby Valentine', 'World Series', 'Trevor Rosenthal', 'Adam Wainwright', 'Tony La Russa', 'Tommy John surgery', 'Cincinnati Reds', 'Bryan Price', 'Walt Jocketty', 'Colorado Rockies', 'Milwaukee Brewers', 'Southern Illinois University Edwardsville', 'Edwardsville, Illinois']	['Q915797', 'Q692417', 'Q504339', 'Q504309', 'Q650865', 'Q743309', 'Q6589044', 'Q1163715', 'Q4910557', 'Q16981182', 'Q1101104', 'Q265538', 'Q2353943', 'Q1185516', 'Q2696934', 'Q948562', 'Q826751', 'Q4980314', 'Q7963994', 'Q388858', 'Q848103', 'Q519349', 'Q577939']	[[(657, 675), (8020, 8038)], [(181, 194), (897, 910), (988, 1001), (1244, 1257), (7837, 7850)], [(196, 213), (2275, 2292), (2347, 2364), (7868, 7885)], [(215, 234), (2650, 2669), (4512, 4531), (7526, 7545), (7903, 7922)], [(236, 250), (4861, 4875), (4957, 4971), (7940, 7954)], [(256, 285), (6777, 6806), (6882, 6911)], [(7387, 7437)], [(128, 149), (1032, 1053), (4412, 4433), (7308, 7329), (7395, 7416), (7448, 7469), (7797, 7818)], [(310, 324), (1148, 1162)], [(840, 873)], [(2089, 2104)], [(2880, 2892), (2935, 2947), (3850, 3862)], [(3060, 3076)], [(3769, 3784)], [(4614, 4627)], [(5327, 5345)], [(5350, 5365), (5441, 5456), (5721, 5736)], [(5491, 5502)], [(5557, 5570)], [(6121, 6137)], [(6502, 6519)], [(7092, 7133)], [(7144, 7166)]]
Marko Jarić (, ; ; born 12 October 1978) is a Serbian former professional basketball player. Standing at 2.01 m (6 ft 7 in), he mainly played the point guard position. He also represented the senior FR Yugoslavian national basketball team internationally. Jarić was an All-EuroLeague First Team member in 2002. ==Early life== Jarić was born in Belgrade, SR Serbia, SFR Yugoslavia, the son of Srećko Jarić, a well-known Yugoslav professional basketball player, who played as a point guard for Radnički Belgrade, and was regarded by head basketball coach Dušan Ivković as, the "biggest talent that he ever had under his charge". Jarić began playing basketball with the youth teams of the Serbian club Red Star Belgrade. ==Professional career== ===Europe=== Jarić began his professional career in the 1996–97 season, with the Greek Basket League club Peristeri. With Peristeri, he played two seasons in the European- wide 3rd tier level FIBA Korać Cup. He then spent the next 4 seasons playing in Europe's top-tier level EuroLeague, with the Italian clubs Fortitudo Bologna and Virtus Bologna. He became the first player ever to win back-to- back Italian League championships, on two teams. He won the Italian League championship in 2000, with Fortitudo Bologna, and in 2001, with Virtus Bologna. ===NBA=== Jarić was selected as the 30th overall draft pick, by the Los Angeles Clippers, in the 2000 NBA draft. After playing in 3 NBA seasons with the Clippers, he was traded to the Minnesota Timberwolves, on 12 August 2005, along with Lionel Chalmers, by the Clippers, in exchange for Sam Cassell and a future first-round draft pick. He was traded to the Grizzlies, on 26 June 2008, in an eight-player deal, involving rookie shooting guard O. J. Mayo, and rookie power forward Kevin Love. For the 2009–10 NBA season, Jarić and the Memphis Grizzlies, mutually agreed that Jarić would not attend the team's training camp, or any of their preseason games. Jarić was granted permission to seek a new team, and a possible contract buyout, for the remaining 2 years and $15 million of his contract. Jarić's final NBA game was played on April 15, 2009, in a 98–90 victory over the Atlanta Hawks. In his final game, he played for 23 minutes and recorded 5 rebounds, 2 assists, 2 steals but no points. ===Back to Europe=== After securing his release from the NBA's Memphis Grizzlies, Jarić then signed with Spanish Liga ACB club Real Madrid, on 22 December 2009. On 14 January 2011, he signed with the Italian LBA club Montepaschi Siena, through the end of the 2010–11 season. ===NBA comeback attempt=== In October 2012, Jarić signed with the NBA's Chicago Bulls. However, he was waived on 24 October. In September 2013, he signed with the Brooklyn Nets. However, he was waived on 15 October. He then retired from playing professional basketball. ==National team career== ===FR Yugoslavia junior national team=== As a junior FR Yugoslavia national team player, Jarić won the gold medal at the 1998 FIBA Europe Under-20 Championship. ===FR Yugoslavia senior national team=== As a member of the senior FR Yugoslavia national basketball team, Jarić won gold medals at both the 2001 EuroBasket and the 2002 FIBA World Championship. He also played with them at the 2003 EuroBasket and the 2005 EuroBasket. He represented the senior Serbian national basketball team at the 2007 EuroBasket. ==Career statistics== † Denotes season in which Jarić won the EuroLeague ===NBA=== ====Regular season==== \|- \| align="left" \| 2002–03 \| align="left" \| L.A. Clippers \| 66 \|\| 12 \|\| 20.9 \|\| .401 \|\| .319 \|\| .752 \|\| 2.4 \|\| 2.9 \|\| 1.5 \|\| .2 \|\| 7.4 \|- \| align="left" \| 2003–04 \| align="left" \| L.A. Clippers \| 58 \|\| 50 \|\| 30.3 \|\| .388 \|\| .340 \|\| .733 \|\| 3.0 \|\| 4.8 \|\| 1.6 \|\| .3 \|\| 8.5 \|- \| align="left" \| 2004–05 \| align="left" \| L.A. Clippers \| 50 \|\| 41 \|\| 33.1 \|\| .414 \|\| .371 \|\| .720 \|\| 3.2 \|\| 6.1 \|\| 1.7 \|\| .3 \|\| 9.9 \|- \| align="left" \| 2005–06 \| align="left" \| Minnesota \| 75 \|\| 49 \|\| 28.0 \|\| .399 \|\| .301 \|\| .688 \|\| 3.1 \|\| 3.9 \|\| 1.4 \|\| .3 \|\| 7.8 \|- \| align="left" \| 2006–07 \| align="left" \| Minnesota \| 70 \|\| 13 \|\| 22.2 \|\| .418 \|\| .376 \|\| .761 \|\| 2.6 \|\| 2.1 \|\| 1.1 \|\| .2 \|\| 5.3 \|- \| align="left" \| 2007–08 \| align="left" \| Minnesota \| 75 \|\| 56 \|\| 29.2 \|\| .430 \|\| .362 \|\| .742 \|\| 3.0 \|\| 4.1 \|\| 1.3 \|\| .4 \|\| 8.3 \|- \| align="left" \| 2008–09 \| align="left" \| Memphis \| 53 \|\| 0 \|\| 11.4 \|\| .331 \|\| .393 \|\| .707 \|\| 1.2 \|\| 1.4 \|\| .5 \|\| .2 \|\| 2.6 \|- class="sortbottom" \| style="text-align:center;" colspan="2"\| Career \| 447 \|\| 221 \|\| 25.2 \|\| .404 \|\| .344 \|\| .730 \|\| 2.7 \|\| 3.6 \|\| 1.3 \|\| .3 \|\| 7.1 ===EuroLeague=== \|- \| style="text- align:left;background:#AFE6BA;"\| 2000–01† \| style="text-align:left;"\| Bologna \| 22 \|\| 16 \|\| 28.7 \|\| .439 \|\| .309 \|\| .697 \|\| 3.0 \|\| 2.3 \|\| 2.0 \|\| .2 \|\| 10.4 \|\| 10.2 \|- \| style="text-align:left;"\| 2001–02 \| style="text-align:left;"\| Bologna \| 21 \|\| 20 \|\| 28.2 \|\| .482 \|\| .268 \|\| .595 \|\| 4.3 \|\| 2.5 \|\| 2.2 \|\| .1 \|\| 13.4 \|\| 14.6 \|- \| style="text-align:left;"\| 2009–10 \| style="text- align:left;"\| Real Madrid \| 12 \|\| 10 \|\| 25.8 \|\| .378 \|\| .440 \|\| .682 \|\| 5.2 \|\| 1.7 \|\| 1.3 \|\| .2 \|\| 7.1 \|\| 7.7 \|- \| style="text-align:left;"\| 2010–11 \| style="text-align:left;"\| Montepaschi \| 12 \|\| 3 \|\| 12.5 \|\| .433 \|\| .158 \|\| .750 \|\| 1.4 \|\| 1.3 \|\| 1.0 \|\| .0 \|\| 5.1 \|\| 3.9 \|- class="sortbottom" \| style="text-align:center;" colspan="2"\| Career \| 67 \|\| 49 \|\| 25.1 \|\| .448 \|\| .294 \|\| .656 \|\| 3.3 \|\| 2.1 \|\| 1.8 \|\| .1 \|\| 9.8 \|\| 10.0 ==Personal life== Jarić has an older sister named Tamara, and a younger brother named Nikola (b. 1987), who lives and plays basketball in Switzerland. On 12 June 2008, Jarić became engaged to Brazilian supermodel Adriana Lima. The couple wed in Jackson Hole, Wyoming, USA, on Valentine's Day 2009.Supermodel Adriana Lima Elopes! People, February 23, 2009. They have two daughters.First Photo: Meet Adriana Lima’s Daughter Valentina! May 5, 2010.Adriana Lima Gives Birth to Daughter Sienna!. Us Weekly. September 12, 2012. Accessed 2012-09-12. The couple announced their separation on 2 May 2014, after five years of marriage. The divorce was finalized in March 2016. Jarić also holds Greek citizenship, under the name Marko Latsis (Greek: Μάρκο Λάτσης), which was the name he played basketball under in Greece. == See also == * List of Serbian NBA players ==References== ==External links== * * Marko Jarić at acb.com * Marko Jarić at draftexpress.com * Marko Jarić at euroleague.net * * Marko Jarić at fibaeurope.com * Marko Jarić at legabasket.it * Marko Jarić at nba.com * Category:1978 births Category:Living people Category:2002 FIBA World Championship players Category:FIBA EuroBasket-winning players Category:FIBA World Championship-winning players Category:Fortitudo Pallacanestro Bologna players Category:Greek men's basketball players Category:Greek Basket League players Category:Greek people of Serbian descent Category:Naturalised basketball players Category:KK Crvena zvezda (youth) players Category:Lega Basket Serie A players Category:Liga ACB players Category:Los Angeles Clippers draft picks Category:Los Angeles Clippers players Category:Memphis Grizzlies players Category:Mens Sana Basket players Category:Minnesota Timberwolves players Category:National Basketball Association players from Serbia Category:Naturalized citizens of Greece Category:Peristeri B.C. players Category:Point guards Category:Real Madrid Baloncesto players Category:Serbia men's national basketball team players Category:Serbian men's basketball players Category:Serbian expatriate basketball people in Greece Category:Serbian expatriate basketball people in Italy Category:Serbian expatriate basketball people in Spain Category:Serbian expatriate basketball people in the United States Category:Shooting guards Category:Small forwards Category:Basketball players from Belgrade Category:Virtus Bologna players Category:Yugoslav men's basketball players Category:Serbia and Montenegro men's basketball players Category:Serbia and Montenegro expatriate sportspeople in Greece Category:Serbia and Montenegro expatriate sportspeople in Italy Category:Serbia and Montenegro expatriate sportspeople in the United States Category:Greek expatriate basketball people in Italy Category:Greek expatriate basketball people in Spain Category:Greek expatriate basketball people in the United States	['Belgrade', 'Los Angeles Clippers', 'Shooting guard', 'Peristeri B.C.', 'Fortitudo Pallacanestro Bologna', 'Minnesota Timberwolves', 'Memphis Grizzlies', 'Real Madrid Baloncesto', 'Mens Sana Basket', 'EuroLeague', 'Lega Basket Serie A', 'FR Yugoslavia national basketball team', '2002 FIBA World Championship', 'EuroBasket', 'FIBA Europe Under-20 Championship', 'Srećko Jarić', 'Dušan Ivković', 'KK Crvena zvezda (youth)', 'Greek Basket League', 'FIBA Korać Cup', 'NBA draft', 'Lionel Chalmers', 'Sam Cassell', 'O. 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Gertraud "Traudl" Junge (; 16 March 1920 – 10 February 2002) was a German editor who worked as Adolf Hitler's last private secretary from December 1942 to April 1945. After typing Hitler's will, she remained in the Berlin Führerbunker until his death. Following her arrest and imprisonment in June 1945, both the Soviet and the U.S. militaries interrogated her. Later, in post-war West Germany, she worked as a secretary. In her old age, she decided to publish her memoirs, claiming ignorance of the Nazi atrocities during the war, but blaming herself for missing opportunities to investigate reports about them. Her story, based partly on her book Until the Final Hour, formed a part of several dramatizations, in particular the 2004 German film Downfall about Hitler's final ten days. ==Early life and education== Gertraud "Traudl" Humps was born in Munich, the daughter of a master brewer and lieutenant in the Reserve Army, Max Humps and his wife Hildegard (née Zottmann). She had a sister, Inge, born in 1923. She once expressed her desire to become a ballerina as a teenager but was not accepted by a dance school. She then trained as a secretary. When she heard about an opening on the Chancellery staff, she applied for it. ==Work for Hitler== Traudl Humps began working for Hitler in December 1942. She was the youngest of his private secretaries. "I was 22 and I didn't know anything about politics; it didn't interest me," Junge said decades later, adding that she felt great guilt for "liking the greatest criminal ever to have lived". She said: "I admit, I was fascinated by Adolf Hitler. He was a pleasant boss and a fatherly friend. I deliberately ignored all the warning voices inside me and enjoyed the time by his side, almost until the bitter end. It wasn't what he said, but the way he said things and how he did things." Encouraged by Hitler, in June 1943, Traudl married Waffen-SS officer Hans Hermann Junge (1914–1944), who had been a valet and orderly to Hitler. He died in combat in France in August 1944. She worked at Hitler's side in Berlin, the Berghof in Berchtesgaden, at Wolfsschanze in East Prussia, and back again in Berlin in the Führerbunker. ==Berlin, 1945== In 1945, Junge was with Hitler in Berlin. During Hitler's last days in Berlin, he would regularly eat lunch with his secretaries Junge and Gerda Christian. After the war, Junge recalled Gerda asking Hitler if he would leave Berlin. This was firmly rejected by Hitler. Both women recalled that Hitler in conversation made it clear that his body must not fall into the hands of the Soviets. He would shoot himself. Junge typed Hitler's last private and political will and testament in the Führerbunker the day before his suicide. Junge later wrote that while she was playing with the Goebbels children on 30 April, "Suddenly [...] there is the sound of a shot, so loud, so close, that we all fall silent. It echoes on through all the rooms. 'That was a bull's-eye,' cried Helmut [Goebbels] with no idea how right he is. The Führer is dead now." On 1 May, Junge left the Führerbunker with a group led by Waffen-SS general Wilhelm Mohnke. Also in the group were Hitler's personal pilot Hans Baur, chief of Hitler's Reichssicherheitsdienst (RSD) bodyguard Hans Rattenhuber, secretaries Gerda Christian and Else Krüger, Hitler's dietician Constanze Manziarly, and physician Ernst-Günther Schenck. Junge, Christian and Krüger made it out of Berlin to the River Elbe. The remainder of the group were found by Soviet Red Army troops on 2 May while hiding in a cellar off the Schönhauser Allee. The Soviet troops handed over those who had been in the Führerbunker to SMERSH for interrogation, to reveal what had occurred in the bunker during the closing weeks of the war. ==Post-war== Although Junge had reached the Elbe, she was unable to reach the western Allied lines, and so she went back to Berlin. Getting there about a month after she had left, she had hoped to take a train to the west when they began running again. On 9 July, after living there for about a week under the alias Gerda Alt, she was arrested by two civilian members of the Soviet military administration and was kept in Berlin for interrogation. While in prison, she heard harrowing tales from her Soviet guards about what the German military had done to members of their families in the Soviet Union and came to realise that much of what she thought she knew about the war in the east was only what the Nazi propaganda ministry had told the German people, and that the treatment meted out to Germans by the Soviets was a response to what the Germans had done in the Soviet Union.Junge, pp. 219–222 Junge was held in multiple jails, where she was often interrogated about her role in Hitler's entourage and the events surrounding Hitler's suicide. By December 1945, she had been released from prison but was restricted to the Soviet sector of Berlin. On New Year's Eve 1945, she was admitted to a hospital in the British sector for diphtheria, and remained there for two months. While she was there, her mother was able to secure for her the paperwork required to allow her to move from the British sector in Berlin to Bavaria. Receiving these on 2 February 1946, she travelled from Berlin and across the Soviet occupation zone (which was to become East Germany) to the British zone, and from there south to Bavaria in the American Zone. Junge was held by the Americans for a short time during the first half of 1946, and interrogated about her time in the Führerbunker. She was then freed, and allowed to live in post-war West Germany.Junge, pp. 223–230 ==Later life and death== After the war, Junge appeared in two episodes of the Thames Television (ITV) 1973 television documentary series The World at War - No. 16, "Inside the Reich" (1940–1944), and No. 21, "Nemesis: Germany (February – May 1945)". She was also interviewed for the 1975 book The Bunker by James P. O'Donnell and Uwe Bahnsen. She worked in secretarial jobs and for many years as chief secretary of the editorial staff of the weekly illustrated magazine Quick. Junge twice resided briefly in Australia, where her younger sister lived, although her application for permanent residence was denied owing to her past Nazi association. In 1989, Junge's manuscript about her life throughout the war was published by G.P. Putnam's Sons (New York) as part of the book Voices from the Bunker by Pierre Galante and Eugene Silianoff. Also in that year, she was interviewed in the BBC documentary The Fatal Attraction of Adolf Hitler, in which she discussed at length her impressions of Hitler and the final days with him in the Führerbunker. In 1991, she appeared in the documentary series Hitler's Henchmen produced by German television channel ZDF. The 2002 release of her memoirs Until the Final Hour, co-written with author Melissa Müller, describing the time she worked for Hitler, brought media coverage. She was also interviewed for the 2002 documentary film Blind Spot: Hitler's Secretary, which drew much attention. Junge died from cancer in Munich on 10 February 2002 at the age of 81,Hooper, obituary reportedly having said shortly before her death, "Now that I've let go of my story, I can let go of my life." She is buried at Nordfriedhof München. Further attention came two years later, when some of Junge's experiences with Hitler were portrayed in the Academy Award- nominated film Downfall, wherein she is portrayed by actress Alexandra Maria Lara. Excerpts from her interviews are seen at the beginning and at the end of the film. At the end of the film, she states: ==See also== * Christa Schroeder * Erna Flegel * Johanna Wolf ==References== ===Citations=== === General sources === * * Childs, David (18 February 2002). "Obituary". The Independent. * * * Hooper, John (14 February 2002). "Traudl Junge obituary". The Guardian. * * Junge, Traudl; Müller, Melissa (editor). Until the Final Hour: Hitler's Last Secretary, Arcade Publishing, 2004. . ==External links== * * * A comic that juxtaposes Traudl Junge with Sophie Scholl *"Witness: The Death of Hitler" Interview in BBC Radio's oral history series "Witness". Speaking in English, Traudl Junge recalls her memories of working with Hitler, and of events in the bunker at the time of his death. Category:Deaths from lung cancer in Germany Category:Writers from Munich Category:Secretaries to Adolf Hitler Category:1920 births Category:2002 deaths Category:German people of World War II	['Munich', 'Bavaria', 'Adolf Hitler', 'World War II', 'Hans Hermann Junge', 'Führerbunker', 'West Germany', 'Nazi atrocities', 'Waffen-SS', 'Berchtesgaden', 'Wolfsschanze', 'East Prussia', 'Gerda Christian', 'Goebbels children', 'Wilhelm Mohnke', 'Hans Baur', 'Reichssicherheitsdienst', 'Hans Rattenhuber', 'Else Krüger', 'Constanze Manziarly', 'Ernst-Günther Schenck', 'River Elbe', 'Red Army', 'SMERSH', 'East Germany', 'American Zone', 'Thames Television', "James P. O'Donnell", 'ZDF', 'Until the Final Hour', 'Melissa Müller', 'Academy Award', 'Alexandra Maria Lara', 'Sophie Scholl', 'Christa Schroeder', 'Erna Flegel', 'Johanna Wolf', 'The Independent', 'The Guardian']	['Q1726', 'Q980', 'Q352', 'Q362', 'Q2835707', 'Q153491', 'Q713750', 'Q715434', 'Q153626', 'Q278221', 'Q157153', 'Q103801', 'Q62067', 'Q2293505', 'Q60723', 'Q60456', 'Q699687', 'Q61498', 'Q2720658', 'Q93725', 'Q62732', 'Q1644', 'Q251395', 'Q158363', 'Q16957', 'Q2415901', 'Q541667', 'Q6140829', 'Q48989', 'Q7897680', 'Q447672', 'Q19020', 'Q65106', 'Q76972', 'Q64209', 'Q2479763', 'Q64198', 'Q11149', 'Q11148']	[[(852, 858), (7071, 7077), (8354, 8360)], [(5179, 5186), (5368, 5375)], [(95, 107), (1588, 1600), (6540, 6552), (8385, 8397)], [(8466, 8478)], [(1911, 1929)], [(222, 234), (2165, 2177), (2683, 2695), (3064, 3076), (3637, 3649), (5517, 5529), (6648, 6660)], [(381, 393), (5583, 5595)], [(500, 515)], [(1893, 1902), (3097, 3106)], [(2085, 2098)], [(2103, 2115)], [(2119, 2131)], [(2335, 2350), (3277, 3292)], [(2778, 2795)], [(3115, 3129)], [(3178, 3187)], [(3207, 3230)], [(3247, 3263)], [(3297, 3308)], [(3329, 3348)], [(3364, 3385)], [(3444, 3454)], [(3504, 3512)], [(3653, 3659)], [(5309, 5321)], [(5383, 5396)], [(5693, 5710)], [(5922, 5940)], [(6766, 6769)], [(649, 669), (6803, 6823), (7912, 7932)], [(6848, 6862)], [(7388, 7401)], [(7464, 7484)], [(8053, 8066)], [(7620, 7637)], [(7640, 7651)], [(7654, 7666)], [(7772, 7787)], [(7853, 7865)]]
The Sheltowee Trace Trail is a National Recreation Trail that was created in 1979 and stretches from the Burnt Mill Bridge Trail Head in the Big South Fork National River and Recreation Area in Tennessee () to northern Rowan County, Kentucky (). The trail is named after Daniel Boone, who was given the name Sheltowee (meaning "Big Turtle") when he was adopted as the son of the great warrior Chief Blackfish of the Shawnee tribe. The trail is primarily in the Daniel Boone National Forest, but also takes visitors through the Big South Fork National River and Recreation Area, Cumberland Falls State Resort Park, Natural Bridge State Resort Park, two large recreation lakes (Cave Run Lake and Laurel Lake), and many wildlife management areas. All but the southernmost are in Kentucky. The trail is multi-use, with certain sections allowing horses, mountain bikes and all-terrain vehicles in some designated sections. Using off-road motorcycles, SUVs, 4x4, ATVs and even mountain bikes in certain areas can result in equipment confiscation and fines. While the southern terminus was moved in 2014, the trail into Pickett State Park remains open for those that wish to exit on that trail or wish to walk further down the scenic Rock Creek. The movement and addition of 10 miles of trail onto the Kentucky Trail in the Big South Fork in 2019 added 10 miles to the Trace's previous length of 323 miles. ==References== ==External links== Sheltowee Trace National Recreation Trail, from a U.S. Forest Service website, including a map in PDF format Mapping the Sheltowee, a GIS mapping website from a Lexington, Kentucky company *Sheltowee Trace Association, a group of volunteers that maintain the Trace Category:Hiking trails in Tennessee Category:Hiking trails in Kentucky Category:Landmarks in Kentucky Category:Long-distance trails in the United States Category:National Recreation Trails in Kentucky Category:National Recreation Trails in Tennessee	['National Recreation Trail', 'Kentucky', 'Tennessee', 'Big South Fork National River and Recreation Area', 'Daniel Boone', 'Chief Blackfish', 'Daniel Boone National Forest', 'Cumberland Falls State Resort Park', 'Natural Bridge State Resort Park', 'Cave Run Lake', 'Pickett State Park']	['Q1810722', 'Q1603', 'Q1509', 'Q4906394', 'Q316661', 'Q880234', 'Q1160129', 'Q1143684', 'Q6980454', 'Q5054916', 'Q7190859']	[[(31, 56), (1451, 1476), (1863, 1888), (1911, 1936)], [(233, 241), (776, 784), (1295, 1303), (1608, 1616), (1763, 1771), (1794, 1802), (1893, 1901)], [(194, 203), (1727, 1736), (1941, 1950)], [(141, 190), (527, 576)], [(271, 283), (461, 473)], [(393, 408)], [(461, 489)], [(578, 612)], [(614, 646)], [(676, 689)], [(1113, 1131)]]
The Tournament is a novel in the form of sports-reportage written in 2002 by New Zealand-born Australian satirist John Clarke, depicts a fictional international tennis tournament held in Paris and featuring a variety of notable twentieth-century literary, cultural and scientific figures as competitors. Several other identities appear: Charles Darwin as the tournament referee, for example, and Friedrich Nietzsche as the "president and CEO of Nike". Oscar Wilde and James McNeill Whistler provide commentary. Roland Barthes, Emmeline Pankhurst, George Plimpton, Norman Mailer and many others appear as sports reporters covering the match. A demonstration doubles match features Henrik Ibsen and Claude Monet vs. Henry James and Mark Twain. ==Coaches== * United States: Ernie Hemingway ==Spectators== * Nelson Algren ==Players in the tournament== ===Men === Louis Armstrong Jean Arp Fred Astaire W. H. Auden Léon Bakst Béla Bartók Sam Beckett Bix Beiderbecke Walter Benjamin John Betjeman Ambrose Bierce Jorge Luis Borges Bertolt Brecht Bill Burroughs Karel Čapek Hoagy Carmichael Rudolf Carnap Ray Chandler Marc Chagall Charlie Chaplin Tony Chekhov Joseph Conrad Salvador Dalí Willem de Kooning Cecil B. DeMille Marcel Duchamp Albert Einstein SuperTom Eliot Duke Ellington Maurits Escher William Faulkner Enrico Fermi Bill Fields Ford Maddox Ford Sigmund "The Doc" Freud John Galsworthy Henri Gaudier-Brzeska George Gershwin Ira Gershwin Thomas Hardy Lafcadio Hearn Martin Heidegger Hermann Hesse Fred Hitchcock Aldous Huxley Christopher Isherwood Scott Joplin James Joyce Attila József Carl Jung Franz Kafka Nikos Kazantzakis Buster Keaton John Maynard Keynes Paul Klee Gustav Klimt Arthur Koestler Jiddu Krishnamurti Jacques Lacan Ring Lardner D. H. Lawrence David Low Ernst Lubitsch Louis MacNeice René Magritte Gustav Mahler André Malraux Osip Mandelstam Thomas Mann Groucho Marx Henri Matisse Willie Maugham Vladimir Mayakovski Alan Milne Edwin Muir Edvard "Eddie" Munch Vladimir Nabokov Pablo Neruda Vaslav Nijinsky Seán O'Casey George Orwell Ignacy Jan Paderewski Boris Pasternak Pablo Picasso Luigi Pirandello Cole Porter Ezra Pound Sergei Prokofiev Marcel Proust Giacomo Puccini Rainer Maria Rilke Paul Robeson Henri Rousseau Damon Runyon Salman Rushdie Little Bertie Russell Ernest Rutherford Jean- Paul "JPS" Sartre Jerry Salinger Albert Schweitzer Alexander Scriabin Georges Seurat Dmitri Shostakovich Jean Sibelius Benjamin "The Spockster" Spock Lytton Strachey Igor Stravinsky Leo "The Count" Tolstoy Arturo Toscanini Henri Toulouse-Lautrec Vincent van Gogh Evelyn Waugh Fats Waller Herbie Wells Butch Whitman William Carlos Williams Ludwig Wittgenstein Plum Wodehouse Frank Lloyd Wright Big Bill Yeats ===Women=== Anna Akhmatova Hannah Arendt Nancy Astor Josephine Baker Tallulah Bankhead Sylvia Beach Simone de Beauvoir Sylvia Beach Sarah Bernhardt Annie Besant Enid Blyton Willa Cather Coco Chanel Isadora Duncan Amelia Earhart Greta Garbo Mary Garden Mata Hari Lillian Hellman Frances Hodgkins Frida Kahlo Melanie Klein Rosa Luxemburg Mary McCarthy Nadezhda Mandelstam Katherine Mansfield Nellie Melba Margaret Mitchell Maria Montessori Georgia O'Keeffe Dorothy Parker Anna Pavlova Mary Pickford Ayn Rand Leni Riefenstahl Eleanor Roosevelt Vita Sackville-West Christina Stead Gertrude Stein Marie Stopes Edna St Vincent Millay Gloria Swanson Mae West Virginia Stephen-Woolf Sybil Thorndike Marguerite Yourcenar Category:2002 Australian novels Category:Sports novels Category:Satirical novels Category:Novels set in Paris Category:Australian comedy novels	['Charles Darwin', 'Friedrich Nietzsche', 'Oscar Wilde', 'Roland Barthes', 'Emmeline Pankhurst', 'George Plimpton', 'Norman Mailer', 'Henrik Ibsen', 'Claude Monet', 'Henry James', 'Mark Twain', 'Nelson Algren', 'Louis Armstrong', 'Jean Arp', 'Fred Astaire', 'W. H. Auden', 'Léon Bakst', 'Béla Bartók', 'Bix Beiderbecke', 'Walter Benjamin', 'John Betjeman', 'Ambrose Bierce', 'Jorge Luis Borges', 'Bertolt Brecht', 'Karel Čapek', 'Hoagy Carmichael', 'Rudolf Carnap', 'Marc Chagall', 'Charlie Chaplin', 'Joseph Conrad', 'Salvador Dalí', 'Willem de Kooning', 'Cecil B. DeMille', 'Marcel Duchamp', 'Albert Einstein', 'Duke Ellington', 'Maurits Escher', 'William Faulkner', 'Enrico Fermi', 'Ford Maddox Ford', 'John Galsworthy', 'Henri Gaudier-Brzeska', 'George Gershwin', 'Ira Gershwin', 'Thomas Hardy', 'Lafcadio Hearn', 'Martin Heidegger', 'Hermann Hesse', 'Aldous Huxley', 'Christopher Isherwood', 'Scott Joplin', 'James Joyce', 'Attila József', 'Carl Jung', 'Franz Kafka', 'Nikos Kazantzakis', 'Buster Keaton', 'John Maynard Keynes', 'Paul Klee', 'Gustav Klimt', 'Arthur Koestler', 'Jiddu Krishnamurti', 'Jacques Lacan', 'Ring Lardner', 'D. H. Lawrence', 'Ernst Lubitsch', 'Louis MacNeice', 'René Magritte', 'Gustav Mahler', 'André Malraux', 'Osip Mandelstam', 'Thomas Mann', 'Groucho Marx', 'Henri Matisse', 'Vladimir Mayakovski', 'Edwin Muir', 'Vladimir Nabokov', 'Pablo Neruda', 'Vaslav Nijinsky', "Seán O'Casey", 'George Orwell', 'Ignacy Jan Paderewski', 'Boris Pasternak', 'Pablo Picasso', 'Luigi Pirandello', 'Cole Porter', 'Ezra Pound', 'Sergei Prokofiev', 'Marcel Proust', 'Giacomo Puccini', 'Rainer Maria Rilke', 'Paul Robeson', 'Henri Rousseau', 'Damon Runyon', 'Salman Rushdie', 'Ernest Rutherford', 'Albert Schweitzer', 'Alexander Scriabin', 'Georges Seurat', 'Dmitri Shostakovich', 'Jean Sibelius', 'Lytton Strachey', 'Igor Stravinsky', 'Arturo Toscanini', 'Vincent van Gogh', 'Evelyn Waugh', 'Fats Waller', 'William Carlos Williams', 'Ludwig Wittgenstein', 'Frank Lloyd Wright', 'Anna Akhmatova', 'Hannah Arendt', 'Nancy Astor', 'Josephine Baker', 'Tallulah Bankhead', 'Sylvia Beach', 'Simone de Beauvoir', 'Sarah Bernhardt', 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Ntshingwayo kaMahole of the Khoza ( 1809 – 21 July 1883) was the commanding general (inDuna) of King Cetshwayo's Zulu Army during the first Anglo-Zulu War. ==Anglo-Zulu War== Ntshingwayo was given overall field command of the Zulu impi against the centre column of the first British expeditionary force to invade Zululand in the Anglo-Zulu War of 1879. He was given conflicting orders. Publicly, he was told to meet the British expeditionary force's centre column in open battle "and eat them up" [kill them], but privately he was commanded by Cetshwayo "not to go to the English at once [to attack], but to hold a conference first and send some chiefs to the English to ask why they were laying the country waste and killing Zulus".Cetshwayo's own words as reported in contemporary histories. He was against the war and ignored the provocations of the diplomat Sir Henry Bartle Frere; since the British Empire and the Kingdom of Zululand were allies, Cetshwaya was keen to make it clear to Britain that he did not desire a state of war and was ready to sign a peace treaty whenever possible.Knight, Ian Zulu Rising: The Epic Story of Isandlwana and Rorke's Drift Despite this, Ntshingwayo successfully outmanoeuvred Lt Gen Lord Chelmsford in the field. Chelmsford had split the British expeditionary force, sending out a large part of his forces on patrols from the main British camp at Isandlwana in an effort to find the Zulu army, leaving the camp poorly defended and unfortified. Ntshingwayo's amabutho [isiZulu: "regiments"; singular: ibutho] attacked and virtually annihilated the encamped British force in the Battle of Isandlwana on 22 January 1879. With a death toll of some 1,300 British troops, European volunteers, African soldiers and camp followers, the battle proved to be one of the worst defeat suffered by the British Army during the Victorian era. Despite the overwhelming victory, and Ntshingwayo's competent command of the battle, the King was extremely displeased at the great number of Zulu casualties at Isandlwana. It will never be known how many casualties the Zulus suffered, but several hundred were killed and many more wounded. Modern historians suggest a total casualty figure of some 1,000 Zulus is not unreasonable. Two of Ntshingwayo's own sons who fought in the battle were badly wounded. Sishishili kaMnqandi, a royal favourite and an induna [isiZulu: "officer"] of the uKhandempemvu ibutho who the King had asked to report on the battle, placed the blame for the lack of the Zulu army's preparation and the resulting high death toll squarely at the door of Ntshingwayo. As a result, Ntshingwayo forfeited much of the public acclaim he was due for his great victory; yet the blame for the outcome is arguably King Cetshwayo's, since he gave conflicting orders to Ntshingwayo to not attack the British force until future negotiations had failed. In the event, the Zulu surprise was so complete that they had little choice but to engage the British where they found them on the field. ==Post-War period== After King Cetshwayo's return to Zululand from captivity in Cape Town and England, many of his most loyal supporters gathered to greet him, including Ntshingwayo kaMahole. The King's return was divisive, causing a polarisation between the royalist (uSuthu) and anti-royalist factions. Many of his followers launched an attack on Prince Zibhebhu kaMaphitha of the Mandlakazi collateral Zulu royal family branch, who had oppressed Cetshwayo's followers during the King's absence. Zibhebhu was an iqawe [isiZulu: "renowned warrior", "hero"], a veteran of Isandlwana who led the Zulu reserve which accounted for many of the British casualties in the battle, and proved to be the most prominent Zulu general since Shaka. He lured the attacking uSuthu into a trap and defeated them in an ambush in the Msebe valley. In fear for his safety, the King called up his old amabutho, veterans of Isandlwana. Amongst them was Ntshingwayo. This was a flagrant violation of the British laws enforced in Zululand in the wake of the war and which firmly prohibited any raising of Zulu forces. On 21 July 1883, Zibhebhu launched a surprise attack on the royal homestead of King Cetshwayo at oNdini (near present day Ulundi) which was undergoing renovations at the time. Seasoned amabutho of Isandlwana met Zibhebhu in open battle, but they were soundly defeated. Hundreds were trapped in the homestead and slain, including Ntshingwayo's siblings Hayiyana and Makhoba. In the incident the king was himself wounded by a spear and fled the scene of the bloody coup. Ntshingwayo was one of the King's many senior induna who were run down and killed as they tried to escape, along with Ntshingwayo's childhood friend Godide Ndlela. oNdini was razed to the ground. The great irony is that the victorious general of Isandlwana was himself killed by a fellow veteran of the battle. Today Ntshingwayo's role in the Battle of Isandlwana has been emphasized in South African historiography. ==Further reading== * Ron Lock and Peter Quantrill. Zulu Victory – The Epic of Isandlwana and the Cover-Up; * Ian Knight. Zulu Rising: The Epic Story of Isandlwana and Rorke's Drift; London, 2010. . ==References== Category:Zulu people Category:People of the Anglo-Zulu War Category:1809 births Category:1883 deaths Category:People murdered in South Africa Category:Date of birth missing Category:Place of birth missing	['Anglo-Zulu War', 'Battle of Isandlwana', 'Cetshwayo', 'Henry Bartle Frere', 'Isandlwana', 'British Army', 'Zibhebhu kaMaphitha', 'Shaka', 'Ulundi']	['Q228911', 'Q747589', 'Q380403', 'Q950220', 'Q3782078', 'Q222595', 'Q3575471', 'Q27695', 'Q1013421']	[[(140, 154), (158, 172), (329, 343), (5259, 5273)], [(1618, 1638), (4927, 4947)], [(101, 110), (544, 553), (733, 742), (2751, 2760), (3051, 3060), (3469, 3478), (4199, 4208)], [(866, 884)], [(1135, 1145), (1388, 1398), (1628, 1638), (2029, 2039), (3592, 3602), (3923, 3933), (4312, 4322), (4830, 4840), (4937, 4947), (5080, 5090), (5154, 5164)], [(1829, 1841)], [(3376, 3395)], [(3749, 3754)], [(4237, 4243)]]
Steve Forrest (born William Forrest Andrews; September 29, 1925 – May 18, 2013) was an American actor who was well known for his role as Lt. Hondo Harrelson in the hit television series S.W.A.T. which was broadcast on ABC from 1975 to 1976. He was also known for his performance in Mommie Dearest (1981). ==Early years== Forrest was born William Forrest Andrews in Huntsville, Texas, the 12th of 13 children of Annis (née Speed) and Charles Forrest Andrews, a Baptist minister. One of his older brothers was film star Dana Andrews.Dana Andrews, Film Actor of 40's, Is Dead at 83, One of Dana's younger brothers was the actor Steve Forrest (Richard Severo, The New York Times, Dec. 19, 1992) Forrest enlisted in the United States Army at the age of 18 and fought in the Battle of the Bulge during World War II. In 1950, he earned a bachelor's degree with honors from UCLA, majoring in theater with a minor in psychology. == Career == Forrest worked as a stagehand at the La Jolla Playhouse outside San Diego. There Gregory Peck discovered him, cast him in La Jolla's production of Goodbye Again, and then arranged for Forrest's first screen test with MGM, where he was signed to a contract. Among Forrest's notable films were So Big, for which he won the Golden Globe Award for New Star of the Year – Actor, The Longest Day, North Dallas Forty, and Mommie Dearest. He had cameo roles in the comedies Spies Like Us and Amazon Women on the Moon, and the 2003 film version of S.W.A.T. Forrest was also a trained vocalist, and he made his debut on Broadway as boxer Bob Stanton in the 1958 production of the Harnick and Bock musical The Body Beautiful opposite Mindy Carson, Jack Warden and Brock Peters. Forrest played later U.S. Senator William Borah in the 1963 episode "The Lion of Idaho" of the syndicated television anthology series Death Valley Days. In the storyline, Borah as a young attorney defends a woman in Nampa, Idaho, on a murder charge. In 1965, Forrest and his family moved to London, where he starred as John Mannering in the title role of the British crime drama The Baron. His other television credits included The DuPont Show with June Allyson, Storefront Lawyers, S.W.A.T., Hollywood Wives, and Rod Serling's hour-long Twilight Zone episode "The Parallel", as well as Serling's Night Gallery segment "The Waiting Room". On a 1969 episode of Gunsmoke titled "Mannon", he portrayed Will Mannon (one of the very few men ever to outdraw Matt Dillon), then reprised the character 18 years later for the 1987 television film Gunsmoke: Return to Dodge with James Arness. Jock Ewing, the character played by Jim Davis in the television series Dallas from 1978 to 1981, was presumed to have been killed in a helicopter crash during the 1981–82 season, although Jock's body was never found. This storyline was written into the series script on account of Davis' real-life death. In 1986 Lorimar Television, now renamed Lorimar Tele- Pictures, extended Forrest's contract from the 1985–1986 season of "Dallas" (the "Dream Season"), during which he had played the character Ben Stivers. They brought him back as a similar character renamed Wes Parmalee, who would be revealed to actually be Jock Ewing, in the 1986-87 season. While the season was still in production, the news leaked that Forrest would be playing the new Jock Ewing. Fans of the show believed the new storyline was disrespectful to the memory of Davis. Lorimar was forced to drop the Wes Parmalee character and change the story outcome. In 1953, he earned the Most Promising Newcomer award from the Golden Globes for his performance in the Warner Bros. film 'So Big'. In a career that spanned six decades, among films he appeared in were 'Prisoner of War' (1954), 'The Living Idol' (1957), 'Flaming Star' (1960), 'The Longest Day' (1962), 'Rascal' (1969), 'The Wild Country' (1970), 'North Dallas Forty' (1979), 'Mommie Dearest' (1981), 'Sahara' (1983), 'Amazon Women on the Moon' (1987) and 'S.W.A.T.' (2003). Among television series he was featured in were 'Playhouse 90', 'Outlaws', 'Death Valley Days', 'The Virginian', 'Rawhide', 'Bonanza', 'Insight', 'Alias Smith and Jones', 'Ironside', 'Night Gallery', 'Medical Center', 'The Rookies', 'Dallas', and 'Murder, She Wrote', however his most memorable TV role was that of Lt. Dan 'Hondo' Harrelson on 'S.W.A.T.' from 1975 through '76. ==Personal life== Forrest married Christine Carilas on December 23, 1948. They had three sons: Michael, Forrest, and Stephen. An avid and accomplished golfer, Forrest often played in charity tournaments. He competed in 1976, for example, on the U.S. team at the Bing Crosby Great Britain vs. U.S.A. Tournament, which was held that year in Scotland at Gleneagles. Forrest died of natural causes on May 18, 2013, in Thousand Oaks, California, aged 87. ==Partial filmography== The Ghost Ship (1943) as Sailor (uncredited) Sealed Cargo (1951) as Holtz (uncredited) Geisha Girl (1952) as Rocky Wilson The Bad and the Beautiful (1952) as Actor in Georgia's Screen Test (uncredited) The Clown (1953) as Young Man Last of the Comanches (1953) as Lt. Floyd (uncredited) Battle Circus (1953) as Sergeant I Love Melvin (1953) as Photographer on Crane (uncredited) Dream Wife (1953) as Louis The Band Wagon (1953) as Passenger on Train (uncredited) So Big (1953) as Dirk DeJong Take the High Ground! (1953) as Lobo Naglaski Phantom of the Rue Morgue (1954) as Prof. Paul Dupin Prisoner of War (1954) as Cpl. Joseph Robert Stanton Rogue Cop (1954) as Eddie Kelvaney The Long Gray Line (1955) as Sergeant (uncredited) Bedevilled (1955) as Gregory Fitzgerald Meet Me in Las Vegas (1956) as Steve Forrest (uncredited) The Living Idol (1957) as Terry Matthews Alfred Hitchcock Presents (TV Series) (1957) (Season 2 Episode 22: "The End of Indian Summer") as Joe Rogers Alfred Hitchcock Presents (TV Series) (1958) (Season 3 Episode 33: "Post Mortem") as Steve Archer It Happened to Jane (1959) as Lawrence Clay 'Larry' Hall Heller in Pink Tights (1960) as Clint Mabry Dick Powell's Zane Grey Theatre (1960, TV Series) as Mike Bagley Five Branded Women (1960) as Sargeant Paul Keller Flaming Star (1960) as Clint Burton The Second Time Around (1961) as Dan Jones The Longest Day (1962) as Captain Harding The Twilight Zone (1963, TV Series) as Major Robert Gaines The Yellow Canary (1963) as Hub Wiley The Virginian (1963–1964, TV Series) as James Templeton / Roger Layton Twelve O'Clock High (1965, TV Series) as Maj. Peter Gray Rawhide (1965, TV Series) as Cable The Fugitive (1965, TV Series) as Barry Craft Burke's Law (1965, TV Series) as Jocko Creighton The Baron (1966–1967, TV Series) as John Mannering 'The Baron' Cimarron Strip (1967–1968, TV Series) as Clayton Tyce / Wiley Harpe Bonanza (1967-1969, TV Series) as Dan Logan / Josh Tanner Rascal (1969) as Willard North Gunsmoke (1970–1973, TV Series) as Scott Coltrane / Cord Wrecken / Cole Morgan / Will Mannon The High Chaparral (1970, TV Series) as Johnny Rondo The F.B.I. (1970) as Lee Barrington The Wild Country (1970) as Jim Tanner The Late Liz (1971) as Jim Hatch Mission: Impossible (1971, TV Series) as Edward Granger Nichols (1971, TV Series) as Sam Yeager Alias Smith and Jones (1972, TV Series) as Jake Halloran Night Gallery (1972, TV Series) as Grant Wilson (segment "Hatred Unto Death") / Sam Dichter (segment "The Waiting Room") The Sixth Sense (1972, TV Series) as Glenn Tuttle Ghost Story (1972, TV Series) as Andrew Alcott Hec Ramsey (1972, TV Series) as Wes Durham The Streets of San Francisco (1973, TV Series) as Art Styles The Hanged Man (1974) (TV pilot) as James Devlin The Six Million Dollar Man (1974, TV Series) as Quail Cannon (1974, TV Series) as Arthur Rogers S.W.A.T. (1975–1976, TV Series) as Lieutenant Dan 'Hondo' Harrelson Testimony of Two Men (1977, TV Series) as Martin Eaton The Last of the Mohicans (1977, TV Movie) as Hawkeye Maneaters Are Loose! (1978) as David Birk The Deerslayer (1978) as Hawkeye Captain America (1979, TV Movie) as Lou Brackett North Dallas Forty (1979) as Conrad Hunter Condominium (1980, TV Movie) as Gus Garver Mommie Dearest (1981) as Greg Savitt Hotline (1982, TV Movie) as Tom Hunter Malibu (1983, TV Movie) as Rich Bradley Sahara (1983) as Gordon Hollywood Wives (1985, TV Series) as Ross Conti Spies Like Us (1985) as General Sline Dallas (1985 & 1986, TV Series) as Ben Stivers (1985) & Wes Parmalee (1986) Amazon Women on the Moon (1987) as Capt. Steve Nelson (segment "Amazon Women on the Moon") Gunsmoke: Return to Dodge (1987, TV Series) as Will Mannon Dream On (1990, TV Series) as Eden Pilott Storyville (1992) as Judge Quentin Murdoch Columbo: A Bird in the Hand (1992) as Big Fred Killer: A Journal of Murder (1995) as Warden Charles Casey S.W.A.T. (2003) as SWAT Truck Driver (cameo) (final film role) ==Radio appearances== Year Program Episode/source 1953 Lux Radio Theatre The Girl in White ==References== ==External links== * * * Obituary - Hollywood Reporter * Obituary - Dignity Memorial Category:1925 births Category:2013 deaths Category:Male actors from Texas Category:American male film actors Category:American male television actors Category:American male stage actors Category:Baptists from Texas Category:People from Huntsville, Texas Category:United States Army personnel of World War II Category:New Star of the Year (Actor) Golden Globe winners Category:Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer contract players Category:UCLA Film School alumni Category:20th-century American male actors Category:United States Army soldiers Category:21st-century American male actors Category:Western (genre) television actors Category:Burials at Valley Oaks Memorial Park Category:20th-century Baptists	['Thousand Oaks, California', 'Huntsville, Texas', 'Dana Andrews', 'United States Army', 'Battle of the Bulge', 'World War II', 'The New York Times', 'La Jolla Playhouse', 'San Diego', 'Gregory Peck', 'La Jolla', 'Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer', 'Golden Globe Award for New Star of the Year – Actor', 'Spies Like Us', 'Amazon Women on the Moon', 'The Body Beautiful', 'Mindy Carson', 'Jack Warden', 'Brock Peters', 'U.S. Senator', 'William Borah', 'Death Valley Days', 'Nampa, Idaho', 'Idaho', 'The DuPont Show with June Allyson', 'Storefront Lawyers', 'Rod Serling', 'The Parallel', 'Night Gallery', 'Gunsmoke', 'Gunsmoke: Return to Dodge', 'James Arness', 'Jock Ewing', 'Lorimar Television', 'Bing Crosby', 'The Ghost Ship', 'Sealed Cargo', 'The Bad and the Beautiful', 'Last of the Comanches', 'I Love Melvin', 'Dream Wife', 'The Band Wagon', 'Take the High Ground!', 'Phantom of the Rue Morgue', 'Rogue Cop', 'The Long Gray Line', 'Meet Me in Las Vegas', 'The Living Idol', 'Alfred Hitchcock Presents', 'It Happened to Jane', 'Heller in Pink Tights', 'Five Branded Women', 'Flaming Star', 'The Yellow Canary', 'Cimarron Strip', 'Bonanza', 'The High Chaparral', 'The Wild Country', 'Alias Smith and Jones', 'Hec Ramsey', 'The Streets of San Francisco', 'The Six Million Dollar Man', 'Lux Radio Theatre', 'The Girl in White']	['Q208447', 'Q864885', 'Q365633', 'Q9212', 'Q151018', 'Q362', 'Q9684', 'Q6463246', 'Q16552', 'Q108366', 'Q840668', 'Q179200', 'Q1534906', 'Q1474279', 'Q456467', 'Q7718981', 'Q13561724', 'Q373968', 'Q580587', 'Q66096', 'Q895819', 'Q3230894', 'Q622633', 'Q1221', 'Q3811248', 'Q4006133', 'Q435920', 'Q2616289', 'Q639433', 'Q29641', 'Q10510909', 'Q470190', 'Q519599', 'Q1152955', 'Q72984', 'Q3228001', 'Q7440622', 'Q1345583', 'Q15631279', 'Q3790311', 'Q661949', 'Q1508130', 'Q562632', 'Q3222667', 'Q971165', 'Q1639875', 'Q3713975', 'Q16252620', 'Q1247206', 'Q1542041', 'Q2348773', 'Q2468213', 'Q250252', 'Q12135306', 'Q2633803', 'Q862187', 'Q1617740', 'Q3225365', 'Q2095958', 'Q2578173', 'Q973439', 'Q1196836', 'Q6706176', 'Q3821999']	[[(4777, 4802)], [(365, 382), (9296, 9313)], [(518, 530), (531, 543)], [(715, 733), (9323, 9341), (9558, 9576)], [(769, 788)], [(796, 808), (9355, 9367)], [(656, 674)], [(970, 988)], [(997, 1006)], [(1014, 1026)], [(970, 978), (1055, 1063)], [(9436, 9455)], [(1254, 1305)], [(1399, 1412), (8341, 8354)], [(1417, 1441), (3929, 3953), (8457, 8481), (8521, 8545)], [(1628, 1646)], [(1656, 1668)], [(1670, 1681)], [(1686, 1698)], [(1721, 1733)], [(1734, 1747)], [(1834, 1851), (4061, 4078)], [(1916, 1928)], [(1781, 1786), (1923, 1928)], [(2128, 2161)], [(2163, 2181)], [(2214, 2225)], [(2261, 2273)], [(2297, 2310), (4169, 4182), (7279, 7292)], [(2360, 2368), (2538, 2546), (6865, 6873), (8549, 8557)], [(2538, 2563), (8549, 8574)], [(2569, 2581)], [(2583, 2593), (3198, 3208), (3329, 3339)], [(2896, 2914)], [(4625, 4636)], [(4838, 4852)], [(4884, 4896)], [(4963, 4988)], [(5075, 5096)], [(5165, 5178)], [(5225, 5235)], [(5253, 5267)], [(5341, 5362)], [(5388, 5413)], [(5496, 5505)], [(5532, 5550)], [(5625, 5645)], [(3739, 3754), (5684, 5699)], [(5726, 5751), (5836, 5861)], [(5935, 5954)], [(5993, 6014)], [(6104, 6122)], [(3765, 3777), (6155, 6167)], [(6339, 6356)], [(6705, 6719)], [(4110, 4117), (6774, 6781)], [(6959, 6977)], [(3831, 3847), (7050, 7066)], [(4132, 4153), (7221, 7242)], [(7500, 7510)], [(7544, 7572)], [(7656, 7682)], [(8922, 8939)], [(8940, 8957)]]
thumb\|upright\|War artist Thomas Lea's The Two-Thousand Yard Stare The thousand-yard stare (also referred to as two-thousand-yard stare) is a phrase often used to describe the blank, unfocused gaze of combatants who have become emotionally detached from the traumatizing things around them. It is sometimes used more generally to describe the look of dissociation among victims of other types of trauma. The thousand-yard stare is likely a symptom of shell shock or what medical researchers refer to as combat stress reaction. ==Origin== The phrase was popularized after Life magazine published the painting Marines Call It That 2,000 Yard Stare by World War II artist and correspondent Tom Lea,Life magazine, 6/11/1945, p. 65. link although the painting was not referred to with that title in the 1945 magazine article. The painting, a 1944 portrait of a nameless Marine at the Battle of Peleliu, is now held by the United States Army Center of Military History in Fort Lesley J. McNair, Washington, D.C.Jones, James, Tom Lea (illustration), (1975). - "Two-Thousand-Yard Stare" . - WW II. - (c/o Military History Network). - Grosset and Dunlap. - pp.113,116. - About the real-life Marine who was his subject, Lea said: {{blockquote\|He left the States 31 months ago. He was wounded in his first campaign. He has had tropical diseases. He half-sleeps at night and gouges Japs out of holes all day. Two-thirds of his company has been killed or wounded. He will return to attack this morning. How much can a human being endure?{{cite web \|last1 = LaRocque \|first1 = Gene \|title = War through the eyes of artists \|work = America's Defense Monitor, Program Number 438 \|publisher = Center for Defense Information \|year = 1991 \|url = http://www.cdi.org/adm/Transcripts/438/ \|format = Transcript of televised broadcast \|accessdate = 2006-10-27 \|url-status = dead \|archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20061026072828/http://www.cdi.org/adm/Transcripts/438/ \|archivedate = 2006-10-26 }}}} When recounting his arrival in Vietnam in 1965, then-Corporal Joe Houle (director of the Marine Corps Museum of the Carolinas in 2002) said he saw no emotion in the eyes of his new squad: "The look in their eyes was like the life was sucked out of them". He later learned that the term for their condition was "the 1,000-yard stare". "After I lost my first friend, I felt it was best to be detached," he explained. ==See also== * Catatonia * Combat stress reaction * Defence mechanisms * Hypervigilance * James Blake Miller * Post-traumatic stress disorder * Shell shock ==References== Category:1940s neologisms Category:Aftermath of war Category:Anxiety disorders Category:Military medicine Category:Military psychiatry Category:Military slang and jargon Category:Post-traumatic stress disorder Category:Psychological stress Category:Thomas C. Lea III	['War artist', 'World War II', 'Battle of Peleliu', 'United States Army Center of Military History', 'Fort Lesley J. McNair', 'Catatonia', 'Combat stress reaction', 'Defence mechanisms', 'Hypervigilance', 'James Blake Miller', 'Post-traumatic stress disorder', 'Shell shock']	['Q630349', 'Q362', 'Q609030', 'Q7889463', 'Q1438599', 'Q501571', 'Q1482034', 'Q2866472', 'Q1641161', 'Q1901970', 'Q202387', 'Q15061465']	[[(14, 24)], [(648, 660)], [(878, 895)], [(916, 961)], [(965, 986)], [(2412, 2421)], [(2424, 2446)], [(2449, 2467)], [(2470, 2484)], [(2487, 2505)], [(2508, 2538), (2747, 2777)], [(2541, 2552)]]
Elliston is a census-designated place (CDP) in Montgomery County, Virginia, United States. It lies between the city of Roanoke and the town of Christiansburg in the southwestern part of the state. The population as of the 2010 Census was 902.Virginia Trend Report 2: State and Complete Places (Sub- state 2010 Census Data). Missouri Census Data Center. Accessed 2011-06-08. It is home to a small fire department, an elementary school, two gas stations, a train stop, and several churches. Most of its residents commute to larger towns. A set of railroad tracks separates the northwestern part of the town from the rest. US highway 11-460 further divides the town into two distinct neighborhoods, "Oldtown," which formed along the Valley Road in the 1850s, and "The Brake," a predominantly African-American area that developed after the Civil War. Originally known as Big Spring, the town's depot was an important stopping point on the Virginia and Tennessee Railroad and later the Norfolk and Western. In the late 1880s, investors hoped to create a large industrial and railroad center there, to be known as Carnegie City. Instead, the railroad chose the Roanoke County town of Big Lick, later Roanoke, as the location for its main shops. The Barnett House, Big Spring Baptist Church, Pompey Callaway House, Fotheringay, and Madison Farm Historic and Archeological District are listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1989. ==References== Category:Census-designated places in Montgomery County, Virginia Category:U.S. Route 11	['Census-designated place', 'Virginia', 'Pompey Callaway House', 'Madison Farm Historic and Archeological District', 'National Register of Historic Places']	['Q498162', 'Q1370', 'Q14713083', 'Q17019636', 'Q3719']	[[(1462, 1485)], [(66, 74), (242, 250), (935, 943), (1509, 1517)], [(1285, 1306)], [(1325, 1373)], [(1392, 1428)]]
Huchra's lens is the lensing galaxy of the Einstein Cross (Quasar 2237+30); it is also called ZW 2237+030 or QSO 2237+0305 G. It exhibits the phenomenon of gravitational lensing that was postulated by Albert Einstein when he realized that gravity would be able to bend light and thus could have lens-like effects. The galaxy is named for astronomer John Huchra, a key member of the team that discovered it. ==References== Category:Unbarred spiral galaxies Category:Gravitational lensing Category:Pegasus (constellation)	['Einstein Cross', 'Quasar', 'Albert Einstein', 'John Huchra']	['Q922419', 'Q83373', 'Q937', 'Q205440']	[[(43, 57)], [(59, 65)], [(201, 216)], [(349, 360)]]
Brian David Boyd (born 30 July 1952) is a professor of literature known primarily as an expert on the life and works of author Vladimir Nabokov and on literature and evolution. He is a University Distinguished Professor in the Department of English at the University of Auckland, New Zealand. ==Early life and education== Born in Belfast, Northern Ireland, Boyd emigrated to New Zealand as a child with his family in 1957. In 1979 Boyd completed a PhD at the University of Toronto with a dissertation on Vladimir Nabokov's novel Ada or Ardor: A Family Chronicle, in the context of Nabokov's epistemology, ethics, and metaphysics. That year he took up a post-doctoral fellowship at the University of Auckland (on New Zealand novelist Maurice Gee) before being appointed a lecturer in English there in 1980. ==Work== Véra Nabokov, Nabokov's widow, in 1979 invited Boyd to catalog her husband's archives, a task he completed in 1981. That year he also began researching a critical biography of Nabokov. Nabokov’s Ada: The Place of Consciousness (1985; rev. 2001) examined Ada in its own terms and in relation to Nabokov's thought and style. Vladimir Nabokov: The Russian Years (1990) and Vladimir Nabokov: The American Years (1991) won numerous awards and widespread acclaim and have been translated into seven languages. In the 1990s Boyd edited Nabokov's English- language fiction and memoirs for the Library of America (3 vols., 1996) and, with lepidopterist Robert Michael Pyle, Nabokov's writings on butterflies (Nabokov's Butterflies, 2000). He also began a biography of philosopher Karl Popper, and work on literature and evolution. In 1996 Boyd was awarded a three-year James Cook Research Fellowship to write the biography of Popper. Boyd's 1999 book, Nabokov’s Pale Fire: The Magic of Artistic Discovery, attracted attention both for the novelty of Boyd's reading of Pale Fire and for his rejecting his own influential interpretation of the notoriously elusive novel in Vladimir Nabokov: The American Years. In 2009 he published On the Origin of Stories: Evolution, Cognition and Fiction. Once compared in scope with Northrop Frye’s Anatomy of Criticism (1957), On the Origin of Stories proposes that art and storytelling are adaptations and derive from play. It also shows evolutionary literary criticism in practice in studies of Homer’s Odyssey and Dr. Seuss’s Horton Hears a Who!. Boyd continues to work on Nabokov, including ongoing annotations to Ada (since 1993), collected in a website (, since 2004), an edition of Nabokov’s verse translations (Verses and Versions, 2008), of his letters to his wife (Letters to Véra, 2014), of his uncollected essays, reviews, and interviews (Think, Write, Speak, 2019) and of his unpublished lectures on Russian literature, and also especially on Shakespeare, Jane Austen, Art Spiegelman, and Popper. Boyd's On the Origin of Stories helped precipitate an exhibition, On the Origin of Art, at the Museum of Old and New Art (Hobart, Australia) in 2016–17, in which he was one of four co-curators, the others being Marc Changizi, Geoffrey Miller and Steven Pinker. In November 2020, Boyd was awarded the prestigious Rutherford Medal by the Royal Society Te Apārangi. It was the first year the medal's scope was widened to include the humanities. ==Major works== * Nabokov's' Ada: The Place of Consciousness (1985; rev.2001) * Vladimir Nabokov: The Russian Years (1990) * Vladimir Nabokov: The American Years (1991) * Nabokov's Pale Fire: The Magic of Artistic Discovery (1999) * Nabokov's Butterflies: Unpublished and Uncollected Writings (2000). Edited by Brian Boyd and Robert Michael Pyle * Verses and Versions: Three Centuries of Russian Poetry Selected and Translated by Vladimir Nabokov (2008). Edited by Brian Boyd and Stanislav Shvabrin * On the Origin of Stories: Evolution, Cognition, and Fiction (2009) * Why Lyrics Last: Evolution, Cognition and Shakespeare's Sonnets (2012) * Vladimir Nabokov, Letters to Véra (2014). Edited by Olga Voronina and Brian Boyd * On the Origins of Art (2016). With Marc Changizi, Geoffrey Miller and Steven Pinker ==References== ==External links== Staff homepage Ada Online – Annotations to Nabokov's novel by Boyd. "Shade and Shape in Pale Fire" – A somewhat controversial essay on Nabokov's novel. A 2000 interview – Conducted by Thomas Bolt. "ON THE ORIGIN OF STORIES: Evolution, Cognition, and Fiction"-Harvard University Press 2009 Verses and Versions' companion website – Provides Russian originals in both Cyrillic and transliterations. "Why Lyrics Last: Evolution, Cognition and Shakespeare's Sonnets" Category:1952 births Category:Living people Category:20th-century British biographers Category:Literary critics of English Category:New Zealand biographers Category:New Zealand literary critics Category:Emigrants from Northern Ireland to New Zealand Category:Academic staff of the University of Auckland Category:University of Toronto alumni Category:Works about Vladimir Nabokov Category:James Cook Research Fellows	['Belfast', 'Vladimir Nabokov', 'University of Toronto', 'University of Auckland', 'New Zealand', 'Northern Ireland', 'Ada or Ardor: A Family Chronicle', 'Maurice Gee', 'Véra Nabokov', 'Library of America', 'Robert Michael Pyle', "Nabokov's Butterflies", 'Karl Popper', 'Pale Fire', 'Northrop Frye', 'Anatomy of Criticism', 'Homer', 'Odyssey', 'Dr. Seuss', 'Horton Hears a Who!', 'Jane Austen', 'Art Spiegelman', 'Royal Society Te Apārangi']	['Q10686', 'Q36591', 'Q180865', 'Q492467', 'Q664', 'Q26', 'Q117431', 'Q446396', 'Q4311259', 'Q2428855', 'Q7347658', 'Q6956986', 'Q81244', 'Q1229792', 'Q354256', 'Q4752295', 'Q6691', 'Q35160', 'Q298685', 'Q622916', 'Q36322', 'Q325945', 'Q609093']	[[(330, 337)], [(127, 143), (504, 520), (1138, 1154), (1185, 1201), (1977, 1993), (3374, 3390), (3419, 3435), (3724, 3740), (3937, 3953), (4972, 4988)], [(459, 480), (4922, 4943)], [(256, 278), (685, 707), (4890, 4912)], [(280, 291), (375, 386), (712, 723), (4741, 4752), (4774, 4785), (4847, 4858)], [(339, 355), (4827, 4843)], [(529, 561)], [(733, 744)], [(815, 827)], [(1400, 1418)], [(1459, 1478), (3620, 3639)], [(1515, 1536), (3527, 3548)], [(1586, 1597)], [(1768, 1777), (1874, 1883), (3475, 3484), (4229, 4238)], [(2124, 2137)], [(2140, 2160)], [(2339, 2344)], [(2347, 2354)], [(2359, 2368)], [(2371, 2390)], [(2811, 2822)], [(2824, 2838)], [(3188, 3213)]]
The Einstein Cross (Q2237+030 or QSO 2237+0305) is a gravitationally lensed quasar that sits directly behind the centre of the galaxy ZW 2237+030, called Huchra's Lens. Four images of the same distant quasar (plus one in the centre, too dim to see) appear in the middle of the foreground galaxy due to strong gravitational lensing. This system was discovered by John Huchra and coworkers in 1985, although at the time they only detected that there was a quasar behind a galaxy based on differing redshifts and did not resolve the four separate images of the quasar. While gravitationally lensed light sources are often shaped into an Einstein ring, due to the elongated shape of the lensing galaxy and the quasar being off-centre, the images form a peculiar cross-shape instead. Other "Einstein crosses" have been discovered (see image below of one of them). ==Details== The quasar's redshift indicates that it is located about 8 billion light years from Earth, while the lensing galaxy is at a distance of 400 million light years. The apparent dimensions of the entire foreground galaxy are 0.87 × 0.34 arcminutes, while the apparent dimension of the cross in its centre accounts for only 1.6 × 1.6 arcseconds. The Einstein Cross can be found in Pegasus at , . Amateur astronomers are able to see some of the cross using telescopes; however, it requires extremely dark skies and telescope mirrors with diameters of or greater. The individual images are labelled A through D (i.e. QSO 2237+0305 A), the lensing galaxy is sometimes referred to as QSO 2237+0305 G. ==Gallery== File:Lensed quasar and its surroundings.jpg\|alt=Another lensed quasar, HE0435-1223 in Eridanus, and its surroundings.\|Another lensed quasar, HE0435-1223 in Eridanus, and its surroundings File:UZC J224030.2+032131.jpg\|Hubble Space Telescope captures Einstein Cross. == See also == * Cloverleaf Quasar * Einstein ring (Chwolson ring) * Gravitational lensing * Quasar * SN Refsdal * Twin Quasar ==References == == External links == * Simbad * Information about Einstein's Cross on Skyhound.com * Einstein's Cross core * Einstein's Cross by Jay Reynolds Freeman * Photo of the Einstein Cross at Astronomy Picture of the Day (March 11, 2007) *Google Sky Category:Gravitationally lensed quasars Category:Gravitational lensing Category:Pegasus (constellation) 69457 Category:Albert Einstein	['Pegasus (constellation)', "Huchra's Lens", 'John Huchra', 'Einstein ring', 'Hubble Space Telescope', 'Cloverleaf Quasar', 'Gravitational lensing', 'Quasar', 'SN Refsdal', 'Astronomy Picture of the Day']	['Q8864', 'Q1114693', 'Q205440', 'Q912471', 'Q2513', 'Q3245196', 'Q185243', 'Q83373', 'Q19464122', 'Q752071']	[[(2304, 2327)], [(154, 167)], [(362, 373)], [(634, 647), (1877, 1890)], [(1792, 1814)], [(1857, 1874)], [(1909, 1930), (2273, 2294)], [(1868, 1874), (1933, 1939), (1960, 1966)], [(1942, 1952)], [(2166, 2194)]]
Peace ( Eirḗnē) is an Athenian Old Comedy written and produced by the Greek playwright Aristophanes. It won second prize at the City Dionysia where it was staged just a few days before the validation of Peace of Nicias, which promised to end the ten-year-old Peloponnesian War, in 421 BC. The play is notable for its joyous anticipation of peace and for its celebration of a return to an idyllic life in the countryside. However, it also sounds a note of caution, there is bitterness in the acknowledgment of lost opportunities, and the ending is not happy for everyone. As in all of Aristophanes' plays, the jokes are numerous, the action is wildly absurd and the satire is savage. Cleon, the pro-war populist leader of Athens, is once again a target for the author's wit, even though he had died in the Battle of Amphipolis just a few months earlier. ==Plot== Short summary: Trygaeus, a middle-aged Athenian, miraculously brings about a peaceful end to the Peloponnesian War, thereby earning the gratitude of farmers while bankrupting various tradesmen who had profited from the hostilities. He celebrates his triumph by marrying Harvest, a companion of Festival and Peace, all of whom he has liberated from a celestial prison. Detailed summary: Two slaves are frantically working outside an ordinary house in Athens, kneading unusually large lumps of dough and carrying them one by one into the stable. We soon learn from their banter that it is not dough but excrement gathered from various sources—they are feeding a giant dung beetle that their crazy master has brought home from the Mount Etna region and on which he intends flying to a private audience with the gods. This startling revelation is confirmed moments later by the sudden appearance of Trygaeus on the back of the dung beetle, rising above the house and hovering in an alarmingly unsteady manner. His two slaves, his neighbours and his children take fright and they plead with him to come back down to earth. He steadies the spirited beetle, he shouts comforting words to his children and he appeals to the audience not to distract his mount by farting or shitting any time in the next three days. His mission, he declares, is to reason with the gods about the war or, if they will not listen, he will prosecute the gods for treason against Greece. Then he soars across the stage heavenwards. Arriving outside the house of the gods, Trygaeus discovers that only Hermes is home. Hermes informs him that the others have packed up and departed for some remote refuge where they hope never to be troubled again by the war or the prayers of humankind. He has stayed back, he says, only to make some final arrangements and meanwhile the new occupant of the house has already moved in – War. War, he says, has imprisoned Peace in a cave nearby. Just then, as chance would have it, War comes grumbling and growling outdoors, carrying a gigantic mortar in which he intends grinding the Greeks to paste. Trygaeus discovers by eavesdropping that War no longer has a pestle to use with his gigantic mortar – the pestles he had hoped to use on the Greeks are both dead, for one was Cleon and the other was Brasidas, the leaders of the pro-war factions in Athens and Sparta respectively, both of whom have recently perished in battle. War goes back indoors to get himself a new one and Trygaeus boldly takes this opportunity to summon Greeks everywhere to come and help him set Peace free while there is still time. A Chorus of excited Greeks from various city-states arrives as prompted but they are so excited they cannot stop dancing at first. Eventually they get to work, pulling boulders from the cave's mouth under supervision by Trygaeus and Hermes. Some of the Greeks are more of a hindrance than a help and real progress is only made by the farmers. At last Peace and her companions, Festival and Harvest, are brought to light, appearing as visions of ineffable beauty. Hermes then tells the gathering why Peace had left them many years earlier – she had been driven away by politicians who were profiting from the war. In fact she had tried to come back several times, he says, but each time the Athenians had voted against her in their Assembly. Trygaeus apologizes to Peace on behalf of his countrymen, he updates her on the latest theatre gossip (Sophocles is now as venal as Simonides and Cratinus died in a drunken apoplexy) and then he leaves her to enjoy her freedom while he sets off again for Athens, taking Harvest and Festival back with him – Harvest because she is now his betrothed, Festival because she is to be female entertainment for the Boule or Council. The Chorus then steps forward to address the audience in a conventional parabasis. The Chorus praises the author for his originality as a dramatist, for his courageous opposition to monsters like Cleon and for his genial disposition. It recommends him especially to bald men. It quotes songs of the 7th century BC poet StesichorusAristophanes:The Birds and Other Plays D. Barrett and A. Sommerstein, Penguin Classics page 325 note 53 and it condemns contemporary dramatists like Carcinus, Melanthius and Morsimus. The Chorus resumes its place and Trygaeus returns to the stage. He declares that the audience looked like a bunch of rascals when seen from the heavens and they look even worse when seen up close. He sends Harvest indoors to prepare for their wedding and he delivers Festival to the archon sitting in the front row. He then prepares for a religious service in honour of Peace. A lamb is sacrificed indoors, prayers are offered and Trygaeus starts barbecuing the meat. The fragrance of roast lamb soon attracts an oracle monger who proceeds to hover about the scene in quest of a free meal, as is the custom among oracle-mongers. He is driven off with a good thrashing. Trygaeus goes indoors to prepare for his wedding and the Chorus steps forward again for another parabasis. The Chorus sings lovingly of winter afternoons spent with friends in front of a kitchen fire in the countryside in times of peace when rain soaks into the newly sown fields and there is nothing to do but enjoy the good life. The tone soon changes however as the Chorus recalls the regimental drill and the organizational stuff-ups that have been the bane of the ordinary civilian soldier's life until now and it contemplates in bitterness the officers who have been lions at home and mere foxes in the field. The tone brightens again as Trygaeus returns to the stage, dressed for the festivities of a wedding. Tradesmen and merchants begin to arrive singly and in pairs – a sickle-maker and a jar-maker whose businesses are flourishing again now that peace has returned, and others whose businesses are failing. The sickle-maker and jar-maker present Trygaeus with wedding presents and Trygaeus offers suggestions to the others about what they can do with their merchandise: helmet crests can be used as dusters, spears as vine props, breastplates as chamber pots, trumpets as scales for weighing figs, and helmets could serve as mixing bowls for Egyptians in need of emetics or enemas. The sons of wedding guests practise their songs outdoors and one of the boys begins rehearsing Homer's epic song of war. Trygaeus sends him back indoors as he cannot stomach any mention of war. Another boy sings a famous song by Archilochus celebrating an act of cowardice and this does not impress Trygaeus either. He announces the commencement of the wedding feast and he opens up the house for celebrations: Hymen Hymenai'O! Hymen Hymenai'O! ==Historical background== All the early plays of Aristophanes were written and acted against a background of war.For an overview see for example the introduction to Aristophanes:Peace S. Douglas Olson, Oxford University Press 2003, pages XXV-XXXI The war between Athens and Sparta had commenced with the Megarian decree in 431 BC and, under the cautious leadership of Archidamus II in Sparta and Pericles in Athens, it developed into a war of slow attrition in which Athens was unchallenged at sea and Sparta was undisputed master of the Greek mainland. Every year, the Spartans and their allies invaded Attica and wreaked havoc on Athenian farms. As soon as they retreated, the Athenians marched out from their city walls to avenge themselves on the farms of their neighbours, the Megarians and Boeotians, allies of Sparta. Till then, most Athenians had lived in rural settlements but now they congregated within the safety of the city walls. In 430 a plague decimated the over-crowded population and it also claimed the life of Pericles, leaving Athens in the control of a more radical leadership, epitomized by Cleon. Cleon was determined to gain absolute victory in the war with Sparta and his aggressive policies seemed to be vindicated in 425 in the Battle of Sphacteria, resulting in the capture of Spartan hostages and the establishment of a permanent garrison at Pylos, from where the Athenians and their allies could harass Spartan territory. The Spartans in response to this setback made repeated appeals for peace but these were dismissed by the Athenian Assembly under guidance by Cleon who wished instead to broaden the war with ambitious campaigns against Megara and Boeotia. The Athenians subsequently suffered a major defeat in Boeotia at the Battle of Delion and this was followed by an armistice in 423. By this time, however, the Spartans were increasingly coming under the influence of the pro-war leader Brasidas, a daring general who encouraged and supported revolts among Athenian client states despite the armistice. Athens' client states in Chalcidice were especially vulnerable to his intrigues. When the armistice ended, Cleon led a force of Athenians to Chalcidice to repress the revolts. It was there, while manoeuvering outside the city of Amphipolis, that he and his men were surprised and defeated by a force led by the Spartan general. Both Cleon and Brasidas died in the battle and their removal opened the way for new peace talks during the winter of 422–21. The Peace of Nicias was ratified soon after in the City Dionysia, where Peace was performed, early in the spring of 421 BC. ===Places and people mentioned=== According to a character in Plutarch's Dinner-table DiscussionDinner-table Discussion Book VII No.8, quoted in Aristophanes:The Birds and Other Plays D. Barrett and A. Sommerstein (translators), Penguin Classics 1978, pages 14-15 (written some 500 years after Peace was produced), Old Comedy needs commentators to explain its abstruse references in the same way that a banquet needs wine-waiters. Here is the wine list for Peace as supplied by modern scholars.Aristophanes:The Birds and Other Plays D. Barrett and A Sommerstein, Penguin Classics 1978, NotesAristophanis Comoediae Tomus II F. Hall and W.Geldart, Oxford University Press 1907, Index Nominum :::Athenian politicians and generals Cleon: The populist leader of the pro-war faction in Athens, he had recently perished in the battle for Amphipolis. He is mentioned by name only once in this play (line 47) when a member of the audience is imagined comparing him to a dung beetle on the grounds that he eats dung i.e. he's dead (excrement is a characteristic element of the Aristophanic Underworld, as represented later in The Frogs). He receives several indirect mentions (313, 648, 669, 650–56) as a Cerberus whose seething (paphlagon) and shouting might yet snatch away peace (the seething image was previously developed in The Knights, where Cleon was represented as 'Paphlagonian'), a leather merchant who had corruptly profited from war, a leather skin that stifled Athenian thoughts of peace, and a rascal, chatterer, sycophant and trouble-maker that Hermes should not revile, since Hermes (as a guide to the Underworld) is now responsible for him. Lamachus: He was a fearless general associated with the pro-war faction but he nevertheless ratified the Peace of Nicias. He is described here as an enemy of peace who hinders peace efforts (lines 304, 473). His son is a character who sings war-like songs. Lamachus appears as the antagonist in The Acharnians and he is mentioned in another two plays.Thesmophoriazusae line 841; Frogs 1039 Phormio: A successful Athenian admiral, he used to sleep rough on a soldier's pallet (line 347). He is mentioned in two other plays.Knights 562; Lysistrata 804 Peisander: A prominent politician, he was to become an influential figure in the Athenian coup of 411 BC. His helmet is a loathsome spectacle (line 395) and there are references to him in other plays.Birds line 1556; Lysistrata 490 Pericles: A gifted orator and politician, he provoked the war with Sparta by his Megarian decree. It is said that he did so in order to avoid being implicated in a corruption scandal involving the sculptor Pheidias (line 606). Pericles is mentioned by name in two other playsKnights 283, Clouds 213 and there are also indirect references to him.Acharnians 530; Clouds 859 Hyperbolus: Another populist, he succeeded Cleon as the new master of the speaker's stone on the Pnyx (line 681). He was a lampseller by trade and this enabled him to shed light on affairs of state (690). The Chorus would like to celebrate the wedding at the end by driving him out (1319). He is a frequent target in other plays.Acharnians 846; Knights 1304, 1363; Clouds 551, 557, 623, 876, 1065; Wasps 1007; Thesmophoriazusae 840; Frogs 570 Theogenes: Another prominent politician, he associated with swines (line 928). His name recurs in several plays.Wasps line 1183; Birds 822, 1127, 1295; Lysistrata 63 :::Athenian personalities Cleonymus: A frequent butt of jokes in other plays for his gluttony and cowardice,Acharnians lines 88, 844; Knights 958, 1294, 1372; Clouds 353, 400, 673-5, 680; Wasps 19, 20, 822; Birds 289, 290, 1475; Thesmophoriazusae 605 he figures here in a curse as the model of a coward (446), as a man who loves peace for the wrong reasons (673, 675) and as the father of a boy who sings lyrics by Archilochus in celebration of cowardice (1295). Cunna: A well-known prostitute, she has eyes that flash like those of Cleon (755). She is mentioned in another two plays.Knights line 765; Wasps 1032 Arriphrades: A member of an artistic family and possibly a comic poet himself,Aristophanes:Wasps D.MacDowell, Oxford University Press 1971, pages 297-8 notes 1278-1280 he has been immortalized by Aristophanes here (line 883) and in other playsKnights line 1281; Wasps 1280; Ecclesiazusae 129 as an exponent of cunnilingus. Glaucetes, Morychus and Teleas: Gourmands, they are imagined bustling about the replenished agora in their greedy pursuit of delicacies once peace returns (line 1008). Morychus is mentioned again in The Acharnians and The Wasps,Acharnians 887; Wasps 506, 1142 Teleas in The BirdsThe Birds 168, 1025 and Glaucetes in ThesmophoriazusaeThesmophoriazusae 1033 :::Poets and other artists Euripides: A tragic poet renowned for his innovative plays and pathetic heroes, he appears as a ridiculous character in The Acharnians, Thesmophoriazusae and The Frogs and he receives numerous mentions in other plays. Trygaeus is warned not to fall off his beetle or he might end up as the hero of a Euripidean tragedy (line 147) and Peace is said not to like Euripides because of his reliance on legalistic quibbling for dialogue (534). Trygaeus' flight on the dung beetle is a parody of Euripides' play Bellerephon, his daughter's appeal to him is a parody of a speech from Aeolus (114–23) and there is a deliberate misquote from his play Telephus (528). The latter play was a favourite target for parody as for example in The Acharnians and ThesmophoriazusaeThesmophoriazusae. Aesop: A legendary author of fables, he is said to have inspired Trygaeus to ascend to the home of the gods on a dung beetle (line 129). In the original fable, the dung beetle flew up to the home of the gods to punish the eagle for destroying its eggs. Zeus was minding the eagle's own eggs and the dung beetle provoked him into dropping them. There are references to Aesop in two plays.Wasps lines 566, 1401, 1446; Birds 471, 651 Sophocles: A famous tragic poet, he is mentioned here because his verses are evocative of the good times that will come with peace (line 531) even though he has become as greedy as Simonides (695–7). Sophocles is also mentioned in The Birds and The Frogs.The Birds line 100; Frogs 76, 79, 787, 1516 Pheidias: A renowned sculptor, he is said to have been named in a corruption scandal that was really aimed at his patron Pisistratus (line 605) and Peace is said to be a beautiful relative of his i.e. she is statuesque (616). Simonides: A highly respected poet, he was however notorious for demanding high fees – he'd even go to sea in a sieve if the commission was right (line 697–8). There are references to him in two other plays.The Clouds line 1356, 1362; Birds 919 Cratinus: A comic poet often ranked with Aristophanes as a playwright, he is said to have died of a drunken apoplexy after witnessing the destruction of wine jars (line 700). He is mentioned with mock-respect in several other plays also.Acharnians lines 849, 1173; Knights 400, 526; Frogs 357 Carcinus: A tragic poet, he is said to have written an unsuccessful comedy about mice (791–5) and the Muse is urged to spurn both him and his sons – his sons, who had danced in the original performance of The Wasps, are now reviled as goat-turds devoted to theatrical stunts (lines 781–95) and they are not as fortunate as Trygaeus (864). Carcinus is mentioned in several other plays.Clouds 1261; Wasps 1501-12; Thesmophoriazusae 441 Morsimus and Melanthius: Two brothers who were related to the great tragic poet Aeschylus but who were also known for gluttony (they are called 'Gorgons' and 'Harpies'), they collaborated on a play in which the latter acted stridently and both should be spat upon by the Muse (lines 801–816). Melanthius is imagined quoting melodramatically from his brother's play Medea when he learns that there are no more eels for sale (1009). Morsimus is mentioned in two more playsKnights 401; Frogs 151 and Melanthius in one other play.Birds 151 Stesichorus: A famous Sicilian poet, he is quoted invoking the Muse and the Graces in a song that denounces Carcinus, Morsimus and Melanthius as inferior poets (beginning with lines 775 and 796). Ion: A celebrated Chian poet, he was the author of a popular song The Morning Star. Trygaeus claims to have seen him in the heavens, where he has become the Morning Star (line 835). Chairis: A flute player, here (line 951) as elsewhereAcharnians 16; Birds 857 he is an execrable musician. Homer: The bard of all bards, he is mentioned in this play twice by name (lines 1089, 1096) and there are frequent references to his poetry. He is fancifully misquoted by Trygaeus to prove that oracle mongers are not entitled to free meals (lines 1090–93) and there is an accurate quote from a passage in the IliadIliad IX 63-4 arguing in favour of peace (1097–8). The son of Lamachus also concocts some Homer-like verses and he quotes from the introduction to Epigoni (1270), an epic sometimes attributed to Homer (now lost). Homer is mentioned by name in three other plays.Clouds line 1056; Birds 575, 910, 914; Frogs 1034 Archilochus: A renowned poet, he once wrote an elegy making light of his own cowardice on the battle field. The son of Cleonymus quotes from it (lines 1298-99). Archilochus is mentioned by name in two other plays.Acharnians 120; Frogs 764 :::Places Mount Etna: A region famous for its horses, it is from here that Trygaeus obtained his dung beetle (line 73). The mountain is mentioned again in The Birds.Birds 926 Naxos: An island state, it was home to a type of boat known as a 'Naxian beetle' (line 143). The island is referred to again in Wasps.Wasps line 355 Peiraeus: The main port for Athens, it includes a small harbour that takes its name from the Greek for 'beetle' (lines 145) and it is the sort of place where a man might excrete in public view outside a brothel (165). It is mentioned also in Knights.Knights line815, 855 Athmonon: A deme within the Cecropides tribe, it is an epithet for Trygaeus since he is enrolled there as a citizen. (lines 190, 919) Pylos: Enemy territory occupied by the Athenians, it is associated with missed opportunities for an end to the war (lines 219, 665). Prasiae: A Spartan territory, its name allows for a pun with 'leeks', one of the ingredients that War intends grinding in his mortar (line 242). Sicily: An island renowned for its wealth and its abundant resources, it was famous also for its cheeses, another ingredient in war's mortar (line 250). The island is mentioned in two other plays.Wasps line 838, 897; Lysistrata 392 Samothrace: A region associated with religious mysteries, as represented in the worship of the Cabeiri, it is regarded by Trygaeus as a possible source of magic spells when all else fails (line 277). Thrace: The northern battleground of the Peloponnesian War, it is where War lost his Spartan pestle, Brasidas (line 283). The region is also mentioned in other plays.Acharnians lines 136, 138, 602; Wasps 288; Birds 1369; Lysistrata 103 Lyceum: Later famous as the school for Aristotelian philosophy, it was then a parade ground (line 356). Pnyx: The hill where the Athenian citizenry convened as a democratic assembly, it was topped by a monolithic rostrum called a 'bema'. Peace wants to know who is now master of the stone (line 680). The hill is mentioned in several plays.Knights 42, 165, 749, 751; Wasps 31; Thesmophoriazusae 658; Ecclesiazusae 243, 281, 283 Brauron: An Athenian town on the east coast of Attica, it was the site of a sometimes promiscuous quadrennial festival in honour of Artemis. A slave of Trygaeus wonders if Festival is a girl he had once partied with there (line 875). The town is also referred to in Lysistrata.Lysistrata line 645 Oreus: A town on the western shore of Euboea, it is the home of the oracle monger and party-pooper, Hierocles (line 1047, 1125). He is associated with another Euboean town Elymnion (1126). Lake Copais: A lake in Boeotia, it is a source of eels much valued by Athenian gourmands (1005). It is mentioned for the same reason in The Acharnians.The Acharnians lines 880, 883, 962 Sardis: Once the capital of the Lydian empire and subsequently of a Persian satrapy, it is a source of scarlet dye used to denote the cloaks of Athenian officers (line 1174). It is mentioned in two other plays.Acharnians line 112; Wasps 1139 Cyzicus: A town on the Propontis, it is a source of saffron-coloured (or crap-coloured) dye (1176). Pandion's statue: A statue of a mythical king of ancient Athens, it was located in the agora as a rallying point for the Pandionid tribe (line 1183). Both Aristophanes and Cleon would have mustered here since both belonged to the Cydathenaeum deme, a branch of the Pandionid tribe. :::Foreigners Ionians: Inhabiting region of islands and coastal cities scattered around the Aegean, they formed the core of the Athenian empire. An Ionian in the audience is imagined to say that the beetle represents Cleon since they both eat shit (line 46). The Ionian dialect allows a pun equating 'sheep' with 'oh!' (930-33). Medes: Brothers to the Persians and often identified with them as rivals of Greece, they benefit from the ongoing war between Athens and Sparta (line 108). They are mentioned quite often in other plays.Knights lines 478, 606 781; Wasps 12, 1097; Birds 277; Lysistrata 653, 1253; Thesmophoriazusae 337, 365; Frogs 938 Chians: Citizens of the island state of Chios, they seem to have been recent victims of an Athenian law imposing a fine of 30 000 drachmas on any allied state in which an Athenian citizen happened to be killed. They might have to pay such a fine if Trygaeus falls off his dung beetle (line 171). Chios is also the home of a popular poet, Ion (835). The island is referred to in three other plays.Birds 879; Frogs 970; Ecclesiazusae 1139 Megarians: Long-time rivals of Athens and allies of Sparta, they are the garlic in War's mortar (line 246–249), they are a hindrance to peace efforts even though they are starving (481–502) and they were the target of the Megarian decree, the original cause of the war (609). They are mentioned in other plays,Wasps line 57; Lysistrata 1170; but especially in The Acharnians where one of the characters is a starving Megarian farmer. Brasidas: Sparta's leading general, he had recently perished in the battle for Amphipolis. He is mentioned indirectly as one of the pestles that War can no longer use (line 282) and directly as somebody whose name is often brought up by corrupt politicians in accusations of treason (640). He is mentioned also in Wasps.Wasps line 475 Datis: A Persian general during the Persian Wars, he is imaginatively quoted as somebody who sings while masturbating (line 289) – meanwhile Trygaeus and his fellow Greeks spring into action. Cillicon: A traitor (from Miletus) who famously excused his treachery with the comment that he intended nothing bad. He is quoted by Trygaeus (line 363). Boeotians: Northern neighbours of Athens but allies of Sparta, they were hindering peace efforts (line 466) and their banned produce is fondly remembered (1003). They are mentioned in other playsKnights line 479; Lysistrata 35, 40, 72, 86, 702 and especially in The Acharnians, where one of the characters is a Boeotian merchant. Argives: Citizens of Argos and neighbours of the Spartans, they had maintained their neutrality throughout the war and they were not assisting in peace efforts (lines 475, 493). They receive mentions in other plays.Knights 465-6, 813; Thesmophoriazusae 1101; Frogs 1208; Wealth II 601 Thrassa and Syra: Common names for female slaves of Thracian (line 1138) and Syrian origin (1146). Thrassa is a silent character in ThesmophoriazusaeThesmophoriazusae and the name recurs in two other plays.Acharnians line 273; Wasps 828 Egyptians: An ancient and exotic people whose customs, as described by Herodotus, included the regular use of an emetic syrmaia.Herodotus II.77 They are mentioned in that context here (line 1253) and they receive mentions in other plays.Birds lines 504, 1133; Frogs 1206, 1406; Thesmophoriazusae 856, 878; Wealth II 178; :::Religious and cultural identities Pegasus: A mythical flying horse, it lends its name to the flying dung beetle (lines 76, 135, 154). Dioscuri: Otherwise known as Castor and Pollux, they were venerated in particular by Spartans. Trygaeus attributes the death of Brasidas to their intervention (line 285). Eleusinian mysteries: A mystery religion dedicated to the worship of Demeter and promising immortal life to its initiates, it included the ritual bathing of piglets. Trygaeus asks Hermes for money to buy such a piglet (374–5) and he offers to dedicate the mysteries to Hermes if he helps to secure peace (420). Panathenaea: The most important annual festival of Athens, it was dedicated to Athena. Trygaeus offers to dedicate it to Hermes in exchange for his help (line 418). He also offers to celebrate in his honour the Dipolia (festival of Zeus) and the Adonia (420). The Panathenaea is mentioned also in The Clouds and The Frogs.Clouds lines 386, 988; Frogs 1090 Diipoleia is also mentioned in The CloudsClouds line 984 and Adonia in Lysistrata.Lysistrata 393, 389 Enyalius: An epithet of Ares, it is often used in the Iliad. The Chorus bids Trygaeus not to use this epithet in an invocation to the gods because Ares has nothing to do with peace (line 457). Ganymede: Zeus's cupbearer, he is said to be the future source of the ambrosia on which the dung beetle will feed in future. Isthmian Games: One of the great athletic festivals of ancient Greece, it was a venue for camping both by athletes and spectators. A slave of Trygaeus fondly imagine his penis sharing a tent there with Festival (line 879). Apaturia: A festival celebrated by Ionian Greeks, it included a day of sacrifice known as Anarrhysis or Drawing back. This word has sexual connotations for members of the Boule (line 890) in anticipation of an orgy with Festival. Lysimache: An epithet for Peace and the name of a contemporary priestess of Athena Polias (line 992). Stilbades: One of the prophets or oracle mongers that had profited from the war, he is imagined weeping from the smoke that rises from the sacrificial offering to Peace (line 1008). Bakis: A popular prophet and source of oracles, he is mentioned repeatedly by the oracle monger Hierocles (lines 1070–72) and Hierocles is later referred to as Bakis (1119). He is frequently cited in The KnightsKnights lines 123, 124, 1003 etc. and he is mentioned also in The BirdsBirds lines 962, 970 Sibyl: A legendary prophetess, she is considered by Hierocles to be a greater authority than Homer (line 1095) and he is told to eat her (1116). She is mentioned also in The Knights.Knights line 61 ==Discussion== Aristophanes' plays reveal a tender love of rural life and a nostalgia for simpler timesAncient Greece:A Political, Social and Cultural History S.B.Pomeroy, S.M.Burstein and W.Donlan, Oxford University Press US 1998, page 301 and they develop a vision of peace involving a return to the country and its routines.A Short History of Greek Literature Jacqueline de Romilly, University of Chicage Press 1985, page 88 The association of peace with rural revival is expressed in this play in terms of religious imagery: Peace, imprisoned in a cave guarded by a Cerberus figure (lines 313–15), resembles a chthonic fertility goddess in captivity in the underworld, a motif especially familiar to Athenians in the cult of Demeter and her daughter Kore in the Eleusinian mysteries. The action of the play however also borrows from ancient folklore – the rescue of a maiden or a treasure from the inaccessible stronghold of a giant or monster was already familiar to Athenians in the story of Perseus and Andromeda and it is still familiar to modern audiences as 'Jack and the Beanstalk' (Trygaeus like Jack magically ascends to the remote stronghold of a giant and plunders its treasure).Aristophanes:Peace S. Douglas Olson, Oxford University Press 2003, Introduction pages XXXV-VIII In spite of these mythical and religious contexts, political action emerges in this play as the decisive factor in human affairs – the gods are shown to be distant figures and mortals must therefore rely on their own initiative, as represented by the Chorus of Greeks working together to release Peace from captivity.Aristophanes:Peace S. Douglas Olson, Oxford University Press 2003, Introduction pages XL-XLI The god Hermes delivers a speech blaming the Peloponnesian War on Pericles and Cleon (lines 603–48) and this was an argument that Aristophanes had already promoted in earlier plays (e.g. The Acharnians 514–40 and The Knights 792–809). The Chorus's joyful celebration of peace is edged with bitter reflections on the mistakes of past leaders (e.g. 1172–90) and Trygaeus expresses anxious fears for the future of the peace (e.g. 313–38) since events are still subject to bad leadership (as symbolized by the new pestle that War goes indoors to fetch).. The bankrupted tradesmen at the end of the play are a reminder that there is still support for war. Moreover, the militaristic verses borrowed from Homer by the son of Lamachus are a dramatic indication that war is deeply rooted in culture and that it still commands the imagination of a new generation. Peace in such circumstances requires not only a miracle (such as Trygaeus' flight) but also a combination of good luck and good will on the part of a significant group within the community (such as farmers) – a sober assessment by the poet of Dionysus. ==Old Comedy== Peace is structured according to the conventions of Old Comedy. Variations from those conventions may be due to an historical trend towards New Comedy, corruption of the text and/or a unique dramatic effect that the poet intended. Noteworthy variations in this play are found in the following elements: Agon: A conventional agon is a debate that decides or reflects the outcome of the play, comprising a 'symmetrical scene' with a pair of songs and a pair of declaimed or spoken passages, typically in long lines of anapests. There is no such agon in this play nor is there an antagonist to represent a pro-war viewpoint, apart from War, a monstrosity incapable of eloquence. However, Old Comedy is rich in symmetrical scenes and sometimes these can resemble an agon. There is a symmetrical scene in lines 346–425 (song-dialogue-song-dialogue) in which Trygaeus argues with Hermes and eventually wins his support. The dialogue, howeve,r is in iambic trimeter, conventionally the rhythm of ordinary speech. Moreover, the song's metrical form is repeated much later in a second antistrophe (583–97), indicating that Aristophanes was aiming at something other than an agon. Parabasis: A conventional parabasis is an address to the audience by the Chorus and it includes a symmetrical scene (song-speech-song- speech). Typically there are two such addresses, in the middle and near the end of a play. Peace follows convention except that the speeches have been omitted from the symmetrical scene in the first parabasis (lines 729–816) and it includes several lines (752–59) that were copied almost verbatim from the first parabasis in The Wasps (The Wasps 1030–37). The repetition of these lines need not indicate a problem with the text; it could instead indicate the poet's satisfaction with them.Aristophanes:Wasps Douglas MacDowell, Oxford University Press 1971, note 1030-7 page 265 They describe Cleon as a disgusting gorgon-like phenomenon in language that matches sound and sense e.g. : (Wasps 1033–4, Peace 756–7): :"a hundred heads of doomed stooges circled and licked around his head" :The sound of something revolting is captured in the original Greek by the repetition of the harsh k sound, including a repetition of the word for 'head'. Dactylic rhythm: The metrical rhythms of Old Comedy are typically iambic, trochaic and anapestic. Peace, however, includes two scenes that are predominantly dactylic in rhythm, one featuring the oracle-monger Hierocles (1052–1126) and the other featuring the epic-singing son of Lamachus (1270–97). In both scenes, the use of dactyls allows for Homer-like utterances generally signifying martial and oracular bombast. Parodos: A parodos is the entry of the Chorus, conventionally a spectacular occasion for music and choreography. Often it includes trochaic rhythms to signify the mood of an irascible Chorus in search of trouble (as for example in The Acharnians and The Knights). In Peace the rhythm is trochaic but the Chorus enters joyfully and its only argument with the protagonist is over its inability to stop dancing (299–345), an inventive use of a conventional parados. ==Standard edition== The standard critical edition of the Greek text (with commentary) is: S. Douglas Olson (ed.), Aristophanes Peace (Oxford University Press, 1998) ==Translations== * William James Hickie, 1853 – prose: full text * Benjamin B. Rogers, 1924 – verse: full text * Arthur S. Way, 1934 – verse * Alan Sommerstein, 1978 – prose: available for digital loan * George Theodoridis, 2002 – prose: full text * Ian C. Johnston, 2010 – verse: full text * Unknown translator – prose: full text ==See also== List of plays with anti-war themes == References == ==External links== * Category:Plays by Aristophanes Category:Peloponnesian War Category:Anti-war plays Category:Plays set in ancient Greece Category:Plays set in Athens	['Aristophanes', 'Hermes', 'Lamachus', 'Old Comedy', 'City Dionysia', 'Peace of Nicias', 'Peloponnesian War', 'Cleon', 'Battle of Amphipolis', 'Brasidas', 'Sophocles', 'Simonides', 'Cratinus', 'Stesichorus', 'Homer', 'Archilochus', 'Megarian decree', 'Archidamus II', 'Pericles', 'Battle of Sphacteria', 'Battle of Delion', 'Chalcidice', 'Amphipolis', 'Plutarch', 'Cerberus', 'The Knights', 'Phormio', 'Athenian coup of 411 BC', 'Hyperbolus', 'Theogenes', 'Euripides', 'The Acharnians', 'Thesmophoriazusae', 'Aesop', 'Pheidias', 'The Wasps', 'Aeschylus', 'Gorgons', 'Harpies', 'Iliad', 'Mount Etna', 'Peiraeus', 'Pylos', 'Sicily', 'Samothrace', 'Cabeiri', 'Thrace', 'Lyceum', 'Pnyx', 'Brauron', 'Artemis', 'Lysistrata', 'Euboea', 'Elymnion', 'Lake Copais', 'Sardis', 'Lydia', 'Cyzicus', 'Propontis', 'Ionians', 'Medes', 'Chios', 'Megara', 'Datis', 'Persian Wars', 'Boeotia', 'Herodotus', 'Pegasus', 'Dioscuri', 'Eleusinian mysteries', 'Panathenaea', 'Adonia', 'Enyalius', 'Isthmian Games', 'Apaturia', 'Athena Polias', 'Sibyl', 'Demeter', 'Perseus', 'New Comedy', 'Benjamin B. 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SWS, SWs, or sWS my refer to: ==Education== * Sacramento Waldorf School, Pre-K-12 coeducational private school in Sacramento, California * School within a School, a democratic education program at Brookline High School ==Machines== * M21 Sniper Weapon System, a US Army sniper rifle * M24 Sniper Weapon System, a US Army sniper rifle * Schwere Wehrmachtschlepper German half-track vehicle deployed late into World War II * SWS (trolleybus), a hybrid trolleybus prototype ==Technology== * Scientific Workflow System, scientific application software that composes, executes, and manages workflows * Seawater scale, a measure of concentration of H+, HSO4+, and HF * Semantic Web service, a Web service that can be published, discovered, composed, and executed by Web applications * Sentient World Simulation, a project to be based on Synthetic Environment for Analysis and Simulations * Silly window syndrome, a TCP flow control problem in computer networks * Sine wave speech, a speech synthesis technique that replaces formants with pure tone whistles * Smart wearable system, an extension of the wearable computer ==Other uses== * Safe Water System, initiative by the US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention to improve water quality * Schweizerische Wagons- und Aufzügefabrik AG Schlieren-Zürich, a now defunct Swiss railway rolling stock manufacturer * Seann William Scott (b. 1976), US actor * Shaun White Snowboarding, a 2008 video game * Sleeping With Sirens, an American post-hardcore band * Slow-wave sleep, deep sleep * Social Weather Stations, a social research institution in the Philippines * Society of Wetland Scientists, a US non-profit organization * Southern Water Services, a private utility company responsible for public wastewater collection and treatment in South England * SouthWest Service, a Metra route to Manhattan, Illinois * Sozialwerke Pfarrer Sieber, a Swiss charity and relief organization founded by Pastor Ernst Sieber * Super World of Sports, a Japanese professional wrestling promotion * SWS, IATA airport code for Swansea Airport * SWs, listener missives that express appreciation for Sarah Kennedy's breakfast show on BBC Radio 2	['Sacramento Waldorf School', 'Sacramento, California', 'M21 Sniper Weapon System', 'M24 Sniper Weapon System', 'Schwere Wehrmachtschlepper', 'SWS (trolleybus)', 'Seawater scale', 'Semantic Web service', 'Synthetic Environment for Analysis and Simulations', 'Silly window syndrome', 'Sine wave speech', 'Smart wearable system', 'Schweizerische Wagons- und Aufzügefabrik AG Schlieren-Zürich', 'Seann William Scott', 'Shaun White Snowboarding', 'Sleeping With Sirens', 'Slow-wave sleep', 'Social Weather Stations', 'Society of Wetland Scientists', 'Southern Water Services', 'SouthWest Service', 'Sozialwerke Pfarrer Sieber', 'Super World of Sports', 'Swansea Airport', 'Sarah Kennedy']	['Q7397045', 'Q18013', 'Q1196923', 'Q1054077', 'Q842238', 'Q10564033', 'Q40936', 'Q1482252', 'Q7662726', 'Q3960557', 'Q7522446', 'Q7544017', 'Q627681', 'Q193212', 'Q1814981', 'Q1972270', 'Q3964845', 'Q7550900', 'Q7552683', 'Q7570621', 'Q7565331', 'Q25044492', 'Q7642913', 'Q3544962', 'Q7422480']	[[(46, 71)], [(114, 136)], [(234, 258)], [(285, 309)], [(336, 362)], [(423, 439)], [(597, 611)], [(663, 683)], [(831, 881)], [(884, 905)], [(957, 973)], [(1053, 1074)], [(1241, 1301)], [(1360, 1379)], [(1402, 1426)], [(1448, 1468)], [(1503, 1518)], [(1533, 1556)], [(1609, 1638)], [(1671, 1694)], [(1800, 1817)], [(1858, 1884)], [(1959, 1980)], [(2055, 2070)], [(2126, 2139)]]
2,4,6-Trichloroanisole (TCA) is a chemical compound that represents one of the strongest of off-flavors, substances "generated naturally in foods/beverages [that considerably] deteriorate the quality" of such products. As of 2000, TCA was considered the primary chemical compound responsible for the phenomenon of cork taint in wines, and it has an unpleasant earthy, musty and moldy smell. Chemically, TCA is a chlorinated derivative of anisole, and it is a fungal metabolite of 2,4,6-trichlorophenol. Note, at best, this source states that 2,4,6-trichlorophenol is "the probable precursor of TCA". More generally, it may be produced when naturally occurring airborne fungi and bacteria are presented with chlorinated phenolic compounds, which they then convert into chlorinated anisole derivatives. Species implicated include those of the genera Aspergillus, Penicillium, Actinomycetes, Botrytis (e.g. Botrytis cinerea), Rhizobium, or Streptomyces.With regard to circumstantial evidence, Spodone, et al., op. cit., note that Rio off-flavor is associated with "beans heavily infested with various fungi (Aspergilli, Fusaria, Penicillia, Rhizopus, etc.) and bacteria (Lactobacilli, Streptrococci)". The chlorophenol precursor, 2,4,6-trichlorophenol, is used as a fungicide; more generally, related compounds can originate as contaminants found in some pesticides and wood preservatives, or as by-products of the chlorine bleaching process used to sterilize or bleach wood, paper, and other materials. The precursors can result from the reaction of hypochlorites with lignin, or can also migrate from other manufactured objects (e.g., shipping pallets treated by chlorophenols or materials stored in the presence of trichlorophenol-treated fiberboard). TCA has also been suggested as cause of the "Rio defect" in coffees from Brazil and other parts of the world,These include Central and South America. which refers to a taste described as "medicinal, phenolic, or iodine-like". In investigation of the mechanism of its role in producing off- flavor effects, it was found to "attenuate olfactory transduction by suppressing cyclic nucleotide-gated channels, without evoking odorant responses." ==Further reading== * * * An early primary research report on the role of TCA in cork taint. == See also == * 2,4,6-Tribromoanisole ==References== Category:Chlorobenzenes Category:Phenol ethers	['2,4,6-trichlorophenol', 'Aspergillus', 'Penicillium', 'Actinomycetes', 'Botrytis cinerea', 'Rhizobium', 'Streptomyces', 'Brazil', '2,4,6-Tribromoanisole']	['Q209189', 'Q335130', 'Q843136', 'Q343452', 'Q1135851', 'Q830142', 'Q1144013', 'Q155', 'Q4596770']	[[(480, 501), (542, 563), (1227, 1248)], [(848, 859)], [(861, 872)], [(874, 887)], [(904, 920)], [(923, 932)], [(937, 949)], [(1825, 1831)], [(2303, 2324)]]
SS Noronic was a Canadian passenger ship that was destroyed by fire in Toronto Harbour in September 1949 with the loss of at least 118 lives. ==Construction== In 1910 the Northern Navigation Company, a subsidiary of the Richelieu and Ontario Navigation Company, engaged in an operating agreement with the Grand Trunk Railway (GTR), for the construction of a new ship. While Northern did not immediately propose to build a new steamer at that time, the addition of new cabins for the Huronic was also under consideration.The Railway And Marine World magazine, December 1910 In mid-January 1911, shipping entrepreneur James Playfair made a bid to purchase the Northern on behalf of himself and his associates. The offer was subject to approval by the GTR, concerning the previous operating agreement. Playfair's offer was to purchase the company at C$1,250,000 for the C$1,000,000 worth of stock and other terms. Northern's president, W. J. Sheppard, communicated the offer to GTR president Charles Melville Hays, who in turn discussed the matter with his company's passenger and freight departments. Hays asked Sheppard if he would consider whether or not the business outlook would warrant the company to place an order for a steamship of equal capacity and general style to Hamonic, to run in the line with that vessel. Hays did not approve of the proposed transfer of ownership and the deal with Playfair fell through. However, Playfair then went to work to change his mind and managed to secure the GTR's approval. On February 6, Hays notified that, under the agreement with the two companies, Northern would provide a new steamship within eighteen months. The new vessel would be ready no later than the opening of navigation in 1913, and would probably be 400 feet long.The Railway And Marine World magazine, March 1911 Hays' untimely death aboard the Titanic likely contributed to a delay to the start of construction. ==Description== left\|thumb\|SS Noronic travelling through the Sault Ste. Marie canal, circa 1948 SS Noronic was launched June 2, 1913, in Port Arthur, Ontario. She was built by the Western Dry Dock and Shipbuilding Company for Canada Steamship Lines. Built for passenger and package freight service on the Great Lakes,Canadian Railway And Marine World magazine July 1913 Noronic had five decks, was in length, and measured 6,095 gross register tons. At maximum capacity, she could hold 600 passengers and 200 crew. One of Canada's largest and most beautiful passenger ships at the time, she was nicknamed the “Queen of the Lakes." Passenger decks were labelled A, B, C, and D, and none had direct gangplank access to the dock. The only exits were located on the lowest deck, E deck. There were two gangplanks on the port side and two on the starboard side, and only two were operational at a time. Noronic had eight fleetmate ships: City of Midland, Doric, Germanic, Ionic, Majestic, Waubic, and .The Railway And Marine World magazine, July 1911 Hamonic burned in 1945 and Huronic was retired and scrapped in 1950. ==Fire== On September 14, 1949, Noronic embarked on a seven-day pleasure cruise of Lake Ontario from Detroit, Michigan, United States. She departed from Detroit and picked up additional passengers at Cleveland, Ohio, from where she was scheduled to travel to Prescott, Ontario, and the Thousand Islands before returning to Sarnia, where she would have remained over the winter. Noronic was carrying 524 passengers, all but twenty of whom were American, and 171 crew members, all Canadian. The captain on the voyage was Capt. William Taylor. Noronic docked for the night at Pier 9 in Toronto Harbour at 7:00 p.m. on September 16. At 2:30 a.m., passenger Don Church noticed smoke in the aft part of the starboard corridor on C deck. Church followed the smell of smoke to a small room off the port corridor, just forward of a women's washroom. Finding that the smoke was coming from a locked linen closet, he notified bellboy Earnest O'Neil of the fire. Without sounding the alarm, O'Neil ran to the steward’s office on D deck to retrieve the keys to the closet. Once the closet was opened, the fire exploded into the hallway; it spread quickly, fueled by the lemon-oil-polished wood paneling on the walls. Church, O'Neil, another bellboy, and another passenger attempted to fight the blaze with fire extinguishers, but were forced to retreat almost immediately by the spreading flames. To his dismay, O'Neil found the fire extinguishers to be out of order. Church rushed to his stateroom on D deck, and fled the ship with his wife and children. Meanwhile, O'Neil ran to the officers' quarters and notified Captain Taylor. First Mate Gerry Wood then sounded the ship's whistle to raise the alarm. It was 2:38 a.m., only eight minutes after the fire began, but already half of the ship’s decks were ablaze. Twenty-seven-year-old Donald Williamson was the first rescuer on the scene. After working a late shift at a nearby Goodyear Tire plant, the former lake freighter deckhand wanted to see Noronic, which he knew was in port. Williamson arrived to the sound of the ship's distress whistle, as the fire was quickly growing and people were frantically jumping into the lake. Spotting a large painters’ raft nearby, he untied it and pushed it into a position near the ship's port bow. As people leapt from the burning ship, he pulled them from the water to the safety of the raft. Responding to a "routine" box call, Toronto police constables Ronald Anderson and Warren Shaddock turned their "accident" car onto Queen's Quay in time to see the ship erupt in flames as high as the mast. Their cruiser was immediately surrounded by survivors, many in shock, some on fire. A passenger alerted Anderson to those in the water and those on the decks, some in flames. Anderson stripped his uniform off, jumped into the frigid, oily water, and began to assist Williamson on the raft. Fireboats joined the rescue operation, plucking others who jumped into the water from the ship. Among those officers was Jack Marks, who went on to become Toronto's chief of police. Crew members had to smash portholes to drag some passengers out of their cabins. Moments before the whistle sounded, the pier's night watchman noticed the flames coming from the ship and contacted the Toronto Fire Department. A pumper truck, a hose wagon, a high-pressure truck, an aerial truck, a rescue squad, the deputy chief and a fireboat were dispatched to the scene. Ambulances and police were also dispatched. The first fire truck arrived at the pier at 2:41 a.m. By this time, the entire ship was consumed in flames. Only fifteen crew members had been on the ship when the fire broke out, and they failed to make a sweep of the upper four decks to wake passengers; those who did wake up were awakened by screaming and running in the corridors. Most of the ship's stairwells were on fire, and few passengers were able to reach E-deck to escape down the gangplanks. Some passengers climbed down ropes to the pier. The scene was later described as one of great panic, with people jumping from the upper decks engulfed in flames and some falling to their deaths onto the pier below. Others were trampled to death in the mad rush in the corridors. Still others suffocated or were burned alive, unable to exit their cabins. The screams of the dying were said to be audible even over the sounds of whistles and sirens. The first rescue ladder was extended to B deck. It was immediately rushed by passengers, causing the ladder to snap in two. The passengers were sent tumbling into the harbour, where they were rescued by a waiting fireboat. Other ladders extended to C deck held firm throughout the rescue. After about twenty minutes, the metal hull was white hot, and the decks began to buckle and collapse onto each other. After an hour of fighting the blaze, Noronic was so full of water from fire hoses that it listed severely toward the pier, causing firefighters to retreat. The ship then righted itself, and firefighters returned to their original positions. By the end, more than 1.7 million gallons (6.4 million litres) of water had been poured on the ship from 37 hoses. The fire was extinguished by 5:00 a.m., and the wreckage was allowed to cool for two hours before the recovery of bodies began. Searchers found a gruesome scene inside the burned-out hull. Firefighters reported finding charred, embracing skeletons in the corridors. Some deceased passengers were found still in their beds. Many skeletons were almost completely incinerated, resulting in forensic dentistry being reportedly used to identify remains for the first time. Glass had melted from every window, and even steel fittings had warped and twisted from the heat. Every stairwell had been completely destroyed, save for one near the bow. ==Aftermath== The death toll from the disaster was never precisely determined. Estimates range anywhere from 118 to 139 deaths. Most died from either suffocation or burns. Some died from being trampled or from leaping off the upper decks onto the pier. Only one person drowned. To the anger of many, all 118 of those initially killed were passengers. (One crewmember, Louisa Dustin, later died of her injuries; she was the only Canadian victim, and the 119th fatality.) An inquiry was formed by the House of Commons to investigate the accident. The fire was determined to have started in the linen closet on C deck, but the cause was never discovered. It was deemed likely that a cigarette was carelessly dropped by a member of the laundry staff. Company officials suspected arson. The high death toll was blamed largely on the ineptitude and cowardice of the crew, too few of whom were on duty at the time the fire began and none of whom attempted to wake the passengers. Also, many crew members fled the ship at the first alarm, and no member of the crew ever called the fire department. Passengers had never been informed of evacuation routes or procedures. The design and construction of the 36-year-old ship were also found to be at fault; the interiors had been lined with oiled wood instead of fireproof material, exits were only located on one deck instead of all five, and none of the ship's fire extinguishers were in working order. Captain Taylor was hailed as a hero in the weeks after the fire. During the fire, he broke windows, pulling trapped passengers from their rooms, and was among the last of the crew to leave the vessel. However, the Canadian Department of Transport inquiry into the disaster blamed both Taylor and Canada Steamship Lines for failing to take adequate precautions against fire, and ordered Taylor's master's certificate suspended for one year. A witness made an accusation that Taylor had been under the influence of alcohol during the fire; Taylor denied this, and other witnesses testified that he was behaving normally. Noronic, which settled to the bottom in shallow water, was partially taken apart at the scene. The upper decks were cut away, and the hull was re-floated on November 29, 1949. It was towed to Hamilton, Ontario, where it was scrapped. Her sister ship, the smaller Huronic, was retired and scrapped in 1950. By 1967, Canada Steamship Lines phased out its remaining passenger ships from the fleet due to new international regulations relating to ships containing wood and other flammable materials.Tales of Tragedy and Triumph: Canadian Shipwrecks, a virtual museum exhibition at Library and Archives Canada Civil lawsuits for Noronic were settled for just over C$2 million. Noronics whistle is displayed in a nautical museum on Toronto's Waterfront. The Ontario Heritage Foundation placed a plaque near the site of the disaster on its 50th anniversary. The hull of , Toronto's wooden-hulled fireboat, was damaged by the fire's extreme heat, triggering city council to seek to replace her with a more powerful, modern, steel-hulled vessel. ==References== ==External links== * Category:1913 ships Category:Ships built in Thunder Bay Category:Steamships of Canada Category:Shipwrecks of Lake Ontario Category:Ship fires Category:Great Lakes ships Category:Maritime incidents in 1949 Category:History of Toronto Category:Disasters in Ontario Category:Arson in Canada Category:Canada Steamship Lines Category:September 1949 events in North America Category:1940s fires in North America Category:1949 fires Category:20th-century fires in Canada	['Canada Steamship Lines', 'Western Dry Dock and Shipbuilding Company', 'Port Arthur, Ontario', 'Toronto Harbour', 'Grand Trunk Railway', 'Charles Melville Hays', 'Titanic', 'Ontario', 'Great Lakes', 'Queen of the Lakes', 'Detroit', 'Michigan', 'Cleveland', 'Ohio', 'Thousand Islands', 'Sarnia', 'Pier', 'First Mate', 'Fireboat', 'Toronto Fire Department', 'Ontario Heritage Foundation', 'Toronto']	['Q1024380', 'Q7987797', 'Q7230482', 'Q7826399', 'Q2645718', 'Q510566', 'Q25173', 'Q1904', 'Q7347', 'Q7270653', 'Q12439', 'Q1166', 'Q37320', 'Q1397', 'Q1050549', 'Q34106', 'Q863454', 'Q1436517', 'Q1190275', 'Q2444356', 'Q3071478', 'Q172']	[[(2151, 2173), (10555, 10577), (11193, 11215), (12248, 12270)], [(2105, 2146)], [(2062, 2082)], [(71, 86), (3622, 3637)], [(305, 324)], [(989, 1010)], [(1857, 1864)], [(234, 241), (2075, 2082), (3127, 3134), (3308, 3315), (11080, 11087), (11630, 11637), (12065, 12072), (12206, 12213)], [(2230, 2241), (12102, 12113)], [(2534, 2552)], [(3140, 3147), (3192, 3199)], [(3149, 3157)], [(3239, 3248)], [(3250, 3254)], [(3325, 3341)], [(3362, 3368)], [(3612, 3616)], [(4659, 4669)], [(5910, 5918)], [(6293, 6316)], [(11630, 11657)], [(71, 78), (3622, 3629), (5451, 5458), (6065, 6072), (6293, 6300), (11604, 11611), (11743, 11750), (12176, 12183)]]
wXw, WXW, WxW, wxw, or variant may refer to: ;wXw * Westside Xtreme Wrestling a German professional wrestling promotion ;WXW * World Xtreme Wrestling an American professional wrestling promotion * Waswo X Waswo an American Photographer ;wxw * ISO 639-3 code wxw, which denotes Wardandi, a dialect of the Nyungar language ;WxW * world versus world, aka "WvW", a game mode, see Guild Wars 2	['Westside Xtreme Wrestling', 'World Xtreme Wrestling', 'Waswo X Waswo', 'Nyungar language', 'Guild Wars 2']	['Q822653', 'Q8036538', 'Q7972900', 'Q7049771', 'Q484907']	[[(52, 77)], [(127, 149)], [(197, 210)], [(304, 320)], [(376, 388)]]
Bruichladdich distillery ( ; ) is a distillery on the Rhinns of the isle of Islay in Scotland. The distillery produces mainly single malt Scotch whisky, but has also offered artisanal gin. It is owned by Rémy Cointreau and is one of nine working distilleries on the island. The name Bruichladdich is an anglicisation of Bruthach a' Chladaich, Scottish Gaelic for Brae of the Shore. ==History== Bruichladdich was built in 1881 by the Harvey brothers--William (32), John (31) and Robert (23)--on the shore of Loch Indaal, on the Rinns of Islay, the westernmost part of the island. The Harveys were a dynastic whisky family that had owned two Glasgow distilleries since 1770. Using an inheritance, the three brothers combined their talents to build a third distillery--Bruichladdich--designed by John, engineered by Robert, and financed by William and other family members. At the time, the distillery was a state-of-the-art design unlike Islay's older distilleries, which had developed from old farm buildings. It was built from stone from the sea shore and has a very efficient layout, built around a large, spacious courtyard. The uniquely tall and narrow-necked stills were chosen to produce a very pure and original spirit, the opposite of the styles produced by the older farm distilleries. Bruichladdich was run by William Harvey, after a quarrel with his brothers before the distillery was even completed, until a fire on 8 April 1933 and his death in 1936. It was then owned by Associated Scottish Distilleries Ltd. In 1969 it was sold by Bruichladdich Proprietors Ltd to Invergordon Distillers Ltd. It was then purchased by Whyte and Mackay and in 1994 it was shut down as being 'surplus to requirements'. The distillery was subsequently purchased by a group of private investors led by Mark Reynier of Murray McDavid on 19 December 2000. Jim McEwan, who had worked at Bowmore Distillery since the age of 15, was hired as master distiller and production director. Between January and May 2001 the whole distillery was dismantled and reassembled, with the original Victorian décor and equipment retained. Having escaped modernisation, most of the original Harvey machinery is still in use today. No computers are used in production with all processes controlled by a pool of skilled artisans who pass on information orally and largely measure progress using dipsticks and simple flotation devices. On 23 July 2012, it was announced that Rémy Cointreau reached an agreement with Bruichladdich to buy the distillery for a sum of £58m. In 2023, the distillery ranked fourth in a Cask Connoisseur ranking of the most popular whisky distilleries. ==Today== All the distillery's whiskies are sold as single malts, with those designated Bruichladdich being unpeated, those designated Port Charlotte being heavily peated and those designated Octomore being super-heavily peated. Octomore is considered to be 'the most heavily peated single malt whisky in the world'. The distillery moved to full production in 2013. All barley used is exclusively Scottish, some of which has been grown on Islay since 2004. The provenance of the barley used is extremely important philosophically and this is increasingly reflected in the marketing and presentation of the product range. Individual farms, farmers and even the fields in which the grain is grown, are identified on the packaging where possible. The distillery's commitment to Islay has resulted in the creation of an island-based management and administrative system, including the construction of the island's only commercially scaled bottling hall. The company is the largest private employer on Islay with around sixty jobs on the island. In 2003, Bruichladdich launched its "Links Series": 1 St Andrew's - Old Course Bourbon + Refill Spanish Oak finished 2 Augusta 14-year; Bourbon 3 Royal Troon 14-year; Bourbon + Port and Pedro Ximénez Casks finished 4 Turnberry 14-year; Bourbon 5 Royal Liverpool - Hoylake 14-year; Bourbon + Riversaltes Red Grenache finished 6 K Club 14-year; Bourbon + Guigal Cote Rotie and Hermitage Rouge wine casks finished 7 Carnoustie 14-Year; Bourbon + Château Haut Brion finished 8 Torrey Pines 15-year; Bourbon + Château Latour Bordeaux Cask finished 9 Royal Birkdale 15-year; Bourbon 10 Valhalla 14-year; Bourbon + Climens Barsac finished 11 The Vancouver Club 16-year; Bourbon + Château Haut Brion finished 12 Glencoe Golf & CC (Calgary, AB) 18-year; Bourbon 50cl #1 St Andrew's - Swilcan Bridge NAS; Bourbon (Peated) 50cl #2 St Andrew's - Swilcan Burn 16-year; Bourbon (Peated) From 2009, Bruichladdich was distributed in the UK by Blavod Wines and Spirits plc. In 2013 it set up its own UK distribution company Bruichladdich UK Distribution Ltd, which is based in Glasgow. In 2011, the distillery started production of gin, The Botanist. ==Victorian equipment== The distillery still uses the original 'open' 7-tonne "mashtun"—the only one on the island, and one of only a handful still in existence. There are six wooden washbacks made from Douglas Fir (sometimes called Oregon Pine), together, 210,000 litres. There are two "wash stills" (together 23,000 litres), two unusually tall (6 metre) and narrow-necked (0.9m) "spirit stills" (together 21,000 litres). Annual output is currently 1.5 million ola's, which is considered close to current capacity. Much of the equipment in use is the original Victorian equipment. The process is gravity fed and no computers are used in production, apart from in the offices clerically and to run a series of eight webcams. These webcams were the focus of an intelligence operation by the (American) Defense Threat Reduction Agency, when the distillery's antique distilling equipment was mistaken for that purportedly used for Iraq's elusive chemical weapons. This story has roots in an e-mail sent by an American agent to the distillery when one of the webcams had broken. A limited run of commemorative WMD bottles were released in honour of the story, while a second WMD bottling, Yellow Submarine, was issued when an Islay fisherman found a MoD submarine ROV, and a minor farcical affair ensued. In 2010 the last authentic Lomond still (recovered during the demolition of Inverleven distillery in Dumbarton) was installed at Bruichladdich and, following modifications by Master Distiller Jim McEwan, was added to their still room in order to create a smoother new make spirit, this addition commenced the distillation of ‘The Botanist’ Islay dry gin in 2011 . Bruichladdich has five pot stills, two wash stills with about 12,000 litres volume and two spirit stills with about 11,000 litres volume. The pot stills at Bruichladdich are very pear-shaped and tall. The Lomond still is an adjustable still so the amount of reflux can be adjusted through different setups of the neck and the lyne arm. ==Gallery== Image:Distillery-view.jpg\| Image:Distilleryview2.jpg\| Image:Bruichladdichcask.jpg\| Image:Octomore Masterclass.jpg\|Octomore Masterclass ==In popular culture== In the 1990 BBC television production of the political thriller House of Cards, Chief Whip Francis Urquhart offers reporter Mattie Storin a glass of Bruichladdich when she arrives for an interview, remarking, "Bruichladdich, if you know your malts." In the 2010 film Morning Glory, Harrison Ford's character Mike Pomeroy drinks Bruichladdich. In the 2011 film Carnage, directed by Roman Polanski, the two couples share a bottle of 18-year-old Bruichladdich. It was featured in an episode of the BBC2 series Oz and James Drink to Britain, in which they were given a tour of the distillery and allowed to try some of the prized 'X4', quadruple-distilled Perilous Whisky, of which Martin Martin wrote in 1695 "the first taste affects all the members of the body; two spoonfuls of this last liquor is a sufficient dose; and if any man exceed this, it would presently stop his breath, and endanger his life. The BBC presenters used the ultra pure spirit to run a Radical racing car. In The Gone-Away World by Nick Harkaway, Freeman ibn Solomon, the Ambassador representing the rebel guerrilla, Zaher Bey, drinks Bruichladdich single malt when he meets with the activist students at their campus bar hangout. In the 2018 documentary Scotch: A Golden Dream both Jim McEwan and the Bruichladdich Distillery are featured at length. The documentary covers McEwan's background, the scotch distilling process, history of how scotch came to be, and the revitalization of the Bruichladdich distillery. Beginning in 2009 with a 15 year old bottle, the large "Mulligans" men's golf group that plays at Indian Ridge Country Club in Palm Desert, California, award a single 1.5 ounce shot of Bruichladdich each year to the overall winner of their season-long competition for the Mulligan Cup. ==See also== Islay whisky * Whisky * Scotch whisky * List of whisky brands * List of distilleries in Scotland ==References== ===Notes=== ===Further reading=== * * == External links == * Official Bruichladdich Whisky Range Official Bruichladdich News *Distillery Web Cams Category:Distilleries in Scotland Category:Scottish brands Category:Whisky distilleries in Islay Category:1881 establishments in Scotland Category:Food and drink companies established in 1881 Category:British companies established in 1881 Category:2012 mergers and acquisitions	['Islay', 'Scotland', 'Scotch whisky', 'Rémy Cointreau', 'Scottish Gaelic', 'Brae', 'Loch Indaal', 'Murray McDavid', 'Defense Threat Reduction Agency', 'Iraq', 'Lomond still', 'Francis Urquhart', 'Mattie Storin', 'Harrison Ford', 'Roman Polanski', 'Oz and James Drink to Britain', 'Martin Martin', 'The Gone-Away World', 'Nick Harkaway', 'Islay whisky', 'Whisky', 'List of whisky brands']	['Q273', 'Q22', 'Q382947', 'Q1345059', 'Q9314', 'Q1010066', 'Q1377930', 'Q6939370', 'Q749381', 'Q796', 'Q6669529', 'Q3750951', 'Q6573572', 'Q81328', 'Q51552', 'Q7116430', 'Q3295537', 'Q1218360', 'Q1985398', 'Q902887', 'Q281', 'Q3764535']	[[(76, 81), (536, 541), (936, 941), (3087, 3092), (3423, 3428), (3645, 3650), (6059, 6064), (6478, 6483), (8804, 8809), (9155, 9160)], [(85, 93), (8892, 8900), (9089, 9097), (9193, 9201)], [(138, 151), (8828, 8841)], [(204, 218), (2443, 2457)], [(343, 358)], [(363, 367)], [(507, 518)], [(1810, 1824)], [(5638, 5669)], [(5765, 5769)], [(6165, 6177), (6707, 6719)], [(7100, 7116)], [(7133, 7146)], [(7292, 7305)], [(7392, 7406)], [(7519, 7548)], [(7690, 7703)], [(7994, 8013)], [(8017, 8030)], [(8804, 8816)], [(7673, 7679), (8819, 8825), (9001, 9007), (9132, 9138)], [(8844, 8865)]]
A pantographic knife or paratrooper knife is a folding knife whose blade is opened by a unique scissors method. The blade has a slightly longer tang than a folding knife heel. The handle is symmetrically segmented and articulated to fold away on both sides to grip the longer tang. The manner is similar to a butterfly knife (also called a Balisong knife after its modern place of origin)—with which it is often confused. Unlike the balisong knife handles that swing freely and independently, the pantographic knife uses a pantograph linkage to keep the handles aligned during opening and closing. The mechanism includes a collar that travels up the blade. The pantographic knife is very strong when compared to most other folding knife designs, being joined at several points and along several planes—this increases the force required to break the blade away from the handle. By enclosing the blade on both sides, double edged blades can be used. This knife is also known as a paratrooper knife, although it was never issued as such to Airborne forces. It may have gotten this name because it resembles an OTF gravity knife which was used by German paratroopers. ==History== Examples of pantographic knives with patent markings D.R.G.M. (Deutsches Reich Gebrauchsmuster) indicate production in Germany during the war, but do not imply military issue. Although this design predates World War II, records of German paratroopers having genuinely been issued pantographic knives have not surfaced. To complicate identification, samples made with German army markings (brass handles with text in English language) seem to be post-war (1948) marketing attempts capitalizing on the term paratrooper. ==Function== In this illustration: * Figure A shows the closed knife, with blade retracted. * Figure B shows the pantographic legs opening. The collar is shown sliding down the blade. * Figure C shows the blade almost extended. * And finally, Figure D shows the pantographic legs folded together, making a handle that is half as long as when the knife was closed. ==References== Category:Pocket knives	['Airborne forces']	['Q864306']	[[(1037, 1052)]]
Alvarães may refer to: * Alvarães, Amazonas * Alvarães (Viana do Castelo), a parish in Portugal	['Alvarães, Amazonas']	['Q1808573']	[[(25, 43)]]
The Basilidians or Basilideans were a Gnostic sect founded by Basilides of Alexandria in the 2nd century. Basilides claimed to have been taught his doctrines by Glaucus, a disciple of St. Peter, though others stated he was a disciple of the Simonian Menander. Basilides enjoined on his followers, like Pythagoras, a silence of five years. They kept the anniversary of the day of the baptism of Jesus as a feast dayClement, Stromata. i. 21 § 18 and spent the eve of it in reading. Basilides also instructed his followers not to scruple eating things offered to idols. The sect had three grades – material, intellectual and spiritual – and possessed two allegorical statues, male and female. The sect's doctrines were often similar to those of the Ophites and later Jewish Kabbalah. Basilidianism survived until the end of the 4th century as Epiphanius knew of Basilidians living in the Nile Delta. It was however almost exclusively limited to Egypt, though according to Sulpicius Severus it seems to have found an entrance into Spain through a certain Mark from Memphis. St. Jerome states that the Priscillianists were infected with it. == Cosmogony of Hippolytus == The descriptions of the Basilidian system given by our chief informants, Irenaeus (Adversus Haereses) and Hippolytus (Philosophumena), are so strongly divergent that they seem to many quite irreconcilable. According to Hippolytus, Basilides was apparently a pantheistic evolutionist; and according to Irenaeus, a dualist and an emanationist. Historians such as Philip Shaff have the opinion that "Irenaeus described a form of Basilidianism which was not the original, but a later corruption of the system. On the other hand, Clement of Alexandria surely, and Hippolytus, in the fuller account of his Philosophumena, probably drew their knowledge of the system directly from Basilides' own work, the Exegetica, and hence represent the form of doctrine taught by Basilides himself".Nicene and Post-Nicene Fathers, Second Series page 178, note 7. The fundamental theme of the Basilidian system is the question concerning the origin of evil and how to overcome it.Epiphanius, Haer. xxiv. 6 A cosmographical feature common to many forms of Gnosticism is the idea that the Logos Spermatikos is scattered into the sensible cosmos, where it is the duty of the Gnostics, by whatever means, to recollect these scattered seed-members of the Logos and return them to their proper places (cf. the Gospel of Eve). "Their whole system," says Clement, "is a confusion of the Panspermia (All-seed) with the Phylokrinesis (Difference-in-kind) and the return of things thus confused to their own places." ===Creation=== According to Hippolytus, Basilides asserted the beginning of all things to have been pure nothing. He uses every device of language to express absolute nonentity.Hippolytus, Philosophumena vii. 20. Nothing then being in existence, "not-being God" willed to make a not-being world out of not-being things. This not-being world was only "a single seed containing within itself all the seed-mass of the world," as the mustard seed contains the branches and leaves of the tree.Hippolytus, Philosophumena vii. 21. Within this seed-mass were three parts, or sonships, and were consubstantial with the not-being God. This was the one origin of all future growths; these future growths did not use pre-existing matter, but rather these future growths came into being out of nothing by the voice of the not- being God. ====First sonship==== Part subtle of substance. The first part of the seed-mass burst through and ascended to the not-being God. ====Second sonship==== Part coarse of substance. The second part of the seed-mass to burst forth could not mount up of itself, but it took to itself as a wing of the Holy Spirit, each bearing up the other with mutual benefit. But when it came near the place of the first part of the seed-mass and the not-being God, it could take the Holy Spirit no further, it not being consubstantial with the Holy Spirit. There the Holy Spirit remained, as a firmament dividing things above the world from the world itself below.Hippolytus, Philosophumena vii. 22. ====Third sonship and the Great Archon==== Part needing purification. From the third part of the seed-mass burst forth into being the Great Archon, "the head of the world, a beauty and greatness and power that cannot be uttered." He too ascended until he reached the firmament which he supposed to be the upward end of all things. There he "made to himself and begat out of the things below a son far better and wiser than himself". Then he became wiser and every way better than all other cosmical things except the seed-mass left below. Smitten with wonder at his son's beauty, he set him at his right hand. "This is what they call the Ogdoad, where the Great Archon is sitting." Then all the heavenly or ethereal creation, as far down as the moon, was made by the Great Archon, inspired by his wiser son.Hippolytus, Philosophumena vii. 23. Another Archon arose out of the seed-mass, inferior to the first Archon, but superior to all else below except the seed-mass; and he likewise made to himself a son wiser than himself, and became the creator and governor of the aerial world. This region is called the Hebdomad. On the other hand, all these events occurred according to the plan of the not-being God.Hippolytus, Philosophumena vii. 24. ===Gospel=== The Basilidians believed in a very different gospel than orthodox Christians. Hippolytus summed up the Basilidians' gospel by saying: "According to them the Gospel is the knowledge of things above the world, which knowledge the Great Archon understood not: when then it was shewn to him that there exists the Holy Spirit, and the [three parts of the seed-mass] and a God Who is the author of all these things, even the not-being One, he rejoiced at what was told him, and was exceeding glad: this is according to them the Gospel." That is, the Basilidians believed from Adam until Moses the Great Archon supposed himself to be God alone, and to have nothing above him. But it was thought to enlighten the Great Archon that there were beings above him, so through the Holy Spirit the Gospel was conveyed to the Great Archon.Hippolytus, Philosophumena vii. 25. First, the son of the Great Archon received the Gospel, and he in turn instructed the Great Archon himself, by whose side he was sitting. Then the Great Archon learned that he was not God of the universe, but had above him yet higher beings; and confessed his sin in having magnified himself.Wisdom to "separate and discern and perfect and restore," Clem. Strom. ii. 448 f. From him the Gospel had next to pass to the Archon of the Hebdomad. The son of the Great Archon delivered the Gospel to the son of the Archon of the Hebdomad. The son of the Archon of the Hebdomad became enlightened, and declared the Gospel to the Archon of the Hebdomad, and he too feared and confessed.Hippolytus, Philosophumena vii. 26. It remained only that the world should be enlightened. The light came down from the Archon of the Hebdomad upon Jesus both at the Annunciation and at the Baptism so that He "was enlightened, being kindled in union with the light that shone on Him". Therefore, by following Jesus, the world is purified and becomes most subtle, so that it can ascend by itself. When every part of the sonship has arrived above the Limitary Spirit, "then the creation shall find mercy, for till now it groans and is tormented and awaits the revelation of the sons of God, that all the men of the sonship may ascend from hence".Hippolytus, Philosophumena vii. 27. When this has come to pass, God will bring upon the whole world the Great Ignorance, that everything may like being the way it is, and that nothing may desire anything contrary to its nature. "And in this wise shall be the Restoration, all things according to nature having been founded in the seed of the universe in the beginning, and being restored at their due seasons."προλελογισμένος: cf. c. 24, s. f.; x. 14. ===Christ=== As for Jesus, other than a different account of the Nativity, the Basilidians believed in the events of Jesus' life as they are described in the Gospels.Hippolytus, "After the Nativity already made known, all incidents concerning the Saviour came to pass according to them [the Basilidians] as they are described in the Gospels." They believed the crucifixion was necessary, because by the destruction of Jesus' body the world could be restored.Hippolytus, "It was necessary that the things confused should be sorted by the division of Jesus. That therefore suffered which was His bodily part, which was of the [world], and it was restored into the [world]; and that rose up which was His psychical part... and it was restored into the Hebdomad; and he raised up that which belonged to the summit where sits the Great Archon, and it abode beside the Great Archon: and He bore up on high that which was of the [Holy] Spirit, and it abode in the [Holy] Spirit; and the third [part of the seed-mass], which had been left behind in [the heap] to give and receive benefits, through Him was purified and mounted up to the [first part of the seed-mass], passing through them all."Hippolytus, "Thus Jesus is become the first fruits of the sorting; and the Passion has come to pass for no other purpose than this, that the things confused might be sorted." ==Ethics== According to Clement of Alexandria, the Basilidians taught faith was a natural gift of understanding bestowed upon the soul before its union with the body and which some possessed and others did not. This gift is a latent force which only manifests its energy through the coming of the Saviour. Sin was not the results of the abuse of free will, but merely the outcome of an inborn evil principle. All suffering is punishment for sin; even when a child suffers, this is the punishment of the inborn evil principle. The persecutions Christians underwent had therefore as sole object the punishment of their sin. All human nature was thus vitiated by the sinful; when hard pressed Basilides would call even Christ a sinful man,Clemens, Strom. iv. 12 § 83, &c.; for God alone was righteous. Clement accuses Basilides of a deification of the Devil, and regards as his two dogmas that of the Devil and that of the transmigration of souls.Clemens, Strom. iv. 12 § 85: cf. v. ii § 75 ==Cosmogony of Irenaeus and Epiphanius== In briefly sketching this version of Basilidianism, which most likely rests on later or corrupt accounts, our authorities are fundamentally two, Irenaeus and the lost early treatise of Hippolytus; both having much in common, and both being interwoven together in the report of Epiphanius. The other relics of the Hippolytean Compendium are the accounts of Philaster (32), and the supplement to Tertullian (4). ===Creation=== At the head of this theology stood the Unbegotten, the Only Father. From Him was born or put forth Nûs, and from Nûs Logos, from Logos Phronesis, from Phronesis Sophia and Dynamis, from Sophia and Dynamis principalities, powers, and angels. This first set of angels first made the first heaven, and then gave birth to a second set of angels who made a second heaven, and so on till 365 heavens had been made by 365 generations of angels, each heaven being apparently ruled by an Archon to whom a name was given, and these names being used in magic arts. The angels of the lowest or visible heaven made the earth and man. They were the authors of the prophecies; and the Law in particular was given by their Archon, the God of the Jews. He being more petulant and wilful than the other angels (ἰταμώτερον καὶ αὐθαδέστερον), in his desire to secure empire for his people, provoked the rebellion of the other angels and their respective peoples. ===Christ=== Then the Unbegotten and Innominable Father, seeing what discord prevailed among men and among angels, and how the Jews were perishing, sent His Firstborn Nûs, Who is Christ, to deliver those Who believed on Him from the power of the makers of the world. "He," the Basilidians said, "is our salvation, even He Who came and revealed to us alone this truth." He accordingly appeared on earth and performed mighty works; but His appearance was only in outward show, and He did not really take flesh. It was Simon of Cyrene that was crucified; for Jesus exchanged forms with him on the way, and then, standing unseen opposite in Simon's form, mocked those who did the deed (this is starkly contradicted by Hippolytus' view of the Basilidians).M Mohar Ali, Quran and the Orientalists, pg 68Ehrman, Bart (2005). Lost Christianities. OUP. p. 188. But He Himself ascended into heaven, passing through all the powers, till He was restored to the presence of His own Father. ===Abrasax=== The two fullest accounts, those of Irenaeus and Epiphanius, add by way of appendix another particular of the antecedent mythology; a short notice on the same subject being likewise inserted parenthetically by Hippolytus.Hippolytus, Philosophumena vii. 26, p. 240: cf. Uhlhorn, D. Basilid. Syst. 65 f. The supreme power and source of being above all principalities and powers and angels (such is evidently the reference of Epiphanius's αὐτῶν: Irenaeus substitutes "heavens," which in this connexion comes to much the same thing) is Abrasax, the Greek letters of whose name added together as numerals make up 365, the number of the heavens; whence, they apparently said, the year has 365 days, and the human body 365 members. This supreme Power they called "the Cause" and "the First Archetype," while they treated as a last or weakest product this present world as the work of the last Archon.Epiph. 74 . It is evident from these particulars that Abrasax was the name of the first of the 365 Archons, and accordingly stood below Sophia and Dynamis and their progenitors; but his position is not expressly stated, so that the writer of the supplement to Tertullian had some excuse for confusing him with "the Supreme God." ==Precepts== On these doctrines, various precepts are said by the Basilidians' opponents to have been founded. ===Antinomianism=== When Philaster (doubtless after Hippolytus) tells us in his first sentence about Basilides that "he violated the laws of Christian truth by making an outward show and discourse concerning the Law and the Prophets and the Apostles, but believing otherwise," the reference is probably revealing an antinomian sentiment among the Basilidians. The Basilidians considered themselves to be no longer Jews, and to have become more than Christians. Repudiation of martyrdom was naturally accompanied by indiscriminate use of things offered to idols. And from there the principle of indifference is said to have been carried so far as to sanction promiscuous immorality. ===Magic=== Among the later followers of Basilides, magic, invocations, "and all other curious arts" played a part. The names of the rulers of the several heavens were handed down as a weighty secret, which was a result of the belief that whoever knew the names of these rulers would after death pass through all the heavens to the supreme God. In accordance with this, Christ also, in the opinion of these followers of Basilides, was in the possession of a mystic name (Caulacau) by the power of which he had descended through all the heavens to Earth, and had then again ascended to the Father. Redemption, accordingly, could be conceived as the revelation of mystic names. Whether Basilides himself had already given this magic tendency to Gnosticism cannot be decided. A reading taken from the inferior MSS. of Irenaeus has added the further statement that they used "images"; and this single word is often cited in corroboration of the popular belief that the numerous ancient gems on which grotesque mythological combinations are accompanied by the mystic name ΑΒΡΑΣΑΞ were of Basilidian origin. It has been shownD. C. B. (4-vol. ed.), art. , where Lardner (Hist. of Heretics, ii. 14-28) should have been named with Beausobre. that there is little tangible evidence for attributing any known gems to Basilidianism or any other form of Gnosticism, and that in all probability the Basilidians and the pagan engravers of gems alike borrowed the name from some Semitic mythology. No attempts of critics to trace correspondences between the mythological personages, and to explain them by supposed condensations or mutilations, have attained even plausibility. ===Martyrdom=== The most distinctive is the discouragement of martyrdom, which was made to rest on several grounds. To confess the Crucified was called a token of being still in bondage to the angels who made the body, and it was condemned especially as a vain honour paid not to Christ, who neither suffered nor was crucified, but to Simon of Cyrene. The contempt for martyrdom, which was perhaps the most notorious characteristic of the Basilidians, would find a ready excuse in their master's speculative paradox about martyrs, even if he did not discourage martyrdom himself. ===Relationship to Judaism=== According to both Hippolytus and Irenaeus, the Basilidians denied that the God of the Jews was the supreme God. According to Hippolytus, the God of the Jews was the Archon of the Hebdomad, which was inferior to the Great Archon, the Holy Spirit, the seed-mass (threefold sonship), and the not-being God. According to Irenaeus, the Basilidians believed the God of the Jews was inferior to the 365 sets of Archons above him, as well as the powers, principalities, Dynamis and Sophia, Phronesis, Logos, Nûs, and finally the Unbegotten Father. ===Resurrection of the body=== Basilidians expected the resurrection of the soul alone, insisting on the natural corruptibility of the body. ===Secrecy=== Their discouragement of martyrdom was one of the secrets which the Basilidians diligently cultivated, following naturally on the supposed possession of a hidden knowledge. Likewise, their other mysteries were to be carefully guarded, and disclosed to "only one out of 1000 and two out of 10,000." The silence of five years which Basilides imposed on novices might easily degenerate into the perilous dissimulation of a secret sect, while their exclusiveness would be nourished by his doctrine of the Election; and the same doctrine might further after a while receive an antinomian interpretation. ==Later Basilidianism== Irenaeus and Epiphanius reproach Basilides with the immorality of his system, and Jerome calls Basilides a master and teacher of debaucheries. It is likely, however, that Basilides was personally free from immorality and that this accusation was true neither of the master nor of some of his followers. However, imperfect and distorted as the picture may be, such was doubtless in substance the creed of Basilidians not half a century after Basilides had written. In this and other respects our accounts may possibly contain exaggerations; but Clement's complaint of the flagrant degeneracy in his time from the high standard set up by Basilides himself is unsuspicious evidence, and a libertine code of ethics would find an easy justification in such maxims as are imputed to the Basilidians. Two misunderstandings have been specially misleading. Abrasax, the chief or Archon of the first set of angels, has been confounded with "the Unbegotten Father," and the God of the Jews, the Archon of the lowest heaven, has been assumed to be the only Archon recognized by the later Basilidians, though EpiphaniusEpiphanius 69 B, C. distinctly implies that each of the 365 heavens had its Archon. The mere name "Archon" is common to most forms of Gnosticism. Basilidianism seems to have stood alone in appropriating Abrasax; but Caulacau plays a part in more than one system, and the functions of the angels recur in various forms of Gnosticism, and especially in that derived from Saturnilus. Saturnilus likewise affords a parallel in the character assigned to the God of the Jews as an angel, and partly in the reason assigned for the Saviour's mission; while the Antitactae of Clement recall the resistance to the God of the Jews inculcated by the Basilidians. Other "Basilidian" features appear in the , viz. many barbaric names of angels (with 365 Archons, p. 364), and elaborate collocations of heavens, and a numerical image taken from (p. 354). The Basilidian Simon of Cyrene apparently appears in the Second Treatise of the Great Seth, where Jesus says: "it was another, Simon, who bore the cross on his shoulder. It was another upon whom they placed the crown of thorns ... And I was laughing at their ignorance." ==History== There is no evidence that the sect extended itself beyond Egypt; but there it survived for a long time. Epiphanius (about 375) mentions the Prosopite, Athribite, Saite, and "Alexandriopolite" (read Andropolite) nomes or cantons, and also Alexandria itself, as the places in which it still throve in his time, and which he accordingly inferred to have been visited by Basilides.Epiphanius, Panarion 68 C. All these places lie on the western side of the Delta, between Memphis and the sea. Nearer the end of the 4th century, Jerome often refers to Basilides in connexion with the hybrid Priscillianism of Spain, and the mystic names in which its votaries delighted. According to Sulpicius SeverusSulpicius Severus, Chron. ii. 46. this heresy took its rise in "the East and Egypt"; but, he adds, it is not easy to say "what the beginnings were out of which it there grew" (quibus ibi initiis coaluerit). He states, however, that it was first brought to Spain by Marcus, a native of Memphis. This fact explains how the name of Basilides and some dregs of his disciples' doctrines or practices found their way to so distant a land as Spain, and at the same time illustrates the probable hybrid origin of the secondary Basilidianism itself. ==Texts== Basilidian works are named for the founder of their school, Basilides (132–? AD). These works are mainly known to us through the criticisms of one of his opponents, Irenaeus in his work Adversus Haereses. The other pieces are known through the work of Clement of Alexandria: * The Octet of Subsistent Entities (Fragment A) * The Uniqueness of the World (Fragment B) * Election Naturally Entails Faith and Virtue (Fragment C) * The State of Virtue (Fragment D) * The Elect Transcend the World (Fragment E) * Reincarnation (Fragment F) * Human Suffering and the Goodness of Providence (Fragment G) * Forgivable Sins (Fragment H) ==Footnotes== ==References== * * * * ==See also== * Fathers of Christian Gnosticism * Gnosticism * History of Gnosticism * List of Gnostic sects Category:Religious organizations established in the 2nd century Category:Gnosticism Category:2nd-century establishments in Egypt Category:2nd century in Egypt Category:Christian organizations established in the 2nd century Category:Denial of the crucifixion of Jesus	['Gnosticism', 'Basilides', 'Alexandria', 'Pythagoras', 'Stromata', 'Ophites', 'Judaism', 'Kabbalah', 'Nile', 'Egypt', 'Sulpicius Severus', 'Spain', 'St. Jerome', 'Priscillianists', 'Irenaeus', 'Philosophumena', 'Logos', 'Gospel of Eve', 'Panspermia', 'Moses', 'Sin', 'Devil', 'Tertullian', 'Simon of Cyrene', 'Abrasax', 'Second Treatise of the Great Seth', 'List of Gnostic sects']	['Q48420', 'Q345277', 'Q87', 'Q10261', 'Q1992415', 'Q1193062', 'Q9268', 'Q123006', 'Q3392', 'Q79', 'Q336704', 'Q29', 'Q44248', 'Q639356', 'Q182123', 'Q966546', 'Q180832', 'Q735090', 'Q188458', 'Q9077', 'Q60227', 'Q6674', 'Q174929', 'Q328739', 'Q207730', 'Q1282590', 'Q6571958']	[[(2201, 2211), (15553, 15563), (16151, 16161), (19639, 19649), (19826, 19836), (22573, 22583), (22586, 22596), (22610, 22620), (22718, 22728)], [(62, 71), (106, 115), (260, 269), (480, 489), (1397, 1406), (1840, 1849), (1927, 1936), (2692, 2701), (10098, 10107), (10223, 10232), (14229, 14238), (14851, 14860), (15230, 15239), (15494, 15503), (18106, 18115), (18432, 18441), (18494, 18503), (18570, 18579), (18840, 18849), (19035, 19044), (20995, 21004), (21174, 21183), (21651, 21660), (21933, 21942)], [(75, 85), (1702, 1712), (9443, 9453), (20866, 20876), (22136, 22146)], [(302, 312)], [(423, 431)], [(746, 753)], [(17071, 17078)], [(771, 779)], [(885, 889)], [(942, 947), (20686, 20691), (21399, 21404), (22768, 22773), (22798, 22803)], [(969, 986), (21305, 21322), (21322, 21339)], [(1027, 1032), (21231, 21236), (21578, 21583), (21757, 21762)], [(1070, 1080)], [(1097, 1112)], [(1239, 1247), (1467, 1475), (1563, 1571), (10411, 10419), (10582, 10590), (12831, 12839), (13238, 13246), (15625, 15633), (17115, 17123), (17399, 17407), (18399, 18407), (22038, 22046)], [(1284, 1298), (1766, 1780), (2841, 2855), (3152, 3166), (4133, 4147), (4976, 4990), (5377, 5391), (6249, 6263), (6963, 6977), (7607, 7621), (13028, 13042)], [(2233, 2238), (2396, 2401), (10979, 10984), (10991, 10996), (17575, 17580)], [(2450, 2463)], [(2525, 2535)], [(5995, 6000)], [(9714, 9717), (22482, 22485)], [(10257, 10262), (10306, 10311)], [(10831, 10841), (13948, 13958)], [(12321, 12336), (16807, 16822), (20360, 20375)], [(12785, 12792), (13327, 13334), (13742, 13749), (19247, 19254), (19708, 19715)], [(20402, 20435)], [(22623, 22644)]]
James Grauerholz (born December 14, 1953) is a writer and editor. He is the bibliographer and literary executor of the estate of William S. Burroughs. ==Life and career== Grauerholz was born in Coffeyville, Kansas and attended the University of Kansas for a year before dropping out and traveling to New York City. By his own admission, he was fascinated with Beat Generation literature and authors. Grauerholz became acquainted with Burroughs in the 1970s while befriending Allen Ginsberg in New York City. Ginsberg recommended Grauerholz to Burroughs as a possible assistant and their working relationship began in this simple manner, yet grew to be a major factor in the popularization of Burroughs and his works. Grauerholz became Burroughs's friend and business manager until the author's death in 1997. Grauerholz helped edit a trilogy of novels: Cities of the Red Night (1981), The Place of Dead Roads (1985) and The Western Lands (1987). He acted as Burroughs's business manager, spearheading reading tours in the 1980s and 1990s, and wrote editorial copy for Interzone, a compilation of stories. He quit working for Burroughs and returned to Kansas in the early 1980s, and this quickly led Burroughs to relocate to the Midwestern university town of Lawrence, Kansas, to work more closely with Grauerholz again. Up until Burroughs' death in 1997, Grauerholz supported him, getting him reading engagements, commercial advertisements (Nike shoes), and parts in films (Drugstore Cowboy), as well as recording Burroughs' readings. He looked after Burroughs's physical needs as well, taking him to a methadone clinic in Kansas City weekly, as well as providing him with companionship and acting as a kind of social secretary to the many people that came to Kansas to meet Burroughs . Grauerholz wrote biographical sketches to a Burroughs reader Word Virus, and edited a posthumous release of Burroughs diaries Last Words: The Final Journals of William S. Burroughs. Grauerholz worked on a full-length biography on Burroughs, but reportedly handed his writings and other material in the project to Barry Miles in March 2010. The book, "Call Me Burroughs: A Life", was published in 2014, with Miles as the sole author. == Works as editor or co-editor of William Burroughs== Cities of the Red Night, 1981 The Place of Dead Roads, 1985 The Western Lands, 1987 My Education: A Book of Dreams, 1995 Interzone, 1985 Last Words: The Final Journals of William S. Burroughs, 2000 ;Audio productions Naked Lunch (Warner, 1995) Let Me Hang You (Khannibalism, 2016) both recordings produced by Grauerholz and Hal Wilner with music by Wayne Horvitz, Bill Frisell and Eyvind Kang == Works as author == Grauerholz, James and Ira Silverberg. (2000) Word Virus: The William S. Burroughs Reader. Grove Press. (Editor and author of biographical sketches preceding each chapter). Grauerholz, James. The Death of Joan Vollmer Burroughs: What Really Happened?. American Studies Department, University of Kansas. Online. ==References== == External links == Shooting Joan Burroughs at Beats in Kansas. William Burroughs and James Grauerholz, his editor, heir and adopted son, at Burroughs' Lawrence, KS home in 1997, the last year of Burroughs' life. Author Barry Miles recalls relationships with Beatles, Burroughs and Swinging London March 2010 Category:1953 births Category:Living people Category:Beat Generation people Category:People from Coffeyville, Kansas Category:William S. Burroughs Category:American book editors	['William S. Burroughs', 'Coffeyville, Kansas', 'University of Kansas', 'Beat Generation', 'Allen Ginsberg', 'Cities of the Red Night', 'The Place of Dead Roads', 'The Western Lands', 'Lawrence, Kansas', 'Drugstore Cowboy', 'Barry Miles', 'My Education: A Book of Dreams', 'Hal Wilner', 'Wayne Horvitz', 'Bill Frisell', 'Eyvind Kang', 'Ira Silverberg', 'Grove Press']	['Q188176', 'Q996804', 'Q52413', 'Q213457', 'Q6711', 'Q3828621', 'Q4381577', 'Q4186529', 'Q493840', 'Q1261193', 'Q809078', 'Q4305489', 'Q447509', 'Q2553084', 'Q434968', 'Q703976', 'Q6066239', 'Q3777164']	[[(129, 149), (1947, 1967), (2452, 2472), (2760, 2780), (3463, 3483)], [(194, 213), (3434, 3453)], [(231, 251), (2980, 3000)], [(360, 375), (3390, 3405)], [(475, 489)], [(853, 876), (2276, 2299)], [(885, 908), (2307, 2330)], [(920, 937), (2338, 2355)], [(1258, 1274)], [(1474, 1490)], [(2100, 2111), (3248, 3259)], [(2363, 2393)], [(2607, 2617)], [(2632, 2645)], [(2647, 2659)], [(2664, 2675)], [(2721, 2735)], [(2789, 2800)]]
SunView (Sun Visual/Integrated Environment for Workstations) is a discontinued user interface toolkit and windowing system from Sun Microsystems, launched in 1985, and included as part of its Unix implementation, starting with SunOS Release 3.0. Sun had introduced support in 1983 for a window-based environment known as the Sun Window System, providing the Sunwindows (or SunWindows) window manager and Suntools (or SunTools) user interface toolkit. SunWindows was one of the first widely used Unix window systems and, unlike later Unix windowing systems, relied on dedicated support in the system kernel, albeit limited to window hierarchy management and therefore being less invasive than other early window system implementations. In SunWindows, graphics device operations were performed by applications and not in the kernel. SunView was introduced as an object-oriented toolkit layer on top of the SunWindows platform to address the increasing complexity of the underlying system and to facilitate the development of user interfaces. SunView ran on Sun's desktop and deskside workstations, providing an interactive graphical environment for technical computing, document publishing, medical, and other applications of the 1980s, on high resolution monochrome, greyscale and color displays. ==Bundled productivity applications == SunView includes a full suite of productivity applications, including an email reader, calendaring tool, text editor, clock, preferences, and menu management interface (all GUIs). The idea of shipping such clients and the associated server software with the base OS was several years ahead of the rest of the industry. Sun's original SunView application suite was later ported to X, featuring the OPEN LOOK look and feel. Known as the DeskSet productivity tool set, this was one distinguishing element of Sun's OpenWindows desktop environment. The DeskSet tools became a unifying element at the end of the Unix wars, where the open systems industry was embroiled in a battle which would last for years. As part of the COSE initiative, it was decided that Sun's bundled applications would be ported yet again, this time to the Motif widget toolkit, and the result would be part of CDE. This became the standard for a time across all open systems vendors. The full suite of group productivity applications that Sun had bundled with the desktop workstations turned out to be a significant legacy of SunView. While the underlying windowing infrastructure changed, protocols changed, and windowing systems changed, the Sun applications remained largely the same, maintaining interoperability with previous implementations. ==Successors== SunView was intended to be superseded by NeWS, a more sophisticated window system based on PostScript; however, the actual successor turned out to be OpenWindows, whose window server supported SunView, NeWS and the X Window System. Support for the display of SunView programs was phased out after Solaris 2.2. Sun provided a toolkit for X called XView, with an API similar to that of SunView, simplifying the transition for developers between the two environments. Sun later announced its migration to the GNOME desktop environment from CDE, marking the end of Sun's 20-year-plus history of using the SunView/DeskSet code base. CDE, including the DeskSet components it used, was open sourced in 2012. ==References== Category:Sun Microsystems software Category:Windowing systems Category:Widget toolkits	['SunOS', 'Sun Microsystems', 'Unix', 'GUI', 'X Window System', 'OPEN LOOK', 'OpenWindows', 'Unix wars', 'NeWS', 'PostScript', 'XView', 'GNOME']	['Q1208460', 'Q14647', 'Q11368', 'Q782543', 'Q178481', 'Q3371970', 'Q2497482', 'Q734476', 'Q1582628', 'Q218170', 'Q648697', 'Q44316']	[[(227, 232)], [(128, 144), (3393, 3409)], [(192, 196), (495, 499), (533, 537), (1941, 1945)], [(1508, 1511)], [(2883, 2898)], [(1732, 1741)], [(1846, 1857), (2818, 2829)], [(1941, 1950)], [(2709, 2713), (2870, 2874)], [(2759, 2769)], [(3014, 3019)], [(3174, 3179)]]
The Grumman HU-16 Albatross is a large, twin–radial engined amphibious seaplane that was used by the United States Air Force (USAF), the U.S. Navy (USN), and the U.S. Coast Guard (USCG), primarily as a search and rescue (SAR) aircraft. Originally designated as the SA-16 for the USAF and the JR2F-1 and UF-1 for the USN and USCG, it was redesignated as the HU-16 in 1962. A new build G-111T Albatross with modern avionics and engines was proposed in 2021 with production in Australia to commence in 2025. ==Design and development== An improvement of the design of the Grumman Mallard, the Albatross was developed to land in open-ocean situations to accomplish rescues. Its deep-V hull cross-section and keel length enable it to land in the open sea. The Albatross was designed for optimal seas, and could land in more severe conditions, but required JATO (jet-assisted takeoff, or simply booster rockets) for takeoff in seas or greater. ==Operational history== Most Albatrosses were used by the U.S. Air Force (USAF), primarily in the search and rescue (SAR) mission role, and initially designated as SA-16. The USAF used the SA-16 extensively in Korea for combat rescue, where it gained a reputation as a rugged and seaworthy craft. Later, the redesignated HU-16B (long-wing variant) Albatross was used by the USAF's Aerospace Rescue and Recovery Service and saw extensive combat service during the Vietnam War. In addition, a small number of Air National Guard air commando groups were equipped with HU-16s for covert infiltration and extraction of special forces from 1956 to 1971. Other examples of the HU-16 made their way into Air Force Reserve rescue and recovery units prior to its retirement from USAF service. The U.S. Navy also employed the HU-16C/D Albatross as an SAR aircraft from coastal naval air stations, both stateside and overseas. It was also employed as an operational support aircraft worldwide and for missions from the former Naval Air Station Agana, Guam, during the Vietnam War. Goodwill flights were also common to the surrounding Trust Territory of the Pacific Islands in the early 1970s. Open-water landings and water takeoff training using JATO was also conducted frequently by U.S. Navy HU-16s from locations such as NAS Agana, Guam; Naval Station Guantanamo Bay, Cuba; NAS Barbers Point, Hawaii; NAS North Island, California, NAS Key West, Florida; NAS Jacksonville, Florida, and NAS Pensacola, Florida, among other locations. The HU-16 was also operated by the U.S. Coast Guard as both a coastal and long-range open-ocean SAR aircraft for many years until it was supplanted by the HU-25 Guardian and HC-130 Hercules. The final USAF HU-16 flight was the delivery of AF Serial No. 51-5282 to the National Museum of the United States Air Force at Wright- Patterson AFB, Ohio, in July 1973 after setting an altitude record of 32,883 ft earlier in the month. The final US Navy HU-16 flight was made 13 August 1976, when an Albatross was delivered to the National Museum of Naval Aviation at NAS Pensacola, Florida. The final USCG HU-16 flight was at CGAS Cape Cod in March 1983, when the aircraft type was retired by the USCG. The Albatross continued to be used in the military service of other countries, the last being retired by the Hellenic Navy (Greece) in 1995. The Royal Canadian Air Force operated Grumman Albatrosses with the designation "CSR-110". ===Civil operations=== thumb\|right\|Chalk's International Airlines Albatross arriving in Miami Harbor from Nassau, Bahamas, in 1987 In the mid-1960s the U.S. Department of the Interior acquired three military Grumman HU-16s from the U.S. Navy and established the Trust Territory Airlines in the Pacific to serve the islands of Micronesia. Pan American World Airways and finally Continental Airlines' Air Micronesia operated the Albatrosses serving Yap, Palau, Chuuk (Truk), and Pohnpei from Guam until 1970, when adequate island runways were built, allowing land operations. Many surplus Albatrosses were sold to civilian operators, mostly to private owners. These aircraft are operated under either Experimental-Exhibition or Restricted category and cannot be used for commercial operations, except under very limited conditions. In the early 1980s, Chalk's International Airlines owned by Merv Griffin's Resorts International had 13 Albatrosses converted to Standard category as G-111s. This made them eligible to be used in scheduled airline operations. These aircraft had extensive modification from the standard military configuration, including rebuilt wings with titanium wing spar caps, additional doors and modifications to existing doors and hatches, stainless steel engine oil tanks, dual engine fire extinguishing systems on each engine, and propeller auto feather systems installed. The G-111s were operated for only a few years and then put in storage in Arizona. Most are still parked there, but some have been returned to regular flight operations with private operators. Satellite technology company Row 44 bought an HU-16B Albatross (registration N44HQ) in 2008 to test its in-flight satellite broadband internet service. Named Albatross One, the company selected the aircraft for its operations because it has the same curvature atop its fuselage as the Boeing 737 aircraft for which the company manufactures its equipment. The plane purchased by Row 44 was used at one time as a training aircraft for space shuttle astronauts by NASA. It features the autographs of the astronauts who trained aboard the plane on one of the cabin walls. In 1997, a Grumman Albatross (N44RD), piloted by Reid Dennis and Andy Macfie, became the first Albatross to circumnavigate the globe. The 26,347 nmi flight around the world lasted 73 days, included 38 stops in 21 countries, and was completed with 190 hours of flight time. In 2013 Reid Dennis donated N44RD to the Hiller Aviation Museum. Since the aircraft weighs over 12,500 pounds, pilots of civilian US-registered Albatross aircraft must have a type rating. A yearly Albatross fly-in is held at Boulder City, Nevada, where Albatross pilots can become type rated. ===Proposed new build=== Amphibian Aerospace Industries in Darwin, Australia, acquired the type certificate and announced in December 2021 that it planned to commence manufacturing a new version of the Albatross from 2025. Dubbed the G-111T, it would have modern avionics and Pratt & Whitney PT6A-67F turboprop engines, with variants for passengers, freight, search and rescue, coastal surveillance, and aeromedical evacuation. ==Variants== XJR2F-1 - Prototype designation, two built HU-16A (originally SA-16A) - USAF version HU-16A (originally UF-1) - Indonesian version HU-16B (originally SA-16B) - USAF version (modified with long wing) SHU-16B (modified HU-16B for Anti-Submarine Warfare) - export version, featured an AN/APS-88 in the nose and MAD boom in the tail HU-16C (originally UF-1) - US Navy version LU-16C (originally UF-1L) - US Navy version TU-16C (originally UF-1T) - US Navy version HU-16D (originally UF-1) - US Navy version (modified with long wing) HU-16D (originally UF-2) - German version (built with long wing) HU-16E (originally UF-2G) - US Coast Guard version (modified with long wing) HU-16E (originally SA-16A) - USAF version (modified with long wing) G-111 (originally SA-16A) - civil airline version derived from USAF, JASDF, and German originals CSR-110 - RCAF version G-111T - proposed new builds with modern avionics and turboprop engines. ==Operators== ; Argentine Air Force - 3 aircraft. Argentine Naval Aviation - 4 aircraft.Núñez Padin, Jorge Felix (2009). ; Brazilian Air Force ; * International Test Pilots School Royal Canadian Air Force ; Chilean Air Force ; Republic of China Air Force ; German Navy ; * Hellenic Air Force ; Indonesian Navy Indonesian Air Force Airfast Indonesia Dirgantara Air Service Pelita Air ; Italian Air Force ; * Japan Maritime Self-Defense Force ; Royal Malaysian Air Force ; Mexican Navy ; * Royal Norwegian Air Force ; * Pakistan Air Force ; Peruvian Air Force ; Philippine Air Force ; Portuguese Air Force ; Spanish Air Force ; * Royal Thai Navy ; * United States Air Force * United States Coast Guard * United States Navy ==Aircraft on display== ;;HU-16A AF Ser. No. 51-0006 - Strategic Air and Space Museum in Ashland, Nebraska AF Ser. No. 51-0022 - Pima Air and Space Museum adjacent to Davis-Monthan AFB in Tucson, Arizona AF Ser. No. 51-7144 - Museum of Aviation, Robins AFB, Georgia AF Ser. No. 51-7163 - Castle Air Museum adjacent to the former Castle AFB, Atwater, California AF Ser. No. 51-7176 - Coast Guard Air Station Clearwater, Florida: It was previously at the Pate Museum of Transportation in Cresson, Texas, until its disassembly and relocation to CGAS Clearwater for restoration. It is currently marked as USCG 1023. AF Ser. No. 51-7193 - Maryland Air National Guard Museum, Warfield Air National Guard Base, Baltimore, Maryland AF Ser. No. 51-7195 - Yanks Air Museum, Chino, California MM50-179 - Italian Air Force Museum, Vigna di Valle, Italy ;;HU-16A (Indonesian version) * IR-0117 – On display at Dirgantara Mandala Museum, Sleman Regency, Special Region of Yogyakarta, Indonesia * IR-0220 – On storage in Husein Sastranegara International Airport, Bandung, West Java, Indonesia: It was displayed during Bandung Airshow 2017. * Unknown – On display at Abdul Rachman Saleh Air Force Base, Malang, East Java, Indonesia. ;;HU-16B * BS-02 - Museo Nacional de Aeronáutica de Argentina, at Moron, Buenos Aires, ArgentinaCater & Caballero (IPMS Magazine May 2013) * ex- BS-03 - Museo Aviación Naval, Buenos Aires, Argentina. Displayed as Argentine Naval Aviation 4-BS-3. AF Serial No. 51-5282, at the National Museum of the United States Air Force, Wright-Patterson AFB, Ohio: This was USAF's last operational HU-16. On 4 July 1973, it established a world record for twin- engined amphibians when it reached 32,883 feet and was transferred to the Air Force Museum two weeks later. AF Ser. No. 51-7181, then BuNo 151265 - U-Tapao Royal Thai Navy Airfield, Sattahip, Chonburi Province, Thailandhttps://www.goodall.com.au/grumman-amphibians/grummanalbatross.pdf Former USAF and USN aircraft in Royal Thai Navy markings, now bearing registration 151265 and displayed as a gate guardian since the early 1990s. ;;HU-16C BuNo 137928 Hemisphere Dancer - Universal Studios, Orlando, Florida Former USN aircraft in civilian markings, previously owned by musician and pilot Jimmy Buffett BuNo 137932 - Hiller Aviation Museum, San Carlos, California, N44RD formerly owned by Reid W. Dennis. ;;HU-16E AF Ser. No. 51-7209 - Aerospace Museum of California, former McClellan AFB, Sacramento, California AF Ser. No. 51-7216 - Floyd Bennett Field, New York City, New York AF Ser. No. 51-7228 - New England Air Museum, Windsor Locks, Connecticut USCG 7236 - National Museum of Naval Aviation, NAS Pensacola, Florida AF Ser. No. 51-7245, then USCG 7245 - Pacific Coast Air Museum, Santa Rosa, California Originally served in USAF, transferred to USCG circa 1957-58. AF Ser. No. 51-7247, then USCG 7247 - Coast Guard Air Station Elizabeth City, North Carolina. AF Ser. No. 51-7250, the USCG 7250 - Coast Guard Air Station Cape Cod, Massachusetts AF Ser. No. 51-7251 - Dyess Linear Air Park, Dyess AFB, Texas AF Ser. No. 51-7254 - Jimmy Doolittle Air & Space Museum, Travis AFB, Fairfield, California AF Ser. No. 52-1280 - Kirtland AFB, Albuquerque, New Mexico. USCG 1293 - March Field Air Museum, March ARB, Riverside, California. USCG 2129 - Battleship Memorial Park, Mobile, Alabama ==Accidents and incidents== On 24 January 1952, SA-16A Albatross, 51-001, c/n G-74, of the 480th Air Resupply Squadron (described as a Central Intelligence Agency air unit), on cross-country flight from Mountain Home AFB, Idaho, to San Diego, California, suffered failure of the port engine over Death Valley. The crew of six successfully bailed out around 18:30 with no injuries, and walked south some to Furnace Creek, California, where they were picked up the following day by an SA-16 from the 42nd Air Rescue Squadron, March AFB, California. The abandoned SA-16 crashed into Towne Summit mountain ridge of the Panamint Range west of Stovepipe Wells with the starboard engine still running. The wreckage is still there. On 16 May 1952, a U.S. Navy Grumman Albatross attached to the Iceland Defense Force crashed on Eyjafjallajökull in Iceland. Due to bad weather conditions, rescuers did not make it to the crash site until two and a half days later. One crew member was found dead in the wreckage, but the other four were not found despite extensive search. Evidence on scene suggested that they had tried to deploy the emergency radio, but most likely failed due to very poor weather conditions, and then tried to walk down the glacier. In 1964, partial remains of one of the crewmember along with an engraved wedding ring were found at the rim of the glacier. On 20 August 1966, the remains of the three remaining crew members were found at a similar location. On 18 May 1957, U.S. Coast Guard HU-16E Albatross, Coast Guard 1278, stalled and crashed during a JATO demonstration during the Armed Forces Day display at Coast Guard Air Station Salem. The pilot and another crewman were killed. The stall was caused by pilot error. On 22 August 1957, U.S. Coast Guard HU-16E Albatross, Coast Guard 1259, crashed during takeoff at Floyd Bennett Field, killing 4 of the 6 crew on board. The aircraft had just completed an inspection in which the control columns were removed and inspected for fatigue cracks. Although not proven, it is believed that poor maintenance during the re-installation of the control columns led to the crash. On 3 July 1964, U.S. Coast Guard HU-16E Albatross, Coast Guard 7233, was lost along with all five crew members as it returned from a search for a missing fishing boat. Two days later, the wreckage was found on a mountainside, from its base at Air Station Annette, Alaska. On 18 June 1965, on the first Operation Arc Light mission flown by B-52 Stratofortresses of Strategic Air Command to hit a target in South Vietnam, two aircraft collided in the darkness. Eight crew were killed, but four survivors were located and picked up by an HU-16A-GR Albatross amphibian, AF serial number 51-5287. The Albatross was damaged on take-off by a heavy sea state, and those on board had to transfer to a Norwegian freighter and a Navy vessel, the aircraft sinking thereafter. On 9 January 1966, a Republic of China HU-16 carrying three mainland Chinese naval defectors was shot down by communist MiGs over the Straits of Formosa, just hours after they had surrendered their landing ship and asked for asylum. The Albatross was attacked just 15 minutes after departing the island of Matsu on a flight to Taipei. According to a U.S. Defense Department announcement, the attack was a swift—and perhaps intentional—retribution for the communist sailors who killed seven fellow crew members during their predawn escape to freedom. On 23 April 1966, a Royal Canadian Air Force Grumman CSR-110 Albatross (9302) serving with No. 121 Composite Unit (KU) at RCAF Station Comox, BC crashed on the Hope Slide near Hope, BC. It was the only RCAF Albatross loss. Five of the six crew members died (Squadron Leader J. Braiden, Flying Officer Christopher J. Cormier, Leading Aircraftsman Robert L. McNaughton, Flight Lieutenant Phillip L. Montgomery, and Flight Lieutenant Peter Semak). Flying Officer Bob Reid was the sole survivor. A portion of the wreckage is still visible and can be hiked to. On 18 January 1967, a Grumman HU-16A Albatross operated by the Air Force of the Republic of Indonesia (AURI), military registration 302, en route to Malang-Abdul Rachman Saleh Airport (MLG/WARA), was reported as missing with the loss of all 19 occupants onboard. On 5 March 1967, U.S. Coast Guard HU-16E Albatross, Coast Guard 1240, c/n G-61, out of Coast Guard Air Station St. Petersburg, Florida, deployed to drop a dewatering pump to a sinking yacht, Flying Fish, in the Gulf of Mexico off of Carrabelle, Florida. Shortly after making a low pass behind the sinking vessel to drop the pump, the flying boat crashed a short distance away, with loss of all six crew. The vessel's crew heard a loud crash, but could see nothing owing to fog. The submerged wreck was not identified until 2006. On 15 June 1967, U.S. Coast Guard HU-16E Albatross, Coast Guard 7237, was based at Coast Guard Air Station Annette Island, in Alaska. The crew was searching near Sloko Lake, British Columbia, Canada, for a missing light plane. The pilot began following the river up to Sloko Lake, intending to turn around at the lake and fly back out of the valley. The co-pilot called for a right turn, but for some reason, the plane went left. According to reports, the co-pilot shouted, “Come right! Come right!” The plane hit the mountain, and burst into flames. The three observers in the back were able to get clear of the wreckage, and reported seeing an intense fire engulf the front half of the aircraft. Pilot Lt. Robert Brown, co-pilot Lt. David Bain, and radio operator AT2 Robert Striff, Jr., however, were killed. The wreckage can still be seen on the side of the mountain in Atlin Provincial Park. On 7 August 1967, U.S. Coast Guard HU-16E Albatross, Coast Guard 2128, c/n G-355, (ex-USAF SA-16A, 52-128), out of CGAS San Francisco, returning from a search mission for an overdue private cabin cruiser Misty (which had run out of fuel) in the Pacific Ocean off of San Luis Obispo, struck a slope of Mount Mars near the Monterey-San Luis Obispo County line, about east of Highway 1. The airframe broke in two, killing two crew immediately and injuring four others, with one dying in the hospital several days later. On 21 September 1973, U.S. Coast Guard HU-16E Albatross, Coast Guard 2123, was lost over the Gulf of Mexico. The crew was dropping flares over a search area when one flare ignited inside the aircraft, incapacitating the pilots, which led the aircraft to enter an uncontrollable spin. All seven on board were killed. On 23 January 1986, Indonesian Air Force HU-16A Albatross number IR-0222 crashed into the water at Makassar harbor during an attempted emergency landing. Five out of 8 crew were killed in the accident. The wreckage also blocked the harbor and delaying a Pelni liner from docking. On 5 November 2009, Albatross N120FB of Albatross Adventures crashed shortly after take-off from St. Lucie County International Airport, Fort Pierce, Florida. An engine failed shortly after take-off; the aircraft was damaged beyond economic repair. ==Specifications (HU-16B)== ==See also== ==References== ==Further reading== * * ==External links== Historical Aircraft page on Northrop Grumman Web Site HU-16 history, including other designations * The Grumman Albatross Site * Summary at Coast Guard Historian's site * The Grumman Albatross – A Spotter’s Guide U-016 Albatross Category:1940s United States military utility aircraft Category:Flying boats Category:Amphibious aircraft Category:High-wing aircraft Category:Aircraft first flown in 1947 Category:Twin piston-engined tractor aircraft	['U.S. Navy', 'Grumman', 'Hellenic Navy', 'United States Air Force', 'United States Coast Guard', 'Grumman Mallard', 'JATO', 'Aerospace Rescue and Recovery Service', 'Vietnam War', 'Air National Guard', 'Air Force Reserve', 'Naval Air Station Agana', 'Guam', 'Trust Territory of the Pacific Islands', 'Naval Station Guantanamo Bay', 'NAS Barbers Point', 'NAS North Island', 'NAS Key West', 'NAS Jacksonville', 'NAS Pensacola', 'HU-25 Guardian', 'HC-130 Hercules', 'Wright-Patterson AFB', 'National Museum of Naval Aviation', 'Royal Canadian Air Force', 'Air Micronesia', "Chalk's International Airlines", 'Boeing 737', 'NASA', 'Hiller Aviation Museum', 'Boulder City, Nevada', 'Australia', 'Argentine Air Force', 'Argentine Naval Aviation', 'Brazilian Air Force', 'Chilean Air Force', 'Republic of China Air Force', 'German Navy', 'Hellenic Air Force', 'Indonesian Navy', 'Indonesian Air Force', 'Airfast Indonesia', 'Dirgantara Air Service', 'Pelita Air', 'Italian Air Force', 'Japan Maritime Self-Defense Force', 'Royal Malaysian Air Force', 'Mexican Navy', 'Royal Norwegian Air Force', 'Pakistan Air Force', 'Peruvian Air Force', 'Philippine Air Force', 'Portuguese Air Force', 'Spanish Air Force', 'Coast Guard Air Station Cape Cod', 'Royal Thai Navy', 'Strategic Air and Space Museum', 'Ashland, Nebraska', 'Pima Air and Space Museum', 'Davis-Monthan AFB', 'Tucson, Arizona', 'Robins AFB', 'Castle Air Museum', 'Castle AFB', 'Atwater, California', 'Coast Guard Air Station Clearwater', 'Florida', 'Baltimore, Maryland', 'Yanks Air Museum', 'Chino, California', 'Italian Air Force Museum', 'Vigna di Valle', 'Dirgantara Mandala Museum', 'Sleman Regency', 'Special Region of Yogyakarta', 'Indonesia', 'Husein Sastranegara International Airport', 'Bandung', 'West Java', 'Abdul Rachman Saleh Airport', 'Malang', 'East Java', 'Museo Nacional de Aeronáutica de Argentina', 'Moron, Buenos Aires', 'Ohio', 'Sattahip', 'Chonburi Province', 'Thailand', 'Hemisphere Dancer', 'Universal Studios', 'Jimmy Buffett', 'San Carlos, California', 'Aerospace Museum of California', 'McClellan AFB', 'Sacramento, California', 'Floyd Bennett Field', 'New England Air Museum', 'Windsor Locks, Connecticut', 'Pacific Coast Air Museum', 'Santa Rosa, California', 'Coast Guard Air Station Elizabeth City', 'North Carolina', 'Massachusetts', 'Dyess AFB', 'Texas', 'Travis AFB', 'Fairfield, California', 'Kirtland AFB', 'Albuquerque, New Mexico', 'March Field Air Museum', 'March ARB', 'Riverside, California', 'Battleship Memorial Park', 'Mobile, Alabama', 'Central Intelligence Agency', 'Mountain Home AFB', 'San Diego', 'Death Valley', 'Furnace Creek, California', 'Panamint Range', 'Stovepipe Wells', 'Iceland Defense Force', 'Eyjafjallajökull', 'Iceland', 'Armed Forces Day', 'Coast Guard Air Station Salem', 'Alaska', 'Operation Arc Light', 'B-52 Stratofortress', 'Strategic Air Command', 'South Vietnam', 'Republic of China', 'Straits of Formosa', 'Taipei', 'Hope Slide', 'Grumman HU-16 Albatross', 'Gulf of Mexico', 'Annette Island', 'Pacific Ocean', 'San Luis Obispo', 'San Luis Obispo County', 'Pelni', 'St. Lucie County International Airport']	['Q11220', 'Q463261', 'Q1129369', 'Q11223', 'Q11224', 'Q166258', 'Q1676551', 'Q3607180', 'Q8740', 'Q407622', 'Q407191', 'Q3015976', 'Q16635', 'Q129237', 'Q762570', 'Q3015575', 'Q1800390', 'Q3015953', 'Q3017076', 'Q321162', 'Q1474251', 'Q5290928', 'Q730187', 'Q1368608', 'Q25456', 'Q1128848', 'Q1059869', 'Q6387', 'Q23548', 'Q3313374', 'Q858801', 'Q408', 'Q57770', 'Q2665958', 'Q634542', 'Q652023', 'Q702659', 'Q56015', 'Q631668', 'Q2704661', 'Q1304002', 'Q408695', 'Q2644271', 'Q2197692', 'Q381576', 'Q731647', 'Q224577', 'Q2528358', 'Q1137453', 'Q1639447', 'Q600841', 'Q2327398', 'Q591136', 'Q833218', 'Q5138105', 'Q2427907', 'Q200866', 'Q960877', 'Q3062422', 'Q1177897', 'Q18575', 'Q2318365', 'Q5049981', 'Q472049', 'Q595806', 'Q5138106', 'Q812', 'Q5092', 'Q8048823', 'Q506395', 'Q1675176', 'Q241791', 'Q13095241', 'Q11480', 'Q3741', 'Q252', 'Q49249', 'Q10389', 'Q3724', 'Q1936851', 'Q11445', 'Q3586', 'Q6940493', 'Q967746', 'Q1397', 'Q476658', 'Q207068', 'Q869', 'Q5712080', 'Q168383', 'Q726071', 'Q383234', 'Q4688448', 'Q6800306', 'Q18013', 'Q1430350', 'Q7007140', 'Q755206', 'Q7122353', 'Q212991', 'Q5138107', 'Q1454', 'Q771', 'Q1268666', 'Q1439', 'Q3497425', 'Q323432', 'Q577946', 'Q34804', 'Q6756843', 'Q1031829', 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The Burton is a Dutch sports car based on the Citroën 2CV technology. The Burton is an open, nostalgic-looking sports car built on the chassis of the 2CV with a modern fiberglass body-kit. The car can be built as an open two- seater, or with a hardtop with gull-wing doors or with a custom made convertible roof. From the beginning of 2002, Burton is available all over Europe. Late 1998, Iwan and Dimitri Goebel started to design the Burton, then codenamed 'Hunter'. They were inspired by legendary sports cars, such as Bugatti, Jaguar, Talbot-Lago, Delahaye and Alfa Romeo. After 18 months, the prototype was ready and on February 9, 2000, the first body was taken from the mould. In May 2000, the Burton was introduced to Dutch customers. Burton also imports and sells the Lomax in the Netherlands. In 2019 The Burton Car Company And its subsidiary 2CV Parts went on sale for five Million euros In November 2022 Burton Cars was sold to the french company 2CV Mehari Club Cassis. ==References== == External links == Official website Burton parts website Category:Cars of the Netherlands Category:Kit car manufacturers Category:Front-wheel-drive sports cars	['Citroën 2CV', 'Bugatti', 'Talbot-Lago', 'Delahaye', 'Alfa Romeo', 'Netherlands']	['Q326015', 'Q27401', 'Q787757', 'Q783891', 'Q26921', 'Q55']	[[(46, 57)], [(521, 528)], [(538, 549)], [(551, 559)], [(564, 574)], [(789, 800), (1079, 1090)]]
The Hammer Party is a 1986 release of Big Black's early EPs made between 1982 and 1984. Originally released by Homestead Records, and later rereleased by Touch and Go, the LP came out at the same time as Big Black's Atomizer album, and featured the six songs from Lungs one side and the six songs from Bulldozer. The CD version was expanded to include Big Black's third record, Racer-X. ==Track listing== #"Steelworker" 1 #"Live in a Hole" 1 #"Dead Billy" 1 #"I Can Be Killed" 1 #"Crack" 1 #"RIP" 1 #"Cables" 2 #"Pigeon Kill" 2 #"I'm a Mess" 2 #"Texas" 2 #"Seth" 2 #"Jump the Climb" 2 #"Racer X" 3 #"Shotgun" 3 #"The Ugly American" 3 #"Deep Six" 3 #"Sleep!" 3 #"The Big Payback" (James Brown)3 1 Lungs 2 Bulldozer 3 Racer-X (CD Only) ==Personnel== Steve Albini: guitar and vocals on all tracks Santiago Durango: guitar on tracks 7-11 and 13-18 Jeff Pezzati: bass on tracks 7-11 and 13-18 Roland TR-606: drum machine used on all tracks * Pat Byrne: real drums on tracks 7-11 * John Bonhan: saxophone on tracks 2 and 15 ==References== ==External links== *The Hammer Party, text from the in sleeve. Category:Big Black albums Category:1986 compilation albums Category:Homestead Records compilation albums Category:Touch and Go Records compilation albums Category:Au Go Go Records compilation albums	['Big Black', 'Homestead Records', 'Touch and Go Records', 'Racer-X', 'James Brown', 'Steve Albini', 'Santiago Durango', 'Jeff Pezzati', 'Roland TR-606']	['Q572821', 'Q1626081', 'Q1853623', 'Q3012039', 'Q5950', 'Q435060', 'Q1626572', 'Q1626593', 'Q1424143']	[[(38, 47), (204, 213), (352, 361), (1110, 1119)], [(111, 128), (1169, 1186)], [(1215, 1235)], [(378, 385), (716, 723)], [(680, 691)], [(749, 761)], [(796, 812)], [(847, 859)], [(893, 906)]]
Small Change () is a 1976 French film directed by François Truffaut about childhood innocence and child abuse. In English-speaking countries outside North America, the film is known as Pocket Money.The French title translates as "Pocket Money", but since there was a Paul Newman movie called Pocket Money, Steven Spielberg suggested the title Small Change for the US release. The film had a total of 1,810,280 admissions in France, making it one of Truffaut's most successful films. Only his films The 400 Blows and The Last Metro were more popular in France. ==Plot== Small Change is a story of the struggles and yearnings of young children in Thiers, France, in the summer of 1976. The main characters are Patrick Desmouceaux, who is motherless and just starts getting interested in women such as his young teacher, and his friend Julien Leclou, who lives in poverty and is physically abused at home. Julien cannot stay awake at school after nights without sleep and constantly refuses to change for gym class in order to hide his bruises. The film mixes the story of these characters with other more or less innocent childhood experiences and challenges of a number of children. Scenes include life at school, a toddler and a cat perilously playing on an open windowsill but falling down unhurt, a girl causing confusion with a bullhorn in an apartment window, Bruno showing his friends how to chat up girls, a double date at a movie theater, a child telling a dirty joke, a botched haircut, first love and first kisses. In the end, Julien's abuse becomes public and he is taken away from his family. The story ends with the message of one of the teachers about child abuse, injustice, children's rights, hope, love and resilience: 'Of all mankind's injustices, injustice to children is the most despicable! Life isn't always fair, but we can fight for justice. [...] If kids had the right to vote, they would have better schools [...] Life isn't easy. You must learn to be tough. I don't mean 'gangster-tough'. What I mean is having endurance and resilience. [...] Time flies. Before long, you will have children of your own. If you love them, they will love you. If they don't feel you love them, they will transfer their love and tenderness to other people. Or to things. That's life! Each of us needs to be loved!' ==Cast== All young characters were acclaimed child actors at the time of filming: ==Production== Truffaut had been collecting anecdotes about children since the time of The 400 Blows. Some of the events were autobiographical, like his first kiss. By 1972, the script was only a ten-page synopsis. In the summer of 1974, Truffaut became more serious about the project and started developing it further. He and his co-writer did not create a standard script because he wanted the freedom to improvise. In April 1975, Truffaut did location scouting, settled on the town of Thiers, then started casting. The filming lasted from 17 July until October that same year. The original rough cut was three hours. ==Release== ===Box office=== Small Change was popular at the box office, in France, the US, Germany, Scandinavia and Japan. It was the 17th most popular film of the year in France. ===Critical acclaim=== When released, Small Change amassed critical acclaim. It was nominated for a Golden Globe for Best Foreign Film. Vincent Canby, writing for the New York Times, called Small Change 'an original, a major work in minor keys'New York Times review and Pauline Kael described it as 'that rarity, a poetic comedy that's really funny'.Amazon.com review Roger Ebert named it his favorite of the year, calling it a 'magical film' and singled out the window-sill scene as 'Truffaut at his best'.Roger Ebert's review Leonard Maltin gave the movie four stars (out of four) and called it 'wise, witty and perceptive'.Leonard Maltin's 2006 Movie Guide, Signet: New York Small Change was also entered into the 26th Berlin International Film Festival. It was nominated for Best Foreign Language Film by the US National Board of Review. ==References== ==External links== * Category:1976 films Category:1970s French- language films Category:Films directed by François Truffaut Category:1976 comedy films Category:Films about educators Category:Films with screenplays by François Truffaut Category:French comedy films Category:1970s French films	['François Truffaut', 'Paul Newman', 'Pocket Money', 'Steven Spielberg', 'The 400 Blows', 'The Last Metro', 'Golden Globe', 'Vincent Canby', 'New York Times', 'Pauline Kael', 'Roger Ebert', 'Leonard Maltin', '26th Berlin International Film Festival', 'National Board of Review']	['Q53002', 'Q41871', 'Q945735', 'Q8877', 'Q162331', 'Q1049604', 'Q1011547', 'Q716442', 'Q9684', 'Q436910', 'Q212173', 'Q731195', 'Q550951', 'Q1133614']	[[(50, 67), (4168, 4185), (4279, 4296)], [(267, 278)], [(185, 197), (230, 242), (292, 304)], [(306, 322)], [(498, 511), (2491, 2504)], [(516, 530)], [(3305, 3317)], [(3341, 3354)], [(3372, 3386), (3449, 3463)], [(3475, 3487)], [(3573, 3584), (3712, 3723)], [(3733, 3747), (3831, 3845)], [(3922, 3961)], [(4021, 4045)]]
Lincoln National Corporation is a Fortune 200 American holding company, which operates multiple insurance and investment management businesses through subsidiary companies. Lincoln Financial Group is the marketing name for LNC and its subsidiary companies. LNC was organized under the laws of the state of Indiana in 1968, and maintains its principal executive offices in Radnor, Pennsylvania."Corporate ." Lincoln National Corporation. Retrieved on August 24, 2009. The company traces its roots to its earliest predecessor founded in 1905. In addition, LNC is the naming rights sponsor of Lincoln Financial Field in Philadelphia, home field of the Philadelphia Eagles of the National Football League. ==Operations== LNC divides operations into four business segments: annuities, life insurance, retirement plan services, and group protection. The principal Lincoln subsidiaries are: * Lincoln National Life Insurance Company * Lincoln Life & Annuity Company of New York * First Penn- Pacific Life Insurance Company * Lincoln Financial Distributors * Lincoln Financial Advisors * Lincoln Financial Securities On December 31, 2016, LNC had consolidated assets under management of $262 billion and consolidated shareholders’ equity of $14.5 billion. ==Lincoln Financial Group== Ellen G. Cooper is president and chief executive officer of Lincoln Financial Group. She serves as a director on the Lincoln National Corporation Board. She is also president and serves on the board of the principal insurance subsidiaries of Lincoln Financial Group. She is the first female CEO of Lincoln Financial Group. Lincoln Financial Group is the marketing name for Lincoln National Corporation (NYSE:LNC) and its affiliates. ==Lincoln Financial Foundation== Lincoln Financial Foundation awards grants to hundreds of nonprofits each year. The Foundation consists of three pillars: Financial Wellness, Youth Education, and Human Services. ==History== ===Founding and early history=== thumb\|The iconic sign on Lincoln's former corporate headquarters in downtown Fort Wayne, Indiana Lincoln traces its origin to June 12, 1905, in Fort Wayne, Indiana, as the Lincoln National Life Insurance Company. Perry Randall, a Fort Wayne attorney and entrepreneur, suggested the name "Lincoln," arguing that the name of Abraham Lincoln would powerfully convey a spirit of integrity. In August, 1905 Robert Todd Lincoln provided a photograph of his father, along with a letter authorizing the use of his father's likeness and name for company stationery and advertising. In 1928, LNC president Arthur Hall hired Dr. Louis A. Warren, a Lincoln scholar, and in 1929, LNC acquired one of the largest collections of books about Abraham Lincoln in the United States. The Lincoln Museum in Fort Wayne was the second largest Lincoln museum in the country. The Abraham Lincoln Presidential Library and Museum in Springfield, Illinois is now the world's largest museum dedicated to the life and times of Abraham Lincoln, after the closing of the Fort Wayne Lincoln Museum June 30, 2008. Ian Rolland started with Lincoln in 1956, and became president of Lincoln National Life in 1977. When Rolland retired in 1998, new president Jon A. Boscia moved LNC to Philadelphia and started using the Lincoln Financial Group name for marketing. Lincoln National Life, the largest subsidiary, and the Lincoln Museum remained in Fort Wayne. ===1990–2007=== Lincoln Reinsurance was the first US reinsurance company; it was sold to Swiss Re in 2001. K&K; Insurance Specialties was the first to insure events like NASCAR races; it was sold to AON in 1993. Safeco bought American States, a property/casualty insurance business because Lincoln was primarily in life/health. However, LNC even sold a block of disability income business to MetLife in 1999, as it narrowed its focus. Lincoln moved its headquarters from Indiana to Philadelphia in 1999.Blumenthal, Jeff. "Lincoln sells Delaware Investments." Philadelphia Business Journal. Wednesday August 19, 2009. Modified Thursday August 20, 2009. Retrieved on August 24, 2009. In Philadelphia Lincoln was headquartered in the West Tower of Centre Square in Center City."Contact Us." Lincoln National Corporation. June 22, 2000. Retrieved on August 24, 2009. Lincoln Financial was naming rights sponsor for the 2000 Rugby League World Cup which was held in England. Lincoln Financial Group purchased the Administrative Management Group, Inc. based in Arlington Heights, Illinois in August 2002. Previously, AMG was a strategic partner of LFG for four years, providing recordkeeping services for the Lincoln Alliance product, a turnkey solution for "employer retirement and employee benefit programs, including investment choices, recordkeeping, plan design, compliance and employee retirement counseling and education." In 2007, the company moved 400 employees, including its top executives, to Radnor Township from Philadelphia. ===Jefferson-Pilot acquisition=== Following the acquisition of Jefferson-Pilot Corporation in March 2006, Lincoln Financial acquired group life, disability, and dental insurance divisions. Jefferson-Pilot Corporation was a Fortune 500 company based in Greensboro, North Carolina, founded in 1986 from the merger of Jefferson Standard Insurance (founded 1907 by Charles W. Gold and Pleasant D. Gold, Jr., sons of Pleasant Daniel Gold) and Pilot Life Insurance (founded 1903). The two companies' association actually dated to 1945, when Jefferson Standard bought majority control of Pilot Life; Jefferson Standard had previously bailed Pilot out in the 1930s. The Pilot Life headquarters built in the 1920s and located at 5300 High Point Road, "a careful replication of the governor's mansion built in 1767 in New Bern," was nominated to the National Register of Historic Places in 2022, when Clachan Properties of Richmond, Virginia, was buying the property to develop apartments. The 1986 merger marked the retirement of the Pilot Life brand, most notably the end of its "Sail with the Pilot" jingles, which had been heavily associated with Atlantic Coast Conference college basketball and had been heard on television since 1958. The insurance operations would continue to be headquartered in what became the Lincoln Financial Building. Lincoln Financial also acquired Jefferson-Pilot's television and radio operations, which were renamed Lincoln Financial Media. Jefferson Standard Insurance put WBTV in Charlotte on the air on Channel 3 in 1949. At the time, Jefferson Standard Insurance also had a 16.5% interest in the Greensboro News Company, licensee of WFMY, which signed on from Greensboro two months after WBTV. Jefferson Standard had purchased WBT radio from CBS in 1947. In 1970, the media interests were folded into a new subsidiary, Jefferson-Pilot Communications, still owned by the insurance company. The broadcasting subsidiary acquired several other radio and television stations across the country, with WBTV serving as the company's flagship station. The group owned 18 radio stations in Miami, Florida; San Diego, California; Denver, Colorado; and Atlanta, Georgia. It also owned WBTV, the CBS affiliate in Charlotte; WCSC-TV, the CBS affiliate in Charleston, South Carolina and WWBT, the NBC affiliate in Richmond, Virginia. In June 2007, the company publicly announced it would explore a sale of this division, and hired Merrill Lynch to assess its strategic options. It was announced on November 12 that Raycom Media purchased the three TV stations, including its sports production division, which was the co-holder to football and basketball games in the Atlantic Coast Conference with Raycom and sole rightsholders to the Southeastern Conference until 2009, when ESPNPlus and CBS Sports acquired the rights. The Raycom Sports brand was merged with LFS as of January 1, 2008. Though billed as a merger of equals, the merged company carries the LNC name, operates from the LNC offices, with current LNC stockholders holding 61% of the stock, and current LNC directors controlling the new board. The insurance division is based in Greensboro, North Carolina. ===Liberty Mutual Acquisition=== On January 19, 2018, Lincoln Financial Group announced that it entered into a definitive agreement to acquire Liberty Life Assurance Company of Boston from Liberty Mutual Insurance Group. Upon completion of the transaction, Lincoln Financial retained Liberty’s Group Benefits business and reinsured Liberty’s Individual Life and Annuity business to Protective Life Insurance Company. ==Recent activity== Lincoln purchased Newton County Loan and Savings in order to restructure as a bank holding company and qualify for Troubled Asset Relief Program (TARP) funding. In January 2009, Lincoln sold its Delaware Investments subsidiary to Macquarie Group. Delaware Investments was integrated into Macquarie's global asset management arm, Macquarie Funds Group effective January 5, 2010. ==Insurance patent== Lincoln National is the owner of , “Method and apparatus for providing retirement income benefits”. This patent covers methods for administering variable annuities. Lincoln's commercial products that are covered by this patent include their i4LIFE Advantage and 4LaterSM Advantage annuities. In September 2006, Lincoln filed a patent infringement lawsuit against Transamerica Life Insurance Company for allegedly infringing its insurance patent. A similar lawsuit was filed against Jackson National Life in October 2007. On Feb. 19, 2009, a jury found the Lincoln patent valid and infringed by Transamerica et al. Damages were assessed at the "reasonable royalty rate" and Transamerica et al. were ordered to pay Lincoln $13 million, or 0.11% of the over $12 billion in assets they had under management by virtue of infringing the patent. ==Affiliations== Lincoln Financial Group is the grand sponsor of the National Forensic League and its National Speech and Debate Tournament. ==See also== * Lincoln Financial Media—subsidiary of Lincoln National Corporation that owns radio stations in the United States ==References== ==External links== Category:1905 establishments in Indiana Category:Companies based in Delaware County, Pennsylvania Category:Companies listed on the New York Stock Exchange Lincoln Financial Group Category:Insurance companies of the United States Category:Life insurance companies of the United States Category:Radnor Township, Delaware County, Pennsylvania	['Insurance', 'Radnor, Pennsylvania', 'Indiana', 'Lincoln Financial Field', 'Philadelphia', 'Philadelphia Eagles', 'National Football League', 'Abraham Lincoln', 'Robert Todd Lincoln', 'Springfield, Illinois', 'Swiss Re', 'NASCAR', 'Safeco', 'MetLife', 'Philadelphia Business Journal', '2000 Rugby League World Cup', 'Fortune 500', 'Greensboro, North Carolina', 'New Bern', 'National Register of Historic Places', 'Richmond, Virginia', 'Atlantic Coast Conference', 'Lincoln Financial Building', 'Lincoln Financial Media', 'WBTV', 'Charlotte', 'WFMY', 'Miami, Florida', 'San Diego, California', 'Denver, Colorado', 'Atlanta, Georgia', 'CBS', 'WCSC-TV', 'Charleston, South Carolina', 'WWBT', 'NBC', 'Raycom Media', 'Southeastern Conference', 'CBS Sports', 'Troubled Asset Relief Program', 'Delaware Investments', 'Macquarie Group', 'Jackson National Life', 'National Forensic League', 'National Speech and Debate Tournament']	['Q43183', 'Q7281474', 'Q1415', 'Q1052370', 'Q1345', 'Q219714', 'Q1215884', 'Q91', 'Q435793', 'Q28515', 'Q605565', 'Q233929', 'Q7398546', 'Q607131', 'Q7182637', 'Q3000717', 'Q76615', 'Q49238', 'Q1002490', 'Q3719', 'Q43421', 'Q756355', 'Q14707991', 'Q6550668', 'Q945827', 'Q218904', 'Q7949407', 'Q8652', 'Q16552', 'Q16554', 'Q23556', 'Q43380', 'Q7948081', 'Q47716', 'Q7957123', 'Q13974', 'Q2134015', 'Q963227', 'Q2931052', 'Q2097742', 'Q5253311', 'Q1200904', 'Q6117290', 'Q6972761', 'Q5421795']	[[(908, 917), (998, 1007), (2160, 2169), (3499, 3508), (5255, 5264), (5370, 5379), (6405, 6414), (6502, 6511), (8307, 8316), (8501, 8510), (8920, 8929), (9320, 9329), (10269, 10278)], [(372, 392)], [(306, 313), (2055, 2062), (2122, 2129), (3858, 3865), (10113, 10120)], [(590, 613)], [(617, 629), (649, 661), (3214, 3226), (3869, 3881), (3946, 3958), (4072, 4084), (4907, 4919)], [(649, 668)], [(676, 700)], [(2289, 2304), (2692, 2707), (2821, 2836), (2963, 2978)], [(2368, 2387)], [(2872, 2893)], [(3476, 3484)], [(3557, 3563)], [(3599, 3605)], [(3779, 3786)], [(3946, 3975)], [(4302, 4329)], [(5144, 5155)], [(5173, 5199), (8075, 8101)], [(5729, 5737)], [(5761, 5797)], [(5834, 5852), (7248, 7266)], [(6062, 6087), (7601, 7626)], [(6231, 6257)], [(6361, 6384), (9934, 9957)], [(6419, 6423), (6637, 6641), (6944, 6948), (7122, 7126)], [(6427, 6436), (7149, 7158)], [(6582, 6586)], [(7029, 7043)], [(7045, 7066)], [(7068, 7084)], [(7090, 7106)], [(6691, 6694), (7132, 7135), (7173, 7176), (7723, 7726)], [(7160, 7167)], [(7190, 7216)], [(7221, 7225)], [(7231, 7234)], [(7449, 7461)], [(7669, 7692)], [(7723, 7733)], [(8655, 8684)], [(3923, 3943), (8735, 8755), (8787, 8807)], [(8770, 8785)], [(9421, 9442)], [(9847, 9871)], [(9880, 9917)]]
Emission theory or extramission theory (variants: extromission) or extromissionism is the proposal that visual perception is accomplished by eye beams emitted by the eyes. This theory has been replaced by intromission theory (or intromissionism), which is that visual perception comes from something representative of the object (later established to be rays of light reflected from it) entering the eyes. Modern physics has confirmed that light is physically transmitted by photons from a light source, such as the sun, to visible objects, and finishing with the detector, such as a human eye or camera. ==History== In the fifth century BC, Empedocles postulated that everything was composed of four elements; fire, air, earth, and water.DK frag. B17 (Simplicius of Cilicia, Physics, 157–159). He believed that Aphrodite made the human eye out of the four elements and that she lit the fire in the eye which shone out from the eye, making sight possible. If this were true, then one could see during the night just as well as during the day, so Empedocles postulated that there were two different types of emanations that interacted in some way: one that emanated from an object to the eye, and another that emanated from the eye to an object. He compared these outward-flowing emanations to the emission of light from a lantern. Around 400 BC, emission theory was held by Plato.Arnold Reymond, History of the Sciences in Greco- Roman Antiquity, Methuen and Co., Ltd., 1927, p. 182.Plato, Timaeus, sections 45b and 46b. Around 300 BC, Euclid wrote Optics and Catoptrics, in which he studied the properties of sight. Euclid postulated that the visual ray emitted from the eye travelled in straight lines, described the laws of reflection, and mathematically studied the appearance of objects by direct vision and by reflection. Ptolemy (c. 2nd century) wrote Optics, a work marking the culmination of the ancient Greek optics, in which he developed theories of direct vision (optics proper), vision by reflection (catoptics), and, notably, vision by refraction (dioptrics). Galen, also in the 2nd century, likewise endorsed the extramission theory (De Usu Partium Corporis Humani). His theory contained anatomical and physiological details which could not be found in the works of mathematicians and philosophers. Due to this feature and his medical authority, his view held considerable influence in the pre-modern Middle East and Europe, especially among medical doctors in these regions."A History of the Eye" ==Evidence for the theory== Adherents of emission theory cited at least two lines of evidence for it. thumb\|right\|A raccoon's eyes brightly reflect a camera flash The light from the eyes of some animals (such as cats, which modern science has determined have highly reflective eyes) could also be seen in "darkness". Adherents of intromission theory countered by saying that if emission theory were true, then someone with weak eyes should have their vision improved when someone with good eyes looks at the same objects. Doesschate, G. T. (1962). Oxford and the revival of optics in the thirteenth century. Vision Research, 1, 313–342. Some argued that Euclid's version of emission theory was purely metaphorical, highlighting mainly the geometrical relations between eyes and objects. The geometry of classical optics is equivalent no matter which direction light is considered to move because light is modeled by its path, not as a moving object. However, his theory of clarity of vision (the circular appearance of far rectangular objects) makes sense only if the ray emits from eyes. Alternatively, Euclid’s can be interpreted as a mathematical model whose only constraint was to save the phenomena, without the need of a strict correspondence between each theoretical entity and a physical counterpart. Measuring the speed of light was one line of evidence that spelled the end of emission theory as anything other than a metaphor. ==Refutation== Alhazen was the first person to explain that vision occurs when light reflects from an object into one's eyes. The rise of rationalist physics in the 17th century led to a novel version of the intromissionist theory that proved extremely influential and displaced any legacies of the old emissive theories. In Cartesian physics, light was the sensation of pressure emitted by surrounding objects that sought to move, as transmitted through the rotatory motion of material corpuscles. These views extended to Isaac Newton's corpuscular theory of light,Geoffrey Cantor, Optics after Newton: Theories of Light in Britain and Ireland, 1704-1840 (Manchester: Manchester University Press, 1983), 11-12, 24-26. and would be adopted by John Locke and other the 18th-century luminaries.Swenson, Rivka. (Spring/Summer 2010). Optics, Gender, and the Eighteenth-Century Gaze: Looking at Eliza Haywood’s Anti-Pamela. The Eighteenth Century: Theory and Interpretation, 51.1–2, 27–43. . ==Persistence of the theory== Winer et al. (2002) have found evidence that as many as 50% of adults believe in emission theory. Winer, G. A., Cottrell, J. E., Gregg, V., Fournier, J. S., & Bica, L. A. (2002). Fundamentally misunderstanding visual perception: Adults' beliefs in visual emissions. American Psychologist, 57, 417–424. . ==Relationship with echolocation== Sometimes, the emission theory is explained by analogy with echolocation and sonar. For example, in explaining Ptolemy's theory, a psychologist stated: "Ptolemy’s ‘extramission’ theory of vision proposed scaling the angular size of objects using light rays that were emitted by the eyes and reflected back by objects. In practice some animals (bats, dolphins, whales, and even some birds and rodents) have evolved what is effectively an ‘extramission’ theory of audition to address this very concern. " Note this account of the Ptolemaic theory ('bouncing back of visual ray') differs from ones found in other sources.Lindberg, D., Theories of Vision from Al-kindi to Kepler, University of Chicago Press (1976), pp. 15–17, Smith, A. (2018). Greek Optics. In A. Jones & L. Taub (Eds.), The Cambridge History of Science (The Cambridge History of Science, pp. 413–427). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, p.418 ==References== Category:Obsolete theories in physics Category:Visual perception Category:History of optics	['Empedocles', 'Simplicius of Cilicia', 'Aphrodite', 'Plato', 'Euclid', 'Ptolemy', 'Galen', 'Alhazen', 'Isaac Newton', 'John Locke']	['Q83375', 'Q351518', 'Q35500', 'Q859', 'Q8747', 'Q34943', 'Q8778', 'Q11104', 'Q935', 'Q9353']	[[(642, 652), (1046, 1056)], [(753, 774)], [(812, 821)], [(1374, 1379), (1483, 1488)], [(1536, 1542), (1617, 1623), (3167, 3173), (3617, 3623)], [(1828, 1835), (5418, 5425), (5460, 5467)], [(2074, 2079)], [(3966, 3973)], [(4474, 4486)], [(4694, 4704)]]
Patrick Hannan is the name of: Paddy Hannan (1840–1925), Irish-born gold prospector in Australia Pat Hannan (1884–1957), New Zealand rower Patrick Hannan (presenter) (1941–2009), Welsh television and radio presenter Patrick Hannan (musician), British musician with The Sundays	['Paddy Hannan', 'Pat Hannan', 'Patrick Hannan (presenter)', 'Patrick Hannan (musician)']	['Q2057649', 'Q7143508', 'Q7146653', 'Q3122789']	[[(32, 44)], [(99, 109)], [(142, 168)], [(220, 245)]]
Yasser Hashemi Rafsanjani (; born 1971) is the youngest son of Akbar Hashemi Rafsanjani, the former president of Iran. ==Biography== In 1989, he graduated from Nikan High School in Tehran, which was funded by a conservative religious group before Iran's revolution in order to provide students, from elementary to high school, with a non-secular education. In the same year, he entered University of Tehran to study civil engineering but later changed his major. He has also studied in Belgium.Millionaire mullahs by Paul Klebnikov, 7 July 2003, The Iranian Originally printed in Forbes, Retrieved 15 May 2009 Yaser owns a 30-acre horse farm in Lavasan (known as Iran's Beverly Hills) which in 2003 was estimated to be worth around US$120 million. He runs a large import- export firm that trades in industrial machinery, baby food, and bottled water. ==References== Category:1971 births Category:Living people Category:Akbar Hashemi Rafsanjani Category:Children of presidents of Iran	['Akbar Hashemi Rafsanjani', 'Iran', 'Nikan High School', 'Tehran', 'Belgium', 'Lavasan']	['Q186111', 'Q794', 'Q7034729', 'Q3616', 'Q31', 'Q2566415']	[[(63, 87), (919, 943)], [(113, 117), (247, 251), (550, 554), (663, 667), (979, 983)], [(160, 177)], [(181, 187), (400, 406)], [(486, 493)], [(645, 652)]]
The Battle of Winceby took place on 11 October 1643 during the First English Civil War near the village of Winceby, Lincolnshire. In the battle, a Royalist relieving force under the command of Sir William Widdrington was defeated by the Parliamentarian cavalry of the Earl of Manchester. ==Prelude== During the summer of 1643, the Royalists laid plans to win the war by marching on London. However, before this could be contemplated, it would be necessary for them to defeat the Parliamentarian forces holding Hull and Plymouth; otherwise, as the Royalist forces moved on London, the garrisons of those two towns could sortie out and attack the Royalist rear areas. While these sieges were under way, King Charles decided to make the best use of his time by reducing Gloucester, the one great fortress of Parliament in the west. Parliamentary forces relieved Gloucester on 5 September. The relieving army was brought to battle by Royalist forces in the First Battle of Newbury; Newbury was a tactical draw but a strategic victory for the Parliamentarians as it reduced the likelihood of a Royalist attack on London. Meanwhile, the Royalist army under the command of the Earl of Newcastle commenced a second siege of Hull on 2 September. The Eastern Association Parliamentarian forces led by the Earl of Manchester promptly initiated actions to relieve Hull. Manchester's forces began by besieging King's Lynn in Norfolk with his infantry while the Association's horse rode into the northern part of the county to give a hand to the Fairfaxes. At Hull, it was fortunate that egress to the city remained open and available by means of the River Humber. On 18 September, part of the cavalry in Hull was ferried over to Barton, and the rest under Sir Thomas Fairfax went by sea to Saltfleet a few days later, the whole force joining Oliver Cromwell near Spilsby. In return, Lord Fairfax, who remained in Hull, received infantry reinforcements and a quantity of ammunition and stores from the Eastern Association. With his forces collected and reorganised, Manchester and his cavalry forces next laid siege to the Royalist garrison at Bolingbroke Castle. In response, Newcastle ordered Sir William Widdrington to take a small force of cavalry and dragoons from Lincoln to confront Manchester and relieve the garrison. ==Battle== On 10 October at the town of Horncastle, approximately 6 miles west of Bolingbroke Castle, the Royalist force commanded by Widdrington came upon a cavalry detachment screening for the Parliamentarians sieging the Royalist garrison. A brief skirmish took place and the Parliamentarians withdrew. The Parliamentary detachment reported back to the main army that the Royalists were moving towards them. The next day the two opposing forces simultaneously took steps to confront each other. Manchester took part of his force and arrayed them on Kirkby Hill to prevent the Bolingbroke garrison from leaving the castle and organizing an attack from the rear. With the remainder of his army, Manchester advanced towards Horncastle. Meanwhile, Widdrington and the Royalists moved out of Horncastle and advanced toward Bolingbroke Castle. The Parliamentary horse, which moved faster than the infantry, met the Royalists advancing in the opposite direction at Winceby. The field of battle was not ideal as the land falls away into sharp gullies on one side, but it was not poor enough to prohibit a battle. The two forces were approximately the same size and composition, all cavalry. The ensuing battle lasted about half an hour. Cromwell feigned a retreat and lured the Royalists from a good defensive position onto flat ground. A small party of Parliamentarians advanced on the Royalists who discharged their weapons at them. Cromwell then led his main body of horse in a charge hoping to press home his attack before the Royalists had time to reload but dismounted Royalist dragoons managed to fire a second volley, hitting several of the Ironsides. Cromwell had his horse shot from under him, apparently by Sir Ingram Hopton (who was himself killed in the subsequent fighting and is commemorated by a memorial canvas found above the font in St. Mary's Church, Horncastle). The canvas's inscription describes Cromwell as the 'Arch Rebel' and bears the incorrect date of October 6, 1643 for the Battle of Winceby. Cromwell was only able to rejoin the battle after he had secured another mount. A Royalist cavalry division under Sir William Savile counterattacked Cromwell's right flank. The Royalists were, in turn, attacked in the flank by Sir Thomas Fairfax's horse. In the resulting melee, the Royalists lost cohesion when the command by Savile to about face was taken to be an order to retreat and Savile's horse fled the battle. On the Parliamentarian's left wing the Royalists enjoyed greater initial success, but the collapse of the Royalist left and centre meant that Widdrington had to retreat or face envelopment. A flanking attack by Cromwell's reformed cavalry was enough to cause the Royalists to flee the field in confusion. In Horncastle, at a place now known as "slash hollow", some Royalists were killed or captured when they became trapped against a parish boundary gate that only opened one way (against them) and in their panic the press of men jammed it shut. For the remainder of the day the Parliamentarians hunted down Royalist stragglers not stopping until dusk, which in October occurs in early evening, when they were recalled by Manchester. The Royalists lost about 300 men and the Parliamentarians about 20 with a further 60 wounded. On the same day, Newcastle's army near Hull, which had suffered terribly from the hardships of continuous siege work, was attacked by the garrison. They were so severely handled that the siege of Hull was given up the next day. ==Aftermath== Manchester left Bolingbroke Castle under siege and proceeded to retake Lincoln and Gainsborough. With all hope of relief gone, the garrison of Bolingbroke Castle surrendered on 14 November. Thus Lincolnshire, which had been almost entirely in Royalist hands before Newcastle undertook the siege of Hull, was given over to the control of the Parliamentarians. ==Citations== ==References== * * * Attribution: * ==External links== * * * *: Category:Conflicts in 1643 Category:1643 in England Category:Battles of the English Civil Wars Category:Military history of Lincolnshire Category:Registered historic battlefields in England Category:17th century in Lincolnshire	['First English Civil War', 'Winceby', 'Lincolnshire', 'Oliver Cromwell', 'Plymouth', 'First Battle of Newbury', 'Eastern Association', 'Saltfleet', 'Spilsby', 'Bolingbroke Castle', "St. Mary's Church, Horncastle"]	['Q3142505', 'Q8023700', 'Q23090', 'Q44279', 'Q43382', 'Q2058454', 'Q5329993', 'Q7406104', 'Q745175', 'Q3241847', 'Q7590172']	[[(63, 86)], [(14, 21), (107, 114), (3274, 3281), (4322, 4329)], [(116, 128), (6017, 6029), (6383, 6395), (6474, 6486)], [(1829, 1844)], [(519, 527)], [(953, 976)], [(1241, 1260), (1988, 2007)], [(1777, 1786)], [(1850, 1857)], [(2130, 2148), (2395, 2413), (3134, 3152), (5838, 5856), (5965, 5983)], [(4160, 4189)]]
Motional Feedback (MFB) is an active high fidelity loudspeaker system which was developed by the Dutch Philips brand in the early 1970s. The loudspeakers have built-in amplifiers and feature a feedback sensor on the woofer. The sensor measures the output signal of the woofer and compares it to the amplifier input signal. This results in a very low distortion and furthermore a more extended low frequency response in a relatively small enclosure. Any distortion induced by the enclosure or the woofer itself is immediately corrected by the feedback loop. To a degree, the sensor-feedback system also compensates for non-optimal room acoustics. Although the Motional Feedback technology had been experimented with for several years, Philips was the first company to successfully create a working prototype and create a commercial product line of loudspeakers and equipment. The product manager of the Philips High Fidelity group, Piet Gouw, was responsible for the launch of most of the Motional Feedback loudspeakers and other high fidelity equipment. Today, at the age of 86, Gouw is an active member of MFBfreaks.com, the home of Motional Feedback collectors. He shares historical stories and answers questions on the MFBfreaks.com forum. Today, Motional Feedback is used by high-end audio designers. Grimm Audio / Tentlabs have developed the Pro-ls1s-dmf, a digital motional feedback subwoofer which, according to the company, lowers low frequency distortion by 30dB. A commercial product aimed at the end-consumer market is developed and build by Dutch Archidio, and uses the same technology as the original Philips implementation. == References == ==External links== MFBfreaks.com - Official Philips Motional Feedback (MFB) collectors' website with Piet Gouw stories Another Philips MFB website * MFB Patente, Funktion Panasonic MF-800 Motional Feedback power amplifier and speakers from the 1960s using Luxman technology Panasonic Motional Feedback Article from the Miami News, October 19, 1964. Category:Loudspeakers	['Philips']	['Q170416']	[[(103, 110), (734, 741), (902, 909), (1614, 1621), (1700, 1707), (1784, 1791)]]
Angry Kid is a British animated comedy web series created, directed, written, and designed by Darren Walsh and produced by Aardman Animations for Series 1 and 2 and by Mr Morris Productions for Series 3 and 4. Unlike most Aardman productions, Angry Kid was not created using clay animation but a combination of pixilation (using actors in a form of stop motion puppetry) with masks for facial expressions. Series 3 onwards uses CGI for Angry Kid's head, along with live action. The series also aired in the United States on MTV. Series 1 and 2 have been released on DVD in the UK by 20th Century Fox Home Entertainment and Pathé and in Australia. All the Angry Kid animations from before the third series were on Atom.com before the site was absorbed into Comedy Central. A compilation DVD called Aardman's Dark Side was also released, and it contains several Series 2 episodes and an exclusive episode. The vast majority of Angry Kid has since been released on YouTube. After an 8-year hiatus, Series 3 was launched on 3 July 2015 with the episode 'Interview'. Series 4 launched 4 years later in September 2019. Unlike the first two series, Series 3 and 4 were exclusively released on the official Angry Kid YouTube page, with new episodes appearing every three weeks. The fourth series concluded on 27 December 2019, and, as of December 2022, no further posts have been made to the Angry Kid page. ==Cast== * Darren Walsh as Angry Kid, the title protagonist and antihero. He is a redheaded teenage boy who has a foul mouth and a terrible attitude. He is a mean-spirited brat who gains great enjoyment out of irritating and enraging others. He does not care who he steps on or what trouble he causes as long as it gets him what he needs or wants. Angry Kid is almost always seen wearing a dark blue parka jacket with a furry hood (even over his pyjamas). He is known by police officers as "the little ginger git on the bike" and he is also known as "Stanners." Angry Kid lives with his parents and his younger sister in the TV series but in the special episode "Who Do I Think I Am?", his mother abandons them. He also has a pet dog. Angry Kid also regularly falls victim to dog attacks, as he is seen being attacked by a dog multiple times throughout the series. * David Holt as Dad, Angry Kid's unseen father. He has an obsession for country and western music which he often plays in the car. He usually hits Angry Kid with his newspaper when Angry Kid says or does something stupid or annoying (but only his hand is shown when he hits him). In Who Do You Think You Are?, when he shows Angry Kid some home videos, his full body (apart from his face) is shown. He also plays the Teacher, who only appears in the setting of Angry Kid and Speccy's classroom. According to Who Do I Think I Am, the teacher is a male who happens to have a feminine-sounding voice, much to Angry Kid's confusion So far, he has only been in two episodes, both of which are specials: Darkside and Who do I Think I Am? * Jo Allen / Beth Chalmers as Lil' Sis, Angry Kid's younger sister. Her brother usually torments and teases her, but she gets her own back sometimes. Even though she is smaller and younger than Angry Kid, she is a lot smarter. She very rarely speaks, but she has a speaking part in the episode "Horror," in which she was possessed by an evil spirit and her head turned all the way around. She also talks in the Who Do I Think I Am? specials, the Aardman's Dark Side exclusive episode and in Series 4. * Mike Cooper / Kevin Eldon / Lee Evans as Speccy, Angry Kid's nerdy "best friend". Speccy is allergic to nuts (as revealed in "Swollen"), and when Angry Kid shoved a handful down his throat, he became severely disfigured, and he was then rushed to hospital by Dad. Speccy is always picked on by Angry Kid, who is cruel to him (e.g. making Speccy do his homework for him or not letting him watch movies with him). In Who Do I Think I Am?, it is revealed that Speccy's real name is Myles. ==Episodes== ===Production=== Series 1 and 2 were produced by Aardman Animations. Series 3 and 4 were distributed by Aardman Animations and produced by Mr Morris Productions. Series Episodes Premiere Last in series 1 25 5 December 1998 2000 2 25 2001 2002 3 10 3 July 2015 4 March 2016 4 9 10 September 2019 8 November 2019 S Specials 24 December 2004 3 March 2016 Series 1 # Car Sick # Sex Education # Goalie # Blood Juice # Speed # Chips # Headlights # Cotton Bud # Bored # Bone # Captain Thunderpants # Stinky # Queen's Speech # Hard Face # Swearing # Superhero # Love Bite # Buzz Off # Backwards Writing # Hoax Call # Wee Wee # Road Hog # Sneeze # Horror # Kidnap Series 2 # Cake # Tourettes # Dustbin # Sex Call # Strange Trip # Curious # I Spy # Swollen # Catapult # Russian Roulette # Dolly # Card Trick # Puerile # Bad News # Piss # Wanker # Chemistry # Philosophical # Sofa Attack # Snail # Jackanory # Marathon Man # Road Safety # Birdy # What Are You Like? Series 3 # Fish Factzz # Boyhood # Interview # Workout # Stephen # Mind Control # Bumfluff # Puberty # Emo # Vaccination # How To: Make a Donald Trump Xmas Decoration Series 4 # Callout # Lil' Sis # Perfect Body # Mars # Offstep # Careers Advice # Politics # Fartburger # Sponsored Silence ===Specials=== ===Who Do I Think I Am?=== A 23-minute special, broadcast on BBC Three at 7:30 pm on Christmas Eve, 2004. The plot focuses on Angry Kid, who is given the task to write a 10-page essay for his teacher on who he really thinks he is. Despite their efforts, his dad and his friend Speccy are of no help, and neither is a website he finds online, but later he gets the aid of Lil' Sis, who wants all of his possessions in return for writing the essay, to which he reluctantly agrees. The special ends with Angry Kid reading out the essay written by his sister about who he really is before being punished by having an intense workout session in the school gymnasium under the supervision of an evil gym teacher. ===Handbags=== Angry Kid raps, with the Flaming Choppers, in a music video called "Handbags," telling the story of how the kids (which, oddly, look exactly like him) playing football also use handbags. The song was released as a single on 29 May 2006 by Musicalities Ltd. ====Single track listing==== ===Gridlock=== Angry Kid and the other characters sing in a music video called "Gridlock," telling the story of how the kids were stuck in a traffic jam and everyone was fighting with each other. It was part of Aardman's Live Earth series. ===Angry Kid's Dark Side=== A straight-to-DVD episode featured on Aardman's Dark Side DVD. Angry Kid is running in the forest, where he finds a bandaged-up version of himself as a girl. Angry Kid soon realizes that it is just a nightmare, and the imagery used here is also a reference to a scene from the 1981 horror cult classic film: An American Werewolf in London. Lil' Sis comes into his bedroom to ask if he is all right, and asks if he can play with her, but then she splits in two before him, which turns out to be yet another nightmare in reference to The Shining. He wakes up again to find Speccy is at the foot of his bed, talking about maths and triangles. Angry Kid calls his nightmare nonsense, and Speccy dryly retorts that the real nightmare is when he wakes up. Angry Kid then realises that he is at school wearing a dress. Angry Kid is promptly told off by his teacher before Speccy keeps saying, "There's no place like home" 3 times (a reference to The Wizard of Oz). Angry Kid then hits Speccy with a shoe, and the nightmares end. ===Merry Christmas Stocking Song=== Angry Kid sings an acoustic Christmas song called Merry Christmas Stocking Song. The video comes to Angry Kid is celebrating the side of a Christmas tree with an average of Santa Claus and he wanted to know what you got for Christmas. And he was given a leg. The video was recorded in 2004 and can be seen on YouTube. At the end of the video says: Happy Christmas from Angry Kid. ===My Vloggy=== A three part special released over December 2015. In My Exclusive Movie Review No.1, Angry Kid reviews what he claims is the new Star Wars film. In How To: Make a Donald Trump Xmas Decoration, Angry Kid shows how to make the figure out of a potato and shredded wheat. In My Christmas Vloggy, Angry Kid shows the presents he received including Marmite toothpaste and dog excrement in a box. ===Call Out!=== Angry Kid asks the audience if there is something they would like him to comment on. ==See also== * Rex the Runt - The Aardman Adult show starring Richard Goleszowski. ==References== ==External links== * Category:1990s British adult animated television series Category:1998 British television series debuts Category:British adult animated comedy television series Category:Clay animation television series Category:Stop motion characters Category:Fictional English people Category:Television series by Aardman Animations Category:Television characters introduced in 1998 Category:Adult animated web series Category:1998 web series debuts Category:Web series featuring puppetry Category:British comedy web series Category:British animated web series Category:2019 British television series endings Category:Channel 4 original programming	['Kevin Eldon', 'Aardman Animations', 'Channel 4', 'BBC Three', 'Atom.com', 'YouTube', 'MTV', 'DVD', '20th Century Fox Home Entertainment', 'Pathé', 'Comedy Central', 'Christmas Eve', 'Live Earth', 'An American Werewolf in London', 'Christmas', 'Donald Trump', 'Rex the Runt']	['Q6396222', 'Q301092', 'Q501070', 'Q687427', 'Q4817190', 'Q866', 'Q43359', 'Q5294', 'Q2084961', 'Q1544011', 'Q131439', 'Q106010', 'Q233398', 'Q467290', 'Q19809', 'Q22686', 'Q4381964']	[[(3513, 3524)], [(123, 141), (4047, 4065), (4102, 4120), (8896, 8914)], [(9200, 9209)], [(5319, 5328)], [(713, 721)], [(962, 969), (1209, 1216), (7901, 7908)], [(524, 527)], [(566, 569), (786, 789), (6548, 6551), (6592, 6595)], [(583, 618)], [(623, 628)], [(756, 770)], [(5343, 5356)], [(6487, 6497)], [(6842, 6872)], [(5343, 5352), (7565, 7574), (7620, 7629), (7648, 7657), (7731, 7740), (7816, 7825), (7946, 7955), (8262, 8271)], [(5091, 5103), (8151, 8163)], [(8494, 8506)]]
In mathematics, a dilation is a function f from a metric space M into itself that satisfies the identity :d(f(x),f(y))=rd(x,y) for all points x, y \in M, where d(x, y) is the distance from x to y and r is some positive real number.. In Euclidean space, such a dilation is a similarity of the space.. See in particular p. 110. Dilations change the size but not the shape of an object or figure. Every dilation of a Euclidean space that is not a congruence has a unique fixed point. that is called the center of dilation.. Some congruences have fixed points and others do not.. ==See also== * Homothety * Dilation (operator theory) ==References== Category:Metric geometry	['Euclidean space', 'Homothety', 'Dilation (operator theory)']	['Q17295', 'Q583960', 'Q5276677']	[[(236, 251), (414, 429)], [(591, 600)], [(603, 629)]]
The Peabody Education Fund was established by George Peabody in 1867, after the American Civil War, for the purpose of promoting "intellectual, moral, and industrial education in the most destitute portion of the Southern States" except schools for newly freed African Americans. The main purpose of the fund was to aid elementary education by strengthening existing schools. Because it was restricted from founding new schools, it largely did not benefit freedmen in the South; only 6.5% of its disbursements went to schools for Black students in its early years. The gift of foundation consisted of securities to the value of $2,100,000, of which $1,100,000 were in Mississippi State bonds, afterward repudiated. The original trustees of 1867 were William M. Ewarts; George A. Riggs; William Alexander Graham; Charles MacAlister; John H. Clifford; David G. Farragut; George N. Eaton; George Peabody; Hamilton Fish; Ulysses S. Grant; William Aiken Jr.; Robert C. Winthrop; George P. Russell; Charles P. McIlvaine; William C. Rives; Samuel Wetmore. In 1869 an additional $1,000,000 was given by Mr. Peabody, with $384,000 of Florida funds, also repudiated later. "The fund introduced a new type of benefaction in that it was left without restriction in the hands of the trustees to administer. Power to close the trust after thirty years was provided on condition that two- thirds of the fund be distributed to educational institutions in the Southern states."Orr, 1950, p. 409 The rules of the Peabody Education Fund were strict, allowing for the distribution of about $80,000 per year over a period of thirty years. By the time of the termination of the fund in 1898, about $2,500,000 had been distributed. In 1875, the trustees of the Peabody Education Fund founded the Peabody Normal School of the South which promptly became the Peabody Normal College (1875-1911). It was maintained in connection with the University of Nashville and supported by annual donations from the Peabody Education Fund. In 1910 the Peabody College for Teachers was organized. Placed adjacent to Vanderbilt University, the college opened its doors on June 14, 1914 for summer school. In September 1915, four new buildings had been completed at a cost of $750,000. The Peabody Education Fund was dissolved in 1914. The Southern Education Foundation, a not-for-profit foundation, was created in 1937 from the Peabody Education Fund and three funds intended to support education for blacks: the John F. Slater Fund, the Negro Rural School Fund, and the Virginia Randolph Fund. ==Notes== ==Further reading== Ayres, L. P., Seven Great Foundations (New York, 1911) Orr, D. (1950). A History of Education in Georgia. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press * West, Earle H. "The Peabody Education Fund and Negro Education, 1867-1880" History of Education Quarterly 6#2 (1966), pp. 3-21 online Category:Education finance in the United States Category:Educational foundations in the United States Category:Organizations established in 1867 Category:Southern United States	['George Peabody', 'American Civil War', 'Southern United States', 'Mississippi', 'William Alexander Graham', 'John H. Clifford', 'David G. Farragut', 'Hamilton Fish', 'Ulysses S. Grant', 'William Aiken Jr.', 'Robert C. Winthrop', 'Charles P. McIlvaine', 'William C. Rives', 'Florida', 'Normal School', 'University of Nashville', 'Peabody College', 'Vanderbilt University', 'Southern Education Foundation', 'John F. Slater Fund', 'Negro Rural School Fund', 'Virginia Randolph Fund', 'University of North Carolina Press']	['Q910862', 'Q8676', 'Q49042', 'Q1494', 'Q730936', 'Q175757', 'Q315607', 'Q685992', 'Q34836', 'Q889421', 'Q1375119', 'Q5081618', 'Q3568477', 'Q812', 'Q627006', 'Q7895881', 'Q7157226', 'Q29052', 'Q7569891', 'Q7538901', 'Q6171833', 'Q7934469', 'Q7895937']	[[(46, 60), (886, 900)], [(80, 98)], [(3031, 3053)], [(668, 679)], [(786, 810)], [(832, 848)], [(850, 867)], [(902, 915)], [(917, 933)], [(935, 952)], [(954, 972)], [(993, 1013)], [(1015, 1031)], [(1125, 1132)], [(1781, 1794)], [(1911, 1934)], [(2014, 2029)], [(2077, 2098)], [(2299, 2328)], [(2473, 2492)], [(2498, 2521)], [(2531, 2553)], [(2706, 2740)]]
Geminus of Rhodes (), was a Greek astronomer and mathematician, who flourished in the 1st century BC. An astronomy work of his, the Introduction to the Phenomena, still survives; it was intended as an introductory astronomy book for students. He also wrote a work on mathematics, of which only fragments quoted by later authors survive. ==Life== Nothing is known about the life of Geminus. It is not even certain that he was born in Rhodes, but references to mountains on Rhodes in his astronomical works suggests that he worked there. His dates are not known with any certainty either. A passage in his works referring to the Annus Vagus (Wandering Year) of the Egyptian calendar of 120 years before his own time, has been used to imply a date of c. 70 BC for the time of writing,Dicks, D., Dictionary of Scientific Biography. New York. (1970). which would be consistent with the idea that he may have been a pupil of Posidonius, but a date as late as 50 AD has also been suggested.Neugebauer, O., A History of Ancient Mathematical Astronomy. New York. (1975). The crater Geminus on the Moon is named after him. ==Astronomy== The only work of Geminus to survive is his Introduction to the Phenomena (), often just called the Isagoge. This introductory astronomy book, based on the works of earlier astronomers such as Hipparchus, was intended to teach astronomy for beginning students in the subject. In it, Geminus describes the zodiac and the motion of the Sun, the constellations, the celestial sphere, days and nights, the risings and settings of the zodiacal signs, luni-solar periods and their application to calendars, phases of the Moon, eclipses, star phases, terrestrial zones and geographical places, and the foolishness of making weather predictions by the stars.Evans, J., The History and Practice of Ancient Astronomy, p. 91. Oxford University Press. (1998). He also wrote a commentary on Posidonius' work On Meteorology. Fragments of this commentary are preserved by Simplicius in his commentary on Aristotle's Physics. ==Mathematics== Geminus also wrote extensively on mathematics, including a comprehensive Doctrine, (or Theory) of Mathematics.Heath, T., A Manual of Greek Mathematics, Dover Publications. (2003). Although this work has not survived, many extracts are preserved by Proclus, Eutocius, and others. He divided mathematics into two parts: Mental () and Observable (), or in other words, Pure and Applied. In the first category he placed geometry and arithmetic (including number theory), and in the second category he placed mechanics, astronomy, optics, geodesy, canonics (musical harmony), and logistics. Long extracts of his work are also preserved by Al-Nayrizi in his commentary on Euclid's Elements. ==Notes== ==Bibliography== * Evans, J., Berggren, J.L., Geminos's Introduction to the Phenomena: A Translation and Study of a Hellenistic Survey of Astronomy. (Princeton University Press, 2006.) ==External links== * Greek text of Manitius' Teubner edition of Εἰσαγωγή εἰς τὰ Φαινόμενα (Introduction to Phaenomena/Elements of Astronomy) * Technology Museum of Thessaloniki Entry * * Geminus' section at wilbourhall.org with scans of Manitius' edition of Εἰσαγωγή εἰς τὰ Φαινόμενα including a German translation and an 1895 dissertation on Geminus by Carolus Tittel. Category:Ancient Greek astronomers Category:Ancient Greek mathematicians Category:Ancient Rhodian scientists Category:Roman-era Rhodians Category:Stoic philosophers Category:1st-century BC Rhodians Category:1st- century BC writers Category:1st-century BC mathematicians Category:1st-century BC astronomers	['Posidonius', 'Rhodes', 'Egyptian calendar', 'Moon', 'Hipparchus', 'Sun', 'Aristotle', 'Proclus', 'Eutocius', 'Al-Nayrizi', "Euclid's Elements"]	['Q185770', 'Q43048', 'Q254101', 'Q405', 'Q159905', 'Q525', 'Q868', 'Q271809', 'Q510719', 'Q2988556', 'Q172891']	[[(919, 929), (1904, 1914)], [(11, 17), (433, 439), (472, 478)], [(663, 680)], [(1088, 1092), (1641, 1645)], [(1319, 1329)], [(1460, 1463)], [(2015, 2024)], [(2300, 2307)], [(2309, 2317)], [(2686, 2696)], [(2718, 2735)]]
The Canadian Forces Military Police (CFMP; ) provide police, security and operational support services to the Canadian Armed Forces (CAF) and the Department of National Defence (DND) worldwide. ==About== CFMP serves the Canadian Forces (CF) community, which includes Regular and Reserve Force members, DND civilian employees, cadets, and family members residing on military establishments in Canada and abroad. Whether at home on CF bases or abroad on international missions, CFMP, in conjunction with civilian and allied military police forces, protect and support all components of the CF. CFMP has over 1,250 full-time members. The international scope of the CF requires that CFMP provide services in Canada and around the world. All Canadian citizens are entitled to the same rights, privileges and protection under Canadian law, and CFMP are qualified to provide these services to the same standard as every other Canadian police service. CFMP routinely function within the civilian criminal and military justice systems. CFMP are classified as Peace Officers in the Criminal Code,Criminal Code, RSC 1985, c C-46.Military Police and Reports on Persons in Custody which gives them the same powers as civilian law enforcement personnel to enforce Acts of Parliament anywhere. They have the power to arrest anyone who is subject to the Code of Service Discipline (CSD), regardless of position or rank under the National Defence Act (NDA). CFMP have the power to arrest and charge non-CSD bound civilians only in cases where a crime is committed on or in relation to DND property or assets, or at the request of the Minister of Public Safety, Commissioner of the Correctional Service of Canada or Commissioner of the Royal Canadian Mounted Police (RCMP). Although CFMP jurisdiction is only on DND property across Canada and throughout the world, any civilian accessing these areas falls under CFMP jurisdiction and is dealt with in the same manner as by any civilian policing agency. If in fact a crime is committed on or in relation to DND property or assets, CFMP have the power to arrest and charge the offender, military or civilian, under the Criminal Code. It is important to note though that the purpose of the CFMP is not to replace the job of a civilian police officer, but rather to support the CF through security and policing services.Military Police Powers CFMP also have the power to enforce the Provincial Highway Traffic Act on all military bases in Canada pursuant to the Government Property Traffic Regulations (GPTR). ==History== The Canadian Military Police Branch can trace its roots to the formation of the Canadian Military Police Corps (CMPC), which was authorized on September 15, 1917, by Militia General Orders 93 & 94\. The initial establishment was set at 30 officers and 820 warrant officers and NCOs within 13 detachments, designated No. 1 through No. 13. Only trained soldiers were to be selected, and they were required to serve a one-month probationary period before being transferred. Applicants were required to have exemplary service records. The CMPC School was formed at CFB Rockcliffe near Ottawa in June 1918. The first commanding officer of the school was Major Baron Osborne. The basic course was of three weeks duration. Upon successful completion of the course, privates were promoted to lance corporal. The CMPC was disbanded on December 1, 1920. The Canadian Provost Corps (C Pro C) was formed on June 15, 1940, under the authority of Privy Council Order 67/3030. It originally consisted of No.1 Company (RCMP) and No. 2 Provost Company which was formed in early 1940 as part of the 2nd Canadian Infantry Division. The Royal Air Force, Canada (RAFC) was formed in 1918 and an assistant provost marshal was appointed in Toronto on February 1 of that year. Initially, there were approximately 30 Royal Air Force NCOs and airmen on his staff. This number was soon increased to 50, and two officers were appointed as deputy assistant provost marshals. The Royal Canadian Air Force Police had its beginnings in March 1940 when Group Captain M.M. Sisley was appointed as the first provost marshal of the RCAF. Originally called the Guards and Discipline Branch, the name was changed a year later to the Directorate of Provost and Security Services (DPSS). The DPSS was subdivided into two branches: Police and Security. These branches supplied gate and perimeter security for airfields and installations, and conducted disciplinary patrols. During the Second World War, RCAF Police were known as RCAF Service Police (SP). After World War II, but before the unification of the Royal Canadian Navy (RCN), the Canadian Army and the Royal Canadian Air Force (RCAF), the security and police functions were conducted quite differently by the three services. The army divided the responsibility for security and security incidents between the Canadian Intelligence Corps (C Int C) and C Pro C, and field inquiries were conducted by the Security Sections of the C Int C. The police functions of the C Pro C involved the provision and supervision of guards, the operation of service detention barracks and investigation of service and criminal offences. The Air Force Police (AFP) had the dual responsibility of performing both police and security duties and were under the command of the base on which they served. Security in the RCN was the responsibility of the assistant director naval intelligence who reported to the director of naval headquarters. With the exception of a very small group of professionals policing Canada's military, since 1917 security officers, naval security officers were primarily intelligence officers or officers assigned security duties as a secondary responsibility. The navy had no police organization comparable to the C Pro C or the AFP but relied upon dockyard police, the Corps of Commissionaires, local civil police and shore patrols to maintain security of establishments and maintenance of discipline. Field inquiries in support of the security program were conducted by the RCMP. The initial amalgamation of all police and security elements of the CF was first effected in October 1964 by the formation of the Directorate of Security at Canadian Forces Headquarters. With the introduction of the forces' functional command structure in April 1966, the security staffs and PMs in existing single-service command organizations were eliminated, the command and base security officers were appointed at the newly formed HQs, and the various investigative elements of the services were amalgamated into a single organization called the Special Investigation Unit (SIU). To achieve a common approach throughout the forces, security and police functions were regrouped into three main categories: (1) personnel security, (2) police and custody, and (3) security of information and materiel. A single trade of Military Police was created which replaced five trades that previously existed and provided standards for the training required of all non-commissioned members employed in the police and security field. In June 1966, Major General Gilles Turcot was directed to examine the role, organization and responsibility for security in the CF and to make recommendations for any revisions. At the time of the Turcot report, there existed two philosophies in the police, intelligence and security organizations. The director general intelligence (DGI) saw a distinction between police and security but with a closer relationship between security and intelligence. The chief of personnel saw the police and security functions as complementary. The Turcot report, completed on 22 July 1966, directed that the responsibility for security should be placed under the DGI. In January 1967, the chief of the defence staff (CDS) directed DGI to undertake a management analysis with a view to recommending the future management system for intelligence, security and military police in the Canadian Armed Forces. This study became known as the Piquet report. The DGI Working Group submitted its study in March 1967 in which it was concluded that security/intelligence/police should be managed as an entity under a Directorate General Intelligence and Security in the Vice Chief of the Defence Staff (VCDS) Branch. The new branch was to be named the Security Branch, which officially was created on 1 February 1968. The recommendations of the Piquet Study were implemented by the CDS on 3 May 1967 and by 1968, the officer specifications were in draft form and included five sub-classifications: military police, investigation, intelligence, imagery interpretation and interrogation. With the formation of a unified branch came a need to replace the previous corps and service badges and the use of the thunderbird as the symbol for the Security Branch arose out of the recommendations of the Insignia Steering Group appointed by DGI on 15 May 1967. In 1970, the branch unofficially deleted the military police sub-classification at the officer level since the basic officer specifications included all the tasks of the sub-classification. In effect, the branch had adopted a four subclassification structure. Therefore, between 1971 and 1974, the new Security Services Basic Officer course was the branch qualifying course and consisted of 84 days devoted to police/security instruction and three days to Intelligence subjects. In June 1975, the director military occupational structures (DMOS) issued a draft occupational analysis report on the Sec 81 classification in which it was found that the activities performed by Sec(Int) officers bore little resemblance to those performed by Sec(MP) officers. The branch was restructured into two classifications vice the five sub-classifications that existed at the time. By August 1975 after another review, DGIS rejected the idea of two separate classifications within one Security Branch and proposed one classification for police and one for intelligence. After 1976, training and employment of Security Branch Officers was in consonance with the dual structure of the branch and proved superior to the pre-1975 approaches. The dual structure also formalized and clearly defined the uniqueness of the police and intelligence functions and institutionalized the security function in the police side of the structure as had been the RCAF practice. In 1978, the Craven Report, proposed that ADM(PER) separate the CF police and intelligence personnel comprising the unified Security Branch and reorganize them independently into a structured Security Branch and a new Intelligence Branch. Following further studies, discussions and recommendations, DGIS concurred with the Craven Report and on 3 December 1981 the CDS directed that separate Security and Intelligence Branches each containing the applicable officer classification and trade be established, with an implementation target date of 1 October 1982. On 29 October 1982, a ceremony was held at the Canadian Forces School of Intelligence and Security (CFSIS) which inaugurated the new Intelligence Branch and rededicated the Security Branch. Following the recommendations in the report by former Chief Justice Brian Dickson, a new era was inaugurated for the Military Police Branch with the creation of the Canadian Forces National Investigation Service (CFNIS), the Canadian Forces National Counter Intelligence Unit (CFNCIU) and the re-establishment of the Canadian Forces Provost Marshal (CFPM). , members of the Military Police Branch serve on every base and station of the Canadian Forces in Canada, as well as with the various regiments and battalions. CFMP also serve at Royal Military College of Canada, JTF 2, Joint Task Force (North) and as air marshals for Code 1 (PM Canada, HEGG and Royal Family) when travelling outside Canada. CFMP continue to serve in support of deployed operations, with a significant presence in TF Afghanistan. Outside Canada locations also include the NATO E3A component in Geilenkirchen, Germany, 45 embassies and high commissions with the Military Police Security Service (MPSS), CFSU Europe and Supreme Headquarters Allied Powers Europe in Casteau, Belgium. In November 2007 a ceremony officially recognized the CFPM assuming command of the Canadian Forces Military Police Group. This new CF Formation comprises the CFNIS, MPSS, Canadian Forces Service Prison and Detention Barracks (CFSPDB) and Canadian Forces Military Police Academy (CFMPA). On April 1, 2011, the CF MP Gp was restructured to a new establishment, with the environmental and operational commands policing assets now under the full command of the CF MP Gp Commander. The MPSS and the CFSPDB became part of the MP Svcs Gp, while the CFNIS and CFMPA remain directly under the CF MP Gp structure. , the Military Police Branch comprises approximately 2,230 members total, inclusive of Reserve members. ==Training== The first stage of training for candidates is the 10-week Basic Military Qualification (BMQ) course at the Canadian Forces Leadership and Recruit School in St-Jean-sur-Richelieu, Quebec. This training provides the basic core skills and knowledge common to all trades. A goal of this course is to ensure that all recruits maintain the CF physical fitness standard; as a result, the training is physically demanding. BMQ covers the following topics: policies and regulations of the CF, CF drill, dress and deportment (the "three Ds"), basic safety, first aid, personal survival in nuclear, biological and chemical conditions, handling and firing personal weapons, cross-country navigation and personal survival in field conditions. Upon successful completion of BMQ, candidates go to a Military Training Centre for the Soldier Qualification (SQ) course, which lasts 20 training days. SQ covers the following topics: Army physical fitness, dismounted offensive and defensive operations, reconnaissance patrolling, advanced weapons-handling (working with grenades, machine-guns and anti-tank weapons) and individual field-craft. File:Battle Fitness March.jpg File:CF Obstacle Course.jpg File:CF Firing Range.jpg File:CF Rappel Tower.jpg File:CF Weapons Training.jpg After successful completion of the BMQ and SQ courses, candidates will attend Basic Military Police Training at the Canadian Forces Military Police Academy (CFMPA). Over a four-and-half-month period, they will learn the basics of Canadian civilian and military law, investigative techniques, and acquire skills necessary to perform daily Military Police functions. As CFMP progress through their careers, they will continually attend training for career and specialty courses at the CFMPA as well as partake in training with other Canadian and US Law Enforcement agencies. ===Canadian Forces Military Police Academy=== During 1968, the Provost Corps School was renamed the Canadian Forces School of Intelligence and Security (CFSIS). On 1 April 1999, the CFSIS was stood down. The Intelligence Training Company was reformed as the Canadian Forces School of Military Intelligence (CFSMI), located at CFB Kingston. CFMPA was established 1 April 1999 when the Intelligence Training Company was detached from the former CFSIS. At this time the unit was transformed into a distinct Military Police/Security training establishment. The Military Police component was reorganized to form the CFMPA and is located at CFB Borden. CFMPA provides career and specialist training to Regular and Reserve Force members of the Military Police Branch. In addition, CFMPA provides security- related training to non-Branch personnel of the Regular and Reserve Forces. CFMPA also provides training to personnel from other government and law enforcement agencies and to foreign nationals under the Military Training Assistance Program. In 2004 Managing Authority for CFMPA was transferred from Canadian Forces Training Systems Group to the CFPM, who now exercises full control of Career and Out of Service Training for the Military Police. A new, state of the art training facility, was completed in fall 2015. The CFMPA officially moved into the Col James Riley Stone Building, also located at CFB Borden, on 16 October 2015 and began delivering training in this new facility on 21 October 2015. File:CFMPA Training 1.jpg\|CFMPA Patrol Training File:CFMPA Training 2.jpg\|CFMPA IARD Training File:CFMPA Training 3.jpg\|CFMPA IARD Training File:CFMPA Training 4.jpg\|CFMPA IARD Training ==Domestic operations and deployments== The Canadian Forces Military Police serve in policing and security roles on every base and station of the Canadian Forces in Canada, as well as with the various regiments and battalions. CFMP continue to serve with United Nations (UN) forces, as part of the NATO component in Geilenkirchen, Germany, and in 45 Canadian Embassies and High Commissions around the world. Specific tasks of CFMP may include: Supporting CF missions around the world, by providing policing and operational support Enforcing provincial and federal laws and regulations on DND establishments Investigating and reporting incidents involving military and/or criminal offences Performing other policing duties, such as traffic control, traffic- accident investigation, emergency response, and liaison with Canadian, allied and other foreign police forces Developing and applying crime prevention measures to protect military communities against criminal acts Coordinating tasks related to persons held in custody (including military detainees and prisoners of war) Providing security at selected Canadian embassies around the world Providing service to the community through conflict mediation, negotiation, dispute resolution, public relations and victim assistance ===Afghanistan=== Members of the Canadian Forces Military Police were involved in the International Security Assistance Force (ISAF), a NATO-led formation that operated in Afghanistan under the authority of the UN. The Canadian Forces' contribution to ISAF was conducted under Operation Attention, and through this operation, CFMP members were primarily based in Kabul, Afghanistan, where they were employed across the city in a variety of training and advisory roles. CFMP members were also stationed with the Canadian Contingent Training Mission – Afghanistan (CCTM-A) Military Police Element, where they were responsible for enforcing Canadian law among the CF personnel and assisting other military police of different nations in enforcing conduct and discipline. Under Operation Athena, CFMP members were stationed with Task Force Kandahar for the Operational Mentor and Liaison Team (OMLT), Operational Mentor and Advisory Teams (OMATs) and the Police Operational Mentor and Liaison Team (P-OMLT). CFMP also had a unit supporting Task Force Afghanistan. Canada's Engagement in Afghanistan Official Website – Canada's New Role in Afghanistan – 2011 to 2014 Canada's Engagement in Afghanistan Official Website – Canada's Military and Police Training Role in Afghanistan: 2011-2014 ==Organization structure== The CFMP operate many units across Canada. Most of the units are "total force" meaning they employ both regular force and primary reserve members of the CF. All units are under the control of the Canadian Forces Military Police Group (CF MP Gp), headquartered in Ottawa, Ontario. ===Naval Military Police Group=== The Naval Military Police Group (N MP Gp) has the mandate to provide policing services to the Navy. The formation comprises an HQ in Ottawa and two subordinate units: Naval MP Unit Esquimalt, and Naval MP Unit Halifax. MPU Ottawa and MPU Borden also fall under with mandates to provide policing services to Canadian Forces Support Unit Ottawa (CFSU(O)) and Canadian Forces Base Borden/Canadian Forces Training Support Group (CFB Borden CFTSG) respectively. Military Police Unit Ottawa – Ottawa Military Police Unit Borden – CFB Borden Military Police Unit Esquimalt – CFB Esquimalt Military Police Unit Halifax – CFB Halifax ===Canadian Army Military Police Group=== The Canadian Army Military Police Group (CA MP Gp) has the mandate to provide policing services to the Army. The formation comprises an HQ in Ottawa and four subordinate units: 1 Military Police Regiment (1 MP Regt) with HQ at CFB Edmonton, 2 MP Regt with HQ in Toronto, Ontario, 3 MP Regt with HQ in Sackville, Nova Scotia, and 5 MP Regt with HQ at CFB Valcartier. ;1 Military Police Regiment 1 Military Police Regiment Headquarters – CFB Edmonton 15 Military Police Company – CFB Edmonton 1 Military Police Platoon (Regular Force) - CFB Edmonton 11 Military Police Platoon (Reserve Force) - Edmonton, Alberta 12 Military Police Platoon (Reserve Force) – Richmond and a section in Victoria, British Columbia 13 Military Police Platoon (Reserve Force) – Winnipeg, Manitoba *14 Military Police Platoon (Reserve Force) – Calgary, Alberta 10 Military Police Company – CFB Edmonton Yellowknife Military Police Detachment Chilliwack Military Police Detachment – 39 Canadian Brigade Group CFB Shilo Military Police Platoon – CFB Shilo CFB Suffield Military Police Platoon – CFB/ASU Suffield *ASU Wainwright Military Police Platoon – CFB/ASU Wainwright ;2 Military Police Regiment Military Police Regiment Headquarters – Toronto, Ontario 2 Military Police Platoon – CFB Petawawa 2 Military Police Company (Reserve Force) – Toronto, Ontario 31 Military Police Platoon (Reserve Force) – London, Ontario 32 Military Police Platoon (Reserve Force) – Toronto, Ontario *33 Military Police Platoon (Reserve Force) – Ottawa, Ontario ASU Petawawa Military Police Platoon – CFB/ASU Petawawa ASU Kingston Military Police Platoon – CFB/ASU Kingston ASU Northern Ontario Military Police Detachment – CFB North Bay ASU Toronto Military Police Section – ASU Toronto ASU London Military Police Detachment – ASU London LFCA TC Meaford Military Police Section – LFCA Training Centre Meaford ;3 Military Police Regiment 3 Military Police Regiment Headquarters – Bedford, Nova Scotia 30 Military Police Company (Reserve Force) – Bedford, Nova Scotia 301 Military Police Platoon (Reserve Force) – Bedford, Nova Scotia 302 Military Police Platoon (Reserve Force) – Bedford, Nova Scotia 303 Military Police Platoon (Reserve Force) – Moncton, New Brunswick ASU Gagetown Military Police Platoon – CFB/ASU Gagetown ;5 Military Police Regiment 5 Military Police Regiment Headquarters – CFB Valcartier 5 Military Police Platoon – CFB Valcartier 4 Military Police Company – Quebec City, Quebec 41 Military Police Platoon (Reserve Force) – Montreal, Quebec 42 Military Police Platoon (Reserve Force) – Quebec City, Quebec 43 Military Police Platoon (Reserve Force) – Jonquière, Quebec ASU Valcartier Military Police Platoon – CFB/ASU Valcartier ASU Saint-Jean Military Police Section – Saint-Jean-sur-Richelieu, Quebec ===Air Force Military Police Group=== The Air Force Military Police Group (AF MP Gp) is a Military Police formation with the mandate to provide policing services to the Air Force. The formation comprises a HQ at CFB Winnipeg, and two subordinate units: 1 Military Police Squadron (MP Sqn) with HQ in Cold Lake and 2 MP Sqn with HQ at CFB Trenton. ;1 Military Police Squadron 1 Military Police Squadron Headquarters – 4 Wing Cold Lake 11 Military Police Flight – 4 Wing Cold Lake 12 Military Police Flight – 19 Wing Comox 13 Military Police Flight – 17 Wing Detachment Dundurn 14 Military Police Flight – 15 Wing Moose Jaw *17 Military Police Flight – 17 Wing Winnipeg ;2 Military Police Squadron 2 Military Police Squadron Headquarters – CFB Trenton 21 Military Police Flight – CFB Trenton 22 Military Police Flight – CFB North Bay 23 Military Police Flight – CFB Bagotville 24 Military Police Flight – CFB Greenwood 25 Military Police Flight – CFB Goose Bay 29 Military Police Flight – CFB Gander ===Special Operations Forces Military Police Unit=== The SOF MPU is a Military Police unit with the mandate to provide policing services to the Canadian Special Operations Forces Command (CANSOFCOM). ===Military Police Services Group=== The Military Police Services Group (MP Svcs Gp) is a Military Police formation with the mandate to provide MP operational support to Canadian Forces operations, domestic, continental or expeditionary. The formation comprises a HQ in Ottawa, and three subordinate units: the CF Close Protection Unit (CFCPU), the Military Police Security Service (MPSS), and the CF Service Prison and Detention Barracks (CFSPDB). ;Canadian Forces Protective Services Unit The CFPSU is a high-readiness, specialized and expert protective service organization capable of conducting a broad range of special protective missions and tasks at home and abroad in support of the DND and CF mission. The CFPSU HQ is located in Ottawa. ;Military Police Security Service The MPSS is as a unit of the MP Svcs Gp seconded to the Department of Foreign Affairs and International Trade (DFAIT). The role of the MPSS is to provide security services to specific Canadian Foreign Missions and related properties under the direction of the appropriate Head of Mission. These services include protection of classified and administratively controlled material and equipment, Canadian personnel and property. The performance of these duties includes the execution of instructions for the protection of Canadian Foreign Service Missions and their personnel in emergencies. The MPSS employs over a hundred Military Police personnel. The MPSS personnel are located at the unit headquarters, in Ottawa, and at 47 Canadian Embassies, High Commissions, or Consulates around the world. The first embassy to employ MP personnel as Military Security Guards was Beirut, Lebanon in 1976. The Military Security Guard Unit (MSGU) was declared an official unit of the CF in 1990, and was officially renamed the MPSS in 2009. ;CF Service Prison and Detention Barracks Originally established as one of several military detention centres, the CFSPDB, located at CFB Edmonton, is now the sole, permanently established military corrections facility remaining in the CF. The roles of the CFSPDB include: provide imprisonment and detention services for Canadian Forces service detainees, service prisoners and service convicts; to adjust detainees and prisoners to service discipline, and prepare them to resume an effective role in the CF; to return prisoners to civilian life, where appropriate, with improved attitude and motivation; and to provide subject matter expertise and guidance in support of Canadian Forces disciplinary programs and deployed prisoner of war/detainee operations. Inmates at the CFSPDB serve sentences that range from 15–90 days of detention, to sentences of imprisonment up to two years less a day. Inmates serving a sentence of 14 days' detention, or less, may serve their sentence at a local Unit Detention Room. ===Other detachments and specialty units=== ;Canadian Forces National Counter-Intelligence Unit The CFNCIU is responsible to provide Security Intelligence (SI) and Counter Intelligence (CI) services in support of the CF and the DND during peace, crisis and war. The mission of the CFNCIU consists in identifying, investigating and countering threats to the security of the CF and the DND from foreign intelligence services, or from individuals/groups engaged of espionage, sabotage, subversion, terrorism, extremism or criminal activities. The CFNCIU is a national level, specialist unit responsible for the provision of counter-intelligence (specifically counter-HUMINT) services to the CF and the DND. In addition, the CFNCIU is responsible for the Defensive Security Briefing and Debriefing Program. This program is designed to provide knowledge and assistance to assist CF and DND members in protecting themselves and the Department from potential threats involved in foreign travel, either for Duty or Non-Duty travel, or who may have or have contact with foreign nationals. The CFNCIU contains both military police and intelligence operators and liaise often with the Canadian Security Intelligence Service (CSIS), the Royal Canadian Mounted Police (RCMP) and provincial and municipal police service intelligence officers when gathering and sharing information. ;Canadian Forces National Investigation Service The CFNIS investigates serious or sensitive service and criminal offences against property, persons, and the Department of National Defence. It performs a function similar to that of a Major Crime unit of the RCMP or large municipal police agency. ;1 Canadian Air Division VIP Aircraft Security Detail (Air Marshal detail) Military Police members of the 1 Can Air Div VIP Aircraft Security Detail, are responsible for providing security to Canadian Forces aircraft, crew and passengers—passengers who may include the Governor General, the Prime Minister and members of the Royal Family, amongst others. ;The Canadian Forces Military Police also operate detachments at the following units: Canadian Forces Support Unit (Europe) Royal Military College of Canada – CFB Kingston CFSRSHQ Det Augsburg, Germany CFNA HQ Yellowknife Supreme Headquarters Allied Powers Europe – Casteau, Belgium ==Fleet and equipment== CFMP patrol vehicles are painted white with two red stripes and with a police logo. CFMP Reserve and regular field units have trucks painted olive green that say "Military Police Militaire" and have red or red and blue lights. Because of the terrain on certain bases, some units also have bicycles, all-terrain vehicles (ATV), snowmobiles and watercraft. Image:MP Crown Victoria.jpg\|MP Patrol Cruiser (Crown Vic) Image:MP Patrol Cruiser (Dodge Charger).jpg\|MP Patrol Cruiser (Dodge Charger) Image:MP Unmarked Patrol SUV(Chevrolet Tahoe).jpg\|MP Unmarked Patrol SUV(Chevrolet Tahoe) Image:MP G Wagen.jpg\|MP G-Wagen Image:MP MilCOTS.jpg\|MP MilCOTS Image:MP OPD.jpg\|MP Operational Patrol Uniform Image:Canadian Military Police Photo 2.png\|Canadian Forces Military Police Field Uniform Model Type Number Dates Manufacturer Details Ford Taurus (sixth generation) Patrol Cruiser 2013–Present Ford Ford Crown Victoria Patrol Cruiser 1992–2011 Ford Chevrolet Impala Patrol Cruiser 2006 General Motors Dodge Charger Patrol Cruiser 2010–2012 Fiat Chrysler Automobiles Dodge Avenger Unmarked Patrol Cruiser 2010 Fiat Chrysler Automobiles Ford Explorer Patrol SUV 2008–2016 Ford Chevrolet Tahoe Patrol SUV 2008–2012 General Motors Chevrolet Milcots / Milverado LUVW Pick-Up 2003 General Motors Use domestically by CFMP Reserve units & overseas Mercedes Benz G-Wagen LUVW Mercedes-Benz Use domestically by CFMP Reserve units & overseas SIG Sauer P225 Pistol 2001 SIG Sauer C7 / C7A1 / C8 / C8A1 Rifles 1984 Colt Canada ASP Baton Baton ASP, Inc. Pepper Spray OC Spray ==Order of precedence== ==See also== Department of National Defence (Canada) Intelligence Branch Canadian Special Operations Forces Command Military Police Complaints Commission ==References== ==External links== Canadian Forces Provost Marshal Canadian Military Police Association Canadian Forces Military Police NCM Recruiting Canadian Forces Military Police Officer Recruiting Canadian Military Police Virtual Museum Military Police Complaints Commission of Canada Canadian Forces Recruiting *Canadian Forces and Department of National Defence Category:Canadian Armed Forces personnel branches Category:1967 establishments in Canada Category:Gendarmerie Category:Uniformed services of Canada Category:Federal law enforcement agencies of Canada Category:Military provosts of Canada	['Ottawa', 'Canadian Forces Provost Marshal', 'Canadian Armed Forces', 'Department of National Defence (Canada)', 'Regular Force', 'Canada', 'Peace Officer', 'Acts of Parliament', 'Code of 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Abstention is a term in election procedure for when a participant in a vote either does not go to vote (on election day) or, in parliamentary procedure, is present during the vote but does not cast a ballot. Abstention must be contrasted with "blank vote", in which a voter casts a ballot willfully made invalid by marking it wrongly or by not marking anything at all. A "blank voter" has voted, although their vote may be considered a spoilt vote, depending on each legislation, while an abstaining voter has not voted. Both forms (abstention and blank vote) may or may not, depending on the circumstances, be considered to be a protest vote (also known as a "blank vote"). Abstention is related to political apathy and low voter turnout. An abstention may be used to indicate the voting individual's ambivalence about the measure, or mild disapproval that does not rise to the level of active opposition. Abstention can also be used when someone has a certain position about an issue, but since the popular sentiment supports the opposite, it might not be politically expedient to vote according to their conscience. A person may also abstain when they do not feel adequately informed about the issue at hand, or have not participated in relevant discussion. In parliamentary procedure, a member may be required to abstain in the case of a real or perceived conflict of interest. Abstentions do not count in tallying the vote negatively or positively; when members abstain, they are in effect attending only to contribute to a quorum. Instead, blank votes may be counted in the total of votes, depending on the legislation. ==Active abstention== An active abstention can occur when a voter votes in a way that balances out their vote as if they had never voted. This has occurred many times in the House of Commons of the United Kingdom. During a division (a process where a yes/no vote occurs to agree or disagree with a motion), a Member of Parliament may actively abstain by voting both "yes" and "no". This is effectively the same as not voting at all, as the outcome will not be changed by active abstention.Voted both aye and no – from The Public Whip. Published 24 April 2012 and retrieved 4 May 2012. However, in the House of Lords of the United Kingdom, active abstention is not possible as a Lord voting both ways will be removed from the list of votes.Recording Abstentions by Lord Norton, from lordsoftheblog.net. Published 20 February 2011 and retrieved 4 May 2011. In another manner, an intentionally spoilt vote could be interpreted as an active abstention. An intentionally spoilt vote is caused by a voter who somehow turns to an election and invalidates the ballot paper. Because of the nature of an abstention, only intentionally spoiled ballots could be counted as active abstention. ==International and national parliamentary procedures== In the United Nations Security Council, representatives of the five countries holding a veto power (the United States, United Kingdom, France, Russia and China) sometimes abstain rather than vetoing a measure about which they are less than enthusiastic, particularly if the measure otherwise has broad support. By convention, their abstention does not block the measure. If a majority of members of the United Nations General Assembly or one of its committees abstain on a measure, then the measure fails. In the Council of the European Union, an abstention on a matter decided by unanimity has the effect of a yes vote; on matters decided by qualified majority it has an effect of a no vote. In the Italian Senate, an abstention used to have the effects of a no vote. This was changed in 2017, when it was established that a measure only needed for the number of yes votes to be higher than the number of no votes in order to pass, with abstentions being counted neither as yes votes nor as no votes. In the United States House of Representatives and many other legislatures, members may vote "present" rather than for or against a bill or resolution, which has the effect of an abstention. In the United States Senate, the Presiding Officer calls each senator's name alphabetically, and, if abstaining, the senator must give a reason for the abstention. Members may decline to vote, in committee or on the floor, on any matter which they believe would be a conflict of interest. An example of a conflict was when Senator Mitch McConnell abstained when his wife Elaine Chao was nominated to positions that needed to be confirmed by the Senate; the most recent was on January 31, 2017 when Chao was confirmed as Transportation Secretary. When a senator is nominated for a position that needs to be confirmed by the Senate, that senator is expected to vote "present", such as occurred in 2013 when John Kerry was nominated for the position of Secretary of State and voted "present" rather than vote for his own confirmation. ==Justification== In support for this non-political strategy, some non-voters claim that voting does not make any positive difference. "If voting changed anything, they’d make it illegal" is an oft-cited sentiment attributed to anarchist Emma Goldman.Goldman's actual writings expressed a distinct sentiment: "There is no hope even that woman, with her right to vote, will ever purify politics." In addition to strategic non-voters, there are also ethical non-voters, those who reject voting outright, not merely as an ineffective tactic for change, but moreover because they view the act as either a grant of consent to be governed by the state, a means of imposing illegitimate control over one's countrymen, or both. Thus, this view holds that through voting, one necessarily finds themselves violating the non-aggression principle. Herbert Spencer noted that whether a person votes for the winning candidate, votes for a losing candidate, or abstains from voting, he will be deemed to have consented to the rule of the winning candidate, if they were to follow the doctrine of Blackstone of which Spencer stated "A rather awkward doctrine this." ==Criticisms== Murray Rothbard, while an American libertarian himself, criticized the New Libertarian Manifestos arguments that voting is immoral or undesirable: Samuel Edward Konkin III responded: == Alternatives == The German philosopher and founder of the "Party of nonvoters" (Partei der Nichtwähler) Werner Peters describes in his 2021 published book "Nonvoters into parliament - Refreshment of democracy" (Nichtwähler ins Parlament – Auffrischung der Demokratie) an institutionalisation of nonvoter proportions. Peters proposes to treat abstentions like regular votes and allocate proportionatly the number of abstentions to seats. Though other than with regular votes, seats are offered after the vote to randomly chosen citizens, similar to citizens' assemblies. ==See also== Absenteeism Abstentionism Apolitical Criticisms of electoralism Diplomatic illness Election boycott Non-politics None of the above None of These Candidates Parliamentary procedure Power elite Protest vote * ==References== Category:Elections Category:Libertarian theory Category:Anarchist theory Category:Voting theory	['Voting', 'House of Commons of the United Kingdom', 'Member of Parliament', 'The Public Whip', 'House of Lords of the United Kingdom', 'United Nations Security Council', 'United States', 'United Kingdom', 'France', 'Russia', 'China', 'United Nations General Assembly', 'Council of the European Union', 'United States House of Representatives', 'United States Senate', 'Mitch McConnell', 'Elaine Chao', 'John Kerry', 'Emma Goldman', 'Herbert Spencer', 'Murray Rothbard', 'American libertarian', 'New Libertarian Manifesto', 'Absenteeism', 'Abstentionism', 'Apolitical', 'Diplomatic illness', 'Election boycott', 'None of the above', 'None of These Candidates', 'Parliamentary procedure', 'Power elite', 'Protest vote']	['Q189760', 'Q11005', 'Q486839', 'Q7257661', 'Q11007', 'Q37470', 'Q30', 'Q145', 'Q142', 'Q159', 'Q148', 'Q47423', 'Q8896', 'Q11701', 'Q66096', 'Q355522', 'Q263322', 'Q22316', 'Q79969', 'Q144535', 'Q297079', 'Q16153120', 'Q1110509', 'Q332278', 'Q13580111', 'Q2858446', 'Q5279929', 'Q4090436', 'Q2345115', 'Q17091919', 'Q221911', 'Q192797', 'Q6812827']	[[(7137, 7143)], [(1800, 1838)], [(1935, 1955)], [(2144, 2159)], [(2227, 2263)], [(2869, 2900)], [(2966, 2979), (3871, 3884), (4061, 4074)], [(1824, 1838), (2249, 2263), (2981, 2995)], [(2997, 3003)], [(3005, 3011)], [(3016, 3021)], [(3265, 3296)], [(3375, 3404)], [(3871, 3909)], [(4061, 4081)], [(4385, 4400)], [(4425, 4436)], [(4759, 4769)], [(5124, 5136)], [(5722, 5737)], [(6051, 6066)], [(6077, 6097)], [(6122, 6147)], [(6821, 6832)], [(6834, 6847)], [(6849, 6859)], [(6890, 6908)], [(6910, 6926)], [(6942, 6959)], [(6961, 6985)], [(6987, 7010)], [(7012, 7023)], [(7025, 7037)]]
Curly is a surname, given name, nickname or stage name. It may refer to: == First name, nickname or stage name== * Crazy Horse (1840–1877), Oglala Sioux war chief nicknamed "Curly" * Curly (scout), nickname of Ashishishe (c. 1856–1923), Crow Indian scout for General Custer * Paul Carlyle Curly Armstrong (1918-1983), American basketball player * Curly Bill Brocius, nickname of William Brocius (c. 1845-1882), American Old West gunman and outlaw * Charles Roy Curly Brown (1888-1968), American Major League Baseball pitcher * Harold Lee Curly Chalker (1931-1998), American country and jazz musician * Robert F. Curly Clement (1919 – 2006), American baseball umpire * Curly Ray Cline (1923-1997), American bluegrass fiddler * Curly, nickname of George Andrew Davis Jr. (1920-1952), American World War II and Korean War flying ace * Curly Joe DeRita, Three Stooges persona of Joseph Wardell, whose stage name was Joe DeRita (1909 – 1993), American actor and comedian * Clarence T. "Curly" Edwinson (1912 – 1985). American fighter pilot and flying ace of World War II, football player and skeet shooter * Curly Evans, nickname of Neal Evans (c. 1888–1945), American born Canadian freight industry entrepreneur * Arnim LeRoy Curly Fox (1910-1995), American county music singer and musician * Curly Hammond (1879–1963), English rugby union player * Erling George Curly Haugland, American politician and businessman * Hubert Edward Curly Hinchman (1907 – 1968), American football player * Curly Howard, stage name of comic actor Jerome Lester Horwitz (1903–1952), Three Stooges actor * Curly Howard (DJ), stage name of Howard Sisk (c. 1930–2001), on-air name of American disc jockey Howard Sisk * Greg 'Curly' Keranen, American bassist and guitarist * Earl Louis Curly Lambeau (1898-1965), founder, player and first coach of the Green Bay Packers * Lillian Curly Lawrence, who was born William Morris Benjamin, also known as LBSC (1883 – 1967), British model locomotive designer * Curly Lino, nickname of Frank Lino (born 1938), Sicilian-American mobster * Albert Charles Curly Linton (5 September 1895 – 25 July 1985) was an Anzac veteran and Australian rules footballer * Gordon 'Curly' Mack, whose full name is Gordon Sylvester Bradshaw Mack (1898-1948), Irish badminton player of the 1920s and '30s * Curly M.C., a pseudonym of Michael Cretu (born 1957), Romanian-German musician * Curly Moe, ring name Donald Chester Zalesky (1962 – 2015), Canadian-American wrestler * Fred "Curly" Morrison (born 1926), American National Football League player * Frederick Curly Neal, nickname of Neal (1942–2020), American basketball player, member of the Harlem Globetrotters * Olaf Gustave Hazard Curly Oden (1899-1978), American National Football League player * Warren Harvey Curly Ogden (1901-1964), American Major League Baseball pitcher * Milford Laurenson Curly Page (1902-1987), New Zealand cricketer * Donald "Curly" Phillips (1884-1938) Canadian guide, outfitter, entrepreneur, and explorer * Claude Curly Putman Jr. (born 1930), American songwriter * John Ray Curly Seckler (born 1919), American bluegrass musician * Edward Curly Thirlwell (1905-1985), American sound engineer nominated for two Academy Awards * Konrad the Curly (c. 1198 – 1213), Polish noble == Fictional characters == * Curly McLain, in the musical Oklahoma! * Curly Washburn, in the movies City Slickers and City Slickers II: The Legend of Curly's Gold * Norman Curly Watts, in the British soap opera Coronation Street * Marshal "Curly" Wilcox, in the movie Stagecoach * Curly, in the British period crime drama television series Peaky Blinders (TV series) * Curly, in the British comic strip Dennis the Menace and Gnasher * Curly, a Lost Boy in Peter Pan * Curly, a rabbit in the Canadian television series Abby Hatcher == Animals == * "Curly" or "Little Curly", a nickname of Laika, the first dog in space * Curly Horse, a curly-coated breed of horse * Curly, the name of the first LaPerm cat == See also == Curlee (name) Curley, name list Curli, protein Bolesław IV the Curly (c. 1125-1173), Duke of Masovia and High Duke of Poland Category:Nicknames	['Crazy Horse', 'Curly (scout)', 'Curly Armstrong', 'William Brocius', 'Curly Brown', 'Curly Chalker', 'Curly Ray Cline', 'George Andrew Davis Jr.', 'Joe DeRita', 'Neal Evans', 'Curly Fox', 'Curly Hammond', 'Curly Haugland', 'Curly Howard', 'Curly Howard (DJ)', "Greg 'Curly' Keranen", 'Curly Lambeau', 'Curly Lawrence', 'Frank Lino', 'Curly Linton', "Gordon 'Curly' Mack", 'Michael Cretu', 'Curly Moe', 'Curly Neal', 'Curly Oden', 'Curly Ogden', 'Curly Page', 'Curly Putman', 'Curly Seckler', 'Curly Thirlwell', 'Konrad the Curly', 'Oklahoma!', 'City Slickers', "City Slickers II: The Legend of Curly's Gold", 'Curly Watts', 'Peaky Blinders (TV series)', 'Peter Pan', 'Abby Hatcher', 'Laika', 'Curly Horse', 'LaPerm', 'Curley', 'Curli', 'Bolesław IV the Curly']	['Q44555', 'Q3007693', 'Q1640546', 'Q4019945', 'Q5194882', 'Q16014030', 'Q5194892', 'Q2651290', 'Q705408', 'Q6984093', 'Q5194885', 'Q5194886', 'Q23131103', 'Q924567', 'Q5194887', 'Q5605221', 'Q1144803', 'Q5194888', 'Q13580323', 'Q22018857', 'Q975947', 'Q77006', 'Q19896248', 'Q5495990', 'Q4905536', 'Q5194889', 'Q5194890', 'Q2978007', 'Q5194893', 'Q5194895', 'Q956304', 'Q1364648', 'Q1094020', 'Q1218462', 'Q5194896', 'Q14944179', 'Q107190', 'Q39046819', 'Q53662', 'Q463463', 'Q42639', 'Q37523007', 'Q22325454', 'Q53442']	[[(115, 126)], [(183, 196)], [(289, 304)], [(379, 394)], [(461, 472)], [(538, 551)], [(668, 683)], [(745, 768)], [(838, 848), (912, 922)], [(1128, 1138)], [(1222, 1231)], [(1289, 1302)], [(1359, 1373)], [(1484, 1496), (1581, 1593)], [(1581, 1598)], [(1692, 1712)], [(1758, 1771)], [(1852, 1866)], [(2000, 2010)], [(2067, 2079)], [(2169, 2188)], [(2327, 2340)], [(2381, 2390)], [(2557, 2567)], [(2684, 2694)], [(2765, 2776)], [(2849, 2859)], [(2996, 3008)], [(3057, 3070)], [(3121, 3136)], [(3209, 3225)], [(3315, 3324)], [(3357, 3370), (3375, 3388)], [(3375, 3419)], [(3429, 3440)], [(3597, 3623)], [(3713, 3722)], [(3775, 3787)], [(3845, 3850)], [(3877, 3888)], [(3951, 3957)], [(3993, 3999)], [(4012, 4017)], [(4029, 4050)]]
Indo-Western clothing is the fusion of Western and South Asian fashion.Comparative Study of Historical Women clothing In North of India and North of Iran Literature Review ==History== Until as late as 1961, the beach city of India known as Goa was still under Portuguese control. In fact, the Portuguese did not even formally recognize Indian sovereignty over the city until 1975. Throughout the years India was home to many European colonies, but the two most influential have been the Portuguese and the British. The event that began the colonization process of India was when famed Portuguese explorer Vasco da Gama discovered a trade route into Kerala linking Europe and India. The Portuguese created a lengthy relationship with India that was predicated on the spice trade. Due to the Portuguese occupation of Goa, the Goan culture and people were heavily influenced by the Portuguese culture. In 1510 Goa experienced the Portuguese conquest of Goa, which resulted in a heavy Christianization of the region. Events like this helped shape the culture of contemporary Goa. Then from 1782 to 1800, the people of Goa underwent the Goa inquisition. During this time you could be heavily persecuted if you were caught performing non-Christian worship, rituals, or clothing. Goa continued to receive strong Portuguese influence until their decline in the region during the 1800s. Although Goa is now a sovereign state of India, it still retains its Portuguese history and culture. In 2012, Goan designer Wendell Rodricks stated that “Indo-western clothing originated in Goa.” On December 31, 1600, Queen Elizabeth I formally allowed trade in the East Indies to The Company of Merchants of London Trading into the East Indies. This was a strategic move to compete in the Dutch controlled spice trade. In August 1858, the British crown formally gained control of India. At this time, Britain had control of most of India, through either direct control or vassal kingdoms. In 1858, the historical Indian independence movement began, which lasted until 1947. At midnight on August 15, 1947, the Indian independence movement comes to an end as the Indian Independence Act is signed. The days following the signing of this bill are filled with bloodshed between the different religions of India. Educated women that held important positions during the British Raj, began to create and wear early Indo western designs. These Indian women began to wear sarees with blouses that had puffy sleeves. These sleeves were much the same as puffy sleeves that were popular in Europe during the Victorian era. After independence, India entered the Golden Age of Cinema, which began to influence fashion and culture. During the 1960s, Indian culture was being influenced by the West, and this was very apparent in films at the time. In movies like An Evening in Paris, the Western influence is very visible through the clothing and setting of the film. The main male protagonist wears Western- styled suits, while the female protagonist wears some Western dresses and some Indo western clothing. In the 1960s and 1970s, at the same time as Western fashion was adopting elements of Indian dress, Indian fashion also absorbed elements of Western dress. This practice of mutual appropriation continued throughout the 1980s and 1990s, as multiculturalism in fashion design took hold, with Western designers incorporating traditional Indian crafts, textiles and techniques at the same time as Indian designers allowed the West to influence their work. While middle-class Indian women in migrant communities originally tended to favour Western styles for all occasions in the 1960s and 1970s, they gradually began to wear stylish Indian dress for special occasions as a status symbol equivalent to chic Western fashion. One example of a traditionally Indian garment that has been heavily influenced by Western fashion is the kurta suit, a reversal of the established tradition of Western fashion being influenced by Asian design. Geczy noted that an Indian woman wearing traditional clothing might find herself said to be "imitating" Western fashion, and that the boundaries between East and West in fashion were becoming increasingly blurred. ==21st century== By the first decade of the 21st century, Western styles were well established as part of Indian fashion, with some professional Indian women favouring Western-style dresses over saris for office wear. Fashionable Indian women might take the traditional shalwar kameez and wear the kameez (tunic) with jeans, or the pants with a Western blouse. Among the youth, there appears to be an enthusiastic approach to combining traditional clothes with a western touch.Bollywood Vogue July 8, 2014 Indo-Fusion Look and Bollywood Prapti Bagga Arora With increasing exposure of the Indian subcontinent to the Western world, the merging of women's clothing styles is inevitable. Many Indian and Pakistani women residing in the West still prefer to wear traditional salwar kameez and sarees; however, some women, particularly those of the younger generation, choose Indo-Western clothing. The clothing of the quintessential Indo-Western ensemble is the trouser suit, which is a short kurta with straight pants and a dupatta. Newer designs often feature sleeveless tops, short dupattas, and pants with slits. New fusion fashions are emerging rapidly, as designers compete to produce designs in tune with current trends. Additional examples of the fusion that Indo-Western clothing represents include wearing jeans with a choli, salwar or kurta, adding a dupatta to a Western-style outfit, and wearing a lehnga (long skirt) with a tank top or halter top. For men Indian traditional Kurta with sports shoes and scarves. ==Popular styles of women's Indo-Western clothing== * Indo-Western kurtis are available in various styles and silhouettes, such as A-line, Angrakha, Anarkali, C-cut, trail cut, shirt- style, tail cut, asymmetrical, and so on. * Indo-Western evening gowns are one of the most popular choices for women of all ages at festivities and social gatherings. * Palazzo pants are a Westernised form of the salwar and similar Indian trousers. * Indo-Western tops include Indo-Western styles of kurtis and tunics, various colors, prints, patterns and styles. They may be paired with jeans, leggings, jeggings and various other women's bottom wear. ==Popular styles of Men's Indo-western clothing== Indo western Jodhpuri Suit set is the modern version of traditional men's jodhpuri suits and it is an ideal outfit for festivities Indo western Angrakha kurtas are not just available for women, you can find a various version of this clothing for men as well. Ideal for casual family gatherings and small functions. Indo western kurtas with jackets can be paired with various lower body clothing to achieve a different look every time. One can find various colors, shapes, prints and patterns of this style of Indo western clothing. Indo western Achkan looks quite similar to traditional sherwanis but, they are completely different. Good style of achkans could be paired with jeans and other men's bottom wears. ==Distinctive elements in Indo-Western fashions== Sleeve length - The traditional salwar has long or short sleeves. An Indo-Western design might forego sleeves altogether, or replace the sleeves with spaghetti straps, resembling the style of a tank top or halter. There are also poncho-styled tops and one-sleeve designs that follow contemporary Western trends. Shirt length - Indo-Western kurtas and salwars tend to be much shorter than those traditionally worn, so that they resemble Western-style blouses. Necklines - Some Indo-Western tops are available with plunging necklines, in contrast to the traditional styling of salwars and kurtas. Color - Traditional salwar and sari include bright and bold colors and patterns. New Indo-Western designs choose lighter and more subtle colors and patterns. The traditional patterns are less in use, and colors like soft pastel colors, and plain patterns with statement jewelry is more in use. ==Popular brands of Indo western clothing== There are various brands popular for manufacturing indo western clothing for men and women. The most recognized brands are Saffron Lane Co, Manyavar, Masaba Gupta, Rahul Mishra, Manish Malhotra, Nicobar and Anju Modi. For a budget friendly option one can shop from Global desi, Missprint, Jaypore, Bunaai, S&F;, Mehar, raas internatiional clothing inc and Utsav Fashion. ==Well known wearers of Indo- Western fashion== A few who are well-known enthusiasts of the hybrid fashion are Indian actress Shilpa Shetty, English actress Judi Dench, Bollywood actresses Aditi Rao Hydari and Sonam Kapoor. == Indo-Western Fashion Designers == * Pooja Motwani ==See also== Fashion in India 1945-1960 in Indian fashion 1960s in Indian fashion 1970s in Asian fashion 1990s in Indian fashion 2000s in Indian fashion 2010s in Indian fashion ==References== ==Further reading== * Los Mahal. "Indo-Western Clothing: A Beautiful Fusion of Cultures" Category:Indian clothing Category:Pakistani clothing Category:History of Asian clothing	['South Asian', 'India', 'Goa', 'British Raj', 'Vasco da Gama', 'Kerala', 'Wendell Rodricks', 'Elizabeth I', 'Indian independence movement', 'Victorian era', 'An Evening in Paris', 'Indian subcontinent', 'Western world', 'Anarkali', 'Palazzo pants', 'Shilpa Shetty', 'Judi Dench', 'Aditi Rao Hydari', 'Sonam Kapoor']	['Q771405', 'Q668', 'Q1171', 'Q129286', 'Q7328', 'Q1186', 'Q7982477', 'Q7207', 'Q12444025', 'Q182688', 'Q482432', 'Q60140', 'Q160381', 'Q3595744', 'Q7127017', 'Q270665', 'Q28054', 'Q4683039', 'Q1192750']	[[(51, 62)], [(130, 135), (225, 230), (336, 341), (402, 407), (564, 569), (675, 680), (733, 738), (1419, 1424), (1859, 1864), (1911, 1916), (1992, 1997), (2089, 2094), (2141, 2146), (2281, 2286), (2416, 2421), (2611, 2616), (2715, 2720), (3161, 3166), (3175, 3180), (3409, 3414), (3468, 3473), (3546, 3551), (3704, 3709), (3825, 3830), (4024, 4029), (4324, 4329), (4363, 4368), (4448, 4453), (4806, 4811), (4907, 4912), (5683, 5688), (6155, 6160), (8611, 8616), (8802, 8807), (8822, 8827), (8847, 8852), (8896, 8901), (8921, 8926), (8946, 8951), (9076, 9081)], [(240, 243), (815, 818), (824, 827), (907, 910), (950, 953), (1071, 1074), (1114, 1117), (1132, 1135), (1273, 1276), (1387, 1390), (1488, 1491), (1568, 1571)], [(2344, 2355)], [(605, 618)], [(649, 655)], [(1502, 1518)], [(1602, 1613)], [(1992, 2020), (2089, 2117)], [(2576, 2589)], [(2828, 2847)], [(4806, 4825)], [(4833, 4846)], [(5888, 5896)], [(6092, 6105)], [(8626, 8639)], [(8657, 8667)], [(8689, 8705)], [(8710, 8722)]]
Model Mugging is an American form of self-defense training that uses padded instructors, known as "Model Muggers", to simulate assaults. It was founded by Matt Thomas, and developed by Danielle Smith, Julio Toribio, Sheryl Doran and Mark Morris. Its inspiration was the 1971 rape and beating that happened to a Karate black belt. Model Mugging attempts to turn the adrenaline reaction to an active response rather than a fear response through simulated attacks and group talk sessions. == Techniques and training == Model mugging training involves students role-playing and sometimes fighting through a variety of assault scenarios. Students are taught physical defenses, methods of avoiding or defusing potential assaults, verbal defenses, and decision-making under the pressure of such situations. During the simulated assaults, heavily padded instructors, often referred to as muggers, accost, grab, or directly attack a student, who may respond (if they believe a physical response is appropriate for the situation) with full-force attacks to the padded instructor. The emotionally charged nature of the scenarios combined with the full-force nature of the fighting tend to create an adrenalized state similar to that of someone facing a real assault. The adrenalized nature of the training is intended to teach the student how to think clearly and respond in adrenalized situations. == History == Model Mugging received significant publicity beginning in the late 1970s and 1980s. The first major public recognition was described in 1978 within Human Behavior Magazine, and The Chronicle of Higher Education. Popularity of the Model Mugging program expanded rapidly after an article was published in Black Belt magazine describing the innovative training system. Many other publications and supporters began providing positive press coverage, and especially in People magazine. The program was widely publicized in many other popular magazines and media such as Life magazine, Glamour magazine and others. By 1990, some female instructors stated that women were traumatized by the course or sexually assaulted by Model Mugging male instructors. After several incidents of private lessons that Thomas gave to female instructors of the Model Mugging program in his home led to allegations that he had acted inappropriately, the national board of Model Mugging instituted new rules prohibiting the practice. Women who had made the allegations broke from the Model Mugging program being taught at Stanford and formed their own self-defense organizations. In 1990, psychologist Albert Bandura used Model Mugging for a psychology study where he and Elizabeth Ozer tested the hypotheses that "perceived coping and cognitive control self- efficacy govern the effects of personal empowerment over physical threats". The women participated in a mastery modeling self-defense program in which they sought to learn the physical skills to defend themselves successfully against unarmed sexual assailants. ==References== ==External links== *Model Mugging Category:North American martial arts Category:Martial arts in the United States Category:Hybrid martial arts	['Hybrid martial arts', 'Karate', 'The Chronicle of Higher Education', 'Albert Bandura']	['Q2290683', 'Q11419', 'Q73617', 'Q153753']	[[(3135, 3154)], [(311, 317)], [(1579, 1612)], [(2578, 2592)]]
Marc Mero (born July 9, 1960) is an American former amateur boxer and professional wrestler, as well as a motivational speaker. He is best known for his appearances with the World Wrestling Federation (WWF, now WWE) under his real name and with World Championship Wrestling (WCW) and NWA Total Nonstop Action (NWA TNA) under the ring name Johnny B. Badd. Today, Marc Mero contributes much of his time to the nonprofit organization he founded in 2007, Champion of Choices. Mero was heavily pushed as a mid-carder as "Johnny B. Badd" in WCW during the early 1990s. He won the WCW World Television Championship three times during the course of his career before departing the company due to creative differences in 1996. He would then compete in WWF under his real name, making his debut at WrestleMania XII and going on to win the WWF Intercontinental Championship. He would then feud with his wife Sable before departing in 1999. Mero's last mainstream appearance was in NWA TNA, where he wrestled sporadically in the mid-2000s. ==Early life== Mero was born in Buffalo, New York. His parents divorced when he was eight years old, with his mother supporting him and his two siblings by working two jobs. At the age of 12, Mero began playing hockey, eventually becoming his league's Most Valuable Player. In 1973, Mero's family relocated to Liverpool, New York, where Mero played for the Mid State Youth Hockey League. At age 15, Mero began playing for the Syracuse Stars Junior Hockey Team. Mero began playing football in his senior year at Liverpool High School, with his team winning the New York State Public High School Athletic Association Title under the tutelage of future University of Central Florida coach George O'Leary. In the same year, Mero began training as a boxer under Golden Gloves coach Ray Rinaldi. Mero went on to win four New York State titles, including the New York Golden Gloves tournament. Mero intended to become a professional boxer, but his career was sidelined after his nose was broken in an accident. He briefly pursued a bodybuilding career, placing third in the Mr. New York State bodybuilding contest. ==Professional wrestling career== ===Training (1990–1991)=== In 1990, Mero decided to become a wrestler, traveling to Tampa, Florida to train under the Malenkos. He debuted in 1991 in the Floridian Sun Coast Professional Wrestling promotion. ===World Championship Wrestling (1991-1996)=== ==== Early years (1991–1993) ==== Several months after his FSCPW debut, Mero attended a World Championship Wrestling television taping and was given a tryout, losing to Doom in a squash match. Mero appeared with WCW as an enhancement talent for several months. Mero competed in his first match on the May 1, 1991 episode of WorldWide, where he was defeated by Sid Vicious. He was eventually signed to a contract by booker Dusty Rhodes. Rhodes repackaged Mero with the ring name Johnny B. Badd (as a nod to the Chuck Berry song "Johnny B. Goode") and he was given the character of a flamboyant Little Richard look-alike.Foley, M. (2000) Have a Nice Day: A Tale of Blood and Sweatsocks (p.202) He was initially a villain and managed by Teddy Long. He debuted at the inaugural SuperBrawl pay-per-view, on May 19, 1991, where he was introduced as Long's newest client. He made his televised in-ring debut on the June 1 episode of World Championship Wrestling against enhancement talent Kip Abee. Badd made his pay-per-view debut at The Great American Bash, where he lost to The Yellow Dog by disqualification after Long tried to remove Yellow Dog's mask. Badd was heavily pushed upon his debut, being placed in the rankings of the top ten contenders for the World Heavyweight Championship due to a dominant undefeated streak. He put his lip stickers on the faces of his defeated opponents after matches. On August 25, he participated in a tournament for the vacated United States Heavyweight Championship, where he faced Yellow Dog to a no contest in the quarter-final. As a result, both men were eliminated from the tournament. Badd suffered his first pinfall loss on television on the September 5 Clash of the Champions XVI: Fall Brawl, where he was pinned by the United States Heavyweight Champion Sting. Badd continued his dominance with a win over Jimmy Garvin at Halloween Havoc and unsuccessfully challenged Brian Pillman for the Light Heavyweight Championship on the November 19 Clash of the Champions XVII. On the December 22 episode of Main Event, Badd teamed with Diamond Studd to take on Tom Zenk and P. N. News in a tag team match, which Badd's team lost. After the match, Badd was attacked by Studd and Diamond Dallas Page until Zenk and News came to his rescue. As a result, Badd turned into a fan favorite. Badd made his first appearance at the company's flagship event Starrcade, where he was randomly placed with Arachnaman in a Lethal Lottery tag team match against Scott Steiner and Firebreaker Chip. Badd's team lost. Shortly after, he began using "Badd Blaster", a confetti gun that he would fire before his matches. Badd continued to rack up wins against the likes of Richard Morton and Tracy Smothers in the first half of 1992. He feuded with Page and his teammate Scotty Flamingo and the two competed in a series of televised and non-televised matches throughout 1992, including a boxing match on the November 18 Clash of the Champions XXI, which Flamingo won in the third round after Page filled Flamingo's boxing glove with water. Mero got involved in a rivalry with Cactus Jack after the two were randomly placed as tag team partners via Lethal Lottery for Starrcade but failed to get along. The duo teamed for the first time on the December 26 episode of Saturday Night, where they defeated Tex Slazenger and Shanghai Pierce. They had a confrontation after the match, during which Jack delivered a double underhook DDT. At Starrcade, Mero's team lost in their Lethal Lottery match after Mero knocked Jack out with a Tutti Frutti. Mero faced Jack in a match on the January 13, 1993 Clash of the Champions XXII, where he lost. Badd began his next major program with Maxx Payne after Payne injured him with a Payne Killer on February 9. During this rivalry, Payne stole the Badd Blaster and Badd attempted to reclaim his gun. Badd lost a match to Payne by forfeit on the June 16 Clash of the Champions XXIII after Payne took him out with the Badd Blaster. Badd donned a mask due to the sustained injuries and faced Payne in a series of matches. He defeated Payne at the Beach Blast pay-per-view but lost to him in a no disqualification match on the July 31 episode of Saturday Night. Badd defeated Payne in a mask versus guitar match on the August 18 Clash of the Champions XXIV, to claim Payne's guitar. The two ended their feud on the October 30 episode of Saturday Night, where both men shook hands and buried the hatchet after a confrontation with Paul Orndorff. Badd unsuccessfully challenged Lord Steven Regal for the WCW World Television Championship on the November 10 Clash of the Champions XXV. He was randomly paired with Brian Knobbs in a Lethal Lottery at the Battlebowl pay-per-view, where Badd's team won to qualify for the Battlebowl battle royal. He eliminated Rip Rogers before being eliminated by Paul Orndorff. ==== World Television Champion (1994–1996) ==== Badd received his first world championship opportunity on the February 12, 1994, episode of Saturday Night, where he challenged Rick Rude for the International World Heavyweight Championship in a losing effort. During this time, Badd formed a tag team with Michael Hayes and began a feud with Harlem Heat. Hayes turned on Badd during a no disqualification match against Harlem Heat on the February 19 episode of Saturday Night. As a result, Badd would be facing Hayes, the following night at SuperBrawl IV, where Hayes was replaced by Jimmy Garvin, whom Badd defeated. Badd began pursuing the United States Heavyweight Championship after he lost a tuxedo match against champion Steve Austin on the May 7 episode of WorldWide, after Col. Robert Parker pulled off Badd's pants. Badd faced Austin for the title in a losing effort at Slamboree Badd received another title shot on the June 23 Clash of the Champions XXVII, where Austin initially retained the title by pinning Badd after hitting him with a foreign object, but the referee reversed the decision, during which Badd pinned Austin. However, due to the controversial finish, Austin retained the title. Badd substituted for the injured Sting as Lord Steven Regal's challenger for the World Television Championship at Bash at the Beach, where he failed to win the title. However, Badd remained in the title contention. Mero was booked to beat Regal for the title at Fall Brawl to gain his first singles championship in WCW. Badd made his first successful title defense against Bobby Eaton on the October 1 episode of WorldWide. He retained the title in major title defenses against The Honky Tonk Man at Halloween Havoc and the November 16 Clash of the Champions XXIX. Badd was scheduled to defend the title against Honky for a third time at Starrcade but Honky left the company before the event and was replaced by Arn Anderson, whom Badd defeated to retain the title. Badd dropped the title to Anderson on the January 8, 1995, episode of Main Event. Badd failed to win the title in subsequent rematches on the January 25 Clash of the Champions XXX, February 18 episode of Saturday Night and February 19 episode of Main Event. Badd defeated Anderson in a boxer-versus-wrestler match at Uncensored to end the rivalry. Badd competed in the mid-card throughout 1995, until he defeated Brian Pillman to become the #1 contender for the United States Heavyweight Championship at Fall Brawl. Badd received his title shot on the September 30 episode of Saturday Night against Sting, but failed to appear as he had been attacked by the Television Champion Diamond Dallas Page. Badd faced and defeated Page to win his second World Television Championship at Halloween Havoc. Badd defended the title against Page at the inaugural World War 3 pay-per-view, with the stipulation that if Badd won, he would gain Page's Diamond Doll as his valet. Badd defeated Page to retain the title and won the services of Kimberly, but he freed her. She continued to be in Badd's corner and the rivalry with Page continued. Badd defeated Page to retain the title at SuperBrawl VI in 1996. Badd lost the World Television Championship to Lex Luger during a house show on February 17, but defeated Luger to regain the title on February 18. He lost the title to Luger again on the March 9 episode of Saturday Night, after Page delivered a Diamond Cutter to Badd on the floor. This was Badd's final appearance in WCW. He left the company because he strongly objected to the ongoing angle with Kimberly Page. ===World Wrestling Federation (1996-1999)=== ==== Intercontinental Champion (1996–1997) ==== After leaving WCW, he immediately signed a contract with the World Wrestling Federation (WWF), where he began competing under his real name because WCW acquired the rights to the Johnny B. Badd name. He debuted in WWF as a fan favorite at WrestleMania XII, on March 31, 1996, where he rescued his wife, Rena "Sable" Mero from Hunter Hearst Helmsley. Mero made his in-ring debut, the following night on Monday Night Raw, where he defeated Isaac Yankem DDS. The following night after his in-ring debut on Action Zone, he partnered with Ahmed Johnson to take on Camp Cornette at the San Diego Sports Arena. Beginning with the April 15 episode of Raw, Sable began accompanying Mero to the ring during his matches with various outfits and whips and he adopted the nickname and a Jungle Gimmick called "Wildman", Both Mero and Sable adopted the nickname World Wrestling Federation's 1 2 Punch . Mero defeated Helmsley in his pay-per-view debut at In Your House 8. Mero qualified for the King of the Ring tournament by defeating Skip on the June 10 episode of Raw. He defeated Owen Hart in the quarter-final, the following week on Raw, but lost to eventual winner Stone Cold Steve Austin in the semi-final at King of the Ring. Mero began a rivalry with Goldust after Goldust won a match between the pair on the July 1 episode of Raw. Mero faced Goldust in a losing effort at the SummerSlam pay-per-view. On the September 6 episode of Raw, Mero participated in a tournament for the Intercontinental Championship, which was vacated by Ahmed Johnson due to injury. Mero defeated Stone Cold Steve Austin, Owen Hart and Faarooq to win the title on September 23 episode of Raw. Mero successfully defended the title against Goldust, with the assistance of Mr. Perfect at In Your House 10. He dropped the title to rival Hunter Hearst Helmsley, the following night on Raw after Perfect goaded Mero into defending the title against Helmsley and hit him with a steel chair. Mero led a team of Jake Roberts, The Stalker and newcomer Rocky Maivia against Helmsley, Crush, Goldust and Jerry Lawler in a four-on-four elimination tag team match at Survivor Series. Mero was eliminated by Crush but his team won the match. Mero faced Helmsley for the Intercontinental Championship at In Your House 12, where Mero won by count-out. Mero participated in the 1997 Royal Rumble match as the #16 entrant. He was eliminated by the eventual winner Stone Cold Steve Austin. On the February 3 episode of Raw, Mero received his last opportunity for the Intercontinental Championship against Hunter Hearst Helmsley, where he failed to win the title. Later that month, he tore his anterior cruciate ligament, and spent six months rehabilitating. ====Feud with Sable and departure (1997–1999)==== Mero returned to WWF television on the October 6 episode of Raw is War, where he was repackaged as a boxer-turned-wrestler and got a new nickname "Marvelous". He debuted a new finishing move, TKO to win his match against Miguel Pérez, Jr. Mero began a slow turn as a villain after becoming jealous of the fan following Sable had acquired in his absence and wanting her out of the WWF. During this time, he faced boxer Butterbean in a toughman contest at D-Generation X: In Your House, which he lost by disqualification. As 1998 began, Mero's obsession with Sable continued, which led to a temporary alliance with Goldust and his valet, Luna Vachon, in which the three humiliated Sable during matches, but it turned into a short feud when Goldust became physical with Sable. At WrestleMania XIV, Mero and Sable defeated Goldust and Luna in a mixed tag team match. The storyline was resolved in a match between Mero and Sable at Over the Edge, in which Mero feigned remorse, offering to lie down and allow her to pin him, before defeating Sable with an inside cradle, which resulted in her leaving the WWF for a short time and Mero completed his villainous turn. After he dropped Sable as his valet, Jacqueline became his manager. However, his association with Jacqueline did not prove to be successful as he failed to qualify for the King of the Ring tournament against Jeff Jarrett on the June 22 episode of Raw is War and competed in the Brawl for All on the following week's episode of Raw is War, where he was defeated by Steve Blackman in the first round. Mero and Jacqueline faced Sable and newcomer Edge in a mixed tag team match at SummerSlam, which Mero lost after Edge dropped Sable on him to pin him for the victory. Mero's misfortunes continued when he failed to regain the Intercontinental Championship after losing to Val Venis in a tournament in October. Jacqueline's interventions in matches soon ended up costing Mero several victories and he ultimately fired her after losing to Big Boss Man on the November 22 episode of Sunday Night Heat. Mero's last appearance on WWF television in the United States was on the November 30 episode of Raw is War, where he faced Light Heavyweight Champion Duane Gill. He promised to retire if he did not win the match. Gill won the match with the help of The J.O.B. Squad. He wrestled one final time at the United Kingdom-exclusive pay-per-view Capital Carnage, where he teamed with Jacqueline as a reluctant partner against Sable and Christian in a losing effort. In 1999, both Mero and Sable left the WWF. At the time, Mero had three years remaining on his contract, with a guaranteed salary of $350,000. Mero subsequently did not wrestle for 18 months due to various nagging injuries and a shoulder surgery. ===Return to WCW (2000)=== On April 26, 2000, Mero returned to World Championship Wrestling, appearing with his trainer, Ray Rinaldi, in the audience on an episode of WCW Thunder and confronting Tank Abbott. Mero opted not to return to WCW on a full-time basis due to his physical condition at the time. ===X Wrestling Federation (2001–2002)=== In 2001, Mero returned to wrestling in the short-lived X Wrestling Federation (XWF) along with Rena Mero. They remained with the company until its closure in 2002. ===NWA Total Nonstop Action (2004–2005)=== In 2004, Mero began wrestling for NWA Total Nonstop Action (NWA TNA) reprising his Johnny B. Badd character. He debuted in TNA on the October 2, 2004 episode of Xplosion, where he participated as a fan favorite in a tag team match with Russ Rollins against Rod Steele and Bruce Steele, which Badd's team won. After the match, Badd smashed Jeff Jarrett's guitar on Rollins' head, thus turning into a villain. However, his villainous turn was short- lived as he turned back into a fan favorite during his Impact! debut on November 5, where he defeated Vito Thomaselli. He appeared with the company sporadically throughout late 2004 and early 2005. He competed at the company's first monthly pay-per-view Victory Road, where he participated in an eight-man tag team match, which his team won. Badd's most notable moment during his TNA career took place on the November 19 episode of Impact!, when he defeated Raven, with the help of Diamond Dallas Page. Badd then appeared at the Turning Point pay-per-view in December, where he teamed with Pat Kenney against Glen Gilberti and Johnny Swinger in a tag team match, which Mero's team won. His last televised match in TNA was a six-man tag team match on the December 31 episode of Impact!, where his team was victorious. He made his last appearance in TNA at the pre-show of the Final Resolution pay-per-view on January 16, 2005, where he was paired with Sonny Siaki in a tag team match against The Naturals, which Naturals won. ===Retirement (2006)=== Mero retired from in- ring competition in 2006, opening and operating the Marc Mero Body Slam Training Institute in Altamonte Springs, Florida. ==Personal life== In 1994, Mero married Rena "Sable" Greek, adopting her daughter from a previous marriage. The couple separated in mid-2003 and divorced amicably in 2004. Marc married for the second time in 2009, to Darlene Spezzi; the couple divorced in 2019. Mero is a Christian. In July 2007, Mero stated that he required a heart valve transplant. Mero had announced that he was prepared to undergo heart surgery in November 2014, however tests revealed that his enlarged heart had shrunk. Mero claims that doctors believe he will still need surgery someday. During a Mother's Day Presentation, Mero states that he has overdosed three times and nearly died. Marc Mero's book, How To Be the Happiest Person on the Planet, was released on December 6, 2010. ===Steroid usage in wrestling=== In June and July 2007, Mero commented on the Chris Benoit murder-suicide, appearing on numerous cable news programs and criticizing both the wrestling industry and World Wrestling Entertainment. In an interview with WFTV, Mero admitted to using both anabolic steroids and recreational drugs over a period of seven years and claimed that steroids had contributed to the early deaths of many wrestlers. In interviews, Mero produced a list of 25 (later expanded to 31) wrestlers with whom he had wrestled and who had since died, calling for greater regulation of the wrestling industry. Mero's comments attracted criticism from WWE employees such as Mr. Kennedy, who labelled him a "goof" and a "silly bastard", and Dave "Fit" Finlay, who claimed Mero had "nothing to do with this business". On July 15, 2007, Mero attended the memorials of Nancy and Daniel Benoit in Daytona Beach, Florida. Following his comments, Mero began making appearances at schools in Central Florida and lecturing on the dangers of drug abuse and bullying; he also promotes a similar-interests website with which he is affiliated. As of April 2, 2009, he has had many appearances in schools and community colleges across The United States. == Brawl For All record == \|- \| Loss \|align=center\| 0–2 \| John "Bradshaw" Layfield \| Decision \| WWF Raw is War #272 \| \|align=center\| 3 \|align=center\| 1:00 \| Omaha, Nebraska, U.S. \| \|- \| Loss \|align=center\| 0–1 \| Steve Blackman \| Decision \| WWF Raw is War #266 \| \|align=center\| 3 \|align=center\| 1:00 \| Cleveland, Ohio, U.S. \| \|- ==Championships and accomplishments== ===Amateur boxing=== New York State Titles Amateur Athletic Union Empire State Games New York Golden Gloves {3 years in a row} ===Professional wrestling=== Pro Wrestling Illustrated Rookie of the Year (1991) Ranked No. 43 of the top 500 singles wrestlers in the PWI 500 in 1996 *Ranked No. 264 of the top 500 singles wrestlers in the PWI Years in 2003 World Championship Wrestling WCW World Television Championship (3 times) World Cup Of Wrestling (1995) – with Randy Savage, Lex Luger, Sting, Eddie Guerrero, Chris Benoit, and Alex Wright World Wrestling Federation WWF Intercontinental Championship (1 time) Wrestling Observer Newsletter Most Improved Wrestler (1995) Rookie of the Year (1991) ==References== ==Further reading== * Marc Mero (2010). How to be the Happiest Person on the Planet. New Education Press. p.104. ISBN 9781932842562 ==External links== Official website ThinkPoz.org – Website of Marc Mero's Champion of Choices foundation MMBodyslam.com ChampionOfChoices.org * Category:1960 births Category:20th-century professional wrestlers Category:21st-century professional wrestlers Category:American male bodybuilders Category:American male professional wrestlers Category:American motivational speakers Category:Anti-bullying activists Category:Living people Category:NWA/WCW World Television Champions Category:Professional wrestlers from New York (state) Category:Sportspeople from Buffalo, New York Category:Sportspeople from Orlando, Florida Category:WWF/WWE Intercontinental Champions Category:Liverpool High School alumni	['Buffalo, New York', 'Amateur boxing', 'World Wrestling Federation', 'World Championship Wrestling', 'NWA Total Nonstop Action', 'WCW World Television Championship', 'WrestleMania XII', 'WWF Intercontinental Championship', 'Most Valuable Player', 'Liverpool, New York', 'Liverpool High School', 'New York State Public High School Athletic Association', 'University of Central Florida', "George O'Leary", 'Golden Gloves', 'Tampa, Florida', 'Dusty Rhodes', 'Chuck Berry', 'Johnny B. Goode', 'Little Richard', 'Have a Nice Day: A Tale of Blood and Sweatsocks', 'SuperBrawl I', 'Brian Pillman', 'Clash of the Champions XVI: Fall Brawl', 'Jimmy Garvin', 'Tom Zenk', 'P. N. News', 'Diamond Dallas Page', 'Scott Steiner', 'Firebreaker Chip', 'Tracy Smothers', 'Maxx Payne', 'Paul Orndorff', 'Lord Steven Regal', 'Brian Knobbs', 'Battlebowl', 'Rip Rogers', 'Rick Rude', 'Harlem Heat', 'SuperBrawl IV', 'Stone Cold Steve Austin', 'Bobby Eaton', 'The Honky Tonk Man', 'Arn Anderson', 'Kimberly Page', 'SuperBrawl VI', 'Lex Luger', 'Ahmed Johnson', 'Camp Cornette', 'San Diego Sports Arena', 'Owen Hart', 'Goldust', 'Jake Roberts', 'Jerry Lawler', 'Miguel Pérez, Jr.', 'D-Generation X: In Your House', 'Luna Vachon', 'WrestleMania XIV', 'Jeff Jarrett', 'Steve Blackman', 'Val Venis', 'The J.O.B. 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Postliberal theology (often called narrative theology) is a Christian theological movement that focuses on a narrative presentation of the Christian faith as regulative for the development of a coherent systematic theology. Thus, Christianity is an overarching story, with its own embedded culture, grammar, and practices, which can be understood only with reference to Christianity's own internal logic. The movement became popular in the late twentieth century, primarily among scholars associated with Yale Divinity School. Supporters challenge assumptions of the Enlightenment and modernity, such as foundationalism and the belief in universal rationality, by speaking in terms of Ludwig Wittgenstein's concept of language-games. They argue that the biblical narrative challenges the dominant presuppositions of liberalism and liberal Christianity, including its emphasis on the autonomous individual. == History == Postliberal theology arose amongst scholars who either taught or studied at Yale Divinity School, such as George Lindbeck, Hans Wilhelm Frei, and alumnus Stanley Hauerwas. It is sometimes referred to as the "Yale school" or "narrative theology." The term "postliberal theology" came about shortly after the publication of Linbeck's The Nature of Doctrine: Religion and Theology in a Postliberal Age (1984). The movement is theologically influenced by Karl Barth, Thomas Aquinas, and to some extent, the nouvelle théologie of French Catholics such as Henri de Lubac. The clear philosophical influence, however, was Ludwig Wittgenstein's philosophy of language, the moral philosophy of Alasdair MacIntyre, and the sociological insights of Clifford Geertz and Peter Berger on the nature of communities. Philosophers of science such as Thomas Kuhn and literary theorists such as Erich Auerbach also influenced the new approach. This movement has influenced other movements, such as radical orthodoxy, scriptural reasoning, paleo-orthodoxy, the emerging church movement, and postliberal expressions of evangelical Protestantism and Roman Catholicism. Its ecumenical spirit originates from Lindbeck's work, which was partly animated by his involvement as a Lutheran observer at the Second Vatican Council. == Theological platform == Partly a reaction to the trends of theological liberalism, postliberal theology roots rationality not in the certainty of the individual thinking subject (cogito ergo sum, "I think, therefore I am") but in the language and culture of a living tradition of communal life. The postliberals argue that the Christian faith be equated with neither the religious feelings of romanticism nor the propositions of a rationalist or fundamentalist approach to religion and theology. Rather, the Christian faith is understood as a culture and a language, in which doctrines are likened to a "depth grammar" for the first-order language and culture (practices, skills, habits) of the church that is historically shaped by the continuous, regulated reading of the scriptural narrative over time. Thus, in addition to a critique of theological liberalism, and an emphasis upon the Bible, there is also a stress upon tradition, and upon the language, culture, and intelligibility intrinsic to the Christian community. As a result, postliberal theologies are often oriented around the scriptural narrative as a script to be performed, understand orthodox dogmas (esp. the creeds) as depth- grammars for Christian life, and see such scriptural and traditional grammars as a resource for both Christian self-critique and culture critique. The early postliberals followed Karl Barth's view that the best apologetic is a good systematic, and as such believed that Christians should "not engage in systematic apologetics. Postliberal theologians will make ad hoc connections with the philosophy or art or miscellaneous experience of the cultures around them, but they do not believe that any non-Christian framework, philosophical or cultural, sets the context in which Christian claims must be defended." However, later postliberals have qualified this aversion and have seriously tempered its initial concerns over both apologetics and metaphysics. In this way, postliberal theologies have largely replicated earlier 20th-century debates surrounding the notion of the "analogy of being" (cf. Hans Urs von Balthasar, The Theology of Karl Barth). Unlike the pluralistic liberal trend preceding it, postliberal theology also tends to stress the dissimilarities between religious worldviews, and will often strike out against dominant cultural trends. Scriptural interpretation remains fundamental for postliberal theology. There are at least four key exegetical differences between liberal and postliberal theology. First, liberal interpretation of Scripture is done with a preoccupation with the historical context, whereas postliberal interpretation is "an act of imagination", interpreting the text with the needs of the reading sub-community in the forefront. Liberal theology deals with aiming to understand the text as it would have applied to the past. Using a non-foundationalist approach, postliberal interpretation aims to interpret the text as it should be applied now and in the future. Second, liberal theologians stress dependence on unbiased reason to ensure finding the objective meaning of the text. Postliberal theologians, however, recognize the impossibility of reading without imposing subjective interpretation of the text by the reader, where such a notion of objective reading disintegrates. Third, "we read texts as bodied interpreters fully situated in some body politic." That is, each and every meaning is, to a certain degree, relative to the reader and their own set of contexts. Finally, because reading is always done with a concern for the sub-community, postliberal interpretation always contains a normative element, encouraging an active response. Liberal interpretation, on the other hand, centre around time- and situation- independent truths that do not necessarily impel the reader to act. More typical of postliberal theologies today, however, is a return to patristic and medieval hermeneutical models for reading scripture theologically, uniting historical-grammatical and spiritual-figurative-allegorical senses into a coherent and faithful understanding of Scripture. The Brazos Theological Commentary on the Bible is one example of postliberal scriptural interpretation at work. Ronald T. Michener argues that there are five characteristics common amongst expressions of postliberal theology: # Non- foundationalist # Intra-textual # Socially centred # Respects plurality and diversity # Embraces a generous orthodoxy == Criticisms == Critics of postliberalism often have been concerned with its "post-foundational" aspects. Similar to the criticism of postmodern philosophical systems, critics wonder how one postliberal theology can be measured up against another to determine which is better, more appropriate, closer to truth. Postliberal theology's divorcing itself from historical necessity and objective consideration is viewed negatively by many conservative Christians. Additionally, critics wonder what implications such allegedly relativistic views, such as the possibility of religious pluralism, might have for Christianity. Though influential on a generation of young pastors, the movement has had a hard time finding grass-roots support within mainline Protestant denominations, many of which face vicious liberal–conservative pressures and rifts, something the movement tends to dismiss as a sign of cultural accommodation. Some critics have suggested that because the movement has largely rejected a "mediating" theology (thus, rendering it mostly inaccessible to laypeople), it is difficult to implement its tenets on the local congregational level, so postliberalism remains largely an academic specialty, much like preceding movements such as neo-orthodoxy. Later postliberal theologies have, however, made mediation a central concern and grassroots groups like the Ekklesia Project can be seen to cut across the face of such criticisms. Debates have been centred on issues of incommensurability, sectarianism, fideism, relativism, truth, and ontological reference. A number of works have sought to resolve these questions to various degrees of satisfaction and the debates continue across the theological disciplines. Furthermore, critics have maintained that the internal coherence model postliberal theologians assume is difficult to square with developments in modern science which would seem to challenge the tenets of traditional, orthodox Christianity (e.g. the new physics, or evolution), yet such criticisms neglect the ways in which the postliberal view of doctrines as depth-grammars (inscribing the rules of the faith articulated at Nicea and Chalcedon) provide dynamic ways of relating the truths of faith to truths of scientific discovery. Likewise, Bruce D. Marshall and others have developed postliberal approaches to truth that resemble the "moderate realism" of the medieval correspondence theory of truth (e.g. Thomas Aquinas). == See also == * Biblical theology * Postmodern Christianity * == Notes == == References == === Footnotes === === Bibliography === * * * * * * * * * * * * == Further reading == * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * Marshall, Bruce D. “Aquinas as Postliberal Theologian,” The Thomist 53, no. 3 (1989): 353–402. * ______ “Thomas, Thomisms, and Truth.” The Thomist 56, no. 3 (1992): 499–524. * ______ Trinity and Truth (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2000). * * * * * * * * * * Category:Christian terminology Category:Christian theological movements	['Yale Divinity School', 'Ludwig Wittgenstein', 'George Lindbeck', 'Hans Wilhelm Frei', 'Stanley Hauerwas', 'Karl Barth', 'Thomas Aquinas', 'Henri de Lubac', 'Alasdair MacIntyre', 'Clifford Geertz', 'Thomas Kuhn', 'Erich Auerbach', 'Protestantism', 'Second Vatican Council', 'Bible', 'Ekklesia Project', 'Biblical theology', 'Postmodern Christianity']	['Q10723329', 'Q9391', 'Q348889', 'Q5650841', 'Q1328650', 'Q107473', 'Q9438', 'Q353956', 'Q310178', 'Q310956', 'Q184980', 'Q57603', 'Q23540', 'Q169789', 'Q1845', 'Q5350485', 'Q1203109', 'Q590819']	[[(505, 525), (996, 1016)], [(685, 704), (1534, 1553)], [(1026, 1041)], [(1043, 1060)], [(1074, 1090)], [(1371, 1381), (3599, 3609), (4359, 4369)], [(1383, 1397), (9120, 9134)], [(1470, 1484)], [(1604, 1622)], [(1657, 1672)], [(1752, 1763)], [(1795, 1809)], [(2029, 2042)], [(2196, 2218)], [(3113, 3118), (6378, 6383)], [(8056, 8072)], [(9154, 9171)], [(9174, 9197)]]
The two-empire system (two-superkingdom system) was the top-level biological classification system in general use before the establishment of the three- domain system. It classified cellular life into Prokaryota and Eukaryota as either "empires" or "superkingdoms". When the three-domain system was introduced, some biologists preferred the two-superkingdom system, claiming that the three-domain system overemphasized the division between Archaea and Bacteria. However, given the current state of knowledge and the rapid progress in biological scientific advancement, especially due to genetic analyses, that view has all but vanished. Some prominent scientists, such as the late Thomas Cavalier-Smith, still hold and held to the two-empire system. The late Ernst Mayr, one of the 20th century's leading evolutionary biologists, wrote dismissively of the three-domain system, "I cannot see any merit at all in a three empire cladification." Additionally, the scientist Radhey Gupta argues for a return to the two-empire system, claiming that the primary division within prokaryotes should be among those surrounded by a single membrane (monoderm), including gram-positive bacteria and archaebacteria, and those with an inner and outer cell membrane (diderm), including gram-negative bacteria. This system was preceded by Haeckel's three-kingdom system: Animalia, Plantae and Protista. ==See also== * Domain (biology) * Kingdom (biology) * Three-domain system ==References== Category:High-level systems of taxonomy	['Prokaryota', 'Eukaryota', 'Archaea', 'Bacteria', 'Thomas Cavalier-Smith', 'Ernst Mayr', 'Animalia', 'Plantae', 'Protista', 'Domain (biology)', 'Kingdom (biology)', 'Three-domain system']	['Q19081', 'Q19088', 'Q10872', 'Q10876', 'Q454117', 'Q5354', 'Q729', 'Q756', 'Q10892', 'Q146481', 'Q36732', 'Q2430501']	[[(201, 211)], [(216, 225)], [(440, 447)], [(452, 460)], [(681, 702)], [(759, 769)], [(1354, 1362)], [(1364, 1371)], [(1376, 1384)], [(1401, 1417)], [(1420, 1437)], [(1440, 1459)]]
Thapsigargin is a non-competitive inhibitor of the sarco/endoplasmic reticulum Ca2+ ATPase (SERCA). Structurally, thapsigargin is classified as a guaianolide, and is extracted from a plant, Thapsia garganica. It is a tumor promoter in mammalian cells. Thapsigargin raises cytosolic (intracellular) calcium concentration by blocking the ability of the cell to pump calcium into the sarcoplasmic and endoplasmic reticula. Store-depletion can secondarily activate plasma membrane calcium channels, allowing an influx of calcium into the cytosol. Depletion of ER calcium stores leads to ER stress and activation of the unfolded protein response. Non-resolved ER stress can cumulatively lead to cell death. Prolonged store depletion can protect against ferroptosis via remodeling of ER-synthesized phospholipids. Thapsigargin treatment and the resulting ER calcium depletion inhibits autophagy independent of the UPR. Thapsigargin is useful in experimentation examining the impacts of increasing cytosolic calcium concentrations and ER calcium depletion. A study from the University of Nottingham showed promising results for its use against Covid-19 and other coronavirus. ==Biosynthesis== The complete biosynthesis of thapsigargin has yet to be elucidated. A proposed biosynthesis starts with the farnesyl pyrophosphate. The first step is controlled by the enzyme germacrene B synthase. In the second step, the C(8) position is easily activated for an allylic oxidation due to the position of the double bond. The next step is the addition of the acyloxy moiety by a P450 acetyltransferase; which is a well known reaction for the synthesis of the diterpene, taxol. In the third step, the lactone ring is formed by a cytochrome P450 enzyme using NADP+. With the butyloxy group on the C(8), the formation will only generate the 6,12-lactone ring. The fourth step is an epoxidation that initiates the last step of the base guaianolide formation. In the fifth step, a P450 enzyme closes the 5 + 7 guaianolide structure. The ring closing is important, because it will proceed via 1,10 - epoxidation in order to retain the 4,5 - double bond needed in thapsigargin. It is not known whether the secondary modifications to the guaianolide occur before, or after the formation of thapsigargin, but will need to be considered when elucidating the true biosynthesis. It should also be noted, that several of these enzymes are P450s, therefore oxygen and NADPH are likely crucial to this biosynthesis as well as other cofactors such as Mg2+ and Mn2+ may be needed. == Research == Since inhibition of SERCA is a mechanism of action that has been used to target solid tumors, thapsigargin has attracted research interest. A prodrug of thapsigargin, mipsagargin, is currently undergoing clinical trials for the treatment of glioblastoma. The biological activity has also attracted research into the laboratory synthesis of thapsigargin. To date, three distinct syntheses have been reported: one by Steven V. Ley, one by Phil Baran., and one by P. Andrew Evans. Preclinical studies demonstrated that other effects of thapsigargin include suppression of nicotinic acetylcholine receptors activity in neurons of the guinea-pig ileum submucous plexus and rat superior cervical ganglion. Laboratory studies at the University of Nottingham, using in vitro cell cultures, indicates possible potential as a broad spectrum antiviral, with activity against the COVID-19 virus (SARS-CoV-2), a common cold virus, respiratory syncytial virus (RSV), and the influenza A virus. == See also == * EBC-46 == References == <15.Dey. S.; Bajaj, S. O "Promising anticancer drug thapsigargin: A perspective toward the total synthesis" Synthetic communication 2018, 48(1), 1-13/> == Further reading == * * Category:Hydrolase inhibitors Category:Sesquiterpene lactones Category:Acetate esters Category:Butyrate esters Category:Azulenofurans Category:Tertiary alcohols Category:Cyclopentenes Category:ATPase inhibitors Category:Plant toxins	['ATPase', 'SERCA', 'Thapsia garganica', 'University of Nottingham', 'NADPH', 'Steven V. Ley', 'Phil Baran', 'EBC-46']	['Q300033', 'Q24785512', 'Q2710470', 'Q472316', 'Q28747', 'Q639012', 'Q15840376', 'Q5322564']	[[(84, 90), (3956, 3962)], [(92, 97), (2584, 2589)], [(190, 207)], [(1067, 1091), (3290, 3314)], [(2439, 2444)], [(2979, 2992)], [(3001, 3011)], [(3561, 3567)]]
Sullivan is an American rock band from Greensboro, North Carolina, United States. Sullivan was involved in To Write Love on Her Arms. ==History== Sullivan came together as a trio in 2001. In 2002 they recorded and released Count the Time in Quarter Tones on Forsaken/Tribunal Records. The EP sold well and extensive touring followed. They were subsequently signed to the Tooth & Nail Records label. In 2006, now as a four piece band consisting of Brooks Paschal on lead vocals/rhythm guitar, Zach Harward on bass, Phil Chamberlain on the drums and Tyson Shipman on lead guitar, they released their international debut Hey, I'm a Ghost which featured the single "Down Here, We All Float". They released their second album Cover Your Eyes on June 5, 2007, with new guitarist Jeremy Stanton. Phil Chamberlain's brother Spencer Chamberlain is the screaming lead vocalist portion of Underoath. They were also in the metalcore band This Runs Through (along with current Sullivan guitarist Tyson Shipman) previous to their current musical projects. Former Sullivan drummer Mike Lawrence has played drums in Tribunal Records metalcore band Heartscarved and played guitar and keyboards in Curse Your Name. The band split up in late 2007 while still on their headlining "Cover Your Eyes Tour". The band posted a blog in which they revealed they "didn't want things to come to this", but that "the best course of action for our members is to disband" even though there was "no bad blood between any of us." Paschal, Shipman, and Stanton then joined The Afterlife Kids. They released a self-titled EP in 2010. Brooks Paschal has also released music as a solo artist under his stage name Surprises. On October 13, 2013, the band uploaded a new song called "Profile" to their YouTube account. An acoustic EP featuring versions of five songs from the band's previous records entitled Undressed was released on November 27, 2013. The band then announced in the summer of 2014 that they had signed to Spartan Records. They released the album Heavy Is The Head on December 9, 2014. == Members == * Brooks Paschal - lead vocals (Also currently in The Afterlife Kids and Surprises) * Phil Chamberlain - drums (ex-This Runs Through, also currently in To Speak of Wolves) * Zach Harward - bass * Tyson Shipman - guitars (ex-This Runs Through, also currently in The Afterlife Kids) * Jeremy Stanton - guitars (Also currently in The Afterlife Kids) ; Former * Mike Lawrence - drums == Discography == Count the Time in Quarter Tones (EP, Forsaken Recordings, 2003) Hey, I'm a Ghost (Tooth & Nail, January 24, 2006) Cover Your Eyes (Tooth & Nail, June 5, 2007) Undressed (EP, independent, November 27, 2013) Heavy Is the Head (Spartan, December 9, 2014) === Singles === Year Title Chart Positions Album US Hot 100 US Modern Rock US Mainstream Rock 2006 "Down Here, We All Float" 25 Hey, I'm a Ghost 2007 "The Process" 35 27 Cover Your Eyes ==References== ==External links== Sullivan website * Sullivan on PureVolume * Sullivan on MySpace * Interview with Sullivan by Jamie Pham on AbsolutePunk * Cover Your Eyes review on AbsolutePunk * Sullivan Breaks Up * The Afterlife Kids on Purevolume Category:Musical groups established in 2001 Category:Musical groups disestablished in 2007 Category:Alternative rock groups from North Carolina Category:Tooth & Nail Records artists	['Greensboro', 'North Carolina', 'Alternative rock', 'Spartan Records', 'Underoath', 'To Speak of Wolves', 'To Write Love on Her Arms', 'Spencer Chamberlain', 'Curse Your Name', "Hey, I'm a Ghost", 'Cover Your Eyes']	['Q49238', 'Q1454', 'Q11366', 'Q16962224', 'Q913673', 'Q4051538', 'Q1170014', 'Q1448126', 'Q811003', 'Q5749161', 'Q5179187']	[[(39, 49)], [(51, 65), (3301, 3315)], [(3272, 3288)], [(1984, 1999)], [(878, 887)], [(2230, 2248)], [(107, 132)], [(816, 835)], [(1180, 1195)], [(618, 634), (2542, 2558), (2861, 2877)], [(721, 736), (1261, 1276), (2593, 2608), (2903, 2918), (3077, 3092)]]
Adrienne Eliza Bailon-Houghton (née Bailon (); born October 24, 1983) is an American television personality, singer, and actress. She is a former member of the girl groups 3LW and The Cheetah Girls. From 2013 to 2022, Bailon was a co-host of the daytime talk show The Real; for which she has since won a Daytime Emmy Award. Since 2022, Bailon-Houghton has been co-anchor of the entertainment news show, E! News As an actress, Bailon appeared in The Cheetah Girls films, Coach Carter and All You've Got. She has guest starred in numerous television series including That's So Raven (a role she reprises in the spin-off series Raven's Home), and The Suite Life of Zack & Cody. In 2013, Bailon became the first Latina host of a daytime talk show in the US. She also competed in The Masked Singer in 2019 as the Flamingo, finishing in third place. ==Life and career== ===1983–2002: Early life, career beginnings, and 3LW=== Bailon was born to a Puerto Rican mother, Nilda Alicea and an Ecuadorian father, Freddie Bailón, on October 24, 1983. She grew up on the Lower East Side of Manhattan. Bailon has an older sister, Claudette. She attended PS 110-The Monitor in Brooklyn and the High School for Health Professions and Human Services, but did not pursue a career in the medical field because of her musical endeavors. Bailon commented "I really wanted to be an Obstetrician! I wanted to bring babies into the world..." Bailon was discovered by Latin pop singer Ricky Martin in October 1999 while she was performing in a church choir at Madison Square Garden. Martin asked for the four best singers in the group, and Bailon was one of the four elected by Martin to perform as back-up singers as part of his Livin' la Vida Loca Tour concert show later that night. Following the performance, Bailon became a member of the girl group 3LW, joining Kiely Williams and Naturi Naughton, the other two members of the group. Bailon stated that she was spotted by a producer while on a field trip to Beth Israel, and was later offered a slot in the female trio. Bailon said "... coming from very humble beginnings in the projects of the Lower East Side and not having any "Hollywood" connections.... It did not seem realistic. I sang in church, acted in all the church and school plays.... So when the opportunity came to join a girl group I was ready!" With the original line-up of 3LW formed, the group was signed to Epic Records, and work on their debut album began in 1999. Their first single, "No More (Baby I'ma Do Right)", was released in the fall of 2000. "No More" was a chart success, and was followed by "Playas Gon' Play" in early 2001. The group's self-titled debut album, 3LW was released on November 14, 2000. The album went on to be certified platinum by the RIAA, selling 1.3 million copies in the United States. In the summer of 2001, the group embarked on the MTV Total Request Live tour along with Destiny's Child, Dream, Nelly, Eve, and Jessica Simpson. In 2001, 3LW recorded a song with various artists including Michael Jackson, Usher, Beyoncé, Luther Vandross, Celine Dion and Mariah Carey in response to the 9/11 attacks called "What More Can I Give". In late 2001, they collaborated with Lil' Romeo and Nick Cannon for "Parents Just Don't Understand" on the Jimmy Neutron, Boy Genius soundtrack. 3LW spent the first half of 2002 in the studio, recording an album tentatively titled Same Game, Different Rules. The album and its intended lead single "Uh Oh" were presented to the label, who felt it did not have enough urban radio appeal. The tracks from Same Game, Different Rules were leaked to the Internet in MP3 format, and Epic considered dropping the girls. A fan support campaign for 3LW, named "Never Let Go of 3LW" after their song "Never Let Go" spread to the radio, and the act was retained, despite the album loss. Recording a new set of tracks, the group returned in the summer of 2002 with the P. Diddy-produced single "I Do (Wanna Get Close To You)", featuring Loon. That same summer, the group performed a concert special on Nickelodeon titled Live on Sunset. By August, the group was set to release its newest LP, A Girl Can Mack, when member Naturi Naughton left the group for good due to internal disputes. A Girl Can Macks release date was pushed back a month, but sales were still disappointing, with it debuting at No. 15 on the Billboard 200 and selling 53,000 copies in the first week. Approaching the time that the group was ready to deliver their second album, Naughton publicly announced that she was no longer a member of the group. Naughton alleged she had had a number of conflicts and arguments with Bailon, Williams, and their management, which led to a heated altercation in August 2002. Not long after, Naughton claimed she had been forced out of the group. ===2003–2008: The Cheetah Girls, 3LW disbandment, and acting career=== Williams and Bailon continued as a duo while using the "3LW" name, causing the press to jokingly refer to them as "2LW". According to a cover story for the October 2002 issue of Sister 2 Sister magazine, Kiely & Adrienne said they received death threats and that they had to beef up security. The departure of Naturi greatly affected the group's popularity and album sales. After the second single released from the album, "Neva Get Enuf", underperformed, auditions were held across the country for a new third member. Jessica Benson made the cut and joined 3LW in early 2003. Without Benson, the group might have had to split due to "bankruptcy". Jessica's first performance was on Live with Regis & Kelly, followed by a performance on Soul Train. In fall 2003, 3LW departed from Epic, signing with Jermaine Dupri's So So Def label. The group then began working on their fourth studio album. While working on the album, both Bailon and Williams signed on to star in the Disney Channel film The Cheetah Girls. They starred as two of the four members in a female girl group named after the film, with Raven- Symoné and Sabrina Bryan portraying the other two members. The film was released in August 2003, and was a ratings success. The Cheetah Girls soundtrack debuted at No. 33 on the Billboard 200 and was later certified 2× Platinum by the RIAA. Bailon had a supporting role on Disney Channel's That's So Raven in which she played Alana, a personal enemy of the show's title character. In 2005, she appeared as Dominique in Coach Carter, her first theatrically released film. Walt Disney Records soon created a real-life girl group, composed of Adrienne, Kiely, and Sabrina. Raven was offered a spot in the group but declined, opting to focus on her solo career and her television series That's So Raven. The trio began working on their first studio album, later revealed to be a Christmas album. The album, titled Cheetah-licious Christmas, was released that year, and they soon left Walt Disney and signed to Hollywood Records in 2006. Bailon then starred in the MTV film All You've Got, along with R&B; singer Ciara. It was released on DVD in May 2006 and premiered on MTV. The Cheetah Girls later returned to film the sequel The Cheetah Girls 2. It premiered on August 25, 2006, and brought a total of 8.1 million viewers, becoming the highest-rated Disney Channel original movie and beating the premiere of the first of the High School Musical films. The soundtrack was released on August 15, 2006, debuted at No. 5 on the charts and was certified platinum by the end of the year. The Cheetah Girls began work on their second studio album in January 2006. "We'll be making a real album, not a soundtrack", Bailon said. The Cheetah Girls' second single from The Cheetah Girls 2 soundtrack, "Strut", considered their most successful single, was their highest-peaking single to date, peaking at No. 53 on the Billboard charts. Bailon sung lead vocals and ad-libs. Their debut album TCG was released on September 25, 2007, and featured the single "Fuego", which charted on Hot Dance Club Play's chart and had its video played in heavy rotation on Disney Channel and MTV Tr3s. 3LW's fourth studio album was originally called Phoenix Rising, but was renamed Point of No Return. The lead-off single, "Feelin' You", was added on radio stations July 12, 2006. The album was supposed to be released later that year but was pushed back to a 2007 release because of Adrienne and Kiely's involvement with Disney's Cheetah Girls franchise, and eventually fell off the release schedule. The album delays were caused by image conflicts between both groups. As a result, the album was never released. In early 2007, Bailon stated in Girls Life magazine that 3LW was on hold because of the Cheetah Girls project. However, rumors were finally put to rest by Bailon in an interview with Jonathon Jackson in 2008 when Bailon confirmed that 3LW officially disbanded after they were removed from the So So Def roster. Bailon and Williams decided to then pursue the Cheetah Girls franchise full-time. In 2008, work on the third film in the Cheetah Girls franchise, titled The Cheetah Girls: One World, was due to begin. According to Disney, the plot would involve the Cheetah Girls going to India to star in a Bollywood production, as the film was shot in India. It premiered to over 6.2 million viewers, and reached 7 million viewers in its final half- hour. This still failed to meet the ratings of the first two and was the series' lowest-rated premiere. In the UK, its premiere night scored 412,000 on Disney Channel UK, making it No. 1 of the week, and received 182,000 on Disney Channel UK +1, also No. 1 on that channel for the week, totalling 594,000. Bailon recorded two solo songs for the film's soundtrack album, "What If" and "Stand Up". In November 2008, Williams confirmed in an interview with In Touch Weekly that the group had officially disbanded to pursue solo careers in both acting and singing. Bailon and Bryan later confirmed the statement. As of 2012, the group is still disbanded, though all three members have stated they are "open" to working with one another again. ===2009–2013: Empire Girls, I'm in Love with a Church Girl=== Following the breakup of the Cheetah Girls, Bailon was signed to Columbia Records. Making the initial announcement in a radio interview in New York City, Bailon later confirmed the news on her official Twitter page, stating: "For everyone who wasn't in [New York] – I officially announced I have signed a solo deal with Sony's Columbia Records! So happy I'm finally able to tell you guys..." Bailon began working on her debut studio album shortly after signing with the label. Her first official musical releases were the songs "Uncontrollable" and "Big Spender", both of which were featured on the Confessions of a Shopaholic film soundtrack, released in 2009. The soundtrack featured songs from numerous artists, including Lady Gaga and the Pussycat Dolls. Later that year, she was featured in the Ghostface Killah song "I'll Be That", featured on his eighth studio album Ghostdini: Wizard of Poetry in Emerald City. In 2009, Bailon ended her relationship with her boyfriend of two years, Rob Kardashian, the brother of Kim Kardashian. While dating Rob, Bailon appeared in a total of eight episodes of the reality series Keeping Up with the Kardashians, appearing as Rob's girlfriend. The show saw Bailon and Kardashian get tattoos with one another, among other aspects of their relationship. On the breakup, Bailon stated "You know they say opposites attract. I’m a real New Yorker [...] Sometimes I think the things that matter to us were different." Though the reasoning was not announced at the time of the breakup, it was later revealed that Rob had cheated on Bailon during their relationship, which was the ultimate reason they broke up. At the end of 2008, Bailon had appeared on MTV New Year's show from Times Square, in advance promotion of her upcoming afternoon hosting on the channel. In 2009, Bailon hosted the programming block New Afternoons on MTV, relocating to New York City for the job. That same year, she co-hosted MTV News Presents: Top 9 of '09, the year-end MTV New Year's programming live from inside and outside MTV Studios in Times Square. In 2012, Bailon announced that she was taking part in the reality show Empire Girls: Julissa and Adrienne, which would revolve around Bailon and friend Julissa Bermudez. Bailon said of the show's premise, "The show follows us wanting to take our careers to the next level, coming back to New York City, where we’re originally from [...] to take our careers to that next level." The show premiered on June 3, 2012 and became a ratings success for Style Network. Bailon later appeared in the music video for Pitbull's "Give Me Everything". On November 1, 2012, Bailon appeared alongside Jesse Giddings and Jim Cantiello, as the co-host of The Pepsi Pre-show Live, a podcast that was sponsored by Pepsi, and broadcast through The X Factor website one hour before every episode in the live rounds of the show. Also in 2012, Bailon separated from Island Def Jam due to creative differences. Bailon portrayed Katalina Santiago in the film, The Coalition, which was released on DVD and Blu-ray in February 2013. Bailon appeared in the ABC Family television movie, Lovestruck: The Musical, on April 21, 2013. It showcased Bailon singing the Madonna classic, "Like A Virgin" with Sara Paxton and Chelsea Kane. Other songs Bailon sang in the film include a song titled "Everlasting Love", featuring Paxton, Kane, and Drew Seeley. Bailon starred alongside Ja Rule in the film I'm in Love with a Church Girl, which was released in October 2013. ===2013–present: The Real, The Masked Singer, and E! News=== From 2013 to 2022, Bailon served as one of the co-hosts of the syndicated daytime talk show The Real originally alongside Tamar Braxton, Loni Love, Jeannie Mai, and Tamera Mowry. The show premiered on July 15, 2013. Following a trial summer run during 2013 on the Fox Television Stations group, it was picked up to series the following year. Bailon became the first Latina host of a daytime talk show in the US. Bailon and her co-hosts won the Daytime Emmy Award for Outstanding Entertainment Talk Show Host for their work in 2018. In 2014, Bailon became be the host of a competition show called Nail'd It! on Oxygen. The show was canceled after one season. In 2015, she made a cameo on the series Being Mary Jane. On November 17, 2017, Bailon released her debut solo album New Tradiciones, a Christmas album with both English and Spanish songs. New Tradiciones would quickly reach number 1 on the Latin charts. In November 2018, Bailon launched a jewelry line named XIXI. She also owns a vegan handbag line named La Voûte. After lasting twelve episodes to the season finale and placing third in the competition, Bailon was revealed to be "Flamingo" in the second season of The Masked Singer which aired in 2019. In 2022, she returned to the role of Alana on the fifth season of the That's So Raven's sequel series Raven's Home, where she is now Bayside High School's principal. On October 20, 2022, E! announced that E! News would be revived as a late-night entertainment news program and return to the E! network after a two-year hiatus; Bailon-Houghton and Justin Sylvester (who returned to the show for its revival) served as co-hosts when it premiered on November 14. ==Personal life== On January 26, 2015, Bailon announced on The Real the reason why she had not released her debut solo album at that point. She stated that she was "scared to fail" and that she did not like the sound of her own voice because executives at Disney praised the fact that she sounded "so young". Bailon expressed that when she got her solo record deal at Def Jam, things didn't go the way she expected. Bailon is an Evangelical. When asked "Do you relate with I'm in Love with a Church Girl and not get involve[d] with the sins and craziness that Hollywood is all about?", she replied, "I think I've definitely tried. No one is left without a sin. Everyone in their own different ways. Never judge one person's sins to be greater and lesser than your own. One thing I'm so grateful for was my foundation in faith. It kept me away from a lot of things like drugs that I never had an interest. I always had my faith in God. My relationship with God helped me to get along not to get caught up in those things.Bailon, Adrienne. "Exclusive Interview with Adrienne Bailon for 'I'm in Love with a Church Girl' " Interview by Gig Patta. Latino Review. LatinoReview, October 19, 2013. Retrieved September 22, 2015. === Relationships === Bailon dated Rob Kardashian, from 2007 until 2009, after which it was revealed that they broke up because he cheated on her. On February 5, 2015, Bailon announced that she was engaged to her boyfriend of six years, music executive Lenny Santiago. In September 2015, the couple split and called off their engagement. Bailon got engaged to musician Israel Houghton on August 12, 2016 in Paris after six months of dating. They were married in Paris on November 11, 2016. Bailon became the step-mother to Israel's six children from his first marriage. On August 5, 2022, the couple welcomed their first child together, a son named Ever James, who was born via surrogate. ==Discography== ===Studio albums=== Title Album details Peak positions US Latin New Tradiciones * Released: November 17, 2017 * Labels: Bridge Music * Format: CD, digital download 23 === Guest appearances === List of non-single guest appearances, with other performing artists, showing year released and album name Title Year Other performer(s) Album "No Me Digas Que No" 2004 Enemigo Caminando "War (Extended Version)" 2007 Edwin Starr, Jackie Chan, Chris Tucker Rush Hour 3 "No Me Digas Que No" Xtreme Haciendo Historia: Platinum Edition "Stand Up" 2008 rowspan="4" The Cheetah Girls: One World "What If" (credited as Chanel) "Uncontrollable" 2009 Confessions of a Shopaholic "Big Spender" "I'll Be That" Ghostface Killah Ghostdini: Wizard of Poetry in Emerald City "Come With Me" 2012 Daddy Yankee, Prince Royce, Elijah King Prestige "Like A Virgin" 2013 Sara Paxton, Chelsea Kane Lovestruck: The Musical "Everlasting Love" Sara Paxton, Chelsea Kane, Drew Seeley "Days Go By" 2014 Duane Harden, Gilbere Forte #NB4U (Naked Before You) "I'm With You/Be Still" 2018 Israel Houghton The Road to DeMaskUs ==Filmography== ===Film=== List of film credits Year Title Role Notes 2005 Coach Carter Dominique Credited as Adrienne Eliza Bailon 2008 Cuttin' da Mustard Erma The Sisterhood of the Traveling Pants 2 Cute Video Couple Girl Cameo 2012 The Coalition Katalina Santiago Direct-to- video 2013 I'm in Love with a Church Girl Vanessa Leon ===Television=== List of television credits Year Title Role Notes 2001 Taina Gia Episode: "Blue Mascara" 2001 The Jersey Herself Episode: "Speaking of Coleman" 2003 The Cheetah Girls Chanel "Chuchie" Simmons Television film 2003–2004 That's So Raven Alana Rivera 4 episodes 2005 Taylor Made Madison Santos Television film Buffalo Dreams Domino 2006 All You've Got Gabby Espinoza The Cheetah Girls 2 Chanel "Chuchie" Simmons 2007–2008 Disney Channel Games Herself 2008–2011 Keeping Up with the Kardashians 13 episodes 2008 The Cheetah Girls: One World Chanel "Chuchie" Simmons Television film The Suite Life of Zack & Cody Herself; with The Cheetah Girls Studio DC: Almost Live Herself; with The Cheetah Girls MTV New Year's Herself Times Square Correspondent 2009–2010 New Afternoons on MTV Host MTV New Year's Host 2011 Kourtney and Kim Take New York Episode: "In a New York Minute" Celebrity Nightmares Decoded Episode 2 2012 Empire Girls: Julissa and Adrienne Main role 2013 Lovestruck: The Musical Noelle Television film 2013–2022 The Real Herself Talk show; co-host 2013–2014 Big Morning Buzz Live Herself Weekly special guest correspondent 2014 Celebrities Undercover Episode: "Adrienne Bailon & Chilli" Nail'd It! I Love The 2000s 2015 Knock Knock Live Co-host; season 1, episode 2 Being Mary Jane Episode 10 season 3 "Some Things Are Black and White" 2016 Cupcake Wars Episode: "Celebrity: Josie and the Pussycats" 2018 Famous in Love Episode: "The Players" Celebrity Family Feud Episode: "Aly Michalka & AJ Michalka vs. Adrienne Houghton" 2018–present All Things Adrienne Host; web series 2019 The Masked Singer Flamingo (third place) Season two; 12 episodes 2020–present I Can See Your Voice Herself Regular Panelist 2022–present Raven's Home Alana Rivera Recurring role; Season 5 2022 The Real Housewives of Beverly Hills Herself Episode: "It Takes A Villain" 2022–present E! News Herself Co-anchor 2023 Miss USA 2023 Herself Host ===Music videos=== Year Title Artist(s) 2002 "Crush Tonight" Fat Joe 2004 "Radio" Jarvis "Blow Your Whistle" Morgan Smith 2009 "A Toast to the Good Life" Fabolous "Everything, Everyday, Everywhere" 2011 "Give Me Everything" Pitbull 2013 "Sexy People" "Sunday Kinda Love" Israel Houghton 2016 "Where's the Love?" The Black Eyed Peas featuring The World 2018 "Secrets" Israel & Adrienne Houghton ==Awards and nominations== Note: The year given is the year of the ceremony Year Association Category Nominated work Result 2016 Daytime Emmy Awards Outstanding Entertainment Talk Show Host (shared with Tamar Braxton, Loni Love, Jeannie Mai, and Tamera Mowry-Housley) The Real 2017 Daytime Emmy Awards Outstanding Entertainment Talk Show Host (shared with Tamar Braxton, Loni Love, Jeannie Mai, and Tamera Mowry-Housley) The Real 2018 Daytime Emmy Awards Outstanding Entertainment Talk Show Host (shared with Love, Mai, and Mowry-Housley) The Real 2018 49th NAACP Image Awards Outstanding Talk Series (shared with Love, Mai, and Mowry-Housley) The Real 44th People's Choice Awards The Daytime Talk Show of 2018 The Real 2019 50th NAACP Image Awards The Real Outstanding Talk Series (shared with Love, Mai, and Mowry-Housley) 46th Daytime Emmy Awards Outstanding Entertainment Talk Show Host (shared with Love, Mai, and Mowry-Housley) The Real Outstanding Musical Performance in a Daytime Program (shared with Israel Houghton) "Secrets” 2022 Grammy Awards Best Contemporary Christian Music Album (shared with Israel & New Breed) Feels Like Home Vol. 2 Grammy Awards Best Contemporary Christian Music Album (shared with Israel & New Breed) Grammy Awards ==References== ==External links== * Category:1983 births Category:Living people Category:20th-century American singer-songwriters Category:21st-century American actresses Category:21st-century American singer-songwriters Category:3LW members Category:Actresses from New York City Category:American actresses of Puerto Rican descent Category:American child actresses Category:American child singers Category:American Christians Category:American contemporary R&B; singers Category:American women pop singers Category:American women singer- songwriters Category:American film actresses Category:American musicians of Puerto Rican descent Category:American people of Ecuadorian descent Category:American television actresses Category:American television talk show hosts Category:American women television personalities Category:Christians from New York (state) Category:The Cheetah Girls members Category:Dance-pop musicians Category:People from the Lower East Side Category:Puerto Rican television talk show hosts Category:Singers from New York City Category:Spanish-language singers of the United States Category:Walt Disney Records artists Category:Singer-songwriters from New York (state)	['New York City', 'Israel Houghton', 'Walt Disney Records', 'So So Def', '3LW', 'Daytime Emmy Awards', 'E! 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Alcor () is a binary star system in the constellation of Ursa Major. It is the fainter companion of Mizar, the two stars forming a naked eye double in the handle of the Big Dipper (or Plough) asterism in Ursa Major. The two both lie about 83 light-years away from the Sun, as measured by the Hipparcos astrometry satellite. ==Nomenclature== Alcor has the Flamsteed designation 80 Ursae Majoris. Alcor derives from Arabic , meaning 'faint one';List of Arabic star names, published in Popular Astronomy, January 1895, by Professor Robert H. West, of the Syrian Protestant College at Beirut. notable as a faintly perceptible companion of Mizar. In 2016, the International Astronomical Union organized a Working Group on Star Names (WGSN) to catalog and standardize proper names for stars. The WGSN's first bulletin of July 2016 included a table of the first two batches of names approved by the WGSN; which included Alcor for 80 UMa. ==Mizar and Alcor== With normal eyesight Alcor appears at about 12 minutes of arc from the second-magnitude star Mizar. Alcor is of magnitude 3.99 and spectral class A5V. Mizar's and Alcor's proper motions show they move together, along with most of the other stars of the Big Dipper except Dubhe and Alkaid, as members of the Ursa Major Moving Group, a mostly dispersed group of stars sharing a common birth. However, it has yet to be demonstrated conclusively that they are gravitationally bound. Recent studies indicate that Alcor and Mizar are somewhat closer together than previously thought: approximately 74,000 ± 39,000 AU, or 0.5–1.5 light-years. The uncertainty is due to our uncertainty about the exact distances from us. If they are exactly the same distance from us (somewhat unlikely) then the distance between them is only . ==Alcor B== In 2009, Alcor was discovered to have a companion star Alcor B, a magnitude 8.8 red dwarf. Alcor B was discovered independently by two groups. One group led by Eric Mamajek (University of Rochester) and colleagues at Steward Observatory University of Arizona used adaptive optics on the 6.5-meter telescope at MMT Observatory. Another led by Neil Zimmerman, a graduate student at Columbia University and member of Project 1640, an international collaborative team that includes astrophysicists at the American Museum of Natural History, the University of Cambridge's Institute of Astronomy, the California Institute of Technology, and NASA's Jet Propulsion Laboratory, used the 5-meter Hale Telescope at Palomar Observatory. Alcor B is one second of arc away from Alcor A. Its spectral type is M3-4 and it is a main-sequence star, a red dwarf. Alcor A and B are situated 1.2 light-years away from, and are co-moving with, the Mizar quadruple system, making the system the second-closest stellar sextuplet—only Castor is closer. The Mizar–Alcor stellar sextuple system belongs to the Ursa Major Moving Group, a stellar group of stars of similar ages and velocities, and the closest cluster-like object to Earth. ==Other names== In Arabic, Alcor is also known as Al-Sahja (the rhythmical form of the usual al-Suhā) meaning 'forgotten', 'lost', or 'neglected'. In traditional Indian astronomy, Alcor was known as Arundhati, wife of one of the Saptarishi. In the Miꞌkmaq myth of the great bear and the seven hunters, Mizar is Chickadee and Alcor is his cooking pot. ==Military namesakes== USS Alcor (AD-34) and USS Alcor (AK-259) are both United States Navy ships. ==References== ==External links== * Alcor at Jim Kaler's Stars website * Category:A-type main-sequence stars Ursae Majoris, g Category:Big Dipper Ursae Majoris, 80 2 Alcor Category:Ursa Major 5062 065477 116842 BD+55 1603 Category:M-type main-sequence stars Category:Ursa Major moving group	['Ursa Major', 'Flamsteed designation', 'Big Dipper', 'Sun', 'Arabic', 'Arabic star names', 'International Astronomical Union', 'Working Group on Star Names', 'Mizar and Alcor', 'Dubhe', 'Alkaid', 'Ursa Major Moving Group', 'University of Rochester', 'Steward Observatory', 'University of Arizona', 'MMT Observatory', 'Columbia University', 'Project 1640', 'American Museum of Natural History', 'University of Cambridge', 'California Institute of Technology', 'NASA', 'Jet Propulsion Laboratory', 'Hale Telescope', 'Palomar Observatory', 'Indian astronomy', 'Saptarishi', 'Miꞌkmaq', 'USS Alcor (AD-34)', 'USS Alcor (AK-259)']	['Q8918', 'Q111116', 'Q10460', 'Q525', 'Q13955', 'Q1226611', 'Q6867', 'Q27927866', 'Q47146387', 'Q13084', 'Q13093', 'Q1195678', 'Q149990', 'Q2120109', 'Q503419', 'Q779895', 'Q49088', 'Q17132635', 'Q217717', 'Q35794', 'Q161562', 'Q23548', 'Q189325', 'Q2471197', 'Q191684', 'Q1292962', 'Q2392436', 'Q495751', 'Q7867175', 'Q7867177']	[[(57, 67), (204, 214), (1258, 1268), (2866, 2876), (3625, 3635), (3711, 3721)], [(355, 376)], [(169, 179), (1204, 1214), (3579, 3589)], [(268, 271)], [(414, 420), (451, 457), (3013, 3019)], [(451, 468)], [(655, 687)], [(700, 727)], [(933, 948)], [(1222, 1227)], [(1232, 1238)], [(1258, 1281), (2866, 2889)], [(1957, 1980)], [(2000, 2019)], [(2020, 2041)], [(2093, 2108)], [(2163, 2182)], [(2197, 2209)], [(2284, 2318)], [(2324, 2347)], [(2378, 2412)], [(2418, 2422)], [(2425, 2450)], [(2469, 2483)], [(2487, 2506)], [(3156, 3172)], [(3223, 3233)], [(3242, 3249)], [(3368, 3385)], [(3390, 3408)]]
Nova Southeastern University (NSU) is a private research university with its main campus in Fort Lauderdale-Davie, Florida, United States, in the Miami metropolitan area. The university consists of 14 total colleges, offering over 150 programs of study. The university offers professional degrees in the social sciences, law, business, osteopathic medicine (DO), allopathic medicine (MD), health sciences, pharmacy, dentistry, optometry, physical therapy, education, occupational therapy, and nursing. As of 2019, 20,576 students were enrolled at Nova Southeastern University, with more than 210,000 alumni. With a main campus located on 314 acres in Davie, Florida, NSU operates additional campuses in Dania Beach, North Miami Beach, Tampa Bay-Clearwater and campuses throughout the state of Florida. There are also campuses in San Juan, Puerto Rico and Denver, Colorado. The university was founded in 1964 as the Nova University of Advanced Technology on a former naval outlying landing field built during World War II and first offered graduate degrees in the physical and social sciences. In 1994, the university merged with the Southeastern University of the Health Sciences and assumed its current name. NSU is classified among "R2: Doctoral Universities – High research activity"; it also classified as a "community engaged" university by the Carnegie Foundation for the Advancement of Teaching. The university is accredited by the Southern Association of Colleges and Schools and also has numerous additional specialized accreditations for its colleges and programs, including A.A.C.S.B. Nova Southeastern University's intercollegiate athletic teams are collectively known as the Nova Southeastern Sharks and compete in Division II of the National Collegiate Athletic Association (NCAA). The Sharks have won nine NCAA national championships, including clinching the 2023 Men's Basketball NCAA Division II Championship. == History == === 1960s === thumb\|Main entrance of NSU The university, originally named Nova University of Advanced Technology, was chartered by the state of Florida on December 4, 1964. The name comes from the site where the Nova Education Experiment was conducted, a project funded in part by the Ford Foundation and the federal government with the goal of creating a series of schools spanning elementary to university-level education. With an inaugural class of 17 students, the university opened as a graduate school for the social and physical sciences. The university was originally located on a campus in downtown Fort Lauderdale but later moved to its current campus in Davie, Florida. A portion of the site of this campus was once a naval training airfield during World War II, called the "Naval Outlying Landing Field Forman". The remnants of the taxiway surrounding the airfield are still present in the form of roads used on the campus. After World War II, the federal government made a commitment to the Forman family, from whom the land was purchased, that the land would only be used for educational purposes. This led the land to be used for the creation of the South Florida Education Center, which includes Nova Southeastern University, as well as Broward College, McFatter Technical College, and satellite campuses of Florida Atlantic University and the University of Florida. === 1970s === On June 23, 1970, the board of trustees voted to enter into a federation with the New York Institute of Technology (NYIT). The president of NYIT, Alexander Schure, PhD, became chancellor of Nova University, and Abraham S. Fischler became the president of the university. The university charter was amended and "of Advanced Technology" was dropped from its corporate name. In 1971, Nova University received accreditation from the Southern Association of Colleges and Schools (SACS). In 1972, the university introduced its first off-campus course of study in education. In 1974, NSU opened a law school, with an inaugural class of 175 students. The law school was named after one of the university's founders, Shepard Broad. The same year, the university began offering evening courses on campus for undergraduates, and changed its name to Nova University. The following year, in 1975, the law school received approval from the American Bar Association. === 1980s === thumb\|South Entrance of NSU In the early 1980s, the university received a $16 million gift from the Leo Goodwin Sr. Trust. In 1985, NSU ended its collaboration with NYIT and began offering its first online classes. In 1989, enrollment reached 8,000 students, with nearly 25,000 alumni. In 1981, outside of Nova University, a group of osteopathic physicians, wanting to enhance medical education in the region, established the Southeastern College of Osteopathic Medicine in North Miami Beach. This was the first osteopathic medical school established in the southeastern United States. Rapid expansion over the course of the decade also resulted in the addition of several new programs at Southeastern College. Pharmacy and optometry, amongst other programs, were added to the school. The school then renamed itself into the Southeastern University of the Health Sciences. === 1990s === During the 1990s, both Nova University and Southeastern University expanded, adding a dentistry program and increasing distance education programs. In 1994, Nova University merged with Southeastern University of the Health Sciences to form Nova Southeastern University (NSU), adding the colleges of osteopathic medicine, pharmacy, optometry and allied health to the university. Following the merger, many of the health programs relocated to their current location on the Davie campus. In 1993, the Miami Dolphins opened a training center on campus. === 2000s === The William and Norma Horvitz Administration Building, a two-story postmodern structure, was built at a cost of $3 million, which houses the office of the president and numerous other administration departments. In 2001, the Alvin Sherman Library for Research and Information Technology Center was completed and also serves as the largest public library facility in the state of Florida. In 2004, the Carl DeSantis Building opened, housing the H. Wayne Huizenga School of Business and Entrepreneurship. The building is a , five-story facility, and cost about $33 million. In 2006, the University Center opened, which includes a 5,400-seat arena, a fitness center, a performance theater, art gallery, a food court, and a student lounge. Five residence halls on the main campus serve undergraduate, graduate, health professions, and law students, with a capacity for housing 720 students in approximately of living space. In 2007, a 501-bed residence hall called "The Commons" opened. The university attracted negative attention in 2006 when it ended a contract with subcontractor UNICCO after more than 350 of its employees, almost all of them minorities, opted to unionize with SEIU; the university's action contrasted with the reactions of the administrations of other south Florida universities to the organization of their janitorial staff. In 2008, NSU, in partnership with the National Coral Reef Institute and the International Coral Reef Symposium, held the largest coral reef symposium in the world, which included representation from 75 countries in attendance. In 2008, the Museum of Art Fort Lauderdale joined the university. Originally founded in 1986 and located in Fort Lauderdale, the museum focuses on contemporary art work, particularly of the cultures of South Florida and Latin America. The NSU Art Museum is based in a 83,000 square-foot building, with a 256-seat auditorium and permanent collection of more than 7,000 works. ===2010s=== In 2014, NSU opened a new campus in Puerto Rico, with master and doctoral programs. In April 2015, NSU announced a significant restructuring of its schools and colleges, adopting an all-college framework, to take effect the following July. Two new colleges were established: the Dr. Kiran C. Patel College of Allopathic Medicine and the Farquhar Honors College. The inaugural class of the medical school consisted of 53 students, with courses commencing on July 30, 2018. The college became South Florida's fourth traditional (allopathic) medical school. In January 2018, the university opened the NSU Write from the Start Writing and Communication Center in the Alvin Sherman Library on the main campus in Davie. The center offers writing and communication assistance to all NSU students as part of the university's Quality Enhancement Plan, which is part of reaccreditation through the Southern Association of Colleges and Schools Commission on Colleges. Following a $50 million donation from the Kiran C Patel Foundation, NSU's Tampa Bay campus was relocated to Clearwater. It now houses the second DO degree program, which accepted its first class in fall 2019, along with several additional allied health programs. George L. Hanbury II is the sixth and current president of Nova Southeastern University, and assumed the position of president in January 2010. ===2020s=== In 2020, NSU announced the establishment of the Alan B. Levan NSU Broward Center of Innovation, scheduled to open in July 2021. The $20 million center will occupy the on the fifth floor of NSU's Alvin Sherman Library. In March 2020, NSU received criticism for hosting 150 visitors on campus during the COVID-19 pandemic, despite known cases of confirmed COVID-19 on campus at the time. Two weeks prior, six cases were identified in individuals who traveled to Ireland as part of a school- affiliated trip. In July 2020, the U.S. Department of Labor Office of Federal Contract Compliance Programs found more than 80 women were subject to pay disparities compared with male colleagues; the university agreed to pay $900,000 in back pay. == Campuses == Nova Southeastern University has a main campus located in Davie, Florida, with several branch campuses throughout the state, and one in Puerto Rico. === Fort Lauderdale/Davie campus === thumb\|Shark Shuttle has services both on campus and between campuses. The main campus consists of 314 acres and is located in Davie, Florida. The main campus includes administrative offices, classroom facilities, library facilities (including the Alvin Sherman Library), health clinics, mental health clinics, Don Taft University Center, residence halls, cafeterias, computer labs, the bookstore, athletic facilities, and parking facilities. The Alvin Sherman Library, Research, and Information Technology Center was opened to the public in December 2001, and offers workshops on a variety of topics each semester online and at NSU campuses. The Halmos College of Natural Sciences and Oceanography operates at both the main campus and an additional campus at the entrance to Port Everglades. The campus is home to both the College of Osteopathic Medicine, which confers the Doctor of Osteopathic Medicine (D.O.) degree, and the College of Allopathic Medicine, which confers the Doctor of Medicine (M.D.) degree. This makes Nova Southeastern the first institution in the Southeast to grant both M.D. and D.O. medical degrees. In 2016, the Collaborative Research opened in a 215,000 square foot facility. In 2018, construction began on a 500-600 unit undergraduate residence with an additional parkade structure on campus. The College of Psychology and the College of Arts, Humanities and Social Sciences are based in the Maltz building on the Davie campus. In 2021, HCA Florida University Hospital, along with a new medical office building and a new parking structure, opened adjacent to the main campus. ====NSU University School==== The main campus hosts the NSU University School. The University School is a fully accredited, independent, college preparatory school that serves grades pre-kindergarten through grade 12, and is located on the Davie campus. This school, often referred to as just the "University School", is organized into three academic sections: lower, middle, and upper schools. These represent, respectively, elementary, middle and high school divisions within the school. === Dania Beach Oceanographic campus === The Dania Beach campus is located on 10 acres in the Dr. Von D. Mizell-Eula Johnson State Park and houses the Oceanographic Center. The Dania Beach campus includes the Center of Excellence for Coral Reef Ecosystems Research. Completed in 2012 at a cost of US$50 million, the center is the largest research facility dedicated to studying coral reefs in the United States. === North Miami Beach campus === The North Miami Beach campus, also known as the Southern campus, is located on and serves as the main location for the Abraham S. Fischler College of Education. The College of Education is named after Abraham S. Fischler, who served as the second president of Nova University (prior to merging with Southeastern University). The Special Needs Dentistry Clinic moved to the North Miami Beach campus in 2013. === Tampa Bay regional campus === The Tampa Bay regional campus is a newly constructed 27-acre, 325,000 square foot campus located in Clearwater, Florida. Construction began in March 2018 and was completed in August 2019. The Drs. Kiran and Pallavi Patel Family Foundation committed to a $200 million donation to support the development of the campus. The former Tampa Bay regional campus was previously located in Brandon, Florida. Approximately 1,200 students will be registered for classes during the Fall 2019 semester. The university expressed plans to offer additional programs at the Tampa Bay campus, including osteopathic medicine, anesthesiologist assistant, occupational therapy, physical therapy, and nursing. === Student education centers === Nova Southeastern operates student education centers and satellite campuses in Fort Myers, Jacksonville, Miramar, Miami-Kendall Orlando, Palm Beach-Palm Beach Gardens, Tampa Bay-Clearwater, and San Juan, Puerto Rico. These centers provide computer labs, videoconferencing equipment, and other resources for distance students, who are not located near the main campus. == Academics == thumb\|University School Arts building Through its 15 colleges, the university awards associate, bachelor's, master's, doctoral, and professional degrees. The university offers 33 degrees at the doctoral level and master's degrees are offered in 52 subjects. About 175 programs of study are offered, with more than 250 majors. Additional programs of study include engineering and computing, arts, humanities and social sciences. Several degrees are offered online (distance education). NSU maintains a Health Professions Division, currently composed of eight colleges, including two accredited medical schools. The College of Osteopathic Medicine operates the Center for Bioterrorism and All-Hazards Preparedness (CBAP), which is one of six training centers in the US funded by the Health Resources and Services Administration. Through the respective colleges, residency training is offered in medicine, dentistry and optometry. ===Institutes and centers=== In addition to its colleges, NSU has various other centers and institutes. NSU offers programs for families on parenting, preschool, primary education, and secondary education, which are provided through the Mailman Segal Institute for Early Childhood Studies. The Institute for Neuro Immune Medicine is located on both the main campus in Ft. Lauderdale and on the Kendall campus. This center aims to advance the science of treatment for individuals with neuro-inflammatory diseases via integration of education, research, and patient care. ===Accreditation=== The university is accredited by the Southern Association of Colleges and Schools and also has numerous additional specialized accreditations for its colleges and programs. The Center for Psychological Studies is accredited by the American Psychological Association and recognized by the Florida Department of Education. The NSU University School is accredited by AdvancED and recognized by the Florida Kindergarten Council and the Florida Council of Independent Schools. The College of Allopathic Medicine received Preliminary Accreditation by the Liaison Committee on Medical Education (LCME) on October 10, 2017, becoming the eighth M.D. degree granting medical school in Florida, with full accreditation on February 22, 2023. The business school is accredited by the International Assembly for Collegiate Business Education and the Association to Advance Collegiate Schools of Business. === Rankings === National Program Rankings National Program Rankings National Program Rankings National Program Rankings Program Ranking Audiology 60 Clinical Psychology 167 Computer Science 186 Education 196-255 Law 148-194 Law: Part-Time 49 Medicine: Primary Care 94-122 (DO) Unranked (MD) Medicine: Research 94-122 (DO) Unranked (MD) Nursing: Master's 179-236 Nursing: Doctor of Nursing Practice Unranked Occupational Therapy 42 (Fort Lauderdale-Davie) 68 (Tampa-Clearwater) Pharmacy 79 Physical Therapy 102 Physician Assistant 74 (Fort Lauderdale-Davie) 93 (Fort Myers) 93 (Orlando) 108 (Jacksonville) Psychology 211 Public Affairs 243 Public Health 127 Speech- Language Pathology 213 Global Program Rankings Global Program Rankings Global Program Rankings Global Program Rankings Program Ranking Clinical Medicine 320 NSU is ranked by the Washington Monthly as the 391st best national university. In 2015, NSU was ranked by The Economist at 290 of 1,275 colleges based on income of graduate, compared to expected income. In 2015, NSU was ranked 9th for diversity by U.S. News & World Report. In 2016, NSU was selected as one of 20 global universities by the Times Higher Education and World University that could challenge the elite and become a world renowned university by 2030. In 2019, NSU ranked 22nd in number of professional doctoral degrees awarded to minorities in the US. In 2000 and in 2014, Nova Southeastern University was ranked 3rd for highest total debt burden amongst its students. == Student life == NSU undergraduate demographics Students Asian 11% Black/African American 14% Hispanic/Latino 36% Two or more 3% White/non-Hispanic 27% Unknown 4% Non- resident alien 5% In Fall 2019, 20,576 students were attending Nova Southeastern University, including undergraduates, graduate students, and professional programs. About 71% of undergraduate students are female, and 29% are male. The average student age is 22 years, and 25% are from out-of-state, while the remaining 75% of students are from Florida. About 36% of students are Hispanic/Latino, 27% are White/non-Hispanic, 14% are black/African American, 11% are Asian, 3% identify as two or more races/ethnicities, and 4% of students are of unknown ethnicity. About 49% of students attend classes at the Davie Campus, whereas 30% attend class at other campuses and 21% take courses online. The North Miami Beach Campus accounts for about 5% of the student population. The university is a designated Hispanic-serving institution, a federal grant program for institutions whose student body is at least 25% Hispanic/Latino. === Organizations === There are over 100 clubs and organizations on campus for students. There are a total of 20 student government associations that form PanSGA with the addition of the College of Allopathic Medicine. The Nova Southeastern's Undergraduate Student Government Association is the primary organization for the government of the undergraduate student body. About 9-10% of students participate in the Greek Life system through a fraternity or sorority. There are a total of five fraternities on the campus and six sororities on the campus. The school's student-run newspaper, The Current, is published weekly. There is also a school-sponsored, student-run radio station called "WNSU Radio X", which broadcasts in the evenings and weekends on 88.5 FM WKPX, a station owned by Broward County Public Schools. Radio X is a student-run radio station which was established in 1990 and began broadcasting over WKPX in 1998. Sharks United Television (SUTV) is a student-run media outlet at NSU. === Housing === NSU residence halls Year built Students The Commons 2007 501 Cultural Living Center 1984 125 Farquhar Hall NA 55 Founders Hall NA 55 Leo Goodwin, Sr. Hall 1992 292 Mako Hall 2019 606 Rolling Hills Apartments 2008 373 Vettel Hall NA 55 Total - 2,135 About 26% of students at NSU live in university owned or operated housing. The newest residence hall is the Rolling Hills Apartments, which opened in 2008. Rolling Hills Apartments is a renovated residence hall that was originally the "Best Western Rolling Hills Resort." This residence hall is for graduate and doctoral students. The oldest dorms, Farquhar, Founders, and Vettel, each house 55 students and were named in 1975 for founders of Nova University. Opened in August 2019, Mako Hall holds apartment style living accommodations with individual kitchen, bedroom, and bathroom on campus. === Student series === Several projects have been established that allow students to voluntarily listen to speakers brought in from outside the campus. The Farquhar Honors College hosts the Distinguished Speakers Series, which brings experts and notable persons from diverse fields to the campus. Past speakers have included Salman Rushdie, Prime Minister Ehud Barak, Spike Lee, Maziar Bahari, Bob Woodward, Elie Wiesel, Paul Bremer, Dr. Jack Kevorkian, Desmond Tutu, and Tenzin Gyatso, The 14th Dalai Lama. The Life 101 series brings leaders from business, entertainment, politics and athletics to Nova Southeastern University to share their life accomplishments and "life lessons" learned. Past speakers have included Dwayne Johnson, Wayne Huizenga, Vanessa L. Williams, Dan Abrams, Jason Taylor, Michael Phelps, James Earl Jones, and Alyssa Milano. == Athletics == The Nova Southeastern (NSU) athletic teams are called the Sharks. The university is a member of the NCAA Division II ranks, primarily competing in the Sunshine State Conference (SSC) since the 2002–03 academic year. The Sharks previously competed in the Florida Sun Conference (FSC; now currently known as the Sun Conference since the 2008–09 school year) of the National Association of Intercollegiate Athletics (NAIA) from 1990–91 to 2001–02. NSU competes in 16 intercollegiate varsity sports: Men's sports include baseball, basketball, cross country, golf, soccer, swimming & diving and track & field; while women's sports include basketball, cross country, golf, soccer, softball, swimming & diving, tennis, track & field and volleyball. Former sports included women's rowing until after the 2019–20 school year. === Accomplishments === Since joining the NCAA in 2002, the NSU Sharks have produced several NCAA All-Region selections and NCAA All- Americans, and have been nationally ranked in numerous sports. The NSU Sharks have won four straight championships in women's golf from 2009 to 2012. In 2016, for the first time in school history, the NSU baseball team won the Division II National Championship. === Nickname === Many athletic events at NSU take place at University Center Arena. In 2005, students voted for a new school mascot, and the student body selected the Sharks. NSU's athletic teams had previously been known as the Knights. == Notable alumni == NSU has produced over 170,000 alumni, who live in all 50 US states and over 116 countries worldwide. Alumni work in various fields, including academia, government, research, and professional sports. Prominent alumni include Major League Baseball player J.D. Martinez of the Boston Red Sox, Isabel Saint Malo, the former Vice President of Panama, Marilyn Mailman Segal, prominent child psychologist, Ivy Dumont, first female Governor-General of the Bahamas, Tyler Cymet, internist, Cathy Areu, author and journalist, Somy Ali, former Bollywood actress and activist, Geisha Williams, former CEO of PG&E;, Kristine Lefebvre, lawyer and contestant on The Apprentice, Scott W. Rothstein, lawyer, Syra Madad, epidemiologist and infectious disease control expert and, and Dr. Will Kirby, a dermatologist and television personality. File:Secretary of State Pompeo shakes hands Panamanian Vice President and Foreign Minister Isabel Saint Malo (46073053435).jpg\|Isabel Saint Malo, former vice president of Panama File:Will Kirby 2020 (cropped).jpg\|Will Kirby, dermatologist, winner Big Brother 2 File:J. D. Martinez Boston Red Sox August 2018 (crop).png\|J.D. Martinez, baseball player File:Gopradi Geovanni.JPG\|Geovanni Gopradi, actor File:Louie L. Wainwright.jpg\|Louie L. Wainwright, former Secretary of the Florida Division of Corrections, known for being the named respondent in 2 seminal U.S. Supreme Court cases File:Carole Ward Allen.jpg\|Carole Ward Allen, politician and professor ==Research== Nova Southeastern University (NSU) is classified among "R2: Doctoral Universities – High research activity". One notable area of NSU's research looks at the impact of sharks on the health of the ocean. NSU also has its research on other various fields such as biotechnology, life sciences, environment and social sciences. NSU faculty are funded by extramural grants of over $107 million for various projects to advance research works, academics. Their projects include basic, applied and clinical research projects on drug discoveries, mental health disorders oceanic studies. ==Gallery== File:Nova Library West.JPG\|The Alvin Sherman Library File:NSU Physical Sciences Building.JPG\|Parker Physical Sciences Building File:HPDatnsu.jpg\|Terry Building - Administration for all of the Health Professions Division File:NSU Health Care Center.JPG\|Sanford Ziff File:NSU College of Dental Medicine.JPG\|College of Dental Medicine building File:NSU Student and Media Arts Center.jpg\|Performing and Visual Arts in the Don Taft University Center File:NSU DeSantis Building.JPG\|Carl DeSantis Building File:Nova Southeastern University Psychology Building.jpg\|Maxwell Maltz Building File:Huizinga BSchool Back.JPG\|The Dr. William Spears Atrium File:NSU Student Center.JPG\|Rosenthal Student Center File:NSU Physical Plant.JPG\|Physical plant facilities File:The Commons - NSU.jpg\|The Commons undergraduate housing File:NSU Rolling Hills Graduate Housing.JPG\|Rolling Hills - graduate housing File:Dolphins training camp.jpg\|Former Miami Dolphins Training Facility on NSU's main campus. File:Miniaci.jpg\|Rose and Alfred Miniaci Performing Arts Center File:Jimandjanmorancenter.jpg\|Jim & Jan Moran Family Center. == See also == * Independent Colleges and Universities of Florida * Workers Unionization Strike & Controversy == References == == External links == * * Nova Southeastern athletics website Category:Universities and colleges in Broward County, Florida Category:Private universities and colleges in Florida Category:Educational institutions established in 1964 Category:Universities and colleges accredited by the Southern Association of Colleges and Schools Category:Schools of public health in the United States Category:North Miami Beach, Florida Category:World War II airfields in the United States Category:1964 establishments in Florida Category:Universities and colleges formed by merger in the United States	['Southern Association of Colleges and Schools', 'George L. 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Biggleswade was a historic 'hundred' of English county of Bedfordshire. The hundred consisted of the town of Biggleswade and its surrounding area. The name Biggleswade comes from a concatenation of the Anglo Saxon words 'Biceil' (being a personal name) and 'Waed' (meaning a ford). ==History== Evidence suggests that the area which Biggleswade now occupies was inhabited as early as 10,000 BC. Coins dated to the 1st century BC have also been found, and traced back to the Celtic chief Taseiovanus, who resided in what is now St Albans, Hertfordshire. During the 5th century AD Saxons named the river Ivel and built settlements which evolved into the present day villages of Northill and Southill, to the west of Biggleswade. The Domesday Survey records the manor of Biggleswade as being governed by Ralph de Insula (Ralph de Lisle), on behalf of the monarch. Later, in the 12th century, Henry I transferred custody of Biggleswade to the Bishop of Lincoln. Successive bishops maintained significant influence until the mid 16th century, when Edward IV obtained direct control over the town and its surrounding area. In 1785 'the great fire' swept through the town of Biggleswade and destroyed many of its buildings. The subsequent rebuilding effort, along with other factors, encouraged more people to settle in the town, triggering a significant (80%) population growth during the first half of the 19th century. This culminated in 1850, when Biggleswade became the first town in Bedfordshire to gain a mainline train station. ==Physical geography== The River Ivel runs along the northern and western boundaries of the town of Biggleswade. The surrounding area is generally flat and open, with the occasional small wooded area. There is some modestly higher ground to the west of the town. The hundred of Biggleswade is located to the south east of Bedford, and to the north of Letchworth. The town is the district of Central Bedfordshire and is the fifth largest town in Bedfordshire after Bedford, Dunstable, Luton and Leighton Buzzard ==Social geography== Today, Biggleswade is a largely open area containing both undeveloped and farming land. The town of Biggleswade is steadily growing market town with a strong market gardening presence and a growing light industrial sector. The town is smaller than some other towns and cities in the county (particularly Bedford and Luton), but retains a valuable place in the county's history, and a quiet charm that makes it attractive to visitors. Recent statistics record Biggleswade and the surrounding area as having a population of about 16,100 people (as of 2005). Biggleswade is twinned with the German town of Erlensee. ==Transport links== Biggleswade is served by the A1 road, which went right through the heart of the town until a bypass was built in the 1960s. It is also accessible via rail lines that connect it to London King's Cross, Stevenage and Hitchin to the south and St. Neots, Huntingdon and Peterborough to the north. Regular local bus services connect Biggleswade with Hitchin, Sandy and Bedford along with less frequent services which connect with smaller towns and villages locally including Letchworth, Shefford, Wrestlingworth, Potton and Gamlingay. Service cutbacks by Stagecoach and funding problems by Bedfordshire County Council have seen the loss of many services to other local towns including Stevenage and Cambridge over the years. Stagecoach who acquired the United Counties Bus Company in November 1987 were the dominant bus operator although other operators have run services including Charles Cook, Whippet, JBS, Buffalo Travel. Following major cutbacks by Stagecoach in 2003, 2005 and 2007, increasing numbers of independent bus operators now run into Biggleswade. These operators include: * Centrebus who run the 82 to Hitchin * Herberts Travel operate the local town service and school routes * J&D; Travel operate service E7 to Arlesey and Letchworth * Grant Palmer operate service 197 to Milton Keynes and 200 to Flitwick * Meridian Line of Bassingbourn operate E1-E5 which run various routes between Biggleswade, Sandy, Wrestlingworth and Potton amongst other places. ==Local amenities== Biggleswade Congregation, Shortmead Street, Biggleswade, Bedfordshire (Jehovah's Witnesses) Biggleswade Hospital, Elmside Potton Road, Biggleswade, Bedfordshire Biggleswade Recreation Centre, Eagle Farm Road, Biggleswade, Bedfordshire Biggleswade Station, Station Road, Biggleswade, Bedfordshire ==Parishes== The hundred contained the following parishes: Astwick, Little Barford, Biggleswade, Cockayne Hatley, Dunton, Edworth, Everton, Eyeworth, Langford, Potton, Sandy, Sutton, Tempsford, Wrestlingworth ==See also== * Hundreds of Bedfordshire ==References== ==External links and sources== http://www.BiggleswadeHistory.org.uk http://www.BiggleswadeTownPlan.org.uk http://www.biggleswade.org/ https://web.archive.org/web/20110127213653/http://www.biggleswademasterplan.info/ https://web.archive.org/web/20050318224845/http://www.yourtotalevent.com/places/Bedfordshire/biggleswade%20history.htm Category:Hundreds of Bedfordshire Category:Biggleswade	['Central Bedfordshire', 'Bedfordshire', 'Biggleswade', 'St Albans', 'Saxons', 'Northill', 'Domesday Survey', 'Bishop of Lincoln', 'River Ivel', 'Letchworth', 'Bedford', 'Dunstable', 'Luton', 'Leighton Buzzard', 'Erlensee', 'Stevenage', 'Hitchin', 'St. Neots', 'Huntingdon', 'Peterborough', 'Wrestlingworth', 'Potton', 'Gamlingay', 'Cambridge', 'Centrebus', 'Astwick', 'Little Barford', 'Cockayne Hatley', 'Edworth', 'Eyeworth', 'Tempsford']	['Q1053723', 'Q23143', 'Q2224167', 'Q6226', 'Q101985', 'Q1520534', 'Q19867', 'Q1837214', 'Q7337534', 'Q19801', 'Q208257', 'Q919778', 'Q203889', 'Q2462645', 'Q287204', 'Q19795', 'Q19798', 'Q1018225', 'Q685640', 'Q172438', 'Q1518848', 'Q2736099', 'Q3243125', 'Q350', 'Q12054494', 'Q1520390', 'Q1520005', 'Q1519518', 'Q1520018', 'Q1520566', 'Q1520080']	[[(1919, 1939)], [(58, 70), (1481, 1493), (1927, 1939), (1973, 1985), (3278, 3290), (4237, 4249), (4329, 4341), (4404, 4416), (4466, 4478), (4715, 4727), (5044, 5056), (5106, 5118)], [(0, 11), (109, 120), (156, 167), (332, 343), (713, 724), (767, 778), (919, 930), (1167, 1178), (1444, 1455), (1628, 1639), (1806, 1817), (2067, 2078), (2160, 2171), (2519, 2530), (2616, 2627), (2693, 2704), (3021, 3032), (3738, 3749), (4091, 4102), (4180, 4191), (4224, 4235), (4273, 4284), (4316, 4327), (4343, 4354), (4391, 4402), (4418, 4429), (4453, 4464), (4563, 4574), (4786, 4797), (4824, 4835), (5128, 5139)], [(526, 535)], [(578, 584)], [(675, 683)], [(730, 745)], [(938, 955)], [(1555, 1565)], [(1879, 1889), (3163, 3173), (3929, 3939)], [(58, 65), (1481, 1488), (1850, 1857), (1927, 1934), (1973, 1980), (1992, 1999), (2364, 2371), (3057, 3064), (3278, 3285), (4237, 4244), (4329, 4336), (4404, 4411), (4466, 4473), (4715, 4722), (5044, 5051), (5106, 5113)], [(2001, 2010)], [(2012, 2017), (2376, 2381)], [(2022, 2038)], [(2663, 2671)], [(2894, 2903), (3373, 3382)], [(2908, 2915), (3038, 3045), (3806, 3813)], [(2933, 2942)], [(2944, 2954)], [(2959, 2971)], [(3185, 3199), (4111, 4125), (4673, 4687)], [(3201, 3207), (4130, 4136), (4303, 4309), (4639, 4645)], [(3212, 3221)], [(3387, 3396)], [(3778, 3787)], [(4538, 4545)], [(4547, 4561)], [(4576, 4591)], [(4601, 4608)], [(4619, 4627)], [(4662, 4671)]]
Lonelyhearts, also known as Miss Lonelyhearts, is a 1958 American drama film directed by Vincent J. Donehue. It is based on the 1957 Broadway play by Howard Teichmann, which in turn is based on the 1933 novel Miss Lonelyhearts by Nathanael West. The film stars Montgomery Clift, Robert Ryan, Myrna Loy, Jackie Coogan, Dolores Hart, and Maureen Stapleton in her first film role. Stapleton was nominated for an Academy Award for Best Supporting Actress, as well as for a Golden Globe for her performance as Fay Doyle. ==Plot== The story opens on a small-town street. A man throws a bundle of papers onto the sidewalk from the back of a truck labeled Chronicle. Adam White is sitting in a bar when a woman offers him a drink. He refuses, explaining that alcohol seems to be poisonous to him. After talking with her for a while, he learns she is married to William Shrike, Editor-in-Chief of the Chronicle, where Adam is hoping to work. The editor shows up to meet his wife only to find her talking with Adam. When Shrike asks how Adam found him, Adam explains: "I heard there was a bar where newspaper people hang out. I came here since it is the closest to the Chronicle, the only paper in town". Florence Shrike says Adam can write, and he deserves the chance to prove it. Shrike retorts: "OK, so write!" Adam hems and haws momentarily, but then delivers the following story: "The Chronicle is pleased to announce the addition of a new member to our staff. He met the Editor in Chief, who went so far as to insult his own wife in an effort to provoke the new staff member. Instead of punching the editor in the face, he accepted a position on the paper." Adam tells his girlfriend Justy about his new job. He doesn't tell her about his father, a man named Lassiter, who is doing 25 years in prison for having murdered Adam's mother and her lover. On his first day at the newspaper, Adam is astounded at being assigned the "Miss Lonelyhearts" advice-to-the-lovelorn column. One of his colleagues, reporter Ned Gates, is disappointed, having wanted that column for himself, while another, Frank Goldsmith, openly mocks the readers who seek the column's heartfelt advice. After a few weeks, Shrike refuses a request by Adam to give him a different assignment. He also insists that Adam personally contact the letter writers to substantiate their stories. Adam randomly selects a letter from a Fay Doyle and meets her. She relates how her husband, Pat, came home from the war crippled and impotent. As they share a lonely moment, Adam and Fay are briefly thrown together sexually. When he declines meeting her a second time, she is furious. Adam decides to leave the newspaper for good. Justy's father offers her a trust endowment to get their new life under way. At a party in the bar, Pat Doyle turns up with a gun. Adam manages to talk him out of using it. He leaves, whereupon Shrike decides to give some flowers to his own neglected wife. ==Cast== * Montgomery Clift as Adam White * Robert Ryan as William Shrike * Myrna Loy as Florence Shrike * Dolores Hart as Justy Sargeant * Maureen Stapleton as Fay Doyle * Jackie Coogan as Ned Gates * Mike Kellin as Frank Goldsmith * Onslow Stevens as Mr. Lassiter * Frank Maxwell as Pat Doyle * Frank Overton as Mr. Sargeant * John Gallaudet as Johnny, Bartender * Don Washbrook as Don Sargeant * Johnny Washbrook as Johnny Sargeant * J.B. Welch as Charlie * Mary Alan Hokanson as Edna ==Background and production== The film was Dore Schary's first film as an independent producer after leaving MGM. Nathanael West's 1933 novel, on which this film was based, was adapted for the screen in 1933 as Advice to the Lovelorn starring Lee Tracy. It was made by Twentieth Century Pictures, distributed by United Artists, and directed by Alfred L. Werker from a screenplay by Leonard Praskins. The 1933 film was more of a comedy-drama than this version. Howard Teichmann adapted the novel into a stage play, entitled Miss Lonelyhearts, which opened on Broadway at the Music Box Theatre on October 3, 1957. The production, directed by Alan Schneider and designed by Jo Mielziner, ran for only twelve performances.Lonelyhearts on Broadway accessed 8-14-2015 ==See also== * List of American films of 1958 ==References== ==External links== * * * Category:1958 films Category:Film noir Category:American black-and-white films Category:Films based on American novels Category:American films based on plays Category:United Artists films Category:Films with screenplays by Nathanael West Category:American drama films Category:1958 drama films Category:Films based on adaptations Category:1950s English-language films Category:1950s American films	['Vincent J. 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"The Bachelor Party" is a 1953 television play by Paddy Chayefsky which was adapted by Chayefsky for a 1957 film. The play premiered to critical acclaim. ==Plot== Charlie Samson is a hard-working married bookkeeper in Manhattan, struggling to advance himself by attending night school to become an accountant. He has just learned his wife is pregnant with their first child, and worries whether he is ready for fatherhood. He and four co-workers throw a bachelor party for a fellow bookkeeper, Arnold Craig, who is about to get married. After watching explicit, short stag films at one member's apartment, they decide to go bar-hopping. Charlie is to be Arnold's best man. Colleagues attending the party include the older married man, Walter, who has recently been diagnosed with asthma, and Eddie, a happy-go-lucky bachelor. The night becomes a turning point for all five men. Charlie finds his loyalty to his wife tested during the evening, and he almost has an affair with a young woman he meets on the street heading to a Greenwich Village party. Charlie's young wife at home is also shocked to hear her visiting sister reveal her own husband's extra-marital affairs. Walter, in despair about his situation, wanders off during the evening. Arnold becomes drunk and ambivalent about getting married, and he breaks off the wedding. He changes his mind after he sobers up and Charlie gives him a lecture about the benefits of married life, despite Charlie's having regretted his own marriage as the story began, and having gone to the party with the serious intention of committing adultery. We last see Eddie at a bar, striking up a conversation with an older unattractive woman. In the end, Charlie decides that married life is the way to go, and that his struggle to build a home with his wife is worthwhile, and better than the empty and lonely existence of his friend Eddie, whom he used to envy. ==Television play== Chayefsky's teleplay was produced by Fred Coe for The Philco Television Playhouse on October 11, 1953. Delbert Mann directed the following cast:The Collected Works of Paddy Chayefsky (1994), Applause Books, New York Kathleen Maguire as Helen Don Murray as Charlie Bob Emmett as Kenneth James Westerfield as The Bookkeeper Joseph Mantell as The Bachelor Douglas Gordon as The Groom Anna Minot as Julie Ely Segall as The Bartender Elaine Eldridge as The Bar Hag Walter Kelly as The Young Fellow Bettye Ackerman as The Girl Olive Dunbar as The FiancéeBachelor Party - TV episode at IMDb ==Film adaptation== The 1957 film was directed by Delbert Mann, with Don Murray as Charlie, co-starring E. G. Marshall, Jack Warden and Carolyn Jones. Jones was nominated for the 1958 Best Supporting Actress Academy Award for her portrayal of a party girl who is actually very lonely. Mary Grant designed the film's costumes. Bosley Crowther wrote of the film, "Mr. Chayefsky in his writing and Delbert Mann in his direction of this film have made it delightfully amusing and compensating as it flows. For the most poignant revelations of emptiness and fear, they have provided hilarious explosions in the serio-comic vein." ==Cast== Don Murray as Charlie Samson E. G. Marshall as Walter Jack Warden as Eddie Watkins Philip Abbott as Arnold Craig, the Bachelor Larry Blyden as Kenneth Patricia Smith as Helen Samson Carolyn Jones as The Existentialist Nancy Marchand as Mrs. Julie Samson ==Awards== The Bachelor Party was nominated for one Oscar, one BAFTA award, and one award at the 1957 Cannes Film Festival: Group Award Won? 30th Academy Awards Best Actress in a Supporting Role Carolyn Jones BAFTA Award Best Film from any Source (USA) 1957 Cannes Film Festival Palme d'Or ==Chayefsky on The Bachelor Party== Afterword to The Bachelor Party: ==See also== * List of American films of 1957 ==References== ==External links== * * * * * Category:1953 American television episodes Category:1953 television plays Category:1957 drama films Category:1957 films Category:American drama films Category:Black-and-white American television shows Category:1950s English-language films Category:Films directed by Delbert Mann Category:Films produced by Burt Lancaster Category:Films produced by James Hill Category:Films produced by Harold Hecht Category:Films scored by Alex North Category:Films with screenplays by Paddy Chayefsky Category:Plays by Paddy Chayefsky Category:Norma Productions films Category:Television episodes directed by Delbert Mann Category:The Philco Television Playhouse episodes Category:United Artists films Category:1950s American films	['Delbert Mann', 'Harold Hecht', 'Paddy Chayefsky', 'E. G. Marshall', 'Jack Warden', 'Carolyn Jones', 'Alex North', 'United Artists', 'The Philco Television Playhouse', 'Fred Coe', 'Kathleen Maguire', 'James Westerfield', 'Bettye Ackerman', 'IMDb', 'Academy Award', 'Bosley Crowther', 'Philip Abbott', 'Larry Blyden', 'Nancy Marchand', '1957 Cannes Film Festival', "Palme d'Or", 'List of American films of 1957']	['Q270038', 'Q323445', 'Q180251', 'Q706165', 'Q373968', 'Q238895', 'Q349448', 'Q219400', 'Q786306', 'Q1168402', 'Q6376813', 'Q3161480', 'Q534954', 'Q37312', 'Q19020', 'Q894444', 'Q3825563', 'Q3218026', 'Q257065', 'Q598055', 'Q179808', 'Q16986909']	[[(2026, 2038), (2569, 2581), (2914, 2926), (4130, 4142), (4458, 4470)], [(4250, 4262)], [(50, 65), (2090, 2105), (4334, 4349), (4368, 4383)], [(2623, 2637), (3184, 3198)], [(2639, 2650), (3210, 3221)], [(2655, 2668), (3342, 3355), (3610, 3623)], [(4288, 4298)], [(4530, 4544)], [(1973, 2004), (4480, 4511)], [(1960, 1968)], [(2140, 2156)], [(2213, 2230)], [(2427, 2442)], [(2514, 2518)], [(2727, 2740), (3561, 3574)], [(2845, 2860)], [(3240, 3253)], [(3285, 3297)], [(3379, 3393)], [(3512, 3537), (3668, 3693)], [(3694, 3704)], [(3789, 3819)]]
Frei Paul Otto (; 31 May 1925 – 9 March 2015) was a German architect and structural engineer noted for his use of lightweight structures, in particular tensile and membrane structures, including the roof of the Olympic Stadium in Munich for the 1972 Summer Olympics. Otto won the RIBA Royal Gold Medal in 2006 and was awarded the Pritzker Architecture Prize in 2015, shortly before his death. ==Early life== Otto was born in , Germany, and grew up in Berlin. He studied architecture in Berlin before being drafted into the Luftwaffe as a fighter pilot in the last years of World War II. He was interned in a prisoner of war camp near Chartres (France) and with his aviation engineering training and lack of material and an urgent need for housing, began experimenting with tents for shelter. After the war he studied briefly in the US and visited Erich Mendelsohn, Mies van der Rohe, Richard Neutra, and Frank Lloyd Wright. ==Career== He began a private practice in Germany in 1952. He earned a doctorate in tensioned constructions in 1954. His saddle-shaped cable-net music pavilion at the Bundesgartenschau (Federal Garden Exposition) in Kassel 1955 brought him his first significant attention. Otto specialised in lightweight tensile and membrane structures, and pioneered advances in structural mathematics and civil engineering. In 1958, Otto taught at Washington University in St. Louis' Sam Fox School of Design & Visual Arts where he met Buckminster Fuller. Otto founded the Institute for Lightweight Structures at the university of Stuttgart in 1964 and headed the institute until his retirement as university professor. Major works include the West German Pavilion at the Montreal Expo in 1967 and the roof of the 1972 Munich Olympic Arena. He has lectured worldwide and taught at the Architectural Association School of Architecture, where he also designed some of the research facilities buildings of the school's forest campus in Hooke Park. Until his death, Otto remained active as an architect and engineer, and as consultant to his protégé Mahmoud Bodo Rasch for a number of projects in the Middle East. One of his more recent projects was his work with Shigeru Ban on the Japanese Pavilion at Expo 2000 with a roof structure made entirely of paper, and together with SL Rasch GmbH Special and Lightweight Structures he designed a convertible roof for the Venezuelan Pavilion. In an effort to memorialise the September 11 attacks and its victims as early as 2002, Otto envisioned the two footprints of the World Trade Center buildings covered with water and surrounded by trees; his plan includes a world map embedded in the park with countries at war marked with lights and a continuously updated board announcing the number of people killed in war from 11 September 2001, onward. On request of Christoph Ingenhoven, Otto designed the "Light eyes" for Stuttgart 21. – drop-shaped overlights in the park, that descend onto the tracks to support the ceiling.Werner Sobek: S21 Tiefbahnhof Stuttgart. Video: Animation. Stuttgart 21 – Ein Bahnhof kommt unter die Erde. and pictures: Großprojekt Stuttgart 21: Wie der Bahnhof einmal aussehen soll. Otto remarked in 2010 that the construction should be stopped because of the difficult geology.Hans Monath, Andreas Böhme: Bahn soll bei Stuttgart 21 Notbremse ziehen. Stuttgart 21-Architekt fordert den sofortigen Baustopp. Otto died on 9 March 2015; he was to be publicly announced as the winner of the 2015 Pritzker Prize on 23 March but his death meant the committee announced his award on 10 March. Otto himself had been told earlier that he had won the prize by the executive director of the Pritzker Prize, Martha Thorne. He was reported to have said, "I've never done anything to gain this prize. Prize winning is not the goal of my life. I try to help poor people, but what shall I say here — I'm very happy." ==List of buildings== This is a partial list of buildings designed by Otto: * 1957 – Tanzbrunnen pavilion Rheinpark Cologne, Germany * 1967 – West Germany Pavilion at Expo 67 Montreal, Canada * 1972 – Roof for Olympic Stadium, Munich, Germany * 1974 – Convention Center in Mecca, Saudi Arabia * 1975 – Multihalle, Mannheim, Germany * 1977 – Umbrellas for 1977 Pink Floyd tour * 1980 – Aviary at Munich Zoo, Germany * 1985 – Tuwaiq Palace, Saudi Arabia, with Buro Happold * 1987–91 – Housing at the International Building Exhibition Berlin, Germany * 2000 – Roof structure of the Japanese Pavilion at Expo 2000, Hanover Germany (provided engineering assistance with Buro Happold and architectural collaboration with Shigeru Ban) Expo 67 Montreal Canada (4).jpg\|Interior view, West Germany Pavilion, Expo 67, Montreal, Canada Herzogenriedpark Mannheim Multihalle Deckenkonstruktion.jpg\|Multihalle in Mannheim UniStuttgart-IL- pjt1.jpg\|Institut für Leichte Flächentragwerke, University of Stuttgart ==Awards (selected)== * 1974 – Thomas Jefferson Medal in Architecture * 1980 – Honorary doctorate of science from the University of Bath * 1982 – Großer BDA Preis * 1996/97 – Wolf Prize in Architecture * 2005 – Royal Gold Medal for architecture by RIBAThe man with the golden pen, Building.co.uk, 2005 issue 08 * 2006 – Praemium Imperiale in Architecture * 2015 – Pritzker Architecture PrizePritzker Prize for Frei Otto, German Architect, Announced After His Death , Robin Pogrebin, The New York Times, 10 March 2015 ==See also== * Gridshell ==References== ==Further reading== * Conrad Roland: Frei Otto – Spannweiten. Ideen und Versuche zum Leichtbau. Ein Werkstattbericht von Conrad Roland. Ullstein, Berlin, Frankfurt/Main und Wien 1965. * Philip Drew: Frei Otto – Form and Structure, 1976, , * Philip Drew: Tensile Architecture, 1979, , * Muriel Emanuel, Dennis Sharp: "Contemporary Architects", New York: St. Martin's Press. 1980. p. 600\. * Frei Otto, Bodo Rasch: Finding Form: Towards an Architecture of the Minimal, 1996, * Winfried Nerdinger: Frei Otto, Complete Works: Lightweight Construction – Natural Design, 2005, , - published on the occasion of the exhibition Frei Otto Lightweight Construction, Natural Design at the Architekturmuseum der Technischen Universität München in der Pinakothek der Moderne from 26 May to 28 August 2005, and cataloguing over 200 buildings and projects dating from the years 1951-2004 ==External links== * * Frei Otto's official website * Frei Otto: Spanning The Future Documentary film's official Website * Japan Pavilion Expo 2000 – About the roof structure * SL Rasch GmbH Homepage * Last recorded interview with Frei Otto, about his life and receiving the Pritzker Prize * Uncube Nr. 33 Frei Otto – by uncube magazine Category:1925 births Category:2015 deaths Category:German World War II pilots Category:People from Chemnitz Category:Structural engineers Category:Tensile architecture Category:High-tech architecture Category:Tensile membrane structures Category:Washington University in St. Louis faculty Category:Studienstiftung alumni Category:Officers Crosses of the Order of Merit of the Federal Republic of Germany Category:Recipients of the Order of Merit of Baden-Württemberg Category:Pritzker Architecture Prize winners Category:Recipients of the Royal Gold Medal Category:Wolf Prize in Arts laureates Category:Recipients of the Praemium Imperiale Category:Members of the Academy of Arts, Berlin Category:20th-century German architects Category:German prisoners of war in World War II held by France	['Baden-Württemberg', 'Germany', 'Olympic Stadium, Munich', '1972 Summer Olympics', 'RIBA', 'Royal Gold Medal', 'Pritzker Architecture Prize', 'Berlin', 'Luftwaffe', 'World War II', 'Chartres', 'Erich Mendelsohn', 'Mies van der Rohe', 'Richard Neutra', 'Frank Lloyd Wright', 'Kassel', 'Washington University in St. Louis', 'Buckminster Fuller', 'Stuttgart', 'Architectural Association School of Architecture', 'Hooke Park', 'Mahmoud Bodo Rasch', 'Shigeru Ban', 'Expo 2000', 'SL Rasch GmbH Special and Lightweight Structures', 'September 11 attacks', 'Christoph Ingenhoven', 'Stuttgart 21', 'Werner Sobek', 'Martha Thorne', 'Rheinpark', 'Cologne', 'Expo 67', 'Montreal', 'Mecca', 'Mannheim', 'Munich Zoo', 'Tuwaiq Palace', 'Saudi Arabia', 'Buro Happold', 'Hanover', 'Thomas Jefferson Medal in Architecture', 'University of Bath', 'Großer BDA Preis', 'Wolf Prize', 'Praemium Imperiale', 'Robin Pogrebin', 'The New York Times', 'Gridshell', 'Conrad Roland']	['Q985', 'Q183', 'Q131610', 'Q8438', 'Q1067943', 'Q920783', 'Q133160', 'Q64', 'Q2564009', 'Q362', 'Q130272', 'Q76730', 'Q41508', 'Q84312', 'Q5604', 'Q2865', 'Q777403', 'Q102289', 'Q1022', 'Q634951', 'Q20711652', 'Q13418129', 'Q526725', 'Q734463', 'Q14395717', 'Q10806', 'Q15457661', 'Q700996', 'Q70696', 'Q6041110', 'Q879411', 'Q365', 'Q1344988', 'Q340', 'Q5806', 'Q2119', 'Q264691', 'Q7857153', 'Q851', 'Q2928594', 'Q1715', 'Q7791279', 'Q1422458', 'Q1257253', 'Q739936', 'Q268670', 'Q7352721', 'Q9684', 'Q1527814', 'Q102980']	[[(7088, 7105)], [(427, 434), (966, 973), (4002, 4009), (4024, 4031), (4112, 4119), (4201, 4208), (4284, 4291), (4417, 4424), (4496, 4503), (4657, 4664), (7035, 7042)], [(4087, 4110)], [(245, 265)], [(280, 284), (5121, 5125)], [(285, 301), (5084, 5100), (7178, 7194)], [(330, 357), (5237, 5264), (7115, 7142)], [(451, 457), (486, 492), (4409, 4415), (5576, 5582), (7320, 7326)], [(523, 532)], [(573, 585), (6697, 6709), (7403, 7415)], [(634, 642)], [(847, 863)], [(865, 882)], [(884, 898)], [(904, 922)], [(1140, 1146)], [(1358, 1392), (6885, 6919)], [(1446, 1464)], [(1541, 1550), (2869, 2878), (3003, 3012), (3032, 3041), (3107, 3116), (3296, 3305), (3327, 3336), (4787, 4796), (4863, 4872)], [(1795, 1843)], [(1943, 1953)], [(2056, 2074)], [(2170, 2181), (4592, 4603)], [(2210, 2219), (4477, 4486), (6440, 6449)], [(2284, 2332)], [(2425, 2445)], [(2812, 2832)], [(2869, 2881), (3032, 3044), (3107, 3119), (3296, 3308), (3327, 3339)], [(2973, 2985)], [(3672, 3685)], [(3983, 3992)], [(3993, 4000)], [(4044, 4051), (4605, 4612), (4675, 4682)], [(1682, 1690), (4052, 4060), (4613, 4621), (4684, 4692)], [(4150, 4155)], [(4191, 4199), (4718, 4726), (4775, 4783)], [(4272, 4282)], [(4301, 4314)], [(4157, 4169), (4316, 4328)], [(4335, 4347), (4542, 4554)], [(4488, 4495)], [(4904, 4942)], [(4991, 5009)], [(5019, 5035)], [(5048, 5058), (7204, 7214)], [(5193, 5211), (7260, 7278)], [(5340, 5354)], [(5356, 5374)], [(5405, 5414)], [(5452, 5465), (5551, 5564)]]
Pete Kelly's Blues is a 1955 musical crime film based on the 1951 radio series. It was directed by and starred Jack Webb in the title role of a bandleader and musician. Janet Leigh is featured as party girl Ivy Conrad, and Edmond O'Brien as a gangster who applies pressure to Kelly. Peggy Lee portrays alcoholic jazz singer Rose Hopkins (a performance for which she received an Academy Award nomination for Best Actress in a Supporting Role). Ella Fitzgerald makes a cameo as singer Maggie Jackson. Lee Marvin, Martin Milner, and Jayne Mansfield also make early career appearances. Much of the dialogue was written by writers who wrote the radio series Pat Novak for Hire (1946–1949), and the radio version of Pete Kelly's Blues (1951), both of which Webb starred in for a time before creating Dragnet. ==Plot== Jazz cornetist Pete Kelly (Jack Webb) and his Big Seven are the house band at the 17 Club, a speakeasy in Kansas City in 1927 during Prohibition. Crime boss Fran McCarg (Edmond O'Brien) is moving in on the local music scene and wants a percentage of the band's meager earnings. When the band resists, Kelly decides to decline the strongarm and see what happens. After the night's last set, Rudy, the club manager, orders Kelly and the band to the mansion of Ivy Conrad (Janet Leigh), a wealthy flapper with a reputation for hosting rowdy parties . Reluctantly, Kelly arrives at the party and leaves a message for McCarg to call him there. When the call comes through Kelly is busy fending off Ivy's advances; instead, it is intercepted by Kelly's drunk, hot-tempered drummer, Joey Firestone (Martin Milner), who abusively turns McCarg down. Kelly and his band are run off the road by unknown assailants as they drive back to town and Firestone is thrown out of the car over its hood. The following night, Firestone roughs up Guy Bettenhauser, McCarg's top hired gun. Kelly desperately tries to patch things up, but to no avail. As the band finishes its last number, two gunmen burst through the front door of the club. Kelly tries to save Firestone by sending him out the back, but Firestone is shot to death in the alleyway. Tired and frustrated by his drummer's murder, and the subsequent departure of his long-time friend and clarinetist, Al (Lee Marvin), Kelly returns to his apartment to find Ivy asleep in his bed. Although he initially tries to throw her out, then resists her advances, the two strike up a relationship that turns with the passing months into an engagement. Later, all the local band leaders meet secretly to decide how to respond to McCarg's pressure. When Kelly reaffirms that he will put up no resistance, the rest cave in. Detective George Tennel (Andy Devine), who is trying to take McCarg down, tries to enlist Kelly's help but is refused. McCarg again tries to befriend Kelly, telling him that Bettenhauser acted alone in Firestone's murder. He also presses his moll, Rose Hopkins (Peggy Lee), a one-time talented songbird gone to the bottle, on the band. Her singing rapidly improves, but not her drinking. One night, soused, she cannot bring herself to overcome an unruly crowd and quits mid-song. An enraged McCarg chases her to her dressing room and beats her senseless, causing her to tumble down a flight of stairs in a heap. Kelly then turns to Tennel, who informs him that Bettenhauser has skipped town. Al drops in to see Kelly. The two come to blows over Kelly's capitulations, but patch things up, and Al rejoins the band. In a burst of spine, Kelly tries to buy his way out, but McCarg intimidates him into continuing. Meanwhile, Ivy, feeling left out by Kelly's dedication to his music, decides to go her own way. Kelly gets a message to meet someone who turns out to be Bettenhauser. He tells Kelly it was McCarg who ordered Firestone's death, but if Kelly can come up with $1,200 by daybreak, he will help him take down McCarg. Kelly agrees. Bettenhauser then tells Kelly he can find incriminating bank checks and papers in McCarg's office at the Everglade Ballroom. Back at the club, Kelly arms himself, but is waylaid by a clueless Ivy, who wants a last dance with him. He insists he does not have the time. Kelly rifles a desk in McCarg's office, but before he can get what he needs the ballroom's riotous orchestrion begins to blare; Ivy is there, insisting on her dance. Kelly fretfully agrees, but soon finds himself surrounded by McCarg and two of his torpedoes. One of them is Bettenhauser, who had set him up. A wild shootout ensues. Kelly barricades himself behind wooden tables. Bettenhauser climbs into the rafters to get a better angle, but gets plugged. McCarg's other man tries to shoot Kelly, but Kelly throws a chair at him, causing him to hit and mortally wound McCarg instead. Seeing this, the gunman gives up, saying he has nothing left to gain risking his life. Back at the 17 Club, it is business as usual – the band lively playing, Ivy and Pete back together, and Rudy finding ways to cut more corners. ==Cast== * Jack Webb as Pete Kelly * Janet Leigh as Ivy Conrad * Edmond O'Brien as Fran McCarg * Peggy Lee as Rose Hopkins * Andy Devine as George Tenell * Lee Marvin as Al Gannaway * Ella Fitzgerald as Maggie Jackson * Martin Milner as Joey Firestone * Than Wyenn as Rudy Shulak * Herb Ellis as Bedido * John Dennis as Guy Bettenhouser * Jayne Mansfield as Cigarette Girl * Mort Marshall as Cootie Jacobs * Moe Schneider as Band member (Big 7) * George Van Eps as Guitarist (Big 7) * Ray Sherman as Band member (Big 7) * Matty Matlock as Band member (Big 7) * Eddie Miller as Band member (Big 7) * Nick Fatool as Drummer (Big 7) * Jud De Naut as Bassist (Big 7) ==See also== * List of American films of 1955 * Pete Kelly's Blues (radio series) * Pete Kelly's Blues (song) * Pete Kelly's Blues (TV series) * Songs from Pete Kelly's Blues ==References== ==External links== * * * * * Senses of Cinema: Pete Kelly's Blues by John Flaus * Movie trailer featuring Jack Webb with behind-the-scenes comments about the Pete Kelly's Blues movie Category:1955 films Category:1955 crime drama films Category:American crime drama films Category:American musical drama films Category:American romantic drama films Category:Films about prohibition in the United States Category:Films based on radio series Category:Films set in 1915 Category:Films set in 1919 Category:Films set in 1927 Category:Films set in Jersey City, New Jersey Category:Films set in Kansas City, Missouri Category:Films set in New Orleans Category:Jazz films Category:Mark VII Limited films Category:Warner Bros. films Category:Films directed by Jack Webb Category:CinemaScope films Category:1950s English-language films Category:1950s American films	['Janet Leigh', "Edmond O'Brien", 'Jack Webb', 'Matty Matlock', 'Mark VII Limited', "Pete Kelly's Blues (radio series)", 'Peggy Lee', 'Academy Award', 'Ella Fitzgerald', 'Lee Marvin', 'Martin Milner', 'Jayne Mansfield', 'Pat Novak for Hire', 'Kansas City, Missouri', 'Prohibition', 'Andy Devine', 'Than Wyenn', 'George Van Eps', 'Nick Fatool', 'List of American films of 1955', "Pete Kelly's Blues (song)", "Pete Kelly's Blues (TV series)", "Songs from Pete Kelly's Blues"]	['Q205314', 'Q119935', 'Q1287651', 'Q445528', 'Q6770118', 'Q7172057', 'Q229139', 'Q19020', 'Q1768', 'Q76895', 'Q287549', 'Q229507', 'Q7143842', 'Q41819', 'Q46388', 'Q386105', 'Q15278596', 'Q1508401', 'Q1985385', 'Q6561515', 'Q7172056', 'Q7172055', 'Q7561449']	[[(169, 180), (1282, 1293), (5021, 5032)], [(223, 237), (982, 996), (5049, 5063)], [(111, 120), (839, 848), (4995, 5004), (5943, 5952), (6588, 6597)], [(5506, 5519)], [(6510, 6526)], [(5695, 5728)], [(283, 292), (2925, 2934), (5081, 5090)], [(378, 391)], [(443, 458), (5168, 5183)], [(499, 509), (2258, 2268), (5140, 5150)], [(511, 524), (1604, 1617), (5204, 5217)], [(530, 545), (5323, 5338)], [(653, 671)], [(6425, 6446)], [(945, 956)], [(2688, 2699), (5109, 5120)], [(5238, 5248)], [(5431, 5445)], [(5583, 5594)], [(5662, 5692)], [(5731, 5756)], [(5759, 5789)], [(5792, 5821)]]
Sesquiterpene lactones (SLs) are a class of sesquiterpenoids that contain a lactone ring. They are most often found in plants of the family Asteraceae (daisies, asters). Other plant families with SLs are Umbelliferae (celery, parsley, carrots) and Magnoliaceae (magnolias). A collection of colorless, lipophilic solids, SLs are a rich source of drugs. They can be allergenic and toxic in grazing livestock causing severe neurological problems in horses. Some are also found in corals such as Maasella edwardsi. ==Types== Sesquiterpene lactones can be divided into several main classes including germacranolides, heliangolides, guaianolides, pseudoguaianolides, hypocretenolides, and eudesmanolides. ==Examples== Artemisinin, a new, highly- effective anti-malarial compound, is a sesquiterpene lactone found in Artemisia annua. Lactucin, desoxylactucin, lactucopicrin, lactucin-15-oxalate, lactucopicrin-15-oxalate are some of the most prominent found in lettuce and spinach, giving most of the bitter taste to these crops. One eudesmanolide, 3-oxo-5αH,8βH-eudesma-1,4(15),7(11)-trien-8,12-olide, can work with vernolic acid and other compounds in plants to reduce inflammation. ==Sesquiterpene lactone-containing plants== Some plants containing these compounds include: Artichoke Boneset Eupatorium perfoliatum Burdock Calea ternifolia Chamomile Chrysanthemum Cocklebur Feverfew Gaillardia Ginkgo biloba Laurus nobilis Lettuce (Lactuca) Marsh elder Mugwort Parthenium Poverty weed Pyrethrum Ragweed Sagebrush Sneezeweed Spinach Star anise Sunflower Ironweed Wormwood Yellow star thistle bitter leaf Quorum sensing inhibitors Sesquiterpene lactones have been found to possess the ability to inhibit quorum sensing in bacteria. ==References== ==External links==	['Asteraceae', 'Umbelliferae', 'Magnoliaceae', 'Maasella edwardsi', 'Artemisinin', 'Artemisia annua', 'Lactucin', 'Artichoke', 'Eupatorium perfoliatum', 'Burdock', 'Calea ternifolia', 'Chamomile', 'Chrysanthemum', 'Feverfew', 'Gaillardia', 'Ginkgo biloba', 'Laurus nobilis', 'Lettuce', 'Lactuca', 'Marsh elder', 'Mugwort', 'Parthenium', 'Pyrethrum', 'Ragweed', 'Sagebrush', 'Sneezeweed', 'Spinach', 'Star anise', 'Sunflower', 'Yellow star thistle']	['Q25400', 'Q145794', 'Q120228', 'Q2704667', 'Q426921', 'Q1308044', 'Q6469057', 'Q23041430', 'Q683940', 'Q27257', 'Q150607', 'Q14169150', 'Q59882', 'Q818481', 'Q732510', 'Q43284', 'Q26006', 'Q83193', 'Q578052', 'Q4338415', 'Q15114159', 'Q3236767', 'Q16269373', 'Q844270', 'Q7399162', 'Q7547546', 'Q81464', 'Q2878644', 'Q171497', 'Q2068262']	[[(140, 150)], [(204, 216)], [(248, 260)], [(492, 509)], [(712, 723)], [(810, 825)], [(827, 835)], [(1271, 1280)], [(1290, 1312)], [(1314, 1321)], [(1323, 1339)], [(1341, 1350)], [(1352, 1365)], [(1378, 1386)], [(1388, 1398)], [(1400, 1413)], [(1415, 1429)], [(1431, 1438)], [(1440, 1447)], [(1450, 1461)], [(1463, 1470)], [(1472, 1482)], [(1498, 1507)], [(1509, 1516)], [(1518, 1527)], [(1529, 1539)], [(1541, 1548)], [(1550, 1560)], [(1562, 1571)], [(1593, 1612)]]
is the twenty-third entry of the long-running Japanese Super Sentai metaseries. Its footage was used in the American television series Power Rangers Lightspeed Rescue. It aired from February 21, 1999, to February 6, 2000, replacing Seijuu Sentai Gingaman, and was replaced by Mirai Sentai Timeranger. It was announced by Shout! Factory on January 9, 2018, that GoGoFive was to be released with English subtitles on DVD in North America.Power Rangers Lightspeed Rescue Source Material KyuuKyuu Sentai GoGoFive Coming To DVD It was released on April 24, 2018. This is the 8th Super Sentai Series to be released on Region 1 DVD in North America. In August 2018, Shout! streamed the series on their website. ==Synopsis== Grandiene has been waiting for the moment she can manifest on Earth on the day when the planets are in the alignment of the Grand Cross, sending her children to make the preparations while making Earth into a realm of darkness for her. But Professor Mondo Tatsumi of the Tatsumi Disaster Prevention Research Center, while failing to convince his peers of this event despite his eminence, left his family to secretly develop the Rescue System to counter the threat by the Psyma Family. When the Psyma commence their attack in 1999, months before the Grand Cross is to occur, the Tatsumi siblings find themselves recruited by their estranged father to fight the demons as the GoGoFive team. ==Characters== ===GoGoFive=== The is from a long line of "machi-bikeshi" (firefighters of Edo, the capital of the Tokugawa Shogunate) and they are portrayed as providing emergency and rescue services in Tokyo. * is the oldest of the Tatsumi siblings and the leader of the team as . He belongs to the Special Rescue Brigade. He is 24 years old and takes his duties as a leader and as the eldest brother very seriously. He never backs down from a fight, regardless of how difficult it might be, and sometimes berates his younger siblings when they make mistakes. Matoi does everything "by the book", and rarely makes mistakes. He feels very responsible for his younger brother and sister, as he played a large role in raising them; whilst he is their brother, he also serves as a father figure. He often gets into arguments with Shou. He often argues with his siblings, but mainly out of concern for them and a desire for them to succeed. He was responsible for devising the team's battle cry. His name comes from the word "matoi", an ancient object used by firemen during the Edo period Japan to warn people of a fire nearby. * is the second son of the Tatsumi family and serves as their second-in-command as . He belongs to the Capital City Fire Dept. Chemical Fire Fighting Brigade. Nagare spends much of his time looking out for his younger brother, Daimon, though Daimon often ignores his older brother's advice, a trait that often lands him in trouble. Nagare was once suspended because of an injury sustained by Daimon in a fight, despite the fact that he had advised Daimon against becoming involved in the confrontation. Since their youth, they have had a fractious relationship, with Daimon's wayward behavior often getting Nagare into trouble. Nagare rarely responds to his older brother's chastising. Nagare is very protective of his family and would sacrifice himself to save the Tatsumi family and the team. He is usually the most serious and intellectual member of the group; Nagare does not rush into a fight without knowing who he is facing. As a chemist, he developed the fire-fighting equipment in his department, as well as the human-sized robot Big Douser. He is 23 years old. * is the third son of the family who fights as . He is a helicopter pilot in the Capital City Fire Dept. Helicopter Brigade. He had always dreamed of being a pilot, and when he first got his job, the whole family celebrated with him, with Matoi even singing karaoke. He then ran out of the room to thank God for granting his wish. Once, after an argument with Matoi relating to his desire to be a pilot outweighing his desire to be a GoGoFive team member, Shou came close to leaving the team. Out of all of the siblings, Shou is the angriest and most bitter towards their father. While Nagare does not talk back to their older brother, Shou does, and he constantly argues with Matoi. Shou is a skilled helicopter pilot; he never loses control and is very reliable. Because of this good record, it was a shock to both himself and the team, when during one mission his reckless flying nearly cost the lives of civilians, with an intense argument between Shou and his older brother ensuing. Shou is a cunning and swift warrior, though at times he questions his older brother's leadership. He is 22 years old. * is the fourth and last son of the Tatsumi family who fights as . Daimon is a police officer. He is the hothead of the group, and he often rushes into situations before thinking, which can get him into trouble. Angry at his brother Nagare's suspension for something that was not his fault, Daimon sticks up for him. He is somewhat the joker of the team; being the youngest male he can be reckless and cocky. Daimon struggles with the concept of being a team player – one of the reasons he is one of the most common recipients of Matoi's chastisement is because he thinks he can handle any situation on his own without his siblings' help. When the team works together they are far more capable and powerful than when working individually; a lesson that Daimon learns the hard way. He can be somewhat indulgent and has a fiery temper. Although he might rush into a fight, he can still be reliable in an emergency. A wannabe bike cop, he is the only male sibling not in the Fire Department. Obsessed with drinking milk, in Gaoranger vs. Super Sentai, Daimon taught Kai Samezu/Gao Blue) how to perform his famous , which Kai eventually uses on Lost Highness Rakushaasa. He is 21 years old. * is the youngest child and only daughter of the Tatsumi family who fights as . She is a paramedic. A kind-hearted girl, she is a strong fighter who is very agile and quick. She is motivated by the sight of those weaker than herself in trouble, and she often loses her temper when the Psyma Family attack innocent people. At times, Matsuri is the one that brings order in the household when her brothers (and father) get out of line. She is 20 years old. ===Allies=== * is the scientist who created the suits, mecha and weapons for the GoGoFive team. He is also the father of the team members and the director of the . Ten years before the events of the series, Mondo fails to convince everyone about his belief that the Psyma family will invade Earth despite his eminence. Forced into exile and ridiculed by the scientific community, he secretly develops the GoGoFive technology. At one time, he is a rival to his children's superior; the two try to outdo each other in everything from on-the-job assignments to women and sports. They even fight over who would be in charge of the Kyuukyuu Sentai, causing chaos within the team. In the end, Mondo wins the battle to govern the team. Mondo also builds an undersea base, which has various types of weapons and mecha for the team to use, known as Bay Area 55. To save the Earth and the human race he ends up paying the heavy price of losing his family. Years later, he has to convince his children to help him, in the face of their bitterness and anger towards a father who they thought died years before. His reappearance simply led his children to think that he abandoned their family. In the finale, Mondo flees with his rival when Bay Area 55 floods, and he now lives happily with his family. Mondo briefly comes out of retirement in Timeranger VS GoGo Five to prepare the GoGoFive equipment, when he detects Pierre's negative energy. * is the wife of Professor Tatsumi, the mother of the GoGoFive, and the most important person- in-absence in their lives. Her words are portrayed as constantly running through the minds of her children, and keeping them going during their greatest trials and tribulations. When looking for their father, she boarded an aircraft which went on to disappear in the Philippines. She spent the next eight years in an island hospital in a coma. Her five children encountered her soul when they were trapped in the Yuuma Hell and she guided them out. When she finally regained consciousness, she remembered dreaming about her children fighting terrible monsters. She then contacted their house. Her children's friend, Kyouko Hayase, picked up the call and relayed the message to Daimon and Matsuri, after which they called her back. She appears briefly in episode 42, and is then at last returned to the family, alive and well in 49 and 50. At the end of the series Ritsuko is living with her family again. * is a shuttle pilot who is Shou's friend. When the GoGoFive rescue her shuttle from a tornado caused by Tornadeus, she is able to recognize Shou's voice on the communications system because the GoGoFive are using the same radio frequency after Daimon accidentally refers to his older brother by name and Shou's usage of his family's motto. Afterwards she stated a desire to join the GoGoFive, but Mondo Tatsumi refused, as the team was always intended to comprise five people. Instead, she occasionally aids the GoGoFive in any way she can. In the finale, Kyouko played an important role; she confirmed that Grandiene was still alive (after the GoGoFive defeated her with the Max Victory Robo), after detecting her from her shuttle whilst in orbit, and then reporting it to the GoGoFive after she had returned to Earth. Later, when Mondo sent her to give the GoGoFive the information on where to find the Max Victory Robo Sigma Project, just after she barely escaped the destruction of Bay Area 55, Kyouko received a phone call from Ritsuko Tatsumi (who had just come out of her coma) and was able write down the call back number. Kyouko was able to pass both pieces of information on to Daimon and Matsuri which would be instrumental to the GoGoFive's final victory. * is a cheery, childish analysis robot who controls the Five Liner at the Bay Area 55 base. * is the head of the Capital Fire Dept. and Mondo Tatsumi's frenemy, who ended up being in charge of funding the GoGoFive project. * was the last of a people who had fought and defeated the Juuma; his people were mostly exterminated by the sole surviving Juuma, Golmois. Being the only survivor, Zeek sought revenge and pursued Golmois to Earth where he encountered the GoGoFive, whom he blamed for saving the people in the crossfire instead of fighting Golmois. He came close to fighting them, but hesitated when he noticed that the wounded Kyouko resembled his superior officer . He healed her before he fought Go Red to a stalemate. When Kyouko arrives, Zeek leaves, as he reveals himself and his intent to kill Golmois before he gets the Dark Sword. As the GoGoFive fight off the Psyma, Zeek is mortally wounded. Go Red promises to stop Golmois as he leaves Zeek in Kyouko's care. Near death, and regaining his reason for fighting, Zeek gives Kyouko his gem which holds his Demon Hunter powers in it. He transformed with his jewel by shouting "Zeek Tector!". As , he is armed with the , the , and the . ===Arsenal=== * : The team's transformation device. They transform by opening the faceplate on the brace with the activation call before pressing a button to activate it. * : The suits that are formed when the GoGo Brace is activated. : A built-in scope that can see through objects. : A built-in scope that can scan enemy information. * : The team's sidearm that can switch between and , the latter of which can be used to perform the attack. The can be detached and used with the most of the GoGoFive's weapons, as well as to operate the GoGoFive's mecha. * : Colored ropes that all members possess. * : A mechanical bird-themed multipurpose transforming tool that can be reorganized into , forming a cannon with a Laser Grip as the handle. Its finisher is the . The Life Bird can also be separated into weapons for the individual members which also require a Laser Grip: : Go Red's personal weapon. : Go Blue's personal weapon. : Go Green's personal weapon. : Go Yellow's personal weapon. ** : Go Pink's personal weapon. * : A motorcycle, the – equipped with lasers and a sidecar, , equipped with drills, driven by Go Red. * : Long lances that each member received in episode 18. It can be used to perform the finisher. : A V-shaped boomerang that can be detached from the shaft of the V-Lancer. : A combination of the V-Lancer and the Five Laser's Laser Grip. The V-Machine Gun's team finisher is the Big V-Buster, where all five are used together to create a giant orb/V that destroys the Psyma Beast. * : Received in episode 22. It enables the attack (code "4-7-8, V"), the and the attack (code "5-5-5, V"), which fires an energy beam from the Brace. The V-Mode Brace is also used to activate the Max Victory Robo and Victory Mars combinations and can enhance the Go Blasters. * : Guns that were created by Nagare in episode 29. They can switch between , (which launches fire extinguishing bullets), and (where the barrel is extended to create a rifle). When used in Hyper Mode, the V-Mode Brace is placed on top of the Go Blaster to amplify its power and the code "8-1-8, V" is entered. The team finisher is the where all five Go Blasters in Hyper Mode are used together. The Go Blasters can also be used alongside the Five Laser for a double gun attack. ===Rescue Mecha=== These are mecha which come out of the base and its . ====99 Machines==== The are usually sortied at the command, "99 Machines, launch!". * is Go Red's ladder truck, equipped with two extending for rescuing people trapped in high places. The ladders are tipped with robotic hands which enable them to smash through any obstructions to reach trapped civilians, manipulate its environment, and even to hoist Red Ladder onto Victory Walker to form Victory Robo. For extra stability, Red Ladder can deploy support braces from its front and rear bumpers when using its ladders. It was rebuilt in Gaoranger vs. Super Sentai to help out. Forms the Victory Robo's body and arms. * is Go Blue's chemical fire engine, equipped with four extinguisher cannons. Forms Victory Walker's cockpit and Victory Robo's hips. * is Go Green's aircraft whose rotating jet engines give it great maneuverability and VTOL (Vertical Take-Off and Landing) capabilities. It is equipped with the dual and a ventral hatch which it uses to drop extinguisher bombs on fires as well as deploy magnetic to air lift vehicles out of danger or aid the other 99 Machines in combining into Victory Walker and Victory Robo. Forms Victory Robo's head and back. * is Go Yellow's giant armored vehicle. It possesses the claw in its trunk which can be used to move debris and other obstructions. Forms the left leg of both Victory Walker and Victory Robo. * is Go Pink's giant ambulance whose rear bay allows it to carry mass numbers of civilians to safely evacuate them from a battle or disaster scene. Forms the right leg of both Victory Walker and Victory Robo. =====Victory Robo===== is the team's first giant robot, formed from the five 99 Machines via . It is armed with the ; a magical sword that was supercharged with positive energy, enabling it to destroy the negative energy in the giant Psyma Beasts with its finisher . First the is formed – the Blue Thrower forms the Victory Walker's cockpit (the Victory Robo's waist) and upper legs, the Yellow Armor forms the Victory Robo's lower left leg and the Pink Aider forms the Victory Robo's lower right leg. The Victory Walker is equipped with the Chemical Extinguishers. After forming the Victory Walker they form the Victory Robo, in which the Red Ladder forms the chest and arms and the Green Hover forms the head and upper back. This robot is equipped with extendable arms used in an attack called Rapid Ladder Bomber, where the arms extend and deliver long-range punches. Another attack the Victory Robo can perform is the Ladder Wheel Crash. Since Victory Robo or the other mechs could not be repaired in time for Timeranger VS GoGo Five, the team had to resort to bringing them back from the past for a short while to help the Timerangers in Time Robo. Despite having to be sent back to the past after that battle is over, Victory Robo would later rebuilt as shown by Red Ladder's physical reappearance, and then Gao King receiving power from Victory Robo among other giant robots, in Gaoranger VS Super Sentai. ====Grand Liner==== The is a group of five giant train cars that were designed to carry the 99 Machines into battle. After the Mars Machines were built, the Five Liner was loaded with the Mars Machines and hauled into space by the Max Shuttle in the formation for the GoGoFive to use the Victory Mars. The Five Liner was also modified to form their own giant robo, , via which is approximately 1.4 times taller than the Victory Robo. Normally powered by both the Five Liner and the 99 Machines stored in the cars, it was revealed in episode 20 that without the 99 Machines, Grand Liner's operation time is limited to where it only has enough energy to fight for a short time. (which transports the Red Ladder or the Red Mars 1) forms the Grand Liner's right arm. (which transports the Blue Thrower or the Blue Mars 2) forms the Grand Liner's left arm. (which transports the Green Hover or the Green Mars 3) forms the Grand Liner's head, torso, and upper legs. (which transports the Yellow Armor or the Yellow Mars 4) forms the Grand Liner's lower left leg. (which transports the Pink Aider or the Pink Mars 5 and the Mars Cannon) forms the Grand Liner's lower right leg. The robot has gatling weapons, as well as its and finishers (where the cannon weapons are transferred from the shoulders to the fists to provide additional power. The left shoulder cannon fires missiles, and the right cannon fires bullets) are the only weapons strong enough to pierce the hardened armor of the Golem Psyma Beasts. In the finale, the Grand Liner had his right arm torn apart, thus rendering it useless in the battle against the Grandiene-possessed Zylpheeza and Salamandes. It is repaired, however, in time to be used again in events of Saber + Zenkaiger: Superhero Senki. ====Liner Boy==== The , modelled after a bullet train, was created by Mondo Tatsumi with some assistance from Kyouko. It had an A.I. unit, which allowed it to fight on autopilot. By the command , the can haul the Five Liner that is loaded with the Mars Machines into space. When the command is given after collecting enough solar energy from space, the Max Liner's front wheel assemblies become the arms, the rear section becomes the legs, the nose becomes the back (revealing the head), , whilst the fender becomes the weapon, and the solar-panelled side becomes the chest. This robot could combine with the Victory Robo to form the Max Victory Robo. Although the Liner Boy's body was destroyed in the finale by the Grandiene-possessed Zylpheeza and Salamandes Dragon, the A.I. unit survived the destruction. One of its attacks is the . ====Max Victory Robo==== When the Victory Robo combines with the Max Shuttle it creates the with the command "3-5-6 V" in the V-Mode Brace and the vocal command of . Armaments provided from Liner Boy include jets stored within the feet that provide additional maneuverability, and the V-Max Cannons, which are two small wrist guns. Liner Boy forms Max Victory Robo's helmet, breastplate, pauldrons, gauntlets, fauld, and greaves. Another ability the Max Victory Robo has is an array of solar panels, which enables it to absorb power from explosions. In its finisher, Max Nova, it unleashes its rail-gun style hip cannons and combines the firepower from all of the Max Victory Robo's guns. In the finale, the Max Victory Robo was blown to pieces when Matoi moved it in the way of a blast shot by Zylpheeza and Salamandes to protect a flammable building, in which Daimon and Matsuri just escaped from while rescuing a group of children inside. Matoi barely survived the explosion. ====Victory Mars==== The are five space rescue vehicles that come when given the command "Mars Machines!", and can combine to form the via with the command "4-5-6, V" in the V-Mode Brace – a four-legged mecha with the on its top, or in the more humanoid via . By launching the from its , it can perform the finisher to destroy Giant Psyma Beasts. The Red Mars 1 forms the Beetle Mars' head and body, which becomes the Victory Mars' head and upper torso. The Blue Mars 2 forms the Beetle Mars' hind legs, which becomes the Victory Mars' arms. The Green Mars 3 forms the Beetle Mars' chest, which becomes Victory Mars' waist. The Yellow Mars 4 forms the Beetle Mars' left leg, which becomes the Victory Mars' own. Pink Mars 5 forms Beetle Mars' right leg, which becomes Victory Mars' own. Unlike the other mecha, the Mars Machines have different technology that allows them to function without the aid of solar energy. Therefore it is the only mecha that is able to battle effectively when Salamandes creates the Psyma Zone. In the GoGoFive vs. Gingaman special, the Victory Mars briefly gained the power of the Gingaman's Lights of Ginga's Armor and became , wielding both the Jet Lance and the in its enhanced mode, and using an attack called the . It once used Victory Robo's Braver Sword for an attack called . In the finale, the Victory Mars had its left arm torn apart, thus rendering it useless in the battle against the Grandiene-possessed Zylpheeza and Salamandes. * is piloted by Go Red. It is armed with missiles. * is piloted by Go Blue. It shoots hole-repairing adhesive bullets. * is piloted by Go Green. It is the most maneuverable of the Mars Machines. * is piloted by Go Yellow. It is heavily armored and equipped with manipulator claw. * is piloted by Go Pink. It is equipped with manipulator claw and medical tools. ====Max Victory Robo Black Version==== is Mondo Tatsumi's final robot, which resembles the Max Victory Robo but is colored black. This mecha is powered by the Tatsumi siblings' mental energy waves and has a sword that resembles the Victory Robo's Braver Sword, but its hilt has a red color rather than a blue color. It is used in the final episode by the GoGoFive to stop the Grandiene-possessed Zylpheeza and Salamandes, after the original Max Victory Robo was destroyed, and both the Victory Mars and Grand Liner were rendered useless. GoGoFive used this robot with the knowledge that, although they had supposedly lost their father, their mother is still alive, and they used this mental energy to power up the sword which allowed them to emerge victorious over Grandiene. In the course of its short appearance the Max Victory Robo Black Version is never disassembled into component mecha, though the toy incarnation could be devolved into six separate mecha. ===Psyma Family=== The is a family of demons whose only objective is destruction and intends to use the Grand Cross planet alignment to bring great calamity to Earth. The Family's matriarch, the Grand Witch Grandiene, hoped to travel to the real world by using the great amounts of "negative energy" that would emerge on Earth when the Grand Cross had formed. Her children, the Psyma Four Siblings, awaited her arrival, sending Psyma Beasts to destroy and finish off human civilization. They have their headquarters, the , at the North Pole. * is the leader of the Psyma Family and mother to the five siblings, an embodiment of the universe's negative energy. Though Grandiene had set everything up for her arrival in this reality on the day of the Grand Cross in 1999, she only partially manifested as the result of the GoGoFive interrupting the ritual and uses her remaining children to gather enough negative energy for her to complete their transition. After Salamandes's death, Grandiene takes matters into her own hands and uses the evil energies gathered by the Psyma Paradico to complete her passing. Grandiene then sends Cobolda to his death to accomplish her goals, revealing to Zylpheeza that she never really cared for the well-being of her children as her experience with Gill convinced her that they would also turn on her and that they served their purpose in helping her enter the human world. Her body was destroyed by the Max Victory Robo, though her spirit remained and takes possession of the revived and powered up bodies of Zylpheeza and Salamandes. Grandeine is finally destroyed when she is stripped of all power when the Max Victory Robo B-Version defeats Zylpheeza and Salamandes, her bodiless spirit exploding in the upper atmosphere. * is the true first-born son of the Psyma Family. He attempted to kill Grandiene soon after being born, so she had Pierre dispose of him in the . Surviving the ordeal, Gill became stronger and ruled over the dead up to the present. He is then brought back into the land of the living, by Salamandes, and is bent on summoning the from the Dark Hell onto Earth. He plans to do this by using the blood of many people to accomplish this goal. He is fatally wounded fighting Go Red and Ginga Red, but he uses his own blood to complete the ritual before he explodes. * is the eldest son of the Psyma Family and the demon of Aerial Calamity and Psyma Commander. Actually, the second born son of the Family, Zylpheeza is given the highest title of Dark King and resents humans, but is deeply loving to his siblings and mother. He is admired by Cobolda and Denus. Eventually, Zylpheeza goes to war with them but is first to be destroyed by the Max Victory Robo. After a few attempts, Zylpheeza is resurrected, at the cost of Denus' life. He soon learns the truth about his mother after killing his younger brother Cobolda under her influence. He is then killed by his mother in an effort to destroy the GoGoFive. He is later revived as a puppet, with parts of him turned black, including his eyes. After hearing the words of Nagare and Shou, Zylpheeza awakens, just to be killed again by his youngest brother Salamandes. Zylpheeza is possessed by Grandiene's spirit and transformed into the giant . Along with Salamandes, the two are able to destroy the Max Victory Robo (piloted by Go Red), and disable the Grand Liner (piloted by Go Blue) and the Victory Mars (piloted by Go Green), but both are eventually killed by the Max Victory Robo Black Version. * is the second son of the Psyma Family, actually Grandiene's third born son, the Demon of Ground Calamity. He is the strongest of the Psyma Four Siblings and his strategies always rely more in power than thought, giving him a complex when he compares himself with the dexterous warrior Zylpheeza or the cunning strategist Denus. Secretly coveting the rank of Dark King, he tries to take it over after Zylpheeza's death, but is overpowered by Salamandes. He and his older brother Zylpheeza are close because they survived together when they were younger; ironically, near the finale, his mother tricked him to fight the GoGoFive when he is given a new, powerful cannon, and is killed by Zylpheeza who was being controlled by Grandiene. * is Grandiene's only daughter and only human-resembling child, the Demon of Aquatic Calamity. Gifted in the arts of disguise, she often uses them to gather information or to cause havoc. Her strategies are particularly cruel and fearsome. She feels great respect for her older brother Zylpheeza. Eventually, her plan to use a pair of Psyma Beast Parasites to siphon off Matoi's life-force to resurrect Zylpheeza fails, when the other GoGoFive are able to separate the male parasite from Matoi, by striking the female parasite on Zylpheeza's chest. Denus, not wanting Zylpheeza to die again, summons the male parasite onto her own chest and sacrifices her life so Zylpheeza could live. * is the youngest, formerly the third son at the start of the series, the dragon-like Demon of Fire Calamity whose blood possesses regenerative properties. During the first half of the series, Drop was mainly cared for by Pierre with his sorcery and pyrokinesis allowing him to participate with his older siblings despite being a baby. Drop inherits Zylpheeza's Dark King Star upon his death, using its energy to enter a chrysalis state while his soul briefly split off in the form of a pyrokinetic human boy Matsuri befriended before returning to his body once it has fully matured. As , using the Dark King Star on his chest to create a sunless which increases a Psyma Beast's power tenfold, he abuses his position as leader while bossing Cobolda and Denus around. But Salamandes soon begins to lose Grandiene's favor after the GoGoFive use Victory Mars to stop the negative energy asteroid that she sent, worsen after losing the Infinity Card when it was destroyed. He attempts to lure the GoGoFive to the to regain his mother's favor, only for Grandiene to trap all of them there when the hell-bound demons turn on him. But Pierre directs Salamandes into eating all the hellbound demons to escape the Yuuma Hell, with Salamandes bent on disposing of Grandiene while now about to use human souls into energy through a that Pierre created at an orphanage. When the long-lost mother of one of the orphaned children that the GoGoFive had befriended arrived, her tears weakened the Psyma Tree's power. Without the soul energy, is destroyed by Victory Mars and Max Victory Robo with only the Dark King Star remaining. In the finale, Pierre manages to convince Grandiene to resurrect Salamandes, who is given command over a revived Zylpheeza. Shou and Nagare were able to convince Zylpheeza that Salamandes is his younger brother Drop, forcing Salamandes to kill him before being defeated when Shou and Nagare counterattacked with their Hyper Mode Go Blasters. Grandiene revives Salamandes as a puppet under her control in the dragon-like . With Zylpheeza II, the two demons destroy the Max Victory Robo, and disable the Grand Liner and the Victory Mars, but both are killed by the Max Victory Robo Black Version. * is the family butler and a housefly-themed sorcerer who dominates the Psyma Cards, being able to create and resurrect the defeated Psyma Beasts. Pierre acts as a nanny to the young Drop and is most loyal to him among the siblings. Despite appearing to have been killed when hit by the backlash energy from the Max Victory Robo Sigma Project's sword, it actually turned him into a small fly-like form. Pierre resurfaced in Timeranger VS GoGo Five, and merges with the criminal Boribaru, only to killed by Time Robo and Victory Robo's combined strength while Boribaru is contained without being killed as well. * is the leader of the , a race of demons as evil as the Psyma from another galaxy. Golmois's power is similar to Grandiene's, armed with the and the . The Juuma Hunters forced most of his tribe into extinction, with only Golmois to remain as he slaughtered all but Zeek, losing his Dark Sword in the process. Golmois arrived on Earth where the Dark Sword landed, forming an alliance with the Psyma Family so he can use them to hold Zeek long enough to reclaim his Dark Sword and assume his true dragon-like giant form. It took the combined force of the Juuma Hunter power and Victory Robo to finally destroy him for good. * The are foot soldiers, armed with short swords. The Imps could become mecha-sized when in the Psyma Zone. ** The are a group of female Imps who serve Denus, with one destroyed by Denus and the other two destroyed by GoGoFive. Pierre revives them as one giant Imp that then divides to become three clones. These clones are destroyed by Max Victory Robo. ====Psyma Beasts==== The are the demons that the Psyma family use to attack the humans. They start out as cards detailing information about them and Pierre throws the card into the World of Darkness where he says an incantation to bring the Psyma Beast to life. When a Psyma Beast is destroyed, Pierre throws a Regeneration Card on them which makes them grow. The Golem Cards can be used to turn a defeated Psyma Beast into a Golem Psyma Beast. Each of the Psyma Family members have their own Psyma Beasts. ==Episodes (Missions)== No. Title Director Writer Original air date ===Direct-to-video releases=== * (1999): This movie occurs between missions 18 and 19 due to the inclusion of Zylpheeza (who the team met in 18) and Drop being awake (Drop suddenly goes to sleep in 19). * (1999) * (2000): This movie occurs between missions 31 and 32 because of the use of Victory Mars (full use in 31) and Salamandes being alive and supported by Grandiene (Salamandes changes in 42). * (2001) ==Cast== Matoi Tatsumi: Nagare Tatsumi: Shou Tatsumi: Daimon Tatsumi: Matsuri Tatsumi: (Played as ) Mondo Tatsumi: Kyouko Hayase: Ritsuko Tatsumi: Kenji Inui: Denus: ===Voice actors=== Mint: Liner Boy: Grandiene: Zylpheeza: Cobolda: Drop: Yūko Miyamura (Played as ) Salamandes: Pierre: Narration: ===Direct-to-video guest cast=== Zeek: Golmois (Voice): Gill (Voice): ==Songs== ;Opening theme * Lyrics: Composition & Arrangement: *Artist: ;Ending theme Lyrics: Composition: Arrangement: Artist: ==International Broadcasts & Home Video== In its home country of Japan from April 2000 to March 2001, Toei Video released the series throughout 12 VHS volumes. The first ten volumes contained four episodes, while the final two contained five. From November 21, 2003, to January 21, 2004, Toei Video then gave the full series a DVD release for the first time and spread throughout nine volumes. The first four volumes contain five episodes each, while the rest contain six. Volumes 1-3, 4-6 and 7-9 were released at the same time. On December 4, 2019, to commemorate the 20th anniversary of the series premiere, a collection set to spread through two volumes was released with the first volume having 20 episodes, and the second having 30. International releases were very limited to a few regions because most of them around the world would receive foreign language dubs of the Power Rangers adaptation, which is Power Rangers Lightspeed Rescue. In the Philippines, the series aired on RPN from 2002 until 2003 as Power Rangers Lightspeed Rescue which adapted from this Sentai series. At the same year, GoGoFive was aired on ABS-CBN from 2002 to 2003 with names changed and dubbed in Tagalog. In Thailand, the series originally did not air on TV in favor of the Power Rangers series. However, it was released on home video with a Thai dub on VCD originally in the early 2000s, with Rose Media Entertainment being the distributor (formerly Rose Video). It later was sold on DVD by combining the VCD files onto the DVD release. Despite not airing on open broadcast TV, it did air on the Gang Cartoon Channel satellite television channel. 49 out of 50 episodes were dubbed and aired, but episode 44 was not dubbed. *In North America, the series would receive a DVD release by Shout! Factory on April 24, 2018, in the original Japanese audio with English subtitles. It is the eighth Super Sentai series to be officially released in the region. ==Notes== ==References== ; Book references ==External links== * * Official Shout! Factory page * Official Shout! Factory Tv page .. Category:Super Sentai Category:1999 Japanese television series debuts Category:2000 Japanese television series endings Category:TV Asahi original programming Category:Japanese action television series Category:Japanese fantasy television series Category:Japanese science fiction television series Category:1990s Japanese television series Category:2000s Japanese television series Category:Television series set in 1999 Category:Television series about families Category:Television series about siblings Category:Imps	['Yūko Miyamura', 'TV Asahi', 'Seijuu Sentai Gingaman', 'Mirai Sentai Timeranger', 'Rescue', 'Super Sentai', 'Tokugawa Shogunate', 'Edo period', 'Darkness', 'Dragon', 'Imps', 'Power Rangers', 'ABS-CBN', 'North America']	['Q2279779', 'Q908436', 'Q1156866', 'Q1190971', 'Q1341429', 'Q1054760', 'Q205662', 'Q184963', 'Q204170', 'Q7559', 'Q2266278', 'Q333156', 'Q2022113', 'Q49']	[[(32930, 32943)], [(35415, 35423)], [(232, 254)], [(276, 299)], [(160, 166), (461, 467), (1145, 1151), (1714, 1720), (13539, 13545), (34146, 34152), (34249, 34255)], [(55, 67), (574, 586), (5743, 5755), (14159, 14171), (16573, 16585), (35092, 35104), (35296, 35308)], [(1520, 1538)], [(2481, 2491)], [(31880, 31888)], [(19109, 19115)], [(31389, 31393), (31472, 31476), (35800, 35804)], [(135, 148), (436, 449), (34086, 34099), (34121, 34134), (34224, 34237), (34474, 34487)], [(34335, 34342)], [(422, 435), (628, 641), (34929, 34942)]]
Anisoyl chloride (also called methoxybenzoyl chloride) is an acyl halide, specifically an aromatic acyl chloride, and may be formed from anisic acid by replacing a hydroxyl group of the carboxylic acid with a chloride group. There are three isomers: the ortho-, meta-, and para- forms. Their structures differ in the arene substitution pattern—the location of the methoxy group on the ring as compared to the acyl halide. ==References== * National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) reference data for anisoyl chloride * Category:Benzene derivatives Category:Acyl chlorides Category:Phenol ethers	[]	[]	[]
ex, short for EXtended,vi editor history:exA Brief History of Vim:1976 is a line editor for Unix systems originally written by Bill Joyex manual page in 1976, beginning with an earlier program written by Charles Haley.William N. Joy, Ex reference manual, November, 1977 Multiple implementations of the program exist; they are standardized by POSIX. ==History== The original Unix editor, distributed with the Bell Labs versions of the operating system in the 1970s, was the rather user-unfriendly ed. George Coulouris of Queen Mary College, London, which had installed Unix in 1973, developed an improved version called em in 1975 that could take advantage of video terminals.George Coulouris: Bits of History While visiting Berkeley, Coulouris presented his program to Bill Joy, who modified it to be less demanding on the processor; Joy's version became ex and got included in the Berkeley Software Distribution. ex was eventually given a full-screen visual interface (adding to its command line oriented operation), thereby becoming the vi text editor. In recent times, ex is implemented as a personality of the vi program; most variants of vi still have an "ex mode", which is invoked using the command `ex`, or from within vi for one command by typing the `:` (colon) character. Although there is overlap between ex and vi functionality, some things can only be done with ex commands, so it remains useful when using vi. ==Relation to vi== The core ex commands which relate to search and replace are essential to vi. For instance, the ex command replaces every instance of with , and works in vi too. The means every line in the file. The 'g' stands for global and means replace every instance on every line (if it was not specified, then only the first instance on each line would be replaced). ==Command-line invocation== ===Synopsis=== ex [-rR] [-s\|-v] [-c command] [-t tagstring] [-w size] [file...] ===Options=== ; -r : recover specified files after a system crash ; -R : sets readonly ; -s : (XPG4 only) suppresses user-interactive feedback ; -v : invoke visual mode (vi) ; -c command : Execute command on first buffer loaded from file. May be used up to ten times. ; -t tagstring : Edit the file containing the specified tag ; -w size : Set window size ; - : (obsolete) suppresses user-interactive feedback ; -l : Enable lisp editor mode ; -x : Use encryption when writing files ; -C : encryption option ; file : The name(s) of the file(s) to be edited ==See also== List of Unix commands ==References== ==External links== Category:Standard Unix programs Category:Unix SUS2008 utilities Category:Unix text editors Category:Line editor	['Bill Joy', 'Unix', 'POSIX', 'Queen Mary College', 'Berkeley Software Distribution', 'XPG4']	['Q335047', 'Q11368', 'Q14658', 'Q195668', 'Q34264', 'Q1753881']	[[(127, 135), (769, 777)], [(92, 96), (374, 378), (568, 572), (2486, 2490), (2554, 2558), (2577, 2581), (2609, 2613)], [(342, 347)], [(520, 538)], [(882, 912)], [(2003, 2007)]]
Cervical dilation (or cervical dilatation) is the opening of the cervix, the entrance to the uterus, during childbirth, miscarriage, induced abortion, or gynecological surgery. Cervical dilation may occur naturally, or may be induced surgically or medically. == In childbirth == In the later stages of pregnancy, the cervix may already have opened up to 1–3 cm (or more in rarer circumstances), but during labor, repeated uterine contractions lead to further widening of the cervix to about 6 centimeters. From that point, pressure from the presenting part (head in vertex births or bottom in breech births), along with uterine contractions, will dilate the cervix to 10 centimeters, which is "complete." Cervical dilation is accompanied by effacement, the thinning of the cervix. General guidelines for cervical dilation: * Latent phase: 0–3 centimeters * Active Labor: 4–7 centimeters * Transition: 8–10 centimeters * Complete: 10 centimeters. Delivery of the infant takes place shortly after this stage is reached (although the mother does not always push right away.) === Symptoms === During pregnancy, the os (opening) of the cervix is blocked by a thick plug of mucus to prevent bacteria from entering the uterus. During dilation, this plug is loosened. It may come out as one piece, or as thick mucus discharge from the vagina. When this occurs, it is an indication that the cervix is beginning to dilate, although not all women will notice this mucus plug being released. Bloody show is another indication that the cervix is dilating. Bloody show usually comes along with the mucus plug, and may continue throughout labor, making the mucus tinged pink, red or brown. Fresh, red blood is usually not associated with dilation, but rather serious complications such as placental abruption, or placenta previa. Red blood in small quantities often also follows an exam. The pain experienced during dilation is similar to that of menstruation (although markedly more intense), as period pains are thought to be due to the passing of endometrium through the cervix. Most of the pain during labor is caused by the uterus contracting to dilate the cervix. === Induced dilation in childbirth=== Prostaglandins (P2 and PGE2) contribute to cervical ripening and dilation. The body produces these hormones naturally. Sometimes prostaglandins in synthesized forms are applied directly to the cervix to induce labor. In women who have had a previous cesarean section, the American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists issued a bulletin that misoprostol never be used for this purpose. ACOG's findings conclude that the collagen softening properties of misoprostol could be absorbed through the cervix and vaginal vault up into the low transverse scar of a typical cesarean section, and significantly increase the risk of uterine rupture. Prostaglandins are also present in human semen, and sexual intercourse is commonly recommended for promoting the onset of labor, although the limited data available makes the effectiveness of this method uncertain. Other means of natural cervical ripening include nipple stimulation, which produces oxytocin, a hormone which is necessary for uterine contractions. Nipple stimulation can be performed manually, by use of a breast pump, or by suckling. Henci Goer, in her comprehensive book, The Thinking Woman's Guide to a Better Birth, details how this practice was researched in two separate studies of 100 and 200 women in the mid nineteen-eighties. Women were assigned randomly to two groups. In one group, nipples were stimulated for one-hour sessions, three times per day. In the other group, women were to avoid any form of nipple stimulation or sexual intercourse. The researchers concluded in both studies that nipple stimulation could indeed ripen the cervix and in some cases induce uterine contractions. Goer further notes that in the smaller study, an external fetal monitor was used, and no uterine hyperstimulation was noted.The Thinking Woman's Guide to a Better Birth by Henci Goer,1999, Cervical dilation may be induced mechanically by placing devices inside the cervix that will expand while in place. A balloon catheter may be used. Other products include osmotic dilators, such as laminaria stick (made of dried seaweed) or synthetic hygroscopic materials, which expand when placed in a moist environment. Results from 2021 systematic reviews of the literature found no differences in cesarean delivery, neonatal, nor maternal outcomes between inpatient or outpatient cervical ripening. ==In abortion care== In treatment of spontaneous or induced abortion, preparation (softening and dilating) of the cervix allows the cannulae vacuum aspiration to pass more easily into the uterus, which may make the procedure shorter in duration, more comfortable for the patient, and easier to perform. Preparation may also reduce the rare complications of uterine perforation and cervical injury. Options for cervical preparation prior to the abortion procedure include osmotic dilators and pharmacologic agents. Osmotic dilators produce wide cervical dilation in a predictable fashion and are generally used in more advanced pregnancies. Pharmacologic agents, such as misoprostol and mifepristone, soften the cervix and facilitate cervical dilation, and may be used alone in early pregnancy, or in combination with osmotic dilators prior to dilation and evacuation. == In hysteroscopy== In hysteroscopy, the diameter of the hysteroscope is generally too large to conveniently pass the cervix directly, thereby necessitating cervical dilation to be performed prior to insertion. Cervical dilation can be performed by temporarily stretching the cervix with a series of (cervical) dilators of increasing diameter.Laparoscopy and Hysteroscopy. A Guide for Patients, Revised 2012. From the American Society for Reproductive Medicine, Patient Education Committee Misoprostol prior to hysteroscopy for cervical dilation appears to facilitate an easier and uncomplicated procedure only in premenopausal women. == References == Category:Childbirth Category:Obstetrics Category:Midwifery	['Bloody show', 'Prostaglandin', 'American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists', 'Misoprostol']	['Q184788', 'Q209717', 'Q463772', 'Q416025']	[[(1480, 1491), (1543, 1554)], [(2193, 2206), (2837, 2850)], [(2465, 2516)], [(5903, 5914)]]
The High and the Mighty is a 1954 American aviation disaster film, directed by William A. Wellman, and written by Ernest K. Gann, who also wrote the 1953 novel on which his screenplay was based. Filmed in WarnerColor and CinemaScope, the film's cast was headlined by John Wayne, who was also the project's co-producer. Wayne stars as a veteran airline first officer, Dan Roman, whose airliner has a catastrophic engine failure while crossing the Pacific Ocean. The film's supporting cast includes Claire Trevor, Laraine Day, Robert Stack, Jan Sterling, Phil Harris, and Robert Newton. Composer Dimitri Tiomkin won an Oscar for his original score, while his title song was also nominated for an Oscar; it did not actually appear in the theatrical release prints, nor in its much later restoration. The film received mostly positive reviews and grossed $8.5 million on its theatrical release.Miller, John M. "The High and the Mighty." Turner Classic Movies. Retrieved: September 8, 2012. ==Plot== In Honolulu, a DC-4 airliner prepares to take off for San Francisco with 17 passengers and a crew of 5. Former captain Dan Roman, the flight's veteran first officer, known for his habit of whistling, is haunted by an air crash that killed his wife and son and left him with a permanent limp. The captain, John Sullivan, suffers from a secret fear of responsibility after logging thousands of hours looking after the lives of passengers and aircrew. Young second officer Hobie Wheeler and veteran navigator Lenny Wilby are contrasts in age and experience. Meanwhile, flight attendant Spalding attends to her passengers, each with varying personal problems, including jaded former actress May Holst, unhappily married heiress Lydia Rice, aging beauty queen Sally McKee, and cheerful vacationer Ed Joseph. Spalding befriends the terminally ill Frank Briscoe, after being charmed by his pocket watch. A last-minute arrival, Humphrey Agnew, causes the aircrew concern with his odd behavior. After a routine departure, the airliner experiences sporadic, sudden vibrations. Although the aircrew senses that something may be wrong with the propellers, they cannot locate a problem. When a vibration causes Spalding to burn her hand, Dan inspects the tail compartment but still finds nothing wrong. After nightfall, as the airliner passes the point of no return, Agnew confronts fellow passenger Ken Childs, accusing him of having an affair with his wife. The men struggle and Agnew pulls out a pistol, intending to shoot Childs, but before he can do so, the airliner swerves violently when it loses a propeller and its engine catches fire. The crew quickly extinguishes the fire, but the engine has twisted off its mounting. In mid- ocean, the aircrew radios for help and sets in motion a rescue operation. Dan discovers that the airliner is now losing fuel from additional damage to a wing tank. That, combined with adverse winds and the increased drag of the damaged engine, means that the airliner will eventually run out of fuel and be forced to ditch. Unassuming José Locota disarms Agnew and confiscates the pistol, compelling him to sit quietly. Gustave Pardee, who up until now has made no secret of his fear of flying, inspires calm in his terrified fellow passengers. Dan calmly explains the situation, trying to lessen their anxiety, but warns that their chances of making the coast are "one in a thousand". The passengers rally around each other and find changed perspectives about their existing problems. They toss luggage from the airliner to lighten its weight, with May Holst literally kissing her mink coat goodbye. In San Francisco, Manager Tim Garfield comes to the airline's operations center but has little hopes for the airliner's chances. A favorable change in the winds raises the crew's hopes that they have just enough fuel to reach San Francisco, but Wilby discovers that he made an elementary error in navigation and their actual remaining time in the air remains inadequate. Dan's experience tells him that their luck would be better trying to make land than ditching in rough seas at night. Sullivan panics and prepares to ditch immediately, but Dan slaps him back to his senses. Thinking clearly again, Sullivan decides against ditching. As the airliner approaches rain-swept, night time San Francisco at a perilously low altitude, the airport prepares for an emergency instrument landing. The airliner narrowly surmounts the city's hills and breaks out of the clouds with the runway lights dead ahead, guiding them to a safe landing. As the passengers disembark, Garfield watches their reactions as they are harried by reporters. After the tumult dies down, he joins the aircrew inspecting their damaged engine and informs Dan that only 30 gallons of fuel remained in their tanks. Dan acknowledges the gamble they took and walks away, limping and whistling into the night. "So long...you ancient pelican", Garfield mutters to himself. ==Cast== Credited cast members (in order of on- screen credits) and roles:The High and the Mighty (Collector's Edition) DVD, background notes. Burbank, California: Paramount Home Entertainment, 2005. * John Wayne as Dan Roman (First Officer) * Claire Trevor as May Holst * Laraine Day as Lydia Rice * Robert Stack as John Sullivan (Captain) * Jan Sterling as Sally McKee * Phil Harris as Ed Joseph * Ann Doran as Mrs. Joseph * Robert Newton as Gustave Pardee * David Brian as Ken Childs * Paul Kelly as Donald Flaherty * Sidney Blackmer as Humphrey Agnew * Julie Bishop as Lillian Pardee * Pedro Gonzalez Gonzalez as Gonzales (Ship's assistant ship's assistant Radio Officer, SS Cristobal Trader) * John Howard as Howard Rice * Wally Brown as Lenny Wilby (Navigator) * William Campbell as Hobie Wheeler (Second Officer) * John Qualen as José Locota * Paul Fix as Frank Briscoe * George Chandler as Ben Sneed (Far East Crew Chief, Honolulu) * Joy Kim as Dorothy Chen * Michael Wellman as Toby Field * Douglas Fowley as Alsop (TOPAC Agent, Honolulu) * Regis Toomey as Tim Garfield (TOPAC Operations Manager, San Francisco) * Carl "Alfalfa" Switzer as Ens. Keim, USCG (ASR Pilot, Alameda) * Robert Keys as Lt. Mowbray, USCG (ASR Pilot, Alameda) * William Hopper as Roy (Sally McKee's fiancé) * William Schallert as TOPAC Dispatcher (San Francisco) * Julie Mitchum as Susie Wilby (Mrs. Lenny Wilby) * Walter Reed as Mr. Field (uncredited) * Doe Avedon as Miss Spalding (Flight Attendant) * Karen Sharpe as Nell Buck * John Smith as Milo Buck ==Production== ===Script=== After Wayne and Robert Fellows had formed Wayne-Fellows Productions in 1952, the duo worked on several films including Big Jim McLain, Plunder of the Sun, and Island in the Sky. In 1953, director William Wellman was releasing Island in the Sky when he learned that his screenwriter Ernest Gann was writing another aviation story. Gann shared the story with Wellman, and the director offered to make a sales pitch. Wellman relayed the story of The High and the Mighty to Wayne-Fellows Productions. Wayne purchased the story on the spot, agreeing to give Gann $55,000 for the story and the screenplay plus 10 percent of the film's earnings. Wayne also agreed to give Wellman 30 percent of the earnings to be the film's director, based on the condition that The High and the Mighty would be filmed in CinemaScope. It was a widescreen projection process that involved using an anamorphic lens to widen the image produced by regular 35 mm film. Wellman's experience was that the CinemaScope camera was "bulky and unwieldy", and the director preferred to station the camera in one place. Since The High and Mighty was set on an airliner with cramped quarters, Wellman did not need to worry about flexibility in composing shots. He hired William H. Clothier, with whom he had worked on many films, as cinematographer (assigned to the second unit sequences, only; Archie Stout, with whom Wayne had a long association, had already been assigned as primary cinematographer). Ernest K. Gann wrote the original novels on which both films were based, along with both screenplays, of which both films, including dialogue, were closely adapted. The High and the Mighty depicts a dramatic situation in a civil transport aviation context. Jack L. Warner initially was opposed to the film, believing that audiences would not stay interested in a plot stretching more than 100 minutes involving the passengers in an airliner. William Wellman had reservations about the "intimate" storylines, which dominate the production, preferring to focus more on the airliner and pilots. Yet, after script deliberations set out the final screenplay, he endorsed the novel approach that harkened back to earlier films such as Grand Hotel.Wellman 2006, p. xvi. ===The airliner=== The Douglas DC-4 (N4665V) used to film the daylight flying sequences and the Honolulu "gate" sequence was a former C-54A-10-DC built as a military transport in 1942 at Long Beach, California, by Douglas Aircraft Company."W.L. "Bill" Keating - Letter to the Editor" Taloa Newsletter, February 2008, TALOA Alumni Association. When the exterior and flying sequences were filmed in November 1953, the airliner was being operated by Oakland, California-based non-scheduled carrier Transocean Airlines(1946–1962), the largest civil aviation operator of converted C-54s in the 1950s, and named "The African Queen". Ernest K. Gann wrote the original story while he was flying DC-4s for Transocean over the Hawaii–California routes. The film's fictional airline's name "TOPAC" was painted over the Transocean's red, white, and yellow color scheme for filming. Transocean Airlines director of flight operations Bill Keating did the stunt flying for the film. Keating and Gann had flown together and the author recommended his friend for the job. During preproduction filming, Keating was involved in a near-incident when simulating the climactic night emergency landing. After several approaches, Wellman asked for "one more take" touching down even closer to the runway's threshold. Keating complied, taking out runway lights with his nose landing gear before "peeling off" and executing a go-around. Wellman quipped that the crash would look good in another film. A second former C-54 equipped with a large double cargo door"Douglas images, Photo ID: 1011538 (Photograph of a double door on a DC-4)". flyinghigher.net. Retrieved: February 20, 2008. used to accommodate the loading of freight on pallets, was employed for all shots of the damaged airliner on the ground at San Francisco in the film's closing sequences. A propellerless, fire-scorched engine on a distorted mount, with a 30° "droop", was installed on the left wing of this aircraft to represent the damage which had imperiled the flight. Exterior airport scenes were filmed at the Glendale Grand Central Air Terminal,Dickson, J. Ron. "Grand Central Air Terminal, Glendale, CA." godickson.com. Retrieved: December 27, 2012. east of Burbank, California, where an outdoor film set was constructed to replicate the terminal gates at SFO in the early 1950s. Additional exteriors shots were taken at Oakland International Airport, including all boarding, engine run-up, taxiing, and takeoff scenes used in the opening sequences. The external night and damaged in-flight sequences were filmed in a studio where a large-scale filming miniature was photographed against backdrops. Passenger-cabin and flight-deck interior scenes were all filmed on sets built on a Warner Bros. sound stage. ===Filming=== Filming took place from November 16, 1953, to January 11, 1954, on a Goldwyn Pictures lot and Warners soundstages in Hollywood. Most of the cast sat in the passenger cabin for weeks during filming. Cast members recalled disliking the experience; Claire Trevor called it "a dreary picture to make". Some cast members passed the time by staying in character in between shots and doing cryptograms. During cold weather, the soundstage was not properly heated, and cast members suffered from the cold. Wayne and Stack did not face similar problems since they were filmed separately and comfortably in the cockpit set. Additional filming took place in San Francisco as well as at the Royal Hawaiian Hotel and Waikiki Beach in Hawaii. At one point during filming, Wayne attempted to assert himself as director. Wellman argued publicly with him in defense of his directorial control, telling Wayne: "Look, you come back here behind the camera and do my job, and you're going to be just as ridiculous doing it as I would be going out there with that screwy voice of yours and that fairy walk and being Duke Wayne". Despite the initial issues on set, the two otherwise had a positive relationship and worked together on later films, including Track of the Cat and Blood Alley. Aircraft feature prominently in The High and the Mighty, including two unusual aviation events: the U.S. Coast Guard's short-lived use of the B-17/PB-1G "Dumbo" rescue aircraft along with a brief launch clip of experiments with the U.S. Navy JB-2 version of the V-1 (an early kind of cruise missile) at an atomic missile test site. The postwar use of piston-engine aircraft in oceanic flights was a key element of the film, which required the use of a then-modern airliner.Hardwick and Schnepf 1989, p. 66. Wellman, an accomplished pilot in real life, purposely maintained the point-of-view of the flight path of the seemingly doomed airliner traveling as the support staff in San Francisco would observe it: flying from the west to the east, from Honolulu to San Francisco, film frame right to film frame left, except during takeoff and landing. Similarly, the U.S. Coast Guard rescue plane was shown flying from San Francisco to towards the stricken airliner, film frame left to film frame right. The film was initially budgeted at $1.32 million, but cost overruns led to a total cost of $1.47 million. For directing, Wellman received $100,000 as well as a portion of the film's profits. Wayne earned $175,000 in addition to a percentage of the film's box office receipts. ===Casting=== Casting for The High and the Mighty was problematic because there were no real "leading" roles, which resulted in many of Hollywood's major stars turning down roles that did not appear to be "big" enough for them. With stars such as Barbara Stanwyck, Dorothy McGuire, Ginger Rogers, Ida Lupino, and Joan Crawford rejecting parts in the film, Wellman ended up casting good but lesser-known actors in some of the roles. Spencer Tracy was offered the role of Dan Roman but turned it down because, Wellman said, Tracy found the script "lousy"; assistant director Andrew McLaglen claimed that Tracy's friends told the actor he was "in for an ego-bruising ride." It was thought that Tracy, a liberal democrat, would receive the 'ego bruising' from Wellman a registered republican. This led Tracy to excuse himself from the film. Without Tracy, Jack Warner threatened to remove the Warner Bros. funding unless another prominent lead actor could be found. Wellman convinced producer and actor John Wayne to replace Tracy in the role. Wayne later said during and after production that he did not like his performance. McLaglen recalled: "He said, 'Well, it never had any love story.' I said 'It had the greatest love story that had ever been written.'" McLaglen and Wayne argued about Wayne's performance, but Wayne never conceded about his performance. For the other major male lead, Wayne had promised the role to his friend Bob Cummings, who was a pilot and had Wellman's recommendation as well. However Stack went after the role and an interview with Wellman eventually convinced the director that a non-pilot could effectively portray the drama of a cockpit conflict. Stanwyck's refusal was especially galling, as the director had always treated her as a "pet". Pedro Gonzalez Gonzalez appeared in this film and several others with John Wayne. The High and the Mighty and Island in the Sky shared many of the same cast and production crew. Along with Wayne, six other actors appear in both films: Regis Toomey, Paul Fix, Carl "Alfalfa" Switzer, Ann Doran, George Chandler, and Michael Wellman. ===Music=== Composer Dimitri Tiomkin scored the film and composed the theme song "The High and the Mighty"; the song was also called "The Whistling Song" because John Wayne whistled the tune during production.Studwell 2004, p. 196. Tiomkin's music topped hit parade charts and remained there for weeks, increasing the film's profile. A 1955 national survey of disc jockeys labeled the song as the "most whistleable tune". Hollywood producers learned that a publicized title song could have value in attracting audiences to movie theaters. Therefore, the song's "haunting strains" were played on the radio and on recordings in the years after the film's release. It was nominated for the Best Song at the 27th Academy Awards in 1955, but lost to "Three Coins in the Fountain" from the film of the same name. ==Impact== The High and the Mighty was produced nearly two decades before Airport and its sequels (along with the Airplane! parodies, the first of which featured Stack lampooning himself). The High and the Mighty served as a template for later disaster-themed films such as the Airport series (1970–79), The Poseidon Adventure (1972), The Towering Inferno (1974), The Hindenburg (1975), and Titanic (1997).Anderson, Jeffrey M."'The High and the Mighty' (1954): Who'll Stop the Plane?" combustiblecelluloid.com, July 24, 2005. Retrieved: February 22, 2008. The film was one of Wayne's co-productions in which he also starred, a practice which would not become widespread until the 1980s and 1990s. ==Release== ===Box office performance=== The High and the Mighty had its premiere in Hollywood at Grauman's Egyptian Theatre on May 27, 1954. It was commercially released on July 3, 1954. Although the choice of the new Cinemascope format limited theater use, it was also one of the most commercially successful films that year. Within two months of its release, the film was ranked first in box-office receipts and set the record for the "fastest return of negative cost" (screen jargon for making back production costs).Maltin ("On Director: William A. Wellman") The High and the Mighty (Collector's Edition) DVD, 2005. Beyond the film's initial run in theaters, it grossed $8.5 million in total box office receipts and was the sixth most popular film of the year in North America. ===Critical reception=== At the time of the release of The High and the Mighty, it received mostly positive reviews. Variety wrote that the film "is a class drama, blended with mass appeal into a well-rounded show that can catch on with most any audience". Edwin Schallert of the Los Angeles Times called the film "an enormously vital picture, amazingly associated with life's panorama today, and thus filled with a rare kind of tingling excitement, especially for a modern air-minded public". Joseph Henry Jackson, writing for the San Francisco Chronicle, said that the film has "a story that gives you no time to catch your breath". The High and the Mighty also received some negative reviews, with Richard Griffin of the Los Angeles Times writing that another reviewer had criticized the cast: "All are fabricated characters--and that is the way they are played". The film's running time was also commented on by several reviewers who called it "an unbelievably long trip" and "the extreme length of its proceedings, which seems almost full flight time Honolulu-San Francisco". Modern reviews of The High and the Mighty are mixed. Wayne biographer Ronald L. Davis described the film, "While its plot is somewhat synthetic, the special effects and performances make for an engaging film". David Nusair of Reel Film Reviews, called the film "bloated and overlong" and that it relies on "artificial, needlessly drawn-out speeches for its characters".Nusair, David. "The High and the Mighty." Reel Film Reviews, July 30, 2005. Retrieved: July 18, 2010. The film holds a 42% rating on Rotten Tomatoes, based on 12 reviews. ===Awards and nominations=== Award Category Nominee(s) Result Ref. Academy Awards Best Director William A. Wellman Best Supporting Actress Jan Sterling Claire Trevor Best Film Editing Ralph Dawson Best Original Music Score Dimitri Tiomkin Best Song "The High and the Mighty" Music by Dimitri Tiomkin; Lyrics by Ned Washington Directors Guild of America Awards Outstanding Directorial Achievement in Motion Pictures William A. Wellman Golden Globe Awards Best Supporting Actress – Motion Picture Jan Sterling Most Promising Newcomer – Female Karen Sharpe ==Restoration and re-release== By the 1960s and 1970s, The High and the Mighty became a television staple but, due to tighter broadcast schedules and several royalty disputes, its last appearances on broadcast television were in 1982 on the TBS cable channel, and on Cinemax in March/April 1985. One crucial element in the film's resurrection was the extensive restoration required after decades of languishing in the Wayne film vault, where the film suffered major water damage and one reel was lost for a period of time, making the possibility of such a pristine restoration seemingly unlikely. Significant portions of the film stock showed color fading, which necessitated a restoration process. The restoration took more than a year, and three months were spent on fixing the audio. Demand arose to get the film released in home video formats. The estate of John Wayne, through Gretchen Wayne, the widow of the actor's late son, Michael, made a deal in the early 2000s with Cinetech (film) and Chace Productions (sound) to update and restore both The High and the Mighty and Island in the Sky. This led to a distribution agreement with Wayne's production and distribution company Batjac Productions and both American Movie Classics (for TV rights) and Paramount Pictures (home video rights).Maltin ["The Batjac Story: Part 1 (1951–1963)".] The High and the Mighty (Collector's Edition) DVD, 2005. Following the recovery of the lost reel, The High and the Mighty, after its meticulous restoration, was rebroadcast on television in July 2005, the first broadcasts of the film in 20 years. Together with Island in the Sky, it was released as a "special collector's edition" DVD with new cover art in August of the same year by Paramount Home Entertainment. It was also broadcast on Turner Classic Movies on October 27, 2007. ==See also== * John Wayne filmography ==References== ===Notes=== ===Citations=== ===Bibliography=== * Brownlow, Kevin. The Parade's Gone By... Berkeley, California: University of California Press; New Ed edition, 1976 (original edition, 1968). . * * Hardwick, Jack and Ed Schnepf. "A Viewer's Guide to Aviation Movies." The Making of the Great Aviation Films. General Aviation Series, Volume 2, 1989. * The High and the Mighty (Collector's Edition) DVD. Burbank, California: Paramount Home Entertainment, 2005. * * Maltin, Leonard. "The Batjac Story: Part 1 (1951–1963) (film documentary)." The High and the Mighty (Collector's Edition) DVD. Burbank, California: Paramount Home Entertainment, 2005. * Maltin, Leonard. "On Director: William A. Wellman (film documentary)." The High and the Mighty (Collector's Edition) DVD. Burbank, California: Paramount Home Entertainment, 2005. * * * Ricci, Mark and Boris and Steve Zmijewsky. The Films of John Wayne. New York: Citadel Press, 1970. . * * * Silke, James R. "Fists, Dames & Wings." Air Progress Aviation Review, Volume 4, No. 4, October 1980. * Studwell, William. The Popular Song Reader: A Sampler of Well-Known Twentieth-Century Songs. Abingdon, Oxford, UK: Routledge, 2004. . * Wellman, William Jr. The Man And His Wings: William A. Wellman and the Making of the First Best Picture. New York: Praeger Publishers, 2006. . ==External links== * * * * * Original score Category:1954 films Category:1950s disaster films Category:1954 drama films Category:American aviation films Category:American disaster films Category:American drama films Category:Batjac Productions films Category:1950s English-language films Category:Films scored by Dimitri Tiomkin Category:Films that won the Best Original Score Academy Award Category:Films about aviation accidents or incidents Category:Films based on American novels Category:Films directed by William A. Wellman Category:Films featuring a Best Supporting Actress Golden Globe-winning performance Category:Films produced by John Wayne Category:Films set in Hawaii Category:Films set in San Francisco Category:Films set on airplanes Category:Warner Bros. films Category:CinemaScope films Category:1950s American films Category:English- language drama films	['William A. Wellman', 'Robert Fellows', 'John Wayne', 'Ernest K. Gann', 'Claire Trevor', 'Laraine Day', 'Robert Stack', 'Jan Sterling', 'Dimitri Tiomkin', 'Archie Stout', 'Ralph Dawson', 'Batjac Productions', 'Warner Bros.', 'CinemaScope', 'Phil Harris', 'Robert Newton', 'Academy Awards', 'Honolulu', 'Douglas DC-4', 'San Francisco', 'Ann Doran', 'David Brian', 'Sidney Blackmer', 'Pedro Gonzalez Gonzalez', 'Wally Brown', 'John Qualen', 'Paul Fix', 'George Chandler', 'Douglas Fowley', 'Regis Toomey', 'William Hopper', 'William Schallert', 'Julie Mitchum', 'Doe Avedon', 'Karen Sharpe', 'Big Jim McLain', 'Plunder of the Sun', 'William H. Clothier', 'Jack L. 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Broken Lance is a 1954 American Western film directed by Edward Dmytryk and produced by Sol C. Siegel. The film stars Spencer Tracy, Robert Wagner, Jean Peters, Richard Widmark, and Katy Jurado. Shot in Technicolor and CinemaScope, the film is a remake of House of Strangers (1949) with the Phillip Yordan screenplay (based upon the novel I'll Never Go There Any More by Jerome Weidman), transplanted out west, featuring Tracy in the original Edward G. Robinson role, this time as a cowboy cattle baron rather than an Italian banker in New York City. It has been widely noted that the story bears a strong resemblance to King Lear. ==Plot== Matthew Devereaux (Spencer Tracy) is a ranch owner who has built an enormous ranch and mining empire. He raised his sons to carry on his fierce, hard-working Irish settlement spirit that helped make him a success. However, as a consequence, he's never shown fatherly affection to his three older sons by his late first wife: Ben, Mike, and Denny (played respectively by Richard Widmark, Hugh O'Brian, and Earl Holliman). He treats these grown men (in their 30s to 40s) little better than hired help. Even though they manage the day-to-day operations of the ranch and other enterprises full time, Matt still retains complete authority, right down to the smallest decisions, angering his eldest son. This resentment leads the three eldest sons to unite against their father. Joe (Robert Wagner) is Matt's biracial son by his second wife (Katy Jurado), a Native American who pretends to be Mexican. The town's people call her "Señora" out of respect for Matt, but not out of respect for her. Matt's power and prestige keeps the discrimination by the townspeople towards Joe to a minimum, so long as Joe, an emerging young adult, is principally interested in riding the range alone, and spending time at his mother's native American reservation and with her people. Joe, who shows no interest in owning or running the ranch empire, loves his father and would do anything for him. Because of his wife's insistence that he change his attitude towards their son, Matt comes to appreciate and regularly converse with his youngest son. The three older brothers interpret Matt's relationship with Joe and his treatment of them as if he has only one son instead of four as a rejection by their father. Their resentment deepens. Matt, Ben, Joe and two Indian workers catch the two middle sons and four accomplices rustling Matt's cattle, resulting in two of the four accomplices getting killed. Joe pleads for leniency towards his errant brothers but an outraged Matt banishes them, later reluctantly taking them back into the family when a crisis arises. There is a copper mine on Matt's land, and he has leased out the mineral rights. After 40 head of cattle die, Matt determines the mine is polluting a stream where he waters his cattle. He becomes furious and leads a raid on the mine offices and director. The court issues a warrant to arrest whoever was responsible for the attack. To spare his father the agony and humiliation of a stay behind bars, Joe claims responsibility and is sentenced to three years in prison. Ben and his other brothers rebel against their father during Joe's absence with such fierceness that the old man suffers a fatal stroke. Joe is permitted to leave prison long enough to attend his father's funeral, during which he formally severs his ties with his brothers and proclaims a blood feud. Having served his prison sentence, Joe returns to the ranch. The señora, his mother, who went to live with her people after Matt's death, persuades him to forget revenge and leave the country. Joe takes her advice, but Ben, fearing Joe's revenge for indirectly causing their father's death, ambushes and tries to kill Joe. The two half-brothers fight until Two Moons, the ranch foreman, saves Joe's life by shooting Ben dead before he can shoot an unarmed Joe. Time passes, and Joe and his new wife Barbara (Jean Peters) visit Matt's grave. There, Joe sees the down-turned lance, the Indian symbol for a blood feud, and breaks it in half, thus ending the feud. == Cast == * Spencer Tracy as Matt Devereaux * Robert Wagner as Joe Devereaux * Jean Peters as Barbara * Richard Widmark as Ben Devereaux * Katy Jurado as Señora Devereaux * Hugh O'Brian as Mike Devereaux * Eduard Franz as Two Moons * Earl Holliman as Denny Devereaux * E. G. Marshall as Horace, the governor * Carl Benton Reid as Clem Lawton * Philip Ober as Van Cleve * Robert Burton as Mac Andrews ==Accolades== The film won the Oscar for Best Story for Philip Yordan. Katy Jurado was nominated for Best Supporting Actress. Jurado's role was originally for Dolores del Río. The film also won a Golden Globe Award as Best Film Promoting International Understanding. The New York Times reviewer A.H. Weiler wrote "Although the saga of the self-made, autocratic cattle baron… is familiar film fare, Broken Lance… makes a refreshingly serious and fairly successful attempt to understand these towering men...[T]he rugged, vast and beautiful terrain of the Southwest is impressive and pleasing in the colors and CinemaScope in which it was filmed." ==Home media== The film was released on DVD on May 24, 2005. Viewers have the option of watching either a "pan and scan" full screen version or the original wide screen version. Both versions have stereophonic sound and have been digitally restored. The film has since been released on Blu-ray by Twilight Time in the correct CinemaScope aspect ratio of 2.55:1. ==See also== * List of American films of 1954 ==References== * Solomon, Aubrey. Twentieth Century Fox: A Corporate and Financial History (The Scarecrow Filmmakers Series). Lanham, Maryland: Scarecrow Press, 1989. . ==External links== * * * * *Press book of film Category:1954 films Category:1954 Western (genre) films Category:20th Century Fox films Category:Remakes of American films Category:American Western (genre) films Category:1950s English-language films Category:Films about dysfunctional families Category:Films based on American novels Category:Films directed by Edward Dmytryk Category:Films produced by Sol C. Siegel Category:Films scored by Leigh Harline Category:Films that won the Academy Award for Best Story Category:CinemaScope films Category:Revisionist Western (genre) films Category:1950s American films	['Edward Dmytryk', 'Sol C. Siegel', 'Jerome Weidman', 'Phillip Yordan', 'Spencer Tracy', 'Robert Wagner', 'Jean Peters', 'Richard Widmark', 'Katy Jurado', 'Leigh Harline', 'Technicolor', '20th Century Fox', 'Western (genre)', 'CinemaScope', 'House of Strangers', 'Edward G. Robinson', 'King Lear', "Hugh O'Brian", 'Earl Holliman', 'Eduard Franz', 'E. G. Marshall', 'Carl Benton Reid', 'Philip Ober', 'Academy Award for Best Story', 'Dolores del Río', 'Golden Globe Award', 'A.H. 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Torquato Taramelli (October 15, 1845 - March 31, 1922) was an Italian geologist. ==Biography== Taramelli was born in Bergamo, Lombardy. After his graduation in Natural Sciences, in Milan, he became assistant of Antonio Stoppani at the Politecnico di Milano. Here he studied the territory of the Italian region Friuli, where he founded the local alpine association in 1874. He became then professor, at the University of Genova and later, in Geology and Paleontology, at the University of Pavia, in 1875. Here he became rector in 1888 till 1891. He founded the Italian Geological Institute and was one of the founders of the Italian Seismological Society. He was also member of the Royal Commission for Geodynamics and, since 1887 participated to the direction of the Central Office of Meteorology and Geodynamics, where he organized a net of geodynamical observatories. He died in Pavia. ==Studies== Among the most important works is his Italian geological map and his studies in seismology, in particular to analyze the macroseismical fields of some important seismological events. Since the end of the 19th century he played a role in many important projects of civil engineer and agricultural development. He was member of a group of scientists that founded in Italy the "new geology", bringing Italian geology to European standards. ==References== Category:1845 births Category:1922 deaths Category:Scientists from Bergamo Category:19th- century Italian geologists Category:Academic staff of the Polytechnic University of Milan	['Bergamo', 'Lombardy', 'Natural Sciences', 'Milan', 'Friuli', 'University of Genova', 'Paleontology', 'University of Pavia', 'Meteorology', 'Pavia']	['Q628', 'Q1210', 'Q7991', 'Q490', 'Q160570', 'Q593321', 'Q7205', 'Q219317', 'Q25261', 'Q6259']	[[(117, 124), (1419, 1426)], [(126, 134)], [(160, 176)], [(181, 186), (250, 255), (1526, 1531)], [(310, 316)], [(406, 426)], [(453, 465)], [(474, 493)], [(785, 796)], [(488, 493), (881, 886)]]
Torch Song is a 1953 American Technicolor musical drama film distributed by Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer and starring Joan Crawford and Michael Wilding in a story about a Broadway star and her blind rehearsal pianist. The screenplay by John Michael Hayes and was based upon the story "Why Should I Cry?" by I.A.R. Wylie in a 1949 issue of The Saturday Evening Post. The film was directed by Charles Walters and produced by Sidney Franklin, Henry Berman and Charles Schnee. Crawford's singing voice was dubbed by India Adams. Crawford lip-syncs to the recording Adams originally made for Cyd Charisse in a number discarded from the 1953 film, The Band Wagon. That's Entertainment III includes a segment presenting the two numbers side-by-side, in split screen. The film marked Crawford's return to MGM after leaving to studio to join Warner Bros. in 1944. Her original recordings for the soundtrack, which were not used in the film, have survived and have been included in home video releases. ==Cast== * Joan Crawford as Jenny Stewart ** India Adams as Jenny's dubbed singing voice * Michael Wilding as Tye Graham * Gig Young as Cliff Willard * Marjorie Rambeau as Mrs. Stewart * Henry Morgan as Joe Denner * Dorothy Patrick as Martha * James Todd as Philip Norton * Eugene Loring as Gene, the Dance Director * Paul Guilfoyle as Monty Rolfe * Benny Rubin as Charles Maylor * Peter Chong as Peter * Maidie Norman as Anne * Nancy Gates as Celia Stewart * Chris Warfield as Chuck Peters * Rudy Render as Singer at Party ** Bill Lee as Singer's dubbed singing voice ==Musical numbers== # "You're All the World to Me" – Danced by Crawford and Walters # "Follow Me" – Sung by Crawford (dubbed by Adams) # "Two-Faced Woman" (outtake) – Sung by Crawford (dubbed by Adams) # "You Won't Forget Me" – Sung by Crawford (dubbed by Adams) # "Follow Me" (reprise) – Sung by Render (dubbed by Lee) # "Two-Faced Woman" – Sung and danced by Crawford (dubbed by Adams) and chorus # "Tenderly" – Sung partially by Crawford along to a recording by Adams ==Reception== Otis Guernsey Jr. in the New York Herald Tribune wrote "Joan Crawford has another of her star-sized roles...she is vivid and irritable, volcanic and feminine...Here is Joan Crawford all over the screen, in command, in love and in color, a real movie star in what amounts to a carefully produced one-woman show."Quirk, Lawrence J.. The Films of Joan Crawford. The Citadel Press, 1968. According to MGM records, the film made $1,135,000 in the U.S. and Canada and $533,000 elsewhere, resulting in a loss of $260,000. The film is regarded as a camp classic and a possible influence on Faye Dunaway's portrayal of Crawford in Mommie Dearest. ===Accolades=== Rambeau was nominated for Best Actress in a Supporting Role at the 26th Academy Awards. ==References== ==External links== * * * * * Category:1953 films Category:1953 romantic drama films Category:American musical drama films Category:American romantic drama films Category:American romantic musical films Category:Films scored by Adolph Deutsch Category:Films about actors Category:Films based on short fiction Category:Films directed by Charles Walters Category:1950s musical drama films Category:1950s romantic musical films Category:Films with screenplays by John Michael Hayes Category:Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer films Category:Films based on works by I. A. R. Wylie Category:1950s English-language films Category:1950s American films Category:Films about disability	['Charles Walters', 'Henry Berman', 'Charles Schnee', 'John Michael Hayes', 'I.A.R. Wylie', 'Joan Crawford', 'Michael Wilding', 'Gig Young', 'Marjorie Rambeau', 'Adolph Deutsch', 'Technicolor', 'Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer', 'India Adams', 'The Band Wagon', 'Dorothy Patrick', 'Eugene Loring', 'Benny Rubin', 'Maidie Norman', 'Nancy Gates', 'Rudy Render', 'Faye Dunaway', '26th Academy Awards']	['Q953753', 'Q1606514', 'Q1066019', 'Q980351', 'Q13563224', 'Q40475', 'Q1385992', 'Q344758', 'Q455912', 'Q365310', 'Q674564', 'Q179200', 'Q13561708', 'Q1508130', 'Q3037180', 'Q5407457', 'Q4890045', 'Q1885160', 'Q2025814', 'Q27786159', 'Q168721', 'Q516479']	[[(382, 397), (3130, 3145)], [(431, 443)], [(448, 462)], [(227, 245), (3254, 3272)], [(298, 310)], [(109, 122), (995, 1008), (2094, 2107), (2206, 2219), (2382, 2395)], [(127, 142), (1075, 1090)], [(1107, 1116)], [(1136, 1152)], [(3022, 3036)], [(30, 41)], [(76, 95), (3282, 3301)], [(503, 514), (1029, 1040)], [(633, 647)], [(1200, 1215)], [(1258, 1271)], [(1334, 1345)], [(1389, 1402)], [(1413, 1424)], [(1477, 1488)], [(2620, 2632)], [(2759, 2778)]]
KGO-TV (channel 7) is a television station licensed to San Francisco, California, United States, serving as the San Francisco Bay Area's ABC network outlet. Owned and operated by the network's ABC Owned Television Stations division, KGO-TV maintains studios at the ABC Broadcast Center immediately west of The Embarcadero north of the city's Financial District, and its transmitter is located atop Sutro Tower. In addition, KGO-TV leases part of its building to CW outlet KRON-TV (channel 4, owned by The CW's majority owner, Nexstar Media Group), but with completely separate operations. ==History== KGO-TV first signed on the air on May 5, 1949, as the San Francisco Bay Area's second-oldest television station, signing on five months after KPIX (channel 5) and the 50th in the United States. In fact, KPIX had a hand in getting KGO-TV on the air, as the CBS-affiliated station produced informational programming on how to receive and view ABC's channel 7. KGO-TV's original studios were located in the renovated Sutro Mansion near Mount Sutro in San Francisco, next to the transmitter tower it shared with KPIX. Channel 7 was the fourth of ABC's five original owned-and-operated stations to sign-on, after WABC-TV in New York City, WLS-TV in Chicago and WXYZ-TV in Detroit, and before KABC-TV in Los Angeles. The call letters were inherited from KGO radio (810 AM). In addition to airing ABC programming, KGO-TV also aired syndicated programs from the Paramount Television Network; among the Paramount programs aired were Time For Beany, Hollywood Reel, Sandy Dreams, Hollywood Wrestling, and Cowboy G-Men. Channel 7 had a limited broadcasting schedule during its first year on the air. It was not until September 1950 that the station announced, in the San Francisco Chronicle, that it would broadcast on all seven days of the week.San Francisco Chronicle, September 1950 For much of the 1950s, the station signed on late in the morning or early afternoon, especially on the weekends, because the ABC network did not offer many daytime programs then. For many years, Saturday programming began with King Norman's Kingdom of Toys, a popular children's program hosted by the owner of a San Francisco toy store, Norman Rosenberg, from 1954 until 1961. He died in December 2016 at the age of 98. In 1954, KGO-TV moved to one of the most modern broadcasting facilities on the West Coast at the time at 277 Golden Gate Avenue, formerly known as the Eagle Building. The building was demolished between 2010 and 2011 to make way for apartments. As an ABC-owned station, KGO-TV originated a few network daytime shows, including programs hosted by fitness expert Jack La Lanne, singer Tennessee Ernie Ford, and entertainer Gypsy Rose Lee. Syndicated game shows Oh My Word and The Anniversary Game were produced at KGO-TV by Circle Seven Productions. In the mid-1950s, KGO-TV telecast live weeknight variety shows hosted by Don Sherwood, a disc jockey for KSFO, until Sherwood was fired for making a political comment in defiance of a warning from station management. In September 1962, KGO began carrying ABC's first color program, the animated series The Jetsons, followed by The Flintstones. In the mid 1960s, KGO became the first Bay Area station to broadcast local programs in color, including its newscasts. In 1985, KGO-TV began broadcasting from its current studios at 900 Front Street, sharing the facility with radio stations KGO (AM 810), KSFO and KMKY (the former two are now owned by Cumulus Media). By 2012, the radio stations had vacated 900 Front Street. In late 2014, then-MyNetworkTV affiliate KRON-TV (channel 4; Now a CW affiliate) moved its operations from 1001 Van Ness Avenue, a building it had occupied since 1967, to the ABC Broadcast Center, leasing from KGO-TV/ABC the space on the third floor that had been occupied by the radio stations. KRON-TV also uses one of the two studios on the first floor for production of its news programming. ===KGO in the Salinas–Monterey–Santa Cruz market=== In 1999, KGO- TV—seeking to gain advertising revenue in the South Bay—reached an agreement with the Granite Broadcasting Corporation, then-owner of San Jose's ABC affiliate KNTV to pay Granite to drop KNTV's ABC affiliation, resulting in KGO-TV becoming the network's exclusive Bay Area outlet. This resulted in the Salinas–Monterey–Santa Cruz market losing over-the-air reception of ABC programs since KNTV had also served those communities (the station temporarily affiliated with The WB, before replacing KRON-TV as the Bay Area's NBC affiliate in January 2002). In response, a cable-only ABC affiliate was set up for the areas affected, that simulcast KGO-TV's programming (including ABC programming and local newscasts), with the exception of programs that channel 7 was only allowed to show within the San Francisco market under syndication exclusivity rules. On December 20, 2010, Hearst Television, owners of NBC affiliate KSBW, signed an affiliation agreement with ABC to bring the network's programming to KSBW's second digital subchannel.KSBW To Offer ABC, NBC Programming The new subchannel (branded on-air as "Central Coast ABC") debuted on April 18, 2011, effectively displacing KGO from cable providers in California's Central Coast, which replaced the station with KSBW's ABC- affiliated subchannel. ===Logos=== KGO-TV was one of the earliest ABC stations to use the original Circle 7 logo (along with sister station WBKB (now WLS-TV) in Chicago). According to Broadcasting magazine, KGO unveiled this logo, created by San Francisco design consultant G. Dean Smith, on August 27, 1962."New '7' Logo Designed for KGO-TV (ch. 7)," Broadcasting, August 27, 1962, p. 72. When the station incorporated ABC into its branding in the late 1990s (initially as "Channel 7 ABC" from 1996 to 1997, then as "ABC 7"), the station—along with several other ABC stations broadcasting on channel 7 that used the original version of the Circle 7 logo—simply attached the ABC logo to the Circle 7. ==Programming== The station carries a high-profile lineup of daytime programming with shows such as Live with Kelly and Mark, Tamron Hall, Jeopardy!, and Wheel of Fortune (the first two programs are distributed by the station's corporate cousin, Disney Media Distribution, while the latter two are produced by Sony Pictures Television and distributed by CBS Media Ventures). Jeopardy! and Wheel of Fortune have aired on KGO-TV since both shows moved to the station from KRON-TV in 1992. The Oprah Winfrey Show aired on KGO-TV throughout the program's tenure from 1986 to 2011. The station was among the handful of ABC affiliates to have aired the syndicated Who Wants to Be a Millionaire, first-run on the network, until the game show's cancellation in 2019. It also paired Donahue with Oprah on the station's afternoon lineup in the late 1980s, after the station acquired Donahue from KTVU; however, in the fall of 1995, KGO-TV became the first affiliate in the country to drop the talk show, one year before its cancellation (New York City's NBC O&O; WNBC dropped Donahue as well shortly afterwards, even though the program originated from WNBC's studios at Rockefeller Center during this era). KGO also airs the pre-show of the Academy Awards (which is produced by Los Angeles sister station KABC-TV). The station had sometimes aired the Bay to Breakers race during the 1980s, and the KGO Cure-a-thon with its radio partner, KGO-AM 810. KGO-TV was the first station to produce documentaries of the 1906 San Francisco earthquake and the 1989 Loma Prieta earthquake on April 8, 2006. In the 1970s and 1980s, KGO-TV produced weekday talk/variety shows in the 9:00 to 10:00 a.m. timeslot following Good Morning America. A.M. San Francisco ran from 1975 to 1987/1988, when it was replaced by Good Morning, Bay Area, hosted by Susan Sikora. Hosts of A.M. San Francisco included the husband-and-wife team of Fred LaCosse and Terry Lowry (other ABC owned-and-operated stations produced their own A.M. programs in the 1980s; for example, A.M. Chicago at WLS-TV evolved into The Oprah Winfrey Show, and Live with Kelly and Mark evolved from a similar A.M. program on WABC). For a week or two in the summer of 1988, A.M. Los Angeles was simulcast on KGO-TV, with a few KGO-TV produced segments. For most of its existence, KGO-TV was the only network-owned television station in the Bay Area, even throughout the time when ABC underwent ownership changes: Capital Cities Communications bought out ABC and merged with the network in 1985, the combined company Capital Cities/ABC was then sold to The Walt Disney Company in 1996. As such, the station did not heavily preempt network programming unlike its local competitors or its sister stations—such as Philadelphia's WPVI-TV, Houston's KTRK-TV and Fresno's KFSN- TV—which were known for doing so in those days (as of 2007, some exceptions to this policy may be made when breaking news events or selected ABC Sports programs warrant exclusive coverage). The distinction of being the Bay Area's only O&O; station ended in 1995 when several other stations in the San Francisco-Oakland market became network-owned stations over the next twenty years—including KBHK-TV (now KPYX) becoming a charter member of UPN (in which the station's then-owner was a partner) in 1995, KPIX becoming a CBS O&O; with the network's 1995 merger with Westinghouse, KNTV becoming an NBC O&O; in 2002 after being bought by the network after it disaffiliated from KRON-TV, and KTVU becoming a Fox O&O; in 2015 after being acquired by the network alongside sister station KICU-TV a year prior (although KICU remains an independent station due to KRON-TV's affiliation with MyNetworkTV). After ABC sold Detroit's WXYZ-TV to Scripps–Howard Broadcasting in 1986 as part of the Capital Cities/ABC merger, KGO-TV went on to be the longest-serving ABC O&O; outside of New York, Los Angeles and Chicago. ===Sports programming=== Owing to its common ownership with ESPN, Channel 7 holds the right of first refusal to Monday Night Football games involving the San Francisco 49ers. The station carried coverage of the 49ers' victories in Super Bowl XIX, which was played locally at Stanford Stadium, and Super Bowl XXIX. The station also carried coverage of the Oakland Raiders' appearance in Super Bowl XXXVII. Also, Channel 7 airs NBA on ABC contests involving the Golden State Warriors via the network's contract with the NBA and, since 2021, San Jose Sharks games through the network's contract with the NHL. KGO-TV has aired the Warriors' championship victories in the 2015, 2017, 2018, and 2022 NBA Finals and the Warriors' championship appearances in the 2016 and 2019 NBA Finals. The station carried the 1989 World Series, a matchup between the Oakland Athletics and San Francisco Giants which would be interrupted by the Loma Prieta earthquake shortly before Game 3 was to begin at Candlestick Park. ===The View from the Bay=== From June 26, 2006, to September 10, 2010, KGO-TV broadcast a locally produced weekday variety show called The View from the Bay, hosted by Spencer Christian and Janelle Wang. The hour-long show focused on local attractions as well as interviews and other interests in the Bay Area. Aimed at female viewers, the show aired weekdays at 3 p.m., and was also live streamed online.http://abclocal.go.com/kgo/channel?section=view_from_the_bay&id;=5755208 Los Angeles sister station KABC-TV also aired the program weeknights at 10 p.m. on its second digital subchannel, with the program also airing at various times on digital subchannels of other ABC O&O; stations. The program was also syndicated to the Live Well Network in 2010, retitled as Everyday Living. ===7 Live=== The View from the Bay was replaced by a new local afternoon talk program called 7 Live on September 13, 2010 (which was similar in format to one of MSNBC's earliest programs, The Site), taking the former program's previous 3 p.m. timeslot. The program was hosted by longtime KGO-AM radio host Brian Copeland and Lizzie Bermudez, who stood at a computerized podium and alternatively acted as "sidekick" or "sounding board" to Copeland and shared material from her computer; Bermudez focused on technology and pop culture segments. 7 Live had an innovative format with a studio audience called "The Voice Box" and viewer-submitter e-mail, Facebook and Twitter comments that were read by the hosts during the program. Copeland spent most of the program walking about the studio, peppering his material with humorous comments. Each edition of 7 Live generally ended with Copeland sharing a "Thought of the Day." Jennifer Jolly served as the technology/social media co-host from a computerized podium (on a par with Bermudez) from its premiere until August 2011, when she became a frequent technology and social media guest contributor for the now-defunct CBS morning news program, The Early Show. The program played off the "seven" theme by sometimes incorporating a seven-item list (referred to as "The List") into the program. 7 Live was canceled by KGO, due to low ratings, airing its last broadcast on April 27, 2012. ===News operation=== KGO-TV presently broadcasts 42½ hours of locally produced newscasts each week (with 6 hours, 35 minutes each weekday and five hours each on Saturdays and Sundays). The program usually rebroadcast stories previously shown during the 6 p.m. newscast and national and international news reports from ABC News. KGO-TV had followed the lead of its New York City sister station, WABC-TV, and adopted the Eyewitness News format for its newscasts in the late 1960s; however, the Eyewitness News title was already being used on KPIX-TV, which inherited its version of the format from its Philadelphia sister station KYW-TV. As a result, KGO-TV instead called its newscasts Channel 7 News Scene throughout the 1970s, and Channel 7 News from 1982 to 1998, when it switched to the current ABC 7 News branding. Along with the other ABC O&Os;, KGO-TV also used an edited version of the "Tar Sequence" from the soundtrack of Cool Hand Luke as the theme music for its newscasts starting in 1969. After its Chicago sister station, WLS-TV, began to reuse the Eyewitness News branding in 2013, KGO-TV became the only ABC O&O; that does not use the Eyewitness News or Action News brand for its newscasts as with other ABC O&O; stations. The station broadcast a 4:30 p.m. newscast named Early News in 1970, anchored by Ray Tannehill and John Reed King, with Pete Giddings covering weather and Bob Fouts presenting sports. Lu Hurley provided live helicopter traffic coverage, one of the first television programs in the San Francisco Bay Area to offer traffic reports. KGO-TV was one of the last ABC affiliates that broadcast the network's evening news program in the 7:00 p.m. time slot. By early 1992, World News Tonight had been displaced to 5:30 p.m., replacing the last half of the 5:00 p.m. news hour. KGO-TV has long broadcast an 11:00 p.m. newscast; it was originally a half-hour program, before expanding to 35 minutes in the early 1990s. In the 2000s, a staple of the 11 p.m. Sunday newscast was Richard Hart's segment about technological developments, alternatively titled "Next Step" and "Drive to Discover." The station previously utilized the market's first helicopter equipped to shoot and transmit high definition video, branded as "Sky 7HD", which made its on- air debut in February 2006. Due to logistical and equipment limitations, video from the helicopter was only available in 4:3 standard definition at times (when this occurs, the helicopter is branded simply "Sky 7"). KGO became the second television station in the Bay Area (after KTVU) to begin broadcasting its local newscasts in high definition on February 17, 2007. From January 8, 2007, until March 11, 2022, KGO-TV also produced an hour-long 9 p.m. newscast for independent station KOFY-TV (channel 20). On September 6, 2021, KOFY moved ABC 7 News from 7:00 p.m. to 8:00 p.m. KGO aired its final news broadcast on KOFY on March 11, 2022, in anticipation of KOFY becoming a Grit affiliate and switching to western programming on April 16, 2022. On July 20, 2007, longtime evening news anchor and KGO radio talk show host Pete Wilson died at age 62, following a massive heart attack that he suffered during a hip replacement procedure at Stanford University Medical Center in Palo Alto, California. The station aired extensive tributes to Wilson when his death was publicly announced the following day. His final newscast and radio show were on July 18, 2007. In 2008, KGO became the first station in the market to start its early morning newscast before 5 a.m., with the expansion of its weekday morning program to 4:30 a.m. Around that same time and prompted by a sluggish economy and the station's conversion to the "Ignite" automated control room system, on May 26, 2011, KGO debuted an hour-long 4 p.m. newscast, which filled the timeslot formerly held by The Oprah Winfrey Show (which ended its 25-year syndication run the previous day).KGO San Francisco Launching 4 P.M. News, TVNewsCheck, May 19, 2011. On September 10, 2011, KGO-TV expanded its weekend 11 p.m. newscasts to one hour.KGO Expanding 11 P.M. Weekend News, TVNewsCheck, September 7, 2011. KGO broadcast a special seven-minute "minicast" at midnight during the 2012 Summer Olympics, called ABC 7 News Special Edition, as an effort to counterprogram the special midnight local newscast on NBC-owned KNTV that followed the network's prime time Olympics coverage. The special newscast did not air on nights when NBC's Olympic coverage ended before midnight (August 8, for example, resulting in no KGO midnight newscast on August 9). At least one other ABC-owned station, KABC-TV downstate in Los Angeles, also produced a seven-minute midnight newscast during the 2012 Olympics. On August 8, 2014, KGO struck a partnership with Univision O&O; KDTV-DT to cross-promote newscast and share news context second behind its Philadelphia sister station WPVI-TV which in December partnered with WUVP-DT to produce a live 11 p.m. newscast. On July 9, 2015, KGO became the first station in Northern California to fly a commercial drone under newly approved FAA guidelines. Called "DroneView7," the aircraft flew over the demolition of Candlestick Park, broadcasting live. On February 4, 2022, the station launched ABC 7 Bay Area 24/7, a continuous online streaming channel showing local news and information. ====Notable current on–air staff==== =====Anchors===== * Dan Ashley * Larry Beil * Dion Lim * Kristen Sze =====On- air meteorologist===== * Spencer Christian ====Notable former on-air staff==== * Jessica Aguirre – anchor (now at KNTV) * Dr. Dean Edell – health reporter with "House Calls" * Pete Giddings – meteorologist (retired) * Roger Grimsby – anchor and news director (later at WABC-TV; deceased) * Carolyn Johnson – anchor (now at KNBC) * Vic Lee – reporter (retired) * Christine Lund – reporter (later at KABC-TV; retired) * Bryan Norcross – meteorologist (now at Fox Weather) * Sergio Quintana – reporter (now at KNTV) * Pete Wilson – anchor (deceased) * Natasha Zouves – anchor (now at NewsNation) ==Technical information== ===Subchannels=== The station's digital signal is multiplexed: Subchannels of KGO-TVRabbitEars TV Query for KGO Channel Res. Aspect Short name Programming 7.1 720p 16:9 KGO-HD Main KGO-TV programming / ABC 7.2 LOCLish Localish 7.3 480i ThisTV This TV 7.4 HSN HSN 4.5 480i 16:9 Shop LC Shop LC (KRON-DT5) ====Localish==== In May 2010, KGO-TV began carrying the Disney/ABC-owned Live Well HD (later Live Well Network, now Localish) on its second digital subchannel; KGO-TV also produces the cooking show Good Cookin' with Bruce Aidells for the network. In 2007, KGO was among the few commercial television stations in California that scheduled an alternative set of programs on a digital subchannel; at the time, the 7.2 subchannel ran simulcasts and rebroadcasts of most KGO newscasts and other locally produced programs, along with repeats of ABC News programs in non-traditional timeslots (for example, the weeknight editions of ABC World News Tonight aired at 7 p.m., while Nightline aired most weekdays at 9 a.m. and 7:30 p.m.). Some programs seen on channel 7.2, such as the Commonwealth Club Speaker's Luncheon and reruns of the 1960s ABC prime time western The Guns of Will Sonnett, were not shown on channel 7.1. ===Analog-to-digital conversion=== KGO-TV shut down its analog signal, over VHF channel 7, on June 12, 2009, as part of the federally mandated transition from analog to digital television. The station's digital signal relocated from its pre-transition UHF channel 24 to VHF channel 7.CDBS Print As a result, KGO-TV is the only Bay Area television station to retain the same channel allocation post-transition and the only other station alongside KNTV to remain on the VHF dial (KQED moved from VHF channel 9 to UHF channel 30). During the 2019 digital television repack, KGO-TV moved to VHF channel 12, while KRON-TV moved to VHF channel 7. KGO-TV has a construction permit for a fill-in translator on UHF channel 35, serving the southern portion of the viewing area, including San Jose, for UHF antenna viewers, until the digital transition. It has since returned to RF channel 7, which is a VHF channel, therefore its reception can be difficult for people with UHF HDTV antennas. ===Translators=== City of license Callsign Channel ERP HAAT Facility ID Transmitter coordinates Owner San Jose 35 12.1 kW 34470 ABC Owned Television Stations Ukiah 22 0.89 kW 65126 Television Improvement Association of Ukiah ==See also== Circle 7 logo KGO (AM) KABC-TV WABC-TV WLS-TV ==References== ==External links== Category:ABC network affiliates Category:This TV affiliates Category:ABC Owned Television Stations Category:Television channels and stations established in 1949 Category:1949 establishments in California Category:Peabody Award winners GO-TV	['Localish', 'This TV', 'HSN', 'ABC Owned Television Stations', 'The Walt Disney Company', 'San Francisco', 'KGO (AM)', 'San Francisco Bay Area', 'Sutro Tower', 'The CW', 'KRON-TV', 'Nexstar Media Group', 'KPIX-TV', 'CBS', 'Mount Sutro', 'WABC-TV', 'New York City', 'WLS-TV', 'Chicago', 'WXYZ-TV', 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The Mating Season is a 1951 American comedy-drama romance film directed by Mitchell Leisen, and produced by Charles Brackett from a screenplay by Charles Brackett, Richard Breen, and Walter Reisch, based on the play Maggie by Caesar Dunn. The ensemble cast stars Gene Tierney, John Lund, Miriam Hopkins, and Thelma Ritter.Variety film review; January 10, 1951, page 13.Harrison's Reports film review; January 13, 1951, page 6. ==Plot== Ellen McNulty (Thelma Ritter) gives up her hamburger stand in New Jersey when the bank calls in her loan, and goes to visit her son Val (John Lund) in Ohio. Val has recently married a socialite, Maggie (Gene Tierney). To help Maggie put on a dinner party, Val has an employment service send a cook; Ellen arrives first, and Maggie mistakes her for the cook. Ellen, to avoid embarrassing Maggie, does not correct her. After the party, Val follows her home, and persuades her to move in with them. The next morning, Ellen arrives with her things, and continues the deception, explaining to Val that a mother-in-law in the house would only cause friction. Val reluctantly goes along with the charade. Maggie's mother (Miriam Hopkins) comes to stay with them. She is a snob, and disapproves of both Val and Ellen. Maggie and Val later "lend" Ellen to the Kalinger family, owners of the firm where Val works, for a party of their own, whose guests of honor, Mr. and Mrs. Williamson, own a Maryland firm with which the Kalinger firm is about to make a major contract. While tending to Mr. Kalinger (Larry Keating) in his illness, Ellen finds that his son, Kalinger Junior (James Lorimer) – who had previously courted Maggie – is taking credit for Val's research that led to the contract, and she tells Kalinger Senior so. Kalinger Senior then invites Val and Maggie to the party, forcing Junior to reveal Val's role, which he does graciously. At the party, Maggie is insulted by Mrs. Williamson (Cora Witherspoon) and storms out. Val, realizing that this woman carries a lot of influence, forces Maggie to call the party to apologize. She does so unwillingly, leading to another fight. The next morning, Val and Maggie make up, agreeing that they were both in the wrong. Later that day, Ellen's friends come to the door and ask to speak to "Mrs. McNulty" - thus revealing to Maggie that Ellen is Val's mother. Maggie is furious with Val for hiding his mother's identity from her. She and her mother leave for a hotel. Maggie later confronts Val at his office. Val tries to explain himself, but Maggie won't listen. She tells him that he has become a snob and that she is moving to Mexico (where divorce was then easier). Mr. Kalinger decides to get Val and Maggie together. He convinces Maggie to come to the hotel bar with him for a good-bye drink, knowing that Val will be there for a party. When Maggie sees Val, she again scolds him for trying to hide his mother, and leaves the bar. Val leaves the party, and rushes to fetch his mother and bring her back to the party. Maggie, who has come back to the bar, is a witness as Val introduces Ellen to Mrs. Williamson, who was about to hire Val, but wants nothing to do with him when she finds that his mother is neither of her class nor cowed by her. Kalinger Junior also finds Ellen appalling, but Kalinger Senior is delighted, and decides to marry her. ==Cast== Gene Tierney as Maggie Carleton McNulty John Lund as Val McNulty Miriam Hopkins as Fran Carleton Thelma Ritter as Ellen McNulty Jan Sterling as Betsy Donaldson Larry Keating as George Kalinger, Sr. James Lorimer as George C. Kalinger, Jr. Gladys Hurlbut as Natalie Conger Cora Witherspoon as Mrs. Owen Williamson Malcolm Keen as Owen Williamson Ellen Corby as Annie Billie Bird as Mugsy Mary Young as Spinster Samuel Colt as Colonel Conger Grayce Hampton as Mrs. Fahnstock William H. Welsh as Mr. Paget William Fawcett as Mr. Tuttle Carol Coombs as Susie == Reception == A Variety review praised Ritter, "who glitters the brightest" and who "socks with just the right amount of underplaying". The review had positive notes for writer Brackett, director Leisen, and actor Hopkins.Brog. "Film review: The Mating Season". Variety. Jan 10, 1951. Pg. 13. Via Proquest. Lionel Collier of Picturegoer deemed it a "bright, but very overlong domestic comedy."Collier, Lionel. "Coming Your Way: The Mating Season". Picturegoer. Mar 10, 1951. P. 16. Via Proquest. Frank Leyendecker of Boxoffice praised the performances of Ritter and Hopkins and noted, "Director Mitchell Leisen captures attention with the opening shot and maintains a fast pace throughout".Leyendecker, Frank. "Feature Reviews: The Mating Season". Boxoffice. Jan 27, 1951. P. a15. Via Proquest. The New York Times's Bosley Crowther reviewed the film on April, 12, 1951 (a day after its NYC premiere) saying: "That grand comedienne, Thelma Ritter, who neatly ate up the minor roles of gawky, outspoken domestics in "A Letter to Three Wives" and "All About Eve," finally is handed a portion into which she can get her working teeth in Charles Brackett's "The Mating Season," which came to the Paramount yesterday. And what she does with the character that she is given to play in this pastiche is almost enough to make a silk purse out of routine merchandise. We said almost." ==Awards== ;Won * Berlin International Film Festival - Bronze Berlin Bear (Comedies) ;Nominated * Academy Award for Best Supporting Actress (Thelma Ritter) ==Comic book adaption== * Eastern Color Movie Love #9 (June 1951) ==References== ==External links== * * *Senses of cinema: Mitchell Leisen Category:1951 films Category:1950s screwball comedy films Category:American screwball comedy films Category:American black-and-white films Category:American films based on plays Category:Films directed by Mitchell Leisen Category:Films produced by Charles Brackett Category:Films set in Ohio Category:Paramount Pictures films Category:Films with screenplays by Charles Brackett Category:Films adapted into comics Category:1951 comedy films Category:1950s English-language films Category:1950s American films	['Mitchell Leisen', 'Charles Brackett', 'Richard Breen', 'Walter Reisch', 'Gene Tierney', 'Miriam Hopkins', 'Thelma Ritter', 'Paramount Pictures', 'Jan Sterling', 'Larry Keating', 'Cora Witherspoon', 'Malcolm Keen', 'Ellen Corby', 'Billie Bird', 'Grayce Hampton', 'Carol Coombs', 'Picturegoer', 'Academy Award for Best Supporting Actress']	['Q276130', 'Q385055', 'Q506404', 'Q213811', 'Q230555', 'Q242477', 'Q229266', 'Q159846', 'Q259581', 'Q3218065', 'Q1284473', 'Q629955', 'Q368794', 'Q2903550', 'Q20684157', 'Q58184272', 'Q7191212', 'Q106301']	[[(75, 90), (4515, 4530), (5574, 5589), (5795, 5810)], [(108, 124), (146, 162), (5053, 5069), (5838, 5854), (5951, 5967)], [(164, 177)], [(183, 196)], [(263, 275), (639, 651), (3346, 3358)], [(288, 302), (1151, 1165), (3413, 3427)], [(308, 321), (451, 464), (3446, 3459), (4852, 4865), (5436, 5449)], [(5891, 5909)], [(3478, 3490)], [(1529, 1542), (3511, 3524)], [(1926, 1942), (3626, 3642)], [(3668, 3680)], [(3701, 3712)], [(3723, 3734)], [(3800, 3814)], [(3896, 3908)], [(4245, 4256), (4368, 4379)], [(5393, 5434)]]
Education in Albany, Oregon, United States is coordinated by Greater Albany Public School District 8J (GAPS 8J). Established in 1979 and encompassing , this educational district aims to educate the children of Albany from grades K through 12. GAPS has an enrollment of just over 10,000 students. ==School ratings== All schools are graded according to the Oregon Department of Education Annual Year Report and Report Card. All schools were graded as "satisfactory", with eight graded "strong" and one as "exceptional". ==Faculty ratings== Nearly nine-tenths of educators within the GAPS district hold bachelor's degrees or educational certificates while one in two have a master's degree, including an overall total average teaching experience of more than five years. ==Administration== The superintendent is Rob Saxton. His predecessor was Melissa Goff. ==Albany schools== ===Elementary schools=== Central Elementary School Built in 1915. Student body of approximately 200 students. Grades 3–5; grades K-2 attend Takena. Clover Ridge Elementary School Established in 1914. Student body of approximately 300 students. Lafayette Elementary School Established in 1960. Approximately 400 students. Liberty Elementary School Established in 1949. Approximately 425 students. Located opposite Memorial MS and West Albany HS, next to Memorial Stadium. North Albany Elementary School Mileage Club, which rewards students for running during recess. Only school rated "Exceptional" by the State in the 8J School District. Established in 1906 & rebuilt in 1949. Approximately 300 students. Oak Elementary School The Groves: Fir & Oak Elementary Schools Fir Grove houses kindergarten, first & second grade. Students in grades 3, 4 & 5 attend Oak Grove. Grades: K-2 enroll approximately 160 students *Grades 3-5 enroll approximately 185 students Oak Grove Intermediate School Established in 1860. Approximately 160 students. *Located on the city limits amidst farmland and residential areas. Periwinkle Elementary School Built in 1977. Approximately 460 students. South Shore Elementary School Built in 1971. Approximately 400 students. Sunrise Elementary School Established in 1949. Approximately 450 students. Takena Elementary School Built in 1971. Approximately 160 students. Grades K-2; grades 3-5 attend Central. Tangent Elementary School Established in 1965. Approximately 200 students. Waverly Elementary School Established in 1949 Approximately 240 students. ===Middle schools=== Calapooia MS Built in 1962. Student body of approximately 750 students. Memorial MS Established in 1963 next to West Albany High School. Student body of approximately 665 students. 3 sports programs and over 5 clubs and groups. North Albany MS Established in North Albany in 1966. Student body of approximately 600 students. *Reward/Incentive programs (Top Tiger, Gold Cards, Tiger Eyes Are On You) for exceptional attendance and final grades. ===High schools=== West Albany High School Established 1953 as Albany Union High School campus includes 1/4 mile running track, Memorial Stadium, and large, grass, sports fields and softball and tennis courts. Student body of approximately 1350 students. Over 25 clubs and groups and over 10 athletic sports. Mascot: Bulldog School colors: Navy & Gold South Albany High School Established in 1970 to meet the growing educational needs of Albany. * of instructional space and supplemental buildings (this is the largest educational area within Albany) Student body of approximately 1200 students. Over 15 athletic sports and over 22 clubs and groups. Owns and operates a community pool/aquatic facilities for South Albany High School and the Albany Community at large. Mascot: RedHawks *School colors: Red and Grey ===Alternative schools=== Albany Options School *Grades 6–12 ==See also== List of school districts in Oregon ==External links== Greater Albany Public Schools Oregon Department of Education ==References== Category:Albany, Oregon Category:School districts in Oregon Category:Education in Linn County, Oregon Category:1979 establishments in Oregon Category:School districts established in 1979	['Albany, Oregon', 'West Albany High School', 'South Albany High School', 'Albany Options School', 'List of school districts in Oregon']	['Q516817', 'Q7984287', 'Q7565934', 'Q4709357', 'Q6637327']	[[(13, 27), (4072, 4086)], [(2671, 2694), (3033, 3056)], [(3380, 3404), (3745, 3769)], [(3881, 3902)], [(3931, 3965)]]
The Battle of Tyndaris was a naval battle of the First Punic War that took place off Tyndaris (modern Tindari) in 257 BC. Tyndaris was a Sicilian town founded as a Greek colony in 396 BC located on the high ground overlooking the Tyrrhenian Sea in the Gulf of Patti. Hiero II, the tyrant of Syracuse, allowed Tyndaris to become a base for the Carthaginians. The battle took place in the waters between Tyndaris and the Aeolian Islands, with Gaius Atilius Regulus in command of the Roman fleet.Polybius, 1:25.1 Subsequently, the town fell to Rome. ==The battle== Gaius Atilius Regulus' fleet was anchored off Tyndaris when he observed the Carthaginian fleet sailing past, but not in a tactical formation. He gave orders for the main body of his ships to follow the leading ships. He then took an advance guard of ten ships and sailed towards the Carthaginians. The Carthaginians noticed that the advance guard had outdistanced the main body of the Roman fleet and that other Romans were still boarding their ships. Taking the initiative, the Carthaginians turned and engaged the Roman squadron and sank nine of the ships.Polybius, 1:25.3 Meanwhile, the rest of the Roman fleet arrived and formed a line. The Romans then engaged the Carthaginians, sinking eight and capturing ten of their ships. The remainder of the Carthaginian ships retreated to the Aeolian Islands.Polybius, 1:25.4 This naval engagement was followed by the Battle of Cape Ecnomus. ==References== Category:257 BC Tindarys Tyndaris Tyndaris Tyndaris	['First Punic War', 'Tindari', 'Tyrrhenian Sea', 'Hiero II', 'Carthaginians', 'Aeolian Islands', 'Rome', 'Battle of Cape Ecnomus']	['Q6286', 'Q671481', 'Q38882', 'Q313675', 'Q4383747', 'Q179883', 'Q220', 'Q6881']	[[(49, 64)], [(102, 109)], [(230, 244)], [(267, 275)], [(343, 356), (845, 858), (864, 877), (1041, 1054), (1231, 1244)], [(419, 434), (1351, 1366)], [(541, 545)], [(1426, 1448)]]
Montaque "Monty" Brown (born April 13, 1970) is an American retired professional wrestler and NFL linebacker. In professional wrestling, he is best known for his time with Total Nonstop Action Wrestling (TNA) where he wrestled under his real name, and with World Wrestling Entertainment (WWE), where he wrestled on its ECW brand under the ring name Marquis Cor Von, later changed to Marcus Cor Von. In both companies, he utilized the nickname "The Alpha Male". As a football player, he competed at Super Bowl XXVIII for the Buffalo Bills. == American football career == Brown attended Ferris State University in Big Rapids, Michigan, where he was an All-American linebacker with the Ferris State Bulldogs, breaking and setting several defensive records. Brown was the first Ferris State Bulldogs athlete to be named both a first-team Academic All-American and a first-team All-American. In 1992, Brown ranked fifth as a national finalist for the Harlon Hill Trophy (awarded to the NCAA Division II Player of the Year) and was named conference co-player of the year in 1992. As a senior, Brown was named the Most Valuable Player of the Ferris State Bulldogs. In his final year, Brown was named the C.M. Frank National Defensive Player of the Year. He was inducted into the Bulldog Athletics Hall of Fame in 2009. After Brown graduated, he signed as an undrafted free agent with the Buffalo Bills. Brown played four NFL seasons, including playing in Buffalo’s loss in Super Bowl XXVIII. On April 17, 1996, Brown signed with the New England Patriots as a restricted free agent, and Brown immediately became a starter as the right outside linebacker. In just two games for the Patriots, Brown made 23 tackles. Brown stated that one of his reasons for signing with the Patriots was to be closer to the World Wrestling Federation headquarters in Stamford, Connecticut. His football career ended due to an ankle injury, and decided to train as a professional wrestler. == Professional wrestling career == Brown was trained to be a professional wrestler by Dan "The Beast" Severn and Sabu, and made his in-ring debut in 2000. He began his career in Michigan's All World Wrestling League, where he wrestled against competitors including his trainer Sabu. During this time, he teamed with Chris Sabin. === Total Nonstop Action Wrestling=== ==== Early appearances (2002) ==== In 2002, Brown made several appearances with Total Nonstop Action Wrestling, including challenging NWA World Heavyweight Champion Ron Killings, but did not become a permanent part of the company, as his face persona did not connect with fans. His last appearance with the company in 2002 was on August 28. For a time in mid-2003, he worked for the All World Wrestling League/Big Time Wrestling. === Return to TNA === ==== Planet Jarrett (2004–2005) ==== He returned to the company on March 10, 2004, attacking the Insane Clown Posse during a match in progress. He now had an in- ring persona of being from the Serengeti, which involved him wearing leopard and tiger-print trunks, and possessing the mannerisms of an African predatory animal. At TNA Final Resolution pay-per-view, Brown defeated Kevin Nash and Diamond Dallas Page in a three-way elimination match to receive a match for the NWA World Heavyweight Championship. Despite being very popular, Brown was booked to lose the match against Jarrett. According to Jarrett, he didn't drop the title to Brown due to the lack of heel competitors. Two months later, Brown turned heel during the main event of March's Destination X event by attacking Page to help Jarrett retain to the championship. Brown soon joined the Planet Jarrett stable and spent several months feuding with Jarrett's enemies: Kevin Nash, Sean Waltman, Diamond Dallas Page, and A.J. Styles. Late in the year, he began teaming with fellow Planet Jarrett member Kip James, helping him battle the 3Live Kru in an attempt to convince Kru member B.G. James to reform his former tag team, the New Age Outlaws, with Kip. Brown and James faced Kru members Ron Killings and Konnan at Sacrifice in August in a match with B.G. as special guest referee, with both Kip and the remainder of the Kru urging him to take their respective side. B.G. eventually took the side of Konnan and Killings, costing Brown and James the match. Following the defeat, Brown insisted that he be the one to lead the team. On August 26 he turned his back on Jarrett, claiming that their agreement was broken. ==== NWA World Heavyweight Championship pursuit (2005–2006) ==== At Unbreakable on September 11, Brown declared his intention to challenge for the NWA World Heavyweight Championship at Bound For Glory. After defeating Lance Hoyt at Bound For Glory, Brown took part in a ten-man Gauntlet for the Gold match for number one contendership to the Championship, but eliminated himself from the match, by taking Jeff Hardy and himself over the top rope simultaneously. Brown did win number one contendership at November's Genesis with a singles victory over Jeff Hardy. After an altercation with the newly debuted Christian Cage, Brown agreed to put his championship shot on the line in a match against Cage at Turning Point in December. He lost the match to Cage, however, losing his championship opportunity in the process. On the December 17 episode of Impact!, Brown renewed his alliance with Jarrett, with both men bitter towards TNA management in storyline. On the January 7, 2006, episode of Impact!, Jarrett and Brown enacted a skit mocking Sting, who had recently signed with TNA and was set to team with Christian Cage against Brown and Jarrett at Final Resolution. The Alpha Male posed as the Sting of 2006, complete with make-up and baby stroller. Sting and Cage defeated Brown and Jarrett at Final Resolution when Sting pinned Jarrett after a Scorpion Death Drop. After Christian Cage won the World Heavyweight Title, Brown received a shot at Destination X, but did not win the title. Following Destination X, Brown underwent surgery on his knee, which had previously "blown out". He returned to in-ring competition on April 29, 2006, in a match in Germany and TNA television on the May 18 episode of Impact! — where he (kayfabe) demanded to be included in the King of the Mountain match for the NWA World Heavyweight Championship at Slammiversary in June. After he failed to qualify for the King of the Mountain match, he engaged in a short feud with Rhino and Samoa Joe before his TNA contract expired and left the company. === World Wrestling Entertainment (2006–2007) === On November 16, 2006, World Wrestling Entertainment announced that Brown had signed a contract with the company through their official website. He debuted for their ECW brand as "The Alpha Male" Marquis Cor Von on January 16, 2007, in a win over fellow TNA alumnus Cassidy Riley. Reportedly the name change was motivated by World Wrestling Entertainment's desire to have him appear under a name they could trademark. One week later, the spelling of the first name was tweaked to Marcus. On the edition of January 23 of ECW, Cor Von defeated Wes Adams. Not long after his debut, he was made a part of the forming New Breed stable. On the February 6 episode of ECW on Sci Fi, Cor Von defeated Balls Mahoney. He and Kevin Thorn defeated Tommy Dreamer and The Sandman a week later. On the February 27 episode of ECW, Cor Von, Elijah Burke and Kevin Thorn defeated Rob Van Dam, Tommy Dreamer and Sandman. On the March 13 episode of ECW, Cor Von was in an Extreme Battle Royal involving both the ECW Originals and the New Breed, but failed to win the match. On the March 20 episode of ECW, Cor Von and Kevin Thorn defeated ECW Originals Rob Van Dam and Sabu, with their feud with the ECW Originals climaxing in an 8-man tag at WrestleMania 23 where The New Breed lost. The next night on Raw, Cor Von and Kevin Thorn participated in a 10-Team Battle Royal for the world tag team titles which was won by The Hardy Boyz. On the April 3 episode of ECW on Sci Fi, The New Breed defeated The ECW Originals in an 8-Man "Extreme Rules" match. On the April 10 episode of ECW, Cor Von defeated Rob Van Dam. On the April 24 episode of ECW, The New Breed faced The ECW Originals in an Elimination match but lost. At One Night Stand, The New Breed (Cor Von, Elijah Burke, and Matt Striker) lost to CM Punk and The ECW Originals (Tommy Dreamer and The Sandman) in a Six-man Tag Team Tables Match. Cor Von would wrestle his last match on the June 19 episode of ECW in a semi- final tournament loss for the vacant ECW World Championship against CM Punk where the winner would compete at Vengeance: Night of Champions against Chris Benoit. In late June 2007, Cor Von took several months off for unspecified "family issues". After a three-month inactivity, WWE announced on September 19, 2007, that Cor Von was released from his WWE contract without making his return to television. Cor Von subsequently retired from professional wrestling officially after being released. == Personal life == Brown attended Bridgeport High School, where he played basketball for three years under coach Jimmy Sanders, with whom he is good friends. During his early professional wrestling career, Brown supplemented his income by running his own t-shirt company. After leaving WWE and retiring from professional wrestling, Brown began working on a range of athletic clothing called "Scripture Clothing". As of 2011, Brown works as a personal trainer in his home state of Michigan. == In other media == Brown, as Marcus Cor Von, appears as a playable character in the video game WWE SmackDown vs. Raw 2008, which was his last appearance with the company as he was released from his contract and subsequently retired in September 2007, two months before the game's launch. == Championships and accomplishments == * Prime Time Wrestling PTW Heavyweight Championship (1 time) Elite 8 Tournament (2005) * Pro Wrestling Illustrated PWI Rookie of the Year (2004) Ranked No. 28 of the top 500 singles wrestlers in the PWI 500 in 2005 == References == == External links == Monty Brown at NFL.com * Category:1970 births Category:African-American male professional wrestlers Category:American football linebackers Category:American male professional wrestlers Category:Buffalo Bills players Category:Ferris State Bulldogs football players Category:Living people Category:New England Patriots players Category:Sportspeople from Saginaw, Michigan Category:Professional wrestlers from Michigan Category:21st-century African-American sportspeople Category:20th-century African-American sportspeople Category:21st-century professional wrestlers Category:Players of American football from Michigan	['Saginaw', 'Michigan', 'Ferris State University', 'Serengeti', 'Total Nonstop Action Wrestling', 'Buffalo Bills', 'New England Patriots', 'Professional wrestling', 'WWE', 'Super Bowl XXVIII', 'All-America', 'Harlon Hill Trophy', 'Most Valuable Player', 'Stamford, Connecticut', 'Chris Sabin', 'NWA World Heavyweight Championship', 'Ron Killings', 'Insane Clown Posse', 'Africa', 'Kevin Nash', 'Diamond Dallas Page', 'Planet Jarrett', 'Sean Waltman', 'A.J. Styles', '3Live Kru', 'New Age Outlaws', 'Konnan', 'Gauntlet for the Gold', 'Jeff Hardy', 'Christian Cage', 'Germany', 'King of the Mountain match', 'Samoa Joe', 'ECW on Sci Fi', 'Kevin Thorn', 'Tommy Dreamer', 'ECW Originals', 'WrestleMania 23', 'The Hardy Boyz', 'ECW World Championship', 'Vengeance: Night of Champions', 'Chris Benoit', 'WWE SmackDown vs. Raw 2008', 'Pro Wrestling Illustrated', 'PWI Rookie of the Year']	['Q719', 'Q1166', 'Q1407897', 'Q4991540', 'Q131728', 'Q221626', 'Q193390', 'Q131359', 'Q35339', 'Q621500', 'Q762853', 'Q5658917', 'Q652965', 'Q49169', 'Q518006', 'Q1961715', 'Q310690', 'Q929731', 'Q15', 'Q280793', 'Q382078', 'Q7201114', 'Q178796', 'Q83816', 'Q3598985', 'Q1246591', 'Q533475', 'Q5527722', 'Q44137', 'Q44537', 'Q183', 'Q2601350', 'Q381825', 'Q776675', 'Q784035', 'Q313706', 'Q2606289', 'Q50917', 'Q995575', 'Q666074', 'Q961921', 'Q44292', 'Q1990913', 'Q1156863', 'Q2383468']	[[(10437, 10444)], [(624, 632), (2141, 2149), (9477, 9485), (10446, 10454), (10492, 10500), (10693, 10701)], [(585, 608)], [(2975, 2984)], [(172, 202), (2296, 2326), (2410, 2440)], [(524, 537), (1381, 1394), (10279, 10292)], [(1526, 1546), (10381, 10401)], [(1965, 1987)], [(288, 291), (8780, 8783), (8852, 8855), (9283, 9286), (9584, 9587)], [(498, 515), (1466, 1483)], [(650, 661), (843, 854), (873, 884)], [(946, 964)], [(1107, 1127)], [(1840, 1861)], [(2279, 2290)], [(3255, 3289), (4470, 4504), (4612, 4646), (6267, 6301)], [(2495, 2507), (4037, 4049)], [(2879, 2897)], [(3081, 3087), (10140, 10146), (10523, 10529), (10575, 10581)], [(3160, 3170), (3716, 3726)], [(3175, 3194), (3742, 3761)], [(2787, 2801), (3637, 3651), (3827, 3841)], [(3728, 3740)], [(3767, 3778)], [(3883, 3892)], [(3976, 3991)], [(4054, 4060), (4249, 4255)], [(4743, 4764)], [(4870, 4880), (5016, 5026)], [(5072, 5086), (5572, 5586), (5841, 5855)], [(6120, 6127)], [(6232, 6258), (6363, 6389)], [(6433, 6442)], [(7206, 7219), (7985, 7998)], [(7260, 7271), (7386, 7397), (7643, 7654), (7845, 7856)], [(7281, 7294), (7420, 7433), (8357, 8370)], [(7537, 7550), (7664, 7677), (7725, 7738), (8027, 8040), (8194, 8207), (8342, 8355)], [(7768, 7783)], [(7943, 7957)], [(8539, 8561)], [(8612, 8641)], [(8650, 8662)], [(9584, 9610)], [(9912, 9937)], [(9941, 9963)]]
Autograss racing is a popular form of amateur motor racing in Britain, with races organized at various venues across the UK and Ireland. The roots of this racing discipline can be traced back to the 1960s. Typically, Autograss races are conducted on tracks spanning approximately 400 meters and featuring grass or mud surfaces. These races are primarily organized and promoted by non- profit clubs, which are affiliated with the National Autograss Sports Association, the governing body of the sport. The National Championships, held annually, comprise separate events for men classes and ladies and junior classes. These championships usually take place from August to September. The sport encompasses ten different car classes, ranging from production saloons to single-seat 'specials'. ==Classes of Cars== ===Class 1=== The cars used in Autograss racing are small hatchbacks, which undergo certain modifications. As per Autograss regulations, these cars have their trim, dashboard and seats removed. The engine is typically kept standard with limited modifications allowed, such as a reboring of up to +60. The engine capacity is restricted to 998 cc, except for Mini's engine which can be modified up to 1058 cc. In separate races, junior drivers aged 10–16 are permitted to drive class 1 cars. Initially limited to Mini's standard 1000cc, the eligibility of this class has expanded to include cars like the Peugeot 106, Nissan Micra, Toyota Yaris, and Citroën AX since 2006. To accommodate the rising costs and scarcity of classic Minis, other experimental cars are being added to the list. The purpose of class 1 racing is to maintain an entry-level class with affordable construction costs. Ideally, the initial investment should be under £500, and the running costs should be minimal at the club level. However, cars that are competitive at the national level and capable of winning races often cost around ten times the aforementioned figure or even more. ===Class 2=== Class 2 in Autograss racing encompasses Front-wheel-drive or Rear-wheel-drive vehicles equipped with a 1300 cc engine. These vehicles can have their engines placed either at the front or the back. The commonly observed models in this class are Vauxhall Nova, Nissan Micra, and Ford Fiesta. The inclusion of front- wheel-drive vehicles in class 2 has made the Vauxhall Nova particularly popular among drivers. However, the use of 1275 cc Mini and Geo Metros are not allowed due to a minimum length requirement and the restriction to two-valve per cylinder cars. To ensure fair competition among the diverse range of vehicles used, a restrictor is fitted in the inlet manifold to balance their performance. ===Class 3=== This class represents the initial category with unlimited capacity in Autograss racing. The cars in this class are required to have front-mounted engine and rear-wheel-drive. It allows for the conversion of front-wheel-drive vehicles to rear-wheel-drive and permits the use of 16-valve engines with a maximum capacity of 2065 cc, while engines with two valves per cylinder have no displacement limitations. As a result, this class features lightweight and high-speed cars with considerable power. Among the vehicles commonly found in this class are Toyota Starlet, MKII Ford Escort, and Ford Anglia. ===Class 4=== Class 4 is a modified category in Autograss racing, permitting engine capacities up to 1130 cc. While various engine modifications are permitted, turbocharging and supercharging are not allowed. The rules require that the original engine and its position should remain unchanged, but extensive modifications are made to enhance competitiveness. Cars commonly found in this class include Mini, Hillman Imp, Citroen Saxo, Nissan Micras, and Peugeot 106. ===Class 5=== This category serves as a popular entry point for individuals interested in driving modified saloon cars. It permits engine capacities ranging from 1131 to 1420 cc, without requiring the use of the original engine or its original position. Many cars in this class use rear engines to enhance traction and grip. ===Class 6=== Class 6 is designated for vehicles with unrestricted engine capacity and modifications, specifically for front engine and front wheel drive configurations. The cost range for participating in this class typically falls between £2000 and £10,000. ===Class 7=== Class 7 is exclusively designated for rear-wheel-drive vehicles. The engine capacities in this class are unrestricted, but they must exceed 1421 cc, unless a motorcycle engine is used, in which case a 1000 cc engine is permissible. A considerable number of class 7 cars utilize motorcycle engines and in such cases, two engines may be employed to propel the vehicle. The engines used in these cars often come at a substantial cost, and examples include Cosworth turbo-engines, large-block American V8 engines, and various highly tuned V6 engines. ===Class 8=== This class is recognized for its high level of competitiveness and imposes the strictest limit on engine capacity, allowing a maximum of 1420 cc for car engines specials and 1350 cc for bike engines. Engine tuning is permitted, turbocharging or supercharging are not allowed. While the majority of cars in this class are designed with rear engines, this configuration is not explicitly mandated by the regulations; however, it is considered the most effective approach for maximizing weight distribution over the wheels. ===Class 9=== This class has a strong track record of success in open-class races. It combines the powerful performance of modern 2.0 L engines with the advantage of being lighter, resulting in superior handling compared to the heavier class 10 vehicles. The allowed capacity ranges from 1421 cc to 2070 cc, and extensive modifications are permitted, with the standard exclusions of turbocharging and supercharging. All cars in this class are equipped with mid- engines, and the majority of them utilize a transverse gearbox layout combined with rear-wheel drive. ===Class 10=== Class 10 is recognized as one of the high-performance categories in Autograss racing. It is another purpose-built class that sets a minimum engine capacity of 2071 cc without an upper limit, allowing extensive modifications to the engine (with the exception of forced induction for motorcycle engines). Twin bike engines within the capacity range of 1550 cc to 4000 cc, as well as V8 engines, are popular choices in this class. Class 10 offers an opportunity for racers on a budget to obtain significant power for a relatively modest investment, although some car builds can exceed £50,000 in budget. ===Junior Specials=== This class comprises single-seater vehicles equipped with nearly standard 1.2 L Vauxhall Corsa engines. Similar to the junior class one saloons, class one single-seaters are designated for drivers aged 10 to 16 years. ===Other classes=== Some specific clubs feature additional classes, such as the F600, which were introduced as a more affordable and less powerful alternative to provide easier entry into the special classes. These vehicles are equipped with single 600 cc engines positioned at the rear, transmitting power to the rear wheels. While predominantly utilized by smaller clubs, F600s can be found in various locations. Another class is the stock hatchbacks, where nearly standard saloons with a maximum capacity of 1600 cc are used. However, these classes are not officially recognized as stand-alone categories by the governing body (NASA). When participating in races, they are required to compete in Class 8 or 9 for F600s and Class 6 for stock hatchbacks. ==See also== * British autocross * FIA Autocross * Folkrace == References == ==External links== * National Autograss Sport Association Official Website Category:Motorsport Category:Auto racing by type	['Mini', 'Peugeot 106', 'Nissan Micra', 'Toyota Yaris', 'Citroën AX', 'Vauxhall Nova', 'Ford Fiesta', 'Geo Metro', 'Toyota Starlet', 'Ford Anglia', 'Hillman Imp', 'British autocross', 'FIA Autocross', 'Folkrace']	['Q36024', 'Q826094', 'Q738470', 'Q6902966', 'Q1093538', 'Q376916', 'Q3077171', 'Q5533939', 'Q1355779', 'Q1133667', 'Q769139', 'Q15310803', 'Q786356', 'Q4413009']	[[(1166, 1170), (1320, 1324), (1536, 1540), (2416, 2420), (3699, 3703)], [(1412, 1423), (3751, 3762)], [(1425, 1437), (2238, 2250), (3732, 3744)], [(1439, 1451)], [(1457, 1467)], [(2223, 2236), (2338, 2351)], [(2256, 2267)], [(2425, 2434)], [(3247, 3261)], [(3285, 3296)], [(3705, 3716)], [(7636, 7653)], [(7656, 7669)], [(7672, 7680)]]
Andrew Gray may refer to: == Politics == Andrew Gray, 1st Lord Gray (1390–1469), Scottish diplomat and noble Andrew Gray (senator) (died 1849), Democratic-Republican member of the Delaware Senate, 1817–1821 Andrew C. Gray (1804–1885), entrepreneur and Whig delegate to the Delaware Constitutional Convention of 1853 Andrew Gray (politician) (born ca. 1975), member of the Alaska House of Representatives == Sports == Andy Gray (cricketer) (born 1974), former Yorkshire and Derbyshire cricketer Andy Gray (footballer, born 1955), Scottish footballer, commentator, and beIN Sports pundit Andy Gray (footballer, born 1964), English footballer and former coach of the Sierra Leone national team Andy Gray (footballer, born 1973), English footballer who played for Reading and Leyton Orient Andy Gray (footballer, born 1977), Scottish footballer who played for clubs including Leeds United, Nottingham Forest, Barnsley and Bradford City == Others == Andrew Gray (17th-century divine) (1633–1656), Scottish divine Andrew Gray (19th-century divine) (1805–1861), Scottish Presbyterian divine Andrew Gray (surveyor) (1820–1862), American surveyor Andrew Gray (physicist) (1847–1925), physicist and assistant to Lord Kelvin Andrew Gray (anthropologist) (1955–1999), anthropologist and indigenous rights worker Andrew Gray (writer) (born 1968), Scottish-born Canadian short story writer and novelist Andrew Gray (zoologist) (born 1963), British zoologist, teacher and conservationist Andrew Gray, former member of the band Hoots & Hellmouth Andy Gray (actor) (1959–2021), Scottish comedy actor Andy Gray (musician) (born 1970), composed the Big Brother UK TV theme (with Paul Oakenfold) Andrew Sexton Gray (1826–1907), Irish–Australian surgeon and ophthalmologist	['Andrew Gray, 1st Lord Gray', 'Andrew Gray (senator)', 'Andrew C. Gray', 'Andy Gray (cricketer)', 'Andy Gray (footballer, born 1955)', 'Andy Gray (footballer, born 1964)', 'Andy Gray (footballer, born 1973)', 'Andy Gray (footballer, born 1977)', 'Andrew Gray (17th-century divine)', 'Andrew Gray (19th-century divine)', 'Andrew Gray (surveyor)', 'Andrew Gray (physicist)', 'Andrew Gray (anthropologist)', 'Andrew Gray (writer)', 'Andrew Gray (zoologist)', 'Andy Gray (actor)', 'Andy Gray (musician)', 'Andrew Sexton Gray']	['Q4757161', 'Q4757163', 'Q37005454', 'Q4760737', 'Q516216', 'Q525927', 'Q4760735', 'Q525943', 'Q2171001', 'Q4757160', 'Q4757164', 'Q9614008', 'Q4757162', 'Q30504540', 'Q60462303', 'Q4760733', 'Q4760736', 'Q16031442']	[[(42, 68)], [(111, 132)], [(210, 224)], [(422, 443)], [(500, 533)], [(593, 626)], [(699, 732)], [(795, 828)], [(955, 988)], [(1019, 1052)], [(1096, 1118)], [(1151, 1174)], [(1228, 1256)], [(1315, 1335)], [(1405, 1428)], [(1548, 1565)], [(1602, 1622)], [(1696, 1714)]]
Homosexuality in the militaries of ancient Greece was regarded as contributing to morale.Victor Davis Hanson, The Western Way of War: Infantry Battle in Classical Greece (University of California Press, 1994, 2009), p. 124. Although the primary example is the Sacred Band of Thebes, a unit said to have been formed of same-sex couples, the Spartan tradition of military heroism has also been explained in light of strong emotional bonds resulting from homosexual relationships.Hanson, The Western Way of War, p. 124. Various ancient Greek sources record incidents of courage in battle and interpret them as motivated by homoerotic bonds. ==Philosophical discourses== Some Greek philosophers wrote on the subject of homosexuality in the military. In Plato's Symposium, the interlocutor Phaedrus commented on the power of male sexual relationships to improve bravery in the military:Plato, Symposium 178e–179a. However, the Symposium is a dialectical exploration of the nature of true love, in which Phaedrus' views are soon found to be inadequate compared to the transcendent vision of Socrates, who: Xenophon, while not criticizing the relationships themselves, ridiculed militaries that made them the sole basis of unit formation: ==Social aspects== According to tradition, the Greeks structured military units along tribal lines, a practice attributed to Nestor in the Homeric epics. The Theban military commander Pammenes, however, is supposed to have advocated military organization based on pairs of lovers:Plutarch, Pelopidas 18.2; discussed by K.J. Dover, Greek Homosexuality (Harvard University Press, 1978, 1989), p. 192, and Louis Crompton, Homosexuality and Civilization (Harvard University Press, 2003), p. 74. One such example took place during the Lelantine War between the Eretrians and the Chalcidians. In a decisive battle the Chalcidians called for the aid of a warrior named Cleomachus. Cleomachus answered their request and brought his lover along with him. He charged against the Eretrians and brought the Chalcidians to victory at the cost of his own life. It was said he was inspired with love during the battle. Afterwards, the Chalcidians erected a tomb for him in their marketplace and reversed their negative view of military homosexuality and began to honor it.Eva Cantarella, Bisexuality in the Ancient World (Yale University Press, 1992, 2002, originally published 1988 in Italian), p. 71. Aristotle attributed a popular local song to the event:Artistotle, Eroticus fr. 98 Rose (= Plutarch, Amatorius 760f), quoted at Cantarella p. 71 and Crompton p. 10 from the translation of F.C. Babbit, Plutarch: Moralia, vol. 9. Loeb Classical Library no. 425 (London, repr. 1961) p. 377. The importance of these relationships in military formation was not without controversy. According to Xenophon, the Spartans abhorred the thought of using the relationships as the basis of unit formation for placing too much significance on sexuality rather than talent. This was due to their founder Lycurgus who attacked lusts on physical beauty regarding it as shameful. Xenophon asserted that in some city-states the lovers would not even have conversations with one another. He said this type of behavior was horrible because it was entirely based on physical attractions:Xenophon, Spartan Constitution 10.3–4. Nonetheless, city states that employed the practice in determining military formation enjoyed some success. The Thebans had one such regiment as the core of their entire army. They attributed this group called the Sacred Band of Thebes for making Thebes the most powerful city-state for a generation until its fall to Philip II of Macedon. Philip II of Macedon was so impressed with their bravery during the battle he erected a monument that still stands today on their gravesite. He also gave a harsh criticism of the Spartan views of the band:Plutarch, Pelopidas 18.4. One of the prominent Greek military figures enjoying such a relationship was Epaminondas, considered the greatest warrior-statesmen of ancient Thebes by many, including the Roman historian Diodorus Siculus. He had two male lovers: Asopichus and Caphisodorus, the latter died with him at Mantineia in battle. They were buried together, something usually reserved for a husband and wife in Greek society. Another pair of warrior-lovers—Harmodius and Aristogeiton—credited with the downfall of tyranny in Athens and the rise of democracy became the emblem of the city. ==See also== * Homosexuality in ancient Greece * The Sacred Band of Stepsons * Blood brother ==References== * Gay Warriors, by Burg, B. R., et al.; New York: New York University Press, 2002. . * Homosexuality and Civilization, by Crompton, Louis, et al.; Massachusetts: The Belknap Press of Harvard University Press, 2003. . ==Further reading== * Daniel Ogden, "Homosexuality and Warfare in Ancient Greece," in Battle in Antiquity (Classical Press of Wales, 2009), pp. 107–68. ==External links== Category:Military history of ancient Greece Category:LGBT history in Greece Greece Militaries Category:Gay history	['Victor Davis Hanson', 'Sacred Band of Thebes', 'Plato', 'Xenophon', 'Thebans', 'Sparta', 'Homeric epics', 'Lelantine War', 'Eretria', 'Cleomachus', 'Eva Cantarella', 'Aristotle', 'Loeb Classical Library', 'Philip II of Macedon', 'Epaminondas', 'Diodorus Siculus', 'Mantineia', 'Harmodius and Aristogeiton', 'Homosexuality in ancient Greece', 'The Sacred Band of Stepsons', 'Blood brother']	['Q1276395', 'Q655132', 'Q859', 'Q129772', 'Q5760', 'Q5690', 'Q6691', 'Q738787', 'Q320367', 'Q31812935', 'Q459650', 'Q868', 'Q645948', 'Q130650', 'Q190436', 'Q171241', 'Q1160195', 'Q19178', 'Q543927', 'Q7761964', 'Q886783']	[[(89, 108)], [(260, 281), (3538, 3559)], [(749, 754), (881, 886)], [(1100, 1108), (2810, 2818), (3082, 3090), (3285, 3293)], [(3436, 3443)], [(340, 346), (2824, 2830), (3295, 3301), (3843, 3849)], [(1371, 1384)], [(1762, 1775)], [(1788, 1795), (2001, 2008)], [(1894, 1904), (1906, 1916)], [(2289, 2303)], [(2420, 2429)], [(2648, 2670)], [(3642, 3662), (3664, 3684)], [(3972, 3983)], [(4084, 4100)], [(4182, 4191)], [(4329, 4355)], [(4476, 4507)], [(4510, 4537)], [(4540, 4553)]]
thumb\|150px\|right\|upright\|James F. Byrnes The Interim Committee was a secret high-level group created in May 1945 by United States Secretary of War, Henry L. Stimson at the urging of leaders of the Manhattan Project and with the approval of President Harry S. Truman to advise on matters pertaining to nuclear energy. Composed of prominent political, scientific and industrial figures, the Interim Committee had broad terms of reference which included advising the President on wartime controls and the release of information, and making recommendations on post-war controls and policies related to nuclear energy, including legislation. Its first duty was to advise on the manner in which nuclear weapons should be employed against Japan. Later, it advised on legislation for the control and regulation of nuclear energy. It was named "Interim" in anticipation of a permanent body that would later replace it after the war, where the development of nuclear technology would be placed firmly under civilian control. The Atomic Energy Commission was enacted in 1946 to serve this function. ==Composition== Stimson himself was chairman. The other members were: James F. Byrnes, former US Senator and soon to be Secretary of State, as President Truman's personal representative; Ralph A. Bard, Under Secretary of the Navy; William L. Clayton, Assistant Secretary of State; Vannevar Bush, Director of the Office of Scientific Research and Development and president of the Carnegie Institution; Karl T. Compton, Chief of the Office of Field Service in the Office of Scientific Research and Development and president of Massachusetts Institute of Technology; James B. Conant, Chairman of the National Defense Research Committee and president of Harvard University; and George L. Harrison, an assistant to Stimson and president of the New York Life Insurance Company. Harrison chaired the committee when Stimson was absent, but Byrnes, as the President's personal representative, was probably its most influential member. The Interim Committee held its first meeting on 9 May 1945. Stimson began by outlining its broad terms of reference, which included advising the President on wartime controls and the release of information, and making recommendations on post- war controls and policies related to nuclear energy, including legislation. The Interim Committee was not specifically charged with making recommendations on the military use of nuclear weapons but the composition of the committee and the close relationship between the wartime use of nuclear weapons and post-war policies regarding them inevitably led to the Interim Committee's involvement. ==Decision on use of atomic bombs== The most immediate of the committee's tasks, one that has been the focus of much subsequent controversy, was to make recommendations concerning the use of the atomic bomb against Japan. The committee's consensus, arrived at in a meeting held June 1, 1945, is described as follows in the meeting's log: One member, Bard, later dissented from this decision and in a memorandum to Stimson laid out a case for a warning to Japan before using the bomb.Memorandum on the Use of S-1 bomb In arriving at its conclusion, the committee was advised by a Scientific Panel of four physicists from the Manhattan Project: Enrico Fermi and Arthur H. Compton of the Metallurgical Laboratory at the University of Chicago; Ernest O. Lawrence of the Radiation Laboratory at the University of California at Berkeley; and J. Robert Oppenheimer, who directed the bomb assembly program at Los Alamos. Reinforcing the decision arrived at on June 1, the scientists wrote in a formal report on June 16: Although the committee's recommendation was addressed to Stimson, Byrnes went directly from the June 1 meeting to brief Truman, who reportedly concurred with the committee's opinion. Reviewing the Scientific Panel's report on June 21, the committee reaffirmed its position: ==Press releases== The Interim Committee was given responsibility for the preparation of separate prepared statements for the President and the Secretary of War to be released when nuclear weapons were used. The job of drafting them was given to William Laurence. Laurence submitted them to Arthur W. Page for review, and he in turn passed them on to the Interim Committee. At its meeting on July 6, the Interim Committee considered and adopted a set of British suggestions. The final draft of President Truman's speech was handed to him at the Potsdam Conference on August 1. Following the dropping of an atomic bomb on the Japanese city of Hiroshima on August 6, Truman read out the press release, which declared that: ==Post-war legislation== In July 1944, before the Interim Committee was formed, Bush, Conant, and Irvin Stewart had produced a proposal for legislation to control nuclear energy. Conant submitted the proposals to the Interim Committee at its meeting on July 9, 1945. Harrison brought in two experienced lawyers, Kenneth Royall and William L. Marbury, to take up the job of drafting the legislation. Their draft bill would have created a nine-man commission consisting of five civilian and four military members. It granted the commission broad powers to acquire property, to operate facilities, to conduct research and to regulate all forms of nuclear energy. The Royall-Marbury bill was reviewed by the Interim Committee at its July 19 meeting and revised in line with their suggestions. The bill was forwarded to the President in August. The Interim Committee met again on September 28 to discuss legislative strategy. The Royall-Marbury bill was introduced into the United States Congress by the chairman of the House Military Affairs Committee, Andrew J. May, and the ranking member of the Senate Committee on Military Affairs, Senator Edwin C. Johnson, on October 3. It then became known as the May-Johnson bill. The May-Johnson bill soon ran into difficulties. Although the Interim Committee was discharged in November, it met one more time in December to discuss amendments to the May-Johnson bill. On December 20, 1945, Senator Brien McMahon introduced an alternative Senate bill on atomic energy, which quickly became known as the McMahon bill. This was initially a very liberal bill towards the control of scientific research, and was broadly supported by scientists. McMahon framed the controversy as a question of military versus civilian control of atomic energy, although the May-Johnson bill also provided for civilian control of atomic energy. In 1946, several major revisions were made to the McMahon bill to appease the more conservative elements in the Senate. The resulting bill passed both the Senate and the House without major modifications. On August 1, 1946, Truman signed the McMahon bill into law as the Atomic Energy Act of 1946. ==References== ==Further reading== * * * * * Category:Atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki Category:History of the Manhattan Project	['Henry L. Stimson', 'James F. Byrnes', 'Ralph A. Bard', 'William L. Clayton', 'George L. Harrison', 'Vannevar Bush', 'United States Secretary of War', 'Manhattan Project', 'Harry S. Truman', 'Office of Scientific Research and Development', 'Carnegie Institution', 'Massachusetts Institute of Technology', 'Harvard University', 'New York Life Insurance Company', 'Japan', 'Enrico Fermi', 'Arthur H. Compton', 'Metallurgical Laboratory', 'University of Chicago', 'Ernest O. Lawrence', 'J. Robert Oppenheimer', 'William Laurence', 'Arthur W. Page', 'Potsdam Conference', 'Atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki', 'Kenneth Royall', 'William L. Marbury', 'United States Congress', 'Andrew J. May', 'Edwin C. 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Boston College station is a light rail station on the MBTA Green Line B branch. It is located at St. Ignatius Square on the Boston College campus near the intersection of Commonwealth Avenue and Lake Street, on the border between the Brighton neighborhood of Boston and the Chestnut Hill neighborhood of Newton, Massachusetts. Originally opened in 1896, it has been the terminus of the Commonwealth Avenue line since 1900. The current station is planned to be replaced by a new station located in the median of Commonwealth Avenue just east of Lake Street. ==History== ===Original median station=== On August 15, 1896, the Boston Elevated Railway (BERy) added tracks on newly constructed Commonwealth Avenue from the Newton town line east to Chestnut Hill Avenue, where they were connected to the existing Beacon Street Line at Cleveland Circle. Except for rights to the Watertown Line inherited from the West End Street Railway, the BERy did not have operating rights in Newton. Instead, the Commonwealth Avenue Street Railway was built westward on the wide median of Commonwealth Avenue to Auburndale in 1895. It was soon taken over and operated by the Middlesex and Boston Street Railway (M&B;). The two lines met at Lake Street station on the town line. BERy cars from Lake Street began running into the Tremont Street subway via Beacon Street when the subway opened on September 1, 1897. On May 26, 1900, tracks on Commonwealth Avenue were completed from Chestnut Hill Avenue to Packards Corner, at which point Lake Street became the terminus of the Commonwealth Avenue line, which also ran into the subway. Except for occasional service disruptions due to track work or blockages on Commonwealth Avenue, Boston College has been the terminus of the Commonwealth Avenue line (B branch) since 1900. ===Move to the north=== Around 1916, the BERy constructed a pair of loops on the north side of Commonwealth Avenue just west of Lake Street; this allowed use of two-car motor-trailer trains on the line. On November 20, 1918, an out-of-service BERy streetcar rolled down a hill and destroyed the station, killing a waiting passenger. Remaining M&B; service on Commonwealth Avenue was replaced by buses in 1930, and the BERy no longer needed the old median station. The BERy built a storage yard on the site of the loops; a platform and waiting room in the yard opened on September 12, 1930. The M&B; used a bus stop adjacent to the new inbound platform. The station was renamed to Boston College on May 21, 1947, by vote of the Boston Elevated Railway trustees after Boston College bought adjacent land for their Newton campus. Boston College station has not had MBTA bus connections since the 535 Lake Street–Auburndale route (the direct descendant of the Commonwealth Avenue Street Railway) was discontinued in 1976. (Boston College operates a system of private shuttle buses, but they stop on the campus rather than at the station.) On May 23, 1979, the MBTA opened a new carhouse at the Lake Street yard. The carhouse provides light maintenance services to reduce the load on Reservoir and Riverside. In early 1980, the platforms were replaced; additional platforms were also constructed along the median east of Lake Street. Not a separate station, they were used when congestion in the yard (common with the introduction of the new Boeing LRVs) prevented trains from entering or exiting. The eastbound of these platforms, and a bus shelter on the westbound side, were removed during a 1980-81 renovation of the line. The westbound platform is still occasionally used when track work is being performed in the yard. ===Proposed new station=== thumb\|left\|A train at the 2009-opened inbound platform In the early 2000s, the MBTA modified key surface stops with raised platforms for accessibility as part of the Light Rail Accessibility Program. Portable lifts were installed at Boston College around 2000, along with a wooden mini-high platform (for level boarding on older Type 7 LRVs) on the inbound side. By 2005, the MBTA planned to relocate the station to the median of Commonwealth Avenue, just east of the Lake Street intersection. Boston College later agreed to aid the project financially and to donate land to widen Commonwealth Avenue to accommodate the station. New raised platform allowing level accessible boarding on newer low-floor Type 8 LRVs were completed on the existing site in 2009 at a cost of $296,000. Planning continued for the relocated station. The project was advanced to 15% design by a $656,000 federal grant and $164,500 of MBTA funds. The design was advanced to the 30% level in November 2012 with an environmental review package completed the previous month. Once funds are made available, the new station was expected to take 24 months to construct at a cost of $20 million. The new station was planned to have two side platforms, with a narrower platform between the tracks for passengers offloading from outbound trains and a wider platform with canopies for those waiting to board inbound trains. It would eliminate streetcars having to cross Commonwealth Avenue traffic to access the platforms, which would reduce moves across Commonwealth by 89%, though streetcars will still need to cross to access the yard. It was to have raised platforms for accessible boarding on newer low- floor LRVs and a ramp for accessible boarding on older high-floor LRVs. A $29.3 million reconstruction and expansion of Lake Street Yard to support new Type 10 LRVs is planned for the late 2020s. ==References== ==External links== MBTA - Boston College Engineering drawings of new station *Station from Google Maps Street View Category:Boston College Category:Brighton, Boston Category:Green Line (MBTA) stations Category:Railway stations in Massachusetts at university and college campuses Category:Railway stations in Boston Category:Railway stations in the United States opened in 1896	['Boston', 'Newton, Massachusetts', 'Massachusetts', 'MBTA', 'Green Line B branch', 'Boston College', 'Boston Elevated Railway', 'Commonwealth Avenue Street Railway', 'Tremont Street subway', 'MBTA bus', 'Boeing LRV']	['Q100', 'Q49196', 'Q771', 'Q171985', 'Q172011', 'Q49118', 'Q894561', 'Q1931918', 'Q2451368', 'Q6714772', 'Q890187']	[[(0, 6), (124, 130), (259, 265), (623, 629), (1169, 1175), (1710, 1716), (2482, 2488), (2529, 2535), (2568, 2574), (2629, 2635), (2821, 2827), (3882, 3888), (4143, 4149), (5562, 5568), (5661, 5667), (5695, 5701), (5845, 5851)], [(304, 325)], [(312, 325), (5767, 5780)], [(54, 58), (2664, 2668), (2958, 2962), (3728, 3732), (4025, 4029), (4560, 4564), (5555, 5559), (5723, 5727)], [(59, 78)], [(0, 14), (124, 138), (1710, 1724), (2482, 2496), (2568, 2582), (2629, 2643), (2821, 2835), (3882, 3896), (4143, 4157), (5562, 5576), (5661, 5675)], [(623, 646), (2529, 2552)], [(993, 1027), (2758, 2792)], [(1308, 1329)], [(2664, 2672)], [(3339, 3349)]]
Curley is a 1947 American comedy film produced by Hal Roach and Robert F. McGowan as a re-imagining of their Our Gang series. The film was one of Roach's "streamlined" features of the 1940s, running 53 minutes and was designed as a b-movie. Like most of Roach's latter-day output, Curley was shot in Cinecolor. Bernard Carr was the film's director, and the film released to theatres on August 23, 1947, by United Artists. It stars Larry Olsen, Frances Rafferty, Billy Gray, and Renee Beard, younger brother of original Our Gang cast member Matthew "Stymie" Beard. The plot of the film centers on a group of schoolchildren, led by Curley (Olsen), playing pranks on their teacher, Miss Johnson (Rafferty). Our Gang was known for its integrated cast of black and white children, and Curley followed suit. The Memphis, Tennessee Censor Board banned Curley for showing black and white children in school together and playing together. Lloyd Binford, head of the censor board, gave this rationale to Roach's distributor, United Artists: "[The board] was unable to approve your 'Curley' picture with the little Negroes as the south does not permit Negroes in white schools nor recognize social equality between the races, even in children". When Hal Roach sold Our Gang to Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer in 1938, he was contractually bound not to produce any more children's comedies. When Roach decided that he wanted to produce Curley, he got MGM's permission by giving up his right to buy back the name Our Gang. Curley and its sequel, Who Killed Doc Robbin, performed mildly at the box office. ==Plot summary== The very much appreciated young woman who was the previous teacher in Lakeview elementary school got married, and a substitute is appointed. School rascal William "Curley" Benson gather his classmates to make plans to get rid of their new teacher. They strongly suspect the substitute teacher to be half-mad eccentric, middle-aged Miss Johnson. The county supervisor, Miss Payne, visits Miss Johnson and finds out that the new teacher is actually Miss Johnson's niece Mildred, a pretty young woman who was a physical training instructor in the WAVES during the war. Miss Payne has her doubts about Mildred's capability to control a class like the one at Lakeview and warns Mildred. Miss Payne believes that Mildred might be too young and inexperienced to handle the spirited children. On the morning of the first day of school Mildred encounters the unsuspecting Curley on the way to school and offers him a ride. Not knowing that he is talking to his teacher, he tells her about the pranks that he and his friends are going to play on "Pigglepuss", their new teacher. Curley even tells her about putting his pet frog, Croakey, on the teacher's chair. Curley also manages to disclose the school kids' hope that Miss Johnson will quit immediately, so that they can spend the whole day fishing. At school, Curley loads his "rocketship" car powered by skyrockets. He positions the car so as to aim at an exhaust tube through a classroom window and also fills it with extra rockets and smoke bombs. When Curley takes his seat in the classroom, he discovers that his new teacher is the wonderful kindhearted Mildred. During that first day she teaches the children a lesson of humility by making each one a victim of his own prank, and Curley, who is also humiliated, flees the scene before his prank is about to happen. The schoolroom is duly filled with thick black smoke, Curley is blamed, but it turns out he is chasing the rocketship toy car, and not driving it. The car has been hijacked by "Dis" and "Dat", who are two mischievous children. They drive the car carelessly and wildly across the fields and, ultimately into a haystack, taking the stack with them, continuing the frightful journey. Miss Payne appears on the scene, and frightened by the moving haystack, she crashes her car while trying to avoid it. Miss Payne angrily cries out her disappointment with Mildred for her inability to discipline the children. Meanwhile, Mildred has brought the children on a picnic with her aunt. She teaches them baseball, football and boxing and offers the children lessons after school, but only if they earn good grades in their classes. Mildred is engaged in a boxing fight with the big Hank, a tough student, when the enraged Miss Payne arrives in order scrutinize her performance. Curley comes back from his hiding to help, but he mistakenly think Hank is beating up his teacher. He attacks the surprised Hank and manages to send Hank flying into a lake. Curley is forced to leave the picnic in shame. The other are grateful for their substitute teacher and thank Miss Payne for Mildred. Mildred gets an explanation of the previous events, and that when the classroom filled with smoke, Curley was chasing his "rocketship", not driving it, thus not responsible for the prank. Mildred finally finds Curley hiding and crying, afraid he will be expelled. He is also afraid that Mildred will be fired. Mildred reassures him with cake and ice cream, that such a thing won't happen, and tops off with picking up Croakey the frog. ==Cast== * Larry Olsen as William Benson aka Curley * Frances Rafferty as Mildred Johnson * Eilene Janssen as Betty * Dale Belding as Speck * Peter Miles as Dudley aka Dud * Ardda Lynwood as Ardda Benson * Kathleen Howard as Aunt Martha * Edna Holland as Miss Payne ==References== ==External links== * Category:1947 films Category:1940s English-language films Category:1947 comedy films Category:Films about educators Category:Cinecolor films Category:Films scored by Heinz Roemheld Category:American comedy films Category:1940s American films Category:United Artists films	['Robert F. 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Fnac () is a large French retail chain selling cultural and electronic products, founded by André Essel and Max Théret in 1954. Its head office is in Le Flavia in Ivry-sur-Seine near Paris. It is an abbreviation of Fédération Nationale d’Achats des Cadres ("National Purchasing Federation for Cadres"). It merged with Darty in 2016 to become Groupe Fnac Darty. ==Core values== The company's founders were André Essel and Max Théret. Fnac was founded in 1954. Fnac holds "forums" throughout the year, which are opportunities for customers to have dialogue with people such as Pedro Almodóvar, George Lucas, and David Cronenberg, discussions with authors including Paul Auster, Pierre Bourdieu, and Françoise Giroud in addition to concerts. Musicians playing in these concerts have included Yann Tiersen, Ben Harper, Keane and David Bowie. Each year a "book fair" is held with discussions among writers, politicians and the public. Topics related to literature, culture, society and the sciences are discussed. Since 2001 the company has also annually presented an award, Le prix du roman Fnac, whose winners are chosen by a panel of booksellers and members. Dominique Mainard, Pierre Charras and Pierre Péju are among those who have won. These events are shown on the company website fnaclive.com (in French). The company claims to be committed to defending the diversity of music. In February 2002, Fnac published with UPFI (Union des Producteurs Phonographiques Français Indépendants) "Manifeste pour la diversité musicale", as a prelude to a policy of favorable treatment for independent labels and their artists. Fnac publishes "Indétendances," a compilation of ten artists bimonthly published by independent labels, which it set aside part of its listening kiosks in stores to promote their work. ==History== Max Théret had a passion for photography which began in 1932. Hunted by the Gestapo, Théret left the Occupied Zone in 1942, moving to Grenoble, where he took up photography as a career. After the war, he trained as a photo laboratory technician, founded his own laboratory, and later constructed the first colour-processing machine in France. In 1951, while working for the telephone company, he founded Economie Nouvelle, a membership discount buying group for products sold through participating merchants. In 1952, Théret and André Essel conceived a new magazine-based buyers club.Contact Founded 1954, Fnac was a members-only discount buyers' club, offering sharp discounts on commercial and consumer products, based on the founders' socialist principles. Their aim was to improve the lives of the workers, not through higher salaries but through lower prices. The first shop was opened in a sublet, a second-floor apartment on the rue de Sebastopol in Paris on July 31, 1954. The brand positioning of the company continued with the training of sales assistants in their product categories, with purchases being guaranteed for one year. Furthermore, all products were tested in the company's independent test centre before sale. The test centre would check for technical quality, ease of use, price, and value for money ("rapport qualité-prix"), and all results were published in the company's free members' magazine Contact, which today can also be found advertised in store. In addition, staff were expected to do more than just sell their products but offer advice to customers and, beginning in 1957, blacklist any unsatisfactory products, such as those with technical difficulties. By the end of its first full year of operation the company saw revenues of 50 million old francs. In 1957, it was selling televisions, hi- fis, recording equipment, radios and records. ===1960s and 1970s=== In 1966, the Fnac store was opened to non-members and began to expand, opening its second store, also in Paris on the avenue de Wagram, near the Arc de Triomphe in 1969. By this time, the company had 580 employees. The 1970s saw further expansion for Fnac, as the company began opening shops in the French provinces outside Paris and a third in the city itself that sold books, the newest addition to the product range. The founders of the company sold 40 percent of the company to insurance firm Union des Assurances de Paris (now Axa) to raise money to fund growth. In turn, the insurance firm sold 16 percent of its shares to investment bank Banque de Paris et des Pays Bas (later Banque Paribas) in 1972. In 1974, the company began selling books at 80% of the recommended retail price, sparking protests from publishers, writers and independent booksellers alike, who could not benefit from the economies of scale. This prompted government action in 1982 with the so-called 'anti-Fnac' law, that was signed to limit discounts on books to a maximum of five percent. In 1975, videos were added to the product range. Towards the late 1970s, Fnac continued to expand by building to 12 stores in Paris and other cities through France. In 1977, the remaining shares of the company's founders were sold to the Société Génerale des Cooperatives de Consommation (SGCC, the financial arm of the Coop retailing group) to raise more capital. ===1980s and 1990s=== FNAC became a Public limited company on the Paris stock exchange in 1980 when 25 percent of the company was offered to the public. SGCC, however, maintained a 51 percent control of the company, which now employed more than 2,700 and was declaring turnover of FFr 2.2 billion. Théret left the company in 1981. In 1981, FNAC opened a store in Brussels, Belgium under the management of Sodal, a joint-venture between FNAC (40 percent) and the GIB Group (60 percent). The GIB Group later added three more stores in the mid-1980s, in Ghent, Antwerp, and Liège. In 1983, Essel retired and was replaced by the then SGCC president Roger Kerinec. In 1985, SGCC sold its shares to the insurance group Garantie Mutuelle des Fonctionnaires (GMF) due to growing competition from the French hypermarket and discount chains such as Carrefour and E.Leclerc. Michel Barouin, GMF's president and director general, took these positions at FNAC as well. In 1987, Barouin disappeared in an airplane accident and Jean-Louis Petriat was named to lead both GMF and FNAC. In 1988, the first Virgin Megastore opened in Paris. Petriat announced a FFr 1.5 billion plan to add 15 new stores to the 31-store chain and double the company's gross revenues, in order to compete with the new entrant to the French market. Petriat also had plans to expand into the German market. By this point, sales of compact discs and other recordings had joined books as the company's most important sources of revenue. During the late 1980s, Petriat added a music distribution division following the purchase of Wotre Music Distribution (WMD). In January 1991, Fnac Music was formed. Petriat hoped to build the first French multinational record company, with plans to capture as much as five percent of the market. The 1990s brought fierce competition after the arrival of HMV and Virgin Megastores in 1988 as well as the strength of hypermarkets. The company responded by cutting its prices and stepping up the competition, which forced HMV to leave France after only six months. Virgin Megastores remained in the French market, and decided to open two more stores in addition to its original store in Paris. In response to the megastore, as seen to the right, Fnac spent around $23 million to build its own megastore, at 32,000 square metres, more than twice the size of the Virgin megastore, which became known as "the Cathedral". In 1991, the first Fnac store was opened in Berlin continuing with Petriat's plans, this was close to the original Virgin megastore, which opened there only a few months earlier. In 1992, the fate of FNAC Librairie Internationale, featuring books in languages other than French, was sealed and closed after only a year of trading. This store was converted to a computer products-only concept, called FNAC Micro, which proved more successful. In 1993, the first Fnac store was opened in Madrid, Spain. However, the FNAC Music subsidiary, while posting some successes, failed to live up to the company's expectations and was unable to gain more than a two percent market share and was eventually sold off the distribution arm WMD, which shut down FNAC Music in 1994. Despite some failures, the company revealed growing revenues though shrinking profits in the early 1990s, also attributed to the recession in the French economy. In 1991 the company recorded gross sales of FFr 7.4 billion, while profits fell approximately FFr 55 million, to FFr 159.5 million. The following year, despite a rise in revenues to FFr 8.9 billion, the company's net income dropped to FFr 31.9 million. The falling profits for Fnac was a similar situation to the parent company, GMF whose share count totalled more than 80 percent. To raise more capital, GMF agreed to sell its shares of FNAC in July 1993 to Altus Finances, a subsidiary of government- owned Crédit Lyonnais, and Phenix, a property group owned by French waterworks company Compagnie Générale des Eaux, for FFr 2.4 billion. The deal came under scrutiny by the Commission des opérations de bourse (COB) though was allowed to proceed in September 1993. Crédit Lyonnais became the majority shareholder, with 64 percent of shares, while Générale des Eaux held 34 percent. The remaining two percent of shares continued to be publicly owned. In 1994, Crédit Lyonnais announced it was going to sell its 64 percent share of the company as part of a FFr 20 billion asset-reduction plan. In July 1994, the Altus Finances subsidiary agreed to sell the majority stake in FNAC for FFr 1.9 billion to François Pinault, the largest shareholder in and architect of Pinault-Printemps-Redoute. Since 1994, PPR or Pinault-Printemps-Redoute has been the majority shareholder of Fnac and the company was led by François- Henri Pinault, son of the parent company's head François Pinault. The new ownership saw the closure of the WMD and FNAC Music subsidiaries and instead concentrated on further expansion of its retail chain. In 1995, the company added its 45th French store, while a second Spanish store, in Barcelona was opened in 1996. In 1995, the Fnac store was closed in Berlin and the company instead continued its international expansion in Belgium, which were now becoming profitable. In October 1996, the new parent company assumed full control of the Belgian affiliate and announced plans to double the number of stores in Belgium that began with the opening of a fifth store in 1997. In March 1996, François-Henri, was named chairman of Fnac and opened two stores in France. At this point, Fnac had revenues passing FFr 10 billion and net earnings of FFr 200 million. In 1999, the first Fnac store outside Europe was opened in São Paulo (Brazil). ===2000s=== In 2013, Kering (formerly PPR) spun off Fnac as an independent company. In 2017, Fnac Darty launched into online advertising with the sale of its own web spaces to advertisers. In particular, the group set up a specialised department in January, headed by Arnauld de Saint Pastou. In May 2017, Fnac launched its own bank card, called Fnac Mastercard, in partnership with Crédit Agricole and Consumer Finance. On 17 July 2017, Enrique Martinez and Jacques Veyrat became the new bosses of Fnac and replaced Alexandre Bompard, who left for Carrefour. Jacques Veyrat, currently chairman of the investment company Impala, becomes chairman of the board of directors, while Enrique Martinez, who previously headed the Northern Europe region at Fnac Darty, is appointed CEO of the company. In February 2018, the French Property and Casualty Insurance Company (Sfam) became the second largest shareholder in the Fnac Darty group. On August 30, 2018, the UFC-Que choisir announces filing a complaint for "deceptive marketing practices". In June 2019, the company was fined 10 million euros for "deceptive marketing practices". Customers buying a phone in a FNAC store are indeed offered a refund offer of 30 euros, which leads them to leave their bank details to enjoy, signing unknowingly an insurance contract mixed documents. It then commits them for one year to pay 15.99 euros per month, monthly payments then rising to 37.99 euros, customers often not aware of the situation that several months later. In April 2020, following the outbreak of the COVID-19 pandemic, Fnac was the first large French company to tap a government-guaranteed loan (500 million euro).French retailer FNAC Darty taps state-backed loan, Reuters.com, 19 April 2020 == Operations == As of October 2018, the company owns stores in France, Belgium, Portugal, Spain, Switzerland and the Netherlands, and is present as franchising in Luxembourg, Morocco, Qatar, Ivory Coast, Cameroon, Senegal and the Republic of Congo. === Belgium === Fnac operates thirteen stores in Belgium, located in Aalst, Antwerp (two stores, including one in the outskirts of Wijnegem), Bruges, Brussels (three stores), Charleroi, Ghent, Hasselt, Leuven, Louvain-La-Neuve and Liège. === Brazil === At the height of its popularity in Brazil, there were twelve Fnac stores operating simultaneously in several Brazilian cities. In July 2017, all Fnac operations in Brazil were transferred to Livraria Cultura. In October 2018, all shops were closed and online operations ceased. === Luxembourg === Fnac operates as a franchise within the Grand Duchy of Luxembourg, it's webstore operates through the Belgian platform. === Monaco === Fnac operates a single store in Monaco, in the Métropole shopping centre. === Morocco === In 2011, Fnac opened its first store in Africa, located in Morocco Mall in Casablanca, Morocco. In 2017, Fnac opened their second store in Morocco, located in Ibn Batouta Mall in Tangier. In 2018, they opened Fnac Anfa located in the city centre of Casablanca. === Portugal === There are 32 Fnac stores in Portugal, including: Colombo (Lisbon), NorteShopping (Matosinhos), Armazéns do Chiado (Lisbon), CascaiShopping (Cascais), Oeiras Parque (Oeiras), Santa Catarina (Porto), Almada (Almada), GaiaShopping (Gaia), AlgarveShopping (Albufeira), Intermarche (Lagos), Forum Coimbra (Coimbra), MadeiraShopping (Madeira), Braga Parque (Braga), Alegro (Alfragide), Palácio do Gelo (Viseu), MarShopping-IKEA (Matosinhos), Vasco da Gama (Lisbon), GuimarãeShopping (Guimarães), LeiriaShopping (Leiria), Lisbon Airport (Lisbon), Alegro Setúbal (Setúbal), Fórum Montijo (Montijo ), Fórum Évora (Évora), UBBO (Amadora) and Amoreiras Shopping (Lisbon). Also a website (fnac.pt), which was the most popular commercial website in Portugal in 2007. === Qatar === There are two FNAC stores in the capital Doha, one in Laguna Mall, the other one in Doha Festival City. === Spain === There are 26 Fnac stores in Spain, including: Plaza Callao (Madrid), L'illa (Barcelona), San Agustín (Valencia), Triangle (Barcelona), Coso (Zaragoza), Bulevar (Alicante), Parque Principado (Oviedo), Diagonal Mar (Barcelona), La Cañada (Marbella, Málaga), Plaza (Marbella, Málaga), Plaza Norte (San Sebastián de los Reyes, Madrid), ParqueSur (Leganés, Madrid), Donostia (San Sebastián), Nueva Condomina (Murcia), Bilbao (Bilbao), Ave. de La Constitución (Seville), Praza de Lugo (Corunna), Málaga Plaza (Málaga), Plaza Imperial (Zaragoza), Centro Comercial Rio Shopping (Valladolid) La Gavia (Madrid), Paseo de la Castellana (Madrid) and Centro Comercial La Morea (Pamplona). The headquarters is located in Pozuelo de Alarcón, Madrid. === Switzerland === As of 2018, there are six Fnac stores in Switzerland, two in Geneva, one in Lausanne, one in Fribourg, one in Conthey and one in Neuchâtel. === Tunisia === Fnac operates two stores in Tunisia. The first one opened in 2018 in Tunis, and the second in 2019 in Sousse. ==Loyalty programme== Fnac operates a loyalty programme offering points that are awarded each time the card is presented at the till-point, for each euro spent. A membership fee applies. For every 4,000 points earned, a gift card worth €10 is issued to the card holder. As of 2008, the programme has 1.8 million members, with the loyalty card also serving as a credit card. As of 2008, there are two versions of the card, a one-year membership card or alternatively a three-year membership card. The membership card offers a 5% discount on hardware, books and various monthly offers. ==Product range== Fnac stores stock a range of products from audio, books, CDs, computer software and hardware, DVDs, televisions and video games. Some stores also operate services of photography and ticket sales. The company also offers a selection of more expensive consumer products positioning themselves above discount retailers. ==Head office== Fnac's head office is in Le Flavia in Ivry-sur-Seine, France."Contactez-nous." Fnac. Retrieved on 10 March 2010. "Nouvelle adresse du siège social de la Fnac à compter du 2 juin : 9, rue des Bateaux-Lavoirs ZAC Port d'Ivry 94768 Ivry-sur-Seine Cedex""Conditions générales de vente." Fnac. Retrieved on 1 May 2011. "Le Flavia, 9 rue des bateaux-lavoirs, 94768 Ivry-sur-Seine Cedex " The 6 story building was designed by Jean-Claude Besseau and has of space.Pouthier, Adrien. "Fnac : une nouvelle vie à Ivry" (Archive). Le Moniteur. 6 November 2008. Retrieved on 13 January 2015. "le Flavia, immeuble de 6 étages en forme de 3 de 16400 m² posé en bord de Seine sur le quai Marcel Boyer. L’immeuble, conçu par l’architecte Jean-Claude Besseau et livré à General Electric par le promoteur Brémond, répondait aux quatre enjeux de sélection posés au départ " The building is a part of the Ivry Port project."Le Flavia IVRY-SUR-SEINE (94) Livré en 2008 ." Bremond. Retrieved on 23 January 2015. Previously the company head office was located in Clichy-la-Garenne, Hauts-de-Seine. Around 2006 there were rumors stating that Fnac would move to Wissous.L.C. "Le siège de la Fnac pressenti" (Archive). Le Parisien. 2 November 2006. Retrieved on 10 March 2010. "Dans le parc d'affaires le Haut de Wissous - rebaptisé lors de sa récente inauguration parc d'affaires international - plus de 75 000 m 2 de bureaux d'entreprise cherchent preneur. Et c'est le siège social de la Fnac qui aurait décroché la timbale. Actuellement installé à Clichy-la-Garenne (Hauts-de-Seine), le siège de l'agitateur culturel chercherait à déménager. " Mais Wissous n'est qu'un site parmi tant d'autres ", martèle-t-on chez l'intéressé, qui cherche à démentir les rumeurs persistantes." In 2008 the head office moved to Ivry-sur- Seine. The subsidiary Fnac.com moved from Aubervilliers to Ivry during the same year."150 salariés de la Fnac arrivent encore à Ivry" (Archive). Le Parisien. 17 June 2008. Retrieved on 10 March 2010. "HIER, c'était le dernier jour d'aménagement au nouveau siège social de la Fnac, au bord de la Seine à Ivry-Port. Les 150 derniers arrivés viennent de la filiale Fnac.com, basée jusqu'à présent à Aubervilliers (Seine-Saint-Denis). Ils rejoignent ainsi les 850 autres employés qui sont déjà installés depuis le début du mois à Ivry." ==In popular culture== In the 1995 Spanish horror-comedy "El Día de la Bestia" (Eng. The Day of the Beast), the main character Ángel is caught trying to steal a book from the FNAC store in Callao Square in Madrid. The story of the 2005 Spanish thriller Mar rojo, starring Maribel Verdú, begins with an armed robbery at a Fnac store in Barcelona. ==References== ==External links== * French Fnac website * Belgian Fnac website * Brazilian Fnac website * Italian Fnac website * Portuguese Fnac website * Spanish Fnac website * Swiss Fnac website Category:Bookstores of France Category:Retail companies established in 1954 Category:French brands Category:Multinational companies headquartered in France Category:Music retailers of France Category:French companies established in 1954	['André Essel', 'Max Théret', 'Ivry-sur-Seine', 'France', 'Tunisia', 'Portugal', 'Spain', 'Switzerland', 'Luxembourg', 'Morocco', 'Qatar', 'Ivory Coast', 'Cameroon', 'Belgium', 'Retail', 'Music', 'Book', 'CD', 'DVD', 'Fnac Darty', 'Paris', 'Pedro Almodóvar', 'George Lucas', 'David Cronenberg', 'Paul Auster', 'Pierre Bourdieu', 'Françoise Giroud', 'Yann Tiersen', 'Ben Harper', 'David Bowie', 'Dominique Mainard', 'Pierre Charras', 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Willemite is a zinc silicate mineral () and a minor ore of zinc. It is highly fluorescent (green) under shortwave ultraviolet light. It occurs in a variety of colors in daylight, in fibrous masses and apple-green gemmy masses. Troostite is a variant in which part of the zinc is partly replaced by manganese, it occurs in solid brown masses. It was discovered in 1829 in the Belgian Vieille-Montagne mine. Armand Lévy was shown samples by a student at the university where he was teaching. Lévy named it after William I of the Netherlands (Translation: "In 1829, [Lévy] described willemite, a new mineral discovered at Moresnet's Vieille-Montagne and dedicated to William I of the Netherlands. "The mineral—quite abundant in Moresnet—went unnoticed by mineralogists who had visited this location. A student of the University of Liège brought me several pieces that I was unfamiliar with, so I went to these places. After carefully examining the many samples that I came across, I was convinced that my supposition was founded.") (it is occasionally spelled villemite).See: * From p. 71: "Bei einer Exkursion, welche ich neulich gemacht, glaube ich ein neues Mineral entdeckt zu haben; es soll Willemite heissen, nach S.M. dem König der Niederlande." (During an excursion which I made recently, I believe that I discovered a new mineral; it shall be called "Willemite", after His Majesty the King of the Netherlands.) * ("[...] in 1829 he dedicated to the king of the Netherlands, William I, the villemite, which he had just discovered at Vieille-Montagne.") The troostite variety is named after Dutch-American mineralogist Gerard Troost. ==Occurrence== Willemite is usually formed as an alteration of previously existing sphalerite ore bodies, and is usually associated with limestone. It is also found in marble and may be the result of a metamorphism of earlier hemimorphite or smithsonite.Klein, Cornelis (2007). The Manual of Mineral Science, p.484. John Wiley and Sons, Inc., Hoboken. . Crystals have the form of hexagonal prisms terminated by rhombohedral planes: there are distinct cleavages parallel to the prism-faces and to the base. Granular and cleavage masses are of more common occurrence. It occurs in many places, but is best known from Arizona and the zinc, iron, manganese deposits at Franklin and Sterling Hill Mines in New Jersey. It often occurs with red zincite (zinc oxide) and franklinite ( (an iron rich zinc mineral occurring in sharp black isometric octahedral crystals and masses). Franklinite and zincite are not fluorescent. ==Uses== Artificial willemite was used as the basis of first-generation fluorescent tube phosphors. Doped with manganese-II, it fluoresces with a broad white emission band. Some versions had some of the zinc replaced with beryllium. In the 1940s it was largely replaced by the second-generation halophosphors based on the fluorapatite structure. These, in turn have been replaced by the third- generation TriPhosphors. ==See also== List of minerals List of minerals named after people ==References== ==External links== * Category:Nesosilicates Category:Zinc minerals Category:Trigonal minerals Category:Minerals in space group 148 Category:Luminescent minerals Category:Minerals described in 1829	['Vieille-Montagne', 'William I of the Netherlands', 'Moresnet', 'University of Liège', 'Gerard Troost', 'New Jersey', 'Sterling Hill Mine', 'List of minerals', 'List of minerals named after people']	['Q947317', 'Q2079957', 'Q151938', 'Q1334582', 'Q3103917', 'Q1408', 'Q7611425', 'Q243479', 'Q2291565']	[[(383, 399), (630, 646), (1538, 1554)], [(510, 538), (664, 692)], [(619, 627), (725, 733)], [(814, 833)], [(1623, 1636)], [(2339, 2349)], [(2316, 2334)], [(2988, 3004), (3006, 3022)], [(3006, 3041)]]
The Dahesh Museum of Art is the only museum in the United States devoted to the collection and exhibition of European academic art of the 19th and 20th century. The collection, located in Manhattan, New York City, originated with Lebanese writer and philosopher Salim Moussa Achi (1909–1984), whose pen name was Dr. Dahesh. The core of the museum's holdings consists of Dahesh's collection of more than 2,000 academic paintings, which includes many notable Orientalist paintings. The museum's regular exhibition space closed in 2008, leaving the museum temporarily available only online and in traveling exhibitions. In early 2012, the museum reopened an office and gift shop in Manhattan's Hudson Square neighborhood, near SoHo. Renovations began in 2015 on the museum's new permanent home at 178 East 64th Street. According to the museum's website, the opening is anticipated in winter 2019–2020. ==Collection== The museum is noted for its outstanding collections of orientalist paintings and works by American illustrators. Lessons of the Academy, Maureen Mullarkey, August 4, 2005, New York Sun. Illustrations by American Artists at the Dahesh Museum, Ken Johnson, April 13, 2006, New York Times. ==History== The museum's creation stems from the Zahid family's inheritance of Dahesh's collection upon his death. Five members of the family serve on the museum's Board and chose to create the museum in Manhattan rather than Lebanon due to the challenges of the city's art community arising from the political instability of the country. Despite some concerns about the art's origins, the museum was incorporated in 1987 and opened officially in 1995 at an gallery on Fifth Avenue. It struggled in the early years, due in part to the relatively obscure nature of its founder's legacy, and the perception of illustration as an art form. Despite the struggles, the museum attracted an annual attendance of about 20,000 people and it was able to amass a $30m endowment in a little more than five years, rivaling that of the Guggenheim Museum. In September 2003, it opened in a new space at 580 Madison Avenue and 56th Street three years after an unsuccessful bid on a Columbus Circle property and a year after the new location was announced. This property, the former IBM Gallery, was completely redesigned by Hardy Holzman Pfeiffer Associates. The museum moved out of the Madison Avenue space in January 2008, due to rent related issues that caused it to look for a subletter for the remainder of its lease. While the museum did not have a physical presence in New York City, the collection continued to travel and the website has been redesigned in order to make the collection virtual. While seeking a permanent home, the Dahesh described its mission as a museum without walls, engaging in a regular program of loan exhibitions to museums and galleries, and, in early 2012, opening a gift shop and salon space on Sixth Avenue in Manhattan's Hudson Square neighborhood. The space enabled some public programming and a small presentation of the museum's holdings. A Wave of Public Art for New York City, Carol Vogel, March 7, 2013. ==See also== * Art Renewal Center ==References== == External links == * * Category:Fifth Avenue Category:Art museums established in 1995 Category:Proposed museums in the United States Category:Art museums and galleries in New York City Category:Museums in Manhattan Category:1995 establishments in New York City Category:Upper East Side	['New York City', 'Art museum', 'United States', 'Europe', 'Manhattan', 'Lebanon', 'Dr. Dahesh', 'Hudson Square', 'Fifth Avenue', 'Columbus Circle', 'IBM', 'Hardy Holzman Pfeiffer Associates', 'Art Renewal Center']	['Q60', 'Q207694', 'Q30', 'Q46', 'Q11299', 'Q822', 'Q5304049', 'Q14706462', 'Q109858', 'Q109968', 'Q37156', 'Q13533363', 'Q2864562']	[[(199, 212), (2561, 2574), (3089, 3102), (3354, 3367), (3430, 3443)], [(3237, 3247), (3325, 3335)], [(51, 64), (3302, 3315)], [(109, 115)], [(188, 197), (679, 688), (1405, 1414), (2931, 2940), (3388, 3397)], [(1427, 1434)], [(312, 322)], [(691, 704), (2943, 2956)], [(1670, 1682), (3215, 3227)], [(2167, 2182)], [(2267, 2270)], [(2309, 2342)], [(3147, 3165)]]
The red-masked parakeet (Psittacara erythrogenys)DNA-sequence data require revision of the parrot genus Aratinga (Aves: Psittacidae) J.V. Remsen, Jr., Erin E. Schirtzinger, Anna Ferraroni, Luís Fábio Silveira & Timothy F. Wright is a medium-sized parrot from Ecuador and Peru. It is popular as a pet and are better known in aviculture as the cherry-headed conure or the red-headed conure. They are also considered the best talkers of all the conures. ==Description== Red-masked parakeets average about long, of which half is the tail. They are bright green with a mostly red head on which the elongated pale eye-ring is conspicuous; the nape is green. Also, the lesser and median underwing coverts are red, and there is some red on the neck, the thighs, and the leading edge of the wings. Juveniles have green plumage, until their first red feathers appear at around the age of four months. Its call is two- syllabled, harsh and loud. ==Habitat and distribution== These birds are native to southwestern Ecuador and northwestern Peru, where they primarily live in jungle and deciduous forest. They can also thrive in semiarid regions as well as in suburban regions. While they can live up to above sea level, they are usually found below the mark. Their wide distribution and popularity as pets contributes to their successful introduction in other areas upon release especially in the southern and western areas of the United States as exotic feral birds. ===Feral populations=== Escaped cage birds are considered to be introduced in Spain. They make up most of the feral population in San Francisco, California, in the United States, which is documented in the film The Wild Parrots of Telegraph Hill by Judy Irving, based on the book of the same name by Mark Bittner."The Parrot Pages" - Mark Bittner 2008 They are also seen in part of Hawaii. Breeding populations of feral parakeets have been observed in California in San Francisco, San Diego County, Los Angeles, San Gabriel Valley, Sunnyvale, Orange County, Palo Alto and Long Beach. The birds have been observed feeding on the fruits and flowers and nesting in palm trees. ==Breeding== Clutches average three to four eggs and incubation is over within 23 or 24 days. Nests are usually made in tree cavities and they can breed successfully in small woodlots or even isolated trees in degraded forests. Juvenile birds fledge after 50 days with green plumage. ==Conservation status== It has been the tenth most common Neotropical parrot imported into the US with over 26,000 parakeets checked in from 1981 to 1985. This bird was formerly more common in its limited range, and was reclassified by the IUCN from a species of least concern to a species that is near threatened in 1994. This is due to declining populations brought by widespread local pet trade in Peru and Ecuador, which has contributed to habitat loss and fragmentation. ==References== ==Further reading== * *Handbook of the Birds of the World Vol 4, Josep del Hoyo editor, red-masked parakeet Category:Feral parrots Category:Birds of Ecuador Category:Birds of Peru Category:Parakeets Category:Birds of the Tumbes-Chocó-Magdalena red-masked parakeet Category:Taxa named by René Lesson Category:Species endangered by the pet trade	['Ecuador', 'Peru', 'Feral', 'San Francisco', 'California', 'United States', 'The Wild Parrots of Telegraph Hill', 'Judy Irving', 'Mark Bittner', 'Hawaii', 'Feral parrot', 'Los Angeles', 'San Gabriel Valley', 'IUCN']	['Q736', 'Q419', 'Q2739176', 'Q62', 'Q99', 'Q30', 'Q7774884', 'Q6304487', 'Q6766746', 'Q782', 'Q5443752', 'Q65', 'Q2363753', 'Q48268']	[[(259, 266), (1003, 1010), (2824, 2831), (3054, 3061)], [(271, 275), (1028, 1032), (2815, 2819), (3080, 3084)], [(1459, 1464), (3022, 3027)], [(1586, 1599), (1922, 1935)], [(1601, 1611), (1908, 1918)], [(1419, 1432), (1620, 1633)], [(1667, 1701)], [(1705, 1716)], [(1756, 1768), (1790, 1802)], [(1838, 1844)], [(3022, 3034)], [(1955, 1966)], [(1968, 1986)], [(2654, 2658)]]