Datasets:

Sayankotor

/

WikiEntities

like 0

XView is a widget toolkit from Sun Microsystems introduced in 1988. It provides an OPEN LOOK user interface for X Window System applications, with an object-oriented application programming interface (API) for the C programming language. Its interface, controls, and layouts are very close to that of the earlier SunView window system, making it easy to convert existing applications from SunView to X. Sun also produced the User Interface Toolkit (UIT), a C++ API to XView. The XView source code has been freely available since the early 1990s, making it the "first open-source professional-quality X Window System toolkit". XView was later abandoned by Sun in favor of Motif (the basis of CDE), and more recently GTK+ (the basis of GNOME). XView was reputedly the first system to use right-button context menus, which are now ubiquitous among computer user interfaces. == See also == * OLIT * MoOLIT * OpenWindows == References == == Further reading == * Ian Darwin, et al, X Window System User's Guide, OPEN LOOK Edition (O'Reilly & Associates, unpublished) Volume 3OL * Dan Heller, XView Programming Manual (O'Reilly & Associates, 1991) Volume 7 * Thomas Van Raalte, ed. XView Reference Manual (O'Reilly & Associates, 1991) Volume 7b Category:Widget toolkits Category:Sun Microsystems software Category:X-based libraries

['Sun Microsystems', 'OPEN LOOK', 'X Window System', 'SunView', 'User Interface Toolkit', 'C++', 'GTK+', 'GNOME', 'OLIT', 'OpenWindows']

['Q14647', 'Q3371970', 'Q178481', 'Q3430495', 'Q7901829', 'Q2407', 'Q189464', 'Q44316', 'Q7072666', 'Q2497482']

[[(31, 47), (1272, 1288)], [(83, 92), (1006, 1015)], [(112, 127), (600, 615), (976, 991)], [(313, 320), (389, 396)], [(425, 447)], [(457, 460)], [(715, 719)], [(734, 739)], [(888, 892), (897, 901)], [(904, 915)]]

thumb| stack of books sculpture at the Berlin Walk of Ideas, commemorating the invention of modern book printing The history of books became an acknowledged academic discipline in the 1980s. Contributors to the discipline include specialists from the fields of textual scholarship, codicology, bibliography, philology, palaeography, art history, social history and cultural history. Its key purpose is to demonstrate that the book as an object, not just the text contained within it, is a conduit of interaction between readers and words. Analysis of each component part of the book reveals its purpose, where and how it was kept, who read it, ideological and religious beliefs of the period and whether readers interacted with the text within. Even a lack of evidence of this nature leaves valuable clues about the nature of that particular book. The earliest forms of writing were etched on stone slabs, transitioning to palm leaves and papyrus in ancient times. Parchment and paper later emerged as important substrates for bookmaking, introducing greater durability and accessibility. Across regions like China, the Middle East, Europe, and South Asia, diverse methods of book production evolved. The Middle Ages saw the rise of illuminated manuscripts, intricately blending text and imagery, particularly during the Mughal era in South Asia under the patronage of rulers like Akbar and Shah Jahan. Prior to the invention of the printing press, made famous by the Gutenberg Bible, each text was a unique handcrafted valuable article, personalized through the design features incorporated by the scribe, owner, bookbinder, and illustrator. The invention of the printing press in the 15th century marked a pivotal moment, revolutionizing book production. Innovations like movable type and steam-powered presses accelerated manufacturing processes and contributed to increased literacy rates. Copyright protection also emerged, securing authors' rights and shaping the publishing landscape. The Late Modern Period introduced chapbooks, catering to a wider range of readers, and mechanization of the printing process further enhanced efficiency. The 20th century witnessed the advent of typewriters, computers, and desktop publishing, transforming document creation and printing. Digital advancements in the 21st century led to the rise of e-books, propelled by the popularity of e-readers and accessibility features. While discussions about the potential decline of physical books have surfaced, print media has proven remarkably resilient, continuing to thrive as a multi-billion dollar industry. Additionally, efforts to make literature more inclusive emerged, with the development of Braille for the visually impaired and the creation of spoken books, providing alternative ways for individuals to access and enjoy literature. == Origins == The history of the book became an acknowledged academic discipline in the latter half of the 20th century. It was fostered by William Ivins Jr.'s Prints and Visual Communication (1953) and Henri-Jean Martin and Lucien Febvre's L'apparition du livre (The Coming of the Book: The Impact of Printing, 1450–1800) in 1958 as well as Marshall McLuhan's Gutenberg Galaxy: The Making of Typographic Man (1962). Another notable pioneer in the History of the Book is Robert Darnton. == Chronology == The history of the book starts with the development of writing, and various other inventions such as paper and printing, and continues through to the modern-day business of book printing. The earliest knowledge society has on the history of books actually predates what would conventionally be called "books" today and begins with tablets, scrolls, and sheets of papyrus. (The current format that we consider to be books, with separate sheets fastened together rather than a scroll, is called a codex (plural codices)). Then hand-bound, expensive, and elaborate manuscripts appeared in codex form. These gave way to press-printed volumes and eventually led to the mass-printed volumes prevalent today. Contemporary books may even have no physical presence with the advent of the e-book. The book also became more accessible to the disabled with the advent of Braille and audiobook. == Clay tablets == thumb|A Sumerian clay tablet, currently housed in the Oriental Institute at the University of Chicago, inscribed with the text of the poem Inanna and Ebih by the priestess Enheduanna, the first author whose name is known|alt= Clay tablets were used in Mesopotamia in the . The calamus, an instrument with a triangular point, was used to inscribe characters in moist clay. Fire was used to dry the tablets out. At Nineveh, over 20,000 tablets have been found, dating from the ; this was the archive and library of the kings of Assyria, who had workshops of copyists and conservationists at their disposal. This presupposes a degree of organization of books, consideration given to conservation, classification, etc. Such tablets continued to be used until the 19th century in various parts of the world, including Germany, Chile, Philippines, and the Sahara Desert. === Cuneiform and Sumerian writing === Writing originated as a form of record- keeping in Sumer during the with the advent of cuneiform. Many clay tablets have been found that show cuneiform writing used to record legal contracts, create lists of assets, and eventually record Sumerian literature and myths. Archaeologists have found scribal schools from as early as the , where students were taught the art of writing. Developed in what is now Iraq, "cuneiform" script was later named after the Latin word cuneus, meaning wedge- shaped. Scribes often wrote cuneiform on clay, but sometimes they used precious materials such as gold. Cuneiform was written in different languages, such as Sumerian, Akkadian, and Greek, for more than three thousand years, ending only when the Sassanian Empire conquered Babylon and forced the scribes to stop writing. Some of the surviving cuneiform tablets were written by student scribes. == Papyrus == After extracting the marrow from the stems of papyrus reed, a series of steps (humidification, pressing, drying, gluing, and cutting) produced media of variable quality, the best being used for sacred writing. In Ancient Egypt, papyrus was used as a medium for writing surfaces, maybe as early as the First Dynasty, but first evidence is from the account books of King Neferirkare Kakai of the Fifth Dynasty (about 2400 BCE). A calamus, the stem of a reed sharpened to a point, or bird feathers were used for writing. The script of Egyptian scribes was called hieratic, or sacerdotal writing; it is not hieroglyphic, but a simplified form more adapted to manuscript writing (hieroglyphs usually being engraved or painted). Egyptians exported papyrus to other Mediterranean civilizations including Greece and Rome where it was used until parchment was developed. Papyrus books were in the form of a scroll of several sheets pasted together, for a total length of 10 meters or more. Some books, such as the history of the reign of Ramses III, were over 40 meters long. Books rolled out horizontally; the text occupied one side and was divided into columns. The title was indicated by a label attached to the cylinder containing the book. Many papyrus texts come from tombs, where prayers and sacred texts were deposited (such as the Book of the Dead, from the early 2nd millennium BCE). Papyrus was a common substrate to be used as notarial documents, tax registries, and legal contracts. Scrolls were typically held vertically to be read and text was written in long columns. Literary texts, on the other hand, were traditionally transcribed into the codex form. After the latter half of the , leftover papyrus in Egypt was often used by bookbinders for making book covers since paper had replaced papyrus as the dominant substrate for books. == East Asia == === China === Before the introduction of books, writing on bone, shells, wood and silk was prevalent in China long before the 2nd century BCE, until paper was invented in China around the 1st century CE. China's first recognizable books called jiance or jiandu, were made of rolls of thin split and dried bamboo bound together with hemp, silk, or leather. The discovery of the process using the bark of the mulberry to create paper is attributed to Cai Lun, but it may be older. Texts were reproduced by woodblock printing; the diffusion of Buddhist texts was a main impetus to large-scale production. The format of the book evolved with intermediate stages of scrolls folded concertina-style, scrolls bound at one edge ("butterfly books"), and so on. Although there is no exact date known, between 618 and 907 CE —the period of the Tang Dynasty— the first printing of books started in China. The oldest extant printed book is a work of the Diamond Sutra and dates back to 868 CE, during the Tang Dynasty. The Diamond Sutra was printed by method of woodblock printing, a strenuous method in which the text to be printed would be carved into a woodblock's surface, essentially to be used to stamp the words onto the writing surface medium. Woodblock printing was a common process for the reproduction of already handwritten texts during the earliest stages of book printing. This process was incredibly time-consuming. Because of the meticulous and time-consuming process that woodblock printing was, Bi Sheng, a key contributor to the history of printing, invented the process of Movable type printing (1041–1048 CE). Bi Sheng developed a printing process in which written text could be copied with the use of formed character types, the earliest types being made of ceramic or clay material. The method of movable type printing would later be independently invented and improved by Johannes Gutenberg. === Japan === A lot of extremely detailed text was produced in early 17th century Japan. For instance, Hitomi Hitsudai spent sixty years taking field notes on 499 types of edible flowers and animals for his book Honchō shokkan (The Culinary Mirror of the Realm). This detailed style of writing was common in the early years when the majority of literate people were of higher classes. Soon afterwards, literacy increased, as hundreds (some say thousands) of schools taught children the vocabulary of geography, history, and individual crafts and callings.Ishikawa Matsutaro. Oraimono no seiritsu to tenkai. Tokyo: Yushodo Shuppan, 1988. The highly detailed style still persisted as it was consistent in many gazetteers, emerging as a social lexicon. In some instances, family almanacs and encyclopedias were put together regionally. While the highly detailed writing form persisted, a simpler reading style also developed around the 1670s that was written for a popular readership. It used a simpler vernacular language, and was written almost directly for first-time book buyers. These original tales of fiction were popular among common samurai as well as common townspeople. Works went beyond fiction and also depicted certain crafts and manuals specialized for that topic. These more popularized books were written in a newly emerging form of script. Authors had to deal with the idea of the "reading public" for the first time. These authors took into account the different social strata of their audience and had to learn "the common forms of reference that made the words and images of a text intelligible" to the layman. Authors had reached a new market with their more simplistic writing. After passing this hurdle, they began writing about more than specified crafts and social lexicons. For the first time, writers had the chance to make once private knowledge public, and moved into more regional information guides. Detail-oriented writing still persisted as writing became understood as something that needed to show "quantitative evidence in order to measure continuity against change". The increasing literacy across Japan as well as the proliferation of authors made writing a semi-autonomous system. However, there were still instances of censorship in the late 17th century. Despite the vast depiction of landscape, governmental powers ensured areas that entailed sensitive subjects, such as military households, foreign affairs, Christianity, and other heterodox beliefs, and disturbing current events were kept out of public works. This self-censorship did have drawbacks, as social commentary stayed in the higher social caste where this information was more readily available. Despite these censors, public readings increased across Japan and created new markets that could be shared between the higher elites as well as middlebrow people, albeit with differing subject matter. == Pre-columbian codices of the Americas == In Mesoamerica, information was recorded on long strips of paper, agave fibers, or animal hides, which were then folded and protected by wooden covers. These were thought to have existed since the time of the Classical Period between the 3rd and 8th centuries, CE. Many of these codices were thought to contain astrological information, religious calendars, knowledge about the gods, genealogies of the rulers, cartographic information, and tribute collection. Many of these codices were stored in temples but were ultimately destroyed by the Spanish explorers.Suarez, M.E. & Wooudhuysen, H.R. (2013). The book: A global history. Oxford, Oxford University Press. pp. 656–657. Currently, the only completely deciphered pre-Columbian writing system is the Maya script. The Maya, along with several other cultures in Mesoamerica, constructed concertina-style books written on Amate paper. Nearly all Mayan texts were destroyed by the Spanish during colonization on cultural and religious grounds. One of the few surviving examples is the Dresden Codex. Although only the Maya have been shown to have a writing system capable of conveying any concept that can be conveyed via speech (at about the same level as the modern Japanese writing system), other Mesoamerican cultures had more rudimentary ideographical writing systems which were contained in similar concertina-style books, one such example being the Aztec codices. === Florentine Codex === There are more than 2,000 illustrations drawn by native artists that represent this era. Bernardino de Sahagun tells the story of the Aztec people's lives and their natural history. The Florentine Codex speaks about the culture religious cosmology and ritual practices, society, economics, and natural history of the Aztec people. The manuscript is arranged in both Nahuatl and in Spanish. The English translation of the complete Nahuatl text of all twelve volumes of the Florentine Codex took ten years. Arthur J.O. Anderson and Charles Dibble had a decade of long work but made it an important contribution to Mesoamerican ethnohistory. Years later, in 1979, the Mexican government published a full- color volume of the Florentine Codex. Now, since 2012, it is available digitally and fully accessible to those interested in Mexican and Aztec History. The Florentine Codex is a 16th-century ethnographic research study brought about by the Spanish Franciscan friar Bernardino de Sahagun. The codex itself was actually named La Historia Universal de las Cosas de Nueva España. Bernardino de Sahagun worked on this project from 1545 up until his death in 1590. The Florentine Codex consists of twelve books. It is 2500 pages long but divided into twelve books by categories such as; The Gods, Ceremonies, Omens, and other cultural aspects of Aztec people. == Wax tablets == Romans used wax- coated wooden tablets or pugillares upon which they could write and erase by using a stylus. One end of the stylus was pointed, and the other was spherical. Usually, these tablets were used for everyday purposes (accounting, notes) and for teaching writing to children, according to the methods discussed by Quintilian in his Institutio Oratoria X Chapter 3. Several of these tablets could be assembled in a form similar to a codex. Also, the etymology of the word codex (block of wood) suggests that it may have developed from wooden wax tablets.Bernhard Bischoff. Latin Palaeography: Antiquity and the Middle Ages, Cambridge University Press 2003 [reprint], p. 11. == Parchment == Parchment progressively replaced papyrus. Legend attributes its invention to Eumenes II, the king of Pergamon, from which comes the name "pergamineum," which became "parchment." Its production began around the 3rd century BCE. Made using the skins of animals (sheep, cattle, donkey, antelope, etc.), parchment proved to be easier to conserve over time; it was more solid and allowed one to erase text. It was a very expensive medium because of the rarity of the material and the time required to produce a document. Vellum, in particular, is a fine quality parchment, made from calf hide. Exeter Book Riddle 26 describes the process of making parchment through the eyes of an animal. The riddle reads: === Greece and Rome === The scroll of papyrus is called "volumen" in Latin, a word which signifies "circular movement," "roll," "spiral," "whirlpool," "revolution" (similar, perhaps, to the modern English interpretation of "swirl") and finally "a roll of writing paper, a rolled manuscript, or a book." In the 7th century Isidore of Seville explains the relation between codex, book, and scroll in his Etymologiae (VI.13) as this: === Description === The scroll is rolled around two vertical wooden axes. This design allows only sequential usage; one is obliged to read the text in the order in which it is written, and it is impossible to place a marker in order to directly access a precise point in the text. It is comparable to modern video cassettes. Moreover, the reader must use both hands to hold on to the vertical wooden rolls and therefore cannot read and write at the same time. The only volumen in common usage today is the Jewish Torah. === Book culture === The authors of antiquity had no rights concerning their published works; there were neither authors' nor publishing rights. Anyone could have a text recopied, and even alter its contents. Scribes earned money and authors earned mostly glory unless a patron provided cash; a book made its author famous. This followed the traditional concept of the culture: an author stuck to several models, which he imitated and attempted to improve. The status of the author was not regarded as absolutely personal. From a political and religious point of view, books were censored very early: the works of Protagoras were burned because he was a proponent of agnosticism and argued that one could not know whether or not the gods existed. Generally, cultural conflicts led to important periods of book destruction: in 303, the emperor Diocletian ordered the burning of Christian texts. Some Christians later burned libraries and especially heretical or non-canonical Christian texts. These practices are found throughout human history but have ended in many nations today. A few nations today still greatly censor and even burn books. But there also exists a less visible but nonetheless effective form of censorship when books are reserved for the elite; the book was not originally a medium for expressive liberty. It may serve to confirm the values of a political system, as during the reign of the emperor Augustus, who skillfully surrounded himself with great authors. This is a good ancient example of the control of the media by political power. However, private and public censorship has continued into the modern era, albeit in various forms. === Proliferation and conservation of books in Greece === Little information concerning books in Ancient Greece survives. Several vases (6th and 5th centuries BCE) bear images of volumina. There was undoubtedly no extensive trade in books, but there existed several sites devoted to the sale of books. The spread of books, and attention to their cataloging and conservation, as well as literary criticism developed during the Hellenistic period with the creation of large libraries in response to the desire for knowledge exemplified by Aristotle. These libraries were undoubtedly also built as demonstrations of political prestige: * The Library at Antioch, a public library of which Euphorion of Chalcis was the director near the end of the 3rd century. * The Library at Athens, the Ptolemaion, which gained importance following the destruction of the Library at Alexandria; the Library of Pantainos, around 100 CE; the library of Hadrian, in 132 CE. * The Library at Pergamon, founded by Attalus I; it contained 200,000 volumes which were moved to the Serapeion by Mark Antony and Cleopatra, after the destruction of the Museion. The Serapion was partially destroyed in 391, and the last books disappeared in 641 CE following the Arab conquest. * The Library at Rhodes, a library that rivaled the Library of Alexandria. * The Library of Alexandria, a library created by Ptolemy Soter and set up by Demetrius Phalereus (Demetrius of Phaleron). It contained 500,900 volumes (in the Museion section) and 40,000 at the Serapis temple (Serapeion). All books in the luggage of visitors to Egypt were inspected and could be held for copying. The Museion was partially destroyed in 47 BCE. The libraries had copyist workshops and the general organization of books allowed for the following: * A catalog of books * Conservation of an example of each text * Literary criticisms in order to establish reference texts for the copy (example : The Iliad and The Odyssey) * The copy itself, which allowed books to be disseminated * Translation (the Septuagint Bible, for example) === Book production in Rome === Book production developed in Rome in the 1st century BC with Latin literature that had been influenced by the Greek. Conservative estimates place the number of potential readers in Imperial Rome at around 100,000 people. This diffusion primarily concerned circles of literary individuals. Atticus was the editor of his friend Cicero. However, the book business progressively extended itself through the Roman Empire; for example, there were bookstores in Lyon. The spread of the book was aided by the extension of the Empire, which implied the imposition of the Latin tongue on a great number of people (in Spain, Africa, etc.). Libraries were private or created at the behest of an individual. Julius Caesar, for example, wanted to establish one in Rome, proving that libraries were signs of political prestige. In the year 377, there were 28 libraries in Rome, and it is known that there were many smaller libraries in other cities. Despite the great distribution of books, scientists do not have a complete picture as to the literary scene in antiquity as thousands of books have been lost through time. == Paper == Papermaking has traditionally been traced to China about 105 CE, when Cai Lun, an official attached to the Imperial court during the Han dynasty (202 BCE – 220 CE), created a sheet of paper using mulberry and other bast fibres along with fishnets, old rags, and hemp waste. While paper used for wrapping and padding was used in China since the 2nd century BC,‘Needham, Joseph & Wang, L.’ (1954) “Science and civilization in China”. Volume 5, pp. 122. University Press paper used as a writing medium only became widespread by the 3rd century. By the 6th century in China, sheets of paper were beginning to be used for toilet paper as well.'Needham, Joseph & Wang, L.’ (1954) “Science and civilization in China”. Volume 1, p.123. University Press During the Tang dynasty (618–907 CE) paper was folded and sewn into square bags to preserve the flavor of tea. The Song dynasty (960–1279) that followed was the first government to issue paper currency. Paper as a substrate was introduced from China and practiced in Central Asia by the 8th century CE. Rather than the bast fibers used for Chinese papermaking, artisans used rag fibers which could be locally sourced. Under Arab rule, these artisans enhanced their techniques for beating rag fibers and preparing the surface of the paper to be smooth and porous by utilizing starch. By the latter half of the 10th century CE paper had replaced papyrus as the dominant substrate for books in the regions under Islamic rule. An important development was the mechanization of paper manufacture by medieval papermakers. The introduction of water-powered paper mills, the first certain evidence of which dates to the 11th century in Córdoba, Spain,Burns, Robert I.: "Paper comes to the West, 800–1400", in: Lindgren, Uta: Europäische Technik im Mittelalter. 800 bis 1400. Tradition und Innovation, 4th ed., Gebr. Mann Verlag, Berlin 1996, , pp. 413–422 [418] allowed for a massive expansion of production and replaced the laborious handcraft characteristic of both ChineseThompson, Susan: "Paper Manufacturing and Early Books", Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences, Vol. 314 (1978), pp. 167–176 (169)Lucas, Adam Robert: "Industrial Milling in the Ancient and Medieval Worlds. A Survey of the Evidence for an Industrial Revolution in Medieval Europe", Technology and Culture, Vol. 46, No. 1 (2005), pp. 1–30 (28, fn. 70) and MuslimBurns, Robert I.: "Paper comes to the West, 800–1400", in: Lindgren, Uta: Europäische Technik im Mittelalter. 800 bis 1400. Tradition und Innovation, 4th ed., Gebr. Mann Verlag, Berlin 1996, , pp. 413–422 [414–417] papermaking. Papermaking centers began to multiply in the late 13th century in Italy, reducing the price of paper to one-sixth of parchment and then falling further.Burns, Robert I.: "Paper comes to the West, 800–1400", in: Lindgren, Uta: Europäische Technik im Mittelalter. 800 bis 1400. Tradition und Innovation, 4th ed., Gebr. Mann Verlag, Berlin 1996, , pp. 413–422 [417] == Middle Ages == By the end of antiquity, between the 2nd and 4th centuries, the scroll was replaced by the codex. The book was no longer a continuous roll, but a collection of sheets attached at the back. It became possible to access a precise point in the text quickly. The codex is equally easy to rest on a table, which permits the reader to take notes while they are reading. The codex form improved with the separation of words, capital letters, and punctuation, which permitted silent reading. Tables of contents and indices facilitated direct access to information. This is still the standard book form, over 1500 years after its appearance. However, it is more likely that its development is attributable to the early Christians who began using it.Funk, Anna O. "From Scroll to Codex: New Technology and Opportunities." Disrupting Society from Tablet to Tablet. 2015. CC BY- NC Paper would progressively replace parchment. Cheaper to produce, it allowed a greater diffusion of books. === Books in monasteries === A number of Christian books were destroyed at the order of Diocletian in 304. During the turbulent periods of the invasions, it was the monasteries that conserved religious texts and certain works of classical antiquity for the West. There were also important copying centers in Byzantium. The role of monasteries in the conservation of books is somewhat ambiguous: * The purpose of book conservation was not exclusively to preserve ancient culture; it was especially relevant to understanding religious texts with the aid of ancient knowledge. Some works were never recopied, having been judged too dangerous for the monks. Moreover, in need of blank media, the monks sometimes scraped off manuscripts, thereby destroying ancient works. The transmission of knowledge was centered primarily on sacred texts. * Reading was an important activity in the lives of monks, which can be divided into prayer, intellectual work, and manual labor (in the Benedictine order, for example). It was therefore necessary to make copies of certain works. Accordingly, many monasteries had a scriptorium, where monks copied and decorated manuscripts that had been preserved. === Copying and conserving books === Despite this ambiguity, monasteries in the West and the Eastern Empire permitted the conservation of a certain number of secular texts, and several libraries were created: for example, Cassiodorus ('Vivarum' in Calabria, around 550), and Constantine I in Constantinople. Even so, survival of books often depended on political battles and ideologies, which sometimes entailed massive destruction of books or difficulties in production (for example, the distribution of books during the Iconoclasm between 730 and 842). A long list of very old and surviving libraries that now form part of the Vatican Archives can be found in the Catholic Encyclopedia. To help preserve books and protect them from thieves, librarians would create chained libraries, with books attached to cabinets or desks with metal chains. This eliminated the unauthorized removal of books. One of the earliest chained libraries was in England during the 1500s. Popular culture also has examples of chained libraries, such as in Harry Potter and the Philosopher's Stone by J.K Rowling. === The scriptorium === The scriptorium was the workroom of monk copyists; here, books were copied, decorated, rebound, and conserved. The armarius directed the work and played the role of the librarian. The role of the copyist was multifaceted: for example, thanks to their work, texts circulated from one monastery to another. Copies also allowed monks to learn texts and to perfect their religious education. The relationship with the book thus defined itself according to an intellectual relationship with God. But if these copies were sometimes made for the monks themselves, there were also copies made on- demand. The task of copying itself had several phases: the preparation of the manuscript in the form of notebooks once the work was complete, the presentation of pages, the copying itself, revision, correction of errors, decoration, and binding. The book, therefore, required a variety of competencies, which often made a manuscript a collective effort. === Transformation from the literary edition in the 12th century === The revival of cities in Europe would change the conditions of book production and extend its influence, and the monastic period of the book would come to an end. This revival accompanied the intellectual renaissance of the period. The Manuscript culture outside of the monastery developed in these university-cities in Europe at this time. It is around the first universities that new structures of production developed: reference manuscripts were used by students and professors for teaching theology and liberal arts. The development of commerce and of the bourgeoisie brought with it a demand for specialized and general texts (law, history, novels, etc.). It is in this period that writing in the common vernacular developed (courtly poetry, novels, etc.). Commercial scriptoria became common, and the profession of bookseller came into being, sometimes dealing internationally. There is also the creation of royal libraries as in the case of Saint Louis and Charles V. Books were also collected in private libraries, which became more common in the 14th and 15th centuries. The use of paper diffused through Europe in the 14th century. This material, less expensive than parchment, came from China via the Arabs in Spain in the 11th and 12th centuries. It was used in particular for ordinary copies, while parchment was used for luxury editions. == Printing press == The invention of the moveable type on the printing press by Johann Fust, Peter Schoffer, and Johannes Gutenberg around 1440 marks the entry of the book into the industrial age. The Western book was no longer a single object, written or reproduced by request. The publication of a book became an enterprise, requiring capital for its realization and a market for its distribution. The cost of each individual book (in a large edition) was lowered enormously, which in turn increased the distribution of books. The book in codex form and printed on paper, as we know it today, dates from the 15th century. Books printed before January 1, 1501, are called incunables. The spreading of book printing all over Europe occurred relatively quickly, but most books were still printed in Latin. The spreading of the concept of printing books in the vernacular was a somewhat slower process. == Western Asia and North Africa == === Early period === Since the 7th century CE, parchment was used in the codex form for transcribing the Quran. They ranged from being of a larger size used for public recitations to being pocket sized. Books created in this time period placed greater importance on text over image. In many cases, the parchment was dyed (such as the Blue Quran), which was initially executed in Christian Byzantine manuscripts. Earlier Quran manuscripts were oriented vertically, with the height of the book longer than its width. However, later the standard horizontal orientation was established. === Medieval period === The art of the book as a discipline came to be established in the Medieval Islamic period during the 11th-century CE. This is attributed to the rising availability of paper which replaced parchment and was easier to handle and distribute, and that rounded scripts took the place of previously angular scripts. In this period, an array of book types were produced in addition to the Quran, including scientific notes, poetry and literary narratives. The conversion of members of the Mongol elite classes to Islam in the 13th century CE to form the Ilkhanate led to a surge in patronage for book production and distribution from Tabriz and Baghdad. Large scale operations of producing Qurans were made possible by the availability of Baghdadi paper. The increase in the volume of books produced was used as a tool to spread publicity about the workings of the papermaking mills established by the Ilkhans. Along with this, the other artisans working in conjunction with the book arts (calligraphers, bookbinders, illuminators, etc.) all benefited from the increased output. Images began to appear on illuminated manuscripts along with text with illustration becoming a focal point of the book, not just calligraphy. The role of the books produced by the Ilkhans were intended to promote either religion or heritage and ranged from holy books to historical ones. === Later period === Manuscript production in the 16th and 17th centuries CE were directed towards royal workshops with the economic power to produce them. Book distribution tied to their use as status symbols in one's collection, or as economic investments and donations. The process of producing a manuscript began with the workshop director designing the overall layout, followed by the process of making the paper (which may be gold-speckled or marbled), the scribe writing the text and finally multiple artisans illustrating the pages with miniature paintings, banners and decorated frontispieces. After the pages were burnished, bookbinders sewed the front cover, spine and back cover with the folios. Baghdad emerged as the epicenter for book production in the Ottoman Empire. Books produced in Ottoman workshops included biographies, travelogues and genealogies. In the late 16th century CE patronage to the arts declined, including book production, due to an economic crisis. The arts revived under the rule of Ahmet III who established the Topkapi Palace library in Constantinople to commission new manuscripts. The imagery used in these books began to take influence from contemporary European engravings. Until the late 1500s, availability of printed books increased but not acceptance of the printing press, since the scribes and calligraphers felt they would be out of work should it be introduced. The Persian Safavids held great importance to the book arts and had a thriving book culture. In this era, the kitab-khana ("book house") was a term serving three definitions – first, it was a public library for the storing and preservation of the books; secondly, it also referred to an individual's own private collection of books; and thirdly to a workshop where books were made with calligraphers, bookbinders and papermakers worked together. The Safavid style of manuscript illustrations evolved into its own style building from the arts of the Timurid Period. The most well-known manuscript created by the Safavids is the Shahnama, based on the poem by Ferdowsi. === Introduction to printing === Movable type in the Arabic script was initially created by European printing presses. In the 1530s, the first Quran had been printed in Venice by Paganino Paganini. The embrace of the printing press by the general public in the Arab and Persian worlds occurred in the 18th century CE, despite having been introduced in Europe three centuries earlier. The first Arabic printing press was established in Constantinople in 1720 under the reign of Sultan Ahmed III. In 1815, Muhammad Ali Pasha sent artisans to Milan to learn the principles of printing in order to set up a press in Egypt. The Bulaq Press was established in 1822 and was headed by Nikula al-Masabiki from Syria, who designed the Arabic typesets. The first published book by the printing press was an Italian–Arabic dictionary. Lithographic printmaking was introduced as a way of mechanical reproduction of text and image by the 19th century CE, shortly after its invention in the Kingdom of Bavaria. The first Persian book to be printed by lithography was a copy of the Quran, using a printing press imported from Russia to the city of Tabriz. Despite the use of movable typography diminishing between 1852 and 1872, the process of printing from stone lithography flourished in Islamic book production. The advantage of lithography included the medium being well suited to adapt the well established artistic traditions found in traditional Islamic manuscripts. In Persia in the mid 1800s, several "mixed-media" codices were created, employing a hybrid range of both handwritten scribed portions and printed matter. By the late 1800s movable type increased in popularity again. In Egypt, the majority of the 10,205 books printed from 1822 to 1900 were through letterpress printing. As the arts pertaining to manuscript production such as miniature painting and bookbinding decreased in popularity in the 20th century CE, calligraphy and the art of writing still remain popular. == South Asia == thumb|355x355px|Page from a Jain manuscript depicting the birth of Mahavira, c. 1400 thumb|253x253px|Folio from the Shah Jahan Album, c. 1620, depicting the Mughal Emperor Shah Jahan === Early manuscripts === In ancient times, stone slabs had been used for writing. The oldest surviving books come from the 10th century CE, the earliest belonging to the Buddhist manuscript tradition. Prior to the adoption of paper, these were written on palm leaves, a naturally abundant resource in the southern part of the subcontinent. The pages were usually three feet wide and two inches tall. The process of preparing the palm leaves consisted of drying, polishing, and treating with starch to form a surface suitable for writing. The pages were bound together by a single piece of string on the shorter edge, and held with the longer edge of the manuscript running alongside the user's chest. Paper was introduced to the Indian Subcontinent from Egypt and the Arabian Peninsula in the 11th century CE by merchants trading with Gujarat. The first papermaking mills were established in the 15th century CE by artisans arriving from Samarkand. However, palm leaves continued to be used as a substrate for manuscripts in parts of eastern and southern India and Sri Lanka. Paper was commonly used in the Jain manuscript tradition from the 15th century CE onwards. The elongated proportions of the palm leaf manuscripts were dropped for thinner forms made possible by the use of paper, however, the pages still used a horizontal orientation. Images took up around one-third of the page, the rest being filled with text. === Mughal Era === The first Mughal Emperor Babur was not a large patron of the arts, however, he chronicled his endeavors in a biographic manuscript called the Baburnama. Following his exile into the Safavid Empire, in 1540 Babur's successor Humayun brought back artisans of illustrated Persian manuscripts to the Mughal court. Despite being illiterate himself, the book arts flourished under the patronage of Mughal Emperor Akbar. He established a painting workshop adjacent to the royal library and atelier in Fatehpur Sikri in the late 15th century CE, allowing the production of the book and illustrated manuscript to occur more efficiently. Large scale poster-sized manuscript paintings were used as recitation aids to famous stories and narratives, such as the Hamzanama. Akbar's grandson Shah Jahan established a manuscript decoration tradition that included a strong emphasis on text than his predecessors, as well as margins filled with imagery of flowers and vegetation. Manuscript production had declined from its peak by the time of Shah Jahan's reign and book illustrators and artisans went on to be employed by the regional Rajasthani courts of Bikaner, Bundi and Kota. During the 17th century CE, the influence of the illustrated book declined. Single sheet artworks became more popular since they were more cost-effective to produce and purchase, and were later assembled into albums with decorative elements added after. == Modern Era == === The Late Modern Period === The Late Modern Period saw a lot of development in the types of books being circulated. Chapbooks – short works on cheap paper – were targeted towards lower-class readers and featured a diverse range of subjects. Everything from myth and fairy tales to practical and medical advice and prayers contributed to a steady demand that helped spread literacy among the lower classes. Literacy was in general on the rise, with a near-universal literacy rate in Western Europe, Australia, and the United States of America by 1890, with the inequality between men and women's literacy starting to equalize by 1900. The printing press became increasingly mechanized. Early designs for metal and steam-powered printing presses were introduced in the early 19th century by inventors like Friederich Koenig and Charles Stanhope. However, they became widely adopted by the 1830s, particularly by newspapers such as the London Times. Around the same time, a revolution was triggered in paper production by Henry Fourdrinier and Thomas Gilpin, whose new paper-making machines output very wide continuous rolls of paper. The only bottleneck to book production was the time-consuming process of composition. This was eventually solved by Ottmar Mergenthaler and Tolbert Lanston who produced the Linotype and Monotype machines respectively. With these barriers removed book production exploded. Great strides began in the realm of publishing as authors began to enjoy early forms of Copyright protection. The Statute of Anne was passed in 1710, establishing basic rights for the author's intellectual property. This was superseded by the Copyright Act of 1814 which transferred sole rights to print work for twenty-eight years after publication. This was extended in 1842 to the author's lifetime plus seven years, or forty two years after first publication. During the Enlightenment more books began to pour off European presses, creating an early form of information overload for many readers. Nowhere was this more the case than in Enlightenment Scotland, where students were exposed to a wide variety of books during their education. The demands of the British and Foreign Bible Society (founded 1804), the American Bible Society (founded 1816), and other non-denominational publishers for enormously large inexpensive runs of texts led to numerous innovations. The introduction of steam printing presses a little before 1820, closely followed by new steam paper mills, constituted the two most major innovations. Together, they caused book prices to drop and the number of books to increase considerably. Numerous bibliographic features, like the positioning and formulation of titles and subtitles, were also affected by this new production method. New types of documents appeared later in the 19th century: photography, sound recording and film. === Contemporary Period === Typewriters and eventually, computer-based word processors and printers let people print and put together their own documents. Desktop publishing is common in the 21st century. Among a series of developments that occurred in the 1990s, the spread of digital multimedia, which encodes texts, images, animations, and sounds in a unique and simple form was notable for the book publishing industry. Hypertext further improved access to information. Finally, the internet lowered production and distribution costs. === E-books and the future of the book === It is difficult to predict the future of the book in an era of fast-paced technological change.Robert Darnton, The Case for Books: Past, Present and Future, New York, Public Affairs, 2009. . Anxieties about the "death of books" have been expressed throughout the history of the medium, perceived as threatened by competing media such as radio, television, and the Internet. However, these views are generally exaggerated, and "dominated by fetishism, fears about the end of humanism and ideas of techno-fundamentalist progress". The print book medium has proven to be very resilient and adaptable. In the 2020s, print books still considerably outsell ebooks in most countries and remain a multi- billion dollar industry. A good deal of reference material, designed for direct access instead of sequential reading, as for example encyclopedias, exists less and less in the form of books and increasingly on the web. Leisure reading materials are increasingly published in e-reader formats. Although electronic books, or e-books, had limited success in the early years, and readers were resistant at the outset, the demand for books in this format has grown dramatically, primarily because of the popularity of e-reader devices and as the number of available titles in this format has increased. Since the Amazon Kindle was released in 2007, the e-book has become a digital phenomenon and many theorize that it will take over hardback and paper books in the future. E-books are much more accessible and easier to buy and it is also cheaper to purchase an E-Book rather than its physical counterpart due to paper expenses being deducted. Another important factor in the increasing popularity of the e-reader is its continuous diversification. Many e-readers now support basic operating systems, which facilitate email and other simple functions. The iPad is the most obvious example of this trend, but even mobile phones can host e-reading software. == Reading for the blind == Braille is a system of reading and writing through the use of the finger tips. Braille was developed as a system of efficient communication for blind and partially blind alike. The system consists of sixty-three characters and is read left to right. These characters are made with small raised dots in two columns similar to a modern domino piece to represent each letter. Readers can identify characters with two fingers. Reading speed averages one hundred and twenty- five words per minute and can reach two hundred words per minute. === The making of Braille === Braille was named after its creator Louis Braille in 1824 in France. Braille stabbed himself in the eyes at the age of three with his father's leatherworking tools. Braille spent nine years working on a previous system of communication called night writing by Charles Barbier. Braille published his book "procedure for writing words, music, and plainsong in dots", in 1829. In 1854 France made Braille the "official communication system for blind individuals". Valentin Haüy was the first person to put Braille on paper in the form of a book. In 1932 Braille became accepted and used in English speaking countries. In 1965 the Nemeth Code of Braille Mathematics and Scientific Notation was created. The code was developed to assign symbols to advanced mathematical notations and operations. The system has remained the same, only minor adjustments have been made to it since its creation. === Spoken books === The spoken book was originally created in the 1930s to provide the blind and visually impaired with a medium to enjoy books. In 1932 the American Foundation for the Blind created the first recordings of spoken books on vinyl records. In 1935, a British-based foundation, Royal National Institute for the Blind (RNIB), was the first to deliver talking books to the blind on vinyl records. Each record contained about thirty minutes of audio on both sides, and the records were played on a gramophone. Spoken books changed mediums in the 1960s with the transition from vinyl records to cassette tapes. The next progression of spoken books came in the 1980s with the widespread use of compact discs. Compact discs reached more people and made it possible to listen to books in the car. In 1995 the term audiobook became the industry standard. Finally, the internet-enabled audiobooks to become more accessible and portable. Audiobooks could now be played in their entirety instead of being split onto multiple disks. thumb|right|A 15th-century Incunable. Notice the blind-tooled cover, corner bosses, and clasps. == Gallery == File:European Output of Manuscripts 500–1500.png|European output of manuscripts 500–1500 File:European Output of Printed Books ca. 1450–1800.png|European output of printed books c. 1450–1800 File:European Output of Books 500–1800.png|European output of books 500–1800 == See also == * Book publishing by country * Centre for the History of the Book * Outline of books * Textual scholarship ;Specialized databases in book history * English Short Title Catalogue * Early American Imprints: Series I Evans, 1639-1800 * Early English Books Online * Incunabula Short Title Catalogue * Universal Short Title Catalogue == References == ===Works cited=== * ==Further reading== === Books === * Blair, Ann (2010). Too Much to Know: Managing Scholarly Information before the Modern Age. Yale University Press. . * * * Craughwell, Thomas J., and Damon Smith (2004). Q.P.B. Short History of the Paperback, and Other Milestones in Publishing. New and updated ed. New York: Quality Paperback Book Club. * * * * tr. by David Gerard; ed. by Geoffrey Nowell-Smith and David Wootton; Note : reprint, other reprints by this publisher 1990 & 1984, originally published (London : N.L.B., 1976); Translation of _L'apparition du livre_. * * * * * * Series : History of the book, no. 4. * * Price, Leah (2012). How to Do Things with Books in Victorian Britain. Princeton University Press. . * * === Publishers' series === * Publishing and Book Culture (Cambridge University Press) Publishing and Book Culture * Library of the Written Word - The Handpress World (Brill) Library of the Written Word - The Handpress World * Material Texts (Penn Press) Material Texts * New Directions in Book History (Palgrave Macmillan) New Directions in Book History * Studies in Print Culture and the History of the Book (University of Massachusetts Press) Search grid * Studies in Publishing History: Manuscript, Print, Digital (Routledge) Studies in Publishing History: Manuscript, Print, Digital: Studies in Publishing History: Manuscript, Print, Digital - Book Series - Routledge & CRC Press * Oxford University Studies in the Enlightenment (SVEC) Oxford University Studies in the Enlightenment === Periodicals === * Annual Bibliography of the History of the Printed Book and Libraries (Martinus Nijhoff) * Archiv für Geschichte des Buchwesens (Buchhändler-Vereinigung) * Book History (Society for the History of Authorship, Reading and Publishing) * Electronic British Library Journal (British Library Board) Formerly the British Library Journal * Papers of the Bibliographical Society of America (Bibliographical Society of America) * Papers of the Bibliographical Society of Canada (Bibliographical Society of Canada) * Quaerendo (Theatrum Orbis Terrarum) * Revue Française d'Histoire du Livre (Société des bibliophiles de Guyenne) * Script & Print (Bibliographical Society of Australia and New Zealand) , formerly the Bulletin of the Bibliographical Society of Australia and New Zealand * Studies in Bibliography (Bibliographical Society of the University of Virginia) * The Library: The Transactions of the Bibliographical Society (Bibliographical Society) * Histoire et civilisation du livre. Revue internationale * International journal of the book * Mémoires du livre/Studies in Book Culture * The Journal of the Early Book Society for the Study of Manuscripts and Printing History == External links == * . (Bibliographical essay) * . (Assorted articles on book history, mostly UK and US) * Development of the Printed Page at the University of South Carolina Libraries Digital Collections * Early Printed and Manuscript Leaf collection, University of Maryland Libraries * Medieval and Renaissance Manuscripts, Center for Digital Initiatives, University of Vermont Libraries * Program in the History of the Book in American Culture * Society for the History of Authorship, Reading and Publishing (SHARP) * The Atlas of Early Printing * Museum finder: printing and related museums in Europe and worldwide at Association of European Printing Museums * Institut d'histoire du livre * Centre for the Study of the Book at Bodleian Libraries * Early printed books: resources for learning and teaching Category:History of literature Category:Textual criticism Category:Textual scholarship Category:History of communication

['Walk of Ideas', 'Johannes Gutenberg', 'Gutenberg Bible', 'William Ivins Jr.', 'Henri-Jean Martin', 'Lucien Febvre', 'Marshall McLuhan', 'Robert Darnton', 'Braille', 'Sumer', 'University of Chicago', 'Enheduanna', 'Mesopotamia', 'Nineveh', 'Assyria', 'Archaeologists', 'Book of the Dead', 'Ancient Egypt', 'Neferirkare Kakai', 'Fifth Dynasty', 'Papyrus', 'Ramses III', 'Cai Lun', 'Diamond Sutra', 'Bi Sheng', 'Movable type', 'Dresden Codex', 'Maya script', 'Mesoamerica', 'Amate', 'Japanese writing system', 'Aztec codices', 'Quintilian', 'Eumenes II', 'Pergamon', 'Vellum', 'Isidore of Seville', 'Torah', 'Protagoras', 'Diocletian', 'Augustus', 'Greece', 'Hellenistic', 'Aristotle', 'Antioch', 'Euphorion of Chalcis', 'Athens', 'Library at Alexandria', 'Library of Pantainos', 'Hadrian', 'Attalus I', 'Mark Antony', 'Cleopatra', 'Arab', 'Rhodes', 'Demetrius Phalereus', 'The Iliad', 'The Odyssey', 'Septuagint', 'Rome', 'Cicero', 'Roman Empire', 'Lyon', 'Latin', 'Library', 'Julius Caesar', 'Han dynasty', 'Tang dynasty', 'Song dynasty', 'Middle Ages', 'Technology and Culture', 'Byzantium', 'Benedictine', 'Cassiodorus', 'Constantinople', 'Iconoclasm', 'Vatican Archives', 'Catholic Encyclopedia', "Harry Potter and the Philosopher's Stone", 'J.K Rowling', 'Manuscript culture', 'Johann Fust', 'Peter Schoffer', 'Quran', 'Ilkhanate', 'Tabriz', 'Baghdad', 'Ottoman Empire', 'Ahmed III', 'Ferdowsi', 'Arabic script', 'Venice', 'Paganino Paganini', 'Milan', 'Kingdom of Bavaria', 'Mahavira', 'Shah Jahan', 'Gujarat', 'Samarkand', 'Babur', 'Baburnama', 'Humayun', 'Akbar', 'Fatehpur Sikri', 'Hamzanama', 'Bikaner', 'Bundi', 'British and Foreign Bible Society', 'American Bible Society', 'Typewriter', 'Desktop publishing', 'Hypertext', 'Amazon Kindle', 'Charles Barbier', 'Valentin Haüy', 'American Foundation for the Blind', 'Incunable', 'Centre for the History of the Book', 'Outline of books', 'Textual scholarship', 'English Short Title Catalogue', 'Early American Imprints', 'Early English Books Online', 'Incunabula Short Title Catalogue', 'Universal Short Title Catalogue', 'University of Massachusetts Press', 'Society for the History of Authorship, Reading and Publishing', 'Quaerendo', 'Bibliographical Society of America', 'University of Maryland Libraries']

['Q473758', 'Q8958', 'Q158075', 'Q8013125', 'Q922350', 'Q156999', 'Q193871', 'Q964180', 'Q79894', 'Q35355', 'Q131252', 'Q232505', 'Q11767', 'Q5680', 'Q41137', 'Q23498', 'Q174361', 'Q11768', 'Q268576', 'Q269237', 'Q125576', 'Q1528', 'Q229235', 'Q494235', 'Q200662', 'Q426853', 'Q200944', 'Q211248', 'Q13703', 'Q455768', 'Q190502', 'Q587240', 'Q193769', 'Q270678', 'Q18986', 'Q378274', 'Q166876', 'Q34990', 'Q169243', 'Q43107', 'Q1405', 'Q41', 'Q428995', 'Q868', 'Q200441', 'Q921175', 'Q1524', 'Q435', 'Q5727966', 'Q1427', 'Q110745', 'Q51673', 'Q635', 'Q35323', 'Q43048', 'Q313286', 'Q8275', 'Q35160', 'Q29334', 'Q220', 'Q1541', 'Q2277', 'Q456', 'Q397', 'Q7075', 'Q1048', 'Q7209', 'Q9683', 'Q7462', 'Q12554', 'Q7692591', 'Q23725', 'Q131132', 'Q192365', 'Q16869', 'Q181543', 'Q536580', 'Q302556', 'Q43361', 'Q34660', 'Q738327', 'Q64390', 'Q62560', 'Q428', 'Q178084', 'Q80053', 'Q1530', 'Q12560', 'Q199482', 'Q43459', 'Q1828555', 'Q641', 'Q3888914', 'Q490', 'Q154195', 'Q9422', 'Q83672', 'Q1061', 'Q5753', 'Q797848', 'Q1906014', 'Q486188', 'Q8597', 'Q179046', 'Q1574072', 'Q200718', 'Q862612', 'Q920404', 'Q463561', 'Q46335', 'Q188610', 'Q93241', 'Q136469', 'Q713233', 'Q704417', 'Q4743853', 'Q216665', 'Q5062624', 'Q7112569', 'Q15473066', 'Q1342864', 'Q5326583', 'Q7708396', 'Q634670', 'Q2411362', 'Q7895718', 'Q48834796', 'Q7268452', 'Q4903308', 'Q7895690']

[[(46, 59)], [(9780, 9798), (31538, 31556)], [(1468, 1483)], [(2971, 2988)], [(3034, 3051)], [(3056, 3069)], [(3173, 3189)], [(3302, 3316), (45005, 45019)], [(2688, 2695), (4194, 4201), (46885, 46892), (46964, 46971), (47439, 47446), (47451, 47458), (47493, 47500), (47520, 47527), (47616, 47623), (47728, 47735), (47845, 47852), (47954, 47961), (48002, 48009), (48093, 48100)], [(4244, 4249), (5119, 5124), (5191, 5196), (5378, 5383), (5789, 5794)], [(4316, 4337)], [(4408, 4418)], [(4488, 4499)], [(4649, 4656)], [(4762, 4769)], [(5409, 5423)], [(7370, 7386)], [(6252, 6265)], [(6408, 6425)], [(6433, 6446)], [(6028, 6035), (6901, 6908), (7424, 7431)], [(7068, 7078)], [(8346, 8353), (22867, 22874)], [(8838, 8851), (8907, 8920)], [(9397, 9405), (9515, 9523)], [(9477, 9489), (36443, 36455)], [(13780, 13793)], [(13499, 13510)], [(12748, 12759), (13559, 13570), (13995, 14006), (14803, 14814)], [(13618, 13623)], [(13963, 13986)], [(14151, 14164)], [(15890, 15900)], [(16342, 16352)], [(16366, 16374), (20548, 20556)], [(16781, 16787)], [(17289, 17307)], [(17911, 17916)], [(18532, 18542)], [(18761, 18771), (26846, 26856)], [(19336, 19344)], [(6836, 6842), (16971, 16977), (19625, 19631), (19683, 19689)], [(20004, 20015)], [(20115, 20124)], [(20228, 20235)], [(20263, 20283)], [(20351, 20357)], [(20432, 20453)], [(20459, 20479)], [(20511, 20518)], [(20569, 20578)], [(20646, 20657)], [(20662, 20671)], [(20811, 20815), (23966, 23970), (31284, 31288), (36463, 36467), (36671, 36675), (36804, 36808), (37135, 37139), (37214, 37218), (39353, 39357)], [(20843, 20849)], [(20979, 20998)], [(21511, 21520)], [(21525, 21536)], [(21615, 21625)], [(6847, 6851), (16982, 16986), (21669, 21673), (21707, 21711), (21868, 21872), (22428, 22432), (22535, 22539)], [(22004, 22010)], [(22081, 22093)], [(22133, 22137)], [(5597, 5602), (16148, 16153), (17036, 17041), (21739, 21744), (22240, 22245), (32223, 32228)], [(20217, 20224), (20340, 20347), (20432, 20439), (20459, 20466), (20537, 20544), (20832, 20839), (20878, 20885), (20907, 20914), (50971, 50978), (51029, 51036), (51917, 51924), (51942, 51949), (51978, 51985), (52526, 52533)], [(22373, 22386)], [(22930, 22941)], [(23553, 23565)], [(23657, 23669)], [(1205, 1216), (16186, 16197), (25767, 25778)], [(25094, 25116)], [(27066, 27075)], [(27732, 27743)], [(28166, 28177)], [(28236, 28250), (35405, 35419), (36845, 36859)], [(28466, 28476)], [(28573, 28589)], [(28610, 28631)], [(28979, 29019)], [(29023, 29034)], [(30308, 30326)], [(31505, 31516)], [(31518, 31532)], [(32467, 32472), (32701, 32706), (32782, 32787), (33351, 33356), (33652, 33657), (36553, 36558), (37476, 37481)], [(33516, 33525)], [(33596, 33602), (37542, 37548)], [(33607, 33614), (33701, 33708), (35037, 35044)], [(35097, 35111)], [(36894, 36903)], [(36400, 36408)], [(36463, 36476)], [(36579, 36585)], [(36589, 36606)], [(36950, 36955)], [(37386, 37404)], [(38468, 38476)], [(1391, 1401), (38517, 38527), (38573, 38583), (40803, 40813), (41053, 41063)], [(39420, 39427)], [(39523, 39532)], [(40051, 40056), (40168, 40173), (40232, 40237)], [(40168, 40177)], [(40250, 40257)], [(1381, 1386), (40433, 40438), (40786, 40791)], [(40520, 40534)], [(40775, 40784)], [(41167, 41174)], [(41176, 41181)], [(43632, 43665)], [(43686, 43708)], [(44356, 44366)], [(44483, 44501)], [(44752, 44761)], [(46214, 46227)], [(47711, 47726)], [(47912, 47925)], [(48498, 48531)], [(49402, 49411)], [(49799, 49833)], [(49836, 49852)], [(49855, 49874), (53716, 53735)], [(49916, 49945)], [(49948, 49971)], [(50001, 50027)], [(50030, 50062)], [(50065, 50096)], [(51265, 51298)], [(51833, 51894), (53288, 53349)], [(52170, 52179)], [(52010, 52044), (52046, 52080)], [(53092, 53124)]]

Lechmere station is a Massachusetts Bay Transportation Authority (MBTA) Green Line light rail station in Lechmere Square in East Cambridge, Massachusetts. It is located on the east side of Monsignor O'Brien Highway near First Street, adjacent to the NorthPoint development. The accessible elevated station has a single island platform, with headhouses at both ends. It opened on March 21, 2022, as part of the Green Line Extension (GLX). Lechmere station is served by Green Line D branch and E branch service. The first transit in East Cambridge was a station on the Boston and Lowell Railroad, which served the neighborhood from the mid-19th century to 1927. Horsecar service through Lechmere Square began around 1861, using the Craigie Bridge to reach Boston, and was electrified in the 1890s. The Lechmere Viaduct was opened in 1912 with an incline to Lechmere Square, allowing streetcars from lines on Cambridge Street and Bridge Street to reach the Tremont Street subway. In 1922, the Boston Elevated Railway opened a prepayment transfer station at Lechmere, separating the surface streetcars from the subway routes. This surface station had a loop for subway cars, with cross-platform transfers to the surface routes, and a small yard inside the loop. The surface streetcars were replaced by trolleybuses and later diesel buses in the 1930s to 1960s, while the subway routes became the Green Line in 1965. Extensions northwest from Lechmere station were first proposed in the 1920s, though planning did not begin until the early 21st century. A new elevated Lechmere station was to be built as part of the NorthPoint development, but it was instead added to GLX planning in 2007. The MBTA agreed in 2012 to open the station by 2017, and a construction contract was awarded in 2013. Cost increases triggered a wholesale reevaluation of the GLX project in 2015. A scaled-down station design was released in 2016, with a design and construction contract issued in 2017. The surface station was closed on May 24, 2020, for Green Line Extension construction; the busways at the old station remained open as a transfer point between MBTA bus routes and Lechmere– shuttle buses until the new station opened. ==Station design== thumb|left|The north headhouse in March 2022|alt=A ground-level entrance to an elevated railway station Lechmere station is located on the east side of O'Brien Highway at Lechmere Square, adjacent to the North Point development. The two-track Green Line viaduct runs approximately southeast–northwest through the station area. The station has a single curved island platform, long and wide, located over the block between East Street and North First Street. The platform is high for accessible boarding on current light rail vehicles (LRVs) and can be raised to for level boarding with Type 9 and future Type 10 LRVs. While the other GLX stations have -long platforms with provisions for extension, the platform at Lechmere was built to its maximum length because it would be more difficult to extend in the future. A canopy covers the full length of the platform; it is two spans wide, rather than the single span used on the narrower platforms at the other GLX stations. Headhouses are located north of North First Street and south of East Street. The north headhouse has two elevators and stairs to the platform; the south headhouse has one elevator and stairs. A bus loop for MBTA bus routes is located off Water Street north of the north headhouse. A bike station between the headhouses has space for 182 bicycles; racks for 72 additional bicycles are located next to the north headhouse. Public artwork at the station includes Field Notes by Randall Thurston – a set of panels on the elevator shafts depicting birds and vines. Some panels on station signs have artwork of poetry overlaid with images of birds; others have historical images and interpretive text. ==History== ===East Cambridge station=== thumb|left|East Cambridge station in 1905|alt=A two-story wooden railway station in an urban area The Boston and Lowell Railroad (B&L;) opened between its namesake cities in 1835. Passenger service initially ran express between the two cities, but local stops were soon added. One of the first was East Cambridge which was located near the Prison Point Bridge by 1846. By 1865, it was moved north to the foot of Third Street, closer to development on Dog Island (East Cambridge). The station was popular with employees from Somerville commuting to the factories of East Cambridge; among its more famous users was Benjamin Butler. In 1870, the Lexington Branch was routed over the B&L; east of Somerville Junction, increasing service to Somerville Junction, Winter Hill, Milk Row, and East Cambridge stations. The Central Massachusetts Railroad began operations in 1881 with the Lexington Branch and B&L; as its Boston entry. The Fitchburg Railroad also had an East Cambridge station (primarily served by Lexington Branch trains) located at Linwood Street, just over the Somerville border, in the mid-19th century. In 1926, the Boston and Maine Railroad (B&M;), which had acquired the B&L; in 1887, began work on North Station plus an expansion of its freight yards. The B&M; proposed to abandon East Cambridge station in order to realign the ex-B&L; into the new station. Although most inner stations were largely replaced by streetcars and automobiles at this time, East Cambridge was still used by both industrial workers and by those headed to the Middlesex County Courthouse, and the proposed closure was locally opposed. The Public Utilities Commission approved the closure of East Cambridge and nearby Prospect Hill in March 1927; one train was rescheduled for ten minutes earlier to accommodate court attendees. (second page) The stations closed at some point between then and May 17, when trains were rerouted over the new alignment. The former alignment remained in use for freight for decades thereafter. A portion of the abandoned embankment near the former station location dates from between 1855 and 1868. ===Surface station=== ====Early streetcar service==== The Cambridge Railroad was granted permission in 1860 to run horsecar tracks over the Craigie Bridge from East Cambridge to Boston. Service began from Harvard Square along Cambridge Street to Lechmere Square around 1861, and from Lechmere Square over the bridge into Boston by 1862. In 1864, the company built a line from Union Square in Somerville along Somerville Avenue and Bridge Street to the existing tracks at Lechmere Square, allowing through service from Elm Street (now Davis Square) to Boston. The Cambridge Street line was converted to electric streetcar service by Cambridge Railroad successor West End Street Railway in 1891; the Somerville Avenue line and an 1888-built line to Davis Square via Highland Avenue were electrified and extended to Clarendon Hill in 1893–1895. The West End was leased to the Boston Elevated Railway (BERy) in 1897. The three streetcar lines running through Lechmere Square began running into the Tremont Street subway via the Canal Street incline upon its September 3, 1898, opening. The trip from Lechmere Point over the bridge was slow and prone to delays, causing congestion in the subway. Construction of the Lechmere Viaduct and Causeway Street Elevated began in 1907 to provide the streetcar routes a more direct route into the subway. The BERy considered building a station at Lechmere Square at the north end of the viaduct but rejected the idea in 1911. The viaduct opened on June 1, 1912, though some local streetcar lines continued to use the Charles River Dam Bridge. The incline at the north end of the viaduct, which connected to the surface streetcar tracks, occupied half the block between Lechmere Square and Second Street. ====Lechmere station==== Although it substantially reduced travel times between Lechmere and North Station, the Lechmere Viaduct and Causeway Street Elevated soon became insufficient for the service the BERy needed. Unlike the Commonwealth Avenue, Beacon Street, and Huntington Avenue lines, the Cambridge Street and Bridge Street lines did not have dedicated medians, so automobile traffic caused delays on the surface lines, which in turn propagated into the subway. Additional capacity in the subway was also needed – more than could be provided by small streetcars suitable for operation in mixed traffic. In 1917, transit consultant John A. Beeler was hired by the Massachusetts Public Service Commission to analyze the struggling BERy. Among Beeler's recommendations was for the Tremont Street Subway to be converted to a third rail rapid transit service, with surface lines terminating at transfer stations (as had been done with the Main Line El and Cambridge–Dorchester line). He proposed that the northern transfer station be at Lechmere Square, with elevated rapid transit platforms and surface loops for streetcars. In September 1921, the BERy applied to the Massachusetts Public Utilities Commission (PUC), successor to the Public Service Commission, for authority to build transfer stations at Lechmere Square and Braves Field. The Lechmere Square proposal included taking of land by eminent domain. The city of Cambridge objected to the design, particularly the construction of a loop track on Third Street. The PUC approved the proposal in November 1921, but the city sought an injunction to prevent construction of the Third Street track. The Massachusetts Supreme Judicial Court upheld the BERy's position, allowing construction of the track, in May 1922 – by which time the construction of the rest of the terminal was already well underway. The station occupied the triangular parcel bounded by Cambridge Street, Bridge Street, and Second Street. It had a balloon loop for subway trains (which were still made of streetcars, rather than true rapid transit cars), with cross-platform transfers between streetcars and subway trains. Terminating streetcars used a pair of tracks off Cambridge Street, with a covered platform for passengers to then wait for subway trains. Streetcars then looped under the viaduct at Lechmere Square and picked up passengers using two tracks off Bridge Street, where a waiting room was located on the platform. Harvard-bound streetcars ran on a single track on Gore Street and Third Street to reach Cambridge Street; streetcars arriving from Somerville used the same Third Street track to reach Lechmere station. A second loop and several storage tracks were located inside the main subway train loop. Unlike the Boston portion of the subway system, which was funded by the cities and built by contractors, Lechmere station was funded and built entirely by the BERy at a cost of $100,000 (). Lechmere station opened on July 10, 1922. The new terminal was expected to be used by 24,000 passengers daily in each direction and to increase daily seated capacity through the subway by 8,754 passengers. Initial subway service to Lechmere was a shuttle service to Pleasant Street, which was intended as a temporary terminal until a more suitable western terminal could be found. Service ran with three-car trains every three minutes at peak and two-car trains every four minutes at other times. The forced transfer was unpopular with some riders who formerly had a one-seat ride to downtown Boston. ====Modifications and service changes==== On January 2, 1923, some off-peak trips were extended through the Boylston Street Subway to the surface station at ; all-day service began on October 10. Most trips were extended along the Beacon Street line to on December 14, 1929. The Washington Street service was cut back to Kenmore in June 1930 but resumed that September. On February 7, 1931, all regular Commonwealth Avenue and Beacon Street service was extended from Park Street to Lechmere, and the existing shuttle services to Lechmere were replaced with Kenmore–Park Street shuttles. In 1923, the BERy constructed a brick-and-steel canopy over the northbound (outbound) surface tracks. On October 18, 1924, a prepayment entrance was added to the north end of this shelter. This allowed passengers boarding streetcars (who had not come from the subway) to wait in the station rather than at the next stop. The final streetcars still using the Charles River Dam were night cars, which were routed onto the viaduct on July 26, 1924. Bridge Street was widened into the Northern Artery in 1928. The widening was on the south side of the street – except at Lechmere Square, where it was diverted to the north to avoid the streetcar shelter. A track on Bridge Street next to the station, not used for revenue service since the night car diversion in 1924, was kept in service to store extra streetcars during events at the new Boston Garden. Bus service to Lechmere station began on May 9, 1932. The first route ran to Lafayette Square via Cambridge and Columbia streets, with a supplemental short turn route on Cambridge Street to Webster Street operated during peak hours. The outbound surface track used by Cambridge Street cars was rebuilt and set in concrete paving to accommodate buses. A Lechmere–Arlington Center bus route was established on July 9, 1932. The Central Square route and its short turn variant were discontinued on October 14, 1933. By that time, the Cambridge Street side of Lechmere station had also been paved, with one of the surface car tracks removed. The Harvard–Lechmere streetcar line was converted to trackless trolley (trolleybus) on April 11, 1936 – the first route in what would become an extensive trackless trolley system. However, the tracks on Cambridge Street were kept for non-revenue use, as Commonwealth Avenue streetcars were stored at Bennett Street Carhouse. In 1937, part of the inbound shelter was bricked in as a waiting room. The remaining portion of the Charles River Dam tracks was removed in the late 1930s. Commonwealth Avenue line streetcars were transferred to the expanded Reservoir Carhouse on May 6, 1940, and the Cambridge Street tracks were abandoned. Most overnight storage of streetcars in the Lechmere yard also ended at that time, though it resumed from September 14, 1942, to late 1953. In 1940–41, the BERy reassigned its public-facing route numbers. The Harvard–Lechmere route was designated as route 69, Arlington Center–Lechmere as route 80, and the Clarendon Hill–Lechmere routes as (via Somerville Avenue) and (via Highland Avenue). On September 3, 1941, the BERy began paving around the remaining surface car tracks at Lechmere station. This allowed for the conversion of routes 87 and 88 to trackless trolley on November 8, 1941. The surface tracks at Lechmere station were abandoned, leaving just the loop and yard tracks for subway service. The BERy opened a 325-space parking lot on the south side of Cambridge Street on April 23, 1941; it was enlarged to 358 spaces in 1950. The Metropolitan Transit Authority (MTA) replaced the BERy in 1947. Although MTA management generally favored buses over trackless trolley, bus route 80 was converted to trackless trolley on September 12, 1953. On November 3, 1961, midday service to Lechmere was replaced with a –Lechmere shuttle, with the Commonwealth Avenue and Beacon Street lines cut back to Park Street and while the shuttle was running. The Riverside Line (opened in 1959) was extended from to Lechmere on November 25, 1961; the Commonwealth Avenue and Beacon Street lines were cut back at all times, while the shuttle was discontinued. On May 25, 1962, the MTA abandoned non-revenue tracks that connected the Canal Street Inline with Everett Shops (the agency's heavy maintenance facility) and Charlestown Neck Carhouse (where many maintenance railcars were stored). A ramp was built inside Lechmere Yard so that streetcars could be loaded onto trucks for transfer to Everett. Some work cars were also stored in Lechmere Yard. Routes 69, 80, 87, and 88 were all converted from trackless trolley to diesel bus on March 31, 1963. In early 1964, the north end of the yard was paved. This allowed buses on routes 80, 87, and 88 to reach the inbound busway directly from Bridge Street, eliminating the jog on Third and Cambridge streets. ====MBTA era==== The Massachusetts Bay Transportation Authority (MBTA) replaced the MTA in August 1964. On August 26, 1965, the MBTA assigned color names to the rapid transit lines, with the Tremont Street Subway-based streetcar lines becoming the Green Line. The western branches were assigned letters A through E in 1967. The Commonwealth Avenue line became the B branch, the Beacon Street line the C branch, and the Riverside Line the D branch. After the 1964 opening of a loop at , which gave the MBTA four downtown terminals for Green Line branches, the MBTA more frequently switched which lines ran to which downtown terminals to match passenger demands and other operational needs. The C branch was extended to Lechmere on March 25, 1967, joining the D branch. On March 25, 1974, the B branch was extended back to Lechmere and the D branch cut to North Station; for the next decade, the B, C, and D branches frequently were switched between Lechmere and other termini. The practice of routing inbound buses through Lechmere Yard was ended in the late 1970s, likely when the Boeing LRVs (which were larger and heavier than previous streetcars) began operating on the Green Line. Around 1980, a new parking lot was opened on the north side of Bridge Street to allow for redevelopment of the old lot. On January 2, 1983, for the first time in the station's history, trains from Huntington Avenue (the E branch) began serving Lechmere. They were extended from Park Street to Lechmere during rush hours and midday, with the D branch cut back to Government Center at those hours. On February 11, 1983, the E branch was shut down by snow for several days; a Government Center–Lechmere shuttle ran in its stead, joined by some D branch service on March 26. thumb|left|Green Line trains at Lechmere in 2018|alt=Light rail trains at a surface-level terminal On January 20, 1984, a fire destroyed the wooden approach trestles to the North Station drawbridges. A temporary terminal for the Fitchburg Line and Lowell Line – with a large tent erected next to the tracks as a waiting room – was set up just north of the bridges. Riders were bused between the temporary terminal and Lechmere station, with free fares for inbound passengers at Lechmere. All peak Lechmere service was operated as Government Center–Lechmere shuttles to handle the load. North Station reopened on April 20, 1985, with no change to Green Line service. Revenue equipment was stored in Lechmere Yard beginning in December 1984. The ramp, largely disused after heavy maintenance shops at opened in 1976, was removed in the late 1980s to make room for additional storage tracks. From December 28, 1985, to July 25, 1986, additional shuttle service ran between Lechmere and Kenmore. (This provided the first direct peak service between Lechmere and much of the subway since January 1984.) Most E branch service resumed to Lechmere on July 26, 1986. The remaining Lechmere–Government Center shuttles were replaced with an extension of D branch service to Lechmere on June 21, 1997. Around 2000, portable lifts were added at Lechmere as a temporary accessibility measure, along with a wooden mini-high platform on the inbound side. On June 25, 2004, service between Lechmere and North Station was suspended as the Causeway Street Elevated was removed, and the surface and elevated platforms at North Station were consolidated into a new underground "superstation". A Government Center–Lechmere shuttle bus was operated. Unlike during previous bus substitutions, which took place largely during evenings and weekends, bus operations at Lechmere were modified to accommodate the number of shuttle buses needed. The shuttle buses used the inbound busway, while regular bus service used only the outbound busway, with those buses operating in the reverse of the usual direction. Green Line E branch service to Lechmere resumed on November 12, 2005, with buses returned to their previous routing at the station. Service past North Station was replaced with North Station–Lechmere buses from April 30 to November 4, 2011, as was rebuilt. The same bus routings as the 2004–05 closure were used. However, after the station reopened, buses continued to use only the outbound busway. This routing was deemed safer by the MBTA due to the fewer turns, though it was "extremely inconvenient to inbound passengers". ===Green Line Extension and new station=== ====Early proposals==== In June 1922, several weeks before Lechmere station opened, the BERy proposed three new radial subways. One was to run northwest from Lechmere through Somerville and South Medford. In 1924, the BERy indicated that Lechmere was "not fitted to be a permanent transfer station, and while being used as such must fail to satisfy", recommending an extension to a larger transfer station. The Report on Improved Transportation Facilities, published by the Boston Division of Metropolitan Planning in 1926, recommended conversion of the Tremont Street subway to Maverick Square–Warren Street, Brighton and Lechmere Square–Brigham Circle, Roxbury rapid transit routes. Among the secondary priorities was an extension from Lechmere to North Cambridge, with several possible branches; it would have run in a dedicated median in the Northern Artery from Lechmere to Winter Hill, alongside the B&M; Southern Division tracks to Somerville Junction, then followed the Fitchburg Cutoff to North Cambridge. Variations on this plan were proposed several times during the 1930s, including subway extensions from or to replace the Lechmere Viaduct. In 1943, the state legislature appointed a commission headed by Arthur W. Coolidge to plan for the future of transit in the Boston region. The 1945 and 1947 reports from the Coolidge Commission recommended nine suburban rapid transit extensions – most similar to the 1926 plan – along existing railroad lines. The proposed extension from Lechmere to Woburn followed the same alignment as the 1926 plan, albeit using an extended elevated structure rather than a subway north of Lechmere. The 1962 North Terminal Area Study, claiming that the 1959 Highland Branch conversion showed that PCC streetcars were inadequate for suburban rapid transit service, recommended that the elevated Lechmere–North Station segment be abandoned. The Main Line (now the Orange Line) was to be relocated along the B&M; Western Route with branches to Woburn or Arlington via the Southern Division. The 1966 Program for Mass Transportation, the MBTA's first long-range plan, listed an approximately extension from Lechmere to Washington Street as an immediate priority. A second phase of the project would extend Green Line service from Washington Street to Mystic Valley Parkway (Route 16) or . An extension from Lechmere to Somerville or Medford was listed as low priority in several 1970s and early 1980s due to the addition of Davis station to the Red Line Northwest Extension, which opened in 1984. Plans in 1978 for redevelopment of the Lechmere Canal area called for a new elevated station on the east side of the O'Brien Highway. It was to have a -wide deck, which included a busway loop for cross-platform transfers to Green Line trains. In 1980, the MBTA began a study of the "Green Line Northwest Corridor" (from to Medford) with three area of focus: replacement of the Causeway Street elevated, replacement of Lechmere station, and extension beyond Lechmere. An evaluation report for the extension was published in 1981 and updated in 1984. Alternatives recommended for further evaluation included a Green Line extension to Tufts, a Green Line extension to , and a busway to Tufts and Davis. Later in the 1980s, the MBTA made plans to relocate Lechmere station as a precursor to an extension. A new elevated station would be located at the same site as the 1970s plans, with a new vehicle storage yard and maintenance facility to the north. The project was not pursued due to lack of available funding. ====Planning==== In 1991, the state agreed to build a set of transit projects as part of the settlement of a lawsuit by the Conservation Law Foundation (CLF) over auto emissions from the Central Artery/Tunnel Project (Big Dig). Among these projects was a "Green Line Extension To Ball Square/Tufts University", to be complete by the end of 2011. In 1999, Guilford Transportation Industries (GTI) proposed to develop of disused railroad yards on the east side of Lechmere Square. GTI and the MBTA reached an agreement under which GTI would construct a new Lechmere station and maintenance facility – similar to the late 1980s proposal – as a precursor to the extension project. In return, GTI would receive rights to redevelop the site of the surface station. The deal between the MBTA and GTI was criticized by Cambridge officials for its secrecy, while existing residents were concerned that the relocated station would require a difficult crossing of O'Brien Highway for pedestrians from East Cambridge. After a 2005 lawsuit by the city of Somerville and the CLF, the state began planning of the Green Line Extension (GLX), including a second branch from Lechmere to . By 2006, plans for the development (NorthPoint) called for a $70 million Lechmere station to open in 2010. The elevated station was to have a half-cylinder glass canopy, with an office building constructed over its northern end. It would initially be named "Lechmere at NorthPoint", though the developer hoped to rename it simply "NorthPoint". In 2007, the development stalled due to disagreements between the two firms involved. With the relocated station in jeopardy, the state took over station planning and incorporated it into GLX planning. Lechmere was a proposed stop on the Urban Ring – a circumferential bus rapid transit line designed to connect the existing radial MBTA rail lines to reduce overcrowding in the downtown stations. Under draft plans released in 2008, the Urban Ring would have approached Lechmere Square from the north on a dedicated bridge over the MBTA Commuter Rail Maintenance Facility, continuing on Morgan Avenue and First Street. Platforms would have been located near Water Street under the relocated Green Line station. The project was cancelled in 2010. The draft environmental impact report (DEIR) was released in October 2009. Preliminary plans in the DEIR kept the location and arched canopy of the previous design, though without the building above. The main headhouse would be located north of First Street at the north end of the platform, with only secondary egress at the southern end. A one-way southbound busway would run from Water Street to First Street, and two parking lots would replace the existing lot. Figures 3.7-2, 3.7-3, 3.7-4, and 3.7-5. The final environmental impact report was released in July 2010. Changes from the DEIR included a redesigned headhouse, a reduction in the platform length from to , fewer parking spaces, and realignment of the busway into a loop accessed from Water Street. See also Figure 5.1 In July 2010, the Massachusetts Department of Transportation (MassDOT) announced that the project was delayed to October 2015. In November 2010, the MBTA reached an agreement with Pan Am Railways (formerly GTI) and the NorthPoint developers under which the MBTA would receive property on the east side of O'Brien Highway needed for the new Lechmere station; in return, Pan Am would receive the existing Lechmere station site for redevelopment. The agreement, which also included MBTA trackage rights on the Worcester Branch and in New Hampshire, was amended in January 2011 and finalized that March. By June 2011, the planned arched canopy over the platform and tracks had been replaced with a simpler canopy over the platform. Wind shields on the platform were added to the design later that year. An additional delay, with service beginning between late 2018 and 2020, was announced in August 2011. The City of Somerville, MassDOT, and the MBTA reached an agreement in August 2012 to open the Union Square Branch and Lechmere station by early 2017, with construction to begin in 2014. In September 2013, MassDOT awarded a $393 million (equivalent to $ million in ), 51-month contract for the construction of Phase 2/2A – Lechmere station, the Union Square Branch, and the first segment of the Medford Branch to Washington Street station – with the stations to open in early 2017. Updated plans presented in June 2013 replaced the secondary egress with a second headhouse south of East Street. The platform was extended back to 450 feet, and the parking was moved to the north to allow development adjacent to the station. Design of the station was completed in late 2014. ====Redesign==== In August 2015, the MBTA disclosed that project costs had increased substantially, with Phase 2A rising from $387 million to $898 million. This triggered a wholesale re-evaluation of the GLX project. In December 2015, the MBTA ended its contracts with four firms. Construction work in progress continued, but no new contracts were awarded. At that time, cancellation of the project was considered possible, as were elimination of the Union Square Branch and other cost reduction measures. In May 2016, the MassDOT and MBTA boards approved a modified project that had undergone value engineering to reduce its cost. Stations were simplified to resemble D branch surface stations rather than full rapid transit stations, with canopies, faregates, escalators, and some elevators removed. Lechmere station retained its redundant elevators due to the elevation of the platform, but escalators were removed. The platform canopy was replaced with four bus-stop-style shelters. In December 2016, the MBTA announced a new planned opening date of 2021 for the extension. A design- build contract for the GLX was awarded in November 2017. The winning proposal included six additive options – elements removed during value engineering – including full-length canopies at all stations, as well as a second elevator in the north headhouse at Lechmere. (Volume 2) Station design advanced from 10% in March 2018 to 76% that December and to 100% in October 2019. The 100% design added a second entrance to the north headhouse, providing direct access both from the busway and North First Street. The platform length was set at , between the previous planned lengths. Unlike the pre-2015 designs, no parking lot was included. ====Construction and opening==== Early GLX work included the demolition of a disused MBTA facility at 21 Water Street to make room for the new Lechmere station. Notice to proceed for the early work was issued to Barletta Heavy Division on January 31, 2013, and construction started in March. The 21 Water Street facility was demolished in August 2014. The 369-space parking lot at Lechmere was closed on June 22, 2017, for construction preparation. A groundbreaking ceremony for the main GLX construction phase was held on June 25, 2018. Construction began in mid-2019. Work at Lechmere station started by September 2019; the concrete pillars for the viaduct were poured later that year, while installation of the beams supporting the trackways and platform began in January 2020. Installation of the beams through the station was completed in April 2020. The project required a temporary service suspension while the elevated structure to the old station was replaced with the new viaduct. The final day of service to the old station was May 23, 2020, with the final revenue trip leaving early in the morning of the 24th. Demolition of the old elevated structure began within hours. A bus shuttle between Lechmere and North Station – with dedicated bus lanes on the Charles River Dam Bridge – began on May 24, 2020. (The bus shuttle used the west busway at the former station, while local bus routes continued to use the east busway.) At that time, service was expected to resume in April 2021. After removal of the tracks, the former yard area was repurposed for construction employee parking. Station construction was "well underway" by early August 2020, with the headhouse shells partially built; the platform was poured around August 10. The elevator towers for the north headhouse were erected in October 2020, followed by the tower for the south headhouse in November. Steelwork for the canopy, the artwork on the elevator shafts, and a signal instrument house were installed in March and April 2021. The bus loop was under construction by June 2021, with the plaza under the station nearly complete, and the canopy roof was installed that month. Train testing between for Lechmere and the Union Square Branch began in December 2021. By March 2021, the station was expected to open in October 2021. This was delayed in June 2021 to a December 2021 opening, then again in October 2021 to a March 2022 opening. On February 24, 2022, the MBTA announced that Lechmere and the Union Square Branch would open on March 21, 2022, while the Medford Branch would open in "late summer". Initial Union Square service was operated by the E branch. In August 2022, the MBTA indicated that the Medford Branch opening was delayed to November 2022. The Green Line between Union Square and Government Center was closed from August 22 to September 18, 2022; the closure allowed for final integration of the Medford Branch, elimination of a speed restriction on the Lechmere Viaduct, and other work. At the conclusion of the closure, the D branch was extended to Union Square, replacing the E. Medford Branch service began on December 12, 2022. File:Green Line Extension 2014 08 21 MBTA Building at 21 Water St in Cambridge Demolition Progress 1 - Copy (14855773018).jpg|Demolition of 21 Water Street in August 2014|alt=A cinderblock building being demolished by an excavator File:Lechmere station steel work (4), February 2020.jpg|Steel work in February 2020|alt=A large steel beam being lifted onto a viaduct File:Aerial view of Lechmere station construction, May 2020.png|Station construction in May 2020|alt=Aerial view of an elevated light rail station under construction File:Science Park shuttle bus at old Lechmere station Aug 2021.agr.jpg|Shuttle buses at Lechmere in August 2021|alt=Two white buses in a busway at a disused light rail station File:Aerial view of Lechmere station construction, September 2021.jpg|Station construction in September 2021|alt=An aerial view of an elevated railway station under construction in an urban area ==References== ===Notes=== ==External links== *MBTA – Lechmere *Google Maps Street View: inbound side and outbound side of former station; new station under construction Category:Green Line (MBTA) stations Category:Railway stations in Cambridge, Massachusetts Category:Buildings and structures in Cambridge, Massachusetts Category:Railway stations in the United States opened in 1922 Category:Railway stations in the United States opened in 2022 Category:1922 establishments in Massachusetts Category:Green Line Extension

['Lechmere Square', 'East Cambridge, Massachusetts', 'MBTA bus', 'Massachusetts Bay Transportation Authority', 'Green Line (MBTA)', 'Green Line Extension', 'Green Line D branch', 'Green Line E branch', 'Boston and Lowell Railroad', 'Craigie Bridge', 'Lechmere Viaduct', 'Tremont Street subway', 'Boston Elevated Railway', 'Benjamin Butler', 'Lexington Branch', 'Somerville Junction', 'Central Massachusetts Railroad', 'Fitchburg Railroad', 'Boston and Maine Railroad', 'North Station', 'Cambridge Railroad', 'Harvard Square', 'Davis Square', 'Canal Street incline', 'Causeway Street Elevated', 'Cambridge–Dorchester line', 'Massachusetts Supreme Judicial Court', 'Boylston Street Subway', 'Boston Garden', 'Bennett Street Carhouse', 'Boeing LRV', 'Fitchburg Line', 'Lowell Line', 'Arthur W. Coolidge', 'PCC streetcar', 'Mystic Valley Parkway', 'Lechmere Canal', 'Conservation Law Foundation', 'Big Dig', 'Pan Am Railways', 'MBTA Commuter Rail Maintenance Facility', 'Massachusetts Department of Transportation']

['Q6511624', 'Q5327982', 'Q6714772', 'Q171985', 'Q152061', 'Q5602828', 'Q172031', 'Q172040', 'Q732467', 'Q5082075', 'Q6511625', 'Q2451368', 'Q894561', 'Q817488', 'Q6537883', 'Q6693264', 'Q5061410', 'Q1421154', 'Q638715', 'Q54454', 'Q5025506', 'Q1587858', 'Q5241972', 'Q5031028', 'Q5054651', 'Q152039', 'Q2002625', 'Q19903588', 'Q894567', 'Q5264971', 'Q890187', 'Q172548', 'Q172536', 'Q4800556', 'Q928708', 'Q1956931', 'Q6511621', 'Q5162928', 'Q858785', 'Q2048811', 'Q14715689', 'Q2483364']

[[(105, 120), (685, 700), (855, 870), (2397, 2412), (6302, 6317), (6340, 6355), (6527, 6542), (7011, 7026), (7438, 7453), (7760, 7775), (8834, 8849), (9103, 9118), (9141, 9156), (10128, 10143), (12491, 12506), (21224, 21239), (24609, 24624), (26132, 26147)], [(124, 153)], [(2133, 2141), (3406, 3414)], [(22, 64), (16214, 16256)], [(34805, 34822)], [(410, 430), (2025, 2045), (20561, 20581), (24403, 24423), (25245, 25265), (33728, 33748), (35127, 35147)], [(468, 487)], [(20031, 20050)], [(567, 593), (4038, 4064)], [(730, 744), (6196, 6210)], [(800, 816), (7267, 7283), (7907, 7923), (21737, 21753), (33544, 33560)], [(954, 975), (7050, 7071), (21155, 21176)], [(990, 1013), (6929, 6952)], [(4549, 4564)], [(4579, 4595), (4814, 4830), (4940, 4956)], [(4629, 4648), (4672, 4691), (21540, 21559)], [(4749, 4779)], [(4865, 4883)], [(5063, 5088)], [(5148, 5161), (7888, 7901), (17047, 17060), (18122, 18135), (18535, 18548), (19435, 19448), (19550, 19563), (20176, 20189), (20208, 20221), (22446, 22459), (31809, 31822)], [(6114, 6132), (6688, 6706)], [(6261, 6275)], [(6590, 6602), (6803, 6815)], [(7080, 7100)], [(7288, 7312), (7928, 7952), (19470, 19494)], [(8753, 8778)], [(9455, 9491)], [(11445, 11467)], [(12760, 12773)], [(13713, 13736)], [(17274, 17284)], [(18178, 18192)], [(18197, 18208)], [(21819, 21837)], [(22340, 22353)], [(22890, 22911)], [(23175, 23189)], [(24271, 24298)], [(24365, 24372)], [(27371, 27386)], [(26194, 26233)], [(27209, 27251)]]

Esperite is a rare complex calcium lead zinc silicate (PbCa3Zn4(SiO4)4) related to beryllonite and trimerite that used to be called calcium larsenite. Esperite has a white, greasy appearance in daylight and is much prized for its brilliant yellow green fluorescence under shortwave ultraviolet light. It is found in association with calcite, franklinite, willemite, hardystonite and clinohedrite. It has also been found as prismatic crystals up to 1 mm in length at the El Dragon Mine, Potosi, Bolivia in association with allophane, chalcomenite, clinochalcomenite and barite. ==References== *Mineral galleries *Pete Dunn, Franklin and Sterling Hill, New Jersey: the world's most magnificent mineral deposits, part 3 p. 368 (1995) *G. Grundmann, et al.: The El Dragon Mine, Potosi Bolivia, Mineralogical Record v.21 #2 p. 142 (1990) *Anthony et al., Handbook of Mineralogy, Vol. 2 (silicates) part 1 p. 225 (1995) Robbins, Manuel: Fluorescence Gems and Minerals under Ultraviolet Light Geoscience Press pp 50–51,243 (1994) Category:Calcium minerals Category:Lead minerals Category:Zinc minerals Category:Nesosilicates Category:Monoclinic minerals Category:Minerals in space group 11 Category:Minerals described in 1928

['Monoclinic', 'Bolivia']

['Q624543', 'Q750']

[[(1127, 1137)], [(494, 501), (781, 788)]]

The Roman Spring of Mrs. Stone is a 1961 British romantic drama film made by Warner Bros. It was directed by José Quintero and produced by Louis de Rochemont with Lothar Wolff as associate producer. The screenplay was written by Gavin Lambert and Jan Read and based on the novel by Tennessee Williams. The music score was by Richard Addinsell and the cinematography by Harry Waxman. This was the only theatrically released film directed by José Quintero. ==Plot== Karen Stone, an acclaimed American stage actress and her businessman husband are off on holiday to Rome. On the plane, her husband, a multi- millionaire, suffers a fatal heart attack. Karen decides to stay in Italy and rent a luxury apartment in Rome. She has no reason to go home. She shut down her latest play, Shakespeare's "As You Like It", because she realizes she is far too old to play Rosalind. A year later, the Contessa Magda Terribili-Gonzales, a procurer, introduces her to a handsome, well-dressed, narcissistic young Italian named Paolo, who is one in her stable of professional gigolos. Magda plots and plans, telling Paolo that Mrs. Stone has just begun to taste loneliness. Paolo and Mrs. Stone go out for dinner and dancing, but no more. Eventually, she begins the affair. She falls in love with him; he pretends to love her. She believes that she is different from other mature women he has known. Her self-deception is aided by the fact that she does not actually pay him, but buys him expensive clothes and gifts, including a movie camera, and pays his bills through charge accounts. They become the subject of gossip columns. It soon becomes obvious that Paolo is only interested in himself. Eventually he is bored by Mrs. Stone's possessiveness and pursues an American starlet. Abandoned by Paolo, ridiculed by the Contessa, with her only real friend, Meg, on a plane to New York, Mrs. Stone looks over her balcony and sees the ragged, mysteriously menacing young man who has followed her everywhere since the day she moved in, pacing. She tosses the keys of her apartment down to him and walks back inside, remembering what she told Paolo after he tried to frighten her with a story about a middle-aged woman murdered on the French Riviera by someone she invited into her apartment: "All I need is three or four years. After that, a cut throat would be a convenience". She lights a cigarette and sits down to wait. The youth comes into the apartment and walks toward her slowly, hands deep in the pockets of his filthy coat, smiling faintly as his shadow fills the screen. ==Cast== ==Awards and nominations== Lotte Lenya was nominated for an Oscar for Best Supporting Actress. ==2003 version== In 2003, an Emmy-award- winning made-for-cable version was produced for Showtime Networks starring Helen Mirren, Anne Bancroft, and Olivier Martinez. ==See also== * Male prostitution * Gigolo * Male prostitution in the arts * Female sex tourism * American Gigolo ==References== ==External links== * * The Roman Spring of Mrs. Stone at the British Film Institute * * * * * Category:1961 romantic drama films Category:British drama films Category:Films shot at Associated British Studios Category:Films scored by Richard Addinsell Category:Films based on American novels Category:Films set in Rome Category:Warner Bros. films Category:Films based on works by Tennessee Williams Category:1960s English- language films Category:1960s British films

['José Quintero', 'Louis de Rochemont', 'Tennessee Williams', 'Gavin Lambert', 'Lotte Lenya', 'Richard Addinsell', 'Harry Waxman', 'Warner Bros.', 'Rome', 'Italy', 'As You Like It', 'Showtime Networks', 'Helen Mirren', 'Anne Bancroft', 'Olivier Martinez', 'Male prostitution', 'Gigolo', 'Male prostitution in the arts', 'Female sex tourism', 'British Film Institute']

['Q3186533', 'Q6688461', 'Q134262', 'Q5528199', 'Q93604', 'Q435177', 'Q529749', 'Q126399', 'Q220', 'Q38', 'Q237572', 'Q7503319', 'Q349391', 'Q183532', 'Q504886', 'Q1261491', 'Q1089730', 'Q3407852', 'Q5442770', 'Q260528']

[[(109, 122), (440, 453)], [(139, 157)], [(282, 300), (3339, 3357)], [(229, 242)], [(2597, 2608)], [(325, 342), (3193, 3210)], [(369, 381)], [(77, 89), (3287, 3299)], [(563, 567), (710, 714), (3273, 3277)], [(673, 678)], [(792, 806)], [(2754, 2771)], [(2781, 2793)], [(2795, 2808)], [(2814, 2830)], [(2847, 2864), (2876, 2893)], [(2867, 2873), (2938, 2944)], [(2876, 2905)], [(2908, 2926)], [(3021, 3043)]]

Hardystonite is a rare calcium zinc silicate mineral first described from the Franklin, New Jersey, U.S. zinc deposits. It often contains lead, which was detrimental to the zinc smelting process, so it was not a useful ore mineral. Like many of the famous Franklin minerals, hardystonite responds to short wave ultraviolet (254 nm wavelength) light, emitting a fluorescence from dark purple to bright violet blue. In daylight, it is white to gray to light pink in color, sometimes with a vitreous or greasy luster. It is very rarely found as well formed crystals, and these are usually rectangular in appearance and rock-locked.Dunn, Pete J. Franklin and Sterling Hill, New Jersey: the world's most magnificent mineral deposits. Dr. Pete J. Dunn, 2004. Hardystonite has a chemical composition of Ca2ZnSi2O7. It is frequently found with willemite (fluoresces green), calcite (fluoresces red), and clinohedrite (fluoresces orange). Hardystonite can be found altered to clinohedrite CaZn(SiO4)·H2O through direct hydrothermal alteration. Other minerals often associated with hardystonite are franklinite, diopside, andradite garnet, and esperite (fluoresces yellow). It was first described in 1899 by J.E. Wolff, when the New Jersey Zinc Company mines were located in what was called Franklin Furnace, in Hardyston Township, New Jersey. ==References== Category:Calcium minerals Category:Sorosilicates Category:Zinc minerals Category:Tetragonal minerals Category:Minerals in space group 113 Category:Minerals described in 1899

['Sorosilicates', 'Franklin Furnace', 'Tetragonal', 'Franklin, New Jersey', 'New Jersey Zinc Company']

['Q178977', 'Q5491516', 'Q503601', 'Q1085963', 'Q5905787']

[[(1384, 1397)], [(1281, 1297)], [(1430, 1440)], [(78, 98)], [(1219, 1242)]]

Elia Levita (13 February 146928 January 1549) (), also known as Elijah Levita, Elias Levita, Élie Lévita, Elia Levita Ashkenazi, Eliahu Levita, Eliyahu haBahur ("Elijah the Bachelor"), Elye Bokher, was a Renaissance Hebrew grammarian, scholar, and poet. He was the author of the Bovo-Bukh (written in 1507-1508), the most popular chivalric romance written in Yiddish. Living for a decade in the house of Cardinal Giles of Viterbo, he was one of the foremost teachers of Christian clergy, nobility, and intellectuals in Hebrew and in Jewish mysticism during the Renaissance. ==Life and work== Born at Neustadt near Nuremberg, to a Jewish family of Levitical status, he was the youngest of nine brothers. He preferred to call himself "Ashkenazi", and bore also the nickname Bokher (Hebrew Baḥur), meaning youth or student, which latter he gave as title to his Hebrew grammar. During his early adulthood, the Jews were expelled from this area. He then moved to Italy, which would remain his home. In Padua, in 1504, he wrote the 650 ottava rima stanzas of the Bovo-Bukh, based on the popular romance Buovo d'Antona, which, in turn, was based on the Anglo-Norman romance of Bevis of Hampton.[Liptzin, 1972] p.6. By 1514 he was living in Venice, where he wrote two scathing satirical pasquinades. That same year he moved to Rome, where he acquired a friend and patron, the Renaissance humanist and cardinal Giles of Viterbo (1471-1532), in whose palace he lived for more than ten years. Levita taught Hebrew to Giles, and copied Hebrew manuscripts—mostly related to the Kabbalah—for the cardinal's library. The first edition of Levita's Baḥur (Rome, 1518) is dedicated to Giles, to whom Levita dedicated his Concordance (1521). The 1527 Sack of Rome sent Levita into exile once more, back to Venice, where he worked as a proofreader and taught Hebrew. Levita published at Venice a treatise on the laws of cantillation entitled Sefer Tuv Ta'am. At seventy years of age, Levita left his wife and children and departed in 1540 for Isny, in Bavaria, accepting the invitation of Paul Fagius to superintend his Hebrew printing-press there. During Elia's stay with Fagius (until 1542 at Isny), he published the following works: Tishbi, a dictionary focusing on words that don't appear in the Arukh, containing 712 words used in Talmud and Midrash, with explanations in German and a Latin translation by Fagius (Isny, 1541); Sefer Meturgeman, explaining all the Aramaic words found in the Targum (Isny, 1541); Shemot Devarim, an alphabetical list of Yiddish technical terms translated into Hebrew, Latin and German (Isny, 1542);Heidi Stern, 2010. p. 205 and a new and revised edition of the Baḥur.Jewish Encyclopedia article. While in Germany he also printed his Bovo-Bukh. On returning to Venice, in spite of his great age, Elia worked on editions of several works, including David Kimhi's Miklol, which he also annotated. Elia Levita died 28 January 1549 in Venice, aged 80 years. His monument in the graveyard of the Jewish community at Venice boasts of him that "he illuminated the darkness of grammar and turned it into light." In the period which saw the rise of the Reformation and gave to the study of the Hebrew Bible and to its language an importance in the history of the world, Levita furthered the study of Hebrew in Christian circles by his activity as a teacher and by his writings. To his pupils especially belong Sebastian Münster, who translated Levita's grammatical works into Latin, and Georges de Selve, Bishop of Lavaur, the French ambassador in Venice. It was also during this time that he became acquainted with Samson Ha-Nakdan. He has descendants living today, including former Prime Minister of the United Kingdom David Cameron, who describes him as "my forefather Elijah Levita who wrote what is thought to have been the first ever Yiddish novel". ==Works== * Elia Levita Bachur's Bovo-Buch: A Translation of the Old Yiddish Edition of 1541 with Introduction and Notes by Elia Levita Bachur, translated and notes by Jerry C. Smith, Fenestra Books, 2003, . * Helia Levita (das ist: Elijah Levita): [...] Nomenclatura Hebraica Autore Helia Levita Germano Grammatico, in gratiam omnium tyronum ac studiosorum linguæ sanctę. Isny, published by Paul Fagius, 1542. :* Kaltenstadler, Wilhelm (ed.), Helia Levita: Nomenclatura Hebraica: Wörterbuch Jiddisch-Deutsch-Latein-Hebräisch. [Nomenclatura Herbraica: Yiddish-German-Latin-Hebrew Dictionary], facsimile, Utopia Boulevard U.B.W. Press, Hamburg 2004, ISBN 3-9809509-6-4. :* Rosenfeld, Moshe N. (ed.): Nomenclatura Hebraica. London 1988, . ::* Short description in English p. 189\. (books.google.com) * Paris and Vienna (attributed) * miscellaneous shorter poems *The Massoreth Ha-Massoreth of Elias Levita, being an exposition of the Massoretic notes on the Hebrew Bible, or the ancient critical apparatus of the Old Testament in Hebrew, with an English translation, and critical and explanatory notes, London, Longmans, 1867 ==Notes== ==References== * Gottheil, Richard and Jacobs, Joseph Baba Buch, Jewish Encyclopedia, 1901-1906 * * Liptzin, Sol, A History of Yiddish Literature, Jonathan David Publishers, Middle Village, NY, 1972, . * Stern, Heidi: Elia Levitas „Shemot Devarim“ von 1542, in: Lexicographica, 26 (2010), 205–228. doi 10.1515/9783110223231.3.205 ==External links== * * * Levita, Elijah (1469–1549) (in German). Category:1469 births Category:1549 deaths Category:German Ashkenazi Jews Category:People from Neustadt (Aisch)-Bad Windsheim Category:Medieval Hebraists Category:Jewish poets Category:Yiddish- language writers Category:Jewish translators of the Bible Category:15th- century German Jews Category:16th-century German Jews Category:16th-century German poets Category:Renaissance humanists Category:Renaissance writers Category:Jewish humanists Category:Jewish grammarians

['Isny', 'Renaissance', 'Hebraist', 'Bovo-Bukh', 'Giles of Viterbo', 'Jewish mysticism', 'Nuremberg', 'Ashkenazi Jews', 'Jew', 'Padua', 'Venice', 'Renaissance humanist', 'Kabbalah', 'Paul Fagius', 'Talmud', 'Midrash', 'Aramaic', 'Targum', 'Shemot Devarim', 'David Kimhi', 'Reformation', 'Sebastian Münster', 'Georges de Selve', 'Bishop of Lavaur', 'Prime Minister of the United Kingdom', 'David Cameron', 'Elijah Levita', 'Jewish Encyclopedia']

['Q513446', 'Q4692', 'Q4988856', 'Q2900772', 'Q380652', 'Q12409136', 'Q2090', 'Q34069', 'Q7325', 'Q617', 'Q641', 'Q846933', 'Q123006', 'Q70119', 'Q43290', 'Q202344', 'Q28602', 'Q623703', 'Q1644676', 'Q733619', 'Q12562', 'Q61073', 'Q3103711', 'Q2845780', 'Q14211', 'Q192', 'Q66031', 'Q653922']

[[(2023, 2027), (2175, 2179), (2399, 2403), (2484, 2488), (2603, 2607), (4236, 4240)], [(204, 215), (561, 572), (1368, 1379), (5756, 5767), (5787, 5798)], [(5535, 5543)], [(279, 288), (1057, 1066), (2750, 2759)], [(413, 429), (1402, 1418)], [(533, 549)], [(614, 623)], [(5450, 5464)], [(533, 536), (630, 633), (906, 909), (2684, 2687), (3007, 3010), (5062, 5065), (5460, 5463), (5554, 5557), (5611, 5614), (5673, 5676), (5707, 5710), (5816, 5819), (5842, 5845)], [(997, 1002)], [(1233, 1239), (1787, 1793), (1867, 1873), (2777, 2783), (2947, 2953), (3027, 3033), (3555, 3561)], [(1368, 1388), (5756, 5776)], [(1565, 1573)], [(2069, 2080), (4255, 4266)], [(2316, 2322)], [(2327, 2334)], [(2449, 2456)], [(2476, 2482)], [(2497, 2511), (5229, 5243)], [(2864, 2875)], [(3160, 3171)], [(3417, 3434)], [(3494, 3510)], [(3512, 3528)], [(3691, 3727)], [(3728, 3741)], [(64, 77), (3779, 3792), (4096, 4109)], [(2684, 2703), (5062, 5081)]]

Cinecolor was an early subtractive color-model two-color motion picture process that was based upon the Prizma system of the 1910s and 1920s and the Multicolor system of the late 1920s and the 1930s. It was developed by William T. Crispinel and Alan M. Gundelfinger, and its various formats were in use from 1932 to 1955. ==Method== As a bipack color process, the photographer loaded a standard camera with two film stocks: an orthochromatic strip dyed orange-red and a panchromatic strip behind it. The orthochromatic film stock recorded only blue and green, and its orange-red dye (analogous to a Wratten 23-A filter) filters out everything but orange and red light to the panchromatic film stock.Crespinel, William T. (1933): As to Cinecolor. In: American Cinematographer, 14, pp. 355, 380-381. https://filmcolors.org/timeline-entry/1297/#/infobox/37340 Since the distance to the two film emulsions differed in depth from a single emulsion, the camera's lens focus had to be adjusted and a special film gate added to accommodate a bi-pack negative.Belton, John (2000): CinecoIor. In: Film History, 12,4, Color Film (2000), pp. 344-357. https://filmcolors.org/timeline-entry/1297/#/infobox/37341 In the laboratory, the negatives were developed and the orange-red dye removed. The prints were made on duplitized film and developed as black and white positives. One side containing the red-orange filtered recorded and the soundtrack was toned blue- green; the other side containing the blue-green record was toned red- orange.Ryan, Roderick T. (1977): A History of Motion Picture Color Technology. London: Focal Press, pp. 102-106. https://filmcolors.org/timeline- entry/1297/#/infobox/37342 Cinecolor could produce vibrant reds, oranges, blues, browns and flesh tones, but its renderings of other colors such as bright greens (rendered dark green) and purples (rendered a sort of dark magenta) were muted. ==History== The Cinecolor process was invented in 1932 by the English-born cinematographer William Thomas Crespinel (1890–1987),Social Security Death Index who joined the Kinemacolor Corporation in 1906 and went to New York in 1913 to work with Kinemacolor's American unit."William Crespinel, 96; Pioneer in Color Films", New York Times, June 24, 1987, p. B10. Passenger list of the S.S. Carmania, Port of New York, 3 February 1913, p. 16. After that company folded in 1916, he worked for Prizma, another color film company, founded by William Van Doren Kelley.World War I Draft Registration Cards, 1917–1918, State of New Jersey, County of Bergen, Draft Board 3, 5 June 1917. He later worked for Multicolor and patented several inventions in the field of color cinematography.Gate for Multiple Films, 1930; Method and Apparatus for Placing Sound Records in Color Photography, 1930; Method of Producing Films in Natural Color, 1930; Colored Photograph and Method of Making Same, 1932. Crespinel founded Cinecolor, Inc. (later Cinecolor Corporation) in 1932 as a response to the success of the Technicolor Corporation, which held a partial monopoly on motion picture color. William Loss, a director of the Citizens Traction Company in New York, was its principal investor. The company bought four acres of land in Burbank, California for its processing plant. Crespinel retired as president of Cinecolor in 1948. The company was largely founded on the patents and equipment of William Van Doren Kelley and his Prizma Color system, and was in direct competition with Multicolor, which folded in 1932, and Cinecolor then bought its equipment. Although limited in tone by comparison, Cinecolor's chief advantages over Technicolor were that color rushes were available within 24 hours, the process itself cost only 25% more than black-and-white photography (the price grew cheaper as larger amounts of Cinecolor film stock were bought), and it could be used in modified black-and-white cameras.Gene Fernett, Hollywood's Poverty Row 1930-1950 (Coral Reef Publications, 1973), pp 15-19. Before 1945, Cinecolor was used almost exclusively for short films. From 1932 to 1935, Cinecolor was used in at least 22 cartoons, including Fleischer Studios cartoons for Paramount, Hugh Harman and Rudolf Ising for MGM; and Ub Iwerks, whose Comicolor cartoons were released by the independent distributor Pat Powers while Walt Disney held an exclusive contract with Technicolor for the use of its three-strip process for animation.Including Betty Boop in Fleischer's Poor Cinderella (1934); two Merrie Melodies cartoons, Honeymoon Hotel (1934) and Beauty and the Beast (1934); two of MGM's Happy Harmonies cartoons, The Discontented Canary (1934) and The Old Pioneer (1934); and Ub Iwerks' Comicolor series that began in November 1933. The Big Cartoon Database. Two-strip Technicolor became available for non-Disney cartoons in September 1934 and three-strip Technicolor in September 1935. Among the best known animated short subjects series made in Cinecolor were Poor Cinderella, the first installment of Max Fleischer's Color Classics and Ub Iwerks' ComiColor cartoons, several 1930s and 1940s Warner Bros. Looney Tunes, many of Famous Studios' late-1940s Popeye the Sailor cartoons, and Screen Gems' Phantasies from 1947 to 1949. The first feature-length pictures released in Cinecolor were the documentary feature Sweden, Land of the Vikings (1934) and the independently-made western The Phantom of Santa Fe (1936, but filmed in Multicolor in 1931), followed by Monogram Pictures' release The Gentleman from Arizona (1939). No other Cinecolor features followed until 1945. Lower-budgeted companies such as Monogram, Producers Releasing Corporation, and Screen Guild Productions were Cinecolor's chief contractors. A 1945 PRC Cinecolor release, The Enchanted Forest, was the studio's highest- grossing film, and PRC's series of Cinecolor westerns with Eddie Dean attracted attention among exhibitors. Screen Guild's Scared to Death (1947) featured Bela Lugosi in his only color film. The commercial and critical success of those films led both major and minor studios to use Cinecolor as a money-saving measure. The system could produce acceptable color pictures at a fraction of the cost of Technicolor. The first to adopt an all-Cinecolor policy was pioneer comedy producer Hal Roach, who made all of his featurettes in Cinecolor beginning in 1947. Other studios followed Roach's lead, and Cinecolor enjoyed a popular vogue in the mid- to late 1940s with such features as MGM's Gallant Bess (1946), Columbia's costume adventure The Gallant Blade (1948), and Eagle-Lion's Northwest Stampede (1948) and its Red Ryder westerns (1949). Most features made in Cinecolor were outdoor adventures and westerns, because the main color palette in those films consisted of blues, browns, and reds, and so the system's limitations were less apparent. Cinecolor was also prominently employed in processing Paramount's Popular Science series of short films although later prints were made by Consolidated Film Industries under their Magnacolor process. Republic Pictures began using CFI's Trucolor from the end of 1946 for a variety of films ranging from Westerns, travelogues, and epics of the life of Richard Wagner (Magic Fire) and the battle of the Alamo (The Last Command). Trucolor differed from Cinecolor, however, in that it used a dye-coupler already built into the film base, rather than the application of chemical toner. ===Expansion=== In October 1947 Cinecolor bought a film production company, Film Classics, to promote its color process in its own feature films. Joseph Bernhard, president of Film Classics, became vice president of Cinecolor.Motion Picture Herald, "Cinecolor Takes Film Classics," Oct. 18, 1947, p. 20. Seven months later, Cinecolor president and founder William Crespinel stepped down, and Bernhard assumed the Cinecolor presidency on May 15, 1948.Boxoffice, "Color Films to 70% Soon, Joseph Bernhard Predicts," April 24, 1948, p.20. The year 1948 was important for the Cinecolor Corporation, which introduced a new supersensitive negative stock that cut back on the on-set lighting costs by 50 percent and camera film magazines. Combined, they reduced the cost of shooting in Cinecolor to only 10 percent more than black and white.Boxoffice, "New Sensitized Film Cuts Lighting Costs," July 17, 1948, p. 43. The same year, Gundelfinger also developed a three-color process called SuperCinecolor but did not begin using it until 1951 with The Sword of Monte Cristo. Other films of note that used the SuperCinecolor process were Abbott and Costello Meet Captain Kidd (1952), Jack and the Beanstalk (1952), Invaders From Mars (1953), Gog (1954), and Top Banana (1954). The latter two were both also filmed in 3-D. SuperCinecolor used black-and-white separations produced from monopack color negatives made with Ansco/Agfa, DuPont, Kodachrome, or Eastmancolor film, for principal photography. After the negative was edited, it was copied through color filters into three black-and-white negatives. An oddity of the system was that rather than using cyan, magenta, and yellow primary subtractive colors, SuperCinecolor printed its films with red, blue and yellow matrices to create a system that was compatible with the previous printers.Original separations for "Abbott and Costello Meet Captain Kidd" (WB, 1952) The result of the combination of the color spectra was an oddly-striking look to the final print. Printing SuperCinecolor was not a difficult process, as it was engineered to use the old process' equipment. Using duplitized stock, one side contained a silver emulsion toned red-magenta and, on the other side, cyan- blue. A yellow layer was added on the blue side by imbibition.Color in Motion Pictures and Television by Lyne S. Trimble was a textbook for Professor Trimble's class, who had worked for Cinecolor for many years. It described the process and might not have used the word "imbibition" for the re-exposure of the duplitized stock after toning. The soundtrack was subsequently applied on the blue-yellow side in a blue soundtrack but separate from those records. The final prints had vivid dyes that did not fade and were of acceptable grain structure and sharp in focus. The common perception of Cinecolor prints being grainy and not easily focused is perpetuated by 16 mm, regular-process Cinecolor prints in which those elements are an issue. ===Last years=== Cinecolor Corp. operated at a net loss from 1950 to 1954, partly because the weak financial position of its division in England made it necessary for the parent company to refinance it and partly because of its own operating losses."Cinecolor Corp. Plans To Lay Off 'Substantial' Personnel Temporarily", The Wall Street Journal, April 2, 1952, p. 8."Abreast of the Market", The Wall Street Journal, August 26, 1955, p. 15. The last American feature released in Cinecolor was Allied Artists' Pride of the Blue Grass (1954). Donner Corporation, a private investment organization, acquired Cinecolor Corp. in June 1952."Abreast of the Market", The Wall Street Journal, June 22, 1953, p. 11. In 1953, it became the Color Corporation of America, specialized in SuperCinecolor printing, and was a major Anscocolor processor. It also made Eastmancolor prints and did commercial film processing and printing of non- theatrical films, and black-and-white film processing for television. To stimulate its theatrical film business, Color Corp. financed independent movie producers. The last theatrical feature with a SuperCinecolor credit was The Diamond Queen, released by Warner Bros. in November 1953. Thereafter, "Color by Color Corp. of America" was used for films like Shark River (1953) and Top Banana (1954). Color Corporation of America was bought out on April 8, 1954 by Houston Color Film Laboratories, which processed Anscocolor at its plant in Los Angeles, and Houston Fearless Corp., which made processing and developing equipment."Donner Corp. Sells Interest In Color Corp. of America", The Wall Street Journal, May 5, 1954, p. 6. It became strictly an Anscocolor processor. Color Corp. sold its film processing laboratory in mid-1955 to provide its television and motion picture equipment-making division a laboratory in which to test its equipment, and the corporation was dissolved.California Secretary of State, California Business Portal . ==See also== *Color motion picture film *Color photography *List of color film systems *List of film formats *Multicolor *Prizma *Technicolor *Trucolor ==References== ==Further reading== *John Belton, "Cinecolor," Film History 12:4 (2000), pp. 344-357. *Gene Fernett, Hollywood's Poverty Row 1930-1950 (Coral Reef Publications, 1973), pp 15-19. ==External links== * Cinecolor History at The American Widescreen Museum * Cinecolor on Timeline of Historical Film Colors with many written resources and many photographs of Cinecolor prints. Category:Film and video technology Category:History of film Category:Motion picture film formats Category:Audiovisual introductions in 1932

['Poor Cinderella', 'Fleischer Studios', 'Prizma', 'Multicolor', 'William Thomas Crespinel', 'Social Security Death Index', 'Kinemacolor', 'Technicolor', 'Burbank, California', 'Ub Iwerks', 'Walt Disney', 'Betty Boop', 'Merrie Melodies', 'Happy Harmonies', 'Max Fleischer', 'Color Classics', 'Warner Bros.', 'Looney Tunes', 'Famous Studios', 'Screen Gems', 'Phantasies', 'Monogram Pictures', 'Producers Releasing Corporation', 'Bela Lugosi', 'Gallant Bess', 'The Gallant Blade', 'Northwest Stampede', 'Red Ryder', 'Consolidated Film Industries', 'Magnacolor', 'Republic Pictures', 'Trucolor', 'Richard Wagner', 'Magic Fire', 'The Sword of Monte Cristo', 'Abbott and Costello Meet Captain Kidd', 'Agfa', 'DuPont', 'Kodachrome', 'Eastmancolor', 'Ansco', 'Color motion picture film', 'Color photography', 'List of color film systems', 'List of film formats']

['Q3908351', 'Q1427842', 'Q7246553', 'Q6934607', 'Q23621630', 'Q2296741', 'Q630548', 'Q674564', 'Q39561', 'Q336424', 'Q8704', 'Q583810', 'Q1750628', 'Q1584289', 'Q93788', 'Q2984362', 'Q126399', 'Q622435', 'Q3066286', 'Q1370297', 'Q7180508', 'Q2756484', 'Q3406645', 'Q34529', 'Q5518856', 'Q3221229', 'Q13403311', 'Q673286', 'Q5163271', 'Q6731270', 'Q774682', 'Q7847231', 'Q1511', 'Q976002', 'Q13553670', 'Q306783', 'Q309245', 'Q221062', 'Q1455620', 'Q3046590', 'Q569432', 'Q941530', 'Q166509', 'Q3922334', 'Q21067571']

[[(4456, 4471), (4954, 4969)], [(4129, 4146)], [(104, 110), (2397, 2403), (3417, 3423), (12470, 12476)], [(149, 159), (2605, 2615), (3473, 3483), (5423, 5433), (12458, 12468)], [(1999, 2023)], [(2036, 2063)], [(2079, 2090), (2153, 2164)], [(3001, 3012), (3622, 3633), (4355, 4366), (4761, 4772), (4848, 4859), (6185, 6196), (12478, 12489)], [(3221, 3240)], [(4213, 4222), (4668, 4677), (5031, 5040)], [(4311, 4322)], [(4430, 4440)], [(4484, 4499)], [(4579, 4594)], [(4996, 5009)], [(5012, 5026)], [(5086, 5098), (11562, 11574)], [(5099, 5111)], [(5121, 5135)], [(5180, 5191)], [(5193, 5203)], [(5456, 5473)], [(5610, 5641)], [(5941, 5952)], [(6473, 6485)], [(6523, 6540)], [(6566, 6584)], [(6600, 6609)], [(6972, 7000)], [(7013, 7023)], [(7033, 7050)], [(7069, 7077), (7259, 7267), (12491, 12499)], [(7183, 7197)], [(7199, 7209)], [(8453, 8478)], [(8542, 8579), (9274, 9311)], [(8829, 8833)], [(8835, 8841)], [(8843, 8853)], [(8858, 8870), (11231, 11243)], [(8823, 8828), (11196, 11201), (11818, 11823), (12056, 12061)], [(12362, 12387)], [(12389, 12406)], [(12408, 12434)], [(12436, 12456)]]

An electronic ticket is a method of ticket entry, processing, and marketing for companies in the airline, railways and other transport and entertainment industries. ==Airline ticket== E-tickets in the airline industry were devised in about 1994, and have now largely replaced the older multi-layered paper ticketing systems. Since 1 June 2008, it has been mandatory for IATA members to use e-ticketing. Where paper tickets are still available, some airlines charge a fee for issuing paper tickets. When a reservation is confirmed, the airline keeps a record of the booking in its computer reservations system. Customers can print out or may be provided with a copy of a e-ticket itinerary receipt which contains the record locator or reservation number and the e-ticket number. It is possible to print multiple copies of an e-ticket itinerary receipt. Besides providing itinerary details, an e-ticket itinerary receipt also contains: * An official ticket number (including the airline's 3-digit ticketing code,Airline codes and ticketing codes a 4-digit form number, a 6-digit serial number, and sometimes a check digit) * Carriage terms and conditions (or at least a reference to them) * Fare and tax details, including fare calculation details and some additional data such as tour codes. The exact cost might not be stated, but a "fare basis" code will always identify the fare used. * A short summary of fare restrictions, usually specifying only whether change or refund are permitted but not the penalties to which they are subject * Form of payment * Issuing office * Baggage allowance ===Checking in with an e-ticket=== Passengers with e-tickets are required to check-in at the airport for a flight in the usual manner, except that they may be required to present an e-ticket itinerary receipt or personal identification, such as a passport, or credit card. They can also use the Record locator, often called booking reference, a code of six letters and digits. Producing a print-out of an e-ticket itinerary receipt may be required to enter the terminal of some airports or to satisfy immigration regulations in some countries. The introduction of e-tickets has allowed for various enhancements to checking-in processes. ====Self-service and remote check- in==== * online/mobile/telephone/self-service kiosk check-in (if the airline makes this option available) * early check-in * printing boarding passes at airport kiosks and at locations other than an airport * delivery of boarding pass bar-codes via SMS or email to a mobile device Several websites assist people holding e-tickets to check in online in advance of the twenty-four-hour airline restriction. These sites store a passenger's flight information and then when the airline opens up for online check-in the data is transferred to the airline and the boarding pass is emailed back to the customer. With this e-ticket technology, if a passenger receives his boarding pass remotely and is travelling without check-in luggage, he may bypass traditional counter check- in. ===E-ticket limitations=== The ticketing systems of most airlines are only able to produce e-tickets for itineraries of no more than 16 segments, including surface segments. This is the same limit that applied to paper tickets. Another critical limitation is that at the time e-tickets were initially designed, most airlines still practiced product bundling. By the time the industry began 100% e-ticket implementation, more and more airlines began to unbundle previously included services (like checked baggage) and add them back in as optional fees (ancillary revenue). However, the e-ticket standard did not anticipate and did not include a standardized mechanism for such optional fees. IATA later implemented the Electronic Miscellaneous Document (EMD) standard for such information. This way, airlines could consistently expose and capture such fees at time of booking through travel reservation systems, rather than having to surprise passengers with them at check-in. ===IATA mandated transition=== As part of the IATA Simplifying the Business initiative, the association instituted a program to switch the industry to 100% electronic ticketing. The program concluded on June 1, 2008, with the association saying that the resulting industry savings were approximately US$3 billion. In 2004, IATA Board of Governors set the end of 2007 as the deadline for airlines to make the transition to 100% electronic ticketing for tickets processed through the IATA billing and settlement plan; in June 2007, the deadline was extended to May 31, 2008. As of June 1, 2008 paper tickets can no longer be issued on neutral stock by agencies reporting to their local BSP. Agents reporting to the ARC using company-provided stock or issuing tickets on behalf of an airline (GSAs and ticketing offices) are not subject to that restriction. The industry was unable to comply with the IATA mandate and paper tickets remain in circulation as of February 2009. ==Train tickets== Amtrak started offering electronic tickets on all train routes on 30 July 2012. These tickets can be ordered over the internet and printed (as a PDF file), printed at a Quik-Trak kiosk, or at the ticket counter at the station. Electronic tickets can also be held in a smart phone and shown to the conductor using an app. Mobile tickets are common with operators of US commuter train networks (e.g. MTA LIRR and Metro North) but they are usually only offered on the US version of the App Store and only accept US-issued credit cards as the app's payment page asks the user for the credit card's ZIP code to complete the purchase. Several European train operators also offer self-printable or downloadable tickets. Often tickets can also be delivered by SMS or MMS. Railway operators in other countries also issue electronic tickets. The national operators of Denmark and Netherlands have a nationwide system where RFID smartcards are used as train tickets. In the UK, the issuance of printable or mobile tickets is at the discretion of train operators and is often available for advance tickets only (i.e. valid only on a specific train). This is very common in Europe for local urban rail, such as rapid transit/metros. During the 2010:s phone apps have been increasingly popular. Passengers do not have to visit a machine or a desk to buy a ticket or refill an RFID card, but can buy it in their phone. In India, an SMS sent by the Indian Railways, along with a valid proof of identity is considered equivalent to a ticket. ==Sport, concert, and cinema tickets== Many sport, concert venues, and cinemas use electronic ticketing for their events. Electronic tickets, or "eTickets" as they are sometimes referred, are often delivered as PDFs or another downloadable format that can be received via email or through a mobile app. Electronic tickets allow organizers to avoid the cost of producing and distributing physical tickets by transferring costs to the customer, who must own electronic hardware and purchase internet access in order to receive their ticket. A printed copy of these tickets or a digital copy on a mobile phone should be presented on coming to the venue. These tickets now normally also have a barcode, which may be scanned on entry into the venue to streamline crowd processing. Electronic tickets have become increasingly prevalent in the entertainment industry over the last decade. In some cases, spectators who want to see a match may not need a printable electronic ticket. If someone with a membership to a football team books a ticket online, the member can just verify his/her reservation with a membership card at the entrance. This is common with teams in the English Premiership League. == Implementations == In January 2017 it was reported that Germany's Federal Minister of Transport and Digital Infrastructure, Alexander Dobrindt wants to create an electronic ticket to connect public bus and train services as well as parking spaces and potentially car-sharing services across all cities. A nationwide electronic ticket system was introduced in Denmark in 2010, called Rejsekort. ==See also== * Digital ticket * Mobile ticketing * Travel technology * Flight Interruption Manifest * Ticket system ==References== ==External links== * IATA Simplifying the Business ET webpage * 'Paperless ticketing' aims to thwart scalping at concerts, sports events Category:Airline tickets Category:Travel technology Category:Transport law *

['IATA', 'Record locator', 'Electronic Miscellaneous Document', 'Amtrak', 'ZIP code', 'RFID', 'India', 'Indian Railways', 'Alexander Dobrindt', 'Rejsekort', 'Digital ticket', 'Mobile ticketing', 'Travel technology', 'Ticket system']

['Q19755', 'Q3422426', 'Q5358276', 'Q23239', 'Q136208', 'Q104954', 'Q668', 'Q819425', 'Q85783', 'Q4994625', 'Q5276200', 'Q1457423', 'Q7835963', 'Q10429599']

[[(370, 374), (3732, 3736), (4020, 4024), (4063, 4067), (4340, 4344), (4499, 4503), (4915, 4919), (8276, 8280)], [(1888, 1902)], [(3759, 3792)], [(5007, 5013)], [(5601, 5609)], [(5920, 5924), (6369, 6373)], [(6414, 6419), (6440, 6445)], [(6440, 6455)], [(7854, 7872)], [(8113, 8122)], [(8139, 8153)], [(8156, 8172)], [(8175, 8192), (8426, 8443)], [(8226, 8239)]]

The Chalk Garden is a play by Enid Bagnold that premiered in the USA in 1955 and was produced in Britain the following year. It tells the story of the imperious Mrs St Maugham and her granddaughter Laurel, a disturbed child under the care of Miss Madrigal, a governess, whose past life is a mystery that is solved during the action of the play. The work has been revived numerous times internationally, and was adapted for the cinema in 1964. ==Background and first productions== Bagnold wrote the play with an English premiere in mind, but the West End producer, Binkie Beaumont, turned it down: "I confess I find some of the symbolism confusing and muddling".Sebba, p. 180 The piece was taken up by the American producer Irene Selznick, who proposed a Broadway premiere. She found the play challenging and tantalising – "I am haunted by its gossamer flashes of poetry and beauty" – but lacking in focus. In July 1954 she travelled to England to work with Bagnold for six weeks, tightening the play up.Sebba, pp. 181–183 They discussed the casting for the production; the author hoped Edith Evans would play Mrs St Maugham, but Selznick insisted on casting Gladys Cooper.Sebba, p. 186 For the enigmatic role of Miss Madrigal, Selznick hoped to cast her friend Katharine Hepburn, but Hepburn did not respond to the play and turned the part down. Selznick and Bagnold agreed to offer the part to Wendy Hiller, who declined it because she did not wish to leave England. Finally, Siobhán McKenna accepted the role. Selznick engaged George Cukor to direct; he took the play through its rehearsals and out-of- town previews, but handed over to Albert Marre before the Broadway premiere.Sebba, pp. 187–189 The designer for both sets and costumes was Cecil Beaton, whom Cukor and Selznick found intolerable to work with, but whose designs were highly praised.Sebba, pp. 198–191 The Chalk Garden was first performed at the Shubert Theatre, New Haven, Connecticut on 21 September 1955, and was given on Broadway at the Ethel Barrymore Theatre on 26 October. It ran for 182 performances."The Chalk Garden" , Internet Broadway Database. Retrieved 2 October 2020 When Beaumont saw the enthusiastic reviews by the New York critics he immediately changed his mind about producing the piece in London.Sebba, p. 192 The play had its British premiere at the Alexandra Theatre, Birmingham on 21 March 1956 and was first seen in London on 11 April at the Theatre Royal Haymarket. The director was John Gielgud, the sets were by Reece Pemberton and the costumes by Sophie Harris. The play ran at the Haymarket for 658 performances, ending on 9 November 1957.Wearing, p. 425 US cast London cast Replacements during London run Maitland Fritz Weaver George Rose Judge Percy Waram Felix Aylmer Miss Madrigal (First Applicant) Siobhán McKenna Peggy Ashcroft Pamela Brown Gwen Ffrangcon-Davies Mavis Walker Second Applicant Georgia Harvey Ruth Lodge Third Applicant Eva Leonard-Boyne Janet Burnell Margery Weston Laurel Betsy von Furstenberg Judith Stott Erica Bruce Mrs St Maugham Gladys Cooper Edith Evans Gladys Cooper Nurse Marie Paxton Mavis Walker Gwen Hill Olivia Marian Seldes later Lori March Rachel Gurney :Sources: Internet Broadway Database, and The London Stage 1950–1959. ==Synopsis== Mrs St Maugham lives in her country house in a village in Sussex, where the garden is on lime and chalk, making it difficult for her to succeed in her determined but incompetent efforts as a gardener. She is taking care of her disturbed teenage grandchild, Laurel, who has been setting fires. Miss Madrigal, an expert gardener, is hired as a governess, despite her lack of references. Also in the household is a valet, Maitland, who has just been released from a five-year sentence in prison. Olivia, Laurel's mother, who has remarried, arrives for a visit. When the Judge comes to the house for lunch, he reveals that he had sentenced Miss Madrigal to jail for murder. ==Revivals and adaptations== ===Revivals=== The first Australian production, in 1957, featured Sybil Thorndike, Lewis Casson, Patricia Kennedy and Gordon Chater.Theatre programme , Theatre Royal, Sydney, December 1957. Retrieved 3 October 2020 In Britain, Gladys Cooper again played Mrs St Maugham in a 1970 revival directed by Laurier Lister at the Yvonne Arnaud Theatre, Guildford, with Joan Greenwood as Miss Madrigal, Robert Flemyng as Maitland and Donald Eccles as the Judge."Gladys Cooper as tyrant", The Stage, 19 November 1970, p. 17 Cooper and Greenwood reprised their roles in the play's first West End revival, in 1971 at the Haymarket, directed by William Chappell, with Michael Goodliffe as the Judge and Peter Bayliss as Maitland."Joan Greenwood plays Miss Madrigal in Haymarket revival", The Stage, 6 May 1971, p. 17 The first revival in New York was given by the Roundabout Theatre Company at Roundabout Stage 1 from 30 March 1982 to 20 June 1982. The cast featured Constance Cummings as Mrs St Maugham, Irene Worth as Miss Madrigal and Donal Donnelly as Maitland. The director was John Stix.Watt, Douglas. "The Chalk Garden", The Daily News, 30 April 1982, p. C13 As at 2020 this was the only further staging of the piece in New York, a planned production in 2017 starring Angela Lansbury having fallen through."Angela Lansbury Reveals She Won't Return to Broadway in The Chalk Garden" , Broadway World, 20 September 2016 A 1984 British tour of the play starred Eleanor Summerfield as Mrs St Maugham and Nyree Dawn Porter as Miss Madrigal; Ernest Clark was the Judge and Bruce Montague played Maitland."On Next Week", The Stage, 30 August 1984, p. 27; and "Laughter fails to blossom", Hammersmith and Shepherds Bush Gazette, 21 September 1984, p. 20 A revival at the King's Head Theatre, London in 1992 again featured Cummings as Mrs St Maugham, with Jean Marsh as Miss Madrigal and Robert Flemyng as the Judge.Hepple, Peter. "The Garden's blooming marvellous", The Stage, 9 April 1992, p. 15 The play was revived in Australia in 1995, starring Googie Withers, Judi Farr and John McCallum.Waites, James. "Tradition finds a welcome home", The Sydney Morning Herald, 20 February 1995, p. 12. A 2008 production at the Donmar Warehouse, London was directed by Michael Grandage, with Margaret Tyzack as Mrs St Maugham, Penelope Wilton as Miss Madrigal, Felicity Jones as Laurel, and Jamie Glover as Maitland.Billington, Michael. "Theatre Review: The Chalk Garden" , TheGuardian.com, 12 June 2008 In 2018 the Chichester Festival Theatre presented a new production, featuring Penelope Keith (Mrs St Maugham), Amanda Root (Miss Madrigal) and Oliver Ford Davies (Judge). The director was Alan Strachan.Cavendish, Dominic. "The Chalk Garden review, Chichester Festival Theatre: Penelope Keith blossoms yet again, but landscaping's needed elsewhere", The Daily Telegraph, 1 June 2018 ===Adaptations=== A 1964 film adaptation featured Edith Evans as Mrs St Maugham, Deborah Kerr as Miss Madrigal, Hayley Mills as Laurel, and John Mills as Maitland. It was directed by Ronald Neame."The Chalk Garden (1964)" , British Film Institute. Retrieved 3 October 2020 The BBC broadcast a radio adaptation of the play in 1968, with Edith Evans recreating her role of Mrs St Maugham, Mary Morris as Miss Madrigal, Cecil Parker as the Judge and Angela Pleasence as Laurel."The Chalk Garden", BBC Genome. Retrieved 3 October 2020 The cast of the 2008 Donmar production recorded a studio performance for BBC Radio 3, first broadcast in March 2011."The Chalk Garden", BBC. Retrieved 3 October 2020 ==Critical response== ===First productions=== The notices for the Broadway premiere were excellent. Brooks Atkinson wrote in The New York Times: In The Daily News John Chapman called it "A tantalizing, fascinating and stimulating piece of theatre … the most literate and sophisticated" of recent plays.Chapman, John. "'Chalk Garden' Fascinating", The Daily News 28 October 1955, p. 68; and "A Fascinating New Play", The Daily News, 6 November 1955, p. 8 Walter Kerr of the New York Herald Tribune wrote, "I can't quite remember any other occasion in the theater when I so resisted a first act only to wind up at the end of the third wishing there were a fourth".Kerr, Walter. "Broadway in Review", The Los Angeles Times, 6 November 1955, part IV, p. 4 When the play opened in London, Philip Hope-Wallace wrote in The Manchester Guardian of experiencing "a unique theatrical pleasure" at Edith Evans's performance, invoked Chekhov's The Seagull and called the piece "a woman's play in the very best sense, being laconic, compassionate and wonderfully gay-hearted".Hope-Wallace, Philip. "Dame Edith Evans and Miss Ashcroft in new play", The Manchester Guardian, 13 April 1956, p. 7 In The Observer, Kenneth Tynan commented that The Chalk Garden "may well be the finest artificial comedy to have flowed from an English (as opposed to an Irish) pen since the death of Congreve."Tynan, Kenneth. "Glorious Sunset", The Observer, 15 April 1956, p. 15 ===Revivals=== Rex Reed, in his review of the 1971 West End production, wrote: "This endearing play never seems to age, perhaps because its characters are written with such wit and brittle cleverness... It is a fragile, gossamer-winged play..."Reed, Rex. "London Theatre Anemic" , chicagotribune.com, August 1, 1971. Frank Rich reviewed the 1982 Roundabout production for The New York Times, writing: " 'The Chalk Garden' is extraordinarily modern for a high comedy set in the drawing room of a stuffy Sussex manor house: its plot and structure are elliptical; its witty lines aren't brittle but are instead redolent with what the author calls 'the shape and shadow of life.'... Bagnold's play is in part a journey to the bottom of Miss Madrigal's identity; it is also about the effect the woman has on her employer's household. Mrs St Maugham is a selfish, eccentric paragon of privilege who spends her days gardening but can't make anything grow."Rich, Frank. Stage: 2 Grandes Dames in 'The Chalk Garden' " The New York Times, April 30, 1982. ==References== ==Sources== * * ==External links== * * Category:Comedy plays Category:1955 plays Category:Random House books Category:British plays adapted into films

['Random House', 'Enid Bagnold', 'New Haven', 'Binkie Beaumont', 'Irene Selznick', 'Edith Evans', 'Gladys Cooper', 'Katharine Hepburn', 'Wendy Hiller', 'Siobhán McKenna', 'George Cukor', 'Albert Marre', 'Cecil Beaton', 'Ethel Barrymore Theatre', 'Birmingham', 'Theatre Royal Haymarket', 'John Gielgud', 'Sophie Harris', 'Fritz Weaver', 'Percy Waram', 'Felix Aylmer', 'Peggy Ashcroft', 'Gwen Ffrangcon-Davies', 'Betsy von Furstenberg', 'Marian Seldes', 'Lori March', 'Rachel Gurney', 'Internet Broadway Database', 'Sussex', 'Sybil Thorndike', 'Lewis Casson', 'Gordon Chater', 'Laurier Lister', 'Yvonne Arnaud Theatre', 'Guildford', 'Joan Greenwood', 'Robert Flemyng', 'Donald Eccles', 'Michael Goodliffe', 'Peter Bayliss', 'Roundabout Theatre Company', 'Constance Cummings', 'Irene Worth', 'Donal Donnelly', 'Angela Lansbury', 'Eleanor Summerfield', 'Nyree Dawn Porter', 'Ernest Clark', 'Bruce Montague', "King's Head Theatre", 'Jean Marsh', 'Googie Withers', 'Judi Farr', 'Donmar Warehouse', 'Michael Grandage', 'Margaret Tyzack', 'Penelope Wilton', 'Felicity Jones', 'Jamie Glover', 'Chichester Festival Theatre', 'Penelope Keith', 'Amanda Root', 'Oliver Ford Davies', 'Deborah Kerr', 'Hayley Mills', 'John Mills', 'Ronald Neame', 'Mary Morris', 'Cecil Parker', 'Angela Pleasence', 'BBC Radio 3', 'Brooks Atkinson', 'The New York Times', 'Walter Kerr', 'New York Herald Tribune', 'The Los Angeles Times', 'Philip Hope-Wallace', 'The Manchester Guardian', 'The Seagull', 'The Observer', 'Kenneth Tynan', 'Rex Reed', 'Frank Rich']

['Q744182', 'Q447630', 'Q49145', 'Q932822', 'Q6069145', 'Q236718', 'Q235299', 'Q56016', 'Q230626', 'Q444660', 'Q56014', 'Q4710795', 'Q697096', 'Q5403074', 'Q2256', 'Q540426', 'Q204685', 'Q7563006', 'Q1363890', 'Q55641418', 'Q1403322', 'Q230832', 'Q438712', 'Q4898348', 'Q431564', 'Q8321150', 'Q2478348', 'Q31964', 'Q23346', 'Q177248', 'Q1822083', 'Q5584962', 'Q29050673', 'Q8062416', 'Q213465', 'Q446064', 'Q530733', 'Q5294305', 'Q1600882', 'Q120722', 'Q7371225', 'Q449916', 'Q188389', 'Q1239645', 'Q206856', 'Q5354398', 'Q3346716', 'Q5392910', 'Q4978027', 'Q6410962', 'Q271448', 'Q449070', 'Q6302810', 'Q5296262', 'Q6830724', 'Q439778', 'Q544165', 'Q234447', 'Q1681393', 'Q5095994', 'Q4958469', 'Q454111', 'Q562973', 'Q104146', 'Q237805', 'Q315728', 'Q460090', 'Q6780385', 'Q1052329', 'Q4762532', 'Q749608', 'Q343916', 'Q9684', 'Q7965342', 'Q532494', 'Q188515', 'Q15968103', 'Q11148', 'Q650063', 'Q336197', 'Q374900', 'Q2352005', 'Q5489205']

[[(10124, 10136)], [(30, 42)], [(1932, 1941)], [(564, 579)], [(723, 737)], [(1086, 1097), (3070, 3081), (6883, 6894), (7169, 7180), (8417, 8428), (8621, 8632)], [(1158, 1171), (3056, 3069), (3082, 3095), (4199, 4212), (4424, 4437)], [(1261, 1278)], [(1395, 1407)], [(1477, 1492), (2802, 2817)], [(1529, 1541)], [(1639, 1651)], [(1744, 1756)], [(2010, 2033)], [(2360, 2370)], [(2436, 2459)], [(2478, 2490)], [(2545, 2558)], [(2714, 2726)], [(2745, 2756)], [(2757, 2769)], [(2818, 2832)], [(2846, 2867)], [(2994, 3015)], [(3145, 3158)], [(3165, 3175)], [(3176, 3189)], [(2098, 2124), (3200, 3226)], [(3331, 3337), (9476, 9482)], [(4038, 4053)], [(4055, 4067)], [(4090, 4103)], [(4271, 4285)], [(4293, 4314)], [(4316, 4325)], [(4332, 4346), (4688, 4702)], [(4365, 4379), (5843, 5857)], [(4396, 4409)], [(4626, 4643)], [(4661, 4674)], [(4822, 4848)], [(4925, 4943)], [(4963, 4974)], [(4996, 5010)], [(5233, 5248), (5272, 5287)], [(5422, 5441)], [(5464, 5481)], [(5500, 5512)], [(5531, 5545)], [(5727, 5746)], [(5811, 5821)], [(6005, 6019)], [(6021, 6030)], [(6175, 6191)], [(6216, 6232)], [(6239, 6254)], [(6274, 6289)], [(6308, 6322)], [(6338, 6350)], [(6463, 6490), (6699, 6726)], [(6529, 6543), (6728, 6742)], [(6562, 6573)], [(6594, 6612)], [(6914, 6926)], [(6945, 6957)], [(6973, 6983)], [(7016, 7028)], [(7220, 7231)], [(7250, 7262)], [(7280, 7296)], [(7437, 7448)], [(7630, 7645)], [(7655, 7673), (9346, 9364), (9983, 10001)], [(7984, 7995)], [(8003, 8026)], [(8228, 8249)], [(8314, 8333)], [(8343, 8366), (8665, 8688)], [(8462, 8473)], [(8713, 8725), (8939, 8951)], [(8727, 8740)], [(8989, 8997)], [(9291, 9301)]]

Franklin Furnace, also known as the Franklin Mine, is a famous mineral location for rare zinc, iron, manganese minerals in old mines in Franklin, Sussex County, New Jersey, United States. This locale produced more species of minerals (over 300) and more different fluorescent minerals than any other location. The mineral association (assemblage) from Franklin includes willemite, zincite and franklinite. During the mid-to-late 19th century the furnace was the center of a large iron making operation. Russian, Chilean, British, Irish, Hungarian and Polish immigrants came to Franklin to work in the mines, and the population of Franklin swelled from 500 (in 1897) to over 3,000 (in 1913).Truran, William R. Images of America: Franklin, Hamburg, Ogdensburg, and Hardyston. (Charleston, South Carolina: Arcadia Publishing, 2004). The Furnace mine which was adjacent to the actual furnace, was a 120+ foot vertical shaft just under Franklin Falls. Other rare minerals include esperite, clinohedrite, hardystonite, and others. There are scores of minerals found only here, such as johnbaumite (an arsenous apatite), etc. Sterling Hill, a very similar zinc orebody, is located a few miles away in Ogdensburg. ==References== ==External links== * *Franklin Mine, New Jersey at Mindat.org *Franklin Mineral Museum *Zinc ores of Franklin district, photo gallery Category:Franklin, New Jersey Category:Zinc mines in the United States Category:Geology of New Jersey Category:Mines in New Jersey Category:Iron mines in the United States Category:Manganese mines

['Franklin, New Jersey', 'Sussex County, New Jersey', 'Sterling Hill', 'Mindat.org']

['Q1085963', 'Q495998', 'Q7611425', 'Q15221937']

[[(1364, 1384)], [(146, 171)], [(1119, 1132)], [(1272, 1282)]]

Inside Daisy Clover is a 1965 American drama film based on Gavin Lambert's 1963 novel of the same name, directed by Robert Mulligan and starring Natalie Wood. It follows a tomboy becoming a Hollywood actress and singer. ==Plot== In 1936, Daisy Clover is a tomboy living with her eccentric mother in a ramshackle trailer in the seaside town of Angel Beach. Wishing to become an actress, Daisy submits a recorded song to studio owner Raymond Swan. Swan signs her to a contract for five years and arranges to commit her mother to a mental institution. Daisy meets and spends time with fellow actor Wade Lewis, but Raymond fears that the romance will interrupt Daisy's career. Wade asks Daisy to marry him and the ceremony is held at Raymond's house. During the honeymoon, Wade disappears and leaves Daisy in Arizona. When Daisy returns to California, Raymond's intoxicated wife Melora reveals that she had an affair with Wade, who is bisexual. Raymond confirms Wade's secret life to Daisy and begins an affair with her. Daisy removes her mother from the institution to a house on the beach. When her mother unexpectedly dies, Daisy suffers a nervous breakdown. Unable to work, she spends her days at home under the care of a private nurse. Impatient with Daisy's long recovery, Raymond angrily asserts that she must finish her contract and pending film. After Raymond and the nurse leave the house, Daisy attempts suicide, only to be foiled by constant interruptions. Daisy decides to leave everything behind. Before departing the beach house, she sets the oven's gas to full power and the house explodes behind her as she walks along the beach. When a passing fisherman asks her what has happened. Daisy replies, “Someone declared war.” ==Cast== * Natalie Wood as Daisy Clover * Christopher Plummer as Raymond Swan * Robert Redford as Wade Lewis * Ruth Gordon as Lucile Clover * Roddy McDowall as Walter Baines * Katharine Bard as Melora Swan * Peter Helm as Milton Hopwood * Betty Harford as Gloria Clover Goslett * John Hale as Harry Goslett * Harold Gould as Cop on Pier * Ottola Nesmith as Dolores * Edna Holland as Cynara ==Reception== Upon its release, the film was a box office and critical failure.Lambert, p. 394. However, the film later gained a cult following when it was shown on television and released on home video.Lambert, p. 589. The New York World- Telegram and The Sun found much to criticize: "[The film] conducts a spectacular travesty of some of Hollywood's preposterously lush nooks without stirring any notable amount of mirth. And it follows Hollywood's predatory smothering of an impulsive, endearing Cinderella without stirring much sentiment or sympathy... Oh! This pathetic innocent is hurt, hurt, hurt but no one cares, cares, cares so long as her picture is finished and rolls in dough, dough, dough... The makers of the picture do not care to make themselves altogether clear but there are hints of the depravity of its Hollywood in fleeting insinuations of dope and homosexuality. The orgies of sex and liquor are much more explicitly presented... [Natalie Wood] seems about to become the movie's biggest dubbing job since Rita Hayworth made her long series of musicals, coming equipped with a different voice for nearly every picture."Cook, Alton. "Gamin Grows Up, Hollywood-Style." New York World- Telegram and The Sun, 18 February 1966. Redford reportedly insisted that his character, gay in the original novel, have some interest in women. Warner Bros., fearful of the potential controversy, insisted that the film only acknowledge the character's bisexuality through brief and oblique lines of dialogue. The house that was destroyed at the climax of the film was ojnce owned by actress Barbara La Marr.Lamparski, p. 73. ==Accolades== Award Category Nominee(s) Result Ref. Academy Awards Best Supporting Actress Ruth Gordon Best Art Direction – Color Art Direction: Robert Clatworthy; Set Decoration: George James Hopkins Best Costume Design – Color Edith Head and Bill Thomas Golden Globe Awards Best Actress in a Motion Picture – Musical or Comedy Natalie Wood Best Supporting Actress – Motion Picture Ruth Gordon Most Promising Newcomer – Male Robert Redford ==Soundtrack== Wood's singing voice was dubbed by session singer Jackie Ward with the exception of the introduction to the song "You're Gonna Hear from Me" (by Dory Previn and André Previn, who composed the score). The song was later recorded by Connie Francis in English for the album Movie Greats of the 60s (1966) and one year later in Spanish as "Ya te hablarán de mi" for the Spanish version of the album, Grandes Éxitos del Cine de los Años 60. It was also recorded by Dionne Warwick for the album The Windows of the World (1967), by Scott Walker on his debut solo album Scott (1967) and by Barbra Streisand for The Movie Album (2003). Wood's vocal recordings, completed for other songs, were unused and unheard on commercial recordings until the Film Score Monthly CD #187 was released in April 2009. ==See also== *List of American films of 1965 ==References== ==Sources== * Lambert, G. (2004) Natalie Wood: A Life, Alfred A. Knopf. . * Lamparski, R. (1981) Lamparsaki's Hidden Hollywood, Simon & Schuster: New York. . ==External links== * * * * * Category:1965 films Category:1960s musical drama films Category:1965 LGBT-related films Category:1965 romantic drama films Category:American LGBT-related films Category:American musical drama films Category:American romantic drama films Category:1960s English- language films Category:Films scored by André Previn Category:Films about actors Category:Films about Hollywood, Los Angeles Category:Films based on British novels Category:Films directed by Robert Mulligan Category:Films featuring a Best Supporting Actress Golden Globe-winning performance Category:Films set in the 1930s Category:Films set in Los Angeles Category:LGBT-related musical drama films Category:Warner Bros. films Category:LGBT-related romantic drama films Category:1960s American films

['Robert Mulligan', 'Gavin Lambert', 'Natalie Wood', 'Christopher Plummer', 'Robert Redford', 'Roddy McDowall', 'Ruth Gordon', 'Peter Helm', 'André Previn', 'Warner Bros.', 'Arizona', 'Betty Harford', 'Harold Gould', 'Ottola Nesmith', 'Barbara La Marr', 'George James Hopkins', 'Edith Head', 'Dory Previn', 'Connie Francis', 'Movie Greats of the 60s', 'Grandes Éxitos del Cine de los Años 60', 'Dionne Warwick', 'The Windows of the World', 'Barbra Streisand', 'Film Score Monthly', 'List of American films of 1965']

['Q467785', 'Q5528199', 'Q180919', 'Q190523', 'Q59215', 'Q283988', 'Q232562', 'Q7174620', 'Q155712', 'Q126399', 'Q816', 'Q4898833', 'Q954950', 'Q7109922', 'Q437490', 'Q1507653', 'Q234961', 'Q452252', 'Q216341', 'Q6926837', 'Q5595386', 'Q234695', 'Q7775102', 'Q4636', 'Q3745393', 'Q6561524']

[[(116, 131), (5704, 5719)], [(59, 72)], [(145, 157), (1746, 1758), (3080, 3092), (4085, 4097), (5098, 5110)], [(1777, 1796)], [(1815, 1829), (4182, 4196)], [(1877, 1891)], [(1846, 1857), (3847, 3858), (4139, 4150)], [(1943, 1953)], [(4373, 4385), (5553, 5565)], [(3475, 3487), (5921, 5933)], [(805, 812)], [(1974, 1987)], [(2044, 2056)], [(2074, 2088)], [(3722, 3737)], [(3936, 3956)], [(3985, 3995)], [(4357, 4368)], [(4443, 4457)], [(4483, 4506)], [(4608, 4646)], [(4672, 4686)], [(4701, 4725)], [(4794, 4810)], [(4950, 4968)], [(5019, 5049)]]

ComiColor Cartoons are a series of 25 animated short subjects produced by Ub Iwerks from 1933 to 1936. The series was the last produced by Iwerks Studio; after losing distributor Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer in 1934, the Iwerks studio's senior company Celebrity Pictures (run by Pat Powers) had to distribute the films itself. The series was shot exclusively in Cinecolor. Most of the ComiColor entries were based upon popular fairy tales and other familiar stories, including Jack and the Beanstalk, Old Mother Hubbard, The Bremen Town Musicians, and The Headless Horseman. == Production == Grim Natwick, Al Eugster, and Shamus Culhane were among the series' lead animators/directors, and a number of the shorts were filmed using Iwerks' multiplane camera, which he built himself from the remains of a Chevrolet automobile. ==Filmography== Film Release date Original work Jack and the Beanstalk November 25, 1933 "Jack and the Beanstalk", an English fairy tale The Little Red Hen February 17, 1934 The Brave Tin Soldier April 7, 1934 "The Steadfast Tin Soldier", by Hans Christian Andersen, 2 October 1838 Puss in Boots May 19, 1934 "Puss in Boots", an Italian fairy tale The Queen of Hearts June 22, 1934 Aladdin and the Wonderful Lamp August 10, 1934 "Aladdin", a Middle-Eastern folk tale The Headless Horseman September 29, 1934 "The Legend of Sleepy Hollow", by Washington Irving, 1820 The Valiant Tailor (The King's Tailor - Castle Films) October 27, 1934 Don Quixote November 24, 1934 Don Quixote, by Miguel de Cervantes, 1605–1615 Jack Frost December 22, 1934 Jack Frost and Old Man Winter, the latter from ancient Greek mythology and Old World pagan beliefs Little Black Sambo (Little Black Sambo - Castle Films) February 2, 1935 The Story of Little Black Sambo, a children's book by Helen Bannerman, 1899 The Bremen Town Musicians March 2, 1935 "Town Musicians of Bremen", a German fairy tale collected by the Brothers Grimm Old Mother Hubbard (Old Mother Hubbard - Castle Films) March 30, 1935 "Old Mother Hubbard", an English-language nursery rhyme Mary's Little Lamb April 27, 1935 Summertime June 15, 1935 Sinbad the Sailor July 26, 1935 Sinbad the Sailor, Middle Eastern origin, 8th and 9th centuries A.D. The Three Bears August 30, 1935 Balloon Land (The Pincushion Man - Castle Films) September 30, 1935 Simple Simon November 15, 1935 "Simple Simon", an English-language children's song Humpty Dumpty December 27, 1935 Ali Baba January 31, 1936 Tom Thumb March 27, 1936 Dick Whittington's Cat (Dick Whittington's Cat - Castle Films) May 29, 1936 Little Boy Blue (The Big Bad Wolf - Castle Films) July 31, 1936 Happy Days September 25, 1936 Reg'lar Fellers, a newspaper comic strip by Gene Byrnes, 1917 == Copyright status == == Home media == All of the ComiColor cartoons are now available in the 2004 Region 2 ComiColor DVD set released by Mk2/Lobster in France. Many are available in Region 1, in particular on the Cartoons That Time Forgot series. Steve Stanchfield of Thunderbean released the restored versions of the shorts on a Blu-ray/DVD set called ComiColor Cartoons Collection. ==See also== * The Golden Age of American animation * Cartune Classics * Color Classics – a series of animated short films produced by Fleischer Studios for Paramount Pictures from 1934 to 1941 * Color Rhapsodies * Happy Harmonies * Merrie Melodies * Rainbow Parade * Silly Symphonies * Swing Symphony * Puppetoons ==References== Leonard Maltin, Of Mice and Magic: A History of American Animated Cartoons, Penguin Books, 1987) == Other sources == * Leslie Iwerks and John Kenworthy, The Hand Behind the Mouse (Disney Editions, 2001) and documentary of the same name (DVD, 1999) * Jeff Lenburg, The Great Cartoon Directors (Da Capo Press, 1993) Category:Ub Iwerks Studio series and characters Category:Film series introduced in 1933 Category:American animation anthology series Category:Cinecolor films Category:Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer animated short films Category:Anthology film series

['Ub Iwerks', 'Iwerks Studio', 'Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer', 'Celebrity Pictures', 'Cinecolor', 'Jack and the Beanstalk', 'Old Mother Hubbard', 'Town Musicians of Bremen', 'The Legend of Sleepy Hollow', 'Grim Natwick', 'Al Eugster', 'Shamus Culhane', 'Chevrolet', 'The Steadfast Tin Soldier', 'Hans Christian Andersen', 'Puss in Boots', 'Aladdin', 'Washington Irving', 'Don Quixote', 'Miguel de Cervantes', 'Jack Frost', 'Old Man Winter', 'Greek mythology', 'Old World', 'The Story of Little Black Sambo', 'Helen Bannerman', 'Brothers Grimm', 'Sinbad the Sailor', 'Balloon Land', "Reg'lar Fellers", 'Gene Byrnes', 'The Golden Age of American animation', 'Color Classics', 'Color Rhapsodies', 'Happy Harmonies', 'Merrie Melodies', 'Rainbow Parade', 'Silly Symphonies', 'Swing Symphony', 'Puppetoons', 'Leonard Maltin', 'Penguin Books']

['Q336424', 'Q15639894', 'Q179200', 'Q2483415', 'Q794536', 'Q1455839', 'Q7084562', 'Q112015', 'Q72309', 'Q3116715', 'Q2829322', 'Q3089911', 'Q29570', 'Q11872', 'Q5673', 'Q11834', 'Q209515', 'Q181667', 'Q480', 'Q5682', 'Q626939', 'Q7084461', 'Q34726', 'Q174807', 'Q3275725', 'Q3275944', 'Q2793', 'Q122018', 'Q4851856', 'Q7307717', 'Q5531110', 'Q784817', 'Q2984362', 'Q282526', 'Q1584289', 'Q1750628', 'Q7284681', 'Q909166', 'Q24894026', 'Q7260728', 'Q731195', 'Q1336200']

[[(74, 83), (3749, 3758)], [(139, 152), (3752, 3765)], [(179, 198), (3907, 3926)], [(243, 261)], [(353, 362), (3882, 3891)], [(468, 490), (864, 886), (906, 928)], [(492, 510), (1926, 1944), (1946, 1964), (1997, 2015)], [(1847, 1871)], [(1325, 1352)], [(583, 595)], [(597, 607)], [(613, 627)], [(794, 803)], [(1027, 1052)], [(1058, 1081)], [(1098, 1111), (1126, 1139)], [(1198, 1205), (1246, 1253)], [(1358, 1375)], [(1453, 1464), (1483, 1494)], [(1499, 1518)], [(1530, 1540), (1559, 1569)], [(1574, 1588)], [(1614, 1629)], [(1634, 1643)], [(1730, 1761)], [(1784, 1799)], [(1911, 1925)], [(2111, 2128), (2143, 2160)], [(2244, 2256)], [(2648, 2663)], [(2692, 2703)], [(3111, 3147)], [(3169, 3183)], [(3292, 3308)], [(3311, 3326)], [(3329, 3344)], [(3347, 3361)], [(3364, 3380)], [(3383, 3397)], [(3400, 3410)], [(3426, 3440)], [(3502, 3515)]]

Hawaii is a 1966 American epic drama film directed by George Roy Hill. It is based on the eponymous 1959 novel by James A. Michener. It tells the story of an 1820s Yale University divinity student (Max von Sydow) who, accompanied by his new bride (Julie Andrews), becomes a Calvinist missionary in the Hawaiian Islands. It was filmed at Old Sturbridge Village, in Sturbridge, Massachusetts, and on the islands of Kauai and Oahu in Hawaii. The film was released on October 10, 1966. It received mixed reviews but was a box-office success. It received seven nominations at the 39th Academy Awards, including Best Supporting Actress (for Jocelyne LaGarde). ==Plot== In 1819, Prince Keoki Kanakoa appeals to the Yale Divinity School to bring Christianity to the Islands of Hawaii. Newly ordained minister Reverend Abner Hale is among those who volunteer, but all missionaries must be married. Reverend Dr. Thorn introduces him to his young niece, Jerusha Bromley. Jerusha is in love with Captain Rafer Hoxworth, a whaler away at sea who has apparently forgotten her. Abner and Jerusha marry and go to Lahaina, Maui, where Keoki is reunited with his parents and sister. The missionaries are shocked by what is considered the islanders' sinful ways. Half-naked girls have sex with sailors, and the natives worship Hawaiian idols. Worse, Keoki's father, Kelolo, is both the husband and biological brother of Keoki's mother Malama Kanakoa, the Aliʻi Nui (ruler) whom the natives consider a "sacred person". Incest is believed to maintain a pure royal bloodline, and Keoki is expected to marry his sister, Noelani, who will one day become the Ali'i Nui. However, Keoki, waiting to be ordained a Christian minister, rejects this, creating discord within his family. The Hales live in a grass hut and work to build a church. Jerusha helps the natives and tries to end the practice of drowning disfigured or deformed infants after rescuing an infant with a facial birthmark. After a difficult labor, Jerusha gives birth to her first child, a son named Micah. Abner baptizes his first convert, a young Hawaiian girl named Iliki who was given to the Hales as a servant. Malama agrees to learn about Christianity but resists being converted because she would have to send away Kelolo. At the Hales' urging, Malama enacts a curfew for sailors and forbids them fraternizing with island girls. The sailors riot in protest, led by Captain Hoxworth, who has made a stop on his whaling voyage. Hoxworth discovers Jerusha is in Lahaina and married to Reverend Hale, whom he despises for inspiring Malama to impose the restrictions. The sailors partially torch the church, but the Hawaiians help save it, then chase the sailors back to their ships. As retaliation against Abner for marrying Jerusha, Hoxworth entices Iliki to leave the island with him. He tosses Abner overboard when he tries to retrieve her. Abner is attacked by a shark in the sea, leaving him permanently lame. Malama, on her deathbed, agrees to be baptized a Christian and renounce Kelolo as her husband. As the natives foretold, upon an Ali'i Nui's death, a strong gale blows and destroys the church. Keoki disavows Christianity and returns to his native religion after Abner reveals that he will never be ordained because he is not white. Noelani becomes the new Ali'i Nui. Abner discovers that Keoki and Noelani have married and Malama only became a Christian for her people’s good. Noelani and Keoki's baby is born horribly deformed. Abner refuses Jerusha's plea to save the infant, believing it is God's punishment. Keoki drowns the child. A measles outbreak decimates the native population, killing hundreds, including Keoki, who dies renouncing God. Years of overworking and childbearing have weakened Jerusha, resulting in her early death. After losing Jerusha, Abner becomes more loving and protective of the Hawaiians. He joins them to curtail white settlers and plantation owners from taking more land. When the other ministers vote to own and profit from the land, Abner opposes them and is reassigned to a parish in Connecticut. He refuses to leave Hawaii and sends his three children to the Bromley family in New England. Returning to his hut, Abner finds a young Hawaiian man waiting who wishes to be his assistant. He is overjoyed upon realizing the young man is the disfigured baby Jerusha saved from being drowned many years before. ==Cast== *Julie Andrews as Jerusha Bromley Hale *Max von Sydow as Reverend Abner Hale *Richard Harris as Capt. Rafer Hoxworth *Gene Hackman as Dr. John Whipple *Carroll O'Connor as Charles Bromley *Jocelyne LaGarde as Aliʻi Nui, Malama Kanakoa *Manu Tupou as Prince Keoki Kanakoa, narrator in the prologue *Ted Nobriga as Prince Kelolo Kanakoa *Elizabeth Logue as Noelani Kanakoa *John Cullum as Rev. Immanuel Quigley *George Rose as Capt. Janders *Lou Antonio as Rev. Abraham Hewlett *Torin Thatcher as Rev. Dr. Thorn *Michael Constantine as Mason, sailor *Malcolm Atterbury as Gideon Hale *Diane Sherry as Charity Bromley *Lokelani S. Chicarell as Iliki *Robert Oakley as Micah Hale (4 years old) *Henrik von Sydow as Micah Hale (7 years old) *Claes von Sydow as Micah Hale (12 years old) *Bertil Weriefelt as Micah Hale (18 years old) Bette Midler also had her first on-screen movie appearance as an extra in the film (she can be seen behind a woman covered in a white shawl during Abner's sermon). Heather Menzies (who co-starred with Andrews in The Sound of Music a year earlier) appears as Jerusha's sister Mercy Bromley. The film's costume designer Dorothy Jeakins makes a credited cameo as the Hales matriarch Hepzibah Hale. ==Production== The film was based on the book's third chapter (out of seven), entitled From the Farm of Bitterness, which covered the settlement of the island kingdom by its first American missionaries. There are some differences between the novel's third chapter and the film, such as Abner, who was already lame when the time they landed in Lahaina, the riots had already started before Malama enforces laws in the Island, Urania Hewlett's difficult childbirth was changed into Jerusha's, Rafer's character was introduced earlier in the novel (before the missionaries landed in Hawaii), the whistling wind scene was more chaotic in the novel than in the film (several whaling ships sank) and occurred the day after Malama's funeral, and other key scenes (such as Rafer bombarding Lahaina and damaging the Fort and the Mission House) were omitted for the film. Needing a Polynesian female for the key role of Malama, the Alii Nui, the producers hired a native Tahitian for the role. French-speaking Jocelyne LaGarde had never acted before and could not speak English; however, her screen test showed a powerful presence, and the producers hired a coach to train her phonetically to handle the character's dialogue. Of the all-star cast, LaGarde would be the only one to earn an Academy Award nomination and the only one to win a Golden Globe Award. Making early screen appearances in this film were Bette Midler, John Cullum, and future Oscar winner Gene Hackman. Originally, it was to be directed by Fred Zinnemann, and intending to cast Audrey Hepburn and Alec Guinness as leads. But Zinnemann had fought with United Artists a few years before the film was made and left the production to go to England, to work on A Man for All Seasons. Director George Roy Hill was subsequently asked to work on the film, which he agreed to do, and the film became the only epic he directed. To cast the lead roles, Julie Andrews, fresh from her role as the titular character in Mary Poppins, signed in December 1964 while Max Von Sydow and Richard Harris on February and March 1965 respectively. The film would also feature appearances from Henrik von Sydow and Claes von Sydow, the real sons of star Max von Sydow, who play Abner's son Micah at different ages. The film was filmed in various locations throughout Oahu in the state of Hawaii, the perfect replica of Lahaina during the 1820s is built on Makua Beach and the surrounding Makua Valley. Despite the Hawaiian setting and filming locations, a significant portion of the props used in the film were imported from Mexico, Taiwan, Ireland, Hong Kong, Japan, and the Philippines. Principal Photography began in April 1965, on Location in Old Sturbridge Village for scenes set in Walpole, New Hampshire and the Hales' farm (Interiors were filmed in Hollywood soundstages for seven weeks, along with scenes set in Yale College and on board the Thetis). Then on location in the island of Oahu in Hawaii in June. Location filming in Oahu bogged down with heavy rain and tidal wave alerts, which caused the budget to balloon to over $10 million; despite this Producer Walter Mirisch sacked Hill as director, and intended to hire Arthur Hiller as director. Polynesian extras protested and refused to work with another director, so Hill was hired back. Principal Photography ended in November 1965. Andrews received top billing around the world except in continental Europe, where Sydow's contract stipulated that he receive first and same line billing. ==Release== Hawaii had its premiere at the DeMille Theatre in New York City on October 10, 1966. It also opened the same week at the Egyptian Theatre in Los Angeles. It expanded into five further cities the following week, including Honolulu, and another three the following week. === Availability of different versions === The film as originally released ran 189 minutes (including overture, intermission, entr'acte, and exit music). This roadshow version would be issued on VHS and LaserDisc from the best available elements. For general release, this was then subsequently cut by United Artists to 161 minutes and is the version seen on the 2005 DVD release from MGM Home Video (as the best elements suitable for DVD came from the general release). Both versions have been broadcast on Turner Classic Movies and This TV Network. On October 9, 2015, Twilight Time Movies announced on the Home Theater Forum that they would release a Blu-ray edition of Hawaii (along with The Hawaiians) on January 19, 2016. The Hawaiians would be released the next month on February 9, 2016. The Hawaii Blu-ray has both the long and short versions, but the long, original version is in standard definition and not anamorphic widescreen. ==Reception== ===Critical reception=== The film's critical response was mixed. Vincent Canby of The New York Times wrote that "one comes out the theater not so much moved as numbed — by the cavalcade of conventional if sometimes eyepopping scenes of storm and seascape, of pomp and pestilence, all laid out in large strokes of brilliant De Luxe color on the huge Panavision screen." Arthur D. Murphy of Variety stated, "Superior production, acting and direction give depth and credibility to a personal tragedy, set against the clash of two civilizations." Philip K. Scheuer of the Los Angeles Times wrote that even at three hours in length, the filmmakers "still haven't given themselves enough leeway" to adapt Michener's epic novel, but Hawaii' will still be one of the outstanding Hollywood pictures of 1966."Scheuer, Philip K. (October 9, 1966). Hawaii'---Poi in the Sky". Los Angeles Times. Calendar, p. 1. Time magazine felt that "Instead of portraying the death of one culture and the birth of another, he [George Roy Hill] has restricted himself to the story of one man and his ministry. The spectator is rather too frequently allowed to feel that he is watching a rather small film on a very large screen and to wonder, with a mounting sense of lumbar crisis, why he must pay advanced prices $2.25 to $4.25) for the privilege of sitting through a -hour story that could have been told just as well in two." Richard L. Coe of The Washington Post found the romance between Abner and Jerusha "more trite than credible" and wrote that Max von Sydow "seems to have based his concept of the leading role on a quick course in Roots of Modern America." Brendan Gill of The New Yorker called it "perhaps the biggest empty movie, or the emptiest big movie, ever made. Despite its length and its look of being extremely ambitious, it contains scarcely a single action worth dramatizing." The Monthly Film Bulletin praised the "intelligent and literate" script and "deeply felt performances from the whole cast," but felt "a distinct slackening of interest" after the intermission, as once Malama dies "there is little left except for Jerusha to join her. The real drama is over, and a colorful local wedding hardly compensates for the lack of tension." The film holds a score of 67% on Rotten Tomatoes based on 9 reviews. ===Box office=== After expanding to 10 cities, Hawaii reached number one at the US box office. In its first seven weeks of release, it had grossed $1,545,688. Hawaii went on to earn theatrical rentals of $15.6 million in the United States and Canada, which made it the highest-grossing film of 1966. ===Accolades=== Award Category Nominee(s) Result Academy Awards Best Supporting Actress Jocelyne LaGarde Best Cinematography – Color Russell Harlan Best Costume Design – Color Dorothy Jeakins Best Original Music Score Elmer Bernstein Best Song "My Wishing Doll" Music by Elmer Bernstein; Lyrics by Mack David Best Sound Gordon E. Sawyer Best Special Visual Effects Linwood G. Dunn Golden Globe Awards Best Actor in a Motion Picture – Drama Max von Sydow Best Supporting Actress – Motion Picture Jocelyne LaGarde Best Original Score – Motion Picture Elmer Bernstein Laurel Awards Top Song "My Wishing Doll" Music by Elmer Bernstein; Lyrics by Mack David National Society of Film Critics Awards Best Actor Max von Sydow The film is recognized by American Film Institute in these lists: * 2005: AFI's 100 Years of Film Scores – Nominated ==See also== * List of American films of 1966 * "Hawaii" (Elmer Bernstein song), the theme song from the film. * The Hawaiians, a 1970 sequel, which covered later chapters of James Michener's book * Hawaiian religion * Kapu, the ancient Hawaiian code of conduct of laws and regulations * Ancient Hawaii * Carthaginian, the 1921 ship converted to a square-rigged whaler for the film ==References== ==External links== * * * * Category:1966 films Category:1960s historical drama films Category:American historical drama films Category:American epic films Category:Films scored by Elmer Bernstein Category:Films based on American novels Category:Films directed by George Roy Hill Category:Films featuring a Best Supporting Actress Golden Globe-winning performance Category:Films produced by Walter Mirisch Category:Films with screenplays by Dalton Trumbo Category:United Artists films Category:Films set in Hawaii Category:Films set in 1819 Category:Films set in the 1820s Category:Films set in the 1830s Category:Films shot in Hawaii Category:Films based on works by James A. Michener Category:1966 drama films Category:1960s English-language films Category:1960s American films

['George Roy Hill', 'Walter Mirisch', 'Dalton Trumbo', 'James A. Michener', 'Julie Andrews', 'Max von Sydow', 'Richard Harris', 'Elmer Bernstein', 'Russell Harlan', 'United Artists', 'Yale University', 'Hawaiian Islands', 'Old Sturbridge Village', 'Kauai', 'Oahu', 'Hawaii', '39th Academy Awards', 'Jocelyne LaGarde', 'Yale Divinity School', 'Lahaina', 'Maui', 'Aliʻi', 'Gene Hackman', "Carroll O'Connor", 'Manu Tupou', 'John Cullum', 'Lou Antonio', 'Torin Thatcher', 'Michael Constantine', 'Malcolm Atterbury', 'Bette Midler', 'Heather Menzies', 'Dorothy Jeakins', 'Polynesia', 'Tahiti', 'Academy Awards', 'Golden Globe Award', 'Fred Zinnemann', 'Audrey Hepburn', 'Alec Guinness', 'Mexico', 'Taiwan', 'Ireland', 'Hong Kong', 'Japan', 'Philippines', 'Walpole, New Hampshire', 'Arthur Hiller', 'Turner Classic Movies', 'This TV Network', 'Vincent Canby', 'The New York Times', 'Los Angeles Times', 'Richard L. Coe', 'The Washington Post', 'Brendan Gill', 'The New Yorker', 'The Monthly Film Bulletin', 'Rotten Tomatoes', 'Mack David', 'Gordon E. Sawyer', 'Linwood G. Dunn', 'Laurel Awards', 'American Film Institute', "AFI's 100 Years of Film Scores", 'List of American films of 1966', 'Hawaiian religion']

['Q51570', 'Q707064', 'Q350666', 'Q361653', 'Q161819', 'Q203215', 'Q106775', 'Q111436', 'Q323729', 'Q219400', 'Q49112', 'Q192626', 'Q7085141', 'Q201026', 'Q131347', 'Q782', 'Q167214', 'Q455953', 'Q10723329', 'Q1012971', 'Q188705', 'Q4726594', 'Q150943', 'Q555487', 'Q4353529', 'Q1905269', 'Q3260112', 'Q439588', 'Q1291127', 'Q3281667', 'Q190631', 'Q462368', 'Q436530', 'Q35942', 'Q42000', 'Q19020', 'Q1011547', 'Q55420', 'Q42786', 'Q103894', 'Q96', 'Q865', 'Q22890', 'Q8646', 'Q17', 'Q928', 'Q2420185', 'Q455043', 'Q749719', 'Q3524762', 'Q716442', 'Q9684', 'Q188515', 'Q7327172', 'Q166032', 'Q908693', 'Q217305', 'Q13107374', 'Q105584', 'Q506859', 'Q681097', 'Q1827126', 'Q1242148', 'Q207460', 'Q2454952', 'Q16248231', 'Q503089']

[[(54, 69), (7382, 7397), (11361, 11376), (14462, 14477)], [(8740, 8754), (14589, 14603)], [(14639, 14652)], [(114, 131), (14866, 14883)], [(248, 261), (4409, 4422), (7536, 7549)], [(198, 211), (4448, 4461), (7822, 7835), (11887, 11900), (13407, 13420), (13671, 13684)], [(4486, 4500), (7661, 7675)], [(13185, 13200), (13238, 13253), (13516, 13531), (13582, 13597), (13860, 13875), (14379, 14394)], [(13100, 13114)], [(7245, 7259), (9707, 9721), (14662, 14676)], [(164, 179)], [(302, 318)], [(337, 359), (8315, 8337)], [(413, 418)], [(423, 427), (7935, 7939), (8562, 8566), (8606, 8610)], [(0, 6), (302, 308), (431, 437), (769, 775), (1308, 1314), (2089, 2095), (2658, 2664), (3866, 3872), (4110, 4116), (4226, 4232), (6212, 6218), (7956, 7962), (8082, 8088), (8570, 8576), (9136, 9142), (10078, 10084), (10101, 10107), (10137, 10143), (10205, 10211), (11086, 11092), (11197, 11203), (12714, 12720), (12826, 12832), (13851, 13857), (13919, 13925), (14001, 14007), (14039, 14045), (14098, 14104), (14705, 14711), (14826, 14832)], [(575, 594)], [(635, 651), (4597, 4613), (6632, 6648), (13055, 13071), (13462, 13478)], [(708, 728)], [(1097, 1104), (2506, 2513), (5975, 5982), (6414, 6421), (7987, 7994)], [(1106, 1110)], [(1436, 1441), (4617, 4622)], [(4526, 4538), (7083, 7095)], [(4560, 4576)], [(4644, 4654)], [(4780, 4791), (7046, 7057)], [(4848, 4859)], [(4885, 4899)], [(4919, 4938)], [(4957, 4974)], [(5237, 5249), (7032, 7044)], [(5401, 5416)], [(5555, 5570), (13143, 13158)], [(6504, 6513), (8828, 8837)], [(6593, 6599)], [(580, 594), (13016, 13030)], [(6962, 6980), (13348, 13366)], [(7134, 7148)], [(7172, 7186)], [(7191, 7204)], [(8193, 8199)], [(8201, 8207)], [(8209, 8216)], [(8218, 8227)], [(8229, 8234)], [(8244, 8255)], [(8356, 8378)], [(8801, 8814)], [(9913, 9934)], [(9939, 9954)], [(10425, 10438)], [(10442, 10460)], [(10928, 10945), (11224, 11241)], [(11763, 11777)], [(11781, 11800)], [(12001, 12013)], [(12017, 12031)], [(12233, 12258)], [(12631, 12646)], [(13265, 13275), (13609, 13619)], [(13287, 13303)], [(13332, 13347)], [(13532, 13545)], [(13711, 13734)], [(13759, 13789)], [(13817, 13847)], [(14001, 14018)]]

You're a Big Boy Now is a 1966 American comedy film written and directed by Francis Ford Coppola. Based on David Benedictus' 1963 novel of the same name, it stars Elizabeth Hartman, Peter Kastner, Geraldine Page, Rip Torn, Karen Black, and Julie Harris. Geraldine Page was nominated for an Oscar and Golden Globe Award for her performance. ==Plot== Nineteen year old Bernard Chanticleer, called "Big Boy" by his parents, lives in Great Neck, New York with his overbearing, clinging mother and his commanding, disapproving father, who is curator of incunabula at the New York Public Library. Bernard works at the library as a low-level assistant. His father, who constantly monitors and admonishes him, decides Bernard is old enough to move out and into his own Manhattan apartment. His unhappy mother acquiesces to her husband's decision and arranges for Bernard to live in a rooming house run by nosy, prudish Miss Nora Thing. Miss Thing inherited the building on the condition that her late brother's aggressive pet rooster be allowed to occupy the fifth floor, which Bernard must pass to get to his room. Miss Thing reassures Bernard's mother that the rooster only attacks young, attractive women. Mrs. Chanticleer says her son is still uninterested in girls, but arranges with Miss Thing to report any "female" activity. Bernard's mother constantly mails locks of her hair to Bernard at his new residence. Actually, Bernard is very interested in girls, but he is a naive, immature virgin. He is smitten from afar with the coldly beautiful actress Barbara Darling. Meanwhile, Amy Partlett, Bernard's grade- school classmate who now works in his father's office, confesses to Bernard that she has a crush on him. Bernard's worldly co-worker Raef Del Grado encourages him to date Amy because she's a "sure thing" (a girl that will sleep with him) and discourages him from trying to pursue Barbara. Bernard and Amy go on a date to a discotheque, but when Bernard sees Barbara performing as the featured go-go dancer, he is mesmerized by her and loses all interest in Amy. Amy tries to win him back by offering to spend the night with him and Bernard accepts, though he's thinking of Barbara the entire time. When they try to go to Bernard's room, the rooster attacks Amy, causing a commotion during which Miss Thing falls down the stairs and breaks her arm. Bernard's mother blames Amy, calling her a tramp and forbidding Bernard from seeing her again. Bernard and his parents attend a play in which Barbara is acting. Bernard later writes her a gushing fan letter. She responds with an invitation to visit her in her dressing room after a future performance. Unaware that Barbara is a man-hating narcissist after being sexually assaulted as a young girl, Bernard rushes to the theater. He then bumbles his way through an evening at her apartment. Barbara, knowing she has control over Bernard, tries to seduce him, but he is unable to perform sexually. Bernard is upset, even though Barbara acts understanding. Miss Thing tells Bernard's father that Bernard was out all night and that Amy called looking for him every 15 minutes while he was gone. Miss Thing and Bernard's father accidentally get trapped in a timelocked vault full of rare erotica, which horrifies her and causes her to rush out in disarray when the vault opens, giving the impression that Bernard's father made a pass at her. While this is going on, Amy tells Bernard that his father has, in fact, made a pass at her. Barbara invites Bernard to move in with her, which is convenient for him, since he finds out when he goes to pack his things that Miss Thing has just evicted him. Barbara kicks him out when he gets to her apartment, only to call him back again, and, with nowhere else to go, Bernard returns to her. He still finds himself unable to perform with her, and by this point he's so confused that he even asks her to marry him, an offer that neither of the two seems to take very seriously. When Bernard returns to Barbara's apartment after walking his dog and discovers Raef there, in a bathrobe (Bernard's father has sent Raef to find Bernard), he gathers up his things and moves out. Bernard returns to the library, where Amy and his parents have been discussing the situation and debating how to go about searching for Bernard. He tells his parents he's leaving right away to get away from them. Barbara and Raef arrive with Bernard's dog and reveal they have become engaged. Miss Thing and her new boyfriend, police officer Francis Graf, who lives in her boarding house, also arrive to confront Bernard's father about what happened in the vault. After some shouting, Bernard grabs his father's most prized library item, a Gutenberg Bible, and runs away with it. A slapstick chase through a street parade and a department store follows, ending when Barbara knocks Bernard out with a mannequin's leg. Barbara is featured in the newspaper for stopping a rare book thief and saving the Gutenberg Bible for the City of New York. Elated with her newfound fame, she dumps Raef. Bernard is jailed for his attempted "theft", but Amy bails him out. He realizes she's the girl for him, and they leave together. ==Cast== ==Production== The idea for the film came from Tony Bill, who was a fan of David Benedictus' novel and hoped to play Bernard, but was cast instead as the duplicitous co-worker Raef Del Grado. Coppola made the film for a fee of $8,000 and on a budget of $800,000 as his thesis project for UCLA. The film ended up going over budget and costing close to $1 million, which it did not recoup until sold to television.Stafford, Jeff. "Early Coppola: You're a Big Boy Now," TCM.com, archived at archive.org, May 31, 2015, accessed May 31, 2015.Phillips, Gene D. Godfather: The Intimate Francis Ford Coppola. Univ. Press of Kentucky, 2004, pp. 40-44. . Coppola wrote the screenplay while on location in Europe for Seven Arts Productions working on Is Paris Burning? The screenplay changed some aspects of the novel: the setting was moved from London to New York City, Bernard's job was changed from a shoe store clerk to a library assistant, and an upbeat ending was added. Later, when You're a Big Boy Now was called a copy of Richard Lester's 1965 comedy The Knack ...and How to Get It, Coppola noted that it had been written before that film was released, although he said his film was "definitely influenced" by Lester's A Hard Day's Night.Monush, Barry. Everybody's Talkin': The Top Films of 1965-1969. Applause Theater & Cinema Books, 2009, pp. 133-135. . The film was shot at Chelsea Studios in New York City,Alleman, Richard. New York: The Movie Lover's Guide: The Ultimate Insider Tour of Movie New York. Broadway Books, 2005, pp. 231-232. . and at various Manhattan locations, including Times Square, Central Park, and the New York Public Library. The Library initially refused to permit filming on its premises due to concern that its daily operations would be disrupted and because it objected to the script's suggestion that the library maintained a vault full of erotica that its curator enjoyed visiting. However, with the help of then-Mayor John Lindsay, Coppola secured a permit to film in the library. The chase through the department store was done at 11 a.m. during the store's normal operating hours, with no one outside the film's cast and crew having advance knowledge of the filming. Coppola and his crew concealed three cameras in carts and shopping bags and filmed the ensuing mayhem with natural light. Although multiple sources including Gene D. Phillips (in his biography of Coppola) have stated that this scene was filmed in Macy's department store, the signage shown in the film on both the exterior of the store building and the interior racks of clothing bears the name "Mays", a different department store chain then operating in New York City, and film critic Lou Lumenick has identified the store as Mays' former Herald Square location. In the scene where Bernard roller skates through Manhattan streets after receiving Barbara's letter, the facade of the landmark original Pennsylvania Station (then in the process of being demolished) is briefly visible, with Madison Square Garden being constructed behind it. The film scenes projected on the walls of the discotheque where Bernard and Amy go on a date are from Coppola's first directorial effort Dementia 13 (1963). You're a Big Boy Now was released a year before Mike Nichols' The Graduate, which deals with similar themes of a young man getting involved with a predatory female and attempting to escape the societal conventions of his parents' generation. According to Mark Harris, when Nichols saw Coppola's film, he worried that it had "pre-empted" The Graduate.Harris, Mark. Pictures at a Revolution: Five Movies and the Birth of the New Hollywood. Penguin Press, 2008, pp. 301-302. . Rip Torn and Geraldine Page, who played Bernard's parents I.H. and Margery Chanticleer, were husband and wife in real life at the time the film was made.Hill, Rodney. Geraldine (Sue) (1924-1987)" in The Francis Ford Coppola Encyclopedia (James M. Welsh, Gene D. Phillips and Rodney F. Hill). Scarecrow Press, 2010, p. 202. . ==Awards and honors== The film was presented at the 1967 Cannes Film Festival as the only American entry.Lebo, Harlan. The Godfather Legacy: The Untold Story Behind the Making of the Classic 'Godfather' Trilogy. Fireside, 2005, pp. 38-39.Festival de Cannes (official website), The Official Selection 1967, "You're a Big Boy Now" , accessed May 31, 2015. Geraldine Page was nominated for an Academy Award in the Best Supporting Actress category for her performance as Bernard's mother Margery Chanticleer, but did not win. It was the fourth of her eight Oscar nominations during her career.Kolbert, Elizabeth. "Geraldine Page, 62, Dies; A Star of Stage and Film", The New York Times, June 15, 1987, accessed May 31, 2015. At the Golden Globe Awards, Page also received a nomination for Best Supporting Actress. On top of that, Hartman was nominated for Best Actress - Comedy or Musical and the film itself was nominated for Best Picture - Comedy or Musical.Golden Globe Awards (official website), You're a Big Boy Now, Goldenglobes.com, accessed May 31, 2015.Golden Globe Awards (official website), Elizabeth Hartman , Goldenglobes.com, accessed May 31, 2015. ==Music== Original music for the film was composed by Lovin' Spoonful members John Sebastian and Steve Boone, and the band performed several songs heard in the film. A soundtrack album credited to The Lovin' Spoonful was released in 1967 on Kama Sutra Records in connection with the film release. Two songs from the soundtrack, "Darling Be Home Soon" and "You're a Big Boy Now", were also released as singles, with "Darling Be Home Soon" reaching #15 on the U.S. charts and spawning many covers by other artists. The jazz bagpiper Rufus Harley plays a small role in the film as a "Scottish pied piper" playing the Irish song "The Kerry Dance."Library of Congress. Film, Video: You're a Big Boy Now (catalog listing description), item no. jots.200020750, loc.gov, accessed May 30, 2015. ==See also== *List of American films of 1966 ==References== ==External links== * * * You're a Big Boy Now at TCM Category:1966 films Category:1960s sex comedy films Category:1960s coming-of-age comedy films Category:American coming-of- age comedy films Category:American sex comedy films Category:1960s English- language films Category:Films about virginity Category:Films based on British novels Category:Films directed by Francis Ford Coppola Category:Films scored by Robert Prince Category:Films set in New York City Category:Films shot in New York City Category:Films with screenplays by Francis Ford Coppola Category:1960s American films

['Francis Ford Coppola', 'David Benedictus', 'Peter Kastner', 'Elizabeth Hartman', 'Geraldine Page', 'Rip Torn', 'Tony Bill', 'Karen Black', 'Seven Arts Productions', 'Golden Globe Award', 'Great Neck, New York', 'New York Public Library', 'Manhattan', 'Gutenberg Bible', 'Rufus Harley', 'Richard Lester', 'The Knack ...and How to Get It', 'Chelsea Studios', 'Times Square', 'Central Park', 'John Lindsay', 'Gene D. Phillips', "Macy's", 'Lou Lumenick', 'Herald Square', 'New York City', 'Madison Square Garden', 'Dementia 13', 'Mike Nichols', 'The Graduate', 'Cannes Film Festival', 'The New York Times', "Lovin' Spoonful", 'John Sebastian', 'Kama Sutra Records', 'Darling Be Home Soon', 'List of American films of 1966']

['Q56094', 'Q5231297', 'Q7175099', 'Q266451', 'Q228650', 'Q313522', 'Q588745', 'Q232333', 'Q3298993', 'Q1011547', 'Q1378786', 'Q219555', 'Q11299', 'Q158075', 'Q2174782', 'Q346508', 'Q1198726', 'Q1069145', 'Q11259', 'Q160409', 'Q666931', 'Q5531153', 'Q629269', 'Q16136736', 'Q109982', 'Q60', 'Q186125', 'Q1185312', 'Q51537', 'Q217627', 'Q42369', 'Q9684', 'Q1053608', 'Q967761', 'Q822167', 'Q5223886', 'Q16248231']

[[(76, 96), (5773, 5793), (9069, 9089), (11560, 11580), (11728, 11748)], [(107, 123), (5269, 5285)], [(182, 195)], [(163, 180), (10289, 10306)], [(197, 211), (254, 268), (8879, 8893), (9545, 9559), (9801, 9815)], [(213, 221), (8866, 8874)], [(5241, 5250)], [(223, 234)], [(5900, 5922)], [(300, 318), (9919, 9937), (10147, 10165), (10249, 10267)], [(430, 450)], [(566, 589), (6819, 6842)], [(761, 770), (6752, 6761), (8008, 8017)], [(4707, 4722), (4967, 4982)], [(10881, 10893)], [(6214, 6228)], [(6243, 6273)], [(6569, 6584)], [(6783, 6795)], [(6797, 6809)], [(7143, 7155)], [(7552, 7568), (9120, 9136)], [(7641, 7647)], [(7881, 7893)], [(7935, 7948)], [(6039, 6052), (6588, 6601), (7850, 7863), (11642, 11655), (11679, 11692)], [(8184, 8205)], [(8372, 8383)], [(8440, 8452)], [(8454, 8466), (8729, 8741)], [(9248, 9268)], [(9854, 9872)], [(10404, 10419), (10551, 10566)], [(10428, 10442)], [(10591, 10609)], [(10679, 10699), (10766, 10786)], [(11150, 11180)]]

Porrima may refer to: * Porrima (scientific ship), an eco-experimental ship * Antevorta, a goddess in Roman mythology * Gamma Virginis, a star in the constellation Virgo * Schinia, a genus of insects known as flower moths

['Antevorta', 'Schinia']

['Q1250207', 'Q7431344']

[[(78, 87)], [(172, 179)]]

The AA battery (or double-A battery) is a standard size single cell cylindrical dry battery. The IEC 60086 system calls the size R6, and ANSI C18 calls it 15.Classic (LR6) datasheet from energizer.com It is named UM-3 by JIS of Japan. Historically, it is known as D14 (hearing aid battery), U12 – later U7 (standard cell), or HP7 (for zinc chloride 'high power' version) in official documentation in the United Kingdom, or a pen cell.Blaukatz Battery Encyclopaedia AA batteries are common in portable electronic devices. An AA battery is composed of a single electrochemical cell that may be either a primary battery (disposable) or a rechargeable battery. Several different chemistries are used in their construction. The exact terminal voltage, capacity and practical discharge rates depend on cell chemistry; however, devices designed for AA cells will usually only take 1.2–1.5 V unless specified by the manufacturer. Introduced in 1907 by The American Ever Ready Company, the AA battery size was standardized by the American National Standards Institute (ANSI) in 1947, but it had been in use in flashlights and electrical novelties before formal standardization. ANSI and IEC battery nomenclature gives several designations for cells in this size, depending on cell features and chemistry. Before being called AA batteries, they were commonly called Z batteries, as the ones produced by the Burgess Battery Company were sold as "Number Z" (meant to indicate them being smaller than the "Number 1", which was similar in size to a modern C battery). Due to their popularity in small flashlights, they are often called "penlight batteries". == Dimensions == An AA cell measures in length, including the button terminal—and in diameter. The positive terminal button should be a minimum 1 mm high and a maximum 5.5 mm in diameter, the flat negative terminal should be a minimum diameter of 7 mm. 14500 Lithium Batteries are longer if they feature a protection circuit up to 53 mm. Alkaline AA cells have a weight of roughly , lithium AA cells around , and rechargeable Ni-MH cells around . == Chemistry and capacity == === Primary cells === Primary (non-rechargeable) zinc–carbon (dry cell) AA batteries have around 400–900 milliampere hours capacity, with measured capacity highly dependent on test conditions, duty cycle, and cut-off voltage. Zinc–carbon batteries are usually marketed as "general purpose" batteries. Zinc-chloride batteries store around 1,000 to 1,500 mAh are often sold as "heavy duty" or "super heavy duty". Alkaline batteries from 1,700 mAh to 2,850 mAh cost more than zinc-chloride batteries, but hold additional charge. AA size alkaline batteries are termed as LR06 by IEC, and AM-3 by JIS. Non-rechargeable lithium iron disulfide batteries are manufactured for devices that draw more current, such as digital cameras, where their high cost is offset by longer running time between battery changes and more constant voltage during discharge. The capacity of alkaline batteries is greatly reduced as the discharge current increases, however the capacity of a Li-FeS2 battery is not affected by high discharge currents nearly as much as alkaline batteries. Another advantage of lithium disulfide batteries compared to alkaline batteries is that they are less prone to leak. This is particularly important in expensive equipment, where a leaking alkaline battery can damage the equipment due to the corrosive electrolyte coming into contact with sensitive electronics. Lithium iron disulfide batteries are intended for use in equipment compatible with alkaline zinc batteries. Lithium-iron disulfide batteries can have an open-circuit voltage as high as 1.8 volts, but the closed-circuit voltage decreases, making this chemistry compatible with equipment intended for zinc-based batteries. A fresh alkaline zinc battery can have an open-circuit voltage of 1.6 volts, but a lithium iron disulfide battery with an open-circuit voltage below 1.7 volts is entirely discharged.Lithium Iron Disulfide Handbook and Application Manual, Version LI4.04, Energizer Battery Manufacturing Inc. === Rechargeable cells === Rechargeable batteries in the AA size are available in multiple chemistries: nickel–cadmium (NiCd) with a capacity of roughly 600–1,000 mAh, nickel–metal hydride (NiMH) in various capacities of 600–2,750 mAh and lithium-ion. NiCd and NIMH provide 1.2 V; lithium-ion chemistry has a nominal voltage of 3.6–3.7 volts, and AA-sized cells of this voltage are coded 14500 rather than AA. AA- sized lithium-ion cells with circuitry to reduce the voltage to the 1.5V of standard replaceable cells are also made. NiMH and lithium-ion AA/14500 cells can supply most of their capacity even when under a high current drain (0.5A and higher), unlike alkaline and zinc-chloride ("Heavy Duty"/"Super Heavy Duty") cells which drop to a small fraction of their low current capacity before even reaching 1 C. ===Li-ion=== A Li-ion 1.5V AA-size battery, sold by the Chinese company Kentli as "Kentli PH5" since 2014 and with similar batteries later available from other suppliers,an Internet or retailer search for rechargeable lithium AA batteries will find examples is a AA-sized battery housing containing a rechargeable 3.7 V Li-ion cell with an internal buck converter at the positive electrode to reduce the output voltage to 1.5 V. The Kentli batteries expose the normal 3.7 V Li-ion electrode in a ring around the AA electrode to allow charging by a special charger. It supplies the same 1.5 V as a fresh disposable alkaline AA cell, but with virtually no drop over the discharge cycle, unlike other disposable or rechargeable cells. Its lithium- ion chemistry provides a low self-discharge of 3% per month. Its capacity at 250 mA drain is 1,700 mAh at 1.5 V, less than other chemistries, limited by the low efficiency of the step-down converter. Some later Li-ion AA batteries advertise their capacity in milliwatt-hours (mWh) instead of the usual milliampere-hours (mAh), so a customer's attention is drawn to the figure, typically a claimed 3,000 or more, which is in reality 2,000 mAh. By 2023, several brands of 1.5 V Li-ion rechargeable batteries in both AA and AAA sizes (with voltage converting circuitry in even the small AAA casing) were available. They use various charging methods, without the special Kentli ring third electrode. Some have special chargers—a charger for a 1.2 V cell will not provide sufficient voltage—but do not use a third electrode. Analysis of performance and charging, and teardown, of a 1.5V Li-ion cell Others have a USB port built into the cell itself. ===NiZn=== Nickel-zinc cell (NiZn) rechargeable 1.65 V AA and AAA cells are also available, but not widely used. They require a charging circuit capable of supplying that voltage. === Comparison === Chemistry IEC name ANSI/NEDA name Nominal voltage (V) Capacity under 50 mA constant drain (mAh) Max. energy at nominal voltage and 50 mA drain (Wh) Rechargeable Zinc–carbon R6 15D 1.50 400–1,700 2.55 Alkaline LR6 15A 1.50 1,800–2,850 3.90 Li-FeS2 FR6 15LF 1.50 2,700–3,400 5.10 Li-ion ??R15/50 14500 3.60–3.70 600–1,100 (1,600 mAh at 1.5V) 3.88 LiFePO4 14500 3.2–3.3 600–1,000+ 2.80 NiCd KR6 15K 1.20 600–1,000 1.20 NiMH HR6 15H 1.20 600–2,750 3.42 NiZn ZR6 ? 1.60–1.65 1,500–1,800 2.97 == Use == In 2011, AA cells accounted for approximately 60% of alkaline battery sales in the United States. In Japan, 58% of alkaline batteries sold were AA, known in that country as tansan (単三). In Switzerland, AA batteries totaled 55% in both primary and secondary (rechargeable) battery sales.Absatzzahlen 2008 INOBAT 2008 statistics. == See also == * List of battery sizes * Battery nomenclature == References == == External links == * * Datasheet for Energizer alkaline AA battery (E91) * Datasheet for Energizer lithium AA battery (L91) * Datasheet for Duracell alkaline AA battery (MN1500) Category:Battery shapes

['American National Standards Institute', 'C battery', 'List of battery sizes']

['Q180003', 'Q797818', 'Q4374872']

[[(1021, 1058)], [(1180, 1189), (1542, 1551)], [(7654, 7675)]]

The Falcon Ridge Folk Festival is an American annual folk-oriented music festival and dance festival held at Dodds Farm in Hillsdale, New York. ==History== The first festival was a two-day event in 1988, held at a ski slope. In 1991, the festival moved to Long Hill Farm, in Hillsdale, New York, where it was held until 2005. Falcon Ridge (as of the 2016 festival) took place at Dodds Farm, also in Hillsdale, 7 miles from the previous location. As of 2021 Falcon Ridge moved to Goshen Fairgrounds, CT. ==Current logistics== The festival is held during the first full weekend of August, currently from Friday to Sunday; camping is allowed on the premises with a camping ticket, and—counting both camping and non-camping patrons—festival attendance in past years has approached as much as 15,000 throughout the long weekend. ==Performers and stages== Though musical acts and styles generally vary in scope from older folk artists such as Arlo Guthrie, Richie Havens, and Janis Ian to up-and-coming acts from the fringes of folk and other genres from bluegrass (Crooked Still) to polka (Brave Combo), the dominant style of music at the festival is "Folk-Pop". Past festivals have included such artists as Dar Williams, Aiden James, Richard Shindell, Lucy Kaplansky, Ani DiFranco, Tom Paxton, Vance Gilbert, Tracy Grammer, Ellis Paul, John Gorka, Holly Near, Crooked Still, Eddie From Ohio, The Nields, We're About 9, Greg Brown, Richard Thompson, Gandalf Murphy and the Slambovian Circus of Dreams, Mark Elliott, Lowen and Navarro, Christine Lavin and Shawn Colvin. Falcon Ridge Folk Festival performances take place on several stages. The Main Stage features headline acts throughout the festival, including a songwriter "swap" on Friday nights, and a yearly showcase series of between twenty and thirty new or up- and-coming artists from noon to five on Friday afternoon; it is the only outdoor stage on which music continues after dark. Across the festival grounds, the Workshop Stage features smaller-scale, generally acoustic performances around various themes throughout the day, often with several artists or groups playing "in the round". Family-oriented musical performances and other family-friendly fare, such as puppet shows, clowning and mimes like Hoopoe, also take place on the Family Stage throughout the daylight hours of the festival. There is also a large Dance Tent that features various group and partnered dance styles until 2:00 AM, including Contra Dancing, Swing Dancing, Square Dancing, and Zydeco Dancing. Bands that have played in the dance tent include Nightingale, The Clayfoot Strutters, The Greenfield Dance Band, Steve Riley and the Mamou Playboys, the Reckless Ramblers, Big Table, Small Tattoo, Brave Combo and many more. Dances are often led by dance callers. Among them have been Ralph Sweet, Beth Molaro, Steve Zakon-Anderson, Lisa Greenleaf, and Kathy Anderson. In the evenings after the official performances are over the music continues at informal "campfires" and unofficial performance tents scattered throughout the camping areas. ==References== ==External links== * Falcon Ridge Folk Festival * A State of Mind-a QuickTime movie * Falconridge Livejournal community includes updates on festival performers, schedules, musician and festivalgoer advice, and other news throughout the year leading up to the festival Category:Folk festivals in the United States Category:Music festivals in New York (state) Category:Tourist attractions in Columbia County, New York Category:Music festivals established in 1988 Category:1988 establishments in New York (state)

['Hillsdale, New York', 'New York (state)', 'Arlo Guthrie', 'Richie Havens', 'Janis Ian', 'Crooked Still', 'Brave Combo', 'Dar Williams', 'Aiden James', 'Richard Shindell', 'Lucy Kaplansky', 'Ani DiFranco', 'Tom Paxton', 'Vance Gilbert', 'Tracy Grammer', 'Ellis Paul', 'John Gorka', 'Holly Near', 'Eddie From Ohio', 'The Nields', 'Gandalf Murphy and the Slambovian Circus of Dreams', 'Lowen and Navarro', 'Christine Lavin', 'Shawn Colvin', 'Zydeco']

['Q3708235', 'Q1384', 'Q552925', 'Q505285', 'Q235515', 'Q32591', 'Q2924131', 'Q273910', 'Q22005614', 'Q2150602', 'Q1873781', 'Q232462', 'Q1351527', 'Q7914031', 'Q7831741', 'Q3051527', 'Q6235807', 'Q1624891', 'Q5336593', 'Q7754039', 'Q5520594', 'Q6693280', 'Q4252007', 'Q267438', 'Q245296']

[[(123, 142), (275, 294)], [(3429, 3445), (3581, 3597)], [(937, 949)], [(951, 964)], [(970, 979)], [(1060, 1073), (1356, 1369)], [(1085, 1096), (2728, 2739)], [(1203, 1215)], [(1217, 1228)], [(1230, 1246)], [(1248, 1262)], [(1264, 1276)], [(1278, 1288)], [(1290, 1303)], [(1305, 1318)], [(1320, 1330)], [(1332, 1342)], [(1344, 1354)], [(1371, 1386)], [(1388, 1398)], [(1445, 1495)], [(1511, 1528)], [(1530, 1545)], [(1550, 1562)], [(2515, 2521)]]

Willie Whopper is an animated cartoon character created by American animator Ub Iwerks. The Whopper series was the second from the Iwerks Studio to be produced by Pat Powers and distributed through Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer. 14 shorts were produced in 1933 to 1934. ==History== Willie is a young lad who tells of his many outlandish adventures, which are then depicted on-screen. His fantastic accounts are, in fact, outright lies or "whoppers". His stories are usually preceded by his memorable catchphrase, "Say, did I ever tell ya this one?" The character's first-produced film was The Air Race (1933), in which Willie tells of how he entered and won the 1933 National Air Race—even receiving a kiss from Amelia Earhart in the end. The short reflects Iwerks' own fascination with aviation. One scene even involves a plane crashing into a "Fireworks" stand which, afterwards is reduced in spelling to "I WERKS" (the animator Ub Iwerks' last name). The Air Race was initially left unreleased because distributor MGM rejected it, asking for a revision to explain more about why Willie entered the race. In the largely reanimated revision—Spite Flight (1933)—the story shows Willie interested in the race's cash prize because it will help him pay off his girlfriend's mom's mortgage. The new footage also turns Willie's racing rival into the girlfriend's landlord. Animator Grim Natwick initially designed Willie for The Air Race and the subsequent Play Ball, the character's first theatrical release. He was, at first, tall and lanky, much like a boy version of the earlier Flip the Frog. Iwerks wasn't completely satisfied with this design and decided to make the character more "cartoonlike". So, by the series' fourth entry, Stratos-Fear, Willie became roly-poly and more endearing to audiences. Critics too especially went for this new change. Before 1933 was over, Willie also appeared in his first Cinecolor endeavor, Davy Jones' Locker. 1934 was the final production year for the Whopper series. However, some of Willie's best emerged from this particular year. One interesting 1934 entry is The Good Scout, an outrageous short in which boy scout Willie manages to help a beautiful girl who has been kidnapped by a big brute in downtown New York City. The bulk of the film's soundtrack is composed of a jazzy Jelly Roll Morton 78-rpm record and its backgrounds are breathtaking. The short also features a Bosko look-alike, possibly a joke on the parts of Harman-Ising animators Bob Stokes and Norm Blackburn. The final entry in the series was Viva Willie released on September 20, 1934. Other Iwerks staffers on the series included Al Eugster, Norm Blackburn, Berny Wolf and Shamus Culhane (who referred to Willie as a "boy Baron von Münchhausen"). After MGM dropped Iwerks, they hired Hugh Harman and Rudolf Ising to produce a cartoon series called Happy Harmonies directly for the studio. Harman and Ising had just left Warner Brothers, where they had been producing Looney Tunes and Merrie Melodies for Leon Schlesinger. ==Filmography== ===1933=== Film Original release date DVD / Blu-ray The Air Race July/August 1933 Cartoons That Time Forgot (DVD) Ub Iwerks' Willie Whopper (Blu-ray/DVD) Play Ball September 16, 1933 Ub Iwerks' Willie Whopper (Blu-ray/DVD) Spite Flight October 14, 1933 Ub Iwerks' Willie Whopper (Blu-ray/DVD) Stratos-Fear November 11, 1933 Cartoons That Time Forgot (DVD) Ub Iwerks' Willie Whopper (Blu-ray/DVD) Davy Jones' Locker 1 December 9, 1933 Ub Iwerks' Willie Whopper (Blu-ray/DVD) 1 Filmed in Cinecolor ===1934=== Film Original release date DVD / Blu-ray Hell's Fire (a.k.a. Vulcan Entertains)1 January 6, 1934 Cartoons That Time Forgot (DVD) Ub Iwerks' Willie Whopper (Blu-ray/DVD) Robin Hood, Jr. February 3, 1934 Ub Iwerks' Willie Whopper (Blu-ray/DVD) Insultin' the Sultan April 14, 1934 Cartoons That Time Forgot (DVD) Ub Iwerks' Willie Whopper (Blu-ray/DVD) Reducing Creme May 19, 1934 Ub Iwerks' Willie Whopper (Blu-ray/DVD) Rasslin' Round June 1, 1934 Cartoons That Time Forgot (DVD) Ub Iwerks' Willie Whopper (Blu-ray/DVD) Cave Man July 6, 1934 Ub Iwerks' Willie Whopper (Blu-ray/DVD) Jungle Jitters July 27, 1934 Ub Iwerks' Willie Whopper (Blu-ray/DVD) The Good Scout September 1, 1934 Cartoons That Time Forgot (DVD) Ub Iwerks' Willie Whopper (Blu-ray/DVD) Viva Willie September 21, 1934 Cartoons That Time Forgot (DVD) Ub Iwerks' Willie Whopper (Blu-ray/DVD) 1 Filmed in Cinecolor ==Further reading== * Leslie Iwerks and John Kenworthy, The Hand Behind the Mouse (Disney Editions, 2001) and documentary of the same name (DVD, 1999) * Leonard Maltin, Of Mice and Magic: A History of American Animated Cartoons (Penguin Books, 1987) * Jeff Lenburg, The Great Cartoon Directors (Da Capo Press, 1993) ==See also== * The Golden Age of American animation ==References== ==External links== *Willie Whopper at Don Markstein's Toonopedia. Archived from the original on September 13, 2015. *The Air Race, a Willie Whopper cartoon Category:Ub Iwerks Studio series and characters Category:MGM cartoon characters Category:Film characters introduced in 1933 Category:Film series introduced in 1933 Category:Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer animated short films Category:Characters created by Ub Iwerks

['Ub Iwerks', 'Iwerks Studio', 'Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer', 'National Air Race', 'Amelia Earhart', 'Grim Natwick', 'Flip the Frog', 'Cinecolor', 'Jelly Roll Morton', 'Bosko', 'Al Eugster', 'Berny Wolf', 'Shamus Culhane', 'Baron von Münchhausen', 'Harman and Ising', 'Happy Harmonies', 'Warner Brothers', 'Looney Tunes', 'Merrie Melodies', 'Leon Schlesinger', 'Leonard Maltin', 'The Golden Age of American animation', "Don Markstein's Toonopedia"]

['Q336424', 'Q15639894', 'Q179200', 'Q825144', 'Q3355', 'Q3116715', 'Q55339811', 'Q794536', 'Q317128', 'Q2483037', 'Q2829322', 'Q2898751', 'Q3089911', 'Q77066', 'Q983477', 'Q1584289', 'Q126399', 'Q622435', 'Q1750628', 'Q762558', 'Q731195', 'Q784817', 'Q5293067']

[[(77, 86), (921, 930), (3155, 3164), (3224, 3233), (3294, 3303), (3397, 3406), (3475, 3484), (3677, 3686), (3750, 3759), (3858, 3867), (3926, 3935), (4026, 4035), (4088, 4097), (4157, 4166), (4262, 4271), (4365, 4374), (4975, 4984), (5211, 5220)], [(131, 144), (4978, 4991)], [(198, 217), (5139, 5158)], [(657, 674)], [(702, 716)], [(1367, 1379)], [(1568, 1581)], [(1898, 1907), (3527, 3536), (4417, 4426)], [(2310, 2327)], [(2406, 2411)], [(2633, 2643)], [(2661, 2671)], [(2676, 2690)], [(2725, 2746)], [(2892, 2908)], [(2851, 2866)], [(2923, 2938)], [(2970, 2982)], [(2987, 3002)], [(3007, 3023)], [(4580, 4594)], [(4758, 4794)], [(4848, 4874)]]

Fatutaka, Fatu Taka or Patu Taka (also known as Fataka and Mitre Island) is a small volcanic island in the Solomon Islands province of Temotu in the south- west Pacific Ocean. The easternmost of the Solomon Islands, Fatutaka is located southeast of Anuta and can be seen from there in clear weather. Fatutaka and Anuta were discovered by Admiral Edward Edwards in 1791. The island, located at , is a small rocky outcropping, rising to an elevation of . The total land area of the island is . ==Human activities== The island's soil is rocky, and not especially fertile, although it has in the past been used as a gardening location for the people of Anuta. The population of Anuta, the closest inhabited island, regularly sail to Fatutaka to eat and collect sea- birds and their eggs. The birds of Fatukaka have never been surveyed although the presence of Frigatebird, Eastern Reef Egret, Pacific Imperial Pigeon, and Emerald Dove have been reported. ==Geology== Fatutaka is one of numerous volcanic highs, islands and banks, in the north-western North Fiji Basin south of the fossil Vitiaz Trench (10°30'–19°S, 169°–174°E). These highs are, however, located up to from the Vitiaz Trench and do not form a continuous chain derived from the trench, but are a series of massifs aligned on north–south trending faults. Anuta and Fatutaka consist of basaltic lavas and andesitic breccias. In the 1970s the formation of Anuta and Fatutaka 2.2 was attributed to volcanism in the Vitiaz island arc during the initial back-arc opening of the North Fiji Basin. The Vitiaz Arc volcanoes were, however, displaced in an earlier episode and the formation of the islands is now attributed to renewed volcanism associated with a change in motion of the Pacific Plate 2 Ma. ==See also== * Oceania * Pacific Islands * Santa Cruz Islands ==References== ===Notes=== ===Sources=== * * * * * * * Category:Islands of the Solomon Islands Category:Volcanoes of the Solomon Islands

['Solomon Islands', 'Pacific Ocean', 'Anuta', 'Frigatebird', 'Eastern Reef Egret', 'Pacific Imperial Pigeon', 'Emerald Dove', 'Pacific Plate', 'Oceania', 'Pacific Islands', 'Santa Cruz Islands']

['Q685', 'Q98', 'Q612888', 'Q203472', 'Q392232', 'Q855676', 'Q795565', 'Q205411', 'Q55643', 'Q19617380', 'Q148839']

[[(107, 122), (199, 214), (1899, 1914), (1941, 1956)], [(161, 174)], [(249, 254), (313, 318), (649, 654), (674, 679), (1316, 1321), (1415, 1420)], [(856, 867)], [(869, 887)], [(889, 912)], [(918, 930)], [(1738, 1751)], [(1773, 1780)], [(1783, 1798)], [(1801, 1819)]]

Glen Oaks Community College is a public community college in Centreville, Michigan. ==History== In 1965, Nora Hagen donated a considerable amount of land in Sherman Township to Glen Oaks. Soon afterward, Glen Oaks was approved by the state as a credible institution authorized to provide college courses to students. Hagen, who gives her name to many sites at Glen Oaks, was one of the last surviving members of her immediate family and decided that the newly conceived college should receive those 120 acres (486,000 m²). She did so, commemorating the event in the following statements: "This farm of 120 acres [486,000 m²] with the farmhouse and other buildings has been in the Henry B. Hagen family name for 90 years. "In the year 1965 it was given to the St. Joseph County community college district to be used as the central campus of Glen Oaks Community College for the education of the county's young people. "It is the memory of my father and mother, my sister Louise C. Fry and her husband Stephen D. Fry, who became co-owners with me of this homestead in 1930, that I fondly dedicate this plaque. "May God's blessing rest on all who pass this way." 5 November 1965, Nora C. Hagen, The Last Survivor ==Leadership== Dr. David Devier serves as the college's president. ==Athletics== Glen Oaks has eight different sports programs: women's cross country, softball, volleyball, and basketball; men's cross country, baseball, and basketball; and men's golf. ==External links== * Official website == References == Category:Community colleges in Michigan Category:Michigan Community College Athletic Association Category:Universities and colleges established in 1965 Category:Education in St. Joseph County, Michigan Category:Buildings and structures in St. Joseph County, Michigan Category:1965 establishments in Michigan Category:NJCAA athletics

['Centreville, Michigan', 'Michigan', 'God']

['Q2041421', 'Q1166', 'Q190']

[[(61, 82)], [(74, 82), (1547, 1555), (1565, 1573), (1709, 1717), (1774, 1782), (1815, 1823)], [(1112, 1115)]]

The Excelsior Stadium is a football stadium in Airdrie, North Lanarkshire, Scotland. It is the home ground of Airdrieonians of the Scottish Professional Football League (SPFL). Since the 2021–22 season it has also been used by Celtic for the home matches of their women's team in the Scottish Women's Premier League (SWPL) and B team in the Scottish Lowland Football League,Celtic reveal home ground for B team & Women's matches this season, The Herald, 22 July 2021 as well as by Glasgow University F.C. of the West of Scotland Football League. It is an all-seater stadium with a capacity of , and has a 3G artificial surface. The stadium was opened in 1998 by the original Airdrieonians F.C., who were returning to Airdrie four years after leaving their previous ground, Broomfield Park. The name of the stadium derives from Airdrieonians' original name, the club having been founded as Excelsior F.C. in 1878. For sponsorship reasons the venue was originally known as The Shyberry Excelsior Stadium (after Shyberry Design Ltd. who had sponsored the construction) and from 2018 to 2022 as The Penny Cars Stadium. The stadium is also sometimes unofficially referred to as New Broomfield, after the former Airdrie ground. Following the liquidation of the original Airdrieonians in 2002, the Excelsior Stadium became home to the new Airdrie United F.C.; they subsequently were permitted to revive the Airdrieonians name. Other teams to have used the Excelsior Stadium in the past include SWPL teams Glasgow City, as their main home ground between 2014 and 2017, and prior to that for matches in European competitions; and Motherwell, for the 2020–21 season. SPFL club Queen's Park temporarily shared the ground from 2013 to 2014. Both Queen of the South (in 2008) and Motherwell (in 2009) have used the ground for European fixtures. It has also hosted the final of the Scottish Challenge Cup three times. ==History== Following the sale of Airdrieonians' home ground Broomfield Park to supermarket chain Safeway in 1994, the club searched for several years for a suitable site, and planning permission for, a new home. Guidelines set by the football authorities in the period were for top division clubs in Scotland to have all-seater stadia with a minimum capacity of 10,000, and having only been relegated from the Scottish Premier Division in 1993, the club sought to comply with this. The building work on Excelsior Stadium was eventually completed in 1998, and Airdrieonians played here until the club went out of business due to heavy debts (caused in part by the burden of the construction cost of the new stadium, and made worse by a fall in supporter numbers in the four years based away from their home town) in May 2002. This left an opening in the Scottish League, which was filled by Northern Premier League side Gretna. To attain a position in the league, Jim Ballantyne bought out the ailing Clydebank, renamed the club Airdrie United, changed the strip and relocated the club to Airdrie and Excelsior Stadium. Airdrie United are now known as 'Airdrieonians', the same name as the club dissolved in 2002. The ground seats and, as well as hosting Airdrieonians first and youth team games, Motherwell Under 20s games and various local amateur sides, it has also played host to Scottish Challenge Cup finals in 1999 and 2005, as well as Scotland under-21 fixtures and Old Firm reserve matches. The stadium has also hosted several charity events. In 2003 Falkirk enquired about groundsharing at the stadium for a season, as their former home, Brockville did not meet SPL criteria. This was later rejected in a meeting between SPL chairmen, meaning Falkirk were denied a place in the SPL. In August 2008 it played host to Queen of the South's UEFA Cup 2nd qualifying round 1st leg against Nordsjælland. The stadium also hosted all of Motherwell's Europa League qualifying round ties in the 2009–10 season, against Llanelli, Flamurtari and Steaua Bucharest. Queen's Park used the Excelsior Stadium as their temporary home ground while Hampden Park was being converted for use as an athletics stadium in the 2014 Commonwealth Games. In women's football, the stadium has been the home ground of Scottish Women's Premier League clubs Glasgow City between 2014 and 2017 and Motherwell during the 2020–21 season. Glasgow University F.C. have also used the ground since joining the new West of Scotland League in 2020. From the 2021-22 season, Celtic F.C. use the ground as the home venue for both their women's team in the SWPL and their B team, who play in the Scottish Lowland Football League. In January 2016, East Kilbride of the Scottish Lowland Football League drew Celtic in the Scottish Cup. As their K-Park stadium was inadequate for the crowd expected, the match was held at Excelsior Stadium; 7,767 fans attended. In June 2017 the stadium underwent refurbishment prior to hosting a concert by singer Elton John. ==Records and facts== The record attendance at New Broomfield was 9,612 for the 2005 Scottish Challenge Cup Final, played between Hamilton Academical and St Mirren on 6 November 2005. The highest confirmed attendance for an Airdrieonians match was 9,044 for a Scottish League One fixture against Rangers on 23 August 2013; however, one of the first matches at the stadium, a Scottish League Cup win for Airdrie over cup holders Celtic in August 1998 was reported to have been played "before 10,000 ecstatic fans". Excelsior Stadium is the highest stadium in Scottish league football. ==Facilities== thumb|View from the Joseph Dalziel Stand towards the South Stand In addition to the executive match-viewing boxes that look onto the pitch, the stadium boasts conference and banqueting facilities, with six separate spaces and a public bar being situated within the main (Joseph Dalziel) stand. Disabled facilities are also provided in the North, East and South stands. A Sports Injury Clinic operates from the main stand and Crossfit have a fitness facility operating out of the North Stand. Nine five-a-side football pitches were installed for community use in early 2010, adjacent to the stadium on the South stand side and to the East stand side. The car parks were resurfaced, and new fencing and gates were erected around the perimeter of the stadium and land. At the end of the 2009–10 season, a new 3G artificial surface was installed. Although due for completion prior to season 2010–11, in July Airdrie United played their opening Challenge Cup 1st Round game v Ayr United at Alloa Athletic's Recreation Park ground, as the work had been delayed due to heavy rain. The first competitive game played on the new surface was on 14 August 2010, as Airdrie entertained Ayr United. ==See also== *Stadium relocations in Scottish football ==References== ==External links== *Stadium pictures at StadiumDB.com Category:Airdrieonians F.C. Category:Airdrieonians F.C. (1878) Category:Football venues in Scotland Category:Sports venues in North Lanarkshire Category:Scottish Football League venues Category:Queen's Park F.C. Category:Scottish Professional Football League venues Category:Sports venues completed in 1998 Category:Glasgow City F.C. Category:Motherwell F.C. Women Category:Celtic F.C. Women Category:Scottish Women's Premier League venues

['Airdrie, North Lanarkshire', 'Airdrieonians F.C. (1878)', 'Airdrieonians F.C.', "Queen's Park F.C.", 'Glasgow City F.C.', 'Motherwell F.C. Women', 'Glasgow University F.C.', 'Celtic F.C. Women', 'Scottish Professional Football League', 'Celtic F.C.', "Scottish Women's Premier League", 'Scottish Lowland Football League', 'Broomfield Park', 'Motherwell F.C.', 'Scottish Challenge Cup', 'Scottish Premier Division', 'Northern Premier League', 'Old Firm', 'UEFA Cup', 'Hampden Park', '2014 Commonwealth Games', 'Scottish Cup', 'Elton John', 'Scottish League One', 'Scottish League Cup']

['Q408536', 'Q1345161', 'Q408554', 'Q852753', 'Q1529496', 'Q20712797', 'Q5566947', 'Q5058511', 'Q14489498', 'Q19593', 'Q2261407', 'Q16835366', 'Q4975304', 'Q216523', 'Q1350084', 'Q843012', 'Q18502', 'Q643817', 'Q18760', 'Q193651', 'Q1116999', 'Q308822', 'Q2808', 'Q14468449', 'Q864672']

[[(47, 73)], [(6870, 6895)], [(675, 693), (6842, 6860), (6870, 6888)], [(7027, 7044)], [(7149, 7166)], [(7176, 7197)], [(481, 504), (4315, 4338)], [(7207, 7224)], [(131, 168), (7054, 7091)], [(4445, 4456), (7207, 7218)], [(284, 315), (4200, 4231), (7234, 7265)], [(341, 373), (4564, 4596), (4636, 4668)], [(773, 788), (1965, 1980)], [(7176, 7191)], [(1868, 1890), (3288, 3310), (5010, 5032)], [(2315, 2340)], [(2795, 2818)], [(3378, 3386)], [(3751, 3759)], [(4042, 4054)], [(4114, 4137)], [(4688, 4700)], [(4913, 4923)], [(5185, 5204)], [(5300, 5319)]]

Walter Clarence "Dub" Taylor Jr. (February 26, 1907 – October 3, 1994),Dub Taylor, 87, Actor in Westerns, The New York Times, October 5, 1994, Section B, Page 12 was an American character actor who from the 1940s into the 1990s worked extensively in films and on television, often in Westerns but also in comedies. He is the father of actor and painter Buck Taylor. ==Early life== Taylor was born February 26, 1907, in Richmond, Virginia, the middle child of five children of Minnie and Walter C. Taylor, Sr."The Fourteenth Census of the United States: 1920", enumeration date January 15, 1920, Augusta City, Richmond County, Georgia. Digital copy of original census page, FamilySearch. Retrieved August 4, 2017. According to the federal census of 1920, he had two older sisters, Minnie Marg[aret] and Maud, a younger brother named George, and a little sister, Edna Fay. The family moved to Augusta, Georgia, around 1912, when Walter was five years old, and lived there until he was 13. Taylor's mother was a Pennsylvania native; and his father, who worked in Augusta at that time as a cotton broker, was from North Carolina. While in Georgia as a boy, Walter, Jr. got his lifelong nickname when his friends began calling him "W", then shortened it further to "Dub". ==Career== ===Film=== A vaudeville performer,Dub Taylor; Character Actor, The Los Angeles Times, October 5, 1994 Taylor made his film debut in 1938 as the cheerful ex-football captain Ed Carmichael in Frank Capra's You Can't Take It with You. He secured the part because the role required an actor who could play tuned percussion. During the 1950s and early 1960s, he used his xylophone skills on several television shows, including the syndicated series Ranch Party.A video of "Cannonball Taylor" playing the xylophone on Ranch Party, ca. 1957; uploaded by GatorRock788, YouTube, a subsidiary of Alphabet Inc., Mountain View, California. Retrieved August 6, 2017. In 1939, he appeared in the film Taming of the West, where he originated the character of Cannonball, a role he played for the next 10 years in over 50 films. Cannonball was a comedic sidekick to Wild Bill Elliott in 13 features. He played the character in other westerns starring Charles Starrett, Russell Hayden, Tex Ritter and Jimmy Wakely. Taylor later dropped the Cannonball name because he felt it held him back from roles in films with larger budgets.Triplett, Gene, Hollywood's Old Codger, January 24, 1982 Oklahoman, Oklahoma, OK He had bit parts in a number of classic motion pictures, including Mr. Smith Goes to Washington (1939), A Star Is Born (1954) and Them! (1954). The 1954 film Dragnet had Taylor in an uncredited role, that of gangster Miller Starkie, who is killed in the opening scene. He had a small role in the 1958 Walt Disney film Tonka as a rustler of stray horses for sale. The same year, he performed in No Time for Sergeants as the representative of the draft board who summoned Will Stockdale (Andy Griffith) from his rural home in Georgia to the United States Air Force.No Time For Sergeants, cast and crew, American Film Institute (AFI), Los Angeles, California. Retrieved August 5, 2017. He later joined Sam Peckinpah's stock company in 1965's Major Dundee, playing a professional horse thief. He also appeared in The Wild Bunch (1969) as a minister who gets his flock shot in the film's opening scene; in Junior Bonner (1972), The Getaway (1972), and Pat Garrett and Billy the Kid (1973) as an aging, eccentric outlaw friend of Billy's; and in Michael Cimino's crime film Thunderbolt and Lightfoot (1974),Thunderbolt and Lightfoot, cast and crew, Turner Classic Movies (TCM), Turner Broadcasting System, subsidiary of Time Warner, New York, N.Y. Retrieved October 30, 2017. He also played Ivan Moss, father of Michael J. Pollard's character C. W. Moss, in Bonnie and Clyde (1967). He portrayed an ill-tempered chuckwagon cook in the 1969 film The Undefeated, starring John Wayne and Rock Hudson, and appeared in Support Your Local Gunfighter (1971) as the drunken Doc Shultz."Dub Taylor: Complete Filmography", including identifications of Taylor's characters in his films, Turner Classic Movies (TCM), Turner Broadcasting System, a division of Time Warner, Inc., New York, New York. Retrieved August 6, 2017. He appeared in Back to the Future Part III (1990) with veteran Western actors Pat Buttram and Harry Carey Jr. Taylor's last film role was in Maverick (1994), and although he had only a fleeting appearance as an unnamed "Room Clerk", his name appears in the film's opening credits. ===Television=== In the 1950s, he guest-starred three times on the syndicated series The Range Rider, starring Jock Mahoney and Dick Jones. He appeared in the 1955 episode "The Outlander" of Cheyenne, and on the syndicated series Death Valley Days playing the Colorado silver miner "Chicken Bill" Lovell. In 1957, Taylor was cast alongside Alan Hale, Jr., in the syndicated Casey Jones TV series.Summers, Neil and Crowley, Roger M., The Official TV Western Round-Up Book, Page 36, The Old West Shop Publishing, 2002 He played in the 1961 Perry Mason episode "The Case of the Grumbling Grandfather". Taylor was on The Lloyd Bridges Show (1962–1963), in the episodes "My Child Is Yet a Stranger" and "The Tyrees of Capital Hill". He was in The Andy Griffith Show, first as the preacher who marries Charlene Darling to Dud Wash, then as postmaster Talbert, and next as the brother-in-law of town handyman Emmett Clark. Taylor performed on other sitcoms, including Hazel with Shirley Booth. His character, Mitch Brady, was owner of a local cab company and a frequent boyfriend of Hazel's.Terrace, Vincent, Encyclopedia of Television Shows, 1925 Through 2007: F - L, Page 654, McFarland & Company, 2009 He was cast in an episode of I Love Lucy, and on The Brian Keith Show, and in a fourth-season episode of The Cosby Show. He was on NBC's series Laredo and The High Chaparral. Taylor played Houston Lamb in four episodes of Little House On The Prairie in seasons six and seven (1979 to 1981). He appeared on Hee Haw for six seasons, from 1985 to 1991,Brooks, Tim and Marsh, Earle, The Complete Directory to Prime Time Network and Cable TV Shows 1946 - Present, Page 437, Ballentine, 1999 where he was mostly seen as a regular in the Lulu's Truck Stop skit featuring Lulu Roman and Gailard Sartain. Taylor was in several episodes of Designing Women as a rustic enamored with the women from Sugarbaker's during a camping expedition. Starting in the late 1970s, Taylor appeared in a series of Western-style commercials for Hubba Bubba bubble gum. In the radio versions of the commercials, his character was named "The Geezer". In 1994, he appeared in a commercial for Pace Foods, performing as one of four participants in a fair's "Dip-Off" contest, where two other competitors and he use their "secret ingredient" of Pace Picante Sauce in their dips. When the fourth participant holds up a jar of "Mexican sauce" as a "secret ingredient", Taylor's character proclaims that it was "made in New York City!" ==Death== Taylor died of a heart attack on October 3, 1994, in Los Angeles. He was cremated, and his ashes were scattered near Westlake Village, California. ==Selected filmography== ===Film=== *You Can't Take It with You (1938) as Ed Carmichael *Mr. Smith Goes to Washington (1939) as Reporter (uncredited) *The Taming of the West (1939) * The Return of Wild Bill (1940) as Cannonball *Prairie Schooners (1940) as Cannonball *The Wildcat of Tucson (1940) as Cannonball *The Return of Daniel Boone (1941) as Cannonball *Hands Across the Rockies (1941) as Cannonball Taylor *The Son of Davy Crockett (1941) as Cannonball *Tanks a Million (1941) as Malloy (uncredited) *The Lone Prairie (1942) as Cannonball * Riders of the Northwest Mounted (1943) as Cannonball *Saddles and Sagebrush (1943) as Cannonball *What's Buzzin', Cousin? (1943) as Jed (uncredited) *Minesweeper (1943) as Seaman Stubby Gordon (uncredited) *Cowboy in the Clouds (1943) as Cannonball *Saddle Leather Law (1944) as Cannonball *Cowboy Canteen (1944) as Cannonball *The Last Horseman (1944) as Cannonball *Cyclone Prairie Rangers (1944) as Cannonball *Both Barrels Blazing (1945) as Cannonball *Rustlers of the Badlands (1945) as Cannonball *Courtin' Trouble (1948) as Cannonball *Cowboy Cavalier (1948) as Cannonball *Song of the Drifter (1948) as Cannonball *Silver Trails (1948) as Cannonball *Across the Rio Grande (1949) as Cannonball Taylor *Brand of Fear (1949) as Cannonball *Riding High (1950) as Joe *Lure of the Wilderness (1952) as Sheriff Jepson (uncredited) *The Story of Will Rogers (1952) as Actor (scenes deleted) *Woman of the North Country (1952) as Bob (uncredited) *The Charge at Feather River (1953) as Danowicz *Those Redheads from Seattle (1953) as Townsman (uncredited) *Crime Wave (1953) as Gus Snider *Riding Shotgun (1954) as Eddie (uncredited) *Them! (1954) as Railroad Yard Watchman (uncredited) *Dragnet (1954) as Miller Starkie (uncredited) *The Bounty Hunter (1954) as Eli Danvers *A Star Is Born (1954) as Norman's Driver (voice, uncredited) *Tall Man Riding (1955) as Townsman (uncredited) *The McConnell Story (1955) as Angry Technical Sergeant (uncredited) *I Died a Thousand Times (1955) as Ed (uncredited) *The Fastest Gun Alive (1956) as Nolan Brown (uncredited) *Tension at Table Rock (1956) as Ruffian (uncredited) *You Can't Run Away from It (1956) as Joe *No Time for Sergeants (1958) as McKinney *Hot Rod Gang (1958) as Al Berrywhiff *Street of Darkness (1958) as Duffy Tyler *Auntie Mame (1958) as County Veterinarian (uncredited) *A Hole in the Head (1959) as Fred *Home from the Hill (1960) as Bob Skaggs (uncredited) *Parrish (1961) as Teet Howie *Sweet Bird of Youth (1962) as Dan Hatcher *Black Gold (1962) as Doc *Spencer's Mountain (1963) as Percy Cook *Major Dundee (1965) as Priam *The Hallelujah Trail (1965) as Clayton Howell *The Cincinnati Kid (1965) as First Dealer *The Adventures of Bullwhip Griffin (1967) as Timekeeper *Don't Make Waves (1967) as Electrician *Bonnie and Clyde (1967) as Ivan Moss *Johnny Banco (1967) *The Money Jungle (1967) as Pete Jensen *Bandolero! (1968) as Attendant *The Shakiest Gun in the West (1968) as Pop McGovern *Death of a Gunfighter (1969) as Doc Adams *The Wild Bunch (1969) as Wainscoat *The Learning Tree (1969) as Spikey *The Undefeated (1969) as McCartney *The Reivers (1969) as Dr. B.F. Peabody *...tick...tick...tick... (1970) as Junior *The Liberation of L.B. Jones (1970) as Mayor *A Man Called Horse (1970) as Joe *The Wild Country (1970) as Phil *Support Your Local Gunfighter (1971) as Doc Schultz *Man and Boy (1971) as Atkins *Evel Knievel (1971) as Turquoise Smith *Wild in the Sky (1972) as Officer Roddenberry *Junior Bonner (1972) as Del *The Getaway (1972) as Laughlin *Country Blue (1973) as Jumpy Belk *Tom Sawyer (1973) as Clayton *Pat Garrett and Billy the Kid (1973) as Josh *Thunderbolt and Lightfoot (1974) as Station Attendant *The Fortune (1975) as Rattlesnake Tom *Poor Pretty Eddie (1975) as Justice of the Peace Floyd *Hearts of the West (1975) as Nevada Ticket Agent *Creature from Black Lake (1976) as Grandpaw Bridges *Burnt Offerings (1976) as Walker *Treasure of Matecumbe (1976) as Sheriff Forbes *Pony Express Rider (1976) as Boomer Riley *Gator (1976) as Mayor Caffey *The Winds of Autumn (1976) as Rattler S. Gravley *The Great Smokey Roadblock (1977) as Harley Davidson *Moonshine County Express (1977) as Uncle Bill *The Rescuers (1977) as Digger (voice) *Beartooth (1978) *They Went That-A-Way & That-A-Way (1978) as Gunner *1941 (1979) as Mr. Malcomb *Used Cars (1980) as Tucker *Cannonball Run II (1984) as Sheriff *The Best of Times (1986) as Mac *Once Upon a Texas Train (1988, TV Movie) as Charlie Lee *Back to the Future Part III (1990) as Levi, Saloon Old-Timer #1 *Conagher (1991, TV Movie) as Station Agent *My Heroes Have Always Been Cowboys (1991) as Gimme Cap *Falling from Grace (1992) as Grandpa Parks *Maverick (1994) as Room Clerk (final film role) ===Television=== *I Love Lucy (1955), season 5, episode 8, titled "Lucy Goes to the Rodeo", as Rattlesnake Jones *Casey Jones (1957-1958) as Wallie Sims, 32 episodes *Twilight Zone (1962) season 3, episode 23 titled "The Last Rites of Jeff Myrtlebank" as Mr. Peters *Dennis the Menace (1960), season 1, episode 22, titled "Dennis and the TV Set" as Opie *Hazel (1962-1963), as Mitch Brady, 4 episodes *The Andy Griffith Show (1963), season 3, episode 31 titled "Mountain Wedding" as The Preacher *My Favorite Martian (1964), season 1, episode 15, titled "Poor Litter Rich Cat", *Please Don't Eat the Daisies (1965), as Ed Hewley, 5 episodes *The Wild Wild West (1965), season 1, episode 5, "The Night of the Casual Killer", as Guard *The Monroes (1966-1967) as Cyrus, 2 episodes *The Wild Wild West (1967), season 3, episode 15, "The Night of the Running Death", as Pete *Bonanza (1967-1971), 6 episodes as Barlow / Simon / Otto / Luke Calhoun *Gunsmoke (1967-1970) as Farnum / Rev. Finney Cox / Noah Riker / Bartender / Cook / Sonny Starr *Partridge Family (1971), season 2, episode 6, “Whatever Happened To Moby Dick” as Flicker *Emergency! (1973) season 2, episode 16, "Syndrome" as an old man *Little House on the Prairie (1980), 4 episodes as Houston Lamb *Darkroom (1981), season 1, episode 2, titled "Uncle George" *The Cosby Show (1988), season 4, episode 16 *Designing Women (1989), episode 'The Nightmare From HeeHaw', season 4, episode 4Andy Griffith ==References== ==External links== * * * Press Release for "That Guy: The Legacy of Dub Taylor" * * "Dub "Cannonball" Taylor tribute by Bobby J. Copeland * Parker Brothers Gun Company Category:1907 births Category:1994 deaths Category:American male film actors Category:American male television actors Category:Male actors from Augusta, Georgia Category:Vaudeville performers Category:Male Western (genre) film actors Category:Male actors from Richmond, Virginia Category:Male actors from Los Angeles Category:20th-century American male actors

['Rustlers of the Badlands', 'Richmond, Virginia', 'Los Angeles, California', 'Buck Taylor', 'Western (genre)', 'FamilySearch', 'Augusta, Georgia', 'Frank Capra', 'YouTube', 'Wild Bill Elliott', 'Charles Starrett', 'Russell Hayden', 'Tex Ritter', 'Jimmy Wakely', 'Mr. Smith Goes to Washington', 'Them!', 'Walt Disney', 'No Time for Sergeants', 'Andy Griffith', 'United States Air Force', 'American Film Institute', 'Sam Peckinpah', 'Major Dundee', 'The Wild Bunch', 'Junior Bonner', 'Pat Garrett and Billy the Kid', 'Michael Cimino', 'Thunderbolt and Lightfoot', 'Turner Classic Movies', 'Michael J. Pollard', 'John Wayne', 'Rock Hudson', 'Support Your Local Gunfighter', 'Back to the Future Part III', 'Pat Buttram', 'Harry Carey Jr.', 'The Range Rider', 'Jock Mahoney', 'Death Valley Days', 'Alan Hale, Jr.', 'The Lloyd Bridges Show', 'Shirley Booth', 'I Love Lucy', 'The Brian Keith Show', 'The Cosby Show', 'The High Chaparral', 'Hee Haw', 'Lulu Roman', 'Gailard Sartain', 'Designing Women', 'Hubba Bubba', 'Pace Foods', 'The Return of Wild Bill', 'Prairie Schooners', 'The Wildcat of Tucson', 'The Return of Daniel Boone', 'Hands Across the Rockies', 'The Son of Davy Crockett', 'Tanks a Million', 'The Lone Prairie', 'Saddles and Sagebrush', 'Cowboy in the Clouds', 'Cowboy Canteen', 'The Last Horseman', 'Cyclone Prairie Rangers', 'Both Barrels Blazing', 'Song of the Drifter', 'Silver Trails', 'Brand of Fear', 'Lure of the Wilderness', 'The Story of Will Rogers', 'Woman of the North Country', 'The Charge at Feather River', 'Those Redheads from Seattle', 'Tall Man Riding', 'The McConnell Story', 'I Died a Thousand Times', 'The Fastest Gun Alive', 'Tension at Table Rock', "You Can't Run Away from It", 'Hot Rod Gang', 'Street of Darkness', 'A Hole in the Head', "Spencer's Mountain", 'The Hallelujah Trail', 'The Cincinnati Kid', 'The Adventures of Bullwhip Griffin', "Don't Make Waves", 'Johnny Banco', 'The Money Jungle', 'Bandolero!', 'The Shakiest Gun in the West', 'Death of a Gunfighter', 'The Learning Tree', '...tick...tick...tick...', 'The Liberation of L.B. Jones', 'The Wild Country', 'Wild in the Sky', 'The Fortune', 'Poor Pretty Eddie', 'Creature from Black Lake', 'Treasure of Matecumbe', 'The Great Smokey Roadblock', 'Moonshine County Express', 'The Rescuers', 'Used Cars', 'Cannonball Run II', 'Once Upon a Texas Train', 'Conagher', 'My Favorite Martian', 'The Wild Wild West', 'Bonanza', 'Gunsmoke', 'Partridge Family', 'Emergency!']

['Q15682112', 'Q43421', 'Q65', 'Q436425', 'Q21590660', 'Q3066228', 'Q181962', 'Q51492', 'Q866', 'Q374721', 'Q729837', 'Q3453467', 'Q966565', 'Q1446475', 'Q866120', 'Q578809', 'Q8704', 'Q3024947', 'Q312252', 'Q11223', 'Q207460', 'Q51461', 'Q1811900', 'Q994481', 'Q1713546', 'Q1169098', 'Q59129', 'Q1219013', 'Q749719', 'Q730270', 'Q40531', 'Q184378', 'Q951168', 'Q230552', 'Q2451247', 'Q1397312', 'Q285775', 'Q614160', 'Q3230894', 'Q640093', 'Q7747927', 'Q253308', 'Q181943', 'Q3790551', 'Q463999', 'Q1617740', 'Q2736003', 'Q3840581', 'Q436503', 'Q739122', 'Q1632941', 'Q7121899', 'Q23301318', 'Q3401252', 'Q42049403', 'Q61450841', 'Q20001557', 'Q56284225', 'Q7683567', 'Q7748080', 'Q50649926', 'Q61015533', 'Q5179518', 'Q50650117', 'Q61015574', 'Q15681455', 'Q21648842', 'Q50650399', 'Q15706063', 'Q6704914', 'Q3989498', 'Q15627813', 'Q3819315', 'Q7796839', 'Q7679946', 'Q3227676', 'Q1751157', 'Q2152044', 'Q7700677', 'Q3203423', 'Q5910294', 'Q20904784', 'Q2468401', 'Q933145', 'Q1304611', 'Q499680', 'Q3203845', 'Q203101', 'Q3182856', 'Q18915114', 'Q806357', 'Q3512644', 'Q1443951', 'Q1749731', 'Q4545163', 'Q1213101', 'Q3225365', 'Q52715832', 'Q1961880', 'Q7228815', 'Q18914921', 'Q7836738', 'Q7737939', 'Q6907967', 'Q39722', 'Q2363927', 'Q646806', 'Q3222204', 'Q5158054', 'Q1247907', 'Q1278637', 'Q862187', 'Q29641', 'Q654652', 'Q1247463']

[[(8221, 8245)], [(419, 437), (13936, 13954)], [(3103, 3126)], [(353, 364)], [(13882, 13897)], [(673, 685)], [(891, 907), (13820, 13836)], [(1468, 1479)], [(1839, 1846)], [(2128, 2145)], [(2213, 2229)], [(2231, 2245)], [(2247, 2257)], [(2262, 2274)], [(2538, 2566), (7303, 7331)], [(2601, 2606), (8900, 8905)], [(2772, 2783)], [(2865, 2886), (9426, 9447)], [(2957, 2970), (5300, 5313), (12437, 12450), (13479, 13492)], [(3010, 3033)], [(3072, 3095)], [(3170, 3183)], [(3210, 3222), (9833, 9845)], [(3280, 3294), (10277, 10291)], [(3372, 3385), (10751, 10764)], [(3418, 3447), (10877, 10906)], [(3511, 3525)], [(3539, 3564), (3572, 3597), (10923, 10948)], [(3614, 3635), (4141, 4162)], [(3777, 3795)], [(3935, 3945)], [(3950, 3961)], [(3979, 4008), (10581, 10610)], [(4292, 4319), (11774, 11801)], [(4355, 4366)], [(4371, 4386)], [(4643, 4658)], [(4669, 4681)], [(4788, 4805)], [(4898, 4912)], [(5171, 5193)], [(5530, 5543)], [(5785, 5796), (12049, 12060)], [(5805, 5825)], [(5861, 5875), (13354, 13368)], [(5911, 5929)], [(6062, 6069)], [(6320, 6330)], [(6335, 6350)], [(6386, 6401), (13399, 13414)], [(6574, 6585)], [(6719, 6729)], [(7397, 7420)], [(7443, 7460)], [(7483, 7504)], [(7527, 7553)], [(7576, 7600)], [(7630, 7654)], [(7677, 7692)], [(7724, 7740)], [(7818, 7839)], [(7971, 7991)], [(8055, 8069)], [(8092, 8109)], [(8132, 8155)], [(8178, 8198)], [(8345, 8364)], [(8387, 8400)], [(8474, 8487)], [(8537, 8559)], [(8599, 8623)], [(8658, 8684)], [(8713, 8740)], [(8761, 8788)], [(9103, 9118)], [(9152, 9171)], [(9221, 9244)], [(9272, 9293)], [(9330, 9351)], [(9384, 9410)], [(9468, 9480)], [(9506, 9524)], [(9604, 9622)], [(9792, 9810)], [(9863, 9883)], [(9910, 9928)], [(9953, 9987)], [(10010, 10026)], [(10088, 10100)], [(10109, 10125)], [(10149, 10159)], [(10181, 10209)], [(10234, 10255)], [(10313, 10330)], [(10425, 10449)], [(10468, 10496)], [(10548, 10564)], [(10704, 10719)], [(10978, 10989)], [(11017, 11034)], [(11123, 11147)], [(11210, 11231)], [(11381, 11407)], [(11435, 11459)], [(11482, 11494)], [(11619, 11628)], [(11647, 11664)], [(11717, 11740)], [(11839, 11847)], [(12528, 12547)], [(12673, 12691), (12811, 12829)], [(12903, 12910)], [(12976, 12984)], [(13072, 13088)], [(13163, 13173)]]

Diamond enhancements are specific treatments, performed on natural diamonds (usually those already cut and polished into gems), which are designed to improve the visual gemological characteristics of the diamond in one or more ways. These include clarity treatments such as laser drilling to remove black carbon inclusions, fracture filling to make small internal cracks less visible, color irradiation and annealing treatments to make yellow and brown diamonds a vibrant fancy color such as vivid yellow, blue, or pink. The CIBJO and government agencies, such as the United States Federal Trade Commission, explicitly require the disclosure of all diamond treatments at the time of sale. Some treatments, particularly those applied to clarity, remain highly controversial within the industry—this arises from the traditional notion that diamonds hold a unique or "sacred" place among the gemstones, and should not be treated too radically, if for no other reason than a fear of damaging consumer confidence. Clarity and color enhanced diamonds sell at lower price points when compared to similar, untreated diamonds. This is because enhanced diamonds are originally lower quality before the enhancement is performed, and therefore are priced at a substandard level. After enhancement, the diamonds may visually appear as good as their non-enhanced counterparts. ==Clarity enhancements== The clarity, or purity, of a diamond refers to internal inclusions of the diamond, and is one of the 4-C's in determining a diamond’s value. Common inclusions that appear inside diamonds are black carbon spots and small cracks, commonly referred to as fractures or "feathers", due to their feathery whitish appearance when viewed from above or through the side. Diamonds may also have other inclusions such as air bubbles and mineral deposits, such as iron or garnet. The size, color, and position of the inclusions are factors in determining the value of a diamond, especially when the other gemological characteristics are of a higher standard. ===Laser drilling=== The development of laser drilling techniques has increased the ability to selectively target, remove and significantly reduce the visibility of black carbon inclusions on a microscopic scale. Diamonds containing hematite inclusions have been laser-drilled since the late 1960s, a technique credited to Louis Perlman that did a successful test a year after General Electric had made a similar one with a diamond for industrial use in 1962.Ward, A. (1972). Pique diamonds, treated by lasers, on the increase in world markets. Jeweler's circular-keystone, 143(3), 98-100. The laser drilling process involves the use of an infrared laser (of surgical grade at a wavelength about 1064 nm) to bore very fine holes (around 0.02 millimeters in diameter) into a diamond to create a route of access to a black carbon crystal inclusion. Because diamond is transparent to the wavelength of the laser beam, a coating of amorphous carbon or other energy-absorbent substance is applied to the surface of the diamond to initiate the drilling process. The laser then burns a narrow tube or channel to the inclusion. Once the location of included black carbon crystal has been reached by the drill channel, the diamond is soaked in sulfuric acid. After soaking in sulfuric acid the black carbon crystal will dissolve and become transparent (colorless) and sometimes slightly whitish opaque. Under microscopic inspection the fine drill or bore holes can be seen, but are not distracting and do not affect sparkle or brilliance of the diamond. While the channels are usually straight in direction, from an entry point on the surface, some drilling techniques are drilled from within, using naturally occurring fractures inside the stone to reach the inclusion in a way that mimics organic "feathers". (This method is sometimes referred to as KM drilling which stands for special drilling in Hebrew.)Laser drilled clarity enhanced diamonds The channels are microscopic so that dirt or debris cannot travel down the channel. The surface-reaching holes can only be seen by reflecting light off of the surface of the diamond during microscopic viewing such as a jeweler's 10x magnifying lens or loupe and are invisible to the naked eye. ===Fracture filling=== While fracture filling as a method to enhance gems has been found in gems over 2,500 years old, the diamond's unique refractive index required a more advanced filler than simple wax and oil treatments. This technology became available roughly 20 years after the time the laser drilling technique was developed. Simply put, "fracture filling" makes tiny natural fractures inside diamonds less visible to the naked eye or even under magnification. Fractures are very common inside diamonds and are created during the diamond's creation in the Earth's crust. As the rough diamond travels up from the Earth's crust through volcanic pipes it comes under extreme stresses and pressures, and during this travel tiny fractures can form inside the diamond. If these fractures are visible and damaging to the beauty of the diamond, it will have much lower demand and will not be as salable to jewelers and the general public, making them candidates for fracture filling and thus visually improve the appearance of the diamond. The fracture filling of diamond is often the last step in the process of diamond enhancement, following laser drilling and acid-etching of inclusions, though if the fractures are surface-reaching, no drilling may be required. The process involves the use of specially-formulated fillers with a refractive index approximating that of diamond. It was pioneered by Zvi Yehuda of Ramat Gan, Israel, and Yehuda is now used as a brand name applied to diamonds treated in this manner. Koss & Schechter, another Israeli firm, attempted to modify Yehuda's process in the 1990s by using halogen-based glasses, but this was unsuccessful. The details behind the Yehuda process have been kept secret, but the filler used is reported to be lead oxychloride glass, which has a fairly low melting point. The New York-based Dialase also treats diamonds via a Yehuda-based process, which is believed to use lead- bismuth oxychloride glass, but research into creating better, more durable, less traceable fillers is still being done, creating more silicone-based fillers for the fracture filling process. The filler present in fracture- filled diamonds can usually be detected by a trained gemologist under the microscope: While each diamond gets a treatment that fits its unique shape, state and fracture status, there may be traces of surface-reaching bore holes and fractures associated with drilled diamonds, air bubbles and flow lines within the glass, which are features never seen in untreated diamond. More dramatic is the so-called "flash effect", which refers to the bright flashes of color seen when a fracture-filled diamond is rotated; the color of these flashes ranges from an electric blue or purple to an orange or yellow, depending on lighting conditions (light field and dark field, respectively). The flashes are best seen with the field of view nearly parallel to the filled fracture's plane (although specific fractures in untreated diamonds may cause similar "flash effect"). In strongly colored diamonds the flash effect may be missed if examination is less than thorough, as the stone's body color will conceal one or more of the flash colors. For example, in brown-tinted "champagne" diamonds, the orange-yellow flashes are concealed, leaving only the blue-purple flashes to be seen. One last but important feature of fracture-filled diamonds is the color of the filler itself: It is sometimes a yellowish to brownish, and along with being visible in transmitted light, it can affect the overall color of the diamond, making the diamond fall an entire color grade after fracture-filling. For this reason fracture-filling is normally only applied to stones whose size is large enough to justify the treatment, although stones as small as 0.02 carats (4 mg) have been fracture- filled. The fracture-filling of diamond is a controversial treatment within the industry—and increasingly among the public as well—because some companies do not disclose this process when selling these stones. It is important to note that while fracture filling is a durable process, some fillers are damaged and may even melt at certain temperatures (), causing the diamond to "sweat" the filler under the heat of a jeweler's torch; thus routine jewelry repair can lead to degradation of clarity caused by the loss of the filler used to fill the cracks, especially if the jeweler is not aware of the treatment. Positions on certification of enhanced diamonds are polarized. On one hand some gemological laboratories, including that of the influential Gemological Institute of America, refuse to issue certificates for fracture- filled diamonds. Conversely others including European Gemological Laboratories (EGL) and Global Gem Labs (GGL) will certify such diamonds to their achieved clarity level while also stating on the certificate that the diamond is clarity enhanced. A third type of labs may certify these diamonds to the original clarity level. This rends any treatment benefit moot by disregarding apparent clarity, and instead assigning the diamond a grade reflecting its original, pre-treatment clarity. This has raised quite a commotion, as this puts fracture-filled diamonds outside of the traditional realm of diamond certification, damaging their legitimacy as 'mostly natural' diamonds. This demand for clarity-enhanced diamond grading has caused the creation of new labs, or an update to existing lab procedures, to include remarks regarding any clarity enhancements procedures (drilling, fracture filling) into their regular reports, boosting the validity of this trade. ==Color enhancements== Generally there are three major methods to artificially alter the color of a diamond: irradiation with high-energy subatomic particles; the application of thin films or coatings; and the combined application of high pressure and high temperature (HPHT). However, there is recent evidence that fracture filling is not only used to improve clarity, but that it can be used for the sole purpose to change the color into a more desirable color as well.A recent 2004 GIA report on fracture filled diamond turning its color into pink. (Gems and Gemology 2004) The first two methods can only modify color, usually to turn an off-color Cape series stone (see Material properties of diamond: Composition and color) into a more desirable fancy-colored stone. Because some irradiation methods produce only a thin "skin" of color, they are applied to diamonds that are already cut and polished. Conversely, HPHT treatment is used to modify and remove color from either rough or cut diamonds—but only certain diamonds are treatable in this manner. Irradiation and HPHT treatments are usually permanent insofar as they will not be reversed under normal conditions of jewelry use, whereas thin films are impermanent. ===Irradiation=== Sir William Crookes, a gem fancier as well as a chemist and physicist, was the first to discover radiation's effects on diamond color when in 1904 he conducted a series of experiments using radium salts. Diamonds enveloped in radium salt slowly turned a dark green; this color was found to be localized in blotchy patches, and it did not penetrate past the surface of the stone. The emission of alpha particles by the radium was responsible. Unfortunately radium treatment also left the diamond strongly radioactive, to the point of being unwearable. – Crookes' commentary on his experiments in 1904. A diamond octahedron so treated was donated by Crookes to the British Museum in 1914, where it remains today: it has lost neither its color nor radioactivity. Presently diamonds are safely irradiated in four ways: Proton and deuteron bombardment via cyclotrons; gamma ray bombardment via exposure to cobalt-60; neutron bombardment via the piles of nuclear reactors; and electron bombardment via van de Graaff generators. These high-energy particles physically alter the diamond's crystal lattice, knocking carbon atoms out of place and producing color centers. Irradiated diamonds are all some shade of green, black, or blue after treatment, but most are annealed to further modify their color into bright shades of yellow, orange, brown, or pink. The annealing process increases the mobility of individual carbon atoms, allowing some of the lattice defects created during irradiation to be corrected. The final color is dependent on the diamond's composition, and the temperature and length of annealing. Cyclotroned diamonds have a green to blue-green color confined to the surface layer: they are later annealed to 800 °C to produce a yellow or orange color. They remain radioactive for only a few hours after treatment, and due to the directional nature of the treatment and the cut of the stones, the color is imparted in discrete zones. If the stone was cyclotroned through the pavilion (back), a characteristic "umbrella" of darker color will be seen through the crown (top) of the stone. If the stone was cyclotroned through the crown, a dark ring is seen around the girdle (rim). Stones treated from the side will have one half colored deeper than the other. Cyclotron treatment is now uncommon. Gamma ray treatment is also uncommon, because although it is the safest and cheapest irradiation method, successful treatment can take several months. The color produced is a blue to blue-green which penetrates the whole stone. Such diamonds are not annealed. The blue color can sometimes approach that of natural Type IIb diamonds, but the two are distinguished by the latter's semiconductive properties. As with most irradiated diamonds, most gamma ray-treated diamonds were originally tinted yellow; the blue is usually modified by this tint, resulting in a perceptible greenish cast. The two most common irradiation methods are neutron and electron bombardment. The former treatment produces a green to black color that penetrates the whole stone, while the latter treatment produces a blue, blue-green, or green color that only penetrates about 1 mm deep. Annealing of these stones (from 500–900 °C for neutron-bombarded stones and from 500–1200 °C for electron-bombarded stones) produces orange, yellow, brown, or pink. Blue to blue-green stones that are not annealed are separated from natural stones in the same manner as gamma ray-treated stones. Prior to annealing, nearly all irradiated diamonds possess a characteristic absorption spectrum consisting of a fine line in the far red, at 741 nm – this is known as the GR1 line and is usually considered a strong indication of treatment. Subsequent annealing usually destroys this line, but creates several new ones; the most persistent of these is at 595 nm. Some irradiated diamonds are completely natural. One famous example is the Dresden Green Diamond. In these natural stones the color is imparted by "radiation burns" in the form of small patches, usually only skin deep, as is the case in radium-treated diamonds. Naturally irradiated diamonds also possess the GR1 line. The largest known irradiated diamond is the Deepdene. ===Coatings=== The application of colored tinfoil to the pavilion (back) surfaces of gemstones was common practice during the Georgian and Victorian era; this was the first treatment—aside from cutting and polishing—applied to diamond. Foiled diamonds are mounted in closed-back jewelry settings, which may make their detection problematic. Under magnification, areas where the foil has flaked or lifted away are often seen; moisture that has entered between the stone and foil will also cause degradation and uneven color. Because of its antique status, the presence of foiled diamonds in older jewelry will not detract from its value. In modern times, more sophisticated surface coatings have been developed; these include violet-blue dyes and vacuum-sputtered films resembling the magnesium fluoride coating on camera lenses. These coatings effectively whiten the apparent color of a yellow-tinted diamond, because the two colors are complementary and act to cancel each other out. Usually only applied to the pavilion or girdle region of a diamond, these coatings are among the hardest treatments to detect—while the dyes may be removed in hot water or alcohol with ease, the vacuum-sputtered films require a dip in sulfuric acid to remove. The films can be detected under high magnification by the presence of raised areas where air bubbles are trapped, and by worn areas where the coating has been scratched off. These treatments are considered fraudulent unless disclosed. Another coating treatment applies a thin film of synthetic diamond to the surface of a diamond simulant. This gives the simulated diamond certain characteristics of real diamond, including higher resistance to wear and scratching, higher thermal conductivity, and lower electrical conductivity. While resistance to wear is a legitimate goal of this technique, some employ it in order to make diamond simulants more difficult to detect through conventional means, which may be fraudulent if they are attempting to represent a simulated diamond as real. ===High-pressure high-temperature treatment=== A small number of otherwise gem-quality stones that possess a brown body color can have their color significantly lightened or altogether removed by HPHT treatment, or, depending on the type of diamond, improve existing color to a more desirable saturation. The process was introduced by General Electric in 1999. Diamonds treated to become colorless are all Type IIa and owe their marring color to structural defects that arose during crystal growth, known as plastic deformations, rather than to interstitial nitrogen impurities as is the case in most diamonds with brown color. HPHT treatment is believed to repair these deformations, and thus whiten the stone. (This is probably an incorrect conclusion, the whitening due to destruction of stable vacancy clusters according to one of the researchers). Type Ia diamonds, which have nitrogen impurities present in clusters that do not normally affect body color, can also have their color altered by HPHT. Some synthetic diamonds have also been given HPHT treatment to alter their optical properties and thus make them harder to differentiate from natural diamonds. Pressures of up to 70,000 atmospheres and temperatures of up to 2,000 °C (3,632 °F) are used in HPHT procedure. Also in 1999, Novatek, a Provo, UT manufacturer of industrial diamonds known for its advancements in diamond synthesis, accidentally discovered that the color of diamonds could be changed by the HPHT process. The company formed NovaDiamond, Inc. to market the process. By applying heat and pressure to natural stones, NovaDiamond could turn brown Type I diamonds light yellow, greenish yellow, or yellowish green; improve Type IIa diamonds by several color grades, even to white; intensify the color of yellow Type I diamonds; and make some bluish gray Type I and Type IIb colorless (although in some cases natural bluish gray diamonds are more valuable left alone, as blue is a highly desired hue). In 2001, however, NovaDiamond quit the HPHT gem business because of what the company's leader, David Hall, characterized as the underhanded practices of dealers. Apparently, dealers were passing off NovaDiamond enhanced gems as naturally colored, and the company refused to be party to this deception. Definitive identification of HPHT stones is left to well-equipped gemological laboratories, where Fourier-transform spectroscopy (FTIR) and Raman spectroscopy are used to analyze the visible and infrared absorption of suspect diamonds to detect characteristic absorption lines, such as those indicative of exposure to high temperatures. Indicative features seen under the microscope include: internal graining (Type IIa); partially healed feathers; a hazy appearance; black cracks surrounding inclusions; and a beaded or frosted girdle. Diamonds treated to remove their color by General Electric are given laser inscriptions on their girdles: these inscriptions read "GE POL", with "POL" standing for Pegasus Overseas Ltd, a partnered firm. It is possible to polish this inscription away, so its absence cannot be a trusted sign of natural color. Although it is permanent, HPHT treatment should be disclosed to the buyer at the time of sale. ==See also== *Brown diamonds *Crystallographic defects in diamond *Diamond color *Diamond cut *Material properties of diamond ==Footnotes== ==References== *O'Donoghue, Michael, and Joyner, Louise (2003). Identification of gemstones, pp. 28–35. Butterworth- Heinemann, Great Britain. *Read, Peter G. (1999). Gemmology (2nd ed.), pp. 167–170. Butterworth-Heinemann, Great Britain. *Webster, Robert, and Read, Peter G. (Ed.) (2000). Gems: Their sources, descriptions and identification (5th ed.), pp. 683–684, 692–696. Butterworth-Heinemann, Great Britain. *Collins A. T., Connor A., Ly C.-H., Shareef A. and Spear P. M. (2005). High- temperature annealing of optical centers in type-I diamond. J. Appl. Phys. 97 083517 (2005) . Enhancement

['CIBJO', 'United States', 'Federal Trade Commission', 'General Electric', 'Ramat Gan', 'Israel', 'Gemological Institute of America', 'William Crookes', 'British Museum', 'Proton', 'Dresden Green Diamond', 'Victorian era', 'Pressure', 'Fourier-transform spectroscopy', 'Raman spectroscopy', 'Brown diamonds', 'Crystallographic defects in diamond', 'Diamond color', 'Diamond cut', 'Material properties of diamond']

['Q254401', 'Q30', 'Q786713', 'Q54173', 'Q192807', 'Q801', 'Q3759392', 'Q189552', 'Q6373', 'Q2294', 'Q706710', 'Q182688', 'Q39552', 'Q2047974', 'Q862228', 'Q3149936', 'Q5191439', 'Q723995', 'Q12103146', 'Q5925925']

[[(525, 530)], [(568, 581)], [(582, 606)], [(2412, 2428), (17688, 17704), (20211, 20227)], [(5685, 5694)], [(5696, 5702), (5813, 5819)], [(8843, 8875)], [(11128, 11143)], [(11787, 11801)], [(11939, 11945)], [(15023, 15044)], [(15460, 15473)], [(18518, 18526)], [(19730, 19760)], [(19772, 19790)], [(20588, 20602)], [(20604, 20639)], [(20641, 20654)], [(20656, 20667)], [(10555, 10585), (20669, 20699)]]

Myron "Grim" Natwick ( Nordveig; August 16, 1890 - October 7, 1990) was an American artist, animator, and film director. Natwick is best known for drawing the Fleischer Studios' most popular character, Betty Boop.Myron "Grim" Natwick (Hollywood Cartoon Hall of Fame) ==Background== Born in Wisconsin Rapids, Wisconsin, Natwick studied at the School of the Art Institute of Chicago and had five brothers and two sisters. Natwick's parents, James and Henrietta (Lyon), owned a furniture store. His grandfather, Ole, was one of the earliest Norwegian immigrants to the United States arriving in Wisconsin in 1847 (Ole was born on April 8, 1826, to Ole Torkjellson Natvig and Anna at Sagi Natvig, Ardal, Sogn, Norway). He had eleven children in Grand Rapids, Wisconsin (now part of Wisconsin Rapids), including James W., Grim's father, and Joseph, who was the father of Mildred Natwick, Grim's first cousin. Natwick had his nickname since before high school as a takeoff on his "anything but Grim" personality. He was well known even in high school for his artwork and his poetry. Although never published, many pages of his poetry were displayed in the summer of 2011 at the South Wood County Historical Museum in Wisconsin Rapids, Wisconsin, where there was a permanent exhibit of Natwick's works.South Wood County Historical Museum His brother Frank was reputedly one of the first Wisconsin athletes to be invited to the Olympics in 1908. He was a high hurdler for the University of Wisconsin–Madison where he was president of his class.The 1910 badger, Volume XXIV (Madison, WI: Junior Class of the University of Wisconsin. 1910)} After studying at the Art Institute of Chicago, he went to the National Academy of Design.Comment Magazine: Jan-Feb 1975 p. 58 ==Career== Natwick's artistic career started with cover designs for sheet music, initially for a friend who worked at a music publishing company. Natwick found that he was good at this type of work and contacted other publishers in Chicago, eventually illustrating the covers for many song sheets, usually in no more than two colors. A former school friend, Gregory La Cava convinced him to try animation at William Randolph Hearst Studio, which only animated their comic strip properties. Natwick stated, "I was having lunch with LaCava one day and he said, 'Why don't you try this thing?' He found it very hard to get artists to do this; nobody knew how to animate. They would come in and see somebody drawing a hundred drawings a day and it would frighten them. We knew each other well, and I had apparently shown a knack of drawing humorous drawings, so he persuaded me to try it for a couple of weeks. That lasted about fifty years.” The studio was under the direction of Gregory La Cava. In 1925, after one year at the studio, he took his savings and sailed to the Vienna National Academy, where he mostly drew anatomy of women. Natwick was influenced by Egon Schiele and Gustav Klimt. He graduated in late summer of 1928, moving back to New York. Natwick is best known for creating the Fleischer Studio's most popular character, Betty Boop, under the direction of Max Fleischer. Although legal ownership of the Betty Boop character remained with the studio (as Natwick was an employee), Grim created the original design of Betty Boop at the request of studio head Max Fleischer, who requested a girlfriend for his then-star character, an anthropomorphic dog named "Bimbo". Natwick would remain one the primary animators of Betty Boop from the Dizzy Dishes to Bimbo’s Initiation, his last cartoon for Fleischer’s before moving to the West Coast. Natwick worked for a number of American animation studios, including the Ub Iwerks studio, Walt Disney Animation Studios, Walter Lantz Productions, UPA, and the Richard Williams studio. Seeing Natwick’s animation of Betty Boop in The Bum Bandit promoted Disney to make him an offer, but believing Iwerks to be the real creative force of the two he chose to work at the latter’s studio. At Iwerks, Natwick animated a number of Flip the Frog cartoons and designed Wille the Whopper. More and more, Iwerks came to rely on Grim Natwick to supervise the actual production of his cartoons. Natwick eventually wound up running the studio day-to-day, while Iwerks worked on mechanical improvements in the studio's basement. At the studio Natwick would direct Flip the Frog, Willie Whopper and Comicolor Cartoons along with many of the same young animators he had supervised at Fleischer. Natwick was offered partnership in the studio but declined in order to work at Disney. Natwick heard about the studio's plans to develop the first fully animated feature-length film and stated, “An opportunity to work on the first animated feature intrigued me. Ted Sears, at that time, headed a Walt Disney story group. He was a good friend of mine. I asked Ted if he would intercede for me, pick a moment when Walt was in a good mood, and suggest that I would like to join the Disney staff. Two weeks later Ted telephoned and said, "Walt will meet you after work next Monday." On November 12, 1934, Natwick was hired to work at Walt Disney Animation Studio. Natwick’s first assignment at the studio would be doing the female lead in The Cookie Carnival. In his scenes Natwick brought an expertise to animating human characters which was lacking in Disney’s previous effort The Goddess of Spring. This along with Natwick’s work on the blind girl doll in Broken Toys reinforced Disney’s intention to assign Natwick to the female lead in the upcoming feature. At Disney, Natwick became a lead animator on Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs, and was the person chiefly responsible for animating its titular heroine, Snow White. Natwick was given some of the studio’s top assistants to work with including, Marc Davis, Lester Novros and Jack Campbell. Regarding his scenes, Natwick did not rely heavily on rotoscoping stating, "We went way beyond rotoscope," and "I remember one scene I had where there were 101 rotoscoped tracings; that would mean that they traced every second frame on the film. I used drawing one and drawing one hundred and one, and I filled in the rest, because there wasn't enough in it to give us anything to animate." By the end of the picture, he had animated over 120 scenes, with six assistants working under him. Natwick was responsible for animating some of the most iconic scenes in the film, including the sequences where Snow White cleans the house to Whistle While You Work, the scene where she dances with the dwarfs, and her singing "Someday My Prince Will Come". While working for the Fleischer studios in 1939, Natwick was in charge of drawing the Prince and the Princess for Gulliver's Travels. He also helped to animate Mickey Mouse in Fantasia, Mr. Magoo, Popeye, Felix the Cat and many other 1940s and 1950s cartoon greats. Three of Natwick's former assistants included Walter Lantz (Hearst), Chuck Jones (Iwerks) and Marc Davis (Disney).Natwick, Myron "Grim" (Animation Archive) During the 1980s and 1990s, Natwick served on the advisory board of the National Student Film Institute. There is evidence Natwick did some commercial work later in his long life. He appears to have contributed to the early images of Sonny & Gramps, according to then-contemporaries who collaborated with Natwick during his career. Sonny is the "cuckoo" animated mascot of General Mills' Cocoa Puffs. Natwick died on October 7, 1990, in Los Angeles, California of pneumonia and heart disease, two months after celebrating his 100th birthday, with a party with friends such as Shamus Culhane.Myron Natwick, 100; Animated Betty Boop (The New York Times. October 10, 1990) In 2010, the Wisconsin Historical Society erected a memorial plaque to Grim Natwick in Wisconsin Rapids, Wisconsin. The South Wood County Historical Museum in Wisconsin Rapids, Wisconsin is home to an extensive Grim Natwick exhibit. Wisconsin Rapids native Myron "Grim" Natwick (Wisconsin Historical Society) Since 2010, the Grim Natwick Film Festival has been held annually over three days in Wisconsin Rapids, Wisconsin, featuring animators from across the state and beyond in panels and screenings of work. Recently, Natwick's name is an inspiration to a character in the 2017 video game Cuphead, a run-and-gun game that has a style and tone of 1930s cartoons (mostly influenced by Fleischer Studios). His name was adapted to a dragon character named Grim Matchstick, who has a similar stutter and speech to that of Natwick himself. == Partial filmography (as animator) == As animators were often uncredited, many of the films featured below do not credit Natwick as animator. Similarly there may be other films on which he worked which have not yet been attributed to him. * 1993 The Thief and the Cobbler * 1977 Raggedy Ann & Andy: A Musical Adventure * 1963 The Mighty Hercules (TV series) (directing animator - 3 episodes; Double Trouble, Guarding of the Olympic Torch, & Medusa's Sceptre) * 1960 Felix the Cat (TV series) * 1959 "Terror Faces Magoo" (short) * 1954 "Spare the Child" (short) * 1951 "Georgie and the Dragon" (short) * 1951 "Rooty Toot Toot" (short) * 1950 "Bungled Bungalow" (short) * 1950 "The Popcorn Story" (short) * 1950 "Trouble Indemnity" (short) * 1947 "The Bandmaster" (short) * 1947 "Solid Ivory" (short) * 1947 "Well Oiled" (short) * 1947 "The Coo Coo Bird" (short) * 1947 "Smoked Hams" (short) * 1946 "The Wacky Weed" (short) * 1946 "Fair Weather Fiends" (short) * 1946 "The Reckless Driver" (short) * 1946 "Bathing Buddies" (short) * 1946 "Who's Cookin' Who?" (short) * 1945 "The Dippy Diplomat" (short) * 1945 "Chew-Chew Baby" (short) * 1945 "Pied Piper of Basin Street" (short) * 1945 "Enemy Bacteria" (short) * 1944 "Ski for Two" (short) * 1944 "Abou Ben Boogie" (short) * 1943 "Take Heed Mr. Tojo" (short) * 1940 "Popeye Presents Eugene, the Jeep" (short) * 1940 "The Fulla Bluff Man" (short) * 1939 Gulliver's Travels (animation director) * 1938 "Mother Goose Goes Hollywood" (short) * 1937 Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs * 1936 "Little Boy Blue" (short) * 1936 "Alpine Climbers" (short) * 1936 "Dick Whittington's Cat" (short) * 1936 "Ali Baba" (short) * 1936 "Mickey's Polo Team" (short) * 1935 "Broken Toys" (short) * 1935 "Simple Simon" (short) * 1935 "The Three Bears" (short) * 1935 "Mickey's Fire Brigade" (short) * 1935 "Sinbad the Sailor" (short) * 1935 "Summertime" (short) * 1935 "The Cookie Carnival" (short) * 1935 "Old Mother Hubbard" (short) * 1934 "The King's Tailor" (short) * 1934 "Viva Willie" (short) * 1934 "Aladdin and the Wonderful Lamp" (short) * 1934 "Jungle Jitters" (short) * 1934 "Cave Man" (short) * 1934 "Reducing Creme" (short) * 1934 "Insultin' the Sultan" (short) * 1934 "Robin Hood, Jr." (short) * 1933 "Jack and the Beanstalk" (short) * 1933 "Soda Squirt" (short) * 1932 "The Music Lesson"(short) * 1932 "Phoney Express" (short) * 1932 "The Goal Rush" (short) * 1932 "Stormy Seas" (short) * 1932 "Room Runners" (short) * 1932 "The Office Boy" (short) * 1932 "The Milkman" (short) * 1931 "Africa Squeaks" (short) * 1931 "Jail Birds" (short) * 1931 "The New Car" (short) * 1931 "Bimbo's Initiation" (short) * 1931 "Silly Scandals" (short) * 1931 "Ragtime Romeo" (short) * 1931 "The Male Man" (short) * 1931 "The Bum Bandit" (short) * 1931 "Teacher's Pest" (short) * 1931 "Tree Saps" (short) * 1931 "Please Go 'Way and Let Me Sleep" (short) * 1930 "Mysterious Mose" (short) * 1930 "Accordion Joe" (short) * 1930 "Mariutch" (short) * 1930 "Swing You Sinners!" (short) * 1930 "Barnacle Bill" (short) * 1930 "Dizzy Dishes" (short) * 1930 "Wise Flies" (short) * 1930 "Fire Bugs" (short) * 1930 "Hot Dog" (short) * 1922 "A Joy Ride" (short) * 1920 "Yes Dear" (short) * 1919 "Breath of a Nation" (short) ==References== ==External links== * * * "Grim Natwick Scrapbook" Animation Resources * "Barnacle Bill" Clip *Grim Natwick Memorial Marker *An Interview with Grim Natwick *Grim Natwick 100th Birthday Party at YouTube Retrieved August 18, 2020 Category:Animators from Wisconsin Category:American animated film directors Category:American centenarians Category:Men centenarians Category:1890 births Category:1990 deaths Category:Deaths from pneumonia in California Category:People from Wisconsin Rapids, Wisconsin Category:American people of Norwegian descent Category:Walt Disney Animation Studios people Category:Film directors from Wisconsin Category:Fleischer Studios people Category:Walter Lantz Productions people Category:Inkpot Award winners

['Wisconsin Rapids, Wisconsin', 'Los Angeles', 'Mildred Natwick', 'Inkpot Award', 'Fleischer Studios', 'Betty Boop', 'Art Institute of Chicago', 'University of Wisconsin–Madison', 'National Academy of Design', 'Gregory La Cava', 'Egon Schiele', 'Gustav Klimt', 'Max Fleischer', 'Dizzy Dishes', "Bimbo's Initiation", 'Ub Iwerks', 'Walt Disney Animation Studios', 'Walter Lantz Productions', 'The Bum Bandit', 'Flip the Frog', 'Willie Whopper', 'Ted Sears', 'The Cookie Carnival', 'The Goddess of Spring', 'Lester Novros', 'Whistle While You Work', 'Someday My Prince Will Come', "Gulliver's Travels", 'Mickey Mouse', 'Mr. Magoo', 'Popeye', 'Felix the Cat', 'Walter Lantz', 'Chuck Jones', 'National Student Film Institute', 'General Mills', 'Cocoa Puffs', 'Shamus Culhane', 'Grim Natwick Film Festival', 'Cuphead', 'The Thief and the Cobbler', 'The Mighty Hercules', 'Felix the Cat (TV series)', 'Rooty Toot Toot', 'Solid Ivory', 'Mother Goose Goes Hollywood', "Mickey's Polo Team", 'Mysterious Mose', 'Swing You Sinners!']

['Q1003702', 'Q65', 'Q240217', 'Q2687578', 'Q1427842', 'Q583810', 'Q239303', 'Q838330', 'Q502218', 'Q269585', 'Q44032', 'Q34661', 'Q93788', 'Q5285111', 'Q4913719', 'Q336424', 'Q1047410', 'Q3565810', 'Q7720598', 'Q55339811', 'Q8021892', 'Q3517047', 'Q2061710', 'Q1196390', 'Q3236800', 'Q3042281', 'Q1685941', 'Q181488', 'Q11934', 'Q1939314', 'Q199796', 'Q692603', 'Q703759', 'Q312657', 'Q48977330', 'Q629998', 'Q5139769', 'Q3089911', 'Q5609192', 'Q18149495', 'Q2657071', 'Q3129699', 'Q5442384', 'Q2166253', 'Q385015', 'Q1949646', 'Q1158792', 'Q6948772', 'Q25999830']

[[(290, 317), (1211, 1238), (7763, 7790), (7835, 7862), (8070, 8097), (12230, 12257)], [(7443, 7454)], [(866, 881)], [(12473, 12485)], [(159, 176), (8361, 8378), (12398, 12415)], [(202, 212), (3094, 3104), (3176, 3186), (3288, 3298), (3488, 3498), (3826, 3836), (7626, 7636)], [(356, 380), (1653, 1677)], [(1468, 1499)], [(1694, 1720)], [(2116, 2131), (2735, 2750)], [(2919, 2931)], [(2936, 2948)], [(3129, 3142), (3329, 3342)], [(3508, 3520), (11555, 11567)], [(11129, 11147)], [(3683, 3692)], [(3701, 3730), (12313, 12342)], [(3732, 3756), (12432, 12456)], [(3840, 3854), (11258, 11272)], [(4036, 4049), (4361, 4374)], [(4376, 4390)], [(4752, 4761)], [(5225, 5244), (10409, 10428)], [(5365, 5386)], [(5803, 5816)], [(6469, 6491)], [(6554, 6581)], [(6698, 6716), (9915, 9933)], [(6744, 6756)], [(6770, 6779)], [(6781, 6787), (9829, 9835)], [(6789, 6802), (8980, 8993)], [(3732, 3744), (6896, 6908), (12432, 12444)], [(6919, 6930)], [(7078, 7109)], [(7379, 7392)], [(7394, 7405)], [(7582, 7596)], [(8001, 8027)], [(8267, 8274)], [(8760, 8785)], [(8840, 8859)], [(8980, 9005)], [(9123, 9138)], [(9292, 9303)], [(9963, 9990)], [(10179, 10197)], [(11398, 11413)], [(11488, 11506)]]

Isidore Mvouba (born 1954John F. Clark and Samuel Decalo, Historical Dictionary of Republic of the Congo, fourth edition (2012), Scarecrow Press, page 305.) is a Congolese politician who was Prime Minister of Congo- Brazzaville from 2005 to 2009. He is a member of the Congolese Labour Party (PCT, or Parti congolais du travail) and held key positions under President Denis Sassou Nguesso beginning in 1997. Mvouba was Director of the Cabinet of the Head of State from 1997 to 1999, Minister of Transport from 1999 to 2005 (with responsibility for coordinating government action beginning in 2002), and Prime Minister from January 2005 to September 2009. After his post of Prime Minister was eliminated, he instead served as Minister of State for Transport, responsible for coordinating ministries relating to infrastructure, from 2009 to 2012. Subsequently, he was Minister of State for Industrial Development from 2012 to 2016. He has been President of the National Assembly since 2017. ==Political career== Mvouba was born at Kindamba, located in the Pool Region, and became a railways engineer, working at the Congo-Ocean Railway (Chemin de fer Congo-Océan) beginning in 1976."Mvouba Isidore", Congo Brazzaville: Les Hommes de Pouvoir, number 1, Africa Intelligence, 29 October 2002 . Unlike most southerners, he continued to support President Sassou Nguesso when multiparty politics was introduced in the early 1990s. When Sassou Nguesso stood as the PCT's candidate in the August 1992 presidential election, Mvouba served as his campaign director; Sassou Nguesso was badly defeated, placing third in the election. Pascal Lissouba, who won the election and succeeded Sassou Nguesso as president, invited Mvouba to take up a ministerial post in the government formed after the election, but Mvouba refused. Subsequently, on 25 December 1992, he was appointed as Minister of Youth and Sports in the power-sharing government of Prime Minister Claude Antoine Dacosta, which was to serve until a new parliamentary election was held in 1993.Africa Research Bulletin (1993), page 10,847. Mvouba was spokesman of the pro-Sassou Nguesso United Democratic Forces during the June- October 1997 civil war."DRCongo: Soldiers raid Sassou-Nguesso supporters' refugee camp", Africa No. 1 radio, 2 October 1997. The civil war resulted in Sassou Nguesso's return to power in October 1997, and Mvouba was appointed as Director of the Cabinet of the Head of StateProfiles of People in Power: The World's Government Leaders (2003), page 117."Programme Summary - Radio France Internationale 30th October 97 1830 gmt", Radio France Internationale, 31 October 1997. (with the rank of MinisterCongo-Brazzaville: dérives politiques, catastrophe humanitaire, désirs de paix (1999), Karthala Editions, page 7 .) at the end of the same month. He held that post until being appointed as Minister of Transport, Civil Aviation, and the Merchant Marine on 12 January 1999."Le nouveau gouvernement du Congo" , Les Dépêches de Brazzaville, 13 January 1999 . It was announced on 14 February 2002 that Mvouba had been appointed as Sassou Nguesso's campaign director for the March 2002 presidential election."Nguesso names election campaign director", Panapress, 14 February 2002. Sassou Nguesso won this election with no meaningful competition. Subsequently, in the government named on 18 August 2002, Mvouba was promoted to the position of Minister of State for Transport, Privatization and Coordination of Government Action."Formation d’un nouveau gouvernement" , Afrique Express, number 254, 2 September 2002 . He was appointed as Prime Minister, responsible for coordination of government action and privatization (although not head of government), on 7 January 2005."Remaniement du gouvernement congolais : départ du ministre des Finances", Congopage.com, 7 January 2005 .François Soudan, "Les hommes du président", Jeune Afrique, 16 January 2005 . He was appointed as Prime Minister even though the 2002 constitution did not provide for that position."Jan 2005 - Congo", Keesing's Record of World Events, volume 51, January 2005, Congo, page 46,399. Mvouba was elected to the National Assembly as a PCT candidate from Kindamba constituency in the June-August 2007 parliamentary election,"La liste complète des députés" , Les Dépêches de Brazzaville, 11 August 2007 .Gankama N'Siah, "Un mot sur les suffrages des élus du premier tour des législatives" , Les Dépêches de Brazzaville, 17 July 2007 ."Elections législatives : les 44 élus du premier tour" , Les Dépêches de Brazzaville, 2 July 2007 . receiving 75.5% of the vote. Following the death of Senate President and PCT Secretary-General Ambroise Noumazalaye on 17 November 2007, Mvouba became Acting Secretary- General of the PCT."La dépouille mortelle du président du Sénat attendue le 23 novembre à Brazzaville" , Les Dépêches de Brazzaville, 22 November 2007 . At the time of the June 2008 local elections, Mvouba was President of the National Coordination of the Rally of the Presidential Majority (RMP), the coalition supporting Sassou-Nguesso.Thierry Noungou, "Elections locales du 29 juin - Isidore Mvouba donne le top de la campagne électorale du RMP" , Les Dépêches de Brazzaville, 17 June 2008 . After Sassou-Nguesso was re-elected in the July 2009 presidential election, he appointed a new government on 15 September 2009, in which Mvouba's post of Prime Minister was eliminated; Mvouba was instead appointed as Minister of State for Transport, Civil Aviation, and the Merchant Marine. He remained the highest-ranking member of the government."Gouvernement - La nouvelle équipe compte trente-sept membres" , Les Dépêches de Brazzaville, 16 September 2009 . The government was also reorganized into four broad sectors, with one minister assigned responsibility for coordinating each of the four sectors; Mvouba was one of the ministers chosen as a coordinator and was assigned the basic infrastructure sector."Remaniement ministériel post-électoral", Agence France-Presse, 16 September 2009 . Mvouba remained Acting Secretary-General of the PCT until 2011, when Pierre Ngolo was elected as Secretary-General at the PCT's sixth extraordinary congress."À Brazzaville, le Parti congolais du travail à la recherche d'un second souffle", Jeune Afrique, 25 July 2011 .Roger Ngombé, "Vie des partis : Pierre Ngolo élu secrétaire général du Parti congolais du travail", Les Dépêches de Brazzaville, 26 July 2011 . At the congress, held in July 2011, Mvouba remained a member of the PCT Political Bureau.Joël Nsoni, "Denis Sassou Nguesso aux congressistes du P.c.t : "Les élections ne se gagnent pas dans les bureaux. Elles se gagnent sur le terrain"" , La Semaine Africaine, 30 July 2011 . A month after his election, Ngolo officially succeeded Mvouba as PCT Secretary-General on 25 August 2011."Parti congolais du travail : Pierre Ngolo prend officiellement ses fonctions de secrétaire général", Les Dépêches de Brazzaville, 26 August 2011 . Following the July- August 2012 parliamentary election, Mvouba was moved to the post of Minister of State for Industrial Development and the Promotion of the Private Sector on 25 September 2012."La nouvelle équipe gouvernementale rendue publique le 25 septembre", Les Dépêches de Brazzaville, number 1,584, 26 September 2012 . In 2013, Mvouba spent over five months in Paris for health reasons. He eventually returned to Congo-Brazzaville on 19 September 2013. Upon his return, his office stated that he was in good condition and was returning to work.Pascal- Azad Doko, "Ministère du développement industriel et de la promotion du secteur privé : Aussitôt revenu à Brazzaville, le ministre d'Etat Isidore Mvouba s’est mis au travail" , La Semaine Africaine, 20 September 2013 . After Sassou Nguesso's victory in the March 2016 presidential election, Mvouba was dismissed from the government on 30 April 2016."Exécutif : le gouvernement de rupture au grand complet", ADIAC, 1 May 2016 .Trésor Kibangula, "Congo- Brazzaville : ce qu’il faut savoir sur le nouveau gouvernement", Jeune Afrique, 3 May 2016 . He was succeeded at his ministry by Gilbert Ondongo on 4 May 2016.Bertrand Boukaka, "Isidore Mvouba cède le fauteuil à Gilbert Ondongo", Les Echos du Congo Brazzaville, 6 May 2016 . Following the July 2017 parliamentary election, Mvouba was elected as President of the National Assembly on 19 August 2017. He was the only candidate for the post and received 144 votes.Bertrand Boukaka, "Congo – Assemblée Nationale : Isidore Mvouba accède au perchoir", Les Echos du Congo Brazzaville, 19 August 2017 .Firmin Oyé, "Parlement : Isidore Mvouba élu président de l’Assemblée nationale", ADIAC, 20 August 2017 . ==References== |- Category:1954 births Category:Congolese Party of Labour politicians Category:Living people Category:Presidents of the National Assembly (Republic of the Congo) Category:People from Pool Department Category:Prime Ministers of the Republic of the Congo Category:Economy ministers of the Republic of the Congo Category:20th-century Republic of the Congo politicians Category:21st-century Republic of the Congo politicians

['Denis Sassou Nguesso', 'Kindamba', 'Congolese Party of Labour', 'Pool Region', 'Congo-Ocean Railway', 'Pascal Lissouba', 'Claude Antoine Dacosta', 'Ambroise Noumazalaye', 'Pierre Ngolo', 'Gilbert Ondongo']

['Q57418', 'Q6410537', 'Q1785816', 'Q864647', 'Q1069319', 'Q379725', 'Q1096417', 'Q1287521', 'Q7192379', 'Q5561139']

[[(368, 388), (6546, 6566)], [(1029, 1037), (4192, 4200)], [(8732, 8757)], [(1054, 1065)], [(1114, 1133)], [(1620, 1635)], [(1945, 1967)], [(4665, 4685)], [(6100, 6112), (6332, 6344), (6855, 6867)], [(8114, 8129), (8197, 8212)]]

Isophthalic acid is an organic compound with the formula C6H4(CO2H)2. This colorless solid is an isomer of phthalic acid and terephthalic acid. The main industrial uses of purified isophthalic acid (PIA) are for the production of polyethylene terephthalate (PET) resin and for the production of unsaturated polyester resin (UPR) and other types of coating resins. Isophthalic acid is one of three isomers of benzenedicarboxylic acid, the others being phthalic acid and terephthalic acid. ==Preparation== Isophthalic acid is produced on the billion kilogram per year scale by oxidizing meta-xylene using oxygen. The process employs a cobalt-manganese catalyst. The world's largest producer of isophthalic acid is Lotte Chemical Corporation. In the laboratory, chromic acid can be used as the oxidant. It also arises by fusing potassium meta- sulfobenzoate, or meta-bromobenzoate with potassium formate (terephthalic acid is also formed in the last case). The barium salt, as its hexahydrate, is very soluble in water (a distinction between phthalic and terephthalic acids). Uvitic acid, 5-methylisophthalic acid, is obtained by oxidizing mesitylene or by condensing pyroracemic acid with baryta water. ==Applications== Aromatic dicarboxylic acids are used as precursors (in the form of acyl chlorides) to commercially important polymers, e.g. the fire-resistant material Nomex. Mixed with terephthalic acid, isophthalic acid is used in the production of PET resins for drink plastic bottles and food packaging. The high-performance polymer polybenzimidazole is produced from isophthalic acid. Also, the acid is used as an important input to produce insulation materials. ==References== Note: reference 2 refers to the ortho isomer. Accurate cites for the meta isomer not available. ==External links== *International Chemical Safety Card 0500 Category:Dicarboxylic acids Category:Monomers Category:Benzoic acids

['Benzoic acid', 'Lotte Chemical Corporation', 'Uvitic acid', 'Nomex']

['Q191700', 'Q12594201', 'Q27891747', 'Q2319815']

[[(1896, 1908)], [(712, 738)], [(1073, 1084)], [(1370, 1375)]]

Christopher Eric Harris (born December 25, 1973) is an American professional wrestler, better known by the ring name "Wildcat" Chris Harris. He is best known for his time with NWA Total Nonstop Action (TNA) as one-half of the tag team America's Most Wanted alongside James Storm, where the duo won the NWA World Tag Team Championship six times. He is also known for his appearances with World Wrestling Entertainment as Braden Walker. == Professional wrestling career == === Early career (1994–1999) === Harris debuted in November 1994. Over the next several years, he wrestled primarily in Kentucky for promotions such as the Northern Wrestling Federation. In August 1996, he made two appearances with the World Wrestling Federation, wrestling two matches on WWF Superstars. === World Championship Wrestling (1999–2001) === Along with several other wrestlers, including future tag team partner James Storm, Harris was signed to a World Championship Wrestling (WCW) developmental deal in October 1999. Terry Taylor proposed a country singer gimmick for him, but it was rejected by management. He appeared as a fake version of Sting at Halloween Havoc in 2000. He wrestled on the WCW B-shows WorldWide and Saturday Night against the likes of Elix Skipper, Curt Hennig, Shannon Moore, Shane Douglas and Booker T among others and he was also a part of R and B Security until the promotion was sold in early 2001. === NWA Total Nonstop Action / Total Nonstop Action Wrestling (2002–2008) === ==== America's Most Wanted (2002–2006) ==== On June 1, 2002, Harris was given a tryout match against his long-time independent circuit rival James Storm with Total Nonstop Action Wrestling (TNA) by Bert Prentice. Both were subsequently signed to short-term contracts. He wrestled in the Gauntlet for the Gold match on the first TNA pay-per-view and was placed in a tag team with Storm on the second pay-per- view by Bob Ryder, the creative force behind the team. Storm came up with the name "America's Most Wanted" (AMW) for the team. They obtained their first success on September 18, 2002, by surviving a tag team Gauntlet for the Gold and defeating Ron Harris and Brian Lee to obtain the NWA World Tag Team Championship. In March and April 2003 the duo teased a split, with Storm and Harris facing off in a singles match on May 7, 2003. Storm won the match, but the partners shook hands afterward. Harris rejected Vince Russo's offer to join his stable of degenerates, Sports Entertainment Xtreme (S.E.X). When Storm was incapacitated by the recurrence of an old shoulder injury in early 2004, Harris received a NWA World Championship shot on March 17, 2004, and was defeated by champion Jeff Jarrett. He went on to compete in a "King of the Mountain" ladder match for the title on June 2, 2004, but was again bested by Jarrett. America's Most Wanted resumed teaming together, but on August 25, 2004, Storm was sidelined with neck and shoulder injuries, leaving Harris without a partner. Harris teamed with Elix Skipper to win an NWA Tag Team Title for a fifth time on September 8, 2004. Harris and Storm later reunited. On January 16, 2005 Harris became a six time NWA Tag Team Champion (along with Storm), winning the title from Bobby Roode and Eric Young. Harris won the title for a sixth and seventh time as part of AMW. In league with Jeff Jarrett, he would semi-reprise his role as a fake Sting when he played the Crow Sting in a Planet Jarrett retrospective of Sting's career on Impact! on January 7, 2006. America's Most Wanted split as a team on the December 14, 2006 edition of Impact! during a tag team match with LAX in a Titles vs Team match. Storm effectively chose the outcome of the match by assaulting Harris with a beer bottle, temporarily blinding him in one eye. This allowed Harris to be pinned by Homicide, putting an end to AMW. ==== Singles career (2007–2008) ==== thumb|200px|Harris in August 2007 On the January 11, 2007 episode of Impact! Harris did a (kayfabe) sit-down interview with Mike Tenay giving a strong impression his wrestling career could be over. Harris was not seen on television until the Against All Odds pay-per-view in which he (wearing an eye patch) went for Storm. For several weeks, he continued to attack Storm. On the March 1, 2007 episode of Impact! Harris claimed his vision was at 30% and vowed revenge on Storm. At Lockdown, Harris lost to Storm in Six Sides of Steel match, in which both men were blindfolded. It was revealed his vision had been restored, and Harris faced off against Storm at Sacrifice, in a Texas Death match, where Harris came out the victor. After this, Harris showed up two weeks straight to assist Rhino and Hector Guerrero with The Latin American Xchange (LAX). Harris entered into Slammiversary as the last contestant in the King of the Mountain Match, only to lose to Kurt Angle. Harris feuded with Christian Cage, losing to him by roll-up at Victory Road after Dustin Rhodes hit him in the back. The Harris/Rhodes feud continued for a few weeks with Rhodes attacking Harris during his matches on Impact! until a match was made at Hard Justice, when Harris defeated "Black Reign" Dustin Rhodes via disqualification and at No Surrender Harris defeated Black Reign in a No Disqualification match by pinning Reign. At Bound for Glory, Harris competed in the Fight for the Right Reverse Battle Royal which was won by Eric Young. At Turning Point, Harris competed in the Feast or Fired match but failed to win the match. on the December 13 episode of Impact, Harris lost to Booker T. On the January 3, 2008 episode of Impact, Harris competed in the TNA Heavyweight Gauntlet Match which was won by Christian Cage. On January 10 episode of Impact, Harris lost to Judas Mesias. On January 11, 2008, TNA announced on its website that Harris had been released from his TNA contract. === World Wrestling Entertainment (2008) === On January 29, 2008, Harris announced that he had signed a contract with World Wrestling Entertainment (WWE). Harris pinned Shelton Benjamin in his WWE debut on March 11, 2008, in a dark match. On the July 8 episode of ECW, he made his WWE television debut under the ring name "Braden Walker", defeating Armando Estrada. He wrestled one more match, a pinfall victory over James Curtis, before he was released from his WWE contract on August 7, 2008. === Late career (2008–present) === In early September, Harris appeared at the Northern Wrestling Federation (NWF), challenging NWF Heavyweight Champion Ryan Stone. On March 28, 2009, Harris wrestled a match for Full Impact Pro (FIP), losing to Chris Hero. On the June 24, 2010 episode of Impact!, Harris made a one-night return to TNA, portraying a fake Sting character. On the May 12, 2011 episode of Impact!, Harris made his return to TNA as a member of the heel stable Immortal, when he was introduced by Matt Hardy as his partner in their TNA World Tag Team Championship match against Beer Money, Inc. (James Storm and Robert Roode). Harris made his in-ring return on May 6 at a house show, teaming with Matt Hardy against Beer Money, Inc. in a losing effort. On May 15 at Sacrifice, Harris and Hardy failed in their attempt to win the TNA World Tag Team Championship from Beer Money, when Storm pinned Harris. After the event, it was reported that TNA had chosen not to use Harris again. On the March 30, 2021 episode of Impact, Harris made his second return to TNA, now known as Impact Wrestling, appearing ringside for James Storm's 1000th match in the company and aiding him in defeating Eric Young. In June 2022 at Slammiversary, Harris and James Storm came to ringside following a bout between the Briscoes and the Good Brothers. In July 1, 2022 Harris had an AMW reunion in a match with James Storm teamed up with Good Brothers & Heath Slater at Against All Odds, where they defeated Honor No More. == Other media == He appeared in the music video for the Clay Davidson song "I Can't Lie to Me". == Championships and accomplishments == *American States Wrestling Alliance **ASWA Tag Team Championship (1 time) – with Abyss *Mountain Wrestling Association **MWA Heavyweight Championship (2 times) **MWA Tag Team Championship (1 time) – with Rated X *Music City Wrestling **NWA North American Heavyweight Championship (1 time) *Northern Wrestling Federation **NWF Heavyweight Championship (3 times) **NWF Tag Team Championship (1 time) – with Sean Casey **NWF Tri-State Championship (1 time) **NWF Hall of Fame (Class of 2020) *NWA Shockwave **NWA Cyberspace Heavyweight Championship (1 time) **NWA Cyberspace Tag Team Championship (1 time) – with James Storm *NWA Total Nonstop Action / Total Nonstop Action Wrestling **NWA World Tag Team Championship (7 times) – with James Storm (6) and Elix Skipper (1) **Gauntlet for the Gold (2002 – Tag Team) – with James Storm **TNA Anarchy Alliance Tag Team Tournament (2003) – with James Storm **TNA Year End Awards (3 times) ***Match of the Year (2004) – with James Storm vs. Triple X (Christopher Daniels and Elix Skipper) at Turning Point ***Tag Team of the Year (2003, 2004) – with James Storm *Peel's Championship Wrestling **PCW Tag Team Championship (1 time) – with Sean Casey *Pro Wrestling Illustrated **Ranked No. 44 of the top 500 singles wrestlers in the PWI 500 in 2004 **PWI Tag Team of the Year (2004) – with James Storm *Purks International Championship Wrestling **PICW Heavyweight Championship (1 time) *World Wrestling Council **WWC World Tag Team Championship (1 time) – with James Storm *USA Championship Wrestling **USA North American Heavyweight Championship (2 time) *Wrestling Observer Newsletter **Tag Team of the Year (2005) – with James Storm **Worst Worked Match of the Year (2007) – vs. James Storm in a Six Sides of Steel Blindfold match at Lockdown == References == == External links == * * * Category:1973 births Category:American male professional wrestlers Category:Living people Category:People from Bremerton, Washington Category:Professional wrestlers from Washington (state) Category:20th-century professional wrestlers Category:21st-century professional wrestlers Category:NWA World Tag Team Champions Category:NWA North American Heavyweight Champions

['Bremerton, Washington', 'NWA Total Nonstop Action', 'James Storm', 'NWA World Tag Team Championship', 'World Wrestling Entertainment', 'Kentucky', 'World Championship Wrestling', 'Terry Taylor', 'Elix Skipper', 'Curt Hennig', 'Shannon Moore', 'Shane Douglas', 'Vince Russo', 'Jeff Jarrett', 'Bobby Roode', 'Planet Jarrett', 'Hector Guerrero', 'The Latin American Xchange', 'Kurt Angle', 'Christian Cage', 'Dustin Rhodes', 'Feast or Fired', 'Shelton Benjamin', 'Armando Estrada', 'Full Impact Pro', 'Chris Hero', 'Matt Hardy', 'Beer Money, Inc.', 'Heath Slater', 'Clay Davidson', "I Can't Lie to Me", 'NWA North American Heavyweight Championship', 'NWA Shockwave', 'NWA Cyberspace Heavyweight Championship', 'NWA Cyberspace Tag Team Championship', 'Christopher Daniels', 'Pro Wrestling Illustrated', 'PWI Tag Team of the Year', 'World Wrestling Council', 'WWC World Tag Team Championship']

['Q695417', 'Q131728', 'Q718389', 'Q1961703', 'Q35339', 'Q1603', 'Q130171', 'Q3898163', 'Q541205', 'Q282078', 'Q438647', 'Q692991', 'Q1090803', 'Q352873', 'Q322969', 'Q7201114', 'Q927975', 'Q3827473', 'Q44453', 'Q44537', 'Q314657', 'Q15410739', 'Q299570', 'Q2069280', 'Q2245043', 'Q632872', 'Q26621', 'Q474932', 'Q349625', 'Q5129885', 'Q24039547', 'Q3869695', 'Q16959643', 'Q3869696', 'Q6955868', 'Q464152', 'Q1156863', 'Q2383468', 'Q202556', 'Q17164697']

[[(9928, 9949)], [(176, 200), (1414, 1438), (8610, 8634)], [(267, 278), (895, 906), (1629, 1640), (6947, 6958), (7466, 7477), (7590, 7601), (7738, 7749), (8597, 8608), (8719, 8730), (8805, 8816), (8874, 8885), (8953, 8964), (9078, 9089), (9316, 9327), (9488, 9499), (9651, 9662), (9709, 9720)], [(302, 333), (2179, 2210), (8670, 8701)], [(387, 416), (5849, 5878), (5963, 5992)], [(591, 599)], [(780, 808), (931, 959)], [(1002, 1014)], [(1241, 1253), (2998, 3010), (8739, 8751), (9003, 9015)], [(1255, 1266)], [(1268, 1281)], [(1283, 1296)], [(2405, 2416)], [(2679, 2691), (3331, 3343)], [(3222, 3233)], [(3427, 3441)], [(4677, 4692)], [(4698, 4724)], [(4840, 4850)], [(4871, 4885), (5664, 5678)], [(4934, 4947), (5152, 5165)], [(5438, 5452)], [(6014, 6030)], [(6194, 6209)], [(6551, 6566)], [(6584, 6594)], [(6848, 6858), (7048, 7058)], [(6929, 6945), (7067, 7083)], [(7781, 7793)], [(7907, 7920)], [(7927, 7944)], [(8223, 8266)], [(8477, 8490)], [(8493, 8532)], [(8544, 8580)], [(8979, 8998)], [(9177, 9202)], [(9277, 9301)], [(9414, 9437)], [(9440, 9471)]]

An oxygen concentrator is a device that concentrates the oxygen from a gas supply (typically ambient air) by selectively removing nitrogen to supply an oxygen-enriched product gas stream. They are used industrially, to provide supplemental oxygen at high altitudes, and as medical devices for oxygen therapy. Oxygen concentrators are used widely for oxygen provision in healthcare applications, especially where liquid or pressurized oxygen is too dangerous or inconvenient, such as in homes or portable clinics and can also provide an economical source of oxygen in industrial processes where they are also known as oxygen gas generators or oxygen generation plants. Two methods in common use are pressure swing adsorption and membrane gas separation. Pressure swing adsorption oxygen concentrators use a molecular sieve to adsorb gases and operate on the principle of rapid pressure swing adsorption of atmospheric nitrogen onto zeolite minerals at high pressure. This type of adsorption system is therefore functionally a nitrogen scrubber leaving the other atmospheric gases to pass through, leaving oxygen as the primary gas remaining. PSA technology is a reliable and economical technique for small to mid-scale oxygen generation. Cryogenic separation is more suitable at higher volumes. Gas separation across a membrane is a pressure-driven process, where the driving force is the difference in pressure between inlet of raw material and outlet of product. The membrane used in the process is a generally non- porous layer, so there will not be a severe leakage of gas through the membrane. The performance of the membrane depends on permeability and selectivity. Permeability is affected by the penetrant size. Larger gas molecules have a lower diffusion coefficient. The membrane gas separation equipment typically pumps gas into the membrane module and the targeted gases are separated based on difference in diffusivity and solubility. For example, oxygen will be separated from the ambient air and collected at the upstream side, and nitrogen at the downstream side. As of 2016, membrane technology was reported as capable of producing 10 to 25 tonnes of 25 to 40% oxygen per day. == History == Home medical oxygen concentrators were invented in the early 1970s, with the manufacturing output of these devices increasing in the late 1970s. Union Carbide Corporation and Bendix Corporation were both early manufacturers. Before that era, home medical oxygen therapy required the use of heavy high-pressure oxygen cylinders or small cryogenic liquid oxygen systems. Both of these delivery systems required frequent home visits by suppliers to replenish oxygen supplies. In the United States, Medicare switched from fee-for-service payment to a flat monthly rate for home oxygen therapy in the mid-1980s, causing the durable medical equipment (DME) industry to rapidly embrace concentrators as a way to control costs. This reimbursement change dramatically decreased the number of primary high pressure and liquid oxygen delivery systems in use in homes in the United States at that time. Oxygen concentrators became the preferred and most common means of delivering home oxygen. The number of manufacturers entering the oxygen concentrator market increased greatly as a result of this change. Union Carbide Corporation invented the molecular sieve in the 1950s which made these devices possible. It also invented the first cryogenic liquid home medical oxygen systems in the 1960s. == How oxygen concentrators work == Oxygen concentrators using pressure swing adsorption (PSA) technology are used widely for oxygen provision in healthcare applications, especially where liquid or pressurized oxygen is too dangerous or inconvenient, such as in homes or portable clinics. For other purposes, there are also concentrators based on nitrogen separation membrane technology. An oxygen concentrator takes in air and removes nitrogen from it, leaving an oxygen-enriched gas for use by people requiring medical oxygen due to low oxygen levels in their blood.How does an Oxygen Concentrator Work?. oxygentimes.com Retrieved 10 August 2021. Oxygen concentrators provide an economical source of oxygen in industrial processes where they are also known as oxygen gas generators or oxygen generation plants. === Pressure swing adsorption === These oxygen concentrators utilize a molecular sieve to adsorb gases and operate on the principle of rapid pressure swing adsorption of atmospheric nitrogen onto zeolite minerals at high pressure. This type of adsorption system is therefore functionally a nitrogen scrubber leaving the other atmospheric gases to pass through, leaving oxygen as the primary gas remaining. PSA technology is a reliable and economical technique for small to mid-scale oxygen generation. Cryogenic separation is more suitable at higher volumes and external delivery generally more suitable for small volumes. At high pressure, the porous zeolite adsorbs large quantities of nitrogen, because of its large surface area and chemical characteristics. The oxygen concentrator compresses air and passes it over zeolite, causing the zeolite to adsorb the nitrogen from the air. It then collects the remaining gas, which is mostly oxygen, and the nitrogen desorbs from the zeolite under the reduced pressure to be vented. An oxygen concentrator has an air compressor, two cylinders filled with zeolite pellets, a pressure-equalizing reservoir, and some valves and tubes. In the first half-cycle, the first cylinder receives air from the compressor, which lasts about 3 seconds. During that time the pressure in the first cylinder rises from atmospheric to about 2.5 times normal atmospheric pressure (typically 20 psi/138 kPa gauge, or 2.36 atmospheres absolute) and the zeolite becomes saturated with nitrogen. As the first cylinder reaches near pure oxygen (there are small amounts of argon, CO2, water vapour, radon and other minor atmospheric components) in the first half-cycle, a valve opens and the oxygen-enriched gas flows to the pressure- equalizing reservoir, which connects to the patient's oxygen hose. At the end of the first half of the cycle, there is another valve position change so that the air from the compressor is directed to the second cylinder. The pressure in the first cylinder drops as the enriched oxygen moves into the reservoir, allowing the nitrogen to be desorbed back into gas. Partway through the second half of the cycle, there is another valve position change to vent the gas in the first cylinder back into the ambient atmosphere, keeping the concentration of oxygen in the pressure equalizing reservoir from falling below about 90%. The pressure in the hose delivering oxygen from the equalizing reservoir is kept steady by a pressure-reducing valve. Older units cycled for a period of about 20 seconds and supplied up to 5 litres per minute of 90+% oxygen. Since about 1999, units capable of supplying up to 10 L/min have been available. Classic oxygen concentrators use two-bed molecular sieves; newer concentrators use multi-bed molecular sieves. The advantage of the multi-bed technology is the increased availability and redundancy, as the 10 L/min molecular sieves are staggered and multiplied on several platforms. With this, over 960 L/min can be produced. The ramp-up time - the elapsed time until a multi-bed concentrator is producing oxygen at >90% concentration - is often less than 2 minutes, much faster than simple two-bed concentrators. This is a big advantage in mobile emergencies. The option, to fill standard oxygen cylinders (e.g. 50 L at 200 bar = 10,000 L each) with high-pressure boosters, to ensure automatic failover to previously filled reserve cylinders and to ensure the oxygen supply chain e.g. in case of power failure, is given with those systems. === Membrane separation === In membrane gas separation, membranes act as a permeable barrier which different compounds move across at different rates or do not cross at all. Gas mixtures can be effectively separated by synthetic membranes made from polymers such as polyamide or cellulose acetate, or from ceramic materials. While polymeric membranes are economical and technologically useful, they are bounded by their performance, known as the Robeson limit (permeability must be sacrificed for selectivity and vice versa). This limit affects polymeric membrane use for CO2 separation from flue gas streams, since mass transport becomes limiting and CO2 separation becomes very expensive due to low permeabilities. Membrane materials have expanded into the realm of silica, zeolites, metal-organic frameworks, and perovskites due to their strong thermal and chemical resistance as well as high tunability (ability to be modified and functionalized), leading to increased permeability and selectivity. Membranes can be used for separating gas mixtures where they act as a permeable barrier through which different compounds move across at different rates or not move at all. The membranes can be nanoporous, polymer, etc. and the gas molecules penetrate according to their size, diffusivity, or solubility. Gas separation across a membrane is a pressure-driven process, where the driving force is the difference in pressure between inlet of raw material and outlet of product. The membrane used in the process is a generally non-porous layer, so there will not be a severe leakage of gas through the membrane. The performance of the membrane depends on permeability and selectivity. Permeability is affected by the penetrant size. Larger gas molecules have a lower diffusion coefficient. The polymer chain flexibility and free volume in the polymer of the membrane material influence the diffusion coefficient, as the space within the permeable membrane must be large enough for the gas molecules to diffuse across. The solubility is expressed as the ratio of the concentration of the gas in the polymer to the pressure of the gas in contact with it. Permeability is the ability of the membrane to allow the permeating gas to diffuse through the material of the membrane as a consequence of the pressure difference over the membrane, and can be measured in terms of the permeate flow rate, membrane thickness and area and the pressure difference across the membrane. The selectivity of a membrane is a measure of the ratio of permeability of the relevant gases for the membrane. It can be calculated as the ratio of permeability of two gases in binary separation. The membrane gas separation equipment typically pumps gas into the membrane module and the targeted gases are separated based on difference in diffusivity and solubility. For example, oxygen will be separated from the ambient air and collected at the upstream side, and nitrogen at the downstream side. As of 2016, membrane technology was reported as capable of producing 10 to 25 tonnes of 25 to 40% oxygen per day. == Applications == Medical oxygen concentrators are used in hospitals or at home to concentrate oxygen for patients. PSA generators provide a cost-efficient source of oxygen. They are a safer, less expensive, and more convenient alternative to tanks of cryogenic oxygen or pressurised cylinders. They can be used in various industries including medical, pharmaceutical production, water treatment and glass manufacture. PSA generators are particularly useful in remote or inaccessible parts of the world or mobile medical facilities (military hospitals, disaster facilities). === Portable oxygen concentrators === Since the early 2000s, many companies have produced portable oxygen concentrators. Typically, these devices produce the equivalent of one to five liters per minute of continuous oxygen flow and they use some version of pulse flow or "demand flow" to deliver oxygen only when the patient is inhaling. They can also provide pulses of oxygen either to provide higher intermittent flows or to reduce the power consumption. Research into oxygen concentration is ongoing and modern techniques suggest that the amount of adsorbent required by medical oxygen concentrators can be potentially "reduced by a factor of three while offering ~10–20% higher oxygen recovery compared to a typical commercial unit." The FAA has approved the use of portable oxygen concentrators on commercial airlines. However, users of these devices should check in advance as to whether a particular brand or model is permitted on a particular airline. Unlike in commercial airlines, users of aircraft without cabin pressurization need oxygen concentrators which are able to deliver enough flowrate even at high altitudes. Usually, "demand" or pulse-flow oxygen concentrators are not used by patients while they sleep. There have been problems with the oxygen concentrators not being able to detect when the sleeping patient is inhaling. Some larger portable oxygen concentrators are designed to operate in a continuous-flow mode in addition to pulse-flow mode. Continuous-flow mode is considered safe for night use when coupled with a CPAP machine. === Alternate applications === Repurposed medical oxygen concentrators or specialized industrial oxygen concentrators can be made to operate small oxyacetylene or other fuel gas cutting, welding and lampworking torches.thumb|Philips Respironics Home Oxygen Concentrator. ===Application of a PSA Oxygen Generator in Industries=== Oxygen is widely needed for the oxidation of different chemicals for industrial purposes. Previously, these industries purchased oxygen cylinders in large numbers to meet their requirements. But it was very expensive, and oxygen cylinders were not always available in the market. ===Industries that need PSA oxygen generators for production=== ===Paper industry=== Oxygen is needed here for the bleaching of paper pulp with the help of the oxidation process to make the paper white. Moreover, lignin present in the wood is removed by the delignification process, which also needs oxygen. ===Glass industry=== Huge furnaces are needed to melt the raw materials that combine to form glass. Oxygen flares up the furnace's fire to burn at a higher temperature needed for the production of glass. ===Chemical industries=== Oxygen is needed for the oxidation of different chemicals to form the desired chemical substances. Waste chemical products are burnt down and destroyed in the incinerator with the help of oxygen. Thus, the continuous supply of a bulk amount of oxygen is essential, which is possible only by a PSA oxygen generator. == Safety == In both clinical and emergency-care situations, oxygen concentrators have the advantage of not being as dangerous as oxygen cylinders, which can, if ruptured or leaking, greatly increase the combustion rate of fire. As such, oxygen concentrators are particularly advantageous in military or disaster situations, where oxygen tanks may be dangerous or unfeasible. Oxygen concentrators are considered sufficiently foolproof to be supplied to individual patients as a prescription item for use in their homes. Typically they are used as an adjunct to CPAP treatment of severe sleep apnea. There also are other medical uses for oxygen concentrators, including COPD and other respiratory diseases. People who depend upon oxygen concentrators for home care may have life-threatening emergencies if the electricity fails during a natural disaster. == Industrial oxygen concentrators == thumb|Pressure swing adsorption medical oxygen generator "R-OXY" by RIFAIR Technical Systems Industrial processes may use much higher pressures and flows than medical units. To meet that need, another process, called vacuum swing adsorption (VSA), has been developed by Air Products. This process uses a single low- pressure blower and a valve that reverses the flow through the blower so that the regeneration phase occurs under a vacuum. Generators using this process are being marketed to the aquaculture industry. Industrial oxygen concentrators are often available in a much wider range of capacities than medical concentrators. Industrial oxygen concentrators are sometimes referred to as oxygen generators within the oxygen and ozone industries to distinguish them from medical oxygen concentrators. The distinction is used in an attempt to clarify that industrial oxygen concentrators are not medical devices approved by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) and they are not suitable for use as bedside medical concentrators. However, applying the oxygen generator nomenclature can lead to confusion. The term, oxygen generator, is a misnomer in that the oxygen is not generated as it is with a chemical oxygen generator, but rather it is concentrated from the air. Non-medical oxygen concentrators can be used as feed gas to a medical oxygen system, such as the oxygen system in a hospital, though governmental approval is required, such as by the FDA, and additional filtering is generally required. ==During the COVID-19 pandemic== The COVID-19 pandemic increased the demand for oxygen concentrators. During the pandemic open source oxygen concentrators were developed, locally manufactured – with prices below imported products – and used, especially during a COVID-19 pandemic wave in India. == See also == * * * * == References == Category:Drug delivery devices Category:Medical equipment Category:Oxygen Category:Dosage forms Category:Industrial gases Category:Gas technologies

['Union Carbide', 'Bendix Corporation', 'Membrane', 'COPD', 'Food and Drug Administration']

['Q908553', 'Q4887137', 'Q176088', 'Q199804', 'Q204711']

[[(2352, 2365), (3303, 3316)], [(2382, 2400)], [(7835, 7843), (8548, 8556), (8834, 8842)], [(15177, 15181)], [(16333, 16361)]]

Alfred Julius Eugster (February 11, 1909 – January 1, 1997) was an American animator, writer, and film director. He worked for a number of American animation studios, including Fleischer Studios, the Iwerks Studio, Walt Disney Productions, and Famous Studios.Baxter, Devon. "Animation Profiles: AL EUGSTER." www.cartoonresearch.com, April 10, 2019. Retrieved December 2, 2021. == Personal == Al Eugster was born on February 11, 1909, in New York City. His parents were musician Julius Eugster and Hedwig Fiegel, both were from German descent. Between 1915 and 1919, his dad died when he was just a child. At the age of 16, he got paid $10 dollars a week for doing jobs and the American Radiator Company. Al Eugster was married to his wife Hazel, also known as Chick, for 61 years. The two had no children, and Hazel died in 1995.Mayerson, Mark. "Remembering Al." www.awn.com, February 11, 1997. Retrieved May 15, 2017. == Career == Eugster began his career in animation in April 1925 where he worked at the Pat Sullivan studio. He would blacken in the drawing of Felix the Cat. During his time working for the Pat Sullivan studio, he worked under Otto Messmer. Eugster attended Cooper Union at nighttime to study art while also working. Al Eugster then left Sullivan's Studio in April 1929 and moved to Fleischer Studios. Eugster would return to Fleischer in 1939. In 1932, Eugster went to work for Mintz. He worked with Preston Blair on many films, most notably, Krazy Kat cartoons. Just a year later, he went on to work for Ub lwerks where he co-animated several ComiColor shorts with Shamus Culhane. Eugster worked at Iwerks Studio until 1935, when he joined Walt Disney Animation Studios. His specialty while at Disney studio was the animation of Donald Duck as well as the works of Snow White. Eugster left Disney on March 18, 1939, due to an offer from Max Fleischer in Miami for a higher salary. Eugster re-joined Fleischer in 1939 and stayed with them until the studio closed down in 1942. He would work briefly at Famous Studios but left for the US Army. After his release from the Army, he returned to Famous in 1945. Here he was the head animator and worked on a number of Screen Songs and Popeye cartoons until 1957. From 1957 to 1964, Eugster freelanced throughout New York working for various commercial studios. These included Pelican Films (headed by Jack Zander), Animation Central (where he became head of the company in 1959, a position which lasted less than a year), and Joe Oriolo’s studio on the Felix the Cat television cartoons. In 1964, he joined Paramount where he worked for Shamus Culhane and Ralph Bakshi until the studio closed in 1967. The following year, he joined Kim and Gifford, where he began his longest stay at a single studio. In September 1987, Eugster retired from Kim and Gifford, ending his 62-year career. == References == == External links == * "Al Eugster – Cartoon Animator." Contains a partial list of scenes animated by Eugster and photos from his personal files. * Al Eugster entry from "Popeye Cartoons." Contains notes from Eugster's ledger and the only known clip of his Popeye animation. * Al Eugster filmography from the British Film Institute * Category:American film directors Category:American animated film directors Category:American animators Category:1909 births Category:1997 deaths Category:Fleischer Studios people Category:Walt Disney Animation Studios people Category:American people of German descent Category:Famous Studios people Category:Artists from New York City

['New York City', 'Fleischer Studios', 'Walt Disney Productions', 'Famous Studios', 'Joe Oriolo', 'Iwerks Studio', 'American Radiator Company', 'Felix the Cat', 'Otto Messmer', 'Cooper Union', 'Preston Blair', 'Krazy Kat', 'Shamus Culhane', 'Walt Disney Animation Studios', 'Donald Duck', 'Max Fleischer', 'US Army', 'Popeye', 'Jack Zander', 'Ralph Bakshi']

['Q60', 'Q1427842', 'Q191224', 'Q3066286', 'Q4336463', 'Q15639894', 'Q16961334', 'Q692603', 'Q2577021', 'Q130981', 'Q2657938', 'Q726731', 'Q3089911', 'Q1047410', 'Q6550', 'Q93788', 'Q9212', 'Q199796', 'Q6115915', 'Q315441']

[[(437, 450), (3523, 3536)], [(177, 194), (1303, 1320), (3356, 3373)], [(215, 238)], [(244, 258), (2023, 2037), (3479, 3493)], [(2492, 2502)], [(200, 213), (1621, 1634)], [(677, 702)], [(1063, 1076), (2519, 2532)], [(1147, 1159)], [(1178, 1190)], [(1421, 1434)], [(1464, 1473)], [(1587, 1601), (2603, 2617)], [(1662, 1691), (3390, 3419)], [(1751, 1762)], [(1859, 1872)], [(2055, 2062)], [(2201, 2207), (3039, 3045), (3125, 3131)], [(2367, 2378)], [(2622, 2634)]]

Fritz Bennicke Hart (11 February 1874 – 9 July 1949) was an English composer, conductor, teacher and unpublished novelist, who spent considerable periods in Australia and Hawaii. ==Early life== Hart was born in Brockley, originally in the English county of Kent but now part of the London Borough of Lewisham, the eldest child of Frederick Robinson Hart and his wife Jemima (Jemmima) Waters, née Bennicke.Radic, Thérèse. "Hart, Fritz Bennicke (1874–1949)" Australian Dictionary of Biography, accessed 23 March 2013 Both his parents were musical. From the age of six, Fritz sang in the parish choir his father ran, and his mother was a piano teacher. He spent three years as a chorister at Westminster Abbey, under Sir Frederick Bridge, and then went to the Royal College of Music in 1893, where he became acquainted with Gustav Holst, Samuel Coleridge- Taylor, William Hurlstone, Ralph Vaughan Williams and John Ireland. At one student concert in 1896, Hart played the cymbals, Vaughan Williams the triangle, Holst the trombone, and Ireland also played. Composition was not one of Hart's subjects at the RCM, but he nevertheless came under the influence of Charles Villiers Stanford.Forbes, Anne-Marie. "Hart, Fritz", Grove Music Online, Oxford Music Online, Oxford University Press, accessed 24 March 2013 Hart toured with a theatre company, during which time he wrote incidental music for Julius Caesar. He also wrote music for Romeo and Juliet, which he conducted himself. He then worked for various touring companies, which gave him exposure to operettas, musical comedy, dramatic incidental music and opera. He married in 1904, and his first child was born the following year. ==Australia== Hart sailed to Australia aboard R.M.S. China in May 1909, as part of a company contracted by J. C. Williamson's to play the operetta King of Cadonia. The initial contract for 12 months was extended to four years. In 1913 Hart and Alfred Hill founded the short-lived Australian Opera League. The first programme, on 3 August 1914, included the first performance of Hart's opera Pierrette. In 1913 Hart took over George Marshall-Hall's lecturing duties at the Melbourne Conservatorium of Music in Albert Street, Marshall- Hall having left for London. When a year later Marshall-Hall sent instruction that the Conservatorium was to be closed down, its staff refused to resign and appointed Hart director. Marshall-Hall was subsequently re-appointed professor of music at the University of Melbourne in 1915, so appearing as a potential rival to Hart's Conservatorium but such was the anti-German/pro-British attitude during World War I that Marshall-Hall's predominantly German staff did not enjoy the popularity of Hart's more British orientated Conservatorium. Dame Nellie Melba established her school of singing there, and she and her pupils helped shape Hart's work as a composer. He had the overall responsibility for her students' musical training, many of whom made their marks internationally. In 1924 Hart was made a Fellow of the Royal College of Music. In 1927 he became acting conductor for the Melbourne Symphony Orchestra (MSO), and in 1928, after the death of Alberto Zelman, the permanent conductor. In 1932 the Melbourne University Conservatorium Orchestra and the MSO amalgamated under the joint conductorship of Hart and Bernard Heinze. In 1929 the MSO was the first Australian orchestra to play open-air concerts. These were in Melbourne's Alexandra Gardens, under the baton of Hart. These 'Popular Concerts' were made possible through a donation by Sidney Myer.Melbourne Stage Archive Hart was highly regarded as a teacher, his pupils including Peggy Glanville-Hicks, Margaret Sutherland, Hubert Clifford and Robert Hughes. After 1937 Hart returned to Melbourne only once, for the jubilee of the Albert Street conservatorium in July 1945 when he conducted several of his works. His portrait was painted by, among other artists, Max Meldrum and is the National Gallery of Australia's collection. The National Library of Australia has another portrait, by A. D. Colquhoun. ==Hawaii== In December 1931 Hart was invited to be guest conductor of the Honolulu Symphony Orchestra. He returned annually, remaining there from December to April. Hart's wife died in 1935 and in September 1937 he married an American, Marvel Allison. In 1937 he became permanent conductor of the Honolulu Symphony Orchestra and first professor of music at the University of Hawaii, a position he retained until his retirement in 1942. He remained conductor of the Symphony Orchestra until his death. Hart died on 9 July 1949 at Honolulu of cardiac disorder and was cremated, survived by his son and his second wife. ==Music== Hart excelled in writing for voices. He wrote 23 operas, of which 18 were composed in Melbourne and 4 in Hawaii. Seven of these were staged in his lifetime in Australia; none appear to have been staged in Britain. He was interested in the writers of the Celtic Twilight, and used librettos by W. B. Yeats, J. M. Synge, Augusta Gregory, and George Russell (AE). He also set texts by Shakespeare, Edmond Rostand, Molière, Edwin Arlington Robinson, and the Bible. He wrote 514 songs, of which about half were composed in Melbourne and a quarter each in England and Hawaii; four large choral works, unaccompanied choruses, and part-songs. He was deeply attached to the poetry of Robert Herrick, and set his words 126 times. His choral works used texts by Shelley and Walt Whitman. He also wrote a symphony (1934), 14 other orchestral works, numerous chamber and solo instrumental works including 2 string quartets and 3 violin sonatas, transcriptions and arrangements. Selected operas: * The Land of Heart's Desire (1914) * Riders to the Sea (1915) * Deirdre of the Sorrows (1916) * Ruth and Naomi (1917, Melbourne) * Malvolio (1918, Melbourne) * The Fantasticks (1919, Melbourne) * Deirdre in Exile (1926, Melbourne) * The Woman who Laughed at Faery (1929, Melbourne) * St George and the Dragon (1931, Melbourne) * Even Unto Bethlehem (1943, Honolulu). Choral works: * New Year's Eve * Salve Caput Cruentatum (1925) * O Gloriosa Domina (1925) * Natural Magic * Joll's Credo (1934). ::Source: Grove Dictionary of Music and Musicians ==Writing== In his student days at the Royal College of Music, Hart wrote verse, some of which was set to music by Gustav Holst (the unpublished operas The Revoke (1895) and The Idea (1898); partsong Light leaves whisper (1896), and children's chorus Clouds o'er the summer sky (1898)). In Melbourne, his volume of verse Appassionata: Songs of Youth and Love was published by Lothian Press. While in Hawaii he wrote 23 novels, none of which were published. ==References== ==External links== * Fritz Hart Collection, in the Performing Arts Collection, at Arts Centre Melbourne. * ==Sources== *ADB: Fritz Hart *NLA: Papers of Fritz Hart *Grove's Dictionary of Music and Musicians, 5th. Ed. *Tregear, Peter. 'Fritz Bennicke Hart: An Introduction to his Life and Works', M.A. Thesis, University of Melbourne, 1993. Category:1874 births Category:1949 deaths Category:Australian opera composers Category:English composers Category:English classical musicians Category:People from Brockley Category:Choristers at Westminster Abbey Category:Musicians from Kent Category:British expatriates in Australia Category:British expatriates in the United States

['Brockley', 'Kent', 'London Borough of Lewisham', 'Westminster Abbey', 'Frederick Bridge', 'Royal College of Music', 'Gustav Holst', 'William Hurlstone', 'Ralph Vaughan Williams', 'Charles Villiers Stanford', 'Romeo and Juliet', 'King of Cadonia', 'University of Melbourne', 'Nellie Melba', 'Melbourne Symphony Orchestra', 'Alberto Zelman', 'Bernard Heinze', 'Sidney Myer', 'Peggy Glanville-Hicks', 'Margaret Sutherland', 'Hubert Clifford', 'Max Meldrum', 'National Gallery of Australia', 'National Library of Australia', 'Honolulu Symphony', 'University of Hawaii', 'Edmond Rostand', 'Molière', 'Edwin Arlington Robinson', 'Walt Whitman', 'Grove Dictionary of Music and Musicians', 'Performing Arts Collection', 'Arts Centre Melbourne']

['Q2216536', 'Q23298', 'Q215030', 'Q5933', 'Q5497415', 'Q304985', 'Q200867', 'Q662770', 'Q207947', 'Q368264', 'Q83186', 'Q6412211', 'Q319078', 'Q237607', 'Q667360', 'Q4712243', 'Q4893217', 'Q4274796', 'Q273916', 'Q6759944', 'Q3260', 'Q6795012', 'Q795228', 'Q623578', 'Q3140169', 'Q217439', 'Q202749', 'Q687', 'Q1294394', 'Q81438', 'Q1422837', 'Q7168281', 'Q4801443']

[[(211, 219), (7215, 7223)], [(257, 261), (7289, 7293)], [(282, 308)], [(689, 706), (7247, 7264)], [(718, 734)], [(757, 779), (3033, 3055), (6280, 6302)], [(821, 833), (6356, 6368)], [(861, 878)], [(880, 902)], [(1157, 1182)], [(1430, 1446)], [(1829, 1844)], [(2468, 2491), (7021, 7044)], [(2761, 2773)], [(3100, 3128)], [(3168, 3182)], [(3333, 3347)], [(3563, 3574)], [(3659, 3680)], [(3682, 3701)], [(3703, 3718)], [(3942, 3953)], [(3965, 3994)], [(4013, 4042)], [(4159, 4176), (4382, 4399)], [(4446, 4466)], [(5107, 5121)], [(5123, 5130)], [(5132, 5156)], [(5475, 5487)], [(6201, 6240)], [(6764, 6790)], [(6795, 6816)]]

WDAZ-TV (channel 8) is a television station licensed to Devils Lake, North Dakota, United States, serving the Grand Forks area as an affiliate of ABC. It is owned by the Forum Communications Company, which also owns the Grand Forks Herald. WDAZ-TV's news bureau and advertising sales office are located on South Washington Street in Grand Forks, and its transmitter is located near Dahlen, North Dakota. Despite Devils Lake being WDAZ-TV's city of license, the station maintains no physical presence there. Although identifying as a separate station in its own right, WDAZ-TV is considered a semi-satellite of sister station and company flagship WDAY-TV (channel 6) in Fargo, which operates two other semi-satellites: KBMY (channel 17) in Bismarck and KMCY (channel 14) in Minot, which itself is a semi-satellite of KBMY. As such, WDAZ-TV simulcasts all network and syndicated programming as provided by WDAY- TV, and the two stations share a website. However, WDAZ-TV airs separate commercial inserts and legal identifications. Local newscasts, produced by WDAY-TV, are simulcast on both stations. WDAZ-TV serves the northern half of the Fargo–Grand Forks market while WDAY-TV serves the southern portion. The two stations are counted as a single unit for ratings purposes. Internal operations are based at WDAY-TV's studios on South 8th Street in Fargo. WDAZ- TV is widely carried on cable in the Canadian province of Manitoba (including Winnipeg, Portage la Prairie, Selkirk, Steinbach and Winkler), and in Kenora, Ontario. ==History== thumb|left|300 px|WDAY-TV and WDAZ-TV used these logos in 1972–73 (top) and 1973–74 (bottom). WDAZ went on the air for the first time on January 29, 1967. For its first 15 years on the air, WDAY-TV had significant coverage problems in the northern portion of the vast Fargo–Grand Forks market. Channel 6 was required to conform its signal to protect CBC Television station CBWT in Winnipeg, which was also on channel 6. While the other Fargo stations covered the northern portion of the market very well, WDAY-TV only provided grade B coverage to most of Grand Forks and could not be seen at all in much of the northern part of the market. WDAZ was signed on to fill this coverage gap. (WDAY's coverage problem would become moot with the 2009 digital television transition in the United States and the 2011 transition in Canada, in which WDAY would broadcast its digital signal on channel 21 and CBWT broadcast theirs on channel 27.) It is one of the few stations west of the Mississippi River allowed to use a "W" call sign at sign-on. Most stations west of the Mississippi begin with the K; however, WDAY radio received its call letters before the U.S. Government moved the K-W boundary in 1923 from the state borders between 102 and 104 degrees West longitude (including the North Dakota–Montana border) to the Mississippi River. Originally an NBC affiliate, WDAZ switched to ABC along with sister station WDAY-TV on August 22, 1983. WDAZ continues to be carried on Canadian cable systems, while other North Dakota broadcasts were replaced with Detroit and/or Toledo, Ohio stations, and then Minneapolis station KARE. WDAZ even maintained a sales office in Winnipeg. In 1986, WDAZ was nearly dropped from cable in Winnipeg.The CBC as a “cultural conduit connecting our coasts”? That’s so 1986! | The View from Seven After the crisis, WDAZ and Prairie Public Television's KGFE set up a fixed microwave link to carry stronger signals into Winnipeg. WDAY/WDAZ began operating cable-only WB affiliate "WBFG" in 1998. WDAY/WDAZ replaced The CW Plus successor of "WBFG" with the Justice Network (which launched in early 2016) on new digital broadcast subchannels WDAY 6.2 and WDAZ 8.2 and WDAY'Z Xtra (which launched in 2013) on digital subchannel 6.3 in the Fargo area and 8.3 in the Grand Forks area. WDAZ-DT4 returned to the air in 2017 as an affiliate of Ion Television. ==WDAY Xtra== WDAY Xtra is a digital subchannel carried on WDAY 6.3, WDAZ 8.3, KBMY 17.3, and KMCY 14.3, airing as a primary affiliation to MyNetworkTV on KBMY and KMCY but independent without interruption on WDAY-TV and WDAZ-TV. This subchannel airs syndicated programming, North Dakota and Minnesota high school sports, North Dakota high school state tournaments, Minnesota State University Moorhead athletics, and select University of North Dakota athletic events. It airs Doppler weather radar and "Storm Tracker" weather loop with easy listening music during overnights. It is offered on Midco cable channel 596 and Sparklight channel 29. WDAY Xtra became available in HD in 2014, and in 2016, MyNetworkTV programming began airing in prime time, although on KBMY and KMCY only (in Bismarck and Minot respectively)RabbitEars TV Query for KBMYRabbitEars TV Query for KMCYTitanTV TV Query for KBMY & KMCY & WDAY & WDAZ but not on WDAY or WDAZRabbitEars TV Query for WDAYRabbitEars TV Query for WDAZ (the most likely reason being that both of those stations broadcast to a viewing area that is currently being serviced by MyNetworkTV affiliate KRDK-TV from Valley City/Fargo). ==News operation and programming== Until December 21, 2018, WDAZ aired its own locally produced newscasts from Grand Forks on weekdays at 6 and 10 p.m. (five hours each week), and simulcast WDAY-TV's other newscasts with resources from WDAZ. From 1997 until 2011, WDAZ broadcast nine hours of locally produced newscasts each week (with 1½ hours each weekday, one hour on Saturdays, and the 30-minute Sunday 10 p.m. newscast). WDAY's morning show First News has been broadcast on WDAZ since its inception, although the broadcast went statewide in April 2014 as it debuted on sister ABC affiliates KBMY in Bismarck and KMCY in Minot. WDAZ's weekend news was taken over by WDAY in 2011 and its 5 p.m. weekday newscast was taken over in July 2014. The decision to replace the 5 p.m. broadcast, which had been anchored by long-time personality Terry Dullum, was met with an immediate backlash from viewers, including those who circulated a petition on Change.org demanding that Forum restore the local 5 p.m. news to WDAZ. General manager Mari Ossenfort defended the cutbacks at WDAZ, believing that the stations were to focus more on producing "content" rather than "shows". WDAZ is noted for being nationally honored with the prestigious Edward R. Murrow Award for Continuing Coverage during the Red River Flood of 1997. WDAZ received two Upper Midwest Regional Emmy Awards in 2014. On February 22, 2012, WDAZ began presenting its local newscasts in 16:9 widescreen standard definition, while the morning and weekend newscasts originating from WDAY were presented in high definition. WDAZ began presenting its locally produced newscasts in high definition on October 15, 2013. WDAZ signs off briefly in the overnight hours; as a result, ABC's overnight news program, World News Now, is not broadcast. The station goes off the air at 3:37 a.m. and signs on again at 4 a.m. to broadcast America This Morning. WDAZ previously broadcast a weekly political talk show called Agenda, which was primarily on local and regional issues. Starting on August 29, 2016, WDAY Xtra and the Justice Network aired WDAY Xtra News weekdays at 9 p.m. WDAZ began airing a 4 p.m. weekday newscast on September 11, 2017, that originates from Fargo–based sister station WDAY-TV. It was the first afternoon newscast ever to air in the market. On November 30, 2018, it was announced that WDAZ would merge its news department with that of WDAY-TV, resulting in the cancellation of WDAZ's separate 6 and 10 p.m. newscasts, effective December 21. General manager Joshua Roher cited "changes to distribution of television, emerging technologies and economic factors in our area" as reasons for the consolidation, in a statement to the Grand Forks Herald. WDAZ's studio continued as WDAY-TV's Grand Forks news bureau and sales office. ===Sports coverage=== WDAZ was known for its coverage of University of North Dakota athletics, with former longtime sports director Pat Sweeney serving as play-by-play announcer. The station produced telecasts in conjunction with the University of North Dakota for its own airwaves, often simulcast on its sister ABC stations statewide, from 1984 until 2012. UND play-by-play coverage began being simulcast on WDAZ's airwaves and a cable network known as the University of North Dakota Sports Network (UNDSN, formerly the Fighting Sioux Sports Network or FSSN), which was launched in 2002. This network broadcast UND hockey, football, and basketball games which were distributed on cable television by Midcontinent Communications and other cable systems in North Dakota, Minnesota, and South Dakota. The UND Sports Network was also available all across the North American continent via free- to-air satellite. Pat Sweeney also handled play-by-play commentating on UNDSN. UNDSN was folded into the regional Midco Sports Network in 2012, and UND athletics play-by-play broadcast rights were taken over by the new regional network. ==Technical information== ===Subchannels=== The station's digital signal is multiplexed: Subchannels of WDAZ-TVRabbitEars TV Query for WDAZ Channel Res. Aspect Short name Programming 8.1 720p 16:9 WDAZABC Main WDAZ-TV programming / ABC 8.2 480i 16:9 WDAZ-SD True Crime Network 8.3 720p 16:9 XTRA Independent / WDAY Xtra 8.4 480i 16:9 ION Ion Television 8.5 480i 16:9 DEFY Defy TV 8.6 480i 16:9 GRIT Grit True Crime Network is carried on a digital subchannel of WDAY 6.2 in Fargo, WDAZ 8.2 in Devils Lake/Grand Forks, KBMY 17.2 in Bismarck and KMCY 14.2 in Minot. WDAY 6.2 and WDAZ 8.2 were previously Fargo CW (the successor to Fargo WB "WBFG") until that network's affiliation moved to KXJB-LD 30.2/28.2 in September 2016. ===Analog-to-digital conversion=== WDAZ-TV shut down its analog signal, over VHF channel 8, on February 17, 2009, the original target date on which full-power television stations in the United States were to transition from analog to digital broadcasts under federal mandate (which was later pushed back to June 12, 2009). The station's digital signal relocated from its pre-transition UHF channel 59, which was among the high band UHF channels (52–69) that were removed from broadcasting use as a result of the transition, to its analog-era VHF channel 8.Fargo, ND – HDTV ===WDAZ-TV tower mast=== WDAZ-TV broadcasts from a high guy-wired aerial mast, making it the third tallest tower in North Dakota after the KVLY-TV tower and the KRDK-TV tower. The tower is located in Dahlen, North Dakota, roughly located between Grand Forks and Devils Lake. The tower was also used by Prairie Public Television's KGFE until an ice storm damaged equipment in 2004. ===Translators=== WDAZ serves its large coverage area with three translators. All are owned by local municipalities. ====Active translators==== * Baudette, MN * Roseau, MN * Williams, MN ====Defunct translators==== *K51EX Belcourt, ND *K57AS Grygla, MN *K67BC Norris Camp (Roosevelt, MN) ==Out-of-market and Canadian coverage== Although WDAZ reaches only 82,000 American television households, the station is also carried on Shaw Communications and MTS TV in southern Manitoba, including the Winnipeg area, reaching an additional 256,000 homes. Winnipeg is the center of a market with over 1 million people—more than three times the entire population of WDAZ's American coverage area (and indeed double the entire population of the Fargo–Grand Forks market). WDAZ and Prairie Public Television (through KGFE) are the only stations from this region that still air in Manitoba, after KVLY- TV (formerly KTHI) and KXJB-TV were replaced with other network affiliates in March 1986. This was due to a Canadian Radio-television and Telecommunications Commission (CRTC) decision that allowed the Winnipeg cable companies to replace the CBS and NBC affiliates with Detroit stations (WJBK (later WWJ-TV) and WDIV-TV, respectively) because of complaints about poor reception, but denied them the ability to replace WDAZ with WXYZ or KGFE/PPT with WTVS (although the latter station would later be added as a second PBS station to cable customers).http://www.crtc.gc.ca/archive/eng/notices/1999/..%5C..%5CDecisions%5C1986%5CDB86-184.htm Shaw Cable airs WDAZ on cable channel 7 and MTS TV airs WDAZ on cable channel 13. For several years in the 1980s, WDAZ was also fed in Saskatchewan as a replacement for KTHI on its Telecable (Saskatoon) (now Shaw Communications) and Cable Regina (now Access Communications) systems, before it (along with two Williston stations and PPT) were also replaced by Detroit stations in the aftermath of a similar CRTC decision in October 1984.CRTC Decision, Oct. 23, 1984 WDAZ can also be seen over the air in extreme southern Manitoba, and in southern parts of Winnipeg, with a rooftop antenna. WDAZ's over-the-air signal is spotty at best in Manitoba, as its transmitter is more than from Winnipeg. Advertising from Winnipeg businesses sometimes air on the station, although this is sometimes ineffective due to simultaneous substitution. This practice requires Shaw and MTS to replace WDAZ's signal with that of a Winnipeg station (usually either CKY-DT, CKND-DT, or CHMI-DT) whenever the same program and episode airs at the same time. Because WDAZ is carried on cable in southern Manitoba, it has become somewhat of a regional superstation. WDAZ is also available on cable or IPTV providers in the northeastern portion of the Minot–Bismarck market (in Rolette, Pierce and Wells counties), and in Red Lake, Minnesota, (Beltrami County), located in the northern edge of the Minneapolis/St. Paul television market. Cable or IPTV providers in Belcourt, Rolla, Rugby, Harvey, and Fessenden have carried WDAZ for decades rather than sister ABC affiliate KMCY in Minot. ==See also== * University of North Dakota Sports Network * Grand Forks Herald * WDAY-TV * KBMY/KMCY * WDAY-AM Radio * Channel 8 digital TV stations in the United States * Channel 8 virtual TV stations in the United States ==References== ==External links== * Category:ABC network affiliates Category:True Crime Network affiliates Category:Ion Television affiliates Category:Defy TV affiliates Category:Grit (TV network) affiliates Category:Forum Communications Company Category:Television channels and stations established in 1967 Category:Television stations in North Dakota Category:1967 establishments in North Dakota Category:Ramsey County, North Dakota

['WDAY-TV', 'Devils Lake, North Dakota', 'KBMY', 'NBC', 'Grand Forks Herald', 'Dahlen, North Dakota', 'Manitoba', 'Winnipeg', 'Portage la Prairie', 'Kenora', 'Ontario', 'CBC Television', 'Mississippi River', 'Detroit', 'Toledo, Ohio', 'Prairie Public Television', 'The CW Plus', 'Ion Television', 'MyNetworkTV', 'Minnesota State University Moorhead', 'University of North Dakota', 'KRDK-TV', 'Change.org', '16:9', 'World News Now', 'America This Morning', 'Justice Network', 'University of North Dakota athletics', 'Midco', '720p', '480i', 'Grit (TV network)', 'KXJB-LD', 'Shaw Communications', 'KVLY-TV', 'Canadian Radio-television and Telecommunications Commission', 'WJBK', 'WWJ-TV', 'WDIV-TV', 'WTVS', 'PBS', 'Saskatchewan', 'Saskatoon', 'CKY-DT', 'CKND-DT', 'CHMI-DT', 'IPTV', 'Red Lake, Minnesota', 'Channel 8 digital TV stations in the United States', 'Channel 8 virtual TV stations in the United States']

['Q7948278', 'Q1772496', 'Q3191337', 'Q13974', 'Q55667960', 'Q4135825', 'Q1948', 'Q2135', 'Q1017624', 'Q993714', 'Q1904', 'Q1022955', 'Q1497', 'Q12439', 'Q49239', 'Q14708380', 'Q7720875', 'Q210500', 'Q1148579', 'Q6868559', 'Q968559', 'Q14708343', 'Q3090589', 'Q1383069', 'Q3046968', 'Q2842822', 'Q19572320', 'Q3032528', 'Q6841135', 'Q263187', 'Q1195242', 'Q18150453', 'Q24885997', 'Q1516849', 'Q6340111', 'Q2993801', 'Q3564701', 'Q3564854', 'Q3564661', 'Q3564810', 'Q215616', 'Q1989', 'Q10566', 'Q5012627', 'Q2931647', 'Q5011209', 'Q177518', 'Q1012803', 'Q19869568', 'Q19865315']

[[(646, 653), (1058, 1065), (1170, 1177), (1308, 1315), (1557, 1564), (1729, 1736), (2044, 2051), (2948, 2955), (4120, 4127), (5279, 5286), (7331, 7338), (7497, 7504), (7837, 7844), (13862, 13869)], [(56, 81)], [(718, 722), (816, 820), (3990, 3994), (4066, 4070), (4674, 4678), (4753, 4757), (4806, 4810), (5685, 5689), (9535, 9539), (13872, 13876)], [(2886, 2889), (11833, 11836)], [(220, 238), (7790, 7808), (13841, 13859)], [(382, 402), (10515, 10535)], [(1420, 1428), (11164, 11172), (11562, 11570), (12741, 12749), (12858, 12866), (13299, 13307)], [(1440, 1448), (1920, 1928), (3199, 3207), (3256, 3264), (3479, 3487), (11188, 11196), (11241, 11249), (11785, 11793), (12776, 12784), (12905, 12913), (12932, 12940), (13131, 13139)], [(1450, 1468)], [(1510, 1516)], [(1518, 1525)], [(1889, 1903)], [(2515, 2532), (2853, 2870)], [(3087, 3094), (11853, 11860), (12580, 12587)], [(3102, 3114)], [(3385, 3410), (10617, 10642), (11464, 11489)], [(3574, 3585)], [(3895, 3909), (9356, 9370), (14120, 14134)], [(4051, 4062), (4610, 4621), (5034, 5045)], [(4277, 4312)], [(4335, 4361), (7946, 7972), (8123, 8149), (8348, 8374), (13797, 13823)], [(5056, 5063), (10476, 10483)], [(6036, 6046)], [(6536, 6540), (9210, 9214), (9263, 9267), (9304, 9308), (9347, 9351), (9380, 9384), (9407, 9411)], [(6853, 6867)], [(6971, 6991)], [(3615, 3630), (7160, 7175)], [(7946, 7982)], [(4504, 4509), (8591, 8596), (8895, 8900)], [(9205, 9209), (9299, 9303)], [(9258, 9262), (9342, 9346), (9375, 9379), (9402, 9406)], [(14183, 14200)], [(9705, 9712)], [(11121, 11140), (12429, 12448)], [(10454, 10461)], [(11692, 11751)], [(11871, 11875)], [(11883, 11889)], [(11895, 11902)], [(12033, 12037)], [(12100, 12103)], [(12356, 12368)], [(12413, 12422)], [(13164, 13170)], [(13172, 13179)], [(13184, 13191)], [(13395, 13399), (13640, 13644)], [(13515, 13534)], [(13900, 13950)], [(13953, 14003)]]

The German war cemetery of Langemark (formerly spelt 'Langemarck') is near the village of Langemark, part of the municipality of Langemark-Poelkapelle, in the Belgian province of West Flanders. More than 44,000 soldiers are buried here.Langemark – Volksbund Deutsche Kriegsgräberfürsorge The village was the scene of the first gas attacks by the German army in the western front (see trench map), marking the beginning of the Second Battle of Ypres in April 1915. During the First Battle of Ypres (1914) in World War I, inexperienced German infantry suffered severe casualties when they made a futile frontal attack on allied positions near Langemark and were checked by experienced French infantry and British riflemen. Contrary to popular myth, only fifteen percent of the German soldiers involved in the Battle of Langemark were schoolboys and students. Legend has it that the German infantry sang the first stanza of what later (1919) became their national anthem "Deutschland, Deutschland über alles", as they charged. The cemetery, which evolved from a small group of graves from 1915, has seen numerous changes and extensions. It was dedicated in 1932. Today, visitors find a mass grave near the entrance. This comrades' grave contains 24,917 servicemen, including the Ace Werner Voss. Between the oak trees, next to this mass grave, are another 10,143 soldiers (including 2 British soldiers killed in 1918). The 3,000 school students who were killed during the First Battle of Ypres are buried in a third part of the cemetery. At the front of the cemetery is a sculpture of four mourning figures by Professor Emil Krieger. The group was added in 1956, and is said to stand guard over the fallen. The cemetery is maintained by the German War Graves Commission, the Volksbund Deutsche Kriegsgräberfürsorge. Otherwise, this cemetery has two Commonwealth burials.CWGC: Langemark German Military Cemetery ==Gallery== File:Langemark mass grave marker.jpg|This wreath marks the largest mass grave. File:Langemark unknown soldier stone.jpg|Individual marker of four unknown soldiers. File:Langemark german cemetery burial key.jpg|This map is a key to World War I German soldier burial sites in Belgium, located in the entrance block. File:Langemark wall of student names.jpg|One wall listing the names of the 3,000 German students killed during the First Battle of Ypres, inside the entrance block. File:Langemark flat grave markers.jpg|Flat grave markers. File:Langemark basalt crosses ceramic poppies.jpg|For the 100th anniversary commemoration of World War I, many cemeteries and other sites have had ceramic poppies installed. File:Langemark German Cemetery memorial.jpg|A section of the memorial wall to the victims of the massacre of the Innocents. ==References== ==External links== * * (de) Langemark cemetery at Volksbund Deutsche Kriegsgraeberfuersorge > Weiterlesen * (nl) Langemark at wo1.be * YouTube video made at Langemark Category:World War I cemeteries in Belgium Category:German War Graves Commission Category:Commonwealth War Graves Commission cemeteries in Belgium Category:Funerary and memory sites of the First World War (Western Front)

['German War Graves Commission', 'Langemark-Poelkapelle', 'World War I', 'Langemark', 'West Flanders', 'Second Battle of Ypres', 'First Battle of Ypres', 'Deutschland, Deutschland über alles', 'Werner Voss', 'Emil Krieger']

['Q708567', 'Q735865', 'Q361', 'Q726498', 'Q1113', 'Q233219', 'Q853976', 'Q44042', 'Q66099', 'Q1336405']

[[(1738, 1766), (2989, 3017)], [(129, 150)], [(507, 518), (2151, 2162), (2550, 2561), (2946, 2957)], [(27, 36), (90, 99), (129, 138), (236, 245), (641, 650), (817, 826), (1873, 1882), (1925, 1934), (2004, 2013), (2089, 2098), (2239, 2248), (2404, 2413), (2462, 2471), (2636, 2645), (2798, 2807), (2883, 2892), (2927, 2936)], [(179, 192)], [(426, 448)], [(475, 496), (1469, 1490), (2349, 2370)], [(969, 1004)], [(1280, 1291)], [(1617, 1629)]]

St Peter's Church is in Church Road, Woolton, Liverpool, Merseyside, England. It is an active Anglican parish church in the deanery of Liverpool South Childwall, the archdeaconry of Liverpool, and the diocese of Liverpool. The church is recorded in the National Heritage List for England as a designated Grade II* listed building. It is one of the largest parish churches in Liverpool, and its bell tower stands at the highest point of the city. The church also has connections with The Beatles. ==History== In 1826 a chapel was built near the side of the present church. It was built in sandstone and could hold about 200 people. The chapel was in Neoclassical style. The population of Woolton continued to grow, and the style of the church was disliked by the congregation. A number of wealthy merchants were living in the area, and it was decided to build a new church. The foundation stone for this was laid in 1886. The new church was designed by the local architects Grayson and Ould, and was completed in 1887. An extension was added to the west of the church in 1989, which includes an eight-sided hall. ==Architecture== ===Exterior=== St Peter's is constructed in red sandstone. It is a large church in Perpendicular style. The church provides seating for nearly 500 people. Its plan consists of a nave, north and south four-bay aisles under separate gables, a south porch, a north transept, a chancel, a three-bay north chapel, a south vestry, and a southwest tower. The tower is high. It has angle buttresses, a canted turret in the southeast angle, paired two-light bell openings, a cornice. gargoyles, an embattled parapet, and pinnacles. The windows along the sides of the aisles have three lights, and the west window has five lights. There are four-light windows in the transept and the chapel, and a seven-light east window. ===Interior=== Inside the church are five-bay arcades carried on quatrefoil columns. The nave has a hammerbeam roof, and in the chapel is a canted, stencilled ceiling. The reredos contains five niches containing paintings dating from 1905 by Sigismund Goetze. The octagonal font is in alabaster, and has a traceried cover. The pulpit is also in alabaster, and is decorated with a frieze of angels. There are wrought iron screens to the chancel and the chapel. In the chancel is a sedilia with cusped arches and pinnacles. Most of the stained glass is by C. E. Kempe, and there are two windows by Morris & Co. Also in the church is a memorial to the First World War by Heaton, Butler and Bayne. The original pipe organ was designed by Foster and Andrews in 1895. This was rebuilt by Rushworth and Dreaper in 1945, and refurbished in 1994 by David Wells. The organ has three manuals, 38 stops, and 2,338 pipes. The tower contains a ring of ten bells. ==External features== At the entry to the churchyard is a large, ornate lychgate, which was designed by Grayson and Ould, and is contemporary with the church. It consists of a timber canopy on a stone base. The roof is shingled, and the bressumers and bargeboards are finely carved. On top of the lychgate is a cross. It is designated by English Heritage as a Grade II listed building. In the churchyard is another memorial to the First World War. This is in Art Nouveau style and carries a Celtic cross, the word "PEACE", and the date of the completion of the war. Also in the churchyard is the grave of Bob Paisley (1919–1996), footballer and manager of Liverpool F.C. ==Connection with The Beatles== On 6 July 1957, John Lennon first met Paul McCartney in the church hall of St Peter's when Lennon was playing with his group, The Quarrymen. McCartney eventually joined the group, which later became The Beatles. In the churchyard of St Peter's is the grave of Eleanor Rigby whose name, coincidentally, is the same as that of a Beatles' song. Also in the churchyard is the grave of Lennon's uncle, George Toogood Smith, with whom he lived as a child. ==See also== *Grade II* listed buildings in Liverpool – Suburbs ==References== ==External links== * Category:1887 establishments in England Category:19th-century Church of England church buildings Category:Anglican Diocese of Liverpool Category:Church of England church buildings in Merseyside Category:Churches in Liverpool Category:Gothic Revival architecture in Merseyside Category:Gothic Revival church buildings in England Category:Grade II* listed buildings in Liverpool Category:Grade II* listed churches in Merseyside Category:History of the Beatles

['Church of England', 'Woolton', 'Liverpool', 'Merseyside', 'Grayson and Ould', 'Gothic Revival architecture', 'National Heritage List for England', 'The Beatles', 'Sigismund Goetze', 'C. E. Kempe', 'Heaton, Butler and Bayne', 'Rushworth and Dreaper', 'Art Nouveau', 'Celtic cross', 'Bob Paisley', 'Liverpool F.C.', 'Eleanor Rigby', 'John Lennon', 'Paul McCartney', 'The Quarrymen', 'George Toogood Smith']

['Q82708', 'Q5010697', 'Q24826', 'Q23100', 'Q16239725', 'Q186363', 'Q6973052', 'Q1299', 'Q18160053', 'Q5077212', 'Q5694399', 'Q7380890', 'Q34636', 'Q229788', 'Q314436', 'Q1130849', 'Q200799', 'Q1203', 'Q2599', 'Q384664', 'Q5545277']

[[(4106, 4123), (4189, 4206)], [(37, 44), (687, 694)], [(46, 55), (135, 144), (182, 191), (212, 221), (375, 384), (3447, 3456), (3988, 3997), (4170, 4179), (4259, 4268), (4411, 4420)], [(57, 67), (4227, 4237), (4309, 4319), (4459, 4469)], [(973, 989), (2895, 2911)], [(4278, 4305)], [(253, 287)], [(483, 494), (3480, 3491), (3693, 3704)], [(2084, 2100)], [(2396, 2407)], [(2510, 2534)], [(2624, 2645)], [(3250, 3261)], [(3282, 3294)], [(3396, 3407)], [(3447, 3461)], [(3754, 3767)], [(3510, 3521)], [(3532, 3546)], [(3620, 3633)], [(3891, 3911)]]

The Duff Islands are a small island group lying to the northeast of the Santa Cruz Islands in the Solomon Islands province of Temotu. They are also sometimes known as the Wilson Islands. ==Location and geography== The islands are located at 9°51'48" S. lat., 167°4'48" E. long. The Duff Islands consist of: *Taumako, the main island, with nearby Tahua, Tohua, and Tatumotu *The Bass Islands: Lua, Kaa and Loreva *Treasurer's Islands: Tuleki (Nula), Elingi (Obelisk Island), Te Aku (Te Ako), Lakao and Ulaka Frequently, Hallie Jackson Reef is mentioned in the context of the Duff islands, although it is located 45 km west of that 32 km long island chain, and although it is not an island, at most a submarine reef. In the Sailing Directions of 1969 Hallie Jackson Reef is described as a reef 24 feet deep, at 9°44'S, 166°07'E.Hydrographer of the Navy, Pacific Islands Pilot Vol. II, 1969, Seite 254 The corresponding current (2017) publication no longer has any mention of the reef. ==Local population== The Duff Islands were settled by the Lapita people about 900 BC. They were followed by Melanesians and then Polynesians in the mid-1400s. The modern inhabitants of the Duff Islands are Polynesians, and their language, Vaeakau-Taumako, is a member of the Samoic branch of Polynesian languages. On the islands of Duff live about 500 people. The traditional way of life consists of subsistence farming and fishing. Taumako has no roads, airport, telephones, or electricity. Contact with outsiders comes by battery-powered marine radio and the occasional cargo ship. ==European Contact== The first recorded sighting by Europeans of the Duff Islands was by the Spanish expedition of Pedro Fernández de Quirós where it anchored on 8 April 1606. Its inhabitants named the islands as Taumako. They were charted by Quirós as Nuestra Señora del Socorro (Our Lady of Succour in Spanish).Sharp, Andrew The discovery of the Pacific Islands Oxford, 1960, p.61.Brand, Donald D. The Pacific Basin: A History of its Geographical Explorations The American Geographical Society, New York, 1967, p.137.Kelly, Celsus, O.F.M. La Austrialia del Espiritu Santo. The Journal of Fray Martín de Munilla O.F.M. and other documents relating to the Voyage of Pedro Fernández de Quirós to the South Sea (1605-1606) and the Franciscan Missionary Plan (1617-1627) Cambridge, 1966, p.39,62. The Duff Islands were named after missionary ship Duff, captained by James Wilson, which reached them in 1797. == Traditional navigation == Studies of David Lewis and Marianne (Mimi) George identified that traditional Polynesian navigational techniques were still preserved in these islands. ==See also== *Melanesia *Oceania *Pacific Islands *Pacific Ocean *Polynesian outlier *Three other Bass islands == References == * Duff Islands, Solomon Islands, solomonislands.com.sb * Ben Finney and Sam Low, "Navigation", in K.R. Howe (ed.), Vaka Moana: Voyages of the Ancestors, Bateman, 2007. ;Specific ==External links== *The Vaka Taumako Project Category:Islands of the Solomon Islands Category:Polynesian outliers Category:Archipelagoes of the Pacific Ocean

['Santa Cruz Islands', 'Solomon Islands', 'Taumako', 'Tahua', 'Ulaka', 'Sailing Directions', 'Lapita people', 'Polynesians', 'Polynesian languages', 'Polynesian navigation', 'Melanesia', 'Oceania', 'Pacific Islands', 'Pacific Ocean', 'Polynesian outlier']

['Q148839', 'Q685', 'Q4452750', 'Q55887821', 'Q1199526', 'Q11015389', 'Q1021436', 'Q1042001', 'Q390979', 'Q826781', 'Q37394', 'Q55643', 'Q19617380', 'Q98', 'Q179917']

[[(72, 90)], [(98, 113), (2797, 2812), (3028, 3043)], [(308, 315), (1230, 1237), (1416, 1423), (1780, 1787), (2988, 2995)], [(346, 351)], [(501, 506)], [(722, 740)], [(1041, 1054)], [(1112, 1123), (1189, 1200)], [(1275, 1295)], [(2579, 2600)], [(1091, 1100), (2667, 2676)], [(2678, 2685)], [(852, 867), (1915, 1930), (2687, 2702)], [(2704, 2717), (3103, 3116)], [(2719, 2737), (3053, 3071)]]

Vaeakau-Taumako (formerly known as Pileni) is a Polynesian language spoken in some of the Reef Islands as well as in the Taumako Islands (also known as the Duff Islands) in the Temotu province of the Solomon Islands. The language is spoken throughout the Taumako Islands, while in the Reef Islands, it is spoken on Aua, Matema, Nifiloli, Nupani, Nukapu, and Pileni. Speakers are thought to be descendants of people from Tuvalu. Vaeakau-Taumako was described by linguists Even Hovdhaugen and Åshild Næss, in the form of a dictionaryHovdhaugen (2006). and a grammar.Næss & Hovdhaugen (2011). ==Classification== Vaeakau-Taumako is a Polynesian outlier. Within that group, it has traditionally been considered one of the Futunic branch, but a 2008 study (exclusively based on lexical evidence) concluded that this membership is weakly supported.Austronesian Basic Vocabulary Database ==Phonology== ===Vowels=== Vaeakau-Taumako does not vary from the standard Polynesian and Austronesian vowel system, featuring five vowels that can be used either in a long or short form. Short vowels found in word-final syllables are frequently devoiced or dropped, but long vowels in the same position are always stressed. There is little allophonic variation between vowel pronunciations.p.28 Front Central Back High i: /i/ and /ī/ u: /u/ and /ū/ Mid e: /e/ and /ē/ o: /o/ and /ō/ Low a: /a/ and /ā/ Vowel sequences in Vaeakau-Taumako are typically not treated as diphthongs, as they are not fully reduplicated, as shown in the word "holauhola". This is despite the vowels in the original word being pronounced like a diphthong. ===Consonants=== The Vaeakau-Taumako language has one of the most complex consonant system of the Polynesian languages, with 19 distinct phonemes, plus a large amount of variation across dialects. /b/ and /d/ are found primarily in loan words, rather being native to the language.p.34-35 Aspirated sounds are characteristic of the language, and are typically strong and audible. However, the use of aspirated sounds varies across dialects, enough that it is difficult to identify a consistent pattern aside from noting they always occur at the start of stressed syllables.p.36 Labial Coronal Dorsal Nasal plain aspirated Plosive unvoiced aspirated voiced Fricative Approximant plain aspirated ==Morphology== ===Pronouns=== Vaeakau- Taumako pronouns distinguish between 1st, 2nd and 3rd person pronouns. There are some inclusive and exclusive distinctions, and variations for singular, dual and plural in all cases. There are no gender distinctions. There is variation in the pronoun system for the dialects of Vaeakau-Taumako which can become quite complex, so for simplicity, only the general forms are recorded here.p.98 ====Independent personal pronouns==== There are two distinctive base sets of independent personal pronouns in Vaeakau-Taumako. The standard forms are used for formal occasions and recorded text, while the colloquial forms are typically found in informal, everyday conversation.p.99-100 Singular Dual Plural standard colloquial standard colloquial 1st person inclusive iau, au thaua haua thatou, thatu hatou, hatu exclusive mhuaua mihatou, mhatu 2nd person koe khoulua, kholua houlua, holua khoutou, khotou houtou 3rd person ia lhaua haua lhatou, lhatu hatou, hatu ====Bound subject pronouns==== The language also features bound subject pronouns which act as clitics to the tense-aspect-mood marker of the verb of the constituent. They are not obligatory to use. The presence of the "u" has free variation by the choice of the speaker, but they are typically less prevalent in the colloquial forms.p.103-104 Singular Dual Plural standard colloquial standard colloquial 1st person inclusive u=, ku= tha(u)= ha= that(u)= hat(u)= exclusive mha(u)= mhat(u)= 2nd person ko= khol(u)= hol(u)= khot(u)= hot(u)= 3rd person ø lha(u)= ha= lhat(u)= hat(u)= ====Hortative pronouns==== The dual, plural and 2nd person singular have specific pronouns used in imperative and hortative sentences.p.105 Singular Dual Plural 1st person inclusive ta tatu, hatu, tatou exclusive ma matu 2nd person ko lu tu 3rd person la latu, hatu ====Emphatic corefential pronouns==== When the subject and direct object of a sentence are the same thing, repetition of the independent pronoun in place of both argument positions is typically used. However, there is a set of emphatic coreferential pronouns used for the direct object to refer to someone or a group of people acting alone.p.106 Singular Dual Plural 1st person inclusive okhoiau okhitaua okithatou exclusive okhimaua okimhatou 2nd person okhoe okhoulua okhoutou 3rd person okhoia okhilaua okilhatou ====The general pronoun nga==== The word nga functions as a pronoun with specific use. It is a third person pronoun, but lacks specification for number, and is used to refer to both singular and plural referents. It typically is an anaphoric reference to a previously mentioned referent.p.106-107 == Possession == === Control === While it is common for Polynesian languages to distinguish between alienability and inalienability with a and o possessives, this is not the case for Vaeakau-Taumako. This distinction exists, however it instead marks control – not of the possessed item itself, but of the possessive relationship.p.109 ==== A-possessives ==== Relationships that can be initiated or terminated freely, such as items that can be bought, sold or given away at will are marked with the a-possessive. ==== O-possessives ==== Relationships that are outside of the possessor's personal control, such as body parts and kinship relationships are marked with o-possessives. === Alienability and inalienability === Instead of a- and o- possessives, alienability and inalienability in Vaeakau-Taumako are distinguished by the use of either prenominal or postnominal possessive pronouns.p.111 ==== Prenominal possessive pronouns ==== Prenominal possessive pronouns occur directly preceding the possessed nouns, and are typically used for inalienable relationships, such as kinship terms and body parts.p.112 Prenominal possessive pronouns distinguish between singular, dual and plural of the possessor. The singular possessive forms make an additional distinction between singular and plural of the possessed entity, and encode the a- or o-possessive directly. The dual and plural possessor forms are combined with the possessive prepositions a and o to express this distinction, or they may occur without a preposition. Singular Dual Plural Singular possessed Plural possessed 1st person inclusive taku, toku/tuku aku, oku (a/o) ta (a/o) tatu exclusive (a/o) ma (a/o) matu 2nd person tau, tō au, ou/ō (a/o) lu (a/o) koto, (a/o) tu 3rd person tana, tona, tena, na ana, ona (a/o) la (a/o) latu ==== Postnominal possessive pronouns ==== The postnominal possessive pronoun succeeds the possessed noun, and are used to mark alienable relationships, such as owned items. They make no distinction between singular and plural of the possessed item, instead the distinction is usually made through the choice of article preceding the possessed noun. Like with prenominal possessive pronouns, the postnominal possessives are based on the possessive prepositions a and o, plus a pronominal form indicating person and number of the possessor. In the singular form, this is the same set of suffixes found on the prenominal possessives, whereas in the dual and plural form, a distinct set of person and number forms are found. In the third and first person, these forms are identical to the independent personal pronouns, except for the lack of aspiration on the initial consonant.p.115 Singular Dual Plural 1st person inclusive aku, oku taua tatou exclusive maua matou 2nd person au, ou aulua, oulua autou, outou 3rd person ana, ona laua latou === Possessive Suffixes === The possessive suffixes -ku (1st person), -u (2nd person) and -na (3rd person) apply to a restricted set of kinship nouns: tama/mha 'father', hina 'mother', thoka 'same-sex sibling', thupu 'grandparent', and mokupu 'grandchild'. These nouns cannot occur without possessive marking, they require either a possessive suffix or, in the dual and plural, a postnominal possessive pronoun.p.147 An alternative construction is for these nouns to take the 3rd person possessive suffix -na in combination with a prenominal possessive pronoun or possessive prepositional phrase. The form in -na must in such cases be understood as a neutral or unmarked form, since it may combine with a pronoun of any person and number; but a form in -na without any further possessive marking is unambiguously 3rd person.p.148 Nouns other than those previously mentioned do not take possessive suffixes, but instead combine with possessive pronouns.p.149. ==Negation== Vaeako-Taumako displays negation in prohibitions (prohibitive, irrealis, imperfective, admonitive), statements (verbal and non- verbal) polar questions and noun phrases. Negation morphemes behave similarly to verbs in many respects although they do not take tense-aspect-mood markers or form independent predicates.p.397. However, there are instances of their taking complement clauses and for this reason negation morphemes might be considered a sub-class of verb.p.385. === Prohibition === Prohibitive clauses may be divided into two. Prohibitive auā, (equal to the English 'don't') and Admonitive na. Prohibitives pattern themselves in similar ways and are most frequently positioned cause initially. Admonitives behave and distribute slightly differently as will be illustrated below. Negated clauses appear with only a small range of tense-aspect-mood markers. Prohibitive clauses often display no tense-aspect-mood marker at all, if they do, the markers are either na irrealis or me prescriptive. Negated declarative clauses typically occur with either perfective ne or imperfective no, with other options only marginally represented in collected data.p.386. ==== Prohibitive auā ==== auā appears clause-initially, however discourse particles such as nahilā ('take care, make sure') may precede it. Other grammatical morphemes such as articles or markers of tense, aspect or mood may not precede it which excludes auā from the verb category of Vaeakao-Taumako. However, auā behaves like a verb in that it may take clausal complements, which are then often either nominalised or the irrealis marker na is present (see table 1.1.3). A correlation exists between singular 2nd person subject and a nominalised clause although this correlation is not absolute.p.387. Contrasting this, the 2nd person dual or plural subjects attract the irrealis marker na to create a prohibitive clause. Within data sets of Næss, A., & Hovdhaugen, E. (2011), as implied by the imperative nature of the morpheme, auā will tend to appear with 2nd person subjects as above, although both 1st and 3rd subjects are also found. 1st Person 3rd Person Auā is also found in conjunction with modifiers such as ala which marks a hypothetical or oki, 'back, again'. ===== auā-ala ===== ===== auā - oki ===== ===== Irrealis na and Imperfective no ===== Irrealis na and imperfective no adheres to a common pattern of appearing in 2nd person in dual or plural within prohibitive clause structure. Instances of 3rd person are less frequent and tend to include the imperfective no in postposition to morpheme auā. ===== Admonitive na ===== na behaves similarly to aluā only in that it is clause initial, it is otherwise classified as a clause initial particle and it must be accompanied by the tense-aspect-mood marker me which acts as a prescriptive. However na also has a second function, it acts to point out the consequences of disobeying the order. In this role the na often appears without me, creating a clause without tense-aspect-mood marking.p.390. === Statements === ==== Verbal Clause Negation ==== Verbal negation is made up of three morphemes which act independently and may be understood as the English equivalents to siai 'not', sikiai 'not yet',and hiekh 'not at all'. ===== siai 'not, no' ===== According to Næss, A., & Hovdhaugen, E. (2011) the colloquial pronunciation of siai is hiai, however the standard written form is siai. Siai comes after preverbal arguments but is placed before the tense- aspect-mood particle and following clitic pronoun. As in the case of auā modifying particles, which are traditionally found after verbs, may appear following siai. An example of this is loa which is an emphatic marker. For example, siai loa. A further example is the addition of po which generally serves to connect a complement clause. ===== sikiai, hikiai 'not yet' ===== sikiai, hikiai (where sikiai is the formal written expression of spoken hikiai) appears in the same formation as above siai except it proceeds the preverbal argument and precedes any tense-aspect-mood markers. It appears less frequently and is often accompanied by the perfective marker ne.p.394. ===== hiekhī/hiekhiē 'not at all' ===== This is the emphatic form of the negator. It follows the same distribution as both sia and sikiai and is often accompanied by the post-nuclear modifier loa.p.395. As with siai hiekhī appears in conjunction with complementiser po, although with lower frequency. ==== Non- verbal Clause Negation ==== The same negators are used as in the verbal clauses above. === Questions === ==== Polar Questions ==== Polar questions are commonly formed in three ways. A declarative clause with a rise in intonation to mark the interrogative which requires the binary, 'yes' or 'no' response, much as they are in English may be used. The second alternative is the addition of the verbal negator (o) siai ‘(or) not' and the third is the addition of verbal negator sikiai (not yet) if the interrogative has a temporal element.p.398. Simple interrogative formed with declarative clause: (o) siai sikiai === Noun Phrase Negation === ==== Negated Existence ==== Non- specific article e can be used to express 'negated existence' unless the noun has a possessive marker in which case e is absent.p.166. == Spatial Deixis == Spatial deixis is primarily expressed through demonstratives and directional forms in Vaeakau-Taumako. These spatial-deictic forms "allow the speaker to point to spatial locations" and encode the context of utterances or speech events. Interestingly, demonstrative and directional usage in Vaeakau-Taumako is particularly unique for a Polynesian language.Senft, Gunter (ed.). Deixis and demonstratives in Oceanic languages. Canberra, Australia: Pacific Linguistics. p. 2. This illustrates that spatial deixis is an especially important feature of Vaeakau-Taumako grammar. Demonstratives and directionals are discussed in more detail below. === Demonstratives === Vaeakau-Taumako demonstratives comprise a three-term system which is summarised below: Figure 1p. 121 Demonstrative English Translation ne(i) 'here, close to speaker' na 'there, close to addressee, some distance away' la 'there, away from both speaker and hearer, quite far away Overall, these demonstratives have not only nominal and adverbial uses, but are also used in various capacities to structure discourse. The demonstrative particles also occur in more complex forms (see verbal demonstratives and deictic adverbs below). ==== Historical context ==== Vaeakau-Taumako demonstratives have cognates in other Polynesian languages. These demonstratives are also consistent with what has been reconstructed for Proto-Polynesian and Proto-Oceanic. These linguistic reconstructions are summarised below: Figure 2 Language 1st person 2nd person 3rd person Proto-Oceanic *ni/*ne *na *ra(i) Proto-Polynesian *ni/*nei *na *ra Tongan e-ni e-na ia Irafa-Mele -nei \- nā rā Vaeakau-Taumako ne(i) na la Samoan (le)nei (le)nā le(lā) Marquesan nei nā ʔā, aʔā Furthermore, in the following discussion it will become evident that Boumma Fijian shares multiple linguistic traits with Vaeakau-Taumako. Therefore, it is possible that Boumma Fijian may be more closely related to Vaeakau-Taumako than other Polynesian languages. ==== Speaker-based system ==== The Vaeakau-Taumako demonstrative system is speaker-based: the location of the hearer or speaker serves as reference point for where the relevant object is located.p. 122 Denny summarised this succinctly in describing this system as one that centers space on the speaker or other participant. In Vaeakau-Taumako, 'ne(i)’ reflects an object’s proximity to the speaker, 'na' reflects an object’s proximity to the hearer and 'la' reflects distance from both the speaker and hearer, or a third party in the conversation.p. 121 This three-way distinction is so common in Oceanic languages that it is "virtually certain" that Proto-Oceanic also adopted a person-based demonstrative system. On a global scale, this three-way contrast is the second most common demonstrative system in the languages listed on The World Atlas of Linguistic Structures(WALS), with a two-way contrast being the most common system. Vaeakau-Taumako's speaker-based system can be rationalised by the geographic context in which it is spoken. As the language is spoken on islands in the Solomon Islands, the speakers inhabit relatively small environments that do not have naturally defined reference points to describe space. To compensate for this, demonstratives are instead based on the speakers and hearers who are in the "immediate speech situation". ==== Distance-based system ==== However, discourse analyses of current demonstrative usage indicates that the system may be shifting to one that is distance-based and therefore not dependent on the speech-act participants. This is summarised below: Figure 3p. 122 Demonstrative English Translation ne(i) 'here, close by' na 'there, some distance away; neither very near nor very far' la 'there, far away' 'Na' is generally the preferred neutral choice of demonstrative to refer to an object that is neither far nor close. Therefore 'na' is not only used in direct conversations to illustrate proximity with a speech-participant (e.g. 'that one near you'), but it is also used in narratives as a medial term of a distance-based system. In these narrative contexts, 'na' refers to an object that is distance-neutral or medium-distance. This dual purpose of 'na' is not completely unique to Vaeakau-Taumako as Boumaa Fijian also adopts a "mixed" system.p. 122 ==== Demonstrative pronouns ==== Demonstratives in Vaeakau-Taumako can be used as heads of noun phrases that are comparable to the English phrases 'this one' and 'that one'. In this capacity, the demonstrative is often preceded by the articles 'te' (indicating singularity) or 'ngha' (indicating plurality). This is typical for a Polynesian language.p. 122 The following example shows the demonstrative 'na' ('that'), being used in conjunction with the prefix 'te' to denote singularity: Furthermore the following example shows the prefix 'ngha' attaching to the demonstrative 'la' ('those') to indicate plurality: Alternatively, the demonstratives can occur as a free-standing lexical item (i.e. without the need for preceding articles). This more unique aspect of Vaeakau-Taumako is exemplified in the following clause: When acting as heads of nouns, the demonstratives may also be used anaphorically to refer to previously mentioned objects/participants in the conversation. The demonstratives can therefore serve the same purpose as a third-person pronoun (see Figure 4.4 below).p. 123 Cross-linguistically this is not common, with the 100 of the 225 languages on WALS having language systems where third person pronouns are unrelated to demonstratives. ==== Demonstrative adjective ==== Demonstratives also function to modify a noun phrase in Vaeakau-Taumako. They can be used with nouns or pronouns and can function as a deictic or anaphoric reference.p. 124 The following example shows how the demonstrative 'na' ('that') is suffixed to the noun 'mhe' ('man') for a deictic purpose: This second example shows how the demonstrative 'ne' can be used as an anaphoric reference: When a demonstrative is used with a pronoun, the demonstrative often (but not always) corresponds with the speech-act participant that is being referred to in the respective pronoun. Therefore 'ne' will be generally used with first person pronouns, 'na' will be used with second person pronouns and 'la' will be used with third person pronouns. However, 'na' can also be adopted as a neutral particle that is used interchangeably with third person and second person pronouns.p. 126 ==== Local adverbial demonstratives ==== Demonstratives in Vaeakau-Taumako also function as local adverbs that modify a verb and indicate the location in which the respective action occurs:p. 126 When being used in this adverbial capacity, the demonstratives also have temporal-deictic references to refer to time (i.e. 'now' and 'then'):p. 127 ==== Verbal demonstratives ==== In Vaeakau- Taumako, the formal class of adverbs is limited, so manner adverbial demonstratives with the meanings 'do/be like this, do/be like that' are regularly utilised.p. 128 These verbal demonstratives are cross-linguistically rare, however Boumaa Fijian and Dyirbal also exhibit similar forms. For example, in Fijian 'eneii' functions like the verbal demonstratives in Vaeakau-Taumako.p. 128 The Vaeakau-Taumako forms are created by attaching the prefix 'p(h)e' to the core demonstrative particles: Figure 7.1p. 128 Adverbial demonstrative English Translation phenē 'do/be like this' phenā 'do/be like that' phelā 'do/be like that' This first example shows the adverbial demonstrative 'phe-ne' being used to convey the meaning 'do like this': Secondly, verbal demonstratives also function to mean 'be the same as, in the same way': Thirdly, the verbal demonstratives can function as modifiers of nouns to mean 'an X like that' (Figure 7.4) or 'a certain X' (Figure 7.5): This complex three-way distinction in which verbal demonstratives can be used is not only uncommon cross-linguistically, but it is also atypical among the languages which do have similar verbal demonstrative systems. Dyirbal and Boumaa Fijian only adopt a single verb to denote 'do it like this' in comparison to Vaeakau-Taumako's three-way system.p. 129 ==== Deictic adverbs ==== Vaeakau-Taumako also has deictic adverbs that are formed by applying the prefixes 'a-’, 'i-'or 'e-’ to the core demonstrative particles.p. 130 These forms are summarised below: Figure 8.1p. 130 Proximal Medial/neutral Distal anē 'and now' anā 'and then' alā 'and then' inē 'here, now' inā 'there, then' Ilā 'there, then' enā 'somewhere there' It is worth noting that 'ena' ('somewhere there') appears to only have a spatial reference. Furthermore the usage of 'ena' seems restricted to colloquial contexts:p. 132 ==== Demonstratives in discourse ==== Demonstrative particles commonly occur at the end of phrases. This applies to a variety of phrase types, with the following examples illustrating how 'na' can occur phrase-finally in a noun phrase (Figure 9.1), a verb phrase (Figure 9.2) and an adverbial phrase (Figure 9.3):p. 432 Beyond deictic and anaphoric uses of demonstratives (which have been discussed above), another core use of demonstratives is for phrase demarcation. Demonstratives occur at the end of a phrase as a means of marking the phrase boundary and situating the phrase within the overarching context of the clause.p. 436 In Vaeakau-Taumako, demonstratives are commonly used to indicate that there is a link between the demonstrative-marked phrase and the succeeding speech. It is often used in conjunction with rising intonation to indicate that "more is coming" (Figure 9.4 below).p. 436 Similar demarcative particle morphemes are used in the Outlier East Futuna with the particle 'la'. === Directionals === In addition to demonstratives, Vaeakau-Taumako also has a set of morphemes that indicate verbal deixis (i.e. the physical or metaphorical direction in which an action is being carried out). There are six morphemes which can be divided into two categories (Figure 1.1 and 1.2). The directionals are best described as verbs that are most commonly used as part of a verbal nucleus, following one or more verbs. The first category of Vaeakau-Taumako directionals is summarised below:p. 133 Figure 1.1 - Person- based directionals (indicate direction relative to speech-act participants)p. 133 Directional English translation mai Towards speaker atu Towards hearer ange Towards hearer ange Away from both speaker and hearer, toward a third person, along The following example shows 'mai' ('towards speaker') following another verb and marking the direction in space in which the act is occurring (i.e. towards the speech-act participants): The second category of directionals is summarised below: Figure 1.2 - Directionals that denote direction on a vertical axisp. 133 Directional English translation ake 'up' iho 'down' oho 'vertical movement, up or down' The following examples show 'iho' ('down') and 'oho' ('up or down') following another verb and marking the vertical direction in which the respective verb occurs: ==== Independent usage ==== Directionals may also be used as independent verbs, with 'iho' and 'oho' being the most commonly used forms.p. 134 When used as independent verbs, 'iho' means 'go down' (Figure 2.1) and 'oho' means 'move vertically; rise up; go down' (Figure 2.2): Furthermore 'mai' can function as an independent verb to mean 'come' (Figure 2.3). This commonly occurs in imperative clauses, which is typically how cognates of 'mai' in related Polynesian languages are also used.p. 135 It is also interesting to note that 'mai' can not only encode a literal direction, but also a metaphorical 'social' direction. In the example below (Figure 2.4), 'mai' denotes 'towards me' in a metaphorical sense that is 'for me; for my benefit; on my behalf': p. 142 Lastly 'atu' also functions an independent verb which means 'move out, go away'. This is shown in the below example (note: 'poi' is a prenuclear modifier that precedes verbs):p. 136 ==== Historical context ==== Vaeakau-Taumako directionals have cognates in most other Polynesian and Oceanic languages. The corresponding reconstructed forms in Proto-Oceanic were directional verbs that occurred either independently or in serialisation constructions with another verb. The reflexes of these forms occur in modern Oceanic languages in variety of formal word classes. For example, in Tuvaluan, 'mai' ('hither'), 'atu' ('thither'), 'aka' ('up') and 'ifo' ('down') have been classified as adverbs, while directionals are categorised as 'particles' in Somoan.p. 133 == Abbreviations == The abbreviations used in the above examples are listed below:p. xi === Grammatical glosses === ADMON:admonitive mood COMP:complementizer GENR:general tense-aspect-mood LDA:locative-directional-ablative NSP:nonspecific PRSC:prescriptive SP:specific TOP:topicalizing preposition : ADMON admonitive : AG agentive marker : APPL applicative suffix : BEN benefactive : CAUS causative prefix : CLASS classifier : COL collective : CONI conjunction : COMP complementizer : DEM demonstrative : DES desiderative : DIST distributive : DU dual : DY dyad particle : EMPH emphatic particle : EXCL exclusive : FUT future : GENR general tense-aspect -mood marker : HORT hortative : HYP hypothetical particle : INCL inclusive : INCEP inceptive : INTRJ interjection : IPFV imperfective : IRR irrealis : LDA locative- directional-ablative : NEG negative : NMLZ nominalizing suffix : NSP nonspecific : OBL.PRO oblique pro-forru : OPT optative : PERS personal marker : PFV perfective : PL plural : POSS possessive : PP predicative possessive particle : PREF prefix; gloss uncertain : PROH prohibitive : PN pronoun : PRSC prescriptive : PST past : RECP reciprocal : RED reduplication : SG singular : SP specific : TOP topicalizing preposition : TR transitive suffix : VOC vocative : I 1st person : 2 2nd person : 3 3rd person === Lexical categories === : adj adjective : adv adverb : gn geographical narue : In local noun : n, en corrnnon noun : part particle : pron pronoun : prep preposition : quant quantifier : VI intransitive verb : vsem semi-transitive verb : vt transitive verb ==Notes== * References from : * Other sources ==Bibliography== *. *. ==External links== *Portions of the Anglican Book of Common Prayer in Pileni *Paradisec has a number of collections that include Vaeakau-Taumako language materials. Category:Ellicean languages Category:Languages of the Solomon Islands Category:Polynesian outliers

['Reef Islands', 'Taumako', 'Oceanic languages', 'Polynesian languages', 'Duff Islands', 'Solomon Islands', 'Matema', 'Nifiloli', 'Nupani', 'Nukapu', 'Pileni', 'Even Hovdhaugen', 'Polynesian outlier', 'Plosive', 'Fricative', 'Approximant', 'Deixis', 'Pronoun', 'Adverb', 'Paradisec']

['Q1917496', 'Q4452750', 'Q324457', 'Q390979', 'Q1263965', 'Q685', 'Q637880', 'Q2849932', 'Q2773847', 'Q2004507', 'Q540053', 'Q11968175', 'Q179917', 'Q51597', 'Q31427', 'Q51606', 'Q340015', 'Q36224', 'Q380057', 'Q7134403']

[[(90, 102), (285, 297)], [(8, 15), (121, 128), (255, 262), (436, 443), (617, 624), (915, 922), (1410, 1417), (1641, 1648), (2344, 2351), (2630, 2637), (2853, 2860), (5149, 5156), (5755, 5762), (8772, 8779), (10223, 10230), (14157, 14164), (14361, 14368), (14618, 14625), (14734, 14741), (15294, 15301), (15702, 15709), (15906, 15913), (15999, 16006), (16083, 16090), (16375, 16382), (16982, 16989), (18291, 18298), (18411, 18418), (19126, 19133), (19708, 19715), (20583, 20590), (20905, 20912), (21276, 21283), (21303, 21310), (22191, 22198), (22259, 22266), (23407, 23414), (23823, 23830), (24222, 24229), (26084, 26091), (28414, 28421)], [(14468, 14485), (16637, 16654), (26148, 26165), (26377, 26394)], [(1710, 1730), (5014, 5034), (15340, 15360), (16018, 16038), (25555, 25575)], [(156, 168)], [(200, 215), (17126, 17141), (28496, 28511)], [(320, 326)], [(328, 336)], [(338, 344)], [(346, 352)], [(35, 41), (358, 364), (28347, 28353)], [(471, 486)], [(630, 648), (28521, 28539)], [(2233, 2240)], [(2267, 2276)], [(2277, 2288)], [(14053, 14059), (14439, 14445)], [(2323, 2330)], [(21415, 21421)], [(28355, 28364)]]

John Martin Bokas Wallace (6 September 1935 – 24 July 1996) was a Scottish professional footballer and manager. Wallace played as a goalkeeper, and has the unique distinction of being the only player ever to play in the English, Welsh and Scottish Cups in the same season; this was set during the 1966–67 season where he played in the FA Cup and Welsh Cup for Hereford United, and in the Scottish Cup when he moved to Berwick Rangers. As manager of Rangers over two spells in the 1970s and 1980s, Wallace became one of Scottish football's best-known and most successful coaches. ==Playing career== Wallyford-born Wallace's playing career began inauspiciously. A goalkeeper, he was freed by his first club, Blackpool, but rekindled his career by signing for Workington in 1952, dovetailing football with work in the local pit. National Service with the King's Own Scottish Borderers afforded Wallace the opportunity of signing for the local club, Berwick Rangers. After character-defining military service in Northern Ireland and – famously – the jungles of Malaya, Wallace's playing career extended to Airdrieonians, West Bromwich Albion, non-league Bedford Town and Hereford United. ==Managerial career== ===Berwick Rangers and Hearts=== Wallace's managerial career began in 1966 as player-manager of Berwick Rangers. His rise to national prominence came in 1967, when he played for and managed the Berwick Rangers side which defeated Rangers in the Scottish Cup, providing one of the most famous cup upsets in Scotland. That achievement in turn propelled Wallace into a coaching job at Hearts in 1968. In addition Wallace set a unique record of being the only player to play in the Scottish Cup, FA Cup and Welsh Cup in the same season – having played in the latter two competitions for Hereford United in the early part of the 1966–67 season. ===Success at Rangers=== It was in 1970 that Wallace arrived at his spiritual home, Ibrox Stadium, as coach of Rangers under manager Willie Waddell. The partnership with Waddell was one that helped Rangers win the 1971–72 European Cup Winners' Cup. After the European triumph, Waddell left his post as manager to take a behind-the-scenes role and Wallace was appointed as manager. In his first season in charge – the club's centenary – he won the Scottish Cup. In 1974–75, it was Wallace who presided over the Rangers team that finally ended Celtic's nine-year period of dominance and won the League championship for the first time in eleven years. In the 1975–76 and 1977–78 seasons, Wallace was to capture the treble of all three Scottish trophies. Wallace's management of Rangers in the mid-1970s saw the club regain the ascendancy it had enjoyed throughout much its history. But just as the prospect of further sustained success beckoned, Wallace unexpectedly resigned as manager in 1978. The precise cause was never fully established, as Wallace maintained silence until his death in 1996. Most of the speculation centred on alleged disputes with the Rangers board (and with Waddell in particular) about transfer budgets or Wallace's own salary.Two Trebles in three years made Rangers' big Jock the king of Scottish football, David Leggat / adapted by Chris Jack, Evening Times, 15 October 2014 ===Leicester City=== Wallace's subsequent career spanned an eclectic mix of clubs. His first post was as manager of Leicester City in England. Wallace steered the club to Football League Second Division title glory in 1980, and took them to the 1982 FA Cup semi-finals. In January 1981, Wallace made an audacious attempt to sign three- time European Footballer of the Year, Johan Cruyff. Despite negotiations lasting three weeks, in which the player himself expressed his desire to play for City, a deal was never agreed. ===Return to Scotland=== Wallace returned to Scotland in 1982, taking charge of Motherwell. In November 1983 he returned to manage a Rangers side that, under John Greig, had consistently under- performed since Wallace's departure. The success of the New Firm of Aberdeen and Dundee United had seen Rangers turn to Alex Ferguson, the Aberdeen manager, who rejected the offer to take over at Ibrox. The club then approached Dundee United boss Jim McLean, who also declined, prompting Rangers to turn to Wallace again. In spite of capturing two League Cups, Wallace's second spell with Rangers was a frustrating one as the club failed to dent the dominance of the New Firm and offered only sporadic challenge to Celtic. Arguably his primary achievement in that spell was supporting a young, unsure Ally McCoist who went on to lead the forward line in the club's successes some years later. He was sacked by Rangers in April 1986, and then had short spells with Sevilla in Spain from 1986 to 1987, and in England with Colchester United from 1988 to 1990. Wallace died from Parkinson's disease in 1996, aged 60, and is still widely remembered by Rangers fans as one of their club's greatest ever managers. ==Management style== Wallace was a classic Scottish manager of the type familiar to modern fans in the guise of Sir Alex Ferguson, renowned for their ability to lose their temper and terrify players who were not trying their best. Gary Lineker, who played under Wallace at Leicester City, is quoted as saying "[he] pinned me against the dressing room wall at half-time and called me a lazy English this and that. We were 2–0 up and I'd scored both goals. I didn't score in the second half – I was still shaking!" Mark Warburton, who later went on to also manage Rangers, said of his time as a youth player at Leicester City, that he took a dislike to the training methods of Wallace, later saying "he was a Marine. We had runs on sand-dunes, running until we threw up. I learned a lot from that, never treating a player that way". However, most of Wallace's players adored him. ==Honours== ===Rangers=== * Scottish Football League: 1974–75, 1975–76, 1977–78 * Scottish Cup: 1972–73, 1975–76, 1977–78 * Scottish League Cup: 1975–76, 1977–78, 1983–84, 1984–85 ===Leicester City=== * Football League Second Division: 1979–80 ==Managerial statistics== Team Nat From To Record Record Record Record Record Record G W D L Win % Berwick Rangers December 1966 February 1969 Rangers 31 May 1972 23 May 1978 Leicester City 24 May 1978 12 July 1982 Motherwell August 1982 May 1983 Rangers 10 November 1983 7 April 1986 Sevilla 1986 1987 Colchester United 13 January 1989 20 December 1989 Total Total Total Total * Source from soccerbase. ==References== ==External links== * Category:1935 births Category:1996 deaths Category:Men's association football goalkeepers Category:Scottish men's footballers Category:Blackpool F.C. players Category:Workington A.F.C. players Category:Ashton United F.C. players Category:Berwick Rangers F.C. players Category:Airdrieonians F.C. (1878) players Category:West Bromwich Albion F.C. players Category:Bedford Town F.C. players Category:Hereford United F.C. players Category:English Football League players Category:Scottish Football League players Category:Scottish football managers Category:Berwick Rangers F.C. managers Category:Heart of Midlothian F.C. non-playing staff Category:Scottish Football League representative players Category:Rangers F.C. non-playing staff Category:Rangers F.C. managers Category:Motherwell F.C. managers Category:Leicester City F.C. managers Category:Colchester United F.C. managers Category:Sevilla FC managers Category:Scottish expatriate football managers Category:Expatriate football managers in Spain Category:La Liga managers Category:Scottish expatriate sportspeople in Spain Category:Scottish Football League managers Category:Neurological disease deaths in England Category:Deaths from Parkinson's disease Category:King's Own Scottish Borderers soldiers Category:Scottish Football Hall of Fame inductees Category:People from Wallyford Category:Men's association football player-managers Category:Footballers from East Lothian Category:Military personnel from East Lothian Category:20th-century British Army personnel

['Wallyford', 'Blackpool F.C.', 'Workington A.F.C.', 'Ashton United F.C.', 'Berwick Rangers F.C.', 'Airdrieonians F.C. (1878)', 'West Bromwich Albion F.C.', 'Bedford Town F.C.', 'Hereford United F.C.', 'Rangers F.C.', 'Leicester City F.C.', 'Motherwell F.C.', 'Sevilla FC', 'Colchester United F.C.', 'FA Cup', 'Welsh Cup', 'Scottish Cup', "King's Own Scottish Borderers", 'Heart of Midlothian F.C.', 'Ibrox Stadium', 'Willie Waddell', "1971–72 European Cup Winners' Cup", 'Football League Second Division', 'European Footballer of the Year', 'Johan Cruyff', 'John Greig', 'Alex Ferguson', 'Jim McLean', 'Ally McCoist', "Parkinson's disease", 'Gary Lineker', 'Mark Warburton', 'Scottish League Cup']

['Q4017844', 'Q19449', 'Q555635', 'Q18283', 'Q518259', 'Q1345161', 'Q18744', 'Q1909532', 'Q18516', 'Q19597', 'Q19481', 'Q216523', 'Q10329', 'Q19578', 'Q11151', 'Q511040', 'Q308822', 'Q3521484', 'Q202093', 'Q208709', 'Q8019867', 'Q843497', 'Q769744', 'Q166177', 'Q17163', 'Q1700281', 'Q44980', 'Q3310998', 'Q317417', 'Q11085', 'Q47778', 'Q16194857', 'Q864672']

[[(598, 607), (7859, 7868)], [(6666, 6680)], [(6698, 6715)], [(6733, 6751)], [(6769, 6789), (7085, 7105)], [(6807, 6832)], [(6850, 6875)], [(6893, 6910)], [(6928, 6948)], [(6777, 6789), (7093, 7105), (7233, 7245), (7273, 7285)], [(7338, 7357)], [(7304, 7319)], [(7417, 7427)], [(7376, 7398)], [(335, 341), (1698, 1704), (3496, 3502)], [(346, 355), (1709, 1718)], [(239, 251), (388, 400), (1451, 1463), (1684, 1696), (2293, 2305), (5929, 5941)], [(852, 881), (7749, 7778)], [(7124, 7148)], [(1930, 1943)], [(1979, 1993)], [(2060, 2093)], [(3417, 3448), (6050, 6081)], [(3587, 3618)], [(3620, 3632)], [(3926, 3936)], [(4082, 4095), (5085, 5098)], [(4209, 4219)], [(4563, 4575)], [(4837, 4856), (7720, 7739)], [(5200, 5212)], [(5482, 5496)], [(5971, 5990)]]

The National Union of Food Industry Workers (, SINALTRAINAL) is a Colombian food industry trade union. The group has repeatedly tried to form unions in Colombia for workers of Panamco, a Colombian Coca-Cola bottling company, and have documentation of many members or leaders being murdered, kidnapped, and tortured by right-wing paramilitary groups such as the AUC in order to prevent unionisation. They are a central focus of the ongoing Coca-Cola boycott movement prevalent across college campuses worldwide (see criticism of Coca- Cola). ==See also== *Sinaltrainal v. Coca-Cola ==Notes== * Amnesty International (AI) report 27 August 2003 - fear for safety of SINALTRAINAL vice-president Juan Carlos Galvis * AI report 23 September 2005 - fear for safety of SINALTRAINAL member José Onofre Esquivel Luna ==External links== * http://www.sinaltrainal.org/ Category:Trade unions in Colombia Category:Food processing trade unions

['Panamco', 'Coca-Cola', 'Amnesty International']

['Q3893015', 'Q2813', 'Q42970']

[[(176, 183)], [(197, 206), (439, 448), (571, 580)], [(593, 614)]]

Vamp (initiated in 1990) is a folk-rock band from Haugesund, Norway with founding members Øyvind Staveland, Calle Øyvind Apeland, Paul Hansen, Bjørn Berge, Odin Staveland and Tore Jamne. The band's musical profile is a mix of Norwegian traditional folk music combined with rock. == Biography == Vamp have released 11 studio albums, collected ten gold records, three platinum records, two triple platinum and been awarded Spellemannprisen five times. After the success of I full symfoni, which is a live album from concerts with Kringkastingsorkesteret, they were named the spellemann of the year at the Spellemannprisen award in 2006. They have a large and loyal fan base in power of both their music and the Norwegian lyrics. Most of the lyrics are written by Norwegian poets and writers. Most notable of their lyrical collaborators are Kolbein Falkeid, whom they have worked with throughout his career. Falkeid has written the bulk of the lyrics on the first three albums, and his texts have been used in all the other albums as well. Another important contributor to text page is Arnt Birkedal who has contributed lyrics to most of the albums, as well as Ingvar Hovland, who has been the main contributor on the last two albums. Most of the music is written by Øyvind Staveland and at the beginning of their career Jan Toft contributed lyrics. In 2014 Bjørn Berge replaced Torbjørn Økland as guitarist in the band. == Members == thumb|Torbjørn Økland from a concert in Søgne 2011 thumb|Øyvind Staveland from concert with Vamp in Lindesnes thumb|Paul Hansen from concert with Vamp in 2009 ;Permanent members * Øyvind Staveland (born 20 May 1960) – violin, viola, accordion, flute, vocals (1990 – current) ;Joining members * Odin Staveland – drums, vocals, keys – (2008 – current) * Jan Toft – vocals, guitar (1991–1999, 2014- current) * Stian Tønnesen – guitar (2019 – current) * Kjetil Dalland – bass (2014 - current) * Lars Eirik Støle - keys (2015 - current) ;Former members * Bjørn Berge – guitar, vocals (2014 – 2019) * Carl Øyvind Apeland (Calle Øyvind Apeland) (born 18 April 1964) – bass, keyboards, guitar, backing vocals (1990 – 2014) * Torbjørn Økland – guitar, mandolin, bouzouki, trumpet, chorus (1990 – 2014) * Paul Hansen – vocals, guitar, harmonica (2008 – 2014) * Tore Jamne – drums, percussion (1998–2005, 2010 – 2014) * Erling Sande – drums, percussion (1990–1995) * Cliffie Grinde – drums, percussion (1995–1998) * Vidar Johnsen – vocals, guitar, keyboards, percussion (2002–2006) * Birger Mistereggen – drums, percussion, harmonica (2008–2009) == Discography == ===Albums=== Year Album Peak position Certification NOR 1993 Godmorgen, søster 16 1994 Horisonter 6 1996 13 humler 5 1998 Flua på veggen 5 1999 Ei med alt 10 2000 En annen sol 3 2002 Månemannen 2 2005 Siste stikk 1 2008 St. Mandag 1 2012 Liten fuggel 1 2013 To me alt 1 2015 Populas 1 2017 La La La 21 Live albums Year Album Peak position Certification NOR 1996 Live – på Folken 20 Collaborations Year Album Peak position Certification NOR 2006 Vamp i full symfoni with Kringkastingsorkestret 1 2010 Vamp i full symfoni II 1 Compilation albums Year Album Peak position Certification NOR 2000 Beste 10 ===Singles=== ;Charting Year Title Peak position Certification Album NOR 2006 "Tir n'a noir" 3 2006 Månemannen 17 2008 "På bredden" 6 2012 "Liten fuggel" 6 2017 "Onkel Holger" == References == == External links == * Category:Norwegian folk musical groups Category:Musical groups established in 1990 Category:Spellemannprisen winners Category:Musical groups from Haugesund

['Haugesund', 'Øyvind Staveland', 'Bjørn Berge', 'Torbjørn Økland', 'Carl Øyvind Apeland', 'Norway', 'Spellemannprisen', 'Kringkastingsorkesteret', 'Kolbein Falkeid', 'Lindesnes', 'Spellemann']

['Q109036', 'Q8079354', 'Q879800', 'Q7825507', 'Q5041020', 'Q20', 'Q1735864', 'Q2986124', 'Q329519', 'Q489038', 'Q7575881']

[[(50, 59), (3548, 3557)], [(90, 106), (1264, 1280), (1489, 1505), (1612, 1628)], [(143, 154), (1355, 1366), (1982, 1993)], [(1376, 1391), (1438, 1453), (2149, 2164)], [(2027, 2046)], [(61, 67)], [(421, 437), (603, 619), (3494, 3510)], [(528, 551)], [(838, 853)], [(1532, 1541)], [(421, 431), (603, 613), (3494, 3504)]]

Pileni is a culturally important island in the Reef Islands, in the northern part of the Solomon Islands province of Temotu. Despite its location in Melanesia, the population of the islands is Polynesian. Pileni has a population of below 300 inhabitants and is around wide and long. It is vulnerable to tsunamis and the sea level rising. ==History== The first church in Pileni was set up in the 1930s. The island was hit by cyclones in the 1950s, 1985 and 1993, and a tsunami struck the island in 1990. An extension school was set up on the island in 2002, the classroom of which is the island's only permanent building. From 2000, there has been a reported shortage of fish and shellfish, and some fruit trees have died. ==Economy== Per household, the average monthly income is between SI$51 and SI$200. Some households sell pigs to increase their income. ==Language== Pileni once gave its name to the Samoic-Outlier language spoken there. What used to be called Pileni is now more commonly referred to under its native name Vaeakau-Taumako. ==References== ==External links== * POLLInet * https://web.archive.org/web/20080120074303/http://solomonislands.com.sb/pileni.html Category:Islands of the Solomon Islands Category:Polynesian outliers

['Reef Islands', 'Solomon Islands', 'Melanesia']

['Q1917496', 'Q685', 'Q37394']

[[(47, 59)], [(89, 104), (1198, 1213)], [(149, 158)]]

Raúl Baillères Chávez (Silao, Guanajuato, Mexico, 1895 – 1967) created a business empire in Mexico. He founded the Instituto Tecnológico Autónomo de México (ITAM) on 29 March 1946. His son, Alberto Baillères, was at the time of his death the second richest man in Mexico, and ninth in Latin America, according to Forbes magazine. ==External links== * Profile at the ITAM website Category:1895 births Category:1967 deaths Category:People from Guanajuato Category:20th-century Mexican businesspeople Category:University and college founders Category:Mexican people of French descent Raul

['Silao, Guanajuato', 'Guanajuato', 'Mexico', 'Instituto Tecnológico Autónomo de México', 'Alberto Baillères', 'Latin America', 'Forbes']

['Q20209203', 'Q46475', 'Q96', 'Q1665236', 'Q554510', 'Q12585', 'Q25161472']

[[(23, 40)], [(30, 40), (442, 452)], [(42, 48), (92, 98), (264, 270)], [(115, 155)], [(190, 207)], [(285, 298)], [(313, 319)]]

Color Classics are a series of animated short films produced by Fleischer Studios for Paramount Pictures from 1934 to 1941 as a competitor to Walt Disney's Silly Symphonies. As the name implies, all of the shorts were made in color format, with the first entry of the series, Poor Cinderella (1934), being the first color cartoon produced by the Fleischer studio. There were 36 shorts produced in this series. ==History== The first Color Classic was photographed with the Two-Color, two strip Cinecolor process. The rest of the 1934 and 1935 cartoons were filmed in Two-Color Technicolor, because the Disney studio had an exclusive agreement with Technicolor that prevented other studios from using the Three-Color process. That exclusive contract expired during September 1935, and the 1936 Color Classic cartoon Somewhere in Dreamland (1936) became the first Fleischer cartoon produced in Three-Color Technicolor.Maltin, Leonard. Of Mice and Magic, p. 114 The first cartoon in the series, Poor Cinderella, featured Betty Boop (with red hair and turquoise eyes); future shorts usually did not have familiar or recurring characters. Many of the Color Classics entries make prominent use of Max Fleischer's Stereoptical process, a device which allowed animation cels to be photographed against actual 3 dimensional background sets instead of the traditional paintings. Poor Cinderella, Somewhere in Dreamland, and Christmas Comes But Once a Year all make prominent use of the technique. Disney's competing apparatus, the multiplane camera, would not be completed until 1937, three years after the Stereoptical Process's first use. The Color Classics series ended in 1941 with Vitamin Hay, featuring characters Hunky and Spunky. A similar series would be started by Fleischer's successor Famous Studios during 1943, with the name Noveltoons. ==Later statuses== During 1955, Paramount sold all rights to the Color Classics cartoons to television distributor U.M. & M. TV Corporation. U.M. & M. altered the original beginning credits sequences for some of the shorts, to remove all references to the names "Paramount Pictures" and "Technicolor", and to add their own Copyright notices. Before the re- titling could be finished, U.M. & M. was bought by National Telefilm Associates (NTA). Instead of re-filming the openings, NTA obscured the references to the Paramount and Technicolor names by placing black bars over the original title cards and Copyright notices. Only a few Color Classics had their title cards redone by U.M. & M., among them Greedy Humpty Dumpty, Play Safe, Christmas Comes But Once a Year, Bunny Mooning, Little Lambkins, and Vitamin Hay. NTA distributed the Color Classics to television, yet allowed the Copyrights on all of the shorts to lapse except The Tears of an Onion. Many public domain video distributors have released television prints of Color Classics shorts for Home Video. The UCLA Film and Television Archive has, through the assistance of Republic Pictures (successor company to U.M. & M. and NTA), retained original theatrical copies of all of the shorts, which have periodically been shown in revival movie houses and by Cable Television. Ironically, original distributor Paramount has, through their 1999 acquisition of Republic, regained ownership of the Color Classics, including the original elements. Olive Films (current licensee for Republic, and which currently has home video rights) has, to date, not announced any plans to release the Color Classics officially to DVD or Blu-Ray. During 2003, animation archivist Jerry Beck conceived a definitive DVD box set of all the Color Classics, excluding The Tears of an Onion, and tried to enlist Republic Pictures' help in releasing this set. After being refused, Kit Parker Films (in association with VCI Entertainment) offered to provide the best available 35mm and 16mm prints of the Color Classics from Parker's archives to create the box set Somewhere in Dreamland: The Max Fleischer Color Classics. These "interim restored versions" contain digitally recreated Paramount titles; the U.M. & M.-modified prints had to have their title cards as well as their Animator Credits recreated. The Tears of an Onion was not included in the set, as it remains Copyrighted by Republic successor Melange Pictures.Treadway, Bill. Review for Somewhere in Dreamland DVD. In 2021, after decades of being shown in altered, worn, and "beet-red" prints, the Fleischer estate (in co-operation with Paramount Pictures) launched an initiative to formally restore the entire classic animation library from the surviving original negatives, beginning with Somewhere In Dreamland, which has had its restored World Premiere on the MeTV network in December of said year as part of the Toon In With Me Christmas special, presented uncut with its original front-and-end Paramount titles. ==Filmography== Many of the cartoons do not have recurring characters, but Poor Cinderella featured Betty Boop, while Christmas Comes But Once a Year featured Grampy and Tommy Cod. Towards the end, Hunky and Spunky were featured characters. All cartoons released during 1934 and 1935 were produced in Two- Color Technicolor, except for Poor Cinderella which was produced in Cinecolor. All shorts from 1936 and onward were produced in Three-Color Technicolor. No. Title Original release date Animation Story Music 1 Betty Boop in Poor Cinderella August 3, 1934 Character animation: Roland Crandall Seymour Kneitel William Henning Murray Mencher Jack Scholl Charles Tobias Phil Spitalny (director, uncredited) Sammy Timberg (director, uncredited) 2 Little Dutch Mill October 26, 1934 Willard Bowsky Dave Tendlar George Steiner (uncredited) 3 An Elephant Never Forgets January 2, 1935 Seymour Kneitel Roland Crandall Sammy Timberg Jack Scholl 4 The Song of the Birds March 1, 1935 Seymour Kneitel Roland Crandall Sammy Timberg 5 The Kids in the Shoe May 19, 1935 Seymour Kneitel Roland Crandall George Steiner (uncredited) 6 Dancing on the Moon July 12, 1935 Seymour Kneitel Roland Crandall Charlie Tobias Murray Mencher 7 Time for Love September 6, 1935 Willard Bowsky Nicholas Tafuri Sammy Timberg 8 Musical Memories November 8, 1935 Seymour Kneitel Roland Crandall Sammy Timberg 9 Somewhere in Dreamland January 17, 1936 Seymour Kneitel Roland Crandall Murray Mencher Charles Newman 10 The Little Stranger March 13, 1936 Dave Tendlar Eli Brucker Sammy Timberg 11 The Cobweb Hotel May 15, 1936 David Tendlar William Sturm Sammy Timberg Bob Rothberg 12 Greedy Humpty Dumpty July 10, 1936 David Tendlar William Sturm Sammy Timberg Bob Rothberg 13 Hawaiian Birds August 28, 1936 Myron Waldman Sam Stimson Sammy Timberg 14 Play Safe October 16, 1936 David Tendlar Eli Brucker Sammy Timberg Vee Lawnhurst Tot Seymour 15 Christmas Comes But Once a Year December 4, 1936 Seymour Kneitel William Henning Sammy Timberg Bob Rothberg Tot Seymour 16 Bunny Mooning February 12, 1937 Myron Waldman Edward Nolan Sammy Timberg 17 Chicken a La King April 16, 1937 David Tendlar Nicholas Tafuri Sammy Timberg Bob Rothberg 18 A Car-Tune Portrait June 26, 1937 Character animation: David Tendlar Nicholas Tafuri Herman Cohen (uncr.) William Sturm (uncr.) Eli Brucker (uncr.) Joe Oriolo (uncr.) Jack Rabin (uncr.) Uncredited story by: Dave Fleischer Isadore Sparber and David Tendlar King Ross 19 Peeping Penguins August 26, 1937 Myron Waldman Hicks Lokey Sammy Timberg Bob Rothberg 20 Educated Fish October 29, 1937 Myron Waldman Hicks Lokey Sammy Timberg Bob Rothberg 21 Little Lamby November 12, 1937 David Tendlar William Sturm Sammy Timberg 22 The Tears of an Onion February 26, 1938 David Tendlar Joseph Oriolo Sammy Timberg 23 Hold It! April 29, 1938 David Tendlar Nicholas Tafuri Sammy Timberg Vee Lawnhurst Tot Seymour 24 Hunky and Spunky June 24, 1938 Myron Waldman Graham Place Sammy Timberg 25 All's Fair at the Fair August 26, 1938 Myron Waldman Graham Place Sammy Timberg 26 The Playful Polar Bears October 28, 1938 Myron Waldman Graham Place Sammy Timberg 27 Hunky and Spunky in "Always Kickin'" January 29, 1939 Myron Waldman Arnold Gillespie Sammy Timberg 28 Small Fry April 21, 1939 Willard Bowsky Orestes Calpini Sammy Timberg 29 The Barnyard Brat (Hunky and Spunky) June 30, 1939 Myron Waldman Tony Pabian Sammy Timberg 30 The Fresh Vegetable Mystery September 29, 1939 David Tendlar William Sturm Joe Stultz Sammy Timberg 31 Little Lambkins February 2, 1940 Character animation: Dave Tendlar Nelson Demorest (credited as N. Demorest) Joe Stultz Sammy Timberg 32 Ants in the Plants March 15, 1940 Myron Waldman George Moreno George Manuell Sammy Timberg 33 A Kick in Time (Hunky and Spunky) May 17, 1940 James Culhane Alfred Eugster George Manuell Sammy Timberg 34 Snubbed by a Snob (Hunky and Spunky) July 19, 1940 Stan Quackenbush Arnold Gillespie Joe Stultz Sammy Timberg 35 You Can't Shoe a Horse Fly (Hunky and Spunky) August 23, 1940 Myron Waldman Sam Stimson William Turner Sammy Timberg 36 Vitamin Hay (Hunky and Spunky) August 22, 1941 David Tendlar Otto Feuer Bob Wickersham Sammy Timberg ==See also== * Phantasies * Noveltoons * Modern Madcaps * Animated Antics * Cartune Classics * ComiColor Cartoons * Happy Harmonies * Merrie Melodies * Rainbow Parade * Silly Symphonies * Swing Symphony * Puppetoons * Color Rhapsody ==Notes== ==References== ;General * Barrier, Michael (1999). Hollywood Cartoons: American Animation in Its Golden Age. Oxford: Oxford University Press. . * Maltin, Leonard (1980, rev. 1987). Of Mice and Magic: A History of American Animated Cartoons. Penguin Books. . ==External links== * Category:Fleischer Studios short films Category:Television series by U.M. & M. TV Corporation Category:Film series introduced in 1934 Category:American animation anthology series Category:Paramount Pictures short films Category:Animated film series Category:Anthology film series

['Seymour Kneitel', 'Roland Crandall', 'Willard Bowsky', 'David Tendlar', 'William Sturm', 'Myron Waldman', 'Hicks Lokey', 'Joseph Oriolo', 'Fleischer Studios', 'Paramount Pictures', 'National Telefilm Associates', 'Cinecolor', 'Poor Cinderella', 'Technicolor', 'Walt Disney', 'Somewhere in Dreamland', 'Betty Boop', 'Max Fleischer', 'Christmas Comes But Once a Year', 'Famous Studios', 'Noveltoons', 'Republic Pictures', 'Jerry Beck', 'MeTV', 'Grampy', 'Hunky and Spunky', 'Charles Tobias', 'Phil Spitalny', 'Sammy Timberg', 'George Steiner', 'An Elephant Never Forgets', 'The Song of the Birds', 'The Kids in the Shoe', 'The Cobweb Hotel', 'Bob Rothberg', 'A Car-Tune Portrait', 'Dave Fleischer', 'Isadore Sparber', 'Peeping Penguins', 'Educated Fish', "All's Fair at the Fair", 'Little Lambkins', 'Ants in the Plants', 'Phantasies', 'Modern Madcaps', 'Animated Antics', 'ComiColor Cartoons', 'Happy Harmonies', 'Merrie Melodies', 'Rainbow Parade', 'Swing Symphony', 'Puppetoons', 'Color Rhapsody']

['Q3481041', 'Q669389', 'Q2617428', 'Q5240309', 'Q8018956', 'Q1956823', 'Q3135209', 'Q4336463', 'Q1427842', 'Q159846', 'Q6978891', 'Q794536', 'Q3908351', 'Q674564', 'Q8704', 'Q7560377', 'Q583810', 'Q93788', 'Q5111321', 'Q3066286', 'Q7064587', 'Q774682', 'Q6183232', 'Q3303733', 'Q5593953', 'Q1637955', 'Q5082962', 'Q7182435', 'Q7409844', 'Q453288', 'Q48744266', 'Q27962145', 'Q48744282', 'Q55983726', 'Q4933830', 'Q4655725', 'Q1173200', 'Q3156513', 'Q7160332', 'Q1291256', 'Q4727748', 'Q28842714', 'Q16961718', 'Q7180508', 'Q6888757', 'Q4765069', 'Q1114295', 'Q1584289', 'Q1750628', 'Q7284681', 'Q24894026', 'Q7260728', 'Q282526']

[[(5451, 5466), (5736, 5751), (5832, 5847), (5914, 5929), (6010, 6025), (6187, 6202), (6275, 6290), (6817, 6832)], [(5435, 5450), (5752, 5767), (5848, 5863), (5930, 5945), (6026, 6041), (6203, 6218), (6291, 6306)], [(5636, 5650), (6106, 6120), (8133, 8147)], [(6447, 6460), (6540, 6553), (6699, 6712), (7000, 7013), (7115, 7128), (7302, 7315), (7536, 7549), (7621, 7634), (7690, 7703), (8322, 8335), (8997, 9010)], [(6461, 6474), (6554, 6567), (7166, 7179), (7550, 7563), (8336, 8349)], [(6629, 6642), (6923, 6936), (7362, 7375), (7449, 7462), (7794, 7807), (7877, 7890), (7962, 7975), (8060, 8073), (8232, 8245), (8549, 8562), (8892, 8905)], [(7376, 7387), (7463, 7474)], [(7635, 7648)], [(64, 81), (9582, 9599)], [(86, 104), (2103, 2121), (4473, 4491), (9761, 9779)], [(2248, 2276)], [(493, 502), (5228, 5237)], [(276, 291), (991, 1006), (1368, 1383), (4929, 4944), (5190, 5205), (5383, 5398)], [(576, 587), (647, 658), (903, 914), (2128, 2139), (2369, 2380), (5166, 5177), (5300, 5311)], [(142, 153)], [(814, 836), (1385, 1407), (3937, 3959), (4323, 4345), (6235, 6257)], [(1017, 1027), (4954, 4964), (5369, 5379)], [(1190, 1203), (3965, 3978)], [(1413, 1444), (2575, 2606), (4972, 5003), (6768, 6799)], [(1786, 1800)], [(1828, 1838), (9079, 9089)], [(2973, 2990), (3686, 3703)], [(3560, 3570)], [(4700, 4704)], [(5013, 5019)], [(1709, 1725), (5052, 5068), (7763, 7779), (8006, 8022), (8200, 8216), (8625, 8641), (8736, 8752), (8858, 8874), (8963, 8979)], [(5510, 5524)], [(5525, 5538)], [(5562, 5575), (5768, 5781), (5864, 5877), (6137, 6150), (6219, 6232), (6400, 6413), (6475, 6488), (6568, 6581), (6655, 6668), (6725, 6738), (6849, 6862), (6950, 6963), (7030, 7043), (7388, 7401), (7475, 7488), (7564, 7577), (7649, 7662), (7720, 7733), (7821, 7834), (7904, 7917), (7989, 8002), (8091, 8104), (8164, 8177), (8258, 8271), (8361, 8374), (8498, 8511), (8592, 8605), (8700, 8713), (8813, 8826), (8933, 8946), (9037, 9050)], [(5664, 5678), (5946, 5960)], [(5694, 5719)], [(5796, 5817)], [(5880, 5900)], [(6417, 6433)], [(6489, 6501), (6582, 6594), (6863, 6875), (7044, 7056), (7402, 7414), (7489, 7501)], [(7060, 7079)], [(7267, 7281)], [(7282, 7297)], [(7329, 7345)], [(7418, 7431)], [(7838, 7860)], [(2623, 2638), (8378, 8393)], [(8515, 8533)], [(9066, 9076)], [(9092, 9106)], [(9109, 9124)], [(9146, 9164)], [(9167, 9182)], [(9185, 9200)], [(9203, 9217)], [(9239, 9253)], [(9256, 9266)], [(9269, 9283)]]

De Werf was an arts center and jazz record label (W.E.R.F.) in Bruges, Belgium. In 2002, the label released an eleven-CD box set titled The Finest of Belgian Jazz, with music by Greetings from Mercury, Aka Moon, Brussels Jazz Orchestra, and Kris Defoort. Rik Bevernage, De Werf's main collaborator, received an award at the 2002 Golden Django ceremony. In 2017, De Werf and Vrijstaat O (Ostend) merged into a new organisation, KAAP. The W.E.R.F. record label continues its activities under the original name. De Werf has its own concert hall where many jazz bands perform. There are also theatre pieces and events for children. In February 2009, public funding for the venue was removed because the club didn't produce relevant or up-to-date concerts and theatre performances, making a closure of De Werf from 31 December 2009 likely. However, new productions continued in 2014. ==W.E.R.F. Discography== ===1993–1999=== * K. D.'s Basement Party : Sketches of Belgium (1993) * Octurn : Chromatic History (1994) * K.D.'s Decade : K.D.'s Decade Live (1994) * Kris Defoort and Fabrizio Cassol : Variations on A Love Supreme (1995) * Joe Fonda, Carlo Morena, and Jeff Hirshfield : What We're Hearing (1996) * Octurn : Ocean (1997) * Bart Defoort Quartet : Moving (1997) * The Fonda/Stevens Group : Live from Bruges (1997) * Laurent Blondiau Quintet : The Queen of the Apple Pie (1998) * Chris Joris Experience: Live 1997 (1998) * Ernst Vranckx Quartet featuring Kenny Wheeler : A Child's Blessing (1998) * Kris Defoort Quartet and Kris Defoort & Dreamtime : Passages (1999) * Frank Vaganée Trio featuring John Ruocco : Two Trios (1999) * Ode for Joe : Caribbean Fire Dance (1999) * Brussels Jazz Orchestra : The September Sessions (1999) ===2000=== * Ben Sluijs Quartet : Candy Century * Octurn : Round * Joe Fonda, Carlo Morena and Jeff Hirshfield : Step-In * Mark Dresser and Mark Elias : The Marks Brothers ===2001=== * Ernst Vranckx Quintet : Songs & Dances * Ben Sluijs Quartet : Seasounds * Erik Vermeulen trio : Songs of Minutes * Rêve d'éléphant Orchestra : Racines Du Ciel * Christoph Erbstösser Trio : Vive Les Etrangers * Trio Grande : Signé Trio Grande === 2002 === * Various artists : The Finest in Belgian Jazz (11-CD box set) with : ** Brussels Jazz Orchestra : The Music of Bert Joris ** Greetings from Mercury : Heiwa ** Aka Moon : Guitars ** Nathalie Loriers Trio + Extensions : Tombouctou ** Octurn : Dimensions ** Ben Sluijs Quartet : Flying Circles ** Philip Catherine : Summer Night ** Bert Joris Quartet : Live ** Erik Vermeulen trio : Inner City ** Kris Defoort, Mark Turner, Nicolas Thys and Jim Black : Sound Plaza ===2003=== * The Chris Joris Experience : Out of the Night * Bart Defoort Quartet : The Lizard Game * Jan De Haas Quintet: Doing My Thing ===2004=== * Mahieu-Vantomme Quartet : Whatever * Rêve d'éléphant Orchestra : Lobster Caravan * André Goudbeek, Xu Fengxia, and Joe Fonda : Separate Realities * High Voltage : Hoppin' Around * Koen De Cauter, Fapy Lafertin, Patrick Saussois, Joop Ayal, Tcha Limberger, Waso De Cauter, and Dajo De Cauter : Django! ===2005=== * Ben Sluijs Quartet : True Nature * Kris Defoort, Koen Kessels, Claron McFadden & Dreamtime : ConVerSations/ConSerVations * Hendrik Braeckman, Bert Joris, Kurt Van Herck, Piet Verbist & Jan de Haas : til now * Bart Maris, Zeger Vandenbussche, Mathias Van de Wiele, Dajo De Cauter & Giovanni Barcella : Konglong ===2006=== * Fabrizio Cassol, Bart Defoort, Michel Massot, Stéphane Galland & Kris Defoort : Live at The Werf * Robin Verheyen, Harmen Fraanje, Clemens van der Feen & Flin van Hemmen : Narcissus * Nathalie Loriers, Sal La Rocca, Hans Van Oosterhout : Silent Spring * Peer Baierlein, Ewout Pierreux, David Petrocca & Yves Peeters : Open Questions * Brussels Jazz Orchestra : Countermove * Nathalie Loriers & Chemins Croisés : L'arbre pleure * Ben Sluijs, Jeroen Van Herzeele, Manolo Cabras & Marek Patrman : Somewhere in Between * Eric Person, Bob Stewart, Fabian Fioriini, Reggie Washington, Chris Mentens, Baba Sissoko, Junior Mthombeni & Chris Joris : Rainbow Country * Bart Quartier, Nico Schepers, Bart Defoort, Jean-Louis Rassinfosse & Jan de Haas : Thank You * Laurent Blondiau, Jeroen Van Herzeele, Jean-Yves Evrard, Jozef Dumoulin, Sébastien Boisseau, Eric Thielemans, guest(s), Sophie Kokaj & Samanta7 : 5 ===2007=== * Pierre Van Dormael & Octurn : North Country Suite * Saxafabra & Cezariusz Gadzina : Saxafabra * Songs for Broadcast : RadioKUKAorkest ==See also== * List of record labels ==External links== * Official site Category:Belgian independent record labels Category:Record labels established in 1993 Category:Belgian jazz Category:Jazz record labels

['Bruges', 'Greetings from Mercury', 'Aka Moon', 'Brussels Jazz Orchestra', 'Kris Defoort', 'Golden Django', 'Ostend', 'Octurn', 'Fabrizio Cassol', 'Variations on A Love Supreme', 'Joe Fonda', 'Jeff Hirshfield', 'Chris Joris', 'Kenny Wheeler', 'Frank Vaganée', 'Ben Sluijs', 'Mark Dresser', 'Songs of Minutes', 'Nathalie Loriers', 'Philip Catherine', 'Bert Joris', 'Nicolas Thys', 'Jim Black', 'André Goudbeek', 'Fapy Lafertin', 'Koen Kessels', 'Claron McFadden', 'Michel Massot', 'Stéphane Galland', 'Harmen Fraanje', 'Peer Baierlein', 'Eric Person', 'Baba Sissoko', 'Jozef Dumoulin', 'Pierre Van Dormael']

['Q12994', 'Q5605173', 'Q2091103', 'Q2927080', 'Q1607966', 'Q517566', 'Q12996', 'Q2460369', 'Q359335', 'Q7915820', 'Q1691420', 'Q1686317', 'Q1077395', 'Q578219', 'Q1444356', 'Q816596', 'Q1900029', 'Q3462253', 'Q275296', 'Q607491', 'Q359361', 'Q12470035', 'Q252642', 'Q2552378', 'Q1396013', 'Q24202986', 'Q454090', 'Q2099177', 'Q2319105', 'Q1585586', 'Q328014', 'Q1351545', 'Q2877727', 'Q1300855', 'Q730300']

[[(63, 69), (1303, 1309)], [(178, 200), (2299, 2321)], [(202, 210), (2333, 2341)], [(212, 235), (1677, 1700), (2246, 2269), (3759, 3782)], [(241, 253), (1056, 1068), (1501, 1513), (1526, 1538), (2568, 2580), (3136, 3148), (3489, 3501)], [(329, 342)], [(387, 393)], [(976, 982), (1204, 1210), (1783, 1789), (2406, 2412), (4360, 4366)], [(1073, 1088), (3424, 3439)], [(1091, 1119)], [(1129, 1138), (1800, 1809), (2902, 2911)], [(1158, 1173), (1828, 1843)], [(1382, 1393), (2653, 2664), (4051, 4062)], [(1457, 1470)], [(1571, 1584)], [(1746, 1756), (1959, 1969), (2429, 2439), (3101, 3111), (3853, 3863)], [(1856, 1868)], [(2014, 2030)], [(2355, 2371), (3608, 3624), (3799, 3815)], [(2468, 2484)], [(2285, 2295), (2503, 2513), (3243, 3253)], [(2595, 2607)], [(2612, 2621)], [(2870, 2884)], [(2983, 2996)], [(3150, 3162)], [(3164, 3179)], [(3455, 3468)], [(3470, 3486)], [(3539, 3553)], [(3678, 3692)], [(3941, 3952)], [(4018, 4030)], [(4235, 4249)], [(4339, 4357)]]

Giant Eagle, Inc. (Western Pennsylvania English: ) and stylized as giant eagle) is an American supermarket chain with stores in Pennsylvania, Ohio, West Virginia, Indiana, and Maryland. The company was founded in 1918 in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, and incorporated on August 31, 1931. Supermarket News ranked Giant Eagle 21st on the "Top 75 North American Food Retailers" based on sales of $11 billion. In 2021, it was the 36th-largest privately held company, as determined by Forbes. Based on 2005 revenue, Giant Eagle is the 49th-largest retailer in the United States.Top 100 Retailers: The Nation's Retail Power Players (PDF) , Stores, July 2006. As of summer 2014, the company had approximately $9.9 billion in annual sales. As of spring 2023, Giant Eagle, Inc. had 493 stores across the portfolio: 211 supermarkets (Giant Eagle, Giant Eagle Express, Market District, Market District Express) 8 standalone pharmacies, 274 fuel station/convenience stores under the GetGo banner, and one standalone car wash under the WetGo banner. The company is headquartered in an office park in the Pittsburgh suburb of O'Hara Township. ==History== After World War I, three Pittsburgh-area families—the Goldsteins, Porters, and Chaits—built a grocery chain called Eagle Grocery. In 1928, Eagle, which at the time had 125 stores, merged with Kroger. The three families agreed to stay out of the grocery business for at least three years. Meanwhile, the Moravitz and Weizenbaum families built their own successful chain of grocery stores named OK Grocery. In 1931, OK Grocery merged with Eagle Grocery to form Giant Eagle, which was incorporated two years later. Giant Eagle quickly expanded across western Pennsylvania, weathering the Great Depression and World War II. The chain remained based solely in western Pennsylvania until the 1980s, when it bought Youngstown, Ohio-based wholesaler Tamarkin Company, and its Valu-King stores that were converted to the Giant Eagle name. The Kent and Ravenna stores were the first to be converted at that time; the Youngstown stores then got converted years later. Around the mid- or late 1990s, Giant Eagle later reached Cleveland by acquiring the Rini-Rego Stop-n-Shop stores in the area. Rini-Rego Stop-n-Shop stores were family owned and operated in different areas of Cleveland. The family operators of Rini- Rego Stop-n-Shop formed a holding company named International Seaway Foods as the main umbrella for Rini-Rego Stop-n-Shop. In 1998, Giant Eagle acquired the International Seaway Foods and converted the Rini-Rego Stop-n-Shop stores into Giant Eagle Stores. Giant Eagle also purchased or opened other Northeast Ohio stores outside the Stop-n-Shop area, such as the former Apples supermarkets in the nearby Akron area. The company entered the Toledo market, opening two stores in 2001 and 2004, both of which eventually closed. Giant Eagle emerged as one of the dominant supermarket chains in Northeast Ohio, competing mainly against the New York-based Tops, from which it purchased 18 stores in October 2006. The purchases came as Tops exited the Northeast Ohio area. Giant Eagle purchased independently owned County Market stores, giving it a store in Somerset, Pennsylvania, a new store in Johnstown, Pennsylvania, and its first Maryland stores: one in Cumberland, one in Hagerstown, and two in Frederick. The Cumberland store closed in December 2003, and the Hagerstown store closed in August 2005. Giant Eagle has aggressively expanded its footprint in the Greater Columbus area, capitalizing on the demise of the former Big Bear supermarket chain, and taking Big Bear's traditional place as Columbus's upmarket grocer. Giant Eagle first entered what it calls its "Columbus Region" in late 2000, opening three large newly built stores at Sawmill and Bethel Rd., Lewis Center, and Dublin-Granville Rd., with two more following in 2002 and 2003 at Gahanna and Hilliard-Rome Rd. The Hilliard-Rome Rd. location closed in early 2017. In 2004, Giant Eagle purchased nine former Big Bear stores in Columbus, Newark, and Marietta from parent company Penn Traffic. Giant Eagle has since expanded to several additional locations, acquiring other abandoned Big Bear stores and in newly constructed buildings using the current Giant Eagle prototype. Giant Eagle opened its 20th Columbus-area store at New Albany Road at the Ohio Rt. 161 freeway (New Albany) in August 2007, its 21st area store at Hayden Run and Cosgray Roads (Dublin) in November 2007, its 22nd area store at Stelzer and McCutcheon Roads (Columbus) in July 2008 and its 23rd area store at South Hamilton Road and Winchester Pike (Groveport) in August 2008. A new Giant Eagle opened in Lancaster, in November 2008, and the former Big Bear located at Blacklick Crossing has undergone an expansion and remodeling. On September 27, 2018, Giant Eagle announced it would purchase the Ricker's convenience store chain in Indiana, marking the largest acquisition for GetGo since the chain's launch. It is not known if the Ricker's chain will be integrated into the GetGo brand following the closure of the deal. Much as it has done in Pennsylvania alongside Sheetz, GetGo plans to join Ricker's in having Indiana change their laws regarding alcohol sales. ==Loyalty program== In 1991, Giant Eagle introduced the Advantage Card, an electronic loyalty card discount system (already popular in many chains), as a sophisticated version of the obsolete stamp programs. The card was later modified to double as a video rental card for Iggle Video. More recently the company has started the Fuelperks! program to entice customers. This program allows customers the opportunity to earn 10 cents off each gallon of gas (20 cents in select markets) with fifty dollars' worth of authorized purchases. In early 2009, Giant Eagle launched the Foodperks! program, mainly geared towards GetGo. This program allows customers who use their fuelperks! at GetGo to also earn foodperks! to save on groceries purchased at Giant Eagle. Every 10 gallons of gas purchased earns a 1% discount. This can be used up to 20% maximum at a time on a purchase of up to $300. Foodperks! are valid for 90 days and fuelperks! are valid for 60 days. If the customer has more than the price of gasoline or more than the 20%, those discounts will stay on their card for the remainder of the 90/60 days, and if they are not used by then, they expire. In February 2013, Giant Eagle announced that they would be discontinuing the foodperks! program that month because it was "a little too complex". In 2017, Giant Eagle began implementing fuelperks+, an enhancement to the existing fuelperks program that reintroduces the benefits of the previous foodperks benefit which had been discontinued in 2013. Under the new fuelperks+ program, customers earn one perk per dollar spent at Giant Eagle, Market District or GetGo stores. Also, customers can earn five perks for every prescription filled at Giant Eagle or Market District. At GetGo, customers earn two perks per gallon of gas. Once 50 perks is reached, customers can choose between 2% off on groceries (maximum discount 20% off or $10,000) or 10 cents off each gallon of gas (up to 30 free gallons per one vehicle). As in the previous fuelperks! program, if customers have more than the price of gasoline or more than the 20%, those discounts will remain on their Advantage Card for the remainder of the 60 day time period. In late 2021, Giant Eagle began to roll out another new system, myPerks and myPerks Pro. Customers that are members of either myPerks tier can take advantage of exclusive sale prices, and earn bonus points on certain items and on certain days. Standard myPerks members receive 1 perk for each dollar spent, 2 perks for each gallon of gas, and 2 perks per dollar for Giant Eagle brand items. myPerks Pro members receive 1.5 perks per dollar spent, 3 perks per gallon, and 3 perks per dollar for Giant Eagle brand items. Every 50 perks a customer earns can be used to take 1 dollar off of their order on either groceries or gas. If customers have more than their total bill, the remaining dollar amount will remain on their card. For standard myPerks customers, these perks have a 90 day expiration, while myPerks Pro members have a 365 day expiration. In order to become and stay a myPerks Pro member, customers must earn 2,500 perks within a 6-month period, or make 25 trips to GetGo within a 6-month period. Switching from fuelperks+ to myPerks became an option for all customers in 2022, prompting them to switch on the screens at the registers. ==Operations== There are 211 Giant Eagle Supermarkets and 274 GetGo locations in the United States: 103 supermarkets in western Pennsylvania, 111 in northeastern and central Ohio, two in Morgantown, West Virginia, two in Frederick, Maryland and one in Carmel, Indiana. Each store carries between 22,000 and 60,000 items, approximately 5,000 of which are branded by Giant Eagle. Giant Eagle offers more than two dozen departments across its stores. The range of services includes Redbox video terminals, Happy Returns, dry cleaning, Bissell carpet cleaner rental, Primo Water, lottery, the Flashfood app, Coinstar, grocery pickup and delivery, and pharmacies. Giant Eagle also has banking partnerships with Citizens Bank in Pennsylvania and Huntington Bank in Ohio and West Virginia. The chain has built large prototypes, and it has experimented with many departments unusual to supermarkets. Larger stores feature vast selections of ethnic and organic food, dry cleaning services, catering, drive- thru pharmacies, in-store banking, as well as in-store coffee shops, pubs, restaurants, and prepared foods. Prepared foods are also sold at larger GetGo locations that can accommodate a GetGo Kitchen. Although older Giant Eagle locations tend to be unionized and some are even franchised stores, in recent years the company has started leaning toward non-union company-owned and -operated stores. In areas where a franchised store exists, if a GetGo exists nearby, it's operated by Giant Eagle itself, separate from the franchised supermarket. ===Current brands=== ====Market District==== Giant Eagle rebranded some of its stores as Market District in an attempt to attract upscale shoppers. The initial two stores opened in June 2006 in the Shadyside neighborhood of Pittsburgh and Bethel Park, just outside Pittsburgh. There are now 20 stores under this brand. The 20th store is now open in the Pittsburgh suburb of Murrysville, Pennsylvania. That store is a result of Giant Eagle closing their existing Murrysville location in July 2022 for five months to do extensive renovations. They have just finished converting a store on Rt 3, Westerville (a suburb of Columbus) to this name. ====Giant Eagle Express==== Giant Eagle Express is a concept store. As of May 2016, the only operating store is in Harmar Township, Pennsylvania. An Indiana, Pennsylvania location closed its doors in 2015. The store is larger than a GetGo, but much smaller than a regular Giant Eagle supermarket store. However, the store offers many of the same services as a Giant Eagle, such as a deli and a drive-through pharmacy. Giant Eagle Express also offers a café with prepared sandwiches, Giant Eagle's own Market District coffee, salad bar, and a wireless internet connection. There is also a GetGo gas station.The Express Experience , May 30, 2007. ====Market District Express==== On June 4, 2013, Giant Eagle announced new Market District Express concept, which is designed to be a hybrid of the flagship Market District format launched in 2006 with the Giant Eagle Express format that was launched in 2007. The first of this brand's stores opened on December 5, 2013, in Peters Township, Pennsylvania. The second Market District Express store opened on August 18, 2016, in Bexley, Ohio. The Bexley location is notable as it features a full restaurant and bar inside, alongside groceries in a 30,000 square foot store that spans two floors. ====GetGo==== GetGo is a convenience store chain that also has gas stations. ====Giant Eagle Pharmacy==== Giant Eagle began adding pharmacies to their stores in the 1980s, along with other "store-within-a-store" concepts photo, floral, and video rental. Giant Eagle Pharmacy also offers several immunizations throughout the year for pneumonia, influenza, and Shingrix. These are typically walk-in, but vary depending on the pharmacists available. Until 2021, all Giant Eagle Pharmacy locations were located inside standard Giant Eagle and Market District locations. This changed when a standalone Giant Eagle Pharmacy opened in Columbus's German Village neighborhood after Giant Eagle opted not to renew its lease at the existing Giant Eagle location in the area, allowing for the property to be redeveloped. The location opened in a former Lawson's, and assumed the prescription accounts from the previous location. ====Giant Eagle Contact Lenses==== Giant Eagle partnered with Arlington Lens Supply in 2010 to sell contact lenses online via their website. ====Ricker Oil Company, Inc.==== Ricker's was a 56-store, Indiana-based convenience store and gas station chain. In September of 2018, it was purchased by Giant Eagle and by January 2020, all of the locations were converted into GetGo stores. ====Starbucks==== Giant Eagle has a contract to operate Starbucks kiosks in some of its stores; the workers are employed by Giant Eagle, but become certified baristas after completing the process. ====Ace Hardware==== Giant Eagle has six stores that contain a franchise of Ace Hardware. These locations offer nearly all of the same products that would be found in a standalone Ace Hardware store. All locations have dedicated team members to the hardware store, paint mixing services, and a wide variety of hardware products. All six stores are located in the Pittsburgh market. The latest store with Ace Hardware opened in Rochester, Pennsylvania, in the spring of 2022. ===Defunct brands=== ====Phar- Mor==== Giant Eagle was the largest shareholder of the Phar-Mor chain during its heyday in the 1980s and 1990s, although it was operated separate from the main Giant Eagle chain. The Shapira family who owns Giant Eagle provided Phar- Mor founder Mickey Monus with the financing necessary to start his chain. After Monus was convicted of embezzlement, Phar-Mor filed for bankruptcy and eventually liquidated. Due to Giant Eagle's stake in Phar-Mor, it was able to acquire Phar-Mor's Youngstown-area assets in bankruptcy court after the chain liquidated. ====Iggle Video==== Giant Eagle once operated Iggle Video locations inside many of its locations to serve as its video rental shop. Like Giant Eagle Pharmacy, Iggle Video (which spelled "eagle" from its phonetic pronunciation in Pittsburghese, even outside of Pittsburgh) never operated in stand-alone locations. Like other video rental chains, Iggle Video offered movie and video game rentals. They also served as the local Ticketmaster outlet in the Pittsburgh region before Ticketmaster phased out physical ticket locations outside venue box offices. In the mid- to late 2000s, Giant Eagle phased these stores out in favor of Redbox automated retail machines, with Ticketmaster sales moved to the customer service desk. ====Giant Eagle Optical==== In October 2004, Giant Eagle began a long-term experiment with in- store optometry centers dubbed "Giant Eagle Optical". There were four locations in the Pittsburgh area: North Hills (McIntyre Square), South Hills (Donaldson's Crossroads), east (Monroeville), and west (Robinson). The stores accepted most major vision plans and offered a wide variety of designer frames, as well as exclusive Giant Eagle brands. They also participated in the Fuelperks! program and were staffed mostly by ABO-certified opticians. Noting that "some programs don't prove viable across a broad number of stores", Giant Eagle chose to close its Optical locations beginning in August 2009. ====Valu King and Good Cents==== In December 2008, Giant Eagle opened the rebranded Valu King supermarket in Eastlake, Ohio. The Valu King name dates back to the 1980s. The rebranded Valu King operated stores in Eastlake, Ravenna, and Brooklyn in Ohio and Johnstown and Erie in Pennsylvania, with the most recent store opened in May 2012. In 2012, Giant Eagle opened a new low-cost supermarket concept called Good Cents, located in Ross Township, Pennsylvania. The concept is similar to that of a Valu King, but carries a slightly larger product selection. Good Cents eventually replaced all rebranded Valu King as Giant Eagle's low-cost brand. Good Cents and Valu King both were no frills stores designed to compete with similar stores such as Aldi, Save-A-Lot, and Bottom Dollar Food. On February 25, 2015 (Wednesday), Giant Eagle announced it would close all the Good Cents stores by the end of March. It was looking for open spots at nearby Giant Eagle locations for displaced employees.Pittsburgh- area Good Cents grocery store closing WPXI (February 25, 2015) On March 2, 2015 (Monday), all Good Cents stores were sold and closed. ==Employees== Giant Eagle has about 32,000 employees and many of them are unionized under United Food and Commercial Workers Local 1776ks of Pittsburgh, AFGE and UFCW Local 880 of Cleveland. The Maryland and Columbus stores are not unionized, much like some independently owned stores throughout Pennsylvania and the Youngstown, Ohio area. Some employees in the Eagle's Nest and Photo Lab departments are also nonunion employees. ==Advertising== Giant Eagle currently uses the slogan "That's Another Giant Eagle Advantage" with its advertising, focusing on the eAdvantage offer of the week. This campaign features store employees and customers, that put their own spin on what Giant Eagle offers. The campaign includes a focus on product selection, quality, customer service, and price leadership. From 2011 to 2014 the slogan was "That's my Giant Eagle Advantage". From 2009 until 2011, the slogan was "Low prices. Uncompromising quality." In December 2009, a variation being used was "Lower prices. Uncompromising quality." for online advertisements on thepittsburghchannel.com website. From 2001 until 2009, the slogan "Make every day taste better", was used. It was meant to showcase product quality as compared to the convenience focus used in the previous campaign. From 1993 until 2001, "it takes a giant to make life simple" was used as the slogan. This was focused on convenience, and spawned the "Fee Fi Fo Fum" commercials. The commercials featured everything from the general store, the produce and deli departments to a spot featuring Jay Bell and Jeff King of the Pittsburgh Pirates. This replaced the previous "A lot you can feel good about... especially the price" motto. The chain, under pressure from Wal-Mart, has implemented a lower-prices campaign throughout its stores, featured on products that customers buy most. Giant Eagle also sells Topco-produced Valu Time products, which are substantially cheaper than other private-label and name-brand merchandise. These co-exist with the Giant Eagle branded items, which are priced lower than national brands, yet higher than Valu Time. Before these brands existed, Giant Eagle generally used Topco's Food Club label as the generic product. ==Criticism== thumb|This former Kroger store is now occupied by Giant Eagle in Vermilion, Ohio. Until 2022, Giant Eagle had the highest market share of any supermarket chain in the Pittsburgh area, giving it a de facto monopoly in some parts of western Pennsylvania; only stores supplied by United Natural Foods (UNFI) such as Shop 'n Save, FoodLand, and County Market have much of a presence in the area. The construction of new supercenters, including Walmart and others, and no frills supermarkets such as Aldi attracting value-seeking customers have somewhat decreased Giant Eagle's regional market share in the first decades of the twenty-first century. Giant Eagle's market dominance in Greater Pittsburgh has led to accusations of the company buying up either existing supermarket locations or prime real estate for the sole purpose of not allowing a competitor come in. A notable example came in 2016, when the chain purchased property in McCandless, Pennsylvania, that had been planned for a Walmart location near an existing Giant Eagle; Walmart later backed out and Giant Eagle made no immediate announcement of plans for the property. The deal came only weeks after Giant Eagle laid off 350 workers from its corporate office. Similar accusations have been made about GetGo not allowing Sheetz or Speedway opening up locations within the Pittsburgh city limits while GetGo has, although both competitor chains have several locations within the immediate suburbs; 7-Eleven's 2021 acquisition of Speedway made the issue partially moot as 7-Eleven has operated multiple locations within the Pittsburgh city limits for decades, though Sheetz remains "locked out" by GetGo. Giant Eagle was also successful in blocking a Walmart location opening at the dilapidated Northern Lights Shopping Center in Economy, Pennsylvania, though Walmart eventually opened a location on the hillside behind the property in 2014 after finding a loophole around Giant Eagle's lease at Northern Lights; Giant Eagle ultimately closed this location on January 2, 2021. Before Walmart, Giant Eagle's last nationally-significant competitor in the Pittsburgh market was Kroger, which had bought the original Eagle but exited Western Pennsylvania in 1984 due to labor issues with its union as well as the local economy at the time. Many Giant Eagle locations in Pennsylvania and Northeast Ohio occupy former Kroger sites and used the distinctive Kroger prototypes from the 1980s with the sloped glass-roof entrance until most of the stores were remodeled or replaced with newer stores in the early 2000s with Giant Eagle's current prototype. Kroger and Giant Eagle still compete head-to-head in Morgantown, Columbus and Indianapolis. Despite the perceived monopoly, Giant Eagle holds only a 32% market share in Pittsburgh as of August 2018, just barely edging out Walmart. In 2022, Giant Eagle fell behind Walmart. ==References== ==Further reading== * ==External links== * *Market District's official website Category:Privately held companies based in Pennsylvania Category:Economy of the Eastern United States Category:Supermarkets of the United States Category:American companies established in 1931 Category:Companies based in Allegheny County, Pennsylvania Category:1931 establishments in Pennsylvania

['Pennsylvania', 'West Virginia', 'Ohio', 'Maryland', 'Indiana', 'United States', 'GetGo', 'Pittsburgh', 'Forbes', 'World War I', 'Kroger', 'Great Depression', 'Cleveland', 'Akron', 'County Market', 'Penn Traffic', 'Sheetz', 'Redbox', 'Bissell', 'Primo Water', 'Coinstar', 'Shingrix', 'German Village', 'Starbucks', 'Ace Hardware', 'Phar-Mor', 'Ticketmaster', 'Aldi', 'Save-A-Lot', 'Bottom Dollar Food', 'WPXI', 'United Food and Commercial Workers', 'Jay Bell', 'Pittsburgh Pirates', 'Wal-Mart', 'Topco', 'United Natural Foods', 'FoodLand', '7-Eleven', 'Northern Lights Shopping Center', 'Indianapolis']

['Q1400', 'Q1371', 'Q1397', 'Q1391', 'Q1415', 'Q30', 'Q5553766', 'Q1342', 'Q25161472', 'Q361', 'Q153417', 'Q8698', 'Q37320', 'Q163132', 'Q5177716', 'Q7163336', 'Q7492551', 'Q7305489', 'Q4918436', 'Q2071102', 'Q5141641', 'Q8074572', 'Q1420834', 'Q37158', 'Q4672981', 'Q7180669', 'Q2609162', 'Q125054', 'Q7427972', 'Q16827980', 'Q10985787', 'Q3538166', 'Q3163212', 'Q653772', 'Q483551', 'Q17098994', 'Q7888979', 'Q5465271', 'Q259340', 'Q16895928', 'Q6346']

[[(27, 39), (128, 140), (233, 245), (1693, 1705), (1800, 1812), (3204, 3216), (3244, 3256), (5127, 5139), (8705, 8717), (9300, 9312), (10506, 10518), (10893, 10905), (10919, 10931), (11747, 11759), (13935, 13947), (16254, 16266), (16423, 16435), (17409, 17421), (19574, 19586), (20280, 20292), (21135, 21147), (21534, 21546), (21662, 21674), (22352, 22364), (22548, 22560), (22593, 22605)], [(148, 161), (8776, 8789), (9345, 9358)], [(142, 146), (1857, 1861), (2652, 2656), (2943, 2947), (3098, 3102), (4357, 4361), (8751, 8755), (9336, 9340), (11840, 11844), (16095, 16099), (16223, 16227), (17442, 17446), (19411, 19415), (21689, 21693)], [(176, 184), (3272, 3280), (8809, 8817), (17308, 17316)], [(163, 170), (4914, 4921), (5197, 5204), (8837, 8844), (10910, 10917), (13115, 13122), (22020, 22027)], [(555, 568), (8662, 8675), (22397, 22410), (22440, 22453)], [(967, 972), (4959, 4964), (5057, 5062), (5158, 5163), (5864, 5869), (5929, 5934), (6863, 6868), (6981, 6986), (8407, 8412), (8639, 8644), (9722, 9727), (9761, 9766), (10019, 10024), (10994, 10999), (11349, 11354), (12003, 12008), (12013, 12018), (13286, 13291), (20600, 20605), (20699, 20704), (20994, 20999)], [(221, 231), (1087, 1097), (1162, 1172), (10343, 10353), (10384, 10394), (10472, 10482), (13860, 13870), (14785, 14795), (14816, 14826), (15008, 15018), (15461, 15471), (16967, 16977), (17254, 17264), (18691, 18701), (19502, 19512), (20022, 20032), (20670, 20680), (20920, 20930), (21449, 21459), (22111, 22121)], [(476, 482)], [(1143, 1154), (1743, 1754)], [(1329, 1335), (19353, 19359), (21471, 21477), (21708, 21714), (21746, 21752), (21942, 21948)], [(1722, 1738)], [(2151, 2160), (2302, 2311), (17293, 17302)], [(2747, 2752)], [(3151, 3164), (19676, 19689)], [(4087, 4099)], [(5150, 5156), (20619, 20625), (20963, 20969)], [(9056, 9062), (15185, 15191)], [(9109, 9116)], [(9140, 9151)], [(9181, 9189)], [(12358, 12366)], [(12638, 12652)], [(13304, 13313), (13356, 13365)], [(13501, 13513), (13573, 13585), (13677, 13689), (13901, 13913)], [(14058, 14066), (14354, 14362), (14441, 14449), (14474, 14482)], [(14981, 14993), (15033, 15045), (15224, 15236)], [(16721, 16725), (19830, 19834)], [(16727, 16737)], [(16743, 16761)], [(17017, 17021)], [(17203, 17237)], [(18661, 18669)], [(18691, 18709)], [(18832, 18840)], [(18974, 18979), (19273, 19278)], [(19612, 19632)], [(19662, 19670)], [(20795, 20803), (20868, 20876)], [(21091, 21122)], [(22020, 22032)]]

thumb|right|Börries von Münchhausen Börries Albrecht Conon August Heinrich Freiherr von Münchhausen (20 March 1874 - 16 March 1945) was a German poet and Nazi activist. ==Biography== He was born in Hildesheim, the eldest child of Kammerherr Börries von Münchhausen and his wife, Clementine von der Gablentz. At 13, he was sent to Ilfeld to the monastery school. He studied law and political science at the universities of Heidelberg, Munich, Göttingen, and Berlin. He received his degree from the University of Leipzig. While he was still a student, he composed a number of ballads and published his first collection of poetry in 1898, which expressed adherence to German Romantic poets' fascination with the Middle Ages and the world of German legend. All his works appeared around the turn of the century. After World War I, his popularity quickly waned. His position became more and more reactionary with the founding of the Deutsche Dichterakademie, with its seat on the Wartburg, which belonged to von Münchhausen's cousin Hans von der Gabelentz. The motto of the academy was to be "German, Christian, and above all conscious of tradition." With Hitler's rise to power, many of the members of the Prussian Academy of Sciences in Berlin were either dismissed or resigned. This was von Münchhausen's chance, and he signed the Gelöbnis treuester Gefolgschaft, the vow of fidelity to Adolf Hitler88 "writers", from Letters of Heinrich and Thomas Mann, 1900-1949, Volume 12 of Weimar and Now: German Cultural Criticism, University of California Press 1998 , pp. 367-68 and his friends from the Wartburg were elected to take the place of such writers as Alfred Döblin and Thomas Mann. ==Last years and death== Von Münchhausen agreed with Hitler's Machtpolitik and worked hard to make the Prussian Academy into a German Academy. However, these efforts came to naught despite Hermann Göring's support. As Soviet troops approached his estate at Windischleuba, Baron von Münchhausen took an overdose of sleeping pills and died on 16 March 1945 aged 70. ==References== Category:1874 births Category:1945 suicides Category:1945 deaths Category:People from Hildesheim Category:People from the Province of Hanover Category:19th-century German poets Category:19th-century German male writers Category:19th-century German writers Category:Writers from Lower Saxony Category:Barons of Germany Category:Conservative Revolutionary movement Category:20th-century German poets Category:Leipzig University alumni Category:Nazi Party members Category:German male poets Category:German- language poets Category:German nationalists Category:Drug-related suicides in Germany Category:Nazis who committed suicide in Nazi Germany

['Freiherr', 'Hildesheim', 'Heidelberg', 'Munich', 'Göttingen', 'Berlin', 'Leipzig', 'World War I', 'Wartburg', 'Hitler', 'Prussian Academy of Sciences', 'Gelöbnis treuester Gefolgschaft', 'Alfred Döblin', 'Thomas Mann', 'Machtpolitik', 'Hermann Göring', 'Windischleuba']

['Q1338119', 'Q3185', 'Q2966', 'Q1726', 'Q3033', 'Q64', 'Q2079', 'Q361', 'Q151545', 'Q352', 'Q329464', 'Q828533', 'Q57389', 'Q37030', 'Q1132703', 'Q47906', 'Q37607']

[[(75, 83)], [(198, 208), (2149, 2159)], [(422, 432)], [(434, 440)], [(442, 451)], [(457, 463), (1234, 1240)], [(511, 518), (2470, 2477)], [(814, 825)], [(975, 983), (1594, 1602)], [(1151, 1157), (1391, 1397), (1737, 1743)], [(1202, 1230)], [(1329, 1360)], [(1653, 1666)], [(1440, 1451), (1671, 1682)], [(1746, 1758)], [(1873, 1887)], [(1941, 1954)]]

SafeDisc is a copy protection program for Microsoft Windows applications and games distributed on optical disc. Created by Macrovision Corporation, it was aimed to hinder unauthorized disc duplication. The program was first introduced in 1998 and was discontinued on March 31, 2009. Although the stated use is to prevent piracy, many, including the Electronic Frontier Foundation, believe it is used to restrict one's fair-use rights.Electronic Frontier Foundation's website's DRM sectionCommentary by Fred Lohmann of the EFF, "So this is just another example of the way in which the MPAA companies use DRM not to stop piracy...but rather to control those who make devices that play movies." (emphasis added) ==History== There have been several editions of SafeDisc over the years. Each one has the goals of making discs harder to copy. The current revision is marketed as SafeDisc Advanced. The early versions of SafeDisc did not make the discs very difficult to copy. Recent versions 2.9+ could produce discs that are difficult to copy or reverse engineer, requiring specific burners capable of emulating the "weak sectors" and odd data formats that are characteristic of SafeDisc. ===Withdrawal of support=== Shortly after the release of Windows 10 in 2015, Microsoft announced that games with SafeDisc DRM would not run on the operating system, citing security concerns over the software due to the way in which it becomes "deeply embedded" in the system. Microsoft stated that supporting SafeDisc could have been a possible loophole for computer viruses to exploit. Support for SafeDisc on earlier versions of Windows was withdrawn upon the release of update number 3086255 in 2015. ==Circumvention== Previous versions of SafeDisc were overcome by disc image emulator software such as Daemon Tools and Alcohol 120%. SafeDisc currently blacklists such software, meaning that those who want to use this method must install additional software to cloak the mounter; examples include CureRom and Y.A.S.U. Another potential attack on SafeDisc is to pull the encrypted application out of the archive it is contained in. All SafeDisc encrypted discs contain an ICD file, an encrypted format used by SafeDisc to ensure that the original CD is loaded. UnSafeDisc circumvents and decrypts SafeDisc encrypted files by opening the ICD file format, decrypting it, and converting it to an EXE file. However, each program requires a specific patch to enable full functionality. ==Operation== SafeDisc adds a unique digital signature to the optical media at the time of replication. Each time a SafeDisc-protected program runs, the SafeDisc authenticator performs various security checks and verifies the SafeDisc signature on the optical media. The authentication process takes about 10 to 20 seconds. Once verification has been established, the sequence is complete and the program will start normally. The SafeDisc signature is designed to be difficult to copy or transfer from the original media. (For example, it might change as a result of error correction during the copying process.) Certain multimedia programs are designed to run from the PC's hard drive without accessing files from the program disc after the initial installation. SafeDisc will permit this as long as the consumer retains the original CD or DVD, which is required for authentication each time the program is launched. Failure to place the original disc in the drive when loading the program will prevent validation of the SafeDisc signature. ==Version history== ===SafeDisc (V1) (1998–2001)=== SafeDisk V1 protected CDs can be recognized by several files on the CD: * 00000001.TMP * CLCD16.DLL * CLCD32.DLL * CLOKSPL.EXE * DPLAYERX.DLL And also by the existence of two files .EXE and .ICD (where is replaced with the actual game's name). The EXE executable is only a loader which decrypts and loads the protected game executable in the encrypted ICD file. The initial version of SafeDisc was easy for home users and professional duplicators alike to copy, due to the fact that the ICD file can be decrypted and converted into an EXE file. ===SafeDisc (V2) (November 2000–2003)=== The following files should exist on every original CD: * 00000001.TMP * 00000002.TMP (not always present) The loader file (.EXE) is now integrated into the main executable, making the .ICD file obsolete. Also the CLOKSPL.EXE file, which was present in SafeDisc v1, no longer exists. The SD2 version can be found inside the .EXE file through its string: `BoG_ *90.0&!! Yy>`, followed by three unsigned longs, these are the version, subversion and revision numbers (in hex). When making a backup, read errors will be encountered between sectors 806–10663. The protection also has "weak" sectors, introduced with this version, which causes synchronization problems with certain CD-Writers. Digital signatures are still present in this version. But this has no effect on disc images mounted in Daemon Tools or similar programs. In addition, SafeDisc Version 2.50 added ATIP detection making it impossible to use a copy in a burner unless software that masks this is used (CloneCD has the ability to do this.Clone CD Change log) SafeDisc Versions 2.90 and above make burning copies more difficult requiring burners that are capable of burning the "weak sectors"; these drives are uncommon. However, there are software solutions that eliminate the need for specialized hardware.CloneCD product web page ===SafeDisc (V3) (2003–2005)=== SafeDisc v3 uses a key to encrypt the main executable (EXE or DLL) and creates a corresponding digital signature which is added to the CD- ROM/DVD-ROM when they are replicated. The size of the digital signature varies from 3 to 20 MB depending how good the encryption must be. The authentication process takes about 10 to 20 seconds. SafeDisc v3 is capable of encrypting multiple executables over one or more CDs/DVDs, as long as the executables are encrypted with the same key and the digital signature is added to each media. SafeDisc v3 supports Virtual Drives as long as the original CD/DVD is available. Once the CD has been authenticated the game should continue to run from the virtual drive, provided the virtual drive software has not been blacklisted. CloneCD is able to make fair use copies of V3.Clone CD Change log ===SafeDisc (V4) (2005–2008)=== The final major SafeDisc version was Version 4, released in February 2005. It lost ground to SecuROM over time, with the final build being version 4.90.010 in May 2008, and with the product being discontinued on March 30, 2009. ==SafeDisc driver vulnerabilities== On November 7, 2007, Microsoft stated that "there is vulnerability in Macrovision SECDRV.SYS driver Vulnerability in Macrovision SECDRV.SYS Driver on Windows Could Allow Elevation of Privilege on Windows and it could allow elevation of privilege. This vulnerability was patched by Microsoft on December 11, 2007 Vulnerability in Macrovision Driver Could Allow Local Privilege escalation (944653) This vulnerability does not affect Windows Vista. The driver, secdrv.sys, is used by games which use Macrovision SafeDisc. Without the driver, games with SafeDisc protection would be unable to play on Windows". Ultimately, this would prove to be one of the factors that would lead to them to drop support for the program in 2015. ==References== ==External links== *SafeDisc product description *SafeDisc 2 Explained *SafeDisc 1–4 Explained *Weak Sectors explained *Weak Sector Utility Category:Compact Disc and DVD copy protection

['Macrovision Corporation', 'Microsoft Windows', 'Electronic Frontier Foundation', 'MPAA', 'Daemon Tools', 'Alcohol 120%', 'CloneCD', 'SecuROM']

['Q917002', 'Q1406', 'Q624023', 'Q676222', 'Q874892', 'Q1054998', 'Q1102237', 'Q1151360']

[[(123, 146)], [(42, 59)], [(349, 379), (434, 464)], [(584, 588)], [(1790, 1802), (4938, 4950)], [(1807, 1819)], [(5116, 5123), (5420, 5427), (6239, 6246)], [(6430, 6437)]]

Matthew James Gallant (born June 25, 1964) is an American television host. He was the host of The Planet's Funniest Animals on Animal Planet, as well as shows on MTV, ESPN2, G4, NFL Network, Fine Living, ABC and DirecTV. Gallant hosted Simon Cowell's American Inventor in 2007, and currently co-hosts "The List" on the Scripps Network. TheListtv.com ==Early career== Born on June 25, 1964, in Syracuse, New York, and raised in Westport, Connecticut. Gallant studied communications at the University of Rhode Island where Gallant worked in the sports information department and broadcast university basketball and football games. He held an internship covering sports news at Channel 6 in Providence, Rhode Island. After graduating, Gallant moved to New York where he became a page at NBC and filled audiences for shows such as Late Night with David Letterman. He then hired an agent who managed to find him minor roles in television adverts and soaps. He then moved on to Los Angeles where he auditioned for some small roles. Eventually, Gallant hosted shows including X-Treme Energy, The Planet's Funniest Animals, and American Inventor. In 2004 Gallant gave the Commencement speech at the University of Rhode Island, and received an Honorary Doctorate of Arts for his career achievements and fundraising & volunteer work with the Make a Wish Foundation that helps children with life-threatening illnesses. ==References== ==External links== * The Planet's Luckiest Host * Category:1964 births Category:Living people Category:Participants in American reality television series Category:Television personalities from Syracuse, New York Category:People from Westport, Connecticut

['Animal Planet', 'American Inventor', 'Syracuse, New York', 'Westport, Connecticut', 'University of Rhode Island', 'Providence, Rhode Island', 'NBC', 'Late Night with David Letterman', 'Los Angeles', 'Make a Wish Foundation']

['Q43429', 'Q4744201', 'Q128069', 'Q586762', 'Q1641788', 'Q18383', 'Q13974', 'Q1806831', 'Q65', 'Q1192980']

[[(127, 140)], [(251, 268), (1120, 1137)], [(393, 411), (1616, 1634)], [(427, 448), (1656, 1677)], [(488, 514), (1191, 1217)], [(688, 712)], [(784, 787)], [(827, 858)], [(972, 983)], [(1332, 1354)]]

Douglas Gene Carlston (born April 30, 1947 in Boston, Massachusetts) is the founder and current CEO of Tawala Systems based in San Rafael, California. He was previously CEO, chairman, and co-founder of Broderbund Software, a software publishing firm that produced Lode Runner, The Print Shop, Where in the World Is Carmen Sandiego?, Prince of Persia, and Myst. Broderbund was acquired in 1998 by The Learning Company (the company previously known as SoftKey) for $420 million, and the combined company was sold to Mattel for $3.6 billion. ==Biography== Carlston received his bachelor's degree from Harvard University in 1970 and also studied economics at the Johns Hopkins School of Advanced International Studies. He earned a J.D. from Harvard Law School in 1975. Prior to founding Broderbund in 1980, he was an attorney. As of April 2008, he serves as Chairman of the Board of Directors of Public Radio International (PRI) and of the Carlston Family Foundation (formerly the Broderbund Foundation), and serves on the Boards of the MoveOn Political Action Committee, the Ploughshares Fund, the Albanian American Enterprise Fund, A.H. Belo Corporation, and the Long Now Foundation. He also serves on the Committee on University Resources of Harvard University, and the Board of Advisors of the Johns Hopkins School of Advanced International Studies. In March 2014 Carlston donated company records, design documents, and games from Broderbund's history to The National Museum of Play. ==References== ==External links== *Biography at the Global Business Network * Category:1947 births Category:Living people Category:American entertainment industry businesspeople Category:Harvard Law School alumni Category:Johns Hopkins University alumni Category:Businesspeople from Boston Category:American video game businesspeople

['Boston, Massachusetts', 'San Rafael, California', 'Broderbund', 'Lode Runner', 'The Print Shop', 'Myst', 'Mattel', 'Harvard University', 'Johns Hopkins School of Advanced International Studies', 'Harvard Law School', 'Public Radio International', 'Ploughshares Fund', 'Albanian American Enterprise Fund', 'Long Now Foundation', 'The National Museum of Play']

['Q100', 'Q631915', 'Q995863', 'Q1197566', 'Q7758362', 'Q6497116', 'Q596139', 'Q13371', 'Q1352632', 'Q49122', 'Q2116341', 'Q7205153', 'Q4709061', 'Q568907', 'Q7753203']

[[(46, 67)], [(127, 149)], [(202, 212), (361, 371), (783, 793), (977, 987), (1431, 1441)], [(264, 275)], [(277, 291)], [(355, 359)], [(514, 520)], [(598, 616), (1241, 1259)], [(659, 713), (1294, 1348)], [(737, 755), (1671, 1689)], [(892, 918)], [(1072, 1089)], [(1095, 1128)], [(1161, 1180)], [(1455, 1482)]]

Gordon Douglas Brickner (December 15, 1907 – September 29, 1993) was an American film director and actor, who directed many different genres of films over the course of a five-decade career in motion pictures. ==Early life== Born Gordon Douglas Brickner in New York City, he began his career as a child actor, appearing in some films directed by Maurice Costello. He also worked at MGM as a book-keeper. ==Career== ===Hal Roach and Our Gang=== As a teenager, Douglas got a job at the Hal Roach Studios, working in the office and appearing in bit parts in various Hal Roach films. He made walk-on appearances in at least three Our Gang shorts: Teacher's Pet (1930), Big Ears (1931) and Birthday Blues (1932). By 1934, Douglas was assistant to director Gus Meins and served as assistant director on Stan Laurel and Oliver Hardy's 1934 film Babes in Toyland and on the Our Gang comedies made between 1934 and mid-1936. Beginning with Bored of Education in 1936, Our Gang moved from two-reel (20-minute) comedies to one-reel (10-minute) comedies, and Douglas became the senior director of the series. Bored of Education won the 1936 Academy Award for Live Action Short Film, and was the only Our Gang entry ever honored with the award. Douglas remained with the series as director for two years. His Our Gang shorts, featuring Spanky, Alfalfa, Darla, Porky, Buckwheat, Waldo, Butch and Woim, are the most familiar in the series’ 22-year canon. Douglas worked on the Our Gang feature General Spanky (1936). His shorts included Spooky Hooky (1936) and Pay as You Exit (1936). Roach sold the Our Gang unit to Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer in May 1938. Douglas directed two MGM Our Gangs on loan from Roach, The Little Ranger (1938) and Aladdin's Lantern (1938) before deciding that he could not get used to the more industrialized atmosphere at the larger studio. Returning to his home studio, Douglas directed the feature Zenobia (1939) with Oliver Hardy teamed with Harry Langdon instead of Stan Laurel; it was a box office disappointment. Laurel and Hardy were reunited for Douglas' next film, Saps at Sea (1940) (Laurel and Hardy's last film produced by the Hal Roach Studio) which was followed by All-American Co-Ed with former Our Gang member Johnny Downs (and Langdon). Douglas next helmed Niagara Falls (1941), one of Hal Roach's Streamliners, a series of short features less than 50 minutes, and he co-wrote and directed Roach’s’’ feature Broadway Limited (1941) and provided the story for Topper Returns (1941). His last effort for Roach was the featurette The Devil with Hitler (1942). He might have stayed with Roach indefinitely, but Roach turned his studio over to the U.S. Army for the production of wartime training films. ===RKO Films=== Douglas moved over to RKO Pictures. He made a series of low budget comedies including The Great Gildersleeve (1942), based on the radio show; and its sequel Gildersleeve on Broadway (1943), Gildersleeve's Bad Day (1943) and Gildersleeve's Ghost (1944). He also helmed The Falcon in Hollywood (1944), Girl Rush (1944), A Night of Adventure (1944) and First Yank into Tokyo (1945). He made Zombies on Broadway (1945) with the comedy team of Brown and Carney, then San Quentin (1946), Dick Tracy vs. Cueball (1946) and If You Knew Susie (1948). ===Columbia Films=== In 1948, Douglas migrated from RKO to producer Edward Small who had a releasing deal with Columbia Pictures. For Small, he made Walk a Crooked Mile (1948) and The Black Arrow (1948). Columbia used Douglas on Mr. Soft Touch (1949), Between Midnight and Dawn (1950), Rogues of Sherwood Forest (1950), Fortunes of Captain Blood (1950) and The Nevadan (1950). They loaned him to British Lion to make State Secret (1950) in England. ===Cagney Productions and Warner Bros.=== James Cagney was making a film for Warner Bros., Kiss Tomorrow Goodbye (1950) with his brother William, and they hired Douglas to direct. Douglas signed long-term deals with Cagney Productions and Warners. In May 1950, Douglas signed a non exclusive two-picture deal with Paramount. The first of these was The Great Missouri Raid (1951). He was meant to make a second film for Paramount but they released him so Cagney could use him again on Only the Valiant (1951) a Western with Gregory Peck. Douglas went on to establish himself as one of Warners' leading directors of the 1950s, working in all genres: I Was a Communist for the FBI (1951); Come Fill the Cup (1951), produced by Cagney starring James Cagney; The Iron Mistress (1952) a biopic of Jim Bowie starring Alan Ladd; Mara Maru (1952), an adventure story with Errol Flynn; So This Is Love (1953), a musical biopic of Grace Moore; The Charge at Feather River (1954), a 3D Western; She's Back on Broadway (1953), a musical; Them! (1954), a science fiction film about giant ants; Young at Heart (1955), with Doris Day and Frank Sinatra; Sincerely Yours (1955) with Liberace; The McConnell Story (1955), a biopic of Joseph C. McConnell with Alan Ladd; Santiago (1956) with Ladd; Bombers B-52 (1957) and The Big Land (1957), a Western with Ladd. His three low-budget westerns starring Clint Walker – Fort Dobbs (1958), Yellowstone Kelly (1959) and Gold of the Seven Saints (1961, from a screenplay by Leigh Brackett originally commissioned by Howard Hawks) – have been compared to Budd Boetticher's contemporary minimalist westerns with Randolph Scott. He did The Fiend Who Walked the West (1958) at 20th Century Fox and Up Periscope (1959) for Warners. He had a hit with Claudelle Inglish (1961) and The Sins of Rachel Cade (1961). ===Freelance director=== Douglas directed Elvis Presley in the comedy Follow That Dream (1962) made for Mirisch Productions and did Bob Hope's Call Me Bwana (1963) for Eon Productions. He did a Western at Fox Rio Conchos (1964) then made the heist comedy Robin and the 7 Hoods (1964) for Frank Sinatra's company, starring Sinatra. Douglas made two films starring Carroll Baker, Harlow (1965) and Sylvia (1965). ===20th Century Fox=== For 20th Century Fox Douglas directed Jerry Lewis in the science fiction spoof Way...Way Out (1966), did the remake of Stagecoach (1966) and made In Like Flint (1967) with James Coburn. Douglas made Tony Rome (1967) with Sinatra at Fox, and the Western Chuka (1967) for star-producer Rod Taylor at Paramount. There were two more with Sinatra at Fox, The Detective (1968) and a sequel to Tony Rome, Lady in Cement (1968). ===Later career=== After the Western Barquero (1970), Douglas did Skullduggery (1970) and directed Sidney Poitier's They Call Me Mister Tibbs! (1970) for the Mirisches. He did some uncredited directing on Skin Game (1971). Slaughter's Big Rip-Off (1973) was a blaxploitation film and Nevada Smith (1975). Douglas returned to Warner Bros. for his final film, 1977's Viva Knievel!, in which the stuntman Evel Knievel played himself in a fanciful biography. Reportedly, Douglas was the only person to ever direct both Elvis and Sinatra on film. Attempting to explain his prodigious directorial output, Douglas told Bertrand Tavernier, "I have a large family to feed, and it's only occasionally that I find a story that interests me". ===Death=== Douglas died of cancer at the age of 85 on September 29, 1993, in Los Angeles. He was survived by his wife, Julia Mack, and two children. ==Filmography== ===Director=== * The Infernal Triangle (1935) * Lucky Beginners (1935, short) * General Spanky (1936) * Spooky Hooky (1936, short) * Pay As You Exit (1936, short) * Two Too Young (1936, short) * Bored of Education (1936, short) * The Pigskin Palooka (1937, short) * Framing Youth (1937, short) * Fishy Tales (1937, short) * Night 'n' Gales (1937, short) * Roamin' Holiday (1937, short) * Three Smart Boys (1937, short) * Rushin' Ballet (1937, short) * Hearts Are Thumps (1937, short) * Glove Taps (1937, short) * Our Gang Follies of 1938 (1937, short) * Reunion in Rhythm (1937, short) (also titled Our Gang Follies in 1937) * Aladdin's Lantern (1938, short) * The Little Ranger (1938, short) * Hide and Shriek (1938, short) * Feed 'em and Weep (1938, short) * Came the Brawn (1938, short) * Bear Facts (1938, short) * Canned Fishing (1938, short) * Zenobia (1939) (also titled Elephants Never Forget) * Saps at Sea (1940) * Niagara Falls (1941) * Broadway Limited (1941) * The Great Gildersleeve (1942) * The Devil with Hitler (1942) * Gildersleeve on Broadway (1943) * Gildersleeve's Bad Day (1943) * The Falcon in Hollywood (1944) * Girl Rush (1944) * Gildersleeve's Ghost (1944) * A Night of Adventure (1944) * First Yank into Tokyo (1945) (also titled Mask of Fury) * Zombies on Broadway (1945) * San Quentin (1946) * Dick Tracy vs. Cueball (1946) * Walk a Crooked Mile (1948) * The Black Arrow (1948) * If You Knew Susie (1948) * Mr. Soft Touch (1949) * The Great Manhunt (1949) * The Doolins of Oklahoma (1949) * Between Midnight and Dawn (1950) * Kiss Tomorrow Goodbye (1950) * Rogues of Sherwood Forest (1950) * Fortunes of Captain Blood (1950) * The Nevadan (1950) * The Great Missouri Raid (1951) * Come Fill the Cup (1951) * I Was a Communist for the FBI (1951) * Only the Valiant (1951) * The Iron Mistress (1952) * Mara Maru (1952) * So This Is Love (1953) (also titled The Grace Moore Story) * The Charge at Feather River (1953) * She's Back on Broadway (1953) * Young at Heart (1954) * Them! (1954) * Sincerely Yours (1955) * The McConnell Story (1955) * Santiago (1956) * Bombers B-52 (1957) * Stampeded (1957) * No Sleep Til Dawn (1957) * The Big Land (1957) * The Fiend Who Walked the West (1958) * Fort Dobbs (1958) * Yellowstone Kelly (1959) * Up Periscope (1959) * The Miracle (1959) (battle scenes) * Claudelle Inglish (1961) (also titled Young and Eager) * Gold of the Seven Saints (1961) * The Sins of Rachel Cade (1961) * Follow that Dream (1962) * Call Me Bwana (1963) * Rio Conchos (1964) * Robin and the 7 Hoods (1964) * Sylvia (1965) * Harlow (1965) * Way...Way Out (1966) * Stagecoach (1966) * Tony Rome (1967) * Chuka (1967) * In Like Flint (1967) * The Detective (1968) * Lady in Cement (1968) * Barquero (1970) * They Call Me Mister Tibbs! (1970) * Skullduggery (1970) * Skin Game (1971) (uncredited) * Slaughter's Big Rip-Off (1973) * Nevada Smith (1975) * Viva Knievel! (1977) ===Actor (selected)=== * Pardon Us (1931) – Typist (uncredited) * One Good Turn (1931) - Community Player (uncredited) * The Mystery of Edwin Drood (1935) – Coroner (uncredited) ==References== ==External links== * * Category:1907 births Category:1993 deaths Category:Male actors from New York City Category:American male child actors Category:American male film actors Category:American film directors Category:Deaths from cancer in California Category:Hal Roach Studios filmmakers Category:Burials at Forest Lawn Memorial Park (Glendale) Category:20th-century American male actors Category:Our Gang Category:Film producers from New York (state)

['Maurice Costello', 'MGM', 'Hal Roach Studios', 'Hal Roach', 'Our Gang', 'Birthday Blues', 'Gus Meins', 'Stan Laurel', 'Oliver Hardy', 'Bored of Education', 'Academy Award for Live Action Short Film', 'General Spanky', 'Spooky Hooky', 'Pay as You Exit', 'The Little Ranger', "Aladdin's Lantern", 'Harry Langdon', 'Saps at Sea', 'All-American Co-Ed', 'Johnny Downs', "Hal Roach's Streamliners", 'Topper Returns', 'The Devil with Hitler', 'RKO Pictures', 'Gildersleeve on Broadway', "Gildersleeve's Bad Day", "Gildersleeve's Ghost", 'The Falcon in Hollywood', 'Girl Rush', 'A Night of Adventure', 'First Yank into Tokyo', 'Zombies on Broadway', 'Brown and Carney', 'Dick Tracy vs. Cueball', 'Edward Small', 'Columbia Pictures', 'Walk a Crooked Mile', 'Mr. Soft Touch', 'Between Midnight and Dawn', 'Rogues of Sherwood Forest', 'Fortunes of Captain Blood', 'The Nevadan', 'James Cagney', 'Warner Bros.', 'The Great Missouri Raid', 'Only the Valiant', 'Gregory Peck', 'I Was a Communist for the FBI', 'Come Fill the Cup', 'The Iron Mistress', 'Jim Bowie', 'Alan Ladd', 'Mara Maru', 'Errol Flynn', 'Grace Moore', 'The Charge at Feather River', "She's Back on Broadway", 'Them!', 'Doris Day', 'Frank Sinatra', 'Liberace', 'The McConnell Story', 'Joseph C. McConnell', 'Bombers B-52', 'The Big Land', 'Clint Walker', 'Fort Dobbs', 'Yellowstone Kelly', 'Gold of the Seven Saints', 'Leigh Brackett', 'Howard Hawks', 'Budd Boetticher', 'Randolph Scott', 'The Fiend Who Walked the West', '20th Century Fox', 'Up Periscope', 'Claudelle Inglish', 'The Sins of Rachel Cade', 'Elvis Presley', 'Follow That Dream', 'Mirisch Productions', 'Bob Hope', 'Call Me Bwana', 'Eon Productions', 'Robin and the 7 Hoods', 'Carroll Baker', 'Jerry Lewis', 'Way...Way Out', 'In Like Flint', 'James Coburn', 'Tony Rome', 'Rod Taylor', 'Lady in Cement', 'Barquero', 'Sidney Poitier', 'They Call Me Mister Tibbs!', 'Skin Game', "Slaughter's Big Rip-Off", 'Evel Knievel', 'Bertrand Tavernier', 'Two Too Young', 'The Pigskin Palooka', 'Framing Youth', 'Fishy Tales', "Night 'n' Gales", "Roamin' Holiday", 'Three Smart Boys', "Rushin' Ballet", 'Hearts Are Thumps', 'Glove Taps', 'Our Gang Follies of 1938', 'Reunion in Rhythm', 'Hide and Shriek', "Feed 'em and Weep", 'Came the Brawn', 'Canned Fishing', 'The Great Gildersleeve', 'The Doolins of Oklahoma', 'Viva Knievel!', 'Pardon Us']

['Q1749423', 'Q179200', 'Q3125893', 'Q72792', 'Q1218784', 'Q12102485', 'Q946909', 'Q72869', 'Q72911', 'Q893480', 'Q1324407', 'Q5532208', 'Q7579123', 'Q7156601', 'Q7747700', 'Q4705483', 'Q965701', 'Q759472', 'Q4727789', 'Q6266617', 'Q5640911', 'Q1332634', 'Q7730024', 'Q267282', 'Q5561555', 'Q18150241', 'Q18150245', 'Q3792671', 'Q18150264', 'Q15378692', 'Q5454103', 'Q3061534', 'Q4976357', 'Q5273476', 'Q1616048', 'Q186941', 'Q3822622', 'Q3925962', 'Q3997060', 'Q1133756', 'Q578729', 'Q7753457', 'Q94041', 'Q126399', 'Q14906577', 'Q3077894', 'Q108366', 'Q4354625', 'Q784790', 'Q3210646', 'Q433657', 'Q346280', 'Q3287331', 'Q93188', 'Q253757', 'Q3819315', 'Q7491787', 'Q578809', 'Q104372', 'Q40912', 'Q347528', 'Q3227676', 'Q4275789', 'Q2909631', 'Q7717695', 'Q1101643', 'Q1412628', 'Q225962', 'Q961067', 'Q298242', 'Q51581', 'Q51466', 'Q295984', 'Q3716081', 'Q434841', 'Q3928071', 'Q507941', 'Q1630124', 'Q303', 'Q1953523', 'Q456294', 'Q94081', 'Q5021551', 'Q219135', 'Q1471244', 'Q233891', 'Q294927', 'Q1165872', 'Q1200034', 'Q4227', 'Q632501', 'Q308459', 'Q1214242', 'Q808751', 'Q104049', 'Q2437383', 'Q7535350', 'Q7539005', 'Q345231', 'Q337226', 'Q7859302', 'Q7757100', 'Q8565310', 'Q5455160', 'Q7033188', 'Q7339731', 'Q7797823', 'Q7380823', 'Q5692949', 'Q12124555', 'Q3887452', 'Q7317593', 'Q5752202', 'Q3067968', 'Q5025843', 'Q5032622', 'Q11897194', 'Q3964387', 'Q3829117', 'Q1619597']

[[(346, 362)], [(382, 385), (1656, 1659)], [(484, 501), (10678, 10695)], [(418, 427), (484, 493), (563, 572), (2145, 2154), (2309, 2318), (10678, 10687)], [(432, 440), (626, 634), (866, 874), (959, 967), (1188, 1196), (1296, 1304), (1462, 1470), (1585, 1593), (1660, 1668), (2216, 2224), (7825, 7833), (7911, 7919), (10816, 10824)], [(685, 699)], [(751, 760)], [(797, 808), (1976, 1987)], [(813, 825), (1926, 1938)], [(931, 949), (1097, 1115), (7507, 7525)], [(1129, 1169)], [(1479, 1493), (7392, 7406)], [(1522, 1534), (7416, 7428)], [(1546, 1561)], [(1690, 1707), (7973, 7990)], [(1719, 1736), (7939, 7956)], [(1951, 1964)], [(2080, 2091), (8216, 8227)], [(2185, 2203)], [(2232, 2244)], [(2309, 2333)], [(2482, 2496)], [(2550, 2571), (8318, 8339)], [(2760, 2772)], [(2895, 2919), (8349, 8373)], [(2928, 2950), (8383, 8405)], [(2962, 2982), (8467, 8487)], [(3006, 3029), (8415, 8438)], [(3038, 3047), (8448, 8457)], [(3056, 3076), (8497, 8517)], [(3088, 3109), (8527, 8548)], [(3126, 3145), (8585, 8604)], [(3177, 3193)], [(3220, 3242), (8635, 8657)], [(3348, 3360)], [(3391, 3408)], [(3429, 3448), (8667, 8686)], [(3509, 3523), (8748, 8762)], [(3532, 3557), (8832, 8857)], [(3566, 3591), (8898, 8923)], [(3600, 3625), (8933, 8958)], [(3637, 3648), (8968, 8979)], [(3771, 3783), (4469, 4481)], [(3755, 3767), (3806, 3818), (6740, 6752)], [(4077, 4100), (8989, 9012)], [(4213, 4229), (9088, 9104)], [(4252, 4264)], [(4377, 4406), (9049, 9078)], [(4415, 4432), (9022, 9039)], [(4483, 4500), (9114, 9131)], [(4520, 4529)], [(4539, 4548), (4969, 4978)], [(4550, 4559), (9141, 9150)], [(4592, 4603)], [(4649, 4660), (9200, 9211)], [(4662, 4689), (9221, 9248)], [(4712, 4734), (9258, 9280)], [(4754, 4759), (9314, 9319)], [(4837, 4846)], [(4851, 4864), (5848, 5861)], [(4894, 4902)], [(4904, 4923), (9354, 9373)], [(4944, 4963)], [(5007, 5019), (9401, 9413)], [(5031, 5043), (9469, 9481)], [(5112, 5124)], [(5127, 5137), (9530, 9540)], [(5146, 5163), (9550, 9567)], [(5175, 5199), (9693, 9717)], [(5228, 5242)], [(5270, 5282)], [(5308, 5323)], [(5364, 5378)], [(5387, 5416), (9491, 9520)], [(5427, 5443), (5974, 5990), (5998, 6014)], [(5448, 5460), (9577, 9589)], [(5499, 5516), (9636, 9653)], [(5528, 5551), (9727, 9750)], [(5602, 5615)], [(5630, 5647)], [(5664, 5683)], [(5692, 5700)], [(5703, 5716), (9787, 9800)], [(5728, 5743)], [(5815, 5836), (9831, 9852)], [(5923, 5936)], [(6032, 6043)], [(6073, 6086), (9894, 9907)], [(6140, 6153), (9971, 9984)], [(6166, 6178)], [(6193, 6202), (6381, 6390), (9937, 9946)], [(6278, 6288)], [(6392, 6406), (10017, 10031)], [(6452, 6460), (10041, 10049)], [(6514, 6528)], [(6531, 6557), (10059, 10085)], [(6620, 6629), (10117, 10126)], [(6638, 6661), (10149, 10172)], [(6817, 6829)], [(7027, 7045)], [(7477, 7490)], [(7542, 7561)], [(7578, 7591)], [(7608, 7619)], [(7636, 7651)], [(7668, 7683)], [(7700, 7716)], [(7733, 7747)], [(7764, 7781)], [(7798, 7808)], [(7825, 7849)], [(7866, 7883)], [(8007, 8022)], [(8039, 8056)], [(8073, 8087)], [(8131, 8145)], [(2824, 2846), (8286, 8308)], [(8799, 8822)], [(6780, 6793), (10204, 10217)], [(10250, 10259)]]

SecuROM is a CD/DVD copy protection and digital rights management (DRM) system developed by Sony DADC. It aims to prevent unauthorised copying and reverse engineering of software, primarily commercial computer games running on Windows. The method of disc protection in later versions is data position measurement, which may be used in conjunction with online activation DRM. SecuROM gained prominence in the late 2000s but generated controversy because of its requirement for frequent online authentication and strict key activation limits. A 2008 class-action lawsuit was filed against Electronic Arts for its use of SecuROM in the video game Spore. Opponents, including the Electronic Frontier Foundation, believe that fair-use rights are restricted by DRM applications such as SecuROM. ==Software== SecuROM limits the number of PCs activated at the same time from the same key and is not uninstalled upon removal of the game. SecuROM 7.x was the first version to include the SecuROM Removal Tool, which is intended to help users remove SecuROM after the software with which it was installed has been removed. Most titles now also include a revoke tool to deactivate the license; revoking all licenses would restore the original activation limit. As with Windows activation, a hardware change may appear as a change of computer, and force another activation of the software. Reformatting the computer may not consume an activation, if the Product Activation servers successfully detect it as a re-installation on the same set of hardware. The activation limit may be increased, on a case-by-case basis, if the user is shown to have reached this limit due to several hardware-triggered re-activations on the same PC. ===Known problems=== * SecuROM may not detect that the original game disc is in the drive. This can occur on virtually any configuration, and reinserting the disc or rebooting the computer usually resolves the problem. * Under Windows Vista, SecuROM will prevent a game from running if explicit congestion notification is enabled in Vista's networking configuration. * Software that can be used to bypass copy protection, such as disk drive emulators and debugging software, will block the launch of the game and generate a security module error. Disabling such software usually fixes the issue, but in some cases uninstallation is required. * SecuROM conflicts with other software, the best-known being SysInternals' Process Explorer (prior to version 11). Use of Process Explorer before an attempt to run the protected software would produce an error caused by a driver that was kept in memory after Process Explorer was closed. This is solved by either ensuring that Process Explorer is not running in the background when the game is launched, or updating Process Explorer. * SecuROM has a hardware-level incompatibility with certain brands of optical drives. Workarounds exist. ==Controversies== ===BioShock=== Purchasers of BioShock were required to activate the game online, and users who exceeded their permitted two activations would have to call to get their limit raised. The limit was raised to five activations because an incorrect phone number had been printed on the manual, and because there were no call centers outside of the United States. Separate activations were required for each user on the same machine. 2K Games removed the activation limit in 2008, although online activation was still required. The game is now available completely DRM-free. ===Mass Effect=== EA announced in May 2008 that Mass Effect for the PC would use SecuROM 7.x and require that the software be reactivated every 10 days. Customer complaints led EA to remove the 10-day activation, but SecuROM remained tied to the installation, with its product activation facility used to impose a limit of three activations. A call to customer support is required to reset the activation limit. Unlike BioShock, uninstalling the game does not refund a previously used activation. A de-authorization tool was released for the main game, but EA's customer support must still be contacted to deactivate the downloadable expansions. ===Spore=== Spore, released by EA on September 7, 2008, uses SecuROM. Spore has seen relatively substantial rates of unauthorized distribution among peer-to-peer groups, and with a reported 1.7 million downloads over BitTorrent networks, was the most user-redistributed game of 2008, according to TorrentFreak's "Top 10 most pirated games of 2008" list. Journalists note that this was a reaction from users unhappy with the copy protection. EA requires the player to authenticate the game online upon installation. This system was announced after EA's originally planned system, which would have required authentication every 10 days, met opposition from the public. Each individual product key of the game would be limited to use on three computers. This limit was raised to five computers, in response to customer complaints, but only one online user (required to access user- generated content) can be created per copy. A class-action lawsuit was filed by Maryland resident Melissa Thomas within the U.S. District Court against Electronic Arts over SecuROM's inclusion with Spore. Several other lawsuits have followed. ===Command & Conquer: Red Alert 3=== Red Alert 3 included SecuROM until February 19, 2009, when it was removed from the Steam version. Non-Steam editions still include SecuROM.Command and Conquer: Red Alert 3#SecuROM Despite this, every serial key can only be activated up to 5 times, and activations could be revoked for individual systems through the game's auto-run feature as of patch 1.05. ===Dragon Age II=== Reports emerged in March 2011 that EA's Dragon Age II included SecuROM, despite assertions from EA to the contrary. On March 12, 2011, a BioWare representative stated on the official Dragon Age II message boards that the game does not use SecuROM, but instead "a release control product which is made by the same team, but is a completely different product" which was later revealed to be Sony Release Control. The consumer advocacy group Reclaim Your Game has challenged this claim, based on their analysis of the files in question. ===Final Fantasy VII PC re-release=== In early August 2012 an updated version of Final Fantasy VII was re-released for PC. The updated version included SecuROM software, which was discovered when an early purchase link was included in the Square Enix store. Users who purchased and downloaded the game were unable to activate the game due to the activation servers not recognizing the activation key for their purchased games. ===The Sims 2 Ultimate Collection=== EA released The Sims 2 Ultimate Collection as a free download until July 31, 2014, but did not mention that the download also came with SecuROM included, which was later revealed by the site Reclaim Your Game. SecuROM was removed on November 1, 2017, more than three years after it was last offered on Origin. ===Tron: Evolution=== In 2019, due to Disney's decision to end its SecuROM license, Tron: Evolution, which relies on it to authenticate its installation and startup, was rendered unplayable and pulled from the Steam store nearly a decade after its release. Disney claims that efforts are being made to re- release the game without SecuROM, but there has so far been no further assurance of or timetable for such an action. ==References== ==External links== * *Sony DADC *Tweakguide's analysis of SecuROM controversy *80_PA SecuROM Category:Compact Disc and DVD copy protection Category:Digital rights management for macOS Category:Digital rights management for Windows Category:Sony software

['Compact Disc and DVD copy protection', 'DVD', 'Windows', 'Electronic Arts', 'Electronic Frontier Foundation', 'Windows Vista', 'SysInternals', 'Process Explorer', 'BioShock', '2K Games', 'Mass Effect', 'TorrentFreak', 'Maryland', 'U.S. District Court', 'Dragon Age II', 'Final Fantasy VII', 'Disney', 'Tron: Evolution']

['Q5155274', 'Q5294', 'Q1406', 'Q173941', 'Q624023', 'Q11230', 'Q649655', 'Q1567949', 'Q57270', 'Q94937', 'Q953242', 'Q1133199', 'Q1391', 'Q1614849', 'Q1064927', 'Q214232', 'Q7414', 'Q349087']

[[(7518, 7554)], [(16, 19), (7535, 7538)], [(227, 234), (1257, 1264), (1945, 1952), (7639, 7646)], [(587, 602), (5164, 5179)], [(676, 706)], [(1945, 1958)], [(2422, 2434)], [(2436, 2452), (2483, 2499), (2620, 2636), (2688, 2704), (2777, 2793)], [(2921, 2929), (2947, 2955), (3906, 3914)], [(3346, 3354)], [(3490, 3501), (3535, 3546)], [(4430, 4442)], [(5092, 5100)], [(5136, 5155)], [(5653, 5666), (5710, 5723), (5853, 5866)], [(6207, 6224), (6285, 6302)], [(7016, 7022), (7235, 7241)], [(6981, 6996), (7062, 7077)]]

Hexstatic are an English electronic music duo, consisting of Stuart Warren Hill and Robin Brunson, that specializes in creating "quirky audio visual electro." Formed in 1997 after Hill and Brunson met while producing visuals at the Channel 5 launch party, they decided to take over for the original members of the Ninja Tune multimedia collective Hex that had disbanded around the same time. They soon collaborated with Coldcut for the Natural Rhythms Trilogy, including the critically acclaimed A/V single "Timber". Much of their music involves integrated visual experiences, and both of their main album releases have been CD and DVD combinations; the latest, Master-View, includes 3D "anaglyph" versions of some of their music videos and comes packaged with 3D glasses. Hexstatic has also been instrumental in designing VJ equipment, including the Pioneer DVJ-X1 professional DVD player. Other artists they have worked with include Kris Menace, EBN, Juice Aleem and David Byrne of Talking Heads. ==History== The current Hexstatic duo of Stuart Warren Hill and Robin Brunson have been together since 1997. Before that time Stuart Hill had been producing visuals for the Big Chill Festival. and had a visuals company called SP Visuals with Pod Bluman. Brunson had been working in computer animation and producing and DJing for Skint records offshoot Undr 5's as Rareforce. Both wanted to combine their video talents with music. They gradually took over for the original Hex group which consisted of graphic design artists Robert Pepperell and Miles Visman and Coldcut members Matt Black and Jonathan More. ===Hex=== This first version, known simply as Hex, fused an interest in computer programming and animation with their talent for video design and knowledge of club culture to create a range of multimedia projects. In 1990, they produced music videos for artists such as The Fall and Queen Latifah as well as graphics for television stations. Also that year they created the first pop music video created entirely on home micro computers (Apple Macintosh, Amiga, etc.) for "Coldcut’s Christmas Break." In 1991, they released the video game "Top Banana" along with a 12" single mix of the game's sound track. A year later they included the game along with rave visuals, techno and ambient music all on one CD-ROM billed as a "multi dimensional future entertainment product." The group continued to put out interactive CD- ROM and CD-I titles throughout the mid nineties. During this time they also performed live visuals for clubs and chillouts. Their final contribution came in 1997, when they helped create the CD-ROM version of Coldcut's Let Us Play! album which featured tracks by its own offspring Hexstatic. Hex officially disbanded in 1999 due to internal tensions. ===Natural rhythms trilogy=== Prior to meeting Brunson at the Channel 5 launch party in 1997, Stuart Warren Hill had begun working on the Natural Rhythms Trilogy, a collaborative effort with Coldcut and Greenpeace. Stuart approached Greenpeace asking for use of their stock footage of wildlife and logging operations and in return Greenpeace could use the finished project in their campaigns and presentations. The first video was 1997's Frog Jam, which created a rhythmic structure out of short clips of water dripping, frog leaping and tribal drumming and chanting. This was soon followed by Natural Rhythm and Timber. Natural Rhythm featured insects, birds and other wildlife as well as a tribesman playing a flute like instrument. Each video employed increasingly more complex mixing and splicing techniques culminating with the award-winning Timber. Its tone is more plaintively political, opening with majestic images of the sunset over a forest of immensely beautiful trees then quickly shifting with a clap of thunder to a telegraph button punching out the dots and dashes of a Morse code SOS distress call. Images of powerful circular saws, chopping axes, and huge, buzzing chainsaws soon follow. The picture then distorts and images of the indigenous animals appear to the singing of a mournful native woman. The anti-deforestation message is quite clear even before the industrial machinery makes its appearance towards the end of the track. Timber won the award for Best Editing Video Musique in France in 1998 and appeared on Coldcut's 1997 release Let Us Play!. ===Studio releases and advancement of the AV genre=== Hexstatic released their first full-length CD in 2000. Entitled Rewind, it was packaged with a 2nd CD-ROM disc that contained videos for each of the album's 11 tracks. The music is similar to Coldcut and has an electro infused sound that reviewer Bob Bannister terms a combination of "South Bronx hip hop [and] the avant-Eurodisco sound of Kraftwerk." The album was created over a two-year period on two 100 MHz Macs that were barely switched off during the production; one 30-second siren sound at the beginning of the track "Machine Toy", took three days to render. For the video track "Deadly Media", Stuart Warren Hill recorded news broadcasts from around the world off of a satellite feed and cropped everything but the newscasters’ mouths to build a random cacophony of voices out of which the spliced-together phase "deadly media" emerges. Solid Steel Presents Hexstatic - Listen and Learn was their next project. Released in 2003, it was a mix album produced by Robin Brunson of many of the tracks that influenced Hexstatic's own sound. It featured time stretching techniques made possible by the newest CD mixing technology. In contradiction to many DJ purists who only use vinyl, Hexstatic (and Hex before them) have consistently demonstrated a willingness and even a passion for bleeding edge technologies. In 2004, they consulted with Pioneer on the production of the first DVD turntable with tempo control, the DJV-X1. This machine has the ability to live mix audio and video in the same way one would a simple audio disc. For Master-View, Hexstatic continued to innovate by creating 3D anaglyph videos for six of the tracks on the DVD portion of the CD/DVD combo release. The single, "Salvador", which features footage of people dancing in the streets of Salvador, Brazil, was voted Best Music Video for 2004 at the Portobello Film Festival. The band's involvement with current technological development has not lessened its infatuation with older technologies. As can be seen from the Speak & Spell game on the cover of Listen & Learn, the Sinclair ZX80 home computer on Rewind and the View-Master on Master-View, Hexstatic clearly have a penchant for gadgets from the 1970s and 1980s. They have stated that the vector graphics they have used in some of their videos were inspired by the arcade game Battlezone. The samples and computerized vocals of tracks such as "Telemetron" and "Bass Invader" (a play on the Space Invaders game) as well as the use of an Atari 2600 and a Casio V-L Tone on L-Virata, are also signifers of the retro tech aesthetic they cultivate. A mix CD Pick'n'Mix: An Assortment To Suit All Tastes was released in April 2006. Sanctuary Records gave Robin Brunson access to its large back catalogue of works, resulting in an eclectic mix of hip hop, rock and reggae from artists as diverse as Grandmaster Flash, The Kinks and the Harry J Allstars. Hexstatic also released a bootleg CD/DVD set under the alias Exactshit (an anagram of Hexstatic). Featuring samples of popular hit songs, only 200 copies were made available at the Big Chill Music Festival 2003 and from the Ninja Tune online store. It has since been more broadly distributed through online file sharing. When Robots Go Bad was their next studio album and saw the duo pursue a more pop-electro sound that featured several vocalists including London based soul singer Sabirajade and Australian singer/rapper B+. It was released in 2007. Hexstatic presents Videos, Remixes and Rarities, 2008, was a DVD and CD combo celebrating 10 years of the duos video and audio work. The DVD featured all of their best videos, some previously not available on DVD. The CD featured rare and unreleased tracks and remixes by Hexstatic. Hexstatic present Trailer Trax was a solo digital release by Robin Brunson and was given away for free via Bandcamp in Dec 2010. Holotronica is Stuart Warren-Hill's solo AV 3D project. The album was released August 2014, a visual collaboration with Tom Wall of Blinkin Lab. Stuart then needed a way to show 3D visuals to a large audience when performing his album live. After considering the Pepper's Ghost technique, he soon realised this was not a touring solution. Stuart then invented Holo-Gauze. A patented technology for holographic effects that supports stereoscopic 3D. The only gauze that can do this it is also ultra fine and highly reflective giving good screen gain and contrast and becoming invisible to the audience when correctly setup. Holotronica is now based in Bristol and supplying Holo-Gauze, holographic solutions, bespoke 3D content and visuals all over the world and can list clients such as Lady Gaga, Beyonce, Samsung and Eric Prydz. ===Live performances=== Since their art crosses a lot of boundaries they have performed at art galleries and cinemas as well as festivals and smaller clubs. After viewing Timber, David Byrne asked Hexstatic to do the visuals for his performance at the 1998 Lisbon Expo. Since then they performed the first ever live AV gig at the Guggenheim in Bilbao as well as at the Pompidou Centre in Paris and the Getty Museum in Los Angeles. In September 2005, they projected video on a huge water screen over the River Thames in London as part of the Thames Festival. They also have performed at the huge Electraglide raves in Japan before 10,000 people. They completed the world's first audio-visual album which was previewed at the onedotzero festival in London at the ICA. since then they have had a strong relationship and featured in many of the organisations events at home and abroad including Tokyo, Taipei and Stockholm. Notably, they performed a series of unlicensed "guerrilla gigs" in the streets of London on 10 March 2006 as part of promoting their single "Distorted Minds". They loaded up their equipment in a van and performed a 30-minute set projected on the wall of a local building in each of three sites that they had previously scouted out. The crowds of a couple hundred people each were generally well behaved and the brevity of the performances meant that Hexstatic were on their way to the next location before the police arrived. They escaped with only a single parking ticket. ==Awards== *Best Editing Video Musique Awards, France 1998 "Timber" (with Coldcut) *Portabello Film Festival, Best Music Video 2004 "Salvador" *No.1 in Top 20 VJ vote DJ Magazine, October 2005 *Focal Awards 2008 - Award for Best Use of Footage in an Advertisement - Diesel 78: "Learn Disco Dance" - ==Discography== ===LPs=== *Rewind (22 August 2000) Ntone *Solid Steel Presents Hexstatic - Listen & Learn (11 February 2003) Ninja Tune (DJ mix album) *Master-View (11 October 2004) Ninja Tune *Pick'n'Mix: An Assortment To Suit All Tastes (24 April 2006) Castle/Discotheque Sanctuary Records (DJ mix album) *When Robots Go Bad (25 June 2007) Ninja Tune *Hexstatic presents Videos, Remixes, Rarities (Dec, 2008) Ninja Tune *Hexstatic present Trailer Trax (May, 2010) Lower Level ===Singles and EPs=== *"Timber" (January 1998) Ninja Tune (12" - 5 audio tracks) (CD-Enhanced - 7 audio tracks + 5 videos) *"Vector EP" (June 2000) Ntone (12" - 4 audio tracks) *"Ninja Tune EP" (2000) Ntone (12" - 5 audio tracks) *"Telemetron (Solid Steel Promo)" (March 2003) Ninja Tune (10" - 4 audio tracks) *"Salvador" (2004) Ninja Tune (DVD - 3 tracks) (12" - 4 audio tracks) *"Distorted Minds" (14 March 2005) Ninja Tune (CD-Enhanced - 5 audio tracks + 3 videos) (12" - 4 audio tracks) *"Red Laser Beam" (2007) Ninja Tune (CD-4 audio tracks) (12" - 4 audio tracks) ==='Exactshit' bootlegs=== *Exactshit CD (2003) No Label (CDR - 16 audio tracks) *Exactshit DVD (2003) No Label (DVD - 10 video tracks) *Now That's What I Call Exactshit DVD 2 (2006) No Label (DVD - 16 video tracks) ==References== ==External links== *Hexstatic.tv Official Site *History of Hex *Interview with Hexstatic Category:English electronic music duos Category:Male musical duos Category:Musical groups from London Category:Trip hop groups Category:Ninja Tune artists Category:VJ (video performance artists)

['London', 'Ntone', 'Ninja Tune', 'Coldcut', 'CD', 'DVD', 'Master-View', 'Pioneer DVJ-X1', 'DVD player', 'Kris Menace', 'Juice Aleem', 'Talking Heads', 'Queen Latifah', 'Apple Macintosh', 'Amiga', 'CD-ROM', 'CD-I', 'Let Us Play!', 'Greenpeace', 'Morse code', 'SOS', 'South Bronx', 'Kraftwerk', 'Solid Steel', 'Salvador, Brazil', 'Portobello Film Festival', 'Sinclair ZX80', 'View-Master', 'Space Invaders', 'Atari 2600', "Pick'n'Mix: An Assortment To Suit All Tastes", 'Sanctuary Records', 'Grandmaster Flash', 'The Kinks', 'Harry J', 'When Robots Go Bad', 'Lisbon Expo', 'Bilbao', 'Pompidou Centre', 'Getty Museum', 'River Thames', 'Lower Level']

['Q84', 'Q7067642', 'Q1358555', 'Q698224', 'Q34467', 'Q5294', 'Q6784921', 'Q2249095', 'Q3783103', 'Q85941', 'Q6305169', 'Q205001', 'Q1112005', 'Q75687', 'Q100047', 'Q7982', 'Q1023103', 'Q6533025', 'Q81307', 'Q79897', 'Q214266', 'Q2404798', 'Q44892', 'Q2748834', 'Q36947', 'Q966765', 'Q602406', 'Q188057', 'Q220665', 'Q206261', 'Q649121', 'Q1347984', 'Q506900', 'Q188713', 'Q13657482', 'Q7992718', 'Q1139414', 'Q8692', 'Q178065', 'Q731126', 'Q19686', 'Q15270853']

[[(7751, 7757), (9607, 9613), (9835, 9841), (10090, 10096), (12345, 12351)], [(10932, 10937), (11507, 11512), (11560, 11565)], [(314, 324), (7517, 7527), (11006, 11016), (11063, 11073), (11223, 11233), (11292, 11302), (11406, 11416), (11538, 11548), (11636, 11646), (11689, 11699), (11775, 11785), (11876, 11886), (12386, 12396)], [(420, 427), (1561, 1568), (2080, 2087), (2636, 2643), (2969, 2976), (4317, 4324), (4600, 4607), (10656, 10663)], [(625, 627), (2311, 2313), (2423, 2425), (2435, 2437), (2618, 2620), (4451, 4453), (4507, 4509), (5520, 5522), (6072, 6074), (6996, 6998), (7327, 7329), (7914, 7916), (8063, 8065), (11441, 11443), (11787, 11789), (11888, 11890), (11968, 11970), (11988, 11990)], [(632, 635), (879, 882), (5794, 5797), (6053, 6056), (6075, 6078), (7330, 7333), (7906, 7909), (7982, 7985), (8054, 8057), (11701, 11704), (12022, 12025), (12043, 12046), (12100, 12103), (12123, 12126)], [(662, 673), (5948, 5959), (6524, 6535), (11033, 11044)], [(851, 865)], [(879, 889)], [(935, 946)], [(953, 964)], [(984, 997)], [(1890, 1903)], [(2045, 2060)], [(2062, 2067)], [(2311, 2317), (2618, 2624), (4507, 4513)], [(2435, 2439)], [(2646, 2658), (4340, 4352)], [(2981, 2991), (3011, 3021), (3109, 3119)], [(3864, 3874)], [(3875, 3878)], [(4693, 4704)], [(4748, 4757)], [(5255, 5266), (10939, 10950), (11603, 11614)], [(6177, 6193)], [(6238, 6262)], [(6463, 6476)], [(6509, 6520)], [(6836, 6850)], [(6882, 6892)], [(6999, 7043), (11075, 11119)], [(7072, 7089), (11155, 11172)], [(7238, 7255)], [(7257, 7266)], [(7275, 7282)], [(7614, 7632), (11189, 11207)], [(9345, 9356)], [(9432, 9438)], [(9457, 9472)], [(9490, 9502)], [(9591, 9603)], [(11347, 11358)]]

Red Emma's Bookstore Coffeehouse is a radical infoshop located in Baltimore, Maryland, United States and run by a worker-owner collective. Named for anarchist Emma Goldman, Red Emma's opened in November 2004 and sells fair trade coffee, vegetarian and vegan foods and books. The space also provides free computer access to the Baltimore community, wireless internet and film screenings, political teach-ins, and community events. == History == Red Emma's was established in 2004 by a collective including Johns Hopkins University graduate students John Duda and Kate Khatib and bookseller Cullen Nawalkowsky following the closure of a Fells Point district infoshop named Black Planet Books in 2003 due to declining business. The store operated from 800 St. Paul Street in Mount Vernon through 2013. It has moved twice since 2013."Red Emma's Announces Move to Station North ". City Paper, 6 December 2013. In 2013, formed a relationship with a coffee house named Thread that opened in 2012. In April 2021, it was announced that they would be purchasing and moving to two buildings in the Waverly neighborhood in Baltimore, at 415 E. 32nd Street and 3128 Greenmount Avenue. The location officially opened in October 2022. ==2640== In March 2007, Red Emma's joined with St. John's United Methodist to form 2640, "a noncommercial, cooperatively managed space for radical politics and grassroots culture." The organization centers around management of the Charles Village church located at 2640 Saint Paul Street. In addition to Sunday services, the facility is used as a community space."Church, anarchists come to each other's rescue". Baltimore Sun (November 27, 2007) ==See also== *List of anarchist communities ==References== == Further reading == * * ==External links== * Category:2004 establishments in Maryland Category:Anarchist collectives Category:Anarchist organizations in the United States Category:Coffeehouses and cafés in the United States Category:Companies based in Baltimore Category:Bookstores in Maryland Category:Emma Goldman Category:Infoshops Category:Worker cooperatives of the United States Category:Industrial Workers of the World in the United States Category:Anarchist bookstores Category:Socialism in Maryland Category:Independent bookstores of the United States

['Bookstore', 'Baltimore', 'Maryland', 'Emma Goldman', 'Johns Hopkins University', 'Charles Village', 'Baltimore Sun', 'List of anarchist communities']

['Q998426', 'Q5092', 'Q1391', 'Q79969', 'Q193727', 'Q5083136', 'Q47287', 'Q1252900']

[[(11, 20), (1999, 2008)], [(66, 75), (327, 336), (1111, 1120), (1633, 1642), (1980, 1989)], [(77, 85), (1805, 1813), (2013, 2021), (2227, 2235)], [(159, 171), (2031, 2043)], [(505, 529)], [(1451, 1466)], [(1633, 1646)], [(1681, 1710)]]

Tin Tin was a pop rock band, which first formed in Australia as The Kinetics in 1966. They relocated to the United Kingdom in 1969 and were renamed as Tin Tin, which comprised Steve Kipner (vocals, keyboards, percussion), Steve Groves (vocals, guitar, percussion), John Vallins (bass, guitar, vocals) and Geoff Bridgford (drums). In 1970 they issued a single, "Toast and Marmalade for Tea", which was a No. 10 hit on the Go-Set National Singles Chart in June the following year. It reached No. 20 in the United States on the Billboard Hot 100. Their next single, "Is That the Way?" (1971), peaked at No. 59 on the Billboard Hot 100. The group disbanded in 1973 and Kipner continued as a songwriter for various acts including Chicago, George Benson and Olivia Newton-John. Groves returned to Australia and worked as a singer-songwriter. Vallins teamed up with Kipner's father, Nat, to co-write "Too Much, Too Little, Too Late" for Johnny Mathis and Deniece Williams, which was a number- one hit on the Billboard Hot 100 in March 1978. ==History== ===Formation and early years=== Tin Tin was formed in 1966 in Melbourne as a beat pop group, The Kinetics, with a line-up of Steve Groves on vocals, guitar and harmonica, Ken Leroy on bass guitar, Ian Manzie on drums, piano and banjo, and John Vallins on guitar, drums and clarinet. In September they released their debut single, "Excuses", which reached #19 on the local charts, and followed up with two further singles which were unsuccessful. At the end of 1967 the group broke up and Groves joined with Steve Kipner (ex-Steve & the Board) to form Steve and Stevie as a vocal harmony duo. The duo released a single, "Remains to Be Seen", in 1968 and were then joined by Vallins to form Rombo's World. In 1969, Groves and Kipner travelled to the United Kingdom and formed a British- influenced pop group, Tin Tin, which was named after the main character of the popular Belgian cartoon strip The Adventures of Tintin. Bee Gees member Maurice Gibb introduced the duo to Robert Stigwood and they signed a one-album contract with Polydor Records. By that time they had been joined by Geoff Bridgford on drums, and Kipner was playing bass guitar, harpsichord, mellotron, percussion, piano, electric piano, tambourine, as well as singing. Gibb produced their debut self-titled album (February 1970) and played various instruments (bass guitar, drums, harpsichord, mellotron, organ) on about half the tracks, which bore a marked resemblance to the tight harmonies of the Bee Gees. The lead single, "Only Ladies Play Croquet", was issued in May 1969 but did not chart. ===Mainstream success=== Tin Tin's debut album initially sold poorly, and in 1970 they issued a second single "Toast and Marmalade for Tea", written by Groves. In May 1971 Vallins joined the line-up. In June "Toast and Marmalade for Tea" became a #10 hit on the Go-Set National Top 40, and it remained on the Australian Kent Music Report Singles Chart for 15 weeks. Note: Single is listed as "Toast and for Tea". Note: Used for Australian Singles and Albums charting from 1974 until Australian Recording Industry Association (ARIA) created their own charts in mid-1988. In 1992, Kent back calculated chart positions for 1970–1974. The dreamy ballad, with lead vocals by Kipner, was belatedly released as a single in mid-1971 in the US, and reached #20 on the Billboard Hot 100. The song featured just eight lines of nursery rhyme- like lyrics"Toast and Marmalade for Tea" lyrics repeated over a distinctive "vibrato" piano (achieved by manipulating the recorded tape reel) and electric guitar backing. The song gradually builds in intensity adding acoustic guitar, bass guitar, drums, a string orchestra, and finally brass instruments, and is Tin Tin's best-remembered song. The album appeared on the Billboard 200. While seldom played on oldies radio today, "Toast and Marmalade for Tea" is regarded by some critics as one of the finest and most ambitious singles by a one hit wonder, and a late psychedelic classic. Tin Tin's next single, "Come on Over Again", (1970) did not chart. It was followed by "Is That the Way?" in 1971, which peaked at #59 on the Billboard Hot 100, ahead of their second album, Astral Taxi (December 1971). For the album they were joined by Carl Keats (aka Carl Groszmann) on rhythm guitar, a former bandmate from Steve & the Board. After their unexpected success, Tin Tin toured with The Bee Gees on their 1972 American tour. Non-album singles, "Talking Turkey" (1972), "I'm Afraid" and "It's a Long Way to Georgia" (both 1973) followed but did not chart. Another single, "Strange One", was released under the name Quire, also on the Polydor label, but had very little success. ===Separate ways=== After Tin Tin disbanded in 1973, Kipner went on to write and produce songs for Chicago ("Hard Habit to Break"), Olivia Newton-John ("Physical" and "Twist of Fate"), Christina Aguilera, 98 Degrees and Dream. In 1975, Groves returned to Australia and worked as a singer-songwriter, co-writing (with Brian Dawe) "On the Loose", which was performed by Marty Rhone to win the Australian Popular Song Contest. Groves formed his own group, Steve Groves Band, and released his version of "On the Loose (Again)" in November 1976. Vallins teamed up with Kipner's father, Nat, to co-write "Too Much, Too Little, Too Late" for Johnny Mathis and Deniece Williams, which was a number-one hit on the Billboard Hot 100 in March 1978.Lwin, Nanda (2000). Top 40 Hits: The Essential Chart Guide. ==Discography== ===Albums=== * Tin Tin (1970) * Astral Taxi (1971) ===Singles=== * "Only Ladies Play Croquet" b/w "He Wants to Be a Star" (1969) * "Toast and Marmalade for Tea" b/w "Manhattan Woman" (1970) – AU #10, US #20, Can #11 * "Come on Over Again" b/w "Back to Winona" (1970) * "Shana" b/w "Rocky Mountain" (1971) * "Is That the Way" b/w "Swans on the Canal" (1971) – US #59, AU #99 * "Talking Turkey" b/w "The Cavalry Are Coming" (1972) * "Strange One" b/w "Halfway Up the Hill" (1972) * "I'm Afraid" b/w "Handle Me Easy" (1973) * "It's a Long Way to Georgia" b/w "Can't Get Over You" (1974) ==Notes== ==References== * Noel McGrath, Australian Encyclopedia of Rock & Pop, Rigby Publishers, 1978. * Chris Spencer, The Who's Who of Australian Rock, Moonlight Publishing. ==External links== * * Entry at 45cat.com Category:Musical groups established in 1966 Category:Musical groups disestablished in 1973 Category:Australian psychedelic rock music groups Category:Polydor Records artists Category:Atco Records artists Category:Maurice Gibb Category:1966 establishments in Australia

['Polydor Records', 'Atco Records', 'Bee Gees', 'Steve Kipner', 'John Vallins', 'Toast and Marmalade for Tea', 'Billboard Hot 100', 'George Benson', 'Olivia Newton-John', 'Too Much, Too Little, Too Late', 'Johnny Mathis', 'Deniece Williams', 'The Adventures of Tintin', 'Maurice Gibb', 'Robert Stigwood', 'Kent Music Report', 'Go-Set', 'Australian Recording Industry Association', 'Billboard 200', 'Astral Taxi', 'Carl Groszmann', 'Hard Habit to Break', 'Christina Aguilera', '98 Degrees', 'Marty Rhone']

['Q155152', 'Q585643', 'Q133405', 'Q4353991', 'Q17008493', 'Q7811414', 'Q180072', 'Q348459', 'Q185165', 'Q7823901', 'Q449612', 'Q434682', 'Q744536', 'Q296876', 'Q1934278', 'Q2669424', 'Q5574586', 'Q550239', 'Q188819', 'Q4811343', 'Q5040241', 'Q5655235', 'Q41594', 'Q277230', 'Q16122414']

[[(2075, 2090), (6484, 6499)], [(6517, 6529)], [(1966, 1974), (2513, 2521), (4428, 4436)], [(176, 188), (1553, 1565)], [(265, 277), (1285, 1297)], [(361, 388), (2721, 2748), (2819, 2846), (3453, 3480), (3870, 3897), (5663, 5690)], [(525, 542), (614, 631), (1001, 1018), (3369, 3386), (4169, 4186), (5423, 5440)], [(734, 747)], [(752, 770), (4850, 4868)], [(894, 924), (5317, 5347)], [(930, 943), (5353, 5366)], [(948, 964), (5371, 5387)], [(1940, 1964)], [(1982, 1994), (6547, 6559)], [(2017, 2032)], [(2930, 2947)], [(421, 427), (2872, 2878)], [(3093, 3134)], [(3811, 3824)], [(4217, 4228), (5563, 5574)], [(4296, 4310)], [(4827, 4846)], [(4903, 4921)], [(4923, 4933)], [(5086, 5097)]]

Galactose-1-phosphate uridyltransferase (or GALT, G1PUT) is an enzyme () responsible for converting ingested galactose to glucose. Galactose-1-phosphate uridyltransferase (GALT) catalyzes the second step of the Leloir pathway of galactose metabolism, namely: :UDP-glucose + galactose 1-phosphate \rightleftharpoons glucose 1-phosphate + UDP-galactose The expression of GALT is controlled by the actions of the FOXO3 gene. The absence of this enzyme results in classic galactosemia in humans and can be fatal in the newborn period if lactose is not removed from the diet. The pathophysiology of galactosemia has not been clearly defined. Image:DGalactose Fischer.svg|galactose Image:D-glucose chain (Fischer).svg|glucose ==Mechanism== GALT catalyzes the second reaction of the Leloir pathway of galactose metabolism through ping pong bi-bi kinetics with a double displacement mechanism. This means that the net reaction consists of two reactants and two products (see the reaction above) and it proceeds by the following mechanism: the enzyme reacts with one substrate to generate one product and a modified enzyme, which goes on to react with the second substrate to make the second product while regenerating the original enzyme. In the case of GALT, the His166 residue acts as a potent nucleophile to facilitate transfer of a nucleotide between UDP-hexoses and hexose-1-phosphates. #UDP-glucose + E-His Glucose-1-phosphate + E-His-UMP #Galactose-1-phosphate + E-His-UMP UDP-galactose + E-His left|thumb|Two-step action of galactose-1-phosphate uridylyltransferase. Image adapted from ==Structural studies== The three-dimensional structure at 180 pm resolution (x-ray crystallography) of GALT was determined by Wedekind, Frey, and Rayment, and their structural analysis found key amino acids essential for GALT function. Among these are Leu4, Phe75, Asn77, Asp78, Phe79, and Val108, which are consistent with residues that have been implicated both in point mutation experiments as well as in clinical screening that play a role in human galactosemia. GALT also has minimal (~0.1%) GalNAc transferase activity. X-ray crystallography revealed that the side chain of Tyr289 forms a hydrogen bond with the N-acetyl group of UDP-GalNAc. Point mutation of residue Tyr289 to Leu, Ile, or Asn eliminates this interaction, enhancing GalNAc transferase activity, with the Y289L mutation showing comparable GalNAc transferase activity as the wild-type enzyme's Gal transferase activity. ==Clinical significance== Deficiency of GALT causes classic galactosemia. Galactosemia is an autosomal recessive inherited disorder detectable in newborns and childhood. It occurs at approximately 1 in every 40,000-60,000 live-born infants. Classical galactosemia (G/G) is caused by a deficiency in GALT activity, whereas the more common clinical manifestations, Duarte (D/D) and the Duarte/Classical variant (D/G) are caused by the attenuation of GALT activity. Symptoms include ovarian failure, developmental coordination disorder (difficulty speaking correctly and consistently), and neurologic deficits. A single mutation in any of several base pairs can lead to deficiency in GALT activity. For example, a single mutation from A to G in exon 6 of the GALT gene changes Glu188 to an arginine and a mutation from A to G in exon 10 converts Asn314 to an aspartic acid. These two mutations also add new restriction enzyme cut sites, which enable detection by and large-scale population screening with PCR (polymerase chain reaction). Screening has mostly eliminated neonatal death by G/G galactosemia, but the disease, due to GALT’s role in the biochemical metabolism of ingested galactose (which is toxic when accumulated) to the energetically useful glucose, can certainly be fatal. However, those afflicted with galactosemia can live relatively normal lives by avoiding milk products and anything else containing galactose (because it cannot be metabolized), but there is still the potential for problems in neurological development or other complications, even in those who avoid galactose. ==Disease database== Galactosemia (GALT) Mutation Database == References == == Further reading == * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * == External links == * * GeneReviews/NIH/NCBI/UW entry on Galactosemia * Galactosemia (GALT) Mutation Database * GALT Protein Database * PDBe-KB provides an overview of all the structure information available in the PDB for Human Galactose-1-phosphate uridylyltransferase Category:EC 2.7.7

['Leloir', 'UDP-glucose', 'UDP-galactose', 'FOXO3', 'Galactosemia']

['Q233985', 'Q424649', 'Q259015', 'Q21101484', 'Q774483']

[[(211, 217), (776, 782)], [(260, 271), (1385, 1396)], [(337, 350), (1472, 1485)], [(410, 415)], [(2552, 2564), (4095, 4107), (4268, 4280), (4283, 4295)]]

thumb|273x273px|Reims gospel book Codicology (; from French codicologie; from Latin , genitive , "notebook, book" and Greek , -logia) is the study of codices or manuscript books. It is often referred to as "the archaeology of the book," a term coined by François Masai. It concerns itself with the materials, tools and techniques used to make codices, along with their features. The demarcation of codicology is not clear-cut. Some view codicology as a discipline complete in itself, while others see it as auxiliary to textual criticism analysis and transmission, which is studied by philology. Codicologists may also study the history of libraries, manuscript collecting, book cataloguing, and scribes, which otherwise belongs to the history of the book. Some codicologists say that their field encompasses palaeography, the study of handwriting, while some palaeographers say that their field encompasses codicology. The study of written features such as marginalia, glosses, ownership inscriptions, etc. falls in both camps, as does the study of the physical aspects of decoration, which otherwise belongs to art history. Unlike traditional palaeography, codicology places more emphasis on the cultural aspect of books. The focus on material is referred to as stricto sensu codicology, while a broader approach, incorporating palaeography, philology, art history, and the history of the book, is referred to as lato sensu codicology, and the exact meaning depends on the codicologist's view. Palaeographic techniques are used along with codicological techniques. Analysis of the work of the scribe, script styles and their variations, may reveal the book's character, value, purpose, date, and the importance attached to its different parts. Many incunabula, books printed up to the year 1500, were finished wholly or partly by hand, so they belong to the domain of codicology. == Study of codices == === Materials === The materials codices are made with are their support, and include papyrus, parchment (sometimes referred to as membrane or vellum), and paper. They are written and drawn on with metals, pigments and ink. The quality, size, and choice of support determine the status of a codex. Papyrus is found only in late antiquity and the early Middle Ages. Codices intended for display were bound with more durable materials than vellum. Parchment varied widely due to animal species and finish, and identification of animals used to make it has only begun to be studied in the 21st century. How manufacturing influenced the final products, technique, and style, is little understood. However, changes in style are underpinned more by variation in technique. Before the 14th and 15th century, paper was expensive, and its use may mark off the deluxe copy. === Structure === The structure of a codex includes its size, format/ordinatio(its quires or gatherings, consisting of sheets folded a number of times, often twice- a bifolio), sewing, bookbinding and rebinding. A quire consisted of a number of folded sheets inserting into one another- at least three, but most commonly four bifolia, that is eight sheets and sixteen pages: Latin or Greek , which became a synonym for quires. Unless an exemplar (text to be copied) was copied exactly, format differed. In preparation for writing codices, ruling patterns were used that determined the layout of each page. Holes were prickled with a spiked lead wheel and a circle. Ruling was then applied separately on each page or once through the top folio. Ownership markings, decorations and illumination are also studied. As these features are dependent on time and place, codicology determines characteristics specific to the scriptoria, or any production center, and libraries of codices. === Pages === Watermarks may provide, although often approximate, dates for when the copying occurred. The layout – size of the margin and the number of lines – is determined. There may be textual articulations, running heads, openings, chapters and paragraphs. Space was reserved for illustrations and decorated guide letters. The apparatus of books for scholars became more elaborate during the 13th and 14th centuries when chapter, verse, page numbering, marginalia finding guides, indexes, glossaries and tables of contents were developed. === The libraire === By a close examination of the physical attributes of a codex, it is sometimes possible to match up long-separated elements originally from the same book. In 13th century book publishing, due to secularization, stationers or libraires emerged. They would receive commissions for texts, which they would contract out to scribes, illustrators, and binders, to whom they supplied materials. Due to the systematic format used for assembly by the libraire, the structure can be used to reconstruct the original order of a manuscript. However, complications can arise in the study of a codex. Manuscripts were frequently rebound, and this resulted in a particular codex incorporating works of different dates and origins, thus different internal structures. Additionally, a binder could alter or unify these structures to ensure a better fit for the new binding. Completed quires or books of quires might constitute independent book units- booklets, which could be returned to the stationer, or combined with other texts to make anthologies or miscellanies. Exemplars were sometimes divided into quires for simultaneous copying and loaned out to students for study. To facilitate this, catchwords were used- a word at the end of a page providing the next page's first word. == History == === Origins === The study of manuscripts has a long tradition, but codicology has a short history. In the fifteenth century, two works published under the title De laude scriptorium, praised manuscripts and the works of copyists. One was written by Jean Gerson, a Parisian theologian, and the other by Johann Trithemius, the abbot of the Benedictine monastery of Sponheim. In the 16th and 17th centuries, as the study of manuscripts advanced, disputes between philologists and theologians occurred. In the 17th century, the Bollandists collected hagiographes and critically examined their contents and origins. The Maurists contributed to historical and critical analysis of texts and Jean Mabilon is considered the father of palaeography and diplomatics. Basic principles of codicology were formulated in 1739 by Maurist monk Bernard de Montfaucon. In 1819, Heinrich Stein established the Gesellschaft für ältere deutsche Geschichtskunde, which published Monumenta Germaniae Historica and studies on medieval codices. In 1821, the École Nationale des Chartes was established, and one of the most active manuscript researchers was Leopold Delisle. In 1825, the librarian Adolph Ebert published a monograph on diplomatics, epigraphy and what he called Bücherhandschrifftenkunde - "the science of internal and external features of manuscripts". In 1909, the philologist Ludwig Traube makes a distinction between paleography and Handschrifftenkunde. To Traube, paleography deals with deciphering writing, interpreting abbreviations and finding textual errors, as well as dating and locating the manuscript. Handschrifftenkunde studies the material elements of the codex, its preparation, and writings not part of the text itself, like annotations. However, the general tradition up until the 20th century viewed palaeography as not only encompassing the script, but everything used to date the manuscript. Victor Gardthausen in his "Greek Palaeography" divided palaeography into Buchwesen (the structure of the book) and Schriftwesen (the structure of writing). Up to the early 1930s, the study of manuscripts had also been linked to literary history and philology. Codicology has been studied in a coherent fashion since the late 19th century. Charles Samaran proposed the term codicography in 1934, which he understood as parallel to bibliography, the study of printed books; making manuscript science separate from philology. The term codicology was coined by Alphonse Dain in his 1949 book Les manuscrits to mean the study of manuscripts' external features – history, collections, catalogs – as he also understood the study of material aspects and internal features to belong to palaeography. === Archaeological turn === Over time, the meaning morphed to the study of the codex as an archeological object; equivalent to Buchwesen. François Masai adopted the term codicology and published an article in Scriptorium in 1950 in which he advocates its independence from palaeography. He viewed codicology as related to diplomatics and within the sphere of archaeology. He did not consider codicology a historical discipline, so this separated it from the history of the book and cultural history. Léon Delaissé preferred to use Masai's "archaeology of the book". Léon Gilissen's "Prolegomènes à la codicologie" is considered by many to be the foundation of a genuine archaeology of the book. In the first two essays of the book, he studied a "site" of twenty parchment manuscripts, and by analysing the composition of quires, concluded that a quire is not an accidental grouping of bifolia cut separately, but the result of folding skin according to precise rules. The method paved the way for more detailed understanding of medieval book production, both preparation and execution. Marilena Maniaci in "Archeologia del manoscritto" conceptualises codicology in the same way. === Broader approach === Since the 1970s, various codicologists have claimed that codicology should be concerned with the history, usage and reception of a manuscript as a cultural and textual object. Maria Luisa Agati in "Il libro manoscritto da Oriente a Occidente" includes palaeographical features, decoration, and the history of libraries in her study. === Quantitative codicology === Carla Bozzolo and Ezio Ornato in their 1980 book "Pour une histoire du livre manuscript au Moyen Age" object to the then usual view of the study of manuscripts as a tool for accessing intellectual history or studying illuminated manuscripts as art objects. They advocate for the study of the plenty of ordinary manuscripts, by the archaeological method, with the objective of answering questions that go beyond a particular manuscript. Ornato articulates how the study of the inner features is inseparable from the exterior features of a manuscript. The quantitative method can therefore provide an idea of the economy and culture of manuscript production at a particular time or place or a longer period, relating it to the history of the book. Ornato and his school of followers thus consider codicology an independent and autonomous historical discipline, not subservient to any specialisation. However, his understanding of codicology is not lato sensu, but statistical- the selection of materials, fabrication of quires, number of volumes, prices, work invested, circulation - drawn from a group of manuscripts by time, place, type, etc. Malachi Beit-Arie first used databases in codicology for Hebrew codices. === Comparative codicology === The progress in quantitative analysis of Latin, Hebrew, Byzantine and Arabic codices prompted research into whether technological practices were shared. This led to comparative codicology, a concept that takes its methodology from the comparative method. It was particularly inspired by linguistics and the possibility of a universal 'grammar' of the codex. The method was used early on in Hebrew codicology, as Hebrew manuscripts are considered intercultural via reflecting the manuscript culture of the dominant culture in which Jewish communities lived. In the 21st century, along with quantitative codicology, it is the most widespread methodology. === Structural codicology === Starting in the late 1980s, some scholars borrowed ideas from structuralist linguistics and studied the codex as a structure with "morphological" and "syntactic" dimensions, treating its constituent components and their relationships respectively. A "genetic" aspect is also present as it tries to reconstruct the origin of the components and their production. Gumbert and other scholars formulated a syntax to identify codicological units and caesuras (discontinuities or boundaries) of a manuscript, formed by one or more quires, and their stages of production and interrelationships. This method faces difficulties due to manuscripts experiencing changes over their lifetime, due to losses, removals, and additions of text. === Islamic codicology === While medieval authors may have practised rudimentary codicology, interest in the study of Arabic manuscripts in the West started in the late 18th century. The greatest impetus was given with the first World of Islam Festival in London, in 1976, followed by a colloquium on Islamic codicology and palaeography in Istanbul in 1986. From then on, a number of conferences, exhibitions, catalogues, and specialized periodicals appeared. ==See also== * Auxiliary sciences of history * Fragmentology (manuscripts) * Manuscriptology * Textual scholarship * Bodleian Library, Oxford, catalogue, collections similar to the British Library. * British Library, several huge collections, e.g. Harleian Collection (also via Catalogue of medieval and Renaissance manuscripts). The known Anglo-Saxon works like Beowulf or Lindisfarne Gospel (Book of Lindisfarne). * Library of Congress, Washington D.C., huge catalogue of manuscript collections. == References == == Further reading == === General === * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * === Reference works === * * * * * * * * * * === Historical === * * * * === Western European codices === * * === Byzantine codices === === Slavic codices === * * * * === Hebrew codices === * * * === Arabic codices === * * * * * === Ethiopian codices === === Asian codices === * === Specific codex texts === * * * * === Parchment === * * * === Ink === * * * === Illustration === * * * === Bookbinding === * == External links == * Encyclopedia of the History of Ukraine article on codicology in Ukrainian * Scriptorium - journal of codicology * Diplomatics and codicology website with resources in Spanish * Auxiliary science of history codicology in German * 'Ktiv' - The International Collection of Digitized Hebrew Manuscripts, A catalog of about 400,000 Hebrew manuscripts, of which about 100,000 are digitized. * 'Marburger Repertorium of German manuscripts in the 13th and 14th century, Philipps-Universität Marburg (descriptive catalog) (not included are solitary documents and minimal inscriptions in Latin Manuscripts). * Codices Electronici Ecclesiae Coloniensis, Universität Köln, about 500 manuscripts (mostly German speaking area, with photos). * Department for Special Collections, University Library of Graz, Online-Catalogue with over 2.000 registered manuscripts partially already (2011) with detailed palaeografic descriptions and digitally complete versions. * Hill Museum & Manuscript Library in Collegeville, Minnesota, 90,000 manuscripts from Austria and Spain. * The Digital Walters, The Walters Art Museum in Baltimore, Maryland. Over 900 illuminated manuscripts and 1250 incunables. * Medieval and Renaissance Manuscripts, 12th–17th centuries, Center for Digital Initiatives, University of Vermont Libraries Category:Codicology Category:Writing Category:Manuscripts Category:Art history Category:Palaeography Category:Textual criticism Category:Textual scholarship

['Latin', 'Scriptorium', 'Jean Gerson', 'Sponheim', 'Bollandist', 'Bernard de Montfaucon', 'Monumenta Germaniae Historica', 'École Nationale des Chartes', 'Victor Gardthausen', 'Charles Samaran', 'Alphonse Dain', 'Auxiliary sciences of history', 'Fragmentology (manuscripts)', 'Manuscriptology', 'Textual scholarship', 'Bodleian Library', 'British Library', 'Beowulf', 'Book of Lindisfarne', 'Library of Congress', 'University Library of Graz', 'The Walters Art Museum', 'Baltimore']

['Q397', 'Q655185', 'Q281179', 'Q693109', 'Q670974', 'Q705306', 'Q316880', 'Q273570', 'Q95212', 'Q2960185', 'Q2839753', 'Q770723', 'Q30708491', 'Q6753211', 'Q15473066', 'Q82133', 'Q23308', 'Q48328', 'Q80935', 'Q131454', 'Q604066', 'Q210081', 'Q5092']

[[(78, 83), (3143, 3148), (11145, 11150), (14579, 14584)], [(8497, 8508), (14077, 14088)], [(5843, 5854)], [(5957, 5965)], [(6118, 6128)], [(6421, 6442)], [(6550, 6579)], [(6626, 6653)], [(7497, 7515)], [(7836, 7851)], [(8054, 8067)], [(12989, 13018)], [(13021, 13048)], [(13051, 13066)], [(13069, 13088), (15440, 15459)], [(13091, 13107)], [(13155, 13170), (13174, 13189)], [(13337, 13344)], [(13368, 13387)], [(13392, 13411)], [(14766, 14792)], [(15077, 15099)], [(15103, 15112)]]

Surreal humour (also called surreal comedy, absurdist humour, or absurdist comedy) is a form of humour predicated on deliberate violations of causal reasoning, thus producing events and behaviors that are obviously illogical. Portrayals of surreal humour tend to involve bizarre juxtapositions, incongruity, non-sequiturs, irrational or absurd situations, and expressions of nonsense. Surreal humour grew out of surrealism, a cultural movement developed in the 20th century by French and Belgian artists, who depicted unnerving and illogical scenes while developing techniques to allow the unconscious mind to express itself. The movement itself was foreshadowed by English writers in the 19th century, most notably Lewis Carroll and Edward Lear. The humour in surreal comedy arises from a subversion of audience expectations, emphasizing the ridiculousness and unlikeliness of a situation, so that amusement is founded on an unpredictability that is separate from a logical analysis of the situation. Surreal humour is concerned with building up expectations and then knocking them down; even seemingly masterful characters with the highest standards and expectations are subverted by the unexpected, which the scene emphasizes for the viewer's amusement. Either the "goofball" or "straight" character in the scene can react with dull surprise, disdain, boredom, or detached interest, thus heightening comic tension. Characters' intentions are set up in a series of scenes significantly different from what the audience might ordinarily encounter in daily life. The unique social situations, expressed thoughts, actions, and comic lines are used to spark laughter, emotion, or surprise as to how the events occurred or unfolded, in ways sometimes favorable to other unexpectedly introduced characters. Surreal humour in theater is usually about the insensitivity, paradox, absurdity, and cruelty of the modern world. Absurd and surrealist cinema often deals with elements of dark humour: disturbing or sinister subjects like death, disease, or warfare are treated with amusement and bitterness, creating the appearance of an intention to shock and offend. == Literary precursors == Surreal humour is the effect of the illogical and absurd being used for humorous effect. Under such premises, people can identify precursors and early examples of surreal humour at least since the 19th century, such as in Lewis Carroll's Alice's Adventures in Wonderland and Through the Looking-Glass, both of which use the illogical and absurd (hookah- smoking caterpillars, croquet matches using live flamingos as mallets, etc.) for humorous effect. Many of Edward Lear's children's stories and poems contain nonsense and are basically surreal in approach. For example, The Story of the Four Little Children Who Went Round the World (1871) is filled with contradictory statements and odd images intended to provoke amusement, such as the following: == Relationship with dadaism and futurism == In the early 20th century, several avant-garde movements, including the dadaists, surrealists, and futurists began to argue for an art that was random, jarring and illogical. The goals of these movements were in some sense serious, and they were committed to undermining the solemnity and self-satisfaction of the contemporary artistic establishment. As a result, much of their art was intentionally amusing. One example is Marcel Duchamp's Fountain (1917), an inverted urinal signed "R. Mutt". This became one of the most famous and influential pieces of art in history, and one of the earliest examples of the found object movement. It is also a joke, relying on the inversion of the item's function as expressed by its title as well as its incongruous presence in an art exhibition. == Etymology and development == The word surreal first began to be used to describe a type of aesthetic of the early 1920s. Surreal humour is also found frequently in avant-garde theatre such as Waiting for Godot and Rosencrantz and Guildenstern Are Dead. In the United States, S. J. Perelman (1904–1979) has been identified as the first surrealist humour writer. Surrealist humour appeared on British radio from 1951 to 1960 by the cast of The Goon Show: Spike Milligan, Peter Sellers, and Harry Secombe. (a) pp.4, 5, 61; (b)p.183, (d) pp.180, 181, (e)p.203 The Goons' work influenced the American radio comedy troupe the Firesign Theatre from 1966 to 2012. The Firesigns wrote sophisticated comic radio plays, many of which were recorded on albums. Surrealist humour is predominantly approached in cinema where the suspension of disbelief can be stretched to absurd lengths by logically following the consequences of unlikely, reversed or exaggerated premises. Luis Buñuel is a principal exponent of this, especially in The Exterminating Angel. It is a prominent feature in the television and cinematic work of the British comedy troupe Monty Python (1969–2015). Other examples include The Falls by Peter Greenaway and Brazil by Terry Gilliam. Contemporary Internet meme culture, such as Weird Twitter, is also influenced by surreal humour. == Analysis == Mary K. Rodgers and Diana Pien analysed the subject in an essay titled "Elephants and Marshmallows" (subtitled "A Theoretical Synthesis of Incongruity-Resolution and Arousal Theories of humour"), and wrote that "jokes are nonsensical when they fail to completely resolve incongruities," and cited one of the many permutations of the elephant joke: "Why did the elephant sit on the marshmallow?" "Because he didn't want to fall into the cup of hot chocolate." "The joke is incompletely resolved in their opinion," noted Elliott Oring, "because the situation is incompatible with the world as we know it. Certainly, elephants do not sit in cups of hot chocolate." Oring defined humour as not the resolution of incongruity, but "the perception of appropriate incongruity," that all jokes contain a certain amount of incongruity, and that absurd jokes require the additional component of an "absurd image," with an incongruity of the mental image. == See also == * Theatre of the Absurd == References == === Citations === === Cited works === * Category:Surreal comedy Category:Humour

['Lewis Carroll', 'Edward Lear', "Alice's Adventures in Wonderland", 'Through the Looking-Glass', 'Marcel Duchamp', 'Waiting for Godot', 'Rosencrantz and Guildenstern Are Dead', 'S. J. Perelman', 'The Goon Show', 'Spike Milligan', 'Peter Sellers', 'Harry Secombe', 'Luis Buñuel', 'The Exterminating Angel', 'Monty Python', 'Peter Greenaway', 'Terry Gilliam', 'Internet meme', 'Elliott Oring', 'Theatre of the Absurd']

['Q38082', 'Q309759', 'Q92640', 'Q220331', 'Q5912', 'Q19871', 'Q2517513', 'Q1998209', 'Q168718', 'Q561401', 'Q177984', 'Q762958', 'Q51545', 'Q332427', 'Q16402', 'Q55282', 'Q25078', 'Q2927074', 'Q58756760', 'Q191760']

[[(716, 729), (2405, 2418)], [(734, 745), (2643, 2654)], [(2421, 2453)], [(2458, 2483)], [(3403, 3417)], [(3960, 3977)], [(3982, 4019)], [(4043, 4057)], [(4206, 4219)], [(4221, 4235)], [(4237, 4250)], [(4256, 4269)], [(4728, 4739)], [(4787, 4810)], [(4904, 4916)], [(4966, 4981)], [(4996, 5009)], [(5024, 5037)], [(5642, 5655)], [(6084, 6105)]]

Gus Meins (March 6, 1893 - August 1, 1940), born Gustave Peter Ludwig Luley, was an American film director. He was born in Frankfurt, Germany. ==Career== Meins started out in the ‘teens as a cartoonist for the Los Angeles Evening Herald before becoming a comedy writer for Fox Film in 1919. In the 1920s, Meins directed a number of silent short subjects film series for Universal Pictures, including the Buster Brown comedies. He is best known as senior director of Hal Roach's Our Gang comedies from 1934 to 1936, and also as director of Laurel and Hardy's Babes in Toyland (1934). His assistant director was a young Gordon Douglas, who became senior director in 1936 when Meins left Our Gang for other directing jobs at Roach. Meins left Roach in 1937 over creative differences. ==Death== In the summer of 1940, Meins faced prosecution on "morals charges", having been accused of sex offenses against six youths. The director swore his innocence but stated that the case would ruin his career, regardless of the outcome. He left home on the night of Thursday, August 1 telling his son, Douglas: "You probably won't see me again." Meins was found dead in his car on August 4, reportedly having committed suicide by inhaling carbon monoxide days earlier. Bizarrely, the circumstances of his death in a car from suffocation were reminiscent of the demise five years earlier of comedian Thelma Todd, whom he had frequently directed. He was interred at Grand View Memorial Park Cemetery in Glendale, California. He was generally remembered as 'a cheerful, convivial gentleman'. His son Douglas Meins (1918–1987) appeared in at least seven Republic and Warner films in the late 1930s and early 1940s; he then served in the U.S. Army Corps during World War II. ==Selected filmography== Feature films: * Babes in Toyland (1934), starring Laurel and Hardy * His Exciting Night (1939) * The Covered Trailer (1939) ZaSu Pitts/Thelma Todd shorts: *Sneak Easily (1933) *Asleep in the Feet (1933) *Maids à la Mode (1933) *One Track Minds (1933) Thelma Todd/Patsy Kelly shorts: * Beauty and the Bus (1933) * Backs to Nature (1933) * Air Fright (1933) * Babes in the Goods (1934) * Soup and Fish (1934) * Maid in Hollywood (1934) * I'll Be Suing You (1934) * Three Chumps Ahead (1934) * One-Horse Farmers (1934) * Done In Oil (1934) * An All-American Toothache (1936) * Hill- Tillies (1936) Our Gang shorts: * Second Childhood (1936) * The Lucky Corner (1936) * Our Gang Follies of 1936 (1935) * Little Sinner (1935) * Little Papa (1935) * Sprucin' Up (1935) * Teacher's Beau (1935) * Beginner's Luck (1935) * Anniversary Trouble (1935) * Shrimps for a Day (1934) * Mama's Little Pirate (1934) * Mike Fright (1934) * Honky Donkey (1934) * The First Round-Up (1934) * For Pete's Sake! (1934) * Hi'-Neighbor! (1934) ==References== == External links == * * * Life, films and death of Gus Meins Category:1893 births Category:1940 suicides Category:American film directors Category:Suicides by carbon monoxide poisoning Category:Suicides in California Category:Burials at Grand View Memorial Park Cemetery Category:1940 deaths Category:Emigrants from the German Empire to the United States

['Frankfurt', 'Germany', 'Universal Pictures', 'Buster Brown', 'Hal Roach', 'Our Gang', 'Laurel and Hardy', 'Thelma Todd', 'Grand View Memorial Park Cemetery', 'Glendale, California', 'His Exciting Night', 'The Covered Trailer', 'ZaSu Pitts', 'Patsy Kelly', 'Beauty and the Bus', 'The Lucky Corner', 'Our Gang Follies of 1936', 'Little Sinner', 'Little Papa', "Sprucin' Up", "Teacher's Beau", 'Anniversary Trouble', 'Shrimps for a Day', "Mama's Little Pirate", 'Mike Fright', 'Honky Donkey', 'The First Round-Up', "For Pete's Sake!", "Hi'-Neighbor!"]

['Q1794', 'Q183', 'Q168383', 'Q1017766', 'Q72792', 'Q1218784', 'Q33497', 'Q271146', 'Q5595235', 'Q485716', 'Q60738686', 'Q21527574', 'Q136646', 'Q454861', 'Q946909', 'Q7749149', 'Q7110646', 'Q6651927', 'Q6651283', 'Q7581445', 'Q7691181', 'Q4769561', 'Q7504025', 'Q6745251', 'Q6846921', 'Q12124830', 'Q7734179', 'Q3748898', 'Q12124767']

[[(123, 132)], [(134, 141)], [(370, 388)], [(404, 416)], [(466, 475)], [(478, 486), (685, 693), (2377, 2385), (2448, 2456)], [(539, 555), (1832, 1848)], [(1385, 1396), (1917, 1928), (2033, 2044)], [(1450, 1483), (3053, 3086)], [(1487, 1507)], [(1851, 1869)], [(1879, 1898)], [(1906, 1916)], [(2045, 2056)], [(2067, 2085)], [(2422, 2438)], [(2448, 2472)], [(2482, 2495)], [(2505, 2516)], [(2526, 2537)], [(2547, 2561)], [(2596, 2615)], [(2625, 2642)], [(2652, 2672)], [(2682, 2693)], [(2703, 2715)], [(2725, 2743)], [(2753, 2769)], [(2779, 2792)]]

Little Ethiopia may refer to: * Little Ethiopia, Los Angeles, a neighborhood in Los Angeles, California, United States, known for its collection of Ethiopian American and Eritrean American community establishments * Little Ethiopia, Baltimore, a community in Baltimore, Maryland, United States, with a concentrated population of Ethiopian Americans * Little Ethiopia (Washington, D.C.), a sub-division of the Shaw neighborhood in Washington, District of Columbia, United States

['Little Ethiopia, Los Angeles', 'Little Ethiopia, Baltimore', 'Little Ethiopia (Washington, D.C.)']

['Q634624', 'Q5404209', 'Q2277455']

[[(32, 60)], [(216, 242)], [(351, 385)]]

Gordon Douglas may refer to: *Gordon Douglas (director) (1907-1993), American film director *Gordon Douglas (monk), the first Western monk in Buddhism ==See also== *Sandy Douglass (Gordon K. Douglass), sailor *Gordon, Douglas County, Wisconsin *

['Gordon Douglas (director)', 'Gordon Douglas (monk)', 'Sandy Douglass', 'Gordon, Douglas County, Wisconsin']

['Q1479869', 'Q5585071', 'Q5585388', 'Q985466']

[[(30, 55)], [(93, 114)], [(165, 179)], [(210, 243)]]

Anne Seymour, Duchess of Somerset (née Stanhope; before 1512 – 16 April 1587) was the second wife of Edward Seymour, 1st Duke of Somerset (c. 1500–1552), who held the office of Lord Protector during the first part of the reign of their nephew King Edward VI. The Duchess was briefly the most powerful woman in England. During her husband's regency she unsuccessfully claimed precedence over the queen dowager, Catherine Parr. ==Family== Anne Stanhope was likely born in 1510, the only child of Sir Edward Stanhope (1462 – 6 June 1511) by his wife Elizabeth Bourchier (b. before 1473, d. 1557),; a daughter of Fulk Bourchier, 10th Baron FitzWarin (1445–1479). By her father's first marriage to Adelina Clifton she had two half-brothers, Richard Stanhope (died 1529) and Sir Michael Stanhope.. After the death of Sir Edward Stanhope in 1511, his widow, Elizabeth, married Sir Richard Page of Beechwood, Hertfordshire.; ; . Her paternal grandparents were Thomas Stanhope, esquire, of Shelford and Margaret (or Mary) Jerningham, and her maternal grandparents were Fulke Bourchier, 2nd Baron Fitzwaryn and Elizabeth Dynham. Through her mother, Anne was a descendant of Thomas of Woodstock, the youngest son of King Edward III of England and Philippa of Hainault.Anthony Martienssen, Queen Katherine Parr, p.125 Anne's snobbery and pride were considered to be intolerable, yet she was highly intelligent and determined.Martienssen, p.125 Antonio de Guaras, a Spanish merchant living in London, would later say of her, that she was "more presumptuous than Lucifer".Antonia Fraser, The Wives of Henry VIII, p. 235 ==First marriage== Anne Stanhope married Sir Edward Seymour sometime before 9 March 1535. Seymour's first marriage, to Catherine Fillol, had possibly been annulled, but his first wife was probably dead by then. Edward Seymour was the eldest brother of Jane Seymour, the third wife of Henry VIII. Shortly after the king's marriage to Jane in June 1536, Edward Seymour was elevated to the peerage as Viscount Beauchamp. In October 1537, after the birth of his royal nephew Edward, he was created Earl of Hertford. In 1547, he became a duke, so Anne became the Duchess of Somerset. ==Issue== Anne had ten children by Edward Seymour: * Edward Seymour, Viscount Beauchamp of Hache (12 October 1537 – 1539) * Edward Seymour, 1st Earl of Hertford (second creation of that title) (22 May 1539 – 1621), married firstly in November 1560, Lady Catherine Grey, by whom he had two sons; he married secondly in 1582, Frances Howard; and thirdly in 1601, Frances Prannell (born Lady Frances Howard), widow of Henry Prannell. * Lord Henry Seymour (1540–?) married Lady Joan Percy, daughter of Thomas Percy, 7th Earl of Northumberland * Lady Anne Seymour (1538–1588), married firstly John Dudley, 2nd Earl of Warwick; she married secondly Sir Edward Unton, MP, by whom she had issue. * Lady Margaret Seymour (1540 – ?) noted Elizabethan author * Lady Jane Seymour (1541–1561) Maid of Honour to Queen Elizabeth I, noted Elizabethan author * Lady Catherine Seymour (1548–1625) * Lord Edward Seymour (1548–1574), unmarried and without issue * Lady Mary Seymour (born 1552, buried 18 January 1620 Westminster Abbey) married three times (Andrew Rogers, of Bryanstone, Dorset; Sir Henry Peyton, General Francis Cosbie) * Lady Elizabeth Seymour (1552 – 3 June 1602), married Sir Richard Knightley, of Northamptonshire Queen Jane stood godmother to Anne's first child. The ceremony was held at Chester Place; besides the queen, Thomas Cromwell and Mary Tudor also acted as godparents.Fraser. p. 275 ==Life in the royal court== Anne Seymour was present at the wedding ceremony of Henry VIII and Catherine Parr on 12 July 1543.Martienssen, pp.153–54 After Henry VIII's death, her husband acted as king in all but name. With this power, the Duchess of Somerset considered herself the first lady of the realm, claiming precedence over Henry VIII's widow, following the latter's marriage to the Duke of Somerset's brother, Thomas Seymour. The Duchess considered that Catherine Parr forfeited her rights of precedence when she married the younger brother of the Duchess's husband.Martienssen, p. 231 She refused to bear Catherine's train, and allegedly physically tried to push her out of her place at the head of their entrances and exits at court.Martienssen, p.231 The Duchess was quoted as having said of Catherine, "If master admiral (Thomas Seymour) teach his wife no better manners, I am she that will".Fraser, p.402 Catherine, in her turn, privately referred to her sister-in-law as "that Hell".Fraser, p. 403 Catherine Parr won the battle by invoking the Third Succession Act which clearly stated that she had precedence over all ladies in the realm; in point of fact, as regards precedence, the Duchess of Somerset came after Catherine; Henry's daughters, Mary and Elizabeth; and Henry's former wife, Anne of Cleves. The Duchess, who was described as a "violent woman", wielded considerable power for a short time, which later would reflect negatively on her husband's reputation. As lord protector, Edward Seymour wielded almost royal authority. However, he lost his position of power following a show-down between the Privy Council and himself in October 1549. He and his wife were imprisoned in the Tower of London.Loades p. 150 The Duchess was released after a short time,Loades p. 150 Somerset himself in January 1550.Beer, p. 95 According to the Imperial ambassador Jean Scheyfve, Anne Seymour had made daily visits to the house of the de facto new ruler, John Dudley, Earl of Warwick, who soon allowed Somerset to rejoin the Privy Council. The Duchess of Somerset and the Countess of Warwick then arranged a marriage between their respective eldest daughter and son, Anne Seymour and John Dudley.Beer, pp. 95–96 Somerset fell again into disgrace in October 1551, when he was arrested on charges of conspiring against Warwick, who had recently been created Duke of Northumberland. They were taken again to Tower, and made lists of clothes they hoped to be sent to them. Anne Seymour asked for knitted hose and sleeves kept by her servant Mistress Susan, newly-made smocks and high-collared partlets and ruffs, laces kept by Mistress Purseby, a black gown, a plain black velvet kirtle, a farthingale, a stomacher of scarlet cloth, black and white embroidery thread, £20 to pay for washing, and utensils for dining.Henry Ellis, Original Letters, 2nd series, vol. 2 (London, 1827), p. 215. Somerset was convicted of felony on 1 December 1551 and beheaded on 22 January 1552 on Tower Hill. The Duchess of Somerset had been arrested with her husband and continued in the Tower until 30 May 1553.Loades, pp. 188–190 After Mary I's accession in July and the attainder of the Duke of Northumberland she was allowed to choose from the Dudley family's confiscated household stuffs.Beer, p. 196 ==Second marriage== Anne Seymour married secondly Francis Newdigate (d. 26 January 1582) of Hanworth, Middlesex, who had been steward to her late husband. Newdigate was a younger son of John Newdigate, of Harefield, Middlesex.. Little is known of their life together. ==Death== Anne Seymour died at Hanworth Palace,. Middlesex, on 16 April 1587, and was buried in Westminster Abbey,. where her tomb with its painted effigy can be viewed. ==Jewels== In her will, Anne Seymour bequeathed to her "daughter of Hertford" (her daughter-in-law), Lady Katherine Grey, a fair tablet or locket "to wear with antique work on one side, and a rose of diamonds on the other". Antique work was renaissance-style ornament.Elizabeth Goldring, Faith Eales, Elizabeth Clarke, Jayne Elisabeth Archer, John Nichols's Progresses and Public Processions of Queen Elizabeth: 1579-1595, vol. 3 (Oxford, 2014), pp. 386-390. Queen Elizabeth ordered an inventory of her jewels and money to be made by John Wolley and John Fortescue, master of her wardrobe. Her collection included a chain of gold pomander beads with "true-loves" or love knots of pearl and a red taffeta purse containing two pieces of unicorn horn.John Strype, Annals of the Reformation, 3:2 (Oxford, 1824), pp. 447-9 In 1551, some of her jewels were in the keeping of William Sharington of Lacock. These included brooches, tablets or lockets, one depicting Jacob's Ladder, another the story of the Samaritan woman, with a number of jewelled gold "billaments" for wearing on a French hood.W. Gilchrist Clark, 'Unpublished Documents relating to the Arrest of William Sharington', Wiltshire Archaeological and Natural History Magazine, 27 (1894), pp. 165–170 ==In fiction== She was played by Kathleen Byron in the 1953 film Young Bess. She was played by Emma Hamilton in the historical fiction series The Tudors, in which her character is based partly on Edward Seymour's first wife, Catherine Fillol, who was rumoured to have had an affair with her father-in-law, and partly on the actual Anne Stanhope. In the series Anne is depicted as a woman who sleeps with many men and is known in France as a "woman of many talents" according to the Earl of Surrey. Her lovers on the show include Sir Francis Bryan and Sir Thomas Seymour (her brother-in-law). In the show, as a result of her affair with Sir Thomas, she has an illegitimate child with him, who is also named Thomas. She was referenced in the show Becoming Elizabeth when Jane Grey attempted to console Catherine Parr, who had just learned that she was pregnant, that the Lord Protector's wife had survived 10 pregnancies. However, Parr retorted that she believed that nothing could kill the Lord Protector's wife. ==References== ==Sources== * * * * * * * Barrett L. Beer, Northumberland: The Political Career of John Dudley, Earl of Warwick and Duke of Northumberland, 1973, The Kent State University Press; *David Loades: John Dudley, Duke of Northumberland 1504–1553, 1996, Clarendon Press; * Antonia Fraser, The Wives of Henry VIII, Alfred A. Knopf, New York, 1992; * Anthony Martienssen, Queen Katherine Parr, McGraw-Hill Book Co., New York, St. Louis, San Francisco, Düsseldorf, Mexico, 1973; Category:1510s births Category:1587 deaths Anne Seymour, Duchess of Somerset Category:English duchesses by marriage Category:Wives of knights Category:Prisoners in the Tower of London Category:16th-century English women Category:16th-century English nobility Category:15th-century English women Category:15th-century English people Anne Category:Household of Catherine Parr

['Duke of Somerset', 'Edward Seymour, 1st Earl of Hertford', 'Lady Jane Seymour', 'Westminster Abbey', 'Lord Protector', 'Edward VI', 'Catherine Parr', 'Fulk Bourchier, 10th Baron FitzWarin', 'Sir Richard Page', 'Thomas of Woodstock', 'Edward III of England', 'Philippa of Hainault', 'Catherine Fillol', 'Jane Seymour', 'Henry VIII', 'Viscount', 'Earl of Hertford', 'Lady Catherine Grey', 'Thomas Percy, 7th Earl of Northumberland', 'John Dudley, 2nd Earl of Warwick', 'Lady Margaret Seymour', 'Northamptonshire', 'Thomas Cromwell', 'Third Succession Act', 'Anne of Cleves', 'Privy Council', 'Tower of London', 'Jean Scheyfve', 'John Dudley, Earl of Warwick', 'Hanworth', 'Middlesex', 'Harefield', 'William Sharington', "Jacob's Ladder", 'French hood', 'Kathleen Byron', 'Young Bess', 'The Tudors', 'Francis Bryan', 'Jane Grey', 'David Loades', 'Antonia Fraser']

['Q603925', 'Q336618', 'Q3647254', 'Q5933', 'Q512196', 'Q83229', 'Q192943', 'Q5507944', 'Q7328259', 'Q432771', 'Q129247', 'Q229279', 'Q5052679', 'Q182637', 'Q38370', 'Q185902', 'Q1647030', 'Q242291', 'Q2701365', 'Q3809223', 'Q3646779', 'Q23115', 'Q294435', 'Q16210868', 'Q57126', 'Q6528244', 'Q62378', 'Q1113401', 'Q347125', 'Q2660578', 'Q19186', 'Q2243312', 'Q8018323', 'Q607715', 'Q2859951', 'Q460253', 'Q1216760', 'Q326731', 'Q512521', 'Q162356', 'Q5236719', 'Q242796']

[[(121, 137), (3971, 3987)], [(2309, 2345)], [(2935, 2952)], [(3182, 3199), (7239, 7256)], [(177, 191), (9439, 9453), (9559, 9573)], [(248, 257)], [(410, 424), (3675, 3689), (4043, 4057), (4593, 4607), (9370, 9384), (10425, 10439)], [(609, 645)], [(870, 886)], [(1164, 1183)], [(1210, 1231)], [(1236, 1256)], [(1725, 1741), (8795, 8811)], [(1858, 1870), (2940, 2952)], [(1587, 1597), (1890, 1900), (3660, 3670), (3735, 3745), (3912, 3922), (9892, 9902)], [(2004, 2012), (2254, 2262)], [(2100, 2116), (2329, 2345)], [(2434, 2453)], [(2683, 2723)], [(2773, 2805)], [(2875, 2896)], [(3383, 3399)], [(3509, 3524)], [(4639, 4659)], [(4886, 4900)], [(5205, 5218), (5617, 5630)], [(5287, 5302), (10234, 10249)], [(5457, 5470)], [(5547, 5575), (9680, 9708)], [(6967, 6975), (7174, 7182)], [(6977, 6986), (7091, 7100), (7192, 7201)], [(7080, 7089)], [(8182, 8200), (8471, 8489)], [(8271, 8285)], [(8390, 8401)], [(8603, 8617)], [(8635, 8645)], [(8712, 8722)], [(9103, 9116)], [(9339, 9348)], [(9777, 9789)], [(1558, 1572), (9863, 9877)]]

Maraji are the supreme legal authority for Twelver Shia Muslims. The following articles contain lists of maraji. * List of current maraji'' * List of deceased maraji'' ==See also== *Marja' *Ijtihad *Hawza *Risalah (fiqh) *List of ayatollahs *List of hujjatul Islams

['Maraji', 'Twelver', 'Shia Muslims', 'List of current maraji', 'List of deceased maraji', 'Ijtihad', 'Hawza', 'Risalah (fiqh)', 'List of ayatollahs']

['Q19641', 'Q269785', 'Q9585', 'Q17008413', 'Q11722592', 'Q73599', 'Q1385497', 'Q7335816', 'Q4432627']

[[(0, 6)], [(43, 50)], [(51, 63)], [(115, 137)], [(142, 165)], [(190, 197)], [(199, 204)], [(206, 220)], [(222, 240)]]

The Humanist Party of Ontario (HPO) was an unregistered political party in Ontario, Canada. The party has fielded candidates in the 1994 Toronto municipal election, the 1997 Toronto municipal election, the 1999 provincial election, and the 2003 Toronto municipal election. The HPO was a member of the Humanist International. ==Ideology== The party's philosophy has its roots in the current of thought known as New or Universal Humanism, which has been developed since the 1960s by Mario Rodríguez Cobos. The HPO argues that, "by the very fact of being human, people should have their basic rights met". ==Manifesto== The Humanist Party issued a document in 1999 entitled "ORANGE BOOK: For an Ontario of Human Rights". The basic positions outlined in this book include *a constitutional guarantee of free and universal health care *free and universal post-secondary education *greatly reduced or free public transportation fees *interest-free community banks to provide small-business loans *co-management of businesses by labour and capital to stimulate the economy and reduce unemployment *voter recall for negligent elected officials *the establishment of a Ministry of Human Rights in Ontario. Source: https://web.archive.org/web/20050403095455/http://www.web.net/~humanist/hparty.htm In 2003, the Humanist Party began a campaign entitled "Humanize Toronto", calling for an end to homelessness and free Toronto Transit Commission access on smog days. It also released an alternative budget for the city. The party's candidates and electoral results from 2003 are listed here. ==Party candidates== ===Jorge Van Schouwen=== Van Schouwen is a perennial candidate for office. He campaigned in the 1985 Quebec election in Mont-Royal as a candidate of the Parti humaniste du Québec, and received 54 votes, finishing eighth against Liberal candidate John Ciaccia. He was 31 years old at the time (Montreal Gazette, 25 November 1985). He received 99 votes in the 1999 Ontario election, finishing seventh against Liberal Gerard Kennedy in Parkdale—High Park. His electoral record at the municipal level is as follows: *1997 Toronto election, Ward 19, 599 votes, eighth out of eight candidates. The winners for this two-member ward were David Miller and Chris Korwin-Kuczynski. *2000 Toronto election, Ward 14 Councillor, 416 votes, fourth out of four candidates. The winner was Chris Korwin-Kuczynski. ===Roberto Verdecchia=== Verdecchia is the co-founder of Annex newspaper. He supports lowering the voting age to sixteen, and entrenching the right to health care and free post- secondary education in the Canadian Constitution (Toronto Star, 30 May 1997). In 1996, he participated in a press conference with David Suzuki to draw attention to a boycott of the pulp and paper multinational firm Daishowa, and Daishowa's subsequent lawsuit against those behind the boycott. He has also produced "Making a Killing: Canada and the Arms Trade". Verdecchia opposed plans for a bridge to the Toronto airport in the 2003 municipal election, and called for the establishment of "micro-banks" to provide interest-free loans in different neighbourhoods (Toronto Star, 6 November 2003). He was listed as 32 years old. Electoral record Election Division Party Votes % Place Winner 1997 federal Trinity—Spadina Ind. 129 10/10 Tony Ianno, Liberal 1997 municipal Ward 24 Council - 787 1.58 8/9 Olivia Chow and Kyle Rae 1999 provincial Trinity—Spadina Ind. 258 0.72 6/8 Rosario Marchese, New Democratic Party 2000 municipal Ward 20 Council - 1,126 9.59 3/3 Olivia Chow 2003 municipal Ward 20 Council - 484 4.77 4/5 Olivia Chow The party's other candidate in the 1999 provincial election was Matthew Albrecht of Kitchener—Waterloo, who received 202 votes. ==See also== *List of Ontario political parties ==External links== *Humanist Party *Humanize Toronto *Echo - Humanist periodical published by Roberto Verdecchia Category:1994 establishments in Ontario Ontario Ontario Category:Political parties established in 1994 Humanist

['Ontario', '1994 Toronto municipal election', '1997 Toronto municipal election', '2003 Toronto municipal election', 'Humanist International', 'Mario Rodríguez Cobos', 'Toronto Transit Commission', 'Mont-Royal', 'Parti humaniste du Québec', 'John Ciaccia', 'Gerard Kennedy', 'Parkdale—High Park', 'Chris Korwin-Kuczynski', 'David Suzuki', 'Trinity—Spadina', 'Tony Ianno', 'Olivia Chow', 'Kyle Rae', 'Rosario Marchese']

['Q1904', 'Q7826657', 'Q7826659', 'Q7826660', 'Q3492245', 'Q724681', 'Q17978', 'Q139088', 'Q7140333', 'Q3181232', 'Q965835', 'Q3365449', 'Q5107144', 'Q354534', 'Q3539297', 'Q7822619', 'Q3350703', 'Q6451376', 'Q7367399']

[[(22, 29), (75, 82), (692, 699), (1188, 1195), (1963, 1970), (3755, 3762), (3926, 3933), (3934, 3941), (3942, 3949)], [(132, 163)], [(169, 200)], [(240, 271)], [(301, 323)], [(481, 502)], [(1406, 1432)], [(1720, 1730)], [(1753, 1778)], [(1846, 1858)], [(2015, 2029)], [(2033, 2051)], [(2247, 2269), (2372, 2394)], [(2704, 2716)], [(3276, 3291), (3414, 3429)], [(3307, 3317)], [(3373, 3384), (3535, 3546), (3593, 3604)], [(3389, 3397)], [(3448, 3464)]]

VectorLinux, abbreviated VL, is a Linux distribution for the x86 platform based on the Slackware Linux distribution, originally developed by Canadian developers Robert S. Lange and Darell Stavem. Since version 7 the Standard Edition is also available for the x86-64 platform, known as VLocity64 7. ==Editions== Four editions of VectorLinux are maintained: SOHO, Standard, Light and Live. ===SOHO Edition (Discontinued after version 7.0)=== The SOHO (Small Office/Home Office) Edition is designed for modern computers and is based on the KDE desktop environment. Applications include LibreOffice, Java, the GIMP, Xsane, CUPS, Xara Xtreme, financial applications, and others. A deluxe edition of SOHO, which contains additional applications, is also available. ===Standard Edition=== Standard Edition is a freely downloadable distribution based on Xfce and specifically designed for use on older computers with slower processors and less RAM. The Deluxe Standard Version contains the standard edition plus numerous additional applications specific to that VL version. Additional included applications are Libreoffice and GIMP among many others. ===Light Edition=== The Light Edition is designed for older computers with limited resources. Version 7.2 is based upon the IceWM window manager. It is supplied with Seamonkey as the browser/email client/html editor and includes some of the applications found in the Standard Edition. Additional applications are available through the package manager or by compiling user applications. Light Edition is usable on computers with 256 MB of RAM. ===Live Edition=== The Live Editions are bootable CDROMs which contain the VectorLinux operating system on the CD. This enables the user to test a distribution on a system without the need of re-partitioning and installing to the hard drive. It is also possible to install VectorLinux from the Live Edition CD. VectorLinux presently has two Live Editions: Standard and SOHO. The latest edition is a preview of the Deluxe Edition. The SuperGamer distribution is based on the VectorLinux code base. Version 7.1 does not have a live edition. Version 7.2 Standard (XFCE) has a live edition. Version 7.2 Light (IceWM) does not have a live edition. ==Features== One prominent feature that all VL versions have in common is the standard installation of system administration applications: VasmCC handles system configuration, while slapt- get with its GUI front-end Gslapt manages software installation and removal. VasmCC stands for 'Vector Administrative and Services Menu Control Center', and it configures everything from disk partitions to X.Org Server. In addition to offering a GUI interface, a text mode parallel to the GUI VasmCC is available. VasmCC has been available since Vector 2.0 was released and has been upgraded continually over the years, with the addition of GUI functionality in SOHO 3.2. Configuration tools like netconfig and alsaconf are also available in Vector. Gslapt is a GUI front-end to the slapt-get software management tool. Combined with lzma-compression and dependency tracking, the inclusion of Gslapt offers VectorLinux users the ability to quickly install and remove software while avoiding so-called 'dependency hell.' File compression via lzma allows low and high bandwidth users alike to minimize download times. ===Package management=== Two graphical frontends have been written for slapt-get, the backwards-compatible dependency-tracking extension to Slackware's package tools used by VectorLinux. VL-APT was the first, written originally by the Vector developers to serve the need for GUI package installation and management, while gslapt was written by the original developers of slapt-get for the same purpose. Until recently, either option has been viable; however, recent changes in the slapt-get packaging format have made VL-APT obsolete, and the developers of Vector have consequently promoted gslapt as the preferred method of graphical package management. VL- APT (now deprecated) and gslapt are configured by default to use Vector's repository, which offers the majority of most users' needs. However, alternative sources, including mirrors of the official archives around the world, can be added through their respective configuration menus, or directly, through the textual slapt-getrc configuration. There is criticism, at least partially justified, regarding the size of the Vector package selection. These deficiencies have stimulated significant volunteer and developer response, and many desired software packages have now entered the Vector repository. In fact, it is not uncommon to use the information in /etc/slackware-version in Vector to download and install Slackware packages from LinuxPackages(dot)net, a common Slackware repository, GnomeSlackBuild, etc. Vector Linux uses .tlz packages (LZMA-packed), though .tbz and .tgz are supported too. Pkgtools are taken from Tukaani Linux project and are non-standard - there are improvements over standard pkgtools in speed of operation, but have not been updated for a while. ==See also== * List of Linux distributions * Comparison of Linux distributions ==References== ==External links== * Dead Link! {Official website was www.vectorlinux.com} found @ or * * VectorLinux 7: Fast, Flexible, and Supported - OS News * Taking A Good Long Look At Vector Linux 5.9 Standard - O'Reilly Linux DevCenter Blog * Vector Linux 5.9: Light, fast Slackware-based distro | tuxmachines.org * Vector Linux SOHO 5.9 Deluxe -- Not Just For The Office - O'Reilly News Category:Slackware Category:Linux distributions without systemd Category:Discontinued Linux distributions Category:Linux distributions

['Linux', 'Xfce', 'KDE', 'IceWM', 'Linux distribution', 'Slackware', 'LibreOffice', 'GIMP', 'Xsane', 'CUPS', 'Xara Xtreme', 'SuperGamer', 'X.Org Server', 'GUI']

['Q388', 'Q170821', 'Q1431', 'Q669886', 'Q131669', 'Q58436', 'Q10135', 'Q8038', 'Q1558324', 'Q868171', 'Q1752634', 'Q7642016', 'Q518900', 'Q782543']

[[(6, 11), (34, 39), (97, 102), (334, 339), (1667, 1672), (1865, 1870), (1903, 1908), (2066, 2071), (3130, 3135), (3513, 3518), (4729, 4734), (4812, 4817), (4924, 4929), (5092, 5097), (5128, 5133), (5259, 5264), (5344, 5349), (5374, 5379), (5404, 5409), (5477, 5482), (5570, 5575), (5628, 5633), (5657, 5662)], [(846, 850)], [(537, 540)], [(1267, 1272), (2192, 2197)], [(34, 52), (97, 115), (5092, 5110), (5128, 5146), (5570, 5588), (5628, 5646), (5657, 5675)], [(87, 96), (3473, 3482), (4705, 4714), (4761, 4770), (5427, 5436), (5551, 5560)], [(583, 594)], [(606, 610), (1119, 1123)], [(612, 617)], [(619, 623)], [(625, 636)], [(2020, 2030)], [(2624, 2636)], [(2431, 2434), (2664, 2667), (2707, 2710), (2859, 2862), (2980, 2983), (3608, 3611)]]

The is an imperially-commissioned Japanese history text. Completed in 797, it is the second of the Six National Histories, coming directly after the Nihon Shoki and followed by Nihon Kōki. Fujiwara no Tsugutada and Sugano no Mamichi served as the primary editors. It is one of the most important primary historical sources for information about Japan's Nara period. The work covers the 95-year period from the beginning of Emperor Monmu's reign in 697 until the 10th year of Emperor Kanmu's reign in 791, spanning nine imperial reigns. It was completed in 797 AD. The text is forty volumes in length. It is primarily written in kanbun, a Japanese form of Classical Chinese, as was normal for formal Japanese texts at the time.Rikkokushi (『六国史』), by Tarō Sakamoto (坂本太郎) (Yoshikawa Kobunkan (吉川弘文館), 1970, republished 1994) However, a number of "senmyō" 宣命 or "imperial edicts" contained within the text are written in a script known as "senmyō-gaki", which preserves particles and verb endings phonographically. ==References== ==External links== * * *Text of the Shoku Nihongi (Japanese) *Further information and text of the Shoku Nihongi at Japanese Historical Text Initiative *manuscript scans at Waseda University Library Category:8th century in Japan Category:8th-century history books Category:Late Old Japanese texts Category:Heian period in literature Category:History books about Japan Category:797 Category:Emperor Kanmu Category:8th-century Japanese books Category:History books of the Heian Period

['Japanese history', 'Rikkokushi', 'Nihon Shoki', 'Nihon Kōki', 'Fujiwara no Tsugutada', 'Sugano no Mamichi', 'Nara period', 'Emperor Monmu', 'Emperor Kanmu', 'Classical Chinese', 'Japanese Historical Text Initiative']

['Q130436', 'Q1151168', 'Q813935', 'Q1077029', 'Q966654', 'Q11619464', 'Q189178', 'Q357246', 'Q314846', 'Q37041', 'Q16973361']

[[(34, 50)], [(726, 736)], [(149, 160)], [(177, 187)], [(189, 210)], [(215, 232)], [(353, 364)], [(423, 436)], [(475, 488), (1416, 1429)], [(655, 672)], [(1142, 1177)]]

Frances Slocum (March 4, 1773 - March 9, 1847) (Ma-con-na-quah, "Young Bear" or "Little Bear") was an adopted member of the Miami people. Slocum was born into a Quaker family that migrated from Warwick, Rhode Island, in 1777 to the Wyoming Valley in Luzerne County, Pennsylvania. On November 2, 1778, when Slocum was five years old, she was captured by three Delaware warriors at the Slocum family farm in Wilkes-Barre, Pennsylvania. Slocum was raised among the Delaware in what is now Ohio and Indiana. With her marriage to Shepoconah (Deaf Man), who later became a Miami chief, Slocum joined the Miami and took the name Maconaquah. She settled with her Miami family at Deaf Man's village along the Mississinewa River near Peru, Indiana. In 1835 Slocum revealed to a visitor that she was a white woman who had been captured as a child, and two years later, in September 1837, three of Slocum's siblings came to see her. They confirmed that she was their sister, but Slocum chose to stay with her Miami family in Indiana. Slocum fully assimilated into the Native American culture and was accepted as one of its members. On March 3, 1845, the United States Congress passed the joint resolution that exempted Slocum and twenty- one of her Miami relatives from removal to Kansas Territory. Her Miami relations in Indiana were among the 148 individuals who formed the nucleus of the present-day Miami Nation of Indiana. She is buried at Slocum Cemetery in Wabash County, Indiana. Tributes named in her honor include Indiana's Frances Slocum Trail; the Frances Slocum State Recreation Area on the banks of the Mississinewa Lake near Peru, Indiana; Maconaquah High School in Indiana; Frances Slocum Elementary School in Marion, Indiana; Frances Slocum Elementary School, Fort Wayne Indiana; and Frances Slocum State Park in Luzerne County, Pennsylvania and Mocanaqua, Pennsylvania. ==Early life== Frances Slocum was one of ten children born to Jonathan and Ruth (Tripp) Slocum. The exact date of Frances's birth is uncertain, but it is believed to have been March 4, 1773. The Slocum family, who were Quakers and pacifists, emigrated from Warwick, Rhode Island, to the Wyoming Valley in Luzerne County, Pennsylvania, in 1777. Soon after their arrival, violence erupted in eastern Pennsylvania's Susquehanna River valley. Although the Slocum family remained in the settlement, many others fled during the Battle of Wyoming in July 1778,Meginness, p. 9. when British forces and Seneca warriors destroyed Forty Fort near Wilkes-Barre, killing more than three hundred American settlers. The Slocum family survived the battle, and felt their Quaker beliefs and friendly relations with the natives would protect them.Rafert,The Miami Indians of Indiana, p. 43.Meginness, p. 12. However, on November 2, 1778, while Jonathan was away, three Delaware warriors attacked the Slocum family farm near Wilkes- Barre. Ruth and all but two of her children escaped into the nearby woods, but the Delaware captured five-year-old Frances, her disabled brother, Ebenezer, and Wareham Kingsley, a young boy whose family was living with the Slocums. Ebenezer was released at the farm, but Frances and the Kingsley boy were taken captive.Meginness, pp. 13-14 and 18.Kingsley later returned from capture. See Meginness, p. 65. Slocum never saw her parents again. Natives killed her father and grandfather on December 16, 1778. Slocum's mother, who died on May 6, 1807, never gave up hope that her daughter would be found. The Delaware gave Slocum to a childless Delaware chief and his wife. They named her Weletasash, after their youngest daughter who had died, and raised her as their own.Madison and Sandweiss, p. 20.Meginness, p. 66. Not much is known about Slocum's early life among the Delaware. She later recalled that they migrated west through Niagara Falls and Detroit, before settling near Kekionga (the site of present-day Fort Wayne, Indiana). ==Marriage and family== Slocum was briefly married to a Delaware sometime around 1791 or 1792. The tradition among the Miami is that he did not treat her well, and due to domestic violence, she returned to her Delaware parents. Her first husband is said to have migrated west with the Delaware tribe.Meginness, p. 78. Slocum's second marriage, sometime after 1794, was to She-pan-can-ah, known as Deaf Man to the white men because of his deafness.Meginness, p. 67. She-pan-can-ah was a Miami warrior who later became a Miami chief. She first encountered him while traveling through the forest, finding him badly-wounded. With the assistance of her Delaware parents, she brought him to their village, where he stayed at their home and regained his health.Meginness, p. 79. Frances eventually married him. The couple had four children: two sons, who died at a young age, and two daughters, Kekenakushwa (Cut Finger)Alternate spellings: Kekesequa, Kick-ke-ne-che-qua, and Ke-ke-na-kush-wa. See James, p. 298 and Meginness, p. 110 and 126. and Ozahshinquah (Yellow Leaf),Alternate spellings: O-zah-wah- shin-qua, O-zah-shin-quah, We-saw-she-no-qua, and O-saw-she-quah. See Meginness, p. 71, 110, and 126, and Sleeper-Smith, Indian Women and French Men, p. 124. who both survived to adulthood. When Frances joined the Miami she took the name Maconaquah (Little Bear). Sometime after the War of 1812 the Miami tribe, which included She-pan-can-ah and Maconaquah (Slocum), moved to the Mississinewa River valley in north central Indiana. Little more is known about Slocum's life among the natives. Most of the available information focuses on her later years after she was reunited with her white relatives near Peru, Indiana, in 1837.Susan Sleeper-Smith, "Resistance to Removal: The 'White Indian,' Frances Slocum," in Enduring Nations: Native Americans in the Midwest, ed. R. David Edmunds (Chicago: University of Illinois Press, 2008), 113. ==Later years== ===Discovery=== Since her capture Slocum's white relatives continued to search for her without success. They did not see her for fifty-nine years.Meginness, pp. 22-30. In 1835 Colonel George Ewing, an Indian trader who did business with the Miami and spoke their language fluently, stopped for the night at a log cabin in a small Indiana settlement known as Deaf Man's village along the Mississinewa River, near Peru, Indiana. During his stay he spoke with an elderly Miami woman who revealed that she was by birth a white woman and explained how she had been kidnapped as a child. She spoke no English, but remembered her white family's name was Slocum and they had been Quakers who lived along the Susquehanna River.Madison and Sandweiss, p. 18. Ewing believed that Slocum wanted to reveal her identity, a secret she had kept for more than fifty years, because she was in poor health and thought she might die soon.Meginnes, pp. 38-41. Although some have suggested that Slocum feared she would be forcibly removed from the Miami if her past was known, others have argued it is more likely that she decided to reveal her white identity to save her Miami village from forced removal to the Kansas Territory.Sleeper-Smith, Indian Women and French Men, p. 135-36. Or, she simply may have wanted to remain with her daughters in Indiana during her final years.Rafert, The Miami Indians of Indiana, p. 107-8. When Ewing met Slocum she was a widow living with her extended family at Deaf Man's village. The small enclave consisted of a double log cabin with two or three cabins attached to it, a corn crib, a stable, and outbuildings for livestock. Living with her were her two daughters, Ozahshinquah (Yellow Leaf), a young widow, and Kekenakushwa (Cut Finger), Slocum's eldest daughter; Kekenakushwa's husband, Tanquakeh,Alternate spelling: Te-quoc-yaw. See Meginness, p. 126. a métis named Jean Baptiste Brouillette; three grandchildren; and an elderly relative. Deaf Man's village was a cross-cultural meeting place and Slocum's diverse family was not unique. An African-American laborer who had assimilated and married into the Miami tribe lived in a nearby cabin.Rafert, The Miami Indians of Indiana, pp. 104-7. Although the village was a mix of European and Indian culture because of the influential fur trade, Slocum was thoroughly assimilated into the Miami culture and was a member of the Miami tribe. The inhabitants of the village, including Slocum, did not speak English and were not Christian. They practiced pluralism, and continued traditions and ceremonies that remained unchanged from the previous century. ===Reunion with white relatives=== After Ewing found Slocum he tried to locate her white relatives. In 1835 he sent a letter to the postmaster at Lancaster, Pennsylvania, asking if the Slocum family had a relative that was captured by natives about the time of the American Revolutionary War, but the letter was misplaced. It was discovered two years later and a notice was published in an extra edition of the Lancaster Intelligencer, where it caught the attention of a minister in the Wyoming Valley. He was aware of the Slocum family's search for their sister, and forwarded the newspaper notice to her brother, Joseph Slocum.Cottman, Sketch of Frances Slocum, pp. 120-21.Meginness, pp. 42-43. Ewing received word from Joseph, and in September 1837 two of Slocum's brothers, Isaac and Joseph, and her older sister, Mary Slocum Towne, journeyed with interpreters to Deaf Man's village in the Mississinewa River valley to find out if she was their lost sister.Meginness, pp. 43-49. By that time Slocum was an elderly widow who had lived among the natives for nearly sixty years.Rafert, The Miami Indians of Indiana, p. 103. Frances, her two daughters, and a son-in-law also visited the Slocums while they were staying in Peru.Cottman, p. 121. Slocum's siblings were thrilled to see their sister, but they were shocked by her transformation. She spoke no English and did not remember her Christian name was Frances.Cooke, Winter, Ramadhyani, Feest, and Edmunds, p. 114. Slocum communicated through an interpreter and only responded to direct questions. Some researchers have suggested that this could be a cultural trait the white visitors did not understand, or Slocum may have been afraid she would be forced to leave her Miami family and go live with the Slocums. During their visits the Slocum family confirmed that she was their lost sister from the information she provided, and especially after recognizing the disfigured forefinger on her left hand, which was the result of a childhood accident prior to her capture.Meginness, p. 47. The Slocum siblings tried to convince her to return with them to Pennsylvania, but she refused to leave her native family. Slocum explained that she preferred to remain with the Miami, and if she returned to her birthplace she would be "like a fish out of water." In September 1839 Joseph Slocum and two of his daughters, Hannah and Harriet, paid another visit to Deaf Man's Village. Slocum still refused to leave her Miami family, but she did agree to the Slocum family's request to have her portrait painted. ===Avoiding removal to Indian territory=== Treaties signed with the Miami in 1838 and 1840 forced Slocum's Miami community to consider removal from Indiana to Kansas Territory. In these treaties the Miami ceded all but a small portion of their remaining tribal lands in Indiana to the federal government, and in 1840 they also agreed to move west of the Mississippi River within five years. and A treaty made in November 1838, three years after Slocum revealed her identity, provided some Miami families with individual land grants that would allow them to remain in Indiana. Among the recipients were Ozahshinquah and Kekenakushwa (Shepoconah's and Slocum's two daughters), who jointly received 640 acres of land."To O-zah-shin-quah and the wife of Bronilette, daughters of the "Deaf Man" as tenants in common one section of land on the Mississinnewa river to include the improvements where they now live." See Kappler, "Treaty with the Miami, 1838 (Nov. 6, 1838; 7 Stat., 569.; Proclamation, Feb. 8, 1839)", page 523. This land allotment exempted them from removal to Kansas Territory. Slocum, who was living with her daughters and was recognized as the head of the family, was not named as a land grant recipient.Meginness, p. 97. After it became public knowledge that Slocum was white, her presence encouraged the community at Deaf Man's village to construct itself as white and mask their Indian identity. This strategy, combined with political maneuvering, helped tribal leaders (namely Miami chief Francis Godfroy) gain enough support to delay the removal process for several years, and in some situations exempting some members of the community from removal to reservation lands west of the Mississippi River.Susan Sleeper-Smith, "Resistance to Removal", pp. 114-16.Glenn and Rafert, p. 59. Slocum appealed to her white brothers, Joseph and Isaac Slocum, for help with her petition to United States Congress for exemption from removal.Meginness, p. 124. To gain sympathy from members of Congress, Slocum's lawyer, Alphonzo Cole, of Peru, Indiana, portrayed her as an old woman who had endured years of hardship and captivity and only wished to remain near her family—both white and Indian. U.S. Congressman Benjamin Bidlack of Pennsylvania, who introduced the House resolution was sympathetic to her cause and stressed the importance of Slocum staying close to her white relatives, although she had met only a few of them.Sleeper-Smith, Indian Women and French Men, pp. 136-37.Meginness, p. 125 and 129-30. On March 3, 1845, Congress passed a joint resolution that exempted Slocum and twenty-one members of her Miami village from removal to reservation lands in the Kansas Territory.Rafert, The Miami Indians of Indiana, p. 108. Slocum received a land grant of 620 acres (one section) of land in Indiana. With congressional approval of her petition, Slocum and the members of her Miami village were able to continue living on their land in Indiana. They were among the 148 individuals who formed the nucleus of the present-day Miami Nation of Indiana. Glenn and Rafert, p. 65. The Miami's remaining reservation land in Indiana was ceded to the federal government in 1846.. On October 6, 1846, less than six months before Slocum's death, a major removal of more than 300 Miami began at Peru, and a smaller group removed in 1847. In all, less than one half the Miami tribe were removed, and more than one half either returned to Indiana or were never required to leave under the terms of the treaties.Carmony, p. 557. ==George Winter's influence== The Slocum family commissioned English artist George Winter to paint a portrait of their sister. Winter, who was among the first professional artists to live and work in Indiana, came to Logansport, in 1837 to document the Indian removals in Indiana.Cooke, Winter, Ramadhyani, Feest, and Edmunds, p. 8. In antebellum America, when most Americans viewed Indians as uncivilized, the ethnographic content of Winter's drawings "with few exceptions", provided an honest and reliable record of specific aspects of the Miami and Potawatomi culture from one of the few Euro-American artists working in northern Indiana.Cooke, Winter, Ramadhyani, Feest, and Edmunds, p. 18. Winter sketched and wrote many descriptions of Potawatomi and the Miami people in his journals, which also included drawings and details of Deaf Man's village, Slocum, and her Miami family. The extensive number of his surviving works and his detailed documentation are noted as reliable primary sources for historical studies of the Native American tribes of Indiana's Wabash Valley. According to Winter's journal, his pencil sketch of Slocum in her cabin at Deaf Man's Village in 1839 is the only one of her executed from life. "The Captive Sister" portrait of Slocum, also known as the "Lost Sister of Wyoming", became his best-known work, especially after the news spread that she had been found and her story became famous.Sleeper-Smith, Indian Women and French Men, pp. 137-38. He charged $75 for the commissioned painting.Cooke, Winter, Ramadhyani, Feest, and Edmunds, p. 117. The description of Slocum that Winter wrote in his journal closely fits his original sketch: > Though bearing some resemblance to her family (white), yet her cheekbones > seemed to have the Indian characteristics--face broad, nose bulby, mouth > indicating some degree of severity, her eyes pleasant and kind. He estimated her height at about five feet tall. He also noted the deep lines on her face and her hair, "originally of a dark brown, was now frosted."Winter, pp. 116-17. Winter's journal also provides a description of her attire, which included a red calico shirt with yellow and green figures, a black cloth petticoat bordered with red ribbon, faded red leggings with green ribbons, and a black silk shawl. She was barefoot and wore little jewelry, with the exception of earrings. During the sitting for her portrait Winter communicated with her through the African American interpreter who was living at Deaf Man's village. Winter described his presence in the village: "I could but feel as by intuition, that my absence would be hailed as a joyous relief to the family." Winter showed her Miami family his sketch and later noted that Slocum "looked upon her likeness with complacency," Kekenakushwa, her oldest daughter, "eyed it approvingly, yet suspiciously," and her younger daughter, Ozahshinquah, refused to look, "as though something evil surrounded it." In addition to the portrait for the Slocum family, Winter sketched another version. The two are significantly different. In the formal oil portrait for the Slocum family, she is somber, her skin appears lighter, and her clothes are not as vibrant or detailed. In the other version, which included Slocum and her two daughters, her deeply lined face appears darker skinned and her clothing is more colorful and detailed. Her daughter Ozahshinquah, who refused to look at Winter's original sketch, appears on the left with her back to the artist, a common native practice.Cooke, Winter, Ramadhyani, Feest, and Edmunds, p. 117, and plates 1 and 45. ==Death and legacy== On March 9, 1847, Frances Slocum died of pneumonia at Deaf Man's village along the Mississinewa River in Indiana. She was 74 years old. Slocum was initially buried near her cabin at Deaf Man's village, beside her second husband, She-pan-can-ah (Deaf Man) and two sons. In 1965 the graves were moved to Slocum Cemetery, near Mississinewa Lake in Wabash County, Indiana, when construction of the Mississinewa River dam would flood the site of Deaf Man's village. Slocum's story is one of an individual who was forcibly kidnapped and made to fully assimilated into the Native American culture that surrounded her, and was accepted as one of its members. Few details beyond her life in Pennsylvania with the Slocum family and her later years after reuniting with her white relatives have been recorded. Little is known of her life among the Miami. Perhaps this is because she told so little of her life to whites. As a result, Slocum and the other inhabitants of Deaf Man's village are largely absent from the historical sources. Most glimpses of Slocum's Miami community come from outsiders such as George Winter, whose paintings and journals helped to further document aspects of their lives and the Miami culture in general. An oral history of the Miami, written down in the 1960s as told by Miami chief Clarence Godfroy, Slocum's great-great-grandson, describes a woman revered by the Miami community, especially after her second husband's death. Members of the community often went to her for counsel. She also enjoyed breaking ponies and playing games right alongside the men. While this behavior would have been shocking to American pioneers, it was not uncommon for women to have these roles within the Miami tribe.Buss, p. 20. ==Honors and tributes== On May 6, 1900, Slocum's descendants, both white and native, raised a monument at her gravesite in Wabash County, Indiana. The zinc marker with an extensive epitaph is a tribute to her life as Maconaquah and Frances Slocum, as well as to her second husband, She-pan-can-ah (Deaf Man), who is commemorated on one side of the monument.Buss, 22.Cottman, Sketch of Frances Slocum, p. 122. In 1967 a state historical marker was erected at the entrance to the Slocum Cemetery in Wabash County, Indiana. Other tributes named after her include a thirty-mile long Frances Slocum Trail from Peru to Marion, Indiana; the Frances Slocum State Forest, a recreational area near Peru, Indiana; and Frances Slocum State Park in Luzerne County, Pennsylvania. A George Winter watercolor study of Frances Slocum and her two daughters and an oil portrait of Frances Slocum are part of the Tippecanoe County Historical Association's collections. ==See also== *Indian removals in Indiana *Mary Jemison *Herman Lehmann *Olive Oatman *Mary Ann Oatman ==Notes== ==References== * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * ==External links== * Frances Slocum State Park, Pennsylvania * Frances Slocum historical marker, Indiana Historical Bureau Category:1773 births Category:1847 deaths Category:Miami people Category:Captives of Native Americans Category:Native American history of Indiana Category:People from Warwick, Rhode Island

['Warwick, Rhode Island', 'Miami people', 'Quakers', 'Wyoming Valley', 'Luzerne County, Pennsylvania', 'Wilkes-Barre, Pennsylvania', 'Ohio', 'Indiana', 'Mississinewa River', 'United States Congress', 'Maconaquah High School', 'Frances Slocum State Park', 'Mocanaqua, Pennsylvania', 'Susquehanna River', 'Battle of Wyoming', 'Forty Fort', 'Niagara Falls', 'Detroit', 'War of 1812', 'Kansas Territory', 'Lancaster, Pennsylvania', 'Francis Godfroy', 'Mississippi River', 'Benjamin Bidlack', 'Potawatomi', 'Mary Jemison', 'Herman Lehmann', 'Olive Oatman', 'Mary Ann Oatman']

['Q49195', 'Q956264', 'Q170208', 'Q604264', 'Q501292', 'Q745594', 'Q1397', 'Q1415', 'Q6879010', 'Q11268', 'Q17018077', 'Q5478946', 'Q6019900', 'Q27538', 'Q2190013', 'Q5472970', 'Q34221', 'Q12439', 'Q26013', 'Q1723905', 'Q320514', 'Q5481086', 'Q1497', 'Q13219562', 'Q1065583', 'Q6779917', 'Q1114189', 'Q7087183', 'Q6778902']

[[(194, 215), (2133, 2154), (21332, 21353)], [(124, 136), (15336, 15348), (21216, 21228)], [(2095, 2102), (6551, 6558)], [(232, 246), (2163, 2177), (8985, 8999)], [(250, 278), (1818, 1846), (2181, 2209), (20662, 20690)], [(406, 432)], [(486, 490)], [(495, 502), (730, 737), (1013, 1020), (1310, 1317), (1407, 1414), (1467, 1474), (1512, 1519), (1634, 1641), (1669, 1676), (1722, 1729), (1776, 1783), (2733, 2740), (3916, 3923), (5448, 5455), (5637, 5644), (6209, 6216), (6297, 6304), (7204, 7211), (7264, 7271), (8071, 8078), (9606, 9613), (11199, 11206), (11321, 11328), (11618, 11625), (13097, 13104), (13771, 13778), (13855, 13862), (13999, 14006), (14102, 14109), (14178, 14185), (14486, 14493), (14775, 14782), (14847, 14854), (15208, 15215), (15629, 15636), (18299, 18306), (18554, 18561), (20064, 20071), (20438, 20445), (20547, 20554), (20620, 20627), (20908, 20915), (21139, 21146), (21303, 21310)], [(700, 718), (5405, 5423), (6266, 6284), (9392, 9410), (18277, 18295), (18588, 18606)], [(1142, 1164), (12944, 12966)], [(1643, 1665)], [(1789, 1814), (20633, 20658), (21063, 21088)], [(1851, 1874)], [(2289, 2306), (6579, 6596)], [(2398, 2415)], [(2496, 2506)], [(3822, 3835)], [(3840, 3847)], [(5308, 5319)], [(1269, 1285), (7069, 7085), (11210, 11226), (12121, 12137), (13725, 13741)], [(8644, 8667)], [(12556, 12571)], [(11405, 11422), (12750, 12767)], [(13266, 13282)], [(15127, 15137), (15317, 15327)], [(20917, 20929)], [(20931, 20945)], [(20947, 20959)], [(20961, 20976)]]

The One-Day Cup, known as the Marsh One-Day Cup for sponsorship reasons, is an Australian domestic List A 50-over limited-overs cricket tournament. It has had many different names, formats and teams since the inaugural 1969-1970 season. Initially a knockout cup, the competition now features a single round- robin followed by a finals series. The tournament is contested between teams representing the six states of Australia, who also compete in the first-class Sheffield Shield. Three other teams have also played in the tournament for short periods of time: New Zealand's national team competed from 1969–70 until the 1974–75, Australian Capital Territory participated from 1997–98 until 1999–2000, and a select Cricket Australia XI took part as the seventh team for three seasons from 2015–16 until 2017–18. The current champions are Western Australia. ==History== England was the first country to introduce a domestic one-day limited-overs competition with its Gillette Cup in 1963. Australia was the next country to do so when this competition was established in 1969–70. It has been held every summer since, under a wide variety of names and formats. It is a List A cricket competition. It was the first List A competition to feature numbers on player's shirts when they were introduced for the 1995–96 season and numbers were also subsequently introduced for the ODI series later in the season. In September 2017, former Australian Test cricketer Jason Gillespie suggested that Papua New Guinea should be added to the competition. ==Seasons and competition formats== *1969/70–1978/79 – Straight knockout *1979/80–1981/82 – 2 pools of 3, semi-finals, 3rd/4th playoff and final *1982/83–1991/92 – 2 pools of 3, semi-finals and final *1992/93–1999/2000 – Single round robin (i.e. home OR away), preliminary final and final *2000/01–2010/11 – Double round robin home and away plus final. *2011/12–2012/13 – Partial round robin (8 matches per team, 3 of 5 opponents played both home and away), plus final. *2013/14 – Carnival format, 6 round games, preliminary final and final. *2014/15 – Carnival format, 7 round games, preliminary final and final. *2015/16–2017/18 – Carnival format, 8 round games, preliminary final and final. *2018/19 – Single round robin, 2 qualification finals, 2 semi-finals and final. *2019/20–present – Carnival format, 7 round games and final ==Seasons of sponsorship and competition names== * 1969/70 - 1970/71 - Vehicle & General Australasian Knock-out Competition * 1971/72 - 1972/73 - Coca-Cola Australasian Knock-out Competition * 1973/74 - 1978/79 - Gillette Cup * 1979/80 - 1987/88 - McDonald's Cup * 1988/89 - 1991/92 - FAI Cup * 1992/93 - 2000/01 - Mercantile Mutual Cup * 2001/02 - 2005/06 - ING Cup * 2006/07 - 2009/10 - Ford Ranger Cup * 2010/11 - 2013/14 - Ryobi One-Day Cup * 2014/15 - 2016/17 - Matador BBQs One-Day Cup * 2017/18 - 2018/19 - JLT One-Day Cup * 2019/20 - 2022/23 - Marsh One-Day Cup ==Teams== Team Colour Limited-Overs Cricket Team Home Cricket Ground/s Since 1969/1970 City/Cities Est. First Season Last Season Titles Runner-up Australian Capital Territory Manuka Oval, Various Others Canberra 1928 1997/1998 1999/2000 0 0 Cricket Australia XI Allan Border Field, Hurstville Oval Brisbane, Sydney 2015 2015/2016 2017/2018 0 0 New South Wales Sydney Cricket Ground, Various Others Sydney 1856 1969/1970 Present 12 10 New Zealand None None 1894 1969/1970 1974/1975 3 2 Northern Territory Marrara Oval Darwin 1978 None None 0 0 Queensland Brisbane Cricket Ground, Various Others Brisbane 1882 1969/1970 Present 10 8 South Australia Adelaide Oval, Various Others Adelaide 1887 1969/1970 Present 3 7 Tasmania Bellerive Oval, TCA Ground Hobart 1851 1969/1970 Present 4 6 Victoria Melbourne Cricket Ground, Various Others Melbourne 1851 1969/1970 Present 6 10 Western Australia WACA Ground, Perth Stadium Perth 1893 1969/1970 Present 16 11 * Titles correct up to the end of the 2022 season. Each team has used several venues to host matches. For a full list, see list of cricket grounds in Australia. New Zealand did not play home games in this series. ==Competition placings== For a complete list of finals with short scorecards and crowd figures, see Australian Domestic One-Day Cricket Final. *1 The 1982–83 final was originally washed out, and then rescheduled at the beginning of the 1983–84 season. *3 – Won third place playoff *4 – Lost third place playoff ===1969–70 to present=== Season First Second Third Fourth Fifth Sixth Seventh 1969–70 New Zealand Victoria New South Wales Western Australia Queensland South Australia Tasmania 1970–71 Western Australia Queensland South Australia New Zealand Tasmania Victoria New South Wales 1971–72 Victoria New Zealand South Australia Western Australia Queensland New South Wales Tasmania 1972–73 New Zealand Queensland South Australia New South Wales Tasmania Western Australia Victoria 1973–74 Western Australia New Zealand South Australia New South Wales Victoria Tasmania Queensland 1974–75 New Zealand Western Australia Queensland Tasmania New South Wales Victoria South Australia 1975–76 Queensland Western Australia South Australia Tasmania rowspan=17 rowspan=17 rowspan=22 1976–77 Western Australia Victoria Queensland New South Wales 1977–78 Western Australia Tasmania New South Wales Victoria 1978–79 Tasmania Western Australia Queensland Victoria 1979–80 Victoria New South Wales Western Australia 3 Tasmania 4 1980–81 Queensland Western Australia South Australia 3 Victoria 4 1981–82 Queensland New South Wales Western Australia 3 Victoria 4 1982–831 Western Australia New South Wales Queensland Victoria 1983–84 South Australia Western Australia New South Wales Tasmania 1984–85 New South Wales South Australia Victoria Western Australia 1985–86 Western Australia Victoria New South Wales Queensland 1986–87 South Australia Tasmania Victoria Western Australia 1987–88 New South Wales South Australia Tasmania Victoria 1988–89 Queensland Victoria New South Wales Western Australia 1989–90 Western Australia South Australia New South Wales Queensland 1990–91 Western Australia New South Wales Queensland Victoria 1991–92 New South Wales Western Australia Queensland Tasmania 1992–93 New South Wales Victoria Western Australia Queensland Tasmania South Australia 1993–94 New South Wales Western Australia South Australia Queensland Victoria Tasmania 1994–95 Victoria South Australia Western Australia Queensland Tasmania New South Wales 1995–96 Queensland Western Australia New South Wales South Australia Tasmania Victoria 1996–97 Western Australia Queensland New South Wales Victoria Tasmania South Australia 1997–98 Queensland New South Wales Western Australia South Australia Tasmania Aus. Cap. Territory Victoria 1998–99 Victoria New South Wales Queensland South Australia Western Australia Aus. Cap. Territory Tasmania 1999–00 Western Australia Queensland New South Wales South Australia Victoria Tasmania Aus. Cap. Territory 2000–01 New South Wales Western Australia South Australia Queensland Tasmania Victoria rowspan=15 2001–02 New South Wales Queensland South Australia Western Australia Victoria Tasmania 2002–03 New South Wales Western Australia Queensland Tasmania Victoria South Australia 2003–04 Western Australia Queensland Victoria New South Wales South Australia Tasmania 2004–05 Tasmania Queensland Victoria Western Australia South Australia New South Wales 2005–06 New South Wales South Australia Victoria Western Australia Tasmania Queensland 2006–07 Queensland Victoria Western Australia South Australia Tasmania New South Wales 2007–08 Tasmania Victoria South Australia Queensland Western Australia New South Wales 2008–09 Queensland Victoria South Australia Tasmania Western Australia New South Wales 2009–10 Tasmania Victoria Queensland New South Wales Western Australia South Australia 2010–11 Victoria Tasmania New South Wales Western Australia South Australia Queensland 2011–12 South Australia Tasmania New South Wales Queensland Victoria Western Australia 2012–13 Queensland Victoria South Australia New South Wales Tasmania Western Australia 2013–14 Queensland New South Wales Victoria Tasmania Western Australia South Australia 2014–15 Western Australia New South Wales Queensland Tasmania Victoria South Australia 2015–16 New South Wales South Australia Victoria Tasmania Western Australia Queensland Cricket Australia XI 2016–17 New South Wales Queensland Victoria Western Australia Tasmania South Australia Cricket Australia XI 2017–18 Western Australia South Australia Victoria New South Wales Queensland Tasmania Cricket Australia XI 2018–19 Victoria Tasmania Western Australia South Australia New South Wales Queensland rowspan=5 2019–20 Western Australia Queensland South Australia Tasmania Victoria New South Wales 2020–21 New South Wales Western Australia Queensland Tasmania Victoria South Australia 2021–22 Western Australia New South Wales Tasmania Queensland South Australia Victoria 2022–23 Western Australia South Australia Victoria Queensland New South Wales Tasmania ==Leading run-scorers and wicket-takers for each team== Career statistics include all matches up to the end of the 2018–19 season. Team Leading run scorer (career) Leading run scorer (career) Leading wicket taker (career) Leading wicket taker (career) Victoria Brad Hodge 5597 runs @ 47.03 Shane Harwood 88 wickets @ 23.72 Queensland Jimmy Maher 4589 runs @ 44.99 James Hopes 155 wickets @ 27.32 South Australia Darren Lehmann 3963 runs @ 55.04 Shaun Tait 103 wickets @ 22.92 Western Australia Shaun Marsh 3516 runs @ 45.07 Kade Harvey 103 wickets @ 27.12 Tasmania George Bailey 3537 runs @ 34.67 Xavier Doherty 120 wickets @ 32.20 New South Wales Brad Haddin 2724 runs @ 34.05 Stuart MacGill 124 wickets @ 22.36 Australian Capital Territory Peter Solway 455 runs @ 25.27 Lea Hansen 12 wickets @ 21.16 Cricket Australia XI Will Bosisto 386 runs @ 32.16 Arjun Nair 11 wickets @ 22.72 New Zealand Bevan Congdon 265 runs @ 33.12 Hedley Howarth 11 wickets @ 9.90 ==Player of the tournament== Season Player State 1998–99 Matthew Hayden Queensland Bulls 1999–2000 Matthew Hayden Queensland Bulls 2000–01 Shaun Young Tasmanian Tigers 2000–01 Darren Lehmann South Australia Redbacks 2001–02 Darren Lehmann South Australia Redbacks 2002–03 Justin Langer Western Australia Warriors 2006–07 Matthew Elliott South Australia Redbacks 2007–08 Matthew Elliott South Australia Redbacks 2008–09 Shane Harwood Victoria Bushrangers 2009–10 Brad Hodge Victoria Bushrangers 2010–11 Brad Hodge Victoria Bushrangers 2011–12 Tom Cooper South Australia Redbacks 2012–13 Aaron Finch Victoria Bushrangers 2013–14 Cameron White Victoria Bushrangers 2014–15 Cameron White Victoria Bushrangers 2015–16 Mitchell Starc New South Wales Blues 2016–17 Marnus Labuschagne Queensland Bulls 2017–18 Shaun Marsh Western Warriors 2018–19 Ben McDermott Tasmanian Tigers 2019–20 Usman Khawaja Queensland Bulls 2019–20 Marnus Labuschagne Queensland Bulls 2020–21 David Warner New South Wales Blues 2020–21 Tom Andrews Tasmanian Tigers 2021-22 Matt Renshaw Queensland Bulls 2022-23 Josh Philippe Western Warriors ==Records and statistics== Batting Records Most runs Brad Hodge (Victoria) 5,597 Highest average Michael Bevan (New South Wales, South Australia, Tasmania) 61.18 Highest score D'Arcy Short (Western Australia) 257 vs Queensland (28 September 2018) Highest partnership Usman Khawaja & Chris Hartley (Queensland) 280 vs Tasmania (18 October 2014) Most hundreds Brad Hodge (Victoria) 20 Bowling Records Most wickets James Hopes (Queensland) 155 Lowest average Mitchell Starc (New South Wales) 15.42 Best strike rate Mitchell Starc (New South Wales) 19.8 Best economy rate Dennis Lillee (Tasmania, Western Australia) 3.12 Best bowling figures Shaun Tait (South Australia) 8/43 vs Tasmania (9 January 2004) Most wickets in a series Mitchell Starc (New South Wales) 26 (season 2015–16) Fielding Most dismissals (wicket-keeper) Brad Haddin (New South Wales) 164 Most catches (fielder) Cameron White (Victoria) 56 Team Records Highest total Tasmania 9/435 (50) vs South Australia (8 October 2023) Lowest total South Australia 51 (28) vs Tasmania (26 January 2003) Last updated on 9 October 2023 ==Points system== Points are awarded as follows: * 4 points for a win * 2 points for a no-result or a tie * 0 points for a loss * 1 bonus point if a team achieves a run rate 1.25 times that of the opposition * 2 bonus points if a team achieves a run rate twice that of the opposition The top two teams at the end of the pool matches play-off in the final. The higher-placed team has the home ground advantage. ==Television coverage== In 2006–07, the Ford Ranger One Day Cup was televised on Fox Sports. 25 out of the 31 games were televised including the final. Prior to Fox Sports' broadcasting of the domestic cricket competition, Nine was the host broadcaster. In India STAR Cricket shows the telecast with the help of Fox Sports. In 2011–12 Fox Sports broadcast all 25 games of the Ryobi One Day Cup live. The Nine Network became the rights holder once again from season 2013–14 to the 2016–17 season, primarily showing matches Live on GEM and simulcasting via Cricket Australia's website. There are negotiations in place with ITV to televise the competition in the UK. For the 2017–18 season, the Nine Network dropped its coverage of the JLT One Day Cup. All matches were streamed live and free on Cricket Australia's own website and app. It was announced on 13 April 2018 that from the 2018–19 season, Fox Sports will broadcast 13 matches of the tournament each year for six years on the new Fox Cricket channel. All remaining matches will be streamed live on Cricket Australia's website and app. ==See also== *Australian Domestic One-Day Cricket Final == Notes == ==References== ==External links== For match results and individual scorecards, see: * Cricinfo Australian Domestic Cricket Archive * The Cricket Archive, Australian Tournaments Category:Australian domestic cricket competitions Category:Recurring sporting events established in 1969 Category:1969 establishments in Australia Category:Sports leagues established in 1969 Category:List A cricket competitions Category:Professional sports leagues in Australia

['Cricket Australia', 'Brad Hodge', 'James Hopes', 'Fox Cricket', 'List A cricket', 'Australian Domestic One-Day Cricket Final', 'Sheffield Shield', 'Cricket Australia XI', 'Test cricket', 'Jason Gillespie', 'Gillette', "McDonald's", 'Ford Ranger', 'Ryobi', 'Manuka Oval', 'Canberra', 'Allan Border Field', 'Hurstville Oval', 'Brisbane', 'Sydney', 'Sydney Cricket Ground', 'Marrara Oval', 'Brisbane Cricket Ground', 'Adelaide Oval', 'Adelaide', 'Bellerive Oval', 'TCA Ground', 'Hobart', 'Melbourne Cricket Ground', 'WACA Ground', 'Perth Stadium', 'Shane Harwood', 'Jimmy Maher', 'Darren Lehmann', 'Shaun Tait', 'Shaun Marsh', 'Kade Harvey', 'Xavier Doherty', 'Brad Haddin', 'Stuart MacGill', 'Will Bosisto', 'Arjun Nair', 'Bevan Congdon', 'Hedley Howarth', 'Matthew Hayden', 'Shaun Young', 'Justin Langer', 'Aaron Finch', 'Cameron White', 'Mitchell Starc', 'Marnus Labuschagne', 'Ben McDermott', 'Usman Khawaja', 'Matt Renshaw', 'Josh Philippe', 'Michael Bevan', "D'Arcy Short", 'Chris Hartley', 'Dennis Lillee', 'Nine Network', 'STAR Cricket']

['Q3002584', 'Q2923401', 'Q2738944', 'Q60744310', 'Q1628688', 'Q4824095', 'Q2470981', 'Q22079863', 'Q1132113', 'Q3107260', 'Q503592', 'Q38076', 'Q5467909', 'Q1104912', 'Q1891865', 'Q3114', 'Q4730485', 'Q14934839', 'Q34932', 'Q3130', 'Q856393', 'Q6772798', 'Q2462392', 'Q2462430', 'Q5112', 'Q1134044', 'Q7669627', 'Q40191', 'Q330136', 'Q2738971', 'Q7170896', 'Q7488091', 'Q6200698', 'Q5225020', 'Q3107510', 'Q3242942', 'Q6345322', 'Q8043234', 'Q2923403', 'Q2738960', 'Q8002709', 'Q23765785', 'Q4899341', 'Q5697478', 'Q981493', 'Q7491013', 'Q173789', 'Q4662015', 'Q2748521', 'Q6881406', 'Q18637614', 'Q16224844', 'Q3524804', 'Q22279984', 'Q46581038', 'Q3107289', 'Q5203105', 'Q5106809', 'Q1189313', 'Q1432195', 'Q60520993']

[[(715, 732), (3184, 3201), (8349, 8366), (8457, 8474), (8565, 8582), (9833, 9850), (13151, 13168), (13389, 13406), (13652, 13669)], [(9292, 9302), (10452, 10462), (10492, 10502), (11153, 11163), (11458, 11468)], [(9395, 9406), (11512, 11523)], [(13584, 13595)], [(1166, 1180), (14134, 14148)], [(4207, 4248), (13703, 13744)], [(463, 479)], [(715, 735), (3184, 3204), (8349, 8369), (8457, 8477), (8565, 8585), (9833, 9853)], [(1440, 1452)], [(1455, 1470)], [(966, 974), (2586, 2594)], [(2621, 2631)], [(2762, 2773), (12636, 12647)], [(2800, 2805), (12972, 12977)], [(3118, 3129)], [(3146, 3154)], [(3205, 3223)], [(3225, 3240)], [(3241, 3249), (3497, 3505), (3537, 3545)], [(3251, 3257), (3303, 3309), (3341, 3347)], [(3303, 3324)], [(3447, 3459)], [(3497, 3520)], [(3590, 3603)], [(3590, 3598), (3620, 3628)], [(3665, 3679)], [(3681, 3691)], [(3692, 3698)], [(3735, 3759)], [(3832, 3843)], [(3845, 3858)], [(9321, 9334), (10409, 10422)], [(9365, 9376)], [(9443, 9457), (10166, 10180), (10214, 10228)], [(9476, 9486), (11738, 11748)], [(9525, 9536), (10792, 10803)], [(9555, 9566)], [(9628, 9642)], [(9679, 9690), (11920, 11931)], [(9709, 9723)], [(9854, 9866)], [(9884, 9894)], [(9926, 9939)], [(9957, 9971)], [(10047, 10061), (10089, 10103)], [(10129, 10140)], [(10262, 10275)], [(10576, 10587)], [(10617, 10630), (10660, 10673), (11977, 11990)], [(10703, 10717), (11556, 11570), (11612, 11626), (11826, 11840)], [(10748, 10766), (10907, 10925)], [(10829, 10842)], [(10868, 10881), (11367, 11380)], [(11031, 11043)], [(11069, 11082)], [(11197, 11210)], [(11276, 11288)], [(11383, 11396)], [(11668, 11681)], [(13000, 13012), (13288, 13300)], [(12859, 12871)]]

thumb|John Oldham John Oldham (9 August 1653 - 9 December 1683) was an English satirical poet and translator. ==Life and work== Oldham was born in Shipton Moyne, Gloucestershire, the son of John Oldham, a non-conformist minister, and grandson of John Oldham the staunch anti-papist rector of Shipton Moyne and before that of Long Newton in Wiltshire. He was educated first at Tetbury Grammar School, then at St. Edmund Hall at the University of Oxford, where the Principal was Thomas Tully, an ex-headmaster from Oldham's school at Tetbury. Tully was "a person of severe morals, puritanically inclined and a struict Calvinist.Wood, Anthony A. & Bliss, Philip (Ed). Athenae Oxonienses: an exact history of all the writers and bishops who have had their education in the University of Oxford, volume 3 (London 1817) pp. 1055-6. Oldham received a B. A. degree in May 1674. He became an usher at the Whitgift School in Croydon, Surrey (now in Greater London), a position that was poorly paid, monotonous and left little time for him to compose poetry; his discontent at the time was expressed in these lines from one of his satires - "To a friend about to leave University":Bell, 1871, pp. 5-20 > "But who would be to the vile drudgery bound > Where there so small encouragement is found? > Where you for recompense for all your pains, > Shall hardly reach a common fiddler's gains? > For when you've toiled and laboured all you can, > To dung and cultivate a barren brain, > A Dancing-Master shall be better paid, > Tho' he instructs the Heels and you the Head." By then his poetry had already been published, and he received an unexpected visit at the school from an illustrious party including the Earl of Rochester, Charles Sedley and the Earl of Dorset (part of the "Merry Gang", as Andrew Marvell called them), who wished to express their appreciation of his work. He left the Whitgift school in 1678 and took up the post of tutor to the grandsons of a retired Judge, Sir Edward Thurland, in the vicinity of Reigate in Surrey. It was during this period that he composed and had published his satires against the Jesuits,Bell (Ed.), 1871, pp. 80-132. at a time when popular anger was being stirred up against Catholics in England by the "Popish plot". In 1680, he became, for a short time, tutor to the son of Sir William Hicks, through whom he made the acquaintance of the notable physician Dr. Richard Lower. Under his influence he took up the study of medicine for a year before returning to his poetic muse. Oldham settled in London and was introduced to John Dryden, with whom he became close friends. He entered fashionable society (said to be centred on Will's Coffee House), and was approached by the Earl of Kingston-upon-Hull to be a private chaplain to his household. Oldham turned down the post but did accept the hospitality of the Earl at his seat at Holme Pierrepont Hall in Nottinghamshire. It was here that he died of smallpox, on 9 December 1683, aged only 30. He may also have suffered from tuberculosis during his lifetime. The Earl of Kingston-upon-Hull had a monument, possibly designed by Grinling Gibbons, erected over Oldham's grave in St. Edmund's Church in Holme Pierrepont. John Dryden wrote an elegy on his death. Oldham was a satirist who imitated the classical Satires of Juvenal. His best-known works are A Satire Upon a Woman Who by Her Falsehood and Scorn Was the Death of My Friend,Bell (Ed.), 1871, written in 1678 and A Satire against Virtue, written in 1679. During his lifetime, his poetry was published anonymously.Hammond, paul. The making of Restoration poetry (D S Brewer, 2006) p56. His translations of Juvenal were published after his death. John Dryden was one of Oldham's admirers and upon his death Dryden expressed his admiration in "To the Memory of Mr. Oldham". ==Style== Although regarded as a vigorous and passionate satirist, Oldham is often regarded as having been hampered by a poor ear for rhyme and rhythm. As Robinson (1980) has pointed out, however, "Oldham chose the rugged style of most of his satires: it was not imposed upon him by incapacity or carelessness."Robinson, K. (1980), John Oldham - Selected Poems, Jesmond, Newcastle, Bloodaxe Books, . ==Notes== ==Bibliography== *Thompson, Edward. The compositions in verse and prose of Mr. John Oldham, to which are added memoirs of his life (in 3 vols, 1770). *Cibber, Theophilus. The Lives of the Poets of Great Britain and Ireland : to the time of Dean Swift (Volume 2) (1753) pp. 337–343. *Bell, Robert (Ed). The poems of John Oldham (London, Charles Griffin, 1871). * ==External links== * * * Category:1653 births Category:1684 deaths Category:Deaths from smallpox Category:17th-century English poets Category:17th-century English male writers Category:English satirists Category:People from Cotswold District Category:Alumni of the University of Oxford Category:Infectious disease deaths in England Category:English male poets Category:Tory poets

['Shipton Moyne', 'Gloucestershire', 'Wiltshire', 'Tetbury', 'Grammar School', 'St. Edmund Hall', 'University of Oxford', 'Thomas Tully', 'Calvinist', 'Whitgift School', 'Croydon', 'Surrey', 'Greater London', 'Andrew Marvell', 'Judge', 'Reigate', 'Jesuits', 'Catholics', 'Popish plot', 'London', 'John Dryden', "Will's Coffee House", 'Holme Pierrepont Hall', 'Nottinghamshire', 'Grinling Gibbons', 'Holme Pierrepont', 'Satires of Juvenal', 'Juvenal', 'To the Memory of Mr. Oldham', 'Bloodaxe Books']

['Q7498127', 'Q23165', 'Q23183', 'Q1248924', 'Q967098', 'Q973884', 'Q34433', 'Q7794591', 'Q101849', 'Q2567148', 'Q2213391', 'Q23276', 'Q23306', 'Q365935', 'Q16533', 'Q1018418', 'Q36380', 'Q9592', 'Q1540578', 'Q84', 'Q213355', 'Q2582323', 'Q5883398', 'Q23092', 'Q610462', 'Q3139437', 'Q2707099', 'Q193800', 'Q7811287', 'Q4927908']

[[(147, 160), (292, 305)], [(162, 177)], [(340, 349)], [(376, 383), (532, 539)], [(384, 398)], [(408, 423)], [(431, 451), (769, 789), (4851, 4871)], [(477, 489)], [(616, 625)], [(896, 911)], [(915, 922)], [(924, 930), (2021, 2027)], [(939, 953)], [(1784, 1798)], [(1963, 1968)], [(2010, 2017)], [(2114, 2121)], [(2210, 2219)], [(2239, 2250)], [(801, 807), (947, 953), (2531, 2537), (4552, 4558)], [(2560, 2571), (3203, 3214), (3688, 3699)], [(2662, 2681)], [(2866, 2887)], [(2891, 2906)], [(3113, 3129)], [(2866, 2882), (3185, 3201)], [(3293, 3311)], [(3304, 3311), (3648, 3655)], [(3784, 3811)], [(4196, 4210)]]

Who Killed Doc Robbin is a 1948 film directed by Bernard Carr and starring Larry Olsen, Billy Gray, and Renee Beard. It was produced by Hal Roach and Robert F. McGowan as a reimagining of their Our Gang series. The film was one of "Hal Roach's Streamliners" features of the 1940s, running only 55 minutes, and was designed as a B-movie. Like most of Roach's latter-day output, Who Killed Doc Robbin, the sequel to 1947's Curley, was shot in Cinecolor. The film was released to theatres on April 9, 1948 by United Artists. Who Killed Doc Robbin's plot involves a murder mystery involving the death of local scientist Dr. Hugo Robbin. Curley (Olsen) and his "gang" happen to have been key witnesses to several of the events, and the children's testimonies are told in flashback during the court case. When Hal Roach sold Our Gang to Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer in 1938, he was contractually bound not to produce anymore kids comedies. When Roach decided that he wanted to produce Curley, he got MGM's permission by giving up his right to buy back the name Our Gang. Both Curley and Who Killed Doc Robbin, performed poorly at the box office (as a result, Roach discontinued theatrical film production, turning his studio's efforts towards television), and when Roach bought back the rights to the 1927-1938 Our Gang shorts in 1949, he had to re-christen the series as The Little Rascals. == External links == * * Category:1948 films Category:1940s crime comedy films Category:Cinecolor films Category:Hal Roach Studios Category:American crime comedy films Category:Films scored by Heinz Roemheld Category:1948 comedy films Category:1940s English-language films Category:1940s American films Category:English-language crime comedy films

['Robert F. McGowan', 'Hal Roach', 'United Artists', 'Our Gang', "Hal Roach's Streamliners", 'B-movie', 'Cinecolor', 'Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer']

['Q3435067', 'Q72792', 'Q219400', 'Q1218784', 'Q5640911', 'Q223770', 'Q794536', 'Q179200']

[[(150, 167)], [(136, 145), (232, 241), (804, 813), (1490, 1499)], [(506, 520)], [(194, 202), (819, 827), (1046, 1054), (1296, 1304)], [(232, 256)], [(328, 335)], [(441, 450), (1465, 1474)], [(831, 850)]]

Lake View Terrace is a suburban neighborhood in the San Fernando Valley region of the City of Los Angeles, California. "Lake View Terrace," Mapping L.A., Los Angeles Times Surrounding areas include the Angeles National Forest, Little Tujunga Canyon, Big Tujunga Canyon, Hansen Dam, Kagel Canyon, and a portion of the Verdugo Mountains. The community lies adjacent to the communities of Sylmar, San Fernando, Shadow Hills, Sunland, Sun Valley, and Pacoima. The area shares the 91342 ZIP code with Sylmar. Lake View Terrace is accessed by the Foothill Freeway (Interstate 210) and the major thoroughfares of which include, Foothill Boulevard, Glenoaks Boulevard, Van Nuys Boulevard and Osborne Street. The community is middle-class and ethnically mixed, including Latinos, African-Americans, Whites and Asians. The area hosts a large equestrian community, and is one of the few remaining residential areas in the City of Los Angeles that has private homes zoned for horsekeeping. Lake View Terrace gained international notoriety as the location of the beating of Rodney King by officers of the Los Angeles Police Department in 1991. Lake View Terrace is also the setting of much of the 2008 film Lakeview Terrace, starring Samuel L. Jackson, although the area used for the neighborhood was actually filmed in Walnut, California. ==History== Lake View Terrace was a part of the Rancho Tujunga Mexican land grant community. Settlers in Rancho Tujunga sold firewood to residents of El Pueblo, a settlement that was in what is now Los Angeles. In the 1800s Homer and Marie Hansen established a horse ranch in the area. In 1939 the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers seized the horse ranch's land via eminent domain to build a dam due to occurrences of flooding in the northeast and southeast portions of the San Fernando Valley. The Hansen Dam was built in 1940. Alyson Pitarre of the Los Angeles Times said "legend has it that" the name of Lake View Terrace originated from Holiday Lake, a lake that was once behind the dam and a popular vacation area in the 1950s; the lake since dried. The Rodney King incident occurred in Lake View Terrace in 1991; Pitarre said that Lake View Terrace "gained notoriety" because of the incident.Pitarre, Alyson. "Where country living sidles up to the city." Los Angeles Times. June 12, 2005. 1. Retrieved on March 19, 2010. ==Demographics== The Los Angeles Timess "Mapping L.A." project supplied these neighborhood statistics (as of 2008): population of 12,719 with a median household income of $67,985. With 2,790 people per square mile, it is among the lowest densities for the city of Los Angeles and among the lowest densities for the county. ==Cityscape== Alyson Pitarre of the Los Angeles Times said that Lake View Terrace "is a quiet equestrian community with two distinct faces: town and country." She described the densely populated western side as an "urban" area "characterized by high-density housing and the occasional school." Pitarre said that the eastern side has "a rural feel, with homes zoned for horse-keeping and agriculture." Residents of western Lake View Terrace moved to preserve what Pitarre calls "their semirural lifestyle." The residents, led by the Tujunga Watershed Council, fought many battles to preserve the atmosphere of Lake View Terrace. In November 2003 the residents persuaded the Regional Water Quality Control Board to order the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers to remove construction debris from lakes in the Hansen Dam area. Houses in northeast Lake View Terrace are newer and more expensive. Fenton Grove, which was one of the few new neighborhoods in Lake View Terrace in 2005, is located on Fenton Avenue and has views of the San Gabriel Mountains described by Pitarre as "scenic." More established neighborhoods are located to the east. Omari Mark, a real estate agent, described Lake View Terrace as "a hidden area" that many people do not know about in a 2005 Los Angeles Times article. Mark said that houses in Lake View Terrace were less expensive than those in Sylmar and Tujunga because those two neighborhoods were more well known.Pitarre, Alyson. "Where country living sidles up to the city." Los Angeles Times. June 12, 2005. 2. Retrieved on March 19, 2010. ==Culture== Alyson Pitarre of the Los Angeles Times said that Lake View Terrace "maintains a laid-back, rural image." Carol Ford, who was the president of the Valley Horse Owners Association in 2005, said "If you don't like the smell of livestock, you shouldn't move here." ==Film and television== Lake View Terrace has been used in many films over the years. Film Easy Rider (1969), The Dark Side of Tomorrow (1970), Smokey and the Bandit (1977), V (1983)Sunset Strip (1985), Terminator 2: Judgment Day (1991), Little Rascals (1994), Herbie Fully Loaded (2005), Hole (2010), Star Wars: The Mission (2017), L.A. Burning: The Riots 25 Years Later (2017) TV Dynasty, Falcon Crest, Sons of Anarchy, Euphoria ==Government and infrastructure== thumb|left|200px|Van Nuys Boulevard Looking South from Lake View Terrace Los Angeles Fire Department Station 24 Sunland/Shadow Hills,"Neighborhood Fire Stations ." Los Angeles Fire Department. Retrieved on March 19, 2010. located in Sunland, serves Lake View Terrace."Fire Station 24 ." Los Angeles Fire Department. Retrieved on March 19, 2010. The Los Angeles Police Department Foothill Community Police Station in Pacoima serves Lake View Terrace."Foothills Community Police Station." Los Angeles Fire Department. Retrieved on March 19, 2010. ==Education== ===Primary and secondary schools=== ====Public schools==== The Los Angeles Unified School District serves the community. Two elementary schools, Brainard Avenue Elementary School and Fenton Elementary School, are in the community. In 2005 residents were zoned to Olive Vista Middle School and Sylmar High School. PUC Schools, a charter school operator, operates PUC Community Charter Middle School,"Community Charter Middle School ." PUC Schools. Retrieved on November 27, 2011. PUC Lakeview Charter Academy,"Lakeview Charter Academy ." PUC Schools. Retrieved on November 27, 2011. and PUC Community Charter Early College High School."Community Charter Early College High School ." PUC Schools. Retrieved on November 27, 2011. ====Private schools==== Delphi Academy of Los Angeles, a Delphi Academy school, is in Lake View Terrace. The school was originally in La Cañada Flintridge; the current campus in Lake View Terrace opened in 2003."Campus." Delphi Academy of Los Angeles. Retrieved on December 27, 2010. ===Public libraries=== Los Angeles Public Library operates the Lake View Terrace Branch Library."Lake View Terrace Branch Library." Los Angeles Public Library. Retrieved on March 19, 2010. ===Discovery Cube=== On November 13, 2014, Discovery Cube Los Angeles opened its doors in the Hansen Dam Recreation Center. The children's science center has 71,000 square feet and is the first major museum in the San Fernando Valley. ==Parks and recreation== Alyson Pitarre of the Los Angeles Times said that Lake View Terrace "is a hub for outdoor recreation." The community has equestrian trails, two golf courses, hills, lakes, three parks, and two recreation centers. The Lake View Terrace Recreation Center in Lake View Terrace includes barbecue pits, lighted outdoor basketball courts, children's play area, community room, indoor gymnasium, picnic tables, and lighted tennis courts."Lake View Terrace Recreation Center." City of Los Angeles. Retrieved on March 19, 2010. Several recreational facilities in the Hansen Dam area, including the Hansen Dam Equestrian Center, Hansen Dam Park/Recreation Area and the Hansen Dam Swim Lake Aquatic Center/Pool are in Lake View Terrace."Hansen Dam." City of Los Angeles. Retrieved on March 19, 2010. The Hansen Dam Recreation Area, which also acts as a Los Angeles Police Department stop-in center, includes barbecue pits, an unlighted baseball diamond, children's play area, picnic tables, and an unlighted soccer field."Hansen Dam Recreation Area." City of Los Angeles. Retrieved on March 19, 2010. The Hansen Dam Aquatic Center, a recreational facility on the northwest side of the Hansen Dam Recreation Area, includes a recreation lake used for fishing, pedal boat rental, and public boating. The center also includes a swimming lake, 50 public restrooms, 25 showers, 20 dressing rooms, and several picnic areas. Users of the park may also jog, picnic, and take boating classes."Home page." Hansen Dam Aquatic Center. Retrieved on March 19, 2010. During each weekend over the summer, the aquatic center received up to 2,000 visitors. ==See also== * Lakeview Terrace, 2008 film ==References== ==External links== * The Foothills Forum * Los Angeles Times, Real Estate section, Neighborly Advice column: "[Lake View Terrace: Where country living sidles up to the city" (12 June 2005)] * Lake View Terrace Improvement Association Category:Neighborhoods in Los Angeles Category:Communities in the San Fernando Valley

['Hansen Dam', 'California', 'Los Angeles', 'ZIP code', 'San Fernando Valley', 'Angeles National Forest', 'Verdugo Mountains', 'Glenoaks Boulevard', 'Van Nuys Boulevard', 'Latinos', 'African-Americans', 'Whites', 'Asians', 'Rodney King', 'Los Angeles Police Department', 'Lakeview Terrace', 'Rancho Tujunga', 'U.S. Army Corps of Engineers', 'San Gabriel Mountains', 'Los Angeles Fire Department', 'Los Angeles Unified School District', 'Sylmar High School', 'PUC Schools', 'Delphi Academy', 'Los Angeles Public Library']

['Q5651032', 'Q99', 'Q65', 'Q136208', 'Q816843', 'Q3079095', 'Q7921151', 'Q5569228', 'Q7913561', 'Q58669', 'Q49085', 'Q235155', 'Q4058325', 'Q338389', 'Q214126', 'Q167374', 'Q7291362', 'Q1049334', 'Q1419854', 'Q3122786', 'Q1320340', 'Q7660594', 'Q7121073', 'Q5254405', 'Q4817385']

[[(270, 280), (1821, 1831), (3472, 3482), (6827, 6837), (7551, 7561), (7582, 7592), (7612, 7622), (7652, 7662), (7719, 7729), (7786, 7796), (8004, 8014), (8087, 8097), (8167, 8177), (8477, 8487)], [(107, 117), (1315, 1325)], [(94, 105), (154, 165), (919, 930), (1092, 1103), (1525, 1536), (1873, 1884), (2283, 2294), (2370, 2381), (2613, 2624), (2708, 2719), (3930, 3941), (4169, 4180), (4269, 4280), (5047, 5058), (5138, 5149), (5261, 5272), (5323, 5334), (5461, 5472), (5596, 5607), (6302, 6313), (6499, 6510), (6567, 6578), (6676, 6687), (6791, 6802), (7015, 7026), (7470, 7481), (7740, 7751), (7835, 7846), (8041, 8052), (8721, 8732), (8938, 8949)], [(482, 490)], [(52, 71), (1796, 1815), (6947, 6966), (8978, 8997)], [(202, 225)], [(317, 334)], [(641, 659)], [(661, 679), (4991, 5009)], [(762, 769)], [(771, 788)], [(790, 796)], [(801, 807)], [(1061, 1072), (2081, 2092)], [(1092, 1121), (5323, 5352), (7835, 7864)], [(1194, 1210), (8635, 8651)], [(1375, 1389), (1432, 1446)], [(1625, 1653), (3395, 3423)], [(3693, 3714)], [(5047, 5074), (5138, 5165), (5261, 5288), (5461, 5488)], [(5596, 5631)], [(5826, 5844)], [(5846, 5857), (5967, 5978), (6070, 6081), (6215, 6226)], [(6284, 6298), (6317, 6331), (6481, 6495)], [(6567, 6593), (6676, 6702)]]

State Route 243 (SR 243), or the Banning-Idyllwild Panoramic Highway, is a two-lane state highway in the U.S. state of California that runs from Banning (in the north) to Idyllwild (in the south) in Riverside County. The highway is a connector between Interstate 10 (I-10) and SR 74. Along its route, it provides access to the San Bernardino National Forest. A road from Banning to Idyllwild was planned around the turn of the twentieth century, and was open by 1910. The road was added to the state highway system in 1970. ==Route description== SR 243 begins at SR 74 in the San Jacinto Wilderness near Mountain Center, Riverside County as Idyllwild Road. The highway traverses north along a winding road through the community of Idyllwild. SR 243 makes a left turn at the intersection with Circle Drive and continues through Pine Cove. The road continues through the forest past Mount San Jacinto State Park through Twin Pines and the Morongo Indian Reservation before making a few switchbacks and descending en route to the city of Banning as the Banning Idyllwild Panoramic Highway. The highway continues as San Gorgonio Avenue into the city before making a left onto Lincoln Street and a right onto 8th Street and terminating at a diamond interchange with I-10. Except for a portion in Banning SR 243 is not part of the National Highway System, a network of highways that are considered essential to the country's economy, defense, and mobility by the Federal Highway Administration. SR 243 is eligible for the State Scenic Highway System, and is officially designated as a scenic highway by the California Department of Transportation (Caltrans), meaning that it is a substantial section of highway passing through a "memorable landscape" with no "visual intrusions", where the potential designation has gained popular favor with the community. In 2007, it was named the Esperanza Firefighters Memorial Highway in honor of five firefighters who died while fighting the Esperanza Fire in October 2006. In 2013, SR 243 had an annual average daily traffic (AADT) of 1,650 between Marion Ridge Drive in Idyllwild and San Gorgonio Avenue in Banning, and 6,500 at the northern terminus in Banning, the latter of which was the highest AADT for the highway. ==History== A road from Banning to Idyllwild was under construction in 1904, and of the road was open by August, with an additional of the road planned. Another were commissioned in 1908. The oiled road was completed by September 1910, and provided a view of Lake Elsinore and the Colorado Desert, and it was expected to help with transporting lumber and stopping fires; because of this, the federal government provided $2,000 for the construction. The road became a part of the forest highway system in 1927. A new "high-gear" road from Banning to Idyllwild was under way by 1935, and two years later, the Los Angeles Times considered the road to be "high-gear". Efforts to pave the road were under way in 1950. The road from Banning through Idyllwild to SR 74 was known as County Route R1 (CR R1) by 1966. By 1969, plans were in place to add the Banning to Idyllwild to Mountain Center road as a state highway; earlier, State Senator Nelson S. Dilworth proposed legislation to require the road to be added to the state highway system if SR 195 was removed, as the two were of roughly the same length, but the latter remained in the system. SR 243 was added to the state highway system in 1970. The Division of Highways suggested deleting the highway in 1971. In 1998, Caltrans had no plans to improve the route through 2015. On February 14, 2019, heavy rain caused severe damage to the highway, causing it to close for several months. It has since reopened. ==Major intersections== ==See also== * ==References== ==External links== *California @ AARoads.com - State Route 243 *California Highways: SR 243 243 State Route 243 243 Category:Banning, California

['Caltrans', 'Banning, California', 'U.S. state', 'California', 'San Bernardino National Forest', 'Mount San Jacinto State Park', 'Morongo Indian Reservation', 'Federal Highway Administration', 'Esperanza Fire', 'Lake Elsinore', 'Colorado Desert', 'Los Angeles Times', 'Nelson S. Dilworth']

['Q127743', 'Q806903', 'Q35657', 'Q99', 'Q7413436', 'Q6923450', 'Q6913250', 'Q800112', 'Q5398904', 'Q6475734', 'Q267267', 'Q188515', 'Q16241393']

[[(1642, 1650), (3526, 3534)], [(3895, 3914)], [(105, 115)], [(119, 129), (1601, 1611), (3790, 3800), (3834, 3844), (3904, 3914)], [(327, 357)], [(881, 909)], [(937, 963)], [(1457, 1487)], [(1877, 1891), (1975, 1989)], [(2515, 2528)], [(2537, 2552)], [(2863, 2880)], [(3192, 3210)]]

Piano wire, or "music wire", is a specialized type of wire made for use in piano strings but also in other applications as springs. It is made from tempered high-carbon steel, also known as spring steel, which replaced iron as the material starting in 1834. Piano wire has a very high tensile strength to cope with the heavy demands placed upon piano strings; accordingly, piano wire is also used for a number of other purposes, including springs, surgical uses, and in special effects. ==History== The oldest record of wire being made for musical instruments is from Augsburg in 1351.Dolge (1911, 124) Starting around 1800, the piano began to be built ever more ambitiously, with sturdier (eventually, iron) framing and greater string tension. This led to innovations in making tougher piano wire. In 1834, the Webster & Horsfal firm of Birmingham, United Kingdom brought out a form of piano wire made from cast steel; according to Dolge it was "so superior to the iron wire that the English firm soon had a monopoly." But a better steel wire was soon created in 1840 by the Viennese firm of Martin Miller, and a period of innovation and intense competition ensued, with rival brands of piano wire being tested against one another at international competitions, leading ultimately to the modern form of piano wire.Dolge (1911, 125-126) ==Manufacture and use== The tensile strength of one popular brand of piano wire is listed as 26202930 MPa (380425 ksi). ==Piano Wire Sizes== Size Diameter, inch 12 .029 12 1/2 .030 13 .031 13 1/2 .032 14 .033 14 1/2 .034 15 .035 15 1/2 .036 16 .037 16 1/2 .038 17 .039 17 1/2 .040 18 .041 18 1/2 .042 19 .043 19 1/2 .044 20 .045 21 .047 22 .049 23 .051 Arthur Reblitz, Piano Servicing Tuning & Rebuilding, 1993 ==Other applications== Piano wire is also used in the fabrication of springs, fishing lures, special effects in the movie industry,Fielding, Raymond, Techniques of Special Effects of Cinematography, , pp. 330,384 scaffold cross-bracing, orthodontic and pharyngeal surgery, and for the cutting of cheese and soap. It is also commonly used in hobby applications such as model railroading, both control line and radio-controlled aircraft, and knitting. At least in urban legend, it is employed by assassins as a garrote.Newquist, H.P. and Maloof, Rich, This Will Kill You: A Guide to the Ways in Which We Go, New York: St. Martin's Press, (2009), pp. 133-6Whittaker, Wayne, Tough Guys, Popular Mechanics, February 1943, Vol. 79 No. 2, pp. 44Steele, David E., Silent Sentry Removal, Black Belt Magazine, August 1986, Vol. 24 No. 8, pp. 48-49 ==See also== * Piano acoustics ==Notes== ==References== * Dolge, Alfred (1911) Pianos and Their Makers: A Comprehensive History of the Development of the Piano from the Monochord to the Concert Grand Player Piano. Covina Publishing Company. * Louchet, Jean (2013) The Keyboard Stringing Guide — for the restoration of pianos, harpsichords and clavichords. Published by Lulu.com. ==External links== * Jean Louchet, Stringing gauge table and equivalents * Edward Swenson, Chronologically arranged wire tests. * Stephen Birkett & Paul Poletti, Reproduction of Authentic Historical Soft Iron Wire for Musical Instruments * "Steel Music Wire". Report of the Tests of Metals and Other Materials for Industrial Purposes, made with the United States Testing Machine at Watertown Arsenal, Massachusetts, during the Fiscal Year ended June 30, 1894. Government Printing Office, Washington, D. C. 1895 Category:Piano Category:wire

['Piano', 'Augsburg', 'Birmingham', 'United Kingdom', 'Piano acoustics']

['Q5994', 'Q2749', 'Q2256', 'Q145', 'Q3151065']

[[(0, 5), (258, 263), (1459, 1464), (1706, 1711), (1771, 1776), (2601, 2606), (2665, 2670), (2740, 2745), (2793, 2798), (3485, 3490)], [(568, 576)], [(838, 848)], [(850, 864)], [(2601, 2616)]]

thumb|right|265px|Davie Grant is stymied on the 17th green at North Berwick, Scotland, and is attempting to chip his own ball over the ball that is blocking the hole (. A stymie is an obsolete rule in the sport of golf. It legislated for the situation where a player's ball lay behind or blocked by another player's ball; the blocked player was not afforded relief. In the modern game, the blocking ball is temporarily removed to afford a clear line to the hole. Various changes to the stymie rule were enacted in 1938 and 1941. Finally, in 1952, the stymie rule was removed from the rules of golf when the USGA and the R&A; established a joint set of rules. ==Rule history== thumb|left|160px|Stymie, an 1882 watercolor by Thomas Hodge. Note the ball blocking the hole. In singles match play when one player's ball blocked the path of another player's ball on the green, but the two were not within six inches of each other, the obstructing ball was not lifted. This forced the player who was further away from the hole to either attempt to chip his ball over the obstructing ball or to putt around it. If his ball struck the opponent's ball, his next shot would have to be played from where his ball came to rest and his opponent, when it was his turn to play, had the choice to attempt his putt from his ball's original position or its new one. If the player's ball knocked the obstructing ball into the cup, his opponent was considered to have holed out on the previous shot. ===Rule modifications=== In 1920, the United States Golf Association tested a modified stymie rule for one year, allowing a stymied player to concede the opponent's next putt. The next change to the stymie rule came in 1938, when the USGA began a two-year trial in which an obstructing ball within of the hole could be moved regardless of the distance between the balls. The USGA made this rule permanent in 1941. However, during this time, the Royal and Ancient Golf Club of St Andrews never modified their stymie rule. ===Rule abolished=== The stymie rule was abolished in 1952, when the first jointly published set of rules established by the USGA and the R&A; came into effect. ==References== Category:Rules of golf

['Davie Grant', 'North Berwick', 'Scotland', 'Rules of golf', 'United States Golf Association']

['Q20027857', 'Q1012054', 'Q22', 'Q2468638', 'Q1187243']

[[(18, 29)], [(62, 75)], [(77, 85)], [(2185, 2198)], [(1517, 1547)]]

Matthew Colin Taibbi (; born March 2, 1970) is an American author, journalist, and podcaster. He has reported on finance, media, politics, and sports. A former contributing editor for Rolling Stone, he is the author of several books, co-host of Useful Idiots, and publisher of the Racket News (formerly TK News) on Substack. Taibbi began as a freelance reporter working in the former Soviet Union. He later worked as a sports journalist for the English-language newspaper The Moscow Times. In 1997, Taibbi and Mark Ames co-edited the tabloid newspaper The eXile. In 2002, Taibbi returned to the United States and founded the Buffalo-based newspaper The Beast. He left a year later to work as a columnist for the New York Press. In 2004, Taibbi began covering politics for Rolling Stone. In 2008, Taibbi won a National Magazine Award for three columns he wrote for Rolling Stone. Taibbi became known for his brazen style, having branded Goldman Sachs a "vampire squid" in a 2009 article. His work often has drawn comparisons to the gonzo journalism of writer Hunter S. Thompson, who also covered politics for Rolling Stone. In 2019, he launched the podcast Useful Idiots, co-hosted by Katie Halper. In 2020, he announced that he would no longer release his writing through Rolling Stone and had begun self-publishing his online writing on Substack. In recent years, Taibbi's writing has focused on culture war issues and cancel culture. He has criticized mainstream media including its coverage of Russian interference in the 2016 United States elections. In 2022–23, Taibbi released several installments of the Twitter Files. Taibbi has authored several books, including The Great Derangement (2009); Griftopia (2010); The Divide (2014);Rampell, Ed. "Matt Taibbi." The Progressive, vol. 78, no. 7-8, July–Aug. 2014, pp. 65+. Insane Clown President (2017); I Can't Breathe (2017); and Hate Inc. (2019). == Early life and education == Matt Taibbi was born in 1970 in New Brunswick, New Jersey. Taibbi's father, Mike Taibbi, is an NBC television reporter of mixed Filipino and Native Hawaiian descent who was adopted by an Italian-American couple. According to Taibbi, his surname is a Sicilian name of Lebanese origin; however, he is of neither Sicilian nor Lebanese descent because his father was adopted. He has also claimed Irish descent through his mother. Taibbi grew up in the Boston suburbs. His parents separated when he was young and he was largely raised by his mother. Because Taibbi was troubled with behavioral and academic problems, his parents sent him to Concord Academy. He first attended New York University but was "unable to deal with being just one of thousands of faces in a city of millions" and transferred after his freshman year to Bard College, where he graduated in 1992. He spent a year abroad studying at Leningrad Polytechnic University, where he finished his credits for graduation from Bard. == Career == === Early career === In the early 1990s, Taibbi moved from Saint Petersburg to Tashkent, Uzbekistan, where he began selling news articles more regularly. He was deported in 1992 for writing an article for the Associated Press that was critical of President Islam Karimov. At the time of his deportation, Taibbi was the starting left fielder for the Uzbek national baseball team. Taibbi moved to Ulaanbaatar, Mongolia, for a time in the 1990s, where he played professional basketball in the Mongolian Basketball Association (MBA). Taibbi became known as "The Mongolian Rodman", was paid $100/month to play, and said he also hosted a radio show while there. He later contracted pneumonia and returned to Boston for surgery. Taibbi also worked for a short time as an investigator at a Boston-based private detective agency. ===Russia=== Taibbi first moved to Russia in 1992. He lived and worked in Russia and the former USSR for more than six years. In 1997, he left the tabloid Living Here and joined Mark Ames to co-edit the English-language Moscow-based, bi-weekly free newspaper, The eXile, which was written primarily for the city's expatriate community. The eXiles tone and content were highly controversial. For example, a regular column reported on a member of staff at The eXile hiring a Russian prostitute and then writing a long "review" of the woman and the details of the sexual encounter. Its content was considered either brutally honest and gleefully tasteless or juvenile, misogynistic, and even cruel.Rolling Stone Magazine, issue 800, November 26, 1998. (see also Hamann's site ) In the US media during this time, Playboy magazine published pieces on Russia by Taibbi or by Taibbi and Ames. Taibbi wrote in English and Russian. Apart from The eXile, Taibbi was also employed by the English-language newspaper The Moscow Times, where he worked as a sports editor for five months. He also contributed to Komsomolskaya Pravda, Trud, Stringer, and Kommersant. ==== The Exile book ==== Taibbi's first book, The Exile: Sex, Drugs, and Libel in the New Russia, co-authored with Ames, was published in 2000. A film based on the book was under development by producers Ted Hope and James Schamus of Good Machine but did not materialize. He later stated that he was addicted to heroin while he did this early writing. In 2010, journalist James Verini wrote in Vanity Fair that during an interview in a Manhattan restaurant, he told Taibbi that The Exile was "redundant and discursive". Verini wrote that Taibbi became enraged, threw his coffee and a "Fuck you!" in Verini's face, followed him for half a block after he left the restaurant, and said "I still haven't decided what I'm going to do with you!" Taibbi later described the incident as "an aberration from how I've behaved in the last six or seven years". In 2017, Taibbi was criticized for excerpts from a chapter written by Ames in the book The Exile: Sex, Drugs, and Libel in the New Russia that described sexual harassment of employees at The eXile. In a Facebook post responding to the controversy, Taibbi apologized for the "cruel and misogynistic language" used in the book, and said the work was conceived as a satire of the "reprehensible" behavior of American expatriates in Russia and that the description of events in the chapter was "fictional and not true". In 2017, the Washington Post published an article by journalist Kathy Lally about Taibbi and Ames' time at the eXile. Lally wrote that the "eXile’s distinguishing feature, more than anything else, was its blinding sexism — which often targeted [her]" and that "so many of their sins were real". Although the book presents itself as a work of non- fiction, emails obtained by Paste in 2017 include a letter from the book's publisher stating that "This book combines exaggerated, invented satire and nonfiction reporting and was categorized as nonfiction because there is no category for a book that is both." Two women portrayed in the book told Paste magazine that none of the sexual harassment portrayed in the book "[ever] happened" and that it was a "ridiculous passage written by Mark". Taibbi's publisher, Penguin Random House, dropped him after the controversy. ===United States=== In 2002, he returned to the United States to start the satirical bi- weekly The Beast in Buffalo, New York. He left that publication a year later, commenting: "Running a business and writing is too much." Taibbi continued as a freelancer for The Nation, Playboy, New York Press (where he wrote a regular political column for more than two years), Rolling Stone, and New York Sports Express (as editor-at-large). In March 2005, Taibbi's satirical essay, "The 52 Funniest Things About the Upcoming Death of the Pope", published in the New York Press, was denounced by Hillary Clinton, Michael Bloomberg, Matt Drudge, Abe Foxman, and Anthony Weiner. He left the paper in August 2005, shortly after his editor Jeff Koyen was forced out over the article. Taibbi defended the piece as "off-the-cuff burlesque of truly tasteless jokes," written to give his readers a break from a long run of his "fulminating political essays". Taibbi also said he was surprised at the vehement reactions to what he wrote "in the waning hours of a Vicodin haze". In February 2008, Taibbi contributed a three-minute segment to Real Time with Bill Maher in which he interviewed residents of Youngstown, Ohio before the Ohio primary. He was invited as a guest on MSNBC's The Rachel Maddow Show and other MSNBC programs. He has also appeared on Democracy Now! and Chapo Trap House, and served as a contributor on Countdown with Keith Olbermann. Taibbi has appeared on the Thom Hartmann radio and television shows, and the Imus in the Morning Show on the Fox Business network. Taibbi wrote a column, "The Sports Blotter", for the free weekly newspaper, The Boston Phoenix. He covered legal troubles involving professional and amateur athletes. ==== Rolling Stone ==== In 2004, Taibbi began covering politics for Rolling Stone. A contributing editor, he wrote feature-length articles on domestic and international affairs. He also wrote a weekly political online column, "The Low Post", for the magazine's website. Taibbi covered the 2008 United States presidential election in Year of the Rat, a special Rolling Stone diary. After conservative commentator Andrew Breitbart died in March 2012, Taibbi wrote an obituary in Rolling Stone, entitled "Andrew Breitbart: Death of a Douche". Taibbi also wrote: "Good! Fuck him. I couldn't be happier that he's dead." He wrote that the obituary was "at least half an homage", which gave respect to aspects of Breitbart's style and also alluded to Breitbart's own derisive obituary of Ted Kennedy. In a postscript, Taibbi wrote that some fans of Breitbart were angered by the obituary and responded with "threats and insults". ====Financial journalism==== In his reporting in the wake of the 2008 subprime mortgage crisis and subsequent Great Recession, Taibbi described Goldman Sachs as "a great vampire squid wrapped around the face of humanity, relentlessly jamming its blood funnel into anything that smells like money". In financial and political media the expression "Vampire Squids" has come to represent the perception of the financial and investment sector as entities that "sabotage production" and "sink the economy as they suck the life out of it in the form of rent." Tackling the assistance to banks given in foreclosure courts, Taibbi traveled to Jacksonville, Florida to observe the "rocket docket". He was brought in to observe a hearing with attorney April Charney. He concluded that it processed foreclosures without regard to the legality of the financial instruments being ruled upon, and sped up the process to enable quick resale of the properties, while obscuring the fraudulent and predatory nature of the loans. In February 2014, Taibbi left Rolling Stone and joined First Look Media to head a financial and political corruption-focused publication, Racket. However, after management disputes with First Look's leadership delayed its launch and led to its cancellation, Taibbi returned to Rolling Stone the following October. ====Useful Idiots==== In August 2019, Taibbi launched a political podcast, Useful Idiots, co-hosted with Katie Halper and released through Rolling Stone. The podcast has since featured interviews with various guests including Liz Franczak, Andre Damon, David Dayen, Cornel West, Glenn Greenwald, and Aaron Maté.Taibbi, Matt, and Halper, Katie, Aaron Maté on Biden's Foreign Policy, OPCW, and More, Useful Idiots, February 19, 2021 In March 2021, Taibbi announced that Useful Idiots would no longer be released by Rolling Stone and would be moving to Substack. With a few changes in program support staff, it is published by Substack as both audio and video that features both a free subscription and a paid subscription. In January 2022, he announced a sabbatical leave to write a book, and that in his absence Aaron Maté would fill in for him."Aaron Maté Joins Useful Idiots", Useful Idiots, January 4, 2022 ===Self-publishing=== In 2018, Taibbi began publishing a novel, The Business Secrets of Drug Dealing: Adventures of the Unidentified Black Male, as a serialized subscription via email and a website with an anonymous partner. The novel is fictional with true-crime elements. ====Racket News==== Racket News is a newsletter, blog, podcast, and book collection made available largely for free and the rest by subscription at www.racket.news. In addition to Matt Taibbi, contributors include Jane Burn, Ford Fischer, Walter Kirn, and Eric Salzman. Other contributors are Emily Bivens, Andrew Lowenthal, Jared Moore, cartoonist Daniel Medina, and Matt Orfalea. "America This Week," a news wrap up podcast and transcripts with Taibbi and Kirn, is posted weekly. Racket News is published at the Substack online platform. ===== History ===== In April 2020, Taibbi announced he would no longer publish his online writing through Rolling Stone, and henceforth, would publish his online writing independently through the e-mail newsletter service Substack. He stated that he would continue to contribute print features for Rolling Stone and maintain the Useful Idiots podcast with Katie Halper. (In April 2021, Useful Idiots, under its same name, but with some support staff changes, also would move to publication by Substack.) Taibbi stated that his decision to move his writing to the newsletter service was made independently and that he was not asked to leave Rolling Stone. Taibbi branded his Substack newsletter TK news, after a term used in manuscript preparation for publication and journalism, TK, that stands for "to come", indicating that more will follow. After a period of publication with free subscriptions only, Taibbi introduced an additional, paid subscription featuring content that will not be provided as part of the free subscriptions. As of October 2021, TK News had more than 30,000 paying subscribers. On January 24, 2023 the name was changed from TK News to Racket News. On August 12, 2022, the podcast America This Week was added to TK news. It is a weekly national news wrap-up with Taibbi and Walter Kirn, novelist and literary critic, that is released on Fridays. A transcript of the podcast is also published at Racket News. It is also available on Apple Podcasts.America This Week, with Matt Taibbi and Walter Kirn Apple Podcasts. Taibbi is one of the most popular writers on Substack and earns much more from the platform than he did writing for Rolling Stone. ====Twitter Files==== On December 2, 2022, Taibbi began tweeting about and screenshotting emails that executives of Twitter sent each other concerning content moderation in 2020. The emails were provided to Taibbi by Twitter CEO Elon Musk and documented parts of the discussions among Twitter's communication team about how Twitter should handle a New York Post article about a laptop computer that had been owned by Hunter Biden. The documents, dubbed the "Twitter Files" and retweeted by CEO Elon Musk, were selected from "thousands of internal documents obtained by sources at Twitter". Taibbi's report was in the form of a Twitter thread with screen shots of email exchanges between Twitter executives. Taibbi noted, "in exchange for the opportunity to cover a unique and explosive story, I had to agree to certain conditions" that he did not specify. Taibbi's presentation largely confirmed what was already known and did not contain any significant new revelations. Jeffrey Blehar, writing for National Review, said that Taibbi's reporting "contained few, if any, explosive revelations for people who have been tuned in to the debacle surrounding Twitter's suppression of the New York Post story on Hunter Biden's laptop". Taibbi's thread included emails from Ro Khanna to former Twitter executive Vijaya Gadde, in which Khanna expressed concern about Twitter's decision to limit the circulation of the New York Post article about Hunter Biden. Khanna wrote that Twitter's actions violated "1st Amendment principles". The third installment, released on December 9, 2022, by Taibbi, highlighted events within Twitter leading to Donald Trump's suspension from Twitter. The sixth installment, released on December 16, 2022, by Taibbi, described how the FBI contacted Twitter to suggest that action be taken against several accounts for allegedly spreading election disinformation. Taibbi's ninth installment, released on December 24, 2022, relates to the CIA and FBI's alleged involvement in Twitter content moderation. The fifteenth installment, released on January 27, 2023, by Taibbi, reports on the Hamilton 68 Dashboard maintained by the Alliance for Securing Democracy. The sixteenth installment, released on February 18, 2023, by Taibbi, reports on messages to Twitter by Maine senator Angus King and U.S. State Department security engineer Mark Lenzi expressing concern regarding Twitter accounts they deemed suspicious. The seventeenth installment, released on March 2, 2023, by Taibbi, reports on the Global Engagement Center, which was established by the Countering Foreign Propaganda and Disinformation Act. The nineteenth installment of the Twitter Files, "The Great Covid-19 Lie Machine, Stanford, the Virality Project, and the Censorship of "True Stories" raises questions about the government and social media censorship.Entin, Brian. (March 17, 2023). Latest 'Twitter Files' allege censorship of proven facts. NewsNation. On March 9, 2023, Taibbi testified, with Michael Shellenberger, before the United States House Committee on the Judiciary Select Subcommittee on the Weaponization of the Federal Government in a hearing on the Twitter Files."Hearing on Twitter Documents About Content Moderation Decisions." U.S. House Judiciary Select Subcommittee on the Weaponization of the Federal Government. C-SPAN. March 9, 2023. Several Democrats at the hearing criticized both Taibbi and Shellenberger, including Stacey Plaskett, who referred to both as "so-called journalists." Mehdi Hasan of MSNBC interviewed Taibbi on April 6, 2023, presenting several errors in the Twitter Files reporting. Taibbi asserted that these errors were trivial. The next day, Taibbi announced he was leaving Twitter within days in response to Twitter banning links to Substack after it announced its new feature Notes, which has been characterized as a competitor to Twitter. Elon Musk unfollowed Taibbi later that day. Taibbi received a visit from Internal Revenue Service (IRS) agents the day he testified to Congress about the Twitter Files. Jim Jordan, chair of the house judiciary committee, has demanded that IRS turn over copies of documents related to its search. == Political views == Since the mid-2010s, Taibbi's reporting has increasingly focused on culture war topics and cancel culture. He has also criticized mainstream media and their coverage of Donald Trump and Russian interference in the 2016 United States elections. His writing has since polarized readers and fellow journalists. === Media === Taibbi argues that both sides of the political media spectrum are complicit in dividing the country and fueling hate. In 2019, Taibbi self- published the book Hate Inc., a critique of the mainstream media landscape. Reviewing the book for Paste, Jason Rhode called it a "brilliant indictment of American media", praising the majority of the book but criticized Taibbi for "[spending] a section of his book both-sidesing both MSNBC and FOX". During the Munk Debates on November 22, 2022, Taibbi and conservative Douglas Murray successfully argued in favor of the motion "Be it resolved, don't trust Mainstream Media."Blaff, Ari. (December 19, 2022). Matt Taibbi’s Poker Face National Review. They won by the largest margin ever recorded at a Munk Debate. They convinced 39% of the viewers disagreeing with them to adopt their viewpoint. In a June 2023 interview with The Hub, Taibbi said that "I want the mainstream media to succeed. I think it needs to. The countries are not healthy if they don’t have a functioning mass media and nobody believes them. And I think increasingly that's kind of the problem, is there's this lingering worsening trust issue that can only be addressed by dealing with some of the factual issues." In October 2023, Taibbi was among the signatories of the Westminster Declaration, warning the public of an increasing censorship by governments and media companies, that would jeopardize freedom of speech. === Donald Trump and Russian election interference === Using the term "Russiagate", Taibbi covered the story around Russian interference in the 2016 United States elections and criticized the mainstream media coverage of the Special Counsel investigation. Taibbi's book Hate Inc. includes a chapter, "Why Russiagate Is This Generation's WMD", in which he compares "Russiagate" to 2002–2003 allegations that Iraq had access to weapons of mass destruction, which were used by George W. Bush's administration as the most prominent rationale for the Iraq War. In October 2019, Taibbi argued that the whistleblower in the Trump–Ukraine scandal was not a "real whistleblower" because the whistleblower would have had their life affected by prosecution or being sent to prison. Taibbi also quoted former CIA analyst Robert Baer who argued that the whistleblower was part of a "palace coup against Trump." In response to the March 30, 2023 indictment of Donald Trump, Taibbi said, "If presidents think they will be chased into jail under thin pretexts as ex- presidents, they'll try even harder to never leave office. This is how autocracies are born." === Hunter Biden === Regarding the Hunter Biden laptop controversy, Taibbi said that the problem "is not even so much whether or not that story was important or whether it was terribly damning, it was more the behavior of the media during that story that was really troubling. Not just turning a blind eye to it being suppressed, but also as we found out, planning these what they call a tabletop exercise to 'How should we all respond when this story comes out?'". == Assessments == In 2021, Ross Barkan of New York Magazine wrote, "Taibbi is — or was, depending on your view — one of the most celebrated investigative journalists of his generation." He continued, "Taibbi's critics view him as a reporter turned red-pilled culture warrior chasing subscriptions", while "Taibbi's defenders say he hasn't changed. Rather, it's the world that has grown more illiberal and hysterical." Taibbi argued that he had not changed, but rather that reactions to Trump had "fundamentally changed the business". In 2023, Nick Gillespie of Reason magazine wrote that when Taibbi attacked Hillary Clinton "as a sellout, argued that the Russiagate narrative was mostly bullshit, and equated the manipulative tactics of right and left media personalities, progressives gave him the cold shoulder." == Personal life == Taibbi is married to Jeanne, a family physician. They have three children. Taibbi previously lived in Jersey City, New Jersey. As of 2021, he lives in Mountain Lakes, New Jersey. In a 2008 interview with Hemant Mehta for Patheos, Taibbi described himself as an "atheist/agnostic". == Awards == *2008. The National Magazine Award in the category "Columns and Commentary" for Rolling Stone columns. *2009. The Sidney Award for "The Great American Bubble Machine." *2020. The Izzy Award-- honors the independent journalism of I.F. Stone for work outside of corporate control. The Award is given by the Park Center for Independent Media at Ithaca College. Taibbi was honored "for his exceptional stories on media bias in conservative and liberal news that culminated in his book, Hate, Inc." The Annual Izzy Award. Park Center for Independent Media. Ithaca College. *2023. The inaugural Dao Prize of $100,000 for the "Twitter Files" to Matt Taibbi, Bari Weiss, and Michael Shellenberger. The prize is awarded by the National Journalism Center in partnership with the Daofeng and Angela Foundation. == Bibliography == *The eXile: Sex, Drugs, and Libel in the New Russia (). Co- authored with Mark Ames, and published in 2000 with a foreword by Eduard Limonov. *Spanking the Donkey: On the Campaign Trail with the Democrats, (). A campaign diary from the 2004 US presidential election, published by New Press in 2005. *Spanking the Donkey: Dispatches from the Dumb Season, (). Published by Three Rivers Press (August 22, 2006). *Smells Like Dead Elephants: Dispatches from a Rotting Empire, (). Published by Grove Press, Black Cat in 2007. *The Great Derangement: A Terrifying True Story of War, Politics, and Religion at the Twilight of the American Empire, (). Published by Spiegel & Grau in 2008. *Griftopia: Bubble Machines, Vampire Squids, and the Long Con That Is Breaking America, (). Published by Spiegel & Grau (2010). *The Divide: American Injustice in the Age of the Wealth Gap, (). Published by Spiegel & Grau (April 8, 2014). *Insane Clown President: Dispatches from the 2016 Circus, (). Published by Spiegel & Grau (January 17, 2017). *I Can't Breathe: A Killing on Bay Street, (). Published by Spiegel & Grau (October 24, 2017). *Hate Inc.: Why Today's Media Makes Us Despise One Another, (). Published by OR Books (October 8, 2019). * == References == ==External links== * News on Substack * * ** Interview with Taibbi, In Depth, June 4, 2017, C-SPAN ** "Hearing on Twitter Documents About Content Moderation Decisions." U.S. House Judiciary Select Subcommittee on the Weaponization of the Federal Government. C-SPAN. March 9, 2023. * * "Matt Taibbi, "News Inside," and CPI Accept 12th Izzy Award." Park Center for Independent Media, Ithaca College, 2020. Category:1970 births Category:Living people Category:20th-century American journalists Category:20th-century American male writers Category:20th-century American non-fiction writers Category:21st-century American journalists Category:21st-century American male writers Category:21st-century American newspaper founders Category:21st-century American non-fiction writers Category:American atheists Category:American agnostics Category:American columnists Category:American expatriate sportspeople in Mongolia Category:American expatriate sportspeople in Russia Category:American expatriate sportspeople in Uzbekistan Category:American finance and investment writers Category:American male journalists Category:American media critics Category:American online journalists Category:American people of Native Hawaiian descent Category:American podcasters Category:American political writers Category:American writers of Filipino descent Category:American writers of Irish descent Category:Bard College alumni Category:Concord Academy alumni Category:Free speech activists Category:Journalists from New Jersey Category:Journalists from Massachusetts Category:New York Press people Category:People deported from Uzbekistan Category:People from Mountain Lakes, New Jersey Category:People from New Brunswick, New Jersey Category:Rolling Stone people Category:The Moscow Times people Category:New York University alumni Category:Writers from Boston Category:Writers from Jersey City, New Jersey Category:Writers from New Brunswick, New Jersey

['New Brunswick, New Jersey', 'New York University', 'Bard College', 'Griftopia', 'The Divide: American Injustice in the Age of the Wealth Gap', 'Insane Clown President', 'Mike Taibbi', 'Rolling Stone', 'Soviet Union', 'The Moscow Times', 'Mark Ames', 'The eXile', 'Buffalo, New York', 'New York Press', 'National Magazine Award', 'Hunter S. Thompson', 'Russian interference in the 2016 United States elections', 'NBC', 'Native Hawaiian', 'Concord Academy', 'Tashkent', 'Associated Press', 'Islam Karimov', 'Uzbek national baseball team', 'Ulaanbaatar', 'Mongolia', 'Playboy', 'Komsomolskaya Pravda', 'Kommersant', 'Ted Hope', 'James Schamus', 'Good Machine', 'James Verini', 'The Nation', 'New York Sports Express', 'Hillary Clinton', 'Michael Bloomberg', 'Matt Drudge', 'Abe Foxman', 'Anthony Weiner', 'Jeff Koyen', 'Vicodin', 'Real Time with Bill Maher', 'Youngstown, Ohio', 'Democracy Now!', 'Chapo Trap House', 'Countdown with Keith Olbermann', 'Thom Hartmann', 'Imus in the Morning Show', 'Fox Business network', 'The Boston Phoenix', '2008 United States presidential election', 'Andrew Breitbart', 'Great Recession', 'Goldman Sachs', 'Jacksonville, Florida', 'April Charney', 'First Look Media', 'Cornel West', 'Glenn Greenwald', 'Jane Burn', 'Walter Kirn', 'Eric Salzman', 'Twitter', 'Elon Musk', 'New York Post', 'Hunter Biden', 'National Review', 'Ro Khanna', 'Vijaya Gadde', '1st Amendment', 'Donald Trump', 'Alliance for Securing Democracy', 'Angus King', 'Countering Foreign Propaganda and Disinformation Act', 'Michael Shellenberger', 'United States House Committee on the Judiciary', 'C-SPAN', 'Stacey Plaskett', 'Mehdi Hasan', 'Internal Revenue Service', 'Jim Jordan', 'Munk Debates', 'Westminster Declaration', 'Robert Baer', 'Ross Barkan', 'Nick Gillespie', 'Jersey City', 'Mountain Lakes, New Jersey', 'Hemant Mehta', 'Patheos', 'The Sidney Award', 'Izzy Award', 'I.F. Stone', 'Ithaca College', 'Bari Weiss', 'National Journalism Center', 'Eduard Limonov', '2004 US presidential election', 'OR Books', 'In Depth']

['Q138338', 'Q49210', 'Q49109', 'Q5608961', 'Q16829837', 'Q30325757', 'Q6849007', 'Q33511', 'Q15180', 'Q1202611', 'Q4530052', 'Q4038428', 'Q40435', 'Q31176', 'Q3336908', 'Q219780', 'Q28005470', 'Q13974', 'Q1283606', 'Q5158770', 'Q269', 'Q40469', 'Q57558', 'Q7904687', 'Q23430', 'Q711', 'Q150820', 'Q849047', 'Q1780189', 'Q7693309', 'Q1354081', 'Q5582745', 'Q23883884', 'Q1897630', 'Q13436611', 'Q6294', 'Q607', 'Q1567226', 'Q2914838', 'Q557810', 'Q6174284', 'Q595306', 'Q2030903', 'Q216820', 'Q1185824', 'Q26963078', 'Q846693', 'Q338363', 'Q4921349', 'Q3735740', 'Q2756161', 'Q45578', 'Q503917', 'Q154510', 'Q193326', 'Q16568', 'Q4782005', 'Q15730134', 'Q712469', 'Q5568842', 'Q28364016', 'Q7965359', 'Q1351605', 'Q918', 'Q317521', 'Q211374', 'Q5944264', 'Q1699649', 'Q7339221', 'Q61719460', 'Q12616', 'Q22686', 'Q39047543', 'Q544464', 'Q28456479', 'Q6834344', 'Q1131462', 'Q1022311', 'Q18739104', 'Q6809310', 'Q973587', 'Q186215', 'Q6936721', 'Q7989112', 'Q1322900', 'Q27064041', 'Q7027193', 'Q26339', 'Q1089454', 'Q16222316', 'Q7144743', 'Q7764110', 'Q7372881', 'Q2916247', 'Q3540690', 'Q39086707', 'Q1967396', 'Q295537', 'Q464075', 'Q7072959', 'Q6009318']

[[(1965, 1990), (26961, 26986), (27183, 27208)], [(2604, 2623), (27059, 27078)], [(2756, 2768), (26660, 26672)], [(1701, 1710), (24705, 24714)], [(24833, 24892)], [(1825, 1847), (24944, 24966)], [(2009, 2020)], [(184, 197), (772, 785), (864, 877), (1108, 1121), (1272, 1285), (4452, 4465), (7508, 7521), (8881, 8894), (8944, 8957), (9236, 9249), (9353, 9366), (10840, 10853), (11087, 11100), (11263, 11276), (11637, 11650), (12953, 12966), (13145, 13158), (13487, 13500), (14502, 14515), (23284, 23297), (26996, 27009)], [(384, 396)], [(472, 488), (4761, 4777), (27026, 27042)], [(510, 519), (3935, 3944), (24097, 24106)], [(552, 561), (4017, 4026), (4093, 4102), (4211, 4220), (4691, 4700), (5944, 5953), (24024, 24033)], [(7250, 7267)], [(712, 726), (7424, 7438), (7694, 7708), (26829, 26843)], [(809, 832), (23215, 23238)], [(1058, 1076)], [(1497, 1553), (18894, 18950), (20579, 20635)], [(2028, 2031), (8399, 8402), (8440, 8443), (18029, 18032), (19457, 19460)], [(2074, 2089), (26473, 26488)], [(2569, 2584), (26689, 26704)], [(3015, 3023)], [(3145, 3161)], [(3193, 3206)], [(3285, 3313)], [(3331, 3342)], [(3344, 3352), (3426, 3434), (3494, 3502), (26175, 26183)], [(4566, 4573), (7415, 7422)], [(4854, 4874)], [(4896, 4906)], [(5112, 5120)], [(5125, 5138)], [(5142, 5154)], [(5280, 5292)], [(7403, 7413), (23211, 23221)], [(7527, 7550)], [(7727, 7742), (22683, 22698)], [(7744, 7761)], [(7763, 7774)], [(7776, 7786)], [(7792, 7806)], [(7867, 7877)], [(8185, 8192)], [(8263, 8288)], [(8326, 8342)], [(8478, 8492)], [(8497, 8513)], [(8546, 8576)], [(8605, 8618)], [(8655, 8679)], [(8687, 8707)], [(8785, 8803)], [(9165, 9205)], [(9288, 9304), (9378, 9394)], [(9909, 9924)], [(936, 949), (9943, 9956)], [(10434, 10455)], [(10541, 10554)], [(10865, 10881)], [(11390, 11401)], [(11403, 11418)], [(12521, 12530)], [(12546, 12557), (14145, 14156), (14358, 14369)], [(12563, 12575)], [(1611, 1618), (14521, 14528), (14633, 14640), (14734, 14741), (14802, 14809), (14841, 14848), (14975, 14982), (15097, 15104), (15144, 15151), (15204, 15211), (15670, 15677), (15803, 15810), (15875, 15882), (15986, 15993), (16131, 16138), (16181, 16188), (16287, 16294), (16512, 16519), (16788, 16795), (16908, 16915), (17174, 17181), (17397, 17404), (17668, 17675), (17694, 17701), (18103, 18110), (18222, 18229), (18257, 18264), (18381, 18388), (18544, 18551), (23824, 23831), (25386, 25393)], [(14746, 14755), (15011, 15020), (18390, 18399)], [(14865, 14878), (15699, 15712), (15926, 15939)], [(14934, 14946), (15722, 15734), (15954, 15966), (21612, 21624), (21643, 21655)], [(15517, 15532), (19704, 19719)], [(15783, 15792)], [(15821, 15833)], [(16014, 16027)], [(16150, 16162), (18877, 18889), (20467, 20479), (21409, 21421)], [(16663, 16694)], [(16813, 16823)], [(17086, 17138)], [(17500, 17521), (23871, 23892)], [(17534, 17580)], [(17838, 17844), (25364, 25370), (25530, 25536)], [(17946, 17961)], [(18012, 18023)], [(18463, 18487)], [(18559, 18569)], [(19482, 19494)], [(20314, 20337)], [(21272, 21283)], [(22101, 22112)], [(22617, 22631)], [(23012, 23023), (27137, 27148)], [(23061, 23087), (26913, 26939)], [(23114, 23126)], [(23131, 23138)], [(23314, 23330)], [(23383, 23393), (23709, 23719), (25606, 25616)], [(23433, 23443)], [(23546, 23560), (23756, 23770), (25654, 25668)], [(23855, 23865)], [(23922, 23948)], [(24149, 24163)], [(24259, 24288)], [(25225, 25233)], [(25340, 25348)]]

Polynesian culture is the culture of the indigenous peoples of Polynesia who share common traits in language, customs and society. The development of Polynesian culture is typically divided into four different historical eras: * Exploration and settlement (c. 1800 BC – c. AD 700) * Development in isolation (c. 700 – 1595) * European encounter and colonization until World War II (1595–1946) * Post-World War II period ==History== ===Origins, exploration and settlement (c. 1800 BC – c. 700 AD)=== Maternal mitochondrial DNA analysis suggests that Polynesians, including Samoans, Tongans, Niueans, Cook Islanders, Tahitians, Hawaiians, Marquesans and Māori, are genetically linked to indigenous peoples of parts of Maritime Southeast Asia including those of Taiwanese aborigines. This DNA evidence is supported by linguistic and archeological evidence.For a discussion of the origins of Eastern Polynesians, particularly the Māori of New Zealand, see: Douglas G. Sutton, ed., The Origins of the First New Zealanders (Auckland, New Zealand: Auckland, 1994). Recent studies into paternal Y chromosome analysis shows that Polynesians are also genetically linked to peoples of Melanesia.M. Kayser, S. Brauer, G. Weiss, P.A. Underhill, L. Roewer, W. Schiefenhövel, and M. Stoneking, "Melanesian origin of Polynesian Y chromosomes," Current Biology, vol. 10, no. 20, pages 1237–1246 (19 Oct. 2000). See also correction in: Current Biology, vol. 11, no. 2, pages 141–142 (23 Jan. 2001). Between about 2000 and 1000 BC speakers of Austronesian languages spread through Maritime South-East Asia – almost certainly starting out from Taiwan20069298" – into the edges of western Micronesia and on into Melanesia. In the archaeological record there are well- defined traces of this expansion which allow the path it took to be followed and dated with a degree of certainty. In the mid-2nd millennium BC a distinctive culture appeared suddenly in north-west Melanesia, in the Bismarck Archipelago, the chain of islands forming a great arc from New Britain to the Admiralty Islands. This culture, known as Lapita, stands out in the Melanesian archeological record, with its large permanent villages on beach terraces along the coasts. Particularly characteristic of the Lapita culture is the making of pottery, including a great many vessels of varied shapes, some distinguished by fine patterns and motifs pressed into the clay. Within a mere three or four centuries between about 1300 and 900 BC, the Lapita culture spread 6000 km further to the east from the Bismarck Archipelago, until it reached as far as Fiji, Samoa and Tonga. In this region, the distinctive Polynesian culture developed, where Melanesian men would marry into the Lapita culture. Polynesians would not move further east for another 1,000 years. The Proto-Polynesians who find their origins in Maritime Southeast Asia were an adventurous seafaring people with highly developed navigation skills. They perfected their seafaring and boat-craft techniques as each successive generations "island-hopped", starting from the island of Taiwan through the Philippine and Indonesian archipelagos and west to the Marianas, finally dispersing throughout the Pacific Ocean. They colonised previously unsettled islands by making very long canoe voyages, in some cases against the prevailing winds and tides. Polynesian navigators steered by the sun and the stars, and by careful observations of cloud reflections and bird flight patterns, were able to determine the existence and location of islands. The name given to a star or constellation taken as a mark to steer by was kaweinga. The discovery of new islands and island groups was by means of entire small villages called vanua or "banwa" setting sail on great single and double-hulled canoes. Archaeological evidence indicates that by about 1280 AD, these voyagers had settled the vast Polynesian triangle with its northern corner at Hawaii, the eastern corner at Rapa Nui (Easter Island), and lastly the southern corner in New Zealand. There have been suggestions that Polynesian voyagers reached the South American mainland. Carbon-dating of chicken bones found by Chilean archaeologists on the Arauco Peninsula in south-central Chile was thought to date from between 1321 and 1407 AD. This initial report suggested a Polynesian pre-Columbian origin. However, a later report looking at the same specimens concluded: > A published, apparently pre-Columbian, Chilean specimen and six pre-European > Polynesian specimens also cluster with the same European/Indian > subcontinental/Southeast Asian sequences, providing no support for a > Polynesian introduction of chickens to South America. In contrast, sequences > from two archaeological sites on Easter Island group with an uncommon > haplogroup from Indonesia, Japan, and China and may represent a genetic > signature of an early Polynesian dispersal. Modeling of the potential marine > carbon contribution to the Chilean archaeological specimen casts further > doubt on claims for pre-Columbian chickens, and definitive proof will > require further analyses of ancient DNA sequences and radiocarbon and stable > isotope data from archaeological excavations within both Chile and > Polynesia.Indo-European and Asian origins for Chilean and Pacific chickens > revealed by mtDNA. Jaime Gongora, Nicolas J. Rawlence, Victor A. Mobegi, Han > Jianlin, Jose A. Alcalde, Jose T. Matus, Olivier Hanotte, Chris Moran, J. > Austin, Sean Ulm, Atholl J. Anderson, Greger Larson and Alan Cooper, "Indo- > European and Asian origins for Chilean and Pacific chickens revealed by > mtDNA" PNAS July 29, 2008, vol. 105 no 30 The cultivation before western exploration by many Polynesian cultures of the sweet potato, a South American plant, is also evidence for contact. Sweet potato has been radiocarbon-dated in the Cook Islands to 1000 AD, and current thinking is that it was brought to central Polynesia around 700 AD, possibly by Polynesians who had traveled to South America and back, and spread across Polynesia to Hawaii and New Zealand from there.VAN TILBURG, Jo Anne. 1994. Easter Island: Archaeology, Ecology and Culture. Washington D.C.: Smithsonian Institution Press"Gardening at the Edge: Documenting the Limits of Tropical Polynesian Kumara Horticulture in Southern New Zealand" , University of Canterbury ===Development in isolation: (c. 700 to 1595)=== thumb|right|200px|"Bird King" (Sarimanok) wood carving from Maranao, Mindanao. While the early Polynesians were skilled navigators, most evidence indicates that their primary exploratory motivation was to ease the demands of burgeoning populations. Polynesian mythology does not speak of explorers bent on conquest of new territories, but rather of heroic discoverers of new lands for the benefit of those who voyaged with them. While further influxes of immigrants from other Polynesian islands sometimes augmented the growth and development of the local population, for the most part, each island or island group's culture developed in isolation. There was no widespread inter-island group communication, nor is there much indication during this period of any interest in such communications, at least not for economic reasons. However, almost all these isolated colonies originating from Maritime Southeast Asia still retained the strong influence of their ancestral culture. These are very obvious in social hierarchies, language, and technology which point to a common source with the Dayaks, Tao, Ifugao, and Bajau. During the period following complete settlement of Polynesia, each local population developed politically in diverse ways, from fully developed kingdoms in some islands and island groups, to constantly warring tribes or extended family groups between various sections of islands, or in some cases, even within the same valleys on various islands. While it is likely that population pressures caused tensions between various groups, the primary force that seems to have driven unity or division among tribes and family groups is geophysical: on low islands, where communications are essentially unimpeded, there does not appear to have developed any widely observable incidence of conflict. Meanwhile, on most volcanic islands, there were, historically, warring groups inhabiting various districts, usually delimited primarily by mountain ridges, with carefully drawn lowland boundaries. Early on, however, many such islands developed a united social and political structure, usually under the leadership of a strong monarch. An example is the Marquesas Islands, which, unlike other high- island groups in Polynesia, are not surrounded by fringing coral reefs, and consequently have no low coastal plains. Every valley in the Marquesas is accessible to other valleys only via boat, or by traveling over steep mountain ridges. ===European contact and colonization, until World War II (1595 to 1945)=== The first Polynesian islands visited by European explorers were the Marquesas Islands, first discovered by Europeans when the Spanish navigator, Álvaro de Mendaña de Neira, found the islands in 1595. Because of the paucity of mineral or gemological resources, the exploration of Polynesia by European navigators (whose primary interest was economic), was of little more than passing interest. The English navigator, James Cook, was the first to attempt to explore as much of Polynesia as possible. Following the initial European contacts with Polynesia, a great number of changes occurred within Polynesian culture, mostly as a result of colonization by European powers, the introduction of a large number of alien diseases to which the Polynesians had no immunity, slaving ventures to supply plantations in South America, and an influx of Christian missionaries. By the early 20th century, almost all of Polynesia was colonized or occupied to various degrees by Western colonial powers, as follows: *Chile **Easter Island *France **Wallis and Futuna **French Polynesia *Germany **Western Samoa *the United Kingdom **Niue **the Cook Islands **New Zealand **Tokelau **Tuvalu (as the "Ellice Islands") **Pitcairn and its associated islands *United States **American Samoa **Hawaii **most of the Line Islands **most of the Phoenix Islands All of the Polynesian outliers were subsumed into the sometimes-overlapping territorial claims of Japan, the United Kingdom and France. During World War II, a number of Polynesian islands played critical roles. The critical attack that brought the United States into the war was the Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor, in south- central Oahu, Hawaii. A number of islands were developed by the Allies as military bases, especially by the American forces, including as far east as Bora Bora. ===Post 1945=== Following World War II, political change came more slowly to the islands of Polynesia than to the other parts of overseas colonies of European powers. Although sovereignty was granted by royal proclamation to New Zealand as early as 1907, this did not fully come into effect until 1947. Following in independence were the nations (and the sovereign powers from which they obtained complete political independence) of: * Samoa, as "Western Samoa, "from New Zealand in 1962 * Tuvalu, from the United Kingdom in 1978 * The Republic of Kiribati, consisting of the Phoenix Islands and most of the Line Islands, from the United Kingdom in 1979 * Niue, from New Zealand in 1974 * Cook Islands, New Zealand. It has been self- governing since 1965 and gained United Nations recognition in 1992 Tonga was never actually a colony, but a limited protectorate of the United Kingdom. Tonga never relinquished internal self-government, but when external foreign affairs were again decided by Tongans without reference to the United Kingdom in 1970, Tonga was said to have rejoined the Comity of Nations. Tonga is the only island group in the South Pacific that was never colonised by a European power. The remaining islands are a part of, or under the sovereignty of other countries: * Hawaii became a U.S. state in 1959 * American Samoa has been a territory of the United States since 1899 * French Polynesia was a territory of France from 1946 until 2003, when it became an Overseas Collectivity of France * Pitcairn was a British colony until 2002, when it was converted into a British Overseas Territory * Tokelau was a British colony until 1926, when it became a territory of New Zealand * Wallis and Futuna became an Overseas Collectivity of France in 2003 * Easter Island became a special territory of Chile in 2007 * Howland, Baker, Jarvis, and Palmyra Islands are each uninhabited territories of the United States The various outliers lie in the sovereign territory of the nations of Vanuatu, the Solomon Islands, Fiji, the Federated States of Micronesia, and the French territory of New Caledonia. Hawaii became a state of the United States, giving it equal political status to the other 49 states. Independence and increasing autonomy is not the only influence affecting modern Polynesian society. The primary driving forces are, in fact, the ever-increasing accessibility of the islands to outside influences, through improved air communications as well as through vastly improved telecommunications capabilities. The economic importance of tourism has also had a tremendous impact on the direction of the development of the various island societies. Accessibility of outside sources, as well as the tourism viability of individual islands, has played an important role to which the modern culture has adapted itself to accommodate the interests of outsiders, as opposed to the influences of those intent upon promoting the retention of native traditions. Because of this, Polynesia is today an area in varying degrees of extreme cultural flux. ==Dance== The Polynesian Hula dance originates in Austronesian culture and are culturally similar to the types of dance that are known throughout similar linguistic cultures such as Bali. Other dances of Polynesia are: Fakanau, Fakaseasea, Haka, Maulu'ulu, Taualuga, Titi torea, meke and Ura. ===Samoan dance=== ==See also== ==References== ==Further reading== *W. Arthur Whistler. Plants of the Canoe People: An Ethnobotanical Voyage through Polynesia. Honolulu: University of Hawaii Press, 2009. . ==External links== Culture Category:Tiki culture

['Polynesia', 'World War II', 'Taiwan', 'Tahiti', 'Maritime Southeast Asia', 'Taiwanese aborigines', 'DNA evidence', 'Y chromosome', 'Melanesia', 'Austronesian languages', 'Micronesia', 'Bismarck Archipelago', 'New Britain', 'Admiralty Islands', 'Lapita', 'Fiji', 'Samoa', 'Tonga', 'Polynesian triangle', 'Hawaii', 'Rapa Nui', 'Arauco Peninsula', 'Cook Islands', 'Sarimanok', 'Maranao', 'Mindanao', 'Polynesian mythology', 'Dayaks', 'Bajau', 'Marquesas Islands', 'Europe', 'Álvaro de Mendaña de Neira', 'James Cook', 'South America', 'Chile', 'France', 'Wallis and Futuna', 'Germany', 'United Kingdom', 'Niue', 'New Zealand', 'Tokelau', 'Tuvalu', 'Pitcairn', 'United States', 'Line Islands', 'Phoenix Islands', 'Polynesian outlier', 'Oahu', 'Bora Bora', 'Kiribati', 'Vanuatu', 'Solomon Islands', 'New Caledonia', 'Hula dance', 'Bali', 'Fakanau', 'Fakaseasea', 'Haka', "Maulu'ulu", 'Taualuga', 'Titi torea', 'Arthur Whistler', 'Honolulu']

['Q35942', 'Q362', 'Q865', 'Q42000', 'Q2919361', 'Q216839', 'Q476697', 'Q202771', 'Q37394', 'Q49228', 'Q3359409', 'Q154628', 'Q59771', 'Q119230', 'Q1021436', 'Q712', 'Q683', 'Q678', 'Q668347', 'Q782', 'Q14452', 'Q6071565', 'Q26988', 'Q3545798', 'Q311883', 'Q124873', 'Q2306159', 'Q847603', 'Q804127', 'Q172697', 'Q46', 'Q313273', 'Q7324', 'Q18', 'Q298', 'Q142', 'Q35555', 'Q183', 'Q145', 'Q34020', 'Q664', 'Q36823', 'Q672', 'Q35672', 'Q30', 'Q234796', 'Q271674', 'Q179917', 'Q131347', 'Q183113', 'Q710', 'Q686', 'Q685', 'Q33788', 'Q866636', 'Q3125978', 'Q5431448', 'Q17048822', 'Q3595586', 'Q6792467', 'Q7688635', 'Q25043448', 'Q16647536', 'Q18094']

[[(0, 9), (63, 72), (150, 159), (549, 558), (896, 905), (1120, 1129), (1301, 1310), (2652, 2661), (2740, 2749), (2815, 2824), (3354, 3363), (3888, 3897), (4072, 4081), (4322, 4331), (4501, 4510), (4638, 4647), (4885, 4894), (5237, 5246), (5714, 5723), (5936, 5945), (5973, 5982), (6047, 6056), (6276, 6285), (6503, 6512), (6657, 6666), (6885, 6894), (7581, 7590), (8635, 8644), (8940, 8949), (9209, 9218), (9405, 9414), (9473, 9482), (9526, 9535), (9667, 9676), (9835, 9844), (9990, 9999), (10277, 10286), (10435, 10444), (10845, 10854), (12154, 12163), (13043, 13052), (13739, 13748), (13825, 13834), (14015, 14024), (14253, 14262)], [(368, 380), (400, 412), (8899, 8911), (10409, 10421), (10779, 10791)], [(759, 765), (1624, 1630), (3088, 3094)], [(615, 621)], [(716, 739), (2853, 2876), (7299, 7322)], [(759, 779)], [(786, 798)], [(1087, 1099), (1312, 1324)], [(1174, 1183), (1280, 1289), (1691, 1700), (1945, 1954), (2118, 2127), (2688, 2697)], [(1524, 1546)], [(1668, 1678), (12807, 12817)], [(1963, 1983), (2548, 2568)], [(2031, 2042)], [(2050, 2067)], [(2092, 2098), (2256, 2262), (2489, 2495), (2724, 2730)], [(2597, 2601), (12777, 12781)], [(572, 577), (2603, 2608), (10019, 10024), (10194, 10199), (11189, 11194), (11208, 11213), (12086, 12091), (14107, 14112)], [(581, 586), (2613, 2618), (11554, 11559), (11639, 11644), (11746, 11751), (11803, 11808), (11858, 11863)], [(3888, 3907)], [(626, 632), (3936, 3942), (6060, 6066), (10202, 10208), (10606, 10612), (12040, 12046), (12862, 12868), (14288, 14294)], [(3966, 3974)], [(4199, 4215)], [(5856, 5868), (10058, 10070), (11442, 11454)], [(6439, 6448)], [(6468, 6475)], [(6477, 6485)], [(6657, 6677)], [(7498, 7504)], [(7523, 7528)], [(8573, 8590), (8998, 9015)], [(326, 332), (4490, 4496), (4549, 4555), (5252, 5258), (5547, 5553), (8858, 8864), (8970, 8976), (9037, 9043), (9222, 9228), (9450, 9456), (9584, 9590), (10903, 10909), (11940, 11946)], [(9075, 9101)], [(9346, 9356)], [(4104, 4117), (4677, 4690), (5757, 5770), (6005, 6018), (9738, 9751)], [(4169, 4174), (4233, 4238), (4461, 4466), (4969, 4974), (5225, 5230), (5283, 5288), (5578, 5583), (9931, 9936), (12563, 12568)], [(9954, 9960), (10394, 10400), (12183, 12189), (12255, 12261), (12502, 12508)], [(9963, 9980), (12449, 12466)], [(10001, 10008)], [(10030, 10044), (10375, 10389), (11260, 11274), (11384, 11398), (11623, 11637), (11779, 11793)], [(590, 594), (10047, 10051), (11409, 11413)], [(935, 946), (1002, 1013), (1028, 1039), (4026, 4037), (6071, 6082), (6319, 6330), (10073, 10084), (10978, 10989), (11221, 11232), (11420, 11431), (11456, 11467), (12435, 12446)], [(10087, 10094), (12364, 12371)], [(10097, 10103), (11243, 11249)], [(10132, 10140), (12264, 12272)], [(10169, 10182), (10514, 10527), (12120, 12133), (12663, 12676), (12891, 12904)], [(10223, 10235), (11361, 11373)], [(10250, 10265), (11329, 11344)], [(10277, 10295)], [(10600, 10604)], [(10742, 10751)], [(11301, 11309)], [(12747, 12754)], [(12760, 12775)], [(12847, 12860)], [(13836, 13846)], [(13993, 13997)], [(14030, 14037)], [(14039, 14049)], [(14051, 14055)], [(14057, 14066)], [(14068, 14076)], [(14078, 14088)], [(14175, 14190)], [(14264, 14272)]]

Glutamate decarboxylase or glutamic acid decarboxylase (GAD) is an enzyme that catalyzes the decarboxylation of glutamate to gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) and carbon dioxide (). GAD uses pyridoxal-phosphate (PLP) as a cofactor. The reaction proceeds as follows: : In mammals, GAD exists in two isoforms with molecular weights of 67 and 65 kDa (GAD67 and GAD65), which are encoded by two different genes on different chromosomes (GAD1 and GAD2 genes, chromosomes 2 and 10 in humans, respectively). GAD67 and GAD65 are expressed in the brain where GABA is used as a neurotransmitter, and they are also expressed in the insulin-producing β-cells of the pancreas, in varying ratios depending upon the species. Together, these two enzymes maintain the major physiological supply of GABA in mammals, though it may also be synthesized from putrescine in the enteric nervous system, brain, and elsewhere by the actions of diamine oxidase and aldehyde dehydrogenase 1a1. Several truncated transcripts and polypeptides of GAD67 are detectable in the developing brain, however their function, if any, is unknown. ==Structure and Mechanism== Both isoforms of GAD are homodimeric structures, consisting of 3 primary domains: the PLP, C-terminal and N-terminal domains. The PLP-binding domain of this enzyme adopts a type I PLP-dependent transferase-like fold. The reaction proceeds via the canonical mechanism, involving Schiff base linkage between PLP and Lys405. PLP is held in place through base-stacking with an adjacent histidine residue, and GABA is positioned such that its carboxyl group forms a salt bridge with arginine and a hydrogen bond with glutamine. Dimerization is essential to maintaining function as the active site is found at this interface, and mutations interfering with optimal association between the 2 chains has been linked to pathology, such as schizophrenia. Interference of dimerization by GAD inhibitors such as 2-keto-4-pentenoic acid (KPA) and ethyl ketopentenoate (EKP) were also shown to lead to dramatic reductions in GABA production and incidence of seizures. Catalytic activity is mediated by a short flexible loop at the dimer interface (residues 432–442 in GAD67, and 423–433 in GAD65). In GAD67 this loop remains tethered, covering the active site and providing a catalytic environment to sustain GABA production; its mobility in GAD65 promotes a side reaction that results in release of PLP, leading to autoinactivation. The conformation of this loop is intimately linked to the C-terminal domain, which also affects the rate of autoinactivation. Moreover, GABA-bound GAD65 is intrinsically more flexible and exists as an ensemble of states, thus providing more opportunities for autoantigenicity as seen in Type 1 diabetes. GAD derived from Escherichia coli shows additional structural intricacies, including a pH-dependent conformational change. This behavior is defined by the presence of a triple helical bundle formed by the N-termini of the hexameric protein in acidic environments. ==Regulation of GAD65 and GAD67== Despite an extensive sequence similarity between the two genes, GAD65 and GAD67 fulfill very different roles within the human body. Additionally, research suggests that GAD65 and GAD67 are regulated by distinctly different cellular mechanisms. GAD65 and GAD67 synthesize GABA at different locations in the cell, at different developmental times, and for functionally different purposes. GAD67 is spread evenly throughout the cell while GAD65 is localized to nerve terminals. GAD67 synthesizes GABA for neuron activity unrelated to neurotransmission, such as synaptogenesis and protection from neural injury. This function requires widespread, ubiquitous presence of GABA. GAD65, however, synthesizes GABA for neurotransmission, and therefore is only necessary at nerve terminals and synapses. In order to aid in neurotransmission, GAD65 forms a complex with heat shock cognate 70 (HSC70), cysteine string protein (CSP) and vesicular GABA transporter VGAT, which, as a complex, helps package GABA into vesicles for release during neurotransmission. GAD67 is transcribed during early development, while GAD65 is not transcribed until later in life. This developmental difference in GAD67 and GAD65 reflects the functional properties of each isoform; GAD67 is needed throughout development for normal cellular functioning, while GAD65 is not needed until slightly later in development when synaptic inhibition is more prevalent. GAD67 and GAD65 are also regulated differently post- translationally. Both GAD65 and GAD67 are regulated via phosphorylation of a dynamic catalytic loop, but the regulation of these isoforms differs; GAD65 is activated by phosphorylation while GAD67 is inhibited by phosphorylation. GAD67 is predominantly found activated (~92%), whereas GAD65 is predominantly found inactivated (~72%). GAD67 is phosphorylated at threonine 91 by protein kinase A (PKA), while GAD65 is phosphorylated, and therefore regulated by, protein kinase C (PKC). Both GAD67 and GAD65 are also regulated post- translationally by pyridoxal 5’-phosphate (PLP); GAD is activated when bound to PLP and inactive when not bound to PLP. Majority of GAD67 is bound to PLP at any given time, whereas GAD65 binds PLP when GABA is needed for neurotransmission. This reflects the functional properties of the two isoforms; GAD67 must be active at all times for normal cellular functioning, and is therefore constantly activated by PLP, while GAD65 must only be activated when GABA neurotransmission occurs, and is therefore regulated according to the synaptic environment. Studies with mice also show functional differences between Gad67 and Gad65. GAD67−/− mice are born with cleft palate and die within a day after birth while GAD65−/− mice survive with a slightly increased tendency in seizures. Additionally, GAD65+/- have symptoms defined similarly to attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) in humans. == Role in the nervous system == Both GAD67 and GAD65 are present in all types of synapses within the human nervous system. This includes dendrodendritic, axosomatic, and axodendritic synapses. Preliminary evidence suggests that GAD65 is dominant in the visual and neuroendocrine systems, which undergo more phasic changes. It is also believed that GAD67 is present at higher amounts in tonically active neurons. == Role in pathology == === Autism === Both GAD65 and GAD67 experience significant downregulation in cases of autism. In a comparison of autistic versus control brains, GAD65 and GAD67 experienced a downregulation average of 50% in parietal and cerebellar cortices of autistic brains. Cerebellar Purkinje cells also reported a 40% downregulation, suggesting that affected cerebellar nuclei may disrupt output to higher order motor and cognitive areas of the brain. === Diabetes === Both GAD67 and GAD65 are targets of autoantibodies in people who later develop type 1 diabetes mellitus or latent autoimmune diabetes. Injections with GAD65 in ways that induce immune tolerance have been shown to prevent type 1 diabetes in rodent models. In clinical trials, injections with GAD65 have been shown to preserve some insulin production for 30 months in humans with type 1 diabetes. A Cochrane systematic review also examined 1 study showing improvement of C-peptide levels in cases of Latent Autoimmune Diabetes in adults, 5 years following treatment with GAD65 .Still, it is important to highlight that the studies available to be included in this review presented considerable flaws in quality and design. ===Stiff person syndrome=== thumb|Stiff man human cerebellum stained with a reference anti-GAD65 monoclonal antibody. Thin arrows show presynaptic terminals staining only with the anti-GAD65 monoclonal antibody High titers of autoantibodies to glutamic acid decarboxylase (GAD) are well documented in association with stiff person syndrome (SPS). Glutamic acid decarboxylase is the rate-limiting enzyme in the synthesis of γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA), and impaired function of GABAergic neurons has been implicated in the pathogenesis of SPS. Autoantibodies to GAD might be the causative agent or a disease marker. === Schizophrenia and bipolar disorder === Substantial dysregulation of GAD mRNA expression, coupled with downregulation of reelin, is observed in schizophrenia and bipolar disorder. The most pronounced downregulation of GAD67 was found in hippocampal stratum oriens layer in both disorders and in other layers and structures of hippocampus with varying degrees. GAD67 is a key enzyme involved in the synthesis of inhibitory neurotransmitter GABA and people with schizophrenia have been shown to express lower amounts of GAD67 in the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex compared to healthy controls. The mechanism underlying the decreased levels of GAD67 in people with schizophrenia remains unclear. Some have proposed that an immediate early gene, Zif268, which normally binds to the promoter region of GAD67 and increases transcription of GAD67, is lower in schizophrenic patients, thus contributing to decreased levels of GAD67. Since the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC) is involved in working memory, and GAD67 and Zif268 mRNA levels are lower in the DLPFC of schizophrenic patients, this molecular alteration may account, at least in part, for the working memory impairments associated with the disease. === Parkinson disease === The bilateral delivery of glutamic acid decarboxylase (GAD) by an adeno-associated viral vector into the subthalamic nucleus of patients between 30 and 75 years of age with advanced, progressive, levodopa-responsive Parkinson disease resulted in significant improvement over baseline during the course of a six- month study. === Cerebellar disorders === Intracerebellar administration of GAD autoantibodies to animals increases the excitability of motoneurons and impairs the production of nitric oxide (NO), a molecule involved in learning. Epitope recognition contributes to cerebellar involvement. Reduced GABA levels increase glutamate levels as a consequence of lower inhibition of subtypes of GABA receptors. Higher glutamate levels activate microglia and activation of xc(−) increases the extracellular glutamate release. === Neuropathic pain === Peripheral nerve injury of the sciatic nerve (a neuropathic pain model) induces a transient loss of GAD65 immunoreactive terminals in the spinal cord dorsal horn and suggests a potential involvement for these alterations in the development and amelioration of pain behaviour. ==Other Anti-GAD-associated neurologic disorders== Antibodies directed against glutamic acid decarboxylase (GAD) are increasingly found in patients with other symptoms indicative of central nervous system (CNS) dysfunction, such as ataxia, progressive encephalomyelitis with rigidity and myoclonus (PERM), limbic encephalitis, and epilepsy. The pattern of anti-GAD antibodies in epilepsy differs from type 1 diabetes and stiff-person syndrome. == Role of glutamate decarboxylase in other organisms == Besides the synthesis of GABA, GAD has additional functions and structural variations that are organism-dependent. In Saccharomyces cerevisiae, GAD binds the Ca2+ regulatory protein calmodulin (CaM) and is also involved in responding to oxidative stress. Similarly, GAD in plants binds calmodulin as well. This interaction occurs at the 30-50bp CAM-binding domain (CaMBD) in its C terminus and is necessary for proper regulation of GABA production. Unlike vertebrates and invertebrates, the GABA produced by GAD is used in plants to signal abiotic stress by controlling levels of intracellular Ca2+ via CaM. Binding to CaM opens Ca2+ channels and leads to an increase in Ca2+ concentrations in the cytosol, allowing Ca2+ to act as a secondary messenger and activate downstream pathways. When GAD is not bound to CaM, the CaMBD acts as an autoinhibitory domain, thus deactivating GAD in the absence of stress. Interesting, in two plant species, rice and apples, Ca2+ /CAM- independent GAD isoforms have been discovered. The C-terminus of these isoforms contain substitutions at key residues necessary to interact with CaM in the CaMBD, preventing the protein from binding to GAD. Whereas CaMBD of the isoform in rice still functions as an autoinhibitory domain, the C-terminus in the isoform in apples does not. Finally, the structure of plant GAD is a hexamer and has pH-dependent activity, with the optimal pH of 5.8 in multiple species. but also significant activity at pH 7.3 in the presence of CaM It is also believed that the control of glutamate decarboxylase has the prospect of improving citrus produce quality post-harvest. In Citrus plants, research has shown that glutamate decarboxylase plays a key role in citrate metabolism. With the increase of glutamate decarboxylase via direct exposure, citrate levels have been seen to significantly increase within plants, and in conjunction post-harvest quality maintenance was significantly improved, and rot rates decreased. Just like GAD in plants, GAD in E. coli has a hexamer structure and is more active under acidic pH; the pH optimum for E. coli GAD is 3.8-4.6. However, unlike plants and yeast, GAD in E. coli does not require calmodulin binding to function. There are also two isoforms of GAD, namely GadA and GadB, encoded by separate genes in E. coli, although both isoforms are biochemically identical. The enzyme plays a major role in conferring acid resistance and allows bacteria to temporarily survive in highly acidic environments (pH < 2.5) like the stomach. This is done by GAD decarboxylating glutamate to GABA, which requires H+ to be uptaken as a reactant and raises the pH inside the bacteria. GABA can then be exported out of E. coli cells and contribute to increasing the pH of the nearby extracellular environments. == References == == External links == * * Genetics, Expression Profiling Support GABA Deficits in Schizophrenia - Schizophrenia Research Forum, 25 June 2007. * * Category:EC 4.1.1 Category:Molecular neuroscience Category:Biology of bipolar disorder Category:GABA Category:Glutamate (neurotransmitter)

['GAD1', 'GAD2', '2-keto-4-pentenoic acid', 'Escherichia coli', 'Purkinje cell', 'GABA', 'Parkinson disease', 'Peripheral nerve injury', 'Saccharomyces cerevisiae']

['Q18025214', 'Q18025226', 'Q17071915', 'Q25419', 'Q1570272', 'Q210021', 'Q11085', 'Q2945973', 'Q719725']

[[(430, 434)], [(439, 443)], [(1931, 1954)], [(2772, 2788)], [(6665, 6678)], [(150, 154), (547, 551), (778, 782), (1536, 1540), (2042, 2046), (2326, 2330), (2587, 2591), (3324, 3328), (3546, 3550), (3719, 3723), (3753, 3757), (3986, 3990), (4044, 4048), (5264, 5268), (5516, 5520), (8016, 8020), (8048, 8052), (8628, 8632), (10033, 10037), (10123, 10127), (11080, 11084), (11487, 11491), (11546, 11550), (13636, 13640), (13727, 13731), (13933, 13937), (14110, 14114)], [(9402, 9419), (9640, 9657)], [(10278, 10301)], [(11173, 11197)]]

Blåfjella–Skjækerfjella National Park (, ) lies in Trøndelag county, Norway. It is the third largest national park on the Norwegian mainland and one of the largest remaining true wilderness areas. It is located in the municipalities of Verdal, Snåsa, Grong, Lierne, and Steinkjer. The terrain is characterized by mountain plains, lakes, forested valleys, marshes, and a few mountain peaks (Midtliklumpen reaches above sea level). The Sami people have lived in and used the area for several centuries. There are many Sami cultural monuments here, such as settlements, gathering places, burial sites, and sacred places. The park offers good opportunities for hunting, fishing, and other outdoor recreation. The terrain is suitable for shooting ptarmigan and other small game, and there are a number of lakes with brown trout and char. There are many paths to hike, some of which are marked, although not in the winter. There are also a few mountain cabins available for overnight stays. Gressåmoen National Park, which was created in 1970 and had an area of , was incorporated into Blåfjella-Skjækerfjella national park in 2004. Lierne National Park is located just east of Blåfjella–Skjækerfjella National Park. ==Flora and fauna== The park is known as the place where spruce was first introduced (migrated) to Norway. There is a large variation of nature types, including areas of undisturbed old-growth forest in the valleys. The flora includes both coastal species as well as more typical inland species, and alpine plants. The geology includes both soft bedrock good for plant growth as well as areas with very hard bedrock with much poorer plant life. A total of 28 species of mammals and many species of birds have been observed in the park. The rare Arctic fox and all the large predators in mainland Norway have been found here. This includes brown bear, lynx, wolverines, and the gray wolf, although the wolf is only rarely seen. There are also three species of deer present: moose, roe deer, and red deer. Four nature reserves are located adjacent to the park: Arvasslia Nature Reserve, Berglimyra and Klumplifjellet Nature Reserve, Gaundalsmyra Nature Reserve, and Storfloa Nature Reserve. ==Name== The park was named Blåfjella-Skjækerfjella in 2004 when it was established. Blåfjella means "the blue mountains" (-fjella is the finite plural of fjell which means "fell" or "mountain"). The first element in Skjækerfjella is the plural skjæker which means "shafts (of a wagon)" - here referring to long mountain ridges. Both names are most likely Norwegianizations of the Sami names on these mountain areas: Låarte and Skæhkere. ==References== ==External links== * Map of Blåfjella-Skjækerfjella National Park Category:National parks of Norway Category:Protected areas established in 2004 Category:Verdal Category:Snåsa Category:Grong Category:Lierne Category:Steinkjer Category:Tourist attractions in Trøndelag Category:Protected areas of Trøndelag Category:2004 establishments in Norway

['Trøndelag', 'Norway', 'Verdal', 'Snåsa', 'Grong', 'Lierne', 'Steinkjer', 'Sami people', 'Gressåmoen National Park', 'Lierne National Park', 'Arctic fox']

['Q127676', 'Q20', 'Q503660', 'Q493846', 'Q258084', 'Q493999', 'Q110431', 'Q48199', 'Q1278568', 'Q1741175', 'Q82738']

[[(51, 60), (2911, 2920), (2949, 2958)], [(69, 75), (1310, 1316), (1807, 1813), (2746, 2752), (2991, 2997)], [(236, 242), (2807, 2813)], [(244, 249), (2823, 2828)], [(251, 256), (2838, 2843)], [(258, 264), (1127, 1133), (2853, 2859)], [(270, 279), (2869, 2878)], [(434, 445)], [(985, 1009)], [(1127, 1147)], [(1756, 1766)]]

California Pizza Kitchen (CPK) is an American casual dining restaurant chain that specializes in California-style pizza. The restaurant was started in 1985 by attorneys Rick Rosenfield and Larry Flax in Beverly Hills, California, United States. California Pizza Kitchen introduced and popularized BBQ Chicken Pizza. == Description == The California Pizza Kitchen chain is widely known for its innovative and nontraditional pizzas, such as the "Original BBQ Chicken Pizza", Thai Chicken, and Jamaican Jerk Chicken pizzas. They also serve various kinds of pasta, salads, soups, sandwiches, and desserts. They have an extensive children's menu for children ages 10 and under which includes a variety of different pizzas, pastas, salad, and chicken. The chain has over 250 locations in 32 U.S. states and 10 other countries, including 15 California Pizza Kitchen nontraditional, franchise concepts designed for airports, universities, and stadiums. CPK's brand is licensed to a line of hand-tossed style, crispy thin crust, gluten-free crust, and small frozen pizzas for sale in supermarkets. The brand was originally licensed to Kraft in 1999. The license was assigned to Nestlé after it purchased Kraft's pizza lines in 2010. ==History== In 1985, Flax and Rosenfield pooled $200,000 in bank loans and savings along with $350,000 invested from friends to lease space on Beverly Drive in Beverly Hills, California. The first menu, including the famous BBQ Chicken Pizza, was developed by Ed LaDou, then the pizza chef at Wolfgang Puck's Spago restaurant. CPK became an immediate success, and the company expanded throughout Southern California. By 1992, there were 26 CPKs. Flax and Rosenfield served as co-CEO and co-Chairmen of CPK from 1985 through to 1996. In 1992, PepsiCo paid nearly $100 million for 67% of the chain, with Flax and Rosenfield each receiving $17.5 million. At the time, this was thought to be more than CPK was worth, and PepsiCo pushed to expand faster. CPK opened 15 stores in 1993, and then 28 more in the following year. This rapid expansion plan was a disaster. PepsiCo had invested tens of millions of dollars and quickly slowed expansion, and moved to cut costs. PepsiCo executives had started cutting corners by replacing fresh ingredients with frozen vegetables and cheese, a change Flax and Rosenfield later reversed. In 1997, the private equity firm Bruckmann, Rosser, Sherrill & Company bought out PepsiCo's two-thirds stake with the intention of taking CPK public in 2000, pushing for expansion to resume. Veteran restaurant executive Fred Hipp was hired to run CPK with an aggressive expansion plan, including 18 new stores in 2002, 22 in 2003, and 28 in 2004. The expansion was to be carried out by former Brinker International Vice President Tom Jenneman, under the title of chief development officer. Flax and Rosenfield remained on the board, but had no day-to-day control. In early 2003, CPK reported a 16% increase in profits, with Hipp telling analysts that CPK was in excellent financial condition. In a March 25, 2003, press release, CPK cut its first-quarter earnings estimates, which were not consistent with the forecast made just a few weeks earlier. Rosenfield investigated the numbers and discovered the positive earnings numbers Hipp had been touting were masking difficult quarters ahead. An emergency board meeting was called, Hipp and Jenneman were fired, and Flax and Rosenfield resumed control of CPK. Flax and Rosenfield served as co-CEO and co-chairmen of CPK from 2003 to 2011. In 2011, CPK was acquired by an affiliate of private equity firm Golden Gate Capital, and G. J. Hart was named president, chief executive officer, and executive chairman. In 2013, CPK started serving Gluten Intolerance Group (GIG)Gluten Intolerance Group certified gluten-free pizzas, available across all CPK locations, excluding franchise locations. In 2014, CPK started rolling out their "Next Chapter" locations, with modernized interiors and updated menus. In 2018, CPK added Cauliflower Pizza Crust to its menu nationwide. In July 2020, CPK filed for bankruptcy due to the COVID-19 pandemic. Owner Golden Gate Capital LP had acquired the company in 2011 and lost 100% of its investment. In October 2020, the sale of the company's assets was cancelled because no party submitted a qualified bid by the sale deadline. The company emerged from bankruptcy in November 2020, with significantly less debt, and hired a new CFO, Judd Tirnauer. In mid-2021, it reportedly hired advisors to refinance its remaining $177 million debt, which would put it in a better position for either a sale or an IPO. ==Countries of operation== *Australia *Chile *Costa Rica *Guam *Hong Kong *India *Japan *Mexico *Philippines *Singapore *South Korea *United Arab Emirates *United States *Canada *China ==See also== * List of pizza chains of the United States ==References== ==External links== * Category:Pizza chains of the United States Category:Pizza franchises Category:Restaurants established in 1985 Category:Restaurants in Los Angeles Category:Companies based in Beverly Hills, California Category:Restaurants in California Category:Restaurant chains in the United States Category:Private equity portfolio companies Category:Cuisine of the Western United States Category:Pizzerias in the United States Category:Former PepsiCo subsidiaries Category:Companies formerly listed on the Nasdaq Category:1985 establishments in California Category:American companies established in 1985 Category:2000 initial public offerings Category:2011 mergers and acquisitions Category:Companies that filed for Chapter 11 bankruptcy in 2020

['Mexico', 'Australia', 'Canada', 'Nestlé', 'Los Angeles', 'California', 'United States', 'California-style pizza', 'Jerk Chicken', 'Kraft', 'Beverly Drive', 'Ed LaDou', 'Wolfgang Puck', 'Spago', 'PepsiCo', 'Brinker International', 'Golden Gate Capital', 'Chile', 'Costa Rica', 'Guam', 'Hong Kong', 'India', 'Japan', 'Philippines', 'Singapore', 'South Korea', 'United Arab Emirates', 'China']

['Q96', 'Q408', 'Q16', 'Q160746', 'Q65', 'Q99', 'Q30', 'Q5020186', 'Q6127463', 'Q327751', 'Q4899509', 'Q5335067', 'Q78893', 'Q16050915', 'Q334800', 'Q917487', 'Q5579441', 'Q298', 'Q800', 'Q16635', 'Q8646', 'Q668', 'Q17', 'Q928', 'Q334', 'Q884', 'Q878', 'Q148']

[[(4723, 4729)], [(4662, 4671)], [(4805, 4811)], [(1169, 1175)], [(5046, 5057)], [(0, 10), (97, 107), (218, 228), (245, 255), (338, 348), (834, 844), (1399, 1409), (1629, 1639), (5101, 5111), (5136, 5146), (5443, 5453)], [(230, 243), (4790, 4803), (4862, 4875), (4941, 4954), (5181, 5194), (5271, 5284), (5311, 5324)], [(97, 119)], [(500, 512)], [(1126, 1131), (1195, 1200)], [(1367, 1380)], [(1484, 1492)], [(1517, 1530)], [(1533, 1538)], [(1766, 1773), (1941, 1948), (2086, 2093), (2189, 2196), (2429, 2436), (5341, 5348)], [(2740, 2761)], [(3600, 3619), (4139, 4158)], [(4673, 4678)], [(4680, 4690)], [(4692, 4696)], [(4698, 4707)], [(4709, 4714)], [(4716, 4721)], [(4731, 4742)], [(4744, 4753)], [(4755, 4766)], [(4768, 4788)], [(4813, 4818)]]

Bolton Valley is a mid-sized ski area in the town of Bolton in Chittenden County, Vermont, United States. It is located in close proximity to Burlington, the largest city in the state of Vermont. The community around the base of the ski area was listed as the Bolton Valley census-designated place prior to the 2020 census. ==History== The resort was founded in 1966 by Ralph DesLauriers and his father. Bolton thrived for many years as a family-friendly resort and spawned two famous skiers, Rob and Eric DesLauriers, who went on to star in dozens of ski movies. With their brother Adam, they founded Straight Up Films; Adam remains in the area with a more recent venture, Beech Seal Media, named for a ski trail at the resort and a unique type of communication in Vermont lore. In 1971 Chateau des Monts, a 20 unit hotel condominium complex was completed next to the base lodge (later connected) by Charles P Jones and Land Development Incorporated. Beginning around 1997, the resort has been under the control of a handful of new owners and struggled with financial viability. However, it has stabilized under the leadership of industry veteran Bob Fries and seen steady improvement in the 2003-2004, 2004–2005, and 2005-2006 seasons, although just before the 2007-2008 season his shares in the company were bought by two locals, and Bolton Valley is now completely locally owned. As of the Spring of 2017 the original owner Ralph DesLauriers and a small group of investors have purchased the mountain back from Red Stone Properties. Ralph, along with his children are now operating Bolton once again. ==Lifts and trails== *Vertical drop: *Trails: 71 trails *Night Skiing: 12 trails *Skiable area: 165 acres (668,000 m²) *Bolton Valley has 6 lifts. Name Type Manufacturer Built Vertical Length Notes Vista Quad Doppelmayr CTEC 2005 955 4389 Main lift out of the base area, and has a wind turbine at the summit. Timberline 1986 940 3790 Has a mid- station. Wilderness Double Hall 1966 963 4948 Longest lift on the mountain, and also has a mid-station. Mid Mountain 1966 312 1798 Snowflake 1966 250 1230 Services the terrain parks. Mighty Mite Rope Tow Homemade 1997 - - Beginner lift. ==Nordic skiing== Bolton Valley has of nordic skiing, of which are groomed. ==Westward orientation== Bolton Valley is one of the few westward facing ski areas in Vermont. ==Wind turbine== In 2009, Bolton Valley installed a Northwind 100 wind turbine, which was made by Northern Power Systems. The turbine was projected to produce 300,000 kilowatt hours of electricity. It is located near the top of the Vista Quad chairlift. ==Newsletter== Bolton Valley publishes a humorous weekly newsletter covering snow news, event listings, and deals. == References == ==External links== *Bolton Valley Ski Area Website Category:Ski areas and resorts in Vermont Category:Buildings and structures in Chittenden County, Vermont Category:Tourist attractions in Chittenden County, Vermont Category:Census-designated places in Chittenden County, Vermont Category:Census-designated places in Vermont Category:Bolton, Vermont

['Bolton, Vermont', 'Chittenden County, Vermont', 'Vermont', 'Northern Power Systems']

['Q1955332', 'Q509770', 'Q16551', 'Q7058869']

[[(3078, 3093)], [(63, 89), (2874, 2900), (2933, 2959), (2997, 3023)], [(82, 89), (187, 194), (766, 773), (2349, 2356), (2829, 2836), (2893, 2900), (2952, 2959), (3016, 3023), (3061, 3068), (3086, 3093)], [(2456, 2478)]]

Mahaffy is a surname of Scottish origin, and is an Anglicisation of the Gaelic name Mac Dhuibhshithe. It is a sept of Clan Macfie in Scotland, but the clan originated in Ireland. There the name is found largely in County Donegal, Ulster.Family Facts Ancestry.com. Retrieved on 2007-10-10 People with the surname Mahaffy include: * Arthur Arnold Mahaffy (1861–1947), Canadian politician * James Mahaffy (1905–1986), Canadian politician * John Mahaffy (ice hockey) (1918–2015), Canadian hockey player * John Pentland Mahaffy (1839–1919), Irish academic * Leslie Mahaffy (1976–1991), Canadian murder victim ==See also== * Mahaffey, a variant of the surname ==References==

['Anglicisation', 'Clan Macfie', 'Scotland', 'Ireland', 'County Donegal', 'Ulster', 'Ancestry.com', 'Arthur Arnold Mahaffy', 'James Mahaffy', 'John Mahaffy (ice hockey)', 'John Pentland Mahaffy', 'Leslie Mahaffy', 'Mahaffey']

['Q540885', 'Q4222919', 'Q22', 'Q22890', 'Q179424', 'Q93195', 'Q4752572', 'Q4797840', 'Q6138808', 'Q6246422', 'Q2568204', 'Q6530996', 'Q14565194']

[[(51, 64)], [(118, 129)], [(133, 141)], [(170, 177)], [(214, 228)], [(230, 236)], [(250, 262)], [(331, 352)], [(388, 401)], [(437, 462)], [(501, 522)], [(553, 567)], [(619, 627)]]

Major General William Carey Lee (March 12, 1895 –June 25, 1948) was a senior United States Army officer who fought in World War I and World War II, during which he commanded the 101st Airborne Division, nicknamed the "Screaming Eagles". Lee is often referred to as the "Father of the U.S. Airborne".Autry 1995. ==Early life and military career== Lee was born in Dunn, North Carolina, one of the seven children of Eldridge Lee and his wife Emma. His father was a merchant.US Census 1900, Dunn, Harnett Co., North Carolina,Supervisors District 4, enumeration district 35, sheet 6 Lee attended Wake Forest College and North Carolina State College. He participated in the Reserve Officer Training Corps (ROTC) program, graduated from NC State, being commissioned as a second lieutenant in the Infantry Branch of the United States Army in 1917, after the American entry into World War I. Lee served in World War I with the American Expeditionary Forces (AEF), which was commanded by General John J. Pershing, on the Western Front. During the war, he served as a platoon and company commander in the 81st Division. ==Between the wars== He stayed in the Army during the interwar period and, soon after the war ended, and taking an interest in armored warfare, he attended the tank warfare training schools in Fort Meade, Maryland, and at Versailles, France. In the 1930s, he attended the U.S. Army Command and General Staff School and was promoted to major soon after. On a tour of Europe, he observed the revolutionary new German airborne forces, a concept that he believed the U.S. Army should adopt. He returned to the United States, where he was ordered to the Office of the Chief of Infantry at Washington, D.C. On August 18, 1940, he was promoted to lieutenant colonel. ==World War II== By the time the United States entered World War II in December 1941, Lee, promoted to the temporary rank of colonel on December 24, was a proponent of airborne warfare. Lee had observed smokejumper training methods within the past year to lay a template for training. President Franklin D. Roosevelt sponsored the concept, and Lee was authorized to form the first paratroop platoon, which was commanded by William T. Ryder. This was followed by the Provisional Parachute Group, and finally the U.S. Army Airborne Command, which he took command of on March 21, 1942, which was followed shortly afterwards by a temporary promotion to brigadier general on April 19. Lee was the first commander of the U.S. Army's jump school at Fort Benning, Georgia. His Army Distinguished Service Medal was awarded, "for exceptionally meritorious and distinguished services to the Government of the United States, in a duty of great responsibility during World War II." In August 1942, Lee, promoted on August 9 to the two-star rank of major general, became the first Commanding General (CG) of the newly formed 101st "Screaming Eagles" Airborne Division, based at Camp Claiborne, Louisiana. He told his men: He trained the 101st in the United States from its creation until being sent to England in September 1943 to prepare for the Allied invasion of Normandy, codenamed Operation Overlord. Lee helped plan the American airborne landings in Normandy and trained to jump with his men. On February 5, 1944, a damp, wet and cloudy day, Lee was on his way to observe a training exercise by the 401st Glider Infantry Regiment, commanded by Lieutenant Colonel Joseph "Bud" Harper. Lee suddenly claimed to Harper, "Bud, I can't go any farther, I have a terrible pain in my chest." Harper managed to secure the services of a truck nearby and Lee was evacuated to the 302nd Field Hospital, where doctors diagnosed a serious heart attack. Although the Army wanted to send him back to the United States for better treatment, Lee refused, believing, in vain, that he might return to the 101st, where Lieutenant General Omar Bradley had promised to hold his command. Lee remained in hospital until March, when he had a second heart attack and was returned to the United States, where he would be retired from the Army for reasons of ill health in late 1944. There was a question of who would command the 101st. Command initially fell to Brigadier General Don Pratt (who was later killed in Normandy), the assistant division commander, and he assumed he would command the division permanently, but he does not appear to have been seriously considered by General Dwight D. Eisenhower, the Supreme Allied Commander. The division's artillery commander, Brigadier General Anthony McAuliffe, was another possibility. But Eisenhower selected Brigadier General Maxwell D. Taylor, commander of the 82nd Airborne Division Artillery, with combat experience in Sicily and Italy under his belt, to lead the 101st into battle. ==Personal life== In June 1918, he married Dava Johnson, who traveled with him throughout his military career. Lee died at his home in Dunn, North Carolina in 1948. ==Honors== The General William C. Lee Airborne Museum is located in Dunn, in his former home.North Carolina Museum of History. On October 11, 2004 the U.S. Senate passed a bill to rename the Dunn Post Office, the "General William Carey Lee Post Office." Lee Residence Hall, one of the largest dormitories at North Carolina State University, is named after William C. Lee. The Gen. William C. Lee House at Dunn was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1983. [NOTE: The "Bill Lee Freeway" in Charlotte, North Carolina, a section of Interstate 77 is named for William States Lee III (1929–1996), president and CEO of Duke Power and no known relation to the general.] ==Notes== ==References== * Autry, Jerry. Assisted by Kathryn Autry. General William C. Lee: Father of the Airborne : Just Plain Bill. San Francisco: Airborne Press, 1995. * * * ==External links== * *General William C. Lee Airborne Museum Website *William C. Lee at Find a Grave Website *Generals of World War II |- Category:1895 births Category:1948 deaths Category:United States Army Infantry Branch personnel Category:Airborne warfare Category:Military personnel from North Carolina Category:North Carolina State University alumni Category:People from Dunn, North Carolina Category:Recipients of the Distinguished Service Medal (US Army) Category:United States Army generals of World War II Category:United States Army generals Category:United States Army personnel of World War I Category:United States Army Command and General Staff College alumni Category:Wake Forest University alumni

['Dunn, North Carolina', 'United States', '101st Airborne Division', 'World War I', 'World War II', 'United States Army', 'Wake Forest University', 'North Carolina State University', 'American Expeditionary Forces', 'John J. Pershing', 'Maryland', 'Versailles', 'France', 'United States Army Command and General Staff College', 'Washington, D.C.', 'Franklin D. Roosevelt', 'William T. Ryder', 'Fort Benning', 'Camp Claiborne', 'Louisiana', 'England', 'Operation Overlord', 'American airborne landings in Normandy', 'Omar Bradley', 'Don Pratt', 'Dwight D. Eisenhower', 'Supreme Allied Commander', 'Anthony McAuliffe', 'Maxwell D. Taylor', '82nd Airborne Division Artillery', 'U.S. Senate', 'Gen. William C. Lee House', 'National Register of Historic Places', 'Charlotte, North Carolina', 'Interstate 77', 'William States Lee III', 'Duke Power']

['Q1019682', 'Q30', 'Q165256', 'Q361', 'Q362', 'Q9212', 'Q392667', 'Q1132346', 'Q464176', 'Q272383', 'Q1391', 'Q2946', 'Q142', 'Q1115050', 'Q61', 'Q8007', 'Q8019122', 'Q1438462', 'Q3651657', 'Q1588', 'Q21', 'Q8641370', 'Q29009', 'Q207955', 'Q5293339', 'Q9916', 'Q20050792', 'Q573609', 'Q313972', 'Q15734078', 'Q66096', 'Q19986760', 'Q3719', 'Q16565', 'Q94764', 'Q8018752', 'Q1264404']

[[(362, 382), (4905, 4925), (6170, 6190)], [(77, 90), (812, 825), (1615, 1628), (1802, 1815), (2667, 2680), (3005, 3018), (3748, 3761), (4020, 4033), (5982, 5995), (6265, 6278), (6318, 6331), (6355, 6368), (6408, 6421)], [(178, 201)], [(118, 129), (134, 145), (870, 881), (897, 908), (1771, 1782), (1824, 1835), (2723, 2734), (5915, 5926), (6296, 6307), (6387, 6398)], [(134, 146), (1771, 1783), (1824, 1836), (2723, 2735), (5915, 5927), (6296, 6308)], [(77, 95), (812, 830), (5982, 6000), (6265, 6283), (6318, 6336), (6355, 6373), (6408, 6426)], [(6477, 6499)], [(5243, 5274), (6110, 6141)], [(918, 947)], [(986, 1002)], [(1314, 1322)], [(1331, 1341)], [(1343, 1349)], [(6408, 6460)], [(1693, 1709)], [(2064, 2085)], [(2192, 2208)], [(2511, 2523)], [(2933, 2947)], [(2949, 2958)], [(3057, 3064)], [(3141, 3159)], [(3181, 3219)], [(3877, 3889)], [(4212, 4221)], [(4418, 4438)], [(4444, 4468)], [(4524, 4541)], [(4610, 4627)], [(4646, 4678)], [(5086, 5097)], [(5311, 5336)], [(5363, 5399)], [(5442, 5467)], [(5482, 5495)], [(5509, 5531)], [(5566, 5576)]]

Forollhogna National Park () is a national park in the counties of Trøndelag and Innlandet in Norway. Forollhogna (or Forelhogna) park includes extensive plant life and is an important range for wild reindeer. The park lies in the municipalities of Tynset, Tolga, and Os in Innlandet and Holtålen, Midtre Gauldal, and Rennebu in Trøndelag. The scenery of Forollhogna consists of large alpine areas, with gentle slopes rising from the valleys below--an area often referred to as "the gentle mountains". Here are thriving villages and a lush cultural landscape formed by the region's farming traditions. For centuries the mountain farms have been in use during the summer, and many still are. This is the setting of Forollhogna National Park, Norway's 19th park to be so designated. ==Name== The name is a composition of two words. The last element is the finite form of hogn which means "defender" or "protector" (this tall and impressive mountain marks the border between Trøndelag and Innlandet). The first element comes the name of the lake in the central part of the park: Forollen (Forollsjøen). ==References== Category:National parks of Norway Category:Protected areas established in 2001 Category:Protected areas of Trøndelag Category:Protected areas of Hedmark Category:Tourist attractions in Trøndelag Category:Tourist attractions in Hedmark Category:2001 establishments in Norway Category:Tynset Category:Os, Innlandet Category:Tolga, Norway Category:Holtålen Category:Midtre Gauldal Category:Rennebu

['Forollhogna', 'Trøndelag', 'Innlandet', 'Norway', 'Tynset', 'Holtålen', 'Midtre Gauldal', 'Rennebu']

['Q1437903', 'Q127676', 'Q56404886', 'Q20', 'Q488779', 'Q484084', 'Q492244', 'Q488124']

[[(0, 11), (102, 113), (355, 366), (714, 725)], [(67, 76), (329, 338), (972, 981), (1222, 1231), (1300, 1309)], [(81, 90), (274, 283), (986, 995), (1418, 1427)], [(94, 100), (741, 747), (1142, 1148), (1382, 1388), (1444, 1450)], [(249, 255), (1398, 1404)], [(288, 296), (1460, 1468)], [(298, 312), (1478, 1492)], [(318, 325), (1502, 1509)]]

Velvet spiders (family Eresidae) are a small group (about 100 species in 9 genera) of spiders almost entirely limited to the Old World, with the exception of one species known from Brazil. In Europe, some are commonly called the ladybird spiders. == Description == This family can sometimes be confused with the jumping spiders, or those in the Palpimanidae family. These spiders are usually black or brown in colour, though they can also have brighter colours as pictured. As their common name implies they can look quite smooth and velvety. They usually live in silken tubes under objects, or underground, but the genus Stegodyphus, builds silken nests. == Identification == They can be distinguished from most species except the Penestomidae by their semi-rectangular carapace and clypeal hood. They can be distinguished from Penestomidae by the eye arrangement, straight anterior eye row and strongly recurved posterior eye row, with the median eyes close together. == Social Behavior == Some species are nearly eusocial, lacking only a specialized caste system and a queen. They cooperate in brood rearing, unlike most other spiders except for some African agelenid spiders in the genus Agelena, Monocentropus balfouri and a few others. Female velvet spiders exhibit a remarkable type of maternal care unique among arachnids. Upon the birth of her brood, the mother spider liquefies her internal organs and regurgitates this material as food. Once her capability to liquefy her insides is exhausted, the young sense this and consume the mother.Rachel Nuwer, Scientific American, October 2015. Spiders of the genus Stegodyphus genus, such as Stegodyphus sarasinorum in India, are known for their elaborate and robust nests and their colony integrity. ==Genera== The genus Penestomus was previously placed in Eresidae as the subfamily Penestominae, but was elevated to its own family, Penestomidae, in 2010. , the World Spider Catalog accepts the following genera: *Adonea Simon, 1873 — Portugal, Algeria, Israel *Dorceus C. L. Koch, 1846 — Africa, Asia *Dresserus Simon, 1876 — Africa *Eresus Walckenaer, 1805 — Africa, Asia, Europe *Gandanameno Lehtinen, 1967 — Namibia, South Africa, Malawi *Loureedia Miller, Griswold, Scharff, Řezáč, Szűts & Marhabaie, 2012 — Africa, Asia *Paradonea Lawrence, 1968 — Namibia, Botswana, South Africa *Seothyra Purcell, 1903 — Africa *Stegodyphus Simon, 1873 — Africa, Asia, Brazil ==See also== * List of Eresidae species ==References== * Lehtinen, P.T. (1967): Classification of the cribellate spiders and some allied families, with notes on the evolution of the suborder Araneomorpha. Ann. Zool. Fenn. 4: 199–468. * Dippenaar-Schoeman, A.S. (1989): The African species of the subfamily Penestominae (Araneae: Eresidae): with description of two new species. Phytophylactica 21: 131–134. ==External links== *Family Eresidae (Velvet Spiders) *Platnick, N.I. 2005. World Spider Catalog *

['List of Eresidae species', 'Old World', 'Palpimanidae', 'Stegodyphus', 'Penestomus', 'Adonea', 'Agelena', 'Monocentropus balfouri', 'Stegodyphus sarasinorum', 'World Spider Catalog', 'Dorceus', 'Dresserus', 'Eresus', 'Gandanameno', 'Loureedia', 'Paradonea', 'Seothyra']

['Q3272201', 'Q174807', 'Q10972', 'Q1835835', 'Q2171499', 'Q3231387', 'Q427074', 'Q1314052', 'Q2193255', 'Q3570011', 'Q2962887', 'Q2314492', 'Q2183560', 'Q3020948', 'Q2340957', 'Q2598309', 'Q1883199']

[[(2437, 2461)], [(125, 134)], [(345, 357)], [(622, 633), (1619, 1630), (1646, 1657), (2375, 2386)], [(1776, 1786)], [(1969, 1975)], [(1192, 1199)], [(1201, 1223)], [(1646, 1669)], [(1917, 1937), (2903, 2923)], [(2017, 2024)], [(2058, 2067)], [(2090, 2096)], [(2138, 2149)], [(2198, 2207)], [(2282, 2291)], [(2342, 2350)]]

The Pacific Islands ICT Policy and Strategic Plan was approved by Pacific Islands Forum leaders in 2000. The vision of the plan is Internet for Every Pacific Islander. This plan has been used as a template for developing national Information and Communication Technologies (ICT) policies in the Pacific Islands Forum countries. It has also been used for the World Summit on the Information Society. ==References== Category:Internet governance Category:Communications in Oceania Category:Science and technology in Oceania

['Pacific Islands Forum', 'World Summit on the Information Society']

['Q757276', 'Q689182']

[[(66, 87), (295, 316)], [(358, 397)]]

Ormtjernkampen () is a former national park located in Gausdal municipality in the county of Oppland in Norway. It was in 2011 included in the larger Langsua National Park. It was the smallest national park in Norway and consists primarily of virgin spruce forest, with some lakes and marshes. It was established to preserve the virgin spruce forest that prevailed in Norway prior to the rise of forestry. The park borders on the Ormtjernmyra nature reserve. ==The name== The last element is the finite form of kamp m 'round mountain'. The first element is the name of the lake Ormtjernet - and this is a compound of orm m 'snake' (vipera berus), and the finite form of tjern n 'small lake, tarn'. ==External links== * Map of Ormtjernkampen National Park Category:Former national parks of Norway Category:Protected areas established in 1968 Category:Protected areas of Oppland Category:Tourist attractions in Oppland Category:1968 establishments in Norway Category:Gausdal

['Oppland', 'Norway', 'Gausdal', 'Langsua National Park']

['Q50617', 'Q20', 'Q486713', 'Q1350499']

[[(93, 100), (869, 876), (909, 916)], [(104, 110), (210, 216), (368, 374), (789, 795), (949, 955)], [(55, 62), (965, 972)], [(150, 171)]]

This is a list of airports in Mexico, sorted by location. Only major national and international airports are shown. == Airports == City served State ICAO IATA Airport name Acapulco Guerrero MMAA ACA General Juan N. Álvarez International Airport Aguascalientes Aguascalientes MMAS AGU Lic. Jesús Terán Peredo International Airport Agualeguas Nuevo León MMAL Agualeguas National Airport Álamos Sonora XAL Álamos National Airport Apatzingán Michoacán MMAG AZG Pablo L Sidar National Airport Atizapán de Zaragoza State of Mexico MMJC AZP Jorge Jiménez Cantú National Airport Cabo San Lucas Baja California Sur MMSL Cabo San Lucas International Airport Campeche Campeche MMCP CPE Ing. Alberto Acuña Ongay International Airport Cananea Sonora MMCA CNA Cananea National Airport Cancún Quintana Roo MMUN CUN Cancún International Airport Cedros Island Baja California MMCD Isla de Cedros Airport Celaya Guanajuato MMCY CYW Captain Rogelio Castillo National Airport Chetumal Quintana Roo MMCM CTM Chetumal International Airport Chichen Itza Yucatán MMCT CZA Chichen Itza International Airport Chihuahua Chihuahua MMCU CUU General Roberto Fierro Villalobos International Airport Chilpancingo Guerrero MMCH Chilpancingo National Airport Ciudad Acuña Coahuila MMCC ACN Ciudad Acuña International Airport Ciudad Altamirano Guerrero Santa Barbara Regional Airport Ciudad Constitución Baja California Sur MMDA CUA Ciudad Constitución Airport Ciudad del Carmen Campeche MMCE CME Ciudad del Carmen International Airport Ciudad Mante Tamaulipas MMDM MMC Ciudad Mante National Airport Ciudad Juárez Chihuahua MMCS CJS Abraham González International Airport Ciudad Obregón Sonora MMCN CEN Ciudad Obregón International Airport Ciudad Victoria Tamaulipas MMCV CVM General Pedro J. Méndez International Airport Colima Colima MMIA CLQ Lic. Miguel de la Madrid Airport Comitán Chiapas MMCO CJT Copalar Air Force Base Num 17 Cozumel Quintana Roo MMCZ CZM Cozumel International Airport Cuernavaca Morelos MMCB CVJ General Mariano Matamoros Airport Culiacán Sinaloa MMCL CUL Federal de Bachigualato International Airport Cuajinicuilapa Guerrero Aeropuerto Nacional Ta Lo De Soto Durango Durango MMDO DGO General Guadalupe Victoria International Airport Ensenada Baja California MMES ESE El Ciprés Air Force Base Num 3 Guadalajara Jalisco MMGL GDL Don Miguel Hidalgo y Costilla International Airport Guasave Sinaloa Campo Cuatro Milpas Airport Guaymas Sonora MMGM GYM General José María Yáñez International Airport Guerrero Negro Baja California Sur MMGR GUB Guerrero Negro Airport Hermosillo Sonora MMHO HMO General Ignacio Pesqueira Garcia International Airport Huatulco Oaxaca MMBT HUX Bahías de Huatulco International Airport Guadalupe Island Baja California MMGD Isla Guadalupe Airport Isla María Madre Nayarit Isla María Madre Naval Air Station Isla Mujeres Quintana Roo MMIM ISJ Isla Mujeres National Airport Ixtapa-Zihuatanejo Guerrero MMZH ZIH Ixtapa-Zihuatanejo International Airport Ixtepec Oaxaca MMIT IZT Ixtepec Airport La Paz Baja California Sur MMLP LAP Manuel Márquez de León International Airport Lagos de Moreno Jalisco LOM Francisco Primo de Verdad National Airport Lázaro Cárdenas Michoacán MMLC LZC Lázaro Cárdenas Airport León Guanajuato MMLO BJX Del Bajío International Airport Loreto Baja California Sur MMLT LTO Loreto International Airport Los Cabos Baja California Sur MMSD SJD Los Cabos International Airport Los Mochis Sinaloa MMLM LMM Federal del Valle del Fuerte International Airport Manzanillo Colima MMZO ZLO Playa de Oro International Airport Matamoros Tamaulipas MMMA MAM General Servando Canales International Airport Matehuala San Luis Potosí Engineer Manuel Moreno Torres National Airport Mazatlán Sinaloa MMMZ MZT General Rafael Buelna International Airport Mérida Yucatán MMMD MID Manuel Crescencio Rejón International Airport Mexicali Baja California MMML MXL General Rodolfo Sánchez Taboada International Airport Mexico City Mexico City MMMX MEX Aeropuerto Internacional Benito Juárez Greater Mexico City State of Mexico MMSM NLU Felipe Ángeles International Airport Minatitlán Veracruz MMMT MTT Minatitlán/Coatzacoalcos National Airport Monclova Coahuila MMMV LOV Venustiano Carranza International Airport Monterrey Nuevo León MMMY MTY General Mariano Escobedo International Airport Monterrey Nuevo León MMAN NTR Del Norte International Airport Morelia Michoacán MMMM MLM General Francisco J. Mujica International Airport Mulegé Baja California Sur MMMG MUG Mulegé National Airport Navojoa Sonora MMNV NVJ Navojoa Airport Nogales Sonora MMNG NOG Nogales International Airport Nuevo Casas Grandes Chihuahua MMCG NCG Nuevo Casas Grandes Municipal Airport Nuevo Laredo Tamaulipas MMNL NLD Quetzalcóatl International Airport Oaxaca Oaxaca MMOX OAX Xoxocotlán International Airport Pachuca Hidalgo MMPC Ingeniero Juan Guillermo Villasana National Airport Palenque Chiapas MMPQ PQM Palenque International Airport Pie de la Cuesta Guerrero MMPD León Gonzalez Pie de la Cuesta Air Force Base Num 7 Piedras Negras Coahuila MMPG PDS Piedras Negras International Airport Playa del Carmen Quintana Roo PCM Playa del Carmen National Airport Poza Rica Veracruz MMPA PAZ El Tajín National Airport Puebla Puebla MMPB PBC Hermanos Serdán International Airport Puerto Escondido Oaxaca MMPS PXM Puerto Escondido International Airport Puerto Peñasco Sonora MMPE PPE Puerto Peñasco International Airport Puerto Vallarta Jalisco MMPR PVR Lic. Gustavo Díaz Ordaz International Airport Querétaro Querétaro MMQT QRO Querétaro International Airport Querétaro Querétaro Ing. Fernando Espinoza Gutiérrez International Airport (closed) Reynosa Tamaulipas MMRX REX General Lucio Blanco International Airport Salina Cruz Oaxaca MMSZ SCX Salina Cruz Naval Air Station Saltillo Coahuila MMIO SLW Plan de Guadalupe International Airport San Cristóbal de las Casas Chiapas ~~MMSC~~ ~~SZT~~ San Cristóbal de las Casas National Airport (closed) San Felipe Baja California MMSF SFH San Felipe International Airport San Luis Potosí San Luis Potosí MMSP SLP Ponciano Arriaga International Airport San Luis Río Colorado Sonora UAC San Luis Río Colorado Airport Santa Rosalía Baja California Sur SRL Palo Verde Airport Tampico Tamaulipas MMTM TAM General Francisco Javier Mina International Airport Tamuín San Luis Potosí MMTN TSL Tamuín National Airport Tapachula Chiapas MMTP TAP Tapachula International Airport Teacapan Sinaloa Teacapan Naval Air Station Tehuacán Puebla MMHC TCN Tehuacán National Airport Tepic Nayarit MMEP TPQ Amado Nervo National Airport Tijuana Baja California MMTJ TIJ General Abelardo L. Rodríguez International Airport Tizimín Yucatán TZM Cupul National Airport Toluca State of Mexico MMTO TLC Lic. Adolfo López Mateos International Airport Torreón Coahuila MMTC TRC Francisco Sarabia International Airport Tulum Quintana Roo MMTU TUY Tulum Naval Air Station Tuxpan Jalisco MMTX Zapotiltic National Airport Tuxtla Gutiérrez Chiapas MMTG TGZ Angel Albino Corzo International Airport Tuxtla Gutiérrez Chiapas ~~MMTB~~ ~~TGM~~ Terán Air Force Base Num 6 Uruapan Michoacán MMPN UPN Uruapan International Airport Veracruz Veracruz MMVR VER General Heriberto Jara International Airport Villahermosa Tabasco MMVA VSA Carlos Rovirosa Pérez International Airport Xalapa Veracruz MMJA JAL El Lencero Airport Zacatecas Zacatecas MMZC ZCL General Leobardo C. Ruiz International Airport Zamora Michoacán MMZM ZMM Zamora National Airport Zapopan Jalisco MMZP Zapopan Air Force Base Num 5 == See also == * Transportation in Mexico * Mexican Air Force * Other lists: ** List of the busiest airports in Mexico ** List of airports in Baja California ** List of airports in Baja California Sur ** List of airports by ICAO code: M#MM - Mexico ** Wikipedia: WikiProject Aviation/Airline destination lists: North America#Mexico == References == * * * * Great Circle Mapper: Airports in Mexico, reference for airport codes * Airport Guide: Mexico Airports, reference for airport codes Mexico *List Airports

['Mexico', 'North America', 'Acapulco', 'Guerrero', 'General Juan N. Álvarez International Airport', 'Aguascalientes', 'Lic. Jesús Terán Peredo International Airport', 'Agualeguas', 'Nuevo León', 'Álamos', 'Sonora', 'Apatzingán', 'Michoacán', 'Atizapán de Zaragoza', 'Cabo San Lucas', 'Baja California Sur', 'Cabo San Lucas International Airport', 'Campeche', 'Ing. Alberto Acuña Ongay International Airport', 'Cananea', 'Cancún', 'Quintana Roo', 'Cancún International Airport', 'Cedros Island', 'Baja California', 'Isla de Cedros Airport', 'Celaya', 'Guanajuato', 'Captain Rogelio Castillo National Airport', 'Chetumal', 'Chetumal International Airport', 'Chichen Itza', 'Chichen Itza International Airport', 'General Roberto Fierro Villalobos International Airport', 'Chilpancingo', 'Chilpancingo National Airport', 'Ciudad Acuña', 'Coahuila', 'Ciudad Acuña International Airport', 'Santa Barbara Regional Airport', 'Ciudad Constitución', 'Ciudad Constitución Airport', 'Ciudad del Carmen', 'Ciudad del Carmen International Airport', 'Ciudad Mante', 'Tamaulipas', 'Ciudad Mante National Airport', 'Ciudad Juárez', 'Abraham González International Airport', 'Ciudad Obregón', 'Ciudad Obregón International Airport', 'Ciudad Victoria', 'General Pedro J. Méndez International Airport', 'Colima', 'Lic. Miguel de la Madrid Airport', 'Chiapas', 'Cozumel', 'Cozumel International Airport', 'Cuernavaca', 'Morelos', 'General Mariano Matamoros Airport', 'Culiacán', 'Sinaloa', 'Federal de Bachigualato International Airport', 'Cuajinicuilapa', 'Durango', 'General Guadalupe Victoria International Airport', 'Jalisco', 'Don Miguel Hidalgo y Costilla International Airport', 'Campo Cuatro Milpas Airport', 'Guaymas', 'General José María Yáñez International Airport', 'Guerrero Negro', 'Guerrero Negro Airport', 'Hermosillo', 'General Ignacio Pesqueira Garcia International Airport', 'Oaxaca', 'Bahías de Huatulco International Airport', 'Guadalupe Island', 'Nayarit', 'Isla Mujeres', 'Isla Mujeres National Airport', 'Ixtapa', 'Zihuatanejo', 'Ixtepec Airport', 'Manuel Márquez de León International Airport', 'Lagos de Moreno', 'Francisco Primo de Verdad National Airport', 'Lázaro Cárdenas Airport', 'Del Bajío International Airport', 'Loreto International Airport', 'Los Cabos International Airport', 'Los Mochis', 'Federal del Valle del Fuerte International Airport', 'Playa de Oro International Airport', 'General Servando Canales International Airport', 'Matehuala', 'San Luis Potosí', 'Engineer Manuel Moreno Torres National Airport', 'Mazatlán', 'General Rafael Buelna International Airport', 'Manuel Crescencio Rejón International Airport', 'Mexicali', 'General Rodolfo Sánchez Taboada International Airport', 'Mexico City', 'Felipe Ángeles International Airport', 'Veracruz', 'Monclova', 'Venustiano Carranza International Airport', 'Monterrey', 'General Mariano Escobedo International Airport', 'Del Norte International Airport', 'Morelia', 'General Francisco J. Mujica International Airport', 'Mulegé', 'Navojoa', 'Navojoa Airport', 'Nuevo Casas Grandes', 'Nuevo Casas Grandes Municipal Airport', 'Nuevo Laredo', 'Quetzalcóatl International Airport', 'Xoxocotlán International Airport', 'Pachuca', 'Ingeniero Juan Guillermo Villasana National Airport', 'Palenque', 'Palenque International Airport', 'Pie de la Cuesta Air Force Base', 'Piedras Negras International Airport', 'Playa del Carmen', 'Poza Rica', 'El Tajín National Airport', 'Puebla', 'Hermanos Serdán International Airport', 'Puerto Escondido International Airport', 'Puerto Peñasco', 'Puerto Peñasco International Airport', 'Puerto Vallarta', 'Lic. Gustavo Díaz Ordaz International Airport', 'Querétaro', 'Querétaro International Airport', 'Ing. Fernando Espinoza Gutiérrez International Airport', 'Reynosa', 'General Lucio Blanco International Airport', 'Salina Cruz', 'Saltillo', 'Plan de Guadalupe International Airport', 'San Cristóbal de las Casas', 'San Cristóbal de las Casas National Airport', 'San Felipe International Airport', 'Ponciano Arriaga International Airport', 'San Luis Río Colorado', 'San Luis Río Colorado Airport', 'Palo Verde Airport', 'Tampico', 'General Francisco Javier Mina International Airport', 'Tamuín', 'Tamuín National Airport', 'Tapachula', 'Tapachula International Airport', 'Tehuacán National Airport', 'Tepic', 'Amado Nervo National Airport', 'Tijuana', 'General Abelardo L. Rodríguez International Airport', 'Tizimín', 'Cupul National Airport', 'Toluca', 'Lic. Adolfo López Mateos International Airport', 'Torreón', 'Francisco Sarabia International Airport', 'Tulum', 'Tuxtla Gutiérrez', 'Angel Albino Corzo International Airport', 'Uruapan', 'Uruapan International Airport', 'General Heriberto Jara International Airport', 'Villahermosa', 'Tabasco', 'Carlos Rovirosa Pérez International Airport', 'Xalapa', 'El Lencero Airport', 'Zacatecas', 'General Leobardo C. Ruiz International Airport', 'Zapopan Air Force Base', 'Mexican Air Force']

['Q96', 'Q49', 'Q81398', 'Q60158', 'Q1430720', 'Q79952', 'Q2593243', 'Q3310805', 'Q15282', 'Q250531', 'Q46422', 'Q94758', 'Q79861', 'Q749761', 'Q1020776', 'Q46508', 'Q1932866', 'Q80908', 'Q1932879', 'Q176924', 'Q8969', 'Q80245', 'Q641967', 'Q527959', 'Q58731', 'Q1320793', 'Q580649', 'Q46475', 'Q3499964', 'Q459553', 'Q1708773', 'Q5859', 'Q5659020', 'Q732278', 'Q207935', 'Q3274662', 'Q179841', 'Q53079', 'Q3275110', 'Q7419245', 'Q599087', 'Q1932938', 'Q991435', 'Q2231684', 'Q736594', 'Q80007', 'Q3274186', 'Q26590', 'Q2233076', 'Q681340', 'Q1331040', 'Q331661', 'Q3273846', 'Q61309', 'Q2233156', 'Q60123', 'Q20119933', 'Q1431147', 'Q204245', 'Q66117', 'Q2334252', 'Q211760', 'Q80252', 'Q2231716', 'Q3311914', 'Q79918', 'Q3274472', 'Q13160', 'Q932025', 'Q3274545', 'Q985521', 'Q1331032', 'Q957163', 'Q430333', 'Q189138', 'Q1431468', 'Q34110', 'Q2901831', 'Q853909', 'Q79920', 'Q1020769', 'Q12693135', 'Q2088709', 'Q202831', 'Q12693155', 'Q1030564', 'Q1962295', 'Q16891428', 'Q3542780', 'Q1431200', 'Q1932928', 'Q2720492', 'Q752460', 'Q1431949', 'Q2631115', 'Q389802', 'Q665723', 'Q78980', 'Q12693877', 'Q40194', 'Q1432022', 'Q1432118', 'Q199440', 'Q2493883', 'Q1489', 'Q5721568', 'Q60130', 'Q990007', 'Q1932904', 'Q81033', 'Q767660', 'Q1657885', 'Q200252', 'Q2231705', 'Q1020747', 'Q1001522', 'Q3014903', 'Q1858936', 'Q12694213', 'Q328846', 'Q2231559', 'Q1432218', 'Q160750', 'Q5659064', 'Q181427', 'Q4342531', 'Q5721570', 'Q53080', 'Q989988', 'Q1010503', 'Q3296842', 'Q79923', 'Q583424', 'Q3498937', 'Q746968', 'Q1031865', 'Q853258', 'Q2666312', 'Q79754', 'Q1932794', 'Q6031698', 'Q738303', 'Q2232580', 'Q1640261', 'Q53077', 'Q6587070', 'Q524894', 'Q7413577', 'Q7413855', 'Q1932826', 'Q995380', 'Q5438680', 'Q7128540', 'Q273014', 'Q3274478', 'Q27797963', 'Q1334422', 'Q3444131', 'Q2233085', 'Q6588504', 'Q207972', 'Q2231675', 'Q124739', 'Q1433064', 'Q2085590', 'Q5659056', 'Q209034', 'Q2593750', 'Q386991', 'Q381668', 'Q725883', 'Q207429', 'Q3267344', 'Q399270', 'Q2233051', 'Q3274799', 'Q210886', 'Q80914', 'Q2231542', 'Q221051', 'Q3498883', 'Q80269', 'Q1927552', 'Q12695655', 'Q1472842']

[[(30, 36), (518, 524), (3927, 3933), (3939, 3945), (4007, 4013), (4028, 4034), (6678, 6684), (7509, 7515), (7586, 7592), (7716, 7722), (7799, 7805), (7864, 7870), (7917, 7923), (7962, 7968)], [(7785, 7798)], [(172, 180)], [(181, 189), (1181, 1189), (1309, 1317), (2107, 2115), (2485, 2493), (2529, 2537), (2905, 2913), (4939, 4947)], [(199, 244)], [(245, 259), (260, 274)], [(284, 329)], [(330, 340), (357, 367)], [(341, 351), (4231, 4241), (4308, 4318)], [(385, 391), (403, 409)], [(392, 398), (730, 736), (1652, 1658), (2422, 2428), (2563, 2569), (4505, 4511), (4545, 4551), (5345, 5351), (6094, 6100)], [(427, 437)], [(438, 447), (3172, 3181), (4368, 4377), (7059, 7068), (7381, 7390)], [(488, 508)], [(571, 585), (611, 625)], [(586, 605), (1369, 1388), (2500, 2519), (3011, 3030), (3279, 3298), (3347, 3366), (4444, 4463), (6149, 6168), (7655, 7674)], [(611, 647)], [(648, 656), (657, 665), (1444, 1452)], [(675, 721)], [(722, 729), (746, 753)], [(771, 777), (800, 806)], [(778, 790), (965, 977), (1906, 1918), (2834, 2846), (5092, 5104), (6813, 6825)], [(800, 828)], [(829, 842)], [(586, 601), (843, 858), (1369, 1384), (2233, 2248), (2500, 2515), (2717, 2732), (3011, 3026), (3279, 3294), (3347, 3362), (3848, 3863), (4444, 4459), (5934, 5949), (6149, 6164), (6542, 6557), (7616, 7631), (7655, 7670)], [(864, 886)], [(887, 893)], [(894, 904), (3220, 3230)], [(914, 955)], [(956, 964), (987, 995)], [(987, 1017)], [(1018, 1030), (1048, 1060)], [(1048, 1082)], [(1112, 1167)], [(1168, 1180), (1195, 1207)], [(1195, 1224)], [(1225, 1237), (1256, 1268)], [(1238, 1246), (4161, 4169), (5020, 5028), (5760, 5768), (6749, 6757)], [(1256, 1290)], [(1318, 1348)], [(1349, 1368), (1398, 1417)], [(1398, 1425)], [(1426, 1443), (1462, 1479)], [(1462, 1501)], [(1502, 1514), (1535, 1547)], [(1515, 1525), (1721, 1731), (3559, 3569), (4681, 4691), (5630, 5640), (6200, 6210)], [(1535, 1564)], [(1565, 1578)], [(1598, 1636)], [(1637, 1651), (1668, 1682)], [(1668, 1704)], [(1705, 1720)], [(1741, 1786)], [(1787, 1793), (1794, 1800), (3498, 3504)], [(1810, 1842)], [(1851, 1858), (4874, 4881), (5845, 5852), (6338, 6345), (6924, 6931), (6999, 7006)], [(1898, 1905), (1928, 1935)], [(1928, 1957)], [(1958, 1968)], [(1969, 1976)], [(1986, 2019)], [(2020, 2028)], [(2029, 2036), (2378, 2385), (3419, 3426), (3708, 3715), (6396, 6403)], [(2046, 2091)], [(2092, 2106)], [(2150, 2157), (2158, 2165)], [(2175, 2223)], [(2301, 2308), (3101, 3108), (5414, 5421), (6866, 6873), (7432, 7439)], [(2318, 2369)], [(2386, 2413)], [(2414, 2421)], [(2438, 2484)], [(2485, 2499), (2529, 2543)], [(2529, 2551)], [(2552, 2562)], [(2579, 2633)], [(2643, 2649), (2972, 2978), (4736, 4742), (4743, 4749), (5275, 5281), (5705, 5711)], [(2659, 2699)], [(2700, 2716)], [(2778, 2785), (6488, 6495)], [(2821, 2833), (2856, 2868)], [(2856, 2885)], [(2886, 2892), (2923, 2929)], [(2893, 2904), (2930, 2941)], [(2988, 3003)], [(3040, 3084)], [(3085, 3100)], [(3113, 3155)], [(3191, 3214)], [(3240, 3271)], [(3308, 3336)], [(3376, 3407)], [(3408, 3418)], [(3436, 3486)], [(3514, 3548)], [(3579, 3625)], [(3626, 3635)], [(3636, 3651), (5992, 6007), (6008, 6023), (6279, 6294)], [(3652, 3698)], [(3699, 3707)], [(3725, 3768)], [(3793, 3838)], [(3839, 3847)], [(3873, 3926)], [(3927, 3938), (3939, 3950), (4007, 4018)], [(4044, 4080)], [(4092, 4100), (5153, 5161), (7108, 7116), (7117, 7125), (7261, 7269)], [(4152, 4160)], [(4179, 4220)], [(4221, 4230), (4298, 4307)], [(4251, 4297)], [(4328, 4359)], [(4360, 4367)], [(4387, 4436)], [(4437, 4443), (4473, 4479)], [(4497, 4504), (4521, 4528)], [(4521, 4536)], [(4591, 4610), (4630, 4649)], [(4630, 4667)], [(4668, 4680)], [(4701, 4735)], [(4759, 4791)], [(4792, 4799)], [(4813, 4864)], [(4865, 4873), (4891, 4899)], [(4891, 4921)], [(4967, 4998)], [(5038, 5074)], [(5075, 5091), (5109, 5125)], [(5143, 5152)], [(5171, 5196)], [(5197, 5203), (5204, 5210), (6440, 6446)], [(5220, 5257)], [(5291, 5329)], [(5330, 5344), (5361, 5375)], [(5361, 5397)], [(5398, 5413)], [(5431, 5476)], [(5477, 5486), (5487, 5496), (5506, 5515), (5538, 5547), (5548, 5557)], [(5506, 5537)], [(5558, 5612)], [(5622, 5629)], [(5650, 5692)], [(5693, 5704), (5721, 5732)], [(5751, 5759)], [(5778, 5817)], [(5818, 5844), (5870, 5896)], [(5870, 5913)], [(5959, 5991)], [(6033, 6071)], [(6072, 6093), (6105, 6126)], [(6105, 6134)], [(6173, 6191)], [(6192, 6199)], [(6220, 6271)], [(6272, 6278), (6304, 6310)], [(6304, 6327)], [(6328, 6337), (6355, 6364)], [(6355, 6386)], [(6456, 6481)], [(6482, 6487)], [(6505, 6533)], [(6534, 6541)], [(6567, 6618)], [(6619, 6626)], [(6639, 6661)], [(6662, 6668)], [(6694, 6740)], [(6741, 6748)], [(6767, 6806)], [(6807, 6812), (6835, 6840)], [(6907, 6923), (6982, 6998)], [(6941, 6981)], [(7051, 7058), (7078, 7085)], [(7078, 7107)], [(7135, 7179)], [(7180, 7192)], [(7193, 7200)], [(7210, 7253)], [(7254, 7260)], [(7279, 7297)], [(7298, 7307), (7308, 7317)], [(7327, 7373)], [(7445, 7467)], [(7518, 7535)]]

Rago National Park () is a national park in the municipality of Sørfold in Nordland county, Norway. The park lies east of European route E6, about northeast of the village of Straumen. The park was established on 22 January 1971. Rago borders Sweden's Padjelanta National Park, which in turn borders two other parks, and the combined of all the protected land is a total of ca. --creating one of the largest protected areas in Europe. The lakes Storskogvatnet and Litlverivatnet lie within the park. There are several glaciers in the southeastern part of the park. Rago National Park does not have a rich variety of plants, due partly to its poor soils and harsh climate. The wooded areas consist mostly of pine. Many alpine plants grow among the trees. There isn't a wide variety of animal and bird life either. Moose live in the park along with semi-domesticated reindeer. There are also wolverines in the park. Willow grouse and golden eagles are frequently seen in the park. ==Name== The name comes from the Sami name Rákkok, meaning "difficult and impassable mountain region". ==References== ==External links== * Map of Rago National Park Category:National parks of Norway Category:Sørfold Category:Protected areas of Nordland Category:Protected areas of the Arctic Category:Protected areas established in 1971 Category:Tourist attractions in Nordland Category:1971 establishments in Norway

['Sørfold', 'Nordland', 'Norway', 'European route E6', 'Sweden', 'Padjelanta National Park', 'Europe', 'Storskogvatnet', 'Litlverivatnet', 'Moose', 'Willow grouse']

['Q484097', 'Q50630', 'Q20', 'Q921422', 'Q34', 'Q692011', 'Q46', 'Q1773485', 'Q4590467', 'Q35517', 'Q178702']

[[(64, 71), (1187, 1194)], [(75, 83), (1223, 1231), (1348, 1356)], [(92, 98), (1171, 1177), (1389, 1395)], [(122, 139)], [(243, 249)], [(252, 276)], [(122, 128), (427, 433)], [(445, 459)], [(464, 478)], [(813, 818)], [(914, 927)]]

The Willandra Lakes Region is a World Heritage Site in the Far West region of New South Wales, Australia. The Willandra Lakes Region is the traditional meeting place of the Muthi Muthi, Ngiyampaa and Barkinji Aboriginal tribes. The area was inscribed on the World Heritage List at the 5th Session of the World Heritage Committee in 1981. The Region contains important natural and cultural features including exceptional examples of past human civilization including the world's oldest cremation site. A small section of the region is protected by the Mungo National Park. The World Heritage status of the region was created and negotiated in 1981. The site was gazetted on the Australian National Heritage List on 21 May 2007 under the . The region is also listed on the New South Wales State Heritage Register. == History == Willandra Lakes has formed over the last 2 million years. The ancient shorelines are stratified into three major layers of sediments that were deposited at different stages in the lakes' history. The earliest sediments are more than 50,000 years old and are orange-red in colour. Above are clay, clean quartz sand and soil that were deposited along the lakes' edge when the lakes were full of deep relatively fresh water between 50,000 and 19,000 years ago. The top layer is composed largely of wind blown clay particles heaped up on the lunettes during periods of fluctuating water levels, before the lakes finally dried up. Aboriginal people lived on the shores of the Willandra Lakes from 35,000 to 40,000 years ago. It is one of the oldest known human occupation sites in Australia. There is abundant evidence of Aboriginal occupation over the last 10,000 years. European exploration of the area was largely left to the anonymous pastoralists who followed renowned explorers. Captain Charles Sturt is the one who had most influence in arousing interest in the area. He came upon the upper reaches of the Darling River in 1829 and named it after the Governor, Ralph Darling. He was again in the area in 1844 during his attempt to explore the interior of the continent. Surveyor George Boyle White explored the Darling in 1833 in the region from the Peel River junction to the region of Fort Bourke and was followed two years later by Major Thomas Mitchell, the Surveyor-General of New South Wales, who was intent on showing whether or not the Darling entered the Murray as Sturt had surmised. Mitchell failed to befriend the Aboriginal people, however, and after proceeding south as far as Laidley's Ponds he thought it best to retreat after one of his party had shot and killed an Aboriginal. Mitchell went into the area again in 1836, although this time he traveled down the Murrumbidgee with the intention of exploring the Darling from its junction with the Murray. However, satisfied that Sturt was correct he followed the Darling upstream only a few kilometres before turning his attention elsewhere. Soon after the Murrumbidgee/Murray route became well-used by stockman overlanding sheep and cattle to the colony of South Australia which had been established in 1836. Squatters who were eager for new land followed government surveyors and explorers and took up runs in the new regions. The first pastoral station in the lower Darling region was that taken up by George Hobler in 1845 on the Lachlan, a run which he called Paika. Settlement in the region between the Murrumbidgee and the Darling was officially recognised on 4 December 1847 when the Darling Pastoral District was proclaimed. The great boon to the pastoral occupation of the Darling and the back blocks was the navigation of the Murray and its tributaries from South Australia. Francis Cadell and William Randell pioneered river navigation during 1853 and within six months of their maiden voyages on the Darling the value of river properties had doubled. The earliest pastoral occupation of the region was that of George Lee for the lease of Turlee on 28 February 1850. George Mory's tender for Boomiaricool was accepted in December 1853, followed by that of James Scott for Arumpo in October 1859. Because of the remoteness of these back blocks and lack of natural surface water, tenure was very tenuous. Back blocks could not be worked profitably until expensive improvements had been made in the way of fencing and the provision of watering facilities. The sinking of tanks and successful wells were expensive and somewhat of a lottery. At Gol Gol between March 1875 and September 1881, eighty-three trial shafts had been sunk at a cost of 1,260 pounds. Pastoralists still had an optimistic attitude towards the region and were convinced that with sufficient capital, profit would be theirs. It took them some time to appreciate the fragile nature of the environment and that the district could not accommodate the stock numbers which could be carried further to the east and that good seasons were the exception rather than the rule. The Royal Commissions in 1900 were quick to appreciate "that much too favourable a view was taken on the carrying capacity of the country...It is only during the late years, apparently, that pastoralists seemed to have opened their eyes to the grave risks they ran in allowing the edible shrubs to be eaten by stock in the belief that they would re-appear in abundance after every rain". In many instances overstocking was not planned but as a result of expected rains failing to come. Sending stock away meant loss of profit and possibly an increased overdraft. Many pastoralists were caught this way, however many other had an eye for quick profits. JH Patterson who took over Gol Gol in 1875, sold it in 1882, but was forced to repossess it again in 1886 after Everitt and White were ruined by the country. Remoteness meant carting supplies and wool to and from stations was expensive. Often supplies were difficult to obtain as carriers would not cart supplies to the remote stations. In addition stock often had to be sent to market rather than being sold on the station. Rabbits compounded the problems of pastoral enterprise. They competed directly with the sheep in the fragile environment. The government recognised the problem and in 1883 it passed the Rabbit Nuisance Act which, among other things, offered bonuses to professional trappers for scalps. Until the widespread of myxamatosis in the 1950s the war on rabbits was an accepted part of station life throughout the region. Pastoralists often complained of the lack of suitable labour for their remote stations. The Aboriginal population became an important part of the pastoral industry during the manpower shortage of the 1860s. However, with the extensive use of wire fencing in the mid 1870s and the use of paddocking Aboriginal shepherds became redundant. Chinese undoubtedly worked in the district but there is hard evidence to indicate this. One of the few references is to Ah Tin who was employed to sink a well on Gol Gol Station. By 1883 there existed a camp at Narrandera with 303 Chinese that searched for casual work. Throughout the 1890s the problems of drought, rabbits, remoteness and lack of labour were compounded because of the Australia-wide recession. Only the most astute and financially secure pastoralists survived. Drought dragged on from 1895 to 1903. The Royal Commissioners of 1901 looked with sympathy on the pastoralists of the Western Division and recommended similar treatment from the Government. Almost immediately new legislation was drafted and within three months of the report the new legislation was approved and brought into operation on 1 January 1901. The Western Lands Board was granted control of the Western Division and to formulate more appropriate policies and conditions which pertained to the West. Leases were also extended for an additional forty-two years offering more secure tenure. The legislation of 1901 governed pastoralism in the region during the twentieth century. Technology caused great change throughout the district. One of the first changes to make an impact was the introduction of mechanical shearing. Ten machines were introduced to Gol Gol and Mungo shearing sheds and had the immediate effetc of requiring additional shearers. Other technology included the amount of work undertaken by mechanised equipment such as tractors. The telephone was introduced in 1924 to connect Arumpo, Pan Ban and Mulurulu and removed a great deal of the sense of isolation in the region. A significant change after World War One was the working of owner-occupiers on smaller stations rather than managers for some large absentee lessee. Life was very hard for these new lessees as they strove to establish the necessary infrastructure. The lucky ones were Ewan and Nagus Cameron who took up Mungo Station because they acquired a homestead, a shearing shed and shearer's quarters, together with other buildings. Other had to build all of this. The increased number of families in the region meant that there was a little more social interaction than there had been decades earlier. Albert Barnes started the Mungo Gymkhana which after three years was laid out on the southern rim of the lake on Joulni Station. The increased use of the motor vehicle during the 1930s meant that travel throughout the region was much more rapid. During this time Ministers of religion began making regular tours of the region. A major impact on the region was the development of Mildura and provided services such as hospital and medical care.Donavon & Associates 16-48 == Description == Willandra Lakes is located in south-western New South Wales. The lakes system, a remnant of the Lachlan River drainage pattern, is approximately 150 km long by 40 km wide and runs generally in a north–south direction from Lake Mulurulu in the north to Lake Prungle in the south. The approximate area is 600,000 hectares. Parallel to the eastern shores, white sand and clay dunes rise 40 metres above the plain, while deep gullies have been cut through the lake shore deposits. The landscape surrounding the system is one of low, parallel ridges of fine red sand. Lake Mungo, the best known of the lakes in the area is located in the centre of the Willandra Lakes system about 100 km north-east of Mildura. ===Vegetation and Geomorphological Features=== The dry lake beds support mallee eucalypt and saltbush communities, while the sand dunes are occasionally bare of vegetation, or support mallee and spinifex communities. The area is representative of south-east Australian lunettes or dry lake beds with wind blown dunes on their eastern margins and flat floors, formerly lake bottoms. A lunette is a crescentic dune ridge commonly found on the eastern (lee) margin of shallow lake basins in eastern Australia, developed under the influence of dominant westerly winds. The lunettes provide the area with a special scenic quality. Stabilised dunes, crescent shaped, edge the lakes and where erosion has occurred, deep gullying has created miniature grand canyons of great beauty, as at the Walls of China, where the multicoloured strata of the lunette of Lake Mungo is exposed. ===Hydrology=== Willandra Lakes is a fossil waterway developed during the Pleistocene Geological Period when the climate was considerably colder and wetter than in the same area today. Thirty thousand years ago, the Lachlan was a much larger river than today. It broke up into four or five major channels, forming large lakes in the sand dunes west of Hillston. These large lakes were predominantly filled, covering 1,088 square kilometres, but now carry water only during peak or flood discharges. ===Climate=== The area is semi-arid, average rainfall being approximately 250mm per annum.D. Moore 1977 ===Fauna=== Twenty species of mammals are currently recorded at Willandra, of which bats are the most diverse group. There are some 40 species of reptiles and amphibians. There are 137 recorded species of bird life including parrots, cockatoos and finches. == New South Wales State Heritage listing == Willandra's archaeological record demonstrates continuous human occupation of the area for at least 40,000 years. It was part of the history of inland exploration (Burke and Wills expedition) and of the development of the pastoral industry in western New South Wales. The area contains a relict lake system whose sediments, geomorphology and soils contain an outstanding record of low-altitude, non-glaciated Pleistocene landscape. The area contains outstanding examples of lunettes including Chibnalwood Lunette, the largest clay lunette in the world. Living in the area provides the opportunity to experience the natural harshness and beauty through all seasons. The Willandra's traditionally affiliated Aboriginal people proudly identify themselves with this land. The Willandra's primary producer landholder families have links with the European settlement of the region. The remoteness of the area creates the neighbourly support and a sense of community, in times of need whilst at the same time the isolation promotes self-sufficiency. The region has a Pleistocene archaeological record of outstanding value for world pre-history and is significant for understanding early cultural development in this region. The area is the site of discovery of the Mungo Geomagnetic Excursion, one of the most recent major changes of the Earth's magnetic field.World Heritage Australia 1996 The area is capable of yielding information relating to the evolution of climates and environments in south-eastern Australia. It has importance in understanding the reversal of the Earth's magnetic field.Moore 1977 The Willandra Lakes Region comprising 240,000 acres was inscribed on the World Heritage List in 1981 for both outstanding cultural and natural universal values: as an outstanding example representing the major stages in the Earth's evolutionary history; as an outstanding example representing significant ongoing geological processes; and for bearing an exceptional testimony to a past civilization. Willandra Lakes was listed on the New South Wales State Heritage Register on 2 April 1999 having satisfied the following criteria. The place is important in demonstrating the course, or pattern, of cultural or natural history in New South Wales. Willandra's archaeological record demonstrates continuous human occupation of the area for at least 40,000 years. It was part of the history of inland exploration (Burke and Wills expedition) and of the development of the pastoral industry in western New South Wales. The place is important in demonstrating aesthetic characteristics and/or a high degree of creative or technical achievement in New South Wales. The area contains a relict lake system whose sediments, geomorphology and soils contain an outstanding record of low-altitude, non-glaciated Pleistocene landscape. The area contains outstanding examples of lunettes including Chibnalwood Lunette, the largest clay lunette in the world. The place has a strong or special association with a particular community or cultural group in New South Wales for social, cultural or spiritual reasons. Living in the area provides the opportunity to experience the natural harshness and beauty through all seasons. The Willandra's traditionally affiliated Aboriginal people proudly identify themselves with this land. The Willandra's primary producer landholder families have links with the European settlement of the region. The remoteness of the area creates the neighbourly support and a sense of community, in times of need whilst at the same time the isolation promotes self-sufficiency. The place has potential to yield information that will contribute to an understanding of the cultural or natural history of New South Wales. The region has a Pleistocene archaeological record of outstanding value for world pre-history and is significant for understanding early cultural development in this region. The area is the site of discovery of the Mungo Geomagnetic Excursion, one of the most recent major changes of the earth's magnetic field. The area is capable of yielding information relating to the evolution of climates and environments in south-eastern Australia. It has importance in understanding the reversal of the Earth's magnetic field. The place is important in demonstrating the principal characteristics of a class of cultural or natural places/environments in New South Wales. The area is representative of south-east Australian lunettes or dry lake beds with wind blown dunes on their eastern margins and flat floors. ==Films== *2003 – Journey of Man *2008 – Lake Mungo == See also == * ==References== === Bibliography === * * * === Attribution === ==External links== *World heritage listing for Willandra Lakes at the Department of the Environment Category:New South Wales State Heritage Register Category:Articles incorporating text from the New South Wales State Heritage Register Category:World Heritage Sites in New South Wales Category:Australian National Heritage List Category:Lakes of New South Wales Category:Murray-Darling basin

['Lake Mungo', 'New South Wales', 'Australia', 'World Heritage Site', 'World Heritage Committee', 'Mungo National Park', 'Australian National Heritage List', 'New South Wales State Heritage Register', 'Darling River', 'Ralph Darling', 'George Boyle White', 'William Randell', 'Narrandera', 'Mildura', 'Lachlan River', 'Burke and Wills expedition', 'Journey of Man']

['Q452812', 'Q3224', 'Q408', 'Q9259', 'Q1147477', 'Q1670728', 'Q781601', 'Q6955397', 'Q181482', 'Q1365838', 'Q20987351', 'Q8017359', 'Q2218166', 'Q705829', 'Q1321316', 'Q589331', 'Q7743679']

[[(10091, 10101), (11084, 11094), (16585, 16595)], [(78, 93), (771, 786), (2310, 2325), (9572, 9587), (11970, 11985), (12263, 12278), (14046, 14061), (14241, 14256), (14509, 14524), (14653, 14668), (15050, 15065), (15723, 15738), (16385, 16400), (16784, 16799), (16870, 16885), (16943, 16958), (17020, 17035)], [(95, 104), (677, 686), (1602, 1611), (3057, 3066), (3668, 3677), (7154, 7163), (10492, 10501), (10730, 10739), (13381, 13390), (13512, 13521), (16168, 16177), (16443, 16452), (16968, 16977)], [(32, 51), (16919, 16938)], [(304, 328)], [(551, 570)], [(677, 710), (16968, 17001)], [(771, 810), (14046, 14085), (16784, 16823), (16870, 16909)], [(1934, 1947)], [(1989, 2002)], [(2107, 2125)], [(3698, 3713)], [(6979, 6989)], [(9419, 9426), (10225, 10232)], [(9624, 9637)], [(12176, 12202), (14422, 14448)], [(16562, 16576)]]

All the Best Cowboys Have Chinese Eyes is the third solo studio album by English rock musician Pete Townshend, released on 14 June 1982 by Atco Records. Chris Thomas produced the album (who had also produced Townshend's previous studio album, Empty Glass) and it was recorded by Bill Price at three separate recording studios in London, England, which were Eel Pie, A.I.R. and Wessex. The album peaked at No. 32 on the UK Albums Chart, and at No. 26 on the US Billboard 200. All the Best Cowboys Have Chinese Eyes contains some compositions that were salvaged from later albums by his band the Who, and was released just under three months before their tenth studio album It's Hard. ==Recording and production== Along with the 11 songs on the album, other songs were also recorded, including "Body Language" (subsequently released in 1983 on the compilation album Scoop), a track called "Man Watching" (released as the B-side of "Face Dances, Pt. 2"), and "Dance It Away" (which was also performed in various forms live by the Who between 1979 and 1981, usually as a coda to their cover version of "Dancing in the Street"), and which was released as the B-side of "Uniforms". One further song "Vivienne" was listed on the cover of some early LP copies but not released at the time. This, along with "Man Watching" and "Dance It Away", were released as bonus tracks on the 2006 reissue. ===Album title=== Townshend explained the album title as referring to the "average American hero – somebody like a Clint Eastwood or a John Wayne. Somebody with eyes like slits..." On the Listening Time promotional LP, Townshend said he should have won a "Stupid Title of the Year" award.Listening Time Promotional LP ATCO SAM150, 1982. ==Video release== A companion video was also released, featuring concept videos set to the musical backings of "Prelude", "Face Dances, Pt. 2", "Communication", "Uniforms", "Stardom in Acton", "Exquisitely Bored", and a re-recorded version of "Slit Skirts", with a harmonica performance on the last song, not used on the studio cut. Chalkie Davis, the director (with Carol Starr) of the video, said:yoU2b - Pete Townshend - Chinese Eyes documentary 1982 HD This has been out of print for years, though Pete Townshend put the videos up on his website in 2000, which were then subsequently uploaded to other sites on the Internet. ==Critical reception== All the Best Cowboys Have Chinese Eyes was panned by most music critics upon its release. In a contemporary review for the Village Voice, Robert Christgau found it "pretentious at an unprecedented level of difficulty" and said that Townshend twisted "such long words into such unlikely rhymes and images and marshal arrangements of such intricate meaninglessness." Stereo Review called it an "ambitious failure" and felt that Townshend tends to indulge in his ideas on rock music and life on his songs. In a positive review for Rolling Stone, Jon Pareles called the album "a mess of contradictions", but an exceptional listen because of Townshend's arrangements, which "surge and subside as gracefully as anything in rock; they're neither static nor jolting." In a retrospective review for AllMusic, Stephen Thomas Erlewine called it the type of album that "taunts cynics and critics, being nearly impenetrable in its content even if the production and the music itself aren't all that inaccessible." Stylus Magazine's Justin Cober-Lake said that the album "might at times be convoluted or over-thought," but "remains affecting and compelling" because of Townshend's sincere lyrics.Stylus Magazine review Rob Hughes of Classic Rock included "The Sea Refuses No River" in a list of the top 10 most underrated Townshend songs. ==Track listing== ==Personnel== Credits are adapted from the All the Best Cowboys Have Chinese Eyes liner notes. Musicians * Pete Townshend – vocals; guitars; keyboards (Prophet 5–10 Synthesizer, Arp 2500 and Synclavier) * Virginia Astley – piano * Tony Butler – bass guitar * Peter Hope-Evans – harmonica * Mark Brzezicki – drums * Simon Phillips – drums * Jody Linscott – percussion * Chris Stainton – additional keyboards * Poli Palmer – tuned percussion * John Lewis – Fairlight CMI programming * Ann Odell – brass arrangement on "The Sea Refuses No River" Technical * Chris Thomas – producer * Bill Price – engineer * Mark Freegard – assistant engineer * Tim Young – mastering engineer Artwork * Carol Starr – photography * Chalkie Davis – photography * Richard Evans – typography, calligraphy and graphics * Michael Spry – photographic prints * Ike King – hair * Jacqui Lefton – makeup * Kenny McDonald – tailor ==Charts== Chart (1982) Peak position Australian Albums (Kent Music Report) 41 ==References== ==External links== * Category:1982 albums Category:Pete Townshend albums Category:New wave albums by English artists Category:Albums produced by Chris Thomas (record producer) Category:Atco Records albums

['Pete Townshend', 'Atco Records', 'Chris Thomas (record producer)', 'Empty Glass', 'Face Dances, Pt. 2', 'London', 'Wessex', 'UK Albums Chart', 'Billboard 200', "It's Hard", 'Dancing in the Street', 'Clint Eastwood', 'John Wayne', 'Rolling Stone', 'AllMusic', 'Robert Christgau', 'Stereo Review', 'Jon Pareles', 'Stephen Thomas Erlewine', 'Stylus Magazine', 'Face Dances', 'Synclavier', 'Virginia Astley', 'Mark Brzezicki', 'Jody Linscott', 'Chris Stainton', 'Fairlight CMI', 'Kent Music Report']

['Q26933', 'Q585643', 'Q924578', 'Q473004', 'Q16996172', 'Q84', 'Q105313', 'Q719415', 'Q188819', 'Q1540230', 'Q1159366', 'Q43203', 'Q40531', 'Q33511', 'Q31181', 'Q314382', 'Q610609', 'Q6271357', 'Q976031', 'Q1039873', 'Q576763', 'Q1557633', 'Q3560664', 'Q675587', 'Q3506404', 'Q635406', 'Q512222', 'Q2669424']

[[(95, 109), (2130, 2144), (2225, 2239), (3825, 3839), (4763, 4777)], [(139, 151), (4897, 4909)], [(4857, 4887)], [(243, 254)], [(930, 948), (1846, 1864)], [(329, 335)], [(377, 383)], [(419, 434)], [(460, 473)], [(672, 681)], [(1099, 1120)], [(1501, 1515)], [(1521, 1531)], [(2903, 2916)], [(3165, 3173)], [(2513, 2529)], [(2740, 2753)], [(2918, 2929)], [(3175, 3198)], [(3376, 3391), (3557, 3572)], [(930, 941), (1846, 1857)], [(3909, 3919)], [(3923, 3938)], [(4008, 4022)], [(4058, 4071)], [(4087, 4101)], [(4173, 4186)], [(4675, 4692)]]

Reisa National Park () is a national park in Nordreisa Municipality in Troms county, Norway that was established by royal decree on 28 November 1986. The park has much wildlife. The rough-legged buzzard is the most common bird of prey, but hikers may also spot golden eagle, common kestrels, and gyrfalcon. Wolverines and Eurasian lynx live in the park and surrounding mountains. The Sámi name for part of the gorge, Njállaávzi, means Arctic fox gorge, suggesting that the Arctic fox must have lived there a long time. The largest Norwegian predator, the brown bear, is occasionally seen in the park. The Reisa river has cut a valley and a canyon (north of Imo) in the mountain plateau, producing the long fertile valley called Reisadalen. Waterfalls cascade into the valleys and gorges. The waterfall Mollisfossen is one of the more spectacular falls at in height. The valley and adjacent mountains have been valuable for hunting, animal trapping, and fishing for centuries. Snares are sometimes still set to catch ptarmigan and willow grouse in the traditional manner. Scots pine were used for timber and to produce tar. Nearly every farm in the valley earned extra income making tar, and production continued far into the 20th century. The remains of many tar kilns can still be found. The park and surrounding areas provided spring, summer, and autumn grazing for semi-domesticated reindeer. In winter, the reindeer in this region graze in the Kautokeino district in nearby Finnmark county; in summer, they are on the coast in the northwest. It is adjacent to Käsivarsi Wilderness Area in Finland. ==References== ==External links== * Map of Reisa National Park * https://web.archive.org/web/20131024105639/http://reisa- nasjonalpark.no/?id=100 About Reisa NP (english) Category:Nordreisa Category:National parks of Norway Category:Protected areas established in 1986 Category:Protected areas of Troms og Finnmark Category:Tourist attractions in Troms og Finnmark Category:1986 establishments in Norway

['Nordreisa', 'Troms', 'Norway', 'Kautokeino', 'Wolverine', 'Eurasian lynx', 'Arctic fox', 'Waterfall', 'Scots pine', 'Finnmark', 'Käsivarsi Wilderness Area']

['Q494059', 'Q50631', 'Q20', 'Q6459', 'Q14334', 'Q43375', 'Q82738', 'Q34038', 'Q133128', 'Q50632', 'Q3138321']

[[(45, 54), (1782, 1791)], [(71, 76), (1899, 1904), (1949, 1954)], [(85, 91), (1819, 1825), (1999, 2005)], [(1448, 1458)], [(307, 316)], [(322, 335)], [(435, 445), (473, 483)], [(740, 749)], [(1071, 1081)], [(1478, 1486), (1908, 1916), (1958, 1966)], [(1564, 1589)]]

Agnar Sandmo (9 January 1938 – 31 August 2019) was a Norwegian economist at the Norwegian School of Economics (NHH). He made a series of important contributions in the study of disparities, redistribution, insurance arrangements and tax systems. He has written and published many economic articles throughout his career. From 1976 to 1980, he was a member of the Petroleum Price Board of the Swedish Government's Economic Commission and, from 1996 to 1997, of the Government Committee on Priorities in Health Care. He served as chairman of the Government Expert Committee on Investment Policies of the Petroleum Fund in 2004. Sandmo was affiliated with the SNF, a prominent research firm, he mainly did work on public economics and taxation. His research is not limited to but includes the overarching fields of economics of uncertainty, public economics, environmental economics and the history of economic thought. His articles have appeared in many prominent Economic journals. He had various positions, such as honorary doctor, at various universities. ==Awards, fellowships== *Fellow, Econometric Society *Member of the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences. *Member of the Norwegian Academy of Science and Letters. ==References== ==External links== * Professor Sandmo's homepage * Press release: Professor Agnar Sandmo wins Møbius 2002 Category:1938 births Category:2019 deaths Category:21st-century Norwegian economists Category:20th-century Norwegian economists Category:Academic staff of the Norwegian School of Economics Category:Fellows of the Econometric Society Category:Members of the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences Category:Members of the Norwegian Academy of Science and Letters Category:Foreign associates of the National Academy of Sciences

['Norwegian School of Economics', 'Petroleum Price Board', 'Fellows of the Econometric Society', 'Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences', 'Norwegian Academy of Science and Letters']

['Q520458', 'Q7178950', 'Q30692846', 'Q191583', 'Q1423356']

[[(80, 109), (1497, 1526)], [(363, 384)], [(1536, 1570)], [(1125, 1158), (1595, 1628)], [(1175, 1215), (1653, 1693)]]

M.A.N.T.I.S. is an American superhero television series that aired for one season on the Fox Network between August 26, 1994, and March 3, 1995, with its final two episodes airing on SyFy on September 7 and 14, 1997. The original two-hour TV movie pilot was produced by Sam Raimi and developed by Sam Hamm. ==Plot== Wealthy, outspoken scientist Dr. Miles Hawkins is shot in the spine by a police sniper during a riot while trying to rescue a child, leaving him paralyzed from the waist down and using a wheelchair. After losing a lawsuit against the police department and discovering evidence of a vast conspiracy against the black community, he angrily undergoes a change in political philosophy and uses his company's resources to invent a formfitting combination powered exoskeleton and bulletproof black body armor that not only enables him to walk while wearing it but in the process also endows him with superhuman strength, speed and agility, plus the ability to fire nonlethal paralysis darts from his wrists. Using a vast array of technology, including a secret underwater lab called the Seapod deep beneath his secluded seaside mansion and a flying car/submarine called the Chrysalis to travel around the city at night, he secretly assumes the persona of the metal-masked vigilante known as the "M.A.N.T.I.S." ("Mechanically Augmented Neuro Transmitter Interception System", changed to "Mechanically Augmented NeuroTransmitter Interactive System" for the series) to find justice for himself and others. The pilot featured strong roles for a variety of African-American actors, including Gina Torres as dedicated pathologist Dr. Amy Ellis, Bobby Hosea as ambitious reporter Yuri Barnes, Wendy Raquel Robinson and Christopher M. Brown as African students of Hawkins who act as his secret support staff in his fight against crime, and Steve James as handsome inner city youth club manager Antoine Pike. The series that followed recast all the characters, save for the hero, to include British scientist and exoskeleton co-inventor John Stonebrake (Roger Rees) and smart-mouthed, streetwise young bicycle courier Taylor Savage/Savidge (Christopher Gartin), with police detective Lt. Leora Maxwell (Galyn Görg) being the only other person of color as a regular on the show, and the plot was completely rebooted and simplified from that of the pilot. Initially, the series depicted the M.A.N.T.I.S. operating as an often- reluctant vigilante who only got involved in criminal situations when there was some sort of personal connection to him and his friends. While the costumed crimefighter was still pursued by police, the aforementioned conspiracy was now reduced down to the Machiavellian machinations of one man, evil industrialist and Miles' former business partner Solomon Box (Brion James / Andrew J. Robinson). However, poor ratings led to an extensive retooling of the concept. Midway through the show's run, minor recurring characters like Miles' clichéd sassy black housekeeper Lynette (Lorena Gale) were dropped, and more fantasy adventure elements were incorporated into the premise, including parallel universes, time travel, super-villains, and monsters. In one particular episode, the M.A.N.T.I.S. is accidentally thrown 32 years into the future, where he finds that his own technology has been exploited to create a supercomputer called the City Eye which has enslaved the Port Columbia population. He destroys it and sets the human population free before returning to his own time. In the series' finale, a trapped Miles and Leora are tragically killed battling an invisible dinosaur. John seals off the records and technology that had created the M.A.N.T.I.S., thus averting an apocalyptic future. ==Cast== * Carl Lumbly – Dr. Miles Hawkins (22 episodes, 1994–1995) * Roger Rees – John Stonebrake (22 episodes, 1994–1995) * Christopher Gartin – Taylor Savage/Savidge (22 episodes, 1994–1995) * Galyn Görg – Lt. Leora Maxwell (22 episodes, 1994–1995) * Gary Graham – Capt. Ken Hetrick (9 episodes, 1994–1995) * Jerry Wasserman – Det. Paul Warren (6 episodes, 1994) * Garry Chalk – Detective Reid (4 episodes, 1994–1995) * Blu Mankuma – Chief Grant (4 episodes, 1994–1995) * Clabe Hartley – Tony (4 episodes, 1994) * Lorena Gale - Lynette (3 episodes, 1994) * Robert Hooks – Mayor Lew Mitchell (3 episodes, 1994–1995) * Andrew Kavadas – MIB #2 / ... (3 episodes, 1994–1995) * Martin Cummins – Paul Benton / ... (3 episodes, 1994) * Peter Brost – Young Dr. Miles Hawkins (3 episodes, 1994–1995) ==Production== While the pilot was filmed in Los Angeles the series itself was produced in Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada. Many Vancouver landmarks, such as the dome of Science World, appear, as do CN Rail cars on the railroad tracks. It took three years to film due to Carl Lumbly being busy filming Nightjohn. There were a number of differences between the pilot and the series. In the pilot Hawkins wore a stylish suit and brown leather trenchcoat over the exoskeleton which lacked a skullcap, leaving the top of his hair bare, and the mask/headpiece was larger with special glowing green lenses which could hypnotize anyone who looked into his eyes, an ability dropped from the subsequent series as was his habit of leaving behind a small metal mantis as a calling card. The setting was changed from Oceania City to Port Columbia, and all of the characters, with Miles Hawkins being the sole exception, were changed. ==Episodes== ==Home media== The series was released on Amazon's Digital Download service Unbox on April 2, 2008. A DVD set of the series, including the original pilot, was released on January 27, 2009. ==References== ==External links== * Category:1994 American television series debuts Category:1995 American television series endings Category:1990s American black television series Category:1990s American science fiction television series Category:English-language television shows Category:Fox Broadcasting Company original programming Category:American superhero television series Category:American black superhero television shows Category:Television shows filmed in Vancouver Category:Television superheroes Category:Television series by Universal Television Category:Television series created by Sam Raimi

['Sam Raimi', 'Sam Hamm', 'Carl Lumbly', 'Roger Rees', 'Christopher Gartin', 'Galyn Görg', 'Vancouver', 'Universal Television', 'Fox Broadcasting Company', 'SyFy', 'TV movie', 'African-American', 'Gina Torres', 'Bobby Hosea', 'Wendy Raquel Robinson', 'Brion James', 'Lorena Gale', 'Gary Graham', 'Jerry Wasserman', 'Robert Hooks', 'Martin Cummins', 'Los Angeles', 'Canada']

['Q275402', 'Q2463237', 'Q953908', 'Q1750774', 'Q707210', 'Q3757891', 'Q24639', 'Q1337530', 'Q166419', 'Q276542', 'Q506240', 'Q49085', 'Q241471', 'Q4935135', 'Q1396471', 'Q723780', 'Q1920467', 'Q2571025', 'Q13358742', 'Q2157603', 'Q712761', 'Q65', 'Q16']

[[(270, 279), (6244, 6253)], [(297, 305)], [(3732, 3743), (4790, 4801)], [(2055, 2065), (3791, 3801)], [(2142, 2160), (3847, 3865)], [(2204, 2214), (3917, 3927)], [(4606, 4615), (4648, 4657), (6113, 6122)], [(6185, 6205)], [(5934, 5958)], [(183, 187)], [(239, 247)], [(1562, 1578)], [(1597, 1608)], [(1649, 1660)], [(1696, 1717)], [(2788, 2799)], [(3002, 3013), (4238, 4249)], [(3975, 3986)], [(4033, 4048)], [(4281, 4293)], [(4397, 4411)], [(4560, 4571)], [(4635, 4641)]]

Broadway Melody of 1938 is a 1937 American musical film produced by Metro- Goldwyn-Mayer and directed by Roy Del Ruth. The film is essentially a backstage musical revue, featuring high-budget sets and cinematography in the MGM musical tradition. The film stars Eleanor Powell and Robert Taylor and features Buddy Ebsen, George Murphy, Judy Garland, Sophie Tucker, Raymond Walburn, Robert Benchley and Binnie Barnes. The film is most notable for young Garland's performance of "You Made Me Love You (I Didn't Want to Do It)", a tribute to Clark Gable which turned the teenage singer, who had been toiling in obscurity for a couple of years, into an overnight sensation, leading eventually to her being cast in The Wizard of Oz (1939) as Dorothy. ==Plot== Young horse trainer Sally (Eleanor Powell) befriends Sonny (George Murphy) and Peter (Buddy Ebsen), who have been hired to look after a horse her family once owned. Concerned for the horse's well-being, she sneaks aboard a train taking the horse and its caretakers to New York City. En route she meets talent agent Steve Raleigh (Robert Taylor) who, impressed with her dancing and singing, sets her on the road to stardom and romance blossoms between the two. A subplot involves a boarding house for performers run by Alice (Sophie Tucker), who is trying to find a big break for young Betty (Judy Garland). ==Cast== * Robert Taylor as Steve Raleigh * Eleanor Powell as Sally Lee * Judy Garland as Betty Clayton * Buddy Ebsen as Peter Trot * Sophie Tucker as Alice Clayton * George Murphy as Sonny Ledford * Binnie Barnes as Caroline Whipple * Raymond Walburn as Herman J. Whipple * Robert Benchley as Duffy, P.R. Man * Willie Howard as The Waiter * Charley Grapewin as James K. Blakeley * Billy Gilbert as George Papaloopas * Robert John Wildhack as The Sneezer ==Songs== The majority of songs in Broadway Melody of 1938 were written by Nacio Herb Brown (music) and Arthur Freed (lyrics):TCM MusicIMDB Soundtracks * "Broadway Melody" (1929) - in opening credits * "You Are My Lucky Star" (1935) - in opening credits * "Follow in My Footsteps" (1937) - sung and danced by George Murphy, Buddy Ebsen and Eleanor Powell (dubbed by Marjorie Lane) * "Yours and Mine" (1937) - sung by Eleanor Powell (dubbed by Marjorie Lane); danced by Eleanor Powell and George Murphy; danced by Judy Garland and Buddy Ebsen * "Everybody Sing" (1937) - sung by Judy Garland, Sophie Tucker, Barnett Parker and chorus * "I'm Feeling Like a Million" (1937) - sung and danced by George Murphy and Eleanor Powell (dubbed by Marjorie Lane); recorded by Judy Garland but cut from the film * "Your Broadway and My Broadway" (1937) - sung by Sophie Tucker and Charles Igor Gorin, danced by George Murphy, Eleanor Powell, Buddy Ebsen and Judy Garland; recorded by Judy Garland and chorus but cut from the film * "Broadway Rhythm" (1935) - sung by a chorus and danced by Eleanor Powell * "Got a Pair of New Shoes" (1937) - sung by a chorus and danced by Eleanor Powell in the finale * "Sun Showers" (1937) - recorded by Charles Igor Gorin but cut from the film ;Other songs: * "The Toreador Song" (1875) - from Carmen, by Georges Bizet (music) and Henri Meilhac and Ludovic Halévy (libretto), sung by Charles Igor Gorin in the opening scene * "Some of These Days" (1910) - music and lyrics by Shelton Brooks, sung by Sophie Tucker * "Largo al factotum" (1816) - from Il Barbiere di Siviglia (The Barber of Seville), by Gioacchino Rossini (music) and Cesare Sterbini (libretto), sung by Charles Igor Gorin * "You Made Me Love You (I Didn't Want to Do It)" (1913) - by James V. Monaco (music) and Joseph McCarthy (lyrics) with special lyrics for the "Dear Mr. Gable" segment by Roger Edens; sung by Judy Garland ==Production== This was the third of the "Broadway Melody" series, and had the working title of Broadway Melody of 1937. When it was released, late in 1937, it was advertised with the tagline So new it's a year ahead!. MGM borrowed Binnie Barnes from Universal Pictures for the film.TCM Notes The film was in production from late February to 20 July 1937, and was released on 20 August.TCM Overview Its initial running time was 115 minutes, compared to the final running time of 110 minutes. Judy Garland's number, "You Made Me Love You (I Didn't Want to Do It)" has been cited as her first great film success. The song was specially prepared by Roger Edens for Clark Gable's 36th birthday as a present, and Garland sang it at the party given by MGM. Producer Louis B. Mayer was so impressed he ordered that it be included in the next possible musical MGM was producing. Following the sensational audience reaction to the song, Garland was rushed into shooting two more films back to back, Thoroughbreds Don't Cry (1937) and the more musically elaborate Everybody Sing, which was held for later release in 1938. The finale of the film takes place on a giant set upon which neon signs are visible showing the names of famous stage and screen stars. During Sophie Tucker's final number, all of the signs in the background actually change to read "Sophie Tucker" in tribute to her. ==Accolades== The film is recognized by American Film Institute in these lists: * 2004: AFI's 100 Years...100 Songs: ** "Dear Mr. Gable (You Made Me Love You)" – Nominated ==Box office== According to MGM records the film earned $1,889,000 in the US and Canada and $957,000 elsewhere resulting in a profit of $271,000. ==In popular culture== * A 1937 Our Gang comedy, Our Gang Follies of 1938, spoofs the title, concept, and style of Broadway Melody of 1938. * Judy Garland singing "You Made Me Love You" to a picture of Clark Gable gets parodied in the 2007 musical film Hairspray when Link (Zac Efron) sings to a picture, of Tracy (Nikki Blonsky), who comes to life to sing with him. * Tom Lehrer, in a song satirising George Murphy's election to the U.S. Senate, sang, "Imagine Broadway Melody of 1984". * A song on Genesis' album The Lamb Lies Down on Broadway is entitled "Broadway Melody of 1974". ==References== *Green, Stanley (1999) Hollywood Musicals Year by Year (2nd ed.), pub. Hal Leonard Corporation page 73 ==External links== * * * * Category:1937 films Category:American black-and-white films Category:Films about musical theatre Category:Films directed by Roy Del Ruth Category:Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer films Category:1937 musical films Category:American musical films Category:1930s English-language films Category:1930s American films

['Roy Del Ruth', 'Eleanor Powell', 'Judy Garland', 'Nacio Herb Brown', 'Arthur Freed', 'Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer', 'Buddy Ebsen', 'George Murphy', 'Sophie Tucker', 'Raymond Walburn', 'Robert Benchley', 'Binnie Barnes', "You Made Me Love You (I Didn't Want to Do It)", 'Clark Gable', 'New York City', 'Charley Grapewin', 'Billy Gilbert', 'Robert John Wildhack', 'Broadway Melody', 'Marjorie Lane', 'Igor Gorin', 'Broadway Rhythm', 'The Toreador Song', 'Carmen', 'Georges Bizet', 'Henri Meilhac', 'Ludovic Halévy', 'Some of These Days', 'Shelton Brooks', 'Largo al factotum', 'Il Barbiere di Siviglia', 'Gioacchino Rossini', 'Cesare Sterbini', 'James V. Monaco', 'Roger Edens', 'Universal Pictures', "Thoroughbreds Don't Cry", 'American Film Institute', "AFI's 100 Years...100 Songs", 'Our Gang', 'Our Gang Follies of 1938', 'Zac Efron', 'Nikki Blonsky', 'Tom Lehrer', 'U.S. Senate', 'The Lamb Lies Down on Broadway']

['Q918762', 'Q256117', 'Q11637', 'Q1282487', 'Q709413', 'Q179200', 'Q1001214', 'Q527052', 'Q152520', 'Q262373', 'Q1790472', 'Q447612', 'Q8057367', 'Q71243', 'Q60', 'Q920018', 'Q186798', 'Q23681119', 'Q463620', 'Q6766297', 'Q4197633', 'Q3937291', 'Q6150784', 'Q185968', 'Q56158', 'Q723648', 'Q723585', 'Q4348404', 'Q1256775', 'Q2349959', 'Q208659', 'Q9726', 'Q218534', 'Q1681223', 'Q1582156', 'Q168383', 'Q2489647', 'Q207460', 'Q1763822', 'Q1218784', 'Q3887452', 'Q45229', 'Q230782', 'Q369724', 'Q66096', 'Q753867']

[[(105, 117), (6283, 6295)], [(261, 275), (781, 795), (1405, 1419), (2156, 2170), (2233, 2247), (2285, 2299), (2526, 2540), (2729, 2743), (2893, 2907), (2976, 2990)], [(335, 347), (1346, 1358), (1435, 1447), (2329, 2341), (2394, 2406), (2580, 2592), (2761, 2773), (2787, 2799), (3719, 3731), (4224, 4236), (5571, 5583)], [(1891, 1907)], [(1920, 1932)], [(6305, 6324)], [(307, 318), (840, 851), (1467, 1478), (2140, 2151), (2346, 2357), (2745, 2756)], [(320, 333), (814, 827), (1528, 1541), (2125, 2138), (2304, 2317), (2508, 2521), (2714, 2727), (5831, 5844)], [(349, 362), (1279, 1292), (1495, 1508), (2408, 2421), (2666, 2679), (3339, 3352), (4987, 5000), (5077, 5090)], [(364, 379), (1597, 1612)], [(381, 396), (1636, 1651)], [(401, 414), (1561, 1574), (3964, 3977)], [(477, 522), (3530, 3575), (4248, 4293)], [(538, 549), (4394, 4405), (5631, 5642)], [(1022, 1035)], [(1703, 1719)], [(1743, 1756)], [(1780, 1800)], [(0, 15), (1851, 1866), (1971, 1986), (3774, 3789), (3828, 3843), (5544, 5559), (5891, 5906), (5988, 6003)], [(2182, 2195), (2259, 2272), (2552, 2565)], [(2692, 2702), (3050, 3060), (3231, 3241), (3516, 3526)], [(2836, 2851)], [(3100, 3117)], [(3133, 3139)], [(3144, 3157)], [(3170, 3183)], [(3188, 3202)], [(3266, 3284)], [(3315, 3329)], [(3356, 3373)], [(3389, 3412)], [(3441, 3459)], [(3472, 3487)], [(3589, 3604)], [(3698, 3709), (4378, 4389)], [(3983, 4001)], [(4722, 4745)], [(5151, 5174)], [(5199, 5226)], [(5461, 5469), (5478, 5486)], [(5478, 5502)], [(5703, 5712)], [(5744, 5757)], [(5798, 5808)], [(5863, 5874)], [(5944, 5974)]]

Arukh HaShulchan (Hebrew: עָרוּךְ הַשֻּׁלְחָן [or, arguably, עָרֹךְ הַשֻּׁלְחָן; see Title below]) is a work of halacha written by Yechiel Michel Epstein (1829–1908). The work attempts to be a clear, organized summary of the sources for each chapter of the Shulchan Arukh and its commentaries, with special emphasis on the positions of the Jerusalem Talmud and Maimonides. ==Title== The title "Arukh HaShulchan" ("the table is set") is a clear allusion to the Shulchan Arukh ("the set table") on which it draws, and to Arokh ha-Shulchan from . Samuel Kalman Mirsky argued that the title should be pronounced Arokh as in Isaiah,שמואל קלמן מירסקי, "ספרי חוקים - ספרי לימוד", שנה בשנה ה'תשכ"ו עמ' 209 but Eitam Henkin argued that it should be pronounced Arukh to clarify the allusion to the Shulchan Arukh, and pointed to its original title page, which includes the Russian transliteration Арух- Гашулхоиъ.איתם הנקין, תערוך לפני שלחן, עמ' 233. ==Structure== In Arukh HaShulchan, Epstein cites the source of each law as found in the Talmud and Maimonides, and states the legal decision as found in the Shulchan Arukh with the glosses of Isserles. When he deems it necessary, Epstein also mentions the views of other Rishonim (early, pre-1550 authorities), and especially Acharonim (later authorities), occasionally disagreeing with the latter. The work follows the structure of the Tur and the Shulchan Arukh: A division into four large parts, subdivided into parallel chapters (simanim) that match in all three works. These are further subdivided into paragraphs (se'ifim), but the latter does not match in the three works (the Tur has no official se'ifim at all, and the se'ifim of the Shulchan Arukh do not match that of the Arukh HaShulchan). ==Method== Epstein tends to take a lenient view (le-kula) but decidedly without compromising in any form on the power and rule of Jewish law. When the established custom conflicts with theoretical halacha, Epstein tends to side with local custom, to a greater extent than is the case in works such as the Mishnah Berurah. Moshe Feinstein once said that the decisions of the Arukh HaShulchan — who was a full-time rabbi — take precedence over many poseks who were not active rabbis. A rabbi takes into consideration more than just the abstract and black-and-white concepts of the law when rendering a legal opinion.Two Sons, Two Views, One Vision - A Conversation with the Legendary Sons of Rav Moshe Feinstein, ztz”l: Rav Dovid and Rav Reuven Feinstein, shlita by Rabbi Yitzchok Frankfurter, Mishpacha Magazine - 4 Sivan 5769 5.27.09 ==Similar works== The Arukh HaShulchan is often quoted alongside the Mishnah Berurah, a work partially composed earlier by Yisrael Meir Kagan. The Arukh Hashulchan was composed and printed serially starting with Choshen Mishpat (prior to the printing of the Mishna Berurah) and the section on Orach Chayim published afterwards. Indeed, the Arukh HaShulchan refers in a number of places to the Mishnah Berurah. Due to the latter's popularity in the Haredi world, the Mishnah Berurah is often considered authoritative over Arukh HaShulchan by Haredi Jews. However, many people (including Yosef Eliyahu Henkin and Yehuda Pearl) have famously held that the Arukh HaShulchan is more authoritative, since its author was the rabbi of a community, and since it was printed after the Mishnah Berurah. Also, Arukh HaShulchan has a much wider scope than the Mishnah Berurah. ==Editions== The work was originally published during the author's lifetime in numerous small volumes that appeared from 5644-5653 (1884–1893), beginning with Choshen Mishpat, at the beginning of which the author's introduction is found. Many volumes were reprinted posthumously by his daughter. Images of the first edition have been reprinted dozens of times to this day. These reprints usually appear in eight volumes, which mostly reflect the division of volumes in the Vilna edition of the Shulchan Arukh (with the exception of Yoreh Deah). The page numbering in the reprints still reflects the smaller volumes of the original printing. A ninth volume was published in 1992 by Simcha Fishbane of Chicago, Illinois, who was given permission by the Israeli Bar-Ilan family, descendants of the author, to print 36 previously unpublished chapters on the laws of oaths (Hilkhot Nedarim, Yoreh Deah 203-239). These chapters were found in manuscripts by the author's own hand, along with various sermons that were published together in the same volume. Another, longer section of Yoreh Deah, which consists of 60 sections on laws connected to idolatry (123-182), is still lost. The first completely new edition of Arukh HaShulchan appeared in 5766 (2006), by "Oz Vehadar" publishers in New Square, New York. This edition adds comparisons to rulings by the Mishnah Berurah in Orach Chaim. It originally did not contain the laws of oaths (Yoreh Deah 203-239) previously published by Fishbane, but they were subsequently added. ==Arukh HaShulchan He'Atid== Epstein also wrote a similar work entitled Arukh HaShulchan He'Atid (Laying the Table of the Future), a parallel work to Arukh HaShulchan summarizing and analyzing the laws that will apply in Messianic times. Some of the laws discussed, such as those relating to agriculture and farming, apply today for those living in the Land of Israel.As noted by Rabbi Meir Berlin, grandson of the author, in his introduction to the first volume of Aruch HaShulchan he'Atid. ==Commentaries on Arukh Hashulchan== *Zafo ha-Zafit (צפה הצפית) by Mordecai Rabinovitch. An in-depth commentary on the laws of Hanukkah and Megillah. The commentary's title is based on the continuation of the verse from which the title Arukh ha- Shulchan is taken (Isaiah 21:5). *Be'ur Halakhah (ביאור הלכה), by the Aleksander Rebbe from Cleveland, Shneur Zalmen Dancyger. == See also == * Kaf hachaim by Yaakov Chaim Sofer - a contemporaneous work discussing Orach Chayim and some of Yoreh De'ah in light of the Rishonim and Acharonim. * Mishnah Berurah by Yisrael Meir Kagan - a gloss summarizing the opinions of the Acharonim on Orach Chayim. * Kitzur Shulchan Arukh by Shlomo Ganzfried ==References== ==Further reading== * * Broyde, Michael J. & ==External links== *Arukh HaShulhan at Hebrew Wikitext (Hebrew text) *Arukh ha-Shulchan translation (incomplete English translation in progress) *A Collection of Studies on the Arukh HaShulchan, its author, and the history of its publication *Arukh HaShulhan Yomi - Daily study cycle at AishDas *The Interaction of Kabbalah and Halachah in the Arukh HaShulchan (PDF) *Picture of the Arukh HaShulchan (9 vol.) (GIF) Category:Rabbinic legal texts and responsa Category:Hebrew-language religious books Category:Hebrew words and phrases in Jewish law Category:Sifrei Kodesh

['Hebrew', 'Yechiel Michel Epstein', 'Jerusalem Talmud', 'Maimonides', 'Eitam Henkin', 'Talmud', 'Rishonim', 'Acharonim', 'Mishnah Berurah', 'Moshe Feinstein', 'Yisrael Meir Kagan', 'Choshen Mishpat', 'Haredi', 'Yosef Eliyahu Henkin', 'Yoreh Deah', 'Chicago, Illinois', 'New Square, New York', 'Land of Israel', 'Meir Berlin', 'Hanukkah', 'Cleveland', 'Yaakov Chaim Sofer', 'Orach Chayim', 'Shlomo Ganzfried', 'PDF', 'GIF']

['Q9288', 'Q1686102', 'Q387422', 'Q127398', 'Q22442747', 'Q43290', 'Q2070193', 'Q510005', 'Q2703131', 'Q1391598', 'Q733140', 'Q22938735', 'Q212912', 'Q1517574', 'Q2069922', 'Q1297', 'Q2917479', 'Q155321', 'Q592433', 'Q130881', 'Q37320', 'Q1679613', 'Q2699251', 'Q905319', 'Q42332', 'Q2192']

[[(18, 24), (6244, 6250), (6261, 6267), (6672, 6678), (6713, 6719)], [(131, 153)], [(340, 356)], [(361, 371), (1040, 1050)], [(702, 714)], [(350, 356), (1029, 1035)], [(1212, 1220), (5968, 5976)], [(1267, 1276), (5981, 5990), (6074, 6083)], [(2048, 2063), (2646, 2661), (2970, 2985), (3043, 3058), (3352, 3367), (3424, 3439), (4794, 4809), (5994, 6009)], [(2065, 2080), (2437, 2452)], [(2700, 2718), (6013, 6031)], [(2789, 2804), (3600, 3615)], [(3025, 3031), (3118, 3124)], [(3163, 3183)], [(3973, 3983), (4327, 4337), (4518, 4528), (4875, 4885)], [(4141, 4158)], [(4724, 4744)], [(5316, 5330)], [(5349, 5360)], [(5582, 5590)], [(5793, 5802)], [(5860, 5878)], [(2870, 2882), (5915, 5927), (6087, 6099)], [(6128, 6144)], [(6567, 6570)], [(6615, 6618)]]

Amphiprion melanopus, also known as the cinnamon clownfish, fire clownfish, red and black anemonefish, black-backed anemonefish or dusky anemonefish is a widely distributed anemonefish chiefly found in the western and southern parts of the Pacific Ocean.. The species scientific name 'melanopus' is Greek, meaning black feet in reference to the black pelvic fins. Like all anemonefishes it forms a symbiotic mutualism with sea anemones and is unaffected by the stinging tentacles of the host anemone. It is a sequential hermaphrodite with a strict sized based dominance hierarchy: the female is largest, the breeding male is second largest, and the male non-breeders get progressively smaller as the hierarchy descends. They exhibit protandry, meaning the breeding male will change to female if the sole breeding female dies, with the largest non-breeder becomes the breeding male. == Description == A. melanopus adults can grow to 12 cm (4.7 inches). The body of A. melanopus is a dark red to orange with mahogany sides. Juveniles and adults have a white head band, which is wide and starts behind the eye, which may gave a blue tint. The dorsal and caudal fins of the fish have a lighter color than the rest of the fish and can sometimes be a cinnamon color. The pelvic and anal fins are usually black. ===Similar species=== Historically anemonefish have been identified by morphological features, color pattern in the field, while in a laboratory other features such as scalation of the head, tooth shape and body proportions. These features have been used to group species into 6 complexes. A. melanopus is in the tomato complex and so is similar to other members of the complex. A. rubrocinctus and A. melanopus are similar in appearance but geographically distinct with A. rubrocinctus limited to north western Australia. A. barberi was previously thought to be a geographic variation of A. melanopus and there are significant color-pattern differences, with A. melanopus having a dark brown or blackish body, compared to the red orange of A. barberi. A. melanopus also has 19-26 spines in the upper-opercular series while A. barberi has only 11–19. Image:Amphiprion melanopus RLS.jpg|A. melanopus (Red & Black anemonefish) Image:Anemonefishfiji.jpg|A. barberi (Barber's anemonefish) Image:Amphiprion rubrocinctus RLS.jpg|A. rubrocinctus (Australian anemonefish) == Distribution and habitat== A. melanopus is widely distributed in the western Pacific, from the Great Barrier Reef north to the Marshall Islands and Guam, New Guinea and from Vanuatu and New Caledonia to eastern Indonesia. It was previously thought to be present in Fiji, Tonga, and the Samoan Islands, however that fish has now been described as a separate species, A. barberi. ===Host anemones=== The relationship between anemonefish and their host sea anemones is not random and instead is highly nested in structure. A. melanopus is a generalist, being usually hosted by 1 anemone, but also hosted by 2 other anemones. It is hosted by the following 3 out of the 10 host anemones: * Entacmaea quadricolor - bubble-tip or purple base anemone (usually) * Heteractis crispa - leathery sea anemone (occasionally) * Heteractis magnifica - magnificent sea anemone (rarely) Image:Amphiprion melanopus (Red and black anemonefish) in Entacmaea quadricolor (Bubble sea anemones).jpg|A. melanopus Entacmaea quadricolor (Bubble tip anemone) Image:Amphiprion melanopus (Black anemonefish) in Heteractis magnifica (Magnificent anemone).jpg|A. melanopus in Heteractis magnifica - magnificent sea anemone === Diet === Like all anemonefish, A. melanopus is omnivorous and its diet is based on zooplankton, small benthic crustaceans and algaes. ==Conservation status== Anemonefish and their host anemones are found on coral reefs and face similar environmental issues. Like corals, anemone's contain intracellular endosymbionts, zooxanthellae, and can suffer from bleaching due to triggers such as increased water temperature or acidification. The other threat to anemonefish is collection for the marine aquarium trade where anemonefish make up 43% of the global marine ornamental trade, and 25% of the global trade comes from fish bred in captivity, while the majority are captured from the wild, accounting for decreased densities in exploited areas. While bleaching is a significant threat to anemonefish and their host anemones, there is evidence suggesting that collection compounds the localised impact of bleaching. This species was not evaluated in the 2012 release of the IUCN Red List ==In aquaria== The species has successfully been bred in an aquarium. It may move or cover corals with sand. A. melanopus may become territorial and aggressive once established in a tank. This fish will accept a variety of foods in the aquarium, including flakes, brine shrimp, mysid shrimp, algae, and pellets. ==References== ==External links== * * * * Category:Amphiprion Category:Fish described in 1852

['Entacmaea quadricolor', 'Pacific Ocean', 'Amphiprion rubrocinctus', 'Australia', 'Great Barrier Reef', 'Marshall Islands', 'Guam', 'New Guinea', 'Vanuatu', 'New Caledonia', 'Indonesia', 'Fiji', 'Tonga', 'Samoan Islands', 'Heteractis crispa', 'Heteractis magnifica', 'IUCN Red List']

['Q881805', 'Q98', 'Q783203', 'Q408', 'Q7343', 'Q709', 'Q16635', 'Q40285', 'Q686', 'Q33788', 'Q252', 'Q712', 'Q678', 'Q162126', 'Q1811545', 'Q384085', 'Q32059']

[[(3057, 3078), (3299, 3320), (3360, 3381)], [(240, 253)], [(2296, 2319)], [(1817, 1826), (2345, 2354)], [(2467, 2485)], [(2499, 2515)], [(2520, 2524)], [(2526, 2536)], [(2546, 2553)], [(2558, 2571)], [(2583, 2592)], [(2637, 2641)], [(2643, 2648)], [(2658, 2672)], [(3127, 3144)], [(3185, 3205), (3453, 3473), (3516, 3536)], [(4538, 4551)]]

Milligan may refer to: ==People== * Milligan (surname), a surname (including a list of people with the name) ==Places== * Milligan, Florida, an unincorporated community in Okaloosa County, Florida * Milligan, Indiana, an unincorporated community * Milligan, Nebraska, a village * Milligan, Ohio, an unincorporated community * Milligan, Texas, an unincorporated community in Collin County, Texas ==Other uses== * Milligan College, a college near Greeneville, Tennessee * Ex Parte Milligan, a United States Supreme Court case * Miss Milligan, a solitaire card game

['Milligan (surname)', 'Milligan, Florida', 'Milligan, Indiana', 'Milligan, Nebraska', 'Milligan, Ohio', 'Milligan, Texas', 'Milligan College', 'Ex Parte Milligan', 'Miss Milligan']

['Q343749', 'Q6859612', 'Q6859613', 'Q2274010', 'Q6859615', 'Q22076538', 'Q6859616', 'Q1383314', 'Q6877064']

[[(36, 54)], [(122, 139)], [(199, 216)], [(248, 266)], [(280, 294)], [(326, 341)], [(412, 428)], [(470, 487)], [(526, 539)]]

The first scientific society, the Academia Secretorum Naturae was founded in Naples in 1560 by Giambattista della Porta, a noted polymath.Thomas G. Bergin (ed.), Encyclopedia of the Renaissance (Oxford and New York: New Market Books, 1987). In Italian it was called Accademia dei Segreti, the Academy of the Mysteries of Nature, and the members referred to themselves as the otiosi (men of leisure). The society met at the home of della Porta in the Due Porte section of Naples so-named in reference to two entrances to caverns that apparently served as a meeting place. (The site has recently been the object of urban archaeology.) "Candidates for membership had to present a new fact in natural science as a condition of membership," but otherwise membership was open.Lois N. Magner, "A history of the life sciences," p. 119. Its activities came under the subject of an ecclesiastical investigation and della Porta was ordered by Pope Gregory XIII to close his Academy in 1578 under suspicion of sorcery.Leonard C. Bruno 1989, The Landmarks of Science, p. 16. First editions from the collections of the Library of Congress. faculty.ed.umuc.edu, "Giambattista della Porta (1535-1615)", 2006 Jeff Matthews ==Notes== ==Sources== * Arianna Borrelli: Giovan Battista Della Porta’s Neapolitan Magic & His Humanistic Meteorology, in: Variantology 5. Neapolitain Affairs. (Cologne: Verlag der Buchhandlung Walther König, 2011), . * Siegfried Zielinski: Deep Time of the Media. Toward an Archaeology of Hearing and Seeing by Technical Means (Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 2008), . Category:Academies of sciences Category:1560 establishments in Italy Category:Scientific organizations established in the 16th century Category:Organizations established in the 1560s Category:Learned societies of Italy

['Naples', 'Giambattista della Porta', 'Pope Gregory XIII', 'Leonard C. Bruno', 'Landmark', 'Science', 'First edition', 'Library of Congress', 'Siegfried Zielinski']

['Q2634', 'Q334154', 'Q83029', 'Q6525161', 'Q4895393', 'Q336', 'Q3331189', 'Q131454', 'Q108613']

[[(77, 83), (471, 477)], [(95, 119), (1148, 1172)], [(932, 949)], [(1006, 1022)], [(1033, 1041)], [(1046, 1053)], [(1062, 1075)], [(1105, 1124)], [(1426, 1445)]]

Zhou Xin may refer to: *Zhou Xin (Han dynasty) (周昕), a military general serving under the Han dynasty warlord Wang Lang *Zhou Xin (紂辛), another name for King Zhou of Shang *Zhou Xin (footballer) (born 1998), Chinese footballer * Zhou Xin (table tennis) (周鑫), American table tennis player and coach

['Zhou Xin (Han dynasty)', 'King Zhou of Shang']

['Q848794', 'Q470072']

[[(24, 46)], [(153, 171)]]

The Century of the Self is a 2002 British television documentary series by filmmaker Adam Curtis. It focuses on the work of psychoanalysts Sigmund Freud and Anna Freud, and PR consultant Edward Bernays. In episode one, Curtis says, "This series is about how those in power have used Freud's theories to try and control the dangerous crowd in an age of mass democracy." == Episodes == No Title Broadcast Date Notes 1 "Happiness Machines" 17 March 2002 2 "The Engineering of Consent" 24 March 2002 3 "There is a Policeman Inside All Our Heads; He Must Be Destroyed" 31 March 2002 4 "Eight People Sipping Wine in Kettering" 7 April 2002 == Overview == Sigmund Freud, the founder of psychoanalysis, changed our perception of the mind and its workings. The documentary explores the various ways that governments, global organizations and corporations have used Freud's theories. Freud and his nephew Edward Bernays, who was the first to use psychological techniques in public relations, are discussed in part one. His daughter Anna Freud, a pioneer of child psychoanalysis, is mentioned in part two. Wilhelm Reich, an opponent of Freud's theories, is discussed in part three. Along these lines, The Century of the Self asks deeper questions about the roots and methods of consumerism and commodification and their implications. It also questions the modern way people see themselves, the attitudes to fashion, and superficiality. The business and political worlds use psychological techniques to read, create and fulfill the desires of the public, and to make their products and speeches as pleasing as possible to consumers and voters. Curtis questions the intentions and origins of this relatively new approach to engaging the public. Where once the political process was about engaging people's rational, conscious minds, as well as facilitating their needs as a group, Stuart Ewen, a historian of public relations, argues that politicians now appeal to primitive impulses that have little bearing on issues outside the narrow self-interests of a consumer society. The words of Paul Mazur, a leading Wall Street banker working for Lehman Brothers in 1927, are cited: "We must shift America from a needs- to a desires-culture. People must be trained to desire, to want new things, even before the old have been entirely consumed. [...] Man's desires must overshadow his needs."Note: the quote is from a 1927 article by Mazur in the Harvard Business Review. In part four the main subjects are Philip Gould, a political strategist, and Matthew Freud, a PR consultant and the great- grandson of Sigmund Freud. In the 1990s, they were instrumental to bringing the Democratic Party in the US and New Labour in the United Kingdom back into power through use of the focus group, originally invented by psychoanalysts employed by US corporations to allow consumers to express their feelings and needs, just as patients do in psychotherapy. Curtis ends by saying that, "Although we feel we are free, in reality, we—like the politicians—have become the slaves of our own desires," and compares Britain and America to 'Democracity', an exhibit at the 1939 New York World's Fair created by Edward Bernays. ==Contributors== ==Music== * Aaron Copland: Billy the Kid (ballet) * Arvo Pärt: Spiegel im Spiegel, Für Alina, Fratres * Dmitri Shostakovich: 24 Preludes and Fugues (Shostakovich), Prelude 1 (C major) * Gene Austin: My Blue Heaven * Johannes Brahms: Symphony No. 3 in F Major, Op. 90, beginning of the third movement (poco allegretto) * Kano: She's a Star (from the album New York Cake) * Louis Armstrong: What a Wonderful World * Ralph Vaughan Williams: Fantasia on a Theme by Thomas Tallis * Raymond Scott: Portofino 2 (from Manhattan Research Inc.) * The Gold Diggers' Song (We're in the Money) (from the film Gold Diggers of 1933) * Ennio Morricone: Quelle foto (from the film Le foto proibite di una signora per bene) * Felix Slatkin: The Green Leaves of Summer * The John Barry Seven: Hit and Miss == Awards == *Best Documentary Series, Broadcast Awards *Historical Film of the Year, History Today Trust Awards Nominated for: *Best Documentary Series, Royal Television Society *Best Documentary Series, Grierson Documentary Awards *Best Documentary, Indie Awards == References == == External links == * * * The Century of the Self – BBC Documentary (by Adam Curtis) by Dan Haggard in Reviews in Depth, 25 January 2010 * Episode guide: *# Happiness Machines at BBC Online (archive copy) *# The Engineering of Consent at BBC Online (archive copy) *# There is a Policeman Inside All Our Heads: He Must Be Destroyed at BBC Online (archive copy) *# Eight People Sipping Wine in Kettering at BBC Online (archive copy) Category:2002 British television series debuts Category:2002 British television series endings Category:2000s British documentary television series Category:BBC television documentaries about history during the 20th Century Category:2000s British television miniseries Category:Cognitive biases Category:Self Category:Works about public relations Category:Films about philosophy Category:English-language television shows

['Adam Curtis', 'BBC', 'Sigmund Freud', 'Anna Freud', 'Edward Bernays', 'Wilhelm Reich', 'BBC Online', 'Stuart Ewen', 'Wall Street', 'Lehman Brothers', 'Harvard Business Review', 'Philip Gould', 'Matthew Freud', 'New Labour', "1939 New York World's Fair", 'Aaron Copland', 'Billy the Kid (ballet)', 'Arvo Pärt', 'Spiegel im Spiegel', 'Für Alina', 'Fratres', 'Dmitri Shostakovich', '24 Preludes and Fugues (Shostakovich)', 'Gene Austin', 'Johannes Brahms', 'New York Cake', 'Louis Armstrong', 'What a Wonderful World', 'Ralph Vaughan Williams', 'Fantasia on a Theme by Thomas Tallis', 'Raymond Scott', 'Manhattan Research Inc.', "The Gold Diggers' Song (We're in the Money)", 'Gold Diggers of 1933', 'Ennio Morricone', 'Le foto proibite di una signora per bene', 'Felix Slatkin', 'The John Barry Seven', 'Broadcast Awards', 'History Today', 'Royal Television Society']

['Q349069', 'Q9531', 'Q9215', 'Q78485', 'Q434839', 'Q84412', 'Q747860', 'Q7626515', 'Q11690', 'Q212900', 'Q277351', 'Q2086183', 'Q6117519', 'Q6396591', 'Q207420', 'Q192185', 'Q3235140', 'Q189534', 'Q517901', 'Q3092981', 'Q3086716', 'Q80135', 'Q742772', 'Q443225', 'Q7294', 'Q7013095', 'Q1779', 'Q944632', 'Q207947', 'Q2608920', 'Q1334617', 'Q6749301', 'Q7736966', 'Q1519422', 'Q23848', 'Q3828752', 'Q1764373', 'Q7743357', 'Q4972059', 'Q3138561', 'Q3446049']

[[(85, 96), (4350, 4361)], [(4330, 4333), (4457, 4460), (4516, 4519), (4612, 4615), (4683, 4686), (4866, 4869)], [(139, 152), (649, 662), (2589, 2602)], [(157, 167), (1022, 1032)], [(187, 201), (895, 909), (3175, 3189)], [(1095, 1108)], [(4457, 4467), (4516, 4526), (4612, 4622), (4683, 4693)], [(1868, 1879)], [(2098, 2109)], [(2129, 2144)], [(2429, 2452)], [(2489, 2501)], [(2531, 2544)], [(2688, 2698)], [(3137, 3163)], [(3220, 3233)], [(3235, 3257)], [(3260, 3269)], [(3271, 3289)], [(3291, 3300)], [(3302, 3309)], [(3312, 3331)], [(3333, 3370)], [(3394, 3405)], [(3424, 3439)], [(3563, 3576)], [(3580, 3595)], [(3597, 3619)], [(3622, 3644)], [(3646, 3682)], [(3685, 3698)], [(3718, 3741)], [(3745, 3788)], [(3804, 3824)], [(3828, 3843)], [(3872, 3912)], [(3916, 3929)], [(3960, 3980)], [(4034, 4050)], [(4081, 4094)], [(4149, 4173)]]

Steven Roy Howe (March 10, 1958 – April 28, 2006) was an American professional baseball relief pitcher. He played 12 seasons in Major League Baseball (MLB) for the Los Angeles Dodgers, Minnesota Twins, Texas Rangers and New York Yankees, spanning 1980 to 1996. His baseball career ended in 1997 after a stint with the Sioux Falls Canaries of the independent Northern League. A hard-throwing left-hander, Howe was the Rookie of the Year in 1980, saved the clinching game of the 1981 World Series, and was an All-Star in 1982. However, his career was derailed by problems with alcohol and cocaine abuse. He was suspended seven times by MLB for drug-policy violations, and in 1992 he received a lifetime ban from baseball that he was able to overturn with an appeal. After each disciplinary action, he returned to show flashes of his former brilliance. He died in a single-vehicle accident in 2006, after which an autopsy identified the presence of methamphetamine in his system. ==Baseball career== Born in Pontiac, Michigan, Howe played college baseball at the University of Michigan in Ann Arbor and was a two-time All-Big Ten selection. He made his major league debut at the age of 22 in and was the National League Rookie of the Year that year, the second in a string of four Dodger rookies of the year (Rick Sutcliffe, Fernando Valenzuela, and Steve Sax). He saved 17 games during his ROY season, establishing a new rookie record. In the following strike-shortened season, Howe helped the Dodgers win the World Series over the New York Yankees. Howe's career was plagued by alcohol and cocaine abuse;Athletes Who Damaged Their Careers With Drug Abuse, Gunaxin. he first checked himself into a substance abuse clinic in , but a relapse resulted in his suspension for the entire season. Over the course of his 17-year career, Howe was suspended seven times. After briefly pitching for the Minnesota Twins and Texas Rangers and being out of the major leagues for four years, Howe signed with the Yankees, where he once again pitched effectively. However, in , Howe became the second player to be banned from baseball for life because of substance abuse (the first was Ferguson Jenkins, who was also reinstated). He successfully appealed the ban and re-signed with the Yankees, where he had one final great season in , recording 15 saves and a 1.80 earned run average as the Yankees' closer. He failed to repeat the performance the following year and was relegated to a setup role, and was released in June after posting an 0–1 record with a 6.35 ERA. Howe finished his career in 1997 playing with the Sioux Falls Canaries of the independent Northern League. For his career, Howe posted a record of 47 wins, 41 losses, 91 saves, and a 3.03 ERA in 497 games. ==Autobiography== Howe published an autobiography in 1989, the middle of his baseball career. The book, Between the Lines: One Athlete's Struggle to Escape the Nightmare of Addiction (), described his chemical dependency and hope for recovery based upon his newfound commitment to evangelical Christianity. The book was co-written with Jim Greenfield, a lawyer from the Philadelphia area. ==After baseball== Following his retirement from baseball, Howe worked in Lake Havasu City, Arizona, as a self-employed framing contractor. His company's name was All Star Framing. On April 28, 2006, Howe's pickup truck rolled over in Coachella, California, and he was killed. He was not wearing a seat belt at the time of the crash. The toxicology reports following his autopsy indicated he had methamphetamine in his system. ==See also== *List of people banned from Major League Baseball ==Published works== * ==References== ==External links== *Ex- MLB pitcher Howe dies in truck crash, MSNBC.com Category:1958 births Category:2006 deaths Category:Major League Baseball pitchers Category:Major League Baseball players suspended for drug offenses Category:Major League Baseball Rookie of the Year Award winners Category:National League All-Stars Category:Albany-Colonie Yankees players Category:American sportspeople convicted of crimes Category:Columbus Clippers players Category:Los Angeles Dodgers players Category:Michigan Wolverines baseball players Category:Minnesota Twins players Category:New York Yankees players Category:San Antonio Dodgers players Category:San Jose Bees players Category:Oklahoma City 89ers players Category:Salinas Spurs players Category:Sioux Falls Canaries players Category:Texas Rangers players Category:Baseball players from Santa Clarita, California Category:Sportspeople from Pontiac, Michigan Category:Baseball players from Oakland County, Michigan Category:Drugs in sport in the United States Category:Road incident deaths in California Category:People from Lake Havasu City, Arizona Category:Anchorage Glacier Pilots players

['Pontiac, Michigan', 'Coachella, California', 'Los Angeles Dodgers', 'Minnesota Twins', 'New York Yankees', 'World Series', 'Major League Baseball', 'Sioux Falls Canaries', 'Michigan', 'Michigan Wolverines baseball', 'Rick Sutcliffe', 'Fernando Valenzuela', 'Ferguson Jenkins', 'Lake Havasu City, Arizona']

['Q847596', 'Q948219', 'Q334634', 'Q604879', 'Q213417', 'Q265538', 'Q1163715', 'Q3485144', 'Q1166', 'Q16969611', 'Q3431604', 'Q1131057', 'Q284428', 'Q79435']

[[(1005, 1022), (4558, 4575)], [(3381, 3402)], [(164, 183), (4128, 4147)], [(185, 200), (1890, 1905), (4211, 4226)], [(220, 236), (1530, 1546), (4244, 4260)], [(482, 494), (1508, 1520)], [(128, 149), (3614, 3635), (3796, 3817), (3836, 3857), (3903, 3924)], [(318, 338), (2601, 2621), (4414, 4434)], [(1014, 1022), (1074, 1082), (4165, 4173), (4567, 4575), (4623, 4631)], [(4165, 4193)], [(1306, 1320)], [(1322, 1341)], [(2168, 2184)], [(3220, 3245), (4742, 4767)]]

Birdseye, Birds Eye or Bird's Eye may refer to: ==Art and media== *Birdseye (film), a 2002 film starring Fred Ward *Birdseye (Tony Rich album), 1998 album by Tony Rich *Bird's-eye view, a view of an object from above, as though the observer were a bird *From a Bird's Eye View, a 1971 United States sitcom about two airline stewardesses *Birdseye, colloquialism for fermata, a symbol used in musical notation ==Places== *Birdseye, Indiana, United States *Birdseye, Utah, United States *Birdseye Highway, South Australia, named for Sylvia Birdseye ==Flora== ===Chili peppers=== *Bird's eye chili, a cultivar of the species Capsicum annuum, commonly found in Southeast Asia *Bird's eye, or Capsicum annuum var. glabriusculum, native to southern North America and northern South America *African bird's eye chili, also known as piri piri, a cultivar of Capsicum frutescens *Filipino bird's eye, another name for siling labuyo, a cultivar of Capsicum frutescens native to the Philippines ===Other flora=== *Bird's eye, or Bird's-eye Speedwell, another name for the plant Veronica chamaedrys ==Surname== *Clarence Birdseye (1886–1956), considered the founder of the modern frozen food industry, and the "Birds Eye" frozen food brand *Sylvia Birdseye (1902–1962), first woman to hold a commercial bus driving licence in South Australia *Tom Birdseye (born 1951), American children's author ==Other== *Birds Eye, a multinational frozen foods company **Captain Birdseye, also known as Captain Iglo, the advertising mascot for the Birds Eye frozen food brand * Birdseye cloth, frequently used in diapers *Birdseye maple, a pattern in certain kinds of timber *Bird's eye maple (mineral property), an effect observed in mica and other crystals

['Birdseye (film)', "Bird's-eye view", "From a Bird's Eye View", 'Birdseye, Indiana', 'Birdseye, Utah', 'Birdseye Highway', 'Sylvia Birdseye', "Bird's eye chili", 'Capsicum annuum var. glabriusculum', 'Veronica chamaedrys', 'Clarence Birdseye', 'Tom Birdseye', 'Birds Eye', 'Captain Birdseye', 'Birdseye maple', "Bird's eye maple (mineral property)"]

['Q4916136', 'Q1153655', 'Q5505563', 'Q2553036', 'Q4916137', 'Q865102', 'Q21538385', 'Q432426', 'Q897733', 'Q157343', 'Q1095376', 'Q7814970', 'Q4916058', 'Q3106124', 'Q164973', 'Q4915807']

[[(67, 82)], [(169, 184)], [(254, 276)], [(421, 438)], [(455, 469)], [(486, 502)], [(531, 546), (1229, 1244)], [(578, 594)], [(688, 722)], [(1067, 1086)], [(1100, 1117)], [(1331, 1343)], [(10, 19), (1199, 1208), (1395, 1404), (1522, 1531)], [(1445, 1461)], [(1596, 1610)], [(1650, 1685)]]