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Triatoma carrioni is a blood-sucking bug and probable vector of the flagellate protozoan that causes Chagas disease. It was discovered by F. Larrousse in 1926. Type: National Museum of Natural History, Smithsonian Institution, Washington DC. Paratype M: FIOCRUZ, Rio de Janeiro. Type locality: Loja Province, Ecuador. Distribution: South Ecuador, North Peru. Biology: silvatic, rodent nests and opossum lodges; also peridomestic, and occasionally in houses. == References == Category:Insect vectors of human pathogens Category:Reduviidae Category:Hemiptera of South America

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David Alliance, Baron Alliance, (, ; born 15 June 1932) is an Iran-born British-Israeli businessman and Liberal Democrat politician. ==Personal== David (originally Davoud) Alliance was born in Kashan, Iran, to a Jewish family and was educated at the Etahad School, Iran. He began his career in the bazaars of Iran at the age of fourteen and, by the age of eighteen, moved to Manchester, England. He has three children and five grandchildren and now lives in Manchester and London. ==Peerage== Alliance was appointed a Commander of the Order of the British Empire (CBE) in the 1984 New Year Honours and in the 1989 New Year Honours received a knighthood, the honour being bestowed 9 February 1989. He was created a life peer as Baron Alliance, of Manchester in the County of Greater Manchester, on 1 July 2004 and sits on the Liberal Democrat benches. ==Career== He owns 33% and is chairman of N Brown Group plc, a clothing catalog retailer. He was also the joint founder with Sir Harry Djanogly of Coats Viyella plc (now Coats Group plc), operating in 67 countries with 22% global market share, employing 70,000 people. Share sales, a valuable art collection and some small private firms account for the remainder of the family fortune. Alliance and Djanogly turned Coats Viyella into a £2bn textile business. Alliance is also one of the primary investors of the web measurement company SimilarWeb. Lord Alliance serves on several committees, including the Prince's Youth Business Trust, Council for Industry and Higher Education, and the University of Manchester Foundation, and the Weizmann Institute. He is a senior trustee of the Next Century Foundation. He serves on the Board of Governors of Tel Aviv University in Israel. He has a number of fellowships including Fellow of the Royal Society for the Encouragement of Arts, Manufactures and Commerce; Fellow of the City and Guilds of London Institute; and Honorary Fellow of Shenkar College of Engineering and Design. Lord Alliance holds a Doctorate of Science at Heriot-Watt University and a Legum Doctor (Doctor of Laws Honoris Causa) from the University of Manchester. He used to be an Honorary Fellow of UMIST as there is no UMIST anymore after the merger. Alliance received an Honorary Doctorate from Heriot-Watt University in 1991. Between 1984 and 1991, Lord Alliance was instrumental in the rescue of the Ethiopian Jews out of Sudan and Ethiopia by bringing them to Israel. ==Wealth== In the Sunday Times Rich List 2015 ranking of the wealthiest people in the UK, he was placed with an estimated fortune of £3.1 billion. Since his elevation to the peerage in 2004, he has given the Liberal Democrats £668,872 in donations, plus an additional £20,996.56 in notional interest on loans he has made to the party.Electoral Commission register of donors – http://registers.electoralcommission.org.uk/regulatory- issues/regdpoliticalparties.cfm?ec={ts%20'06 February 2011%2005:08:14'} Lord Alliance owns a home in Didsbury, Manchester and a mock-Georgian mansion in St John's Wood, an affluent area of northwest London. He also owns a collection of Lowry paintings. In 2012, Tel Aviv University established an Iranian Studies Center, named after Lord Alliance. In September 2015, Manchester Business School was renamed in Alliance Manchester Business School (AMBS) in honor of Alliance, which has had a long-standing association with the school and wider university. AMBS's head, Fiona Devine, said, "The donation made by Lord Alliance and the Alliance Family Foundation will support the biggest transformation the school has seen since it was established some 50 years ago." Alliance's autobiography, A Bazaar Life (co-written with Ivan Fallon), was published in 2015. ==Arms== ==References== ==External links== * Lord Alliance Liberal Democrats profile * Category:1932 births Category:Living people Category:British autobiographers Category:British businesspeople Category:British Jews Category:British philanthropists Category:British textile industry businesspeople Category:British people of Iranian-Jewish descent Category:Iranian emigrants to the United Kingdom Category:Iranian Jews Category:Commanders of the Order of the British Empire Category:Iranian philanthropists Category:Jewish British philanthropists Category:Liberal Democrats (UK) life peers Category:Tel Aviv University people Category:Jewish British politicians Category:Knights Bachelor Category:British billionaires Category:Life peers created by Elizabeth II

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Brian Francis Connolly (5 October 1945 – 9 February 1997) was a Scottish singer-songwriter, musician and actor, best known as the lead singer of glam rock band the Sweet between 1968 and 1979 and renowned for his charismatic stage presence and distinctive voice. ==Early life== Connolly was born in 1945 in Hamilton, South Lanarkshire. His mother was a teenage waitress, Frances Connolly, who left him in a Glasgow hospital as an infant whilst he was possibly suffering from meningitis. The identity of his biological father was never made public. Connolly was fostered at the age of two by Jim and Helen McManus of Blantyre, South Lanarkshire and took their family name. After inadvertently discovering his lineage, he eventually reverted to the name Connolly. The McManuses were the family of Mark McManus, of Taggart fame. Both men perceived a resemblance between them, and supposed McManus's father to have also been Connolly's. In a radio interview, Connolly reported that singing was a large part of growing up since there was no television, and that he was regularly called upon to sing for family and friends. Connolly has credited the Everly Brothers as being his earliest musical influence. ==Career== ===Early career=== At the age of 12, Connolly moved to Harefield, Middlesex, where he attended the local secondary modern school. In his mid- teens he joined the Merchant Navy, and got a tiger's head tattooed on his right arm during his Navy service. On his discharge from the Merchant Navy in 1963 he returned to Harefield and played in a number of local bands, including Generation X (not to be confused with the punk rock band from the late 70s, fronted by Billy Idol) from mid-1965 until about October 1966. The group recorded four tracks but these were not commercially released. The lineup featured Connolly on vocals, Chris Eldridge and Lee Mordecai on guitars, Mark Conway (bass) and drummer Martin Lass. Connolly eventually replaced singer Ian Gillan (later of Deep Purple fame) in a band called Wainwright's Gentlemen, which included drummer Mick Tucker. ===Sweet (1968–1979)=== Tucker and Connolly left Wainwright's Gentlemen in late 1967 and recruited guitarist Frank Torpey, and bassist Steve Priest, naming their new band the Sweetshop. On the eve of releasing their debut single, Slow Motion, in July 1968, the band shortened their name to the Sweet. They recorded a further three unsuccessful singles; Andy Scott joined the line-up in late 1970, just before the release of their first hit single "Funny, Funny." After this, Connolly was propelled into the limelight, with many appearances on Top of the Pops, with the other members of the Sweet. In 1974, Connolly was badly beaten after leaving a nightclub in Staines where he received several kicks to his throat resulting in his being unable to sing for some time and permanently losing some of his previously wide vocal range. This incident also meant the band missed out on supporting the Who at Charlton Athletic Football Ground. Several songs on the Sweet Fanny Adams album had to be sung by other members of the band. As time progressed issues between Connolly and other members of Sweet developed and he would find the band excluding him from decisions. Connolly developed a significant problem with alcoholism in the mid-1970s. During 1977, when no tours were undertaken and two of Sweet's most successful albums were recorded, the power struggle within the band became even more apparent. Connolly's chronic alcohol abuse further compromised his role with the band as his voice began showing the impact in recordings and on stage during Sweet's 1978 US tour. He played his last British show with the classic Sweet line-up at Hammersmith Odeon, London on 24 February 1978. His final live performance with the band was in July 1978 in Florida, US, when they supported Alice Cooper. His departure was not made public until March 1979. ==After Sweet (1979–1983)== After news of his leaving Sweet broke, Connolly was interviewed by the German music magazine Bravo, in which he said he was taking time off to be with his family, and considering a new musical direction (countrified rock). By mid- to late 1979 he had recorded several new tracks at Chipping Norton Recording Studios, in Oxfordshire, with the assistance of friend and producer Mick Angus. The following year one of the tracks, "Take Away the Music", was re-recorded at the Marquee Studios, London with then Polydor producer Pip Williams. On 22 June 1979, Connolly made his first major appearance since leaving the Sweet, at the Bravo Super Disco '79 at the Olympiahalle, Munich. Ten thousand people heard Connolly perform a preview of first solo Polydor single: "Take Away the Music". The single was issued in 1980 by Polydor, and was included on the 1980 Polydor Germany High Life compilation album. In 1981, Connolly was admitted to hospital with bloating, and he sustained multiple heart attacks. His health was permanently affected with some paralysis on his left side which would later develop into a nervous system condition. These problems were most likely related to Connolly's excessive alcohol consumption and heavy smoking, coupled with the use of prescription diuretic medicine. Connolly's next release was "Don't You Know a Lady", composed by Roger Greenaway. The song was recorded by British four- piece band Brooks shortly after Connolly's release. The track failed to make an impact. In 1982 with his Polydor contract expired, Connolly signed with French independent label, Carrere Records. Carrere then released the hard-rock single "Hypnotized", written by Joe Lynn Turner. A Fandango cover, the track was released in Europe with wide distribution by RCA but failed to chart. During this time Connolly recorded several new tracks for an album schedued for release in August 1983, however the album was not released. In January 1983, Connolly supported Pat Benatar for three shows in Birmingham, Newcastle and the Hammersmith Odeon, London. Connolly's band Encore, included most of the members of Verity, fronted by ex-Argent guitarist John Verity, and Terry Uttley, the bass player from Smokie. Songs played included "Windy City", "Fox on the Run", "Hypnotized" and new numbers, "Sick and Tired", "Red Hair Rage" and "Burning the Candle". The new tracks were made available on a bootleg 7" single and CD. The Inland Revenue served Connolly and the other members of the Sweet with a multimillion-pound tax assessment for the income earned from their hit records. Connolly sold his house to pay his share of the tax bill. ===New Sweet and reunions=== From early 1984 onward, despite recurrent ill health, Connolly toured the UK and Europe with his band the New Sweet. His most successful concerts were annual appearances in West Germany, before and after Germany's reunification. He visited other countries including Denmark, and continued to perform sporadically in the UK. In 1985, Connolly had reportedly stopped. The same year he separated from his wife Marilyn, with the divorce finalised in 1986. During 1987, Connolly again encountered Frank Torpey, the original Sweet lead guitarist from 1968 to 1969. According to Torpey, Connolly was seeking a German recording deal. Torpey subsequently invited Connolly to record with him, as an informal project. Running late, Connolly turned up and the track "Sharontina" was recorded, but would not be released until Torpey's 1998 album, Sweeter. In 1988, the producer Mike Chapman arranged for Connolly and former band members Mick Tucker, Steve Priest and Andy Scott to reunite in Los Angeles, California, and rework studio versions of "Action" and "The Ballroom Blitz". The reunion was with a view to producing a new album for MCA Records, however due to problems with Connolly's voice, the project failed and Connolly returned to the New Sweet. In 1990, he reunited with the original Sweet line-up for the promotion of a music video documentary at Tower Records, London. By July 1990, plans were made for Connolly and the New Sweet to tour Australia. A number of dates were planned, with the tour starting in Adelaide, and proceeded during November. However, during the long flight to Australia, Connolly's suffered health issues and he was hospitalised in Adelaide Hospital for dehydration and related problems. The band played a show in Adelaide without Connolly. Other shows included one at the Dingley Powerhouse, with the final Australian show at Melbourne's Old Greek Theatre. It was felt at the time that Connolly's health was sufficient reason for the tour not to be extended, and some of the later planned dates were abandoned. Connolly returned to England and his band appeared on The Bob Downe Christmas Show, on 18 December 1990. During the early 1990s, Connolly played the European "oldies" circuit and occasional outdoor festivals in Europe with the band. On 22 March 1992, a heavy-duty tape recorder was stolen from the band's van while they were performing the Bristol Hippodrome with Mud. The tape recorder contained demos of four new songs and approximately 20 mixes. Legal problems continued over use of the Sweet name between Connolly and Andy Scott. In something of a truce, both parties agreed to distinguish their group's name to help promoters and fans. The New Sweet became Brian Connolly's Sweet and Andy Scott's band became Andy Scott's Sweet. Connolly and the New Sweet continued to tour UK and Europe. In 1994, the New Sweet played in Dubai, and appeared at the Galleria Theatre, Hyatt Regency and Bahrain. By this time, Connolly had healed the differences with Steve Priest and Mick Tucker, and was invited to the wedding of Priest's eldest daughter, Lisa. At the private function, for which Priest specially flew back to England, Priest and Connolly performed together. ===Let's Go and solo work (1995–1996)=== In 1995, Connolly released a new album, Let's Go, backed up with merchandising. His partner Jean, whom he had met a few years earlier, gave birth to a son that year. In 1995, Jean succeeded in locating Connolly's biological family. An aunt in Ontario, Canada, revealed that Connolly's true birth mother had died in 1989. She also informed him that he had a living brother and sister, whom he met up with in England. On 2 November 1996, British TV network Channel 4 aired a programme Don't Leave Me This Way, which examined Connolly's time as a pop star with the Sweet, the subsequent decline in the band's popularity, and the impact on the band members. The show revealed Connolly's ill health, but also that he was continuing with his concert dates at Butlins, where Connolly and his band had appeared a number of times on tour during the early 1990s. Connolly's final concert was at the Bristol Hippodrome on 5 December 1996, with Slade II and John Rossall's Glitter Band Experience. ==Death== thumb|Plaque commemorating Connolly at Breakspear Crematorium, Middlesex In January 1997, Connolly had a heart attack and was hospitalised in Slough. After a week in hospital he discharged himself, but was readmitted the following week. Connolly died around midnight of 9–10 February 1997, as a result of kidney and liver failure and repeated heart attacks. He was 51 years old. On 17 February 1997, Connolly was cremated after a ceremony at Most Holy Name Roman Catholic Church at Old Mill Road, Denham, Buckinghamshire. His ashes were scattered over the water by his daughters Nicola and Michelle. He was also survived by his ex-wife, Marilyn, his girlfriend Jean and their one- year-old son Brian, born 26 May 1995. On 11 October 1998, fans organised a memorial concert for Connolly at the Camden Palace in London. Money was raised for a plaque dedicated to Connolly at Breakspear Crematorium, Breakspear Road, Ruislip, Middlesex. It was unveiled on 9 February 2000. In 2013, Connolly's son, Brian Jr., competed in the television talent show The X Factor. Brian Jr.'s mother, Jean, married and now lives with a former band member, Glenn Williams, in Spain. ==Band members== ===Personnel=== ====Brian Connolly Band==== * Brian Connolly – lead vocals (1979–1984) * John Verity – guitar (1979–1984) * Chas Cronk – bass (1979–1982) * Tony Fernandez – drums, percussion (1979–1982) * Dave Lambert – guitar (1979–1982) * Brian Willoughby – guitar (1979–1982) * Clive Barrett – guitar (1982–1984) * Steve Rodford – drums, percussion (1982–1984) * Terry Uttley – bass (1982–1984) ====The New Sweet / Brian Connolly's Sweet==== * Brian Connolly – lead vocals (1984–1997) * Phil Ridden – drums, percussion (1984–1986, 1993) * Brian Rawson – guitar (1984) * Geoff Roots – bass (1984) * Gary Farmer – bass (1984–1990, 1990–1993) * Steve Turner – guitar (1984–1990, 1990–1993) * Michael Williams – guitar (1984–1990, 1990–1992) * Steve Berry – bass (1990) * Neale Haywood – guitar (1990) * Martin Saunders – drums (1990) * Dave Farmer – drums, percussion (1990–1993, 1994–1996) * Steve Mulvey – keyboards (1993–1997) * Bjorn Hurrel – bass (1993–1994) * Mel Johnson – guitar (1993–1994) * Glenn Williams – guitar (1994–1997) * Martin Cook – bass (1994–1995) * Drew Murphy – drums, percussion (1994–1995) * Dave Glover – bass (1995–1997) * Russ Mahoney – drums, percussion (1995–1996) * Jeff King – drums, percussion (1996–1997) ====Lineups==== 1979–1982 Brian Connolly Band 1982–1984 1984 The New Sweet 1984–1990 * Brian Connolly – lead vocals * Chas Cronk – bass * Tony Fernandez – drums, percussion * Dave Lambert – guitar * John Verity – guitar * Brian Willoughby – guitar * Brian Connolly – lead vocals * John Verity – guitar * Clive Barrett – guitar * Steve Rodford – drums, percussion * Terry Uttley – bass * Brian Connolly – lead vocals * Brian Rawson – guitar * Phil Ridden – drums, percussion * Geoff Roots – bass * Brian Connolly – lead vocals * Phil Ridden – drums, percussion * Gary Farmer – bass * Steve Turner – guitar * Michael Williams – guitar 1990 1990–1992 1992–1993 1993–1994 Brian Connolly's Sweet * Brian Connolly – lead vocals * Steve Berry – bass * Neale Haywood – guitar * Martin Saunders – drums * Brian Connolly – lead vocals * Dave Farmer – drums, percussion * Gary Farmer – bass * Steve Turner – guitar * Michael Williams – guitar * Brian Connolly – lead vocals * Dave Farmer – drums, percussion * Gary Farmer – bass * Steve Turner – guitar * Brian Connolly – lead vocals * Bjorn Hurrel – bass * Mel Johnson – guitar * Steve Mulvey – keyboards * Phil Ridden – drums, percussion 1994–1995 1995–1996 1996–1997 * Brian Connolly – lead vocals * Steve Mulvey – keyboards * Martin Cook – bass * Dave Farmer – drums, percussion * Drew Murphy – drums, percussion * Glenn Williams – guitar * Brian Connolly – lead vocals * Steve Mulvey – keyboards * Dave Farmer – drums, percussion * Glenn Williams – guitar * Dave Glover – bass * Russ Mahoney – drums, percussion * Brian Connolly – lead vocals * Steve Mulvey – keyboards * Glenn Williams – guitar * Dave Glover – bass * Jeff King – drums, percussion ==Discography== ===With Sweet=== ===As Brian Connolly=== ====Singles==== *"Take Away the Music" b/w "Alabama Man" (1980) – Polydor Records *"Don't You Know a Lady" b/w "Phone You"(1980) – Polydor Records *"Hypnotized" b/w "Fade Away" (1982) – Carrere Records, RCA Records ====Albums==== *Brian Connolly and the Sweet – Greatest Hits (1986) – new recordings of Sweet singles – Success Records *Let's Go (1995) – Sweet re- recordings and three new post-Sweet tracks – Bam Records *Take Away the Music (2004) – compilation of solo singles and demos – Malibu Records ====Appears on==== * Closed (Belgian psychedelic band) – guide vocals on "My Little Girl From Kentucky" and "Spider" * "Remember December" by Paper Dolls – backing vocals (1970) * High Life 20 Original Top Hits (1980) Polydor Germany – Features "Take Away the Music" * Sweeter (1998) by Frank Torpey, CD Album – Notable for Brian Connolly's 1997 lead vocal track, "Sharontina" – Frankie Dean Records === List of songs === ==== "Generation X" (aka the Troop)==== Song Writer(s) Time Producer Album Year Other My Opinion Connolly 1.09 unknown The Sweet – From the Vaults Volume 12 Early 1960s On the spotlight Connolly/Christopher Eldridge 1.29 unknown The Sweet – From the Vaults Volume 12 Early 1960s You'll Call My Name Eddie Hill/Jean Branch 1.12 unknown The Sweet – From the Vaults Volume 12 Various – Rare Mod Volume 5 2013 Early 1960s ==== "Wainwright's Gentlemen" ==== Song Writer(s) Time Producer Album Year Other Ain't That Just Like Me Billy Guy, Earl Carroll 2.40 unknown Various – Rare Mod Volume 3 2011 produced in 1965 ==== As Brian Connolly ==== Song Writer(s) Time Producer Album Year Other Alabama Man Brian Connolly, Mick Angus 3.46 Pip Williams Take Away the Music 1980 Burning the Candle ? 5.06 unknown none 1983 Don't You Know A Lady (When You See One) Roger Greenaway, Mike Leander 4.56 Pip Williams Take Away the Music 1980 First sung by Brooks (1980) Fade Away Brian Connolly, Brian Willoughby 3.24 John Verity Take Away the Music 1982 Hypnotized Rick Blakemore, Bob Danyls, Dennis La Rue, Joe Lynn Turner 3.09 John Verity Take Away the Music 1982 First sung by Fandango (1980), Not Fragile (2003) cover Red Hair Rage ? 4.23 unknown none 1983 Phone You Brian Connolly, Mick Angus 3.08 Brian Connolly Take Away the Music 1980 Sick And Tired ? 3.53 unknown none 1983 Take Away the Music Brian Connolly, Mick Angus 3.47 Pip Williams Take Away the Music 1980 ==== As Brian Connolly's Sweet ==== The "Old Sweet" material are new recordings. Song Writer(s) Time Producer Album Year Other Action Connolly, Priest, Scott, Tucker 3.19 unknown Greatest Hits 1986 Block Buster Chapman, Chinn 3.10 unknown Greatest Hits 1986 Burn on the Flame Connolly, Priest, Scott, Tucker 4.14 unknown Let's Go 1995 Co-Co Chapman, Chinn 2.28 unknown Greatest Hits 1986/1997 Do It Again Brian Connolly, Johnny Earle 3.31 unknown Let's Go 1995 Elavita ? ? unknown Home Demos 2002 Fox on the Run Connolly, Priest, Scott, Tucker 3.33 unknown Greatest Hits 1986 Hell Raiser Chapman, Chinn 3.14 unknown Greatest Hits 1986 Jailbait Fade Away ? 2.45 unknown Take Away the Music 2002 Lady ? 3.57 unknown Take Away the Music 2002 Let's go Brian Connolly, Johnny Earle 4.25 unknown Let's Go 1995 Little Willie Chapman, Chinn 3.13 unknown Greatest Hits 1986 Love Is Like Oxygen Andy Scott, Trevor Griffin 3.53 unknown Greatest Hits 1986 Magic Circle Brian Connolly, Trevor Griffin 4.12 unknown The Definitive Brian Connolly's Sweet 2001 Old Folks ? 3.12 unknown Take Away the Music 2002 Poppa Joe Chapman, Chinn 3.13 unknown Greatest Hits 1986/1997 Rock & Roll Disgrace Connolly, Priest, Scott, Tucker 3.46 unknown The Definitive Brian Connolly's Sweet 2001 Sunshine Days ? 3.07 unknown Take Away the Music 2002 Teenage Rampage Chapman, Chinn 3.26 unknown Greatest Hits 1986 The Ballroom Blitz Chapman, Chinn 4.09 unknown Greatest Hits 1986 The Final Show ? 3.25 unknown Take Away the Music 2002 The Sixteens Chapman, Chinn 4.19 unknown Greatest Hits 1986 Wait 'Til the Morning Comes Brian Connolly, Glen Williams 4.33 unknown Let's Go 1995 Wig Wam Bam Chapman, Chinn 3.34 unknown Greatest Hits 1986 ==References== ==Further reading== * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * ==External links== *Biography at Hot Shot Digital *Brian Connolly in themusicsover.com *Brian Connolly in last.fm. *Brian Connolly in thedeadrockstarsclub.com Category:1945 births Category:1997 deaths Category:20th-century Scottish male singers Category:Scottish rock singers Category:Scottish male singer-songwriters Category:Scottish singer-songwriters Category:Scottish people of Irish descent Category:Scottish Roman Catholics Category:Musicians from London Category:Singers from Glasgow Category:People from Hamilton, South Lanarkshire Category:People from Harefield Category:Alcohol-related deaths in England Category:Deaths from kidney failure Category:Deaths from liver failure Category:The Sweet members Category:Polydor Records artists Category:RCA Records artists Category:Glam rock musicians Category:Scottish tenors

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Edith Eleanor Bowman (born 1974) is a Scottish radio DJ and television presenter. She hosted Colin and Edith, weekday afternoons, weekend breakfast, and The Radio 1 Review on BBC Radio 1 until 2014 and has presented a variety of music-related television shows and music festivals. Since 2020, Bowman has hosted the annual Scottish Music Awards ceremony. ==Early life== Bowman was born in 1974 in Anstruther, Fife, Scotland. She attended secondary school at Waid Academy in Anstruther and then continued her studies in Media and Communication at Queen Margaret University, Edinburgh. == Media career == === Television === Bowman's first on-screen job on television was as a news reader on MTV UK. She went on to host many shows for the station, including co- presenting chart show Hitlist UK with Cat Deeley, with whom she also presented travel show Roadtripping for BBC Choice in 2002. She also worked as a presenter on Channel 4's breakfast show RI:SE when it launched on 29 April 2002. In 2004, she co-presented the BBC Scotland series Teen Commandments with Cameron Stout. After occasional appearances in 2003, Bowman co-presented Top of the Pops until the end of the series, replacing Fearne Cotton while she was away. In total she appeared on the show ten times including the final weekly episode. She returned to Top of the Pops for the 2006 Christmas Special. In 2020, during the Coronavirus pandemic, she remotely interviewed the film maker Sofia Coppola for the BBC4 series Life Cinematic. She has also presented various music programmes for Channel 4 such as Channel 4 Presents..., Evo Music Rooms, and TBA. Bowman also appeared on children's art program SMart in 2007 and has appeared in coverage of festivals such as Glastonbury, T in the Park and Reading and Leeds Festival, for both BBC Radio and TV. On 29 April 2011, she was a reporter for BBC TV on their coverage of the wedding of Prince William and Kate Middleton.BBC confirms presenting team to celebrate the Royal Wedding BBC Press Office, 29 April 2011 In 2011, she narrated Channel 5's documentary series McFly on the Wall. In December 2021, Bowman appeared in an episode of Celebrity Antiques Road Trip, alongside fellow Radio 2 broadcaster Mark Radcliffe. === Radio === Bowman presented Hit Music Sunday with Cat Deeley on Capital London from 2001–2002. On 29 March 2003, she teamed up with Colin Murray, who had also worked on RI:SE, to co-host Colin and Edith on BBC Radio 1. In April 2004 this show moved from a weekend morning slot to weekday afternoons, broadcasting between 13:00 and 16:00, after the departure of Mark and Lard from the station. In August 2006, Bowman became the sole occupier of the BBC Radio 1 afternoon 13:00 to 16:00 slot, with Murray taking over a late- night specialist music programme. In September 2008, she returned to the station after maternity leave, initially taking over from Dick and Dom on the Sunday Morning Lie In from 10:00 to 13:00. She returned to weekday afternoons on 3 November 2008. In July 2009 it was announced that Radio 1 was to change its daytime schedule, and this saw Bowman move to Weekend Breakfast. She said that she felt she had taken her shows as far as she could, and the move meant she could create a new show for a new market. In February 2012, it was announced that Bowman was being replaced by Gemma Cairney on Weekend Breakfast, and would move to Tuesday evenings, in order to take over The Review Show, from DJ Nihal. Bowman left weekends on 1 April 2012, but continued on different projects through out-of-house productions which air on the station. Her first show of the new Review Show was on 26 March 2013. In November 2012, she started co-hosting a Saturday morning show on BBC Radio 6 Music, alongside Adam Buxton. In June 2014, Radio 1 announced that The Review Show would be cancelled on 1 September 2014, ending Bowman's career at the station. In February 2016, she was announced as the only solo, female, breakfast show host on commercial radio, with the launch of Virgin Radio UK on 30 March. She left the programme on 29 September 2017. Bowman was an occasional stand-in presenter of Kermode and Mayo's Film Review on BBC Radio 5 Live, on BBC Radio 2 She also provides holiday cover for BBC Radio 2 presenters including Jo Whiley, Sara Cox, Gary Davies on Sounds of the 80s, and Fearne Cotton on Sounds of the 90s. === Podcast === Bowman has presented Soundtracking, a weekly half hour podcast in which she interviews film-makers about musical influences and their choice of music in films. == Career milestones == In 2005, Bowman presented BBC Scotland's coverage of the Live 8 event at Murrayfield Stadium in Edinburgh, and hosted the network's T in the Park programmes with Dougie Anderson who had also worked on RI:SE. Also in 2005, she hosted the Q Awards with Colin Murray live on BBC Radio 1. She also presented the BBC Three coverage of Glastonbury, T in the Park and the Reading Festival with Colin Murray. She also hosted the TV coverage of the first Electric Proms with Zane Lowe. On 7 July 2007, she co-presented the BBC coverage of Live Earth. After leaving Radio 1, Bowman presented several one- off film specials for Channel 4. She also presented Evo Music Rooms a late night music programme for Channel 4 and The Vue Film Show, also for Channel 4. In 2011, she presented coverage of the T in the Park music festival for BBC Three. She also had a stint with BBC America as an entertainment presenter in 2014. == Charity interests == In May 2008, Bowman supported the Fashion Targets Breast Cancer campaign in support of Breakthrough Breast Cancer, alongside fellow celebrities: comedian Alan Carr, actress Anna Friel, singer Natalie Imbruglia and model Twiggy.Celebrities show true colours in charity fashion campaign FAMEmagazine.co.uk, 1 May 2008 From 2015 until 2017 Bowman hosted the annual Young Scot Awards. == Singing == Bowman's television debut was on the Grampian Television talent show The Big Break. At the age of 14, she covered Bananarama's "Venus" which was itself a cover of the Shocking Blue original, but finished joint last in her heat. On 11 March 2005 she won the TV talent show Comic Relief Does Fame Academy, a charity music contest in which she sang "Champagne Supernova" with Jools Holland's band.DJ Edith Bowman wins Fame Academy BBC News, 12 March 2005 Earlier in the competition she sang a version of Blondie's "Hanging on the Telephone". The show also featured Al Murray, Kim Medcalf, Adrian Edmondson, Jon Culshaw, Konnie Huq, Dawn Steele, and other celebrities. == Personal life == Bowman married Editors frontman Tom Smith in 2013, and the couple have two sons, born in 2008 and 2013. == References == == External links == * * * Music Therapy with Edith Bowman (BBC Radio 2) Category:1974 births Category:Alumni of Queen Margaret University Category:Living people Category:BBC Radio 1 presenters Category:BBC Radio 2 presenters Category:BBC Radio 5 Live presenters Category:BBC Radio 6 Music presenters Category:Virgin Radio (UK) Category:Scottish television presenters Category:Scottish women television presenters Category:British women radio presenters Category:Singing talent show winners Category:People from Anstruther Category:People educated at Waid Academy Category:21st-century women musicians Category:Scottish women radio presenters Category:Scottish podcasters

['Anstruther', 'Fife', 'BBC Radio 1', 'Channel 4', 'Colin and Edith', 'Waid Academy', 'Queen Margaret University', 'Edinburgh', 'MTV UK', 'Cat Deeley', 'BBC Choice', 'RI:SE', 'BBC Scotland', 'Cameron Stout', 'Top of the Pops', 'Fearne Cotton', 'Sofia Coppola', 'BBC4', 'Evo Music Rooms', 'SMart', 'T in the Park', 'Reading Festival', 'Antiques Road Trip', 'Capital London', 'Colin Murray', 'Mark and Lard', 'Dick and Dom', 'Gemma Cairney', 'DJ Nihal', 'BBC Radio 6 Music', 'Adam Buxton', 'Virgin Radio UK', "Kermode and Mayo's Film Review", 'BBC Radio 5 Live', 'BBC Radio 2', 'Jo Whiley', 'Sara Cox', 'Gary Davies', 'Live 8', 'Murrayfield Stadium', 'Dougie Anderson', 'Q Awards', 'BBC Three', 'Electric Proms', 'Zane Lowe', 'Live Earth', 'BBC America', 'Breakthrough Breast Cancer', 'Alan Carr', 'Anna Friel', 'Natalie Imbruglia', 'Twiggy', 'Young Scot Awards', 'Grampian Television', 'Bananarama', 'Shocking Blue', 'Comic Relief Does Fame Academy', 'Champagne Supernova', 'Jools Holland', 'Hanging on the Telephone', 'Al Murray', 'Kim Medcalf', 'Adrian Edmondson', 'Jon Culshaw', 'Konnie Huq', 'Dawn Steele']

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Marcus Morton Rhoades (July 24, 1903 in Graham, Missouri – December 30, 1991) was an American cytogeneticist. ==Education== He earned a Bachelor of Science degree in 1927, a Master of Science degree in 1928 from the University of Michigan and a Ph.D. degree in 1932 from Cornell University where he was a trainee of Rollins A. Emerson alongside future Nobel Prize winners George Beadle and Barbara McClintock, and completed a thesis on the topic of cytoplasmic male sterility in maize. ==Career== After completing his doctoral studies, Rhoades's career spanned numerous institutions, first working as an experimentalist in plant breeding at Cornell University from 1932 to 1935, a research geneticist with the USDA in Ames, Iowa and later Arlington, Virginia from 1935 to 1940, an associate professor and later full professor at Columbia University from 1940 to 1948, a professor at UIUC from 1948 to 1958, and finally at Indiana University from 1948 until reaching maximum retirement age in 1974. He was elected to the United States National Academy of Sciences in 1946, the American Philosophical Society in 1962, and the American Academy of Arts and Sciences in 1966. Rhoades was active in the Genetics Society of America, serving as the editor of Genetics from 1940 to 1948, and later as the Vice President and then President of the GSA. His research on maize led to important discoveries for basic genetics and the applied science of plant breeding. He was one of the first cytogenecists to document the pre-meiotic pairing of homologous chromosomes in maize, otherwise referred to as somatic pairing (Singh, 2003), and the first to document an instance of meiotic drive, a Mendelian inheritance caused by preferential segregation of certain versions of homologous chromosomes during meiosis. Rhoades also pioneered work in nuclear-cytoplasmic interactions, demonstrating that mutation of the nuclear gene iojap produced heritable mutations in the genome of chloroplasts which persisted after the nuclear mutation was segregated away. In 1907, Herbert J. Webber started the Synapsis Club, a student/faculty organization at Cornell University. Prof. Rollins A. Emerson continued and encouraged his students to become members, including Rhoades. In the 1940s, Rhoades served as the doctoral advisor of geneticist Ruth Sager at Columbia University. The M. Rhoades Early-Career Award, awarded annually by the maize genetics community for significant contributions to genetics research in maize or related species, was named in honor of Rhoades. ==Awards== * 1977 Foreign Fellow of the Royal Danish Academy of Science and Letters * 1981 Thomas Hunt Morgan Medal - (Genetics Society of America) - inaugural award, shared with Barbara McClintock ==References== *Carlson, W.R. and Birchler, J.A. Marcus Morton Rhoades, Biographical Memoirs of the National Academy of Sciences *Singh, R.J. 2003. Plant cytogenetics. CRC Press, USA Category:1903 births Category:1991 deaths Category:American geneticists Category:University of Michigan alumni Category:Cornell University alumni Category:Members of the United States National Academy of Sciences Category:Genetics (journal) editors Category:Members of the American Philosophical Society Category:Fellows of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences

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The following lists events that happened during 1863 in South Africa. ==Incumbents== * Governor of the Cape of Good Hope and High Commissioner for Southern Africa: Sir Philip Wodehouse. * Lieutenant-governor of the Colony of Natal: John Scott. * State President of the Orange Free State: ** Marthinus Wessel Pretorius (until 17 June).Archontology.org: A Guide for Study of Historical Offices, Orange Free State: Heads of State: 1854-1902 (Accessed on 14 April 2017) ** Jacobus Johannes Venter (acting from 20 June). * President of the Executive Council of the South African Republic: W.C. Janse van Rensburg (acting until instated).Archontology.org: A Guide for Study of Historical Offices, South African Republic (Transvaal): Heads of State: 1857-1877 (Accessed on 14 April 2017) ==Events== ;March * 18 - Joseph Allison becomes acting State President of the Orange Free State until 17 June during the absence of M.W. Pretorius. ;April * 1 - The Cape Town and Green Point Tramway Company commences with the first horse-drawn trams in Cape Town from the foot of Adderley Street and out along Somerset Road to Green Point. ;June * 17 - M.W. Pretorius resigns as State President of the Orange Free State. * 20 - Jacobus Johannes Venter becomes acting State President of the Orange Free State. ;October * 23 - Acting President Willem Cornelis Janse van Rensburg becomes President of the Executive Council of the South African Republic. ;November * 4 - The Cape Town-Wellington railway is officially inaugurated.Espitalier, T.J.; Day, W.A.J. (1943). The Locomotive in South Africa - A Brief History of Railway Development. Chapter I - The Period of the 4 ft. 8½ in. Gauge. South African Railways and Harbours Magazine, June 1943. pp. 437-440.The South African Railways - Historical Survey. Editor George Hart, Publisher Bill Hart, Sponsored by Dorbyl Ltd., Published c. 1978, pp. 4, 8. ==Births== ==Deaths== ==Railways== ===Railway lines opened=== * 4 November - Cape Western - Stellenbosch to Wellington, .Statement Showing, in Chronological Order, the Date of Opening and the Mileage of Each Section of Railway, Statement No. 19, p. 181, ref. no. 200954-13 ==References== South Africa Category:Years in South Africa Category:History of South Africa

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Michael Brooks Kieschnick (born June 6, 1972) is an American former professional baseball left fielder and pitcher. The only player to win the Dick Howser Trophy twice, he is a College Baseball Hall of Fame inductee. He played in Major League Baseball (MLB) during six seasons between 1996 and 2004, primarily with the Chicago Cubs and the Milwaukee Brewers. He batted left-handed but threw right-handed. During the initial part of his major league career, he was exclusively a position player; for his final two seasons in the big leagues, he was used primarily as a relief pitcher who also occasionally served as an outfielder and pinch hitter. Kieschnick played college baseball at the University of Texas at Austin for the Texas Longhorns from 1990 until 1993, when he was drafted by the Chicago Cubs. After two seasons with Chicago, he was selected by the Tampa Bay Devil Rays in the 1997 expansion draft. However, he spent his entire tenure with the organization in the minor leagues. Although he was originally projected to be a hitter, he eventually revived his career by returning to pitching, which he had excelled at during his years with the Texas Longhorns. He was signed by the Milwaukee Brewers in 2003 and played his final major league game for them on October 3, 2004. ==Early life and education== Kieschnick was born in Robstown, Texas on June 6, 1972. He graduated from high school at Mary Carroll High School in Corpus Christi, Texas. He then attended college at the University of Texas at Austin, where he played three seasons of baseball. During his time with the Texas Longhorns, Kieschnick won the Dick Howser Trophy (bestowed annually to the national college baseball player of the year) in 1992. He won the award again in 1993, thus becoming the only player to win the honor twice. In his three years with the Longhorns, Kieschnick batted .360 and slugged 43 home runs and 215 runs batted in, in addition to having a 34–8 win–loss record and a 3.05 ERA. Because of his rare ability of competency in both hitting and pitching, Kieschnick was recognized as one of the most versatile players in college baseball. ==Professional career== ===Draft and minor leagues=== Even though Kieschnick did not play a defensive position, he was selected in the first round as the tenth overall pick of the 1993 amateur draft by the Chicago Cubs. He received a $650,000 signing bonus and was instantly viewed as the organization's best prospect in terms of hitting for power. Kieschnick honed his skills in the minor leagues and was ranked as the Cubs' top prospect by Baseball America during his three seasons in the Cubs farm system. Even though he had pitched well at the college level, the team viewed Kieschnick's offense as being more valuable. Accordingly, he was used exclusively as a position player by the Cubs at both the minor and major league levels. Kieschnick made his major league debut for the Cubs on April 3, 1996. ===Chicago Cubs (1996–1997)=== Kieschnick never lived up to his potential and was unable to produce the form he showed in the minor leagues. After appearing in only 25 games during the season, he was demoted back to the minors in the final week of spring training of . He was described as being "stunned and dejected" when he was informed of the decision to replace him with Brant Brown. Nevertheless, Kieschnick was recalled on April 11 and eventually won the left field position. He played 39 games and finished the season with a disappointing .200 batting average, 2 doubles, 4 home runs and 12 RBIs, while striking out 21 times. After the season ended, Kieschnick was selected as the 64th pick of the 1997 expansion draft by the Tampa Bay Devil Rays and was regarded as "just another underachieving Cub." ===The wilderness years (1998–2002)=== Kieschnick was never given the opportunity to play a major league game for the Devil Rays. He was instead consigned to the minor leagues and shuffled between the Gulf Coast League Devil Rays, St. Petersburg Devil Rays, Durham Bulls and Edmonton Trappers during his two-year stint with the organization. In , he was loaned out to the Anaheim Angels for the majority of the year. At the end of the season, Kieschnick became a free agent for the first time in his career and subsequently signed with the Cincinnati Reds. In the season, Kieschnick spent most of his time in the minors: his major-league stint that year was limited to just fourteen games and he was unable to garner any hits in his 13 plate appearances that year. He proceeded to sign with the Colorado Rockies as a free agent at the season's end. He again split his time between the minors and the majors. In the 45 major league games he played in , he batted .238, had 10 hits in 42 at bats, amassed 3 home runs and 9 RBIs and struck out 13 times. Kieschnick signed with the Cleveland Indians for the 2002 season, but was released prior to the end of spring training. Picked up by the Chicago White Sox a month later and signed to a minor league deal, Kieschnick then radically changed his career approach. Up to this point, Kieschnick had pitched in exactly two minor league games in his career—both token relief appearances in blowout games, one in 1999 and one in 2001. Nevertheless, in the 2002 season Kieschnick switched his primary focus to pitching, hoping to better his chances of making a major league roster as a pitcher who was also a versatile utility player. He ended up spending the entire season in the minor leagues with the triple-A Charlotte Knights, appearing in 25 games as a relief pitcher, 1 as an outfielder and over 40 as either a pinch-hitter or DH. He finished the season batting .275 with 13 home huns in just 189 at bats; as a pitcher, he was 0–1 with a 2.59 ERA in just over 31 innings pitched. ===Milwaukee Brewers (2003–2004)=== Signing with the Milwaukee Brewers organization in time for the 2003 campaign, Kieschnick returned to the majors in the role of pitcher/utility outfielder/DH. During the 2003 season, Kieschnick became the first player in the MLB to hit home runs as a pitcher, designated hitter, and pinch hitter in the same season. Throughout and , the Milwaukee Brewers took advantage of Kieschnick's versatility, using him as a pinch hitter, designated hitter, and left fielder in addition to his primary role in the bullpen. Kieschnick played three complete games as a left fielder in September 2003; these would be his only on-field appearances as a defensive player for Milwaukee (outside of his role as pitcher) during 2003–04. During his second season with Milwaukee (2004), Kieschnick opened the season as a pitcher/pinch-hitter, but due to an injury was used exclusively as a pinch hitter for a two-month period from July 3-September 3, spending part of that time on the disabled list. Kieschnick did not appear as an outfielder or as a designated hitter during 2004. Though Kieschnick's pitching effectiveness improved over his 2003 season, his hitting tailed off, as he hit only 1 home run all year (compared to 7 in 2003). In a total of 306 career at-bats, Kieschnick's batting average was .248. In his two seasons of pitching at the major league level, his ERA was 4.59. ===Return to the minors and retirement (2005–2006)=== Kieschnick was released by Milwaukee near the end of spring training, 2005. He subsequently spent the 2005 season in the Houston Astros minor league system, hitting .327 but also compiling a pitching record of 2–4 with an ERA of 5.12. On February 15, , Kieschnick announced his retirement from baseball. ==Post-playing days== In 2002, in an online poll conducted in Austin, Kieschnick was voted the best baseball player in the history of the University of Texas. He became one of ten inaugural members of the College Baseball Hall of Fame in 2006. On March 29, 2009, Kieschnick had his number 23 retired by the University of Texas. ==References== ==External links== Category:1972 births Category:Living people Category:All-American college baseball players Category:American expatriate baseball players in Canada Category:Baseball players from Corpus Christi, Texas Category:Charlotte Knights players Category:Chicago Cubs players Category:Cincinnati Reds players Category:National College Baseball Hall of Fame inductees Category:Colorado Rockies players Category:Colorado Springs Sky Sox players Category:Corpus Christi Hooks players Category:Daytona Cubs players Category:Durham Bulls players Category:Edmonton Trappers players Category:Gulf Coast Cubs players Category:Gulf Coast Devil Rays players Category:Indianapolis Indians players Category:Iowa Cubs players Category:Louisville RiverBats players Category:Major League Baseball outfielders Category:Major League Baseball pitchers Category:Milwaukee Brewers players Category:Orlando Cubs players Category:People from Robstown, Texas Category:Baseball players from Nueces County, Texas Category:Round Rock Express players Category:St. Petersburg Devil Rays players Category:Texas Longhorns baseball players Category:Anchorage Bucs players

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Michael Thomas Tucker (17 July 1947 – 14 February 2002) was an English musician, best known as the drummer and backing vocalist of the glam rock and hard rock band Sweet. ==Biography== Mick Tucker was born on July 17, 1947, in Kingsbury, North West London, the son of Hubert and Ellen Tucker. He was married twice: to Pauline until her death in 1979, and to Janet until his death. He died from leukaemia on February 14, 2002, in Welwyn Garden City, Hertfordshire. ==Personal life== On 28 July 1973, Tucker married his first wife, Pauline, at the Church of the Sacred Heart in Ruislip, Middlesex. They then moved into a house in Beverley Road, Ruislip. He had a music room with silver and gold albums awarded from all over the world on the walls. ==Bands== By the age of 18 (1965), Tucker had embarked on a career in pop music, playing around pubs and clubs in a band called Wainwright's Gentlemen and was later joined by vocalist Brian Connolly playing a mixture of R&B;, Motown, and early psychedelic sounds. The band split in 1968. There are a number of recordings in existence including a cover of The Coasters/The Hollies hit "Ain't That Just Like Me", which was officially released in February 2011 on a compilation CD "Rare Mod, Volume 3" on the Acid Jazz label (AJXCD 238). The track features Tucker on drums and, according to band bassist Jan Frewer, is thought to have been recorded in 1965. He was a founding member of the band Sweetshop in January 1968 along with Steve Priest, Brian Connolly, and Frank Torpey (born 30 April 1947, Kilburn, North West London), who was later replaced by Mick Stewart, who was himself succeeded by Andy Scott. "Sweetshop" was shortened to "The Sweet" in 1968. ==Drumming style== As a boy, his first interest was drawing. By fourteen he had changed his interest to the drums, influenced by Sandy Nelson, Buddy Rich, and Gene Krupa. Tucker's father offered him a drum kit but only if he would take drumming seriously. Hubert Tucker encouraged his son, even getting him his first gig, sitting in for Brian Bennett of legendary British beat group the Shadows at a local workingman's club. "He did well," says Tucker's wife, Janet, "If he had known who he was replacing, he would have been so scared!" A self-taught drummer, Tucker excelled, and by eighteen he was playing in the band Wainwright's Gentlemen. When Tucker was sacked in January 1968 for being "too flamboyant", singer Brian Connolly said "I am leaving as well." The two looked for new band-mates, and the band Sweetshop was soon formed. According to Steve Priest's 1994 autobiography, Are You Ready, Steve?, Tucker offered his feedback while recording "The Six Teens", and songwriter/producer Mike Chapman said, "We don't f**king need you anyway, Mick!" Tucker ended the argument by saying, "If you don't need us, why don't you just put that tape player on 'record' and erase the whole track?" He was serious when it came to making music, and he stood up for his band's integrity when necessary. Tucker was a consummate drummer with a range of complex rhythms who could have helped any band considerably. Steve Priest said of Tucker, "He was the most underrated drummer that ever came out of England... He was the powerhouse of the band. He was technically marvellous. His timing was impeccable, but he had a lot of soul as well and he really felt what he was playing." ==Drum kit== From late 1972 onward, Tucker used the same drum kit, a Ludwig Chrome over wood eight piece set. The twirl of his sticks were as much a trademark as the drum kit itself. Tucker used a five piece Ludwig while on tour in Belgium. After the tour ended, he added the set to the existing Ludwig four piece set he already had. He then re-wrapped them all in chrome. The Ludwig set contained: * 2 – 14″×22” bass drums * 2 – Speed king 201 bass drum pedals * 1 – 12″x8″ tom-tom * 1 – set of two 13″x9″ tom–toms * 1 – set of Two 16″x16″ floor toms * 1 – 14″ Supraphonic snare drum * His cymbal stands were the Ludwig Hercules stands (that were specially manufactured for Tucker by Ludwig). Cymbals Paiste (Formula 602): * 1 – Dark hi-hat (14") * 1 – Mellow Ride (20") * 1 – set of 2 Dark Crash (18", 20") * 1 – Short Crash (18") The drum sticks he used from the early 80′s were the Promark American Hickory 419. Tucker had his sticks printed with the Sweet logo and his autograph. ==Drum solos== Tucker was able to improvise tirelessly and played a seemingly never-ending flow of creative solos. He began and ended his drum solos with his rendition of Elmer Bernstein's theme from the 1955 film The Man With the Golden Arm. Tucker also used two projection screens that were above his drum riser. One screen played a video of him playing the drums, and simultaneously the other video showed him playing timpani. He would trade off solos with these videos, then come out front and play the timpani along with a fast Christmas-style recording. Just before the band would come back, he would play the Bernstein melody on tubular bells and timpani. Tucker tried to make sure his solos appealed to all of the audience. Tucker understood that a great performance consisted of great playing technique and presentation in equal doses. Tucker said of his band Sweet, "At gigs, Andy would mince onstage swinging a handbag and call himself Andre. Steven became Stephanie and I changed my name to Michelle. Brian was the only one who never really went along with the make-up thing." ==Legacy== Adding to bassist Steve Priest's high appreciation, guitarist Andy Scott said "Mick Tucker was the best drummer around in the '70s. I played in the same band as him and was proud to do so. I feel extreme sadness therefore that he has now left us and my heart goes out to Janet and Aiston with their sad loss." Cheap Trick drummer Bun E. Carlos remembered that Sweet opened for Cheap Trick in 1979. "On most nights we went side stage and watched them. They were rockin' live, and Mick was fun to watch. His style reminded me of an early Keith Moon. Mick was one of the few double bass drummers that didn't let the second bass drum get in the way of a swinging tune like 'Ballroom Blitz.' He had a great feel on double bass drum, played them effortlessly... And those guys knew how to have fun," Carlos said. "We'd call them back on stage during our encores and jam on 'Let It Rock'. Mick would play my kit with the 26" bass drum and just rock out with us. I'd hop up on the riser with him, playing guitar and watching him play. We had some great times together." Other drummers who were influenced by Tucker fans are Jack Irons (Red Hot Chili Peppers, Pearl Jam, Wallflowers), Snowy Shaw (King Diamond, Dream Evil, Mercyful Fate), and Jason Hartless (Ted Nugent). Irons stated of Tucker, "Mick was a great drummer... He had that fluid, '60s/'70s rock 'n' roll freedom. His drumming was super-tight and musical, technical, and rocking." Shaw said of Tucker, "Mick's tastefulness, precision, and strong signature put him at the very top of the list of drumming heroes I had when I was trying to master the profession," he says. "Technically, he was right up there with Ian Paice and John Bonham. Like a kid in a candy store, I devoured his selection of trademark tricks and licks, which he delivered so musically, and with conviction and grace like no one else. It may have been Peter Criss who first got me into drums, but it was Mick Tucker whose drumming most influenced me and who taught me how to play music." ==Death== Tucker died on 14 February 2002 in Welwyn Garden City, Hertfordshire, from leukaemia, aged 54. His funeral took place on 25 February 2002. His wife Janet, his daughter Aiston and his niece Angela were at his bedside when he died. He is buried in an unmarked grave in Chorleywood House cemetery. A wooden bench with a brass plaque funded by fans as a dedication to Tucker is also positioned in the grave's vicinity. Five years previously, Tucker had a bone marrow transplant from his brother to combat his leukaemia. He had recurring infections before succumbing to the illness at the hospital in Welwyn Garden City in Hertfordshire, Southeast England. "He went into remission after the operation, but he’s never been that strong since", band bassist Steve Priest said. "This has taken everyone by surprise...He was the best drummer England ever produced and it is a sad loss to the music world. It was a little bit sudden, to be honest. He was on the verge of leukaemia five years ago but had a bone marrow transplant from his brother, which stopped him getting it, but he was never the same." ==References== Category:1947 births Category:2002 deaths Category:Deaths from leukemia Category:English rock drummers Category:Glam rock musicians Category:People from Harlesden Category:The Sweet members Category:Deaths from cancer in England Category:Musicians from London

['Welwyn Garden City', 'Hertfordshire', 'The Sweet', 'Ruislip', 'Middlesex', 'Brian Connolly', 'Steve Priest', 'Sandy Nelson', 'Buddy Rich', 'Gene Krupa', 'Brian Bennett', 'Mike Chapman', 'Belgium', 'Paiste', 'Elmer Bernstein', 'The Man With the Golden Arm', 'Cheap Trick', 'Bun E. Carlos', 'Jack Irons', 'Red Hot Chili Peppers', 'Pearl Jam', 'Snowy Shaw', 'Dream Evil', 'Mercyful Fate', 'Jason Hartless', 'Ted Nugent', 'Ian Paice', 'John Bonham', 'Peter Criss']

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Stephen Norman Priest (23 February 1948 – 4 June 2020) was an English musician who was the bassist (and, later, co-lead vocalist) of the glam rock band The Sweet. == Early life == Priest was born in Hayes, Middlesex. He made his own bass guitar and began playing in local bands as a young teenager, after being influenced by artists such as Jet Harris of the Shadows, the Rolling Stones and The Who. == Sweet == In January 1968, Priest was invited to form a four- piece band with vocalist Brian Connolly, drummer Mick Tucker, and guitarist Frank E. Torpey - the band that was to become The Sweet. Torpey was replaced by Mick Stewart in July 1969. Guitarist Andy Scott joined in August 1970, following Stewart's departure and the classic line-up was established. The Sweet was a band that went through many ups and downs. Initial success for The Sweet began in 1971, after the band teamed up with songwriters Nicky Chinn and Mike Chapman. However, The Sweet would pen a number of their own hits. Priest often directly backed up Brian Connolly's vocals and took distinctive short high pitched vocal leads which was a key to their musical style at that time. He adopted a camp image, wearing heavy make-up and outrageous costumes. Priest recalled talking to David Bowie backstage on Top of the Pops: “I was plastering this make-up on, and Bowie's going: 'Oh no, no, no. You've got to be subtle.' Bowie just didn't get it. It isn't supposed to be subtle. I'm supposed to look like an old tart." Some controversy arose after the band's performance of the hit song "Block Buster!" on the BBC's Top of the Pops on 25 December 1973, for which Priest wore a swastika arm band. He appeared in German military uniform on the 1973 Christmas edition of the show. The song was named after the Allied blockbuster bomb. In 2010 Priest said: "It's amazing how everyone still talks about the Nazi uniform... Good old BBC wardrobe department. People always want to know if I was serious. I mean, a gay Hitler. Hello?!" After Brian Connolly left The Sweet in early 1979, Priest became the main singer. This continued until 1982, when the original Sweet disbanded. Invited in 1985 by former bandmate Andy Scott to reform the Sweet, Priest declined. == Later career == During this 1980s, Priest largely reverted to private life but made occasional forays into production and session work, as well as collaborations with other artists such as David Arkenstone and future bandmate Stuart Smith. Priest had a demo session in Los Angeles with the other members of the original Sweet in 1988, with Mike Chapman producing, to see if a studio album and reformation were possible. The band did not agree on terms and the project failed. Despite the difficulties of the late '70s, Priest continued his friendship with former Sweet lead singer Connolly, who was by now in poor health. In 1994, Priest published his autobiography, Are You Ready Steve?, the title of which is taken from the intro to the Sweet's "The Ballroom Blitz" when Brian Connolly counts in the song with "Are you ready Steve? ...Andy? ...Mick? ...Alright fellas, let's gooooo!", and in 2006, he released a CD titled Priest's Precious Poems. In January 2008, Priest formed a new version of the Sweet, not related to Andy Scott's version of the band. This new band played mainly festivals and venues in the U.S. and Canada. In early 2009, the band released a live CD, recorded in August 2008 at the Morongo Casino in Cabazon, California. While in New York, he formed a band called the Allies with guitarist Marco Delmar and drummer Steve Missal. Success was elusive, although their composition "Talk To Me" was featured in a film, Fast Food. ==Personal life== By the time Sweet had disbanded, Priest had divorced his first wife, Pat, and moved to New York City. On 18 June 1981, he married his second wife Maureen (née O'Connor), who was then East Coast Director of Publicity and Artist Relations for Capitol/EMI Records in New York. Shortly after 1985, Priest and his family relocated to Los Angeles. In his later years, Priest lived with his wife Maureen O'Connor and two daughters in La Cañada Flintridge, California. He died on 4 June 2020, aged 72.Founding member of the Sweet passes thesweetband.com Retrieved 5 June 2020. == Discography == ==References== ==External links== *The Sweet * * Steve Priest at the British Film Institute * Steve Priest at Find a Grave * Steve Priest eBook Site Category:1948 births Category:2020 deaths Category:English rock bass guitarists Category:Male bass guitarists Category:English rock singers Category:English male singers Category:People from Hayes, Hillingdon Category:English expatriates in the United States Category:The Sweet members Category:Glam rock musicians Category:People from La Cañada Flintridge, California Category:English autobiographers Category:Burials at Forest Lawn Memorial Park (Glendale)

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The Battle of Fladstrand was a naval battle which took place on 11 April 1712 near Fladstrand, Jylland, between Swedish and Danish forces. It was part of the Great Northern War. The Swedish fleet, under Sjöblad, consisted of 7 ships with 330 guns, and the Danish fleet, under Knoff, consisted of 5 ships with 158 guns. The battle lasted about 2 hours. Denmark suffered 44 casualties. ==Ships involved== ===Sweden (Sjöblad)=== Fredrika 52 Kalmar 46 Stettin 46 Elfsborg 42 Warberg 42/52 Charlotte 38 Stenbock 36 ===Denmark (Knoff)=== Fyen 52 Raae 30 Soridder 28 Leopard 24 Loss 24 ==References== Category:Conflicts in 1712 Fladstrand Category:1712 in Denmark

['Great Northern War', 'Jylland', 'Denmark', 'Sweden']

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Apolipoproteins are proteins that bind lipids (oil-soluble substances such as fats, cholesterol and fat soluble vitamins) to form lipoproteins. They transport lipids in blood, cerebrospinal fluid and lymph. The lipid components of lipoproteins are insoluble in water. However, because of their detergent- like (amphipathic) properties, apolipoproteins and other amphipathic molecules (such as phospholipids) can surround the lipids, creating a lipoprotein particle that is itself water-soluble, and can thus be carried through body fluids (i.e., blood, lymph). In addition to stabilizing lipoprotein structure and solubilizing the lipid component, apolipoproteins interact with lipoprotein receptors and lipid transport proteins, thereby participating in lipoprotein uptake and clearance. They also serve as enzyme cofactors for specific enzymes involved in the metabolism of lipoproteins. Apolipoproteins are also exploited by hepatitis C virus (HCV) to enable virus entry, assembly, and transmission. They play a role in viral pathogenesis and viral evasion from neutralizing antibodies. == Functions == In lipid transport, apolipoproteins function as structural components of lipoprotein particles, ligands for cell-surface receptors and lipid transport proteins, and cofactors for enzymes (e.g. apolipoprotein C-II for lipoprotein lipase and apolipoprotein A-I (apoA1) for lecithin-cholesterol acyltransferase). Different lipoproteins contain different classes of apolipoproteins, which influence their function. Apolipoprotein A-I (apoA1) is the major structural protein component of high-density lipoproteins (HDL), although it is present in other lipoproteins in smaller amounts. Apolipoprotein A-IV (apoA4) is present in chylomicrons, very-low-density lipoproteins (VLDL), and HDL. It is thought to act primarily in reverse cholesterol transport and intestinal lipid absorption via chylomicron assembly and secretion. ApoA-IV synthesized in hypothalamus is suggested to be a satiating factor which regulate the food intake of the rodent. Apolipoprotein B plays a particularly important role in lipoprotein transport being the primary organizing protein of many lipoproteins. Apolipoprotein C-III (apoC3) plays an important role in lipid metabolism specific in regulating the metabolism of triglyceride-rich lipoproteins (TRLs). Apolipoprotein D (apoD) is a soluble carrier protein of lipophilic molecules in neurons and glial cells within the central and peripheral nervous system and apoD can also modulate the stability and oxidation status of these molecules. Apolipoprotein E (apoE) plays an important role in the transport and uptake of cholesterol by way of its high affinity interaction with lipoprotein receptors, including the low-density lipoprotein (LDL) receptor. ApoE is the major lipoprotein in the central nervous system. Recent findings with apoA1 and apoE suggest that the tertiary structures of these two members of the human exchangeable apolipoprotein gene family are related. The three-dimensional structure of the LDL receptor- binding domain of apoE indicates that the protein forms an unusually elongated four-helix bundle that may be stabilised by a tightly packed hydrophobic core that includes leucine zipper-type interactions and by numerous salt bridges on the mostly charged surface. Basic amino acids important for LDL receptor binding are clustered into a surface patch on one long helix. Apolipoprotein F (apoF) is one of the minor apolipoprotein in blood plasma and it is a lipid transfer inhibit protein to inhibit cholesteryl ester transfer protein- mediated transfers of cholesteryl esters and triglycerides. Apolipoprotein M (apoM) participates in the lipid metabolism and exhibit anti‑atherosclerotic functions and it is presented in high-density lipoprotein (HDL), low-density lipoprotein (LDL) and very low-density lipoprotein (VLDL). == Classes == There are multiple classes of apolipoproteins and several sub-classes: * Apolipoprotein A (Apo-AI, Apo-A2, Apo-A4, and Apo-A5) * Apolipoprotein B (Apo-B48 and Apo B-100) * Apolipoprotein C (ApoC-I, apo ApoC-II, apo ApoC-III, and ApoC-IV) * Apolipoprotein D * Apolipoprotein E * Apolipoprotein F * Apolipoprotein H – a misnomer * Apolipoprotein L * Apolipoprotein M * Apolipoprotein(a) Exchangeable apolipoproteins (apoA, apoC, and apoE) have the same genomic structure and are members of a multi-gene family that probably evolved from a common ancestral gene. Apo-AI and ApoA4 are part of the APOA1/C3/A4/A5 gene cluster on chromosome 11. Hundreds of genetic polymorphisms of the apolipoproteins have been described, and many of them alter their structure and function. === Evolution === The cluster of exchangeable apoliproteins is well conserved in vertebrates. The family diversified by duplication, with the ancestral gene most similar to ApoC1. Beyond vertebrates, proteins similar to the exchangeable ApoA/C/E and the nonexchangable Apo-B are found in a wide range of animals and choanoflagellates. This suggests that the ancestral animal already has both kinds of apolipoproteins. In arthropods in particular, diacylglycerol-carrying apolipoproteins are known as apolipophorins, with the ApoA/C/E-like one known as apolipophorin III and the Apo-B like one known as apolipophorin I/II. ==Synthesis and regulation== Apolipoprotein synthesis in the intestine is regulated principally by the fat content of the diet. Apolipoprotein synthesis in the liver is controlled by a host of factors, including dietary composition, hormones (insulin, glucagon, thyroxin, estrogens, androgens), alcohol intake, and various drugs (statins, niacin, and fibric acids). ApoB is an integral apoprotein whereas the others are peripheral apoproteins. Apolipoprotein synthesis such as ApoA4 in hypothalamus involves in the integration of signals for regulation of food intake which is regulated by vagal nerve and cholecystokinin. == Disease == Apolipoprotein has been suggested to be implicated in several types of diseases and dysfunction. ApoC1 level increases in neuropathic pain and fibromyalgia patients which suggest it plays an important role in occurrence of these conditions. ApoC3 is a risk factor of cardiovascular disease. Accumulation of plasma TRLs caused by elevated apoC-III leading to hypertriglyceridaemia. ApoD level increases in nervous system with a large number of neurologic disorders inclusive of Alzheimer's disease, schizophrenia, and stroke. ApoE has been implicated in dementia and Alzheimer's disease. Apo(a) is a component of lipoprotein(a) (Lp(a)) and elevated plasma Lp(a) level is a heritable, independent, and possibly causal risk factor for Atherosclerotic Cardiovascular Disease (ASCVD). The cholesterol-rich apoB-containing lipoproteins also participate in the pathogenesis of ASCVD. == References == == External links == * HuGENet Review * Apolipoprotein AI Mutations and Information * Apolipoproteins. Apo A1, B, C2. Apolipoproteins information Category:Apolipoproteins

['Apolipoprotein B', 'Apolipoprotein D', 'Apolipoprotein E', 'Apolipoprotein C', 'Apolipoprotein C-I', 'Apolipoprotein F', 'Apolipoprotein H', 'Apolipoprotein L', 'Apolipoprotein M', 'Apolipoprotein(a)', 'apolipophorin I/II', "Alzheimer's disease"]

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Overton () or Overton-on-Dee is a village and community in Wrexham County Borough, Wales. It is situated close to the Welsh-English border on the edge of an escarpment that winds its way around the course of the River Dee, from which Overton-on-Dee derives its name. The community of Overton, which also includes the village of Lightwood Green and a number of small hamlets including Knolton, had a total population of 1,276 at the 2001 census,Overton Community, Office for National Statistics increasing to 1,382 at the 2011 Census. == Geography == Overton is from Wrexham and exactly from both Chester and Shrewsbury. Its neighbouring villages are Bangor-on-Dee and Penley whilst the small towns of Ellesmere and Ruabon are only a short distance away. The hamlet of Overton Bridge is a distinct settlement west of the village at above the Dee and the road bridge that carries the A528 road across the river. == History == The settlement is not mentioned in the Domesday Book, but was first recorded in 1195, via a 14th-century source, as Ouerton.Overton Historic Settlement Survey, Clwyd-Powys Archaeological Trust Its name was also recorded as Overtone in 1201, Awtun, in the 14th century and Ortyn in the 15th, all of which are forms of a name meaning "settlement on the bank [of the Dee]". A castle was built here in the 12th century by Madog ap Maredudd, a prince of Powys: Overton was granted the right to a weekly market and annual fair in 1279 by the English king and became a borough by royal charter in 1292, at which time 56 taxpayers lived there. One of Overton's earliest appearances in history was as one of the first targets of the revolt of 1294–95, led by Madog ap Llywelyn. Overton is situated in a former exclave of the traditional county of Flintshire known as Maelor Saesneg (). In 1536, under the rule of Henry VIII, it was included into the county of Flintshire, forming the Hundred of Maelor. Although part of Flintshire, Overton was within an exclave, surrounded by Cheshire, Shropshire and Denbighshire, and became the administrative centre of the area, often referred to as Flintshire Detached, which included the villages of Bangor on Dee, Bettisfield, Bronington, Hanmer, Knolton, Penley, Tybroughton, Willington and Worthenbury. In 1887 a Boundary Commission was appointed to review the boundaries of counties in England and Wales. At an inquiry in Overton, it was found that most of the population of the area favoured it becoming part of Shropshire and this was later supported by resolution of the Flintshire justices of the peace.Flintshire Quarter Sessions, Liverpool Mercury, February 8, 1888 However, when local government legislation was introduced no change was made. Under the Local Government Act 1894 the area became Overton Rural District, remaining as a detached part of Flintshire until 1974. Between 1974 and 1996 Overton was administered as part of the short-lived county of Clwyd. The community (parish) and county boundary between it and Erbistock (in historic Denbighshire) is, in part, on the west side of the river due to oxbow formation in the river. It is now in Wrexham borough. == St Mary the Virgin Church and its yew trees == The churchyard of St Mary the Virgin dominates the high street and is famous for twenty-one very ancient yew trees. The yew trees are traditionally one of the Seven Wonders of Wales and are commemorated in an anonymously written rhyme: :Pistyll Rhaeadr and Wrexham steeple, :Snowdon's mountain without its people, :Overton yew trees, St Winefride wells, :Llangollen bridge, and Gresford bells. At 1,500 to 2,000 years old, the oldest tree predates the church, whose earliest stonework is probably Norman. In 1992 the village celebrated the 700th anniversary of the granting of a Royal Charter to Overton by Edward I in 1292 with a royal visit from Elizabeth II, who planted a new yew tree. == Buildings and heritage == Overton has a fine collection of 18th and 19th-century buildings, many of which are listed as buildings of architectural or historic interest. Even the old telephone box has been "listed". The village centre is also designated as a Conservation Area. Most of the village was once owned by the Bryn-y-pys Estate. The 1848 sale particulars, with and a majority of the houses and farms in the village, run to several pages. It was made clear that the estate wielded "Great Political Influence", as without the secret ballot at general elections, the purchaser, who would be virtually everyone's landlord, was guaranteed of a place in Parliament. There are several interesting buildings in the village including: the "Cocoa and Reading Rooms", a terracotta building of 1890, built to promulgate temperance, now the library; almshouses and a Victorian village pump. ==Governance== An electoral ward in the same name exists. This ward stretches south east to Maelor South and at the 2011 census had a total population of 3,315. == Recreation == The village has the usual sporting recreational areas of cricket, football, bowls and tennis. Overton is also an excellent rendezvous point for walkers as it finds itself on the map of the Maelor Way, a 24 mile (38 km) long-distance footpath; this in turn links up with Offa's Dyke Path National Trail at Bronygarth and the Sandstone Trail, Llangollen Canal, South Cheshire Way, and the Marches Way. ==People== *St. Richard Gwyn (ca. 1537 – 15 October 1584), Overton village schoolmaster, Elizabethan era composer of Welsh poetry, and Roman Catholic martyr. Canonized in 1970 by Pope Paul VI as one of the Forty Martyrs of England and Wales. == Further reading == * Gordon Emery – Guide to the Maelor Way (1991) * Gordon Emery – Curious Clwyd (1994) * Gordon Emery – Curious Clwyd 2 (1996) == References == == External links == * St Mary The Virgin Church (Open Church Network) * Overton-on-Dee website (Overton Community Council) * photos of Overton-on-Dee on geograph Category:History of Flintshire Category:Villages in Wrexham County Borough Category:Tourist attractions in Wrexham County Borough Category:Landmarks in Wales Category:Communities in Wrexham County Borough

['Clwyd', 'Wales', 'Wrexham', 'Chester', 'Shrewsbury', 'Bangor-on-Dee', 'Penley', 'Ruabon', 'A528 road', 'Domesday Book', 'Clwyd-Powys Archaeological Trust', 'Madog ap Maredudd', 'Edward I', 'Madog ap Llywelyn', 'Maelor Saesneg', 'Bettisfield', 'Bronington', 'Tybroughton', 'Worthenbury', 'Shropshire', 'Local Government Act 1894', 'Overton Rural District', 'Erbistock', 'Pistyll Rhaeadr', 'Snowdon', 'Llangollen', 'Gresford', 'Royal Charter', 'Elizabeth II', 'Maelor South', 'Maelor Way', "Offa's Dyke Path", 'National Trail', 'Sandstone Trail', 'Llangollen Canal', 'South Cheshire Way', 'Marches Way', 'Richard Gwyn', 'Elizabethan era', 'Welsh poetry', 'Pope Paul VI']

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This is a comparison of object–relational database management systems (ORDBMSs). Each system has at least some features of an object–relational database; they vary widely in their completeness and the approaches taken. The following tables compare general and technical information; please see the individual products' articles for further information. Unless otherwise specified in footnotes, comparisons are based on the stable versions without any add-ons, extensions or external programs. == Basic data == Name Vendor License OS Notes Adaptive Server Enterprise SAP Proprietary Cross-platform Caché InterSystems Proprietary Cross-platform CUBRID NHN Corporation GPL/BSD Linux, Windows IBM Db2 IBM Proprietary Cross-platform GigaSpaces GigaSpaces Apache-2.0 or Proprietary Cross-platform Greenplum Database Greenplum division of EMC Corporation Proprietary ? Uses PostgreSQL codebase Informix IBM Proprietary Cross-platform Microsoft SQL Server Microsoft Corporation Proprietary Windows, Linux Supports data objects in .NET languages OpenEdge Advanced Business Language (formerly Progress 4GL) Progress Software Corporation Proprietary Cross-platform Oracle Database Oracle Corporation Proprietary Linux, Windows, Unix PostgreSQL PostgreSQL Global Development Group PostgreSQL License Cross-platform Virtuoso Universal Server OpenLink Software GPLv2 or proprietary Cross-platform VMDS (Version Managed Data Store) GE Energy, a division of General Electric Proprietary ? GIS for public utilities; can be stored inside Oracle Database WakandaDB 4th Dimension AGPLv3 or proprietary Windows, Linux, macOS Based on REST and server-side JavaScript XDB Enterprise Server Micro Focus Proprietary DOS, Windows NT, OS/2 YugabyteDB Yugabyte Apache 2.0 Linux Zope Object Database Zope Corporation Zope Public License Cross-platform For Python, also included in Zope web application server == Object features == Information about what fundamental ORDBMSes features are implemented natively. Type Method Type inheritance Table inheritance CUBRID Oracle No private methods, no way to call super method from a child. OpenLink Virtuoso PostgreSQL Informix WakandaDB ==Data types== Information about what data types are implemented natively. Array List Set Multiset Object reference CUBRID Oracle OpenLink Virtuoso PostgreSQL Informix == See also == * Comparison of database administration tools * Comparison of object database management systems * Comparison of relational database management systems * List of relational database management systems == Notes == == External links == * Arvin.dk, comparison of different SQL implementations * object-relational databases

['Adaptive Server Enterprise', 'InterSystems', 'CUBRID', 'NHN Corporation', 'IBM Db2', 'IBM', 'GigaSpaces', 'Greenplum', 'EMC Corporation', 'Informix', 'Microsoft SQL Server', 'Microsoft Corporation', 'OpenEdge Advanced Business Language', 'Progress Software Corporation', 'Oracle Database', 'Oracle Corporation', 'PostgreSQL', 'Virtuoso Universal Server', 'VMDS', 'GE Energy', 'General Electric', 'XDB Enterprise Server', 'Micro Focus', 'Zope Object Database', 'Zope Public License', 'Zope', 'Multiset', 'Comparison of database administration tools', 'Comparison of object database management systems', 'Comparison of relational database management systems', 'List of relational database management systems']

['Q2576415', 'Q948399', 'Q484935', 'Q16171459', 'Q431195', 'Q37156', 'Q16840077', 'Q4039706', 'Q877536', 'Q1050734', 'Q215819', 'Q2283', 'Q1963461', 'Q741046', 'Q185524', 'Q19900', 'Q192490', 'Q7935239', 'Q3552981', 'Q28974077', 'Q54173', 'Q8041738', 'Q1931458', 'Q220399', 'Q3780982', 'Q836650', 'Q864377', 'Q5155853', 'Q5155936', 'Q60485', 'Q1900200']

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Geoffrey Denis Erskine Russell, 4th Baron Ampthill, (15 October 1921 – 23 April 2011), was a British hereditary peer and businessman, whose paternity and succession to the peerage were disputed in the "Ampthill baby case". His father, John Russell, 3rd Baron Ampthill, had petitioned to disclaim paternity whilst divorcing Russell's mother, Christabel Hulme Hart, in 1923, claiming non-consummation. The petition was rejected on appeal and Russell's mother was granted a declaration that he was legitimate."Was Mother A Virgin?" Educated at Stowe School, Russell served in the Irish Guards during the Second World War, being commissioned as a captain in 1941. He served with the Guards Armoured Division in France in 1944, where he was wounded, and in Norway in 1945. Russell was general manager of Fortnum & Mason from 1947 until resigning in 1951, then chairman of the New Providence Hotel until 1965. He made a career in theatrical management as owner/managing director of Linnet & Dunfee (which produced the original production of the musical hit Salad Days) from 1953 until 1981. He was afterwards a director of United Newspapers and Express Newspapers. He was also Chairman of London's Helicopter Emergency Service. Russell succeeded as Baron Ampthill in 1973, upon the death of his father. His succession was unsuccessfully contested by his half-brother John Hugo Trenchard Russell, eldest son of the 3rd Baron's third marriage. The Committee for Privileges ruled in favour of Geoffrey in 1976. In the House of Lords, Ampthill sat as a crossbencher. He was a deputy speaker from 1983 and Chairman of Committees from 1992 to 1994. He was appointed a CBE in 1986—following in the footsteps of his father who was also appointed a CBE—and made a Privy Counsellor in 1995. Following the passage of the House of Lords Act 1999 which removed the majority of hereditary peers from the House, Ampthill was one of the ninety hereditaries elected to continue to sit. He was one of fifteen peers elected by the whole house to be available to serve as deputy speakers and office holders. In 1946, Ampthill married Susan Winn, a granddaughter of the 2nd Baron St Oswald and the 1st Baron Queenborough, whom he divorced in 1971; they had three sons and a daughter. He then married Elisabeth Mallon in 1972, divorcing her in 1987. He was succeeded in the title by his first-born son David Russell. ==References== * Category:1921 births Category:2011 deaths 4 Category:Irish Guards officers Category:Commanders of the Order of the British Empire Category:Members of the Privy Council of the United Kingdom Category:People educated at Stowe School G Category:British Army personnel of World War II Category:Ampthill Category:Crossbench hereditary peers Category:Hereditary peers elected under the House of Lords Act 1999

['Privy Council of the United Kingdom', 'John Russell, 3rd Baron Ampthill', 'House of Lords Act 1999', 'United Kingdom', 'Stowe School', 'Irish Guards', 'Second World War', 'Express Newspapers', 'Baron Ampthill', 'House of Lords']

['Q683120', 'Q6255961', 'Q120826', 'Q145', 'Q7620697', 'Q252564', 'Q362', 'Q321273', 'Q261869', 'Q11007']

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Großrinderfeld is a municipality in southwestern Germany, in the state of Baden-Württemberg. It is located between Tauberbischofsheim and Würzburg. Großrinderfeld consists of the four villages of Großrinderfeld, Gerchsheim, Schönfeld and Ilmspan. ==History== * Until 1803, Großrinderfeld belonged to the "Kurfürstentum Mainz", then it became part of the Grand Duchy of Baden * On 25 July 1866 the area of Großrinderfeld and the village Gerchsheim were the place of one of the last combats of the Austro-Prussian War. The Prussians there defeated troops of the South-German allies of Austria during the Campaign of the Main.Theodor Fontane: Der deutsche Krieg von 1866. Der Feldzug in West- und Mitteldeutschland. Berlin 1871. p. 222-227 digitalised * In 1975 the three villages of Gerchsheim, Schönfeld und Ilmspan have been merged with Großrinderfeld to form greater Großrinderfeld ==References== ==External links== * official homepage (German only) * private site, some English content Category:Main-Tauber-Kreis

['Germany', 'Baden-Württemberg', 'Tauberbischofsheim', 'Würzburg', 'Kurfürstentum Mainz', 'Grand Duchy of Baden', 'Austro-Prussian War', 'Prussia', 'Austria', 'Campaign of the Main', 'Theodor Fontane']

['Q183', 'Q985', 'Q61724', 'Q2999', 'Q284667', 'Q186320', 'Q153650', 'Q38872', 'Q40', 'Q1442668', 'Q76632']

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Adamo Angelo Ruggiero (born June 9, 1986) is a Canadian actor best known for his role as Marco Del Rossi in Degrassi: The Next Generation. ==Career== Ruggiero has been acting since the age of seven or eight. He has starred in many plays including Rudolph the Red-Nosed Reindeer and Bye Bye Birdie. After initially auditioning for the role of Craig Manning, a role played by Jake Epstein, he joined the Degrassi cast in 2002 with the role of Marco Del Rossi, a gay teenager who struggles to come to terms with his sexuality. Ruggiero hosted The Next Star from 2008 until 2012. In November 2008, it was announced that Ruggiero would star in the gay-themed Christmas film Make the Yuletide Gay. Principal filming started December 3, 2008. In 2012, Ruggiero starred in the Young People's Theatre's production of The Neverending Story. In 2013, Ruggiero participated in Salvatore Antonio's Truth/Dare: A Satire (With Dance), an interactive audience participation show which featured staged reenactments of scenes from Madonna's 1991 film Truth or Dare, at Buddies in Bad Times during Toronto's Pride Week."Truth/Dare takes on the Material Girl". NOW, June 20, 2013. The show's cast also included Keith Cole and Gavin Crawford. ==Personal life== Ruggiero's father, Tony, was born in Coreno Ausonio, Frosinone, Lazio, Italy. Ruggiero's mother's name is Amalia. He has an older brother named Adriano, and he is from an Italian Catholic family. Ruggiero attended the Roman Catholic St. Dunstan Elementary School and graduated from Cawthra Park Secondary School, both in Mississauga, Ontario. Ruggiero is openly gay, having come out in January 2008 saying "I come from a traditional Italian family but they aren't so traditional that me being gay was a deal breaker." He was also on the cover of the January 23 – February 5, 2008 issue of fab magazine.fab, #338, January 23–February 5, 2008, "High school confidential", Nelson Branco . ==Filmography== Year Title Role Notes 2002–2009 Degrassi: The Next Generation Marco Del Rossi Recurring role (season 2, 2002–2003) Regular role (seasons 3–7, 2003–2008) Guest appearance (seasons 8–9, 2008–2009) 2008–2012 The Next Star Himself Host 2009 Degrassi Goes Hollywood Marco Del Rossi Television film 2009 Make the Yuletide Gay Nathan Stanford 2010 Being Erica Luis Episodes: "Jenny From the Block", "Two Wrongs" 2012 The Pool Date Rio Short Film 2014 Dear Viola Brian Southern 2015 Straight Talk with Adamo Ruggiero Himself Web-series 2016 Degrassi: Next Class Marco Del Rossi Episode: "#ThrowBackThursday" ==References== ==External links== * Category:1986 births Category:Living people Category:21st-century Canadian male actors Category:21st-century Canadian LGBT people Category:Canadian gay actors Category:Canadian male film actors Category:Canadian male television actors Category:Canadian people of Italian descent Category:Canadian Roman Catholics Category:Canadian television personalities Category:Canadian television variety show hosts Category:LGBT Roman Catholics Category:Male actors from Ontario Category:People from Mississauga

['Mississauga', 'Ontario', 'Marco Del Rossi', 'Degrassi: The Next Generation', 'Rudolph the Red-Nosed Reindeer', 'Jake Epstein', 'The Next Star', 'Christmas', 'Make the Yuletide Gay', 'The Neverending Story', 'Salvatore Antonio', 'Madonna', 'Gavin Crawford', 'Coreno Ausonio', 'Frosinone', 'Lazio', 'Roman Catholic', 'St. Dunstan Elementary School', 'Cawthra Park Secondary School', 'Degrassi Goes Hollywood', 'Being Erica', 'Degrassi: Next Class']

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Benjamin John Hendrickson (born February 4, 1981) is a former baseball pitcher. Hendrickson was born in St. Cloud, Minnesota, and originally signed with the Milwaukee Brewers in the tenth round of the 1999 First-Year Player Draft. He made his major league debut with the Brewers in , going only 1-8 with a 6.22 earned run average the same season he was named the International League's Most Valuable Player after going 11-3 with a 2.02 ERA and 93 strike outs in 21 starts for the Indianapolis Indians. Hendrickson spent all of with the Brewers' triple A affiliate, the Nashville Sounds, but was once again a major leaguer for . He struggled in his major league starts in early 2006, twice struggling to get out of the first inning. He was reassigned to Triple-A Nashville on May 21, 2006, after a dismal start against the Twins in which he allowed six runs on five hits and a walk without recording an out. He was the 14th pitcher in Brewers history to fail to record an out in a start and the first since Jamie McAndrew on August 28, . He went 9-8 with Nashville, and was named a Pacific Coast League All-Star. He has a career major league ERA of 6.48 and has played in 13 games in his career, 10 in and 3 in . Hendrickson also has 58 innings pitched. During Spring training , Hendrickson was waived in order for Milwaukee to remove him from their 40-man roster. After clearing waivers, he was again assigned to Nashville, at which point he requested the team trade him. On March 27, Hendrickson was traded to the Kansas City Royals in exchange for catcher Max St. Pierre. After being released by the Royals during Spring training, Hendrickson signed a minor league contract with the Tampa Bay Rays and became a free agent at the end of the season. In February , he signed a minor league contract with the Minnesota Twins. On June 23, 2009 Hendrickson was released by the Minnesota Twins.Democrat and Chronicle In October of 2018 Hendrickson was charged with cheating a post-baseball employer out of roughly $250,000 while working as its accountant, according to charges. While working for Floors Northwest in Fridley, MN, Hendrickson would alter the amount of cash received to make it look like less was collected from sales staff. Hendrickson deposited the lower amount and kept the rest. Nearly $160,000 of the money he stole was taken in the final two years of his employment. He also shifted $10,000 of the company’s money to a personal health care account that paid his medical bills. Hendrickson admitted to police that he stole from the company, but thought the total was between $50,000 and $75,000. He said he took the money “to help pay bills as he was working paycheck to paycheck and not getting ahead.” ==References== ==External links== *Minor League Splits and Situational Stats *Omaha Storm Chasers Player Page Category:1981 births Category:Living people Category:Baseball players from Minnesota Category:Beloit Snappers players Category:Durham Bulls players Category:High Desert Mavericks players Category:Indianapolis Indians players Category:Leones del Caracas players Category:American expatriate baseball players in Venezuela Category:Major League Baseball pitchers Category:Milwaukee Brewers players Category:Nashville Sounds players Category:Ogden Raptors players Category:Omaha Royals players Category:Sportspeople from Bloomington, Minnesota Category:Peoria Saguaros players Category:Rochester Red Wings players

['St. Cloud, Minnesota', 'Milwaukee Brewers', 'Major League Baseball', 'International League', 'Most Valuable Player', 'Indianapolis Indians', 'Nashville Sounds', 'Jamie McAndrew', 'Pacific Coast League', 'All-Star', 'Spring training', 'Kansas City Royals', 'Max St. Pierre', 'Tampa Bay Rays', 'Minnesota Twins']

['Q736834', 'Q848103', 'Q1163715', 'Q1351657', 'Q652965', 'Q2180539', 'Q2343915', 'Q6147184', 'Q1353669', 'Q1654577', 'Q669904', 'Q744530', 'Q3302458', 'Q650865', 'Q604879']

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Russell Partridge Brockbank (1913–1979) was a cartoonist, best known for his motoring, motor racing and aviation cartoons. He was born in the Municipal Hospital, Niagara Falls, Ontario on 15 April 1913 to Caroline (née Partridge) and Clarence Brockbank. The family moved to England in 1929. Brockbank studied at Chelsea Art School. His work was published in numerous magazines and journals, including Lilliput, Motor and Punch. During World War II undertook convoy duties in the Royal Navy Volunteer Reserve, with the rank of lieutenant. His cartoon technique was used to more serious effect to help with wartime aircraft recognition, being published in the British training journal Aircraft Recognition. His association with Punch lasted over 30 years, and he was art editor from 1949 to 1960. Brockbank's cartoons were characterised by a high degree of draughtsmanship and he often went to great lengths to ensure that the cars and aircraft in his cartoons were as true-to-life as possible. He died in the Mendip Hospital, Wells, on 14 May 1979 from bronchopneumonia and emphysema. The Russell Brockbank Partnership was set up by his family to commemorate his life and works. ==Books== * Round the Bend (1948?) * Up the Straight (1955) * Over the Line (1955) * Bees Under my Bonnet (with Ronald Collier) (1955) * Motoring Abroad (with Rodney Walkerley) * More Motoring Abroad (with Rodney Walkerley) * The Brockbank Omnibus (1957) * Manifold Pressures (1958) * Move Over! (1962) * Motoring Through Punch (1970) * Brockbank's Grand Prix (1973) * The Best of Brockbank (1975) ==References== Category:British editorial cartoonists Category:Canadian editorial cartoonists Category:1913 births Category:1979 deaths Category:Artists from Ontario Category:People from Niagara Falls, Ontario Category:Canadian emigrants to the United Kingdom

['Niagara Falls, Ontario', 'Chelsea Art School', 'World War II', 'Mendip Hospital']

['Q274120', 'Q860450', 'Q362', 'Q28959432']

[[(162, 184), (1763, 1785)], [(312, 330)], [(435, 447)], [(1008, 1023)]]

George Harrison Shull (April 15, 1874 – September 28, 1954) was an American plant geneticist and the younger brother of botanical illustrator and plant breeder J. Marion Shull. He was born on a farm in Clark County, Ohio, graduated from Antioch College in 1901 and from the University of Chicago (Ph.D.) in 1904, served as botanical expert to the Bureau of Plant Industry in 1903–04, and thenceforth was a botanical investigator of the Carnegie Institution at the Station for Experimental Evolution, Cold Spring Harbor, N. Y., giving special attention to the results of Luther Burbank's work. Shull played an important role in the development of hybrid maize (in the USA, popularly 'corn') which had great impact upon global agriculture. As a geneticist, Shull worked with maize plants. He was interested in pure breeds not for their economic value but for his experiments in genetics. He produced maize breeds that bred true and then crossed these strains. The hybrid offspring of the sickly pure breeds were vigorous and predictable. In short, an ideal economic maize resulted from a project motivated purely to advance science. For his work on maize, Shull was awarded the Public Welfare Medal from the National Academy of Sciences in 1948. He was also elected a member of the American Philosophical Society. He also described heterosis in maize in 1908 (the term heterosis was coined by Shull in 1914) and made a number of other key discoveries in the emerging field of genetics. Shull was the founder of the scientific journal Genetics. He was called George in distinction from his son Harrison Shull (1923–2003), also a distinguished scientist, specializing in the quantum mechanics of small-molecule electronic spectra. ==Work with Luther Burbank== Shull worked with Luther Burbank from 1906 to 1914 in an attempt to publish Burbank's plant work on the behalf of the Carnegie Institution. Ultimately unable to get Burbank's full cooperation, and finding that in the Luther Burbank Press's 1914 publication Luther Burbank: His Methods and Discoveries, Their Practical Application "considerable sections are almost word for word the same as my ... manuscript," Shull never published his work. ==Personal life== Shull married Ella Amanda Hollar in July 1906. A daughter, Elizabeth Ellen, born May 8, 1907, did not survive her birth. Ella died two weeks later. All are buried in Santa Rosa, California, in the Odd Fellows Lawn Cemetery. Shull married Mary Julia Nicholl on August 26, 1909. He and his second wife had six children (John Shull, Georgia Shull Vandersloot, Frederick Shull, David Shull, Barbara Shull Miller, and Harrison Shull.) ==Death== Shull died in Princeton on September 28, 1954. His cremains were buried in Santa Rosa, California where his first wife was buried. His second wife's remains were also buried there twelve years later.Santa Rosa Memorial Park map Lot #52 ==References== * * * *Smocovitis, V.B. Shull, George Harrison. American National Biography Online. 2000 *Nina Fedoroff and Nancy Marie Brown. Mendel in the Kitchen. Joseph Henry Press, Washington, D.C. 2004, pages 57–62. A reference to George H. Shull's discovery of the process of heterosis is in the movie "High Time" starring Bing Crosby about a wealthy man going back to college to get his bachelor's degree. When quizzing with a younger fraternity brother, Crosby's character asks "Who discovered the process of heterosis?" to which the young student answers "George W. (pause), NO, George H. Shull" ==External links== *Biographical Memoir of Harrison Shull, George's son * Category:1874 births Category:1954 deaths Category:American geneticists Category:American botanists Category:University of Chicago alumni Category:People from Clark County, Ohio Category:Genetics (journal) editors Category:Members of the American Philosophical Society

['Clark County, Ohio', 'University of Chicago', 'Public Welfare Medal', 'J. Marion Shull', 'Ohio', 'Antioch College', 'Luther Burbank', 'American Philosophical Society', 'Genetics (journal)', 'Santa Rosa, California', 'Nina Fedoroff']

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Charles Larry "Justin" Lehr (born August 3, 1977) is an American former professional baseball pitcher. He played for the Oakland Athletics, Milwaukee Brewers, and Cincinnati Reds of Major League Baseball (MLB), as well as the Doosan Bears of the KBO League. ==Early life== Lehr was born in Orange, California and graduated from West Covina High School in West Covina, California. He played college baseball at the University of California, Santa Barbara and the University of Southern California. In 1997, he played collegiate summer baseball in the Cape Cod Baseball League for the Yarmouth- Dennis Red Sox where he was named a league all-star. ==Professional career== The Oakland Athletics selected Lehr in the 8th round of the 1999 Major League Baseball draft. He was acquired by the Milwaukee Brewers after the season from the Athletics along with minor league outfielder Nelson Cruz in exchange for infielder Keith Ginter. Lehr has a career Major League ERA of 5.37 in 77 games, mostly in relief, he started 11 games for Cincinnati over the final two months of 2009. He also pitched for the Athletics and Brewers. On February 4, , in his start for Mexico of the Caribbean baseball series, Lehr gave up 5 runs while only recording one out, giving him an ERA of 162.00. Lehr spent in the Seattle Mariners organization. After signing a contract with the Cincinnati Reds, his contract was sold on May 24, , to the Doosan Bears of the KBO. On August 7, he re-signed with the Reds. He became a free agent at the end of the season and signed a minor league contract with the Philadelphia Phillies on December 17, 2008. He was traded back to the Reds on May 23, 2009. On July 31, 2009, Lehr made his first career major league start against the Colorado Rockies. On August 5, 2009, Lehr pitched his first career shut out against the Chicago Cubs. ==References== ==External links== *Justin Lehr at Baseball Almanac *Career statistics and player information from Korea Baseball Organization Category:1977 births Category:Living people Category:American expatriate baseball players in Mexico Category:American expatriate baseball players in South Korea Category:Broncos de Reynosa players Category:Cañeros de Los Mochis players Category:Carolina Mudcats players Category:Cincinnati Reds players Category:Doosan Bears players Category:Kansas City Royals scouts Category:KBO League pitchers Category:Lehigh Valley IronPigs players Category:Leones del Caracas players Category:American expatriate baseball players in Venezuela Category:Louisville Bats players Category:Major League Baseball pitchers Category:Mexican League baseball pitchers Category:Midland RockHounds players Category:Milwaukee Brewers players Category:Modesto A's players Category:Naranjeros de Hermosillo players Category:Nashville Sounds players Category:Oakland Athletics players Category:Baseball players from Orange, California Category:Sacramento River Cats players Category:Southern Oregon Timberjacks players Category:Tacoma Rainiers players Category:UC Santa Barbara Gauchos baseball players Category:University of Southern California alumni Category:USC Trojans baseball players Category:Yaquis de Obregón players Category:Yarmouth–Dennis Red Sox players Category:Baseball players from West Covina, California

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Action Force is a brand of European action figures released in the 1980s that was based on the Action Man toyline. It was also used to introduce G.I. Joe: A Real American Hero toys to European markets. Several publishing companies have produced comic books based on the figures. ==History== ===First generation (1982)=== The Action Force figures were first produced in 1982 by Palitoy Limited, and were released in two waves. They were created in response to the falling sales of the company's larger collection, Action Man, and the comparative success of the smaller Kenner Star Wars action figures, which the company was licensed to sell in Europe. The figures are a mixture of historical military figures (e.g. Desert Rat, German Storm trooper) and of more contemporary soldiers (e.g. Arctic and Naval Assault). In contrast to the American-centric G.I. Joe figures, the Action Force figures were a mixture of international figures, including British, German, Australian and American soldiers. However, unlike later releases, the first figures were not accompanied by file cards giving backstories, nor were they featured in comic books other than a series of mini-comics that were packaged with some of the vehicles, notably the AF-3 and AF-5. :Figures :Vehicles ===Second generation (1983)=== Following the success of the first range of figures, a second and larger group of figures was launched in 1983. Action Force sales accounted to about one million over six months in 1983, and the offering was expanded to include a new wave of figures and vehicles that were released in 1984. Palitoy took a different approach with this second range of figures by grouping the allied action figures and enemies each with accompanying weaponry and vehicles. The figures were given comic book identities and were featured in a new range of stories in the Battle Action Force comic. The toys were also supplied with file cards that provided a brief profile of the characters. For key figures, these profiles were expanded in the Battle Action Force comic with their own multi-issue storylines (e.g. The Black Major). *Z Force: an allied infantry and artillery-based unit. *SAS Force: an allied special operations team. *Q Force: an allied ocean-based team. *Space Force: an allied space operations team. *Red Shadows: the unified enemy force, led by Baron Ironblood. The fifth team was to have been characterized as a 'special weapons' unit, initially believed to be called 'F-Force'. Later research revealed a pair of photographs from a toy catalog which showed the figures in different color schemes, along with vehicles featuring an 'SWS' logo instead. The catalog photographs also showed US G.I. Joe vehicles, which were released as part of the SAS Force and Z Force groups. These vehicles included a white and grey Jeep, a white artillery piece and a white missile battery. Both the action figures and the vehicles borrowed elements from the first generation models and the new casts licensed from the G. I. Joe toyline from Hasbro. There was also an Action Force fan club promoted both on the figures' packaging and in the Battle Action Force comic book. In 1984, additional figures and vehicles were cast, borrowing heavily from the G.I. Joe and Cobra ranges. During this time, the Action Force toyline branched out into video games, audio stories on cassette tapes, stationery, and toiletries. ===Third generation (1985)=== In 1985, Palitoy ceded control of the European market to Hasbro following the death of Alfred Pallett, one of Palitoy's owners, and the winding up of operations at their Leicester factory. Hasbro purchased the Palitoy factory, copyrights, and moulds and began to package G.I. Joe figures under the Action Force brand. In characterization terms, this move marked the end of the subgrouping of the Action Force team, and a new unified Action Force (or AF) also faced a new enemy in the name of Cobra. The parallel comic book storylines also maintained continuity with a number of plot lines that blended elements of the second range of figures with the third, featuring the new characters as an international elite anti-terrorist unit of a wider Action Force. The Force was still backed up by the Z Force, SAS, other units fighting Cobra, the Red Shadows and even a re-animated Adolf Hitler and the Nazis (despite being ostensibly set in the present day). The characters created by Battle Action Force were altered in the European market to have mixed nationalities in contrast to the US-centric G.I. Joe characters. Over time, however, the range evolved into an unreconstructed G.I. Joe force and its enemy Cobra. The G.I. Joe animated series was re-titled and re-dubbed for release in the UK. Any mention of G.I. Joe was replaced with Action Force, however, the G.I. Joe logo remained on vehicles and equipment shown in the cartoon. == Comics == === Battle Action Force tie-in === In July 1983, the Action Force characters initially guest-featured in a comic strip serial in Battle. The strip proved to be so popular that a further five promotional mini-comics were included free with every IPC publication in the weeks to follow. On 8 October 1983, Action Force joined the pages of Battle full-time and the magazine was retitled Battle Action Force. The comic took on the role of providing backstories and storylines for the action figures. Following the closure of Palitoy in 1986 and Hasbro acquiring the various intellectual property rights to the Action Force toyline, the Action Force strip was canceled. The Battle Action Force magazine was subsequently merged with Eagle. === Marvel UK's Action Force comic === Following the demise of the Battle Action Force strips, a weekly Action Force comic was launched by Marvel UK on 8 March 1987, consisting of reprints of the US G.I. Joe comic book and new UK- exclusive short strips. The G.I. Joe comics were adjusted to fit into the UK strip's continuity and had all references to G.I. Joe replaced with Action Force, and the UK-exclusive strips maintained a separate continuity from the US G.I. Joe comic. The Action Force comic was canceled in 1988 after fifty issues due to low sales and was replaced with Action Force Monthly, which was itself canceled after fifteen issues. The Action Force Monthly title printed new stories as well as reprinting stories from the weekly title. The magazine was released in the US under the title G.I. Joe – European Missions. In late 1989, the G.I. Joe story reprints were continued in the UK Transformers comic under the name G.I. Joe the Action Force to conform to the toyline. The reprints changed back to G.I. Joe until they were dropped in 1991. In 1995, Panini Comics obtained the Marvel UK licence and began publishing an Action Man comic the following year without reference to Action Force or G.I. Joe. === Devil's Due revival === In 2005 and 2007, the Action Force characters were partially revived. The Red Shadows organization was featured in the two-part Dawn of the Red Shadows storyline in G.I. Joe: A Real American Hero (vol. 2) #42 and #43, following a series of mysterious attacks against both G.I. Joe and Cobra. This Red Shadows organization was led by Wilder Vaughn, a British military officer gone rogue, and viewed organized governments as corrupt and in need of removal. After this appearance, where they caused substantial damage, they have not seen again; Vaughn made a cameo in the Black Major uniform in a later storyline, stating Cobra had decimated the organization off-panel. The Action Force characters Quarrel, Moondancer, Hunter and Blades made cameo appearances in G.I. Joe: America's Elite issue #30 as representatives of NATO. ==Action Force in Germany== The second-generation Action Force figures were also released in West Germany during the 1980s, albeit without the benefit of a comic book tie-in. The German toys went under the title of Action Force and fought the "Terror-Bande" (roughly translated as "Terror Gang"). The German release consisted only of the first wave of second- generation figures and characters (some 30 figures and vehicles), however, the characters and vehicles were still grouped in their subunits: anti-terror team (or ATT) corresponding to Z-Force; the special anti-terror team (or SATT) corresponding to SAS Force; the deep-sea anti-terror team (or TSATT) corresponding to Q Force; and the space anti-terror team (or WATT) corresponding to Space Force. Distributors, still concerned by Germany's actions during World War II, modified certain aspects of the Action Force range to appear less violent. According to researchers of the German Palitoy range, most of the guns supplied with the figures were replaced by "less violent" stun-weapons, laser-weapons or knives. Also, the human skull on the Red Shadow (or Terror-Bande) figures was removed from the toyline. == 2009 and 2010 G.I. Joe convention revival == Action Force characters have appeared as limited edition toys and comic characters as part of the International G.I. Joe Convention, under the name Special Action Force or SAF (a riff on the SAS; not to be confused with the Philippines' real-life Special Action Force). Instead of being an international group, the Special Action Force is solely a British team and that nation's equivalent to G.I. Joe, though they have several foreign expatriate members. In August 2009, a limited edition Blades (complete with "SAF Copter") was released in both toy and comic book character form as part of the 2009 G.I. Joe convention. He was portrayed as British rather than retaining the American nationality of the original character and assisted both G.I. Joe and their Argentine counterpart Commandos Heroicos. In April 2010 the Red Shadows and Black Major returned in o-ring style articulation form as part of the G.I. Joe convention. Dubbed 'Vacation in the Shadows' the set featured new versions of Black Major, the Red Shadow trooper, Flint and Cobra's Interrogator as well as six new 'Red Torch' figures who were part of the Red Shadow forces, armed with flamethrowers. In addition to the box set, other convention releases included Dolphin of Q-Force, a 3in Natalie Poole figure – based on the 1990s Action Man character and retroactively made an SAF agent – and Z Force's Jammer and Gaucho (who appeared in a three-pack with a new version of Joe medic Lifeline). Unlike Blades, Jammer and Gaucho kept their American and Mexican nationalities. Starduster appeared in the comic tie-in. The convention comic featured Flint vacationing in Europe with Dolphin and Natalie before running afoul of Black Major and Interrogator, who were planning an alliance between Cobra and the Red Shadows. In a twist ending, Natalie is brainwashed into being a Shadows sleeper agent. ==References== ==External links== * Blood For The Baron!!! Action Force Website. * YoJoe.com figure and vehicle archive. * A short history of Action Force from ActionFigure.com. * G.I. Joe – Action Force Website covering both G.I. Joe and Action Force. * Action Force Info Page Action Force Info Site With Pictures. * Valaverse Website of Valaverse's Action Force Category:1980s toys Category:1983 comics debuts Category:1987 comics debuts Category:Action Man Category:Action figures Category:Fictional military organizations Category:G.I. Joe Category:Hasbro products Category:Marvel UK titles Category:Playscale figures Category:Terrorism in fiction Category:War in popular culture Category:Products introduced in 1982

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thumb|250px|Territorial changes on the Poland-Czechia border between 1918 and 1958 Border conflicts between Poland and Czechoslovakia began in 1918 between the Second Polish Republic and First Czechoslovak Republic, both freshly created states. The conflicts centered on the disputed areas of Cieszyn Silesia, Orava Territory and Spiš. After World War II they broadened to include areas around the cities of Kłodzko and Racibórz, which until 1945 had belonged to Germany. The conflicts became critical in 1919 and were finally settled in 1958 in a treaty between the Polish People's Republic and the Czechoslovak Socialist Republic. ==Before World War I== Before the First World War both Spiš and Orava were multi-ethnic areas. The inhabitants of the northernmost parts of both lands were predominantly Gorals, whose dialect and customs were in many ways similar to those of the Podhale Gorals. Another area inhabited by Gorals was situated in Čadca area. At the end of 19th century tourism in and around the Tatra Mountains became very popular among the Polish educated public and the folklore of the Podhale Gorals was heavily romanticized by writers and artists. Because of their archaic Polish basis, the Goral dialects became a popular object of study among linguists dealing with the history of the Polish language. As a result, by the end of the 19th century Polish intellectuals commonly saw the Goral speaking areas in Spiš, Orava and around Čadca as being ethnographically Polish just like Podhale, irrespective of their inhabitants' actual national consciousness (or lack of it). The exception was northeastern Orava, with an influx of Polish or Polish- educated priests into the local Catholic parishes and some circulation of the Polish-language newspaper Gazeta Zakopiańska from nearby Podhale. ==Creation of Poland and Czechoslovakia== After the end of World War I, both of the two newly created independent states of the Second Polish Republic and First Czechoslovak Republic claimed the area of Cieszyn Silesia. Czechoslovakia claimed the area partly on strategic and ethnic grounds, but especially on economic and historic grounds. The disputed area was part of the historic Czech lands of Bohemian Crown. The only railway from Czech territory to eastern Slovakia ran through this area (Košice-Bohumín Railway), and access to the railway was critical for Czechoslovakia: the newly formed country was at war with Béla Kun's revolutionary Hungarian Soviet Republic, which was attempting to re-establish Hungarian sovereignty over Slovakia. The area is also very rich in black coal, and it was the most industrialized region of all Austria-Hungary. The important Třinec Iron and Steel Works are also located here. All these raised the strategic importance of this region to Czechoslovakia. On the other hand, most of the population was Polish, despite substantial Czech and German minorities. The Polish side based its claim to the area on ethnic criteria: a majority of the area's population was Polish according to the last (1910) Austro-Hungarian census. Two local self- government councils, Polish and Czech, were created. Initially, both national councils claimed the whole of Cieszyn Silesia for themselves, the Polish Rada Narodowa Księstwa Cieszyńskiego in its declaration "Ludu śląski!" of 30 October 1918 and the Czech Národní výbor pro Slezsko in its declaration of 1 November 1918. On 31 October 1918, in the wake of World War I and the dissolution of Austria-Hungary, most of the area was taken over by local Polish authorities. The short-lived interim agreement of 2 November 1918 reflected the inability of the two national councils to come to final delimitation, and on 5 November 1918 the area was divided between Poland and Czechoslovakia by another interim agreement. In 1919 the councils were absorbed by the newly created independent central governments in Prague and Warsaw. The inclusion of Spiš and Orava in the new state of Czechoslovakia was also not welcomed by all of its residents. In early November 1918 National Council of Poles in Upper Orava constituted itself in Jabłonka and pro-Polish Spisz National Council declared its existence in Stará Ľubovňa, both groups being in contact with the Republic of Zakopane – a short (1 month) lived autonomous Polish statelet in Podhale, whose president was Stefan Żeromski. On 6 November 1918, Polish forces entered Spiš, but retreated after a defeat at Kežmarok on 7 December 1918 as well as pressure from the Entente. In June 1919, however, the Poles captured again northern Spiš and in addition northern Orava. In Spiš they demanded the whole northern half of the region down to Poprad, though units were withdrawn after orders from Warsaw in January 1919. Although both governments promised to carry out plebiscites in villages in northern Spiš and northeastern Orava about whether those people want to live in Poland or in Czechoslovakia, the promises were not kept, and both governments agreed to arbitration. In Poland, the case was advocated by Polish Tatra Society and later by National Committee for Defense of Spisz, Orawa, Czadca and Podhale established in Kraków and led by Kazimierz Przerwa- Tetmajer, a popular writer known for his stories on Tatra mountains and Goral folklore. The whole conflict was seen as Polish-Czech issue rather than Polish-Slovak, with phrases like "Czech invasion" in common use. The Committee organized a delegation, whose members – Ferdynand Machay, a priest born in Jabłonka (Orava), Piotr Borowy from Rabča (Orava) and Wojciech Halczyn from Lendak (Spiš) went to Paris and, during a personal audience, talked to US President Woodrow Wilson. ==Czechoslovak offensive in 1919== In January 1919, a war erupted between the Second Polish Republic and the First Czechoslovak Republic over the Cieszyn Silesia area in Silesia. The Czechoslovak government in Prague requested for the Poles to cease their preparations for national parliamentary elections in the area that had been designated Polish in the interim agreement as no sovereign rule was to be executed in the disputed areas. The Polish government declined, and the Czechoslovaks decided to stop the preparations by force. Czechoslovak troops entered area managed by Polish interim body on January 23. Czechoslovak troops gained the upper hand over the weaker Polish units. Most Polish forces were then engaged in fighting with the West Ukrainian National Republic over eastern Galicia. Czechoslovakia was forced to stop the advance by the Entente, and Czechoslovakia and Poland were compelled to sign a new demarcation line on February 3, 1919, in Paris. At the Paris Peace Conference (1919), Poland requested the northwestern bit of Spiš, including the region around Javorina. ==Negotiations in 1920s== A final line was set up at the Spa Conference in Belgium. On 28 July 1920, the western part of the disputed territory was given to Czechoslovakia while Poland received the eastern part, which created Trans-Olza with a substantial Polish minority. Edvard Beneš also agreed to cede to Poland 13 villages (especially Nowa Biała, Jurgów and Niedzica; ; pop. 8,747) in northwestern Spiš and 12 villages in northeastern Orava (around Jabłonka; ; pop. 16,133). The Czechoslovak authorities officially regarded their inhabitants as exclusively Slovak, but the Poles pointed out that the dialect used there belonged to the Polish language. The Polish government was not satisfied with that result. The conflict was resolved only by the Council of the League of Nations (International Court of Justice) on 12 March 1924, which decided that Czechoslovakia should retain the territory of Javorina and Ždiar. That entailed (in the same year) an additional exchange of territories in Orava, and the territory around Nižná Lipnica went to Poland, the territory around Suchá Hora and Hladovka went to Czechoslovakia. ==Annexations by Poland in 1938== ===Munich Agreement=== Within the region originally demanded from Czechoslovakia by Nazi Germany in 1938 was an important railway junction city of Bohumín. The Poles regarded the city as of crucial importance to the area and to Polish interests. On 28 September, Beneš composed a note to the Polish administration offering to reopen the debate surrounding the territorial demarcation in Těšínsko in the interest of mutual relations, but he delayed in sending it in hopes of good news from London and Paris, which failed to come. Beneš then turned to the Soviet leadership in Moscow, which had begun a partial mobilisation in eastern Belarus and Ukraine and threatened Poland with the dissolution of the Soviet-Polish non-aggression pact.The Munich Crisis, 1938 by Igor Lukes and Erik Goldstein, p. 61 At noon on 30 September, Poland gave an ultimatum to the Czechoslovak government that demanded the immediate evacuation of Czechoslovak troops and police and gave Prague time until noon the following day. At 11:45 a.m. on 1 October the Czechoslovak foreign ministry called the Polish ambassador in Prague and told him that Poland could have what it wanted. The Polish Army, commanded by General Władysław Bortnowski, annexed an area of 801.5 km2 with a population of 227,399 people. The Germans were delighted with the outcome. They were happy to give up a provincial rail centre to Poland. It was indeed a small sacrifice, spread the blame of the partition of Czechoslovakia, made Poland an accomplice in the process and confused the issue as well as political expectations. Poland was accused of being an accomplice of Nazi Germany.Watt 1998, 386. ===First Vienna Award=== In November 1938, Poland crossed into Slovakia where a minor firefight took place at Spisz, resulting in two fatalities on the Polish side, before the Slovak withdrawal. Poland occupied some northern parts of Slovakia and received territories around Suchá Hora and Hladovka, around Javorina, and in addition the territory around Lesnica in the Pieniny Mountains, a small territory around Skalité and some other very small border regions. Poland officially received the territories on 1 November 1938. ==World War II== The First Slovak Republic received back both the territories lost in 1938 and the territories lost in 1920–1924. This re-annexation happened in October 1939 (officially confirmed on 24 November 1939) when Slovakia supported Nazi Germany's attack on Poland in September 1939. The annexation by the puppet state of Slovakia saved the Slovak and a smaller Polish population of the area from the naked terror of Nazi Germany as it was practised in the General Government until Slovakia agreed to take part in the Holocaust, but even then the genocidal policy was directed exclusively against the Jews and the Roma.See, Stanley S.Seidner, Marshal Edward Śmigły-Rydz Rydz and the Defense of Poland, New York, 1978, 134. In January 1945, these border territories were occupied by the Soviet Red Army. The inhabitants of Orava and Spiš (including the territories "lost" by Czechoslovakia in 1920–1924) created authorities similar to those in the remaining Czechoslovakia (Slovakia ceased to exist as an independent state) and sought to prevent Polish authorities, which were trying to recover the territories they had before World War II, from entering the region. The Czechoslovak President Beneš, however, decided to give the territories regained during World War II (i.e. northern Spiš and northern Orava) to Poland again (the corresponding formal act was signed on 20 May 1945), although a Slovak organised poll in the territories showed support of the population in favour of Czechoslovakia. There were many protests in the form of delegations visiting the president, petitions to Prague and Poland, protests by American Slovaks and protests by the Slovak clergy.Irene Matasovsky Matuschak, The Abandoned Ones: The Tragic Story of Slovakia's Spis and Orava Regions, 1919–1948 Despite these, on 20 May 1945, the pre-World War II borders between Czechoslovakia and Poland were restored. ==Aftermath== In 1945 the border between Poland and Czechoslovakia was set at the 1920 line. Polish troops then occupied northern Orava and Spiš on 17 July 1945. There were armed clashes and fatalities in some villages over the following two years. Slovaks from the Polish part of Spiš settled mainly in the newly created industrial town of Svit near Poprad, Kežmarok, Poprad, and in depopulated German villages (from which the German inhabitants had been previously expelled) near Kežmarok. Slovaks from the Polish part of Orava settled mainly in Czech Silesia, and in depopulated German villages in the Czech lands (Sudetenland). On 10 March 1947 a treaty guaranteeing basic rights for Slovaks in Poland was signed between Czechoslovakia and Poland. As a result, 41 Slovak basic schools and 1 high school were opened in Poland. Most of these however were shut down in the early sixties because of lack of Slovak teachers. On June 13, 1958, in Warsaw, the two countries signed a treaty confirming the border at the line of January 1, 1938 (that is, returning to the situation before the Nazi-imposed Munich Agreement transferred territory from Czechoslovakia to Poland), and since then there have been no conflicts regarding this matter. In March 1975 Czechoslovakia and Poland modified their border along the Dunajec to permit Poland to construct a dam in the Czorsztyn and Niedzica region, southeast of Kraków. ==The present era== In 2005, some further minor border adjustments between Poland and Slovakia came into force: ==See also== * History of Czechoslovakia * History of Poland (1918–1939) ==References== ==Further reading== * Gąsiorowski, Zygmunt J. "Polish- Czechoslovak Relations, 1918–1922," Slavonic and East European Review (1956) 35#84 pp. 172–193 in JSTOR * Gromada, Thaddeus V. "Slovak Nationalists and Poland during the Interwar Period, Jednota Annual Furdek (1979), Vol. 18, pp 241–253. * * Volokitina, T. V. "The Polish—Czechoslovak Conflict over Teschen: The Problem of Resettling Poles and the Position of the USSR," Journal of Communist Studies & Transition Politics (2000) 16#1 pp 46–63 * Woytak, Richard A. "Polish Military Intervention into Czechoslovakian Teschen and Western Slovakia in September–November 1938," East European Quarterly (1972) 6#3 pp 376–387. Category:History of Silesia Category:Czechoslovakia–Poland border Category:Territorial disputes of Poland Category:Territorial disputes of Czechoslovakia Category:1918 in Poland Category:1918 in Czechoslovakia Category:1919 in Poland Category:1919 in Czechoslovakia Category:1958 in Poland Category:1958 in Czechoslovakia Category:Czechoslovakia–Poland relations Category:Aftermath of World War I in Poland

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Riverside station is a Massachusetts Bay Transportation Authority (MBTA) Green Line light rail station located in the Auburndale village of Newton, Massachusetts. It is the western terminal of the Green Line D branch service. The station is located near the interchange of Interstate 95 (Route 128) and the Massachusetts Turnpike (I-90) and serves as a regional park and ride station. West of the station is Riverside Yard, the main maintenance facility and largest storage yard for the Green Line. The station is fully accessible. ==History== The Boston and Worcester Railroad opened through Newton in 1834. A station at Riverside, named for its location just east of the railroad's bridge over the Charles River, opened in the 1850s. The railroad merged into the Boston and Albany Railroad (B&A;) in 1867. In 1886, the B&A; completed its Highland branch, which rejoined the mainline at Riverside. "Newton Circuit" service operated via the mainline and the branch. Highland branch service ended in 1958 for conversion to a streetcar line. The Metropolitan Transportation Authority built a new Riverside station with a large commuter parking lot and brick station building in a former gravel pit south of the existing station. Streetcar service began on July 4, 1959. Limited commuter rail service continued to the mainline station until October 28, 1977. In 1995, new elevated platforms were built at the north end of the yard and the 1959-built station used as a bus terminal. The 1995-built platforms were raised slightly above track level; these made the station accessible when low- floor light rail vehicles arrived in 2002. Riverside is the only surface-level Green Line station with a prepayment (fare controlled) platform area. This allows passengers to board at all doors. Fare control began during morning peak hours only when the current platforms opened in 1995, and full-time in 2006 when the CharlieCard fare card system was introduced. A track connection still exists with the main line; catenary is installed up to the junction for offloading vehicles delivered by the railroad onto the light rail network. On October 20, 1996, severe flooding overflowed the banks of the Muddy River and flooded the Green Line subway from the western portals to . From October 23 to 25, a commuter rail shuttle was run from a temporary platform at Riverside to South Station using the old track connection. Intercity bus services to and from Boston, including Greyhound Lines, Peter Pan Bus Lines, Go Buses, and Megabus, offer occasional stops at Riverside. This service was temporarily suspended in early 2010, but was reinstated that October. In 2014, the state announced plans Riverside would be the terminus of a proposed DMU Indigo Line to South Station, via the former track connection, but the plans were cancelled in 2015. A private group plans to restore the pedestrian underpass at the former mainline station as part of a trail network in the area. The state awarded $100,000 in design funding in 2019. Riverside Yard will be modified in the late 2020s to support new Type 10 LRVs. ===Development=== The MBTA began planning for transit-oriented development at Riverside by the 1980s. In October 1997, Riverside was identified as a possible site for a parking garage, but this was not pursued. On February 12, 2009, the MBTA authorized an 85-year lease of a portion of the Riverside parking lots for a mixed-use development. As originally planned, this development was to contain of office space, of retail space, and 190 residential units. In late 2019, the city rezoned the site to allow for a larger development. , plans call for of office space, of retail space, 582 residential units, a 150-room hotel, and a 1,990-space parking garage. The station will be modified with two elevators, new ramps, and a new canopy structure. A parcel at the southwest end of the yard, originally to be used for the development, will be retained by the MBTA for yard expansion beginning around 2024. ==References== ==External links== *MBTA - Riverside Category:Green Line (MBTA) stations Category:Railway stations in Middlesex County, Massachusetts Category:Former Boston and Albany Railroad stations Category:Bus stations in Middlesex County, Massachusetts Category:Railway stations in the United States opened in 1959 Category:Buildings and structures in Newton, Massachusetts

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The ASVi is a tramway museum in Thuin in Belgium, which specialises in the history of the Belgian narrow gauge Vicinal system. The museum includes an operating museum tram line which runs from Thuin to Lobbes. The metre gauge historic tram line is made of two sections : *a part of the former vicinal tramway line Thuin - Anderlues (lines 91 and 92). This line was part of the famous and extensive Belgian vicinal tramway network which once covered the whole country ; *a part of the SNCB normal gauge line (line 109 Mons - Chimay) which was converted to metric gauge and equipped with an overhead line for power supply. ==Description of the historic line== Leaving the Thuin museum, the line first follows the former SNCB line, then the Avenue de la Couture towards the cemetery of Thuin and a bridge over the Sambre. It then runs parallel to the SNCB railway to Lobbes Pont du Nord where it crosses Route Nationale 559. Then it loops round the western side of Lobbes to reach the Lobbes Hôtel de Ville stop. From there, the line turns again towards RN 559 to reach it at the Lobbes Entreville stop; from there the line is on the west side of this road to the terminus of Lobbes Bonniers. This northern section is one of the last electrified roadside sections of tramway which remains in Belgium. From Avenue de la Couture, a section of the former vicinal runs down Grand'Rue to the lower part of Thuin on the banks of Sambre. In August 2010, a 3 km extension to Biesme-sous-Thuin was inaugurated. It follows the trackbed of the former SNCB line from Mons to Chimay. ==Rolling stock== thumb|250 px|In the museum - from left to right, 10409 "PCC", A.9073 and HL303 The collection also includes a PCC streetcar which has quite an uncommon story. It is part of a first series of 24 cars built for Belgium in 1950, which were transferred to Belgrade in 1960. One model of this iconic vehicle was brought back to Belgium in 1986. ===In working order=== ASVi # Type Manufacturer Year AR.86 Railcar SNCV Brabant 1934 ART.300 Railcar SNCV Andenne 1947 A.9073 M2 Electricité et Hydraulique 1901 A.9073 A.9515 M2 Le Rœulx 1918 A.9515 9924 M2 La Dyle à Louvain 1931 9924 9974 "Type SE" M4 SNCV Brabant 1958 9974 "Type SE" 10284 "Type Eugies" M4 Braine-le-Comte 1936 10308 "Standard Métallique" M4 Baume et Marpent 1942 10409 "PCC" M4 La Brugeoise & Nicaise & Delcuve 1949 10409 "PCC" 10480 "Type N" M4 SNCV Cureghem 1954 10480 "Type N" HL303 Type 7 La Métallurgique à Tubize 1888 HL303 A.9385 "Type Manage" M2 Franco-Belge 1910 9063 "Type S" M4 SNCV Brabant 1956 ===Out of order=== ASVi # Type Manufacturer Year Condition 9598 M2 SNCV Eugies 1951 To be restored 9603 M2 Seneffe 1919 To be restored 9888 M2 Franco-Belge à La Croyère 1930 Under restoration 9963 "Fourgon-moteur" M2 Godarville 1916 Under restoration 9984 "Standard Bois" M4 Braine-le-Comte 1932 To be restored 10393 "BLC" M4 Braine-le-Comte 1949 To be restored ==References== == External links == *ASVi museum web page *Tram Travels: Tramway Historique Lobbes-Thuin *Vicinal photo archives web page *TRAMANIA Vicinal sponsoring web page Category:Tram transport in Belgium Category:Transport in Belgium Category:Railway museums in Belgium Category:Heritage railways in Belgium Category:Museums in Hainaut (province) Category:Thuin

['Thuin', 'Belgium', 'Lobbes', 'Anderlues', 'Mons', 'Chimay', 'Sambre', 'PCC streetcar', 'Belgrade', 'Railcar']

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Waring & Gillow (also written as Waring and Gillow) was a noted firm of English furniture manufacturers and antique dealers formed in 1897 by the merger of Gillows of Lancaster and London and Waring of Liverpool. ==Background== ===Gillow & Co.=== The firm of Gillow's of Lancaster can be traced back to the luxury furniture and furnishings firm founded by Robert Gillow (1704–72) in about 1730. Robert Gillow served an apprenticeship as a joiner. During the 1730s he began to exploit the lucrative West Indies trade exporting mahogany furniture and importing rum and sugar. Following his death in 1772, the business was continued by his two sons, Richard (1734–1811) and Robert (1745–93). In 1764 a London branch of Gillow's was established at 176 Oxford Road, now Oxford Street, by Thomas Gillow and William Taylor. The firm rapidly established a reputation for supplying high-quality furniture to the richest families in the country. Gillow & Co. introduced both the Davenport desk and patented a telescopic dining table yet contemporary critics still called the company's furniture "solid, well made, but unadventurous". === S. J. Waring & Sons === Waring's of Liverpool was founded by John Waring, who arrived in the city from Belfast in 1835 and established a wholesale cabinet making business. He was succeeded by his son Samuel James Waring who rapidly expanded the business during the 1880s, furnishing hotels and public buildings throughout Europe. In 1904, he founded the Waring-White Building Company which built the Liverpool Cotton Exchange Building, Selfridges department store and the Ritz Hotel. Samuel James's son and namesake Samuel James Waring (1860–1940) continued the family business and was elevated to the peerage as Baron Waring in 1922. == History == ===Waring & Gillow=== During the final years of the 19th century Gillow & Co. ran into financial difficulty and from 1897 began a loose financial arrangement with Waring of Liverpool, an arrangement legally ratified by the establishment of Waring & Gillow in 1903. The merger was complex and involved the purchase of cabinetmakers Collinson and Lock and carpet dealers T.J Bonter and Company.Saint, 2014, p 79. The firms combined with a capital of £1 million. On 10 July 1897 The Times published news of the acquisition stating that, > "the Directors believe that the union of two such well-established and > powerful concerns, both of which enjoy an exceptionally large degree of > public patronage and favour, will result in a great accession of business > and largely increased profits to the joint undertaking"."Charities, &c.;" > Times, 10 July 1897, p. 3. The Times Digital Archive, > link.gale.com/apps/doc/CS50520298/TTDA?u=leedsuni&sid;=bookmark- > TTDA&xid;=9622c177. Accessed 30 July 2021. The companies continued to use their own labels and stamps on their furniture even after they had merged. The Lancaster factory continued to use the historic name Gillows & Co and stamped work with the 'Gillows' stamp. Some pieces were affixed with a 'S.J Waring & Sons' label and others 'Waring & Gillow'. A new Waring & Gillow building was opened in 1906 on Oxford Street and signalled a true integration of both companies. The inauguration event took place from 11 to 16 June 1906. The Brotherton Library Special Collections archive at Leeds University houses the John Evan Bedford Library of Furniture History. This collection, collected by antiques dealer John Bedford, contains a ticket from the inaugural Waring & Gillow event (below right). The ticket shows that there had been music and entertainment during the evening as well as demonstrating the general grandeur of the affair, with separate entrances for guests using carriages. A contemporary newspaper stated that the impressive new premises covered 40,000 ft. and included a domed Georgian Rotunda (also mentioned on the reverse of the ticket) which measured 85 ft. by 54 ft. This building would remain the company's headquarters for the next 65 years. Throughout their history Waring & Gillow secured contracts for a number of luxury yachts and liners. These included the interior fittings of HM Alberta (1901) after Queen Victoria's death, the royal steam yacht Victoria and Albert III, the interior of the Princesse Alice (1895) for Prince Albert of Monaco, the Lysistrata (1901) for James Gordon Bennett, the P&O; liner, the Viceroy of India (1929), and the Queen Mary (1936).Saint, 2014, pp.81–93. Like other prestigious furniture retailers of the Victorian era, Waring & Gillow also secured furnishing contracts for a number of new luxury hotels that were being constructed in the capital. These included the Carlton Hotel, the Waldorf and the Ritz.Barty-King, 1992, p.58. === 1900 Great Exhibition === In 1900 Waring & Gillow were tasked with the decoration of the British pavilion of the Paris Exhibition which was being overseen by British architect Edwin Lutyens. The success of their presentation cemented professional relationships with makers and clients around the world in addition to new workshops in Paris.Saint, 2014, pp.80–81. === 1920s === Towards the end of the 1920s Waring & Gillow opened a new, experimental modern art department and enlisted Russian designer Serge Chermayeff as director. Chermayeff partnered with French designer Paul Follot who was working as the head of Waring & Gillow in Paris. Together they attempted to bring a progressive Art Deco edge to the company and in 1928 they opened the large exhibition Modern Art in Decoration and Furnishing in London. It consisted of 68 decorated and furnished rooms situated on the 4th and 5th floors of the Oxford Street building. The exhibition ran from November 1928 to January 1929. === Decline and administration === In the 1930s the Great Depression combined with Lord Waring spending outside his means during the previous decade caused financial problems for the company and Waring was forced to resign as chairman in September 1930, though he remained as President. The first liquidation meeting occurred in 1932 and the company was restructured as Waring & Gillow (1932) Ltd.Saint, 2014, p.94. === First World War === During the First World War the Lancaster factory was turned over to war production, making ammunition chests for the Navy and propellers for De Havilland DH9 aircraft. They also established a large tent-manufacturing facility of 8,000 workers on the now closed former exhibition site at White City (the former Machinery Hall), London. From a manufacturing base in Cambridge Row workers made tents, gas masks for horses and aircraft wings. The company also manufactured ammunition belts for use with machine guns, nosebags for horses and protective clothing for use during gas attacks.National Roll of the Great War see entry Bird (Mrs) Special war worker for reference to manufacture of tents, gas masks and trench covers.Saint, 2014, p.90. === Second World War === During the Second World War the factory in Cambridge Grove, Hammersmith, produced parts for gliders and the Mosquito aircraft, while kit-bags, tents and camouflage nets were made by the upholstery department. Waring died in 1940, in the early months of the war. === Post-War === The business was bought by retail conglomerate Great Universal Stores in 1953, however a large share of the business was sold to rival furniture chain "John Peters", run by Manny Cussins for cash and shares in 1960, with John Peters company renamed Waring and Gillow (Holdings) Ltd. After the war the business of the firm began to decline and the Lancaster workshops closed on 31 March 1962 to provide, two years later, the first home of the newly founded University of Lancaster. In 1980 Waring & Gillow approached rival furniture company Maple & Co. for discussions about a takeover. Initial offers were rejected by Maple directors but Waring & Gillow continued to buy shares of the company until eventually they had purchased 50.4% of ordinary shares which gave them control and in the process the company became Maple, Waring and Gillow.Barty-King, 1992, pp.158–162. In 1988 Allied Carpets purchased 48 out of the 87 Gillows stores and the company subsequently became part of Allied Maples Group Ltd, which includes Allied Carpets.Barty-King, 1992, pp.158–164. ==See also== * Joseph Gillow *Maple & Co. *Druce & Co. *Cabinetry *Upholstery ==References== ==External links== * The Cabinet-Maker and Upholsterer's Guide (1789) *"Gillow – Cabinet Making Firm" at the Lancashire Museums site *History of Gillows *Workers Union Category:1897 establishments in England Category:Aircraft component manufacturers of the United Kingdom Category:Buildings and structures in the City of Westminster Category:Companies based in Lancaster, Lancashire Category:Defunct furniture manufacturers Category:Furniture companies of England Category:Furniture retailers of the United Kingdom Category:Former defence companies of the United Kingdom Category:Manufacturing companies established in 1897 Category:History of the London Borough of Hammersmith and Fulham Category:Buildings and structures in the London Borough of Hammersmith and Fulham Category:Shops in London Category:United Kingdom in World War I Category:United Kingdom in World War II Category:British furniture makers Category:Defunct manufacturing companies of England

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Legum Doctor (Latin: “teacher of the laws”) (LL.D.) or, in English, Doctor of Laws, is a doctorate-level academic degree in law or an honorary degree, depending on the jurisdiction. The double “L” in the abbreviation refers to the early practice in the University of Cambridge to teach both canon law and civil law (Doctor of both laws), with the double “L” itself indicating the plural, although Cambridge now gives the degree the name Doctor of Law in English. This contrasts with the practice of the University of Oxford, where the degree that survived from the Middle Ages is the DCL or Doctor of Civil Law (only). == European and Commonwealth usage == In the United Kingdom, Australia, New Zealand, and a number of European countries, the LL.D. is a higher doctorate usually awarded on the basis of exceptionally insightful and distinctive publications that contain significant and original contributions to the study of law. In South Africa, the LL.D. is awarded by many university law faculties as the highest degree in law, also based upon research and completion of a Ph.D. equivalent dissertation as in most European countries; see Doctor of Law in South Africa. The LL.D. may also be awarded as an honorary degree based upon a person's contributions to society. Most Canadian universities that award the degree of Doctor of Laws (LL.D.) award it only as an honorary degree, but typically when awarded by a law school, it is an earned degree. Of the universities in Canada that offer earned doctorates in law, five Francophone or bilingual universities (Université de Sherbrooke, University of Ottawa, University of Montreal, Laval University, and University of Quebec at Montreal) offer the LL.D. Lakehead University in Ontario, Canada, is one place that awards this popular honorary doctorate. At Lakehead it is regarded as the most appropriate award for a person distinguished in general service to the state, to learning and to mankind. == Germany == Germany, as in many other continental European countries, does not distinguish between PhD and LL.D. academic degrees. German universities award the doctoral degree in law as a "Doctor of Law" (Dr. iur.) instead of a PhD, which literally means "Doctor of Philosophy" (Dr. phil.), and is traditionally reserved for doctoral dissertations in the field of social and political sciences. The degree of Dr. iur. usually requires independent academic research of up to 4 years. The doctor of law as an honorary degree is called "doctor iuris honoris causa" (Dr. iur. h.c.). The German academic system also knows a form of higher doctorate in law which is awarded after completion of a second dissertation (Habilitation) and is a prerequisite to teach law at (German) universities. The completion of the habilitation is indicated by adding "habil." to the title (Dr. iur. habil.) unless one holds a professership, in which case the habilitation is implied by using the title "Prof. Dr.". Most German doctoral degrees in law are awarded as "Doktor der Rechte", "Doktor des Rechts" or "Doktor der Rechtswissenschaft" and would be abbreviated in the Latin form as "Dr. iur." or "Dr. jur.". If the dissertation is in the area of church laws, traditional universities may award the very rare degree of "Doktor beider Rechte" translating to doctor of both laws (Latin form: "doctor iuris utriusque" or "Dr. iur. utr."), emphasizing that the doctoral degree is in worldly and religious laws. == Malta == In Malta, the European Union's smallest member state, the LL.D. was a doctorate-level academic degree in law requiring at least three years of post-graduate full-time study at the University of Malta, Malta's national university. At least three years of previous law study were required for entry. Students were required to complete coursework in a number of core areas of law, as well as to submit a thesis which is to be "an original work on the approved subject or other contribution to the knowledge showing that he/she has carried out sufficient research therein". It confers the title of Doctor, which in Malta is used to address a holder of the degree. Up until 2014, the LL.D. was one of the requirements for admission to the profession of advocate in Malta (an advocate, as opposed to a legal procurator, has rights of representation in superior courts). Practicing lawyers are of three designations – notary, legal procurator and advocate. The Bachelor of Laws (LL.B.) degree is an undergraduate degree that of itself is not sufficient for admission into any of the legal professions. A one-year full-time taught post-graduate diploma of Notary Public (N.P.) is required after the LL.B. for admission to the profession of notary public, while a taught post-graduate diploma of Legal Procurator (L.P.) is required for admission to the profession of legal procurator. A legal procurator has rights of audience in the lower courts, a profession that was existent in Malta as early, and even prior to 1553. All three designations also require members to be holders of a warrant issued by the president of Malta, obtainable after examination, as well as a minimum of one year of work experience in that profession. It is not possible for a Maltese lawyer to hold a warrant in more than one of the professions at a time. As of 2014 changes to the law course resulted from the implementation of the Bologna Process, removed the Doctorate of Laws (LLD) title and replace it with a second cycle degree, Master of Advocacy (M.Adv). This raised discussion as to whether newly qualified lawyers would be referred to as 'Doctor', as had been the norm. Following representation from law student organisations, the Chamber of Advocates came to the agreement that if a newly qualified lawyer was to self-stylize as 'Doctor' they would be supported, as a matter of convention. Notable holders of the LL.D. degree include Ugo Mifsud Bonnici, Guido de Marco, George Borg Olivier, and Lawrence Gonzi. ==South Africa== == United Kingdom and Ireland == In the UK and Republic of Ireland, the degree of Doctor of Laws is a higher doctorate, ranking above the PhD, awarded upon submission of a portfolio of advanced research. It is also often awarded honoris causa to public figures (typically those associated with politics or the law) whom the university wishes to honor. In most British and Irish universities, the degree is styled "Doctor of Laws" and abbreviated as LLD; however, some universities (such as Oxford) instead award the degree of Doctor of Civil Law, abbreviated as DCL. In former years, Doctors of Law were a distinct form of Attorney-at-Law who were empowered to act as advocates in the ecclesiastical, probate and admiralty courts. The Doctors had their own Inn, which was called Doctors' Commons. Charles Dickens spent some of his youth working in this branch of the law. The last surviving member of Doctors' Commons, Dr Thomas Tristram, wrote the first editions of a textbook on trusts still in use today. In 1954, a case was brought under long-dormant law in the High Court of Chivalry. The opening arguments in that case were by George Drewry Squibb, who was simultaneously distinguished as a barrister, a doctor of laws, and a historian. Squibb argued, to the satisfaction of the court, that since the modern class of Doctors of Laws were no longer trained as advocates, their role must necessarily be performed by barristers. This was because Victorian reforms, which had unified the other classes of court attorney into the single profession of Barrister, had overlooked the Doctors of Law. == United States == In the United States of America, the LL.D. is awarded as an honorary degree only. The terminal academic law degree is the Scientiae Juridicae Doctor (S.J.D. or J.S.D.), equivalent to the Ph.D. At the University of Kansas, the LL.D. is awarded for notable service to humanity or the professions or contributions to the general welfare of the state, the nation, or the world. The University of Washington gives this degree for recognition to those who have made profound and enduring contributions to scholarship, culture, and improved quality of life in society at large in the area of Law, public policy, and public service. == See also == * Doctor of Philosophy (Ph.D.) * Doctor of Juridical Science (S.J.D. or J.S.D.) * Doctor of both laws (D.J.U.) * Juris Doctor (J.D.) * Master of Laws (LL.M.) * Bachelor of Laws (LL.B.) * Doctor of Canon Law (J.C.D.) ==References== Laws Category:Law degrees Category:Higher doctorates Category:Honorary degrees

['Doctor of Laws', 'University of Cambridge', 'Doctor of both laws', 'University of Oxford', 'Doctor of Civil Law', 'United Kingdom', 'Australia', 'New Zealand', 'Europe', 'Higher doctorates', 'South Africa', 'Université de Sherbrooke', 'University of Ottawa', 'University of Montreal', 'Laval University', 'University of Quebec at Montreal', 'Lakehead University', 'Habilitation', 'Malta', 'European Union', 'Bologna Process', 'Ugo Mifsud Bonnici', 'Guido de Marco', 'George Borg Olivier', 'Lawrence Gonzi', 'Republic of Ireland', "Doctors' Commons", 'Charles Dickens', 'High Court of Chivalry', 'George Drewry Squibb', 'Scientiae Juridicae Doctor', 'Doctor of Philosophy', 'Juris Doctor', 'Master of Laws', 'Bachelor of Laws', 'Doctor of Canon Law']

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Retrodiction is the act of making a prediction about the past. It is also known as postdiction (but this should not be confused with the use of the term in criticisms of parapsychological research). == Activity == The activity of retrodiction (or postdiction) involves moving backwards in time, step-by-step, in as many stages as are considered necessary, from the present into the speculated past to establish the ultimate cause of a specific event (for instance, in the case of reverse engineering, forensics, etc.). Given that retrodiction is a process in which "past observations, events and data are used as evidence to infer the process(es) that produced them" and that diagnosis "involve[s] going from visible effects such as symptoms, signs and the like to their prior causes",Einhorn & Hogarth (1982),p.24. the essential balance between prediction and retrodiction could be characterized as: ::retrodiction : diagnosis :: prediction : prognosisThat is, that retrodiction is to diagnosis in precisely the same way as prediction is to prognosis. regardless of whether the prognosis is of the course of the disease in the absence of treatment, or of the application of a specific treatment regimen to a specific disorder in a particular patient: :"We consider diagnostic inference to be based on causal thinking, although in doing diagnosis one has to mentally reverse the time order in which events were thought to have occurred (hence the term "backward inference"). On the other hand, predictions involve forward inference; i.e., one goes forward in time from present causes to future effects. However, it is important to recognize the dependence of forward inference/prediction on backward inference/diagnosis. In particular, it seems likely that success in predicting the future depends to a considerable degree on making sense of the past. Therefore, people are continually engaged in shifting between forward and backward inference in both making and evaluating forecasts. Indeed, this can be eloquently summarized by Kierkegaard's observation that, "Life can only be understood backwards; but it must be lived forwards".Einhorn & Hogarth (1982), p.24. ==Scientific method== In the scientific method, the terms retrodiction or postdiction are used in several senses. One use refers to the act of evaluating a scientific theory by predicting known rather than new events. For example, a theory in physics that claims to extend or replace the standard model but that fails to predict the existence of known particles has not met the test of postdiction. Michael Clive Price has written: > A retrodiction occurs when already gathered data is accounted for by a later > theoretical advance in a more convincing fashion. The advantage of a > retrodiction over a prediction is that the already gathered data is more > likely to be free of experimenter bias. An example of a retrodiction is the > perihelion shift of Mercury which Newtonian mechanics plus gravity was > unable, totally, to account for whilst Einstein's general relativity made > short work of it.The Everett Interpretation Another use refers to a process by which one attempts to test a theory whose predictions are too long-term to be tested by waiting for a future event to occur. Instead, one speculates about uncertain events in the more distant past, and applies the theory to consider how it would have predicted a known event in the less distant past. This is useful in, for example, the fields of archaeology, climatology, evolutionary biology, financial analysis, forensic science, and cosmology. ==Sensory perception== In the field of neuroscience, the term postdiction was introduced by David Eagleman to describe a perceptual process in which the brain collects information after an event before it retrospectively decides what happened at the time of the event (Eagleman and Sejnowski, 2000). Some perceptual illusions in which the brain mistakenly perceives the location of moving stimuli may involve postdiction. Such illusions include the flash lag illusion and the cutaneous rabbit illusion. ==See also== *Hindcast == Footnotes == ==References== * Einhorn, H.J. & Hogarth, R.M., "Prediction, Diagnosis, and Causal Thinking in Forecasting", Journal of Forecasting, (January–March 1982), Vol.1, No.1, pp. 23–36. * Yeates, L.B., Thought Experimentation: A Cognitive Approach, Graduate Diploma in Arts (By Research) dissertation, University of New South Wales, 2004. Category:Scientific method Category:Prediction Category:Illusions

['David Eagleman', 'Hindcast']

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The National Company of Light Railways (, abbreviated as NMVB; , abbreviated as SNCV) was a state-owned transportation provider which comprised a system of narrow-gauge tramways or local railways in Belgium, which covered the whole country, including the countryside, and had a greater route length than the mainline railway system. They were and included electrified city lines and rural lines using steam locomotives and diesel railcars; half the system was electrified. The company gradually switched to buses and dismantled the tram tracks. Only the coastal line, the Charleroi metro, and the short line to the caves at Han-sur-Lesse are still in commercial use; four museums hold significant collections of rolling stock, including the museum at Schepdaal and the ASVi museum in Thuin. The longest () and oldest (40 years) tourist tramway is the Tramway Touristique de l'Aisne (TTA), between Érezée and Dochamps. A sponsoring group called "Tramania" has supported various tramway preservation initiatives for 13 years, in particular by financing the construction of the Thuin museum and car restoration for TTA. ==History== thumb|Map of Belgium, its districts and major cities|260x260px Legislation allowing the construction of rural tramways was passed in 1875, followed by a new law in 1885. The result was the creation of the nationwide operator named "National Company of Light Railways", known as Nationale Maatschappij van Buurtspoorwegen (NMVB) in Dutch and Société Nationale des Chemins de fer Vicinaux (SNCV) in French. The majority of lines were , although until 1921 many in the Antwerp metropolitan area were gauge, later re-gauged. Many lines were built alongside roads, and carried considerable quantities of freight (especially timber and agricultural produce) as well as passengers. World War I and World War II saw greatly increased traffic despite some wartime damage. The non-electric network reached a peak of approximately in 1925, but soon parts started to close as usage of buses, lorries, and electric trams increased. Starting from 1924, the NMVB/SNCV started to operate buses (either owned or hired). At this time, the electric tramway network was already in length. In 1939, the NMVB/SNCV operated 161 regular bus lines amounting to . After World War II lorries, buses, and cars deprived the trams of much of their business. The electric network reached a peak of in 1950. The whole network (electric and non-electric) was still approximately in length (the peak of was in 1945), but by 1960 had been reduced to only . On several rural lines, passenger tramways were replaced by buses but SNCV/NMVB kept running freight trams until it wasn't profitable anymore. In 1977, the buses of the Belgian railways (SNCB/NMBS) were transferred to SNCV/NMVB. The tramways from Brussels to Wemmel, and Grimbergen closed in 1978. Political federalism within Belgium from 1980 onwards saw the splitting of many national institutions into separate bodies for Flanders, Wallonia, and the Brussels-Capital Region. SNCV/NMVB was broken up in 1991 into De Lijn (for Flanders) and TEC (for Wallonia), both companies were now primarily operating buses. De Lijn inherited the tram systems in Ghent and Antwerp (including the Pre-metro), operated previously by local companies MIVG and MIVA respectively, and the coastal tramway. TEC operates the Charleroi Pre-metro, which includes sections of Vicinal track. STIB/MIVB operates the Brussels Metro, tram, and bus network. ==Gallery== File:SNCV Signal Arrêt du Train.jpg|Train signal File:Tramparade 4 Benzinetram.jpg|"Tramparade 125 years of vicinal railways", 4th tram of the parade File:Museumterrein Schepdaal 3.JPG|Tramsite Schepdaal File:Tourinnes bew.jpg|Steam tram in File:Alle SNCV 9.jpg|Alle (fr) station building, just outside village, now used as a local office for the Société Régionale Wallonne du Transport File:NMVB Type 3.JPG|Steam tram locomotive. == See also == * List of town tramway systems in Belgium ==References== ==External links== * Tramway Touristique Lobbes-Thuin * Tramway Touristique de l'Aisne * Photo archives of the Vicinal tramways * Vicinal tram history and preservation activities * Trambelgium (with NMVB/SNCV history) * Tram Travels: Vicinal tramway (NMVB/SNCV) * Category:Tram transport in Belgium Category:Interurban railways Category:Metre gauge railways in Belgium Category:3 ft 6 in gauge railways in Belgium

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The Division of Barrier was an Australian electoral division in the state of New South Wales. The division was proclaimed in 1900, and was one of the original 65 divisions to be contested at the first federal election. It was named for the Barrier Ranges near the city of Broken Hill in western New South Wales. In 1901, it included Broken Hill, Wilcannia, White Cliffs and Tibooburra and the surrounding pastoral areas. In 1906, it gained Menindee, Wentworth from Riverina and in 1913, it gained Balranald and Deniliquin from Riverina. It was abolished in 1922 with Broken Hill, Wentworth and Balranald being transferred to Darling and Deniliquin transferred to Riverina. It was a very safe seat for the Australian Labor Party, although both its members left the ALP at the end their terms: Josiah Thomas to join the Nationalists, and Michael Considine (a radical socialist) to sit as an independent. ==Members== Image Member Party Term Notes Josiah Thomas Labor 29 March 1901 – 14 November 1916 Previously held the New South Wales Legislative Assembly seat of Alma. Served as minister under Fisher. Transferred to the Senate Josiah Thomas National Labor 14 November 1916 – 17 February 1917 Previously held the New South Wales Legislative Assembly seat of Alma. Served as minister under Fisher. Transferred to the Senate Josiah Thomas Nationalist 17 February 1917 – 5 May 1917 Previously held the New South Wales Legislative Assembly seat of Alma. Served as minister under Fisher. Transferred to the Senate Michael Considine Labor 5 May 1917 – 1920 Failed to win the Division of Darling after Barrier was abolished in 1922 Michael Considine Socialist Labor 1920 – 1921 Failed to win the Division of Darling after Barrier was abolished in 1922 Michael Considine Industrial Labor 1921 – 16 December 1922 Failed to win the Division of Darling after Barrier was abolished in 1922 ==Election results== ==References== Category:1901 establishments in Australia Category:Constituencies established in 1901 Barrier

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Vicinal may refer to: * Vicinal (chemistry), stands for any two functional groups bonded to two adjacent atoms. * Vicinal (logology), a word where all letters have alphabetic neighbors. * Vicinal tramway or Buurtspoor, a system of narrow gauge tramways or local railways in Belgium. * In materials science, a "vicinal substrate" is a thin-film substrate whose surface normal deviates slightly from a major crystallographic axis.

['Vicinal (chemistry)', 'Vicinal (logology)', 'Vicinal tramway']

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Hyperlipidemia is abnormally high levels of any or all lipids (e.g. fats, triglycerides, cholesterol, phospholipids) or lipoproteins in the blood. citing: and The term hyperlipidemia refers to the laboratory finding itself and is also used as an umbrella term covering any of various acquired or genetic disorders that result in that finding. Hyperlipidemia represents a subset of dyslipidemia and a superset of hypercholesterolemia. Hyperlipidemia is usually chronic and requires ongoing medication to control blood lipid levels. Lipids (water-insoluble molecules) are transported in a protein capsule. The size of that capsule, or lipoprotein, determines its density. The lipoprotein density and type of apolipoproteins it contains determines the fate of the particle and its influence on metabolism. Hyperlipidemias are divided into primary and secondary subtypes. Primary hyperlipidemia is usually due to genetic causes (such as a mutation in a receptor protein), while secondary hyperlipidemia arises due to other underlying causes such as diabetes. Lipid and lipoprotein abnormalities are common in the general population and are regarded as modifiable risk factors for cardiovascular disease due to their influence on atherosclerosis. In addition, some forms may predispose to acute pancreatitis. == Classification == Hyperlipidemias may basically be classified as either familial (also called primary) when caused by specific genetic abnormalities or acquired (also called secondary) when resulting from another underlying disorder that leads to alterations in plasma lipid and lipoprotein metabolism. Also, hyperlipidemia may be idiopathic, that is, without a known cause. Hyperlipidemias are also classified according to which types of lipids are elevated, that is hypercholesterolemia, hypertriglyceridemia or both in combined hyperlipidemia. Elevated levels of Lipoprotein(a) may also be classified as a form of hyperlipidemia. === Familial (primary) === Familial hyperlipidemias are classified according to the Fredrickson classification, which is based on the pattern of lipoproteins on electrophoresis or ultracentrifugation. It was later adopted by the World Health Organization (WHO). It does not directly account for HDL, and it does not distinguish among the different genes that may be partially responsible for some of these conditions. Fredrickson classification of hyperlipidemias Hyperlipo- proteinemia Hyperlipo- proteinemia OMIM Synonyms Defect Increased lipoprotein Main symptoms Treatment Serum appearance Estimated prevalence Type I a Buerger-Gruetz syndrome or familial hyperchylomicronemia Decreased lipoprotein lipase (LPL) Chylomicrons Acute pancreatitis, lipemia retinalis, eruptive skin xanthomas, hepatosplenomegaly Diet control Creamy top layer One in 1,000,000 Type I b Familial apoprotein CII deficiency Altered ApoC2 Chylomicrons Acute pancreatitis, lipemia retinalis, eruptive skin xanthomas, hepatosplenomegaly Diet control Creamy top layer One in 1,000,000 Type I c LPL inhibitor in blood Chylomicrons Acute pancreatitis, lipemia retinalis, eruptive skin xanthomas, hepatosplenomegaly Diet control Creamy top layer One in 1,000,000 Type II a Familial hypercholesterolemia LDL receptor deficiency LDL Xanthelasma, arcus senilis, tendon xanthomas Bile acid sequestrants, statins, niacin Clear One in 500 for heterozygotes Type II b Familial combined hyperlipidemia Decreased LDL receptor and increased ApoB LDL and VLDL Statins, niacin, fibrate Turbid One in 100 Type III Type III Familial dysbetalipoproteinemia Defect in Apo E 2 synthesis IDL Tuberoeruptive xanthomas and palmar xanthomas Fibrate, statins Turbid One in 10,000 Type IV Type IV Familial hypertriglyceridemia Increased VLDL production and decreased elimination VLDL Can cause pancreatitis at high triglyceride levels Fibrate, niacin, statins Turbid One in 100 Type V Type V Increased VLDL production and decreased LPL VLDL and chylomicrons Niacin, fibrate Creamy top layer and turbid bottom ==== Type I ==== Type I hyperlipoproteinemia exists in several forms: * Lipoprotein lipase deficiency (type Ia), due to a deficiency of lipoprotein lipase (LPL) or altered apolipoprotein C2, resulting in elevated chylomicrons, the particles that transfer fatty acids from the digestive tract to the liver * Familial apoprotein CII deficiency (type Ib), a condition caused by a lack of lipoprotein lipase activator. * Chylomicronemia due to circulating inhibitor of lipoprotein lipase (type Ic) Type I hyperlipoproteinemia usually presents in childhood with eruptive xanthomata and abdominal colic. Complications include retinal vein occlusion, acute pancreatitis, steatosis, and organomegaly, and lipemia retinalis. ==== Type II ==== Hyperlipoproteinemia type II is further classified into types IIa and IIb, depending mainly on whether elevation in the triglyceride level occurs in addition to LDL cholesterol. ===== Type IIa ===== This may be sporadic (due to dietary factors), polygenic, or truly familial as a result of a mutation either in the LDL receptor gene on chromosome 19 (0.2% of the population) or the ApoB gene (0.2%). The familial form is characterized by tendon xanthoma, xanthelasma, and premature cardiovascular disease. The incidence of this disease is about one in 500 for heterozygotes, and one in 1,000,000 for homozygotes. HLPIIa is a rare genetic disorder characterized by increased levels of LDL cholesterol in the blood due to the lack of uptake (no Apo B receptors) of LDL particles. This pathology, however, is the second-most common disorder of the various hyperlipoproteinemias, with individuals with a heterozygotic predisposition of one in every 500 and individuals with homozygotic predisposition of one in every million. These individuals may present with a unique set of physical characteristics such as xanthelasmas (yellow deposits of fat underneath the skin often presenting in the nasal portion of the eye), tendon and tuberous xanthomas, arcus juvenilis (the graying of the eye often characterized in older individuals), arterial bruits, claudication, and of course atherosclerosis. Laboratory findings for these individuals are significant for total serum cholesterol levels two to three times greater than normal, as well as increased LDL cholesterol, but their triglycerides and VLDL values fall in the normal ranges. To manage persons with HLPIIa, drastic measures may need to be taken, especially if their HDL cholesterol levels are less than 30 mg/dL and their LDL levels are greater than 160 mg/dL. A proper diet for these individuals requires a decrease in total fat to less than 30% of total calories with a ratio of monounsaturated:polyunsaturated:saturated fat of 1:1:1. Cholesterol should be reduced to less than 300 mg/day, thus the avoidance of animal products and to increase fiber intake to more than 20 g/day with 6g of soluble fiber/day. Exercise should be promoted, as it can increase HDL. The overall prognosis for these individuals is in the worst-case scenario if uncontrolled and untreated individuals may die before the age of 20, but if one seeks a prudent diet with correct medical intervention, the individual may see an increased incidence of xanthomas with each decade, and Achilles tendinitis and accelerated atherosclerosis will occur. ===== Type IIb ===== The high VLDL levels are due to overproduction of substrates, including triglycerides, acetyl-CoA, and an increase in B-100 synthesis. They may also be caused by the decreased clearance of LDL. Prevalence in the population is 10%. * Familial combined hyperlipoproteinemia (FCH) * Lysosomal acid lipase deficiency (often called Cholesteryl ester storage disease) * Secondary combined hyperlipoproteinemia (usually in the context of metabolic syndrome, for which it is a diagnostic criterion) ==== Type III ==== This form is due to high chylomicrons and IDL (intermediate density lipoprotein). Also known as broad beta disease or dysbetalipoproteinemia, the most common cause for this form is the presence of ApoE E2/E2 genotype. It is due to cholesterol-rich VLDL (β-VLDL). Its prevalence has been estimated to be approximately 1 in 10,000. It is associated with hypercholesterolemia (typically 8–12 mmol/L), hypertriglyceridemia (typically 5–20 mmol/L), a normal ApoB concentration, and two types of skin signs (palmar xanthomata or orange discoloration of skin creases, and tuberoeruptive xanthomata on the elbows and knees). It is characterized by the early onset of cardiovascular disease and peripheral vascular disease. Remnant hyperlipidemia occurs as a result of abnormal function of the ApoE receptor, which is normally required for clearance of chylomicron remnants and IDL from the circulation. The receptor defect causes levels of chylomicron remnants and IDL to be higher than normal in the blood stream. The receptor defect is an autosomal recessive mutation or polymorphism. ==== Type IV ==== Familial hypertriglyceridemia is an autosomal dominant condition occurring in approximately 1% of the population.Boman H, Hazzard WR, AlbersJJ, et ah Frequency of monogenic forms of hyperlipidemia in a normal population. AmJ ttum Genet 27:19A,1975. This form is due to high triglyceride level. Other lipoprotein levels are normal or increased a little. Treatment include diet control, fibrates and niacins. Statins are not better than fibrates when lowering triglyceride levels. ==== Type V ==== Hyperlipoproteinemia type V, also known as mixed hyperlipoproteinemia familial or mixed hyperlipidemia, is very similar to type I, but with high VLDL in addition to chylomicrons. It is also associated with glucose intolerance and hyperuricemia. In medicine, combined hyperlipidemia (or -aemia) (also known as "multiple-type hyperlipoproteinemia") is a commonly occurring form of hypercholesterolemia (elevated cholesterol levels) characterized by increased LDL and triglyceride concentrations, often accompanied by decreased HDL. Citing: On lipoprotein electrophoresis (a test now rarely performed) it shows as a hyperlipoproteinemia type IIB. It is the most common inherited lipid disorder, occurring in about one in 200 persons. In fact, almost one in five individuals who develop coronary heart disease before the age of 60 has this disorder. The elevated triglyceride levels (>5 mmol/L) are generally due to an increase in very low density lipoprotein (VLDL), a class of lipoprotein prone to cause atherosclerosis. Both conditions are treated with fibrate drugs, which act on the peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors (PPARs), specifically PPARα, to decrease free fatty acid production. Statin drugs, especially the synthetic statins (atorvastatin and rosuvastatin) can decrease LDL levels by increasing hepatic reuptake of LDL due to increased LDL-receptor expression. ==== Unclassified familial forms ==== These unclassified forms are extremely rare: * Hyperalphalipoproteinemia * Polygenic hypercholesterolemia === Acquired (secondary) === Acquired hyperlipidemias (also called secondary dyslipoproteinemias) often mimic primary forms of hyperlipidemia and can have similar consequences. They may result in increased risk of premature atherosclerosis or, when associated with marked hypertriglyceridemia, may lead to pancreatitis and other complications of the chylomicronemia syndrome. The most common causes of acquired hyperlipidemia are: * Diabetes mellitus * Use of drugs such as thiazide diuretics, beta blockers, and estrogens Other conditions leading to acquired hyperlipidemia include: * Hypothyroidism * Kidney failure * Nephrotic syndrome * Alcohol consumption * Some rare endocrine disorders and metabolic disorders Treatment of the underlying condition, when possible, or discontinuation of the offending drugs usually leads to an improvement in the hyperlipidemia. Another acquired cause of hyperlipidemia, although not always included in this category, is postprandial hyperlipidemia, a normal increase following ingestion of food. ==Presentation== === Relation to cardiovascular disease === Hyperlipidemia predisposes a person to atherosclerosis. Atherosclerosis is the accumulation of lipids, cholesterol, calcium, fibrous plaques within the walls of arteries. This accumulation narrows the blood vessel and reduces blood flow and oxygen to muscles of the heart. Over time fatty deposits can build up, hardening and narrowing the arteries until organs and tissues don't receive enough blood to properly function. If arteries that supply the heart with blood are affected, a person might have angina (chest pain). Complete blockage of the artery causes infarction of the myocardial cells, also known as heart attack. Fatty buildup in the arteries can also lead to stroke, if a blood clot blocks blood flow to the brain. == Screening == Adults 20 years and older should have the cholesterol checked every four to six years. Serum level of Low Density Lipoproteins (LDL) cholesterol, High Density Lipoproteins (HDL) Cholesterol, and triglycerides are commonly tested in primary care setting using a lipid panel. Quantitative levels of lipoproteins and triglycerides contribute toward cardiovascular disease risk stratification via models/calculators such as Framingham Risk Score, ACC/AHA Atherosclerotic Cardiovascular Disease Risk Estimator, and/or Reynolds Risk Scores. These models/calculators may also take into account of family history (heart disease and/or high blood cholesterol), age, gender, Body-Mass-Index, medical history (diabetes, high cholesterol, heart disease), high sensitivity CRP levels, coronary artery calcium score, and ankle-brachial index. The cardiovascular stratification further determines what medical intervention may be necessary to decrease the risk of future cardiovascular disease. === Total cholesterol === The combined quantity of LDL and HDL. A total cholesterol of higher than 240 mg/dL is abnormal, but medical intervention is determined by the breakdown of LDL and HDL levels. === LDL cholesterol === LDL, commonly known as "bad cholesterol", is associated with increased risk of cardiovascular disease. LDL cholesterol transports cholesterol particles throughout the body, and can build up in the walls of the arteries, making them hard and narrow. LDL cholesterol is produced naturally by the body, but eating a diet high in saturated fat, trans fats, and cholesterol can increase LDL levels. Elevated LDL levels are associated with diabetes, hypertension, hypertriglyceridemia, and atherosclerosis. In a fasting lipid panel, a LDL greater than 160 mg/dL is abnormal. === HDL cholesterol === HDL, also known as "good cholesterol", is associated with decreased risk of cardiovascular disease. HDL cholesterol carries cholesterol from other parts of the body back to the liver and then removes the cholesterol from the body. It can be affected by acquired or genetic factors, including tobacco use, obesity, inactivity, hypertriglyceridemia, diabetes, high carbohydrate diet, medication side effects (beta-blockers, androgenic steroids, corticosteroids, progestogens, thiazide diuretics, retinoic acid derivatives, oral estrogens, etc.) and genetic abnormalities (mutations ApoA-I, LCAT, ABC1). Low level is defined as less than 40 mg/dL. === Triglycerides === Triglyceride level is an independent risk factor for cardiovascular disease and/or metabolic syndrome. Food intake prior to testing may cause elevated levels, up to 20%. Normal level is defined as less than 150 mg/dL. Borderline high is defined as 150 to 199 mg/dL. High level is between 200 and 499 mg/dL. Greater than 500 mg/dL is defined as very high, and is associated with pancreatitis and requires medical treatment. === Screening age === Health organizations does not have a consensus on the age to begin screening for hyperlipidemia. The CDC recommends cholesterol screenings once between ages 9 and 11, once again between 17 and 21, and every 4 to 6 years in adulthood. Doctors may recommend more frequent screenings for people with a family history of early heart attacks, heart disease, or if a child has obesity or diabetes. USPSTF recommends men older than 35 and women older than 45 to be screened. NCE-ATP III recommends all adults older than 20 to be screened as it may lead potential lifestyle modification that can reduce risks of other diseases. However, screening should be done for those with known CHD or risk-equivalent conditions (e.g. Acute Coronary Syndrome, history of heart attacks, Stable or Unstable angina, Transient ischemic attacks, Peripheral arterial disease of atherosclerotic origins, coronary or other arterial revascularization). === Screening frequency === Adults 20 years and older should have the cholesterol checked every four to six years, and most screening guidelines recommends testing every 5 years. USPSTF recommends increased frequency for people with elevated risk of CHD, which may be determined using cardiovascular disease risk scores. == Management == Management of hyperlipidemia includes maintenance of a normal body weight, increased physical activity, and decreased consumption of refined carbohydrates and simple sugars. Prescription drugs may be used to treat some people having significant risk factors, such as cardiovascular disease, LDL cholesterol greater than 190 mg/dL or diabetes. Common medication therapy is a statin. === HMG-CoA reductase inhibitors === Competitive inhibitors of HMG-CoA reductase, such as lovastatin, atorvastatin, fluvastatin, pravastatin, simvastatin, rosuvastatin, and pitavastatin, inhibit the synthesis of mevalonate, a precursor molecule to cholesterol. This medication class is especially effective at decreasing elevated LDL cholesterol. Major side effects include elevated transaminases and myopathy. === Fibric acid derivatives === Fibric acid derivatives, such as gemfibrozil and fenofibrate, function by increasing the lipolysis in adipose tissue via activation of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-α. They decrease VLDL – very low density lipoprotein – and LDL in some people. Major side effects include rashes, GI upset, myopathy, or increased transaminases. === Niacin === Niacin, or vitamin B3 has a mechanism of action that is poorly understood, however it has been shown to decrease LDL cholesterol and triglycerides, and increase HDL cholesterol. The most common side effect is flushing secondary to skin vasodilation. This effect is mediated by prostaglandins and can be decreased by taking concurrent aspirin. === Bile acid binding resins === Bile acid binding resins, such as colestipol, cholestyramine, and colesevelam, function by binding bile acids, increasing their excretion. They are useful for decreasing LDL cholesterol. The most common side effects include bloating and diarrhea. === Sterol absorption inhibitors === Inhibitors of intestinal sterol absorption, such as ezetimibe, function by decreasing the absorption of cholesterol in the GI tract by targeting NPC1L1, a transport protein in the gastrointestinal wall. This results in decreased LDL cholesterol. == Prevention == Quitting smoking, lowering intake of saturated fat and alcohol, losing excess body weight, and eating a low-salt diet that emphasizes fruits, vegetables, and whole grains can help reduce blood cholesterol. == See also == * List of xanthoma variants associated with hyperlipoproteinemia subtypes * Combined hyperlipidemia == References == == External links == Category:Lipid disorders

['Lipoprotein', 'Diabetes', 'Lipoprotein(a)', 'World Health Organization', 'OMIM', 'Type I hyperlipoproteinemia', 'Chylomicrons', 'Acute pancreatitis', 'Lipoprotein lipase', 'Familial hypercholesterolemia', 'LDL receptor', 'LDL', 'Xanthelasma', 'Bile acid sequestrant', 'Familial dysbetalipoproteinemia', 'Familial hypertriglyceridemia', 'Lysosomal acid lipase deficiency', 'Statin', 'Polygenic hypercholesterolemia', 'Hypothyroidism', 'Kidney failure', 'Nephrotic syndrome', 'Alcohol consumption', 'Framingham Risk Score', 'Transient ischemic attack', 'Prescription drug', 'HMG-CoA reductase', 'Bile acid', 'NPC1L1', 'List of xanthoma variants associated with hyperlipoproteinemia subtypes', 'Combined hyperlipidemia']

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In atmospheric science, the thermal wind is the vector difference between the geostrophic wind at upper altitudes minus that at lower altitudes in the atmosphere. It is the hypothetical vertical wind shear that would exist if the winds obey geostrophic balance in the horizontal, while pressure obeys hydrostatic balance in the vertical. The combination of these two force balances is called thermal wind balance, a term generalizable also to more complicated horizontal flow balances such as gradient wind balance. Since the geostrophic wind at a given pressure level flows along geopotential height contours on a map, and the geopotential thickness of a pressure layer is proportional to virtual temperature, it follows that the thermal wind flows along thickness or temperature contours. For instance, the thermal wind associated with pole-to-equator temperature gradients is the primary physical explanation for the jet stream in the upper half of the troposphere, which is the atmospheric layer extending from the surface of the planet up to altitudes of about 12–15 km. Mathematically, the thermal wind relation defines a vertical wind shear – a variation in wind speed or direction with height. The wind shear in this case is a function of a horizontal temperature gradient, which is a variation in temperature over some horizontal distance. Also called baroclinic flow, the thermal wind varies with height in proportion to the horizontal temperature gradient. The thermal wind relation results from hydrostatic balance and geostrophic balance in the presence of a temperature gradient along constant pressure surfaces, or isobars. The term thermal wind is often considered a misnomer, since it really describes the change in wind with height, rather than the wind itself. However, one can view the thermal wind as a geostrophic wind that varies with height, so that the term wind seems appropriate. In the early years of meteorology, when data was scarce, the wind field could be estimated using the thermal wind relation and knowledge of a surface wind speed and direction as well as thermodynamic soundings aloft. In this way, the thermal wind relation acts to define the wind itself, rather than just its shear. Many authors retain the thermal wind moniker, even though it describes a wind gradient, sometimes offering a clarification to that effect. == Description == === Physical explanation === The thermal wind is the change in the amplitude or sign of the geostrophic wind due to a horizontal temperature gradient. The geostrophic wind is an idealized wind that results from a balance of forces along a horizontal dimension. Whenever the Earth's rotation plays a dominant role in fluid dynamics, as in the mid-latitudes, a balance between the Coriolis force and the pressure-gradient force develops. Intuitively, a horizontal difference in pressure pushes air across that difference in a similar way that the horizontal difference in the height of a hill causes objects to roll downhill. However, the Coriolis force intervenes and nudges the air towards the right (in the northern hemisphere). This is illustrated in panel (a) of the figure below. The balance that develops between these two forces results in a flow that parallels the horizontal pressure difference, or pressure gradient. In addition, when forces acting in the vertical dimension are dominated by the vertical pressure-gradient force and the gravitational force, hydrostatic balance occurs. In a barotropic atmosphere, where density is a function only of pressure, a horizontal pressure gradient will drive a geostrophic wind that is constant with height. However, if a horizontal temperature gradient exists along isobars, the isobars will also vary with the temperature. In the mid- latitudes there often is a positive coupling between pressure and temperature. Such a coupling causes the slope of the isobars to increase with height, as illustrated in panel (b) of the figure to the left. Because isobars are steeper at higher elevations, the associated pressure gradient force is stronger there. However, the Coriolis force is the same, so the resulting geostrophic wind at higher elevations must be greater in the direction of the pressure force. In a baroclinic atmosphere, where density is a function of both pressure and temperature, such horizontal temperature gradients can exist. The difference in horizontal wind speed with height that results is a vertical wind shear, traditionally called the thermal wind. === Mathematical formalism === The geopotential thickness of an atmospheric layer defined by two different pressures is described by the hypsometric equation: \Phi_1 - \Phi_0 =\ R \overline{T} \ln \left [ \frac{p_0}{p_1} \right ], where \, R \, is the specific gas constant for air, \, \Phi_n \, is the geopotential at pressure level \, p_n \,, and \overline{T} is the vertically-averaged temperature of the layer. This formula shows that the layer thickness is proportional to the temperature. When there is a horizontal temperature gradient, the thickness of the layer would be greatest where the temperature is greatest. Differentiating the geostrophic wind, \mathbf{v}_g = \frac{1}{f} \mathbf{k} \times abla_p \Phi (where \; f \; is the Coriolis parameter, \mathbf{k} is the vertical unit vector, and the subscript "p" on the gradient operator denotes gradient on a constant pressure surface) with respect to pressure, and integrate from pressure level \, p_0 \, to \, p_1 \,, we obtain the thermal wind equation: \mathbf{v}_T = \frac{1}{f} \mathbf{k} \times abla_p ( \Phi_1 - \Phi_0 ). Substituting the hypsometric equation, one gets a form based on temperature, \mathbf{v}_T = \frac{R}{f} \ln \left [ \frac{p_0}{p_1}\right ] \mathbf{k} \times abla_p \overline{T}. Note that thermal wind is at right angles to the horizontal temperature gradient, counter clockwise in the northern hemisphere. In the southern hemisphere, the change in sign of \; f \; flips the direction. == Examples == === Advection turning === If a component of the geostrophic wind is parallel to the temperature gradient, the thermal wind will cause the geostrophic wind to rotate with height. If geostrophic wind blows from cold air to warm air (cold advection) the geostrophic wind will turn counterclockwise with height (for the northern hemisphere), a phenomenon known as wind backing. Otherwise, if geostrophic wind blows from warm air to cold air (warm advection) the wind will turn clockwise with height, also known as wind veering. Wind backing and veering allow an estimation of the horizontal temperature gradient with data from an atmospheric sounding. === Frontogenesis === As in the case of advection turning, when there is a cross-isothermal component of the geostrophic wind, a sharpening of the temperature gradient results. Thermal wind causes a deformation field and frontogenesis may occur. === Jet stream === A horizontal temperature gradient exists while moving North-South along a meridian because curvature of the Earth allows for more solar heating at the equator than at the poles. This creates a westerly geostrophic wind pattern to form in the mid-latitudes. Because thermal wind causes an increase in wind velocity with height, the westerly pattern increases in intensity up until the tropopause, creating a strong wind current known as the jet stream. The Northern and Southern Hemispheres exhibit similar jet stream patterns in the mid-latitudes. The strongest part of jet streams should be in proximity where temperature gradients are the largest. Due to land masses in the northern hemisphere, largest temperature contrasts are observed on the east coast of North America (boundary between Canadian cold air mass and the Gulf Stream/warmer Atlantic) and Eurasia (boundary between the boreal winter monsoon/Siberian cold air mass and the warm Pacific). Therefore, the strongest boreal winter jet streams are observed over east coast of North America and Eurasia. Since stronger vertical shear promotes baroclinic instability, the most rapid development of extratropical cyclones (so called bombs) is also observed along the east coast of North America and Eurasia. The lack of land masses in the Southern Hemisphere leads to a more constant jet with longitude (i.e. a more zonally symmetric jet). ==References== == Further reading == * * * * Category:Atmospheric dynamics

['Jet stream', 'Coriolis force', 'Coriolis parameter', 'North', 'South', 'Southern Hemisphere']

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Slade Green railway station is in the London Borough of Bexley, southeast London, on the North Kent Line. It is measured from . The station was built in 1900 to serve the developing community. It opened as "Slades Green" and it was not until 1953 that this was changed to Slade Green. There was a level crossing across the tracks at the south end of the station but this and the signal box closed in November 1970 when the line was resignalled.http://www.kentrail.org.uk/slade_green_station.htm As of 2019 the station and trains serving it are operated by Southeastern and Thameslink. == Services == Services at Slade Green are operated by Southeastern and Thameslink using , , , and EMUs. The typical off-peak service in trains per hour is: * 4 tph to London Cannon Street (2 of these run via and 2 run via ) * 2 tph to , returning to London Cannon Street via and Lewisham * 2 tph to via Greenwich * 2 tph to via * 2 tph to During the peak hours, the station is served by an additional half-hourly circular service to and from London Cannon Street via and Lewisham in the clockwise direction and via Greenwich in the anticlockwise direction. ==Connections== London Buses routes 89, 99, 428 and night route N89 serve the station. ==Future development== Studies by Crossrail Ltd. identified Gravesend as the preferred termination point. However, the same studies found Slade Green station to be the outermost station with sufficient capacity to support Crossrail. Rail Freight studies seeking to extend traffic in the opposite direction, with a planned multi modal distribution centre between Slade Green and Dartford, meant that extending Crossrail beyond Slade Green would require additional tracks and possibly a viaduct. From 2009, the commuter route through Slade Green has been safeguarded for future Crossrail extensions. == References== == External links == Category:Railway stations in the London Borough of Bexley Category:Former South Eastern Railway (UK) stations Category:Railway stations in Great Britain opened in 1900 Category:Railway stations served by Southeastern Category:Railway stations served by Govia Thameslink Railway

['Slade Green', 'London Borough of Bexley', 'London', 'North Kent Line', 'Govia Thameslink Railway', 'London Buses']

['Q146225', 'Q207208', 'Q84', 'Q529213', 'Q18737011', 'Q1192411']

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The Ungava collared lemming or Labrador collared lemming (Dicrostonyx hudsonius) is a small North American lemming. This species has a short, chunky body covered with brownish-grey fur, with a thin dark stripe along the back and a yellow line along its sides. It has small ears, short legs and a very short tail, and a reddish collar across its chest and a reddish patch behind its ears. In winter, it is covered with white fur, and develops enlarged digging claws on its front feet. They average 14 cm long with a 1.5 cm tail, and weigh about 60 g. These animals are found in the tundra of northern Quebec and Labrador. They feed on grasses, sedges and other green vegetation in summer, and twigs of willow, aspen, and birches in winter. Predators include snowy owls, mustelids, and Arctic foxes. Females have two or three litters of four to eight young in a year. The young are born in a nest in a burrow or concealed in vegetation. They are active year-round, day and night. They make runways through the surface vegetation and also dig burrows above the permafrost. They burrow under the snow in winter. Lemming populations go through a three- or four-year cycle of boom and bust. When their population peaks, lemmings disperse from overcrowded areas. Remains of these animals dating back to the end of the last ice age have been discovered in the Ottawa valley, far south of their current range. ==References== Category:Dicrostonyx Category:Mammals of Canada Category:Mammals described in 1778 Category:Mammals of the Arctic Category:Arctic land animals

['North America', 'Quebec', 'Labrador', 'Arctic fox']

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Freedom of religion in Germany is guaranteed by article 4 of the German constitution. This states that "the freedom of religion, conscience and the freedom of confessing one's religious or philosophical beliefs are inviolable. Uninfringed religious practice is guaranteed." In addition, article 3 states that "No one may be prejudiced or favored because of his gender, his descent, his race, his language, his homeland and place of origin, his faith or his religious or political views." Any person or organization can call the Federal Constitutional Court of Germany for free help.Fact sheet on the constitutional complaint at the Federal Constitutional Court The German system of state support for otherwise independent religious institutions assists all religions equally in principle, though in practice it has been unable to fully encompass some minority faiths. See drop-down essay on "Religious Freedom in Germany" The government has granted most of the country's major religious communities "public law corporation" (PLC) status – Körperschaft des öffentlichen Rechts in German – which allows for numerous benefits. Traditions that lack a centrally organized national structure – most notably Islam – have had difficulty attaining PLC status and the benefits that come with it. In 2023, the country was scored 4 out of 4 for religious freedom.Freedom House website, retrieved 2023-08-08 == Legal situation == The freedom of religion in the Grundgesetz (Basic Law) means one may adopt any kind of religious or non- religious belief, practice it in private or in public, confess it, or keep it for oneself. The state does not identify with any religious organization. This distinction of church and state originated in what is now called the two kingdoms doctrine. Religious freedom, like the other basic rights of the Grundgesetz, is limited where it collides with the core value of human dignity or with the basic rights of others, or if it is misused to fight against the basic constituency of free democracy. Art. 4 sec. III provides for the right to refrain from military service in the name of religion (lit. "conscience").Religious Freedom in Germany ===Individual freedom of religion=== Besides collective, German law protects individual freedom of religion, which is to be distinguished into positive and negative freedom of religion. Negative freedom of religion covers the right not to confess your faith unless legally required (i. e. registration for church tax) and the right not to be exposed to religion while in a position of "subordination" where one is legally required to attend. Landmark decisions are the Crucifix DecisionDecision of the German Federal Constitution Court (Entscheidung des Bundesverfassungsgerichts) BVerfGE 93, 1 and the Headscarf Decision.Decision of the German Federal Constitution Court (Entscheidung des Bundesverfassungsgerichts) BVerfGE 108, 282 ====Crucifix Decision==== thumb|Federal Constitutional Court judges, 1989 In the Crucifix DecisionThe name for this ruling in German is :de:Kruzifix-Beschluss the German Federal Constitution Court in 1995 decreed a law that insisted on the presence of religious symbols (crucifixes) in public institutions to be illegal, excluding in some Roman Catholic elementary schools. The court further demanded that the symbols must be removed if a parent does not agree with them. In 1973, a Jew complained successfully that his freedom of religion was violated by the obligation to speak in a German courtroom decorated by a cross.Decision of the German Federal Constitution Court (Entscheidung des Bundesverfassungsgerichts) BVerfGE 35, 366 ====Headscarf Decision==== In 2004, the German Supreme court deniedThe name for this ruling in German is :de:Kopftuchurteil a Muslim teacher the right to wear a headscarf in class, on the basis that she had to represent neutrality. In this case, freedom of religion (of teachers) had to be brought into "balance" with the state's authority over schools (art. 7), the freedom not to be exposed to religion while in a state of subordination (art. 4), resp. the parents' rights to raise their children (art. 6), and the specific duties of teachers as state servants (art. 33). German courts rarely hold the freedom of religious and non-religious belief to be infringed, as freedom of religion is limited by the exertion of other basic rights (and duties) guaranteed by the Grundgesetz. Already in the late 1970s, a teacher had also been denied the right to wear the distinct clothing of his religion at the workplace. In 2007 the Bavarian Constitutional Court upheld the ban on teachers with headscarves but affirmed that nuns could continue to wear habits while teaching. ====School exemptions==== In Germany, high school students are not excused from classes on sexual educationDecision of the German Federal Constitution Court (Entscheidung des Bundesverfassungsgerichts) BVerfGE 47, 46 --also, see this essay by Lerle as an example of a conservative Christian opposed to sex education as practiced in Germany and evolution theory on the basis of religion, as it collides with the state's authority over schools (art. 7) and the legal duty to attend schools. However, according to the case law of the Federal Administrative Court, a claim for exemption from sports or swimming lessons on religious grounds may be made for Islamic schoolgirls if they can concretely demonstrate credible convictions or bans in religious conflicts and there is no reasonable and non-discriminatory alternative for them. As a result, girls may be exempt from swimming due to modesty concerns.Federal Administrative Court: BVerwGE 94, 82 ff. Homeschooling for religious reasons is illegal.Where homeschooling is illegal German laws against homeschooling are the strictest among all developed countries.See Homeschooling international status and statistics for comparisons The Romeike familyVideo on Romeikes sought asylum in the United States in order to homeschool, but their case is currently subject to pending legislation.Homeschool Asylum Bill overview and actual bill ==== Apostasy ==== To leave a church or an officially registered religious group, authorities in almost all states demand citizens to pay an administrative fee between €30 and €60. It is not possible to leave an officially registered religion (and to end the tax duty on the income) by just declaring the rejection of the belief to this religious group. ==== Censorship ==== Some religious writings are cataloged in the Index of Harmful Materials, which outlaws all sales except those made under-the-counter. Organized religious bodies are given representation on the 12 person panel which votes on censorship. Although the list of censored websites is kept secret from the public, one of the more prominent cases involved the traditionalist Catholic blog kreuz.net, which has since been shut down.German wikipedia article on kreuz.net and archived version of kreuz.net. It has since been replaced with kreuz-net.at which is run by another individual. ====Circumcision==== In 2012, a Cologne regional court ruled child circumcision to be illegal when not medically necessary. This ruling proved to be controversial; on the one hand, surveys found most Germans to be in favor of the decision, while on the other hand, the ruling sparked debate over religious freedom due to circumcision's importance in Judaism and Islam. Critics of the ruling, such as Germany's Central Council of Jews and Religious Community of Islam, argued that the ruling was insensitive and counterproductive to religious freedom and integration, while supporters of the decision, such as criminal law professor Holm Putzke of the University of Passau, argued that circumcision was physically harmful and that parents did not have the legal authority to consent to such a procedure when not medically necessary.Holm Putzke: Die strafrechtliche Relevanz der Beschneidung von Knaben. Zugleich ein Beitrag über die Grenzen der Einwilligung in Fällen der Personensorge. In: Festschrift für Rolf Dietrich Herzberg, Tübingen 2008, p. 669–709 - Translation: Criminal Relevance of Circumcising Boys. A Contribution to the Limitation of Consent in Cases of Care for the Person of the Child, translated by Katharina McLarren. Chancellor Angela Merkel opposed the ruling, saying “I do not want Germany to be the only country in the world where Jews cannot practice their rituals. Otherwise we will become a laughing stock.” The German Parliament ultimately reversed the court's decision, passing legislation that legalized non-therapeutic circumcision of underage boys even though it is medically harmful. ==== Contraception ==== Some persons in Germany do not practice contraception for religious reasons. In a case involving the Lehmann family from Hesse in the 1990s through the year 2000, the seven children belonging to them were taken into government custody while their mother (who was pregnant with the eighth) was committed to an asylum for an alleged "morbid desire for children." ==== Meat ==== In 2002 the Federal Constitutional Court struck down a ban on ritual slaughter. === Collective freedom of religion === German law on freedom of religion distinguishes between individual and collective freedom of religion. Collective freedom of religion additionally covers the legal statutes of religious organizations, but this freedom only applies to religious communities "whose constitution and number of members ensure the guarantee of continuity." Of special interest is the statute of corporate body under public law, which allows the organization to collect the four percent church tax and hold religious education in state schools. ==== Types of legal statutes ==== A religious group in Germany can be formed under all legal statutes. It can be organised as a company under Corporate law, but tax regulations, company duties, and responsibilities are often seen as disadvantages. A voluntary association can be formed by anybody. Registration as an "eingetragener Verein" (abbreviated e.V.) gives the advantage of legally functioning as a corporate body (juristic person), rather than a simple group of individuals. It can by used by any secular or religious group. ====Non-profit corporation==== Two other types of organizations are often employed: the most frequent are gemeinnützige not-for-profit corporations, which can be companies or registered associations. This status requires not only limitation to non-commercial activities, but similar to American non-profit organizations, it is limited to those whose primary objective is to support an issue or matter of private interest or public concern for non-commercial purposes. Like many other countries, nonprofits may apply for tax exemption status, so that the organization itself may be exempt from taxes. In some cases, financial donors may claim back any income tax paid on their donations, or deduct from their own tax liability the amount of the donation. ====Corporate body under public law==== The second is a Körperschaft des öffentlichen Rechts (corporate body under public law), a status which is specifically granted to religious groups. Some smaller communities may have this status in one state, while they maintain a different status in another. The status has a string of benefits attached. Religious communities which are organized under public law have the right to collect contributions (church tax) according to laws which are similar to general tax laws. Religious communities enjoy further privileges regarding building and tax regulations, the ability to teach religion as a regular course in state schools, and the ability to be represented in media consulting committees. ===== The right to collect church tax ===== thumb|left|Kirchensteuer receipt dated September 17, 1923 The so-called "church tax" () for corporate bodies under public law is collected with the regular state tax by the state from all registered members of these denominations. On the basis of tax regulations within the limits set by state laws, communities may either request the state to collect fees from members in the form of a surcharge of the income tax assessment (the authorities would then withhold a collection fee), or they may choose to collect the tax themselves. Not all bodies entitled to collect church tax actually collect it, as some Old Confession Churches believe it to be contrary to the separation of church and state. Also, organizations belonging to the Confederation of Free-thinking Communities of GermanyIn German, the title is :de:Bund Freireligiöser Gemeinden Deutschlands are also entitled to collect the four percent "church" tax, although not all of them do. In the first case, membership to the community is registered onto a taxation document (Lohnsteuerkarte). The member's employer must then withhold church tax prepayments from the income of the employee in addition to the prepayments on the annual income tax. In connection with the final annual income tax assessment, the state revenue authorities also finally assess the church tax owed. In case of self-employed persons or other tax payers not employed, state revenue authorities collect prepayments on the church tax together with prepayments on the income tax. In case of own collection, collecting communities may demand the tax authorities to reveal taxation data of their members, in order to be able to calculate the contributions and prepayments owed. In particular, smaller communities (e.g. the Jewish Community of Berlin) chose to collect taxes by themselves in order to save the collection fee. Collection of church tax may be used to found institutions and foundations or to pay ministers. Seminary training at state universities is funded by the government instead of through church tax. The church tax is only paid by members of the respective religious corporate body under public law . Those who are not members of a tax collecting denomination are not required to pay it. Members of a religious community which is a corporate body under public law may formally declare to state authorities that they wish to leave the community (this is commonly referred to as "leaving the church"). With such declaration, the obligation to pay church taxes ends. The concerned religious organisations usually refuse to administer rites of passage, such as marriages and burials of (former) members who had seceded. To rejoin a religious corporate body under public law one would get one's declaration of re-entry officially recorded. The Conference of the German Bishops, however, considers the declaration to "leave the church" to be a schismatic act to be punished automatically by excommunication. The church tax is historically rooted in the pre-Christian Germanic custom where the chief of the tribe was directly responsible for the maintenance of priests and religious cults. During the Christianization of Western Europe, this custom was adopted by the churches into the concept of Eigenkirchen (churches owned by the landlord), which stood in strong contrast to the central church organization of the Roman Catholics. Despite the resulting medieval conflict between the emperor and pope, the concept of church maintenance by the ruler remained the accepted custom in most Western European countries. In Reformation times,Zippelius, Reinhold: Staat und Kirche, 2. Auflage, Mohr Siebeck, 2009, ch. 9, 12 the local princes in Germany officially became heads of the church in Protestant areas, and were legally responsible for the maintenance of churches; the aforementioned practice is legally referred to as Summepiscopat. Only in the 19th century did the financial flows of churches and state get regulated to a point where the churches became financially independent – the church tax was introduced to replace the state benefits the churches had obtained before. =====Fee for leaving a religious corporate body under public law===== In July 2008, the Federal Constitutional Court of Germany had to decide whether a fee for leaving a religious corporate body under public law ("leaving the church") was in accordance with the constitution. Ultimately, the court decided it was an unconstitutional infringement of religious liberty.Spiegel Online, August 8, 2008, Länder dürfen für Kirchenaustritt Gebühren kassieren Decision of the Federal Constitutional Court (Entscheidung des Bundesverfassungsgerichts): BVerfG, 1 BvR 3006/07 vom 2.7.2008 As the state of affairs in August 2008 noted, declaring that one is no longer a member of a church costs between 10 and 30 € in most federal states. It is free in Berlin, Brandenburg, Bremen, and Thuringia; in some communities in Baden-Württemberg, in contrast, it may cost up to 60 €.Decision of the Federal Constitutional Court (Entscheidung des Bundesverfassungsgerichts): BVerfG, 1 BvR 3006/07 vom 2.7.2008, para. 40 In its decision, the Federal Constitutional Court also clarified that the legislator is required by the constitution to reduce the fee, in cases where the person who wants to "leave the church" does not have any personal income.Decision of the Federal Constitutional Court (Entscheidung des Bundesverfassungsgerichts): BVerfG, 1 BvR 3006/07 vom 2.7.2008, para. 41 The German atheist group IBKA disagreed with the decision and took the issue to the European Court of Human Rights.Internationaler Bund der Konfessionslosen und Atheisten / International league of non-religious and atheists: Fee for leaving church is brought before European Court of Human Rights, press release, December 2, 2008 =====The right to provide religious education at state schools===== Education is the responsibility of the 16 federal states (Bundesländer), and each state can decide how to organise religious education. In most states, religious education is obligatory. The curriculum is provided by the churches and approved by the state. Usually the Roman Catholic Church and one Protestant Church each provide school lessons for members of their own denominations, and for members of other denominations that wish to participate. Smaller denominations and some other religious minorities either co-operate with one of the big ones or may decide to conduct classes outside school. In the latter case they can provide the school with details of pupils' performance, so that this information can be included in school reports. Children who do not want to participate in religious education are obliged to attend an alternative class called "ethics", in which various issues of philosophy, society, and morals are discussed. In most cases, even if pupils that stay in one class for almost all their lessons, they are divided into groups (Roman Catholic, Protestant, Jewish, Islamic, Ethics) for their religious education, joining other pupils they might not know very well, but who belong to the same denomination. The position is reversed in some states (Berlin, Brandenburg): the default option, similar to "ethics", is called "knowledge of life".God and Berlin, The Economist, Mar 26th 2009 Pupils may choose instead to attend a denominational course, although in Berlin ethics is mandatory for all students starting in middle school in addition to an optional denominational course. Islamic classes are developed by the government because with the exception of the Ahmadiyya, Muslim associations are not corporate bodies under public law.Islam in Berlin Other states (Bremen, Hamburg) have different systems, which is permitted by the Bremen clause. ==== Blasphemy law ==== ====Illegality of religious TV advertisements==== In 2002, there was a legal controversy regarding the "Power for Living" campaign by the Christian Arthur S. DeMoss Foundation featuring celebrities Cliff Richard and Bernhard Langer. The TV advertisings for their book were banned because they were considered as "advertising a worldview or religion", which is forbidden by § 7 section 8 of the state treaty on broadcasting (Rundfunkstaatsvertrag) and European laws on media. For its posters, newspaper adverts and leaflets, however, there was no such problem.Religious TV advertisements are illegal in Germany – "Power for Living" ads banned by the state media authorities ==== Cults, sects, and new religious movements ==== The right of self-determination in Germany only applies to religious communities "whose constitution and number of members ensure the guarantee of continuity."page 7 of ===== State-issued information on NRM ===== The German government provides information about cults, sects, and new religious movements. In 1997, the parliament set up a commission for Sogenannte Sekten und Psychogruppen (literally "so-called sects and psychic groups") which delivered an extensive report on the situation in Germany regarding NRMs in 1998.Final report of the commission of the Bundestag on the investigation into so-called sects and psycho groups The main point of critics against Sekten from the governmental side is that they propagate a concept of the ideal human (Menschenbild :de:Menschenbild) which is very different of the concept underlying the Grundgesetz (Basic Law).The image of man of in German Basic Law is as follows: The image of man is not that of an isolated, sovereign individual; Rather, the Basic Law has judged there to be tension between the individual and community. The sense of the community and relatedness in general place people in bondage, without affecting their intrinsic value. This particular view results from Articles 1, 2, 12, 19 and 20 GG in general as a whole. Because this means that the individual has to accept the limits of his freedom of action, the legislature must serve as a guide. It uses legislation to cultivate and promote social coexistence within the limits social norms. Of course the legislature will provide for the preservation of individual autonomy. (BVerfGE 4, 7, 15 f.) For example, some cults may stress the inequality of social groups, races or sexes, and foster a culture where blind obedience and fundamentalism are welcomed. The Grundgesetz, however, says that all people are equal and envisages people who are open-minded, discerning and tolerant. Final report of the commission of the Bundestag on the investigation into so-called sects and psycho groups, p. 7 In 2002, Germany's Federal Constitutional Court ruled that the German government had violated its constitution in its treatment of the Rajneesh movement, using deprecating expressions about it that were not based on fact. The Federal Constitutional Court took eleven years to come to its decision, and the overall duration of proceedings from the original complaint lasted over 18 years; Germany was subsequently fined by the European Court of Human Rights for the excessive duration of the case. Given the limits set by the Federal Constitutional Court on the permitted scope of government actions in 2002, the European Court of Human Rights found that Germany was not in violation of Article 9 (freedom of thought, conscience and religion), Article 10 (freedom of expression) and Article 14 (prohibition of discrimination) of the European Convention on Human Rights, but found that it had violated Article 6 § 1 (right to a fair hearing within a reasonable time). =====Jehovah's Witnesses===== Since the 1990s, German courts have repeatedly denied the request of the Jehovah's Witnesses to become a corporate body under public law for various reasons, one of them being that the Jehovah's Witnesses would discourage their members from taking part in state elections, and would not respect the Grundgesetz. In March 2005, Jehovah's Witnesses were granted the status of a body of public law for the state of Berlin,Jehovah's Witnesses Granted Legal Status in Germany on the grounds that the alleged lack of fidelity towards the state had not been convincingly proven. The decision on the group's status in Berlin was upheld by the Federal Administrative Court in 2006.Awake!, August 2006 In subsequent years, corresponding decisions were made in 12 other states.Jehovah's Witnesses now corporate body under public law in Bavaria In the states of Baden-Württemberg,Baden-Württemberg refuses to grant status of corporate body under public law and Bremen,No recognition as corporate body under public law the group was denied the status in 2011. Due to their status of corporate body under public law (in some states), Jehovah's Witnesses in 2010 filed a complaint for broadcasting time at Germany's international broadcaster, Deutsche Welle. Jehovah's Witnesses file complaint for broadcasting time, Welt Online, 06.07.2010 Concerning the issue of blood transfusions, the Federal Constitutional Court has held that transfusing blood to an unconscious Jehovah's Witness violated the person's will, but did not constitute a battery.Decision of the German Federal Constitutional Court: BVerfG, 1 BvR 618/93 vom 2.8.2001 ===== Scientology ===== German courts have come to different decisions on employees and members of Scientology regarding their religious status.bundestag.de: Legal questions concerning religious and worldview communities , prepared by the Scientific Services staff of the German Parliament The German government considers Scientology "an organization pursuing commercial interests".German Embassy, Washington D. C. (2001–06): Understanding the German View of Scientology Scientology is not classified as a non-profit organization in Germany, and the current organizational form of Scientology is "Scientology Kirche e.V." (eingetragener Verein, or registered association). Germany has been criticized over its treatment of Scientologists in United States human rights and religious freedom reports, and the U.S. government has repeatedly expressed its concern over the matter.Bonfante, Jordan; van Voorst, Bruce (1997-02-10). "Does Germany Have Something Against These Guys?", Time Rebutting such accusations, and justifying its stance on Scientology, the German embassy in Washington has said that the German government believed Scientology's "pseudo-scientific courses can seriously jeopardise individuals' mental and physical health, and that it exploits its members." ====Display of neo-pagan symbols==== There have been cases of groups in Germany which practice Germanic neopaganism facing legal sanctions because of their display of symbols, such as runes or the Celtic cross, which prosecutors have deemed illegal under laws against neo- Nazi propaganda. Using "unconstitutional symbols", namely the swastika, is an offense punishable by up to three years in jail or a fineSwastika Funeral Alienates NPD from Militant Neo-Nazis according to § 86a of the German Criminal Code. == Historical development == The 1550 Magdeburg Confession developed the doctrine of lesser magistrates, which allowed for a limited right of resistance to unjust rule, including with respect to faith. The Peace of Augsburg in 1555 changed the legal situation from a uniform Roman Catholic area to the Cuius regio, eius religio principle, which defined freedom of religion for territorial princes, while their subjects had to follow them. Individuals had at best the possibility to move into an area where their confession was practiced. Others feigned belief in the dominant church (see Nicodemite and Crypto-protestantism). Depending on the reigning prince, there could exist a certain tolerance towards other denominations, but not as a common law. In the first half of the 17th century, Germany was laid to waste by the Thirty Years' War, where the lines between enemies within Germany followed mainly denominational borders between the areas of the Catholic League (German) and those of the Protestant Union. The following Syncretistic controversy improved Protestant understanding of Catholicism, but risked schism between competing Lutheran factions. Pastor and hymn writer Paul Gerhardt was forced out of office in 1755 due to his staunch Lutheran convictions in a Berlin ruled by a Reformed prince. In the 18th century, the idea of freedom of religion was promoted by cultural leaders like philosopher Immanuel Kant and dramatist Gotthold Ephraim Lessing, but their stress was on the freedom of the individual to believe or to not adhere to the beliefs of a dominant state church. King Frederick William III of Prussia granted Jews in some areas citizenship in 1812 with his Judenedikt. The 1817 Prussian Union of Churches resulted in the persecution of Old Lutherans. For example, Johannes Andreas August Grabau was stripped of his clerical office and imprisoned for one year. Old Lutherans emigrated en masse from affected areas such as Prussia, Silesia, and Pomerania to North America and South Australia. This also spurred the emigration of sympathizers in nearby Saxony to Missouri. This conflict resulted in the eventual government recognition of free churches following the death of Frederick William III of Prussia. His successor, Frederick William IV, issued the General Concession of July 23, 1845, granting toleration to Lutheran free churches. In 1847 he replaced the 1812 Judenedikt with a broader Judengesetz which gave citizenship and free rights of movement to Jews in all but one location. In 1852, he issued a Duldungsbillet granting toleration to Baptists and other Protestant dissidents to organize their own free churches. It was, however, only for those communities that have "formed since the Reformation" within the Protestant confession, and have proven to be safe and believing rather than radical. Toleration was limited in the event that "the decency" and "feeling and the security of the state mandate it."Hans Luckey: Gottfried Wilhelm Lehmann und die Entstehung einer deutschen Freikirche. Kassel o. J. (1939 ?) pages 128ff The German Empire of 1871 recognized a basic religious freedom for individuals. During World War I, Jewish field chaplainsIn German, the term is Feldrabbiner were used by the Army for the first time. The 1919 Weimar constitution recognized the freedom of religion in a manner similar to how it is today under the Basic Law. Individual freedom of religion was described in Article 136: the civil and civic rights and duties are neither qualified nor restricted by exercise of freedom of religion. No one can be forced to attend an ecclesiastical act or ceremony or be forced to take part in religious exercises or use a religious formula of oath. Article 137 of the Weimar constitution was about religious associations. Main points include the omission of recognition of a state church. Religious associations manage their own affairs within the limits of general law. Religious offices are given without the influence of the state. Religious associations are legal entities. Religious associations which are "bodies of public law" keep this status. Other religious associations can request the same rights, if they can show by their constituency and number of members that they are permanently established. Associations with the purpose of cultivating a world view have the same status as religious associations. thumb|Stormtroopers holding German Christians propaganda during the Church Council elections on 23 July 1933 at St. Mary's Church, Berlin. These elections resulted in the merger of the German state churches. During the time of the Third Reich, there was a very real danger of religious persecution for adherents of any religious association beside the Protestant Reich Church, such as members of the Confessing Church. For example, there were priest barracks at Dachau Concentration Camp and the Bruderhof colony was dissolved. During denazification following the war, theologians and clergy who were accused of having supported the Nazis were removed from their positions. In 1949, West Germany formulated religious freedom in the Grundgesetz. Although communist East Germany officially claimed religious freedom, the actual practice was to allow a low-key private exercise of religion that did not interfere with any duties towards the state. Outspoken pastors had to face prison in extreme cases, but the more frequent way of dealing with openly confessing Christians and clerics was subtle repression, like strict observance by the state security, or forbidding admission to college for their children. Only following the collapse of communism was the Evangelical Lutheran Free Church able to re-establish church-fellowship with the Wisconsin Evangelical Lutheran Synod. In the late 20th and early 21st century, free churcher and doctor of theology Johannes Lerle was fined four times and twice sentenced (by the German government) to prison for making statements against abortion on the internet and distributing anti-abortion leaflets. Prior to this he had also served prison time in East Germany (where he had lived prior to 1988) for distributing Christian literature. Again in 2012 he also served one year for incitement for allegedly denying the Holocaust, which he contested in unsuccessfully in court. Although Lerle had claimed that Mein Kampf was "Satanic," he was targeted by the court for comparing abortion to the holocaust on his website.Johannes Lerle website Because the law against Holocaust denial in Germany includes a prohibition on not just denying, but even downplaying "an act committed under the rule of National Socialism," Lerle's rhetoric comparing death tolls of the Holocaust and abortion was considered illegal. Jews in Germany face acts of antisemitic violence, but it is condemned by authorities. Muslims have encountered resistance to minaret and mosque construction, such as during the Cologne Central Mosque controversy. In July 2010, Germany outlawed the Internationale Humanitäre Hilfsorganisation e.V. (IHH Germany) for sending $8.3 million to organizations related to Hamas. === Consequences === Although the church and state in Germany have been legally separated since the Weimar Republic, there remains the fact that each area of Germany has been under the dominating social and cultural influence of one single landeskirche, be it Reformed, United, Lutheran, or Roman Catholic. Concentrating this influence, periods of religious cleansing during the Counter-Reformation saw populations of Protestants emptied out of some areas settled into others. This influence determined education, arts, music, customs, festivals, lifestyle, and even, to some degree, architecture. In eastern Germany and in urban areas, this cultural influence of religion has been substantially reduced; but, in rural areas, it still can be felt in Bavaria, and in some areas of Baden-Württemberg and the Siegerland. ==See also== *Religion in Germany ==References== == External links == * German Embassy background paper: Church and state in Germany * German Embassy background paper: Scientology and Germany * German Embassy background paper: Jews in Germany today * Final report of the enquete commission on so-called sects and psychogroups (pdf, 448 pages) * Stephen A. Kent: The French and German versus American Debate Over New Religions, Scientology, and Human Rights * US State department report on religious freedom in Germany 2007 * Gerhard Robbers: Religious Freedom in Germany, Brigham Young University Law Review 2001 Category:Religion in Germany Germany Category:Human rights in Germany

['Federal Constitutional Court of Germany', 'Muslim', 'Homeschooling international status and statistics', 'Cologne', 'Holm Putzke', 'University of Passau', 'Angela Merkel', 'Hesse', 'Corporate law', 'Berlin', 'Conference of the German Bishops', 'Brandenburg', 'Bremen', 'Thuringia', 'Baden-Württemberg', 'IBKA', 'European Court of Human Rights', 'Ahmadiyya', 'Bremen clause', 'Power for Living', 'Cliff Richard', 'Bernhard Langer', 'Rajneesh movement', 'European Convention on Human Rights', "Jehovah's Witnesses", 'Deutsche Welle', 'Scientology', 'Germanic neopaganism', 'Celtic cross', 'German Criminal Code', 'Peace of Augsburg', 'Cuius regio, eius religio', 'Nicodemite', 'Crypto-protestantism', "Thirty Years' War", 'Catholic League (German)', 'Protestant Union', 'Syncretistic controversy', 'Paul Gerhardt', 'Immanuel Kant', 'Gotthold Ephraim Lessing', 'King Frederick William III of Prussia', 'Prussian Union of Churches', 'Old Lutherans', 'Johannes Andreas August Grabau', 'Frederick William IV', 'German Empire', 'Feldrabbiner', 'Protestant Reich Church', 'Confessing Church', 'Wisconsin Evangelical Lutheran Synod', 'Internationale Humanitäre Hilfsorganisation e.V.', 'Hamas', 'Weimar Republic', 'Siegerland', 'Religion in Germany']

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Since their public debut in August 1945, nuclear weapons and their potential effects have been a recurring motif in popular culture,Professor Ferenc M. Szasz and Issei Takechi, "Atomic Heroes and Atomic Monsters: American and Japanese Cartoonists Confront the Onset of the Nuclear Age, 1945–80", The Historian 69.4 (Winter 2007): 728-752. to the extent that the decades of the Cold War are often referred to as the "atomic age". == Images of nuclear weapons == The atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki ushered in the "atomic age", and the bleak pictures of the bombed-out cities released shortly after the end of World War II became symbols of the power and destruction of the new weapons (it is worth noting that the first pictures released were only from distances, and did not contain any human bodies—such pictures would only be released in later years).Paul S. Boyer. By the Bomb's Early Light: American Thought and Culture at the Dawn of the Atomic Age (New York: Pantheon, 1985). pp. 5, 8–9, 207 The first pictures released of a nuclear explosion—the blast from the Trinity test—focused on the fireball itself; later pictures would focus primarily on the mushroom cloud that followed. After the United States began a regular program of nuclear testing in the late 1940s, continuing through the 1950s (and matched by the Soviet Union), the mushroom cloud has served as a symbol of the weapons themselves. Pictures of nuclear weapons themselves (the actual casings) were not made public until 1960, and even those were only mock-ups of the "Fat Man" and "Little Boy" weapons dropped on Japan—not the more powerful weapons developed more recently. Diagrams of the general principles of operation of thermonuclear weapons have been available in very general terms since at least 1969 in at least two encyclopedia articles, and open literature research into inertial confinement fusion has been at least richly suggestive of how the "secondary" and "inter" stages of thermonuclear weapons work. In general, however, the design of nuclear weapons has been the most closely guarded secret until long after the secrets had been independently developed—or stolen—by all the major powers and a number of lesser ones. It is generally possible to trace US knowledge of foreign progress in nuclear weapons technology by reading the US Department of Energy document "Restricted Data Declassification Decisions—1946 to the Present" (although some nuclear weapons design data have been reclassified since concern about proliferation of nuclear weapons to "nth countries" increased in the late 1970s). However, two controversial publications breached this silence in ways that made many in the US and allied nuclear weapons community very anxious. Former nuclear weapons designer Theodore Taylor described how terrorists could, without using any classified information at all, design a working fission nuclear weapon to journalist John McPhee, who published this information in the best-selling book The Curve of Binding Energy in 1974.John McPhee, The Curve of Binding Energy, Farrar, Straus and Giroux, 1974. In 1979 the US Department of Energy sued to suppress the publication of an article by Howard Morland in The Progressive magazine detailing design information on thermonuclear and fission nuclear weapons he was able to glean in conversations with officials at several DoE contractor plants active in manufacture of nuclear weapons components. Ray Kidder, a nuclear weapon designer testifying for Morland, identified several open literature sources for the information Morland repeated in his article, while aviation historian Chuck Hansen produced a similar document for US Senator Charles Percy. Morland and The Progressive won the case, and Morland published a book on his journalistic research for the article, the trial, and a technical appendix in which he "corrected" what he felt were false assumptions in his original article about the design of thermonuclear weapons in his book, The Secret That Exploded.Howard Morland, The Secret That Exploded, Random House, 1981. The concepts in Morland's book are widely acknowledged in other popular-audience descriptions of the inner workings of thermonuclear weapons. During the 1950s, many countries developed large civil-defense programs designed to aid the populace in the event of nuclear warfare. These generally included drills for evacuation to fallout shelters, popularized through popular media such as the US film Duck and Cover. These drills, with their images of eerily empty streets and the activity of hiding from a nuclear bomb under a schoolroom desk, would later become symbols of the seemingly inescapable and common fate created by such weapons. Some Americans built back-yard fallout shelters, which would provide little protection from a direct hit, but would keep out wind-blown fallout, for a few days or weeks (Switzerland, which never acquired nuclear weapons, although it had the technological sophistication to do so long before Pakistan or North Korea, has built nuclear blast shelters that would protect most of its population from a nuclear war.)Freeman Dyson, Weapons and Hope, HarperCollins, 1984. Nigel Calder, Nuclear Nightmares: Investigations into Possible Wars, Penguin (non-classics), 1981. After the development of hydrogen bombs in the 1950s, and especially after the massive and widely publicized Castle Bravo test accident by the United States in 1954, which spread nuclear fallout over a large area and resulted in the death of at least one Japanese fisherman, the idea of a "limited" or "survivable" nuclear war became increasingly replaced by a perception that nuclear war meant the potentially instant end of all civilization: in fact, the explicit strategy of the nuclear powers was called Mutual Assured Destruction. Nuclear weapons became synonymous with apocalypse, and as a symbol this resonated through the culture of nations with freedom of the press. Several popular novels—such as Alas, Babylon and On the Beach—portrayed the aftermath of nuclear war. Several science-fiction novels, such as A Canticle for Leibowitz, explored the long- term consequences. Stanley Kubrick's film Dr. Strangelove or: How I Learned to Stop Worrying and Love the Bomb satirically portrayed the events and the thinking that could begin a nuclear war. Nuclear weapons are also one of the main targets of peace organizations. The CND (Campaign for Nuclear Disarmament) was one of the main organisations campaigning against the "Bomb". Its symbol, a combination of the semaphore symbols for "N" (nuclear) and "D" (disarmament), entered modern popular culture as an icon of peace. A limited number of Indian films depicting nuclear weapons and technology have been made and these mostly show nuclear weapons in a negative light especially in the hand of non-state actors. Atom Bomb (1947) by Homi Wadia, one of the first Indian films involving nuclear technology, is about a man with enhanced physical strength due to the effects of a nuclear weapons test. Indian films involving non-state actors and nuclear weapons include Agent Vinod (1977) by Deepak Bahry and a 2012 film of the same name by Sriram Raghavan, Vikram (1986) by Rajasekhar, Mr. India (1987) by Shekhar Kapoor, Tirangaa (1993) by Mehul Kumar, The Hero: Love Story of a Spy (2003) by Anil Sharma, Fanaa (2006) by Kunal Kohli, and Tiger Zinda Hai (2017) by Ali Abbas Zafar. Other Indian films covering nuclear weapons include Hava Aney Dey (2004) by Partho Sen- Gupta about a future nuclear war between India and Pakistan and Parmanu: The Story of Pokhran (2018) by Abhishek Sharma – the first nuclear historical film in India about the Pokhran-II Indian nuclear weapons tests. Sacred Games, an Indian Netflix series based on the novel of the same name, involves the acquirement of a nuclear bomb by an apocalyptic cult who plans to blow it up in Mumbai. == See also == * Atomic age * List of apocalyptic and post- apocalyptic fiction * List of nuclear holocaust fiction * Nuclear War (card game) * Nuclear holocaust * Nuclear optimism * World War III in popular culture * Survivalism/Survivalism in fiction == References == == Further reading == * Paul S. Boyer. By the Bomb's Early Light: American Thought and Culture at the Dawn of the Atomic Age (New York: Pantheon, 1985). * Margot A. Henriksen, Dr. Strangelove's America: society and culture in the atomic age (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1997), , LoC E169.12.H49 1997. * Louis Menand, "Fat Man: Herman Kahn and the Nuclear Age", The New Yorker, June 27, 2005 * Stephen Petersen, "Explosive Propositions: Artists React to the Atomic Age" in Science in Context v.14 no.4 (2004), p. 579-609. * Jerome F. Shapiro, Atomic Bomb Cinema (New York: Routledge, 2002). * "Reflections: The Cleve Cartmill Affair" by Robert Silverberg * Spencer R. Weart, Nuclear fear: a history of images (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1988); The Rise of nuclear fear (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 2012) * * Allan M. Winkler, Life Under a Cloud: American Anxiety About the Atom (New York: Oxford University Press, 1993). == External links == * The Hansen Letter—The Federation of American Scientists Web page on the letter from aviation historian Chuck Hansen to Senator Charles Percy on open-literature knowledge about the design of thermonuclear weapons prior to Howard Morland's article in The Progressive magazine which the US Department of Energy sought to suppress in a 1979 court case * US Department of Energy document RDD-8, "Restricted Data Declassification Decisions: 1946 to the Present", the official account of which nuclear weapons design information has been or should be declassified and placed in the public domain. * The Federation of American Scientists Web page on the Kidder-Bethe correspondence on the US v. Progressive magazine, et al. case, in which nuclear weapons designer Ray Kidder lists several open literature sources available before 1978 which may have revealed how radiation implosion works in thermonuclear weapon secondary and inter stages. * "The Bomb Project" , includes section relating to nuclear imagery in art * Top 10 "NUKES of HOLLYWOOD" Moments, a countdown list of nuclear explosions in Hollywood movies. * "Conelrad", a sardonic look at the Cold War culture of the fifties and sixties * "Nuke Pop" , page on nuclear weapons in popular culture by Paul Brians, a professor of English at Washington State University * Ground Zero: A Javascript simulation of the effects of a nuclear explosion in a city * Nuclear Holocausts: Atomic War in Fiction, By Paul Brians, Professor of English, Washington State University, Pullman, Washington * Annotated bibliography on nuclear weapons in popular culture from the Alsos Digital Library

['Cold War', 'World War II', 'Trinity test', 'Soviet Union', 'Fat Man', 'Little Boy', 'Howard Morland', 'Federation of American Scientists', 'Duck and Cover', 'Pakistan', 'North Korea', 'Freeman Dyson', 'Castle Bravo', 'Mutual Assured Destruction', 'Alas, Babylon', 'A Canticle for Leibowitz', 'Stanley Kubrick', 'Dr. Strangelove or: How I Learned to Stop Worrying and Love the Bomb', 'CND', 'Homi Wadia', 'Deepak Bahry', 'Sriram Raghavan', 'Shekhar Kapoor', 'Mehul Kumar', 'The Hero: Love Story of a Spy', 'Kunal Kohli', 'Tiger Zinda Hai', 'Ali Abbas Zafar', 'Hava Aney Dey', 'Parmanu: The Story of Pokhran', 'Pokhran-II', 'Atomic age', 'List of nuclear holocaust fiction', 'Nuclear War (card game)', 'Nuclear holocaust', 'Nuclear optimism', 'World War III in popular culture', 'Survivalism', 'Survivalism in fiction']

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Pemulwuy (also rendered as Pimbloy, Pemulvoy, Pemulwoy, Pemulwy or Pemulwye, or sometimes by contemporary Europeans as Bimblewove, Bumbleway or Bembulwoyan) (c. 1750 – 2 June 1802) was a Bidjigal man of the Eora nation, born around 1750 in the area of Botany Bay in New South Wales, Australia. One of the most famous Aboriginal resistance fighters in the colonial era, he is noted for his resistance to European colonisation which began with the arrival of the First Fleet in January 1788. Pemulwuy lived near Botany Bay, which he would have known as Kamay in the Dharug language. Pemulwuy is considered to have been a carradhy (cleverman), an Eora spiritual healer and culture keeper. Before his resistance effort, Pemulwuy would hunt meat and provide it to the food-challenged new colony in exchange for goods. In 1790 Pemulwuy began a twelve-year guerrilla war against the colonists, which continued until his killing."Summer Series – Pemulwuy: A War of Two Laws Pt ", Message Stick, Sunday 5 December 2010 accessed 3 March 2014 When Pemulwuy grew into manhood he became Bembul Wuyan, which represents "the earth and the crow". According to Indigenous activist Richard Green, "he wasn't very impressed with the mix of cultures. He preferred that we stayed within our own peoples". Another name for him was Butu Wargun, which means "crow". ==Early life== Pemulwuy was born with a turned eyeball or other blemish in his left eye. According to historian Eric Willmot: > Normally, a child that showed an obvious deformity would've been, well, > people would have expected that child to be sent back, to be reborn again. > It was generally thought that humans, like everything, came from the land. > And that a woman, the actual act of conception, was a woman being infected > by a child's spirit from the land. And that child grows within her. And so > he was different and he became more different. He became better than > everybody else. Whatever anyone else could do, Pemulwuy did it better. He > could run further, he was one of the best, he could use a spear like no-one > else could. And so, around him, was created an aura of difference. So much > so that he was said to be a clever man. In an Aboriginal society, clever man > is often a man who deals with the spiritual nature of things and sorcery > even. His contemporary Colebe said that Pemulwuy's left foot was distinctive as it had been damaged by a club, perhaps to mark him as a carradhy (cleverman or healer). The Kurdaitcha (ritual executioners and lawmen) of Central Australia similarly have a foot deliberately mutilated. His people, the Bidjigal are the original inhabitants of Toongabbie and Parramatta in Sydney. ==Conflict with settlers== ===Spearing of McIntyre=== On 9 December 1790, a shooting party left for Botany Bay, including a sergeant of marines and three convicts, including Governor Phillip's gamekeeper John McIntyre. According to Watkin Tench: > About one o’clock, the sergeant was awakened by a rustling noise in the > bushes near him, and supposing it to proceed from a kangaroo, called to his > comrades, who instantly jumped up. On looking about more narrowly, they saw > two natives with spears in their hands, creeping towards them, and three > others a little farther behind. As this naturally created alarm, McIntyre > said, "don’t be afraid, I know them", and immediately laying down his gun, > stepped forward, and spoke to them in their own language. The Indians, > finding they were discovered, kept slowly retreating, and McIntyre > accompanied them about a hundred yards, talking familiarly all the while. > One of them now jumped on a fallen tree and, without giving the least > warning of his intention, launched his spear at McIntyre and lodged it in > his left side. The person who committed this wanton act was described as a > young man with a speck or blemish on his left eye. That he had been lately > among us was evident from his being newly shaved.Watkin Tench, The > Settlement at Port Jackson, Chapter Eight accessed 3 March 2014 The group was pursued by the settlers with muskets, but they escaped. McIntyre was taken back to the settlement, gravely wounded. Tench suspected that McIntyre had previously killed Aboriginal people, and noted the fear and hatred that the Aboriginal people, including Bennelong (an Aboriginal man whom Governor Phillip had captured, in the hope of interaction with the Aboriginal people) showed towards him. ===Governor Phillip's military expeditions=== An irate Governor Phillip ordered Lieutenant Tench to gather his company of marines and lead an expedition against the Bidjigal in retaliation for Pemulwuy's attack on McIntyre. He ordered that two Bidjigal were to be captured and ten killed; these ten were then to be beheaded and the heads returned to the settlement. Tench swiftly suggested an alternative and less bloodthirsty plan, that six Bidjigal be captured and brought to Sydney Cove but that none be killed out of hand.Moore 1987, pp. 117–118 Tench's proposal was accepted, and the expedition set out on 14 December in search of Pemulwuy and the Bidjigal tribe. The expedition was the largest military operation since the founding of the colony, comprising Tench, Lieutenants William Dawes and John Poulden, and 46 marines. However, despite three days of searching there was no sign of the Bidjigal. On 17 December, Tench ordered a return to Sydney Cove to gather supplies.Moore 1987, pp. 118–119 ===Resistance=== Pemulwuy persuaded the Eora, Dharug and Tharawal people to join his campaign against the settlers. From 1792 Pemulwuy led raids on British colonists at Parramatta, Georges River, Prospect, Toongabbie, Brickfield and Hawkesbury River. His most common tactic was to burn crops and kill livestock. In May 1795, Pemulwuy or one of his followers speared a convict near present-day Chippendale. In December 1795, Pemulwuy and his warriors attacked a work party at Botany Bay which included "Black Caesar", one of the earliest settlers of African descent and a well-known bushranger. Caesar managed to crack Pemulwuy's skull and many thought he had killed him, but he survived.Shane Moloney, "Pemulwuy & Black Caesar", The Monthly March, 2013 accessed 26 February 2014J Henniker Heaton, Australian Dictionary of Dates and Men of the Time, Sydney, 1873Al Grassby and Marji Hill, Six Australian Battlefields, North Ryde: Angus &Robertson;, 1988:99. ===Escape=== Despite still having buckshot in his head and body, and wearing a leg-iron, Pemulwuy escaped from the hospital. This added to the belief that he was a carradhy. Pemulwuy resumed his fighting against the colonists by November 1797. However, his injuries had affected his ability as a fighter and his resistance was on a smaller and more sporadic scale for the rest of his life."Pemulwuy: A War of Two Laws Part 2", Message Stick Sunday 16 May 2010, 1:30pm ABC1 accessed 3 March 2014 Convicts William Knight and Thomas Thrush escaped and joined the Aboriginal resistance. According to Richard Green, "with simple spears, rocks, boomerangs, stones, he [Pemulwuy] defeated the British army that they sent here. Every single soldier except for Watkin Tench, that they sent in pursuit of Pemulwuy either walked back into the community with their saddle over their shoulders or they didn't make it back". ==Death== Governor Philip Gidley King issued an order on 22 November 1801 to bring Pemulwuy in dead or alive, with an associated reward. The order attributed the killing of two men, the dangerous wounding of several others, and a number of robberies, to Pemulwuy. On 2 June 1802, Pemulwuy was shot and killed by explorer and sailor Henry Hacking, the first mate of the Royal Navy ship . "After being wounded, all the people believed that he was immune to British bullets," says Richard Green. "So he'd stand out in front and, you know, stand right out in front of them and take them on, you know? So after 12 years, his time ran out. He got his shot and he took it." Following the death of Pemulwuy, Governor King wrote to Lord Hobart that on the death of Pemulwuy he was given his head by the Aboriginal people as Pemulwuy "had been the cause of all that had happened". The Governor issued orders with immediate effect to not "molest or ill-treat any native", and to re-admit them to the areas of Parramatta and Prospect from which they had been forcibly excluded. Pemulwuy's head was preserved in spirits. It was sent to England to Sir Joseph Banks accompanied by a letter from Governor King, who wrote: "Although a terrible pest to the colony, he was a brave and independent character." Pemulwuy's son Tedbury continued fighting for a number of years before being killed in 1810. The circumstances relating to Pemulwuy's death and the fate of his remains was described by the Sydney Morning Herald in 2003 as "Australia's oldest murder mystery". ===Skull=== Repatriation of the skull of Pemulwuy has been requested by Sydney Aboriginal people. In 2010, Prince William announced he would return Pemulwuy's skull to his Aboriginal relatives. One trail led to the Natural History Museum in London, but the museum has no record of the skull, and it has not yet been able to be located among the estimated 3,000 other remains of Aboriginal people in the UK. ==Legacy== The Sydney suburb of Pemulwuy, New South Wales is named after him, as well as Pemulwuy Park in Redfern, New South Wales. In the 1980s the band Redgum composed a song about Pemulwuy entitled "Water and Stone". The first song on James Asher's 1996 new age album Feet in the Soil is entitled "Pemulwuy", and the last song is entitled "Pemulwuy Returns". Both feature didgeridoos. Australian composer Paul Jarman composed a choral work entitled Pemulwuy. It has become an Australian choral standard, and was performed by the Biralee Blokes in their victory in the ABC Choir of the Year 2006. In 1987 Weldons published Pemulwuy: The Rainbow Warrior by Eric Willmot, a best-selling novel providing a fictionalised account using early colonial documents as source. Matilda Media re-released the book in 1994. The redevelopment of The Block in the Sydney suburb of Redfern by the Aboriginal Housing Company was named the Pemulwuy Project. In 2008, Marlene Cummins released an eponymous song about Pemulwuy. This was later presented to Prince William along with a petition to bring Pemulwuy's head back to his people. In 2009, a remote boxing game for the Wii console, Pemulwuy Dream Team, was developed. In 2015, the National Museum of Australia installed a plaque honouring his role in Australian history as part of the Defining Moments project. In 2017, a Sydney Ferries Emerald-class ferry was named Pemulwuy.Pemulwuy arrives in Sydney Transport for New South Wales 30 August 2017 == See also == * Australian frontier wars * Jandamarra of the Bunuba nation * Kurdaitcha, who are also marked through deliberate damage to the foot * Musquito a warrior of the Gai-Mariagal clan * Tunnerminnerwait was an Australian aboriginal resistance fighter and Parperloihener clansman from Tasmania * Windradyne warrior and resistance leader of the Wiradjuri nation * Yagan, a warrior and resistance leader of the Noongar tribe, in what is now the area around Perth, Western Australia ==References== ==Sources== * * ==Further reading== * Dark, Eleanor, 1947, The Timeless Land, also uses early colonial documents as source, including a recount of unsuccessful search for Pemulwuy by Arthur Phillip's officers. * * Richards, D. Manning (2012). Destiny in Sydney: An epic novel of convicts, Aborigines, and Chinese embroiled in the birth of Sydney, Australia. First book in Sydney series. Washington DC: Aries Books. * Willmot, E., 1987, Pemulwuy – The Rainbow Warrior, Weldons. A fictionalised recount using early colonial documents as source. Category:1802 deaths Category:Eora people Category:History of Sydney Category:History of Australia (1788–1850) Category:1750 births Category:Wars of independence Category:Conflicts in 1790 Category:Conflicts in 1797 Category:1790s in Australia Category:1800s in Australia Category:People of the Australian frontier wars

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Maurice Noël Léon Couve de Murville (27 June 1929 – 3 November 2007) was a French-born British Roman Catholic bishop. He was the seventh Archbishop of Birmingham from 25 March 1982 until his retirement on 12 June 1999, having formerly been a priest of the Diocese of Arundel and Brighton and chaplain of Fisher House, Cambridge. ==Early career and priesthood== Maurice Couve de Murville was born in Saint-Germain-en-Laye, west of Paris, into a distinguished French family who moved to Mauritius at the end of the 18th century. He was a cousin and namesake of Maurice Couve de Murville (1907–1999), a French politician in the Huguenot branch of the family, who served as foreign minister (1958–1968) and, briefly, the Prime Minister of France under General Charles de Gaulle. In 1936, his father took him from France, along with his mother and twin brothers, to England and settled at Leatherhead in Surrey, at the age of 7. His mother died in 1945 in England. She was buried alongside other Souchon family members in Effingham, Surrey. Educated initially at The John Fisher School, Purley, then by the Benedictines at Downside School near Bath, he read history at Trinity College, Cambridge (MA). He studied at the seminary of Saint-Sulpice, and earned his Licentiate of Sacred Theology (STL) from the Institut Catholique in Paris. He was influenced by the worker-priest movement in France, and became lifelong friends with Jean-Marie Lustiger, future Cardinal Archbishop of Paris. He was ordained a priest on the Feast of Ss Peter and Paul on 29 June 1957, for the Diocese of Southwark, by Bishop Cowderoy. His first appointment was as curate at St Anselm's, Dartford (1957–60), and as curate at St Joseph's, Brighton (1960–61). He later served as priest-in-charge at St Francis, Moulsecoomb (1961–64). In 1961, he was also appointed as chaplain at the University of Sussex. He established a Catholic chaplaincy in Brighton in 1964, called Howard House. He received an MPhil in Assyro-Babylonian studies from the School of Oriental and African Studies, University of London, in 1975, and in 1977 was posted to Cambridge upon being appointed chaplain at the University of Cambridge, based at Fisher House. He remained in Cambridge until it was announced that he had been appointed by the Holy See on 22 January 1982 to succeed Archbishop George Patrick Dwyer as Archbishop of Birmingham, the third most senior post in the Catholic Church in England and Wales. He was consecrated and installed as archbishop at St Chad's Metropolitan Cathedral on the Feast of the Annunciation, 25 March 1982. The principal consecrator was the Apostolic Nuncio, Archbishop Bruno Heim, assisted by Archbishop Jean-Marie Lustiger of Paris and Bishop Basil Christopher Butler OSB. ==Archbishop of Birmingham, 1982-99== One of his first duties was to welcome Pope John Paul II at Coventry Airport on Pentecost Sunday, 30 May 1982, the third day of the Pope's pastoral visit to Great Britain, and participate in the open-air Pontifical Mass which followed. The red silk chasuble worn by the Pope on that occasion has been retained by the Archdiocese of Birmingham and is worn by the archbishop on suitable grand occasions. He was particularly involved in developing religious education of the laity in his archdiocese, and helped to establish the Maryvale Institute near Birmingham as an international Catholic college for theology, religious education and catechesis. Cardinal Newman established the English Congregation of the Oratory at Maryvale on 1 February 1848. With validation from the Pontifical University, Maynooth College in Ireland and the Open University, it now offers undergraduate, postgraduate and research degree programmes. He was chairman of the governing body of the Newman College of Higher Education (now Newman University) in Birmingham. In 2007, it was announced that Newman College would become a university college and obtain degree-awarding powers. He fostered ties between Oscott and the Catholic University of Louvain, and established links with Birmingham University. Couve de Murville was a member of the Friends of Cardinal Newman and supported the Fathers of the Birmingham Oratory in the cause for the beatification and canonisation of Newman, their founder. In 1992 he visited California and became interested in Blessed Junipero Serra, founder of the California Missions. He wrote a book on his life, The Man Who Founded California, a pastoral approach to this recently canonised friar. The last years of his episcopate were tarnished by a series of paedophile scandals involving priests in his archdiocese including, in particular, Samuel Penney and Eric Taylor. In 1999, following a prostate operation, he submitted his resignation to the Pope, who permitted him to retire five years early, on health grounds. In November 1994 he was awarded an honorary degree from the Open University as a Doctor of the University. ==Later life== In retirement, he returned to Sussex and lived in Horsham. He was an enthusiastic principal chaplain of the British Association of the Sovereign Military Order of Malta (1987–1991, 2001–2007) and knighted by the Duke of Castro in 1994 as Ecclesiastical Knight Grand Cross of Grace in the Sacred Military Constantinian Order of Saint George. He became an Honorary Doctor of Divinity at Birmingham University in 1996. He presided at Mass at St Chad's Cathedral for the last time on 26 March 2007, on the 25th anniversary of his episcopal ordination, concelebrating with his auxiliaries with Bishops Philip Pargeter, David McGough and William Kenney. He had a number of publications to his credit. A few months before his death, he finished a translation of Jean Charbonnier's comprehensive history of the Catholic Church in China.Jean Charbonnier, Christians in China: A.D. 600 to 2000 (Ignatius Press, 2007 ) He had battled prostate cancer several years before. His first signs of slowing down came with a hip replacement in November 2006. However, he remained active with his much loved pursuits of walking and gardening. In October 2007, before embarking on a planned pilgrimage to the Holy Land, he was admitted to hospital and was diagnosed with pancreatic cancer, which was recognised as terminal. On 3 November 2007, aged 78, he died a peaceful death at St Joseph's Nursing Home in Littlehampton, West Sussex. A Funeral Mass was held at St Chad's Cathedral in Birmingham on 21 November 2007.Obituary, Independent Catholic News His coat of arms, displayed on the 1993 organ case in the cathedral, comprises three cockerels, which is a brood or couve in French. ==References== ==External links== *Obituary, The Times, 5 November 2007 *Obituary, The Guardian, 8 November 2007 *Obituary, The Telegraph, 7 November 2007 *Catholic Hierarchy Category:1929 births Category:2007 deaths Category:People from Saint-Germain-en-Laye Category:People from Leatherhead Category:People educated at Downside School Category:Sciences Po alumni Category:Alumni of Trinity College, Cambridge Category:Alumni of SOAS University of London Category:Institut Catholique de Paris alumni Category:French emigrants to England Category:Roman Catholic archbishops of Birmingham Category:20th-century Roman Catholic archbishops in the United Kingdom Category:Deaths from cancer in England Category:People associated with the University of Sussex Category:Catholic Church in Cambridge Category:People associated with Newman University, Birmingham Category:People educated at The John Fisher School

['Archbishop of Birmingham', 'Archdiocese of Birmingham', 'George Patrick Dwyer', 'Bruno Heim', 'Roman Catholic', 'Archbishop', 'Diocese of Arundel and Brighton', 'Fisher House, Cambridge', 'Saint-Germain-en-Laye', 'Mauritius', 'Maurice Couve de Murville', 'Huguenot', 'Prime Minister of France', 'Charles de Gaulle', 'Leatherhead', 'The John Fisher School', 'Benedictine', 'Downside School', 'Trinity College, Cambridge', 'Licentiate of Sacred Theology', 'Institut Catholique de Paris', 'Jean-Marie Lustiger', 'Archbishop of Paris', 'Southwark', 'Dartford', 'Brighton', 'Moulsecoomb', 'University of Sussex', 'MPhil', 'School of Oriental and African Studies', 'University of London', 'Cambridge', 'Feast of the Annunciation', 'Basil Christopher Butler', 'Pope John Paul II', 'Coventry Airport', 'Pentecost', 'Maryvale Institute', 'Birmingham', 'Cardinal Newman', 'Congregation of the Oratory', 'Pontifical University', 'Maynooth College', 'Open University', 'Birmingham University', 'Birmingham Oratory', 'Junipero Serra', 'California Missions', 'Horsham', 'Sovereign Military Order of Malta', 'Sacred Military Constantinian Order of Saint George', 'Doctor of Divinity', 'Philip Pargeter', 'Holy Land', 'Littlehampton', 'The Times', 'The Guardian']

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Francis William Petre (27 August 1847 – 10 December 1918), sometimes known as Frank Petre, was a New Zealand-born architect based in Dunedin. He was an able exponent of the Gothic revival style, one of its best practitioners in New Zealand. He followed the Catholic Church's initiative to build places of worship in Anglo-Saxon countries inspired by Romance forms of architecture. His basilica Cathedral of the Blessed Sacrament, in Christchurch was demolished in 2021. Able to work competently in a wide diversity of architectural styles, he was also notable for his pioneering work in concrete development and construction. He designed numerous public and private buildings, many of which are still standing in and around Dunedin. His outstanding buildings are a few of his churches and seminaries, the basis of his international reputation. == Early life == Petre was a descendant of Dorothy Wadham, a progenitrix of an English crypto-Catholic family and the foundress of Wadham College at Oxford in England in the 17th century. In the 19th century the family was again able to declare its faith. The architect's grandfather invested in the second New Zealand Company. The Petres were an aristocratic family from Ingatestone in Essex, England. Francis Petre's immediate family was one of the first and most prominent colonial families of New Zealand; Petre Bay, Chatham Island was named after them, as—originally—was the town of Wanganui in the North Island. The Wellington suburb of Thorndon was named after their Thorndon Hall estate in England. Petre was the son of the Hon Henry William Petre, who first came to New Zealand in 1840 as director of the New Zealand Company of which his own father, William Henry Francis Petre, 11th Baron Petre, had been chairman. The New Zealand Company had been set up to promote the colonisation of New Zealand, and bought, sometimes dubiously, thousands of hectares of land from the Māori. Consequently, Henry Petre was one of the founders of Wellington. He was also colonial treasurer of New Munster Province. Henry seems to have been a man of strange appearance, from the description by his contemporary, the New Zealand social commentator Charlotte Godley: "He is immensely tall and thin and looks like a set of fire irons badly hung together". Francis Petre was born in 1847 at Petone, today a suburb of Lower Hutt in the North Island, which was one of the earliest British settlements in New Zealand. In 1855, in the then British colonial tradition, Petre was sent to England to be educated. He attended the Jesuit school Mount St Mary's College near Sheffield in the north of England. After four years, he left to attend the Royal Naval College, then at Portsmouth (the college moved to Greenwich in 1869). Finding himself unsuited to a naval career he pursued his education in France, where he attended the charismatic priest Benoit Haffreingue's college at Boulogne-sur-Mer. Returning to England, he completed his education at Ushaw College, Durham. Members of British aristocratic families would generally be possessed of a private income and often entered one of the military services or the church, although other professions were becoming increasingly common. As the third son of the younger son of a peer, it was always clear that Petre would have to provide his own income, and consequently he was apprenticed from 1864 to 1869 to Joseph Samuda of London, a shipbuilder and engineer. Here he received his training in the techniques and skills of concrete manufacturing, which he was to employ with great acclaim in his later architectural career. Around 1869 Petre qualified as an architect and engineer, and after a brief period in private practice in London working for architect and engineer Daniel Cubitt Nicholls he returned to New Zealand in 1872. He was then employed as an engineer by railway contractors Brogden and Sons. During this period, he oversaw the construction of both the Blenheim–Picton and Dunedin–Balclutha railway lines, as well as the draining of parts of the Taieri Plains and the construction of tunnels on the Otago Central Railway, some of which are today open to the public as part of the Otago Central Rail Trail. When these tasks were completed, he set up his own practice as an engineer and architect in Liverpool Street, Dunedin. == Architect == From 1875 Petre seems to have devoted his life to architecture. Working by the standard of his day he designed in the Gothic revival style, which he praised for > the great richness and delicacy of detail, and the closer application of > geometrical rules to architecture–more especially in the window tracery > which exhibits greater variety of design, together with an easier and more > perfect flow into the various parts of the whole structure. The English Gothic revival style had become popular for Protestant church architecture in the British colonies, as it had in Britain itself, following the rise of the Oxford Movement—a school of Anglo-Catholic intellectuals who felt that medieval Gothic architecture inspired a greater spirituality than other styles based on non-Christian temples. The Roman Catholic Church, however, of which Petre was a member, wishing to be distinctive, adopted southern continental forms of Gothic and Renaissance architecture. Thus it was that the Catholic Church gave Petre his greatest opportunities of proving his worth as an architect by producing Cathedrals, Basilicas and churches in revived French and Italian styles. Petre's early speciality was his work in mass concrete, at the time a novel building material in New Zealand. Widely used by the ancient Romans the formula for making it was lost and a new one only invented in the 18th century. Three of Petre's earliest projects were all constructed in this material: Judge Chapman's house (today known as "Castlamore" or "Woodside"), the clifftop villa nicknamed Cargill's Castle in 1876, and St. Dominic's Priory in 1877. However, according to the whims of his patrons, he did also work with more conventional building materials. Recent analysis of the concrete in the Chapman house reveals unreinforced concrete walls, and imported Portland cement used as a binder. It is one of the earliest Portland cement concrete buildings in New Zealand. Cargill's Castle, built only a year or so later has some concrete roofs and floors, and a number of different types of reinforcement. == St Dominic's Priory, Dunedin == Petre described the style of his 1876–77 creation, St Dominic's Priory, as Anglo- Saxon, referring to the straight-sloped window apertures. The style of the building, however, was very much of Petre's own interpretation and only lightly influenced by Anglo-Saxon architecture. The building is notable for its use of poured concrete, a comparatively new building material in 1870s New Zealand, but one well suited to the creation of the large number of windows in the building's facade. The structure is simultaneously grand and austere, reflecting well its use as a convent. St Dominic's Priory was the largest un- reinforced concrete building in the southern hemisphere (steel reinforcing being then a little used construction method), and earned Petre the lasting nickname of "Lord Concrete". == Cathedrals == F. W. Petre designed three of New Zealand's cathedrals, each distinguished by a different architectural style: St Joseph's Cathedral in Dunedin, the Cathedral of the Sacred Heart in Wellington and the Cathedral of the Blessed Sacrament in Christchurch. === 1878 St Joseph's Cathedral, Dunedin === While Petre designed many churches, schools, public buildings, and private houses, his largest and grandest project, the Roman Catholic cathedral at Dunedin, was never fully completed. The entrance facade and the nave are built to the original design, and reveal the cathedral as a prime example of the French Gothic Revival. St Joseph's Cathedral, standing next to St Dominic's Priory, is reminiscent of many of the great Gothic cathedrals of Europe, with its twin towers and central rose window—Chartres and Notre Dame come to mind, although the original design if completed with its tower would have produced a building more like Rouen Cathedral. The architect's intention was for a mighty structure, with the twin towers dwarfed by a lofty spire some 60 metres (200 ft) in height, which would have been a magnificent edifice. In the event, the project stalled when a prudent Roman Catholic diocese reluctant to incur unnecessary debt with the onset of the 1880s depression postponed further work. Petre's intention, which is clear from the almost 90 pages of drawings held in the diocesan archives, was to design the most impressive cathedral in Australasia. Building began in 1878 and the structure was consecrated in 1886. Its construction is notable for its foundations: 40 massive concrete piles, each over 1.2 metres (four feet) in width, sunk 10 metres (35 ft) into the ground, give the cathedral a firm foundation on the volcanic bedrock. The nave is 24 metres (80 ft) in length and 16 metres (52 ft) in height. The walls are in black basalt with dressings of white Oamaru stone, a combination for which Dunedin and Christchurch architecture is noted (see also Dunedin Railway Station). Petre was later to have two further opportunities for cathedral design, but St. Joseph's remains his largest work in the Gothic style. === 1901 Cathedral of the Sacred Heart, Wellington === That Wellington's principal Roman Catholic cathedral is today a small, but quite perfect, Romano-Grecian temple is entirely the result of chance. The Sacred Heart Basilica, now a cathedral, was originally designed and conceived as a church to mark the site of the fire- gutted St Mary's Cathedral. Petre had strong family connections to the site, as it and an adjacent plot, now the site of St Mary's College, had been given to the Roman Catholic Church by his father and grandfather. The original cathedral, a grand Gothic structure complete with flying buttresses, had been built in 1850 but was destroyed by fire in 1898. Within two days Petre had been asked to design a new church on the site. A decision was taken, however, to build the new Cathedral nearer the more densely populated areas of Wellington, Te Aro and Newtown. Petre later published plans for this cathedral in 1903, describing his proposed structure as "Roman, bordering on to Florentine Renaissance, treated liberally". This cathedral project never came to fruition, but what was quickly constructed was the Church, or Basilica, of "The Sacred Heart" on the razed cathedral site. Architectural ideas of the mid-19th century advanced by such architects as Pugin, and still adhered to by the recently deceased prominent New Zealand architect Benjamin Mountfort, decreed that only Gothic was suitable for Christian worship. Ignoring these old-fashioned and now expensive rules, Petre designed the new church in the Palladian style, which in this country had only a few years before been considered almost too heretical for worship. The design was theatrical in the extreme. The imposing principal facade of Oamaru Stone consisted almost solely of one huge portico constructed of six ionic columns, while the facade was crowned by a high pediment more in the style of Vitruvius than Palladio, and behind the great facade stretched the single body of the church, with the remaining facades in a less severe Romanesque style. Considering that his brief was that "a serviceable church in brick should be erected on the site of the old Cathedral", it is amazing that such an almost avant-garde style should have been permitted. The completed structure would not be out of place in 17th century or 18th century Rome or Venice. The interior of the church continued the Palladian theme. The large nave was colonnaded, with the columns supporting a clerestory of arch-topped windows, while the chancel was approached through an enormous arch that mirrored the classic Palladian Serlian arch, providing theatre and drama at the high altar. The flat compartmentalised ceiling is a more restrained version of that of the church of Santa Maria dei Miracoli, Venice. Unfortunately, the church's twin bell towers had to be removed following an earthquake in 1942. The cost of the new church was taken from funds intended for the construction of the new cathedral, thus delaying that project. After seventy years of delays, the intention to build the new cathedral was finally abandoned. In 1984, following new enlargements and additions, Petre's church of the Sacred Heart was reconsecrated as Wellington's principal Roman Catholic Cathedral. In 1901 when the church was designed, Petre's use of the Palladian as a style for such a high-profile building would have been unusual in New Zealand. === 1904 Cathedral of the Blessed Sacrament, Christchurch === Of all Petre's many designs, the most outstanding is usually considered to be the Roman Catholic Cathedral of the Blessed Sacrament in Christchurch, commonly known as the Christchurch Basilica. Commenced in 1901, it replaced a smaller wooden church designed by Benjamin Mountfort that had been in use since 1864. The cathedral was officially opened on 12 February 1905, a mere four years after construction began. The building, said by some to be based on the 19th-century Church of Vincent-de-Paul in Paris, has been held to be the finest renaissance style building in Australasia. Forsaking Mountfort's 19th-century Gothic, Petre designed the new church in a Renaissance, Italian basilica style, albeit with one major exception. Ignoring Renaissance convention, Petre obtained a greater visual impact by siting the Italianate green copper-roofed dome not above the crossing (as in St. Peter's Basilica in Rome), but directly above the sanctuary. In Petre's opinion, this design element, coupled with the Byzantine apse, added extra grandeur and theatre to the high altar set in the tribune. The nave and chancel roofs were supported by colonnades of ionic columns and the entrance facade of the cathedral was flanked by twin towers in the manner of many of Europe's great renaissance churches. While often likened to St. Paul's Cathedral in London, it is conceivable that the greatest influence behind this great structure was Benoit Haffreingue. During Petre's formative years studying under Haffreingue in France, Haffreingue had been the driving force of the reconstruction of the Basilica of Notre-Dame in Boulogne- sur-Mer, a French cathedral that has a very similar plan to that of The Blessed Sacrament, including the controversial siting of the dome over the altar rather than the centre of the cathedral. The cathedral, constructed of concrete sheathed in Oamaru limestone, was widely acclaimed, causing the famous author George Bernard Shaw to describe Petre as a "New Zealand Brunelleschi". Fifty men were employed on the site, and in excess of 120,000 cubic ft (3400 m³) of stone, 4000 cubic ft (110 m³) of concrete, and 90 tons of steel were used in the construction. Problems with finding suitable stone for the construction of such a large structure caused financial difficulties during the construction, and a special bill was pushed through parliament by then Premier Richard Seddon to aid with the financing of the building. The total cost to the Roman Catholic diocese was £52,000. thumb|right|St Mary's Basilica, Invercargill After sustaining minor damage in the 2010 Canterbury earthquake, the cathedral was seriously damaged by the February 2011 earthquake. Both bell towers collapsed and the main dome was destabilised. Reprinted from Engineering Insight, May/June 2011, p. 20. The upper parts of the cathedral are being dismantled, and the main dome has been removed. In August 2019, there is well founded and widespread speculation that the cathedral would have to be demolished as complete renovation would too costly, and partial renovation would leave the building "not fit for purpose". === Other churches === Apart from the many smaller churches Petre designed (see List of buildings by Francis Petre) there are several notable ones in a similar design to the Cathedral of the Blessed Sacrament and St Patrick's Basilica, Oamaru. These are St Patrick's Basilica, Waimate, St. Mary's Basilica, Invercargill, Sacred Heart Basilica, Timaru, (the Timaru Basilica), and St Patrick's Basilica, South Dunedin. All are large and impressive churches. thumb|right|St Patrick's Basilica, Dunedin showing its succession of arches on the west wall St Patrick's Basilica, South Dunedin explores a Palladian Revival style, and was Petre's first departure form the neo-gothic style of St Joseph's Dunedin. The building has many significant architectural features. This photograph shows how the walls are constructed using a succession of arches surmounted by stone which forms part of the roofs of the aisles. == Domestic architecture == The styles in which F. W. Petre designed his private houses were as diverse as those of his cathedrals and churches. It seems that, unlike many notable architects, he designed according to the wishes of his clients: those who wanted a castle received a castle, and those who wished for a small mansion disguised as an English Tudor cottage were equally fortunate. thumb|"Castlamore", Lovelock Avenue, Dunedin, designed by F. W. Petre. This Gothic house, with crow stepped gables, hints at a castlelike Scottish baronial theme, but has none of the Gothic gloom and sobriety of the small lancet windows and turrets often associated with the style. A large private residence designed by Petre can be found in Lovelock Avenue, Dunedin. It was originally built for Judge Chapman in 1875 and christened "Woodside", though it has been known throughout much of its history as "Castlamore". This imposing structure sits on the slopes of the Dunedin Botanic Gardens close to the University of Otago, and is an exercise in restraint. The castle atmosphere is there, almost a Scottish baronial castle, but the battlements are merely hinted at by stepped gables. Large bay windows, allowing light to flood in, again merely hint at the Gothic; one has to study them closely to perceive that they consist of a series of lancet type windows. The large octagonal chimneys reflect the design rather than being ostentatious. Thus, the design appears as a comfortable dwelling complete with loggia and conservatory. A lesser architect might not have been able to resist the addition of a small turret or pinnacle. Petre's ingenuity lay in knowing how to mix large windows and more comfortable features with the medieval, and then ascertaining the exact moment to halt the Gothic theme before it became a pastiche of the original. In this way Petre was referring in a modest way to the original Gothic revival period as conceived by such architects as James Wyatt, rather than the later Gothic, after it had fallen under the ecclesiastical Anglo-Catholic influences of such architects as Augustus Pugin in England, and Benjamin Mountfort in New Zealand. One of Petre's abilities was that he could vary his styles of architecture. In 1883 he built a mansion in Christchurch known as "Llanmaes" for a local merchant. The style selected came to be known in New Zealand as the "English Cottage" style. This was a complete reversal of his previous work: rather than impressive grandeur, this style was intended to evoke nostalgic rustic charm. Similar in nature to the work of George Devey at a similar time in England, the style was a form of idealised Tudor with half-timbered black beams set into white painted walls, beneath beamed gables and tiled roofs. This form of design eventually became very popular in New Zealand from around 1910. Two of Petre's "English Cottages" exist close to each other in Cliffs Road, Dunedin, overlooking the sea in the suburb of St Clair. Pinner House (pictured below) is a perfect example of this traditional style, adapted for the brighter and warmer southern climate, with large windows and verandahs. It was built in the 1880s for Aufrere Fenwick, one of Dunedin's main stockbrokers. Opposite, a very similar house was constructed by Petre for his own residence. == Personal life == One of Petre's first large houses, the folly-like Cargill's Castle, was built for Edward Cargill, at the time a local politician, a former member of parliament (1862–1865), and later a mayor of Dunedin. It is also very likely that Petre was the supervisor of the construction of a tunnel that Cargill had driven to a private secluded beach below the castle (today known as Tunnel Beach). The Italianate mansion (called a castle) was gutted by fire in the 1940s, and is today a preserved ruin. While designing the house, Petre fell in love with Cargill's daughter Margaret. After a difficult courtship (due to Petre's staunch Catholicism and the Cargill family's equally staunch Presbyterianism) the couple were eventually permitted to marry, the wedding taking place in the villa's principal salon on 1 March 1881. Petre and his wife had thirteen children; Petre himself had been the third child of sixteen. In 1903, Petre was appointed Consular Agent for Italy in Dunedin following the death of Edward Cargill. He was a founder member of the New Zealand Institute of Architects, was elected a Fellow in 1905, and was president of the institute in 1907–08. Unusually for a man at the peak of his profession, Petre was known as congenial and popular. He died at Dunedin, in December 1918, following 42 years of architectural practice and two days after the opening of the finally completed St Patrick's Basilica, Oamaru. He was buried at the Andersons Bay Cemetery, Dunedin. == Evaluation == Dunedin was a dynamic place for an architect to be in the late 19th century, due to its great prosperity and subsequent expansion just before and after 1900. These were largely the result of the Central Otago goldrush of the 1860s, the subsequent development of the refrigerated meat export trade and then the gold-dredging boom. Petre certainly did not obtain his many important commissions because of a lack of competing architects. The equally versatile R. A. Lawson was responsible for several important buildings in the city including the neoclassical ANZ Bank building and the Gothic revival Presbyterian First Church. W. B. Armson designed the Italian Renaissance Bank of New Zealand building in 1879, and George Troup was responsible for the magnificent Dunedin Railway Station. Italian-born architect Louis Boldini was also designing buildings in Dunedin at the same time, notably the 1883 Grand Hotel. Nor did Petre obtain work, with the possible exception of the Sacred Heart Basilica at Wellington, because of his family connections. On the contrary, his Catholicism, at the height of the British Empire, possibly lost him more ecclesiastical commissions than those for which he was ever engaged. What stood out was his engineer's practicalities at overcoming almost impossible difficulties. St. Joseph's Cathedral was built not only on the side of a hill, but also in a gully. His pioneering work with concrete and steel was of enormous value in a country where earthquakes were a constant risk. Petre's buildings, in whatever style, all have one common denominator: an attention to the smallest detail. It was said that his drawings of stones, window traceries, arches and ornamentation were so precise that stonemasons could execute his intentions from one single drawing. It is this attention to detail which is outstanding, whether the simple carving on the capital of an Ionic column or the heavy ornate work on the monumental corbel of a Gothic design. While this precision enabled him to work as successfully in a wide range of styles as he did, it in no way inhibited his sense of developing design. In his own words, an architectural style could be "treated liberally", and this is the key to the individuality of his designs. Dunedin's Royal Exchange building is a Palladian town Palace, yet has an almost Rastrellian restrained baroque design. Cargill's Castle would not have looked out of place in the Cimini Hills; it also has an almost hacienda spirit. His work in the Gothic style was lighter and more delicate than that of Alfred Waterhouse, and equal in detail to Augustus Pugin's. It has been said of his work that he never fully developed his vision or overcame the limitations of his training, but his experience as an engineer equipped him to find sound innovative solutions to construction problems. His placing the dome at the Blessed Sacrament over the altar has also been criticised, as many feel it does not cohere to the design. However, others feel it was a stroke of genius, enhancing the interior. Francis Petre's work cannot be judged against that of the great classical architects of the northern hemisphere, who so clearly influenced him. He did not create a style or have a revival period named after him. His achievement was adapting and developing so many established styles well; whether through the new techniques of steel or concrete, or through more traditional building methods. He was given amazing opportunities to prove himself worthy as an accomplished and inspired architect; the many monumental buildings with which he provided New Zealand are testimony to his talent. == See also == * List of buildings by Francis Petre == Notes == == References == * Dictionary of New Zealand Biography Volume Two (1870–1900) (1993). * Hamilton PR. (1986) Francis Petre: 1847–1918. An Investigation into New Zealand Architectural Biography. MA Thesis, University of Auckland. * Knight, H., and Wales, N. (1988). Buildings of Dunedin. Dunedin: John McIndoe Ltd. . * New Zealand Tablet published Dunedin. Issues of; 27 Apr 1877, 12 Sep 1884, 28 Sep 1877, 17 Nov 1882, 13 Jul 1883, 11 Nov 1887, 18, May 1888, 25 Jan 1889, 15 Jan 1892, 29 Jan 1892, 12 Feb 1892, 11 Nov 1892, 15 Dec 1893, 4 May 1894, 1 Jul 1894, 11 Oct 1895, 20 Dec 1895, 13 Mar 1896, 11 Feb 1898, 3 Jun 1898, 10 Jun 1898, 24 Jun 1898, 26 Jan 1899, 13 Apr 1899, 17 May 1900, 21 Mar 1901, 4 Jul 1901, 20 Feb 1902, 18 Jun 1903, 22 Oct 1903, 8 Jun 1905, 3 May 1906, 22 Aug 1907, 22 Apr 1909, 1 Jul 1909, 16 Feb 1905, 20 Jun 1907, 22 Aug 1907 * NZ Historic Places magazine, June 1984, pp. 10–11. March 1995, pp. 33–34 * Stacpoole, J. (1976). Colonial architecture in New Zealand. A H & A W Reed. * The Cyclopedia of New Zealand 1903. Entry for Petre, Francis William. full text portrait * == Further reading == * Herd, J., and Griffiths, G.J. (1980). Discovering Dunedin. Dunedin: John McIndoe Ltd. . == External links == * Llanmaes. Petre's English Cottage style * Cathedral of the Blessed Sacrament, Christchurch NZ * Wellington Cathedral * His profile in Peerage.com Category:19th-century New Zealand architects Category:New Zealand people of English descent Category:Architects from Dunedin Category:1847 births Category:1918 deaths Francis Category:Burials at Andersons Bay Cemetery Category:People educated at Mount St Mary's College Category:New Zealand ecclesiastical architects Category:Alumni of Ushaw College Category:Architects of cathedrals Category:New Zealand Roman Catholics Category:Cargill family (New Zealand) Category:Architects of Roman Catholic churches Category:20th-century New Zealand architects

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Scothern is a small village and civil parish in the West Lindsey district of Lincolnshire, England. It is situated north-east of the county town of Lincoln, and has approximately 1000 inhabitants (892 according to the 2001 Census). At the 2011 census the population had reduced to 860 but further growth took place after that date. The place-name 'Scothern' is first attested in the Domesday Book of 1086, where it appears as Scotstorne and Scotorne. The name means "the thorn-bush of the Scot or Scots".Eilert Ekwall, The Concise Oxford Dictionary of English Place-names, p.408. By the fifteenth century it was listed in church records as Sconethorne, an early reference to the local scone, made from local wheat flour and saffron. Up to the mid seventeenth century an annual festival took place on the village green to celebrate the scone, and Scothern's then links with the saffron growing areas of Essex, (notably Saffron Walden). Since that time, which coincides with the time at which the Marfleet family (from whom the original Saffron recipe derived) left the area, following the great famine of 1624, the festival has ceased to be observed. A crocus symbol can still be seen high up in the tower of the church. The neighbouring villages of Sudbrooke, Dunholme, Nettleham and Welton have been redeveloped over recent years, with the addition of new housing estates. Scothern, however, remained substantially unchanged, the only development other than the odd infill house until the turn of the century being the Juniper Drive/Alders development of around 35 houses in the early 1990s. Further developments have since taken place such as the st. Germain's road development After changes in the planning laws following a change of government in 2010, the preparatory work for a neighbourhood development plan was commenced by the Parish Council in 2012 with a view to protecting the village against unplanned, uncontrolled development. The work was halted by the Parish Council in 2013 after a change of clerk and chair, as a result of which some further development has been approved by West Lindsey District Council. Realising their mistake, the Parish Council restarted the neighbourhood development plan process in 2015 and the Scothern Neighbourhood Plan was formally adopted in 2017. As at October 2023 West Lindsey District Council was in the process of consulting on the Scothern Neighbourhood Plan Review, which updates the 2017 plan. Scothern is an ecclesiastical parish in the Diocese of Lincoln."Scothern P C C" The parish church on Church Street, dedicated to St Germain, is a Grade II* listed building. There is a village war memorial, dedicated to the soldiers from the village who died in the World Wars. Due to falling congregations, St Germain's now opens in rotation with other local churches in Dunholme and Welton. The regular congregation now stands at less than 10, largely older people, leading to concerns as to the maintenance costs of the building and its future as a church. Scothern's primary school is Ellison Boulters Academy, to which pupils travel from the neighbouring villages of Sudbrooke and Langworth. The village cricket club, formed in 1965, has teams competing at all youth levels. Two Senior sides on Saturday and a Sunday side compete in county league and cup competitions, while two midweek sides compete in the Lincoln and District Midweek League. Scothern Players amateur dramatics society typically perform twice a year. There is a small garden centre, with a tea room, in the village, but the shop and post office closed in March 1999. The local St Lukes nursing home holds up to 30 patients. Scothern's public house, the Bottle and Glass, was featured in The Telegraph in March 2008, when Prince William visited the pub for cider and a pie with his friends from the Red Arrows.Chivers, Tom: "Prince William, the cider-drinking pub-goer", The Daily Telegraph, 29 March 2008 Recent developments at the pub, and possible redevelopment of land currently occupied by the parish church, has caused local concern, and a consideration that the village could become a conservation Area. Although the Post Office closed in 1999, Scothern is served by mobile shops selling meat and fish, and by a mobile fish and chip van. There is also a small self-service shop selling vegetables and other sundries. ==References== ==External links== * * Scothern Village Website * Scothern Parish Council and Community site * Scothern War Memorial * Category:Villages in Lincolnshire Category:Civil parishes in Lincolnshire Category:West Lindsey District

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Directive 2004/48/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 29 April 2004 on the enforcement of intellectual property rights (also known as "(IPR) Enforcement Directive" or "IPRED") is a European Union directive in the field of intellectual property law, made under the Single Market provisions of the Treaty of Rome. The directive covers civil remedies only—not criminal ones. Under Article 3(1), Member States can be censured in the European Court of Justice if their civil procedures on the infringement of intellectual property rights are "unnecessarily complicated or costly, or entail unreasonable time- limits or unwarranted delays". Otherwise the Directive harmonises the rules on standing, evidence, interlocutory measures, seizure and injunctions, damages and costs and judicial publication. ==Subject-matter and scope== The Directive requires all Member States to apply effective, dissuasive and proportionate remedies and penalties against those engaged in counterfeiting and piracy.Article 3(2) Thus, the purpose of the instrument is to regulate enforcement of intellectual property rights, not the rights themselves. The Directive leaves unaffected the substantive provisions on intellectual property, international obligations of the Member States and national provisions relating to criminal procedure and criminal enforcement. The subject-matter of the Directive is defined in Article 1. It applies to enforcement of intellectual property rights which include industrial property rights. The scope of the Directive is defined in Article 2. It applies to all infringements of IP rights in Community and national law, without precluding more stringent protection that the Community or national law may otherwise grant. The general obligation in the Directive is to provide for remedies necessary to enforce intellectual property rights.Article 3(1) These shall be "fair and equitable" and must not be "complicated or costly, or entail unreasonable time-limits or unwarranted delays". They must furthermore be effective, proportionate and dissuasive and must not act as barriers to trade. The persons who are entitled to apply for the remedies are primarily the holder of intellectual property right, but also any person authorised to use it, such as licencees and intellectual property rights.Article 4 Collective rights management and professional defence bodies may also have the right under certain circumstances.Article 4(c) and (d) ==Evidence== Section 2 of the Directive deals with the evidence. Article 6 gives the power to the interested party to apply for evidence regarding an infringement that lies in the hands of the other party to be presented. The only requirement is for that party to present "reasonably available evidence sufficient to support its claim" to courts. In case of an infringement on a commercial scale, Member States must also take steps to ensure that "banking, financial or commercial documents" of the opposing party are presented. In both cases confidential information shall be protected.Article 6 Measures for preserving evidence are available even before the proceedings commence. Article 7 provides that such measures may be granted under the same conditions as under Article 6 and include provisional measures such as "the detailed description, with or without the taking of samples, or the physical seizure" not only of the infringing goods (such as hard drives) but also materials used in the production and distribution (e.g., French saisie-contrefaçon).Article 7.1 Such measures may be taken "without the other party having been heard, in particular where any delay is likely to cause irreparable harm to the rights holder or where there is a demonstrable risk of evidence being destroyed". These are interlocutory, ex parte and in personam orders known in the English and Irish jurisdictions as Anton Piller orders and in France as "saisie-contrefaçons". == Provisional and precautionary measures == At the request of an applicant, the judicial authorities may issue an interlocutory injunction to prevent an "imminent infringement" of intellectual property rights or to prevent a continuing infringement.Article 9(1) In the latter case, the order may be followed with a recurring penalty payment or lodging of a guarantee intended to compensate the rights holder (paragraph a). An injunction can also be issued, under the same conditions, against an intermediary, but these are covered in Article 8(2) of the Information Society Directive and are, in principle, subject to national law. Apart from the ordinary injunctions of the previous paragraph there also exist the so-called Mareva injunctions in Article 9(2). In common law, these are ex parte and in personam orders used to freeze assets (including bank accounts) to prevent abuses of process. They can be issued as worldwide injunctions, preventing worldwide dispersal. In that case, their effectiveness depends on their in personam character, as a party who is found to be guilty of disposing of assets will be held to be in contempt of court.Social Science Research Network – selected case law Like Anton Piller orders, their use is confined mostly to the UK. Article 9(2) provides that, in the case of an infringement on a commercial scale, judicial authorities may order a precautionary seizure of "movable and immovable property" which includes freezing the bank accounts and other assets. This may only be done if the applicant demonstrates that it is likely that recovery of damages will be endangered. Further to that, documents relating to banking and other financial transaction may be communicated. ==Implementation== The provisions of the Directive were due to be implemented in all member states of the European Union by 29 April 2006. However, a number of states have not completed the necessary steps.IPEG blog, Summary of the implementation of Directive 2004/48 on the enforcement. of intellectual property rights (the “Directive”) in EU Member States as per October 2006 , Simmons & Simmons, October 2006. The Directive has been implemented into United Kingdom law by the Intellectual Property (Enforcement, etc.) Regulations 2006.Office of Public Sector Information, Statutory Instrument 2006 No. 1028, The Intellectual Property (Enforcement, etc.) Regulations 2006 The Directive has been implemented into Dutch law,Staatsblad 2007, 108. and came into force on 1 May 2007. It has been implemented in France on 27 June 2008.. The Swedish parliament voted to implement the Directive on 26 February 2009, and it went into force on 1 April 2009. Justitiedepartementet, Lagändringar angående civilrättsliga sanktioner på immaterialrättens område , regeringen.se, 1 April 2009. ==Criticism== The Directive has been widely criticised for what opponents called a draconian approach similar to the United States' Digital Millennium Copyright Act (DMCA).University of Cambridge Association Electronique Libre (AEL) The Draft IP Enforcement Directive – A Threat to Competition and to Liberty – Ross Anderson, Foundation for Information Policy ResearchSSRN-Intellectual Property Rights in Digital Media: A Comparative Analysis of Legal Protection, Technological Measures and New Business Models Under E.U. And U.S. Law by Nicola Lucchi In fact, the criticism was so strong—especially from the telecommunications industry and parts of computer industry—that the original draft was substantially modified. and A number of problems still remain in the final document, according to the international civil liberties organisation IP Justice.IP Justice * Cambridge University's Ross AndersonRoss Anderson * ZDNet News * BBC AnalysisBBC Analysis * Indymedia on RFID tags ==Examples of cases wherein the provisions of the Directive have been applied== In the 2007 Princo Corporation, Ltd v Koninklijke Philips Electronics case before the Court of Genoa, Italy, the Dutch company Philips, owner of patents on CD-R technology, requested and obtained an order of precautionary seizure over all Princo's movable and immovable property, including its bank accounts, with a view to ensuring the recovery of damages to be awarded at the end of the liability proceedings. A judgement in the case of Tommy Hilfiger Licensing LLC and others v Delta Center A. S. (2016) extends the European Court of Justice's decision in the L’Oréal v eBay 2011 case (relating to online marketplaces).InfoCuria, L’Oréal SA and others v. eBay International AG, 12 July 2011, accessed 1 January 2022 The Tommy Hilfiger case held that under the third sentence of Article 11 of the Directive, operators of physical marketplaces, in this case Prague Market Halls, who sublet pitches to market-traders, may be forced to stop concluding contracts with market-traders selling counterfeit goods within their facilities, in order to prevent infringements of intellectual property rights by the market- traders.Palmer Biggs IP Solicitors, Tommy Hilfiger Licensing LLC & Others v Delta Center A.S. - Case C-494/15, judgment 8 July 2016, accessed 1 January 2022 ==See also== * Customs Regulation 3295/94 * Directive on criminal measures aimed at ensuring the enforcement of intellectual property rights (defunct proposal) * Copyright law of the European Union * Community Trade Mark * European Union patent law * Copyright infringement * IPredator ==References== ==External links== * Summaries of EU legislation > Internal market > Businesses in the internal market > Intellectual property > Enforcement of intellectual property rights * Directive 2004/48/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 29 April 2004 on the enforcement of intellectual property rights * Directive 2004/48/EC – national implementing measures * Adoption procedure of Directive 2004/48/EC * "Combating counterfeiting and piracy in the single market", Green Paper of the European Commission, 15 October 1998 * Report from the office of the European Parliament in the UK * Information page from AEL Category:Anti-counterfeiting Category:Copyright law of the European Union Enforcement of intellectual property rights Category:Patent law of the European Union Category:Copyright legislation Category:2004 in law Category:2004 in the European Union

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David O'Neil Thompson (born July 13, 1954) is an American former professional basketball player. He played with the Denver Nuggets of both the American Basketball Association (ABA) and National Basketball Association (NBA), as well as the Seattle SuperSonics of the NBA. He was previously a star in college for North Carolina State, leading the Wolfpack to its first NCAA championship in 1974. Thompson is one of the eight players to score 70 or more points in an NBA game. He was inducted into the Naismith Basketball Hall of Fame in 1996. Thompson was known for his exceptional leaping ability that enabled him to become one of the game's premier dunkers in the 1970s and earned him the nickname of "Skywalker". Michael Jordan said, "The whole meaning of vertical leap began with David Thompson." Bill Walton described Thompson as "Michael Jordan, Kobe Bryant, Tracy McGrady, and LeBron James rolled into one". ==High school career== Thompson attended Crest Senior High School and he played for the school's Varsity Basketball team for four years. He starred in the North Carolina Coaches Association's East-West All-Star Basketball Game in 1971. Thompson is a first cousin of Alvin Gentry, both growing up in Shelby, North Carolina. ==College career== Thompson led North Carolina State University to an undefeated season (27-0) in 1973, but the Wolfpack was banned from post-season play that year due to NCAA rules violations involving the recruiting of Thompson. He then led the Wolfpack to a 30–1 season and the NCAA Men's Division I Basketball Championship in 1974. In the semifinal game NCSU defeated the reigning national champions, UCLA, in double overtime. In the championship game they won easily over Marquette 76–64. His nickname was "Skywalker" because of his incredible vertical leap. The alley-oop pass, now a staple of today's high-flying, above-the-rim game, was "invented" by Thompson and his NC State teammate Monte Towe, and first used as an integral part of the offense by NC State coach Norm Sloan to take advantage of Thompson's leaping ability. NC State's game against the nationally 4th-ranked University of Maryland Terrapins in the 1974 ACC Tournament finale, in an era in which only conference champions were invited to the NCAA tournament, is considered one of the best college basketball games of all time. Thompson and teammate Tommy Burleson led the #1-ranked Wolfpack to a 103–100 win in overtime, in a game played with no shot clock and no three point field goal. Maryland shot 63% from the field for the game, and lost. Thompson and the Wolfpack would go on to win the national championship that year. Maryland's exclusion from the NCAA Tournament due to the loss, despite their high national ranking, would lead to the expansion of the NCAA Tournament the very next season to include teams other than the league champions. Thompson is considered one of the greatest players in the history of the Atlantic Coast Conference, among such talents as Michael Jordan, Ralph Sampson, Tim Duncan, Christian Laettner and Tyler Hansbrough. Thompson played basketball while the slam dunk was outlawed from 1967 to 1977 by the "Lew Alcindor" rule. In 1975, playing his final home game at NC State against UNC- Charlotte, late in the second half Thompson on a breakaway received a long pass from a teammate, resulting in the first and only dunk of his collegiate career, a goal that was promptly disallowed by a technical foul. Thompson's number 44 remains the lone number retired by the school in men's basketball. Season Points/G Rebounds/G FG % 1972–73 24.7 8.1 .569 1973–74 26.0 7.9 .547 1974–75 29.9 8.2 .546 ==Professional career== Thompson was the No. 1 draft pick of both the American Basketball Association (Virginia Squires) and the National Basketball Association (Atlanta Hawks) in the 1975 drafts of both leagues. He eventually signed with the ABA's Denver Nuggets. He finished runner-up to Julius Erving in the first-ever Slam-Dunk Competition, held at the 1976 ABA All-Star Game in Denver, but was named MVP of the ABA All-Star Game. As a prize, he received a credenza television set. That season, the Nuggets finished 60–24, and beat the Kentucky Colonels in a hard-fought seven- game series to advance to the 1976 ABA Finals. In the finals, the Nuggets faced Erving and the New York Nets, and Thompson averaged 28.3 points and 6.3 rebounds per game in a tightly contested 4–2 series loss, including an almost- heroic 42 point effort to lead all scorers in a narrow 112-106 Game 6 loss. After the season ended, Thompson was awarded the 1976 ABA Rookie of the Year award. When Alvan Adams accepted the 1976 NBA Rookie of the Year Award, he thanked David Thompson for choosing to play in the ABA. Only a few months later, the two biggest basketball leagues in the United States combined in the ABA–NBA merger, and Thompson continued with the Nuggets. He went on to make the NBA All-Star Game four times. On April 9, 1978, the last day of that year's regular season, Thompson scored 73 points against the Detroit Pistons in an effort to win the NBA scoring title, which he lost by percentage points to the San Antonio Spurs' George Gervin, who scored 63 points in a game played later that same day. After the 1977–78 season, Thompson signed a then-record contract extension that paid him $4 million over five years. After a foot injury caused him to miss the final 36 games of the 1979–80 season, he returned to average 25.5 points in 77 games the next year. However, after he dipped to 14.9 points in 1981–82, the Nuggets traded him to the Seattle SuperSonics on June 17, 1982, for Bill Hanzlik and a draft pick. Thompson experienced somewhat of a career revival during his first year in Seattle, making the 1982-83 All-Star game after averaging 15.9 points, 3.6 rebounds, and 3 assists, which were comparatively low totals when contrasted with the stats from his prime in Denver. During that year's playoffs, in his last postseason appearance, Thompson averaged just 12 points in a two-game series loss to the Portland Trail Blazers. The next year, Thompson missed nearly all of the 1983–84 season due to drug rehabilitation. Following his release, the Sonics resigned him for the remaining nineteen games of the 1983–84 season, in which he averaged a career low of 12.6 points before an off-court 1984 knee injury forced him into retirement. ==Drug addiction== Thompson's substance abuse problems began due to feelings of "loneliness and isolation" after his 1979–80 foot injury. They first became public after his erratic debut season in Seattle, after which he checked into a Denver rehabilitation facility in 1983. His career-ending 1984 knee injury resulted from him being shoved down a stairwell during a fight at Studio 54, and later factored into his failed 1985 tryout with the Indiana Pacers, after which he was arrested that night for public intoxication. By 1986, Thompson was reportedly spending $1,000 daily on cocaine, for which he checked into rehab that year in Kirkland, Washington. After he was sentenced to 180 days in jail in 1987 for assaulting his wife, Thompson became a committed Christian and reorganized his life. ==Life after the NBA== Thompson worked with the Charlotte Hornets' community-relations department in 1990, and, at age 37, played in the Legends Classic during the 1992 NBA All-Star Weekend, but he was one of two participants (with Norm Nixon) who were taken off the court on stretchers with serious leg injuries. This resulted in the league retiring the event after the 1993 festivities. Thompson returned to North Carolina State in 2003 to complete his degree in sociology. The next year, he shot an autobiographical film titled Skywalker. He was inducted into the Basketball Hall of Fame on May 6, 1996, and introduced Michael Jordan for the latter's 2009 induction. He currently works as a motivational speaker and participates in events with the Hornets and Denver Nuggets. ==Personal life== Thompson and his wife Cathy had two daughters, Erika and Brooke. He shared the stage with his daughter Erika when the two graduated together on December 17, 2003, after he returned to earn his sociology degree. His daughter, Brooke, was a participant on Global GUTS. Cathy died in August 2016. ==Career statistics== Thompson's first professional year (1975–1976) was spent in the ABA. The rest of his career he played in the NBA due to the ABA–NBA merger in 1976. ===Regular season=== Bold Denotes career highs Season Team GP GS MIN PTS REB AST STL BLK FG % Denver (ABA) 83 -- 37.4 26.0 6.3 3.7 1.6 1.2 .515 Denver 82 -- 36.6 25.9 4.1 4.1 1.4 0.6 .507 Denver 80 -- 37.8 27.2 4.9 4.5 1.2 1.2 .521 Denver 76 -- 35.1 24.0 3.6 3.0 0.9 1.1 .512 Denver 39 -- 31.8 21.5 4.5 3.2 1.0 1.0 .468 Denver 77 -- 34.0 25.5 3.7 3.0 0.7 0.8 .506 Denver 61 5 34.0 14.9 2.4 1.9 0.6 0.5 .486 Seattle 75 64 20.4 15.9 3.6 3.0 0.6 0.4 .481 Seattle 19 0 28.7 12.6 2.3 0.7 0.5 0.7 .539 Career Career 592 69 32.8 22.7 4.1 3.3 1.0 0.9 .505 ===Playoffs=== Year Team GP MIN PTS REB AST STL BLK FG % 1976 Denver (ABA) 13 39.1 26.4 6.4 3.0 1.2 0.4 .536 1977 Denver 6 39.5 24.7 5.2 4.0 1.5 0.7 .463 1978 Denver 13 37.0 25.2 4.1 4.0 0.7 1.6 .450 1979 Denver 3 40.7 28.0 7.0 4.0 1.3 0.3 .551 1982 Denver 3 22.0 11.7 3.3 2.0 0.3 0.0 .455 1983 Seattle 2 32.5 12.0 0.0 3.5 0.5 0.5 .360 Career Career 40 37.0 24.1 5.0 3.5 1.0 0.8 .485 ==College highlights== * The Sporting News national Player of the Year (1975) * USBWA College Player of the Year (1975) * Consensus First-Team All-America (1973, 1974, 1975) by Associated Press (AP), United Press International (UPI), Eastman Kodak, The Sporting News * AP National Player of the Year (1974, 1975) * UPI Player of the Year (1975) * Eastman Kodak Award (1975) * Naismith Award (1975) * Adolph Rupp Trophy (1975) *2× AP Player of the Year (1974, 1975) * Helms Foundation Player of the Year (1974, 1975) * National Association of Basketball Coaches Player of the Year (1975) * United States Basketball Writers Association Player of the Year (1975) * Sullivan Award finalist (1974, 1975) * Atlantic Coast Conference (ACC) Player of the Year (1973, 1974, 1975) * ACC Athlete of the Year (1973, 1975) * All-ACC First Team (1973, 1974, 1975) * North Carolina State retired his jersey number 44 (1975) * Led North Carolina State to the 1974 NCAA championship (30-1 record), 76–64 over Marquette University * Most Valuable Player (MVP), NCAA Tournament (1974) * Led Wolfpack to a 79–7 record during his final three season (freshmen were ineligible then) including 57-1 during his sophomore and junior seasons (27-0, 30–1), the best in ACC history. His senior year record was 22–6. * Scored 2,309 points (26.8 ppg) in 86 varsity games; including highs of 57 points as a senior, 41 as a junior and 40 as a sophomore * Averaged 35.6 ppg, including a 54-point high on the North Carolina State freshman team * World University Games MVP (1973) * Enshrined in North Carolina Sports Hall of Fame (1982) * NCAA All-Decade Team of the 1970s * Named to the ACC 50th Anniversary men's basketball team as one of the fifty greatest players in ACC history ==ABA/NBA highlights== * The Sporting News ABA Rookie of the Year (1976) * ABA Rookie of the Year (1976) * All-ABA (1976) * MVP, 1976 ABA All-Star Game * All-NBA First Team (1977, 1978) * Four- time NBA All-Star * MVP, 1979 NBA All-Star Game * Only player in history named MVP of both the ABA and NBA All-Star Games * Scored a career-high 73 points against Detroit (April 9, 1978) * Scored a then-NBA record 32 points in the second quarter against Detroit Pistons, a record that was broken by George Gervin (33 against New Orleans Jazz on the same day ) when Gervin won the 1978 scoring title with a 63-point output * The Nuggets retired his jersey number 33 (November 2, 1992) * Colorado Professional Athlete of the Year (1977) * Scored 2,158 points (26.0 ppg) in the ABA * Scored 11,264 points (22.1 ppg) in the NBA ==See also== *List of National Basketball Association players with most points in a game ==References== ==External links== *Official NBA bio * NBA.com Historical Player Info * 1975 Oscar Robertson Trophy USBWA College Player of the Year Category:1954 births Category:Living people Category:All- American college men's basketball players Category:American men's basketball players Category:Atlanta Hawks draft picks Category:Basketball players from North Carolina Category:Denver Nuggets players Category:Naismith Memorial Basketball Hall of Fame inductees Category:National Basketball Association All-Stars Category:National Basketball Association players with retired numbers Category:National Collegiate Basketball Hall of Fame inductees Category:NC State Wolfpack men's basketball players Category:Sportspeople from Shelby, North Carolina Category:Seattle SuperSonics players Category:Shooting guards Category:Small forwards Category:Virginia Squires draft picks Category:National Basketball Association first-overall draft picks

["NC State Wolfpack men's basketball", 'Shelby, North Carolina', 'Atlanta Hawks', 'Shooting guard', 'Denver Nuggets', 'Seattle SuperSonics', 'NBA All-Star', 'All-NBA First Team', '1976 ABA All-Star Game', 'American Basketball Association', 'National Basketball Association', 'North Carolina State University', 'Naismith Basketball Hall of Fame', 'Michael Jordan', 'Bill Walton', 'Kobe Bryant', 'Tracy McGrady', 'LeBron James', 'Alvin Gentry', 'Norm Sloan', "NCAA Men's Division I Basketball Championship", 'Tommy Burleson', 'Atlantic Coast Conference', 'Ralph Sampson', 'Tim Duncan', 'Christian Laettner', 'Tyler Hansbrough', 'Lew Alcindor', 'Virginia Squires', 'Julius Erving', 'Kentucky Colonels', '1976 ABA Finals', 'New York Nets', 'Alvan Adams', 'NBA Rookie of the Year Award', 'ABA–NBA merger', 'NBA All-Star Game', 'Detroit Pistons', 'San Antonio Spurs', 'George Gervin', 'Bill Hanzlik', 'Portland Trail Blazers', 'United Press International', 'Studio 54', 'Kirkland, Washington', 'Charlotte Hornets', 'Norm Nixon', 'Global GUTS', 'The Sporting News', 'USBWA College Player of the Year', 'Associated Press', 'Eastman Kodak', 'Adolph Rupp Trophy', 'Helms Foundation Player of the Year', 'National Association of Basketball Coaches', 'United States Basketball Writers Association', 'Marquette University', 'World University Games', 'North Carolina Sports Hall of Fame', "ACC 50th Anniversary men's basketball team", 'Colorado']

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BPSA may mean: * Baden-Powell Scouts' Association * Baden-Powell Service Association (Canada) * Baden-Powell Service Association (United States) * Bio Process Systems Alliance * Bermuda Public Services Association * Banca Popolare Sant'Angelo

["Baden-Powell Scouts' Association", 'Baden-Powell Service Association (Canada)', 'Baden-Powell Service Association (United States)', 'Bio Process Systems Alliance', 'Bermuda Public Services Association', "Banca Popolare Sant'Angelo"]

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Brigitte Mira (, 20 April 1910 – 8 March 2005) was a German actress. She worked in both theater and film, and on many occasions, with Rainer Werner Fassbinder. Believed to have been born in Hamburg, she moved when young to Berlin. Mira's mother was German, and her father was Russian Jewish. During the Nazi era, Mira took part in the propaganda series Liese und Miese. She played Miese (germ. bad one): the bad role model, according to Nazi ideology, who listened to enemy radio stations and stockpiled rationed food. However, her acting skills turned the "bad" character she portrayed into a likeable one. The series was cancelled for being counterproductive. The propaganda directors did not know that Mira was half-Jewish because she had false papers. Although she insisted on her naivete as a young woman and that she had to conceal her origins, she was criticized later by some for taking part in these ads at all. Notable performances include Emmi Kurowski in Fear Eats the Soul (1974), a role for which she won a German Film Award. In the 1980s, Mira achieved another big success with the television series Drei Damen vom Grill. She appeared in the 1991 stage production of Stephen Sondheim's Follies in Berlin. == Partial filmography == * The Berliner (1948) as Dirne * (1958) as Frau Mertens * Münchhausen in Afrika (1958, voice) as Karla Mai * When She Starts, Look Out (1958) as Frau Knax * The Star of Santa Clara (1958) as Tante Theresa * So ein Millionär hat's schwer (1958) as Madame Pillard * Schlag auf Schlag (1959) as Sophie Hinze * Melodie und Rhythmus (1959) as Pensionsleiterin * Du bist wunderbar (1959) as Madame Dupont * Im Namen einer Mutter (1960) as Mutter Reitner, Strafgefangene * Geschminkte Jugend (1960) * Ich kann nicht länger schweigen (1962) as Frau Ohl * So toll wie anno dazumal (1962) as Frau Sommer * Jack and Jenny (1963) as Thea * (1968) as Frau Bütow * Hotel by the Hour (1970) as Rose Schuh * Twenty Girls and the Teachers (1971) as Wirtin * Wir hau'n den Hauswirt in die Pfanne (1971) as Mutti Bauer * Eight Hours Don't Make a Day (1973, TV series, directed by Rainer Werner Fassbinder) as Marions Mutter, Frau Andreas * The Tenderness of Wolves (1973, directed by Ulli Lommel) as Louise Engel * 1 Berlin-Harlem (1974) * Ali: Fear Eats the Soul (1974, directed by Rainer Werner Fassbinder) as Emmi * The Enigma of Kaspar Hauser (1974, directed by Werner Herzog) as Kathe, Servant * Fox and His Friends (1975, directed by Rainer Werner Fassbinder) as Shopkeeper #2 * Mother Küsters Goes to Heaven (1975, directed by Rainer Werner Fassbinder) as Emma Küsters * (1975, TV film, directed by Rainer Werner Fassbinder) as Mutter * The Secret Carrier (1975) * Everyone Dies Alone (1976) as Frau Häberle * (1976) as Oma Wuttke * Satan's Brew (1976, directed by Rainer Werner Fassbinder) as Mutter Kranz * Chinese Roulette (1976, directed by Rainer Werner Fassbinder) as Kast * Adolf & Marlene (1977) * Liebe das Leben, lebe das Lieben (1977) as Hauswartfrau * Drei Damen vom Grill (1977–1992, TV series, 140 episodes) as Margarete Färber * (1978) as Simons Mutter * Iron Gustav (1979, TV miniseries) as Frau Pauli * Derrick (1979, Season 6, Episode 12: "Ein Todesengel") as Frau Tobbe * Primel macht ihr Haus verrückt (1980) as Frau Kulicke * Fabian (1980) as Frau Hohlfeld * Berlin Alexanderplatz (1980, TV miniseries) as Frau Bast / Wirtin Bast * Lili Marleen (1981, directed of Rainer Werner Fassbinder) as Nachbarin * (1981) as Denunziantin * Kamikaze 1989 (1982) as Personaldirektorin * The Roaring Fifties (1983) as Frau Willmsen * (1984) as Frau Niendorf * (1985) as Toilettenfrau * Schwarzer Lohn und weiße Weste (1985) as Gemüsefrau * Spreepiraten (1989–1990, TV series, 21 episodes) as Gundula Brachvogel * Fassbinder's Women (2000, documentary by Rosa von Praunheim) as Herself ==Dubbing roles== *Widow Tweed - Disney's The Fox and the Hound (1981) == References == == External links == * * Brigitte Mira: Character actor who epitomised the spirit of old Berlin – The Guardian, 2005-03-25. Retrieved on 2010-04-21. Category:1910 births Category:2005 deaths Category:Actresses from Berlin Category:Best Actress German Film Award winners Category:Commanders Crosses of the Order of Merit of the Federal Republic of Germany Category:Recipients of the Order of Merit of Berlin Category:German stage actresses Category:German people of Russian-Jewish descent Category:German film actresses Category:German television actresses Category:20th-century German actresses

['Hamburg', 'Berlin', 'Rainer Werner Fassbinder', 'Fear Eats the Soul', 'German Film Award', 'Drei Damen vom Grill', 'Stephen Sondheim', 'Follies', 'Münchhausen in Afrika', 'The Star of Santa Clara', "So ein Millionär hat's schwer", 'Jack and Jenny', 'Hotel by the Hour', 'Twenty Girls and the Teachers', "Eight Hours Don't Make a Day", 'Ulli Lommel', 'The Enigma of Kaspar Hauser', 'Werner Herzog', 'Fox and His Friends', 'Mother Küsters Goes to Heaven', 'The Secret Carrier', 'Everyone Dies Alone', "Satan's Brew", 'Chinese Roulette', 'Kamikaze 1989', 'The Roaring Fifties', 'Spreepiraten', "Fassbinder's Women", 'Rosa von Praunheim', 'The Fox and the Hound']

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Cape Jervis is a town in the Australian state of South Australia located near the western tip of Fleurieu Peninsula on the southern end of the Main South Road approximately south of the state capital of Adelaide. It is named after the headland (also known by its Aboriginal name Parewarangk) at the western tip of Fleurieu Peninsula which was named by Matthew Flinders after John Jervis, 1st Earl of St Vincent on 23 March 1802. It overlooks the coastline adjoining the following three bodies of water – Gulf St Vincent, Investigator Strait and Backstairs Passage. It also overlooks the following facilities both located at the headland of Cape Jervis – the Cape Jervis Lighthouse and the port used by Kangaroo Island SeaLink who operates the ferry service to Penneshaw on Kangaroo Island. The 2016 Australian census which was conducted in August 2016 reports that Cape Jervis had 264 people living within its boundaries. Cape Jervis is the starting point for the Heysen Trail, a walking track of length which finishes at Parachilna Gorge in the Flinders Ranges. Venues of interest to visitors to the town include the Deep Creek Conservation Park, the Talisker Conservation Park and two nearby beaches – Morgan's Beach (with the remains of the trawler Ellen) and Fisheries Beach (with remains of an old whaling station). Cape Jervis is also notable as a point of embarkment for fishing charters. Cape Jervis is located within the federal division of Mayo, the state electoral district of Mawson and the local government area of the District Council of Yankalilla. == References == Category:Coastal towns in South Australia Category:Fleurieu Peninsula J J J Category:Ports and harbours of South Australia

['District Council of Yankalilla', 'Gulf St Vincent', 'Backstairs Passage', 'Investigator Strait', 'South Australia', 'Fleurieu Peninsula', 'Matthew Flinders', 'John Jervis, 1st Earl of St Vincent', 'Cape Jervis Lighthouse', 'Kangaroo Island SeaLink', 'Kangaroo Island', '2016 Australian census', 'Heysen Trail', 'Parachilna Gorge', 'Flinders Ranges', 'Deep Creek Conservation Park', 'Talisker Conservation Park']

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Romsey was a seat of the House of Commons of the UK Parliament 1983–2010 which accordingly (as with all seats since 1950) elected one Member of Parliament (MP) by the first past the post system of election. It is virtually tantamount to its replacement Romsey and Southampton North which takes in two typical- size local government wards of the United Kingdom named after and approximate to the Bassett and Swaythling parts of Southampton. ==Boundaries== 1983–1997: The Borough of Test Valley wards of Abbey, Blackwater, Chilworth and Nursling, Cuppernham, Field, North Baddesley, Romsey Extra, and Tadburn, and the District of New Forest wards of Blackfield and Langley, Colbury, Dibden and Hythe North, Dibden Purlieu, Fawley Holbury, Hythe South, Marchwood, Netley Marsh, Totton Central, Totton North, and Totton South. 1997–2010: The Borough of Test Valley wards of Abbey, Blackwater, Chilworth and Nursling, Cuppernham, Dun Valley, Field, Harewood, Kings Somborne and Michelmersh, Nether Wallop and Broughton, North Baddesley, Over Wallop, Romsey Extra, Stockbridge, and Tadburn, the Borough of Eastleigh wards of Chandler's Ford, Hiltingbury East, and Hiltingbury West, and the City of Southampton ward of Bassett. The constituency was approximate to the Test Valley district of Hampshire and covered a smaller area as parts of the north of Test Valley fell into part of the North West Hampshire seat to roughly ensure equal size electorates (low malapportionment). The main town within the constituency was Romsey. ==History== The constituency was created in 1983 from parts of the seats of Eastleigh and New Forest. It was originally named Romsey and Waterside and included areas such as Hythe and Fawley on the west side of Southampton Water. In 1997 it lost the Waterside area and gained the Bassett Ward of the City of Southampton, and new territory in the north of the Test Valley district, and was consequently renamed to just Romsey. The first MP, Michael Colvin, held the constituency from its creation until his death in 2000. This led to a by- election, which was won by Liberal Democrat Sandra Gidley, who held the seat in the two subsequent General Elections. Following their review of parliamentary representation in Hampshire, the Boundary Commission for England created a modified Romsey constituency called Romsey and Southampton North, to reflect the fact that two wards of Southampton form part of the constituency (though one ward had in fact formed part of the constituency since 1997). Sandra Gidley lost to the Conservatives in the 2010 general election when she contested the new seat. She was succeeded by Caroline Nokes. ==Members of Parliament== Election Member Party Notes 1983 Michael Colvin constituency created as Romsey and Waterside, renamed Romsey in 1997 2000 by-election Sandra Gidley 2010 constituency abolished: see Romsey and Southampton North ==Elections== ===Elections in the 2000s=== ===Elections in the 1990s=== ===Elections in the 1980s=== ==See also== *List of parliamentary constituencies in Hampshire == Notes and references == Category:Constituencies of the Parliament of the United Kingdom established in 1983 Category:Constituencies of the Parliament of the United Kingdom disestablished in 2010 Category:Parliamentary constituencies in Hampshire (historic) Category:Test Valley

['Hampshire', 'Parliament of the United Kingdom', 'Southampton', 'Test Valley', 'Romsey', 'Southampton Water', 'Michael Colvin', 'Sandra Gidley', 'General Election', 'Boundary Commission for England', 'Caroline Nokes']

['Q23204', 'Q11010', 'Q79848', 'Q2116338', 'Q1234718', 'Q502233', 'Q6829396', 'Q544101', 'Q1076105', 'Q4949922', 'Q577227']

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The Leader (formerly The Wrexham Evening Leader) is a daily newspaper in Wales which is distributed on weekday mornings, combining both local and national news. There are two Leader editions in the north-east of Wales: in Wrexham and Flintshire with the Chester edition being terminated in 2018. It costs 70 pence and is produced from an office in Mold. It was sold to Gannett by NWN Media in September 2017. NWN Media Ltd dissolved in January 2019 after being formed in 1920. JICREG data from November 2015 show a circulation of 2,567 in Wrexham and 1,935 in Wrexham Rural.http://jiab.jicreg.co.uk/standardreports/nstojic.cfm?id=1181&nslink;=1 NWN titles de-registered from ABC measurement in 2015 however Newsquest re- registered them in 2018 showing a drop in circulation to just 3,825 copies of the Wrexham edition and 2,445 copies for Flintshire. The Leader celebrated 40 years of publishing in October 2013, having launched the first edition in October 1973. A Wrexham Leader free edition used to be produced for Friday and Saturday delivery however was terminated in 2018, and the Wrexham office of the newspaper closed in December 2018. On 3 April 2006, The Leader underwent a style change, and changed its logo to a new, more modern style. The old font and style had been used since the newspaper began. From 14 September 2009, the paper shifted from being an evening paper called The Evening Leader to a morning paper entitled The Leader and adopted the current masthead. The Saturday Leader was launched as a Saturday edition of the newspaper on 4 August 2018; however, it was stopped in December 2019. ==References== ==External links== *The Leader's website Category:Newspapers published in Wales Category:Wrexham Category:Newspapers published in Cheshire Category:Daily newspapers published in the United Kingdom Category:1973 establishments in Wales Category:Newspapers established in 1973

['Daily newspaper', 'Newsquest', 'Wrexham', 'Flintshire', 'Chester', 'Gannett']

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Braintree is a constituency in Essex represented in the House of Commons of the UK Parliament since 2015 by James Cleverly, a member of the Conservative Party. Cleverly is a former Chairman of the Conservative Party and currently the Secretary of State for Foreign, Commonwealth and Development Affairs. He was also formerly a minister in the Foreign, Commonwealth and Development Office and Secretary of State for Education. The constituency was created for the February 1974 general election. ==Constituency profile== The constituency includes the town of Braintree at its southern end, and a large area of rural Essex to the north. == History == The seat was created for the February 1974 general election, largely from the majority of the constituency of Maldon, including the towns of Braintree and Witham. It underwent a major redistribution for the 2010 general election when Witham was formed as a separate constituency. This resulted in making the seat safer for the Conservatives. The former Leader of the House Tony Newton held the seat for the Conservatives from its creation in 1974 until 1997 when Alan Hurst defeated Newton to gain the seat for Labour. Brooks Newmark defeated Hurst in 2005 to regain the seat for the Conservatives, and held it until he stood down in 2015, being succeeded by James Cleverly, also a Conservative.Will Lodge, "Election 2015: Conservatives extend lead in Braintree as James Cleverly takes over as MP" , East Anglian Daily Times, 8 May 2015 ==Boundaries and boundary changes== === 1974—1983 === * The Urban Districts of Braintree and Bocking, and Witham; * The Rural District of Braintree; and * The Rural District of Chelmsford civil parishes of Boreham, Broomfield, Chignall, Good Easter, Great and Little Leighs, Great Waltham, Little Waltham, Mashbury, Pleshey, Roxwell, Springfield, and Writtle. Formed largely from the existing constituency of Maldon. The northern part of the Rural District of Chelmsford was transferred from Chelmsford and a small part of the Rural District of Braintree was previously in Saffron Walden. === 1983—1997 === * The District of Braintree wards of Black Notley, Bocking North, Bocking South, Braintree Central, Braintree East, Braintree West, Coggeshall, Cressing, Hatfield Peverel, Kelvedon, Panfield, Rayne, Terling, Three Fields, Witham Central, Witham Chipping Hill, Witham North, Witham Silver End and Rivenhall, Witham South, and Witham West; and * The Borough of Chelmsford wards of Broomfield and Chignall, Good Easter Mashbury and Roxwell, Great and Little Leighs and Little Waltham, Great Waltham and Pleshey, and Writtle. Following changes to the structure of local authorities in 1974, the seat was largely unchanged, with just the Boreham and Springfield ward of Chelmsford Borough being transferred to the Chelmsford constituency. === 1997—2010 === * The District of Braintree wards of Black Notley, Bocking North, Bocking South, Braintree Central, Braintree East, Braintree West, Coggeshall, Cressing, Earls Colne, Gosfield, Hatfield Peveril, Kelvedon, Panfield, Rayne, Terling, Three Fields, Witham Central, Witham Chipping Hill, Witham North, Witham Silver End and Rivenhall, Witham South, and Witham West. The parts in the Borough of Chelmsford now included in the new constituency of West Chelmsford. Two small wards (Earls Colne and Gosfield) transferred from Saffron Walden. === 2010—present === * The District of Braintree wards of Bocking Blackwater, Bocking North, Bocking South, Braintree Central, Braintree East, Braintree South, Bumpstead, Cressing and Stisted, Gosfield and Greenstead Green, Great Notley and Braintree West, Halstead St Andrews, Halstead Trinity, Hedingham and Maplestead, Panfield, Rayne, Stour Valley North, Stour Valley South, The Three Colnes, Three Fields, Upper Colne, and Yeldham. The 2010 redistribution saw a major change, with southern and western areas, including the town of Witham, forming the basis of the new County Constituency of Witham. Extended northwards, gaining the District of Braintree wards previously in Saffron Walden, including the town of Halstead. ==Members of Parliament== Election Member Party Feb 1974 Tony Newton Conservative 1997 Alan Hurst Labour 2005 Brooks Newmark Conservative 2015 James Cleverly Conservative ==Elections== ===Elections in the 2010s=== ===Elections in the 2000s=== ===Elections in the 1990s=== ===Elections in the 1980s=== ===Elections in the 1970s=== ==See also== *List of parliamentary constituencies in Essex ==Notes== ==References== ==External links== *nomis Constituency Profile for Braintree — presenting data from the ONS annual population survey and other official statistics. Category:Constituencies of the Parliament of the United Kingdom established in 1974 Category:Parliamentary constituencies in Essex Category:Braintree District

['James Cleverly', 'Essex', 'Constituencies of the Parliament of the United Kingdom', 'Parliament of the United Kingdom', 'Chairman of the Conservative Party', 'Foreign, Commonwealth and Development Office', 'Secretary of State for Education', 'Witham', 'Brooks Newmark']

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"Strange Little Girl" is a song by the Stranglers, originally written in 1974 and re-recorded and released in the UK in 1982 as their last single while signed to Liberty Records (part of EMI). By the time of release, the band had already decided to leave the label for Epic Records, and this last single was part of the severance deal, along with the compilation album, The Collection 1977–1982. ==Recording and release== The band showed their talent for mischief in releasing "Strange Little Girl" as their last single on the label when they revealed that it had originally been written in 1974, and submitted to EMI years before the band had a recording contract. EMI had rejected the band on the basis of that demo. "Strange Little Girl" went on to peak at No. 7 in the UK Singles Chart in August 1982. The music video featured the band and a group of girl punks in London, and was shot around Cambridge Circus and Liverpool Street. ==Track listing== # Side A – "Strange Little Girl" – 2:40Strange Little Girl on Discogs.com # Side B – "Cruel Garden" – 2:17 ==Tori Amos version== The version by Tori Amos, was released as the first and only single from her 2001 album Strange Little Girls. ===Track listing=== German single # "Strange Little Girl" – 3:50 # "After All" – 4:42 # "Only Women Bleed" – 3:34 ===Song information=== The single for "Strange Little Girl" was never released outside of Germany. Unlike some of her other previously rare tracks, the two B-sides for the single ("Only Women Bleed" and "After All") were not included on the Tori Amos compilation A Piano: The Collection, and have yet to appear on any other Tori Amos release to date. ===Music video=== A music video was filmed for "Strange Little Girl". However, it has never been released officially (this is one of two videos that were excluded from her music video collection, Fade to Red, the other being "Glory of the '80s"). The video takes place in a sort of crop field, with a young girl being chased by a wolf. Between the shots of the crops, the girl suddenly becomes Amos (this age shift goes back and forth throughout the video). After running, she discovers a house, in which she takes refuge. The wolf tries to get inside, but it cannot—in fact, at one point, the wolf is almost as large as the house. Conversely, near the end of the video, the wolf shrinks enough to be able to squeeze under the door. Amos then takes the wolf in her hand. ==References== Category:The Stranglers songs Category:Tori Amos songs Category:1982 singles Category:2001 singles Category:1982 songs Category:Liberty Records singles Category:Songs written by Dave Greenfield Category:Songs written by Hans Wärmling Category:Songs written by Hugh Cornwell Category:Songs written by Jean-Jacques Burnel Category:Songs written by Jet Black Category:Music videos directed by David Slade

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Damien Oliver (born 22 June 1972) is an Australian thoroughbred racing jockey. Oliver comes from a racing family; his father Ray Oliver had a successful career until his death in a race fall during the 1975 Kalgoorlie Cup in Western Australia."Melbourne Cup: Damien Oliver writes latest dramatic chapter with third Cup win aboard Fiorente" by Andrew McGarry, ABC News, 5 November 2013. Retrieved 8 November 2013. In 2008, Oliver was inducted into the Australian Racing Hall of Fame. In August 2023 he announced that he would retire at the end of that year's spring carnival. == Early life and education == Damien Oliver was born on 22 June 1972 in Perth, Western Australia. His father, Ray Oliver, was a jockey who died in Kalgoorlie from falling off his horse when Damien was three years old.As a child, he attended Byford Primary School in Byford, Western Australia. ==Racing career== Oliver's riding career started in 1988, and he completed his apprenticeship with his stepfather Lindsey Rudland and Lee Freedman. His first win as an apprentice was in March 1988 on Mr. Gudbud, at Bunbury, Western Australia and his first feature race win was the AJC Warwick Stakes. Unfortunately he suffered a series of injuries including a broken spine in March 2005, sustained in a fall at Moonee Valley."Damien Oliver: Champion Jockey", Pro Group Racing. Retrieved 8 November 2013. He returned to riding after that back injury and rode the Japanese horse Pop Rock in the 2006 Melbourne Cup, which finished second to stablemate Delta Blues.Made in Japan: double win a fairytale finish In the 2007 Melbourne Cup, he placed second to Efficient on English horse Purple Moon. Oliver has won the Melbourne Cup three times: on Doriemus (1995), Media Puzzle (2002),2002 Melbourne Cup result and Fiorente (2013);"Gai Waterhouse's Fiorente wins the 2013 Melbourne Cup" by Will Brodie, Sydney Morning Herald, 5 November 2013. Retrieved 8 November 2013. the Caulfield Cup on Mannerism (1992), Paris Lane (1994), Doriemus (1995), and Sky Heights (1999); the Cox Plate on Dane Ripper (1997) and Northerly (2001); and the Blue Diamond Stakes on Alinghi (2004). He was also the regular rider of Lee Freedman's champion sprinter Schillaci (1991–95) and top filly Alinghi (2003–05). In the 2007 Golden Slipper, Oliver completed the grand slam of Australian racing by winning the two-year-old race on the John Hawkes trained Forensics. From 1989 (his first ride) to 2023 (his final ride) in the Melbourne Cup, Oliver was only been absent from three editions of the race, 2005 due to injury, 2017 due to suspension and 2022 due to his ride Durston being withdrawn from the race with injury. On 22 September 2010, Oliver pulled out of rides at a Sandown meeting, while helping police with their inquiries into a criminal investigation. In 2011, The Cup, a biopic starring Stephen Curry, was released. It covered Oliver's relationships with his family and how he overcame the death of his brother Jason Oliver and won the 2002 Melbourne Cup two weeks later on Media Puzzle. In 2013, Oliver won his third Melbourne Cup riding the favourite, Fiorente. This ride was also his 100th Group 1 win. The victory was trainer Gai Waterhouse's first victory in the Melbourne Cup. As of late August 2023, when he announced his impending retirement, Oliver has ridden 3,168 winners, including 128 in Group One races. He holds the Australian record for the number of Group One victories. ==Illegal betting and suspension== In 2012, Oliver was accused of placing a $10,000 bet on a rival horse, Miss Octopussy, to beat a horse he was riding, Europa Point, in the same race at Moonee Valley Racecourse on 1 October 2010. Europa Point finished sixth but stewards had no issue with the way Oliver rode his horse, saying there was no change from the usual racing pattern or any other reason to doubt the integrity of the ride."Damien Oliver breaks down at stewards hearing " by Courtney Walsh and Brendan Cormick, The Australian, 20 November 2012. Retrieved 9 November 2013. It was subsequently revealed that he made an $11,000 profit with his bet."Damien Oliver's holiday at mug punters' expense" by Andrew Webster, Sydney Morning Herald, 31 October 2013. Retrieved 9 November 2013. The then alleged incident was not discovered until 2012, during an investigation into the racing industry.The Age: Oliver's $10,000 secret bet He was subsequently dropped from the Lloyd Williams-owned Green Moon in the 2012 Cox Plate and 2012 Melbourne Cup although he did ride in the 2012 Cup Carnival, a move that reportedly annoyed some members of the public and racing industry. He won the Victoria Derby and Emirates Stakes. On 13 November 2012, Oliver was formally charged with the alleged offence. On 20 November 2012 he was banned for eight months for the illegal bet and received an additional two months' suspension for using a mobile phone in the area of the jockeys room against the rules. He was unable to ride in races until 13 September 2013."Racing's master of disguises Damien Oliver conceals double life of despair" by Courtney Walsh, The Australian, 21 November 2012. Retrieved 8 November 2013.""Deeply sorry" champion jockey Damien Oliver now isolated from racing 10 months " by Rod Nicholson, News Ltd, 21 November 2012. Retrieved 8 November 2013."Out for 10 months: Oliver banned for illegal bet" by Michael Lynch, Sydney Morning Herald, 20 November 2012. Retrieved 7 November 2013. On his return to race riding, Oliver immediately tasted success culminating in his Melbourne Cup winning ride. There has been discussion on whether Oliver's sentence was adequate and the sentence for this offence has increased significantly since. Had it occurred in 2013, he would have been suspended for two years for the same offence. ==Awards== Damien Oliver has won Racing Victoria's Scobie Breasley Medal fourteen times (1996, 1999, 2001, 2002, 2003, 2004, 2005, 2010, 2013, 2014, 2015, 2018, 2019 and 2020). The award recognises excellence in race riding on Melbourne racetracks and is voted on the day of racing by stewards in a 3:2:1 format for the race ride of the day. In 2014, he won the inaugural Roy Higgins Medal as the winner of the Victorian jockeys' premiership. Oliver won the 2014/15 Melbourne Jockeys' Premiership after riding 60 race winners. It was Oliver's 10th win of the award, trailing only Roy Higgins and Bill Duncan who have won the award 11 times."Damien Oliver wraps up 10th Melbourne Jockeys' Premiership", Racenet ==Personal life== Oliver is married to Trish, and they have two daughters called Niali and Zara; and one son called Luke. They live in the Melbourne suburb of Port Melbourne."Melbourne Cup winner Damien Oliver's hard ride to redemption" by Ron Reed, Herald Sun, 9 November 2013. Retrieved 9 November 2013. Oliver's elder brother Jason was also a jockey; he died on 29 October 2002 after a fall at Belmont Park Racecourse, Western Australia, when a young horse he was riding broke both front legs and fell during a race trial. The horse was found to have been administered phenylbutazone prior to the trial and this was thought to be a contributing factor in the accident. Oliver supports the West Coast Eagles in the Australian Football League. In the lead-up to the 2023 Melbourne Spring Carnival, Damien announced his intention to retire at its completion. ==Group 1 winners (129)== * Adelaide Cup (1) – Sheer Kingston (1999) * AJC Derby (1) – Don Eduardo (2002) * All Aged Stakes (3) – Hurricane Sky (1995); Danleigh (2009); Tivaci (2017) * Auckland Cup (1) – Zavite (2010) * Australasian Oaks (4) – Mannerism (1991); Episode (1999); Tully Thunder (2002); Princess Jenni (2019) * Australian Cup (1) – Fiorente (2014) * Australian Guineas (3) – Flying Spur (1996); Mr. Murphy (2001); Grunt (2018) * Blue Diamond Stakes (1) – Alinghi (2004) * Brisbane Cup (1) – Sheer Kingston (1999) * Cantala Stakes (2) – Happy Trails (2012); Superstorm (2021) * Caulfield Cup (4) – Mannerism (1992); Paris Lane (1994); Doriemus (1995); Sky Heights (1999) * Caulfield Guineas (2) – Centro (1990); Anamoe (2021) * Caulfield Stakes (4) – Naturalism (1993); Danewin (1995); Northerly (2001); Whobegotyou (2009) * C F Orr Stakes (2) – Durbridge (1993); El Segundo (2007) * Champagne Stakes (2) – Quick Star (1999); Seabrook (2018) * Chipping Norton Stakes (1) – Casino Prince (2008) * Coolmore Classic (1) – Porto Roca (2001) * Cox Plate (2) – Dane Ripper (1997); Northerly (2001) * Doomben Cup (1) – Sarrera (2008) * Doomben 10,000 (2) – Falvelon (2002); Apache Cat (2009) * Empire Rose Stakes (3) – Hurtle Myrtle (2011); Shout The Bar (2020); Colette (2021) * Futurity Stakes (4) – Mannerism (1992); Testa Rossa (2000); Mr. Murphy (2001); Suavito (2015) * George Ryder Stakes (1) – Schillaci (1993) * Golden Rose Stakes (1) - Toorak Toff (2010) * Golden Slipper (1) – Forensics (2007) * Kingston Town Classic (1) – Sniper's Bullet (2009) * Lightning Stakes (5) – Schillaci (1992); Schillaci (1993); Gold Ace (1996); Testa Rossa (2000); Nicconi (2010) * Mackinnon Stakes (5) – Paris Lane (1994); Danewin (1995); Grand Armee (2004); Glass Harmonium (2011); Happy Trails (2014) * Makybe Diva Stakes (2) – Fawkner (2015); Grunt (2018) * Manikato Stakes (2) – Sonic Express (1991); Dane Ripper (1998) * Melbourne Cup (3) – Doriemus (1995); Media Puzzle (2002); Fiorente (2013) * Newmarket Handicap (3) – Schillaci (1992); Toledo (2001); Alinghi (2005) * New Zealand Derby (1) – So Casual (1998) * Oakleigh Plate (2) – Schillaci (1992); Eagle Falls (2011) * Queen Elizabeth Stakes (5) – Defier (2002); Desert War (2007); Sarrera (2008); Road To Rock (2010); Lucia Valentina (2016); * Queen of the Turf Stakes (2) – Azkadellia (2016); Nimalee (2022) * Queensland Derby (1) – Empires Choice (2007) * Queensland Oaks (1) - Amokura (2023) * Robert Sangster Stakes (3) – Alinghi (2005); Secret Agenda (2017); Spright (2019) * South Australian Derby (1) – Zabeelionaire (2012) * South Australian Oaks (2) – Episode (1999); Asia (2001) * Sir Rupert Clarke Stakes (6) – Submariner (1990); Mannerism (1992); Poetic King (1994); Testa Rossa (1999); Mr. Murphy (2001); Orange County (2008) * Stradbroke Handicap (1) – River Lad (2014) * Sydney Cup (1) – No Wine No Song (2008) * Tancred Stakes (2) – Blutigeroo (2007); Cedarberg (2011) * The Galaxy (2) – Schillaci (1992); Magnus (2007) * The Thousand Guineas (5) – Azzurro (1992); Special Harmony (2003); Alinghi (2004); Gallica (2008); Commanding Jewel (2012) * Underwood Stakes (3) – Northerly (2001); Russian Camelot (2020); Alligator Blood (2023) * Victoria Derby (6) – Redding (1992); Amalfi (2001); Elvstroem (2003); Fiveandahalfstar (2012); Preferment (2014); Warning (2019) * Vinery Stud Stakes (2) – Northwood Plume (1995); Special Harmony (2004) * VRC Oaks (7) – Northwood Plume (1994); Kensington Palace (1997); Special Harmony (2003); Jameka (2015); Miami Bound (2019); Personal (2020); Willowy (2021) * VRC Sires' Produce Stakes (1) – Pride of Rancho (1993) * WATC Australian Derby (1) – Dance the Day Away (1992) * Wellington Cup (1) – Ed (1995) * William Reid Stakes (1) – Apache Cat (2009) * Winterbottom Stakes (1) – Voodoo Lad (2018) * Zabeel Classic (1) – Zonda (2001) ==References== ===Notes=== ===Bibliography=== * ==External links== *Damien Oliver career statistics Category:1972 births Category:Living people Category:Sportspeople from Perth, Western Australia Category:Jockeys from Melbourne Category:Australian Thoroughbred Racing Hall of Fame inductees Category:Australian jockeys

['Perth', 'Doriemus', 'Media Puzzle', 'Fiorente', 'Kalgoorlie', 'Western Australia', 'Australian Racing Hall of Fame', 'Lee Freedman', 'Moonee Valley Racecourse', '2006 Melbourne Cup', 'Melbourne Cup', 'Sydney Morning Herald', 'Caulfield Cup', 'Cox Plate', 'Dane Ripper', 'Northerly', 'Blue Diamond Stakes', 'Golden Slipper', 'Gai Waterhouse', 'Group One', 'The Australian', 'Green Moon', 'Victoria Derby', 'Emirates Stakes', 'Scobie Breasley Medal', 'Herald Sun', 'West Coast Eagles', 'Australian Football League', 'Adelaide Cup', 'AJC Derby', 'All Aged Stakes', 'Auckland Cup', 'Australasian Oaks', 'Australian Cup', 'Australian Guineas', 'Brisbane Cup', 'Caulfield Guineas', 'Caulfield Stakes', 'Whobegotyou', 'C F Orr Stakes', 'Chipping Norton Stakes', 'Coolmore Classic', 'Doomben Cup', 'Doomben 10,000', 'Apache Cat', 'Empire Rose Stakes', 'Suavito', 'George Ryder Stakes', 'Golden Rose Stakes', 'Kingston Town Classic', 'Lightning Stakes', 'Makybe Diva Stakes', 'Manikato Stakes', 'Newmarket Handicap', 'New Zealand Derby', 'So Casual', 'Oakleigh Plate', 'Queen of the Turf Stakes', 'Queensland Derby', 'Queensland Oaks', 'Robert Sangster Stakes', 'South Australian Derby', 'Sir Rupert Clarke Stakes', 'Stradbroke Handicap', 'Sydney Cup', 'The Thousand Guineas', 'Underwood Stakes', 'Elvstroem', 'Vinery Stud Stakes', 'VRC Oaks', 'Wellington Cup', 'William Reid Stakes', 'Winterbottom Stakes', 'Zabeel Classic']

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The following lists events that happened during 1882 in South Africa. ==Incumbents== * Governor of the Cape of Good Hope and High Commissioner for Southern Africa: Hercules Robinson. * Governor of the Colony of Natal: Henry Ernest Gascoyne Bulwer. * State President of the Orange Free State: Jan Brand. * State President of the South African Republic: Triumviate of Paul Kruger, Marthinus Wessel Pretorius and Piet Joubert. * Prime Minister of the Cape of Good Hope: Thomas Charles Scanlen. ==Events== ;May * 9 - Paul Kruger becomes President of the South African Republic. * 28 - Two ships, the Agnes (94 tonne) and the Christina (196 tonne), run ashore at Plettenberg Bay. ;July * 26 - The Stellaland Republic is declared, founding Vryburg as capital. ;September * 2 - Kimberley becomes the first town in the southern hemisphere to install electric street lighting. * 7 - W.H. Finlay of Cape Town's Royal Observatory is first to record observations of the Great Comet of 1882. * 29 - 229 Norwegians settle at the mouth of the Umzimkulu River, founding Port Shepstone. ;November * 21 - The Goshen Republic is established with its capital Rooigrond near Mafeking. ;Unknown date * Zulu king Cetshwayo returns to South Africa. * In the Cape Colony, the Dutch language is once again admitted as an official language alongside English. ==Births== * 24 February - Jan Gysbert Hugo Bosman aka Bosman de Ravelli, concert pianist and composer, is born in Piketberg. ==Deaths== ==Railways== ===Railway lines opened=== thumb|CGR 4th Class 4-6-0TT (Stephenson) * 15 December - Cape Western - Wynberg to Muizenberg, .Report for year ending 31 December 1909, Cape Government Railways, Section VIII - "Dates of Opening and the Length of the different Sections in the Cape Colony, from the Year 1873 to 31st December, 1909." ===Locomotives=== * Three new Cape gauge locomotive types enter service on the Cape Government Railways (CGR): ** Six 2nd Class 4-4-0 Wynberg Tank locomotives on suburban passenger trains out of Cape Town. ** The first of 33 tank-and-tender locomotives with Stephenson valve gear on the mainlines of all three systems.C.G.R. Numbering Revised, Article by Dave Littley, SA Rail May–June 1993, pp. 94–95. ** The first of 35 tank-and-tender locomotives with Joy valve gear on the mainlines of all three systems. * Two new locomotive types enter service on the private Kowie Railway which is under construction from Port Alfred to Grahamstown: ** Two 0-6-0 tank locomotives in goods service. ** Two 4-4-0 tank locomotives in passenger service. ==References== South Africa Category:Years in South Africa

['1882', 'South Africa', 'Hercules Robinson', 'Henry Ernest Gascoyne Bulwer', 'State President of the Orange Free State', 'Jan Brand', 'Paul Kruger', 'Marthinus Wessel Pretorius', 'Piet Joubert', 'Thomas Charles Scanlen', 'South African Republic', 'Plettenberg Bay', 'Stellaland', 'Vryburg', 'Umzimkulu River', 'Port Shepstone', 'Rooigrond', 'Cape Colony', 'Dutch language', 'Piketberg', 'Muizenberg', 'Cape gauge', 'Cape Government Railways', 'Stephenson valve gear', 'Joy valve gear', 'Port Alfred', 'Grahamstown']

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Orkney and Shetland is a constituency of the House of Commons of the Parliament of the United Kingdom. It elects one Member of Parliament (MP) by the first past the post system of election. In the Scottish Parliament, Orkney and Shetland are separate constituencies. The constituency was historically known as Orkney and Zetland (an alternative name for Shetland). In the 2014 Scottish independence referendum, 65.4% of the constituency's electors voted for Scotland to stay part of the United Kingdom. ==Creation== The British parliamentary constituency was created in 1708 following the Acts of Union, 1707 and replaced the former Parliament of Scotland shire constituency of Orkney & Zetland. ==Boundaries== The constituency is made up of the two northernmost island groups of Scotland, Orkney and Shetland. A constituency of this name has existed continuously since 1708. However, before 1918 the town of Kirkwall (the capital of Orkney) formed part of the Northern Burghs constituency. It is the most northerly of the 650 UK Parliament constituencies. The constituency is one of five "protected constituencies", the others being Na h-Eileanan an Iar, two on the Isle of Wight, and Ynys Môn, defined exclusively by geography rather than by size of electorate. The constituency contains the areas of the Orkney Islands Council and the Shetland Islands Council. Before 2011 the constituency had been unique in having its boundaries protected by legislation.Rule 3A of the Boundary Commission rules stated "A constituency which includes the Orkney Islands or the Shetland Islands shall not include the whole or any part of a local government area other than the Orkney Islands and the Shetland Islands." Boundary Commission Rules This rule was added in the Parliamentary Constituencies Act 1986 and retained in the Scotland Act 1998, which established the Scottish Parliament. The constituency has the second smallest electorate of any UK parliamentary constituency, after Na h-Eileanan an Iar. ==History== The constituency has elected one Member of Parliament (MP) by the first past the post since its creation in 1707. The constituency has remained largely unchanged since its creation. The town of Kirkwall was added in 1918, having previously been part of Wick Burghs. ==Members of Parliament== The constituency has elected only Liberal and Liberal Democrat MPs since 1950; the longest run of any British parliamentary constituency."Candidates and Constituency Assessments" . alba.org.uk - "The almanac of Scottish elections and politics". Retrieved 9 February 2010."The Untouchable Orkney & Shetland Isles " (1 October 2009) www.snptacticalvoting.com Retrieved 9 February 2010. At each general election from 1955 until 1979, in 1987, 2010 and again in 2017 it was the safest Liberal Democrat seat in the UK. At the 2015 general election, it was the only seat in Scotland to return a Liberal Democrat MP. Two years later, in 2017, the Lib Dems gained three more seats in Scotland; increasing their Scottish seat tally to 4. Year Year Member Party 1707 Sir Alexander Douglas 1713 George Douglas 1715 James Moodie 1722 George Douglas 1730 by-election Robert Douglas 1747 James Halyburton 1754 James Douglas 1768 Thomas Dundas I 1771 by-election Thomas Dundas II 1780 Robert Baikie 1781 Charles Dundas 1784 Thomas Dundas II 1790 John Balfour Tory 1796 Capt. Robert Honyman I 1806 Col. Robert Honyman II 1807 Malcolm Laing Whig 1812 Richard Honyman 1818 George Dundas 1820 John Balfour 1826 George Dundas Whig 1830 George Traill 1835 Thomas Balfour Conservative 1837 Frederick Dundas Whig 1847 Arthur Anderson 1852 Frederick Dundas 1859 Liberal 1873 by-election Samuel Laing 1885 Leonard Lyell 1900 Cathcart Wason Liberal Unionist 1902 by-election Independent Liberal 1906 Liberal 1918 Coalition Liberal 1921 by-election Malcolm Smith 1922 Robert Hamilton Liberal 1935 Basil Neven-Spence Conservative 1950 Jo Grimond Liberal 1983 Jim Wallace 1992 Liberal Democrat 2001 Alistair Carmichael ==Elections== ===Elections in the 2010s=== ===Elections in the 2000s=== ===Elections in the 1990s=== ===Elections in the 1980s=== ===Elections in the 1970s=== ===Elections in the 1960s=== ===Elections in the 1950s=== ===Elections in the 1940s=== ===Elections in the 1930s=== General election 1939–40: Another general election was required to take place before the end of 1940. The political parties had been making preparations for an election to take place and by the Autumn of 1939, the following candidates had been selected; *Conservative: Basil Neven-Spence *Liberal: Louise Glen-Coats ===Elections in the 1920s=== ===Elections in the 1910s=== ===Elections in the 1900s=== thumb|120px|Cathcart Wason ===Elections in the 1890s=== ===Elections in the 1880s=== ===Elections in the 1870s=== * Caused by Dundas' death. ===Elections in the 1860s=== ===Elections in the 1850s=== ===Elections in the 1840s=== ===Elections in the 1830s=== ==References== ==Further reading== *F. W. S. Craig, British Parliamentary Election Results 1918 – 1949 *F. W. S. Craig, British Parliamentary Election Results 1885 – 1918 *F. W. S. Craig, British Parliamentary Election Results 1832 – 1885 ==External links== * *BBC Vote 2001 *BBC Election 2005 *Guardian Unlimited Politics *UK general elections since 1832 *Politicsresources.net - Official Web Site ✔ (Election results from 1950 to the present) Category:Westminster Parliamentary constituencies in Scotland Category:Politics of Orkney Category:Politics of Shetland Category:Constituencies of the Parliament of the United Kingdom established in 1708 Category:1708 establishments in Scotland

['Scotland', 'Alistair Carmichael', 'Kirkwall', 'Orkney', 'Shetland', 'Parliament of the United Kingdom', 'Scottish Parliament', '2014 Scottish independence referendum', 'Acts of Union, 1707', 'Orkney Islands Council', 'Shetland Islands Council', 'Parliamentary Constituencies Act 1986', 'Scotland Act 1998', 'Member of Parliament (MP)', 'James Moodie', 'Robert Baikie', 'Malcolm Laing', 'Richard Honyman', 'George Traill', 'Thomas Balfour', 'Frederick Dundas', 'Cathcart Wason', 'Independent Liberal', 'Coalition Liberal', 'Basil Neven-Spence', 'Jo Grimond', 'F. W. S. Craig']

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The Accra riots started on 28 February 1948 in Accra, the capital of the then British colony of the Gold Coast (present-day Ghana). A protest march by unarmed ex-servicemen who were agitating for their benefits as veterans of World War II, who had fought with the Gold Coast Regiment of the Royal West African Frontier Force, was broken up by police, leaving three leaders of the group dead. They were Sergeant Nii Adjetey, Corporal Patrick Attipoe and Private Odartey Lamptey. who has since been memorialized in Accra. The 28 February incident is considered "the straw that broke the camel's back", marking the key point in the process of the Gold Coast becoming the first African colony to achieve independence, becoming Ghana on 6 March 1957. == Background == In January 1948, the Ga chief, Nii Kwabena Bonne III, known in private life as Theodore Taylor (1888–1968), had organised a boycott of all European imports in response to their inflated prices. The boycott's aim was to press the foreign traders known as the Association of West African Merchants (AWAM) to reduce the inflated prices of their goods. The boycott was followed by a series of riots in early February 1948. The day the boycott was scheduled to end, 28 February, coincided with a march by veterans of World War II. ==28 February march and riot== The march on 28 February 1948 was a peaceful attempt by former soldiers to bring a petition to the Governor of the Gold Coast requesting the dispensation of promised pensions and other compensation for their efforts during the war. The ex-servicemen were members of the Gold Coast Regiment, who were among the most decorated African soldiers, having fought in Burma alongside British troops. Despite having been promised pensions and jobs after the war, when these servicemen returned home, there was scant employment for them and their pensions were not paid. As the group marched towards the Governor's residence at the Christiansborg Castle, they were stopped and confronted by the colonial police, who refused to let them pass. The British police Superintendent Colin Imray ordered his subordinates to shoot at the protesters, but the men did not. Possibly in panic, Superintendent Imray grabbed a rifle and shot at the leaders, killing three veterans : Sergeant Adjetey, Corporal Attipoe and Private Odartey Lamptey. Apart from the three fatalities, several members of the crowd were wounded. People in Accra took to the streets in riot over these killings. On the same day, the local political leadership, the United Gold Coast Convention (UGCC), led by the Big Six, sent a cable to the Secretary of State in London: > "...unless Colonial Government is changed and a new Government of the people > and their Chiefs installed at the centre immediately, the conduct of masses > now completely out of control with strikes threatened in Police quarters, > and rank and file Police indifferent to orders of Officers, will continue > and result in worse violent and irresponsible acts by uncontrolled people." They also blamed the Governor Sir Gerald Creasy (whom they called "Crazy Creasy") for his handling of the country's problems. The UGCC cable further stated: > "Working Committee United Gold Coast Convention declare they are prepared > and ready to take over interim Government. We ask in name of oppressed, > inarticulate, misruled and misgoverned people and their Chiefs that Special > Commissioner be sent out immediately to hand over Government to interim > Government of Chief and People and to witness immediate calling of > Constituent Assembly." The unrest in Accra, and in other towns and cities, would last for five days, during which both Asian and European-owned stores and businesses were looted and more deaths occurred."Kwame Nkrumah: Africa's 'Man of the Millennium′". . Danquah Institute. By 1 March, the Governor had declared a state of emergency and a new Riot Act was put in place. It was reported in the British parliament that the Governor had "imposed a curfew in certain parts of Accra and ... made regulations to control traffic and close roads". Strict press censorship was imposed over the entire country by Governor Creasy. == Aftermath == The British colonial government set up the Watson Commission,Okyere, Vincent N. (2000), Ghana. A Historical Survey, Accra, p. 158. which examined the circumstances of the riots, and paved the way for constitutional changes that eventually culminated in Ghana's independence. The immediate aftermath of the riots included the arrest on 12 March 1948 of "the Big Six" – Kwame Nkrumah and other leading activists in the United Gold Coast Convention (UGCC) party (namely Ebenezer Ako-Adjei, Edward Akufo-Addo, J. B. Danquah, Emmanuel Obetsebi-Lamptey and William Ofori Atta), who were held responsible for orchestrating the disturbances and were detained, before being released a month later. The arrest of the leaders of the UGCC raised the profile of the party around the country and made them national heroes. The Watson Commission reported that the 1946 constitution was inappropriate from the start, because it did not address the concerns of the natives of the Gold Coast. The Commission also recommended that the Gold Coast be allowed to draft its own constitution. A 40-member committee was set up to draft a constitution, with six representatives of the UGCC. The governor excluded Kwame Nkrumah, among others, from the constitutional drafting committee, for fear of drafting a constitution that would demand absolute independence for the colony. By 1949, Nkrumah had broken away from the UGCC to form the Convention People's Party (CPP), with the motto "Self-government now", and a campaign of "Positive Action". Nkrumah broke away due to misunderstandings at the leadership front of the UGCC. On 6 March 1957, the country achieved its independence and was renamed Ghana, with Nkrumah as its first President. == Notes == == References == == External links == * "Ghana Veterans and the 1948 Accra Riots", Witness History, BBC World Service, date 7 March 2014. Accra Riots, 1948 Accra Riots, 1948 Category:20th century in Accra Category:February 1948 events in Africa Category:History of Accra Category:Riots and civil disorder in Ghana

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Robert John Bardo (born January 2, 1970) is an American man serving life imprisonment without parole after being convicted in October 1991 for the July 18, 1989, murder of American actress and model Rebecca Schaeffer, whom he had stalked for three years. == Early life == Bardo was the youngest of seven children. His mother was Korean and his father Philip was a non-commissioned officer in the United States Air Force. The family moved frequently and eventually settled in Tucson, Arizona, in 1983. Bardo reportedly had a troubled childhood. He was abused by one of his siblings and placed in foster care after he threatened to commit suicide. Bardo's family had a history of mental illness, and he was diagnosed with bipolar disorder. At the age of 15, he was institutionalized for a month to treat emotional problems. Bardo dropped out of Pueblo Magnet High School in the ninth grade and began working as a janitor at Jack in the Box. In the 18 months prior to Schaeffer's murder, Bardo had been arrested three times on charges that included domestic violence and disorderly conduct. Bardo's neighbors also said that he had exhibited unexplained strange and threatening behavior toward them. == Murder == Prior to developing an obsession with Schaeffer, Bardo had stalked child peace activist Samantha Smith. These attempts had ultimately failed to establish any contact with Smith. Smith's return home from the USSR had inspired Bardo to travel to Maine to meet her, but a run-in with state police over a traffic offense had caused him such concern that he was drawing attention to himself that he was sufficiently discouraged to return home. Bardo had crafted future plans to stalk Smith, until her death in a 1985 plane crash. Bardo claimed he turned his attention towards pop stars Tiffany and Debbie Gibson, but neither obsession had percolated into stalking as Bardo later admitted he could not find a feasible way to carry out his plans in New York. After writing numerous letters to Schaeffer, Bardo attempted to gain access to the set of the CBS television series My Sister Sam, in which Schaeffer played a starring role. He was denied entrance by security, who encouraged him to return home. While Warner Brothers had a policy that executives and actors were to be notified about uninvited advances towards them, security later admitted that because Bardo had made very little fuss about the denied access and left when ordered, the encounter was considered too trivial to report to Schaeffer. Ultimately, he obtained her home address via a detective agency, which in turn tracked it via California Department of Motor Vehicles records. On July 18, 1989, Bardo confronted Schaeffer at her home, angry that she had appeared in a sex scene in the film Scenes from the Class Struggle in Beverly Hills; in his eyes, she had "lost her innocence" and become "another Hollywood whore". He visited her at her apartment and told her he was a big fan. After having been turned away by Schaeffer, Bardo stopped at a diner for breakfast, only to return to the apartment about an hour later, again ringing the doorbell. When Schaeffer opened the door, Bardo shot her in the chest. Bardo was later spotted in Tucson, Arizona wandering around aimlessly in traffic, which got him arrested. The state prosecutor for the trial was Marcia Clark, who later became the lead prosecutor in the O. J. Simpson murder trial. Bardo was housed in a sensitive needs unit (SNU) for inmates such as gang members, notorious prisoners, and those convicted of sex crimes. During the trial, Bardo claimed the U2 song "Exit" was an influence in the murder, and the song was played in the courtroom as evidence (with Bardo lip-synching the lyrics). Bardo's attorneys conceded that he had murdered Schaeffer, but they argued that he was mentally ill. Psychiatrist Park Dietz, testifying for the defense, said that Bardo had schizophrenia and that it was his illness that led him to commit the murder. Bardo was found guilty of first-degree murder and sentenced to life imprisonment without the possibility of parole. Bardo carried a red paperback copy of The Catcher in the Rye when he murdered Schaeffer, which he tossed onto the roof of a building as he fled. He insisted that it was coincidental and that he was not emulating Mark David Chapman, who had also carried a copy with him when he shot and killed John Lennon on December 8, 1980. Chapman later claimed in interviews that he had received letters from Bardo before the murder of Schaeffer, in which Bardo inquired about life in prison. == Aftermath == As a consequence of Bardo's actions and his methods of obtaining Schaeffer's address, the U.S. Congress passed the Driver's Privacy Protection Act, which prohibits state Departments of Motor Vehicles from disclosing the home addresses of state residents. Bardo then paid a detective agency in Tucson $250 to find Schaeffer's home address in California's Department of Motor Vehicles (DMV) records. His brother helped him get a Ruger GP100 .357 handgun. After the murder, the first anti-stalking state laws were enacted in the US, including California Penal Code 646.9. The season 2 episode of Law and Order "Star Struck" was partially based on this case. On July 27, 2007, Bardo was stabbed 11 times on his way to breakfast in the maximum-security unit at Mule Creek State Prison in Amador County, California. Two shivs (inmate-made weapons) were found at the scene. He was treated at the UC Davis Medical Center and returned to prison, officials said. The suspect in the attack was another convict, serving 82 years to life for second-degree murder. , Bardo is serving his life sentence at the Avenal State Prison in Avenal, California. == References == == External links == * An Innocent Life, a Heartbreaking Death PEOPLE Magazine cover story (July 1989). Category:1970 births Category:1989 murders in the United States Category:20th-century American criminals Category:American male criminals Category:American people convicted of murder Category:American people of Japanese descent Category:American prisoners sentenced to life imprisonment Category:Crime in California Category:Criminals from Arizona Category:Criminals from California Category:Criminals from Los Angeles Category:Living people Category:Male murderers Category:People convicted of murder by California Category:People from Tucson, Arizona Category:People with bipolar disorder Category:People with schizophrenia Category:Place of birth missing (living people) Category:Prisoners sentenced to life imprisonment by California Category:Stalking

['California', 'Rebecca Schaeffer', 'Avenal State Prison', 'United States Air Force', 'Tucson, Arizona', 'Pueblo Magnet High School', 'Jack in the Box', 'Samantha Smith', 'CBS', 'My Sister Sam', 'California Department of Motor Vehicles', 'Scenes from the Class Struggle in Beverly Hills', 'Marcia Clark', 'O. J. Simpson murder trial', 'U2', 'Park Dietz', 'The Catcher in the Rye', 'Mark David Chapman', 'U.S. Congress', "Driver's Privacy Protection Act", 'Departments of Motor Vehicles', 'Mule Creek State Prison', 'UC Davis Medical Center']

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Bald Mountain may refer to: ==Geographic locations in the United States== * Bald Mountain (Heceta Island), Alaska * Bald Mountain (California), a name given to over fifty summits in California ** Bald Mountain (Humboldt County) * , a peak near Little Grass Valley Reservoir in California * Bald Mountain (Summit County, Colorado) * Bald Mountain (Murray County, Georgia) * Bald Mountain (Idaho) * Bald Mountain (Dedham, Maine), site of a plane crash in Dedham, Maine * Bald Mountain (Michigan) * Bald Mountain Recreation Area, Oakland County, Michigan * Bald Mountain, Jefferson County, Montana * Bald Mountain, Madison County, Montana * Bald Mountain, Mineral County, Montana * Bald Mountain, Park County, Montana * Bald Mountain (Lincoln County, Nevada), a mountain peak of Nevada * Bald Mountain (Lyon County, Nevada) * Bald Mountain (New Jersey) * Bald Mountain (Greene County, New York) * Bald Mountain (Herkimer County, New York) * Bald Mountain (Lewis County, New York) * Bald Mountain (Sullivan County, New York) * Bald Mountain (Schoharie County, New York) * Bald Mountain Brook, a river in Herkimer County, New York * Bald Mountain (Oregon), in the Cascade Range * Bald Mountain (Pennsylvania) * Bald Mountain (Uinta Range), Utah * Bald Mountain, Bennington, Vermont * Bald Mountain (Washington), a name given to about 15 summits in Washington * Bald Mountain, a peak of the White Rock ridgeline of New York, Vermont, and Massachusetts * Bald Mountains, a subrange of the Appalachian Mountains spanning the Tennessee-North Carolina border * Central Nevada Bald Mountain, a biome of the Central Basin and Range ecoregion ==Other uses== * Bald Mountain (folklore), a location where, in Slavic folklore, witches gather for their Sabbath * Bald Mountain mine, a gold mine in Nevada, US * Bald Mountain Ski Area, Idaho, US * Bald Mountain, a location in the 1940 Walt Disney animated film Fantasia ==See also== *The Bald Mountain meteorite of 1929 *Mount Pelée (translated as "Bald Mountain"), a volcano in Martinique *Lysá hora (translated as "Bald Mountain"), a mountain in the Czech Republic *Night on Bald Mountain, compositions by Modest Mussorgsky and Nikolay Rimsky-Korsakov *Monte Baldo, a mountain range in the Italian Alps *Bald Hill *Lysaya Gora

['Bald Mountain (Heceta Island)', 'Bald Mountain (California)', 'Bald Mountain (Humboldt County)', 'Little Grass Valley Reservoir', 'Bald Mountain (Summit County, Colorado)', 'Bald Mountain (Murray County, Georgia)', 'Bald Mountain (Idaho)', 'Dedham, Maine', 'Bald Mountain (Michigan)', 'Bald Mountain Recreation Area', 'Bald Mountain (Lyon County, Nevada)', 'Bald Mountain (New Jersey)', 'Bald Mountain (Greene County, New York)', 'Bald Mountain (Herkimer County, New York)', 'Bald Mountain (Lewis County, New York)', 'Bald Mountain (Sullivan County, New York)', 'Bald Mountain (Schoharie County, New York)', 'Bald Mountain Brook', 'Cascade Range', 'Bald Mountain (Pennsylvania)', 'Bald Mountain (Uinta Range)', 'Bennington, Vermont', 'Bald Mountain (Washington)', 'Bald Mountains', 'Central Basin and Range ecoregion', 'Bald Mountain (folklore)', 'Bald Mountain mine', 'Bald Mountain Ski Area', 'Mount Pelée', 'Lysá hora', 'Night on Bald Mountain', 'Monte Baldo', 'Bald Hill', 'Lysaya Gora']

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The Syrian Communist Party () was a political party in Syria founded in 1944 as a division of the Syrian–Lebanese Communist Party into the Syrian Communist Party and the Lebanese Communist Party. It became a member of the National Progressive Front in 1972. The party split in two in 1986 with two separate parties claiming to represent the original Syrian Communist Party; the Syrian Communist Party (Unified) and the Syrian Communist Party (Bakdash). == Beginnings == The party evolved out of the Communist Party of Syria and Lebanon, founded in Beirut in 1924. It was suppressed shortly afterwards, but was revived after an interlude of several years. In 1936, Khalid Bakdash, a Damascene who had been recruited to the party in 1930 and later studied at the Communist University of the Toilers of the East in Moscow, took control as secretary of the party, and set about building up its organisation. == Bakdash's leadership and organisational growth == The party was involved in opposition to the Vichy French presence in Syria, and when the Free French took control of the country it was legalised. In 1944, the Syrian and Lebanese parties became separate organisations. Bakdash sought to present the Syrian Communist Party as an essential part of the national movement, in the context of Syria's struggle against the French mandate. The party adopted a moderate programme and opened its ranks to all those accepting it, rather than functioning as a restricted Leninist vanguard organisation. It built up a significant support base among the working class, Kurds and intellectuals. In 1954, after a series of military dictatorships that had lasted since 1949, Syria became a democracy, and in the elections held that year, Khalid Bakdash won a seat in parliament for the Damascus area, becoming the first communist elected to an Arab parliament. The party was cautious about proposals to unify Syria with Gamal Abdal Nasser's Egypt, the main political question of the 1950s in Syria. The Egyptian Communist Party was banned under Nasser, and communists and other leftists had been jailed in large numbers. However, popular desire for unity was such that the party felt it could not afford to oppose it outright. == Suppression under Nasser and the Ba'ath, 1958-1970 == The United Arab Republic (UAR) was formed in February 1958. Toward the end of 1958, a campaign of repression against the party began. Nasser was provoked to action by a harshly critical statement made by Bakdash, who called for transformation of the UAR into a loose federation. Communists were imprisoned and in some cases killed. The union ended in 1961 when a coup led to Syria's secession. The Communist Party was strongly identified with the secessionist tendency and suffered a loss of popular support and membership as a result. Worse was to follow, when the pro-unification coup of 1963 brought a military- based government consisting largely of Ba'thists and Nasserists to power and the party was once again repressed. == Legal operation in the National Progressive Front from 1972 == In 1970, Hafiz al-Asad came to power in Syria and announced his intention of allowing limited political pluralism in the context of popular democracy. This took the form of the National Progressive Front, established in 1972. Only parties participating in the Front would be allowed to operate: to join, they were required to accept the socialist and Arab nationalist orientation of the government. The Ba'th Party was guaranteed leadership of the Front and the new constitution, promulgated the same year, provided that it would "lead society and the state". Furthermore, only the Ba'th would be allowed operate in the armed forces and among university students. Faced with the choice between accepting these restrictions and the prospect of illegal operation, Bakdash and the majority of the party chose to join the Front. The more radical elements in the party were unhappy about participation in the Front. However, the breaking point did not come until 1976 and the Syrian intervention in the Lebanese Civil War on the side of rightist, Maronite-led elements against the nationalist bloc and its allies in the Palestine Liberation Organization. This was too much for the radicals, and Riyad al-Turk led them into opposition. His faction was termed the Syrian Communist Party (Political Bureau) or Syrian Communist Party (Riyad al-Turk). == The 1980s: repression and split == During the early 1980s, the Syrian government clamped down on political activity and the Communist Party was subject to severe restrictions, despite its participation in the NPF. It was prevented from publishing its newspapers Nidhal ash-Sha'b ("the People's Struggle") and an-Nour ("the Light"), and its activities were closely monitored by the security services. It effectively operated underground throughout most of the 1980s, with membership lists a closely guarded secret. In 1986, the anti-communist crackdown ended and the ban on the communist party was lifted by Assad as a concession to the Soviets. In 1986, Bakdash and deputy secretary Yusuf Faisal differed over the policies of perestroika and glasnost adopted by Soviet Communist Party general secretary Mikhail Gorbachev. Faisal was supportive of Gorbachev's reforms, while Bakdash was opposed. This led to another split in the party, with many of the party's intellectuals leaving with Faisal to the Syrian Communist Party (Unified) while much of its Kurdish base remained supportive of Bakdash in the Syrian Communist Party (Bakdash). Both factions continued to participate in the NPF. Eventually, in 2000 the SCP suffered another rift that led to the formation of the People's Will Party, led by Qadri Jamil to unify the communists inside Syria. == Timeline == *1924Communist Party of Syria and Lebanon formed *1954Khalid Bakdash is the first communist to be elected to an Arab parliament. *1976"Political Bureau" group splits and forms separate party Syrian Communist Party (Political Bureau) *1986Split between Bakdash and Faisal into Syrian Communist Party (Bakdash) and Syrian Communist Party (Unified) *2000Qadri Jamil split and formed the People's Will Party == References == ==Sources== * Category:Communist parties in Syria Category:Political parties established in 1944 Category:1944 establishments in Mandatory Syria Category:1986 disestablishments in Syria Category:Political parties disestablished in 1986 Category:Defunct political parties in Syria

['Syrian Communist Party (Unified)', 'Syrian Communist Party (Bakdash)', 'Khalid Bakdash', 'Syrian–Lebanese Communist Party', 'Syria', 'Lebanese Communist Party', 'Beirut', 'Damascus', 'Communist University of the Toilers of the East', 'Moscow', 'Free French', 'Leninist', 'Gamal Abdal Nasser', 'Egyptian Communist Party', 'United Arab Republic', "Ba'th Party", 'Hafiz al-Asad', 'Lebanese Civil War', 'Maronite', 'Palestine Liberation Organization', 'Riyad al-Turk', 'Mikhail Gorbachev', "People's Will Party", 'Qadri Jamil']

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Mag Itha, Magh Ithe, or Magh Iotha was, according to Irish mythology, the site of the first battle fought in Ireland. Medieval sources estimated that the battle had taken place between 2668 BCE and 2580 BCE (Anno Mundi 2530 or 2618).The traditional date of the Nativity of Jesus – the basis of the western calendar as the traditional end of years 1 BCE and the beginning of 1 CE (or AD) was usually estimated in the Western Church to have taken place in Anno Mundi (AM) 5197–5199. The opposing sides comprising the Fomorians, led by Cichol Gricenchos, and the followers of Partholón. According to the Lebor Gabála Érenn, the Fomorians had lived in Ireland for 200 years, subsisting by fishing and fowling, before the arrival of Partholón, whose people were the first in Ireland to build houses and brew ale. The Lebor Gabála dates Partholón's arrival in Ireland to AM 2608 (2590 BCE), and says the Battle of Mag Itha took place ten years later, in AM 2618 (circa 2580 BCE). The plain of Mag Itha is said to have been cleared by Partholón's hireling Ith, and the battle to have taken place on the slemna, or "smooth lands", of that plain. 300 Fomorians took part in the battle, and Partholón was victorious. The earliest recensions of the Lebor Gabála say that Cichol was killed and the Fomorians destroyed; later recensions say the Fomorians had one arm and one leg each, the battle lasted a week, and no-one was killed or wounded as it was fought by magic.R. A. Stewart Macalister (ed. & trans.), Lebor Gabála Érenn: The Book of the Taking of Ireland Part III, Irish Texts Society Vol. 39, 1940, pp. 2-15, 72-75, 85 The Annals of the Four Masters dates the battle to Anno Mundi 2530 (c. 2668 BCE), and says 800 Fomorians took part in the battle, all of whom were killed.John O'Donovan (ed. & trans.), Annala Rioghachta Éireann: Annals of the Kingdom of Ireland by the Four Masters Vol. 1, Hodges, Smith, and Co, 1856, pp. 4-8 Geoffrey Keating's Foras Feasa ar Éirinn also mentions the battle, but gives little detail and no date.David Comyn, The History of Ireland by Geoffrey Keating, D. D. Vol. 1, Irish Texts Society Vol. 4, 1901, pp. 162-163 ==Location== The location of Mag Itha is disputed with several different locations given: *Magh Itha an Indusa, an old name for Magh Ene, an area of land which lies between Lough Erne, County Fermanagh and the Drowes in County Donegal. This location is close to Dernish Island, County Sligo, a suggested location of the Fomorians island. *John O'Donovan, in his notes to his edition and translation of the Annals of the Four Masters, places Mag Itha along the River Finn, near Lough Swilly in the barony of Raphoe, County Donegal, where the medieval tuath of Magh Itha was. *R. A. Stewart Macalister, in his notes to his edition and translation of the Lebor Gabála Érenn, adds that there were other plains of that name south of Arklow, County Wicklow, and in the territory of the Déisi. ==See also== *History of Ireland *Irish battles ==References== Category:Mythological cycle Category:Fomorians Category:Irish mythology Mag Itha

['Fomorians', 'Partholón', 'Cichol Gricenchos', 'Irish mythology', 'Ireland', 'Anno Mundi', 'Nativity of Jesus', 'Lebor Gabála Érenn', 'Annals of the Four Masters', 'Geoffrey Keating', 'Lough Erne', 'County Fermanagh', 'County Donegal', 'County Sligo', 'Lough Swilly', 'Raphoe', 'R. A. Stewart Macalister', 'Arklow', 'County Wicklow', 'Déisi']

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A peak land value intersection is the region within a settlement with the greatest land value and commerce. As such, it is usually located in the central business district of a town or city, and has the greatest density of transport links such as roads and rail. Other hallmarks indicating a PLVI are tall buildings (in order to maximise the use of land) and a relatively great number of pedestrians. This model is the urban equivalent of von Thünen's rural land use model in that both are based upon locational rent. The main assumption is that in a free market the highest bidder will obtain the use of the land. The highest bidder is likely to be the one who can obtain the maximum profit from that site and so can pay the highest rent. Competition for land is keenest in the city centre. The most expensive or 'prime' sites in most cities are in the CBD, mainly because of its accessibility and the shortage of space there. Shops, especially department stores, conduct their business using a relatively small amount of ground space, and due to their high rate of sales and turnover they can bid a high price for the land (for which they try to compensate by building upwards and by using the land intensively). The most valuable site within the CBD is called the peak Land value intersection or PLVI. Competing with retailers are offices, which also rely upon good transport systems and, traditionally, proximity to other commercial buildings (this concept does not have the same relevance in centrally planned economies). One basis of this model is 'the more accessible the site, the higher its land value'. Rents will therefore be greater along main routes leading out of the city and along outer ring roads. Where two of these routes cross, there may be a secondary or subsidiary land value peak. Here the land use is likely to be a small suburban shopping parade or a small industrial estate. ==See also== * Urban planning ==Further reading== * Geography: An Integrated Approach by David Waugh. 2000. ==References== Category:Urban studies and planning terminology

['Urban planning']

['Q69883']

[[(1916, 1930)]]

Parliamentary elections were held in Moldova on 6 March 2005.Dieter Nohlen & Philip Stöver (2010) Elections in Europe: A data handbook, p1330 The result was a victory for the Party of Communists of the Republic of Moldova (PCRM), which won 56 of the 101 seats.Nohlen & Stöver, p1342 ==Electoral system== The Parliament was elected by proportional representation in a single national constituency. In 2002 the electoral law was amended to change the electoral threshold, which had previously been at 3% for independent candidates and 6% for political parties and electoral blocs.Nohlen & Stöver, p1322 For electoral blocs of two parties it was raised to 9%, and for blocs of three or more, it was raised to 12%. ==Results== ==See also== *Moldovan Parliament 2005–2009 ==References== Category:2005 elections in Moldova Moldova Parliamentary election Category:Parliamentary elections in Moldova Category:March 2005 events in Europe

['Moldova', 'Dieter Nohlen', 'Moldovan Parliament 2005–2009']

['Q217', 'Q88492', 'Q6895824']

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Anna Trapnell ( fl. 1650s),Sometimes Anna Trapnel was an alleged prophetess active in England in the 1650s, associated with the Fifth Monarchists whom she joined in 1652. ==Early life== Anna Trapnell was born sometime during the 1630s in Stepney, England, in the Parish of St. Dunstan's. Her father was a shipwright, and brought his family up in a Thameside maritime parish that was rife with wealth disparity. Despite not having been baptized, Trapnell had religious zeal at a very early age, and is quoted as having said: "When a child, the Lord awed my spirit, and so for the least trespass, my heart was smitten".Purkiss, Diane, and Association Libraries. "The English Civil War". Basic Books, 2007. She claims that her first recorded vision occurred after the death of her mother in 1647. ==Journey into Cornwall== In January 1654, Trapnell fell into a trance for eleven or twelve days, during which time she sang, prayed and prophesied before a large crowd of people. Her trance and the news of it propelled her to fame around England. She was sharply critical of the Protectorate government of Oliver Cromwell, and she preached equality of the sexes. She was considered mad. Anna Trapnell travelled to Cornwall following a dream. In April 1654 she was arrested on charges of disturbing the peace, and brought before the magistrates in Truro. Anticipating that she would be considered a taciturn witch she overwhelmed the court with verbosity. Judges asked her questions about the reasons for her travels and her purpose for preaching. She responded with questions, parables, and quotations from the Bible. The intense questioning and the ambiguity of her responses is reminiscent of the trial of Jesus before the Crucifixion. Whether this report of her trial is accurate, however, is debatable, for the only of account of Anna Trapnell's trial is her own.Mintz, Susannah. "The Spectacular Self of Anna Trapnell's Report and Plea". Pacific Coast Philology, 2000. Trapnell was subsequently transported from Cornwall to London and imprisoned by order of the Council of State at Bridewell. She was released in July 1654. She continued her prophesies upon her release, and accounts of her activities were recorded in Strange and Wonderful Newes from White-Hall, The Cry of a Stone, A Legacy for Saints, and Anna Trapnel's Report and Plea, all published in 1654. ==Legacy== Anna Trapnell was a revolutionary woman writer, for she gained notoriety during a time when women were dismissed as incompetent. Her motivations are not known, and the accuracy of her stories is questionable considering they were all first-person accounts. However, the influence of her preaching and the size of her audience are impressive. ==Works== * A Narrative of Her Journey Into Cornwall. — a biography including details of the trial. ==Notes== ==References== *Hobby, Elaine. Virtue of necessity: English women's writing 1649–88. University of Michigan, 1989. *Wright, Stephanie Hodgson. Women's writings of the early modern period 1588–1688. Edinburgh University, 2002. *Magro, Maria. "Spiritual Biography and Radical Sectarian Women's Discourse: Anna Trapnel and the Bad Girls of the English Revolution". Journal of Medieval and Modern Studies, 2004. ==External links== *cris cheek's performance of Anna Trapnel March 26 2008 Category:1630s births Category:Year of birth unknown Category:Year of death unknown Category:17th-century English women writers Category:17th-century English writers Category:English pamphleteers Category:Protofeminism Category:Feminism and spirituality Category:Fifth Monarchists Category:People from Stepney Category:Women in the English Civil War Category:Feminism in England

['Fifth Monarchists', 'Stepney', 'Oliver Cromwell', 'Cornwall', 'Bridewell']

['Q1908027', 'Q123627', 'Q44279', 'Q23148', 'Q913573']

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Joseph Scott Sappington (born May 3, 1972) is an American musician, best known as the former lead vocalist of the rock band Saliva. In addition to Saliva, Scott co-wrote and performed "Hero" (which was used as one of the theme songs to the 2002 film Spider-Man) with Chad Kroeger of Nickelback. == Career == Prior to Saliva, Scott fronted a Memphis-area heavy metal band called BlackBone in the early 1990s. He also plays drums and guitar. He made a cameo appearance on Jay-Z's "Takeover" from his 2001 album The Blueprint. He has also recorded with Lil Wyte ("Homicidal, Suicidal" and "Crazy"), Three 6 Mafia ("Getting Fucked Up" and "Mosh Pit"), and The X-Ecutioners ("(Even) More Human Than Human"). Scott has had minor roles in television and film. He played Rodney Gronbeck, an LAPD computer expert, in the TNT crime drama Wanted. He also has a cameo appearance in the film Hustle & Flow as Elroy, the corner- store employee who sells marijuana to D-Jay, the main character played by Terrance Howard.Perfect People Bio Retrieved July 7, 2010. Josey Scott sang the song "If You Wanna Get to Heaven" in the straight-to-DVD feature film The Dukes of Hazzard: The Beginning; the song features when the General Lee is pulled from the water. In 2002, Scott collaborated with Chad Kroeger from the rock band Nickelback on the Spider-Man theme song "Hero". This recording also featured Tyler Connolly, Mike Kroeger, Matt Cameron, and Jeremy Taggart. Winning the Best Video from a Film on the MTV Music Video Awards a year later on 2003. Scott appeared as a hidden character in the video game Tiger Woods PGA Tour 2003, which features three Saliva songs on the soundtrack: "Raise Up", "Superstar", and "Superstar II (EA Mix)", which is exclusive to the game. Saliva guitarist Wayne Swinny said in 2013 that Scott had decided to leave the band to pursue a solo Christian career. In October 2019, Scott announced that he would be reuniting with Saliva for a new album and tour. == Personal life == Scott is married and has three sons and two daughters. His eldest son, Cody, died from complications due to COVID-19 in May 2021 at the age of 29. == Discography == === Studio albums === Year Artist Album No. of Singles 1995 Blackbone Homegrown 0 1997 Saliva Saliva 1 2001 Every Six Seconds 3 2002 Back into Your System 3 2004 Survival of the Sickest 2 2007 Blood Stained Love Story 3 2008 Cinco Diablo 3 2010 Moving Forward in Reverse: Greatest Hits 1 2011 Under Your Skin 3 === Singles === Year Single Chart positions US Hot 100 US Alt. Adult Pop 2002 "Hero" 3 1 5 === Collaborations === * He was featured in the song "Brother" by Hard Rock band Breaking Point * He also co-wrote and performed the song Hero with Chad Kroeger * He has also recorded with Lil Wyte in the songs "Homicidal, Suicidal" and "Crazy" * He also has recorded with Three 6 Mafia in the songs "Getting Fucked Up" and "Mosh Pit" * He was also featured on the song "(Even) More Human Than Human" by The X-Ecutioners * He was also featured on the Silent Theory track "Just My Luck". == Awards and nominations == Grammy Awards Year Nominated work Award Result 2002 "Your Disease" Best Hard Rock Performance 2003 "Hero" (with Chad Kroeger) Best Rock Performance by a Duo or Group with Vocal Best Rock Song Best Song Written for Visual Media MTV Video Music Awards Year Nominated work Award Result 2002 "Hero" (from Spider-Man) Best Video from a Film == References == == External links == *Official Saliva website * *Josey Scott on TV.com *WMP March Artist of the Month – interview with Josey Scott, lead singer for Saliva, February 8, 2007 Category:Living people Category:American male singers Category:American rock guitarists Category:American male guitarists Category:American rock singers Category:Nu metal singers Category:Singers from Memphis, Tennessee Category:Guitarists from Tennessee Category:1972 births

['Memphis, Tennessee', 'Chad Kroeger', 'Nickelback', 'Jay-Z', 'The Blueprint', 'Lil Wyte', 'Three 6 Mafia', 'Spider-Man', 'Tyler Connolly', 'Matt Cameron', 'Jeremy Taggart', 'MTV Music Video Awards', 'Tiger Woods PGA Tour 2003', 'Every Six Seconds', 'Back into Your System', 'Blood Stained Love Story', 'Cinco Diablo', 'Moving Forward in Reverse: Greatest Hits', 'The X-Ecutioners']

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Magic Bus may refer to: ==Arts and entertainment== * "Magic Bus" (song), a 1968 song by the Who * Magic Bus: The Who on Tour, a 1968 album by the Who * "Magic Bus (Intro)", a 2002 song by Kottonmouth Kings from Rollin' Stoned * Magic Bus (studio), a Japanese animation studio ==Transport== * Magic Bus (Stagecoach), a bus service in the United Kingdom * Bus 142, on the Stampede Trail near Healy, Alaska, United States ==See also== * The Magic School Bus, a series of children's books and a TV series * Furthur (bus), a bus used by Ken Kesey and his Merry Pranksters during their 1964 Magic Trip

['Magic Bus: The Who on Tour', "Rollin' Stoned", 'Magic Bus (studio)', 'Magic Bus (Stagecoach)', 'The Magic School Bus', 'Furthur (bus)']

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A championship or title in professional wrestling is a recognition promoted by professional wrestling organizations. Championship reigns are determined by professional wrestling matches, in which competitors are involved in predetermined rivalries. These narratives create feuds between the various competitors, which cast them as villains and heroes. The bookers in a company will place the title on the most accomplished performer, or whom they believe will generate fan interest in terms of event attendance and television viewership. == History == Professional wrestling portrays the structure of title match combat sports. Participants compete for a championship, and must defend it after winning it. These titles are represented physically by a championship belt that is worn or carried by the champion(s). In the case of team wrestling, there is a belt for each member of the team. Almost all professional wrestling promotions have one major title, and some have more. Championships are designated by divisions of weight, height, gender, wrestling style, and other qualifications. Typically, each promotion only recognizes the "legitimacy" of their own titles, although cross-promotion does happen. When one promotion absorbs or purchases another, the titles from the defunct promotion may continue to be defended in the new promotion or be decommissioned, usually through championship unification. Behind the scenes, the bookers in a company will place the title on the most accomplished performer, or those the bookers believe will generate fan interest in terms of event attendance and television viewership. Lower ranked titles may also be used on the performers who show potential, thus allowing them greater exposure to the audience. However, other circumstances may also determine the use of a championship. A combination of a championship's lineage, the caliber of performers as champion, and the frequency and manner of title changes, dictates the audience's perception of the title's quality, significance, and reputation. A wrestler's championship accomplishments can be central to their career, becoming a measure of their performance ability and drawing power. The most accomplished or decorated wrestlers tend to be revered as legends. American wrestler Ric Flair has had multiple world heavyweight championship reigns spanning over three decades. Japanese wrestler Último Dragón once held and defended a record 10 titles simultaneously. == Championship belt styles == Professional wrestling's championship belts are modeled similarly to the championship belts in boxing, and other combat sports such as mixed martial arts. They are made of elaborately designed plates of gold or other precious metals, usually bearing the name of the title and the wrestling promotion, and is on a leather strap. The color and designs vary with each title and promotion. A wrestler may win a sanctioned championship and redesign the belt itself. Some (such as John Cena's Spinner Belt) later became the official belt design. Others (such as Stone Cold Steve Austin's Smoking Skull Belt, Edge's Rated-R Spinner, Daniel Bryan's eco-friendly belt, and The Fiend Bray Wyatt's Universal title with his face on it) were not used after their respective title reign. While rare, there are cases of championships being represented with items other than belts, such as championship trophies, medals, crowns, etc. An example of this is WWE's NXT UK Heritage Cup Championship, which is represented with a trophy. == Injured champions == The fate of a title depends on the champion's condition and the importance of the title to the promotion (e.g. Gregory Helms held the WWE Cruiserweight Championship, despite being sidelined with an injury, because the Cruiserweight Championship was not a major championship). The champion may be forced to vacate his or her title if the injury becomes too severe and the championship is too important. In May 2015, Daniel Bryan vacated the WWE Intercontinental Championship due to a major concussion and a year before, he had to vacate the world title due to neck surgery. In November 2015, Seth Rollins vacated the WWE World Heavyweight Championship due to a knee injury that required surgery. However, a champion may keep their title despite a severe injury and despite the championship being quite important. In 1998, Shane Douglas kept the ECW World Heavyweight Championship while sidelined. In 2005, Trish Stratus kept the WWE Women's Championship while sidelined with a herniated disk for four months. In 2012, CM Punk kept the WWE Championship while undergoing and recovering from knee surgery. In 2015, Ryback kept the WWE Intercontinental Championship while recovering from a knee infection. Before the 1980s when title matches were rare, some champions could keep their titles even when injured; Bruno Sammartino kept his WWWF World Heavyweight Championship from April to June 1976 despite being injured by a botched body slam from Stan Hansen. In Mexico, this situation still occurs, but in Japan, it is becoming increasingly rare as champions are needed to be present in regular tours even when titles are not defended. == Classifications == Professional wrestling championships are often split up into various different classifications, each of which designate varying levels of importance to the belts. === World championships === The world heavyweight championship (also just world championship) is the name given to the championship that is typically presented as being the most prestigious of those contested within a promotion. The wrestler holding a championship with this name is most commonly referred to as the "world heavyweight champion" or "world champion" (though some promotions may use synonymous/alternate terms, such as the AAA Mega Championship of Lucha Libre AAA World Wide or the Undisputed WWE Universal Championship, the premier title of WWE's SmackDown brand). Since professional wrestling is scripted, there is no promotion or group of people that recognize one official world title of the industry (the closest was the NWA Worlds Heavyweight Championship during the territory days during the mid to late 20th century). Instead, each promotion can promote their top title as a world title, with some of them promoting title matches around the world to claim the designation. Some promotions may even recognize multiple world championships, such as is the case with WWE, as due to the large size of its roster, the promotion splits its roster into what they call brands where talent exclusively perform and their two main brands (Raw and SmackDown) each have their own world championship. The first widely recognized world heavyweight championship was the World Heavyweight Wrestling Championship, created in 1905, and the inaugural champion was George Hackenschmidt. The lineage of many prominent contemporary world championships can be traced back to the World Heavyweight Wrestling Championship, with the NWA Worlds Heavyweight Championship considered its direct successor, with many world championships having been spun of from the NWA's title. === Location- specific championships === A very common championship variation. The championship usually specifies the location on where the promotion is based, an example being WWE's United States Championship. Sometimes it may specify a specific state or territory, such as the NWA Georgia Heavyweight Championship. It is also common to be a smaller division of the world, an example being the WWE Intercontinental Championship, the AEW International Championship (previously known as the All-Atlantic Championship), or the IWGP United States Heavyweight Championship. It is very common for these variations to be the second most prestigious championship in a promotion, but exceptions have existed, like the now defunct WWE European Championship, which served as the company's tertiary singles championship, and the NWA United States Heavyweight Championship, which many NWA territories created versions of and promoted as their most prestigious championship whenever the NWA World Heavyweight Champion was not around. === Weight class championships === Another common classification of championships are by weight classes. Given the scripted nature of professional wrestling matches, weight classes are not always strictly adhered to. Typically, promotions prefer to have a heavyweight title as their top prize, with other designations, such as cruiserweight, middleweight, or light-heavyweight titles. Promotions often have one sub- heavyweight classification, while others sometimes may have more. Mountevans' committee (a governing body that instilled rules for professional wrestling in the UK) created seven formal weight divisions: * Lightweight () * Welterweight () * Middleweight () * Heavy middleweight () * Light heavyweight () * Mid- heavyweight () * Heavyweight (above ) Classifying championships into weight classes is also common practice in the lucha libre promotions of Mexico. Lucha libre has a detailed weight class system patterned after boxing. Each weight class has an official upper limit, but examples of wrestlers who are technically too heavy to hold their title can be found. The following weight classes exist in lucha libre, as defined by the "Comisión de Box y Lucha Libre Mexico D.F." (the Mexico City Boxing and Wrestling Commission), the main regulatory body in Mexico: * Flyweight () * Bantamweight () * Featherweight () * Lightweight () * Super Lightweight () * Welterweight () * Super Welterweight () * Middleweight () * Super Middleweight/Junior Light Heavyweight () * Light Heavyweight () * Junior Heavyweight/Cruiserweight () * Heavyweight () (Minimum) === Gender championships === Gender occasionally plays a role in the classifications of championship belts. Due to professional wrestling being a male dominated sport, only women's titles are given official gender classifications. Generally, only men are allowed to win the championships without a gender specification, though Chyna defeating Jeff Jarrett to win the WWF Intercontinental Championship in 1999 and Tessa Blanchard defeating Sami Callihan to win the Impact World Championship in 2020 are notable exceptions. In promotions featuring only a single gender (such as Women of Wrestling or Shimmer Women Athletes), gender classifications are often unnecessary as well. Titles specifically designated for women may fall into any of the other categories listed here (e.g. women's world titles or women's tag team titles). Andy Kaufman once used gender classifications to his advantage, turning inter- gender competitions into a unique wrestling side-show. Kaufman declared himself the "Inter-Gender Champion of the World", and offered $1,000 to any woman who could pin him. None were successful during the run of the gimmick; though in other promotions such as WCW and WWE, women have successfully pinned men, most notably in a few isolated championship matches. On rare occasions, a male wrestler will compete in championship matches for championships generally contested exclusively in the women's division. Such examples include Harvey Wippleman becoming the only male to capture the WWF Women's Championship in 2000, and Eric Young winning one half of the TNA Knockouts Tag Team Championship in 2012. === Gimmick/style championships === Gimmick match classifications sometimes factor into the creation of title belts. In these classifications, special skills in a certain type of match or a certain style of wrestling is the signature of the division, and the champion is considered to be the most skilled wrestler at that specific style. Gimmick championships often take very differing forms. A common variation is the "hardcore championship", a title often defended in weapons-filled and bloody competitions with fewer rules (count outs and disqualifications are not usually allowed). An example of a hardcore championship is the WWE Hardcore Championship, which was active from 1998 to 2002. In 2019, the WWE introduced the WWE 24/7 Championship, which can be defended anytime, anywhere, as long as a WWE referee is present (it is also open to anyone, regardless of gender or WWE employment status). This championship is used more in comedy segments than normal matches. The hardcore championship was defended under nearly identical rules for most of its existence. In recent years, style-based championships have centered around what is known as "scientific" or technical wrestling. Examples of this include the NXT UK Heritage Cup (which was specifically contested under "British Round Rules") in WWE's NXT brand, and the ROH Pure Championship in Ring of Honor (which is contested under "Pure Wrestling Rules"). A variation that was prominent in the 1980s and 1990s and is somewhat making a return in the 2020s is a "television championship" or "iron man championship", which involves more frequent title defenses as well as the stipulations that the belt can only change hands on television (as opposed to non-televised house shows) with title matches having a short, TV-friendly time limit, usually 10 or 15 minutes. These titles were originally introduced during a time when weekly TV shows were seen as a vehicle to promote the money-making live shows, where major title defenses took place. Television titles provided a championship that would be defended on the weekly television shows. Examples of a television championship include the AEW TNT Championship (named after the home network of AEW's Rampage and Collision broadcasts plus other AEW programming) and the ROH World Television Championship. A modern take on the traditional TV title are internet championships. As professional wrestling shifted to streaming and online platforms, some promotions prefer to name their television championships as internet championships to reflect this. An example of this is the Impact Digital Media Championship, which was created in 2021 and defended primarily on Impact Wrestling's online platforms. In 2021, AEW introduced the first TV title specifically for female wrestlers, the AEW TBS Championship, named for the network that is the home of Dynamite as of January 5, 2022, serving as the counterpart to the male TNT Championship. === Tag team championships === Tag team championships are yet another different form of wrestling title. Some consider it to be a style championship, but tag team championships are unique in their ability to include multiple wrestlers on teams competing for multiple belts. The most common form of tag team championships are in 2-on-2 format, which is often implicitly understood. Other tag team championships include 3-on-3 and 4-on-4 formats, which are often explicitly stated within the championship name to distinguish them from the 2-on-2 championships. Some teams may invoke what is called the Freebird Rule, in which a stable of three or more wrestlers are all officially recognized as champion, allowing any pairing of the stable's members to defend the championship. This rule is most commonly applied to the standard 2-on-2 tag team championship, though it has also been applied to the other variants. Tag team championships are also often combined with regional modifiers, gimmick modifiers, gender modifiers, and weight class modifiers to further distinguish them. In such cases, the primary title is usually called the world tag team championship, with the other championships seen as secondary titles. Examples of 2-on-2 tag team championships: *WWE Women's Tag Team Championship *Impact World Tag Team Championship *AAA World Tag Team Championship Examples of 3-on-3 tag team championships: *CMLL World Trios Championship *AAA World Trios Championship *NWA/WCW World Six-Man Tag Team Championship Examples of 4-on-4 tag team championships: *FMW World Street Fight 8-Man Tag Team Championship Examples of 5-on-5 tag team championships: *KO-D 10-Man Tag Team Championship === Unsanctioned championships === The concept of championships, and their central role in wrestling, allows for the potential for angles. One such angle is an unsanctioned championship title. These are claimed by a wrestler and defended in sanctioned matches, but are not recognized as legitimate titles by the promotion. Examples of unsanctioned championships include: * Ted DiBiase's Million Dollar Championship in WWE * Taz's FTW World Championship in ECW and AEW * James Storm's TNA World Beer Drinking Championship in TNA * Zack Ryder's WWE Internet Championship in WWE == References == == External links == * Pro-Wrestling Title Histories Category:Professional wrestling slang

['Ric Flair', 'Último Dragón', 'John Cena', 'Stone Cold Steve Austin', 'Bray Wyatt', 'Gregory Helms', 'WWE Intercontinental Championship', 'Seth Rollins', 'WWE Championship', 'Bruno Sammartino', 'Shane Douglas', 'ECW World Heavyweight Championship', 'Trish Stratus', 'CM Punk', 'Ryback', 'Stan Hansen', 'Mexico', 'Japan', 'WWE', 'AAA Mega Championship', 'Lucha Libre AAA World Wide', 'SmackDown', 'NWA Worlds Heavyweight Championship', 'George Hackenschmidt', 'NWA Georgia Heavyweight Championship', 'IWGP United States Heavyweight Championship', 'WWE European Championship', 'NWA United States Heavyweight Championship', 'TNA Knockouts Tag Team Championship', 'Chyna', 'Jeff Jarrett', 'Tessa Blanchard', 'Sami Callihan', 'Impact World Championship', 'Women of Wrestling', 'Shimmer Women Athletes', 'Andy Kaufman', 'Harvey Wippleman', 'ROH World Television Champion', 'WWE Hardcore Championship', 'ROH Pure Championship', 'Ring of Honor', 'Impact Wrestling', 'Freebird Rule', "WWE Women's Tag Team Championship", 'Impact World Tag Team Championship', 'AAA World Tag Team Championship', 'CMLL World Trios Championship', 'AAA World Trios Championship', 'WCW World Six-Man Tag Team Championship', 'FMW World Street Fight 8-Man Tag Team Championship', 'Ted DiBiase', 'Million Dollar Championship', 'James Storm', 'TNA World Beer Drinking Championship', 'Zack Ryder']

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Sayil is a Maya archaeological site in the Mexican state of Yucatán, in the southwest of the state, south of Uxmal. It was incorporated together with Uxmal as a UNESCO World Heritage Site in 1996. Sayil flourished principally, albeit briefly, during the Terminal Classic period. A number of badly damaged monuments suggest that Sayil was governed by a local royal dynasty,Sharer & Traxler 2006, p.545. with wealth among lineages based, at least in part, upon control of the best agricultural lands.Carmean et al. 2005, p.435 ==Location== The site is located in the karst limestone hills of the Puuc region of the northern Yucatan Peninsula.Sharer & Traxler 2006, pp.544-545. Sayil is located south of the contemporary Puuc archaeological site of Kabah, from in Xlapak and from Labna.Sharer & Traxler 2006, p.546; Toscano Hernández & Huchim Herrera 2004, p.84. Carmean & Sabloff 1996, p.322. It was built in a shallow valley among low, steep hills.Sharer & Traxler 2006, p.546. The Puuc region that includes the site of Sayil possesses well defined wet and dry seasons and is characterised by a near absence of surface water due to the porous limestone bedrock.Smyth & Dore 1992, pp.4, 6. ==Population== Sayil first was settled circa AD 800, in the Late Classic Period, possibly by small Chontal warrior groups.Carmean & Sabloff 1996, p.327. The city reached its greatest extent c. 900, when it covered an area of approximately 5 km² and had a population of perhaps 10,000 in the city itself with an additional 5,000-7,000 living in the surrounding area. At the height of the city's occupation, the population reached the limits of the agricultural carrying capacity of the land, with crops grown in gardens and fields among the residential complexes and irrigated from artificial cisterns built to store water from the seasonal rains, and more distant fields in neighbouring valleys, probably were cultivated.Carmean et al 2005, p.435 Additional agricultural produce probably was supplied from nearby satellite sites. Sayil began to decline c. 950 and the city was abandoned by c, AD 1000, a pattern of rapid growth and decline that probably was typical of the Puuc region. Archaeologists have surveyed 2.4 km² of the site, revealing an average structural density of 220 structures/km².Sharer & Traxler 2006, p.686. Population estimates have been produced based on a count of structures, giving a result of 8,000-10,000 spread over an area of approximately 3.5 km².Sharer & Traxler 2006, p.688. Population estimates based on a count of subterranean storage chambers known as chultuns produce a figure of 5,000-10,000. Both estimates refer to the maximum population in the Terminal Classic. Political, economic, social, and religious leadership at Sayil appears to have been distinct and relatively decentralised.Carmean & Sabloff 1996, p.320. Economic rank has been analysed based on architectural scale, while political leadership was determined on the basis of the distribution of so-called altars, tall cylindrical stone features with elite associations. The distribution of religious leadership was determined by the distribution of ceramic incense vessels and social leadership by the presence of rare ceramics obtained via intercommunity social alliances. Smaller sites around Sayil, such as Sodzil, Xcavil de Yaxche, and Xkanabi, may have been tributary communities. ==History== Sayil and other Puuc sites are thought to occupy an important place in the transition from Classic Period Maya culture to Postclassic society, experiencing a brief cultural florescence during the Terminal Classic, shortly after the Classic Maya collapse had depopulated the Maya lowlands.Smyth & Dore 1992, p.4. The brief occupational history of the site has raised the possibility that Sayil developed from an earlier settlement known as Chac II, a small archaeological site in the same valley that was occupied as early as the fifth century AD.Toscano Hernández & Huchim Herrera 2004, p.85. Radiocarbon and obsidian hydration dating place Sayil relatively early in the Terminal Classic.Carmean et al 2005, p.434. Ceramic remains recovered from the Palace indicate trade with the Petén region of Guatemala during the Late Classic, and the Guatemalan origin of obsidian artifacts suggest that Classic-period trade routes were dominant when the monumental architecture at Sayil was built. Although Sayil's origins lie in the Late Classic, the Terminal Classic saw the period of most rapid expansion.Carmean et al 2005, p.435. Various C-shaped structures around the Mirador Complex and the structure of the terrace of the Great Palace are evidence of continued occupation after the abandonment of the monumental structures of the site core and there was a brief period of continued occupation in the residential parts of Sayil. The primary phase of occupation at the site appears to have been 800 to 950 AD (Late to Terminal Classic) with some kind of reoccupation after the abandonment of the city. ===Rediscovery=== The site first was brought to the attention of the outside world by John Lloyd Stephens and Frederick Catherwood, who explored the site in 1841 Drew 1999, p.69. and published an illustrated description in their 1843 book Incidents of Travel in Yucatán, which referred to the site under the name "Zayi". (Stephens, John Lloyd, "Incidents of Travel in Yucatan", Harper & Brothers, 1843) ==The site== ===Archaeological investigations=== The Mexican Instituto Nacional de Antropología e Historia carried out restoration work at Sayil in the first half of the twentieth century.Toscano Hernández & Huchim Herrera 2004, p.81. Archaeologists have mapped 3.5 km² of the site's urban core.Smyth & Dore 1992, p.3. Jeremy Sabloff of the University of Pennsylvania and Gair Tourtellot carried out archaeological investigations that included architectural and topographic mapping, household-scale excavation, and intensive surface collections at Sayil from 1983 to 1988, when they were affiliated with the University of New Mexico.Sharer & Traxler 2006, p.546. Toscano Hernández & Huchim Herrera 2004, p.81. Coe 1999, p.160. The site features abundant and widely distributed surface artifacts and to study the organization of the community, from 1990 to 1992, Michael P. Smyth and Christopher D. Dore conducted a systemic large-scale surface collection of artifacts at a 25-meter interval across the entire site area.Smyth & Dore 1992, pp.5-7. Nearly 30,000 ceramic fragments were recovered (representing 99% of all artifacts recovered) and 155 lithic artifacts, of which 90% were chert with the remainder being basalt, obsidian, and limestone.Smyth & Dore 1992, p.8. The obsidian artifacts recovered from Sayil derive largely from the El Chayal source in what now is southwest Guatemala, a distant site in Mesoamerica situated in the volcanic highlands on the Pacific coast that conducted extensive trade of the material throughout Central America.Lambert, Joseph P., Traces of the Past, pages 13-14 ===Site description=== The site is laid out along a sacbe, or causeway, running from north to south.Sharer & Traxler 2006, p.546. Carmean & Sabloff 1996, p.319. The Great Palace stands at the northern end of the causeway, it is the largest and most well known building at Sayil. The Great Palace has an 85-meter-long facade and is built upon a two-terraced platform, giving the impression of three stories. Various rooms are arranged around the four sides of each terrace. The uppermost terrace supports a long structure with a single range of rooms. The palace was built in various phases through an unknown period of time in the Terminal Classic; wings were added and platforms were designed, which were filled with stones and mortar to increase stability. The palace has a central stairway on the south side, giving access to the upper levels of the building. The first and second levels of the Great Palace contain substructures that were demolished to build the surviving building. The first level overlies a substructure that dates to the Late Classic. The causeway runs south from the Great Palace to a complex located to the south, which consists of a group of structures with multiple rooms. The building known as El Mirador is located in this complex. It is a badly damaged temple pyramid with a prominent crest, it faces southward.Sharer & Traxler 2006, p.546. Toscano Hernández & Huchim Herrera 2004, p.85. It consists of a half-collapsed two room building on top of a substructure. There is a phallic sculpture of unknown date near the Mirador Complex. From the Mirador Complex another causeway runs south-east, then turns south to continue to a major group containing a ballcourt and several palaces, some south of the main palace. Close to the half-way point of this section of causeway there is a small platform upon which were found the remains of eight stelae and seven plain altars. This stela platform represents a type of structure common among major sites of the eastern Puuc region.Carmean et al 2005, p.429. The remains of various other structures lie to both sides of the causeway system, with the majority located to the west. Structure 3B1 is notable for an interior doorway decorated by a band of hieroglyphs. Structure 4B1 has a central doorway with two carved columns supporting carved capitals and three sculptured lintels. Puuc-style columns are a recurring motif at the site. Another palace group stands on a hilltop to the north of the causeway system, overlooking the site core. Domestic architecture at the site consisted of over 300 perishable structures built upon underlying masonry foundations, some of which have been excavated.Sharer & Traxler 2006, p.547. Carmean & Sabloff 1996, p.319. The site is managed by Instituto Nacional de Antropología e Historia (INAH), and is open to visitors. ====Chac II==== Chac II is a small site located about from the Great Palace, in the northwestern corner of the Sayil Valley.Carmean et al 2005, p.436 In the Terminal Classic, Chac II was a part of the greater Sayil urban area, however, Chac II predates the Terminal Classic occupation of Sayil with various dating methods (including radiocarbon, obsidian hydration, ceramic, and architectural dating) demonstrating that Chac II thrived in the Early to Middle Classic and participated in a trade network linked to the great metropolis of Teotihuacan in the distant Valley of Mexico. Chac II probably did not lose its dominance of the Sayil Valley until toward the end of the Late Classic and it is possible that Sayil was founded by the Chaac II elite, becoming a massive urban expansion of the earlier site. ===Monuments=== Several monuments have been dated by Tatiana Proskouriakoff based on their sculptural style, with Stela 6 dated to circa AD 810 and both Stela 3 and Stela 5 dated to a little later in the ninth century. The stelae of Sayil are Classic in style, depicting individual nobles who probably were rulers of the site, however, power in Sayil was likely to have been shared to some degree. ==See also== *Uxmal ==Notes== ==References== * * * * * * * * ==External links== * 19th - 21st century photographs of Sayil, Sayil web site at Reed College Category:Maya sites in Yucatán Category:Former populated places in Mexico Category:Populated places established in the 9th century Category:9th- century establishments in the Maya civilization Category:Tourist attractions in Yucatán

['Maya civilization', 'Mexican state', 'Uxmal', 'UNESCO World Heritage Site', 'Puuc', 'Yucatan Peninsula', 'Xlapak', 'Labna', 'Classic Maya collapse', 'Chac II', 'John Lloyd Stephens', 'Frederick Catherwood', 'Instituto Nacional de Antropología e Historia', 'Jeremy Sabloff', 'University of Pennsylvania', 'University of New Mexico', 'Guatemala', 'Mesoamerica', 'Teotihuacan', 'Valley of Mexico', 'Tatiana Proskouriakoff']

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Temple Fortune is a place in the London Borough of Barnet to the north of Golders Green. It is principally a shopping district used by residents of the Hampstead Garden Suburb. Between here and Golders Green, at Hoop Lane are two cemeteries – Golders Green Jewish Cemetery and Golders Green Crematorium. Religious buildings include the Catholic Church of St Edward the Confessor, St. Mary & Archangel Michael Coptic Orthodox Church, and North Western Reform Synagogue (also known as Alyth Shul). ==History== 'Temple' derives from the Knights Templar, a medieval Christian military order which held a sub-manor in the area, while 'Fortune' may come from foran tun, a settlement in front of the main one. Here a lane from Finchley, called Ducksetters Lane (c.1475), intersected. It is likely that the settlement was originally the Bleccanham estate (c.900s). By the end of the 18th century Temple Fortune Farm was established on the northern side of Farm Close. The building of the Finchley Road (c.1827), replaced Ducksetters Lane as a route to Finchley, and resulted in the development of a small hamlet. Hendon Park Row (c.1860s) is of this period, and consisted of around thirty small dwellings built by a George Stevens, which were, with two exceptions, demolished (c.1956). A small dame school and prayer house run by Anglican Deaconesses existed in the 1890s and 1900s, which developed to become St Barnabas (1915). Along the Finchley Road was a number of villas (c1830s), joined by the Royal Oak public house (c.1850s). By the end of the 19th century there were around 300 people living in the area, which included a laundry, a small hospital for children with skin diseases. The principal industry was brick making. In 1895 a Jewish cemetery was established adjacent to Hoop Lane, with the first burial in 1897. Golders Green Crematorium opened in 1902 (although much of it was built after 1905). The significant moment in Temple Fortune's development into a suburban area occurred in 1907. The establishment of the Hampstead Garden Suburb brought major changes to the area east of the Finchley Road. Temple Fortune Farm was demolished, and along the front of the road, the building of Arcade, and Gateway House (c.1911) established the Hampstead Garden Suburbs retail district. Also significant in that year was the opening of Golders Green tube station. Although the area had been served by horse-drawn omnibuses (since at least the 1880s) and later motor buses (from 1907), it was the tram line of 1910, connecting Church End with Golders Green Station, which led to the development of the area west of the Finchley Road. A Carmelite Monastery was established in Bridge Lane in 1908. St Edward the Confessor, a Roman Catholic church, was built in 1916. The now demolished Orpheum Theatre (1930), was intended to rival the Hippodrome in Golders Green. It was for a long time a huge Odeon cinema, seating over 1,800 people, but a sheltered-accommodation building (Birnbeck Court) now stands on the site at 850, Finchley Road. St Barnabas church was closed in 1994 and re-dedicated in 1996 as St. Mary & Archangel Michael Coptic Orthodox Church; the Carmelite Monastery was acquired for residential development in 2007, to become Carmel Gate. ==Geography== It is located on Finchley Road just south of Henlys Corner junction and north of Golders Green. ===Transport=== London bus routes 13, 102, 460 and N13 (night) serve the Finchley Road here. Brent Cross tube station, Golders Green tube station (both on Northern line Edgware branch) and Finchley Central tube station (on the Northern line High Barnet branch) are the nearest train stations. ==Recreation== The Temple Fortune Club is a private sports club established in 1922, offering bowls, squash and tennis. It is for members only and does not have 'pay and play' facilities in any section. Temple Fortune Football Club was formed on 28th December 1968 at Princes Park by a group of local youngsters who originally played in the park in the mid-1960s. The club joined the Maccabi (Southern) Football League (MGBSFL) in 1976 and were founder members of the Maccabi Masters Football League (veterans) in 1999. Having played at numerous venues in the London Borough of Barnet and Harrow, the club currently hosts home matches at Silver Jubilee Park in Kingsbury where a brand-new artificial pitch was laid in June 2022. The club's traditional colours are yellow, red and navy blue, which have been mainly worn since 1985. The club's crest is a shield with 'TFFC' lettering in white on a red panel, above a navy blue panelled football centred on a yellow background with red pinstripes. The wording 'Founded 1968' appears curved under the football, coloured navy blue. The club's motto is 'Fortune Favours The Brave'. In 2018 TFFC celebrated its golden anniversary by holding a commemorative lunch, attended by long-serving members and David Wolff (chairman of the MGBSFL) and a special match at Princes Park, on the very pitch where small- sided games had been played leading up to the formation in 1968. The club also produced a 104-page book to commemorate 50 years of existence. One of the club's founders, Nigel Kyte, still runs the main admin of Temple Fortune FC over 53 years on as the club chairman. The club currently runs three league teams and the First Team manager is Simon Linden who is also the vice- chairman. Kerry Higham became the second female member to serve on the club's management committee when elected in June 2022. The club's website is www.tffc.co.uk and social media accounts are run on Facebook, Twitter and Instagram. (Source: Temple Fortune FC website archives, verified by club chairman and TFFC historian Nigel Kyte. Updated: November 2022) ==References== Category:Areas of London Category:Districts of the London Borough of Barnet Category:District centres of London

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Blair McDonough (born 30 April 1981), is an Australian actor who is best known for playing the role of Stuart Parker in the Australian TV soap opera Neighbours. He first shot to fame the age of 19 in 2001, when he finished runner-up in the inaugural season of the reality TV series Big Brother. He has since appeared on a number of other reality TV shows. ==Early life== McDonough is the youngest son of four boys, born to Kathy, an Irish mother. McDonough spent much of his childhood living in Singapore, where his parents were working, where he was educated at Tanglin Trust School and the United World College of South East Asia. In his mid-teens, he left Singapore and moved back to Australia with his family. They settled in the Melbourne suburb of Plenty. McDonough finished his schooling at Eltham College in Research. Blair and his brothers Wade, Gavin and Ryan were members of the band Snubrocket (later renamed Fifth Avenue), which was one of 30 that appeared in the music video clip for TISM's song "Thunderbirds Are Coming Out" in 1998. In 1999, Blair attended the National Youth Science Forum in Canberra. ==Career== In 2001, McDonough was a university student and semi-professional footballer, before he became a contestant in the first season of Big Brother Australia. He finished runner-up in the show, which generated a cult following. A few months after Big Brother concluded, McDonough was cast in the long-running Australian soap opera Neighbours, in the role of Stuart Parker. In 2002, McDonough was named one of the "25 Most Beautiful People" in the Australian publication Who. In late 2005, McDonough announced he would be leaving Neighbours to seek work in London. He made his final appearance on Neighbours on 5 April 2006, in episode 4938, titled "Stu for the Road". McDonough played the role of Dan in a West End play called The Vegemite Tales from July–October 2006, and again in July–October 2007. He has also appeared in a number of reality TV shows in the UK. He competed in soccer trials to represent a celebrity football team in Sky 1's The Match in October 2006. In January 2007, he appeared in BBC Two's Safari School, in which eight celebrities took part in a four-week ranger training course in the Shamwari Game Reserve in South Africa. He was the fourth celebrity to be eliminated. In April 2007, he appeared in ITV2's Deadline, in which various celebrities worked to create a celebrity-based magazine. He was the third celebrity to be sacked from the magazine. In 2008, he made an appearance as an Australian rules football player and murder victim in the television show City Homicide. McDonough was cast as the new Steel in the Sapphire & Steel audio adventures produced by Big Finish Productions, beginning with Second Sight. In 2008–9, McDonough appeared in the UK police drama Heartbeat as the character Mick MacDonald. In 2009, McDonough appeared in the Australian Nine Network drama Sea Patrol in the semi-regular cast as the character Matt Robsenn. McDonough signed on as a celebrity dancer in the 2010 season of Australia's Dancing with the Stars, but was the second person to be eliminated from the competition after receiving the fewest public votes on 11 July 2010. In preparation of the show, he appeared as a celebrity contestant on Deal or No Deal: Dancing with the Deals Double Shot edition and won $75,000 for his home viewer. In April 2011, McDonough was cast in a starring role as Matt O'Connor in Seven Network's drama Winners & Losers. His character was killed off in a gas explosion in the season two final. In April 2017, McDonough joined the cast of Home and Away in the guest role of Alan Ellis. The following year, he reprised his role of Stuart Parker in Neighbours for three episodes. ==Personal life== McDonough is married to Kristi Townley. The couple have two children. ==References== ==External links== * * Agent's profile of Blair McDonough Category:Australian expatriates in Singapore Category:Australian male film actors Category:Australian male soap opera actors Category:Australian male voice actors Category:Australian people of Irish descent Category:Big Brother (Australian TV series) contestants Category:Heidelberg Football Club players Category:1981 births Category:Living people Category:People educated at a United World College

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The German Youth Movement () is a collective term for a cultural and educational movement that started in 1896. It consists of numerous associations of young people that focus on outdoor activities. The movement included German Scouting and the Wandervogel. By 1938, 8 million children had joined associations that identified with the movement. ==Wandervogel== In 1896 the Wandervogel, a popular movement of youth groups who protested against industrialization, was founded in Berlin, and its members soon derived many vital concepts from the ideas of earlier social critics and Romantics, ideas that had extensive influence on many fields at the onset of the 20th century. To escape the repressive and authoritarian German society at the end of the 19th century, its values increasingly transformed by industrialism, imperial militarism, as well as by British and Victorian influence, groups of young people searched for free space to develop a healthy life of their own away from the expanding cities. Expressing a romantic longing for a pristine state of things and older diverse cultural traditions, they turned to nature, confraternity and adventure. Soon the groups split and ever more organisations were founded, all still calling themselves Wandervogel, but organisationally independent. Nonetheless, the youth groups maintained a sense of belonging to a common movement, but one split into several branches: * Freideutsche Jugend, founded in 1913 ==Bündische Jugend== After the First World War, the leaders returned disillusioned from the war. The same was true for leaders of German Scouting. So both movements started to influence each other heavily in Germany. From the Wandervogel came a stronger culture of hiking, adventure, bigger tours to farther places, romanticism and a younger leadership structure. Scouting brought uniforms, flags, more organisation, more camps and a clearer, more rational ideology. There was also an educationalist influence from Gustav Wyneken. Together, this led to the emergence of the Bündische Jugend, a movement of many different youth associations. There were Wandervogel groups, Scouting associations and others, all of which mixed the elements described above with new ingredients. New styles and groups developed. A new tent form, the kohte, was introduced by Eberhard Kobel (aka "tusk"). Together with Koebel's interpretation of the yurt this type of tent is still the typical black tent used by German scouts on international scout camps to this day. The Deutsche Freischar and then the Jungenschaft was founded. ==Nazi Germany== In the German Youth Movement one can find all the different reactions of German society as a whole to the rise of the Nazis. Many welcomed it as a liberation movement to break free of the perceived injustice of the Treaty of Versailles and make Germany great again. The notion of a 'Volksgemeinschaft', a people's community, was also popular. On the other hand, there were also many in the German Youth Movement who saw their associations as an elite superior to the more primitive Nazis. Some groups were genuinely democratic, or even left wing. Many more, even some of those who tended to the right, still wanted to carry on their independent work and existence as organisations. This led inescapably to a confrontation with the Nazi state, since the Nazi state did not allow any youth groups separate from the Hitler Youth, which itself adopted many of the outer forms of the Bündische Jugend after 1933. The groups remaining outside the Hitler Youth were outlawed and pursued, while some of them (e.g., the Edelweiss Pirates) tried to carry on. One thing which might have been different from other sections of German society is the following: The Youth Movement was very idealistic, romantic and moral. Therefore, its members tended to take greater risks in following and acting upon their beliefs and persuasions. This might be the reason why one can find significant members of the Youth Movement on both sides, among the Nazis and among the Widerstand. Examples for this are the following: Adolf Eichmann was one of their members from 1930 to 1931. Hans Scholl was a member of the Jungenschaft, an especially independent-minded association of the Bündische Jugend. Claus von Stauffenberg was a member of the Scout association of the Neupfadfinder, also an association of the Bündische Jugend. ==After the war== After the war many associations were refounded in West Germany, when the allies allowed it. In East Germany the Communist government did not allow it but instead outlawed all independent youth organisations. On the other hand, there were some connections between the German Youth Movement and the Free German Youth; within which a pioneer movement subunit, named the Thälmann Pioneers, existed for East German schoolchildren aged 6-14. In West Germany the Youth Movement became strongly dominated by Scouting, although Wandervogel, Jungenschaft and other groups were also refounded. In contrast to the situation before the war, all groups tried to have a more rational ideology and declared their support of the new Basic Law. German Scouting also approached world Scouting (the World Organization of the Scout Movement and the World Association of Girl Guides and Girl Scouts) and was admitted to the world organisations for the first time. == Today == Both the kibbutz and Bruderhof Communities can trace their origins to the German Youth Movement. The influence of Friedrich Nietzsche on the movement was substantial, with the philosopher described as the "Prophet of the German Youth Movement". Today there are still many groups and organisations which see themselves as part of this movement. German Scouting is still heavily influenced by this history, although the historical influence varies from group to group. The most distinctive features of German Scouting trace from this history. ==Notes== ==References== * Howard Paul Becker. German Youth: Bond or Free. New York: Oxford University Press, 1946. Detailed history and sociology of the various aspects of the youth movement. Remarkable for the times, the discussion of homoeroticism and homosexuality within some of these groups is non-judgmental. OCLC 2083809 In 1998, Routledge reprinted this work as Volume 8 of its International Library of Sociology and The Sociology of Youth and Adolescence series. OCLC 761549797 * Peter D. Stachura, The German Youth Movement, 1900-1945: An Interpretive and Documentary History (London: Macmillan, 1981). * Barbara Stambolis: Jugendbewegung, European History Online, Institute for European History, 2011, last retrieved: 21 February 2013. * Walter Laqueur: Young Germany: A History of the German Youth Movement, Transaction Pub, 1984, * There are many articles in the German Wikipedia about these topics. Start with :de:Jugendbewegung or the category :de:Kategorie:Jugendbewegung. ==External links== * Category:Youth organisations based in Germany Category:1896 establishments in Germany Category:German youth culture Category:History of education in Germany

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Cleveland Circle and Reservoir collectively refers to adjacent stops on different branches of the Massachusetts Bay Transportation Authority's Green Line, located at Beacon Street and Chestnut Hill Avenue at Cleveland Circle, in the Brighton neighborhood of Boston: * Cleveland Circle, a surface station on the Green Line C branch. * Reservoir, a surface station on the Green Line D branch.

['Massachusetts Bay Transportation Authority', 'Cleveland Circle', 'Green Line C branch', 'Green Line D branch']

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Mick Thompson is an American banker and politician from Oklahoma who is serving as the State Banking Commissioner for the State of Oklahoma. Thompson was initially appointed by Governor of Oklahoma David Walters in 1992, and reappointed by Governor Frank Keating in 1996 and 2000. Governor Brad Henry reappointed Thompson in 2004 and 2008. In 2012, Thompson was reappointed by Governor Mary Fallin. ==Early life and career== Thompson earned his bachelor's degree from Southeastern Oklahoma State University, his master's from Northeastern State University and also holds a graduate degree in banking from the University of Colorado at Boulder. After finishing his education, Thompson joined the Central National Bank in Poteau, Oklahoma, eventually serving as that bank's executive vice president from 1977 to 1990. ==State representative== In 1976, Thompson was elected as a Democrat to the Oklahoma House of Representatives. During his tenure as a State Representative, Thompson would chair the House Banking and Finance Committee and even serve as the House's Majority Floor Leader from 1983 to 1984, the House's third highest position. Under Thompson's tenure as chair of the banking committee, the Oklahoma Legislature enacted Oklahoma's first branch banking and multi-bank holding company laws. After leaving the Legislature, Thompson became the President of the Oklahoma Community Banking Association from 1988 to 1990. ==State Banking Department== Following the election of Democrat David Walters as Governor of Oklahoma in 1991, Thompson served as Governor Walter's Director of Communications. In September 1992, Walters appointed Thompson to serve as the Oklahoma State Banking Commissioner. As Banking Commissioner, Thompson is responsible for overseeing the State Banking Department, chairing the State Banking Board, and regulating the financial services industry in Oklahoma. Frank Keating, Walter's successor as governor, reappointed Thompson in 1996 and 2000. Brad Henry, Keating's successor, reappointed Thompson in 2004 and 2008. Henry's successor, Governor Mary Fallin, reappointed Thompson in 2012. ==Personal life== Thompson resides in Edmond, Oklahoma. ==References== Category:Year of birth missing (living people) Category:Living people Category:Southeastern Oklahoma State University alumni Category:Northeastern State University alumni Category:University of Colorado alumni Category:People from Poteau, Oklahoma Category:People from Edmond, Oklahoma Category:American bankers Category:Heads of Oklahoma state agencies Category:Democratic Party members of the Oklahoma House of Representatives

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Reservoir station is a light rail station on the MBTA Green Line D branch, located in Brookline, Massachusetts, adjacent to the Cleveland Circle area of Brighton. The station is adjacent to Reservoir Yard and Carhouse, with the Cleveland Circle terminus of the C branch just a block away. With a daily ridership of 3,395, Reservoir is the second-busiest surface stop on the D branch (after Brookline Village). Reservoir station is accessible, with raised platforms to accommodate low-floor trams. MBTA bus routes terminate at the Reservoir busway off Chestnut Hill Avenue. ==History== thumb|left|Platforms on the spur to Chestnut Hill Avenue Brighton Street opened as a commuter rail station on the Charles River Branch Railroad (by then merged into the Charles River Railroad) in November 1852. The station was located on the north side of the tracks east of Brighton Street (later Chestnut Hill Avenue). The station was moved west of Chestnut Hill Avenue and renamed Reservoir around the time the Chestnut Hill Reservoir opened in 1870. In 1883, the Boston and Albany Railroad bought the line between Brookline Junction and Cook Junction and extended it to Reservoir as its Highland branch, running Newton Circuit service beginning in 1886. A Richardsonian Romanesque station building, designed by Shepley, Rutan and Coolidge, opened in 1888 near the original station location. The station agent was removed in May 1949, but the station building remained in use as shelter for passengers. On May 31, 1958, the line was closed for rebuilding; it reopened on July 4, 1959 as a branch of the M.T.A. streetcar system. The 1888 station building was removed to make space for the new station and connecting yard tracks. When the line was converted for light rail use, it was assumed that most traffic would come from the inner part of the line, and thus an overhead loop was built connecting the line to Chestnut Hill Avenue. However, the outer half of the line proved more popular than expected, and Reservoir short turns were later reduced, with some extra short turn service remaining at times during rush hour. In 1974, the MBTA began rebuilding the line to accommodate the new Boeing LRVs. From June 8 to September 11, Highland branch cars ran on Beacon Street from Reservoir to Kenmore. A temporary inbound-to-outbound turning loop was built east of Reservoir for the diversion. Inbound cars stopped at Reservoir, ran around the temporary loop, and up the outbound side of the regular loop towards Cleveland Circle. Outbound cars via Beacon Street ran down the inbound side of the regular loop, around the same temporary loop track, and then continued outbound from the station. The regular short-turn loop was closed in August 1980 as part of the closure of the old Reservoir Carhouse, which had been built in 1889 when the Beacon Street line opened. The old carhouse closed on June 25, 1982; a new building opened the next year. The regular station, located below grade, has two side platforms serving the line's 2 tracks. A two-track spur with two side platforms of its own runs north of the main station and connects with the non-revenue tracks on Chestnut Hill Avenue. This spur, built after the loop removal in 1980, is sometimes used to detrain passengers from cars short-turning at Reservoir so as not to block the main tracks. A sidewalk ramp runs alongside the spur line, serving as an accessible route to the station platforms from the north. In the early 2000s, the MBTA modified key surface stops with raised platforms for accessibility as part of the Light Rail Accessibility Program. The renovation of Reservoir was completed around 2002. ==References== ==External links== *MBTA – Reservoir *Entrance from Google Maps Street View Category:Green Line (MBTA) stations Category:Railway stations in Brookline, Massachusetts Category:Former Boston and Albany Railroad stations Category:Railway stations in the United States opened in 1852

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Pole sitting is the practice of sitting on top of a pole (such as a flagpole) for extended lengths of time, generally used as a test of endurance. A small platform is typically placed at the top of the pole for the sitter. Led by the stunt actor and former sailor Alvin "Shipwreck" Kelly, flagpole sitting was a fad in the mid-to-late 1920s, but mostly died out after the start of the Great Depression. ==History and 1920s fad== Pole sitting is predated by the ancient ascetic discipline of stylitism, or column-sitting. St. Simeon Stylites the Elder (c. 388–459) of Antioch (now Turkey) was a column-sitter who sat on a small platform on a column for 36 years. thumb|14-year-old William Ruppert breaking the pole sitting record of 23 days, in 1929 Flagpole sitting was a fad in the mid-to-late 1920s. The fad was begun by stunt actor and former sailorBaker, Danny. "Shipwreck for ever in pole position". The Times (United Kingdom) 21 Aug. 2002: Newspaper Source Plus. Web. 22 Dec. 2011. Alvin "Shipwreck" Kelly, who sat on a flagpole, either on a dare by a friendLong, Mark A., and Jim Fee. Bad Fads. Toronto: ECW, 2002. p. 17 Ebrary. Web. 22 Dec. 2011. or as a publicity stunt. Shipwreck's initial 1924 sit lasted 13 hours and 13 minutes. It soon became a fad with other contestants setting records of 12, 17 and 21 days. In 1929, Shipwreck decided to reclaim the title. He sat on a flagpole for 49 days in Atlantic City, New Jersey, setting a new record."Atlantic City's Historic Steel Pier at Trump Taj Mahal Hits the Auction Block on August 25th". PR Newswire US. 29 June 2011: Regional Business News. Web. 22 Dec. 2011. The following year, 1930, his record was broken by Bill Penfield in Strawberry Point, Iowa, who sat on a flagpole for 51 days and 20 hours, until a thunderstorm forced him down. For the most part, pole sitting was confined to the 1920s, ending with the onset of the Depression. ==Post-1930 incidents and records== *In 1946, Marshall Jacobs, a 37-year-old Ohio resident who was trying to revive the fad, married his fiancée Yolanda Cosmar atop a flagpole with a roost, and a photograph of them kissing gained wide attention. *Cleveland resident Charley Lupica sat atop a flagpole platform for 117 days in 1949 to support the Cleveland Indians in their pennant race against the New York Yankees. After an argument with Yankees fans, he began sitting on a flagpole above his grocery store on May 31, claiming he would stay on the pole until the Indians either claimed first place in the standings or were eliminated from contention. The Indians never passed the Yankees, and Lupica came down during the team's final home game on September 25; owner Bill Veeck had moved Lupica and the flagpole to Cleveland Municipal Stadium the night before as a promotional stunt. *From 1933 to 1963, Richard "Dixie" Blandy claimed various records as champion at 77, 78 and 125 days until he died on May 6, 1974 in Harvey, Illinois when the pole on which he was sitting collapsed. *In 1964 a record of 217 days was set in Gadsden, Alabama, by Peggy (Townsend) Clark. *From November 1982 to 21 January 1984 (439 days, 11 hours, and 6 minutes), H. David Werder sat on a pole to protest against the price of gasoline. == Television == *On the game show What's My Line, hosted by John Charles Daly, a flagpole sitter is the first guest on the July 3, 1955, episode. *Pole sitting is worked into the plot of the season 5 episode of M*A*S*H entitled "Souvenirs". For his latest scheme to get a section 8 discharge, Corporal Klinger climbs a pole in the middle of camp and refuses to come down until he is granted his discharge. When Colonel Potter learns that the Army record for pole sitting is 96 hours, he turns the tables by convincing Klinger to stay up there to break the record. == Film == In a dialog sequence early in the 1932 movie The Most Dangerous Game, the character Zaroff introduces the protagonist Bob to his guests as a celebrity, upon which Martin guesses (incorrectly) that Bob might be a flagpole sitter. ==See also== *Tree sitting *Stylites *Planking (fad) *Panty raid *Goldfish swallowing *Phonebooth stuffing ==References== Category:1920s fads and trends Category:Asceticism

['Great Depression', 'Simeon Stylites', 'Antioch', 'Turkey', 'Atlantic City, New Jersey', 'Strawberry Point, Iowa', 'Cleveland Indians', 'New York Yankees', 'Bill Veeck', 'Cleveland Municipal Stadium', 'Harvey, Illinois', 'Gadsden, Alabama', "What's My Line", 'John Charles Daly', 'Tree sitting', 'Stylite', 'Planking (fad)', 'Panty raid', 'Goldfish swallowing', 'Phonebooth stuffing']

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Elizabeth Andrews OBE (1882–1960) was a Welsh politician who was the first woman organiser of the Labour Party in Wales. Andrews, née Smith, was born into a mining family at Hirwaun in the Cynon Valley, one of eleven children (two of whom died during childhood). She lived in Station Road, Hirwaun, and was obliged to leave school at the age of twelve, in order to help at home. Ten years later, a letter she wrote to the press in support of Evan Roberts gained her some attention, and she joined the women's suffrage movement at about the same time. She was one of three women who gave evidence before the Sankey Commission in 1918, speaking before the House of Lords, along with two miners' wives. During the 1926 miners' lockout, she and Beatrice Green helped create a program to temporarily foster 2,500 vulnerable children. As soon as women received the vote, the Labour Party appointed four female organisers, of whom Andrews was one. She campaigned tirelessly for health and education services. One of her great successes was the opening of the first nursery school in Wales in the Rhondda in 1938.The Welsh Academy Encyclopaedia of Wales. John Davies, Nigel Jenkins, Menna Baines and Peredur Lynch (2008) pg 23 She was awarded the OBE in 1948 for her services as a JP in Ystrad Rhondda. In 2004, she came 100th in the on-line poll to find 100 Welsh Heroes with a total of 37 votes. In 2006 her book A Woman's Work is Never Done, originally printed in 1952, was reprinted following a revival in her work by Glenys Kinnock. Andrews was one of five women shortlisted in 2018 for the first statue of a woman to be erected in Cardiff. ==Works== * ==References== ==External links== *100 Welsh Heroes Category:1882 births Category:1960 deaths Category:19th- century Welsh people Category:20th-century Welsh politicians Category:20th- century Welsh writers Category:19th-century Welsh women Category:20th-century Welsh women politicians Category:20th-century Welsh women writers Category:People from Hirwaun Category:Welsh Labour politicians Category:Welsh suffragists Category:Officers of the Order of the British Empire Category:Edwardian era

['OBE', 'Wales', 'Hirwaun', 'Cynon Valley', 'Sankey Commission', 'Nigel Jenkins', 'Ystrad Rhondda', '100 Welsh Heroes', 'Glenys Kinnock', 'Cardiff']

['Q14420', 'Q25', 'Q5771888', 'Q5199988', 'Q17003487', 'Q10970620', 'Q8059804', 'Q3394804', 'Q336537', 'Q10690']

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WWBT (channel 12) is a television station in Richmond, Virginia, United States, affiliated with NBC. It is owned by Gray Television alongside Ashland- licensed CW affiliate WUPV (channel 65). The two stations share studios on Midlothian Turnpike (US 60) in Richmond, where WWBT's transmitter is also located. WRID-LD (RF channel 36) operates as a low-power translator of WWBT's main 12.1 channel. WRID-LD uses virtual channel 12.6 for WWBT's programming. WWBT is one of only a few stations in the country to have been affiliated with all three of the original major American television networks. ==History== In the 1950s, there was competition for the market's third television frequency. WTVR-TV had been on-the-air since 1948 while WXEX-TV (now WRIC-TV) had been on-the-air from Petersburg since 1955. The main competitors for the analog VHF channel 12 license were Larus and Brother Tobacco Company, owner of WRVA (AM 1140) and WRVB-FM (94.5, now WRVQ) and Richmond Newspapers, owner of WRNL and forerunner of Media General. Larus later merged its application with Neighborhood Theaters' Richmond Television Corporation, assuming controlling interest. Both applicants had good records and were financially qualified, but RTVC won the license since it did not own a newspaper. At the time, the Federal Communications Commission (FCC) was concerned about co-ownership of newspaper and broadcast outlets and preferred separation. WRVA-TV signed-on for the first time on April 29, 1956, from a converted cow barn near the station's current facility. The studio and transmitter were located in what was then unincorporated Chesterfield County; the area was not annexed into the independent city of Richmond until the early 1960s. Although this area was still largely rural at the time, it was more than suitable for future expansion. Additionally, Chesterfield County officials had already greenlighted a tall tower for the site. Channel 12 was initially a CBS affiliate due to WRVA's long affiliation with CBS Radio. That station was one of the broadcasting powerhouses of the South, but that success did not transfer to its television sister. For instance, WRVA radio's top anchorman took the same role with channel 12, but was fired within a year when the popularity he had generated over a decade on radio failed to transfer to television. Part of the problem was that Larus' desire to deliver a strong signal to all of Central Virginia resulted in a marginal signal in Richmond itself and several close-in suburbs. With channel 12 remaining stubbornly in third place, CBS opted to return to long-dominant WTVR in 1960. Since WXEX was already affiliated with NBC, WRVA was left with struggling ABC. Ratings improved in the next five years leading Larus to try to seek the NBC affiliation, a switch which occurred in 1965. Like its cross-town rival WTVR, it is one of the few stations in the country to have been a primary affiliate of all of the "Big Three" networks. From 1959 until 1969, it broadcast an in- house children's series, The Sailor Bob Show. The station gradually came into its own, passing WXEX for third place. However, Larus ran the station on a shoestring. The studios had unpainted walls and concrete floors, while the offices were plain and painted in two shades of green. Much of the station's equipment was nearing the end of its useful life by the late 1960s. In 1966, the family-owned Larus and Brothers (which had acquired full control of channel 12 in 1960) decided to split its various interests after longtime president William T. Reed died. However, the Larus and Reed families were very selective about potential buyers. They were only willing to sell to established broadcasters with a legacy of community service. Jefferson Standard Insurance Company of Greensboro, North Carolina, emerged as the winner for WRVA-TV. It would have bought the radio stations as well, but at the time, the FCC normally did not allow common ownership of two clear-channel stations with overlapping nighttime coverage. Larus-owned WRVA's nighttime signal had a significant overlap with the signal of Jefferson Standard flagship WBT in Charlotte. It soon became apparent that the FCC and Justice Department would frown on one company owning two Southern clear-channel stations that would have blanketed most of the eastern half of North America at night between them. As part of the application, Jefferson Standard requested a callsign change to the current WWBT, which occurred on November 28, 1968. The new owners immediately went to work improving the station's look. Larus' spartan approach to running the station gave way to new equipment and a more modern studio. The news department, which had long operated in cramped space, was significantly expanded. The transmitter was reconfigured to improve reception closer in to Richmond. At the time of the sale, channel 12 was a solid runner-up to long-dominant WTVR. By the early 1980s, it was the highest-rated station in the market and one of the strongest NBC stations in the country. Also helping matters was NBC's rise in the ratings to become the #1 network as the 1980s went on. By this time, Jefferson Standard had changed its name to Jefferson-Pilot Corporation. WWBT added a secondary WB affiliation in 1999, airing WB programming in late-night hours as well as adding Kids' WB programming on weekdays and Saturdays (including the Daytime WB block that replaced weekday cartoons in 2006) in addition to the TNBC block. This ended on August 31, 2006, in anticipation of The WB and UPN merging to form The CW; that network affiliated with former UPN affiliate WUPV. On October 10, 2005, Jefferson-Pilot announced a merger with Lincoln Financial Group. The sale became final on April 3, 2006, with the Jefferson-Pilot stations assuming the new corporate name of Lincoln Financial Media. On November 12, 2007, that company announced the sale of WWBT along with its two other television stations and Lincoln Financial Sports to Raycom Media for $583 million. Raycom already owned rival station WTVR. Since the FCC does not allow one company to own two of the four largest stations in a market, Raycom opted to keep the higher-rated WWBT and put WTVR on the market. On June 24, 2008, the Sinclair Broadcast Group announced its agreement to purchase WTVR and sell Fox affiliate WRLH-TV.Sinclair Broadcast Group However, the United States Department of Justice, under provisions of a consent decree with Raycom Media, denied that company permission to sell WTVR to Sinclair in August 2008.Sinclair news release As a result, Raycom sought and was eventually granted a temporary waiver for the purchase of WWBT to buy the company more time to find a suitable buyer for WTVR. The FCC approved the sale on March 25, 2008, and Raycom formally took control on April 1. WTVR was eventually traded to Local TV in exchange for Fox affiliate WBRC in Birmingham, Alabama. ===Sale to Gray Television=== On June 25, 2018, Atlanta-based Gray Television announced it had reached an agreement with Raycom to merge their respective broadcasting assets (consisting of Raycom's 63 existing owned-and/or-operated television stations, including WWBT and WUPV, the latter of which is being acquired outright, and Gray's 93 television stations) under Gray's corporate umbrella. The cash-and-stock merger transaction valued at $3.6 billion – in which Gray shareholders would acquire preferred stock currently held by Raycom – resulted in WWBT and WUPV becoming sister stations to CBS affiliate WDBJ in Roanoke, ABC affiliate WHSV-TV in Harrisonburg and CBS affiliate WCAV in Charlottesville, along with their low-power sister stations. The sale was approved on December 20,"FCC OK with Gray/Raycom Merger", Broadcasting & Cable, December 20, 2018, Retrieved December 20, 2018. and was completed on January 2, 2019."Gray Completes Acquisition of Raycom Media and Related Transactions", Gray Television, January 2, 2019, Retrieved January 2, 2019. ==News operation== Channel 12 started offering local newscasts on the second day of broadcasting in April 1956. News department personnel initially worked out of cramped offices. Early on, however, the station gained prominence for covering local events live, years before WTVR and WXEX/WRIC began doing so. In the early-1970s, renovations at the studios allowed the channel's personnel to be expanded. News operations were expanded again into a new addition to the facilities in 1978. In the late-1980s, WWBT received a comprehensive on-air upgrade featuring an updated news set and graphics package. It was the first station in Richmond to use a satellite broadcasting truck called "LiveStar 12" and a helicopter identified as "Sky 12". On September 19, 1994, WWBT entered into a news share agreement with the areas Fox affiliate WRLH-TV (then owned by Abry Communications). This resulted in the area's first nightly prime time broadcast known as Fox News at 10. On January 8, 2001, the weeknight show was expanded to a full hour. Friday nights at 10:45, there is a fifteen-minute sports highlight program that airs called Fox First Sports. The prime time newscasts did not face competition until March 5, 2007, when WUPV launched a 35-minute weeknight show at 10 produced by WTVR. Weekend news on WUPV began October 20, 2007, and ended a year later on October 19. The final weeknight newscast on that channel was November 7. Three days later, WTVR management announced that the WUPV operation had been canceled due to high financial costs of production. On March 23, 2007, "Sky 12" crash landed in a Rehoboth Beach, Delaware field after it appeared to hit power lines. Two of the four passengers were taken to a local hospital for evaluation. The helicopter was being used for non-news purposes by owner Heloair. WWBT became the first station in Richmond to air local newscasts in high definition on July 27, 2008. Unlike rival WTVR (who upgraded to high-definition newscasts two years later and whose video is in true high definition both in the studio and in the field), the field video shown on WWBT is still in 16:9 enhanced definition widescreen. However, the WRLH shows were not initially included in the upgrade because that station lacked a modern master control to receive the newscast in HD; this lasted until September 2012 when that station upgraded its master control so that the WWBT newscasts and some syndicated programming on that channel are now shown in HD. On December 17, WWBT eliminated twelve positions citing poor economic conditions. Included in the layoffs were Sports Director Ben Hamlin, news anchor Gene Lepley, along with Henrico and Hanover counties reporter Rob Richardson. After NBC Weather Plus shut down on December 31, 2008, WWBT-DT2 switched to a local weather channel known as "NBC 12 First Warning Weather". It was replaced by MeTV on February 6, 2012. On January 5, 2009, WWBT began producing a weeknight newscast in high definition for WUPV called The CW News at 6:30 originating from a secondary set. The show goes up against national newscasts seen on the Big Three networks. In addition to operating a weather radar of its own known as "First Warning Live Doppler" at its studios, the station also uses a live feed from the National Weather Service radar based at the Local Forecast Office on US 460 (General Mahone Highway/South County Drive) in Wakefield next to the municipal airport. On January 16, 2012, WRLH-TV launched a new one-hour weekday morning newscast at called Fox Richmond Morning News. The show goes up against the national morning newscasts' first hour and is anchored by WWBT's morning news team. ===Notable former on-air staff=== *Campbell Brown – formerly at CNN *Spencer Christian – now at KGO-TV in San Francisco *Herb Clarke (1956–1958) – later longtime weatherman at WCAU-TV in Philadelphia *Doug Hill (1978–1980) – later at WJLA-TV in Washington, D.C., (deceased) *Ryan Nobles – now at CNN ==Technical information== ===Subchannels=== The station's digital signal is multiplexed: Subchannels of WWBT Channel Res. Aspect Short name Programming 12.1 1080i 16:9 WWBT-DT Main WWBT programming / NBC 12.2 480i 16:9 12 MeTV MeTV 12.3 480i 16:9 Circle Circle 12.4 480i 16:9 Mystery Ion Mystery 12.5 480i 16:9 Crime True Crime Network 65.1 1080i 16:9 WUPV-DT The CW (WUPV) Prior to February 6, 2012, WWBT aired a 24-hour local weather channel called "NBC 12 First Warning Weather Plus". It has since been replaced with MeTV. WWBT-DT5 signed on as a Justice Network affiliate as of April 7, 2020. On April 11, 2022, WWBT began hosting WUPV's 65.1 main channel, as a result of WUPV converting to ATSC 3.0; in turn, WUPV simulcasts WWBT in the ATSC 3.0 broadcast standard.enterpriseefiling.fcc.gov/dataentry/public/tv/draftCopy.html?displayType=html&appKey;=25076ff37ecde2d2017ed547c85b04c1&id;=25076ff37ecde2d2017ed547c85b04c1&goBack;=N ===Analog-to-digital conversion=== WWBT shut down its analog signal, over VHF channel 12, on June 12, 2009, the official date on which full-power television station in the United States transitioned from analog to digital broadcasts under federal mandate. The station's digital signal relocated from its pre- transition UHF channel 54, which was among the high band UHF channels (52-69) that were removed from broadcasting use as a result of the transition, to its analog-era VHF channel 12 for post-transition operations. Following the switch, it applied to increase power to 26 kW stating in the application that more than 10,000 viewers complained of a sudden inability to receive the station's digital signal. The problem was especially pronounced with antennas located indoors. Although complaints came most prominently from certain heavily populated portions of the service area (including Western Richmond, Glen Allen, Mechanicsville, and Hanover), these reception problems were not limited to specific regions within WWBT's service area. This was also not unique to this station as viewers of other stations that switched to high-VHF band channels for post-transition operation have reported reception problems. ==References== ==External links== *WWBT "NBC 12" *WUPV "CW Richmond" Category:NBC network affiliates Category:MeTV affiliates Category:Circle (TV network) affiliates Category:Ion Mystery affiliates Category:True Crime Network affiliates Category:Gray Television WBT Category:Television channels and stations established in 1956 Category:1956 establishments in Virginia

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MWP or MWp may refer to: == Politics == * Member of the Welsh Parliament (or Senedd) * Modern Whig Party, see == Science and technology == * Medieval Warm Period, a North Atlantic climatic event * Megawatt peak, a solar panel's nominal power * Mwp (moment magnitude WP), a seismic scale * MacWrite Pro, a word processor

['Senedd', 'Medieval Warm Period', 'Megawatt peak', 'MacWrite Pro']

['Q493517', 'Q498819', 'Q1929025', 'Q1430257']

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Elizabeth Kay Andrews, Baroness Andrews, (born 16 May 1943) is a British Labour politician and life peer. She was Chair of English Heritage from July 2009 to July 2013. She worked as a Library Clerk (senior researcher) in the House of Commons Library from 1970 to 1985 and was one of the first people in public service to job share. She then became a policy adviser to Neil Kinnock in his office as Leader of the Opposition 1985–92. She served as Director of Education Extra until 2002. She was created a life peer as Baroness Andrews, of Southover in the County of East Sussex on 9 May 2000. In the House of Lords, she served as a Government Whip from May 2002 and was a Government Spokesperson for Education and Skills; Health; and Work and Pensions until the election in May 2005. She was then appointed Parliamentary Under Secretary of State at the Department for Communities and Local Government. She stood down from Government in July 2009. On 27 July 2009, Andrews became the Chair of English Heritage. She was the first woman to head the organisation. She stood down from the position in July 2013. She is a Vice President of the Campaign for National Parks, President of the Friends of Lewes and a Trustee of the Prince’s Regeneration Trust. ==Honours== Andrews was appointed an Officer of the Order of the British Empire (OBE) in the 1998 Birthday Honours On 15 October 2015, she was elected a Fellow of the Society of Antiquaries of London (FSA). ==References== ==External links== * Category:1943 births Category:Living people Category:Officers of the Order of the British Empire Category:Life peeresses created by Elizabeth II Category:Labour Party (UK) life peers Category:Fellows of the Society of Antiquaries of London

['Department for Communities and Local Government', 'Elizabeth II', 'Government Whip', 'Life peer', 'Labour Party (UK)', 'English Heritage', 'House of Commons Library', 'Neil Kinnock', 'Southover', 'East Sussex', 'House of Lords', 'Campaign for National Parks', 'Officer of the Order of the British Empire', '1998 Birthday Honours', 'Fellow of the Society of Antiquaries of London']

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==People with the given name== *Dinu Brătianu (1866–1951), Romanian politician *Dinu Cocea (1929–2013), Romanian actor, film director and screenwriter *Dinu Ghezzo (1941–2011), Romanian conductor *Dinu C. Giurescu (1927–2018), Romanian historian and politician *Dinu Graur (born 1994), Moldovan footballer *Dinu Grigoresco (1914–2001), Romanian-French painter *Dinu Li, British artist *Dinu Lipatti (1917–1950), Romanian classical pianist and composer *Dinu Moldovan (born 1990), Romanian footballer *Dinu Nicodin (1886–1948), Romanian writer *Dinu Negreanu (1917–2001), Romanian film director *Dinu Patriciu (1950–2014), Romanian businessman and politician *Dinu Pescariu (born 1974), Romanian tennis player *Dinu Pillat (1921–1975), Romanian literary critic and writer *Dinu Sănmărtean (born 1981), Romanian footballer *Dinu Săraru (born 1932), Romanian novelist and playwright *Dinu Solanki (born 1958),Indian politician from Gujarat * Dinu Thakur, Indian Bengali musician and singer *Dinu Todoran (born 1978), Romanian footballer ==People with the surname== *Bogdan Dinu (born 1986), Romanian boxer *Ciprian Dinu (born 1982), Romanian footballer *Cornel Dinu (born 1948), Romanian footballer *Cristea Dinu (1911–1991), Romanian long-distance runner *Cristina Dinu (born 1993), Romanian tennis player * Gheorghe Dinu (1904–1974), Romanian poet, editor, film critic, and communist militant *Loredana Dinu (born 1984), Romanian fencer *Luminița Dinu (born 1971), Romanian handball player *Marcel Dinu (born 1935), Romanian diplomat *Marian Dinu (born 1965), Romanian football player and coach *Medi Dinu (1909–2016), Romanian classical painter *Robert Dinu (born 1974), Romanian water polo player *Viorel Dinu (born 1980), Romanian footballer Category:Romanian-language surnames Category:Romanian masculine given names Category:Masculine given names

['Dinu Brătianu', 'Dinu Cocea', 'Dinu Ghezzo', 'Dinu C. Giurescu', 'Dinu Graur', 'Dinu Grigoresco', 'Dinu Li', 'Dinu Lipatti', 'Dinu Moldovan', 'Dinu Nicodin', 'Dinu Negreanu', 'Dinu Patriciu', 'Dinu Pescariu', 'Dinu Pillat', 'Dinu Sănmărtean', 'Dinu Săraru', 'Dinu Solanki', 'Dinu Thakur', 'Dinu Todoran', 'Bogdan Dinu', 'Ciprian Dinu', 'Cornel Dinu', 'Cristea Dinu', 'Cristina Dinu', 'Gheorghe Dinu', 'Loredana Dinu', 'Luminița Dinu', 'Marcel Dinu', 'Marian Dinu', 'Medi Dinu', 'Robert Dinu', 'Viorel Dinu']

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Civair is an aircraft charter operator based in Cape Town, South Africa. The company's core business is the operation of helicopter charters. == History == Civair has operated helicopter and fixed-wing business charter services since 1989. Civair Helicopters CC operates the helicopter and fixed wing charter services, the main business of the organisation. In March 2004, an attempt was made at starting up a low-cost airline flying between Cape Town and London Stansted, planning to serve the route three times a week with a Boeing 747-200. The now defunct Civair Airways (Pty) Ltd was due to operate the web- based international budget airline. In December 2004, about 7,400 passengers were left out-of-pocket when it transpired that Civair did not have an aircraft available for the flights, nor did it have the funding to offer any alternatives. No authority had been received from United Kingdom transport officials for landing in the UK either. Amidst the public relations disaster that followed, partial refunds were given to passengers who purchased tickets on their website, civair.com, their only ticket outlet. None of the passengers were ever officially notified of the cancellations. Civair received a further blow when it was discovered that the Proudly South African logo (a South African business standards association) was being illegally used, as Civair was not a member. Early in 2005, the company's director Andy Cluver, together with Kobus Nell, the organization's accountant, were called to account for Civair's actions by the CAA (Civil Aviation Authority) in South Africa. == Fleet == As at 2004, Civair utilises six helicopters, and two aeroplanes. Some aircraft in the fleet include: Helicopters: *2 Bell Jet Ranger Helicopters *1 Hughes 500 *2 Robinson R44 *1 BO 105 Aircraft: *1 Cessna 207 *1 Cessna 414 ==External links== *Civair Helicopters ==References== Category:Airlines of South Africa Category:Airlines established in 1989 Category:Companies based in Cape Town

['Cape Town', 'South Africa', 'Boeing 747-200', 'Civil Aviation Authority']

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Scoulton is a small village and civil parish in the county of Norfolk, England, situated west of the city of Norwich and north-north-east of Thetford. The villages name means 'Skuli's farm/settlement' Scoulton lies on the main road between Norwich and the market town of Watton. Increasingly a dormitory for workers in Norwich's insurance and other service industries, it was traditionally agricultural, relying particularly on the production of sugar beet and on pig farming. It has a fine, partially thatched Saxon church. The civil parish has an area of Office for National Statistics, 2011. Population Density, 2011 (QS102EW) - Scoulton (Parish). Retrieved 27 June 2014. and in 2011 had a population of 246 in 99 households.Office for National Statistics, 2011. Household Composition, 2011 (KS105EW) - Scoulton (Parish). Retrieved 27 June 2014. The population is split between two main areas of settlement and a number of small, isolated farms. For the purposes of local government, the parish falls within the district of Breckland.Office for National Statistics & Norfolk County Council, 2001. Census population and household counts for unparished urban areas and all parishes . Retrieved 2 December 2005. Scoulton is known for its artificial and heavily wooded lake or "mere", which was the product of extensive flint quarrying and a breeding ground of the black-headed gull. Large numbers of eggs were harvested in the Middle Ages. The gull colony survived until at least the 1950s. The harvested eggs formed the basis of a now obsolete dish known as Scoulton Pie. The collection of these eggs is depicted on the village sign. ==Notes== http://kepn.nottingham.ac.uk/map/place/Norfolk/Scoulton ==External links== *Scoulton Parish Council Category:Villages in Norfolk Category:Civil parishes in Norfolk Category:Breckland District

['Norfolk', 'Norwich', 'Thetford']

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New Axis Airways, known until 2006 as Axis Airways, was an airline based in Marseille, France. It operated domestic and international charter flights and cargo services on behalf of European clients. Its main bases were Marseille Provence Airport and Paris-Charles de Gaulle. == History == The airline was founded as Sinair in Grenoble. It was sold by Pan European Air Services to Axis Partners in June 2000. It was rebranded as Axis Airways in February 2001 and relocated from Grenoble to Marseille. It filed for bankruptcy in October 2006, before finding funding through a group of investors, including Arkia Israel Airlines. The owners are Etoile de La Valentine (26%), Arkia Israel Airlines (20%), Gamma Travel (13%), ISF (35%) and Sarah Tours (6%). It started operations in December 2006 and has 73 employees. It was renamed into New Axis Airways in 2008. The airline ceased operations on 7 December 2009. == Services == New Axis Airways operated services to *Marseille – Marseille Provence Airport Hub *Paris – Charles de Gaulle Airport Hub *Luxor – Luxor Airport *Hurghada – Hurghada Airport *Cairo – Cairo International Airport *Tel Aviv – Ben Gurion International Airport *Faro – Faro Airport *Heraklion – Heraklion International Airport *Eilat – Ovda International Airport ==Fleet== The New Axis Airways fleet consisted of the following aircraft (as of December 2009):Axis Airways fleet *1 Boeing 737 400: F-GLXQ *2 Boeing 737-800: F-GIRS, F-GZZA ==References== ==External links== Category:Defunct airlines of France

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The wagon tragedy also known as wagon massacre was an incident which occurred during the Malabar rebellion against British colonial rule in India that led to the deaths of 70 Indian prisoners. In 1921, a rebellion against British colonial rule by Mappila Muslims broke out in the Malabar District of British India. Following the rebellion, 100 Mappila prisoners who had been taken into custody were ordered by the colonial authorities to be transferred from the Malabar Coast to Podanur as the jails in the Malabar District were overcrowded. Thousands of Mappila prisoners were transported to other regions of British India during and after the rebellion via train, though they were typically transported in open-air carriages in order to prevent suffocation.Panikkar, K. N., Against Lord and State: Religion and Peasant Uprisings in Malabar 1836-1921 However, for unknown reasons, the 100 prisoners (who were being transported in November of that year) were sent to Podanur in a closed train carriage by the sergeant and transport officer in charge of their detention and transfer. On November 10, they were moved into the carriage and the train set off for Podanur. Air soon ran out in the carriage and several prisoners began to die due to asphyxiation. By the time the train arrived at the Podanur Junction railway station on November 19, the carriage was opened by local authorities which discovered that 64 prisoners had died. Dr. Sivadasan P., Wagon Tragedy: Kanalvazhiyile Koottakuruthi, National Book Stall, Kottayam, 2011 ( The 36 surviving prisoners were taken to a nearby hospital, where a further six died of the injuries their bodies had sustained, bringing the total death toll up to 70 people. A prisoner later described his experiences on the train while it was in transit: "we were perspiring profusely and we realized that air was insufficient and we could not breathe. We were so thirsty that some of us licked the perspiration from our clothes. I saw something like gauze over the door with very small holes so that no air could come in. Some of us tried to put it away but we were not strong enough.""It was a wagon massacre, not tragedy!" The Asian Age daily, 21 November 2011 When news of the incident became public, there was a public outcry in British India at the colonial authorities over their perceived negligence. Several prominent Muslims dispatched telegraphs to British colonial officials in Delhi, including the Earl of Cromer, demanding an investigation into the incident. The British responded by opening an inquiry into the deaths, which eventually convicted and sentenced the carriage manufacturer, transport officer and sergeant for negligence in sending the prisoners to Podanur in a close carriage instead of an open-air one. The incident ultimately contributed to an increase in support for the Indian independence movement. A memorial to the incident was subsequently constructed at Tirur.Anglo Mappila Yudham 1921, AK Kodoor, page 262 ==See also== * Khilafat Movement * Malabar rebellion * Patharighat massacre * Non-cooperation movement * History of India ==References== ==External links== *Events surrounding the Wagon Tragedy described at the Government of Kerala website Category:1921 in British India Category:1921 in India Category:April 1921 events Category:Railway accidents and incidents in Tamil Nadu Category:Railway accidents in 1921 Category:History of Kerala Category:Indian independence movement in Kerala Category:1921 disasters in India

['Tirur', 'Podanur Junction', 'Malabar rebellion', 'Mappila Muslims', 'Malabar District', 'Malabar Coast', 'Podanur', 'Delhi', 'Indian independence movement', 'Khilafat Movement', 'Non-cooperation movement', 'History of India']

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The American Palestine Public Affairs Forum (APPAF) is a non-profit 501(c)(3) organization that attempts to promote the interests of Palestinians in the United States. The organization promotes non-violence, democracy in the Middle East, and a two-state solution to the Israeli–Palestinian conflict. APPAF strives to improve relations between Palestinian and non-Palestinian peoples in America, and mobilize public support for their goals. According to their website the organization hopes to pressure U.S. political leaders to enforce UN Security Council Resolutions relating to the establishment of an independent Palestinian State in the West Bank and the Gaza Strip. The chair of the APPAF is Dr. Zahi H. Masri. ==External links== * Official website Category:Non-governmental organizations involved in the Israeli–Palestinian conflict Category:State of Palestine–United States relations Category:Israel–United States relations Category:Foreign policy political advocacy groups in the United States Category:Foreign charities operating in the State of Palestine

['501(c)(3)', 'Palestinians', 'United States', 'Israeli–Palestinian conflict', 'UN Security Council Resolutions', 'West Bank', 'Gaza Strip']

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In theoretical physics and mathematics, a Wess–Zumino–Witten (WZW) model, also called a Wess–Zumino–Novikov–Witten model, is a type of two-dimensional conformal field theory named after Julius Wess, Bruno Zumino, Sergei Novikov and Edward Witten.; A WZW model is associated to a Lie group (or supergroup), and its symmetry algebra is the affine Lie algebra built from the corresponding Lie algebra (or Lie superalgebra). By extension, the name WZW model is sometimes used for any conformal field theory whose symmetry algebra is an affine Lie algebra. ==Action== ===Definition=== For \Sigma a Riemann surface, G a Lie group, and k a (generally complex) number, let us define the G-WZW model on \Sigma at the level k. The model is a nonlinear sigma model whose action is a functional of a field \gamma:\Sigma \to G: :S_k(\gamma)= -\frac{k}{8\pi} \int_{\Sigma} d^2x\, \mathcal{K} \left (\gamma^{-1} \partial^\mu \gamma, \gamma^{-1} \partial_\mu \gamma \right ) + 2\pi k S^{\mathrm WZ}(\gamma). Here, \Sigma is equipped with a flat Euclidean metric, \partial_\mu is the partial derivative, and \mathcal{K} is the Killing form on the Lie algebra of G. The Wess–Zumino term of the action is :S^{\mathrm WZ}(\gamma) = -\frac{1}{48\pi^2} \int_{\mathbf{B}^3} d^3y\, \epsilon^{ijk} \mathcal{K} \left( \gamma^{-1} \partial_i \gamma, \left[\gamma^{-1} \partial_j \gamma, \gamma^{-1} \partial_k \gamma \right]\right). Here \epsilon^{ijk} is the completely anti-symmetric tensor, and [.,.] is the Lie bracket. The Wess–Zumino term is an integral over a three-dimensional manifold \mathbf{B}^3 whose boundary is \partial \mathbf{B}^3 = \Sigma. ===Topological properties of the Wess–Zumino term=== For the Wess–Zumino term to make sense, we need the field \gamma to have an extension to \mathbf{B}^3. This requires the homotopy group \pi_2(G) to be trivial, which is the case in particular for any compact Lie group G. The extension of a given \gamma:\Sigma \to G to \mathbf{B}^3 is in general not unique. For the WZW model to be well-defined, e^{iS_k(\gamma)} should not depend on the choice of the extension. The Wess–Zumino term is invariant under small deformations of \gamma, and only depends on its homotopy class. Possible homotopy classes are controlled by the homotopy group \pi_3(G). For any compact, connected simple Lie group G, we have \pi_3(G)=\mathbb{Z}, and different extensions of \gamma lead to values of S^{\mathrm WZ}(\gamma) that differ by integers. Therefore, they lead to the same value of e^{iS_k(\gamma)} provided the level obeys : k \in \mathbb{Z}. Integer values of the level also play an important role in the representation theory of the model's symmetry algebra, which is an affine Lie algebra. If the level is a positive integer, the affine Lie algebra has unitary highest weight representations with highest weights that are dominant integral. Such representations decompose into finite-dimensional subrepresentations with respect to the subalgebras spanned by each simple root, the corresponding negative root and their commutator, which is a Cartan generator. In the case of the noncompact simple Lie group \mathrm{SL}(2,\R), the homotopy group \pi_3(\mathrm{SL}(2,\R)) is trivial, and the level is not constrained to be an integer. ===Geometrical interpretation of the Wess–Zumino term=== If ea are the basis vectors for the Lie algebra, then \mathcal{K} (e_a, [e_b, e_c]) are the structure constants of the Lie algebra. The structure constants are completely anti-symmetric, and thus they define a 3-form on the group manifold of G. Thus, the integrand above is just the pullback of the harmonic 3-form to the ball \mathbf{B}^3. Denoting the harmonic 3-form by c and the pullback by \gamma^*, one then has :S^{\mathrm WZ}(\gamma) = \int_{\mathbf{B}^3} \gamma^{*} c. This form leads directly to a topological analysis of the WZ term. Geometrically, this term describes the torsion of the respective manifold. The presence of this torsion compels teleparallelism of the manifold, and thus trivialization of the torsionful curvature tensor; and hence arrest of the renormalization flow, an infrared fixed point of the renormalization group, a phenomenon termed geometrostasis. ==Symmetry algebra== ===Generalised group symmetry=== The Wess–Zumino–Witten model is not only symmetric under global transformations by a group element in G , but also has a much richer symmetry. This symmetry is often called the G(z) \times G(\bar{z}) symmetry.Zamolodchikov, A. B.; Knizhnik, B. G. (1984). "Алгебра токов и двумерная модель Весса-Зумино". Nuclear Physics B. 247: 83-103. Namely, given any holomorphic G-valued function \Omega(z), and any other (completely independent of \Omega(z)) antiholomorphic G-valued function \bar{\Omega}(\bar{z}), where we have identified z=x+iy and \bar{z} = x-iy in terms of the Euclidean space coordinates x,y, the following symmetry holds: : S_k (\gamma) = S_k (\Omega \gamma \bar{\Omega}^{-1} ) One way to prove the existence of this symmetry is through repeated application of the Polyakov–Wiegmann identity regarding products of G-valued fields: : S_k (\alpha \beta^{-1}) = S_k(\alpha) + S_k(\beta) + \frac{k}{16\pi^2}\int d^2 x \textrm{Tr}(\alpha^{-1} \partial_{\bar{z}} \alpha \beta^{-1} \partial_{z} \beta) The holomorphic and anti-holomorphic currents J(z) = - \frac{1}{2}k (\partial_z \gamma) \gamma^{-1} and \bar{J}(\bar{z}) = - \frac{1}{2} k \gamma^{-1} \partial_{\bar{z}} \gamma are the conserved currents associated with this symmetry. The singular behaviour of the products of these currents with other quantum fields determine how those fields transform under infintessimal actions of the G(z) \times G(\bar{z}) group. ===Affine Lie algebra=== Let z be a local complex coordinate on \Sigma, \\{t^a\\} an orthonormal basis (with respect to the Killing form) of the Lie algebra of G , and J^a(z) the quantization of the field \mathcal{K}(t^a,\partial_z g g^{-1}) . We have the following operator product expansion: : J^a(z) J^b(w) = \frac{k\delta^{ab}}{(z - w)^2} + \frac{i f^{ab}_c J^c(w)}{z - w} + \mathcal{O}(1), where f^{ab}_c are the coefficients such that [t^a,t^b] = f^{ab}_c t^c. Equivalently, if J^a(z) is expanded in modes : J^a(z) = \sum_{n \in \mathbb{Z}} J_n^a z^{-n-1}, then the current algebra generated by \\{J_n^a\\} is the affine Lie algebra associated to the Lie algebra of G, with a level that coincides with the level k of the WZW model. If \mathfrak{g}=\mathrm{Lie}(G), the notation for the affine Lie algebra is \hat{\mathfrak{g}}_k. The commutation relations of the affine Lie algebra are : [J^a_n,J^b_m] = f^{ab}_c J^c_{m+n} + kn\delta^{ab}\delta_{n+m,0}. This affine Lie algebra is the chiral symmetry algebra associated to the left- moving currents \mathcal{K}(t^a,\partial_z g g^{-1}) . A second copy of the same affine Lie algebra is associated to the right-moving currents \mathcal{K}(t^a, g^{-1}\partial_{\bar z} g) . The generators \bar J^a(z) of that second copy are antiholomorphic. The full symmetry algebra of the WZW model is the product of the two copies of the affine Lie algebra. ===Sugawara construction=== The Sugawara construction is an embedding of the Virasoro algebra into the universal enveloping algebra of the affine Lie algebra. The existence of the embedding shows that WZW models are conformal field theories. Moreover, it leads to Knizhnik–Zamolodchikov equations for correlation functions. The Sugawara construction is most concisely written at the level of the currents: J^a(z) for the affine Lie algebra, and the energy-momentum tensor T(z) for the Virasoro algebra: : T(z) = \frac{1}{2(k + h^{\vee})} \sum_a : J^a J^a : (z), where the : denotes normal ordering, and h^{\vee} is the dual Coxeter number. By using the OPE of the currents and a version of Wick's theorem one may deduce that the OPE of T(z) with itself is given by : T(y)T(z) = \frac{\frac{c}{2}}{(y-z)^4} + \frac{2T(z)}{(y-z)^2} + \frac{\partial T(z)}{y-z} + \mathcal{O}(1), which is equivalent to the Virasoro algebra's commutation relations. The central charge of the Virasoro algebra is given in terms of the level k of the affine Lie algebra by : c = \frac{k\mathrm{dim}(\mathfrak{g})}{k + h^{\vee}}. At the level of the generators of the affine Lie algebra, the Sugawara construction reads : L_{n eq 0} = \frac{1}{2(k + h^{\vee})} \sum_a \sum_{m\in\mathbb{Z}} J^a_{n-m} J^a_m, : L_0 = \frac{1}{2(k + h^{\vee})} \left(2\sum_a \sum_{m=1}^\infty J^a_{-m}J^a_m + J^0_aJ^0_a\right). where the generators L_n of the Virasoro algebra are the modes of the energy-momentum tensor, T(z) = \sum_{n\in\mathbb{Z}} L_nz^{-n-2}. ==Spectrum== ===WZW models with compact, simply connected groups=== If the Lie group G is compact and simply connected, then the WZW model is rational and diagonal: rational because the spectrum is built from a (level-dependent) finite set of irreducible representations of the affine Lie algebra called the integrable highest weight representations, and diagonal because a representation of the left-moving algebra is coupled with the same representation of the right-moving algebra. For example, the spectrum of the SU(2) WZW model at level k\in\mathbb{N} is : \mathcal{S}_k = \bigoplus_{j=0,\frac12,1,\dots, \frac{k}{2}} \mathcal{R}_j\otimes \bar{\mathcal{R}}_j\ , where \mathcal{R}_j is the affine highest weight representation of spin j: a representation generated by a state |v\rangle such that : J^a_{n<0}|v\rangle = J^-_0|v\rangle=0\ , where J^- is the current that corresponds to a generator t^- of the Lie algebra of SU(2). ===WZW models with other types of groups=== If the group G is compact but not simply connected, the WZW model is rational but not necessarily diagonal. For example, the SO(3) WZW model exists for even integer levels k\in 2\mathbb{N}, and its spectrum is a non-diagonal combination of finitely many integrable highest weight representations. If the group G is not compact, the WZW model is non-rational. Moreover, its spectrum may include non highest weight representations. For example, the spectrum of the SL(2,\mathbb{R}) WZW model is built from highest weight representations, plus their images under the spectral flow automorphisms of the affine Lie algebra. If G is a supergroup, the spectrum may involve representations that do not factorize as tensor products of representations of the left- and right-moving symmetry algebras. This occurs for example in the case G= GL(1|1),V. Schomerus, H. Saleur, "The GL(1|1) WZW model: From supergeometry to logarithmic CFT", arxiv:hep-th/0510032 and also in more complicated supergroups such as G=PSU(1,1|2).G. Gotz, T. Quella, V. Schomerus, "The WZNW model on PSU(1,1|2)", arxiv:hep-th/0610070 Non- factorizable representations are responsible for the fact that the corresponding WZW models are logarithmic conformal field theories. ===Other theories based on affine Lie algebras=== The known conformal field theories based on affine Lie algebras are not limited to WZW models. For example, in the case of the affine Lie algebra of the SU(2) WZW model, modular invariant torus partition functions obey an ADE classification, where the SU(2) WZW model accounts for the A series only.Andrea Cappelli and Jean-Bernard Zuber (2010), "A-D-E Classification of Conformal Field Theories", Scholarpedia 5(4):10314. The D series corresponds to the SO(3) WZW model, and the E series does not correspond to any WZW model. Another example is the H_3^+ model. This model is based on the same symmetry algebra as the SL(2,\mathbb{R}) WZW model, to which it is related by Wick rotation. However, the H_3^+ is not strictly speaking a WZW model, as H_3^+ =SL(2,\mathbb{C})/SU(2) is not a group, but a coset.K. Gawedzki, "Non-Compact WZW Conformal Field Theories", arxiv:hep- th/9110076 ==Fields and correlation functions== ===Fields=== Given a simple representation \rho of the Lie algebra of G, an affine primary field \Phi^\rho(z) is a field that takes values in the representation space of \rho, such that : J^a(y) \Phi^\rho(z) = -\frac{\rho(t^a)\Phi^\rho(z)}{y-z} + O(1)\ . An affine primary field is also a primary field for the Virasoro algebra that results from the Sugawara construction. The conformal dimension of the affine primary field is given in terms of the quadratic Casimir C_2(\rho) of the representation \rho (i.e. the eigenvalue of the quadratic Casimir element K_{ab}t^at^b where K_{ab} is the inverse of the matrix \mathcal{K}(t^a,t^b) of the Killing form) by : \Delta_\rho = \frac{C_2(\rho)}{2(k+h^\vee)}\ . For example, in the SU(2) WZW model, the conformal dimension of a primary field of spin j is :\Delta_j = \frac{j(j+1)}{k+2} \ . By the state-field correspondence, affine primary fields correspond to affine primary states, which are the highest weight states of highest weight representations of the affine Lie algebra. ===Correlation functions=== If the group G is compact, the spectrum of the WZW model is made of highest weight representations, and all correlation functions can be deduced from correlation functions of affine primary fields via Ward identities. If the Riemann surface \Sigma is the Riemann sphere, correlation functions of affine primary fields obey Knizhnik–Zamolodchikov equations. On Riemann surfaces of higher genus, correlation functions obey Knizhnik–Zamolodchikov–Bernard equations, which involve derivatives not only of the fields' positions, but also of the surface's moduli.G. Felder, C. Wieczerkowski, "Conformal blocks on elliptic curves and the Knizhnik--Zamolodchikov--Bernard equations", arxiv:hep- th/9411004 ==Gauged WZW models== Given a Lie subgroup H\subset G, the G/H gauged WZW model (or coset model) is a nonlinear sigma model whose target space is the quotient G/H for the adjoint action of H on G. This gauged WZW model is a conformal field theory, whose symmetry algebra is a quotient of the two affine Lie algebras of the G and H WZW models, and whose central charge is the difference of their central charges. ==Applications== The WZW model whose Lie group is the universal cover of the group \mathrm{SL}(2,\R) has been used by Juan Maldacena and Hirosi Ooguri to describe bosonic string theory on the three-dimensional anti-de Sitter space AdS_3. Superstrings on AdS_3\times S^3 are described by the WZW model on the supergroup PSU(1,1|2), or a deformation thereof if Ramond-Ramond flux is turned on.N. Berkovits, C. Vafa, E. Witten, "Conformal Field Theory of AdS Background with Ramond-Ramond Flux", arxiv:hep- th/9902098 WZW models and their deformations have been proposed for describing the plateau transition in the integer quantum Hall effect.M. Zirnbauer, "The integer quantum Hall plateau transition is a current algebra after all", arXiv:1805.12555 The SL(2,\mathbb{R})/U(1) gauged WZW model has an interpretation in string theory as Witten's two-dimensional Euclidean black hole. The same model also describes certain two-dimensional statistical systems at criticality, such as the critical antiferromagnetic Potts model.N. Robertson, J. Jacobsen, H. Saleur, "Conformally invariant boundary conditions in the antiferromagnetic Potts model and the SL(2,ℝ)/U(1) sigma model", arXiv:1906.07565 ==References== Category:Conformal field theory Category:Lie groups Category:Exactly solvable models Category:Mathematical physics

['Julius Wess', 'Bruno Zumino', 'Edward Witten', 'Lie group', 'Lie algebra', 'Lie superalgebra', 'Riemann surface', 'Euclidean metric', 'Killing form', 'Virasoro algebra', 'Knizhnik–Zamolodchikov equations', "Wick's theorem", 'Casimir element', 'Ward identities', 'Juan Maldacena', 'Hirosi Ooguri', 'Potts model']

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The Norwegian Directorate for Nature Management (, DN) was Norway's national governmental body for preserving Norway's natural environment, including establishing and regulating national parks and other protected areas until 2013 when it was merged into the Norwegian Environment Agency. The directorate's stated mission was "to preserve biological diversity and strengthen the common right of access to the countryside". The organization was based in Trondheim and employed about 250 employees. It concerned itself with designating areas for protection, monitoring and preserving biological diversity, as well as setting and enforcing fish and hunting quotas. Directors included Helge Vikan (1985–1988), Peter Johan Schei (1989–1995), Stein Lier- Hansen (1995–2000) and Janne Sollie (2001–unknown). ==External links== *Directorate for Nature Management English website Category:Nature conservation in Norway Category:Organisations based in Trondheim Category:National park administrators Category:Ministry of Climate and Environment (Norway) Category:Defunct government agencies of Norway

['Trondheim', 'Ministry of Climate and Environment (Norway)', 'Norway', 'Norwegian Environment Agency', 'Peter Johan Schei', 'Janne Sollie']

['Q25804', 'Q1769642', 'Q20', 'Q11989476', 'Q7174981', 'Q6155174']

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Robert Temple Armstrong, Baron Armstrong of Ilminster, (30 March 1927 – 3 April 2020) was a British civil servant and life peer. ==Family== Armstrong was born in Headington on 30 March 1927, the only son of the musician Sir Thomas H. W. Armstrong and his wife Hester M. Draper, who were married in the City of London in 1926. His sister Helen was born in Exeter in 1930. Armstrong was educated at the Dragon School and then at Eton College, where he was a King's Scholar, following which he went up to Christ Church, Oxford, where he read Greats. In Wantage, on 25 July 1953, Armstrong married Serena Mary Benedicta Chance, daughter of Sir Roger James Ferguson Chance, and Mary Georgina Rowney. Armstrong and his wife had two daughters, both born in Marylebone, Jane Orlanda Armstrong, born 1954, and Teresa Brigid Armstrong, born 1957. This marriage ended in divorce, and in 1985 he married Mary Patricia Carlow, daughter of Charles Cyril Carlow. ==Career== In a long civil service career, Armstrong worked in several departments, including HM Treasury and the Home Office. From 1970 to 1975 he served as the Principal Private Secretary to Prime Ministers Edward Heath and Harold Wilson. He was knighted in 1978. From 1979 to 1987, he served as Cabinet Secretary under Margaret Thatcher. Armstrong was appointed a Companion of the Order of the Bath (CB) in 1974, a Commander of the Royal Victorian Order (CVO) in the 1975 Birthday Honours. In the 1978 Birthday Honours he was promoted to Knight Commander of the Order of the Bath (KCB) and to Knight Grand Cross (GCB) in the 1983 New Year Honours. ==Spycatcher trial== In 1986, Armstrong was the key witness for the British Government as it sought to suppress the publication of Spycatcher, in which it alleged its author, Peter Wright, had attempted to disclose confidential information. At the time Wright was a retired high-ranking member of MI5 and was about to publish his book in Australia. The evidence given by Armstrong was widely ridiculed by the British press for its absurd ambiguity and seemingly deceptive nature. Wright's lawyer, Malcolm Turnbull, who later became the Prime Minister of Australia, was ultimately successful in lifting the publication ban. Turnbull described Armstrong as being like "Sir Humphrey Appleby" from Yes Minister and said "If he is an honest man, then he appears rather like a well-educated mushroom".see M. Turnbull, "The Spycatcher Trial" (1988). He is credited with bringing the phrase "economical with the truth" into popular usage, after he used it during the Spycatcher trial in 1986; his use of the phrase was subsequently included in the Oxford Dictionary of Quotations. == Later life == He was created a life peer as Baron Armstrong of Ilminster, of Ashill in the County of Somerset, on 26 February 1988, and sat as a crossbencher. From 1994 to 2006, Lord Armstrong was Chancellor of the University of Hull. He was chairman of the Sir Edward Heath Charitable Foundation until 2013. ==Allegations of child abuse 'coverup'== Armstrong was aware of Sir Peter Hayman's paedophilia, and after leaving office, commented "Clearly, I was aware of it at the time but I was not concerned with the personal aspect of it." Armstrong gave Margaret Thatcher what he called a "veiled" warning not to sanction Jimmy Savile's knighthood for charitable work, due to allegations around his "misbehaviour with women (though not allegations of child abuse)". ==In popular culture== Armstrong has been portrayed by the following actors in film and television productions: * Rupert Vansittart in the 2002 BBC production of Ian Curteis's controversial The Falklands Play. * Timothy West in the 2004 BBC production of The Alan Clark Diaries. ==Death== Armstrong died on 3 April 2020 at the age of 93. ==Bibliography== * (1997). The Future of the National Art Library: A Pamphlet Concerning the Victoria and Albert Museum's Responsibility Towards the Documentation of the History of Art and Design ==Arms== ==See also== *Baron Armstrong ==References== ==External links== * * Category:1927 births Category:2020 deaths Armstrong of Ilminster, Robert Armstrong, Baron Category:Permanent Under-Secretaries of State for the Home Department Category:Civil servants in HM Treasury Category:Cabinet Secretaries (United Kingdom) Category:Private secretaries in the British Civil Service Category:People educated at The Dragon School Category:People educated at Eton College Category:Alumni of Christ Church, Oxford Category:Knights Grand Cross of the Order of the Bath Category:Commanders of the Royal Victorian Order Category:People associated with the University of Hull Category:Principal Private Secretaries to the Prime Minister Category:Life peers created by Elizabeth II

['Life peer', 'Edward Heath', 'Harold Wilson', 'Margaret Thatcher', 'University of Hull', 'Sir Thomas H. W. Armstrong', 'Dragon School', 'Eton College', 'Christ Church, Oxford', 'Civil servant', "King's Scholar", 'Greats', 'HM Treasury', 'Home Office', 'Order of the Bath', 'Royal Victorian Order', '1975 Birthday Honours', '1978 Birthday Honours', 'Knight Grand Cross', '1983 New Year Honours', 'Spycatcher', 'MI5', 'Malcolm Turnbull', 'Prime Minister of Australia', 'Sir Humphrey Appleby', 'Yes Minister', 'Oxford Dictionary of Quotations', 'Ilminster', 'County of Somerset', 'Sir Peter Hayman', 'Jimmy Savile', 'Rupert Vansittart', 'BBC', 'Ian Curteis', 'The Falklands Play', 'Timothy West', 'The Alan Clark Diaries', 'Baron Armstrong']

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Hippolyte Langlois (3 August 1839 – 12 February 1912) was a French general noted for his writings on military science. ==Biography== He was born at Besançon, Doubs, and, after passing through the École polytechnique, was appointed to the artillery as sub-lieutenant in 1858, attaining the rank of captain in 1866. He served in the army of Metz in the Franco-Prussian War. Eight years later he became major, in 1887 lieutenant-colonel and in 1888 colonel. At this time he was appointed professor of artillery at the École de Guerre, and in this post he devoted himself to working out the tactical principles of the employment of field artillery under the new conditions of armament of which he foresaw the advent. Examples included the then developing quick-firing artillery for which he recommended tactics such as the rafaleAndrew Hero Jr. Captain, Artillery Corps. French Rapid-Fire Field Artillery. Antiaircraft Journal v. 20 1903 p47 Opening & Conduct of Fire. Gaberiel Rouquered (tr. P. de B. Radcliffe) The Tactical Employment of Quick- firing Field Artillery pub: Hugh Rees London 1903 The public result of his work was the great treatise L’Artillerie de campagne (1891–1902), which may still he regarded as the classic of the arm. In 1894 he became general of brigade, and in 1898 general of division. For two years after this he was the commandant of the École de guerre at the time that the modern French strategic and tactical doctrine was being developed and taught. He was, however, regarded as a leader as well as a theorist, and in 1901 he was selected to command the XX Corps on the German frontier, popularly called the Iron Corps. In 1902 he became a member of the Conseil supérieur de la Guerre, consisting of senior generals marked out for the higher commands in war. He retired from the active list in 1904 on reaching the age limit, and devoted himself with the greatest energy to critical military literature. In 1907 he began the publication of a monthly journal of military art and history, the Revue militaire generale. In 1911 he was elected to seat 32 in the Académie française. The most important of his other works are Enseignements de deux guerres récentes and Conséquences tactiques du progrès de l’armement. ==Notes== ==External links== * Académie page for Langlois * French Wikipedia entry for Hippolyte Langlois * http://www.ecole-superieure-de- guerre.fr/langlois.html Category:1839 births Category:1912 deaths Category:Military personnel from Besançon Category:French generals Category:French military personnel of the Franco-Prussian War Category:French military writers Category:École Polytechnique alumni Category:Members of the Académie Française Category:Grand Officers of the Legion of Honour Category:French male non-fiction writers Category:Senators of Meurthe-et- Moselle

['Académie française', 'Besançon', 'Doubs', 'École polytechnique', 'Metz', 'Franco-Prussian War', 'École de Guerre', 'Conseil supérieur de la Guerre']

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Welcome Air, officially Welcome Air Luftfahrt GmbH & Co KG, was an Austrian charter airline with its head office in Innsbruck. ==History== On 14 June 1995 Jakob Ringler, since 1983 one of the directors of Tyrolean Air Ambulance (founded 1963 as Aircraft Innsbruck), founded Welcome Air Luftfahrt GmbH. Through a management buy out in 2000 Tyrolean Air Ambulance (renamed then Tyrol Air Ambulance), which had closely links to the local airline Tyrolean Airways as well as to the helicopter company "Heliair" (formerly "Aircraft Innsbruck"), became part of Jakob Ringler's "Welcome Air" after he took over the majority (in 2011 93,27% belonging to Welcome Air). On 22 May 2000 Welcome Air started its first flight with Do-328 from Innsbruck to Graz. In 2009 Welcome Air was taken over by Lions Air Group (Switzerland) which also taken over the majority of Air Alps. The umbrella company Welcome Aviation Group set up to merge the companies Tyrol Air Ambulance, Air Alps and Welcome Air and their head offices into one in Innsbruck. In July 2011 Welcome Aviation Group announced a restructure and therefore Welcome Air will concentrate its activities on business & event charters and will end the year-round Innsbruck - Graz service, but continue the summer operations to Innsbruck/Graz-Olbia and Innsbruck-Nice for a while. Air Alps, which meanwhile ceased operations, concentrated its activities on the Italian schedule operations back then and Tyrol Air Ambulance on its ambulance operations. Meanwhile, Welcome Air ceased all remaining scheduled operations and concentrates entirely on offering European charter services. In February 2015, Austrian Airlines announced the termination of their wetlease contract with Welcome Air for their Vienna - Linz flights from 31 March 2015. Austrian Airlines had started an airport rail link from Linz to Vienna only months before which was well received, resulting in the five daily flights reduction. Welcome Air subsequently announced a reduction in the fleet size. On 26 December 2017, Welcome Air operated its last flight, a charter service from Antwerp to Innsbruck, and ceased all operations the day after, marking the end of the airline. The last Dornier 328 aircraft was placed up for sale after its former sister aircraft had already been moved to new operators. Its former subcompany, air rescue and charter service Tyrol Air Ambulance, will continue its operations and added another aircraft to compensate for the closure of Welcome Air. ==Destinations== The airline served the scheduled destinations listed below before concentrating on charter operations. ;Austria *Graz - Graz Airport *Innsbruck - Innsbruck Airport base ;Belgium *Antwerp - Antwerp Airport ;Croatia *Rijeka - Rijeka Airport seasonal ;France *Nice - Nice Côte d'Azur Airport seasonal ;Germany *Hannover - Hannover Airport ;Italy *Olbia - Olbia - Costa Smeralda Airport seasonal ;Netherlands *Rotterdam/The Hague - Rotterdam The Hague Airport ;Norway *Kristiansand - Kristiansand Airport *Stavanger - Stavanger Airport ;Sweden * Gothenburg - Göteborg Landvetter Airport ==Fleet== Welcome Air operated the following aircraft during its existence between 2000 and 2017: *3 Dornier 328 *2 Fairchild Dornier 328JET ==References== ==External links== * Category:Defunct airlines of Austria Category:Airlines established in 2000 Category:Airlines disestablished in 2017 Category:2017 disestablishments in Austria Category:European Regions Airline Association Category:Austrian companies established in 2000

['Innsbruck', 'Austria', 'Innsbruck Airport', 'Tyrolean Airways', 'Air Alps', 'Austrian Airlines', 'Antwerp', 'Dornier 328', 'Graz', 'Graz Airport', 'Belgium', 'Antwerp Airport', 'Croatia', 'Rijeka', 'Rijeka Airport', 'France', 'Nice', "Nice Côte d'Azur Airport", 'Germany', 'Hannover', 'Hannover Airport', 'Italy', 'Olbia', 'Olbia - Costa Smeralda Airport', 'Netherlands', 'Rotterdam', 'The Hague', 'Norway', 'Kristiansand', 'Kristiansand Airport', 'Stavanger', 'Stavanger Airport', 'Sweden', 'Gothenburg', 'Göteborg Landvetter Airport']

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Restormel Castle ()Place-names in the Standard Written Form (SWF) : List of place-names agreed by the MAGA Signage Panel. Cornish Language Partnership. lies by the River Fowey near Lostwithiel in Cornwall, England, UK. It is one of the four chief Norman castles of Cornwall, the others being Launceston, Tintagel and Trematon. The castle is notable for its perfectly circular design. Although once a luxurious residence of the Earl of Cornwall, the castle was all but ruined by the 16th century. It was briefly reoccupied and fought over during the English Civil War but was subsequently abandoned. It is now in the care of English Heritage and open to the public. ==Architecture== Located on a spur of high ground overlooking the River Fowey, Restormel Castle is an unusually well-preserved example of a circular shell keep, a rare type of fortification built during a short period in the 12th and early 13th centuries. Only 71 examples are known in England and Wales, of which Restormel Castle is the most intact. Such castles were built by converting a wooden motte-and-bailey castle, where the external palisade was replaced by a stone wall and the internal bailey was filled with domestic stone buildings. These were clustered around the inside of the wall to provide a defence. The buildings are curved to fit into the shell keep, in an extreme example of the 13th-century trend.Pounds, p. 188; Pettifer, p. 21; Hull and Whitehorne, p. 64. The wall measures in diameter and is up to thick. It still stands to its full height with a wall walk above the ground, and the battlemented parapet is also reasonably intact. The wall is surrounded in turn by a ditch measuring by deep. Both the wall and the internal buildings were constructed from slate, which appears to have been quarried from the scarp face north-east of the castle. The domestic buildings within the wall included a kitchen, hall, solar, guest chambers, and an ante-chapel.Pettifer, p. 22. Water from a natural spring was piped under pressure into the castle buildings.Creighton, p. 54. A square gate tower, largely ruined, guards the entrance to the inner castle, and may have been the first part of the original castle to have been partially constructed in stone. On the opposite side, a square tower projecting from the wall contains the chapel; it is thought to have been a 13th-century addition. It appears to have been converted into a gun emplacement during the English Civil War. A former external bailey wall, apparently constructed of timber with earthwork defences, has since been destroyed, leaving no trace.Pettifer, p. 21; Steane, p. 42. There are also historical references to a dungeon, also now vanished.Oman, pp. 109-11. The castle appears to stand upon a motte; its massive walls were, unusually for the period, sunk deep into the original motte. The effect is heightened by a surrounding ringwork, subsequently filled in on the inner side so as to appear to heap against the castle wall.Pettifer, p.21; Hull and Whitehorne, p. 65. This may have occurred in the castle's later history to provide a garden walk around the ruin.Creighton, p. 83. ==History== Restormel was part of the fiefdom of the Norman magnate Robert, Count of Mortain, located within the manor of Bodardle in the parish of Lanlivery.Brown, p. 192 Restormel Castle was probably built after the Norman conquest of England as a motte and bailey castle around 1100 by Baldwin Fitz Turstin, the local sheriff.Hull and Whitehorne, p. 64; Steane, p. 42. Baldwin's descendants continued to hold the manor as vassals and tenants of the Earls of Cornwall for nearly 200 years. Constructed in the middle of a large deer park, the castle overlooked the primary crossing point over the River Fowey, a key tactical location;A bridge further along the river later transformed the significance of the site; Creighton, p. 43. it may have been originally intended for use as a hunting lodge as well as a fortification, however.Hull and Whitehorne, p. 64; Deacon notes that the precise location was not perfect for a castle, but would have been ideal for hunting parties, p. 64. Robert de Cardinham, lord of the manor between 1192 and 1225, then built up the inner curtain walls and converted the gatehouse completely to stone, giving the castle its current design. The village of Lostwithiel was established close to the castle at around the same time.Paliser, p.597. The castle belonged to the Cardinhams for several years, who used it in preference to their older castle at Old Cardinham. Andrew de Cardinham's daughter, Isolda de Cardinham, finally married Thomas de Tracey, who then owned the castle until 1264.Deacon, p. 64. The castle was seized in 1264 without fighting by Simon de Montfort during the civil conflicts in the reign of Henry III,Pettifer, p. 21. and was seized back in turn by the former High Sheriff of Cornwall, Sir Ralph Arundell, in 1265.Hull and Whitehorne, p. 64. After some persuasion, Isolda de Cardinham granted the castle to Henry III's brother, Richard of Cornwall in 1270.Hull and Whitehorne, p. 64; Emery, p. 447. Richard died in 1271, and his son Edmund took over Restormel as his main administrative base, building the inner chambers to the castle during his residence there and titling it his "duchy palace".Pettifer, p. 22; Emery, p. 447. The castle in this period resembled a "miniature palace", with luxurious quarters and piped water.Long, p. 105; Creighton, p. 54. It was home to stannary administration and oversaw the local, profitable tin-mines in the village.Creighton, p. 187. ===Crown ownership and fall into ruin=== After Edmund's death in 1299 the castle reverted to the Crown, and from 1337 onwards the castle was one of the 17 antiqua maneria of the Duchy of Cornwall. It was rarely used as a residence, although Edward the Black Prince stayed at the castle in 1354 and 1365. The prince used these occasions to gather his feudal subjects at the castle in order for them to pay him homage.Davies and Smith, p. 78. After the loss of Gascony, one of the key possessions of the Duchy, the contents of the castle were stripped out and removed to other residences.Long, p. 105. With an absent lord, the stewardship of the castle became much sought after as a result, and the castle and its estate became known for its efficient administration.Emery, p. 448. The castle is recorded as having fallen into disrepair in a 1337 survey of the possessions of the Duchy of Cornwall. It was extensively repaired by order of the Black Prince but declined again following his death in 1376. By the time the antiquary John Leland saw it in the 16th century, it had fallen into ruin and had been extensively robbed for its stonework; as he put it, "the timber rooted up, the conduit pipes taken away, the roofe made sale of, the planchings rotten, the wals fallen down, and the hewed stones of the windowes, dournes, and clavels, pluct out to serve private buildings; onely there remayneth an utter defacement, to complayne upon this unregarded distresse." Henry VIII converted the castle's parkland back into ordinary countryside. With the castle out of use, a manor house was established during the 16th century a short distance away on lower-lying land adjoining the river. It is said to have been built on the site of a chapel dedicated to the Trinity that was destroyed during the English Reformation. Restormel Manor, now a grade II listed building, is still owned by the Duchy of Cornwall and is subdivided into luxury apartments with holiday accommodation in the outbuildings. During Christmas in 2009, the then Kate Middleton stayed there and won a landmark victory over a paparazzo who photographed her there.Nicholl, p. 300 Restormel has seen action only once during its long history, when a Parliamentary garrison occupied the crumbling ruins and made some basic repairs during the Civil War. It was invested by an opposing force loyal to Charles I, led by Sir Richard Grenville, a local member of the gentry who had been the member of Parliament for Fowey before the war. Grenville stormed the castle on 21 August 1644, whilst manoeuvring to encircle Parliamentary forces.Memegalos, p. 196. It is not clear whether it was subsequently slighted but in an Parliamentary survey of 1649, it was recorded to be utterly ruined with only the outer walls still standing, and was deemed to be too badly ruined to be repaired and too worthless for there to be any value in demolishing it.Hitchens & Drew, p. 468 By the 19th century it had become a popular attraction for visitors. The French writer Henri- François-Alphonse Esquiros, who wrote about a visit to the castle in 1865, described the ruins as forming "what the English call a romantic scene." He noted that the ivy-covered ruins attracted visitors from the environs who went there "for picnics and parties of pleasure".Esquiros, p. 17 In 1846 the British royal family visited the castle; arriving on their yacht the Victoria and Albert up the River Fowey, the royal party toured the ruins.Naylor and Naylor, p. 474. ==Today== In 1925, Prince Edward, Duke of Cornwall – later King Edward VIII – entrusted the ruin to the Office of Works.Hull and Whitehorne, p.64. In 1971 a proposal was made that the castle should be restored but was dropped after attracting strong opposition.Neale (2013) A decade later, the castle was designated as a scheduled monument. It has never been formally excavated. It is now maintained by English Heritage as a popular tourist attraction and picnic site. ==Literature and popular culture== In her poetical illustration 'Restormel Castle, Cornwall', to a picture by Thomas Allom, Letitia Elizabeth Landon tells a somewhat spooky tale of the death of its last 'castellan or constable', which she states to be 'traditionary'. The Great Western Railway named one of their Castle class locomotives, number 5010, Restormel Castle. The locomotive was built in 1927 and withdrawn from service in 1959. ==See also== *Castles in Great Britain and Ireland *List of castles in England *Brownqueen Tunnel ==References== ==Bibliography== *Creighton, O. H. (2002) Castles and Landscapes: Power, Community and Fortification in Medieval England. London: Equinox. *Davies, R. R. and Brendan Smith. (2009) Lords and Lordship in the British Isles in the Late Middle Ages. Oxford: Oxford University Press. *Deacon, Bernard. (2010) Cornwall & the Cornish. Penzance: Hodge. *Emery, Anthony. (2006) Greater Medieval Houses of England and Wales, 1300–1500: Southern England. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. *Esquiros, Alphonse (1865). Cornwall and Its Coasts. London: Chapman. *Hitchins, Fortescue; Drew, Samuel. (1824) The History of Cornwall: From the Earliest Records and Traditions, to the Present Time. London: William Penaluna. *Hull, Lise and Stephen Whitehorne. (2008) Great Castles of Britain & Ireland. London: New Holland Publishers. *Long, Peter. (2003) The Hidden Places of Cornwall. Aldermaston, Travel Publishing. *Memegalos, Florene S. (2007) George Goring (1608–1657): Caroline Courtier and Royalist General. Aldershot: Ashgate. *Naylor, Robert and John Naylor. From John O' Groats to Land's End. Middlesex: The Echo Library. * Neale, John (2013). Exploring the River Fowey. Amberley Publishing Limited. . *Nicholl, Katie (2011). The Making of a Royal Romance. Random House. p. 300\. . *Oman, Charles. (1926) Castles. London: Great Western Railway. *Palliser, D. M. (2000) The Cambridge Urban History of Britain: 600 – 1540, Volume 1. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. *Pettifer, Adrian. (1995) English Castles: A Guide by Counties. Woodbridge: Boydell Press. *Pounds, Norman John Greville. (1990) The Medieval Castle in England and Wales: a social and political history. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. *Steane, John. (1985) The Archaeology of Medieval England and Wales, Volume 1985, Part 2. Beckenham: Croom Helm. ==External links== *Restormel Castle information at English Heritage Category:Castles in Cornwall Category:English Heritage sites in Cornwall Category:Manors in Cornwall Category:Military history of Cornwall Category:Ruins in Cornwall Category:Scheduled monuments in Cornwall Category:Tourist attractions in Cornwall Category:Lostwithiel

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Christopher Miles Perrins, (born 11 May 1935) is Emeritus Fellow of the Edward Grey Institute of Field Ornithology at the University of Oxford, Emeritus Fellow at Wolfson College, Oxford and Her Majesty's Warden of the Swans since 1993. ==Education== Perrins was educated at Charterhouse School and Queen Mary College where he was awarded a Bachelor of Science degree in Zoology in 1957. He completed his postgraduate study and research at the University of Oxford where he was awarded a Doctor of Philosophy degree in 1963 for research on brood size in tits supervised by David Lack. ==Research and career== Perrins research interests are in the population dynamics and breeding biology of birds, particularly tits (Paridae), mute swans and seabirds on Skomer and Skokholm. He investigated animal lead poisoning of swans from lead shot. He is renowned for his work on avian population ecology and, in particular, reproductive rates. He has made a number of important contributions to the long-term study of the great tit at Wytham Woods — an area of mixed woodland established in 1947 by evolutionary biologist David Lack – one of the most famous studies in population ecology. He was the first to discover that avian clutch size – the number of eggs laid in a single nesting – in great tits has a remarkably high heritability and that the likelihood of the survival of young birds can be traced back to nutrition in the nest. Perrins also demonstrated that females lay a clutch of an appropriate size for their ability to feed. He supervised several successful DPhil students at Oxford including Matt Ridley and Tim Birkhead. According to Scopus, his most cited journal articles have been published in Ibis, Nature, Science and the Journal of Animal Ecology. ===Publications=== * British TitsBritish Tits (1979) Collins New Naturalist Series * Encyclopedia of BirdsEncyclopedia of Birds (1985) Christopher M. Perrins and A.L.A. Middleton, Facts on File Inc * The Mute SwanThe Mute Swan (1986) Helm Field Guides, Birkhead M. Perrins C. * The Illustrated Encyclopedia of Birds: The Definitive Guide to Birds of the World: Christopher M. Perrins Hardline (1990) * Bird Population Studies: Relevance to Conservation and Management: (Oxford Ornithology Series) by Christopher M. Perrins, G. J. Hirons and J. D. Lebreton (1996) * The Birds of the Western Palearctic, Volume 1: Non-passerines David Snow, Christopher M. Perrins and Robert Gillmor (1998) Oxford University Press. * The Birds of the Western Palearctic, Volume 2: by David Snow, Christopher M. Perrins and Robert Gillmor (1998) Oxford University Press. * The New Encyclopedia of Birds: Editor, (2003) Oxford University Press. * The Complete Encyclopedia of Birds and Bird Migration: Jonathan Elphick: Christopher M. Perrins (2004) ===Awards and honours=== Perrins has received a number of awards for his research, including the Godman-Salvin Medal of the British Ornithologists' Union in 1988, and the Royal Society for the Protection of Birds (RSPB) Medal in 1992. In 1993, he was appointed as the first Warden of the Swans in the Royal Household, playing an important role in the annual Swan Upping ceremony. This was a new office in the Royal Household of the Sovereign of the United Kingdom, created in 1993. Other awards and honours include: *American Ornithologists' Union: Corresponding Member, 1976, Fellow, 1983. *Deutschen Ornithologen-Gesellschaft: Corresponding Fellow, 1991, Life Fellow, 2001. *Nederlandse Ornithologische Unie: Life Fellow, 1992. * Elected an Honorary Fellow, Queen Mary ; Westfield College in 1996 * Elected a Fellow of the Royal Society (FRS) in 1997 One or more of the preceding sentences incorporates text from the royalsociety.org website where: * Union Medal of the British Ornithologists' Union (BOU) in 2016, awarded for outstanding contribution to the BOU and ornithology. having served as President of the BOU from 2003 to 2007 ==References== Category:1935 births Category:Living people Category:20th-century British biologists Category:Presidents of the British Ornithologists' Union Category:Fellows of the Royal Society Category:Fellows of Wolfson College, Oxford Category:Lieutenants of the Royal Victorian Order Category:New Naturalist writers Category:People educated at Charterhouse School Category:Edward Grey Institute people

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David Bell was a Scottish television producer and director in the light entertainment genre. In the mid-1980s, he became head of light entertainment at LWT. Live From Her Majesty's, Copy Cats and The Stanley Baxter Show number amongst his successes. He died of AIDS, aged 52. In 1978 Bell was involved with Michael Grade's move bringing Bruce Forsyth to ITV to present a Saturday night spectacular. On the back of his mammoth success with The Generation Game, Forsyth was never settled with ITV's two-hour multi-format evening of glitz, mini-soaps, game shows and gags. None of which was for want of trying by David Bell, whose biting wit and flair meant he enjoyed the respect of all in his production team. Category:1936 births Category:1990 deaths Category:British television directors Category:British television producers Category:Scottish television producers Category:AIDS-related deaths in England Category:20th-century British businesspeople

['LWT', "Live From Her Majesty's", 'AIDS']

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Oman Air () is the legacy airline (flag carrier) of the Sultanate of Oman. Based at Muscat International Airport in Seeb, Muscat, it operates domestic and international passenger services, as well as regional air taxi and charter flights.Contact Us. Oman Air. Retrieved on 14 August 2017. ==History== ===Beginnings=== The Sultanate of Oman was one of four shareholders for Gulf Air along with the UAE emirate of Abu Dhabi, Qatar, and Bahrain and was the last to exit from the carrier. Oman Air traces its roots back to 1970 when Oman International Services (OIS) was established. The company became a civil aircraft ground handling provider at Beit Al Falaj Airport. In 1973, OIS moved its operations to the new terminal at Seeb International Airport. The company took over Gulf Air's Light Aircraft Division in 1977, before establishing Aircraft Engineering Division in the same year. Rapidly expanding civil aviation industry of Oman led OIS to the building of several facilities – including hangars, workshops and in-flight catering – to cater for the increase in activity. In 1981, Oman Aviation Services became a joint-stock company. OAS also purchased 13 aircraft from Gulf Air, allowing the company to replace its turboprops Fokker 27-600 with the −500 series. The following year, Oman Aviation Services jointly commenced jet services, along with Gulf Air, to Salalah. From 1983 to 1993, the company purchased new equipment, including the Cessna Citation, and new facilities to help it improve its services. ===Foundation=== In 1993, Oman Air was founded. The airline's start was in March, when a wet-leased Boeing 737-300 from Ansett Worldwide Aviation Services (AWAS) flew from Muscat to Salalah. In July of the same year, the airline's first international flight was operated to Dubai, also using a Boeing 737-300. Flights to other destinations quickly followed, with Trivandrum (Thiruvananthapuram) services starting in November, Kuwait and Karachi in January 1994, and Colombo in October. In 1995, two Airbus A320s were wet-leased from Region Air of Singapore to replace the 737s. From 1995 to 1997, services were commenced to Mumbai, Dhaka, Abu Dhabi, Doha and Chennai. In October 1998, Oman Air was admitted in the international aviation industry trade group International Air Transport Association (IATA). By the end of the following year, Gwadar, Peshawar, Jeddah and Al Ain were included in the airline's ever-expanding route network, although the former two, along with a host of other destinations, were withdrawn in 2000. ===Recapitalization=== In March 2007, the Omani government recapitalised the airline, which saw the government increasing its shareholding from approximately 33 to 80 percent. It was also announced that Oman Air would be re-evaluating its strategic plans, with a possibility of entering the long-haul market. This culminated in May 2007 when the Sultanate of Oman withdrew from Gulf Air to focus on the development of Oman Air, leaving Bahrain as the solely owned of the airline. Oman Air commenced its long-haul services on 26 November 2007 by launching flights to Bangkok and London. On 2 April 2007, Oman Air announced it had placed a firm order with Airbus for 5 Airbus A330 aircraft for delivery in 2009. At the 2009 Dubai Air Show, Oman Air finalized the order, which involved 3 A330-300s and 2 A330-200s. Deliveries started during the third quarter of 2009. In February 2009, Oman Air announced intentions to lease another 2 A330-200s from Jet Airways.Times of Oman. Times of Oman (22 June 2009). Retrieved on 10 December 2010. During the 2009 Dubai Air Show, Oman Air Air also finalised an order for five Embraer 175 aircraft with another 5 options, which the airline received from 2011.Oman Air buys 5 Embraer 175 E – Jets. Zawya.com (17 November 2009). Retrieved on 10 December 2010. In March 2010, Oman Air became the first airline in the world to offer both mobile phone and Wi-Fi Internet services on selected routes. ===Development since 2010=== By November 2010, the Omani government held a 99.8 percent stake in the airline. In 2010 Maitha Al Mahrouqi was appointed Country Manager. In 2011, Oman Air won the Gold award for the "Airline of the Year" at France's Laurier d'Or du Voyage d'Affaires. During September 2013 the CEO was quoted as saying that Oman Air was studying to move to a 50 aircraft strong fleet by 2017. In April 2015, Oman Air announced it would phase out its smaller aircraft to focus on an all Airbus and Boeing fleet. The 2 ATR 42-500 aircraft were withdrawn by the end of 2015 while the 4 Embraer 175 and the Boeing 737-700 aircraft will be retired by the end of 2016. In April 2017 Oman Air announced plans to replace the A330s with Airbus A350s or Boeing 787s. In July 2017, Oman Air received the award for "Best Airline Staff Service in the Middle East" at the Skytrax World Airline Awards. Besides, in September that year, the Seven Stars Luxury Lifestyle and Hospitality Awards named it the "Best Airline in Europe, the Middle East, and Africa" for the second year in a row. In October 2018, the CEO of Oman Air Abdulaziz bin Saud al Raisi announced that the airlines aim to add over 60 new destinations and 70 aircraft by 2022. In June 2019, the International Air Transport Association (IATA) granted the level 4 New Distribution Capability (NDC) certification to the national airline of the Sultanate of Oman. The carrier became one of the first airlines to function on the latest standards, adding the title to its existing level 3 NDC certification. Oman Air, along with Kenya Airways announced the expansion of its codeshare cooperation, which was first signed in August 2017. The expansion, effective since 1 October 2019, increased the destinations for their flyers, where they were allowed to seamlessly travel beyond Nairobi to Entebbe in Uganda and Johannesburg in South Africa. In February 2021, Oman Air announced it would abandon fleet expansion plans due to lower demand as COVID-19 spreads. Chairman Mohammed Al-Barwani announced the reduction of fleet from the current 50 planes to 36 aircraft. Additionally, a few non- profitable routes, including Athens and Casablanca, had been terminated.aerotelegraph.com - "Oman Air is going to shrink" (German) 16 February 2021 In September 2021, Oman Air announced its intentions to enter Oneworld alliance by the end of 2022. This was followed by an announcement in June 2022 that it will join the alliance in 2024. In August 2023, Oman Air announced a new program to restructure the airline after an assessment was conducted of the airline's commercial and financial performance to achieve sustainable commercial operations. Saeed Al Mawali, Chairman of Oman Air, stated that the program will focus on four areas; financial sustainability, corporate governance, commercial aspects, and human capital. He added that a qualified team is needed to implement this program over 2-3 years so changes will be done in the board of directors and the executive management team. ==Corporate affairs== ===In-flight services=== In compliance with Islamic dietary laws, all meals served onboard Oman Air are prepared according to Halal guidelines. Special meals are available by request. Oman Air is also one of only seven airlines in the GCC to serve alcoholic beverages (the others being Gulf Air, Emirates (airline), Qatar Airways, Etihad Airways, flyDubai, and Wizz Air Abu Dhabi). Alcoholic beverages are only available on long-haul international flights and in compliance with GCC and Islamic laws, alcohol is not served inflight during the Ramadan season or on inter-Middle East flights. A stricter, permanent alcohol ban is applied on Saudi Arabia and Iran routes, in which alcohol is prohibited in both countries by Islamic law. Airbus A330-300 and Boeing 787 aircraft are equipped with Wi-Fi and mobile network portability on board. The inflight magazine of Oman Air is called Wings of Oman and is available to all classes of travel on both domestic and international flights in both English and Arabic. ===Frequent flyer program=== Sindbad is Oman Air's frequent flyer program, launched in 2006. It is a three- tier frequent flyer program managed directly by Oman Air. The three tiers are Sindbad Blue, Sindbad Silver which requires 20,000 Tier miles or flown 15 segments on Oman Air in a 12 months period to qualify as well as maintain the Sindbad Silver Tier level, Sindbad Gold which requires 40,000 Tier miles or 30 Tier segments in a 12 months period to qualify and maintain the Sinbad Gold Tier. Sindbad has a partnership agreement with the respective program of Etihad Airways and miles can be earned through several Sindbad partners. It was announced in 2022 that Oman Air will join Oneworld in 2024 ===Sponsorships=== * Oman Air became the Presenting Sponsor for the 2015 NBO Golf Classic Grand Final. * Orphaned Palestinian children have visited Al Khoudh child welfare centre. This visit has been sponsored by Oman Air and Dar Al Atta’a. * In July 2023, Oman Air became the global airline partner for Chelsea FC. The partnership will run for 3 years. ===Livery=== The original livery features a white fuselage with red and green cheatlines, with the airline's English and Arabic names written in red and green, respectively. Oman's national symbol, the Khanjar, is painted in red on the vertical stabilizer and then became the official logo. In the late 1990s, the livery was revised, with the cheatlines removed but retained the corporate red-green palette airline names. A new red vertical stabilizer was introduced, with the khanjar repainted in white and a green stripe is painted on the rear fuselage. For aircraft with wingtips, the logo was added on them in a solid red background. The current livery also features a white fuselage, but the vertical stabilizer changed to blue, and an incense smoke replacing the khanjar as the official logo. Oman Air's names in Arabic and English are now painted in gold and silver, respectively. ==Destinations== As of July 2020, Oman Air operates a network of 50 destinations in 27 countries out of its primary hub at Muscat. The country that sees the most services is India with 11 destinations. ===Codeshare agreements=== Oman Air has codeshare agreements with the following airlines: * Egyptair * Emirates * Ethiopian Airlines * Etihad Airways * Garuda Indonesia * Gulf Air * Kenya Airways * KLM * Kuwait Airways * Lufthansa * Malaysia Airlines * Qatar Airways * Royal Jordanian * Saudia * Singapore Airlines * SriLankan Airlines * Thai Airways International * Turkish Airlines ==Fleet== thumb|Oman Air Airbus A330-300 ===Current fleet=== , Oman Air operates the following aircraft: Oman Air fleet Aircraft In service Orders Passengers Notes F C Y Total Airbus A330-200 4 -- -- 30 196 226 Airbus A330-300 6 -- 6 20 204 230 -- 24 265 289 Boeing 737-800 8 -- -- 12 144 156 150 162 Boeing 737-900ER 5 -- -- 12 171 183 To be retired and acquired by Sun Country Airlines in 2024. Boeing 737 MAX 8 13 7 -- 12 150 162 Boeing 787-8 2 -- -- 18 249 267 Boeing 787-9 7 3 8 24 232 264 -- 30 258 288 Oman Air Cargo fleet Boeing 737-800BCF 1 -- Cargo Deliveries from 2023. Total 45 10 ===Historic fleet=== Oman Air operated the following aircraft previously: Oman Air historic fleet Aircraft Introduced Retired Notes Airbus A300B4-203 Leased from Pegasus Airlines Airbus A310-300 Leased from Hi Fly Airbus A320-200 Leased from Lotus Air and Pegasus Airlines ATR 42-500 Boeing 737-300 Leased Boeing 737-400 Leased from Pegasus Airlines Boeing 737-700 Boeing 757-200 Leased from Royal Brunei Airlines Boeing 767-200ER Leased from Malév Hungarian Airlines Embraer 175 Fokker F27-500 1995 2009 == Reliability and On-Time Performance == In 2022 Oman Air was the most reliable airline in the Middle-East and Africa according to Cirium's On-Time Performance rankings. In 2022, Oman air flights arrived on time 91.38% of the time. ==References== ==External links== * * Category:Airlines of Oman Category:Airlines established in 1981 Category:1981 establishments in Oman Category:Arab Air Carriers Organization members Category:Companies based in Muscat, Oman Category:Government-owned airlines Category:Omani brands *[F]: First Class *[C]: Business Class *[Y]: Economy Class *[Cargo]: Cargo Configuration

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San Lupo is the name of a hill town and comune in the province of Benevento, in the Campania region of southern Italy. It is a member of the Titerno "Local Action Group". The town is located 60 km from the A1 highway, exit at Caserta, or is reachable by the Benevento-Caianello National Road. The nearest railway station is Naples-Foggia line. There are daily flights to Benevento and Naples. The town is also accessible by bus, on the line St. Wolf-Naples- Benevento-Campobasso, with links to Benevento (3 trips daily in summer and 3 runs in the winter), Naples (3 trips daily during the summer and 3 runs in the winter) and Campobasso (3 trips daily in summer and 3 runs in the winter). ==History== The first settlement dates back to the period between the 10th and 11th century AD by Benedictine monks who were attracted to these lands and called them "San Lupo and Zosimus." A major earthquake in 1456 caused serious damage, and forced the population to move upstream, where the village was rebuilt. In 1688, another earthquake destroyed much of the rebuilt village. The survivors rebuilt it on the hill above, where homes had not suffered very much damage, due to the rocky nature of the soil. San Lupo was later a fiefdom of various noble families. In 1877 the town was the starting point of a failed uprising against the Italian government by the anarchists Malatesta and Cafiero. There was mass emigration to the United States, Canada and South America at the end of the 19th century. After the Second World War there was another wave of emigration to Australia. ==Nearby Towns== The municipality of San Lupo is surrounded by the following 6 municipalities: San Lorenzo Maggiore (BN) 1.3 km, Guardia Sanframondi (BN) 3.2 km, Casalduni (BN) 5.0 km, Pontelandolfo (BN) 5.6 km, Ponte (BN) 7.0 km, & Cerreto Sannita (BN) 7.1 km. ==Festivals== The feast of the patron saint, San Lupo, is celebrated each year on the last Saturday of July. San Lupo citizens participate in the penitential rite of neighboring Guardia Sanframondi. ==References== ==External links== * San Lupo Category:Cities and towns in Campania

['Campania', 'Italy', 'Titerno', 'Caserta', 'Benevento', 'Naples', 'Benedictine', 'Guardia Sanframondi']

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San Lorenzo Maggiore is a town and comune in the province of Benevento, in the Campania region of southern Italy. It is a member of the Titerno Local Action Group. == Geography == San Lorenzo Maggiore covers 16.17 square kilometers of hilly land and is bordered by San Lupo, Ponte, Paupisi, Vitulano, and Guardia Sanframondi. The Calore Irpino River passes nearby. The town is just north of Mount Taburno and south of the Matese mountains, one of the largest ranges of the Apennines. Mount Taburno rises 1,390 meters above sea level, and the vegetation to its north consists mainly of copses, plus some stretches of high forests with beech trees and conifers. The part of San Lorenzo Maggiore by the Matese is more conducive to agriculture, particularly vineyards and olive groves. == History == The area around San Lorenzo Maggiore has been inhabited since prehistoric times, as evidenced by several findings, including the "Mandorla di Chelles", a piece of quartzite that was probably used to skin animals. It was found in 1915 and is now preserved in a museum in Paris. During the rule of the Lombards, a village called Limata was established near the Calore River, where a similarly named comune now stands. In 663 A.D., it was the site of a battle between the troops of Mittola, the Lombard count of Capua, and the army of the Byzantine emperor Constans II. Around 1000, Limata, thanks to its strategic location, became a commercial center and experienced rapid demographic change, which continued with the Norman conquest of southern Italy. On 26 December 1382, Louis I of Anjou took the throne of Naples after the death of Joanna I. In the 15th century, Limata passed into the hands of the House of Carafa. Though the Carafa technically kept it until the abolition of feudalism in 1806, they preferred to live in Naples and essentially abandoned Limata. Some residents retreated to the nearby hills, where they founded San Lorenzo Maggiore. San Lorenzo Maggiore was administered, like other towns of southern Italy, by a council of citizens appointed each year by local landowners. The town's population, 80 families in 1532, grew to 206 by 1595. The earthquake of 5 June 1688 caused extensive damage, but the town was rebuilt, and by 1724, it had 1,700 inhabitants. == Places of interest == The remains of Limata are south of the town center. In addition, San Lorenzo Maggiore is home to several religious sites: === Collegiate Church of San Lorenzo === This church, in the town's historic center, was completed in 1417. In 1553, it became a collegiate church and underwent a series of expansions. The altar is surrounded by a 17th-century wooden choir area and is dominated by a painting of the martyrdom of St. Lawrence (San Lorenzo), made in the 18th century by Francesco Mazzacca. Also of interest are a wooden sculpture of Saint Lawrence; the bell tower, built in 1661; and the altarpiece, which features the Madonna with Child, St. Lawrence, and St. Amand. In 1934, the church was visited by Prince Umberto II. === Sanctuary and Convent of Santa Maria della Strada === Centuries ago, according to legend, Mary appeared to a pious woman and invited her to dig at the spot where the church stands today. At a depth of twelve palms, the legend goes, the woman found a small chapel with an icon of Mary, which began to pour water when removed from the earth. The crypt of the church is said to be this legendary chapel. The church and convent were abandoned in the 19th century but restored in 1990. The building houses an icon of the Madonna and Child in the late Byzantine style. === Church of the Annunciation === Probably founded around 1550, the church was restored and enlarged several times over the centuries. In 1876, it was decorated with plaster made by Donato Di Crosta of Cerreto. Of particular interest is the Chapel of St. Catherine, which featured four white marble statues (some stolen in 1976) depicting St. Catherine, St. Peter, St. Paul, and St. Francis. Most notable is a very old sculpture of the Madonna della Sanità, from Limata. ==References== ==External links== * SanLorenzoMaggiore.net: photos, articles, and news * San Lorenzo Maggiore Category:Cities and towns in Campania

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The atomic radius of a chemical element is the distance from the center of the nucleus to the outermost shell of an electron. Since the boundary is not a well-defined physical entity, there are various non-equivalent definitions of atomic radius. Depending on the definition, the term may apply only to isolated atoms, or also to atoms in condensed matter, covalently bound in molecules, or in ionized and excited states; and its value may be obtained through experimental measurements, or computed from theoretical models. Under some definitions, the value of the radius may depend on the atom's state and context. Atomic radii vary in a predictable and explicable manner across the periodic table. For instance, the radii generally decrease rightward along each period (row) of the table, from the alkali metals to the noble gases; and increase down each group (column). The radius increases sharply between the noble gas at the end of each period and the alkali metal at the beginning of the next period. These trends of the atomic radii (and of various other chemical and physical properties of the elements) can be explained by the electron shell theory of the atom; they provided important evidence for the development and confirmation of quantum theory. ==Atomic radius== Note: All measurements given are in picometers (pm). For more recent data on covalent radii see Covalent radius. Just as atomic units are given in terms of the atomic mass unit (approximately the proton mass), the physically appropriate unit of length here is the Bohr radius, which is the radius of a hydrogen atom. The Bohr radius is consequently known as the "atomic unit of length". It is often denoted by a0 and is approximately 53 pm. Hence, the values of atomic radii given here in picometers can be converted to atomic units by dividing by 53, to the level of accuracy of the data given in this table. atomic number symbol name empirical † Calculated van der Waals Covalent (single bond) Covalent (triple bond) Metallic 1 H hydrogen 25 53 120 or 110 32 2 He helium 120 31 140 46 3 Li lithium 145 167 182 or 181 133 152 4 Be beryllium 105 112 153 102 85 112 5 B boron 85 87 192 85 73 6 C carbon 70 67 170 75 60 7 N nitrogen 65 56 155 71 54 8 O oxygen 60 48 152 63 53 9 F fluorine 50 42 147 64 53 10 Ne neon 160Neon has van der Waal's radii thus its radii is the highest in its period 38 154 67 11 Na sodium 180 190 227 155 186 12 Mg magnesium 150 145 173 139 127 160 13 Al aluminium 125 118 184 126 111 143 14 Si silicon 110 111 210 116 102 15 P phosphorus 100 98 180 111 94 16 S sulfur 100 88 180 103 95 17 Cl chlorine 100 79 175 99 93 18 Ar argon 71 71 188 96 96 19 K potassium 220 243 275 196 227 20 Ca calcium 180 194 231 171 133 197 21 Sc scandium 160 184 211 148 114 162 b 22 Ti titanium 140 176 136 108 147 23 V vanadium 135 171 134 106 134 b 24 Cr chromium 140 166 122 103 128 b 25 Mn manganese 140 161 119 103 127 b 26 Fe iron 140 156 116 102 126 b 27 Co cobalt 135 152 111 96 125 b 28 Ni nickel 135 149 163 110 101 124 b 29 Cu copper 135 145 140 112 120 128 b 30 Zn zinc 135 142 139 118 134 b 31 Ga gallium 130 136 187 124 121 135 c 32 Ge germanium 125 125 211 121 114 33 As arsenic 115 114 185 121 106 34 Se selenium 115 103 190 116 107 35 Br bromine 115 94 185 or 183 114 110 36 Kr krypton 88 202 117 108 37 Rb rubidium 235 265 303 210 248 38 Sr strontium 200 219 249 185 139 215 39 Y yttrium 180 212 163 124 180 b 40 Zr zirconium 155 206 154 121 160 41 Nb niobium 145 198 147 116 146 b 42 Mo molybdenum 145 190 138 113 139 b 43 Tc technetium 135 183 128 110 136 b 44 Ru ruthenium 130 178 125 103 134 b 45 Rh rhodium 135 173 125 106 134 b 46 Pd palladium 140 169 163 120 112 137 b 47 Ag silver 160 165 172 128 137 144 b 48 Cd cadmium 155 161 158 136 151 b 49 In indium 155 156 193 142 146 167 50 Sn tin 145 145 217 140 132 51 Sb antimony 145 133 206 140 127 52 Te tellurium 140 123 206 136 121 53 I iodine 140 115 198 133 125 54 Xe xenon 108 216 131 122 55 Cs caesium 260 298 343 232 265 56 Ba barium 215 253 268 196 149 222 57 La lanthanum 195 226 180 139 187 b 58 Ce cerium 185 210 163 131 181.8 c 59 Pr praseodymium 185 247 176 128 182.4 c 60 Nd neodymium 185 206 174 181.4 c 61 Pm promethium 185 205 173 183.4 c 62 Sm samarium 185 238 172 180.4 c 63 Eu europium 185 231 168 180.4 c 64 Gd gadolinium 180 233 169 132 180.4 c 65 Tb terbium 175 225 168 177.3 c 66 Dy dysprosium 175 228 167 178.1 c 67 Ho holmium 175 226 166 176.2 c 68 Er erbium 175 226 165 176.1 c 69 Tm thulium 175 222 164 175.9 c 70 Yb ytterbium 175 222 170 176 c 71 Lu lutetium 175 217 162 131 173.8 c 72 Hf hafnium 155 208 152 122 159 73 Ta tantalum 145 200 146 119 146 b 74 W tungsten 135 193 137 115 139 b 75 Re rhenium 135 188 131 110 137 b 76 Os osmium 130 185 129 109 135 b 77 Ir iridium 135 180 122 107 135.5 b 78 Pt platinum 135 177 175 123 110 138.5 b 79 Au gold 135 174 166 124 123 144 b 80 Hg mercury 150 171 155 133 151 b 81 Tl thallium 190 156 196 144 150 170 82 Pb lead 180 154 202 144 137 83 Bi bismuth 160 143 207 151 135 84 Po polonium 190 135 197 145 129 85 At astatine 127 202 147 138 86 Rn radon 120 220 142 133 87 Fr francium 348 88 Ra radium 215 283 201 159 89 Ac actinium 195 186 140 90 Th thorium 180 175 136 179 b 91 Pa protactinium 180 169 129 163 d 92 U uranium 175 186 170 118 156 e 93 Np neptunium 175 171 116 155 e 94 Pu plutonium 175 172 159 e 95 Am americium 175 166 173 b 96 Cm curium 176 166 174 b 97 Bk berkelium 170 b 98 Cf californium 186±2 b 99 Es einsteinium 186±2 b 100 Fm fermium 101 Md mendelevium 102 No nobelium 103 Lr lawrencium 104 Rf rutherfordium 131 105 Db dubnium 126 106 Sg seaborgium 121 107 Bh bohrium 119 108 Hs hassium 118 109 Mt meitnerium 113 110 Ds darmstadtium 112 111 Rg roentgenium 118 112 Cn copernicium 130 113 Nh nihonium 114 Fl flerovium 115 Mc moscovium 116 Lv livermorium 117 Ts tennessine 118 Og oganesson ==See also== * Atomic radius * Covalent radius (Single-, double- and triple-bond radii, up to the superheavy elements.) * Ionic radius ==Notes== * Difference between empirical and experimental data: Empirical data basically means, "originating in or based on observation or experience" or "relying on experience or observation alone often without due regard for system and theory data". It basically means that you measured it through physical observation, and a lot of experiments generating the same results. Although, note that the values are not calculated by a formula. However, often the empirical results then become an equation of estimation. Experimental data on the other hand are only based on theories. Such theoretical predictions are useful when there are no ways of measuring radii experimentally, if you want to predict the radius of an element that hasn't been discovered yet, or it has too short of a half-life. * The radius of an atom is not a uniquely defined property and depends on the definition. Data derived from other sources with different assumptions cannot be compared. * † to an accuracy of about 5 pm * (b) 12 coordinate * (c) gallium has an anomalous crystal structure * (d) 10 coordinate * (e) uranium, neptunium and plutonium have irregular structures *Triple bond mean-square deviation 3pm. ==References== Data is as quoted at http://www.webelements.com/ from these sources: ===Covalent radii (single bond)=== * * * * * ===Metallic radius=== Category:Properties of chemical elements Category:Chemical element data pages Category:Atomic radius

['Covalent radius', 'Atomic radius', 'Ionic radius']

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Culture Shock are an English ska punk band formed in Warminster, Wiltshire in 1986 by Dick Lucas, previously of the Subhumans. ==Band history== Over their four-year history, Culture Shock have played hundreds of gigs, including frequent appearances at free festivals, and released three studio albums on the Bluurg record label. Lucas' lyrics were mostly concerned with social and political issues, from cruelty to animals, Northern Ireland, war, and social alienation, but were far from angry rants, often finding a positive and empowering perspective. Culture Shock split at the end of 1989, as Bill and Nige both had young families to support. Dick went on to form Citizen Fish with Jasper, the bassist on Culture Shock's final album, and two other former members of the Subhumans. Nige died in 1993. ==Reformation== Interest in the band was revived by the release of the Everything CD retrospective in 2012; Culture Shock reformed as a gigging band and have been playing since 2013. The line-up remains the same except with Alex (from Citizen Fish) on guitar. ==Members== * Dick Lucas (vocals) * Bill (drums) * Jasper Pattison (bass) * Alex Gordon (guitar) ===Former members=== * Paul Taylor (bass - on Go Wild and Onwards & Upwards) * Nigel Johnston (guitar, vocals) ==Discography== ===Albums=== * Go Wild (1986), Fish 18 * Onwards & Upwards (1988), Fish 20 * All the Time! (1989), Fish 23 * Attention Span (2016) * The Humanity Show (2018) * Mandemic (2021) ===Compilation albums=== * Everything (3CD/MP3) (2012), Fish 51 ===Cassette-only releases=== * "Living History" (demo) (April 1986), Bluurg Tapes 66 * "Live at the Fish", Earth Zone * "Reality Stop No.44" (demo) (December 1986), Bluurg Tapes 71 * Hot and Sweaty (live compilation), Bluurg Tapes 79 ===Compilation appearances=== * Crisis Point EP * Stonehenge EP * Open Mind Surgery LP * Travellers Aid Trust (2LP & CD), Flicknife ==See also== * Punk ideology * List of anarcho-punk bands == References == ==External links== * Bandcamp * Official Subhumans and Citizen Fish site * Discogs Category:English punk rock groups Category:Anarcho-punk groups Category:English indie rock groups Category:Musical groups established in 1986 Category:Musical groups disestablished in 1989 Category:People from Warminster Category:1986 establishments in England Category:Musical groups from Wiltshire

['Warminster', 'Wiltshire', 'Anarcho-punk', 'Citizen Fish', 'Northern Ireland', 'Punk ideology', 'List of anarcho-punk bands']

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Abas (, died 953) was king of Bagratid Armenia from 928 to 953. He was a member of the Bagratid (Bagratuni) royal dynasty. He was the son of Smbat I and the brother of Ashot II the Iron, whom he succeeded. In contrast to the reign of his predecessors, Abas's reign was mostly peaceful, and he occupied himself with the reconstruction of the war-torn kingdom and the development of his capital at Kars. ==Life== Prior to becoming king, Abas served as the kingdom's sparapet (chief general), although he is not to be confused with his uncle, who was also named Abas and also served as sparapet. Abas succeeded his brother King Ashot II after the latter died without an heir in 929. Less is known about Abas's reign than those of his predecessors, as the history of Catholicos Hovhannes Draskhanakerttsi ends in 923-924. After ascending the throne, Abas moved the capital of the kingdom from Shirakavan to his fortress- city of Kars. Abas apparently never attempted to reconquer Dvin or expand his kingdom, instead focusing on developing and protecting his capital of Kars. Conflict with the Arabs was minimal too, with the exception of a military defeat Abas suffered near the holy city of Vagharshapat. He was far less conciliatory towards the Byzantines, who had repeatedly demonstrated their unreliability as allies by attacking and annexing Armenian territories. The Byzantines also refused to bestow the title of prince of princes to Abas. However, the Byzantine emperor Romanos I Lekapenos was more focused on fighting the Arab Hamdanids, leaving Abas's kingdom in peace. The Cathedral of Kars, which remains intact to this day, was constructed sometime during Abas's reign. After its construction, Abas confronted an invasion by a certain Prince Ber of Abkhazia (whose identity remains unknown), who sought to consecrate the church under the Chalcedonian rite. Ber appeared with an army along the river of the Araxes, but Abas refused to make any concessions and ambushed Ber's forces in an assault at dawn. Several more skirmishes took place and Ber was finally captured by Abas's men. Abas took the king to his new church and told him that he would never see it again, blinding him and sending him back to Abkhazia. The great monasteries of Horomos (934) and Narek (935) were also constructed during Abas's reign. It was either during Abas's reign or that of his successor that the patriarchal seat of the Armenian church finally returned to Bagratid territory when Catholicos Ananias I moved from Aghtamar in the Kingdom of Vaspurakan to Argina. Abas died in 953, leaving his kingdom to his two sons, Ashot III and Mushegh. Ashot became King of Armenia and eventually established his capital at Ani, while Mushegh became King of Kars. ==References== == Bibliography == * * * Category:Bagratuni dynasty Category:Kings of Bagratid Armenia Category:10th-century monarchs in Asia Category:Year of birth unknown Category:953 deaths Category:10th-century Armenian people

['King of Armenia', 'Ashot II', 'Ashot III', 'Smbat I', 'Bagratid Armenia', 'Kars', 'Hovhannes Draskhanakerttsi', 'Vagharshapat', 'Romanos I Lekapenos', 'Hamdanids', 'Horomos', 'Kingdom of Vaspurakan', 'Ani']

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Solmization is a system of attributing a distinct syllable to each note of a musical scale. Various forms of solmization are in use and have been used throughout the world, but solfège is the most common convention in countries of Western culture. ==Overview== The seven syllables normally used for this practice in English-speaking countries are: do, re, mi, fa, sol, la, and ti (with sharpened notes of di, ri, fi, si, li and flattened notes of te, le, se, me, ra). The system for other Western countries is similar, though si is often used as the final syllable rather than ti. Guido of Arezzo is thought likely to have originated the modern Western system of solmization by introducing the ut–re–mi–fa–so–la syllables, which derived from the initial syllables of each of the first six half-lines of the first stanza of the hymn Ut queant laxis. Giovanni Battista Doni is known for having changed the name of note "Ut" (C), renaming it "Do" (in the "Do Re Mi ..." sequence known as solfège). An alternative explanation, first proposed by Franciszek Meninski in Thesaurus Linguarum Orientalium (1680) and later by J.-B. Laborde in Essai sur la Musique Ancienne et Moderne (1780), is that the syllables were derived from the Arabic solmization system درر مفصّلات Durar Mufaṣṣalāt ("Separated Pearls") (dāl, rā', mīm, fā', ṣād, lām, tā') during the Middle Ages,Farmer (1988), p.72–82. but there is not any documentary evidence for it. Byzantine music uses syllables derived from the Greek alphabet to name notes: starting with A, the notes are pa (alpha), vu (beta, pronounced v in modern greek), ga (gamma), di (delta), ke (epsilon), zo (zeta), ni (eta).Chrysanthos of Madytos, Θεωρητικὸν μέγα τῆς Μουσικῆς, Trieste, 1832, p.25-26 In Scotland, the system known as Canntaireachd ("chanting"') was used as a means of communicating bagpipe music verbally. The Svara solmization of India has origins in Vedic texts like the Upanishads, which discuss a musical system of seven notes, realized ultimately in what is known as sargam. In Indian classical music, the notes in order are: sa, re, ga, ma, pa, dha, and ni, which correspond to the Western solfege system. For Han people's music in China, the words used to name notes are (from fa to mi): 上 (siong or shàng), 尺 (cei or chǐ), 工 (gōng), 凡 (huan or fán), 六 (liuo or liù), 五 (ngou or wǔ), 乙 (yik or yǐ). The system is used for teaching sight-singing. For Japanese music, the first line of Iroha, an ancient poem used as a tutorial of traditional kana, is used for solmization. The syllables representing the notes A, B, C, D, E, F, G are i, ro, ha, ni, ho, he, to respectively. Shakuhachi musical notation uses another solmization system beginning "Fu Ho U". Javanese musicians derive syllables from numbers: ji-ro-lu-pat-ma-nem-pi. These names derive from one-syllable simplification of the Javanese numerals siji, loro, telu, papat, lima, enem, pitu. ([Pa]pat and pi[tu], corresponding to 4 and 7, are skipped in the pentatonic slendro scale.) ==See also== *Solfège *Kodály method with Curwen hand signs *Numbered musical notation *Shape note *Tonic sol-fa ==References== Category:Ear training Category:Musical notation et:Silpnimetus

['Guido of Arezzo', 'Ut queant laxis', 'Giovanni Battista Doni', 'Byzantine music', 'Greek alphabet', 'Chrysanthos of Madytos', 'Canntaireachd', 'Svara', 'Vedic texts', 'Upanishads', 'Indian classical music', 'Han people', 'Iroha', 'Shakuhachi musical notation', 'Javanese numerals', 'Solfège', 'Numbered musical notation', 'Shape note', 'Tonic sol-fa']

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The GAZ-M20 "Pobeda" (; победа means victory) was a passenger car produced in the Soviet Union by GAZ from 1946 until 1958. It was also licensed to the Polish Passenger Automobile Factory and produced there as the FSO Warszawa. Although usually known as the GAZ-M20, an original car's designation at that time was just M-20: M for "Molotovets" (the GAZ factory was named after Vyacheslav Molotov). ==History== The first sketches of similar-looking cars were completed by Valentin Brodsky in 1938 and by Vladimir Aryamov in 1940, which revealed a growing tendency towards streamlined car design in the Soviet Union. Aryamov's two-door coupe GAZ-11-80, designed in 1940, greatly resembled the later Pobeda and was in many ways identical to it. However, after the German invasion of 1941 military priorities delayed the work on the new car and the factory was switched to military production.Dmitri Dashko. Sovetskiye Legkoviye 1918-1942. 2012. P. 63-64 The first Pobeda was developed in the Soviet Union under chief engineer Andrei A. Liphart. Originally intended to be called "Rodina" (Homeland), the name "Pobeda" (Victory) was a back-up, but was preferred by Joseph Stalin. "How much does the homeland cost?" - he asked. The name was also chosen because the works started in 1943 at Gorky Avto Zavod (GAZ, "Gorky Car Plant"), when victory in World War II began to seem likely, and the car was to be a model for post-war times. The plant was later heavily bombarded, but work was unaffected. Styling was done by "the imaginative and talented Veniamin Samoilov". The GAZ-M20 Pobeda was one of the first Soviet cars of original design and moreover at the front line of a new vogue in automobile design; only the front suspension and, partly, the unitized body were influenced by the 1938 Opel Kapitän (the choice of car may have been influenced by the acquisition of the tooling from Opel's Rüsselsheim factory as part of the war reparations package for the Soviet side, which also led to the creation of the Moskvitch 400/420). It was one of the first cars to introduce ponton styling with slab sides, preceding many Western manufacturers. The M20 was the first Soviet car using entirely domestic body dies; it was designed against wooden bucks, which suffered warping, requiring last-minute tuning by GAZ factory employees. The first prototype was ready on November 6, 1944 (for an anniversary of the October Revolution). A number of parts such as the gearbox and the transmission for the Pobeda (especially the early models) were carried over from the Ford Model B-based GAZ-M1 and modernized GAZ 11-73. The first production model rolled off the assembly line on June 21, 1946. It was also the first Soviet automobile to have turn signals, two electric windshield wipers (rather than mechanical- or vacuum- operated ones), four-wheel hydraulic brakes, an electric heater, and a factory-installed AM radio. The car came to be a symbol of postwar Soviet life and is today a popular collector's item. ==Design and development== During the design process, GAZ had to choose between a inline six and a inline four; Stalin preferred the four, so it was used. The same M-20 engine was later used on the ASU-57 light assault gun. In addition, the headlights were covered by an American patent. Production started in 1946, only a year after the end of the world war, and was difficult due to serious economic and technical hardships caused by the war; by the end of 1946, only twenty-three cars were completed, virtually by hand. Truly mass production had to wait until 28 April 1947, and even then, only 700 were built before October 1948. During that period the Soviet Union was unable to produce steel sheets large enough for body panels, so strips had to be welded together, which led to countless leaks and of solder in the body, as well as an increase in weight of . Steel quality was below average, up to 60% was rejected, and the overall quality of the first cars was so low that production was actually stopped by order of the government and the company's director was fired. On August 31, 1948, the government issued a decree requiring the immediate improvement of quality and thorough testing of the new automobiles. The cars and their integral parts were subjected to detailed laboratory and on-road testing, opinions of the cars' drivers were carefully studied and taken into account. After a reorganisation, solving the initial build quality issues, making 346 improvements and adding two thousand new tools, the Pobeda was returned to production. It had a new carburettor, different final drive ratio (5.125:1 rather than 4.7:1), strengthened rear springs, improved heater, and the ability to run on the low-grade 66 octane fuel typical in the Soviet Union. (Among the changes was a lower rear seat, enabling military and police officers to ride without removing their caps). The improvements enabled the new Pobeda to reach in 12 seconds, half the previous model's time. In January 1949, the state commission issued a report after testing the new model and its parts, where it noted the significant improvement of build quality, ruggedness and durability of the car, good fuel consumption and on-road performance, especially on poor roads. The improved Pobeda entered production on 1 November 1949, and the techniques needed to develop and manufacture it effectively created the Soviet automobile industry. In 1952, improved airflow in the engine increased power from to ; it climbed to , along with the new grille, upholstery, steering wheel, radio, and radiator badge, as the M20V (Russian: М-20В), 1955. ===Versions=== thumb|The GAZ M-72 was the world's first series- produced monocoque four-wheel drive (1955). *Stock versions: **1946-1948 – early GAZ-M-20s. **1948-1954 – improved and massively produced cars with modernised leaf springs, thermostats and manual gears; heaters, water pumps and mechanical clock were added to the cars of this generation. **1955-1958 – GAZ-20V equipped with a new 52-PS engine and a radio. *Other versions: **A 4-door sedan prototype, the Pobeda-NAMI, was designed by NAMI in 1948 as a replacement for the M-20. While much of the car was identical to the production version, the difference was in the interior. The front bench seat was replaced with bucket seats and the smaller size of the front seats allowed the rear seat and trunk wall to be moved forward, increasing trunk space. The model did not enter production as redesigning the production car would take too long and also the shape of the car was less recognizable compared to the production version. GAZ did not produce a sedan until the Volga in 1956. **A prototype cab-over-engine (forward control, COE) vehicle, the GAZ-013, was based on the Pobeda, but not built. **A column shift synchromesh gearbox appeared in 1950, replacing the floor-shifted "crash box". In 1949 debuted a cabriolet (without a separate designation, surviving until 1953), and a taxi M-20A, with cheaper interior (first regular taxi model in Moscow); some of the cabriolets were also used as taxis. **In 1949–53, 14,222 M-20s were built with 4-door convertible body (of 'cabrio coach' type), but sales were poor and the GAZ never returned to the idea of mass-producing a convertible. The only reason to create a cabriolet, less practical in Soviet climate, were low production capabilities of sheet metal, due to war damage. **In 1955, the first comfortable mass-produced monocoque all-wheel drive vehicle appeared, the GAZ-M72, with a four-wheel drive system adapted from the contemporary Soviet GAZ-69. It was the brainchild of Vitaly Grachev, assistant to the GAZ-69's chief engineer, Grigory Moiseevich Wasserman. It used a standard Pobeda transmission, mated to the GAZ-69 front axle, leaf spring suspension, and transfer case, with a brand-new rear axle (used on no other vehicle, a rarity for Soviet car production). The body had fourteen panels added to strengthen the floor, frame, doors, and roof. Trim and interior were otherwise the same as the M20, and in all, 4,677 were built by end of production in 1958. **A limited edition M20G for the KGB (number unknown, but very small), powered by a straight six (from the GAZ M12 ZIM), was also produced, giving the Pobeda a top speed reportedly , and time was down to 16 seconds from the stock model's 34; handling was compromised by the extra front-end weight. Also known as GAZ-26. Total production of the Pobeda was 235,999, including 37,492 taxis and 14,222 cabriolets. A great number of cars was used by government organizations and government-owned corporations, including taxicab parks (there were no private taxis in the USSR). Despite its 16,000 ruble price tag, with average wage 800 ruble, the Pobeda was available to buy for ordinary citizens, and by 1954–1955 the demand for cars in the USSR started to exceed production, and there appeared long queues to buy a car. The Pobeda provided the first serious opportunity for the Soviet automobile industry to export cars, and "Western drivers found it to be almost indestructible". The Pobeda was replaced by the GAZ M21 Volga. ==Export== The car was a successful export for the USSR, and the design was licensed to the Polish FSO (Passenger Automobile Factory) factory in Warsaw, where it was built as the FSO Warszawa beginning in 1951, continuing until 1973. A few were reported to have been assembled in Pyongyang, North Korea, although this appears to have been a hoax. One example was shown in China as the Yuejin CN-750 but this never entered production and was most likely a Russian-made car. ==Technical details== Weighing , the Pobeda has a 2.1-litre sidevalve straight-four engine, derived from Chrysler's flathead six-cylinder design. It produced and achieved a top speed of . ==Gallery== File:Pobeda-Mockup-1943-44.jpg|Clay model, 1943-1944 File:GAZ-M-20_Pobeda_Komsomolskaya_Rd_Minsk_10_September_2014.JPG|GAZ M20 (1948-1955) File:GAZ Pobieda in a street of Mtskheta - Georgia 1.jpg|GAZ-M20V (1955-1958) File:М72 автомобиль.JPG|GAZ-M72 (1955-1958) File:Газ-м-20а-победа.JPG|GAZ-M20A taxi cab File:GAZ Pobieda in a street of Mtskheta - Georgia 2.jpg|GAZ-M20V rear ==Notes== ==References== * * * * * * * * ==External links== * *Main Russian Pobeda site by Artem Alekseyenko *Pobeda by Jelle Jan Gerrits. *Estonian Pobeda Club Forum *Pobeda the SUV-version Category:Soviet automobiles Category:Executive cars Category:GAZ Group vehicles Category:Rear-wheel-drive vehicles Category:Sedans Category:1950s cars Category:Cars introduced in 1946

['GAZ', 'Soviet Union', 'GAZ-M1', 'Executive car', 'FSO Warszawa', 'Vyacheslav Molotov', 'Joseph Stalin', 'World War II', 'Opel Kapitän', 'October Revolution', 'AM radio', 'ASU-57', 'GAZ-69', 'Vitaly Grachev', 'KGB', 'Warsaw', 'Pyongyang', 'North Korea']

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Edzná is a Maya archaeological site in the north of the Mexican state of Campeche. The site is open to visitors since the 1970s. The most remarkable building at the site is the main temple located at the plaza. Built on a platform 40 m high, it provides a wide overview of the surroundings. Another significant building located in the plaza is a ball court. Two parallel structures make up the ball court. The top rooms of the ball court were possibly used to store images of the gods associated with the events, along with items needed for the games. Edzná was already inhabited in 400 BC, and it was abandoned c. 1500 AD. During the time of occupation, a government was set up whose power was legitimized by the relationship between governors and the deities. In the Late Classic period Edzná was part of the Calakmul polity. Edzná may have been inhabited as early as 600 BC but it took until 200 AD before it developed into a major city. The word Edzná comes from "House of the Itzaes". The architectural style of this site shows signs of the Puuc style, even though it is far from the Puuc Hills sites. The decline and eventual abandonment of Edzná remains a mystery today. Edzná was discovered in 1907. The first organised excavations started in 1958. In 1986, coordinating agencies began to employ Guatemalan refugees in the excavation, restoration and maintenance at Edzná. This project was funded by various international organizations. ==References== ==External links== * * Edzná Photo Essay * Edzná on AmazingTemples.com (en) Category:Maya sites in Campeche Category:Former populated places in Mexico Category:Populated places established in the 3rd century BC Category:3rd-century BC establishments in the Maya civilization Category:15th-century disestablishments in the Maya civilization Category:Maya sites that survived the end of the Classic Period

['Maya civilization', 'Mexican state', 'Campeche', 'Calakmul', 'Puuc']

['Q28567', 'Q28912963', 'Q80908', 'Q272771', 'Q1772181']

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is Toei Company's twenty-ninth production of the Super Sentai metaseries. It aired from February 13, 2005, to February 12, 2006, replacing Tokusou Sentai Dekaranger and was replaced by GoGo Sentai Boukenger. The action footage was used in Power Rangers Mystic Force and both shows had scenes simultaneously shot in New Zealand.Super Sentai.com FAQ (dead) The main themes of this series are courage and love of family. This series was dubbed into Korean under the title Power Rangers Magic Force. TV Asahi's Super Hero Time alongside Kamen Rider Hibiki. The catchphrases of the series are "Magic, it's a sacred power! Magic, it's an adventure to the unknown! Magic, and it's a proof of courage!" () and "Divine! Adventurous! Courageous! It's just MAGIC" (). ==Synopsis== A war between the Infershia and Magitopia had occurred unbeknownst to humans. After being imprisoned within the Earth for fifteen years, the Infershia have returned to get revenge from their imprisonment. When the Infershia attack, five siblings witness their mother change in front of them and she hands them Magi Phones to transform into a magic team. Now endowed with magic powers, these five vow to live up to their family's legacy. They have yet to discover many more family secrets. ==Characters== ===Magirangers=== The is a family of mages that initially consisted of five children (three brothers and two sisters) who lived peacefully with their mother Miyuki on the assumption that their father died in an expedition in Antarctica. But the siblings learn their family legacy as they battle against the Infershia after their mother was taken from them, reunited with their parents by the series finale. The core five transform using the which allow them to execute spells, armed with the wands and the broom-like flying vehicles. Whenever facing a giant monster, the Magirangers use the to transform into the which can all combine into via or without Magi Phoenix to form via . After the siblings acquired the ability to become , once learning to regulate their powers to remain on Earth, they acquire the and the ability to become that combine into via . ; : The youngest of the Ozu Family who is team leader despite being in high school, impulsive yet optimistic and brave. He is able to become the , , deriving his power from , with a proficiency in alchemy and fire magic. Kai bore animosity towards Wolzard for apparently killing Miyuki for most of the series before learning his true identity as Isamu, gradually accepting him while inheriting his techniques and ideals. In the series finale epilogue, Kai becomes a liaison between the "Surface World" and Infershia. As Magi Red, able to turn his Magi Stick into a sword and equip himself with the boxing gloves, he is able to transform into the Majin , which forms the core of Magi King, and can combine with Varikion and to become via and via , respectively. After gaining the ability to become , he is able to transform into the Magic Beast , also known as the . ; : The middle son of the Ozu Family, the rational second in command despite being laid-back and irresponsible at times. He is able to become the , , deriving his power from , with a proficiency in potion-making and thunder magic. Following the final battle against N Ma, Tsubasa becomes a professional boxer. As Magi Yellow, able to turn his Magi Stick into a crossbow, he is able to transform into the Majin , which forms the wings of Magi Dragon and Magi King. After gaining the ability to become , he is able to combine with his older siblings to form the Magic Beast , also known as the . ; : The youngest daughter and middle child of the Ozu Family, a kind-hearted yet strict girl who acts like a surrogate mother to her siblings. She is able to become the , , deriving her power from , with a proficiency in fortune-telling and water magic. Urara also had a frog phobia due to a prank Kai pulled on them when they were little, which partially overcame to restore Hikaru whom she eventually fell in love with and married prior to the final battle. As Magi Blue, she is able to transform into the Majin , while her form allows her to serve as a component in forming Magi Lion. ; : The eldest daughter and the second oldest child of the Ozu Family, a somewhat ditzy girl who looks on the bright side of things while sometimes working a fashion model. She is able to become the , , deriving her power from , with a proficiency in transformations and wind magic. She was previously turned in a vampire servant by Vancuria before Tsubasa restored her to normal and later convinced Titan to abandon Infershia. As Magi Pink, she is able to transform into the Majin , with the ability of turning into the for team attacks, while her form allows her to serve as a component in forming Magi Lion. ; : The eldest son of the Ozu Family, who is a father figure to his younger siblings and grows vegetables on his personal "Aniki Farm". He is able to become the , , deriving his power from , with a proficiency in herbology and earth magic. He despite being appearing to overbearing, he is truly the linchpin that keeps his family together. As Magi Green, able to turn his Magi Stick into an axe, he is able to transform into the Majin , which forms the main body of Magi Dragon and Magi King. After gaining the ability to become , he is able to combine with his three younger siblings to form Magi Lion. ; : An apprentice of Isamu's whose true identity is , having fought Infershia in the past before he was turned into a frog as a side effect of sealing Raigel before Urara kissed him to break the spell. Assuming his human identity, Hikaru resolves to serve as the Ozu siblings as their mentor in magic while settling things with Memmy. Overtime, while ending up learning from them, Hikaru began to develop feelings for Urara and eventually married her prior to the series finale. Unlike the core five Magirangers, Hikaru utilizes the ticket punch in conjunction with a to become the gold-colored , , armed with the handgun and the magic carpet-like flying vehicle. He can also pilot the , a steam-engine that can travel to any Marudeyona world and transform into via . ; : The Ozu siblings' mother who can become the , , whose power is derived from Snowgel. Following Isamu's disappearance, convincing Magiel to grant her children magic as a precaution, Miyuki concealed the truth of her and her husband fighting Infershia from their children until its forces resume their attack on the surface. Through it appeared Wolzard killed her with the Magirangers motivated to fight Infershia, he momentary regained his memory as Isamu long enough to teleport her away into the Flower Garden of Souls as light. But Miyuki is taken captive by Toad before her children rescue her. Soon after, her Magi Phone evolves into the . ; : The Ozu siblings' father, revealed to be Magitopia's champion who was forced to leave his family to seal the Hades Gate with him trapped in Infershia where he is transformed into the violet-colored, armored , , armed with the sidearm. He can enlarge himself to combine with his steed into either via or via Majin Fusion. Wolzard battled the Magirangers until he regained his memories and sacrificed himself to seal N Ma into his body, hiding himself away until he was attacked and nearly killed by Dagon. But Miyuki healed him as he later absorbs Wyvern's flames to create a variant of the Wolza Phone called the to become the crimson-colored, armored "Heavenly Hero", , and participate in the final battle against N Ma. ===Allies=== ; : A young mandrake the Magirangers met when they found their secret headquarters. Despite being in a pot, he can hop around as well as fly. He can even be plucked out of the pot, which, true to his species, will cause him to emit a deafening cry, though the experience comes to him as painful (as seen in Stage 3, when Tsubasa, with headphones on, did so). Mandora Boy will often give advice to the team, particularly Kai, and introduced their individual abilities to them. He is very emotional and easily excited and tends to bicker with Smoky after he and Hikaru moved in. ; : Hikaru's mischievous feline genie who resides in the Magi Lamp, which was found in the cave that was Raigel's tomb. Smoky came into being from the volcano in Flagel's domain on Magitopia, causing trouble for the Magitopians with his pranks until he was inflicted with a curse from opening the Annihilation Box. Sungel saved Smoky by placing him in the Magi Lamp, but the cat is informed that he can't last more than three hours outside the lamp. Smoky can be released from the curse if he grants the wishes of others, but Smoky prefers to grant only one wish to whoever awakens him from his slumber, and only if he is compensated for his services. When the Ozu siblings wished for Infershia to be gone, he denied their request, stating that the power the Infershia wield is greater than his own. He seems to have some limited magical powers as well, such as getting brief glimpses of the future and enlarging himself to help the gang out and by turning food into sand as a prank. Despite being a goof-off, he is a capable fighter and once piloted Travelion (though he usually just shovels the coal). He sees Urara as a mother figures and bickers with Mandora Boy now and then. ; : The manager of Kai's high school soccer team whom he developed a strong crush on despite her falling in love with Magi Red. But Yuka learns of Kai's identity as Magi Red during the events of Bride of Infershia, when abducted by Glúm do Bridon to be his bride. She kept this from Kai as she supports him from afar. ====Heavenly Saints==== The following are the known members of the Heavenly Saints: ; : The first Heavenly Saint with lunar abilities the Magirangers encounter, an ally of Blagel who acted on his orders to seal Hades Gate with "key magic", keeping it close while she lives. But Lunagel loses her memory after being attacked by Raigel, wandering in a human form that Kai later named before she regaining her memories. Despite her initial thoughts on the Magirangers, she reconsiders after Kai saves her as she returns to Magitopia while helping the Ozu siblings in any way she can. ; : The Heavenly Saint Miyuki derives her power from and former apprentice of the Five Legendary Magicians' pupil, able to unleash one's dormant magic with a person, perform cryokinesis, and assume an infant-like guise. But after the tragedy of Miyuki and Blagel along with Raigel's treachery, Snowgel took refuge in the Marudeyona World called the "Lamentation Sea" formed from her tears. The Magirangers manage to find Snowgel and convince her to aid them acquiring the Legend power. Snowgel later appears to aid in Magirangers' battle against Drake, revealing her true adult form while giving Hikaru an important lesson. ; : The giant-sized leader of the Heavenly Saints who resides in Heavenly Temple, the highest point in Magitopia. At first, she refused to let the Ozu siblings borrow Unigolon due to the fact that Magitopian law dictates that Heavenly Saints are not allowed to intervene in human affairs. Magiel even admitted she frowned on both Blagel's choice to sacrifice himself and Miyuki's intent to learn magic. But after seeing the same courage their parents showed, Magiel allowed them Unigolon's aid and made a later exception on the distribution of the Legendary Magicians' power to the Ozu siblings. When N Ma attacks Magitopia, after failing to stop him, Magiel teleports Lunagel to the human world while seemingly killed by the demon's rampage. But Magiel teleported herself to the Flower Garden of Souls at the last second and remained there during the final battle. A year after N Ma's destruction, Magiel is still getting used to Urara living on the rebuilt Magitopia. ===Infershia=== The are an underground empire which was ruled by the mysterious N Ma. Fifteen years ago, N Ma created the Hades Gate to send his entire army to Earth, but was stopped by the Heavenly Saint Blagel. N Ma uses his agents to break the seal so he can conquer the surface world. However, over time, some of the Infershians began to realize N Ma's insane obsession of destroying Magitopia and the Ozu Family was reckless due to needless deaths. Once N Ma was destroyed, Hades Goddess Sphinx took over the Infershia to rebuild their world and start anew with Magitopia. ; : The ruler of Infershia and the main antagonist of the series, a Cthulhu-themed demon of pure evil motivated by sheer malice and an uncontrollable hunger to devour everything in sight. His original form is a giant-sized octopus with dragon- headed tentacles. For the first half of the series, N Ma contacted his minions via a white pool at the center of their lair before a purified Blagel sealed the demon's soul in his own body. But Hades Gods extracted N Ma with Titan sacrificed to enable N Ma molding the god's body in his image. Three days after acquiring his new form, , N Ma attacks Magitopia while revealing his ability to absorb all magic. The Magirangers ultimate use the ability against him to cause him to explode from being unable to contain their unlimited magic. ; : The Frankenstein's monster-themed high commander who was previously a High Zobil, armed with the Imperial Sword Hell Fang created from N Ma's fang that he uses in his "Hell Slash" attack. Branken desires to reach the surface world and clashed with Wolzard over it, using the Hades Beasts to systematic slaughter people in hopes one among would be Lungel with her death removing the seal on the Hades Gate. Once Lunagel was found and captured, Branken forced himself through the partially unseal Hades Gate before he is destroyed by Magi King with Wolzard taking his Hell Fang to forge into a replacement sword. ; : The mummy-themed high commander who took over following Branken, armed with an extendable fan. He was originally , Glagel's apprentice who believed magic is a means to grant his own selfish desires. He betrayed his comrades during their battle with Infershia, abandoning Blagel and sealing Lunagel's memories before confronted by Sungel in a battle that ended with them sealed in a cave with Raigel's mummified remains covered by Vancuria. Meemy, seeing himself as N Ma's vassel, uses the Hades Beastmen in schemes to bring N Ma into the human world before succeeding with the Magirangers' Legend powers. But he is killed after engaging Hikaru in Duel Bond match, crumbling to dust while revealing the advent of the Infershia Pantheon. ; : A vampire queen who serves Infershia's spy, adversely unaffected by sunlight and virtually indestructible. She acquired to the ability to travel freely between the surface and Infershia when she developed the ability to split herself into two bodies to over her lonely existence. The two fragmented halves, , are mischievous in personality with Nai appearing 'older sister' since Mea repeats some of words. Eventually, Vancuria joins Sphinx in siding with the Magirangers to stop N Ma. ====Infershia Pantheon==== The are the antagonist of the second half of the series, composed of ten giant-sized deities residing in the until they were revived upon N Ma's death to deliver on mankind with any interference having grave consequences for both the surface world and Magitopia. The reason for this is because the Hades gods' deaths serve an alternate purpose to provide N Ma with selecting a vessel among the survivors. Each deities follows a self-made code of conduct called the , using the to pick the chosen god to execute Divine Punishment with a dark aurora heralding their arrival to the surface, assuming a human-size form to carry out the punishment. Should they choose to play games with anyone, they must abide by the rules they made. They are divided into three groups: The , , and the . ; : One of the Three Wise Gods and leader of the Infershia Pantheon, armed with Samukama trident and religiously devoted with N Ma. When he realizes that something's array with the Dark Percepts, Dagon learns that Wolzard is keeping N Ma's soul prisoner within his body. This forces Dagon to break the rules to lure Wolzard out by targeting his children whom he could no longer underestimated, sending Sleipnir to support Drake to force Wolzard to act. After Vancuria planted one of his fishscales on Wolzard during the battle, Dagon takes Wyvern and Titan with him to ambush Wolzard and knock him down a fiery crevasse after extracting N Ma's soul. After killing Titan so that N Ma could be reborn and then Sphinx when she abandoned her Divine Punishment, Dagon abducts Magi Mother after killing Smoky with an attack meant for Urara. But Dagon is shocked to find Sphinx revived by Vancuria, killed by the former after she attempted to give him a chance to change his ways. ; : One of the Three Wise Gods who enforces the Dark Percepts while serving as an observer, with armed with the Lionic Blade bazooka-gauntlet. Noticing Dagon's disregard for their rules and their members being defeated, Sphinx decides to use Makito, Houka, and Titan's escape to the Eternal Woods to interrogate the other Magirangers over how they defeated the other gods in her Marudeyouna world Sage's Night on the promise of sending them to Titan's location, amazed to hear their answer to be courage. Following N Ma's resurrection, despite attempting to convince the others that the Surface World has some worth they could learn from, Sphinx is forced to attack as the last god chosen by the Slab of Judgement. Though Sphinx overpowered the Magirangers, she renounced her Divine Punishment after being convinced by Urara with Sleipnir and Dagon killing her off on N Ma's orders. But Sphinx is revived by Vancuria, saving Miyuki from Dagon while being forced to kill him. After N Ma's defeat, Sphinx become the new leader of the Infershia and establishes an alliance between her kind and Magitopia while over seeing Infershia's reconstruction. ; : One of the Five Warrior Gods, armed a club with a ball and chain as his weapon and able to evaporate any attacks within his sight. The first chosen by the Slab of Judgement, Ifrit toyed with the humans by lighting a tower on fire to give the humans time to repent and beg for their lives before commencing to reduce everything to ashes. But while fighting Magi Legend, Ifrit lit another tower as he proclaimed he would kill the Magirangers before it completely burns while promising to reveal their mother's whereabouts. But Ifrit prolonged his fight after the tower completely burned and is killed by Dagon to maintain the Dark Precept, Ifrit revealing Miyuki is held captive by one of other Hades gods in "a garden of thorns". ; : One of the Five Warrior Gods, a robotic sharpshooter armed with sniper rifle-type bayonet that uses different ammunitions to has different effects. He is also one of the most calm and composed of the group, reclaiming composure quickly even if he were to get angry. The second chosen by the Slab of Judgement, using reflective surfaces to snipe them, Cyclops challenges the Magirangers with a game of cat and mouse where at least one of them needs evade his shots until sunset for the group to win. But Tsubasa manages to outwit Cyclops and defeat him to save his siblings, with Cyclops destroyed by Magi Legend with assistance from Travelion. ; : One of the Three Wise Gods whose personal Marudeyouna world is "Gorgon's Garden", armed with an aegis-type mirror-shield and able to turn herself into either a Nāga-like form or a giant snake to devour her enemies. Learning herself to be the third chosen by the Slab of Judgement from reading the Book of Prophecy, intending to turn people to stone through her snake familiars and mirror-shield, Gorgon sends Toad out to alter events for her benefit by having him body swap Kai and Houka. But Sphinx restores Kai and Houka when Gorgon attacks them once dealing with the others, her falling apart as she dies proclaiming Drake would avenge her. ; : One of the Two Ultimate Gods, representing Infershia's shield due to his impenetrable hide that covers his entire body except the back of his neck. Drake is armed with a sword that can shoot streams of lightning and his hide allows him to survive any kind of attack unscathed. Having to respect for his group's ritual practices, Drake's only motivation is destroying everything on the surface and fight Hikaru. Following Gorgon's death, Drake is the fourth to be chosen by the Slab of Judgement as he assumes a dragon-like form to destroy the city before Hikaru learns of Drake's weakpoint and defeats him. Drake then joined by Sleipnir as the two overpower Magi Legend and Travelion before Wolzard removes the latter from the fight, with Drake destroyed soon after. ; : One of the Five Warrior Gods, armed with a trumpet-hammer and able to use a variety of poisons produced from his warts. He is also a glutton who feeds on High Zobils and collects souls, unintentionally capturing Miyuki during his post-awakening visit to the Flower Garden of Souls and holding her with his Briar Garden. Initially used by Gorgon to body-swap Kai and Houka, Toad is the fifth god chosen by the Slab of Judgement as he conjures forth huge clouds of Hades Frog Eggs in the sky to subject the world to a Plague of Frogs. But the Magirangers eventually defeat him alongside Magi Mother. ; :The strongest of the Five Warrior Gods, armed a double bladed staff, Titan abhorred the ideas of needless suffering and pointless fighting. After accompanying Dagon and Wyvern to seek out Wolzard to reclaim N Ma's soul, Titan is the sixth god chosen by the Slab of Judgement as gathers electricity to create a large ball of energy to instantly kill everyone before Houka convinces him to renounce his Divine Punishment once seeing him for the kind-hearted figure he is. Titan then forced to flee after being chosen as N Ma's vessel, which required him to sacrifice himself so the deity fully resurrect. Despite Houka, and Makito taking him to the Marudeyouna world known as the Eternal Woods where he can enter a deep rest in the Lake of Slumber, Titan is killed by Dagon with N Ma hatching, ripping and melting out of the god's dying body. ; : One of the Five Warrior Gods, fast and arrogant while armed with a spear. He initially takes a liking in Vancuria, helping her understand his group and how their function. But after Wolzard injured him while retrieving N Ma's soul, Wvyern became bitter enough to lash out at Nai and Mea whenever they come to his aid or comfort him. When Titan flees to the Eternal Woods, Wyvern pursues him before learning that Makito and Houka distracted him with the latter's disguise magic to give Titan time to reach at the Lake of Slumber. This causes an infuriated Wyvern to overpower the Magirangers until Isamu showed up and absorbed one of the revenge-driven deity's flames, with Wyvern destroyed by Wolzard Fire after an incredibly short standoff. ; : One of the two Ultimate Gods and Dagon's right-hand, a black knight-like demon who represents Infershia's halberd who boasts of being having the greatest offence among the gods. He is armed with jousting lance or a jagged sword and a shield, with signature attack being his Ranging Spear Crusher thrust attack. Easily defeating Magi Legend with a single blow when the Hades gods first appeared, Dagon sends him to aid Drake in overpowering the Magirangers on his Hades Chariot pulled by Barikion-like horses before Wol Kaiser removes him from the fight. After aiding Dagon in executing Sphinx, Sleipnir takes over her Divine Punishment while fighting the Magirangers before they managed to destroy him with their Five Fantastic Aerial Attack. ====Hades Beasts==== The are he first wave of monsters to fight the Magirangers, send by Branken to kill humans in hopes that one of their victims is Lunagel, whose death would open the gate. The first three were naturally giant, but the rest were human-sized when first depicted. When these human-sized Hades Beasts are killed, Wolzard used a spell that resurrects the monsters and makes them grow. They emerged onto the surface through a dark magic circle. ; : A large troll who was defeated by Miyuki Ozu. ; : A large slimy monster. ; : A giant eight-headed worm. ; : A cockatrice-themed Hades Beast with dragon head-shaped wings who can turn people to stone. ; : An insectoid Hades Beast who can take the form of a taxi cab. ; : A mushroom- themed Hades Beast. ; : A mandrill-faced Manticore-themed Hades Beast with a shaman personality. ; : A troll resembling the previous troll except for the fact that it wears different clothing. When the Magirangers destroyed, it, Wolzard revived it as a . ; : A Hades Beast that was released from its jar by a High Zobil and possessed a cactus. ; : A Hades Beast that assisted Nai and Mia in turning people into vampires. ; : A Hades Beast that resided on top of the Hades Gate until it was awakened to release Bracken. ; : A spider-themed Hades Beast that works for Belbireji. =====Three Solitary Confinement Hades Beasts===== The are three imprisoned Hades Beast that were released by Vancuria and can travel to the surface on their own. ; : A Hades Beast who wields a club. ; : A hyena-themed Hades Beast who wields boxing gloves. ; : A skeleton-themed Hades Beast who is the strongest of the group. He wields a staff in battle. ====Hades Beastmen==== The are the second wave of monsters to fight the Magirangers, previous humans who sold their souls to N Ma, and were more powerful and intelligent than ordinary Hades Beasts. They had been sealed away by Blagel but were set free by Meemy, bond to serve him as commanded by the Dark Contract to sacrifice many humans so that N Ma could be revived. While most were enlarged by Meemy, Peewee and Bullrates were enlarged by Vancuria using the . ; : A mischievous Hades Beastman. ; : A hammer-wielding Hades Beastman in an elephant-like outfit. ; : A ninja-themed Hades Beastman. ; : A Hades Beastman that once dated Vancuria. ; : A housefly-themed Hades Beastman. ; : A female Hades Beastman who can induce hunger pangs into anyone with her shrieks. ; : The main antagonist of Bride of Infershia and king of the , the strongest species of Infershia's warriors whose undying souls his armor. As Infershian legends say, should the king of the Hades Beastman Berserkers and a pure-hearted human girl marry, all the spirits trapped in the armor would be resurrected into the world. Glúm kidnapped Yuka Yamazaki to be his bride to bring his army of Hades Beastman Berserkers into the world. He used the Puppet's Ring that absorbed the souls of humans to put Yuka under his control and make her love him. He wore a helmet that concealed his hideous face. As the type of Hades Beastman he is, once he becomes enraged, spikes shoot out from his armor, even from his face plate and his strength and defense doubles. During the wedding, he wore a cape. He wielded a glaive that could also turn into a sword or gun. His marriage would have been successful, if Kai hadn't intervened. He was consumed by his to become the scorpion/centaur before being destroyed by Saint Kaiser, with Magi Dragon and Travelion's aid. ; : The antagonist of Magiranger vs. Dekaranger, his real name is who leave Earth years ago and became an apprentice and successor to Agent Abrella with the Alienizer Babon as his partner in crime in a scheme to acquire the Flower of Heaven to destroy all love on the planet. But after being wounded by Legend Magi Red and the Deka Red Battlizer, Agent X is destroyed when the Magirangers and the Dekarangers hit him and Babon with their Fantastic Strike Out attack. =====Hades Beastmen Elite Four===== The are the most evil and powerful of the Hades Beastmen who overpowered Blagel before they were sealed away. They were summoned by Meemy in an attempt to placate N Ma. ; : The first of the Hades Beastman Elite Four to attack the Magirangers. He is actually a living sword that possess the holder and can severe the bonds between people after its body was destroyed. The sword was later destroyed by the Magirangers ; : The group's female leader who uses the ghost of Rei to gather souls to defeat her throat which Blagel injured years ago. ; : The group's hockey-themed leader who injured Blagel enough to be turned into Wolzard, enlists the aid of Hades Beastman Kobold Bullrates to freeze the world with his "Devil's Glacier" plan before being destroyed by the Legend MagiRangers. ; : A 300-year-old Elite Hades Beastman who assisted Hades Beastman Yeti Zee in freezing the world. Bullrates end up the group's last member as he is tricked by Memmy into having his soul used to animate Hades Machine Golem. ====Other Infershia monsters==== The following monsters do not fit in the categories above: ; : An ancient Machine Hades Beast residing in Infershia's Marudeyouna. Meemy sacrificed Kobold Bullrates so that he can use his soul to power the Hades Machine Golem. It was destroyed by the Magi Legend. ; : An orb-shaped fungus summoned by Meemy that feeds off of living organisms. ; : Meemy used a forbidden spell in the Lost Graveyard of Hatred to fuse the souls of the Hades Beasts and Hades Beastmen with the stolen Travelion energies in order to create Gestalt Hades Beastman Chimera. It sports a vampire-like head with a vampire bat face on top of its head, the sentient head of a chameleon woman on its right shoulder, the sentient head of a bull on its left shoulder, a lobster-like face on its neck, a lion-like head on its chest where a human skull is in its mouth, a European dragon head instead of a right arm, the left arm of Hades Beast Troll where it sports claws on its fingers, the feathers of Hades Beastman Harpy Peewee, and the slimmed down legs and feet of Hades Beast Cockatrice minus a toe on each feet. ====Grunts==== ; : Zombie-like soldiers who wield axes and follow the High Zobil. There are thousands of them in the lair. Underneath their helmets are their repulsive rotting skulls with maggots. In the finale, they are shown with builder hats building the bridge that links the surface world to Infershia. ; : Higher-ranked Zobils who wield either large spear-like staffs or whips and leads the Zobils into battle as a field commander. They can also control some of the Hades Beasts. While they first appeared in Stage 1, they first fought the Rangers in Stage 3, where the one they fought against and was beaten by the Rangers was killed by Branken as punishment for incompetence. Branken was originally a High Zobil himself. Toad occasionally ate High Zobil from a bowl. ==Magical spells== The characters of Magiranger use magical spells to accomplish tasks. Each magical word correspond to a digit on a phone. For example, when the Magiranger wants to transform into their Magiranger forms, they use 106, which corresponds to "Maagi Magi Magiiro" and "Goolu Golu Goludiro". ==Stages (Episodes)== # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # ==Production== The Mahō Sentai trademark was registered by Toei on May 31, 2004, around 4-month before of trademark for the Magiranger's team name, The Magiranger trademark was registered on September 22, 2004. ==Theatrical movie and direct- to-video releases== *: A 2005 film that takes place between Stages 25 and 26. *: A 2006 V-Cinema release that takes place between Stages 31 and 32. *: A 2005 special DVD. *: A 2007 V-Cinema release that takes place between Episodes 42 and 43 of GoGo Sentai Boukenger. ==Cast== *Kai Ozu: *Tsubasa Ozu: *Urara Ozu: *Houka Ozu: *Makito Ozu: *Hikaru: *Miyuki Ozu, Goddess of the Spring (Special DVD): *Isamu Ozu: *Yuka Yamazaki: *: *: *Nai: *Mea: *Rin: *Magiel: ===Voice actors=== *Mandora Boy, announcer (calls each episode's title): *Smoky: *Snowgel: *Hades Beast Emperor N Ma: *Absolute God N Ma: *Branken: *Vancuria: *Meemy, Raigel: *Sleipnir: *Drake: *Dagon: *Sphinx: *Gorgon: *Titan: *Wyvern: *Toad: *Cyclops: *Ifrit: *Zobil, High Zobil: Katsumi Shiono, *Narrator, Spell Voice: ==Songs== ;Opening theme * **Lyrics: Yūho Iwasato **Composition: Takafumi Iwasaki **Arrangement: Seiichi Kyōda **Artist: ;Ending theme * **Lyrics: Yūho Iwasato **Composition: YOFFY **Arrangement: Psychic Lover & Kenichirō Ōishi **Artist: Sister MAYO ==International Broadcasts and Home Video== *In its home country of Japan, the series was released in full on Rental/Sale VHS and DVD. This was the very last Super Sentai series to be released on VHS, as starting with GoGo Sentai Boukenger, the series from that point on were shifting towards DVD only and eventually Blu-Ray releases. 12 volumes for both mediums were released from August 5, 2005 to July 21, 2006. Each volume contains four episodes, while the final volume contains five episodes. *This series was limited to only airing in other Asian regions, as most around the world have aired the Power Rangers adaptation, Power Rangers Mystic Force instead, with the exception of its home country of Japan, which has also broadcast a Japanese dub of the Power Rangers adaptation in 2012. **In South Korea, the series was dubbed in Korean and aired in 2006 as Power Rangers Magic Force (파워레인저 매직포스) and aired on several channels (JEI TV, Champ TV, Any One, Aniobox). **In the Chinese-speaking world, Both Mandarin (Taiwan dialect) and Cantonese dubs were produced and aired in Taiwan and Hong Kong respectively. ***In Taiwan, the series aired with a Taiwanese Mandarin dub on September 30, 2007, until August 31, 2008, with all episodes dubbed, airing on GTV. ***In Hong Kong, the series aired with a Cantonese Chinese dub on March 9, 2008 (a few months after Taiwan aired the Taiwanese Mandarin dub) on TVB Jade until March 8, 2009, with all episodes dubbed. **In Philippines, this series aired on ABS-CBN as Power Rangers Mystic Force, an American adaptation of this Sentai series. it was aired in 2008 until 2009 with Tagalog dubs. *In Thailand, the series was licensed by Rose Media Entertainment (formerly Rose Video) for VCD and DVD release and also first aired on Channel 5 starting from November 18, 2007, until it ended on October 4, 2008, with all episodes dubbed. *The series was released in Vietnam with a Vietnamese dub by Phuong Nam Film Studio under Magicranger- Chiến binh siêu nhân on VCD and DVD around 2010 * ==References== ==External links== * * * at Super-Sentai.net Category:Super Sentai Category:Television about magic Category:2005 Japanese television series debuts Category:2006 Japanese television series endings Category:Genies in television Category:Japanese supernatural television series Category:Japanese action television series Category:Japanese fantasy television series Category:Television series about families Category:Television series about siblings Category:Japanese horror fiction television series Category:Dark fantasy television series

['Toei Company', 'TV Asahi', 'Tokusou Sentai Dekaranger', 'GoGo Sentai Boukenger', 'Super Sentai', '2005', '2006', 'Power Rangers Mystic Force', 'Super Hero Time', 'Kamen Rider Hibiki', 'European dragon', 'Lion', 'Cthulhu', "Frankenstein's monster", 'Dagon', 'Sphinx', 'Ifrit', 'Cyclops', 'Gorgon', 'Nāga', 'Toad', 'Wyvern', 'Sleipnir', 'Troll', 'Cockatrice', 'Manticore', 'Harpy', 'Berserker', 'Yeti', 'Kobold', 'Zombie', 'V-Cinema', 'Takafumi Iwasaki', 'Psychic Lover', 'Sister MAYO', 'TVB Jade', 'ABS-CBN']

['Q1066018', 'Q908436', 'Q1156862', 'Q1193877', 'Q1054760', 'Q2019', 'Q2021', 'Q844607', 'Q644516', 'Q1192800', 'Q3058816', 'Q140', 'Q12038', 'Q2021531', 'Q623065', 'Q151480', 'Q936678', 'Q128430', 'Q102059', 'Q271990', 'Q6453151', 'Q862809', 'Q208010', 'Q12581', 'Q1371084', 'Q223795', 'Q181360', 'Q335303', 'Q129628', 'Q1064669', 'Q9406', 'Q844580', 'Q1139537', 'Q1199741', 'Q1015701', 'Q3258605', 'Q2022113']

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Moisture sensitivity level (MSL) is a rating that shows a device's susceptibility to damage due to absorbed moisture when subjected to reflow soldering as defined in J-STD-020. It relates to the packaging and handling precautions for some semiconductors. The MSL is an electronic standard for the time period in which a moisture sensitive device can be exposed to ambient room conditions (30 °C/85%RH at Level 1; 30 °C/60%RH at all other levels). Increasingly, semiconductors have been manufactured in smaller sizes. Components such as thin fine-pitch devices and ball grid arrays could be damaged during SMT reflow when moisture trapped inside the component expands. The expansion of trapped moisture can result in internal separation (delamination) of the plastic from the die or lead-frame, wire bond damage, die damage, and internal cracks. Most of this damage is not visible on the component surface. In extreme cases, cracks will extend to the component surface. In the most severe cases, the component will bulge and pop. This is known as the "popcorn" effect. This occurs when part temperature rises rapidly to a high maximum during the soldering (assembly) process. This does not occur when part temperature rises slowly and to a low maximum during a baking (preheating) process. Moisture sensitive devices are packaged in a moisture barrier antistatic bag with a desiccant and a moisture indicator card which is sealed. Moisture sensitivity levels are specified in technical standard IPC/JEDEC Moisture/reflow Sensitivity Classification for Nonhermetic Surface- Mount Devices. The times indicate how long components can be outside of dry storage before they have to be baked to remove any absorbed moisture. * MSL 6 – Mandatory bake before use * MSL 5A – 24 hours * MSL 5 – 48 hours * MSL 4 – 72 hours * MSL 3 – 168 hours * MSL 2A – 4 weeks * MSL 2 – 1 year * MSL 1 – Unlimited floor life == Practical == MSL-specified parts must be baked before assembly if their exposure has exceeded the rating. Once assembled, moisture sensitivity is generally no longer a factor. == References == == External links == https://www.ipc.org/TOC/IPC-JEDEC-J-STD-020E.pdf https://www.bourns.com/docs/RoHS-MSL/msl_mf.pdf * https://electronics.stackexchange.com/questions/23044/ics-with-humidity-or- moisture-sensitivity-bake-recommendations Category:Integrated circuits Category:Semiconductors

['JEDEC']

['Q1073508']

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