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（四）凝血功能障碍 AHF几乎都伴有凝血功能障碍，新鲜冷冻血浆仅用于出血、手术或侵入性检查的患儿，预防性使用并不能改善预后。血小板计数低于50×109/L可考虑输注血小板。 | [
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "辅助治疗",
"subject": "AHF",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "输注血小板"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "其他治疗"
}
}
] |
多发性硬化症@#### 第三选择 [ 巴氯芬鞘内给药 ](/druglink?dd=MARTINDALE) open_in_new : 咨询专科医生指导剂量。 多发性硬化症@伴步态障碍 – 联合 – 物理疗法和/或渐进式阻力训练 (PRT) 针对经选择患者组全部患者的治疗推荐 已经证明，各种物理治疗方案均能够改善 MS 患者的步态和平衡，特别是那些残疾水平为轻度至中度的患者。 | [
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "辅助治疗",
"subject": "多发性硬化症",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "物理疗法"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "其他治疗"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "辅助治疗",
"subject": "多发性硬化症",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "渐进式阻力训练"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "其他治疗"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "辅助治疗",
"subject": "多发性硬化症",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "PRT"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "其他治疗"
}
}
] |
妊娠胆汁淤积@如尚未进行丙型肝炎评估，则应对所有患者进行该评估。 | [
{
"Combined": false,
"predicate": "相关（转化）",
"subject": "妊娠胆汁淤积",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "丙型肝炎"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "疾病"
}
}
] |
脑炎@全身性症状和体征，如发热或上呼吸道或胃肠道症状，可能先于或与其他临床表现同时发生。 | [
{
"Combined": false,
"predicate": "临床表现",
"subject": "脑炎",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "发热"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "症状"
}
},
{
"Combined": false,
"predicate": "临床表现",
"subject": "脑炎",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "上呼吸道或胃肠道症状"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "症状"
}
},
{
"Combined": false,
"predicate": "临床表现",
"subject": "脑炎",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "胃肠道症状"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "症状"
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] |
第二节 大动脉转位 大动脉转位（transposition of the great arteries）是指右心房与右心室相连接，后者发出主动脉，而左心室房与左心房相连并发出肺动脉干。相反，肺动脉瓣与二尖瓣毗邻，两者之间出现纤维连续。 | [
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "发病部位",
"subject": "大动脉转位",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "肺动脉瓣"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "部位"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "发病部位",
"subject": "大动脉转位",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "二尖瓣"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "部位"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "同义词",
"subject": "大动脉转位",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "transposition of the great arteries"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "疾病"
}
}
] |
（二）α储存池病 α储存池（α-SPD）又名灰色血小板综合征，这是因为瑞氏染色涂片上的血小板呈灰色的缘故。 | [
{
"Combined": false,
"predicate": "同义词",
"subject": "α储存池（α-SPD）",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "灰色血小板综合征"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "疾病"
}
}
] |
口腔黏膜炎@大多数接受5000 cGy放疗剂量的患者会出现溃疡性黏膜炎，与接受传统放疗的患者相比，接受分割放疗的患者更易出现溃疡性黏膜炎。 | [
{
"Combined": false,
"predicate": "高危因素",
"subject": "溃疡性黏膜炎",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "分割放疗"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "社会学"
}
}
] |
原发性高血压@检查 高钙血症，血清PTH升高或不正常。 原发性高血压@[ 甲状旁腺功能亢进 ](/topics/zh-cn/133) ### 库欣综合征 体征/症状 检查 体征/症状 典型症状和体征包括体重增加，满月脸，水牛背，腹部紫纹和易淤血。 | [
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "临床表现",
"subject": "原发性高血压",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "库欣综合征"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "症状"
}
}
] |
多发性硬化症@[ 颈椎病引起的脊髓病变 ](/topics/zh-cn/577) ### 纤维肌痛 体征/症状 检查 体征/症状 症状不明确，常见全身乏力及非特异性疲劳。 多发性硬化症@检查 脑 MRI 可能显示非特异性白质变化，但不是特征性 MS 影像学表现。 | [
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "影像学检查",
"subject": "纤维肌痛",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "脑 MRI"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "检查"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "影像学检查",
"subject": "纤维肌痛",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "特征性 MS 影像学"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "检查"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "临床表现",
"subject": "纤维肌痛",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "非特异性白质变化"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "症状"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "临床表现",
"subject": "纤维肌痛",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "全身乏力"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "症状"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "临床表现",
"subject": "纤维肌痛",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "非特异性疲劳"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "症状"
}
}
] |
第十节 冠状动脉异常 冠状动脉畸形种类很多，包括起源、通路和走向的异常，重者可影响心肌的供血，轻者在心脏手术时可因误伤而使手术失败。 （一）左冠状动脉异常 畸形左冠状动脉起源于肺动脉，右冠状动脉起源正常。 | [
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "病理分型",
"subject": "冠状动脉异常",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "左冠状动脉异常"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "疾病"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "临床表现",
"subject": "冠状动脉异常",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "影响心肌的供血"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "症状"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "病理分型",
"subject": "冠状动脉异常",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "冠状动脉畸形"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "疾病"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "发病部位",
"subject": "左冠状动脉异常",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "肺动脉"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "部位"
}
}
] |
芬兰型CNS患儿还有早产、窒息史和大胎盘(胎盘重量>胎儿体重的25% )。 生长发育落后 由于蛋白质营养不良，患儿常有生长发育落后,也有伴发胃食管反流和幽门狭窄的报道。 | [
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "临床表现",
"subject": "芬兰型CNS",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "幽门狭窄"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "症状"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "高危因素",
"subject": "芬兰型CNS",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "窒息史"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "社会学"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "临床表现",
"subject": "芬兰型CNS",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "大胎盘"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "症状"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "高危因素",
"subject": "芬兰型CNS",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "早产"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "社会学"
}
}
] |
细菌性脑膜炎@ _不动杆菌属_ （疗程21天） * 庆大霉素和美罗培南。 | [
{
"Combined": false,
"predicate": "药物治疗",
"subject": "细菌性脑膜炎",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "庆大霉素"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "药物"
}
},
{
"Combined": false,
"predicate": "药物治疗",
"subject": "细菌性脑膜炎",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "美罗培南"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "药物"
}
}
] |
甲状腺癌@甲状腺半切除术（腺叶及峡部切除，术后TSH抑制）适用于单侧的分化性癌、结节＜1cm、没有不良预后因素的患者。 | [
{
"Combined": false,
"predicate": "手术治疗",
"subject": "单侧的分化性癌",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "甲状腺半切除术"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "手术治疗"
}
}
] |
慢性胰腺炎@原发性胰管假说认为胰腺炎损伤首先发生在胰管，属于一种原发性自身免疫性反应或炎性反应，然而前哨急性胰腺炎假说 认为损伤首先发生在腺泡细胞，触发炎症细胞的扣留和细胞因子的分泌。 | [
{
"Combined": false,
"predicate": "发病部位",
"subject": "胰腺炎损伤",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "胰管"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "部位"
}
}
] |
急性阑尾炎@肠鸣音可能减弱，跟左腹相比，右腹会尤其明显。 | [
{
"Combined": false,
"predicate": "临床表现",
"subject": "急性阑尾炎",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "肠鸣音可能减弱"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "症状"
}
}
] |
胆管癌@## 并发症 ### 查看全部 并发症 table 并发症 | 时间表 | 可能性 ---|---|--- ### 胆管炎 | 短期 | 低 多见于有仪器检测史或阻塞的胆管系统中;应用抗生素和胆汁引流治疗。胆管癌@ ### 胆道梗阻 | 存在差异 | 中 肿瘤过度生长是胆道梗阻，需多次手术切除，外科分流或支架置入胆道（经皮）。 | [
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "并发症",
"subject": "胆管癌",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "胆道梗阻"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "疾病"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "并发症",
"subject": "胆管癌",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "胆管炎"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "疾病"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "病史",
"subject": "胆管炎",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "仪器检测史"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "社会学"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "辅助治疗",
"subject": "胆管炎",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "胆汁引流治疗"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "其他治疗"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "药物治疗",
"subject": "胆管炎",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "抗生素"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "药物"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "手术治疗",
"subject": "胆道梗阻",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "手术切除"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "手术治疗"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "手术治疗",
"subject": "胆道梗阻",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "外科分流"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "手术治疗"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "手术治疗",
"subject": "胆道梗阻",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "支架置入胆道（经皮）"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "手术治疗"
}
}
] |
白喉@急性 ### 呼吸道白喉 查看全部 首选 – 住院+监控+隔离+白喉抗毒素 #### 第一选择 [ 白喉抗毒素（马源） ](/druglink?dd=MARTINDALE) open_in_new : 按病情进展，80,000- 120,000 单位静脉输液；更多剂量时请咨询专家。 | [
{
"Combined": false,
"predicate": "病理分型",
"subject": "白喉",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "呼吸道白喉"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "疾病"
}
},
{
"Combined": false,
"predicate": "药物治疗",
"subject": "呼吸道白喉",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "白喉抗毒素"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "药物"
}
},
{
"Combined": false,
"predicate": "药物治疗",
"subject": "呼吸道白喉",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "白喉抗毒素（马源）"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "药物"
}
},
{
"Combined": false,
"predicate": "辅助治疗",
"subject": "呼吸道白喉",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "监控"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "其他治疗"
}
},
{
"Combined": false,
"predicate": "辅助治疗",
"subject": "呼吸道白喉",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "隔离"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "其他治疗"
}
},
{
"Combined": false,
"predicate": "辅助治疗",
"subject": "呼吸道白喉",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "住院"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "其他治疗"
}
}
] |
（二）鉴别诊断 1.儿童2型糖尿病 胰岛素抵抗为主伴胰岛素相对分泌不足，或胰岛素分泌不足伴或不伴胰岛素抵抗，属多基因遗传，近年来发病率有增高趋势。 4.假性高血糖 短期大量食入或者输入葡萄糖液，可使尿糖暂时阳性，血糖升高。 | [
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "鉴别诊断",
"subject": "儿童2型糖尿病",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "假性高血糖"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "疾病"
}
}
] |
念珠菌病@ （2）制霉菌素： 可局部使用，也可口服，或两者联合应用。 | [
{
"Combined": false,
"predicate": "药物治疗",
"subject": "念珠菌病",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "制霉菌素"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "药物"
}
}
] |
感染性心内膜炎@ _金黄色葡萄球菌_ 是静脉使用毒品者自体瓣膜感染心内膜炎的最常见原因。 | [
{
"Combined": false,
"predicate": "病因",
"subject": "自体瓣膜感染心内膜炎",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "金黄色葡萄球菌"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "社会学"
}
}
] |
根据其肢体瘫痪不对称,脑脊液中可有白细胞增多，周围神经传导功能正常，以及急性期粪便病毒分离阳性，容易与吉兰-巴雷综合征鉴别。 康复治疗 瘫痪期康复即应该介人,应尽可能将肢体摆在功能位,或者使用辅助器具,避免出现继发的肢体功能障碍,例如足下垂、跟腱挛缩等。 | [
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "辅助治疗",
"subject": "吉兰-巴雷综合征",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "康复治疗"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "其他治疗"
}
}
] |
肥厚型心肌病@整个青春期应每隔12-24个月进行病史询问、体格检查、和心脏超声。 | [
{
"Combined": false,
"predicate": "影像学检查",
"subject": "肥厚型心肌病",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "体格检查"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "检查"
}
},
{
"Combined": false,
"predicate": "影像学检查",
"subject": "肥厚型心肌病",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "心脏超声"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "检查"
}
}
] |
第四节 毛细支气管炎第八篇 呼吸系统疾病 第七章 气管、支气管疾病毛细支气管炎（ bronchiolitis ）是婴儿期常见的下呼吸道炎症性疾病。好发于2岁以内，尤以6个月以内婴儿最多见。 | [
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "多发群体",
"subject": "毛细支气管炎",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "6个月以内婴儿"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "流行病学"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "同义词",
"subject": "毛细支气管炎",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "bronchiolitis"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "疾病"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "多发群体",
"subject": "毛细支气管炎",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "婴儿期"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "流行病学"
}
}
] |
第六章 上呼吸道疾病第八篇 呼吸系统疾病第一节 先天性喉喘鸣先天性喉喘鸣（ congenital laryngeal stridor ） ，常发生于出生后不久，主要症状为吸气时发生喘鸣。半数以上患儿伴有杓状软骨软化，亦可由于会厌软骨软化或杓状会厌襞过短所致。 | [
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "并发症",
"subject": "先天性喉喘鸣",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "杓状软骨软化"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "疾病"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "临床表现",
"subject": "先天性喉喘鸣",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "吸气时发生喘鸣"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "症状"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "同义词",
"subject": "先天性喉喘鸣",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "congenital laryngeal stridor"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "疾病"
}
}
] |
睾丸癌@## 检查 ### 首要检查 ### 查看全部 ### 睾丸超声（彩色多普勒） 检查 结果 检查 首要检查。 | [
{
"Combined": false,
"predicate": "影像学检查",
"subject": "睾丸癌",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "睾丸超声（彩色多普勒）"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "检查"
}
}
] |
肺结核@结果 异常 ### Xpert MTB/RIF 检查 结果 检查 针对结核分枝杆菌和利福平耐药的自动化核酸扩增试验 (NAAT)，可在 2 小时内回送结果。 | [
{
"Combined": false,
"predicate": "影像学检查",
"subject": "肺结核",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "Xpert MTB/RIF"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "检查"
}
}
] |
【治疗】 急性白血病的治疗主要是以化疗为主的综合疗法,其原则是早期诊断、早期治疗;应严格区分白血病的类型，按照类型选用不同的化疗方案和相应的药物剂量;采用早期连续适度化疗和分阶段长期规范治疗的方针。 成分输血明显贫血者可输红细胞；因血小板减少而致出血者,可输浓缩血小板。 | [
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "药物治疗",
"subject": "急性白血病",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "红细胞"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "药物"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "化疗",
"subject": "急性白血病",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "化疗"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "其他治疗"
}
}
] |
HSP肾炎呈急性发病过程，临床表现轻重不一，病程较短，其肾损伤的程度取决于肾小球新月体的多少。 【治疗】 （一）一般治疗 急性期应卧床休息，如有明确过敏原，应脱敏治疗。 | [
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "辅助治疗",
"subject": "HSP肾炎",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "脱敏治疗"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "其他治疗"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "病理生理",
"subject": "HSP肾炎",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "肾损伤"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "社会学"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "病理生理",
"subject": "HSP肾炎",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "肾小球新月体的多少"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "社会学"
}
}
] |
唇腭裂@8至11岁 – 联合 – 牙槽突裂骨移植及术前正畸 针对经选择患者组全部患者的治疗推荐 关键永久齿列爆发时，预备矫正上颌扩张后，用髂嵴骨进行牙槽裂骨移植。 | [
{
"Combined": false,
"predicate": "手术治疗",
"subject": "唇腭裂",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "牙槽突裂骨移植"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "手术治疗"
}
},
{
"Combined": false,
"predicate": "辅助治疗",
"subject": "唇腭裂",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "术前正畸"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "其他治疗"
}
}
] |
虽然过去多数放射学者认为，胃紧张度的障碍、蠕动的改变及空腹胃内的胃液，可作为诊断胃炎的依据，但近年胃镜检查发现，这种现象系胃动力异常而并非胃炎所致。 | [
{
"Combined": false,
"predicate": "内窥镜检查",
"subject": "胃炎",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "胃镜检查"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "检查"
}
}
] |
人粒细胞无形体病@尿常规可出现蛋白尿、血尿、管型尿。 | [
{
"Combined": false,
"predicate": "临床表现",
"subject": "人粒细胞无形体病",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "蛋白尿"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "症状"
}
},
{
"Combined": false,
"predicate": "临床表现",
"subject": "人粒细胞无形体病",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "血尿"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "症状"
}
},
{
"Combined": false,
"predicate": "临床表现",
"subject": "人粒细胞无形体病",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "管型尿"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "症状"
}
},
{
"Combined": false,
"predicate": "实验室检查",
"subject": "人粒细胞无形体病",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "尿常规"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "检查"
}
}
] |
广泛性焦虑障碍@### 过度的惊吓反应 可能在检查过程中见到惊跳反应。 | [
{
"Combined": false,
"predicate": "风险评估因素",
"subject": "广泛性焦虑障碍",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "过度的惊吓反应"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "社会学"
}
}
] |
类癌综合征@治疗包括药物治疗（生长抑素类似物，放射性核素治疗）和手术治疗（原发和继发肿瘤的切除）。 | [
{
"Combined": false,
"predicate": "药物治疗",
"subject": "类癌综合征",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "生长抑素类似物"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "药物"
}
},
{
"Combined": false,
"predicate": "药物治疗",
"subject": "类癌综合征",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "放射性核素治疗"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "药物"
}
},
{
"Combined": false,
"predicate": "手术治疗",
"subject": "类癌综合征",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "原发和继发肿瘤的切除"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "手术治疗"
}
}
] |
急性膀胱炎@肋脊角压痛提示肾盂肾炎。 | [
{
"Combined": false,
"predicate": "临床表现",
"subject": "肾盂肾炎",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "肋脊角压痛"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "症状"
}
}
] |
非ST段抬高型心肌梗死@若硝酸甘油无效或禁忌使用，则若无禁忌证时，可将吗啡作为代替药物使用。 | [
{
"Combined": false,
"predicate": "药物治疗",
"subject": "非ST段抬高型心肌梗死",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "吗啡"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "药物"
}
}
] |
食物中毒@在年幼儿童和老年人中，由沙门氏菌或大肠杆菌感染所致的疾病有时是极度危险的，但可通过遵循食品安全原则来预防。 | [
{
"Combined": false,
"predicate": "预防",
"subject": "食物中毒",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "遵循食品安全原则"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "其他"
}
}
] |
非ST段抬高型心肌梗死@心绞痛典型表现为深层、难定位的胸痛或手臂痛，有紧缩感、沉重感、酸痛、烧灼痛、压迫感和压榨痛。 | [
{
"Combined": false,
"predicate": "临床表现",
"subject": "心绞痛",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "胸痛"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "症状"
}
},
{
"Combined": false,
"predicate": "临床表现",
"subject": "心绞痛",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "手臂痛"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "症状"
}
},
{
"Combined": false,
"predicate": "临床表现",
"subject": "心绞痛",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "紧缩感"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "症状"
}
},
{
"Combined": false,
"predicate": "临床表现",
"subject": "心绞痛",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "酸痛"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "症状"
}
},
{
"Combined": false,
"predicate": "临床表现",
"subject": "心绞痛",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "烧灼痛"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "症状"
}
},
{
"Combined": false,
"predicate": "临床表现",
"subject": "心绞痛",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "压迫感"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "症状"
}
},
{
"Combined": false,
"predicate": "临床表现",
"subject": "心绞痛",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "压榨痛"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "症状"
}
}
] |
肝硬化@## 病因学 肝硬化源于各种肝病，西方国家最常见的病因是慢性丙型肝炎和酒精性肝病，其次是非酒精性肝脏脂肪浸润和慢性乙型肝炎。 | [
{
"Combined": false,
"predicate": "病因",
"subject": "肝硬化",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "慢性丙型肝炎"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "社会学"
}
},
{
"Combined": false,
"predicate": "病因",
"subject": "肝硬化",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "酒精性肝病"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "社会学"
}
},
{
"Combined": false,
"predicate": "病因",
"subject": "肝硬化",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "非酒精性肝脏脂肪浸润"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "社会学"
}
},
{
"Combined": false,
"predicate": "病因",
"subject": "肝硬化",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "慢性乙型肝炎"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "社会学"
}
}
] |
水温过低引起体温下降，低体温则可引起游泳动作失常、肌肉痉挛强直、感觉麻木以及屏气能力下降。当中枢温度＜32℃时，可导致心律失常、低血压甚至心跳停止。 | [
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "临床表现",
"subject": "低体温",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "心律失常"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "症状"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "临床表现",
"subject": "低体温",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "低血压"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "症状"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "临床表现",
"subject": "低体温",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "心跳停止"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "症状"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "临床表现",
"subject": "低体温",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "游泳动作失常"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "症状"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "临床表现",
"subject": "低体温",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "肌肉痉挛强直"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "症状"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "临床表现",
"subject": "低体温",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "感觉麻木"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "症状"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "临床表现",
"subject": "低体温",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "屏气能力下降"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "症状"
}
}
] |
溃疡性结肠炎@必要时紧急结肠切除治疗。 | [
{
"Combined": false,
"predicate": "手术治疗",
"subject": "溃疡性结肠炎",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "结肠切除"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "手术治疗"
}
}
] |
AVP基因结构异常、下丘脑及神经垂体发育缺陷，或下丘脑-神经束-神经垂体区域受到炎症、肿瘤、外伤、手术、自身免疫损伤等均能产生中枢性尿崩症。 【临床表现】 本病可发生于任何年龄，以烦渴、多饮、多尿为主要症状。 | [
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "临床表现",
"subject": "中枢性尿崩症",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "烦渴"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "症状"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "临床表现",
"subject": "中枢性尿崩症",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "多饮"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "症状"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "临床表现",
"subject": "中枢性尿崩症",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "多尿"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "症状"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "病因",
"subject": "中枢性尿崩症",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "AVP基因结构异常"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "社会学"
}
}
] |
第二节 支气管炎 一、急性支气管炎 急性支气管炎（acute bronchitis）多继发于上呼吸道感染，并经常同时累及气管。胸部听诊可闻不固定干啰音及大、中水泡音，咳嗽或体位变化后可减少或消失。 | [
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "辅助检查",
"subject": "急性支气管炎",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "胸部听诊"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "检查"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "相关（导致）",
"subject": "上呼吸道感染",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "急性支气管炎"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "疾病"
}
}
] |
（三）进一步检查 对呕吐原发病的位置和性质有初步判断后，应及时做进一步的检查，以明确诊断。 4.内分泌及遗传代谢病检查 如已排除消化道、中枢神经等疾病，而患儿仍然频繁呕吐，应进一步做内分泌、代谢病方面检查，如血氨、血糖等。 | [
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "实验室检查",
"subject": "呕吐",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "内分泌、代谢病方面检查"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "检查"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "实验室检查",
"subject": "呕吐",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "血氨"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "检查"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "实验室检查",
"subject": "呕吐",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "血糖"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "检查"
}
}
] |
大动脉炎@ （四）生物制剂 目前有学者利用抗肿瘤坏死因子制剂（Anti-TNF）联合糖皮质激素治疗难治性TA，获得良好效果，但还需进一步证实。 | [
{
"Combined": false,
"predicate": "药物治疗",
"subject": "大动脉炎",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "生物制剂"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "药物"
}
}
] |
皮肤鳞状细胞癌@多系统化疗药物被用于治疗转移性皮肤鳞状细胞癌。 | [
{
"Combined": false,
"predicate": "药物治疗",
"subject": "转移性皮肤鳞状细胞癌",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "多系统化疗药物"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "药物"
}
}
] |
（一）急性血吸虫病 多见于夏秋季，以小儿及青壮年为多。 2.切断传染环节 粪便管理和消灭钉螺。 | [
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "预防",
"subject": "急性血吸虫病",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "粪便管理和消灭钉螺"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "其他"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "多发群体",
"subject": "急性血吸虫病",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "小儿及青壮年"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "流行病学"
}
}
] |
儿童偏头痛@迄今发表的试验（虽然是在较小的患者群体）似乎支持鼻用舒马曲坦的使用，并且在英国已批准 12 岁及以上儿童使用。 | [
{
"Combined": false,
"predicate": "药物治疗",
"subject": "儿童偏头痛",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "鼻用舒马曲坦"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "药物"
}
}
] |
多发性硬化症@普萘洛尔可产生低血压和抑郁副作用。 | [
{
"Combined": false,
"predicate": "药物治疗",
"subject": "多发性硬化症",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "普萘洛尔"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "药物"
}
}
] |
除穿孔素基因（PRF1)缺陷可导致这一病理生理过程外, 其他 HLH 相关蛋白/基因，如 Muncl3-4/UNC13D、Munc18-2/STXBP2 和 Syntaxin11/STX11 等基因缺陷，在诱发因素作用下，均可发生HLH。 | [
{
"Combined": false,
"predicate": "高危因素",
"subject": "HLH",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "Muncl3-4/UNC13D、Munc18-2/STXBP2 和 Syntaxin11/STX11 等基因缺陷"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "社会学"
}
}
] |
【临床表现】 （一）少尿型急性肾功能不全 可分为少尿期、利尿期及恢复期，小儿各期间分界往往不明显。⑥内分泌及代谢改变：PTH升高，降钙素（CT）下降；T3、T4下降，TSH正常；促红细胞生成素降低；ADH及肾素-血管紧张素-醛固酮活性均升高；生长激素也升高；糖耐量降低及胰岛素抵抗，胰岛素及胰高血糖素水平升高。 | [
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "相关（导致）",
"subject": "少尿型急性肾功能不全",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "内分泌及代谢改变"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "疾病"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "阶段",
"subject": "少尿型急性肾功能不全",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "少尿期"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "其他"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "阶段",
"subject": "少尿型急性肾功能不全",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "利尿期"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "其他"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "阶段",
"subject": "少尿型急性肾功能不全",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "恢复期"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "其他"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "临床表现",
"subject": "内分泌及代谢改变",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "PTH升高，降钙素（CT）下降"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "症状"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "临床表现",
"subject": "内分泌及代谢改变",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "T3、T4下降，TSH正常"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "症状"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "临床表现",
"subject": "内分泌及代谢改变",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "促红细胞生成素降低"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "症状"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "临床表现",
"subject": "内分泌及代谢改变",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "生长激素也升高"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "症状"
}
}
] |
酮康唑（ketoconazole)合成的口服咪唑类抗真菌药,系咪唑类衍生物。抗菌谱广，口服体内吸收良好，毒性反应低，对假丝酵母菌病疗效均显著。 | [
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "药物治疗",
"subject": "假丝酵母菌病",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "酮康唑"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "药物"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "药物治疗",
"subject": "假丝酵母菌病",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "ketoconazole"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "药物"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "同义词",
"subject": "酮康唑",
"subject_type": "药物",
"object": {
"@value": "ketoconazole"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "药物"
}
}
] |
非小细胞肺癌@ ### 东部肿瘤合作组(ECOG)功能状态评分 医生和研究人员使用这些尺度和标准来评估患者的疾病进展和疾病如何影响患者的日常生活能力，并确定适当的治疗和预后: * 0级：活动能力完全正常，无任何限制参与所有病前活动。非小细胞肺癌@ * 2级：能自由走动及自我照顾，但不能执行任何工作活动；日间不少于一半时间可以起床活动。 | [
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "阶段",
"subject": "非小细胞肺癌",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "2级"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "其他"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "阶段",
"subject": "非小细胞肺癌",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "0级"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "其他"
}
}
] |
新生儿一过性高氨血症多在生后24小时出现，临床上往往不被认识，无明确的家族遗传史。典型病例可发生在早产儿，也可发生于足月儿，伴有或不伴有呼吸系统症状。 | [
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "多发群体",
"subject": "新生儿一过性高氨血症",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "早产儿"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "流行病学"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "多发群体",
"subject": "新生儿一过性高氨血症",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "足月儿"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "流行病学"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "临床表现",
"subject": "新生儿一过性高氨血症",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "呼吸系统症状"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "症状"
}
}
] |
非ST段抬高型心肌梗死@主动脉夹层通常发生于有胶原血管病（即马凡综合征）的患者。 非ST段抬高型心肌梗死@根据病变部位，经食管超声心动图可能显示夹层。 | [
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "影像学检查",
"subject": "主动脉夹层",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "经食管超声心动图"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "检查"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "并发症",
"subject": "主动脉夹层",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "胶原血管病"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "疾病"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "并发症",
"subject": "主动脉夹层",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "马凡综合征"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "疾病"
}
}
] |
持续性抑郁症@### 危险因素 ### 弱 查看全部 ### 阳性家族史 一项研究显示慢性抑郁在心境恶劣患者的一级亲属人群的发病率更高， 但另一项双生子研究显示，单卵双生子的心境恶劣发病率并不比双卵双生子高。 | [
{
"Combined": false,
"predicate": "病史",
"subject": "持续性抑郁症",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "阳性家族史"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "社会学"
}
}
] |
非ST段抬高型心肌梗死@以下每1项表现记为1分： * 年龄＞65 岁 * 有≥3 个冠状动脉疾病危险因素 * 既往冠状动脉狭窄>50% * 心电图ST段偏移 * 血清心脏生物标志物升高 * 在过去24 h，至少发作2次心绞痛 * 在过去7 d使用了阿司匹林。非ST段抬高型心肌梗死@14 天的全因死亡率、心肌梗死率和紧急血运重建率随 TIMI 评分中的危险因素数量增加而按比例增加。 | [
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "风险评估因素",
"subject": "非ST段抬高型心肌梗死",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "在过去7 d使用了阿司匹林"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "社会学"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "风险评估因素",
"subject": "非ST段抬高型心肌梗死",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "年龄＞65 岁"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "社会学"
}
}
] |
HELLP 综合征@### 出血 出血表现（例如血尿）极少见到。 | [
{
"Combined": false,
"predicate": "临床表现",
"subject": "HELLP 综合征",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "出血"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "症状"
}
},
{
"Combined": false,
"predicate": "临床表现",
"subject": "HELLP 综合征",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "血尿"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "症状"
}
}
] |
2.疫苗接种 风疹疫苗接种是目前预防、控制风疹流行和先天性风疹综合征发生的最有效措施，英、美、法等发达国家已常规对易感者接种疫苗，且提倡女性青春期前接种，这些措施使CRS的发生率明显下降。 | [
{
"Combined": false,
"predicate": "预防",
"subject": "风疹",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "疫苗接种"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "其他"
}
},
{
"Combined": false,
"predicate": "预防",
"subject": "先天性风疹综合征",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "疫苗接种"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "其他"
}
}
] |
（一）典型流感 起病急，呼吸道卡他症状轻，而全身中毒症状明显，不同年龄儿童的临床表现各有差异。 2.幼儿流感 可发生上呼吸道感染、喉炎、气管炎、支气管炎、毛细支气管炎和肺炎等症。 | [
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "病理分型",
"subject": "典型流感",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "幼儿流感"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "疾病"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "相关（导致）",
"subject": "幼儿流感",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "上呼吸道感染"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "疾病"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "相关（导致）",
"subject": "幼儿流感",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "喉炎"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "疾病"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "相关（导致）",
"subject": "幼儿流感",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "气管炎"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "疾病"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "相关（导致）",
"subject": "幼儿流感",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "支气管炎"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "疾病"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "相关（导致）",
"subject": "幼儿流感",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "毛细支气管炎"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "疾病"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "相关（导致）",
"subject": "幼儿流感",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "肺炎"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "疾病"
}
}
] |
胆囊炎@## 并发症 ### 查看全部 并发症 table 并发症 | 时间表 | 可能性 ---|---|--- ### 穿孔 | 短期 | 中 在 10% 的病例中出现，通常是对保守疗法无反应的患者或是延迟就医的患者。 | [
{
"Combined": false,
"predicate": "并发症",
"subject": "胆囊炎",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "穿孔"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "疾病"
}
}
] |
猫叫综合征@小耳，稍低位，有时耳道窄。 | [
{
"Combined": false,
"predicate": "临床表现",
"subject": "猫叫综合征",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "小耳"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "症状"
}
},
{
"Combined": false,
"predicate": "临床表现",
"subject": "猫叫综合征",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "稍低位"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "症状"
}
},
{
"Combined": false,
"predicate": "临床表现",
"subject": "猫叫综合征",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "耳道窄"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "症状"
}
}
] |
【临床表现】 临床表现典型者常有前驱症状，以胃肠道表现为主，多有腹痛、腹泻和呕吐，可有发热、嗜睡、乏力、食欲缺乏等非特异性表现。 由于HUS存在广泛的微血管血栓形成，可导致多系统损害，除胃肠道和肾脏外，尤以中枢神经系统受累多见，是最常见的死因。 | [
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "临床表现",
"subject": "HUS",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "腹痛"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "症状"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "临床表现",
"subject": "HUS",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "腹泻"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "症状"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "临床表现",
"subject": "HUS",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "呕吐"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "症状"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "临床表现",
"subject": "HUS",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "嗜睡"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "症状"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "临床表现",
"subject": "HUS",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "乏力"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "症状"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "临床表现",
"subject": "HUS",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "食欲缺乏"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "症状"
}
}
] |
口腔黏膜炎@口腔黏膜炎的患者，可同时伴发念珠菌感染，表现为急性假膜型念珠菌病(鹅口疮)或红斑型(萎缩性)念珠菌病，也可伴发单纯疱疹病毒感染，表现为疱疹性溃疡。 | [
{
"Combined": false,
"predicate": "并发症",
"subject": "口腔黏膜炎",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "念珠菌感染"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "疾病"
}
},
{
"Combined": false,
"predicate": "并发症",
"subject": "口腔黏膜炎",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "红斑型(萎缩性)念珠菌病"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "疾病"
}
},
{
"Combined": false,
"predicate": "并发症",
"subject": "口腔黏膜炎",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "单纯疱疹病毒感染"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "疾病"
}
},
{
"Combined": false,
"predicate": "并发症",
"subject": "单纯疱疹病毒感染",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "疱疹性溃疡"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "疾病"
}
}
] |
DiGeorge综合征是以先天性甲状旁腺功能减退和胸腺发育不良所致的细胞免疫缺陷为特征的一类染色体微缺失综合征。其他常见的症状包括:低钙血症、严重的喂养及吞咽困难、肾脏畸形、听觉丧失、喉气管食 管畸形、生长激素低下、自身免疫性疾病、惊厥、中枢神经系统畸形、骨骼畸形、眼部畸形、牙轴质发育不良等,少数可并发恶性肿瘤。 | [
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "临床表现",
"subject": "DiGeorge综合征",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "低钙血症"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "症状"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "临床表现",
"subject": "DiGeorge综合征",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "严重的喂养及吞咽困难"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "症状"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "临床表现",
"subject": "DiGeorge综合征",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "肾脏畸形"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "症状"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "临床表现",
"subject": "DiGeorge综合征",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "听觉丧失"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "症状"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "临床表现",
"subject": "DiGeorge综合征",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "喉气管食 管畸形"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "症状"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "临床表现",
"subject": "DiGeorge综合征",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "生长激素低下"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "症状"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "临床表现",
"subject": "DiGeorge综合征",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "自身免疫性疾病"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "症状"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "临床表现",
"subject": "DiGeorge综合征",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "惊厥"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "症状"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "临床表现",
"subject": "DiGeorge综合征",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "中枢神经系统畸形"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "症状"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "临床表现",
"subject": "DiGeorge综合征",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "骨骼畸形"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "症状"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "临床表现",
"subject": "DiGeorge综合征",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "眼部畸形"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "症状"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "临床表现",
"subject": "DiGeorge综合征",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "牙轴质发育不良"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "症状"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "并发症",
"subject": "DiGeorge综合征",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "恶性肿瘤"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "疾病"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "高危因素",
"subject": "DiGeorge综合征",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "胸腺发育不良"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "社会学"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "病因",
"subject": "DiGeorge综合征",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "细胞免疫缺陷"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "社会学"
}
}
] |
第三节 血友病 血友病（hemophilia）是一组遗传性凝血功能障碍的出血性疾病，包括血友病甲，即因子Ⅷ（又称抗血友病球蛋白，AHG）缺乏症；血友病乙，即因子Ⅸ（又称血浆凝血活酶成分，PTC）缺乏症；血友病丙，即因子Ⅺ（又称血浆凝血活酶前质，PTA）缺乏症。 血友病丙纯合子患儿有出血倾向，出血较轻，多发生在手术后或外伤后，自发性出血少见；偶有皮肤黏膜出血，青春期女性可有月经过多，出血程度与因子Ⅺ浓度无明显关系，患儿常合并因子Ⅴ、因子Ⅶ等凝血因子缺乏。 | [
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "临床表现",
"subject": "血友病丙",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "出血倾向"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "症状"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "临床表现",
"subject": "血友病丙",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "出血较轻"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "症状"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "临床表现",
"subject": "血友病丙",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "皮肤黏膜出血"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "症状"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "临床表现",
"subject": "血友病丙",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "月经过多"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "症状"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "同义词",
"subject": "血友病",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "hemophilia"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "疾病"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "遗传因素",
"subject": "血友病",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "遗传性凝血功能障碍"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "社会学"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "鉴别诊断",
"subject": "出血性疾病",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "血友病"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "疾病"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "病理分型",
"subject": "血友病",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "血友病乙"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "疾病"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "病理分型",
"subject": "血友病",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "血友病丙"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "疾病"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "病理分型",
"subject": "血友病",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "血友病甲"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "疾病"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "同义词",
"subject": "抗血友病球蛋白",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "AHG"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "疾病"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "同义词",
"subject": "血浆凝血活酶成分",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "PTC"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "疾病"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "同义词",
"subject": "血浆凝血活酶前质",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "PTA"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "疾病"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "同义词",
"subject": "血友病乙",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "因子Ⅸ"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "疾病"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "同义词",
"subject": "因子Ⅸ",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "血浆凝血活酶成分"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "疾病"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "同义词",
"subject": "PTC",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "血浆凝血活酶成分"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "疾病"
}
}
] |
图14-5 糖原分解、合成的代谢途径 （1）淀粉-（1，4→1，6）转葡萄糖苷酶 （2）糖原合成酶 （3）尿苷二磷酸葡萄糖焦磷酸化酶 （4）磷酸葡萄糖变位酶 （5）磷酸己糖异构酶 （6）己糖激酶 （7）葡萄糖-6-磷酸酶 （8）淀粉-1，6-葡萄糖苷酶（脱支酶）（9）磷酸化酶 （10）磷酸葡萄糖变位酶；糖（11）磷酸己糖异构酶 （12）磷酸果糖激酶 GSD目前分为11型。 GSDⅧ型 酶缺陷不明，肝脏磷酸酶为无活性形式。 | [
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "病理分型",
"subject": "GSD",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "GSDⅧ型"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "疾病"
}
}
] |
但表现为肾衰竭的患儿则不宜大量饮水，以免增加容量负荷。 | [
{
"Combined": false,
"predicate": "辅助治疗",
"subject": "肾衰竭",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "不宜大量饮水"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "其他治疗"
}
}
] |
类癌综合征@ * 支气管类癌：相当一部分病例具有局限的肿瘤，因此原发肿瘤的根治性切除术是一个选择。类癌综合征@对于边界清楚的病灶，应采用楔形切除术；其他病例可采用肺叶切除术，少数需行肺切除术。 | [
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "手术治疗",
"subject": "支气管类癌",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "楔形切除术"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "手术治疗"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "手术治疗",
"subject": "支气管类癌",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "肺叶切除术"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "手术治疗"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "手术治疗",
"subject": "支气管类癌",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "肺切除术"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "手术治疗"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "手术治疗",
"subject": "支气管类癌",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "根治性切除术"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "手术治疗"
}
}
] |
HELLP 综合征@## 诊断标准 ### HELLP 综合征的实验室标准 如要诊断 HELLP 综合征，应当满足下列实验室标准： * 溶血，表现为外周血涂片上存在裂红细胞、钝锯齿状红细胞和多染色性。HELLP 综合征@然而，在临床实践中，外周血涂片检查不是常规，可以通过下列方式获得足够的溶血证据： * LDH 升高：＞600IU/L * 胆红素升高：＞1.2mg/dL (5.1μmol/L) * 结合珠蛋白低（实践中极少检查） * 肝酶升高：AST和／或ALT＞70IU/L * 血小板减少症：血小板＜100,000/μL(＜100×10^9/L)。 | [
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "实验室检查",
"subject": "HELLP 综合征",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "外周血涂片检查"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "检查"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "相关（转化）",
"subject": "HELLP 综合征",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "血小板减少症"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "疾病"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "临床表现",
"subject": "溶血",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "LDH 升高"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "症状"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "临床表现",
"subject": "溶血",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "胆红素升高"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "症状"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "临床表现",
"subject": "溶血",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "结合珠蛋白低"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "症状"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "临床表现",
"subject": "HELLP 综合征",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "肝酶升高"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "症状"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "相关（转化）",
"subject": "HELLP 综合征",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "溶血"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "疾病"
}
}
] |
血吸虫病@由于肠血吸虫病引起的进展性门静脉高压可表现为腹腔积液和由于食管静脉曲张所致的严重的上消化道出血。 | [
{
"Combined": false,
"predicate": "相关（导致）",
"subject": "肠血吸虫病",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "进展性门静脉高压"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "疾病"
}
},
{
"Combined": false,
"predicate": "临床表现",
"subject": "肠血吸虫病",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "上消化道出血"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "症状"
}
}
] |
甲状腺癌@甲状腺癌最常表现为无症状的甲状腺结节，由触诊或超声检查发现。甲状腺癌@ 通常发生在30岁到40岁之间的女性。 | [
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "影像学检查",
"subject": "甲状腺癌",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "超声检查"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "检查"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "辅助检查",
"subject": "甲状腺癌",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "触诊"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "检查"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "临床表现",
"subject": "甲状腺癌",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "无症状的甲状腺结节"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "症状"
}
}
] |
幼年型皮肌炎@皮疹消退后可留有色素沉着。 | [
{
"Combined": false,
"predicate": "临床表现",
"subject": "幼年型皮肌炎",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "色素沉着"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "症状"
}
}
] |
多发性骨髓瘤@最常见的特征为骨痛和贫血；此疾病亦可通过对疲劳、感染、高钙血症或肾功能损害的检查发现。 | [
{
"Combined": false,
"predicate": "相关（转化）",
"subject": "多发性骨髓瘤",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "骨痛"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "疾病"
}
},
{
"Combined": false,
"predicate": "相关（转化）",
"subject": "多发性骨髓瘤",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "贫血"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "疾病"
}
},
{
"Combined": false,
"predicate": "鉴别诊断",
"subject": "多发性骨髓瘤",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "疲劳"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "疾病"
}
},
{
"Combined": false,
"predicate": "鉴别诊断",
"subject": "多发性骨髓瘤",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "感染"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "疾病"
}
},
{
"Combined": false,
"predicate": "鉴别诊断",
"subject": "多发性骨髓瘤",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "高钙血症"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "疾病"
}
},
{
"Combined": false,
"predicate": "鉴别诊断",
"subject": "多发性骨髓瘤",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "肾功能损害"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "疾病"
}
}
] |
尘肺@应告知被诊断为矽肺病或慢性铍肺的人其患肺癌的风险增加，尤其是吸烟者。 | [
{
"Combined": false,
"predicate": "风险评估因素",
"subject": "肺癌",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "矽肺病或慢性铍肺的人"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "社会学"
}
}
] |
【临床表现】 脑瘫临床表现多种多样，主要为运动功能障碍，均表现为①运动发育落后：包括粗大运动或精细运动迟缓，主动运动减少。②肌张力异常：表现为肌张力亢进、肌强直、肌张力低下及肌张力不协调。 | [
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "临床表现",
"subject": "脑瘫",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "肌张力异常"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "症状"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "临床表现",
"subject": "脑瘫",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "肌张力亢进"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "症状"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "临床表现",
"subject": "脑瘫",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "肌强直"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "症状"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "临床表现",
"subject": "脑瘫",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "肌张力低下"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "症状"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "临床表现",
"subject": "脑瘫",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "肌张力不协调"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "症状"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "临床表现",
"subject": "脑瘫",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "运动发育落后"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "症状"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "临床表现",
"subject": "脑瘫",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "主动运动减少"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "症状"
}
}
] |
慢性心房颤动@P波消失，取而代之的是与其大小、形态和时限不同的快速颤动波，当房室传导正常时可导致心室率不规则。 慢性心房颤动@当诊断不确定时，可能需要应用24小时（或7天）动态心电监测或事件记录仪（如Cardiomemo）。 | [
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "辅助检查",
"subject": "慢性心房颤动",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "24小时（或7天）动态心电监测"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "检查"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "辅助检查",
"subject": "慢性心房颤动",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "事件记录仪"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "检查"
}
}
] |
急性阑尾炎@ ### 弥漫性腹膜炎 | 短期 | 低 急性炎症期阑尾的大穿孔会导致弥漫性腹膜炎。 急性阑尾炎@患者有急腹症症状（高热、弥漫性腹痛、广泛性压痛、肠鸣音减弱）。 | [
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "临床表现",
"subject": "弥漫性腹膜炎",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "急腹症症状"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "症状"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "临床表现",
"subject": "弥漫性腹膜炎",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "高热"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "症状"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "临床表现",
"subject": "弥漫性腹膜炎",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "弥漫性腹痛"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "症状"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "临床表现",
"subject": "弥漫性腹膜炎",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "广泛性压痛"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "症状"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "临床表现",
"subject": "弥漫性腹膜炎",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "肠鸣音减弱"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "症状"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "并发症",
"subject": "急性阑尾炎",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "弥漫性腹膜炎"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "疾病"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "并发症",
"subject": "弥漫性腹膜炎",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "急性阑尾炎"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "疾病"
}
}
] |
白内障@### 干眼 体征/症状 检查 体征/症状 可以是一种外观异常的泪膜。 | [
{
"Combined": false,
"predicate": "鉴别诊断",
"subject": "白内障",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "干眼"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "疾病"
}
},
{
"Combined": false,
"predicate": "临床表现",
"subject": "干眼",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "外观异常的泪膜"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "症状"
}
}
] |
自身免疫性肝炎@### 肝组织学 除非忌用，否则应在治疗前进行肝活组织检查，以确定诊断，并评估肝脏状况，原因在于治疗会改变组织学检查结果。 | [
{
"Combined": false,
"predicate": "组织学检查",
"subject": "自身免疫性肝炎",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "肝活组织检查"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "检查"
}
}
] |
【诊断】 肾母细胞瘤大多是由于腹部肿块而作出诊断。 （一）腹部平片 在大多数病例可见患侧肋腹膨胀，充气的肠管绕着肿瘤的软组织密度阴影，并被肿块推移向腹中部。 | [
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "影像学检查",
"subject": "肾母细胞瘤",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "腹部平片"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "检查"
}
}
] |
急性髓性白血病@拓扑异构酶 II 抑制剂（例如，依托泊苷、替尼泊苷和蒽环类药物，例如多柔比星）的既往治疗也可能会诱发 AML。 | [
{
"Combined": false,
"predicate": "风险评估因素",
"subject": "AML",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "拓扑异构酶 II 抑制剂"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "社会学"
}
},
{
"Combined": false,
"predicate": "风险评估因素",
"subject": "AML",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "依托泊苷"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "社会学"
}
},
{
"Combined": false,
"predicate": "风险评估因素",
"subject": "AML",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "替尼泊苷"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "社会学"
}
},
{
"Combined": false,
"predicate": "风险评估因素",
"subject": "AML",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "多柔比星"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "社会学"
}
},
{
"Combined": false,
"predicate": "风险评估因素",
"subject": "AML",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "蒽环类药物"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "社会学"
}
}
] |
类癌综合征@ 干扰素α的作用是通过 1 型干扰素受体介导的。类癌综合征@ 最常用的干扰素是干扰素α-2a 或干扰素α-2b。 | [
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "药物治疗",
"subject": "类癌综合征",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "干扰素α-2a"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "药物"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "药物治疗",
"subject": "类癌综合征",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "干扰素α-2b"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "药物"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "药物治疗",
"subject": "类癌综合征",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "干扰素α"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "药物"
}
}
] |
对于部分无家族病史但是患病风险增加的产妇，常规超声发现的先天性心脏病、腭裂以及腭唇裂等尤其是心脏圆锥动脉干畸形可能提示诊断。 | [
{
"Combined": false,
"predicate": "影像学检查",
"subject": "先天性心脏病",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "超声"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "检查"
}
},
{
"Combined": false,
"predicate": "影像学检查",
"subject": "腭裂",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "超声"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "检查"
}
},
{
"Combined": false,
"predicate": "影像学检查",
"subject": "腭唇裂",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "超声"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "检查"
}
},
{
"Combined": false,
"predicate": "影像学检查",
"subject": "心脏圆锥动脉干畸形",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "超声"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "检查"
}
}
] |
第二节 急进性肾小球肾炎 急进性肾小球肾炎（rapidly progressive glomerulonephritis，RPGN）简称急进性肾炎，系急进性肾炎综合征。 电镜下可见新月体内除上皮细胞外，尚有纤维素及红细胞，肾小球基底膜断裂及纤维素样沉积，内皮下及系膜区甚至上皮下可见电子致密物。 | [
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "影像学检查",
"subject": "急进性肾小球肾炎",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "电镜"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "检查"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "同义词",
"subject": "急进性肾小球肾炎",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "rapidly progressive glomerulonephritis"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "疾病"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "同义词",
"subject": "急进性肾小球肾炎",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "RPGN"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "疾病"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "同义词",
"subject": "急进性肾小球肾炎",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "急进性肾炎"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "疾病"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "病理分型",
"subject": "急进性肾炎综合征",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "急进性肾小球肾炎"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "疾病"
}
}
] |
6.纠正水 、电解质紊乱 呕吐导致水、电解质紊乱，应及时纠正。 （二）病因治疗 1.手术 对外科疾病需手术治疗，手术时机根据病情而定。 | [
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "手术治疗",
"subject": "呕吐",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "手术"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "手术治疗"
}
}
] |
慢性肾病@随着肾衰竭进展到较晚期的尿毒症时期，患者常常自述食欲下降（尤其是对于肉类和高蛋白类食物的食欲下降）、恶心、呕吐、瘙痒以及周身不适。 | [
{
"Combined": false,
"predicate": "临床表现",
"subject": "尿毒症",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "食欲下降"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "症状"
}
},
{
"Combined": false,
"predicate": "临床表现",
"subject": "尿毒症",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "恶心"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "症状"
}
},
{
"Combined": false,
"predicate": "临床表现",
"subject": "尿毒症",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "呕吐"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "症状"
}
},
{
"Combined": false,
"predicate": "临床表现",
"subject": "尿毒症",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "瘙痒"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "症状"
}
},
{
"Combined": false,
"predicate": "临床表现",
"subject": "尿毒症",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "周身不适"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "症状"
}
}
] |
（二）肿瘤和自身免疫性疾病 免疫缺陷病，尤其是PID病人易患自身免疫性疾病和肿瘤，淋巴系肿瘤的发生率较正常人群高几十倍乃至上百倍。临床发现伴发淋巴瘤的PID常为SCID、嘌呤核苷磷酸化酶（PNP）缺乏、XLA、X连锁淋巴组织增生症、高IgM血症（HM）、IgA缺乏症、IgG亚类缺陷、常见变异型免疫缺陷病（CVID）、湿疹血小板减少伴免疫缺陷（WAS）、毛细血管扩张共济失调综合征（AT）以及胸腺发育不全等。 | [
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "相关（导致）",
"subject": "免疫缺陷病",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "嘌呤核苷磷酸化酶（PNP）缺乏"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "疾病"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "相关（导致）",
"subject": "免疫缺陷病",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "XLA"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "疾病"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "相关（导致）",
"subject": "免疫缺陷病",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "X连锁淋巴组织增生症"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "疾病"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "相关（导致）",
"subject": "免疫缺陷病",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "高IgM血症"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "疾病"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "相关（导致）",
"subject": "免疫缺陷病",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "HM"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "疾病"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "相关（导致）",
"subject": "免疫缺陷病",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "IgA缺乏症"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "疾病"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "相关（导致）",
"subject": "免疫缺陷病",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "IgG亚类缺陷"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "疾病"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "相关（导致）",
"subject": "免疫缺陷病",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "常见变异型免疫缺陷病"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "疾病"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "相关（导致）",
"subject": "免疫缺陷病",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "胸腺发育不全"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "疾病"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "相关（导致）",
"subject": "免疫缺陷病",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "淋巴系肿瘤"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "疾病"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "相关（导致）",
"subject": "PID",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "自身免疫性疾病"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "疾病"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "相关（导致）",
"subject": "PID",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "肿瘤"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "疾病"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "相关（导致）",
"subject": "PID",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "SCID"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "疾病"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "同义词",
"subject": "常见变异型免疫缺陷病",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "CVID"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "疾病"
}
}
] |
胃炎@### 危重患者 危重患者有发生应激性消化道出血的风险。胃炎@ 临床发生严重出血的主要危险因素包括机械通气时间＞48 小时和存在凝血功能障碍。 | [
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "高危因素",
"subject": "应激性消化道出血",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "存在凝血功能障碍"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "社会学"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "高危因素",
"subject": "胃炎",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "危重患者"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "社会学"
}
}
] |
产毒性细菌引起的肠炎：多发生在夏季。重症腹泻频繁，量多，呈水样或蛋花样混有黏液，镜检无白细胞。 | [
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "临床表现",
"subject": "产毒性细菌引起的肠炎",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "腹泻"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "症状"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "组织学检查",
"subject": "产毒性细菌引起的肠炎",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "镜检"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "检查"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "多发季节",
"subject": "产毒性细菌引起的肠炎",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "夏季"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "流行病学"
}
}
] |
二、肺炎衣原体肺炎 肺炎衣原体（chlamydia pneumoniae）能引起多种呼吸系统疾病，但以肺炎为主。已公认肺炎衣原体是5岁以上儿童肺炎的重要病原。 | [
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "发病年龄",
"subject": "肺炎衣原体",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "5岁以上"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "流行病学"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "相关（导致）",
"subject": "肺炎衣原体",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "儿童肺炎"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "疾病"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "同义词",
"subject": "肺炎衣原体",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "chlamydia pneumoniae"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "疾病"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "相关（导致）",
"subject": "肺炎衣原体",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "呼吸系统疾病"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "疾病"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "相关（导致）",
"subject": "肺炎衣原体",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "肺炎"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "疾病"
}
}
] |
慢性胰腺炎@ 外科手术的方式主要包括Roux-en-Y胆总管空肠吻合术和胆总管十二指肠吻合术。 | [
{
"Combined": false,
"predicate": "手术治疗",
"subject": "慢性胰腺炎",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "胆总管十二指肠吻合术"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "手术治疗"
}
}
] |
疟疾感染@ 大多数死亡发生在非洲地区 (92%)，其次是东南亚地区 (6%) 和东地中海地区 (2%)。疟疾感染@全球死亡率在 2000-2015 年间下降了 62%。 | [
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "死亡率",
"subject": "疟疾感染",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "下降了 62%"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "流行病学"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "死亡率",
"subject": "疟疾感染",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "92%"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "流行病学"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "死亡率",
"subject": "疟疾感染",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "6%"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "流行病学"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "死亡率",
"subject": "疟疾感染",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "2%"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "流行病学"
}
}
] |
【临床表现】 弓形虫可侵犯全身各器官，但以中枢神经系统、眼、淋巴结、心肺、肝脾和骨骼肌为主，新生儿的显性感染多为先天性获得。出生时有显性感染的常见有脑和眼受损表现，脑部症状有小头畸形、脑积水、脑钙化、脑膜脑炎、精神障碍、惊厥、肢体强直、脑神经麻痹等。 | [
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "临床表现",
"subject": "弓形虫",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "小头畸形"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "症状"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "临床表现",
"subject": "弓形虫",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "脑积水"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "症状"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "临床表现",
"subject": "弓形虫",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "脑钙化"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "症状"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "临床表现",
"subject": "弓形虫",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "脑膜脑炎"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "症状"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "临床表现",
"subject": "弓形虫",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "精神障碍"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "症状"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "发病部位",
"subject": "弓形虫",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "中枢神经系统"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "部位"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "发病部位",
"subject": "弓形虫",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "眼"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "部位"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "发病部位",
"subject": "弓形虫",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "淋巴结"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "部位"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "发病部位",
"subject": "弓形虫",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "心肺"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "部位"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "发病部位",
"subject": "弓形虫",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "肝脾"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "部位"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "发病部位",
"subject": "弓形虫",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "骨骼肌"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "部位"
}
}
] |
麻风病@如果患者出现免疫反应，且正在接受泼尼松龙或沙利度胺治疗，需要每月密切随访。 | [
{
"Combined": false,
"predicate": "药物治疗",
"subject": "麻风病",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "泼尼松龙"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "药物"
}
},
{
"Combined": false,
"predicate": "药物治疗",
"subject": "麻风病",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "沙利度胺"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "药物"
}
}
] |
【临床表现】 典型结核性脑膜炎起病多较缓慢。出现明显脑膜刺激征。 | [
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "临床表现",
"subject": "典型结核性脑膜炎",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "出现明显脑膜刺激征"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "症状"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "临床表现",
"subject": "典型结核性脑膜炎",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "脑膜刺激征"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "症状"
}
}
] |
先天性肥厚性幽门狭窄（congenital hypertrophic pyloric stenosis)是由于幽门环肌增生肥厚,使幽门管腔狭窄而引起的上消化道不完全梗阻性疾病。 呕吐 为本病的主要症状，一般在出生后2~4周，少数于生后1周发病，也有迟至生后2 ~3 个月发病。 | [
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "临床表现",
"subject": "先天性肥厚性幽门狭窄",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "呕吐"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "症状"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "同义词",
"subject": "先天性肥厚性幽门狭窄",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "congenital hypertrophic pyloric stenosis"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "疾病"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "病因",
"subject": "congenital hypertrophic pyloric stenosis",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "幽门环肌增生肥厚"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "社会学"
}
}
] |
全身各系统中毒症状 其严重程度与血中尿素氮及肌酐增高的浓度相一致。 心血管系统：主要因水钠潴留所致，表现为高血压和心力衰竭，还可发生心律失常、心包炎等。 | [
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "相关（导致）",
"subject": "水钠潴留",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "全身各系统中毒"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "疾病"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "相关（导致）",
"subject": "水钠潴留",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "高血压"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "疾病"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "相关（导致）",
"subject": "水钠潴留",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "心力衰竭"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "疾病"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "相关（导致）",
"subject": "水钠潴留",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "心律失常"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "疾病"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "相关（导致）",
"subject": "水钠潴留",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "心包炎"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "疾病"
}
}
] |
一、二尖瓣狭窄 【病理生理】 功能性二尖瓣狭窄将影响左房的肺静脉进入左心室，导致左心房、肺静脉及肺毛细血管压升高，继而导致充血的支气管静脉将压迫小支气管致气道阻力上升，由此导致呼吸困难、低氧血症及高碳酸血症。 彩色多普勒超声心动图可提供二尖瓣舒张期正向湍流的彩色直观显示，并可对狭窄或反流的位置进行定位。 | [
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "影像学检查",
"subject": "二尖瓣狭窄",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "彩色多普勒超声心动图"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "检查"
}
}
] |
B族链球菌感染@青霉素或氨苄西林联用庆大霉素是推荐的一线疗法。 | [
{
"Combined": false,
"predicate": "药物治疗",
"subject": "B族链球菌感染",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "青霉素"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "药物"
}
},
{
"Combined": false,
"predicate": "药物治疗",
"subject": "B族链球菌感染",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "氨苄西林联用庆大霉素"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "药物"
}
}
] |
（2）罗马Ⅱ标准（1999年制定）： 小儿CVS诊断标准：①3个或3个周期以上剧烈的恶心、顽固性呕吐，持续数小时到数日，间隙期持续数日到数月；②排除代谢性、胃肠道及中枢神经系统器质性疾病。 | [
{
"Combined": false,
"predicate": "临床表现",
"subject": "CVS",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "恶心"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "症状"
}
},
{
"Combined": false,
"predicate": "临床表现",
"subject": "CVS",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "顽固性呕吐"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "症状"
}
}
] |