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转移性乳腺癌@一线选择包括非甾体类芳香化酶抑制剂单药治疗，或与 CDK4/6 抑制剂（帕布昔利布或瑞博西尼）联合使用。 转移性乳腺癌@选择性雌激素受体下调剂氟维司群是一种替代性方案（曾用过芳香化酶抑制剂时应当考虑）。 | [
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "药物治疗",
"subject": "转移性乳腺癌",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "氟维司群"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "药物"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "药物治疗",
"subject": "转移性乳腺癌",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "帕布昔利布"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "药物"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "药物治疗",
"subject": "转移性乳腺癌",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "瑞博西尼"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "药物"
}
}
] |
【临床表现】 肠套叠可致腹部绞痛，表现为原先安静的患儿突然出现明显烦躁不适，可有全身强直，双腿向腹部屈曲，表情痛苦，症状突发突止；无法表达的小婴儿则出现阵发性哭吵，发作间隙表现正常或安静入睡。 梗阻时间过长的患儿可能出现脱水及菌血症，导致心动过速和发热，偶见低血容量性或感染性休克。 | [
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "并发症",
"subject": "肠套叠",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "脱水及菌血症"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "疾病"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "临床表现",
"subject": "肠套叠",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "心动过速"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "症状"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "临床表现",
"subject": "肠套叠",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "发热"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "症状"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "临床表现",
"subject": "肠套叠",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "腹部绞痛"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "症状"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "临床表现",
"subject": "肠套叠",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "明显烦躁不适"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "症状"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "临床表现",
"subject": "肠套叠",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "全身强直"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "症状"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "临床表现",
"subject": "肠套叠",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "双腿向腹部屈曲"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "症状"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "临床表现",
"subject": "肠套叠",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "表情痛苦"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "症状"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "临床表现",
"subject": "肠套叠",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "突发突止"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "症状"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "临床表现",
"subject": "肠套叠",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "阵发性哭吵"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "症状"
}
}
] |
室上性心动过速@年长儿还可教予提高迷走张力的方法来终止发作，如Valsalva法、屏气、饮冰水、采取特殊的体位等。室上性心动过速@在危重情况下，如已发生严重心力衰竭，首先推荐直流同步电复律。 | [
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "辅助治疗",
"subject": "室上性心动过速",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "直流同步电复律"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "其他治疗"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "辅助治疗",
"subject": "室上性心动过速",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "提高迷走张力"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "其他治疗"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "辅助治疗",
"subject": "心力衰竭",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "直流同步电复律"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "其他治疗"
}
}
] |
细菌性脑膜炎@婴儿会表现出非特异性体征和症状，可能包括发热、低体温、烦躁不安、嗜睡、喂哺情况差、癫痫发作、呼吸暂停或囟门膨胀。 | [
{
"Combined": false,
"predicate": "临床表现",
"subject": "细菌性脑膜炎",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "发热"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "症状"
}
},
{
"Combined": false,
"predicate": "临床表现",
"subject": "细菌性脑膜炎",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "烦躁不安"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "症状"
}
},
{
"Combined": false,
"predicate": "临床表现",
"subject": "细菌性脑膜炎",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "嗜睡"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "症状"
}
},
{
"Combined": false,
"predicate": "临床表现",
"subject": "细菌性脑膜炎",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "喂哺情况差"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "症状"
}
},
{
"Combined": false,
"predicate": "临床表现",
"subject": "细菌性脑膜炎",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "癫痫发作"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "症状"
}
},
{
"Combined": false,
"predicate": "临床表现",
"subject": "细菌性脑膜炎",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "呼吸暂停"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "症状"
}
},
{
"Combined": false,
"predicate": "临床表现",
"subject": "细菌性脑膜炎",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "囟门膨胀"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "症状"
}
},
{
"Combined": false,
"predicate": "临床表现",
"subject": "细菌性脑膜炎",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "低体温"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "症状"
}
}
] |
其他 血培养:对所有疑似化脓性脑膜炎的病例均应做血培养’以帮助寻找致病菌。 (5)神经影像学:头颅MRI较CT更能清晰地反映脑实质病变,在病程中重复检査能发现并发症并指导干预措施的实施。 | [
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "影像学检查",
"subject": "化脓性脑膜炎",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "头颅MRI"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "检查"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "实验室检查",
"subject": "化脓性脑膜炎",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "血培养"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "检查"
}
}
] |
多发性骨髓瘤@此疾病通过血清和尿蛋白电泳、骨髓检查以及骨骼检查确诊。 | [
{
"Combined": false,
"predicate": "实验室检查",
"subject": "多发性骨髓瘤",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "血清和尿蛋白电泳"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "检查"
}
},
{
"Combined": false,
"predicate": "组织学检查",
"subject": "多发性骨髓瘤",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "骨髓检查"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "检查"
}
},
{
"Combined": false,
"predicate": "辅助检查",
"subject": "多发性骨髓瘤",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "骨骼检查"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "检查"
}
}
] |
共患病对于患儿生活质量的影响有时候甚至超过癫痫本身，比如伴中央颞区棘波的儿童良性癫痫（BECT)共患注意缺陷多动障碍（attention deficit hyperactivity disorder，ADHD)的比例高达30%左右，而BECT大多数比较容易控制，因此在共患ADHD的BECT患者，及早发现、治疗ADHD，能够显著改善患儿的学习，提高生活质量和远期预后。 | [
{
"Combined": false,
"predicate": "同义词",
"subject": "儿童良性癫痫",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "BECT"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "疾病"
}
},
{
"Combined": false,
"predicate": "同义词",
"subject": "缺陷多动障碍",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "attention deficit hyperactivity disorder"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "疾病"
}
},
{
"Combined": false,
"predicate": "同义词",
"subject": "缺陷多动障碍",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "ADHD"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "疾病"
}
}
] |
乙型肝炎@ * 治疗期间应每 12 周检查肝功能，每 12 至 24 周检测 HBV DNA 水平，如果最初 HBeAg 阳性，每 24 周评估 HBeAg/抗 HBe。 | [
{
"Combined": false,
"predicate": "辅助检查",
"subject": "乙型肝炎",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "肝功能"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "检查"
}
},
{
"Combined": false,
"predicate": "实验室检查",
"subject": "乙型肝炎",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "HBV DNA"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "检查"
}
},
{
"Combined": false,
"predicate": "实验室检查",
"subject": "乙型肝炎",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "HBeAg"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "检查"
}
}
] |
唇腭裂@一项研究发现，右侧唇裂男孩的 MRI 上的脑结构异常多于左侧唇裂或健康对照，提示性别和唇裂的位置（左右侧）可能为单侧唇裂儿童共存的神经发育差异提供一些洞察力。 | [
{
"Combined": false,
"predicate": "预后状况",
"subject": "唇腭裂",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "脑结构异常多"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "预后"
}
},
{
"Combined": false,
"predicate": "预后状况",
"subject": "唇腭裂",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "神经发育差异"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "预后"
}
}
] |
细菌性脑膜炎@### 神志改变 69%细菌性脑膜炎成年患者出现神志改变。 | [
{
"Combined": false,
"predicate": "风险评估因素",
"subject": "细菌性脑膜炎",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "神志改变"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "社会学"
}
},
{
"Combined": false,
"predicate": "临床表现",
"subject": "细菌性脑膜炎",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "神志改变"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "症状"
}
}
] |
非ST段抬高型心肌梗死@结合核成像显示心肌灌注缺损或超声心动图显示室壁运动异常，可以提高负荷试验的敏感性和特异性。 | [
{
"Combined": false,
"predicate": "影像学检查",
"subject": "非ST段抬高型心肌梗死",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "结合核成像"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "检查"
}
},
{
"Combined": false,
"predicate": "影像学检查",
"subject": "非ST段抬高型心肌梗死",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "超声心动图"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "检查"
}
}
] |
溶血性贫血@## 治疗步骤 一旦确诊为溶血性贫血，有必要在血液科就诊。溶血性贫血@支持性治疗包括输血和补充叶酸。 | [
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "辅助治疗",
"subject": "溶血性贫血",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "输血"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "其他治疗"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "辅助治疗",
"subject": "溶血性贫血",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "补充叶酸"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "其他治疗"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "就诊科室",
"subject": "溶血性贫血",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "血液科"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "其他"
}
}
] |
稳定型缺血性心脏疾病@戒烟是预防冠状动脉疾病的最重要的干预措施。 | [
{
"Combined": false,
"predicate": "预防",
"subject": "冠状动脉疾病",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "戒烟"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "其他"
}
}
] |
（七）影像学检查 1. B超检查 可探查泌尿系的结构和膀胱排泄功能有无异常，有无结石、梗阻及残余尿等引起感染诱因。对＜5岁的第一次尿感应做排泄性膀胱尿道造影，以发现膀胱输尿管反流及后尿道瓣膜等尿感诱因。 | [
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "影像学检查",
"subject": "尿感",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "B超检查"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "检查"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "影像学检查",
"subject": "尿感",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "排泄性膀胱尿道造影"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "检查"
}
}
] |
房室传导阻滞是指由于房室传导系统某部位的不应期异常延长，激动心房向心室传播，过程中传导延缓或部分甚至全部不能下传的现象，临床上将房室传导阻滞分为三度。 三度房室传导阻滞,又称完全性房室传导阻滞，小儿较少见。 | [
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "病理分型",
"subject": "房室传导阻滞",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "三度房室传导阻滞"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "疾病"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "同义词",
"subject": "三度房室传导阻滞",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "完全性房室传导阻滞"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "疾病"
}
}
] |
胆囊炎@超声检查时也可引起。 | [
{
"Combined": false,
"predicate": "影像学检查",
"subject": "胆囊炎",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "超声检查"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "检查"
}
}
] |
大约40%～50%儿童NHL都起自T细胞系；同等比例的病例则来自表达表面免疫球蛋白的B细胞肿瘤。 | [
{
"Combined": false,
"predicate": "发病部位",
"subject": "儿童NHL",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "T细胞"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "部位"
}
},
{
"Combined": false,
"predicate": "发病部位",
"subject": "B细胞肿瘤",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "表达表面免疫球蛋白"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "部位"
}
}
] |
ST段抬高型心肌梗死@基础代谢指标应当检查，血糖和血脂也应该检测。 | [
{
"Combined": false,
"predicate": "辅助检查",
"subject": "ST段抬高型心肌梗",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "基础代谢指标"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "检查"
}
}
] |
第十章 休克 【概述】 休克是各种强烈致病因素作用于机体引起的急性循环障碍，以组织的有效血液灌流量急剧降低为特征，导致组织细胞缺血、缺氧、代谢紊乱和脏器功能损害的急性临床综合征。 【流行病学】 在美国，每年休克病例数约占所有儿童和成人住院患者数的2%，死亡率20%～50%不等，死亡率随累及的器官功能衰竭数的增加而上升。 | [
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "发病率",
"subject": "休克",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "2%"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "流行病学"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "死亡率",
"subject": "休克",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "20%～50%"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "流行病学"
}
}
] |
targetUrl=http://cochraneclinicalanswers.com/doi/10.1002/cca.1401/full) ## 证据评分 疼痛缓解：有中等质量的证据表明，与吗啡相比，曲马多可以更好地改善慢性胰腺炎患者的疼痛症状（用药第4天评估），并且其胃肠道不良反应更少。 | [
{
"Combined": false,
"predicate": "药物治疗",
"subject": "慢性胰腺炎",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "曲马多"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "药物"
}
}
] |
脉络丛乳头状癌（papilloma choroideum）占该肿瘤的10%～20%，呈浸润性生长，组织学上可看到瘤细胞异形性及核分裂象。90%以上的病人可因肿瘤分泌过量的脑脊液而致脑积水、颅高压；另外不同部位肿瘤可有不同表现，四脑室肿瘤多数表现为共济失调症，侧脑室肿瘤多数有癫痫、偏瘫、偏盲等。 | [
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "临床表现",
"subject": "脉络丛乳头状癌",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "脑积水"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "症状"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "临床表现",
"subject": "脉络丛乳头状癌",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "颅高压"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "症状"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "临床表现",
"subject": "四脑室肿瘤",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "共济失调症"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "症状"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "临床表现",
"subject": "侧脑室肿瘤",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "癫痫"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "症状"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "临床表现",
"subject": "侧脑室肿瘤",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "偏瘫"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "症状"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "临床表现",
"subject": "侧脑室肿瘤",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "偏盲"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "症状"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "同义词",
"subject": "脉络丛乳头状癌",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "papilloma choroideum"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "疾病"
}
}
] |
B族链球菌感染@神经源性膀胱已被确定为社区获得性疾病的一个危险因素。 | [
{
"Combined": false,
"predicate": "高危因素",
"subject": "社区获得性疾病",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "神经源性膀胱"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "社会学"
}
}
] |
骨性关节炎@[ 假性痛风 ](/topics/zh-cn/370) ### 类风湿性关节炎 体征/症状 检查 体征/症状 通常可由受累及关节的数量和分布来明确区分类风湿性关节炎与骨性关节炎。 | [
{
"Combined": false,
"predicate": "发病部位",
"subject": "类风湿性关节炎",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "关节"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "部位"
}
}
] |
支持治疗、治疗休克、纠正通气不良、控制颅内高压对于改善GBS感染的预后尤为重要。辅助应用静脉注射免疫球蛋白（IVIG）可增加吞噬细胞的杀菌力，应用500～800mg/kg的剂量，对于新生儿败血症是安全的。 | [
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "药物治疗",
"subject": "GBS感染",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "免疫球蛋白（IVIG）"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "药物"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "辅助治疗",
"subject": "GBS感染",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "支持治疗"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "其他治疗"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "辅助治疗",
"subject": "GBS感染",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "治疗休克"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "其他治疗"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "辅助治疗",
"subject": "GBS感染",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "纠正通气不良"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "其他治疗"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "辅助治疗",
"subject": "GBS感染",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "控制颅内高压"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "其他治疗"
}
}
] |
儿童组织细胞增生症是一组临床表现差异极大、发病率又较低的疾病。 皮疹印片或活检、骨病变处的病理检查见到典型的郎罕细胞是诊断的依据。 | [
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "组织学检查",
"subject": "儿童组织细胞增生症",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "皮疹印片"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "检查"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "组织学检查",
"subject": "儿童组织细胞增生症",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "活检"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "检查"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "组织学检查",
"subject": "儿童组织细胞增生症",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "骨病变处的病理检查"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "检查"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "发病率",
"subject": "儿童组织细胞增生症",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "发病率又较低"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "流行病学"
}
}
] |
血吸虫病@### 内脏利什曼病 体征/症状 检查 体征/症状 缺少血吸虫病流行地区的暴露史。 | [
{
"Combined": false,
"predicate": "鉴别诊断",
"subject": "血吸虫病",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "内脏利什曼病"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "疾病"
}
}
] |
胆管癌@肝外肿瘤 – 附加 – 化疗±放疗 针对经选择患者组部分患者的治疗推荐 如果肿瘤能被成功切除且无阳性淋巴结，患者可以选择进行放化疗或者不做进一步处理。 | [
{
"Combined": false,
"predicate": "放射治疗",
"subject": "肿瘤",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "放疗"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "其他治疗"
}
},
{
"Combined": false,
"predicate": "化疗",
"subject": "肿瘤",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "化疗"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "其他治疗"
}
},
{
"Combined": false,
"predicate": "发病部位",
"subject": "肿瘤",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "肝外"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "部位"
}
}
] |
尘肺@急性铍中毒患者胸部检查时还可能出现泛发的喘鸣。 | [
{
"Combined": false,
"predicate": "临床表现",
"subject": "急性铍中毒",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "泛发的喘鸣"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "症状"
}
}
] |
细菌性脑膜炎@疗程：5~7天 青霉素敏感株 – 联合 – 支持性疗法 针对经选择患者组全部患者的治疗推荐 患者有代偿性休克症状（神经功能状态通常保持正常，但脉搏率可能持续升高、皮肤斑驳、由于体循环血管阻力升高导致的四肢冰凉、毛细血管再充盈延长、尿量减少）或呼吸窘迫时应该补充供氧。 | [
{
"Combined": false,
"predicate": "辅助治疗",
"subject": "细菌性脑膜炎",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "支持性疗法"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "其他治疗"
}
}
] |
多发性硬化症@### 诱发电位 检查 结果 检查 视觉诱发电位是最常见的异常，身体感觉和听觉诱发电位异常则没那么常见。 | [
{
"Combined": false,
"predicate": "实验室检查",
"subject": "多发性硬化症",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "诱发电位"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "检查"
}
}
] |
ST段抬高型心肌梗死@用吗啡适当镇痛可以减轻进行性胸痛以及与交感神经活动相关症状，因为这些症状可以增加心肌需氧量。 | [
{
"Combined": false,
"predicate": "药物治疗",
"subject": "ST段抬高型心肌梗死",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "吗啡"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "药物"
}
},
{
"Combined": false,
"predicate": "药物治疗",
"subject": "胸痛",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "吗啡"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "药物"
}
}
] |
脑炎@结果 脑炎患者在病程早期通常表现正常，但也可能出现许多明显的改变 ### 脑部 MRI 扫描 检查 结果 检查 怀疑脑炎时强烈推荐（最好是在开始时）此项检查，它具有十分重要的诊断意义。 脑炎@单纯疱疹病毒性脑炎：T1 加权像显示脑回水肿，T2、 FLAIR 和 DWI（表观扩散系数 [ADC] 图显示弥散性增加）显示颞叶和扣带回高信号。 | [
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "影像学检查",
"subject": "单纯疱疹病毒性脑炎",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "脑部 MRI 扫描"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "检查"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "影像学检查",
"subject": "脑炎",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "脑部 MRI 扫描"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "检查"
}
}
] |
非小细胞肺癌@发病两年内需要每4-6个月采集一次病史和体格检查，之后一年一次。 | [
{
"Combined": false,
"predicate": "辅助检查",
"subject": "非小细胞肺癌",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "体格检查"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "检查"
}
}
] |
成人哮喘@[ α-1 抗胰蛋白酶缺乏 ](/topics/zh-cn/1075) ### COPD 体征/症状 检查 体征/症状 吸烟史。 成人哮喘@呼吸困难，伴或不伴有喘息和咳嗽。 | [
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "临床表现",
"subject": "COPD",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "呼吸困难"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "症状"
}
}
] |
类癌综合征@### 肝功能检测 检查 结果 检查 结果 依据肿瘤的位置，包括转氨酶升高在内的指标是有变化的 ### 血细胞计数 检查 结果 检查 结果 通常正常。 | [
{
"Combined": false,
"predicate": "实验室检查",
"subject": "类癌综合征",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "肝功能检测"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "检查"
}
},
{
"Combined": false,
"predicate": "临床表现",
"subject": "类癌综合征",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "转氨酶升高"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "症状"
}
},
{
"Combined": false,
"predicate": "实验室检查",
"subject": "类癌综合征",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "血细胞计数"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "检查"
}
}
] |
（五）神经源性休克 积极去除病因、止痛；立即皮下或肌肉注射肾上腺素0. 01～0. 03mg/kg，必要时10～15分钟后重复使用；余参见感染性休克。 | [
{
"Combined": false,
"predicate": "辅助治疗",
"subject": "神经源性休克",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "止痛"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "其他治疗"
}
},
{
"Combined": false,
"predicate": "药物治疗",
"subject": "神经源性休克",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "注射肾上腺素"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "药物"
}
}
] |
登革热@在高度流行地区，如泰国，登革出血热（DHF）主要发生于15岁以下的儿童。 | [
{
"Combined": false,
"predicate": "多发地区",
"subject": "登革热",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "泰国"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "流行病学"
}
},
{
"Combined": false,
"predicate": "多发群体",
"subject": "登革出血热",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "15岁以下的儿童"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "流行病学"
}
},
{
"Combined": false,
"predicate": "同义词",
"subject": "登革出血热",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "DHF"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "疾病"
}
}
] |
慢性肾病@尿沉渣检查可确定是否存在变形红细胞及红细胞管型，这两者均可提示肾小球肾炎的诊断。 | [
{
"Combined": false,
"predicate": "实验室检查",
"subject": "慢性肾病",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "尿沉渣检查"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "检查"
}
}
] |
【流行病学】 PKU的发病率有种族和地区的差异。美国约为1∶14 000，北爱尔兰约为1∶4400，德国约为1∶7000，日本约为1∶78 400。 | [
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "发病率",
"subject": "PKU",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "1∶14 000"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "流行病学"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "发病率",
"subject": "PKU",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "1∶4400"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "流行病学"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "发病率",
"subject": "PKU",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "1∶7000"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "流行病学"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "发病率",
"subject": "PKU",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "1∶78 400"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "流行病学"
}
}
] |
心肌炎@ ### 多系统器官衰竭 | 存在差异 | 低 罕有发生，是暴发性心力衰竭的急性表现或继发于慢性扩张型心肌病的末期心力衰竭导致的。 | [
{
"Combined": false,
"predicate": "并发症",
"subject": "心肌炎",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "多系统器官衰竭"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "疾病"
}
},
{
"Combined": false,
"predicate": "相关（导致）",
"subject": "慢性扩张型心肌病",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "心力衰竭"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "疾病"
}
},
{
"Combined": false,
"predicate": "相关（导致）",
"subject": "心力衰竭",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "多系统器官衰竭"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "疾病"
}
},
{
"Combined": false,
"predicate": "相关（导致）",
"subject": "暴发性心力衰竭",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "多系统器官衰竭"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "疾病"
}
}
] |
成人哮喘@与加用 LABA 相比，在 ICS 基础上加用茶碱在改善控制不佳的中度持续性哮喘患者的 FEV1 方面同样有效。 | [
{
"Combined": false,
"predicate": "药物治疗",
"subject": "成人哮喘",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "茶碱"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "药物"
}
}
] |
3.血红蛋白H病 是α-珠蛋白生成障碍性贫血的中间型，由一条16号染色体上的一对α基因和另一条16号染色体上的一个α基因缺陷。新生儿期血中Hb Bart 20%～30%。 | [
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "临床表现",
"subject": "血红蛋白H病",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "血中Hb Bart 20%～30%"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "症状"
}
}
] |
但抗原检测可以有假阳性，因此抗原检测的阳性结果只能提示可能有GBS感染，同时应结合感染的临床表现来综合判断。对青霉素耐药，可选择氨苄西林、氨基糖苷类或头孢类抗生素。 | [
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "药物治疗",
"subject": "GBS感染",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "氨苄西林"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "药物"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "药物治疗",
"subject": "GBS感染",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "氨基糖苷类"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "药物"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "药物治疗",
"subject": "GBS感染",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "头孢类抗生素"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "药物"
}
}
] |
妊娠胆汁淤积@凝血功能异常提示疾病更为严重，且应给予维生素K补充，同时进行每周检测评估治疗效果。 | [
{
"Combined": false,
"predicate": "药物治疗",
"subject": "凝血功能异常",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "维生素K"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "药物"
}
}
] |
对表现为大量蛋白尿的HBV-GN，有人试用泼尼松短程疗法以减轻蛋白尿，但近年来研究认为HBV-GN对皮质激素多无任何效应，而且远期临床观察表明肾上腺皮质激素有弊无利，因此，应禁止单用肾上腺皮质激素治疗。 （三）抗病毒治疗 主要有α-干扰素（α-interferon）、阿糖腺苷（Ara-A）和拉米呋定（lamivudine）等。 | [
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "药物治疗",
"subject": "HBV-GN",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "α-干扰素"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "药物"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "药物治疗",
"subject": "HBV-GN",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "阿糖腺苷"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "药物"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "药物治疗",
"subject": "HBV-GN",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "拉米呋定"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "药物"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "同义词",
"subject": "α-干扰素",
"subject_type": "药物",
"object": {
"@value": "α-interferon"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "药物"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "同义词",
"subject": "阿糖腺苷",
"subject_type": "药物",
"object": {
"@value": "Ara-A"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "药物"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "同义词",
"subject": "拉米呋定",
"subject_type": "药物",
"object": {
"@value": "lamivudine"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "药物"
}
}
] |
重症渗出性多形红斑@ 【临床表现】 本病多见于儿童和青少年，男性多于女性，急性起病，发病前有头痛、低热、乏力、关节肌肉疼痛、食欲缺乏等前驱症状。 | [
{
"Combined": false,
"predicate": "多发群体",
"subject": "重症渗出性多形红斑",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "儿童"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "流行病学"
}
},
{
"Combined": false,
"predicate": "多发群体",
"subject": "重症渗出性多形红斑",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "青少年"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "流行病学"
}
},
{
"Combined": false,
"predicate": "发病性别倾向",
"subject": "重症渗出性多形红斑",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "男性"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "流行病学"
}
},
{
"Combined": false,
"predicate": "临床表现",
"subject": "重症渗出性多形红斑",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "头痛"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "症状"
}
},
{
"Combined": false,
"predicate": "临床表现",
"subject": "重症渗出性多形红斑",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "低热"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "症状"
}
},
{
"Combined": false,
"predicate": "临床表现",
"subject": "重症渗出性多形红斑",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "乏力"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "症状"
}
},
{
"Combined": false,
"predicate": "临床表现",
"subject": "重症渗出性多形红斑",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "关节肌肉疼痛"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "症状"
}
},
{
"Combined": false,
"predicate": "临床表现",
"subject": "重症渗出性多形红斑",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "食欲缺乏"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "症状"
}
}
] |
妊娠胆汁淤积@## 诊断步骤 可根据病史和体格检查中的阴性体征进行初步诊断。 | [
{
"Combined": false,
"predicate": "辅助检查",
"subject": "妊娠胆汁淤积",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "体格检查"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "检查"
}
}
] |
1989年，美国芝加哥FD专题会议将功能性消化不良分为5个亚型：反流样消化不良（reflux like dyspepsia）、运动障碍样消化不良（dysmotility like dyspepsia）、溃疡样消化不良（ulcer like dyspepsia）、吞气症（aerophagia）及特发性消化不良（idiopathic dyspepsia）。目前采用较多的是4型分类：①运动障碍样型；②反流样型；③溃疡样型；④非特异型。 | [
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "病理分型",
"subject": "功能性消化不良",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "运动障碍样型"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "疾病"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "病理分型",
"subject": "功能性消化不良",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "反流样型"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "疾病"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "病理分型",
"subject": "功能性消化不良",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "溃疡样型"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "疾病"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "病理分型",
"subject": "功能性消化不良",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "非特异型"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "疾病"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "病理分型",
"subject": "功能性消化不良",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "反流样消化不良"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "疾病"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "病理分型",
"subject": "功能性消化不良",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "运动障碍样消化不良"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "疾病"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "病理分型",
"subject": "功能性消化不良",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "溃疡样消化不良"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "疾病"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "病理分型",
"subject": "功能性消化不良",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "吞气症"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "疾病"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "病理分型",
"subject": "功能性消化不良",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "特发性消化不良"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "疾病"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "同义词",
"subject": "反流样消化不良",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "reflux like dyspepsia"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "疾病"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "同义词",
"subject": "运动障碍样消化不良",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "dysmotility like dyspepsia"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "疾病"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "同义词",
"subject": "溃疡样消化不良",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "ulcer like dyspepsia"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "疾病"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "同义词",
"subject": "吞气症",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "aerophagia"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "疾病"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "同义词",
"subject": "特发性消化不良",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "idiopathic dyspepsia"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "疾病"
}
}
] |
胆管癌@结果 肝内胆管扩张时诊断应谨慎；肝内胆管癌可能为肿块病灶。 | [
{
"Combined": false,
"predicate": "辅助治疗",
"subject": "胆管癌",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "肝内胆管扩张"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "其他治疗"
}
}
] |
ST段抬高型心肌梗死@如果心率低于50 次/min且患者有症状，给予静脉阿托品治疗。 | [
{
"Combined": false,
"predicate": "药物治疗",
"subject": "ST段抬高型心肌梗死",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "阿托品治疗"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "药物"
}
}
] |
麻风病@结果 抗酸杆菌染色阳性（AFB、Fite 或 Wade 染色） ### 皮肤和/或神经活检和组织病理学检查 检查 结果 检查 可能情况下，组织病理学检查可为鉴别诊断和疾病准确分型提供有价值的帮助。 | [
{
"Combined": false,
"predicate": "组织学检查",
"subject": "麻风病",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "神经活检"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "检查"
}
},
{
"Combined": false,
"predicate": "组织学检查",
"subject": "麻风病",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "组织病理学检查"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "检查"
}
}
] |
五、幕上高度恶性胶质瘤 幕上高度恶性胶质瘤相当于Kernohan分类中的Ⅲ、Ⅳ级，属于恶性程度很高的一类肿瘤。肿瘤呈浸润性生长，约25%～50%的肿瘤可向肺、淋巴结、肝及骨等远处转移。 | [
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "病理生理",
"subject": "幕上高度恶性胶质瘤",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "肿瘤呈浸润性生长"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "社会学"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "转移部位",
"subject": "幕上高度恶性胶质瘤",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "肺"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "部位"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "转移部位",
"subject": "幕上高度恶性胶质瘤",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "淋巴结"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "部位"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "转移部位",
"subject": "幕上高度恶性胶质瘤",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "肝"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "部位"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "转移部位",
"subject": "幕上高度恶性胶质瘤",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "骨"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "部位"
}
}
] |
胆囊炎@通常存在功能型胆囊管梗阻，并与脱水或胆汁瘀滞（由于外伤或系统性疾病）引起的胆泥或胆汁浓缩有关。 | [
{
"Combined": false,
"predicate": "并发症",
"subject": "胆囊炎",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "功能型胆囊管梗阻"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "疾病"
}
}
] |
（二）红细胞外因素 1.免疫性溶血性贫血 （1）错输血型不匹配血。 （2）新生儿溶血症（Rh、ABO不相合）。 | [
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "病理分型",
"subject": "免疫性溶血性贫血",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "新生儿溶血症"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "疾病"
}
}
] |
儿童偏头痛@有龋齿病史。 | [
{
"Combined": false,
"predicate": "病史",
"subject": "儿童偏头痛",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "龋齿病史"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "社会学"
}
}
] |
病原学检査 细菌学检查 细菌培养和涂片:采集气管吸取物、肺泡灌洗液、胸腔积液、脓液和血标本做细菌培养和鉴定, 同时进行药物敏感试验对明确细菌性病原和指导治疗有意义。 【诊断】 支气管肺炎的诊断比较简单,一般有发热、咳嗽、呼吸急促的症状，肺部听诊闻及中、细湿啰音和 (或)胸部影像学有肺炎的改变均可诊断为支气管肺炎。 | [
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "实验室检查",
"subject": "支气管肺炎",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "细菌培养和涂片"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "检查"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "临床表现",
"subject": "支气管肺炎",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "发热"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "症状"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "临床表现",
"subject": "支气管肺炎",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "咳嗽"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "症状"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "临床表现",
"subject": "支气管肺炎",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "呼吸急促"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "症状"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "辅助检查",
"subject": "支气管肺炎",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "肺部听诊"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "检查"
}
}
] |
第三节 期前收缩 期前收缩由异位起搏点发出冲动所致。 期前收缩@ 室性期前收缩可起源于心室的任何部位，特征为提前出现的、增宽的、畸变的QRS波群，其前无P波。 | [
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "病理分型",
"subject": "期前收缩",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "室性期前收缩"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "疾病"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "病因",
"subject": "期前收缩",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "异位起搏点发出冲动"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "社会学"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "发病部位",
"subject": "室性期前收缩",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "心室的任何部位"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "部位"
}
}
] |
【临床表现】 输尿管重复畸形常因上输尿管开口异位或膨出而产生症状。如有输尿管膨出，在男女性均可表现出排尿困难和尿路感染。 | [
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "临床表现",
"subject": "输尿管重复畸形",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "输尿管膨出"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "症状"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "临床表现",
"subject": "输尿管重复畸形",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "排尿困难"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "症状"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "临床表现",
"subject": "输尿管重复畸形",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "尿路感染"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "症状"
}
}
] |
溃疡性结肠炎@### 感染 高达50%的结肠炎复发与特定病原体引起的小肠炎有关。 | [
{
"Combined": false,
"predicate": "临床表现",
"subject": "溃疡性结肠炎",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "感染"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "症状"
}
},
{
"Combined": false,
"predicate": "病因",
"subject": "结肠炎",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "小肠炎"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "社会学"
}
}
] |
疟疾感染@ 在存在风险的 34 亿人中，据估计，2015 年有 2.14 亿疟疾病例，死亡 429,000 人，其中 70%（303,000 人）为 5 岁以下的儿童。 | [
{
"Combined": false,
"predicate": "发病率",
"subject": "疟疾感染",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "2.14 亿"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "流行病学"
}
},
{
"Combined": false,
"predicate": "发病率",
"subject": "疟疾感染",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "429,000"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "流行病学"
}
}
] |
肥厚型心肌病@ * 室间隔酒精消融 (Alcohol septal ablation, ASA) * 可作为心肌切除术的替代。 | [
{
"Combined": false,
"predicate": "手术治疗",
"subject": "肥厚型心肌病",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "室间隔酒精消融"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "手术治疗"
}
},
{
"Combined": false,
"predicate": "同义词",
"subject": "室间隔酒精消融",
"subject_type": "手术治疗",
"object": {
"@value": "ASA"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "手术治疗"
}
}
] |
新生儿破伤风(neonatal tetanus)是指破伤风杆菌侵入脐部生长繁殖,并产生痉挛毒素而引起以牙关紧闭和全身肌肉强直性痉挛为特征的急性感染性疾病。破伤风抗毒素（TAT) 1万~2万U静脉滴注，3000U脐周注射,用前须做皮肤过敏试验;或破伤风免疫球蛋白（TIG) 500U肌内注射，TIG血浓度高,半衰期长达30天,且不会发生过敏反应，但该药不易获得。 | [
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "药物治疗",
"subject": "新生儿破伤风",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "破伤风抗毒素"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "药物"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "药物治疗",
"subject": "新生儿破伤风",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "破伤风免疫球蛋白"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "药物"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "同义词",
"subject": "新生儿破伤风",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "neonatal tetanus"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "疾病"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "同义词",
"subject": "破伤风抗毒素",
"subject_type": "药物",
"object": {
"@value": "TAT"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "药物"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "同义词",
"subject": "破伤风免疫球蛋白",
"subject_type": "药物",
"object": {
"@value": "TIG)"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "药物"
}
}
] |
如在肺炎治疗过程中，中毒症状或呼吸困难突然加重，体温持续不退、或退而复升，均应考虑有并发症的可能，如脓胸、脓气胸、肺大疱等。但需与肺结核、支气管异物、哮喘伴感染相鉴别，同时应对其严重度、有无并发症和可能的病原菌做出评价。 | [
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "鉴别诊断",
"subject": "肺炎",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "肺结核"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "疾病"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "鉴别诊断",
"subject": "肺炎",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "支气管异物"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "疾病"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "鉴别诊断",
"subject": "肺炎",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "哮喘伴感染"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "疾病"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "临床表现",
"subject": "肺炎",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "呼吸困难突然加重"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "症状"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "临床表现",
"subject": "肺炎",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "中毒"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "症状"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "临床表现",
"subject": "肺炎",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "体温持续不退"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "症状"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "临床表现",
"subject": "肺炎",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "或退而复升"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "症状"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "并发症",
"subject": "肺炎",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "脓胸"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "疾病"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "并发症",
"subject": "肺炎",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "脓气胸"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "疾病"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "并发症",
"subject": "肺炎",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "肺大疱"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "疾病"
}
}
] |
国内最近北京市妇产医院调查了1037名孕妇，其GBS带菌率为11. 07%，新生儿的GBS带菌率为9. 95%，然而，新生儿GBS带菌者的肺炎发生率（20%）与非GBS带菌者的肺炎发生率（14. 92%）相比无统计学差异。另外，克雷伯杆菌、李斯特菌也可引起新生儿宫内、出生时感染性肺炎。 | [
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "发病率",
"subject": "感染性肺炎",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "20%"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "流行病学"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "发病率",
"subject": "感染性肺炎",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "14. 92%"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "流行病学"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "病因",
"subject": "感染性肺炎",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "克雷伯杆菌"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "社会学"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "病因",
"subject": "感染性肺炎",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "李斯特菌"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "社会学"
}
}
] |
麻疹感染@[ 风疹 ](/topics/zh-cn/1167) ### 细小病毒B19 体征/症状 检查 体征/症状 通常较轻，相关的经典皮疹最初呈“拍红性面颊”，随后为花边状、网状皮损；可有相关关节炎和/或贫血。 | [
{
"Combined": false,
"predicate": "临床表现",
"subject": "麻疹感染",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "皮损"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "症状"
}
},
{
"Combined": false,
"predicate": "临床表现",
"subject": "麻疹感染",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "关节炎"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "症状"
}
},
{
"Combined": false,
"predicate": "临床表现",
"subject": "麻疹感染",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "贫血"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "症状"
}
}
] |
皮肤鳞状细胞癌@### 皮肤日光损伤的证据 在日光暴露部位最常见日光弹力蛋白变性和皮肤皱纹形成。 | [
{
"Combined": false,
"predicate": "风险评估因素",
"subject": "皮肤鳞状细胞癌",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "皮肤日光损伤"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "社会学"
}
},
{
"Combined": false,
"predicate": "发病部位",
"subject": "皮肤鳞状细胞癌",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "日光暴露部位"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "部位"
}
},
{
"Combined": false,
"predicate": "临床表现",
"subject": "皮肤鳞状细胞癌",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "日光弹力蛋白变性"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "症状"
}
},
{
"Combined": false,
"predicate": "临床表现",
"subject": "皮肤鳞状细胞癌",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "皮肤皱纹形成"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "症状"
}
}
] |
转移性乳腺癌@芳香化酶抑药物用于未经内分泌治疗的绝经后转移性乳腺癌患者：有中等质量的证据表明，阿那曲唑作为绝经后激素受体阳性转移性乳腺癌女性一线治疗时，在出现进展的时间 (time to progression, TTP) 方面至少等同于他莫昔芬，且来曲唑相比他莫昔芬来说，显著延长出现进展的时间，但与他莫昔芬相比，在总生存方面无明显差异。 | [
{
"Combined": false,
"predicate": "药物治疗",
"subject": "转移性乳腺癌",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "芳香化酶抑药物"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "药物"
}
},
{
"Combined": false,
"predicate": "药物治疗",
"subject": "转移性乳腺癌",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "阿那曲唑"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "药物"
}
},
{
"Combined": false,
"predicate": "药物治疗",
"subject": "转移性乳腺癌",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "他莫昔芬"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "药物"
}
},
{
"Combined": false,
"predicate": "药物治疗",
"subject": "转移性乳腺癌",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "来曲唑"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "药物"
}
}
] |
胃炎@ * 应采集任何既往胃部或腹部手术史；胃部手术或胆道手术（包括胆囊切除术）被认为是导致胆汁反流性胃炎的原因。 | [
{
"Combined": false,
"predicate": "病因",
"subject": "胆汁反流性胃炎",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "胃部手术"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "社会学"
}
}
] |
3.临床表现 急性胰腺炎的小儿有持续的中上腹和脐周剧烈腹痛、呕吐，且常有发热。急性水肿型胰腺炎通常呈自限性，预后一般较好。 | [
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "预后状况",
"subject": "急性胰腺炎",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "自限性"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "预后"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "预后状况",
"subject": "急性胰腺炎",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "一般较好"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "预后"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "发病部位",
"subject": "急性胰腺炎",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "中上腹和脐周"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "部位"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "临床表现",
"subject": "急性胰腺炎",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "剧烈腹痛"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "症状"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "临床表现",
"subject": "急性胰腺炎",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "呕吐"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "症状"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "临床表现",
"subject": "急性胰腺炎",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "发热"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "症状"
}
}
] |
宫颈癌@## 病史和查体 ### 关键诊断因素 ### 常见 查看全部 ### 存在的危险因素 关键的因素包括年龄45-49岁、HPV感染、多个性伴侣、过早性生活（小于18岁）和免疫抑制。 | [
{
"Combined": false,
"predicate": "高危因素",
"subject": "宫颈癌",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "年龄45-49岁"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "社会学"
}
},
{
"Combined": false,
"predicate": "高危因素",
"subject": "宫颈癌",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "HPV感染"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "社会学"
}
},
{
"Combined": false,
"predicate": "高危因素",
"subject": "宫颈癌",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "多个性伴侣"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "社会学"
}
},
{
"Combined": false,
"predicate": "高危因素",
"subject": "宫颈癌",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "过早性生活（小于18岁）"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "社会学"
}
},
{
"Combined": false,
"predicate": "高危因素",
"subject": "宫颈癌",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "免疫抑制"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "社会学"
}
}
] |
早产@### 体重指数 (BMI)＜19 kg/m^2 母体低体重增加早产风险。 | [
{
"Combined": false,
"predicate": "高危因素",
"subject": "早产",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "体重指数 (BMI)＜19 kg/m^2"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "社会学"
}
}
] |
转移性乳腺癌@### 姑息性或支持性治疗 姑息性放疗可用于治疗转移性乳腺癌患者的疼痛性骨转移、脊髓压迫所致（已经出现或即将出现的）神经系统压迫、脑转移症状、眼部转移所致视力异常、同时存在局部复发所致的疼痛或出血。 | [
{
"Combined": false,
"predicate": "辅助治疗",
"subject": "转移性乳腺癌",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "姑息性或支持性治疗"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "其他治疗"
}
},
{
"Combined": false,
"predicate": "辅助治疗",
"subject": "转移性乳腺癌",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "姑息性放疗"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "其他治疗"
}
},
{
"Combined": false,
"predicate": "临床表现",
"subject": "转移性乳腺癌",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "疼痛"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "症状"
}
},
{
"Combined": false,
"predicate": "相关（转化）",
"subject": "转移性乳腺癌",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "出血"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "疾病"
}
},
{
"Combined": false,
"predicate": "病因",
"subject": "视力异常",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "眼部转移"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "社会学"
}
}
] |
食物中毒@ * 乙状结肠镜检查/结肠镜检查和活检有助于鉴别出血性腹泻的病因。 | [
{
"Combined": false,
"predicate": "内窥镜检查",
"subject": "食物中毒",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "乙状结肠镜检查"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "检查"
}
},
{
"Combined": false,
"predicate": "内窥镜检查",
"subject": "食物中毒",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "结肠镜检查"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "检查"
}
},
{
"Combined": false,
"predicate": "组织学检查",
"subject": "食物中毒",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "活检"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "检查"
}
}
] |
流感嗜血杆菌脑膜炎的病死率约10% ～15%。 | [
{
"Combined": false,
"predicate": "死亡率",
"subject": "流感嗜血杆菌脑膜炎",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "10% ～15%"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "流行病学"
}
}
] |
肝硬化@ * 胆道梗阻：机械性梗阻、胆道闭锁、囊性纤维化。 | [
{
"Combined": false,
"predicate": "病因",
"subject": "肝硬化",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "胆道梗阻"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "社会学"
}
},
{
"Combined": false,
"predicate": "病因",
"subject": "肝硬化",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "机械性梗阻"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "社会学"
}
},
{
"Combined": false,
"predicate": "病因",
"subject": "肝硬化",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "胆道闭锁"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "社会学"
}
},
{
"Combined": false,
"predicate": "病因",
"subject": "肝硬化",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "囊性纤维化"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "社会学"
}
}
] |
口咽癌@### 局部晚期：手术切除（III期及IVA期） 可切除的局部晚期口咽癌患者可以选择手术加术后放疗或无需手术的同步放化疗。 | [
{
"Combined": false,
"predicate": "手术治疗",
"subject": "口咽癌",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "手术切除"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "手术治疗"
}
}
] |
慢性心房颤动@明显可触及且规律的脉搏并不能排除心房颤动。 慢性心房颤动@体检也可能发现与心房颤动潜在病因相关的表现，如心力衰竭的表现、卒中或内分泌疾病，如甲状腺功能亢进。 | [
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "筛查",
"subject": "慢性心房颤动",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "体检"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "检查"
}
}
] |
肝硬化@结果 肝脏表面呈结节样、肝脏缩小、左叶/尾状叶可能肥大、腹水、侧支循环形成等 ### 上消化道内镜检查 检查 结果 检查 对于慢性肝病患者需确认是否存在继发于门脉高压的胃食管静脉曲张或门脉高压性胃病，以辅助肝硬化的诊断。 | [
{
"Combined": false,
"predicate": "临床表现",
"subject": "肝硬化",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "肝脏表面呈结节样"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "症状"
}
},
{
"Combined": false,
"predicate": "临床表现",
"subject": "肝硬化",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "肝脏缩小"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "症状"
}
},
{
"Combined": false,
"predicate": "临床表现",
"subject": "肝硬化",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "左叶/尾状叶可能肥大"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "症状"
}
},
{
"Combined": false,
"predicate": "临床表现",
"subject": "肝硬化",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "腹水"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "症状"
}
},
{
"Combined": false,
"predicate": "临床表现",
"subject": "肝硬化",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "侧支循环形成"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "症状"
}
},
{
"Combined": false,
"predicate": "内窥镜检查",
"subject": "肝硬化",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "上消化道内镜检查"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "检查"
}
}
] |
溶血性贫血@## 检查 ### 首要检查 ### 查看全部 ### 全血细胞计数 (FBC) 检查 结果 检查 首先进行的试验。 溶血性贫血@结果 低 Hb ### MCHC 检查 结果 检查 可能提示存在球形红细胞和网织红细胞。 | [
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "实验室检查",
"subject": "溶血性贫血",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "MCHC"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "检查"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "实验室检查",
"subject": "溶血性贫血",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "全血细胞计数"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "检查"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "同义词",
"subject": "全血细胞计数",
"subject_type": "检查",
"object": {
"@value": "FBC"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "检查"
}
}
] |
6.黏多糖病Ⅵ型（Maroteaux-Lamy综合征） 临床表现同黏多糖病I-H型相似，但无智能落后。 | [
{
"Combined": false,
"predicate": "同义词",
"subject": "黏多糖病Ⅵ型",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "Maroteaux-Lamy综合征"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "疾病"
}
}
] |
原发性高血压@然而，许多高血压患者会发展成轻度肾硬化，少数发展成ESRD。 原发性高血压@[ 慢性肾病 ](/topics/zh-cn/84) ### 主动脉壁夹层形成 | 长期 | 低 超过70％的主动脉壁夹层患者有高血压病史 尽管改进了诊断方法、并提高了认识，主动脉壁夹层形成，尤其是近端（A型）夹层形成，与高死亡率有关。 | [
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "并发症",
"subject": "原发性高血压",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "主动脉壁夹层"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "疾病"
}
}
] |
肝硬化@一旦怀疑静脉曲张出血，就应该启用生长抑素或其类似物奥曲肽治疗，一旦确诊继续用药3-5天。 | [
{
"Combined": false,
"predicate": "药物治疗",
"subject": "肝硬化",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "生长抑素"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "药物"
}
}
] |
第十章 生殖细胞性肿瘤第十一篇 儿童常见肿瘤【起源】 【病理】 （一）组织学分类 （二）病理学特征 【临床表现】 【实验室检查】 （一）血液生化检查 1.甲胎蛋白（α-FP） 2.β-人绒毛膜促性腺激素（β-HCG） 3.血清乳酸脱氢酶（LDH） （二）影像学检查特征 1. B型超声波 2. CT或MRI 【治疗】 （一）手术 （二）化疗 （三）放疗生殖细胞性肿瘤（ germ cell tumor ）是指由原始多潜能生殖细胞在分化、成熟和移行过程中形成的一组肿瘤，其原发部位及临床表现不一。睾丸肿块较易早期发现，睾丸不对称肿大、硬。 | [
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "临床表现",
"subject": "生殖细胞性肿瘤",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "睾丸不对称肿大、硬"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "症状"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "同义词",
"subject": "生殖细胞性肿瘤",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "germ cell tumor"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "疾病"
}
}
] |
二、克-雅病（Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease，CJD） 主要见于50～60岁成人，儿童少见。发病数周至数月以内出现其他神经体征，如强直，动作缓慢，静止时面部表情丧失，静止性震颤等。 | [
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "临床表现",
"subject": "克-雅病",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "强直"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "症状"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "临床表现",
"subject": "克-雅病",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "动作缓慢"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "症状"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "临床表现",
"subject": "克-雅病",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "静止时面部表情丧失"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "症状"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "临床表现",
"subject": "克-雅病",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "静止性震颤"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "症状"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "同义词",
"subject": "克-雅病",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "疾病"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "同义词",
"subject": "克-雅病",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "CJD"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "疾病"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "发病年龄",
"subject": "克-雅病",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "50～60岁"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "流行病学"
}
}
] |
妊娠胆汁淤积@结果 在重症时下可升高至300units/L的转氨酶；碱性磷酸酶较正常范围升高5-10倍；部分患者直接胆红素升高，通常不大于85.5µmol/L(>5mg/dL) ### 凝血谱 检查 结果 检查 对任何患有瘙痒的孕妇的医嘱。 | [
{
"Combined": false,
"predicate": "临床表现",
"subject": "妊娠胆汁淤积",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "升高至300units/L的转氨酶"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "症状"
}
},
{
"Combined": false,
"predicate": "实验室检查",
"subject": "妊娠胆汁淤积",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "凝血谱"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "检查"
}
},
{
"Combined": false,
"predicate": "临床表现",
"subject": "妊娠胆汁淤积",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "直接胆红素升高"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "症状"
}
}
] |
糖尿病酮症酸中毒的治疗酮症酸中毒迄今仍然是儿童糖尿病急症死亡的主要原因。 快速补液:输液开始的第1小时，按20ml/kg(最大量1000ml)快速静滴生理盐水,以纠正血容量、改善血液循环和肾功能。 | [
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "药物治疗",
"subject": "糖尿病酮症酸中毒",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "快速补液"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "药物"
}
}
] |
自身免疫性肝炎@在重叠综合征的患者中，熊去氧胆酸应始终联用免疫抑制疗法。 | [
{
"Combined": false,
"predicate": "药物治疗",
"subject": "自身免疫性肝炎",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "熊去氧胆酸"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "药物"
}
},
{
"Combined": false,
"predicate": "药物治疗",
"subject": "自身免疫性肝炎",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "免疫抑制疗法"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "药物"
}
}
] |
（四）水肿 肾病综合征时水肿机制尚未完全阐明，可能机制：①由于血浆白蛋白下降，血浆胶体渗透压降低，血浆中水分由血管内转入组织间隙直接形成水肿；②水分外渗致血容量下降，通过容量和压力感受器使体内神经体液因子发生变化（如抗利尿激素、醛固酮及利钠因子等），引起水钠潴留而导致全身水肿；③低血容量使交感神经兴奋性增高，近端小管重吸收钠增多，加重水钠潴留；④其他肾内原因导致肾近曲小管回吸收钠增多。 （二）常见并发症 1.感染 是最常见的并发症及引起死亡的主要原因。 | [
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "并发症",
"subject": "肾病综合征",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "感染"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "疾病"
}
}
] |
2.良性新生儿惊厥 本病遗传不明显。90%病例在生后4～6天内发病，其中又以生后第5天发病最多，又称“五日风”。 | [
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "发病年龄",
"subject": "良性新生儿惊厥",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "生后4～6天内"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "流行病学"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "发病年龄",
"subject": "良性新生儿惊厥",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "第5天"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "流行病学"
}
}
] |
（三）感染 口服抗生素（如新霉素等）后，可使患者细菌感染发生率降低，但要警惕新霉素有可能加速肾衰竭的发展。 （四）凝血功能障碍 AHF几乎都伴有凝血功能障碍，新鲜冷冻血浆仅用于出血、手术或侵入性检查的患儿，预防性使用并不能改善预后。 | [
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "药物治疗",
"subject": "AHF",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "口服抗生素"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "药物"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "药物治疗",
"subject": "AHF",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "新霉素"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "药物"
}
}
] |
ST段抬高型心肌梗死@心脏骤停后电活动不稳定 – 附加 – 硝酸甘油 针对经选择患者组部分患者的治疗推荐 #### 第一选择 [ 硝酸甘油 ](/druglink?dd=MARTINDALE) open_in_new : 每5 min舌下含服0.3～1.0 mg，最多可使用3次；静脉注射起始剂量为5 µg/min，根据反应每3～5 min增加剂量5～20 µg/min，最大剂量为200 µg/min 如果患者没有低血压，应当立即使用，因为这可以减少心肌需氧量并减轻缺血，如果有冠脉痉挛，罕见情况下可以终止心肌梗死。 | [
{
"Combined": false,
"predicate": "药物治疗",
"subject": "ST段抬高型心肌梗死",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "硝酸甘油"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "药物"
}
}
] |
阿尔茨海默病@2 型糖尿病患者发生血管性痴呆的风险更高，增加至 2.2-3.4 倍，而 2 型糖尿病患者发生 AD 的可能性增加至 1.2-2.3 倍。 | [
{
"Combined": false,
"predicate": "高危因素",
"subject": "AD",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "2 型糖尿病"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "社会学"
}
}
] |
右位 心@ 【伴发畸形】 （一）内脏正位 孤立性右位心绝大多数伴有心内结构畸形。 | [
{
"Combined": false,
"predicate": "并发症",
"subject": "孤立性右位心",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "心内结构畸形"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "疾病"
}
}
] |
急性感染性喉炎(acute infectious laryngitis)是指喉部黏膜的急性弥漫性炎症。冬春季节多发,且多见于婴幼儿。 | [
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "多发季节",
"subject": "急性感染性喉炎",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "冬春季节"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "流行病学"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "多发群体",
"subject": "急性感染性喉炎",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "婴幼儿"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "流行病学"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "同义词",
"subject": "急性感染性喉炎",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "acute infectious laryngitis"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "疾病"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "发病部位",
"subject": "急性感染性喉炎",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "喉部黏膜"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "部位"
}
}
] |
真菌性脑膜炎@在HIV感染患者中，在持续至少1年的伊曲康唑治疗后，若HIV病毒负载受抑制且CD4计数大于150个细胞/mL，且若脑成像、CSF异常及CSF/血清/尿液抗原（若原先呈阳性）异常均已解决，则可安全停用。 | [
{
"Combined": false,
"predicate": "药物治疗",
"subject": "真菌性脑膜炎",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "伊曲康唑"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "药物"
}
}
] |
腹主动脉瘤@以前关于腔内修复术 (EVAR) 后的监测建议包括在术后 1、6、12 个月进行 CT 影像学检查，此后每年一次，以评估远期移植物并发症（即移位、闭塞、内漏）。 | [
{
"Combined": false,
"predicate": "手术治疗",
"subject": "腹主动脉瘤",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "腔内修复术 (EVAR)"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "手术治疗"
}
},
{
"Combined": false,
"predicate": "并发症",
"subject": "腹主动脉瘤",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "移位"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "疾病"
}
},
{
"Combined": false,
"predicate": "并发症",
"subject": "腹主动脉瘤",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "闭塞"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "疾病"
}
},
{
"Combined": false,
"predicate": "并发症",
"subject": "腹主动脉瘤",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "内漏"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "疾病"
}
}
] |
在发热24～48小时后常出现双侧结膜充血。川崎病起病后1～2月，在指甲上可出现横沟（Beau线）。 | [
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "临床表现",
"subject": "川崎病",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "双侧结膜充血"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "症状"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "同义词",
"subject": "指甲上可出现横沟",
"subject_type": "症状",
"object": {
"@value": "Beau线"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "症状"
}
},
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "临床表现",
"subject": "川崎病",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "指甲上可出现横沟"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "症状"
}
}
] |
膀胱癌@因其在原始配方中混入杂质，于 2002 年撤出市场。 膀胱癌@### 微波热疗 在随机临床试验中，丝裂霉素结合微波热疗优于单独使用丝裂霉素，而且 94% 的原位癌患者产生完全反应。 | [
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "辅助治疗",
"subject": "膀胱癌",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "微波热疗"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "其他治疗"
}
}
] |
癫痫持续状态@需要紧急治疗以防止严重并发症和死亡。 | [
{
"Combined": false,
"predicate": "相关（转化）",
"subject": "癫痫持续状态",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "死亡"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "疾病"
}
}
] |
（六）人工肝支持系统 包括非生物型、生物型和组合型三种。凝血因子水平既是AHF预后的指标，也是决定是否停止PE治疗的指标。 | [
{
"Combined": true,
"predicate": "辅助治疗",
"subject": "AHF",
"subject_type": "疾病",
"object": {
"@value": "人工肝支持系统"
},
"object_type": {
"@value": "其他治疗"
}
}
] |