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Wilhelm Vocabulary

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Data Format

The data that serves wilhelmlang.com. They are written in YAML format, because

  1. it is machine-readable so that it can be consumed quickly in data pipelines
  2. it is human-readable and, thus, easy to modify
  3. it supports multi-lines value which is very handy for data of natural languages

How Data (Vocabulary) is Stored in a Graph Database

Why Graph Database

Graph data representation assumes universal connectivity among world entities. This applies pretty well to the realm of languages. Multilanguage learners have already seen that Indo-European languages are similar in many aspects. The similarities not only signify the historical facts about Philology but also surface a great opportunity for multilanguage learners to take advantages of them and study much more efficiently. What's missing is connecting the dots using Graph Databases that visually presents these vastly enlightening links between the related languages in a natural way.

Definition

The meaning of a word is called the definition. A term has a natural relationship to its definition(s). For example, the German noun "Ecke" has at least 4 definitions:

Relationship between term and defintion(s)

Graph data generated by wilhelm-python-sdk

Inflections

Indo-European languages are mostly inflected. The way inflections are encoded are documented for each language separately:

Languages

German

YAML Schema 

vocabulary:
  - term: string
    definition: list
    declension/conjugation: application-specific table

  • The conjugation is the inflection paradigm for a German verb and declension the inflection for nouns and adjectives. Only one of the two is present for a term.

  • The type of the word can be inferred using the following rule

    • term with a definite article of der/die/das signifies a noun. For instance

        - term: die Wissenschaft
    definition: the Science

    • Those with conjugation field denotes a verb; its definition also begins with an indefinite form, i.e. "to ..."

    • The rests are explicitly stated in the definition field. For example,

        - term: ob
    definition:
      - (conj.) if
      - (conj.) whether

      means "ob" is a conjunction in this case and

        - term: denn
    definition:
      - (adv.) then, thus
      - (conj.) because

      tells that "denn" can be adverb or conjunction

The parenthesized value at the beginning of each definition item played an un-ignorable role: it is the label of the relationship between term and definition in graph database loaded by Wilhelm SDK. For example, both German words

- term: denn
  definition:
    - (adv.) then, thus
    - (conj.) because

and

 - term: nรคmlich
   definition:
     - (adj.) same
     - (adv.) namely
     - (adv.) because

can mean "because" acting as different types. This is visualized as follows:

error loading example.png

Visualzing synonyms this way presents a big advantage to human brain who is exceedingly good at memorizing patterns

German Declension

The declension table employees an application-specific YAML that looks like the following:

  - term: ein
    definition: (article) a, an
    declension:
      - ["",         masculine, feminine, neuter, plural]
      - [nominative, ein,       eine,     ein,    N/A   ]
      - [genitive,   eines,     einer,    eines,  N/A   ]
      - [dative,     einem,     einer,    einem,  N/A   ]
      - [accusative, einen,     eine,     ein,    N/A   ]

The declension table above is equivalent to

masculine feminine neuter plural
nominative ein eine ein N/A
genitive eines einer eines N/A
dative einem einer einem N/A
accusative einen eine ein N/A

  • A list under declension is a table row
  • All rows have the same number of columns
  • Each element of the list corresponds to a table cell

The declension tables for all nouns are sourced from Wiktionary

Noun Declension Templates
Masculine 
    declension:
      - ["",         singular, singular, singular, plural, plural]
      - ["",         indef.,   def.,     noun,     def.,   noun  ]
      - [nominative, ein,      der,      โ–ˆโ–ˆโ–ˆโ–ˆโ–ˆโ–ˆโ–ˆโ–ˆ, die,    โ–ˆโ–ˆโ–ˆโ–ˆโ–ˆโ–ˆ]
      - [genitive,   eines,    des,      โ–ˆโ–ˆโ–ˆโ–ˆโ–ˆโ–ˆโ–ˆโ–ˆ, der,    โ–ˆโ–ˆโ–ˆโ–ˆโ–ˆโ–ˆ]
      - [dative,     einem,    dem,      โ–ˆโ–ˆโ–ˆโ–ˆโ–ˆโ–ˆโ–ˆโ–ˆ, den,    โ–ˆโ–ˆโ–ˆโ–ˆโ–ˆโ–ˆ]
      - [accusative, einen,    den,      โ–ˆโ–ˆโ–ˆโ–ˆโ–ˆโ–ˆโ–ˆโ–ˆ, die,    โ–ˆโ–ˆโ–ˆโ–ˆโ–ˆโ–ˆ]
Feminine 
    declension:
      - ["",         singular, singular, singular,  plural, plural]
      - ["",         indef.,   def.,     noun,      def.,   noun  ]
      - [nominative, eine,     die,      โ–ˆโ–ˆโ–ˆโ–ˆโ–ˆโ–ˆโ–ˆโ–ˆโ–ˆ, die,    โ–ˆโ–ˆโ–ˆโ–ˆโ–ˆโ–ˆ]
      - [genitive,   einer,    der,      โ–ˆโ–ˆโ–ˆโ–ˆโ–ˆโ–ˆโ–ˆโ–ˆโ–ˆ, der,    โ–ˆโ–ˆโ–ˆโ–ˆโ–ˆโ–ˆ]
      - [dative,     einer,    der,      โ–ˆโ–ˆโ–ˆโ–ˆโ–ˆโ–ˆโ–ˆโ–ˆโ–ˆ, den,    โ–ˆโ–ˆโ–ˆโ–ˆโ–ˆโ–ˆ]
      - [accusative, eine,     die,      โ–ˆโ–ˆโ–ˆโ–ˆโ–ˆโ–ˆโ–ˆโ–ˆโ–ˆ, die,    โ–ˆโ–ˆโ–ˆโ–ˆโ–ˆโ–ˆ]
Neuter 
    declension:
      - ["",         singular, singular, singular, plural, plural]
      - ["",         indef.,   def.,     noun,     def.,   noun  ]
      - [nominative, ein,      das,      โ–ˆโ–ˆโ–ˆโ–ˆโ–ˆโ–ˆโ–ˆโ–ˆ, die,    โ–ˆโ–ˆโ–ˆโ–ˆโ–ˆโ–ˆ]
      - [genitive,   eines,    des,      โ–ˆโ–ˆโ–ˆโ–ˆโ–ˆโ–ˆโ–ˆโ–ˆ, der,    โ–ˆโ–ˆโ–ˆโ–ˆโ–ˆโ–ˆ]
      - [dative,     einem,    dem,      โ–ˆโ–ˆโ–ˆโ–ˆโ–ˆโ–ˆโ–ˆโ–ˆ, den,    โ–ˆโ–ˆโ–ˆโ–ˆโ–ˆโ–ˆ]
      - [accusative, ein,      das,      โ–ˆโ–ˆโ–ˆโ–ˆโ–ˆโ–ˆโ–ˆโ–ˆ, die,    โ–ˆโ–ˆโ–ˆโ–ˆโ–ˆโ–ˆ]
German (Attributive) Adjective Declension

  • Predicate adjectives (e.g. kalt in mir ist kalt "I am cold") are undeclined
  • An adjective can both be predicative (a brave boy) or attributive (The boy is brave). Only attributive adjectives are declined.

There are 3 types of declensions for German adjectives

  1. strong declension,
  2. week declension, and
  3. mixed declension

Each type bears a separate declension table. To master German adjectives, we will need to memorize all of the three.

There is also adjective comparison which throws in potentially 6 more tables. But the rules for comparative and superlative forms are quite universal so we ignore the two and focus only on the positive form, which is the basic form of the adjective.

The template of the adjective is as follows:

    declension:
      - strong declension (without article)
        - ["",         singular,  singular, singular, plural]
        - ["",         masculine, feminine, neuter,   ""    ]
        - [nominative, โ–ˆโ–ˆโ–ˆโ–ˆโ–ˆโ–ˆโ–ˆโ–ˆโ–ˆ, โ–ˆโ–ˆโ–ˆโ–ˆโ–ˆโ–ˆโ–ˆโ–ˆ, โ–ˆโ–ˆโ–ˆโ–ˆโ–ˆโ–ˆโ–ˆโ–ˆ, โ–ˆโ–ˆโ–ˆโ–ˆโ–ˆโ–ˆ]
        - [genitive,   โ–ˆโ–ˆโ–ˆโ–ˆโ–ˆโ–ˆโ–ˆโ–ˆโ–ˆ, โ–ˆโ–ˆโ–ˆโ–ˆโ–ˆโ–ˆโ–ˆโ–ˆ, โ–ˆโ–ˆโ–ˆโ–ˆโ–ˆโ–ˆโ–ˆโ–ˆ, โ–ˆโ–ˆโ–ˆโ–ˆโ–ˆโ–ˆ]
        - [dative,     โ–ˆโ–ˆโ–ˆโ–ˆโ–ˆโ–ˆโ–ˆโ–ˆโ–ˆ, โ–ˆโ–ˆโ–ˆโ–ˆโ–ˆโ–ˆโ–ˆโ–ˆ, โ–ˆโ–ˆโ–ˆโ–ˆโ–ˆโ–ˆโ–ˆโ–ˆ, โ–ˆโ–ˆโ–ˆโ–ˆโ–ˆโ–ˆ]
        - [accusative, โ–ˆโ–ˆโ–ˆโ–ˆโ–ˆโ–ˆโ–ˆโ–ˆโ–ˆ, โ–ˆโ–ˆโ–ˆโ–ˆโ–ˆโ–ˆโ–ˆโ–ˆ, โ–ˆโ–ˆโ–ˆโ–ˆโ–ˆโ–ˆโ–ˆโ–ˆ, โ–ˆโ–ˆโ–ˆโ–ˆโ–ˆโ–ˆ]
      - weak declension (with definite article)
        - ["",         singular,  singular, singular, plural]
        - ["",         masculine, feminine, neuter,   ""    ]
        - [nominative, der โ–ˆโ–ˆโ–ˆโ–ˆโ–ˆ, die โ–ˆโ–ˆโ–ˆโ–ˆ, das โ–ˆโ–ˆโ–ˆ,  die โ–ˆโ–ˆ]
        - [genitive,   des โ–ˆโ–ˆโ–ˆโ–ˆโ–ˆ, der โ–ˆโ–ˆโ–ˆโ–ˆ, des โ–ˆโ–ˆโ–ˆ,  der โ–ˆโ–ˆ]
        - [dative,     dem โ–ˆโ–ˆโ–ˆโ–ˆโ–ˆ, der โ–ˆโ–ˆโ–ˆโ–ˆ, dem โ–ˆโ–ˆโ–ˆ,  den โ–ˆโ–ˆ]
        - [accusative, den โ–ˆโ–ˆโ–ˆโ–ˆโ–ˆ, die โ–ˆโ–ˆโ–ˆโ–ˆ, das โ–ˆโ–ˆโ–ˆ,  die โ–ˆโ–ˆ]
      - mixed declension (with indefinite article)
        - ["",         singular,  singular, singular, plural        ]
        - ["",         masculine, feminine, neuter,   ""            ]
        - [nominative, ein โ–ˆโ–ˆโ–ˆโ–ˆโ–ˆ, eine โ–ˆโ–ˆโ–ˆ, ein โ–ˆโ–ˆโ–ˆ,  (keine)  โ–ˆโ–ˆโ–ˆโ–ˆโ–ˆ]
        - [genitive,   eines โ–ˆโ–ˆโ–ˆ, einer โ–ˆโ–ˆ, eines โ–ˆ,  (keiner) โ–ˆโ–ˆโ–ˆโ–ˆโ–ˆ]
        - [dative,     einem โ–ˆโ–ˆโ–ˆ, einer โ–ˆโ–ˆ, einem โ–ˆ,  (keinen) โ–ˆโ–ˆโ–ˆโ–ˆโ–ˆ]
        - [accusative, einen โ–ˆโ–ˆโ–ˆ, eine โ–ˆโ–ˆโ–ˆ, ein โ–ˆโ–ˆโ–ˆ,  (keine)  โ–ˆโ–ˆโ–ˆโ–ˆโ–ˆ]

Here is an example of the adjective declension for "unterschiedlich":

  - term: unterschiedlich
    definition: (adj.) different
    declension:
      - strong declension (without article):
        - ["",         singular,          singular,          singular,          plural           ]
        - ["",         masculine,         feminine,          neuter,            ""               ]
        - [nominative, unterschiedlicher, unterschiedliche,  unterschiedliches, unterschiedliche ]
        - [genitive,   unterschiedlichen, unterschiedlicher, unterschiedlichen, unterschiedlicher]
        - [dative,     unterschiedlichem, unterschiedlicher, unterschiedlichem, unterschiedlichen]
        - [accusative, unterschiedlichen, unterschiedliche,  unterschiedliches, unterschiedliche ]
      - weak declension (with definite article):
        - ["",         singular,              singular,              singular,              plural               ]
        - ["",         masculine,             feminine,              neuter,                ""                   ]
        - [nominative, der unterschiedliche,  die unterschiedliche,  das unterschiedliche,  die unterschiedlichen]
        - [genitive,   des unterschiedlichen, der unterschiedlichen, des unterschiedlichen, der unterschiedlichen]
        - [dative,     dem unterschiedlichen, der unterschiedlichen, dem unterschiedlichen, den unterschiedlichen]
        - [accusative, den unterschiedlichen, die unterschiedliche,  das unterschiedliche,  die unterschiedlichen]
      - mixed declension (with indefinite article):
        - ["",         singular,                singular,                singular,                plural                    ]
        - ["",         masculine,               feminine,                neuter,                  ""                        ]
        - [nominative, ein unterschiedlicher,   eine unterschiedliche,   ein unterschiedliches,   (keine) unterschiedlichen ]
        - [genitive,   eines unterschiedlichen, einer unterschiedlichen, eines unterschiedlichen, (keiner) unterschiedlichen]
        - [dative,     einem unterschiedlichen, einer unterschiedlichen, einem unterschiedlichen, (keinen) unterschiedlichen]
        - [accusative, einen unterschiedlichen, eine unterschiedliche,   ein unterschiedliches,   (keine) unterschiedlichen ]

The declension tables for all adjectives are sourced from Wiktionary

German Conjugation

There are 3 persons, 2 numbers, and 4 moods (indicative, conditional, imperative and subjunctive) to consider in conjugation. There are 6 tenses in German: the present and past are conjugated, and there are four compound tenses. There are two categories of verbs in German: weak and strong^1. In addition, strong verbs are grouped into 7 "classes"

The conjugation table of German verb on Wiktionary is hard to interpret for German beginner. It does, however, presents a very good Philology reference. For example, it tells us which of the 7 "classes" a strong verb belongs to. We, therefore, leave the Wiktionary links to the conjugation table of that verb for data processing in the future, for example,

  - term: aufwachsen
    definition: to grow up
    conjugation: https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/aufwachsen#Conjugation

and advise user to employ a much more practical method to learn daily conjugation as follows. We take "aufwachsen" as an example.

I'm not advertising for any organizations. I'm simply sharing good resources.

Netzverb Dictionary is the best German dictionary targeting the vocabulary inflections. Search for "aufwachsen" and we will see much more intuitive conjugation tables listed.

This pretty much serves our needs, but what makes Netzverb unpenetrable by other alternatives is that every verb comes with

  1. A printable version that looks much better than the browser's Control+P export

    • There is also a "Sentences with German verb aufwachsen" section with a link that offer a fruitful number of conjugated examples getting us familiar with the inflections of the verb

  2. An on-the-fly generated flashcard sheet which allows us to make a better usage of our random free time

  3. A YouTube video that offers audios of almost every conjugated form, which helps with pronunciations a lot

  • It is, thus, strongly recommended to study the conjugation through Netzverb Dictionary separately
  • Netzverb Dictionary, however, lacks a programmable API. Wiktionary has a good one instead. This is why we left the conjugation link to Wiktionary for now and it will definitely serve us well as I'm trying to make it happen

Ancient Greek 

vocabulary:
  - term: string
    definition: list

Wiktionary is the best source for Attic pronunciation, although some words are missing the audio. Due to the scarcity of the audio resources among AG lerners, a separate project has been initiated to expand the audio practice materials by AI

Latin 

vocabulary:
  - term: string
    definition: list

Classical Hebrew (Coming Soon)

The vocabulary is presented to help read and understand Biblical Hebrew. A complementary audio helps well with the pronunciation.

Korean

ไธญๅ›ฝไบบๅญฆไน ้Ÿฉ่ฏญๆœ‰ๅ…ˆๅคฉไผ˜ๅŠฟ๏ผŒๅŠ ไน‹้Ÿฉ่ฏญๆœฌ่บซไนŸๆ˜ฏไธ€้—จ็›ธๅฝ“็ฎ€ๅ•็š„่ฏญ่จ€๏ผŒๆ‰€ไปฅ่ฟ™้‡Œๅฐ†่ฏญๆณ•ๅ’Œ่ฏๆฑ‡ๅˆๅนถๅœจไธ€่ตท๏ผ› ๆฏไธ€้กนไนŸๅช็”ฑ term๏ผˆ้Ÿฉ๏ผ‰ๅ’Œ definition๏ผˆไธญ๏ผ‰็ป„ๆˆ๏ผŒ

vocabulary:
  - term: string
    definition: list

ไธ็”จ่ดนๅคชๅคšๅŠŸๅคซ่ฎฐ็‰ข็ฎ€ๅ•็š„่ฏญๆณ•ๅ’Œ่ฏๆฑ‡๏ผŒๅ‰ฉไธ‹็š„ๅฐฑๆ˜ฏๆ‹ฟ้Ÿฉ่ฏญๅญ—ๅน•ๅ‰งไธๅœ็ปƒไน ๅฌ่ฏด่ฏปๅ†™ๆ—ขๆˆใ€‚

้Ÿฉ่ฏญไธๅฑžไบŽๆฑ‰่—่ฏญ็ณป๏ผŒๅ› ๅ…ถๆ‰€ๅฑž่ฏญ็ณป้žๅธธ็‹ญๅฐ๏ผŒๆ— ๆณ•ๅ’Œๅ…ถๅฎƒ่ฏญ่จ€ไบง็”Ÿ่ถณๅคŸๅ…ณ่”๏ผŒๅ› ๆญคๅ…ถๆ•ฐๆฎๆš‚ๆ—ถไธ่ขซๅญ˜ๅ…ฅๅ›พๆ•ฐๆฎๅบ“่ฟ›่กŒๆ•ฐๆฎๅˆ†ๆž

License

The use and distribution terms for wilhelm-vocabulary are covered by the Apache License, Version 2.0.