JEL sınıflandırma kodları

Ekonomi alanındaki başlıklar Journal of Economic Literature (JEL) denilen bir makale sınıflandırma sistemiyle sınıflandırılırlar. On dokuz ana kategori bulunmaktadır ve her biri alt kategorilerine ayrılmıştır. Başlıca kodlar şunlardır: * JEL: A - Genel ekonomi and Çalışmalar * JEL: B - İktisadi Düşünce Okulları ve Metodoloji * JEL: C - Matematiksel ve kantitatif metotlar * JEL: D - Mikroekonomi * JEL: E - Makroekonomi ve Monetarizm * JEL: F - Uluslararası ekonomi * JEL: G - Finansal ekonomi * JEL: H - Kamu ekonomisi * JEL: I - Sağlık, Eğitim, and Refah ekonomisi * JEL: J - Çalışma * JEL: K - Hukuk ve ekonomi * JEL: L - Endüstriyel organizasyon * JEL: M - İşletme Yönetimi and İşletme Ekonomisi; Pazarlama; Muhasebe * JEL: N - Ekonomi tarihi * JEL: O - İktisadi Kalkınma, Teknolojik Değişim ve Büyüme * JEL: P - Ekonomik sistemler * JEL: Q - Tarım Ekonomisi, Doğal Kaynak Ekonomisi, Çevresel Ekonomi ve Ekolojik Ekonomi * JEL: R - Kent, Kırsal, ve Bölgesel * JEL: Y - Çeşitli kategoriler * JEL: Z - Diğer özel başlıklar == Genel ekonomi ve çalışmalar JEL: A Alt kategoriler == :Kategori:Genel ekonomi JEL: A1 - Genel ekonomi ::JEL: A10 - Genel ::JEL: A11 - Ekonominin rolü, Ekonomistlerin rolü, Economistler için piyasa ::JEL: A12 - Ekonominin Diğer Disiplinlerle İlişkisi ::JEL: A13 - Sosyal değerlerle ekonominin ilişkisi ::JEL: A14 - Sociology of Economics ::JEL: A19 - Diğer JEL: A2 - Economics Education and Teaching of Economics ::JEL: A20 - Genel ::JEL: A21 - Pre-college ::JEL: A22 - Undergraduate ::JEL: A23 - Graduate ::JEL: A29 - Diğer JEL: A3 - Multisubject Collective Works ::JEL: A30 - Genel ::JEL: A31 - Multisubject Collected Writings of Individuals ::JEL: A32 - Multisubject Volumes ::JEL: A39 - Diğer == Ekonomik düşünce okulları ve metodoloji JEL: B Alt kategoriler == :Kategori:Schools of economic thought and methodology JEL: B0 - Genel ::JEL: B00 - Genel JEL: B1 - Ekonomik düşünce tarihi through 1925 ::JEL: B10 - Genel ::JEL: B11 - Klasik öncesi ::JEL: B12 - Klasik ::JEL: B13 - Yeni Klasik düşünce 1925 ::JEL: B14 - Socialist; Marksist ::JEL: B15 - Historical; Institutional ::JEL: B16 - History of Economic Thought: Quantitative and Mathematical ::JEL: B19 - Diğer JEL: B2 - Ekonomik düşünce tarihi 1925'ten beri ::JEL: B20 - Genel ::JEL: B21 - Mikroekonomi ::JEL: B22 - Makroekonomi ::JEL: B23 - Ekonomik düşünce tarihi, Ekonometri, Kantitif & Matematiksel çalışmalar ::JEL: B24 - Sosyalizm; Marxist; Sraffian ::JEL: B25 - Historical; Institutional; Evolutionary; Austrian ::JEL: B29 - Diğer JEL: B3 - Düşünce tarihi: Kişiler ::JEL: B30 - Genel ::JEL: B31 - Kişiler ::JEL: B32 - Obituaries JEL: B4 - Ekonomik Metodloji ::JEL: B40 - Genel ::JEL: B41 - Ekonomik metodoloji ::JEL: B49 - Diğer JEL: B5 - Mevcut Heterodoks yaklaşımlar ::JEL: B50 - Genel ::JEL: B51 - Sosyalist, Marksist, Sraffian ::JEL: B52 - Kurumsal Ekonomi; Evrimci Ekonomi ::JEL: B53 - Avusturya ::JEL: B54 - Feminist Ekonomi ::JEL: B59 - Diğer == Matematiksel ve Kantitatif metotlar JEL: C Alt kategoriler == :Kategori:Matematiksel ve kantitatif metotlar (ekonomi) JEL: C0 - Genel ::JEL: C00 - Genel ::JEL: C01 - Ekonometri ::JEL: C02 - Matematiksel metotlar JEL: C1 - Ekonometri ve İstatistiksel metotlar: Genel ::JEL: C10 - Genel ::JEL: C11 - Bayesian analiz ::JEL: C12 - Hipotez testleri ::JEL: C13 - Tahmin Teorisi ::JEL: C14 - Yarı parametrik and Nonparametrik metotlar ::JEL: C15 - İstatistiksel Simulasyon metotları ::JEL: C16 - İstatistiksel dağılımlar ::JEL: C16 - Özel dağılımlar ::JEL: C19 - Diğer JEL: C2 - Econometric methods: Single equation models;Single variables ::JEL: C20 - Genel ::JEL: C21 - Cross- Sectional Models; Spatial models; Treatment effect models ::JEL: C22 - Time- Series Models ::JEL: C23 - Panel data ::JEL: C34 - Truncated and censored models ::JEL: C25 - Discrete regression; Qualitative choice models ::JEL: C29 - Diğer JEL: C3 - Econometric Methods: Multiple or Simultaneous Equation Models ::JEL: C30 - Genel ::JEL: C31 - Cross-Sectional Models; Spatial Models; Treatment effect models ::JEL: C32 - Time-Series Models ::JEL: C33 - Models with Panel data ::JEL: C34 - Truncated and censored models ::JEL: C35 - Discrete regression and Qualitative choice models ::JEL: C39 - Diğer JEL: C4 - Ekonometrik ve istatistiksel metodlar: Özel başlıklar ::JEL: C40 - Genel ::JEL: C41 - Duration analysis ::JEL: C42 - Survey methods ::JEL: C43 - Index numbers Aggregation ::JEL: C44 - Statistical decision theory; Operations research ::JEL: C45 - Neural Networks and Related Topics ::JEL: C46 - Specific Distributions ::JEL: C49 - Diğer JEL: C5 - Ekonometrik Modelleme ::JEL: C50 - Genel ::JEL: C51 - Model belirleme ve tahmin ::JEL: C52 - Model evaluation and testing ::JEL: C53 - Forecasting and Diğer Model Uygulamaları ::JEL: C59 - Diğer JEL: C6 - Matematiksel Ekonomi ve Programlama ::JEL: C60 - Genel ::JEL: C61 - Optimizasyon teknikleri; Programlama modelleri; Dinamik analiz ::JEL: C62 - Existence and stability conditions of equilibrium ::JEL: C63 - Computational techniques ::JEL: C65 - Miscellaneous Mathematical Tools ::JEL: C67 - Input–output models ::JEL: C68 - Computable Genel Equilibrium models ::JEL: C69 - Diğer JEL: C7 - Game theory and Bargaining theory ::JEL: C70 - Genel ::JEL: C71 - Cooperative games ::JEL: C72 - Noncooperative games ::JEL: C73 - Stochastic and Dynamic games; Evolutionary games; Repeated Games ::JEL: C78 - Bargaining theory; Matching theory ::JEL: C79 - Diğer JEL: C8 - Data Collection and Data Estimation Methodology; Computer Programs ::JEL: C80 - Genel ::JEL: C81 - Methodology for collecting, estimating, and organizing microeconomic data ::JEL: C82 - Methodology for collecting, estimating, and organizing macroeconomic data ::JEL: C87 - Econometric software ::JEL: C88 - Diğer Computer Software ::JEL: C89 - Diğer JEL: C9 - Deneysel Ekonomi ::JEL: C90 - Genel ::JEL: C91 - Laboratory, Individual Behavior ::JEL: C92 - Laboratory, Group Behavior ::JEL: C93 - Field experiments ::JEL: C99 - Diğer == Mikroekonomi JEL: D Alt kategoriler == JEL: D0 - Genel ::JEL: D00 - Genel ::JEL: D01 - Microeconomic Behavior: Underlying Principles ::JEL: D02 - Institutions: Design, Formation, and Operations JEL: D1 - Hanehalkı Davranışları ve Ev Ekonomisi ::JEL: D10 - Genel ::JEL: D11 - Tüketici Teorisi ::JEL: D12 - Consumer economics: empirical analysis ::JEL: D13 - Household production and Intrahousehold allocation ::JEL: D14 - Personal finance ::JEL: D18 - Consumer protection ::JEL: D19 - Diğer JEL: D2 - Üretim ve Organizasyon ::JEL: D20 - Genel ::JEL: D21 - Firma davranışları ::JEL: D23 - Organizational behavior; Transaction Costs; Property rights ::JEL: D24 - Production; Capital and Total factor productivity; Capacity ::JEL: D29 - Diğer JEL: D3 - Distribution ::JEL: D30 - Genel ::JEL: D31 - Personal Income, Wealth, and Their Distributions ::JEL: D33 - Factor Income Distribution ::JEL: D39 - Diğer JEL: D4 - Piyasa Yapısı ve Fiyatlama ::JEL: D40 - Genel ::JEL: D41 - Tam Rekabet ::JEL: D42 - Monopol ::JEL: D43 - Oligopol and Diğer Piyasa Başarısızlıkları ::JEL: D44 - Auctions ::JEL: D45 - Rationing; Licensing ::JEL: D46 - Value Theory ::JEL: D49 - Diğer JEL: D5 - Genel equilibrium and Disequilibrium ::JEL: D50 - Genel ::JEL: D51 - Exchange and Production Economies ::JEL: D52 - Incomplete Markets ::JEL: D57 - Input–Output Tables and Analysis ::JEL: D58 - Computable and Diğer Applied Genel Equilibrium Models ::JEL: D59 - Diğer JEL: D6 - Refah Ekonomisi ::JEL: D60 - Genel ::JEL: D61 - Allocative efficiency; Cost-benefit analysis ::JEL: D62 - Externalities ::JEL: D63 - Equity, Justice, Inequality, and Diğer Normative Criteria and Measurement ::JEL: D64 - Altruism ::JEL: D69 - Diğer JEL: D7 - Analysis of Collective Decision-Making ::JEL: D70 - Genel ::JEL: D71 - Social choice; Clubs; Committees; Associations ::JEL: D72 - Economic Models of Political Processes: Rent-Seeking, Elections, Legislatures, and Voting Behavior ::JEL: D73 - Bureaucracy; Administrative Processes in Public Organizations; Corruption ::JEL: D74 - Conflict; Conflict Resolution; Alliances ::JEL: D78 - Positive Analysis of Policy-Making and Implementation ::JEL: D79 - Diğer JEL: D8 - Information, Knowledge, and Uncertainty ::JEL: D80 - Genel ::JEL D81 - Criteria for Decision-Making under Risk and Uncertainty ::JEL: D82 - Asymmetric and Private Information ::JEL: D83 - Search; Learning; Information and Knowledge ::JEL: D84 - Expectations; Speculation ::JEL: D85 - Network Formation ::JEL: D86 - Economics of contract law ::JEL: D89 - Diğer JEL: D9 - Intertemporal choice and Growth ::JEL: D90 - Genel ::JEL: D91 - Intertemporal Consumer Choice; Life cycle models and Saving ::JEL: D92 - Intertemporal Firm Choice and Growth, Investment, or Financing ::JEL: D99 - Diğer == Makroekonomicroeconomics and monetary economics JEL: E Subcategories == JEL: E - Macroeconomics and Monetary Economics :Kategori:Macroeconomics and monetary economics JEL: E0 - Genel ::JEL: E00 - Genel ::JEL: E01 - Measurement and Data on National Income and Product Accounts and Wealth ::JEL: E02 - Institutions and the Macroeconomy JEL: E1 - Genel Aggregative Models ::JEL: E10 - Genel ::JEL: E11 - Marxian; Sraffian; Institutional; Evolutionary ::JEL: E12 - Keynes; Keynesian; Post-Keynesian ::JEL: E13 - Neoclassical ::JEL: E17 - Forecasting and Simulation ::JEL: E19 - Diğer JEL: E2 - Macroeconomics: Consumption, Saving, Production, Employment, and Investment ::JEL: E20 - Genel ::JEL: E21 - Consumption; Saving; Wealth ::JEL: E22 - Capital; Investment (including Inventories); Capacity ::JEL: E23 - Production ::JEL: E24 - Employment; Unemployment; Wages; Intergenerational Income Distribution; Aggregate Human Capital ::JEL: E25 - Aggregate Factor Income Distribution ::JEL: E26 - Informal economy; Underground Economy ::JEL: E27 - Forecasting and Simulation ::JEL: E29 - Diğer JEL: E3 - Prices, Business Fluctuations, and Cycles ::JEL: E30 - Genel ::JEL: E31 - Price Level; Inflation; Deflation ::JEL: E32 - Business Fluctuations; Cycles ::JEL: E37 - Forecasting and Simulation ::JEL: E39 - Diğer JEL: E4 - Money and Interest Rates ::JEL: E40 - Genel ::JEL: E41 - Demand for Money ::JEL: E42 - Monetary Systems; Standards; Regimes; Government and the Monetary System; Payment Systems ::JEL: E43 - Determination of Interest Rates; Term Structure of Interest Rates ::JEL: E44 - Financial Markets and the Macroeconomy ::JEL: E47 - Forecasting and Simulation ::JEL: E49 - Diğer JEL: E5 - Monetary Policy, Central Banking, and the Supply of Money and Credit ::JEL: E50 - Genel ::JEL: E51 - Money Supply; Credit; Money multipliers ::JEL: E52 - Monetary Policy ::JEL: E58 - Central Banks and Their Policies ::JEL: E59 - Diğer JEL: E6 - Macroeconomic Policy Formation, Macroeconomic Aspects of Public Finance, Macroeconomic Policy, and Genel Outlook ::JEL: E60 - Genel ::JEL: E61 - Policy Objectives; Policy Designs and Consistency; Policy Coordination ::JEL: E62 - Fiscal Policy; Public Expenditures, Investment, and Finance; Taxation ::JEL: E63 - Comparative or Joint Analysis of Fiscal and Monetary Policy; Stabilization ::JEL: E64 - Incomes policy; Price policy ::JEL: E65 - Studies of Particular Policy Episodes ::JEL: E66 - Genel Outlook and Conditions ::JEL: E69 - Diğer == International economics JEL: F Subcategories == JEL: F - International Economics :Kategori:International economics JEL: F0 - Genel ::JEL: F00 - Genel ::JEL: F01 - Global Outlook ::JEL: F02 - International Economic Order; Noneconomic International Organizations •Economic Integration and Globalization: Genel JEL: F1 - Trade ::JEL: F10 - Genel ::JEL: F11 - Neoclassical Models of Trade ::JEL: F12 - Models of Trade with Imperfect Competition and Scale Economies ::JEL: F13 - Commercial Policy; Protection; Promotion; Trade Negotiations; International Organizations ::JEL: F14 - Country and Industry Studies of Trade ::JEL: F15 - Economic Integration ::JEL: F16 - Trade and Labor Market Interactions ::JEL: F17 - Trade Forecasting and Simulation ::JEL: F18 - Trade and Environment ::JEL: F19 - Diğer JEL: F2 - International Factor Movements and International Business ::JEL: F20 - Genel ::JEL: F21 - International Investment; Long-Term Capital Movements ::JEL: F22 - International Migration ::JEL: F23 - Multinational Firms; International Business ::JEL: F29 - Diğer JEL: F3 - International Finance ::JEL: F30 - Genel ::JEL: F31 - Foreign Exchange ::JEL: F32 - Current Account Adjustment; Short- Term Capital Movements ::JEL: F33 - International Monetary Arrangements and Institutions ::JEL: F34 - International Lending and Debt Problems ::JEL: F35 - Foreign aid ::JEL: F36 - Financial Aspects of Economic Integration ::JEL: F37 - International Finance Forecasting and Simulation ::JEL: F39 - Diğer JEL: F4 - Macroeconomic Aspects of International Trade and Finance ::JEL: F40 - Genel ::JEL: F41 - Open economy macroeconomics ::JEL: F42 - International Policy Coordination and Transmission ::JEL: F43 - Economic Growth of Open Economies ::JEL: F47 - Forecasting and Simulation ::JEL: F49 - Diğer == Financial economics JEL: G Subcategories == JEL: G - Financial Economics :Kategori:Financial economics JEL: G0 - Genel ::JEL: G00 - Genel ::JEL: G01 - Financial Crises JEL: G1 - Genel Financial Markets ::JEL: G10 - Genel ::JEL: G11 - Portfolio choice; Investment decisions ::JEL: G12 - Asset pricing; Trading volume; Bond interest rates ::JEL: G13 - Contingent pricing; Futures Pricing ::JEL: G14 - Information and Market Efficiency; Event Studies ::JEL: G15 - International financial markets ::JEL: G17 - Financial Forecasting ::JEL: G18 - Government Policy and Regulation ::JEL: G19 - Diğer JEL: G2 - Financial institutions and Services ::JEL: G20 - Genel ::JEL: G21 - Banks; Diğer Depository Institutions; Micro Finance Institutions; Mortgages ::JEL: G22 - Insurance; Insurance companies ::JEL: G23 - Pension funds; Diğer Private Financial Institutions ::JEL: G24 - Investment banking; Venture capital; Brokerage; Ratings and Ratings Agencies ::JEL: G28 - Government Policy and Regulation ::JEL: G29 - Diğer JEL: G3 - Corporate finance and Governance ::JEL: G30 - Genel ::JEL: G31 - Capital budgeting; Fixed Investment and Inventory Studies ::JEL: G32 - Financing Policy; Financial Risk and Risk Management; Capital and Ownership Structure ::JEL: G33 - Bankruptcy; Liquidation ::JEL: G34 - Mergers; Acquisitions; Restructuring; Corporate governance ::JEL: G35 - Payout Policy ::JEL: G38 - Government Policy and Regulation ::JEL: G39 - Diğer == Public economics JEL: H Subcategories == JEL: H - Public Economics :Kategori:Public economics JEL: H0 - Genel ::JEL: H00 - Genel JEL: H1 - Structure and Scope of Government ::JEL: H10 - Genel ::JEL: H11 - Structure, Scope, and Performance of Government ::JEL: H19 - Diğer JEL: H2 - Taxation, Subsidies, and Revenue ::JEL: H20 - Genel ::JEL: H21 - Efficiency; Optimal taxation ::JEL: H22 - Incidence ::JEL: H23 - Externalities; Redistributive Effects; Environmental taxes and Subsidies ::JEL: H24 - Personal Income and Diğer Nonbusiness Taxes and Subsidies ::JEL: H25 - Business Taxes and Subsidies ::JEL: H26 - Tax Evasion ::JEL: H27 - Diğer Sources of Revenue ::JEL: H29 - Diğer JEL: H3 - Fiscal Policies and Behavior of Economic Agents ::JEL: H30 - Genel ::JEL: H31 - Household ::JEL: H32 - Firm ::JEL: H39 - Diğer JEL: H4 - Publicly provided goods ::JEL: H40 - Genel ::JEL: H41 - Public goods ::JEL: H42 - Publicly Provided Private Goods ::JEL: H43 - Project evaluation; Social discount rate ::JEL: H49 - Diğer JEL: H5 - National Government Expenditures and Related Policies ::JEL: H50 - Genel ::JEL: H51 - Government Expenditures and Health ::JEL: H52 - Government Expenditures and Education ::JEL: H53 - Government Expenditures and Welfare Programs ::JEL: H54 - Infrastructures; Diğer Public Investment and Capital Stock ::JEL: H55 - Social security and Public Pensions ::JEL: H56 - National Security and War ::JEL: H57 - Procurement ::JEL: H59 - Diğer JEL: H6 - National Budget, Deficit, and Debt ::JEL: H60 - Genel ::JEL: H61 - Budget; Budget Systems ::JEL: H62 - Deficit; Surplus ::JEL: H63 - Debt; Debt Management ::JEL: H69 - Diğer JEL: H7 - State and Local Government; Intergovernmental Relations ::JEL: H70 - Genel ::JEL: H71 - State and Local Taxation, Subsidies, and Revenue ::JEL: H72 - State and Local Budget and Expenditures ::JEL: H73 - Interjurisdictional Differentials and Their Effects ::JEL: H74 - State and Local Borrowing ::JEL: H77 - Intergovernmental Relations; Federalism ::JEL: H79 - Diğer JEL: H8 - Miscellaneous Issues ::JEL: H80 - Genel ::JEL: H81 - Governmental Loans, Loan Guarantees, and Credits ::JEL: H82 - Governmental Property ::JEL: H83 - Public administration ::JEL: H87 - International Fiscal Issues; International Public Goods ::JEL: H89 - Diğer == Health, education, and welfare JEL: I Subcategories == JEL: I - Health, Education, and Welfare :Kategori:Health, education, and welfare economics JEL: I0 - Genel ::JEL: I00 - Genel JEL: I1 - Health ::JEL: I10 - Genel ::JEL: I11 - Analysis of Health Care Markets ::JEL: I12 - Health Production: Nutrition, Mortality, Morbidity, Substance Abuse and Addiction, Disability, and Economic Behavior ::JEL: I18 - Government Policy; Regulation; Public health ::JEL: I19 - Diğer JEL: I2 - Education ::JEL: I20 - Genel ::JEL: I21 - Analysis of Education ::JEL: I22 - Educational finance ::JEL: I23 - Higher Education Research Institutions ::JEL: I28 - Government Policy ::JEL: I29 - Diğer JEL: I3 - Welfare and Poverty ::JEL: I30 - Genel ::JEL: I31 - Genel Welfare; Basic needs; Living standards; Quality of life; Happiness ::JEL: I32 - Measurement and Analysis of Poverty ::JEL: I38 - Government Policy; Provision and Effects of Welfare Programs ::JEL: I39 - Diğer == Labor and demographic economics JEL: J Subcategories == JEL: J - Labor and Demographic Economics :Kategori:Labor and demographic economics :Kategori:Labor :Kategori:Demographic economics JEL: J0 - Genel ::JEL: J00 - Genel JEL: J1 - Demographic Economics ::JEL: J10 - Genel ::JEL: J11 - Demographic Trends and Forecasts ::JEL: J12 - Marriage; Marital Dissolution; Family Structure ::JEL: J13 - Fertility; Family Planning; Child Care; Children; Youth ::JEL: J14 - Economics of the Elderly; Economics of the Handicapped ::JEL: J15 - Economics of Minorities and Races; Non-labor Discrimination ::JEL: J16 - Economics of gender; Non-labor Discrimination ::JEL: J17 - Value of life; Foregone Income ::JEL: J18 - Public Policy ::JEL: J19 - Diğer JEL: J2 - Time Allocation, Work Behavior, and Employment Determination and Creation; Human capital ::JEL: J20 - Genel ::JEL: J21 - Labor force and Employment, Size, and Structure ::JEL: J22 - Time allocation and Labor supply ::JEL: J23 - Employment Determination; Job creation; Demand for labor; Self-employment ::JEL: J24 - Human capital; Skills; Occupational choice; Labor productivity ::JEL: J26 - Retirement; Retirement policies ::JEL: J28 - Safety; Accidents; Industrial Health; Job Satisfaction; Related Public Policy ::JEL: J29 - Diğer JEL: J3 - Wages, Compensation, and Labor Costs ::JEL: J30 - Genel ::JEL: J31 - Wage Level and Structure; Wage differentials by Skill, Training, Occupation, etc. ::JEL: J32 - Nonwage labor costs and Benefits; Private pensions ::JEL: J33 - Compensation Packages; Payment Methods ::JEL: J38 - Public Policy ::JEL: J39 - Diğer JEL: J4 - Particular Labor Markets ::JEL: J40 - Genel ::JEL: J41 - Contracts: Specific Human Capital, Matching models, Efficiency wage Models, and Internal labor markets ::JEL: J42 - Monopsony; Segmented Labor Markets ::JEL: J43 - Agricultural Labor Markets ::JEL: J44 - Professional Labor Markets and Occupations ::JEL: J45 - Public Sector Labor Markets ::JEL: J48 - Public Policy ::JEL: J49 - Diğer JEL: J5 - Labor–Management Relations, Trade Unions, and Collective Bargaining ::JEL: J50 - Genel ::JEL: J51 - Trade unions: Objectives, Structure, and Effects ::JEL: J52 - Dispute Resolution: Strikes, Arbitration, and Mediation; Collective bargaining ::JEL: J53 - Labor–management relations; Industrial Jurisprudence ::JEL: J54 - Producer cooperatives; Labor managed firms ::JEL: J58 - Public Policy ::JEL: J59 - Diğer JEL: J6 - Mobility, Unemployment, and Vacancies ::JEL: J60 - Genel ::JEL: J61 - Geographic Labor Mobility; Immigrant Workers ::JEL: J62 - Job, Occupational, and Intergenerational mobility ::JEL: J63 - Turnover; Vacancies; Layoffs ::JEL: J64 - Unemployment: Models, Duration, Incidence, and Job Search ::JEL: J65 - Unemployment insurance; Severance pay; Plant closings ::JEL: J68 - Public Policy ::JEL: J69 - Diğer JEL: J7 - Labor Discrimination ::JEL: J70 - Genel ::JEL: J71 - Discrimination ::JEL: J78 - Public Policy ::JEL: J79 - Diğer JEL: J8 - Labor Standards: National and International ::JEL: J80 - Genel ::JEL: J81 - Working conditions ::JEL: J82 - Labor Force Composition ::JEL: J83 - Workers' Rights ::JEL: J88 - Public Policy ::JEL: J89 - Diğer == Law and economics JEL: K Subcategories == JEL: K - Law and Economics :Kategori:Law and economics JEL: K0 - Genel ::JEL: K00 - Genel JEL: K1 - Basic Areas of Law ::JEL: K10 - Genel ::JEL: K11 - Property Law ::JEL: K12 - Contract Law ::JEL: K13 - Tort Law and Product Liability ::JEL: K14 - Criminal Law ::JEL: K19 - Diğer JEL: K2 - Regulation and Business Law ::JEL: K20 - Genel ::JEL: K21 - Antitrust Law ::JEL: K22 - Corporation and Securities Law ::JEL: K23 - Regulated Industries and Administrative Law ::JEL: K29 - Diğer JEL: K3 - Diğer Substantive Areas of Law ::JEL: K30 - Genel ::JEL: K31 - Labor Law ::JEL: K32 - Environmental, Health, and Safety Law ::JEL: K33 - International Law ::JEL: K34 - Tax Law ::JEL: K35 - Personal Bankruptcy Law ::JEL: K39 - Diğer JEL: K4 - Legal Procedure, the Legal System, and Illegal Behavior ::JEL: K40 - Genel ::JEL: K41 - Litigation Process ::JEL: K42 - Illegal Behavior and the Enforcement of Law ::JEL: K49 - Diğer == Industrial organization JEL: L Subcategories == :Kategori:Industrial organization JEL: L - Industrial Organization JEL: L0 - Genel ::JEL: L00 - Genel JEL: L1 - Market Structure, Firm Strategy, and Market Performance ::JEL: L10 - Genel ::JEL: L11 - Production, Pricing, and Market Structure; Size Distribution of Firms ::JEL: L12 - Monopoly; Monopolization Strategies ::JEL: L13 - Oligopoly and Diğer Imperfect Markets ::JEL: L14 - Transactional Relationships; Contracts and Reputation; Networks ::JEL: L15 - Information and Product Quality; Standardization and Compatibility ::JEL: L16 - Industrial Organization and Macroeconomics; Macroeconomic Industrial Structure; Industrial Price Indices ::JEL: L19 - Diğer JEL: L2 - Firm Objectives, Organization, and Behavior ::JEL: L20 - Genel ::JEL: L21 - Business Objectives of the Firm ::JEL: L22 - Firm Organization and Market Structure: Markets vs. Hierarchies; Vertical integration; Conglomerates ::JEL: L23 - Organization of Production ::JEL: L24 - Contracting out; Joint ventures ::JEL: L25 - Firm Performance: Size, Age, Profit, and Sales ::JEL: L29 - Diğer JEL: L3 - :Kategori:Non-profit organizations and :Kategori:Public enterprise ::JEL: L30 - Genel ::JEL: L31 - Nonprofit Institutions; NGOs ::JEL: L32 - Public enterprises ::JEL: L33 - Comparison of Public and Private Enterprises; Privatization; Contracting out ::JEL: L39 - Diğer JEL: L4 - Antitrust Issues and Policies ::JEL: L40 - Genel ::JEL: L41 - Monopolization; Horizontal Anticompetitive Practices ::JEL: L42 - Vertical Restraints; Resale Price Maintenance; Quantity Discounts ::JEL: L43 - Legal Monopolies and Regulation or Deregulation ::JEL: L44 - Antitrust Policy and Public Enterprise, Nonprofit Institutions, and Professional Organizations ::JEL: L49 - Diğer JEL: L5 - Regulation and :Kategori:Industrial policy ::JEL: L50 - Genel ::JEL: L51 - Economics of Regulation ::JEL: L52 - Industrial Policy; Sectoral Planning Methods ::JEL: L53 - Government Promotion of Firms ::JEL: L59 - Diğer JEL: L6 - Industry Studies: Manufacturing ::JEL: L60 - Genel ::JEL: L61 - Metals and Metal Products; Cement; Glass; Ceramics ::JEL: L62 - Automobiles; Diğer Transportation Equipment ::JEL: L63 - Microelectronics; Computers; Communications Equipment ::JEL: L64 - Diğer Machinery; Business Equipment; Armaments ::JEL: L65 - Chemicals; Rubber; Drugs; Biotechnology ::JEL: L66 - Food; Beverages; Cosmetics; Tobacco ::JEL: L67 - Diğer Consumer Nondurables: Clothing, Textiles, Shoes, and Leather ::JEL: L68 - Appliances; Diğer Consumer Durables ::JEL: L69 - Diğer JEL: L7 - Industry Studies: Primary Products and Construction ::JEL: L70 - Genel ::JEL: L71 - Mining, Extraction, and Refining: Hydrocarbon Fuels ::JEL: L72 - Mining, Extraction, and Refining: Diğer Nonrenewable Resources ::JEL: L73 - Forest Products: Lumber and Paper ::JEL: L74 - Construction ::JEL: L78 - Government Policy ::JEL: L79 - Diğer JEL: L8 - Industry Studies: Services ::JEL: L80 - Genel ::JEL: L81 - Retail and Wholesale Trade; Warehousing; e-Commerce ::JEL: L82 - Entertainment; Media (Performing Arts, Visual Arts, Broadcasting, Publishing, etc.) ::JEL: L83 - Sports; Gambling; Recreation; Tourism ::JEL: L84 - Personal, Professional, and Business Services ::JEL: L85 - Real Estate Services ::JEL: L86 - Information and Internet Services; Computer Software ::JEL: L87 - Postal and Delivery Services ::JEL: L88 - Government Policy ::JEL: L89 - Diğer JEL: L9 - Industry Studies: Transportation and Utilities ::JEL: L90 - Genel ::JEL: L91 - Transportation: Genel ::JEL: L92 - Railroads and Diğer Surface Transportation: Autos, Buses, Trucks, and Water Carriers; Ports ::JEL: L93 - Air Transportation ::JEL: L94 - Electric Utilities ::JEL: L95 - Gas Utilities; Pipelines; Water Utilities ::JEL: L96 - Telecommunications ::JEL: L97 - Utilities: Genel ::JEL: L98 - Government Policy ::JEL: L99 - Diğer == Business administration and business economics; marketing; accounting JEL: M Subcategories == JEL: M - Business administration and business economics; marketing; accounting :Kategori:Business economics JEL: M0 - Genel ::JEL: M00 - Genel JEL: M1 - Business Administration ::JEL: M10 - Genel ::JEL: M11 - Production Management ::JEL: M12 - Personnel Management ::JEL: M13 - Entrepreneurship ::JEL: M14 - Corporate culture; Social Responsibility ::JEL: M19 - Diğer JEL: M2 - Business Economics ::JEL: M20 - Genel ::JEL: M21 - Business economics ::JEL: M29 - Diğer JEL: M3 - Marketing and Advertising ::JEL: M30 - Genel ::JEL: M31 - Marketing ::JEL: M37 - Advertising ::JEL: M39 - Diğer JEL: M4 - Accounting and Auditing ::JEL: M40 - Genel ::JEL: M41 - Accounting scholarship ::JEL: M42 - Auditing ::JEL: M49 - Diğer JEL: M5 - Personnel economics ::JEL: M50 - Genel ::JEL: M51 - Firm Employment Decisions; Promotions (hiring, firing, turnover, part-time, temporary workers, seniority issues) ::JEL: M52 - Compensation and Compensation Methods and Their Effects (stock options, fringe benefits, incentives, family support programs, seniority issues) ::JEL: M53 - Training ::JEL: M54 - Labor Management (team formation, worker empowerment, job design, tasks and authority, job satisfaction) ::JEL: M55 - Labor Contracting Devices: Outsourcing; Franchising; Diğer ::JEL: M59 - Diğer == Economic history JEL: N Subcategories == JEL: N - Economic History :Kategori:Economic history JEL: N0 - Genel ::JEL: N00 - Genel ::JEL: N01 - Development of the Discipline: Historiographical; Sources and Methods JEL: N1 - Macroeconomics and Monetary Economics; Growth and Fluctuations ::JEL: N10 - Genel, International, or Comparative ::JEL: N11 - U.S.; Canada: Pre-1913 ::JEL: N12 - U.S.; Canada: 1913– ::JEL: N13 - Europe: Pre-1913 ::JEL: N14 - Europe: 1913– ::JEL: N15 - Asia including Middle East ::JEL: N16 - Latin America; Caribbean ::JEL: N17 - Africa; Oceania JEL: N2 - Financial Markets and Institutions ::JEL: N20 - Genel, International, or Comparative ::JEL: N21 - U.S.; Canada: Pre-1913 ::JEL: N22 - U.S.; Canada: 1913– ::JEL: N23 - Europe: Pre-1913 ::JEL: N24 - Europe: 1913– ::JEL: N25 - Asia including Middle East ::JEL: N26 - Latin America; Caribbean ::JEL: N27 - Africa; Oceania JEL: N3 - Labor and Consumers, Demography, Education, Income, and Wealth ::JEL: N30 - Genel, International, or Comparative ::JEL: N31 - U.S.; Canada: Pre-1913 ::JEL: N32 - U.S.; Canada: 1913– ::JEL: N33 - Europe: Pre-1913 ::JEL: N34 - Europe: 1913– ::JEL: N35 - Asia including Middle East ::JEL: N36 - Latin America; Caribbean ::JEL: N37 - Africa; Oceania JEL: N4 - Government, War, Law, and Regulation ::JEL: N40 - Genel, International, or Comparative ::JEL: N41 - U.S.; Canada: Pre-1913 ::JEL: N42 - U.S.; Canada: 1913– ::JEL: N43 - Europe: Pre-1913 ::JEL: N44 - Europe: 1913– ::JEL: N45 - Asia including Middle East ::JEL: N46 - Latin America; Caribbean ::JEL: N47 - Africa; Oceania JEL: N5 - Agriculture, Natural Resources, Environment, and Extractive Industries ::JEL: N50 - Genel, International, or Comparative ::JEL: N51 - U.S.; Canada: Pre-1913 ::JEL: N52 - U.S.; Canada: 1913– ::JEL: N53 - Europe: Pre-1913 ::JEL: N54 - Europe: 1913– ::JEL: N55 - Asia including Middle East ::JEL: N56 - Latin America; Caribbean ::JEL: N57 - Africa; Oceania JEL: N6 - Manufacturing and Construction ::JEL: N60 - Genel, International, or Comparative ::JEL: N61 - U.S.; Canada: Pre-1913 ::JEL: N62 - U.S.; Canada: 1913– ::JEL: N63 - Europe: Pre-1913 ::JEL: N64 - Europe: 1913– ::JEL: N65 - Asia including Middle East ::JEL: N66 - Latin America; Caribbean ::JEL: N67 - Africa; Oceania JEL: N7 - Transport, International and Domestic Trade, Energy, Technology, and Diğer Services ::JEL: N70 - Genel, International, or Comparative ::JEL: N71 - U.S.; Canada: Pre-1913 ::JEL: N72 - U.S.; Canada: 1913– ::JEL: N73 - Europe: Pre-1913 ::JEL: N74 - Europe: 1913– ::JEL: N75 - Asia including Middle East ::JEL: N76 - Latin America; Caribbean ::JEL: N77 - Africa; Oceania JEL: N8 - Micro-Business History ::JEL: N80 - Genel, International, or Comparative ::JEL: N81 - U.S.; Canada: Pre-1913 ::JEL: N82 - U.S.; Canada: 1913– ::JEL: N83 - Europe: Pre-1913 ::JEL: N84 - Europe: 1913– ::JEL: N85 - Asia including Middle East ::JEL: N86 - Latin America; Caribbean ::JEL: N87 - Africa; Oceania JEL: N9 - Regional and Urban History ::JEL: N90 - Genel, International, or Comparative ::JEL: N91 - U.S.; Canada: Pre-1913 ::JEL: N92 - U.S.; Canada: 1913– ::JEL: N93 - Europe: Pre-1913 ::JEL: N94 - Europe: 1913– ::JEL: N95 - Asia including Middle East ::JEL: N96 - Latin America; Caribbean ::JEL: N97 - Africa; Oceania == Ekonomik kalkınma, teknolojik değişim ve büyüme JEL: O Alt kategoriler == JEL: O - Economic Development, Technological Change, and Growth :Kategori:Economic development, technological change, and growth JEL: O1 - Economic development ::JEL: O10 - Genel ::JEL: O11 - Macroeconomic Analyses of Economic Development ::JEL: O12 - Microeconomic Analyses of Economic Development ::JEL: O13 - Agriculture; Natural Resources; Energy; Environment; Diğer Primary Products ::JEL: O14 - Industrialization; Manufacturing and Service Industries; Choice of Technology ::JEL: O15 - Human Resources; Human Development; Income Distribution; Migration ::JEL: O16 - Financial Markets; Saving and Capital Investment ::JEL: O17 - Formal and Informal Sectors; Shadow Economy; Institutional Arrangements: Legal, Social, Economic, and Political ::JEL: O18 - Regional, Urban, and Rural Analyses ::JEL: O19 - International Linkages to Development; Role of International Organizations JEL: O2 - Development Planning and Policy ::JEL: O20 - Genel ::JEL: O21 - Planning Models; Planning Policy ::JEL: O22 - Project Analysis ::JEL: O23 - Fiscal and Monetary Policy in Development ::JEL: O24 - Trade Policy; Factor Movement Policy; Foreign Exchange Policy ::JEL: O29 - Diğer JEL: O3 - Technological Change; Research and Development ::JEL: O30 - Genel ::JEL: O31 - Innovation and Invention: Processes and Incentives ::JEL: O32 - Management of Technological Innovation and R&D; ::JEL: O33 - Technological Change: Choices and Consequences; Diffusion Processes ::JEL: O34 - Intellectual Property Rights: National and International Issues ::JEL: O38 - Government Policy ::JEL: O39 - Diğer JEL: O4 - Economic Growth and Aggregate Productivity ::JEL: O40 - Genel ::JEL: O41 - One, Two, and Multisector Growth Models ::JEL: O42 - Monetary Growth Models ::JEL: O47 - Measurement of Economic Growth; Aggregate Productivity ::JEL: O49 - Diğer JEL: O5 - Economywide Country Studies ::JEL: O50 - Genel ::JEL: O51 - U.S.; Canada ::JEL: O52 - Europe ::JEL: O53 - Asia including Middle East ::JEL: O54 - Latin America; Caribbean ::JEL: O55 - Africa ::JEL: O56 - Oceania ::JEL: O57 - Comparative Studies of Countries == Ekonomik sistemler JEL: P Alt kategoriler == JEL: P - Economic Systems :Kategori:Economic systems JEL: P0 - Genel ::JEL: P00 - Genel JEL: P1 - Capitalist Systems ::JEL: P10 - Genel ::JEL: P11 - Planning, Coordination, and Reform ::JEL: P12 - Capitalist Enterprises ::JEL: P13 - Cooperative Enterprises ::JEL: P14 - Property Rights ::JEL: P16 - Political Economy ::JEL: P17 - Performance and Prospects ::JEL: P19 - Diğer JEL: P2 - Socialist Systems and Transitional Economies ::JEL: P20 - Genel ::JEL: P21 - Planning, Coordination, and Reform ::JEL: P22 - Prices ::JEL: P23 - Factor and Product Markets; Industry Studies; Population ::JEL: P24 - National Income, Product, and Expenditure; Money; Inflation ::JEL: P25 - Urban, Rural, and Regional Economics; Housing; Transportation ::JEL: P26 - Political Economy; Property Rights ::JEL: P27 - Performance and Prospects ::JEL: P28 - Natural Resources; Energy; Environment ::JEL: P29 - Diğer JEL: P3 - Socialist Institutions and Their Transitions ::JEL: P30 - Genel ::JEL: P31 - Socialist Enterprises and Their Transitions ::JEL: P32 - Collectives; Communes; Agriculture ::JEL: P33 - International Trade, Finance, Investment, and Aid ::JEL: P34 - Financial Economics ::JEL: P35 - Public Economics ::JEL: P36 - Consumer Economics; Health, Education, Welfare, and Poverty ::JEL: P37 - Legal Institutions; Illegal Behavior ::JEL: P39 - Diğer JEL: P4 - Diğer Economic Systems ::JEL: P40 - Genel ::JEL: P41 - Planning, Coordination, and Reform ::JEL: P42 - Productive Enterprises; Factor and Product Markets; Prices; Population ::JEL: P43 - Public Economics; Financial Economics ::JEL: P44 - National Income, Product, and Expenditure; Money; Inflation ::JEL: P45 - International Trade, Finance, Investment, and Aid ::JEL: P46 - Consumer Economics; Welfare and Poverty ::JEL: P47 - Performance and Prospects ::JEL: P48 - Political Economy •Legal Institutions; Property Rights ::JEL: P49 - Diğer JEL: P5 - Comparative Economic Systems ::JEL: P50 - Genel ::JEL: P51 - Comparative Analysis of Economic Systems ::JEL: P52 - Comparative Studies of Particular Economies ::JEL: P59 - Diğer == Tarım ve Doğal Kaynak Ekonomisi, Çevresel ve EkoloAgricultural and natural resource economics; environmental and Ekolojik Ekonomi JEL: Q Alt kategoriler == JEL: Q - Agricultural and Natural Resource Economics; Environmental and Ecological Economics :Kategori:Agricultural and natural resource economics; environmental and ecological economics :Kategori:Resource economics JEL: Q0 - Genel ::JEL: Q00 - Genel ::JEL: Q01 - Sustainable development JEL: Q1 - Agriculture ::JEL: Q10 - Genel ::JEL: Q11 - Aggregate Supply and Demand Analysis; Prices ::JEL: Q12 - Micro Analysis of Farm Firms, Farm Households, and Farm Input Markets ::JEL: Q13 - Agricultural markets and Marketing; Cooperatives; Agribusiness ::JEL: Q14 - Agricultural finance ::JEL: Q15 - Land Ownership and Tenure; Land reform; Land use; Irrigation ::JEL: Q16 - R&D; Agricultural technology; Agricultural Extension Services ::JEL: Q17 - Agriculture in International Trade ::JEL: Q18 - Agricultural policy; Food policy ::JEL: Q19 - Diğer JEL: Q2 - Renewable Resources and Conservation ::JEL: Q20 - Genel ::JEL: Q21 - Demand and Supply ::JEL: Q22 - Fishery; Aquaculture ::JEL: Q23 - Forestry ::JEL: Q24 - Land ::JEL: Q25 - Water ::JEL: Q26 - Recreational Aspects of Natural Resources ::JEL: Q28 - Government Policy ::JEL: Q29 - Diğer JEL: Q3 - Nonrenewable Resources and Conservation ::JEL: Q30 - Genel ::JEL: Q31 - Demand and Supply ::JEL: Q32 - Exhaustible Resources and Economic Development ::JEL: Q34 - Doğal kaynaklar ve yurtiçiNatural Resources and Domestic and International Conflicts ::JEL: Q33 - Doğal kaynak patlamasıResource Booms ::JEL: Q38 - Kamu politikaları ::JEL: Q39 - Diğer JEL: Q4 - Enerji Ekonomisi ::JEL: Q40 - Genel ::JEL: Q41 - Enerji Talebi ve Enerji Arzı ::JEL: Q42 - Alternatif enerji kaynakları ::JEL: Q43 - Enerji ve Makroekonomi ::JEL: Q48 - Kamu Politikaları ::JEL: Q49 - Diğer JEL: Q5 - Çevresel Ekonomi ::JEL: Q50 - Genel ::JEL: Q51 - Valuation of Environmental Effects ::JEL: Q52 - Pollution Control Costs; Distributional Effects; Employment Effects ::JEL: Q53 - Air Pollution; Water Pollution; Noise; Hazardous Waste; Solid Waste • Recycling ::JEL: Q54 - Climate; Natural Disasters ::JEL: Q55 - Technological Innovation ::JEL: Q56 - Environment and Development; Environment and Trade; Sustainability; Environmental accounting ::JEL: Q57 - Ecological economics: Ecosystem Services; Biodiversity Conservation; Bioeconomics ::JEL: Q58 - Government Policy ::JEL: Q59 - Diğer == Kentsel, Kırsal ve Bölgesel Ekonomi JEL: R Alt kategoriler == JEL: R - Kent Ekonomisi, Kırsal Ekonomi ve Bölgesel Ekonomi :Kategori:Kentsel, Kırsal ve bölgesel ekonomi JEL: R0 - Genel ::JEL: R00 - Genel JEL: R1 - Genel Bölgesel ekonomi ::JEL: R10 - Genel ::JEL: R11 - Regional Economic Activity: Growth, Development, and Changes ::JEL: R12 - Size and Spatial Distributions of Regional Economic Activity; Interregional Trade ::JEL: R13 - Genel Equilibrium and Welfare Economic Analysis of Regional Economies ::JEL: R14 - Land Use Patterns ::JEL: R15 - Econometric and Input–Output Models; Diğer Models ::JEL: R19 - Diğer JEL: R2 - Hanehalı analizler ::JEL: R20 - Genel ::JEL: R21 - Hanehalkı talebiHousing Demand ::JEL: R22 - Diğer Talep ::JEL: R23 - Bölgesel göç, bölgesel iş gücü piyasaları, nüfus ::JEL: R29 - Diğer JEL: R3 - Üretim analizleri ve Firma yeri ::JEL: R30 - Genel ::JEL: R31 - Housing Supply and Markets ::JEL: R32 - Diğer üretim ve fiyatlama analizleri ::JEL: R33 - Nonagricultural and Nonresidential Real Estate Markets ::JEL: R34 - Input Demand Analysis ::JEL: R38 - Government Policies; Regulatory Policies ::JEL: R39 - Diğer JEL: R4 - Ulaştırma Ekonomisi ::JEL: R40 - Genel ::JEL: R41 - Ulaştırma: Talep, arz, yığılma, güvenlik ve kazalar ::JEL: R42 - Kamu ve özel yatırım analizleri ::JEL: R48 - Kamu fiyatlaması, düzenleme politikaları ::JEL: R49 - Diğer JEL: R5 - Bölgesel yönetim analizi ::JEL: R50 - Genel ::JEL: R51 - Kentsel ve kırsal ekonomilerde finans ::JEL: R52 - Arazi kullanımı ve diğer düzenlemeler ::JEL: R53 - Kamu hizmet yeri analizi, Kamu yatırım ve sermaye stoku ::JEL: R58 - Bölgesel gelişim yasaları ::JEL: R59 - Diğer == Çeşitli kategoriler (ekonomi) JEL: Y Alt kategoriler == JEL: Y1 - Data: Tables and Charts ::JEL: Y10 - Data: Tables and Charts JEL: Y2 - Introductory Material ::JEL: Y20 - Introductory Material JEL: Y3 - Book Reviews (unclassified) ::JEL: Y30 - Book Reviews (unclassified) JEL: Y4 - Dissertations (unclassified) ::JEL: Y40 - Dissertations (unclassified) JEL: Y5 - Further Reading (unclassified) ::JEL: Y50 - Further Reading (unclassified) JEL: Y6 - Excerpts ::JEL: Y60 - Excerpts JEL: Y8 - JEL: Related Disciplines ::JEL: Y80 - Related Disciplines JEL: Y9 - Diğer ::JEL: Y90 - Diğer == Diğer özel başlıklar JEL: Z Alt kategoriler == JEL: Z - Diğer özel başlıklar JEL: Z0 - Genel ::JEL: Z00 - Genel JEL: Z1 - Kültürel ekonomi; Ekonomik sosyoloji; Ekonomik antropoloji ::JEL: Z10 - Genel ::JEL: Z11 - Economics of the Arts and Literature ::JEL: Z12 - Bölgesel ::JEL: Z13 - Economic Sociology; Economic Anthropology ::JEL: Z19 - Diğer == Dış bağlantılar == * *