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[ { "title": "Electoral college", "text": "This section needs additional citations for verification . Relevant discussion may be found on the talk page . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( April 2015 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message )", "sentences": [ "This section needs additional citations for verification .", "Relevant discussion may be found on the talk page .", "Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources .", "Unsourced material may be challenged and removed .", "( April 2015 )", "( Learn how and when to remove this template message )" ] } ]

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[ { "title": "Kuiper belt", "text": "The classical Kuiper belt appears to be a composite of two separate populations . The first , known as the `` dynamically cold '' population , has orbits much like the planets ; nearly circular , with an orbital eccentricity of less than 0.1 , and with relatively low inclinations up to about 10 ° ( they lie close to the plane of the Solar System rather than at an angle ) . The cold population also contain a concentration of objects , referred to as the kernel , with semi-major axes at 44 -- 44.5 AU . The second , the `` dynamically hot '' population , has orbits much more inclined to the ecliptic , by up to 30 ° . The two populations have been named this way not because of any major difference in temperature , but from analogy to particles in a gas , which increase their relative velocity as they become heated up . Not only are the two populations in different orbits , the cold population also differs in color and albedo , being redder and brighter , has a larger fraction of binary objects , has a different size distribution , and lacks very large objects . The difference in colors may be a reflection of different compositions , which suggests they formed in different regions . The hot population is proposed to have formed near Neptune 's original orbit and to have been scattered out during the migration of the giant planets . The cold population , on the other hand , has been proposed to have formed more or less in its current position because the loose binaries would be unlikely to survive encounters with Neptune . Although the Nice model appears to be able to at least partially explain a compositional difference , it has also been suggested the color difference may reflect differences in surface evolution .", "sentences": [ "The classical Kuiper belt appears to be a composite of two separate populations .", "The first , known as the `` dynamically cold '' population , has orbits much like the planets ; nearly circular , with an orbital eccentricity of less than 0.1 , and with relatively low inclinations up to about 10 ° ( they lie close to the plane of the Solar System rather than at an angle ) .", "The cold population also contain a concentration of objects , referred to as the kernel , with semi-major axes at 44 -- 44.5 AU .", "The second , the `` dynamically hot '' population , has orbits much more inclined to the ecliptic , by up to 30 ° .", "The two populations have been named this way not because of any major difference in temperature , but from analogy to particles in a gas , which increase their relative velocity as they become heated up .", "Not only are the two populations in different orbits , the cold population also differs in color and albedo , being redder and brighter , has a larger fraction of binary objects , has a different size distribution , and lacks very large objects .", "The difference in colors may be a reflection of different compositions , which suggests they formed in different regions .", "The hot population is proposed to have formed near Neptune 's original orbit and to have been scattered out during the migration of the giant planets .", "The cold population , on the other hand , has been proposed to have formed more or less in its current position because the loose binaries would be unlikely to survive encounters with Neptune .", "Although the Nice model appears to be able to at least partially explain a compositional difference , it has also been suggested the color difference may reflect differences in surface evolution ." ] } ]

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[ { "title": "The Last Man on Earth (TV series)", "text": "I think we always saw this as more of a cable show , to be honest . They claimed from the get - go that they did n't want to change the tone of the show , and I think I went in with an eyebrow raised , thinking , okay , well when 's it going to come out that we have to change it around ? And they were great . They stuck by their pledge and let us make this different type of show . We 're so happy to have had this experience . It was just a great , great experience with Fox .", "sentences": [ "I think we always saw this as more of a cable show , to be honest .", "They claimed from the get - go that they did n't want to change the tone of the show , and I think I went in with an eyebrow raised , thinking , okay ,", "well when 's it going to come out that we have to change it around ?", "And they were great .", "They stuck by their pledge and let us make this different type of show .", "We 're so happy to have had this experience .", "It was just a great , great experience with Fox ." ] } ]

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[ { "title": "Preamble to the Constitution of India", "text": "Schedules ( show ) First ∙ Second ∙ Third ∙ Fourth ∙ Fifth Sixth ∙ Seventh ∙ Eighth ∙ Ninth Tenth ∙ Eleventh ∙ Twelfth", "sentences": [ "Schedules ( show )", "First ∙", "Second ∙", "Third ∙ Fourth ∙ Fifth Sixth ∙", "Seventh ∙ Eighth ∙", "Ninth Tenth ∙", "Eleventh ∙", "Twelfth" ] } ]

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[ { "title": "A Song of Ice and Fire", "text": "The reported overall sales figures of the A Song of Ice and Fire series vary . The New Yorker said in April 2011 ( before the publication of A Dance with Dragons ) that more than 15 million Ice and Fire books had been sold worldwide , a figure repeated by The Globe and Mail in July 2011 . Reuters reported in September 2013 that the books including print , digital and audio versions have sold more than 24 million copies in North America . The Wall Street Journal reported more than six million sold copies in North America by May 2011 . USA Today reported 8.5 million copies in print and digital overall in July 2011 , and over 12 million sold copies in print in December 2011 . The series has been translated into more than 20 languages ; USA Today reported the fifth book to be translated into over 40 languages . Forbes estimated that Martin was the 12th highest - earning author worldwide in 2011 at $15 million .", "sentences": [ "The reported overall sales figures of the A Song of Ice and Fire series vary .", "The New Yorker said in April 2011 ( before the publication of A Dance with Dragons ) that more than 15 million Ice and Fire books had been sold worldwide , a figure repeated by The Globe and Mail in July 2011 .", "Reuters reported in September 2013 that the books including print , digital and audio versions have sold more than 24 million copies in North America .", "The Wall Street Journal reported more than six million sold copies in North America by May 2011 .", "USA Today reported 8.5 million copies in print and digital overall in July 2011 , and over 12 million sold copies in print in December 2011 .", "The series has been translated into more than 20 languages ; USA Today reported the fifth book to be translated into over 40 languages .", "Forbes estimated that Martin was the 12th highest - earning author worldwide in 2011 at $15 million ." ] } ]

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[ { "title": "Baptism", "text": "The usual form of baptism among the earliest Christians was for the candidate to be immersed , either totally ( submerged completely under the water ) or partially ( standing or kneeling in water while water was poured on him or her ) . While John the Baptist 's use of a deep river for his baptism suggests immersion , `` The fact that he chose a permanent and deep river suggests that more than a token quantity of water was needed , and both the preposition ' in ' ( the Jordan ) and the basic meaning of the verb ' baptize ' probably indicate immersion . In v. 16 , Matthew will speak of Jesus ' coming up out of the water ' . The traditional depiction in Christian art of John the Baptist pouring water over Jesus ' head may therefore be based on later Christian practice . '' Pictorial and archaeological evidence of Christian baptism from the 3rd century onward indicates that a normal form was to have the candidate stand in water while water was poured over the upper body . Other common forms of baptism now in use include pouring water three times on the forehead , a method called affusion .", "sentences": [ "The usual form of baptism among the earliest Christians was for the candidate to be immersed , either totally ( submerged completely under the water ) or partially ( standing or kneeling in water while water was poured on him or her ) .", "While John the Baptist 's use of a deep river for his baptism suggests immersion , `` The fact that he chose a permanent and deep river suggests that more than a token quantity of water was needed , and both the preposition ' in ' ( the Jordan ) and the basic meaning of the verb ' baptize ' probably indicate immersion .", "In v. 16 , Matthew will speak of Jesus ' coming up out of the water ' .", "The traditional depiction in Christian art of John the Baptist pouring water over Jesus ' head may therefore be based on later Christian practice . ''", "Pictorial and archaeological evidence of Christian baptism from the 3rd century onward indicates that a normal form was to have the candidate stand in water while water was poured over the upper body .", "Other common forms of baptism now in use include pouring water three times on the forehead , a method called affusion ." ] } ]

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[ { "title": "Boston Tea Party", "text": "The Indemnity Act of 1767 , which gave the East India Company a refund of the duty on tea that was re-exported to the colonies , expired in 1772 . Parliament passed a new act in 1772 that reduced this refund , effectively leaving a 10 % duty on tea imported into Britain . The act also restored the tea taxes within Britain that had been repealed in 1767 , and left in place the three pence Townshend duty in the colonies . With this new tax burden driving up the price of British tea , sales plummeted . The company continued to import tea into Great Britain , however , amassing a huge surplus of product that no one would buy . For these and other reasons , by late 1772 the East India Company , one of Britain 's most important commercial institutions , was in a serious financial crisis . The severe famine in Bengal from 1769 to 1773 had drastically reduced the revenue of the East India Company from India bringing the Company to the verge of bankruptcy and the Tea Act of 1773 was enacted to help the East India Company .", "sentences": [ "The Indemnity Act of 1767 , which gave the East India Company a refund of the duty on tea that was re-exported to the colonies , expired in 1772 .", "Parliament passed a new act in 1772 that reduced this refund , effectively leaving a 10 % duty on tea imported into Britain .", "The act also restored the tea taxes within Britain that had been repealed in 1767 , and left in place the three pence Townshend duty in the colonies .", "With this new tax burden driving up the price of British tea , sales plummeted .", "The company continued to import tea into Great Britain , however , amassing a huge surplus of product that no one would buy .", "For these and other reasons , by late 1772 the East India Company , one of Britain 's most important commercial institutions , was in a serious financial crisis .", "The severe famine in Bengal from 1769 to 1773 had drastically reduced the revenue of the East India Company from India bringing the Company to the verge of bankruptcy and the Tea Act of 1773 was enacted to help the East India Company ." ] } ]

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[ { "title": "History of the United States Merchant Marine", "text": "In 1790 , federal legislation was enacted pertaining to seamen and desertion . In 1796 , federal legislation regarding Seaman 's Protection Certificates ( also known as Protection papers ) was enacted . Immediately after the Revolutionary War the brand - new United States of America was struggling to stay financially afloat . National income was desperately needed and a great deal of this income came from import tariffs . Because of rampant smuggling , the need was immediate for strong enforcement of tariff laws , and on August 4 , 1790 , the United States Congress , urged on by Secretary of the Treasury Alexander Hamilton , created the Revenue - Marine , later renamed Revenue Cutter Service in 1862 . It would be the responsibility of the new Revenue - Marine to enforce the tariff and all other maritime laws .", "sentences": [ "In 1790 , federal legislation was enacted pertaining to seamen and desertion .", "In 1796 , federal legislation regarding Seaman 's Protection Certificates ( also known as Protection papers ) was enacted .", "Immediately after the Revolutionary War the brand - new United States of America was struggling to stay financially afloat .", "National income was desperately needed and a great deal of this income came from import tariffs .", "Because of rampant smuggling , the need was immediate for strong enforcement of tariff laws , and on August 4 , 1790 , the United States Congress , urged on by Secretary of the Treasury Alexander Hamilton , created the Revenue - Marine , later renamed Revenue Cutter Service in 1862 .", "It would be the responsibility of the new Revenue - Marine to enforce the tariff and all other maritime laws ." ] } ]

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[ { "title": "Garhwal Kingdom", "text": "Based on the testimony of inscriptions ( the earliest dating back to the 4th century AD ) , literary accounts , and local traditions it may be suggested that Far Western Nepal and Uttarakhand formed one single polity for centuries under the Katyūrī dynasty . Therefore , both regions inherit a shared past or collective memory . The Bhārata / Jāgara of Maulā alias Jiyā Rānī , a Katyūrī princess , as narrated in Doti ( Far Western Nepal ) and Uttarakhand ( India ) is an example of this common heritage . ( http://himalaya.socanth.cam.ac.uk/collections/journals/ebhr/pdf/EBHR_44_01.pdf ) . Professor Giuseppe Tucci , Italian Research Scholar has researched in the history of Nepal . He came to conclusion that the Khasa Empire of Western Nepal in 12th Century had extended upto Gunge and Purang states upto Laddakh in the west , whereas towards 13th century the Empire reached its climax by annexing the western part of Nepal ( i.e Karnali and Gandaki Region ) . During the time of Khas Emperor Krachalla in BS 1280 Kumaon was annexed to Khasa Empire and his son Askhok Challa annexed Garhwal and had erected victory pillar in Gopeshwor , Garhwal . Not only this but for about fifty years ( BS 1344 - 91 ) Kathmandu Valley was also subjugated to Khasa Empire ( Prof. Surya Mani Adhikari , History of Khasa Empire ) .", "sentences": [ "Based on the testimony of inscriptions ( the earliest dating back to the 4th century AD ) , literary accounts , and local traditions it may be suggested that Far Western Nepal and Uttarakhand formed one single polity for centuries under the Katyūrī dynasty .", "Therefore , both regions inherit a shared past or collective memory .", "The Bhārata / Jāgara of Maulā alias Jiyā Rānī , a Katyūrī princess , as narrated in Doti ( Far Western Nepal ) and Uttarakhand ( India ) is an example of this common heritage .", "( http://himalaya.socanth.cam.ac.uk/collections/journals/ebhr/pdf/EBHR_44_01.pdf ) .", "Professor Giuseppe Tucci , Italian Research Scholar has researched in the history of Nepal .", "He came to conclusion that the Khasa Empire of Western Nepal in 12th Century had extended upto Gunge and Purang states upto Laddakh in the west , whereas towards 13th century the Empire reached its climax by annexing the western part of Nepal ( i.e Karnali and Gandaki Region ) .", "During the time of Khas Emperor Krachalla in BS 1280 Kumaon was annexed to Khasa Empire and his son Askhok Challa annexed Garhwal and had erected victory pillar in Gopeshwor , Garhwal .", "Not only this but for about fifty years ( BS 1344 - 91 ) Kathmandu Valley was also subjugated to Khasa Empire ( Prof. Surya Mani Adhikari , History of Khasa Empire ) ." ] } ]

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[ { "title": "Water in California", "text": "`` The appropriation doctrine confers upon one who actually diverts and uses water the right to do so provided that the water is used for reasonable and beneficial uses , '' regardless of whether that person owns land contiguous to the watercourse . In addition , all appropriative rights are subordinate to riparians or earlier appropriators . In times of shortage riparians are entitled to fulfill their needs before appropriators are entitled to any use of the water . `` And , as between appropriators , the rule of priority is ' first in time , first in right . ' '' Beginning in 1914 , a statutory scheme has provided the exclusive method of acquiring appropriation rights through the California State Water Resources Control Board . The modern system of prior appropriation water rights followed by California is characterized by five principles :", "sentences": [ "`` The appropriation doctrine confers upon one who actually diverts and uses water the right to do so provided that the water is used for reasonable and beneficial uses , '' regardless of whether that person owns land contiguous to the watercourse .", "In addition , all appropriative rights are subordinate to riparians or earlier appropriators .", "In times of shortage riparians are entitled to fulfill their needs before appropriators are entitled to any use of the water .", "`` And , as between appropriators , the rule of priority is ' first in time , first in right . ' ''", "Beginning in 1914 , a statutory scheme has provided the exclusive method of acquiring appropriation rights through the California State Water Resources Control Board .", "The modern system of prior appropriation water rights followed by California is characterized by five principles :" ] } ]

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[ { "title": "Rainwater harvesting", "text": "Karnataka : In Bangalore , adoption of rainwater harvesting is mandatory for every owner or the occupier of a building having the site area measuring 60 ft ( 18.3 m ) X 40 ft ( 12.2 m ) and above and for newly constructed building measuring 30 ft ( 9.1 m ) X 40 ft ( 12.2 m ) and above dimensions . In this regard , Bangalore Water Supply and Sewerage Board has initiated and constructed `` Rain Water Harvesting Theme Park '' in the name of Sir M. Visvesvaraya in 1.2 acres ( 4,900 m ) of land situated at Jayanagar , Bangalore . In this park , 26 different type of rainwater harvesting models are demonstrated along with the water conservation tips . The auditorium on the first floor is set up with a `` green '' air conditioning system and will be used to arrange the meeting and showing of a video clip about the rainwater harvesting to students and general public .", "sentences": [ "Karnataka : In Bangalore , adoption of rainwater harvesting is mandatory for every owner or the occupier of a building having the site area measuring 60 ft ( 18.3 m )", "X 40 ft ( 12.2 m ) and above and for newly constructed building measuring 30 ft ( 9.1 m )", "X 40 ft ( 12.2 m ) and above dimensions .", "In this regard , Bangalore Water Supply and Sewerage Board has initiated and constructed `` Rain Water Harvesting Theme Park '' in the name of Sir M. Visvesvaraya in 1.2 acres ( 4,900 m ) of land situated at Jayanagar , Bangalore .", "In this park , 26 different type of rainwater harvesting models are demonstrated along with the water conservation tips .", "The auditorium on the first floor is set up with a `` green '' air conditioning system and will be used to arrange the meeting and showing of a video clip about the rainwater harvesting to students and general public ." ] } ]

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[ { "title": "Northwestern Wildcats football", "text": "Starting in the 1920s , Northwestern and Notre Dame played for a Shillelagh until the mid-1970s . The trophy game was created at the behest of Knute Rockne , who wanted a rivalry in the Chicago area to help build Notre Dame 's fan base in the area . NU and ND stopped playing regularly after the 1970s , though the rivalry was renewed from 1992 -- 95 . When NU stunned Notre Dame as a 28 - point underdog in 1995 , the Chicago Sun - Times billed it as the `` Upset of the Century . '' . Notre Dame leads the series 37 -- 9 -- 2 . The two schools renewed their rivalry in 2014 in the first of a two - game series with Northwestern traveling to South Bend and upsetting Notre Dame 43 -- 40 in overtime . In 2018 , Notre Dame will travel to Evanston .", "sentences": [ "Starting in the 1920s , Northwestern and Notre Dame played for a Shillelagh until the mid-1970s .", "The trophy game was created at the behest of Knute Rockne , who wanted a rivalry in the Chicago area to help build Notre Dame 's fan base in the area .", "NU and ND stopped playing regularly after the 1970s , though the rivalry was renewed from 1992 -- 95 .", "When NU stunned Notre Dame as a 28 - point underdog in 1995 , the Chicago Sun - Times billed it as the `` Upset of the Century . '' .", "Notre Dame leads the series 37 -- 9 -- 2 .", "The two schools renewed their rivalry in 2014 in the first of a two - game series with Northwestern traveling to South Bend and upsetting Notre Dame 43 -- 40 in overtime .", "In 2018 , Notre Dame will travel to Evanston ." ] } ]

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[ { "title": "Aftermath of the Korean War", "text": "( hide ) This article has multiple issues . Please help improve it or discuss these issues on the talk page . ( Learn how and when to remove these template messages ) This article may be confusing or unclear to readers . Please help us clarify the article . There might be a discussion about this on the talk page . ( August 2009 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( June 2012 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message )", "sentences": [ "( hide )", "This article has multiple issues .", "Please help improve it or discuss these issues on the talk page .", "( Learn how and when to remove these template messages )", "This article may be confusing or unclear to readers .", "Please help us clarify the article .", "There might be a discussion about this on the talk page .", "( August 2009 )", "( Learn how and when to remove this template message )", "This article needs additional citations for verification .", "Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources .", "Unsourced material may be challenged and removed .", "( June 2012 )", "( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message )" ] } ]

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[ { "title": "Hearing range", "text": "As dogs hear higher frequency sounds than humans , they have a different acoustic perception of the world . Sounds that seem loud to humans often emit high frequency tones that can scare away dogs . Whistles which emit ultrasonic sound , called dog whistles , are used in dog training , as a dog will respond much better to such levels . In the wild , dogs use their hearing capabilities to hunt and locate food . Domestic breeds are often used to guard property due to their increased hearing ability . So - called `` Nelson '' dog whistles generate sounds at frequencies higher than those audible to humans but well within the range of a dog 's hearing .", "sentences": [ "As dogs hear higher frequency sounds than humans , they have a different acoustic perception of the world .", "Sounds that seem loud to humans often emit high frequency tones that can scare away dogs .", "Whistles which emit ultrasonic sound , called dog whistles , are used in dog training , as a dog will respond much better to such levels .", "In the wild , dogs use their hearing capabilities to hunt and locate food .", "Domestic breeds are often used to guard property due to their increased hearing ability .", "So - called `` Nelson '' dog whistles generate sounds at frequencies higher than those audible to humans but well within the range of a dog 's hearing ." ] } ]

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[ { "title": "Air pollution in the United States", "text": "A study conducted in 2000 used geographic census data and outdoor nitrogen dioxide ( NO2 ) concentration data to examine the disparities of NO2 air pollution across the United States . The study found that there is disproportional disparities in terms of both race and socioeconomic groups . The people of color were exposed to 4.6 ppb more than average NO2 concentrations than white people . Those who live in below poverty level are exposed to 1.2 ppb more . Lower - income Caucasians are exposed to 3.4 ppb higher NO2 concentrations than the higher - income Caucasians . The study also reports disproportional disparities of NO2 concentration exposure by education level ; those who without high school education are more likely to be exposed to higher concentrations . Association between NO2 exposure and cancer development has been found in many studies .", "sentences": [ "A study conducted in 2000 used geographic census data and outdoor nitrogen dioxide ( NO2 ) concentration data to examine the disparities of NO2 air pollution across the United States .", "The study found that there is disproportional disparities in terms of both race and socioeconomic groups .", "The people of color were exposed to 4.6 ppb more than average NO2 concentrations than white people .", "Those who live in below poverty level are exposed to 1.2 ppb more .", "Lower - income Caucasians are exposed to 3.4 ppb higher NO2 concentrations than the higher - income Caucasians .", "The study also reports disproportional disparities of NO2 concentration exposure by education level ; those who without high school education are more likely to be exposed to higher concentrations .", "Association between NO2 exposure and cancer development has been found in many studies ." ] } ]

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[ { "title": "Civil Rights Act of 1964", "text": "Civil Rights Act of 1964 Long title An act to enforce the constitutional right to vote , to confer jurisdiction upon the district courts of the United States of America to provide injunctive relief against discrimination in public accommodations , to authorize the Attorney General to institute suits to protect constitutional rights in public facilities and public education , to extend the Commission on Civil Rights , to prevent discrimination in federally assisted programs , to establish a Commission on Equal Employment Opportunity , and for other purposes . Enacted by the 88th United States Congress Effective July 2 , 1964 Citations Public law 88 - 352 Statutes at Large 78 Stat. 241 Codification Acts amended Civil Rights Act of 1957 Civil Rights Act of 1960 Titles amended 42 Legislative history Introduced in the House as H.R. 7152 by Emanuel Celler ( D -- NY ) on June 20 , 1963 Committee consideration by Judiciary Passed the House on February 10 , 1964 ( 290 -- 130 ) Passed the Senate on June 19 , 1964 ( 73 -- 27 ) with amendment House agreed to Senate amendment on July 2 , 1964 ( 289 -- 126 ) Signed into law by President Lyndon B. Johnson on July 2 , 1964 Major amendments Equal Employment Opportunity Act of 1972 Civil Rights Act of 1991 No Child Left Behind Act Lilly Ledbetter Fair Pay Act of 2009 United States Supreme Court cases Heart of Atlanta Motel , Inc. v. United States ( 1964 ) Katzenbach v. McClung ( 1964 ) Alexander v. Holmes County Board of Education ( 1969 ) Griggs v. Duke Power Co. ( 1971 ) Ricci v. DeStefano ( 2009 )", "sentences": [ "Civil Rights Act of 1964 Long title An act to enforce the constitutional right to vote , to confer jurisdiction upon the district courts of the United States of America to provide injunctive relief against discrimination in public accommodations , to authorize the Attorney General to institute suits to protect constitutional rights in public facilities and public education , to extend the Commission on Civil Rights , to prevent discrimination in federally assisted programs , to establish a Commission on Equal Employment Opportunity , and for other purposes .", "Enacted by the 88th United States Congress Effective July 2 , 1964 Citations Public law 88 - 352 Statutes at Large 78 Stat.", "241 Codification Acts amended Civil Rights Act of 1957 Civil Rights Act of 1960 Titles amended 42 Legislative history Introduced in the House as H.R. 7152 by Emanuel Celler ( D -- NY ) on June 20 , 1963 Committee consideration by Judiciary Passed the House on February 10 , 1964 ( 290 -- 130 ) Passed the Senate on June 19 , 1964 ( 73 -- 27 ) with amendment House agreed to Senate amendment on July 2 , 1964 ( 289 -- 126 ) Signed into law by President Lyndon B. Johnson on July 2 , 1964 Major amendments Equal Employment Opportunity Act of 1972 Civil Rights Act of 1991", "No Child Left Behind Act Lilly Ledbetter Fair Pay Act of 2009 United States Supreme Court cases Heart of Atlanta Motel , Inc. v. United States ( 1964 )", "Katzenbach v. McClung ( 1964 )", "Alexander v. Holmes County Board of Education ( 1969 )", "Griggs v. Duke Power Co. ( 1971 )", "Ricci v. DeStefano ( 2009 )" ] } ]

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[ { "title": "John Steinbeck", "text": "Steinbeck achieved his first critical success with Tortilla Flat ( 1935 ) , a novel set in post-war Monterey , California , that won the California Commonwealth Club 's Gold Medal . It portrays the adventures of a group of classless and usually homeless young men in Monterey after World War I , just before U.S. prohibition . They are portrayed in ironic comparison to mythic knights on a quest and reject nearly all the standard mores of American society in enjoyment of a dissolute life devoted to wine , lust , camaraderie and petty theft . In presenting the 1962 Nobel Prize to Steinbeck , the Swedish Academy cited `` spicy and comic tales about a gang of paisanos , asocial individuals who , in their wild revels , are almost caricatures of King Arthur 's Knights of the Round Table . It has been said that in the United States this book came as a welcome antidote to the gloom of the then prevailing depression . '' Tortilla Flat was adapted as a 1942 film of the same name , starring Spencer Tracy , Hedy Lamarr and John Garfield , a friend of Steinbeck . With some of the proceeds , he built a summer ranch - home in Los Gatos .", "sentences": [ "Steinbeck achieved his first critical success with Tortilla Flat ( 1935 ) , a novel set in post-war Monterey , California , that won the California Commonwealth Club 's Gold Medal .", "It portrays the adventures of a group of classless and usually homeless young men in Monterey after World War I , just before U.S. prohibition .", "They are portrayed in ironic comparison to mythic knights on a quest and reject nearly all the standard mores of American society in enjoyment of a dissolute life devoted to wine , lust , camaraderie and petty theft .", "In presenting the 1962 Nobel Prize to Steinbeck , the Swedish Academy cited `` spicy and comic tales about a gang of paisanos , asocial individuals who , in their wild revels , are almost caricatures of King Arthur 's Knights of the Round Table .", "It has been said that in the United States this book came as a welcome antidote to the gloom of the then prevailing depression . ''", "Tortilla Flat was adapted as a 1942 film of the same name , starring Spencer Tracy , Hedy Lamarr and John Garfield , a friend of Steinbeck .", "With some of the proceeds , he built a summer ranch - home in Los Gatos ." ] } ]

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[ { "title": "Original Vampires (The Vampire Diaries)", "text": "Being the oldest and most powerful vampires , the Original Vampires are stronger and faster than all normal vampires , though it is implied they do not get stronger with age due to being created at the zenith of vampiric physical prowess . ( Alaric was just as strong , if not stronger , than the other Original Vampires despite being a day old . So too was Lucien , strong enough to kill Finn ) . It is possible that the spell used to make the Original Vampires , gives them the peak powers of vampirism . Also , werewolves prove little to no challenge for them , though they can be challenging in their wolf form ( where they are at their strongest ) as a pack of four can defeat an Original Vampire ( Rebekah ) and two human form werewolves with moonrings ( which allows them to use the full power of their condition ) overpowered Elijah . Also , Original Vampires are somewhat immune to werewolf venom , which is fatal to normal vampires but it still affects Original Vampires , though they only experience weakness and hallucinations . Original Vampires have the power to `` compel '' or hypnotize ordinary vampires in addition to humans , though they can not compel each other .", "sentences": [ "Being the oldest and most powerful vampires , the Original Vampires are stronger and faster than all normal vampires , though it is implied they do not get stronger with age due to being created at the zenith of vampiric physical prowess .", "( Alaric was just as strong , if not stronger , than the other Original Vampires despite being a day old .", "So too was Lucien , strong enough to kill Finn ) .", "It is possible that the spell used to make the Original Vampires , gives them the peak powers of vampirism .", "Also , werewolves prove little to no challenge for them , though they can be challenging in their wolf form ( where they are at their strongest ) as a pack of four can defeat an Original Vampire ( Rebekah ) and two human form werewolves with moonrings ( which allows them to use the full power of their condition ) overpowered Elijah .", "Also , Original Vampires are somewhat immune to werewolf venom , which is fatal to normal vampires but it still affects Original Vampires , though they only experience weakness and hallucinations .", "Original Vampires have the power to `` compel '' or hypnotize ordinary vampires in addition to humans , though they can not compel each other ." ] } ]

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[ { "title": "United States Declaration of Independence", "text": "Signatures The first and most famous signature on the engrossed copy was that of John Hancock , President of the Continental Congress . Two future presidents ( Thomas Jefferson and John Adams ) and a father and great - grandfather of two other presidents ( Benjamin Harrison ) were among the signatories . Edward Rutledge ( age 26 ) was the youngest signer , and Benjamin Franklin ( age 70 ) was the oldest signer . The fifty - six signers of the Declaration represented the new states as follows ( from north to south ) : New Hampshire : Josiah Bartlett , William Whipple , Matthew Thornton Massachusetts : Samuel Adams , John Adams , John Hancock , Robert Treat Paine , Elbridge Gerry Rhode Island : Stephen Hopkins , William Ellery Connecticut : Roger Sherman , Samuel Huntington , William Williams , Oliver Wolcott New York : William Floyd , Philip Livingston , Francis Lewis , Lewis Morris New Jersey : Richard Stockton , John Witherspoon , Francis Hopkinson , John Hart , Abraham Clark Pennsylvania : Robert Morris , Benjamin Rush , Benjamin Franklin , John Morton , George Clymer , James Smith , George Taylor , James Wilson , George Ross Delaware : George Read , Caesar Rodney , Thomas McKean Maryland : Samuel Chase , William Paca , Thomas Stone , Charles Carroll of Carrollton Virginia : George Wythe , Richard Henry Lee , Thomas Jefferson , Benjamin Harrison , Thomas Nelson Jr. , Francis Lightfoot Lee , Carter Braxton North Carolina : William Hooper , Joseph Hewes , John Penn South Carolina : Edward Rutledge , Thomas Heyward Jr. , Thomas Lynch Jr. , Arthur Middleton Georgia : Button Gwinnett , Lyman Hall , George Walton", "sentences": [ "Signatures The first and most famous signature on the engrossed copy was that of John Hancock , President of the Continental Congress .", "Two future presidents ( Thomas Jefferson and John Adams ) and a father and great - grandfather of two other presidents ( Benjamin Harrison ) were among the signatories .", "Edward Rutledge ( age 26 ) was the youngest signer , and Benjamin Franklin ( age 70 ) was the oldest signer .", "The fifty - six signers of the Declaration represented the new states as follows ( from north to south ) :", "New Hampshire : Josiah Bartlett , William Whipple , Matthew Thornton Massachusetts : Samuel Adams , John Adams , John Hancock , Robert Treat Paine , Elbridge Gerry Rhode Island : Stephen Hopkins , William Ellery Connecticut : Roger Sherman , Samuel Huntington , William Williams , Oliver Wolcott New York : William Floyd , Philip Livingston , Francis Lewis , Lewis Morris New Jersey : Richard Stockton , John Witherspoon , Francis Hopkinson , John Hart , Abraham Clark Pennsylvania : Robert Morris , Benjamin Rush , Benjamin Franklin , John Morton , George Clymer , James Smith , George Taylor , James Wilson , George Ross Delaware :", "George Read , Caesar Rodney , Thomas McKean Maryland : Samuel Chase , William Paca , Thomas Stone , Charles Carroll of Carrollton Virginia :", "George Wythe , Richard Henry Lee , Thomas Jefferson , Benjamin Harrison , Thomas Nelson Jr. , Francis Lightfoot Lee , Carter Braxton North Carolina : William Hooper , Joseph Hewes , John Penn South Carolina : Edward Rutledge , Thomas Heyward Jr. , Thomas Lynch Jr. , Arthur Middleton Georgia : Button Gwinnett , Lyman Hall , George Walton" ] } ]

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[ { "title": "Anemia", "text": "Anemia Reticulocyte production index shows inadequate production response to anemia . Reticulocyte production index shows appropriate response to anemia = ongoing hemolysis or blood loss without RBC production problem . No clinical findings consistent with hemolysis or blood loss : pure disorder of production . Clinical findings and abnormal MCV : hemolysis or loss and chronic disorder of production * . Clinical findings and normal MCV = acute hemolysis or loss without adequate time for bone marrow production to compensate * * . Macrocytic anemia ( MCV > 100 ) Normocytic anemia ( 80 < MCV < 100 ) Microcytic anemia ( MCV < 80 )", "sentences": [ "Anemia Reticulocyte production index shows inadequate production response to anemia .", "Reticulocyte production index shows appropriate response to anemia = ongoing hemolysis or blood loss without RBC production problem .", "No clinical findings consistent with hemolysis or blood loss : pure disorder of production .", "Clinical findings and abnormal MCV : hemolysis or loss and chronic disorder of production * .", "Clinical findings and normal MCV = acute hemolysis or loss without adequate time for bone marrow production to compensate *", "* .", "Macrocytic anemia ( MCV > 100 )", "Normocytic anemia ( 80 < MCV < 100 )", "Microcytic anemia ( MCV < 80 )" ] } ]

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[ { "title": "URL", "text": "An optional userinfo subcomponent that may consist of a user name and an optional password preceded by a colon ( : ) , followed by an at symbol ( @ ) . Use of the format username : password in the userinfo subcomponent is deprecated for security reasons . Applications should not render as clear text any data after the first colon ( : ) found within a userinfo subcomponent unless the data after the colon is the empty string ( indicating no password ) . A non-empty host subcomponent , consisting of either a registered name ( including but not limited to a hostname ) , or an IP address . IPv4 addresses must be in dot - decimal notation , and IPv6 addresses must be enclosed in brackets ( ( ) ) . An optional port subcomponent preceded by a colon ( : ) .", "sentences": [ "An optional userinfo subcomponent that may consist of a user name and an optional password preceded by a colon ( : ) , followed by an at symbol ( @ ) .", "Use of the format username : password in the userinfo subcomponent is deprecated for security reasons .", "Applications should not render as clear text any data after the first colon ( : ) found within a userinfo subcomponent unless the data after the colon is the empty string ( indicating no password ) .", "A non-empty host subcomponent , consisting of either a registered name ( including but not limited to a hostname ) , or an IP address .", "IPv4", "addresses must be in dot - decimal notation , and IPv6 addresses must be enclosed in brackets ( ( ) ) .", "An optional port subcomponent preceded by a colon ( : ) ." ] } ]

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[ { "title": "Jonathan Richman", "text": "Alternate versions of `` Roadrunner '' and `` Government Center '' , along with `` The New Teller '' , and `` It Will Stand '' , first appeared on the Beserkley Chartbusters Vol. 1 compilation ( 1975 ) `` I 'm Straight '' and `` Government Center '' , from the Modern Lovers ' Kim Fowley - produced Beserkley sessions , first appeared on the Warner Bros. Records compilation Troublemakers ( 1980 ) `` I Like Gumby '' ; On the Gumby compilation album -- Jonathan Richman 1993 , contributed `` Hot Nights '' ( live ) to the AIDS - Benefit Album No Alternative produced by the Red Hot Organization . Performs `` Stop Your Sobbing '' on the 2002 Kinks tribute album This Is Where I Belong . Action Packed : The Best Of Jonathan Richman ( 2002 ) `` The Origin of Love '' on Wig in a Box ( 2003 ) `` Our Dog Is Getting Older Now '' on the charity album Colours Are Brighter ( October 2006 ) Think About Mustapha ( 2 songs ) ( 1994 ) No Me Quejo De Mi Estrella ( 2014 )", "sentences": [ "Alternate versions of `` Roadrunner '' and `` Government Center '' , along with `` The New Teller '' , and `` It Will Stand '' , first appeared on the Beserkley Chartbusters Vol. 1 compilation ( 1975 ) `` I 'm Straight '' and `` Government Center '' , from the Modern Lovers ' Kim Fowley - produced Beserkley sessions , first appeared on the Warner Bros. Records compilation Troublemakers ( 1980 )", "`` I Like Gumby '' ; On the Gumby compilation album -- Jonathan Richman 1993 , contributed `` Hot Nights '' ( live ) to the AIDS - Benefit Album No Alternative produced by the Red Hot Organization .", "Performs `` Stop Your Sobbing '' on the 2002 Kinks tribute album This Is Where I Belong .", "Action Packed : The Best Of Jonathan Richman ( 2002 ) `` The Origin of Love '' on Wig in a Box ( 2003 ) `` Our Dog Is Getting Older Now '' on the charity album Colours Are Brighter ( October 2006 )", "Think About Mustapha ( 2 songs ) ( 1994 )", "No Me Quejo De Mi Estrella ( 2014 )" ] } ]

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[ { "title": "Orange Is the New Black (season 4)", "text": "The CO 's power trip gets worse than ever when one guard forces Maritza to eat a baby mouse . Meanwhile , Blanca rebels against them by applying foul - smelling substances in order to stop them from frisking her . Boo turns her back on Pennsatucky when she decides to forgive Charlie for raping her . Morello becomes paranoid her sister is having an affair with her husband . Red breaks down , forcing Nicky to decide to get clean again . News of Judy and Cindy 's fake relationship spreads after Luschek sells the picture to the tabloids . Piscatella orders Luschek and the other guards to search the prison and although they find a box full of contraband phones , Luschek is able to keep secret the one used for Judy . Flashback : Blanca works as a housekeeper and nurse for a demanding elderly woman . When Blanca is seen flirting with the gardener , the old woman has him fired . Blanca gets her revenge by having sex with him in the old woman 's bedroom while she is there .", "sentences": [ "The CO 's power trip gets worse than ever when one guard forces Maritza to eat a baby mouse .", "Meanwhile , Blanca rebels against them by applying foul - smelling substances in order to stop them from frisking her .", "Boo turns her back on Pennsatucky when she decides to forgive Charlie for raping her .", "Morello becomes paranoid her sister is having an affair with her husband .", "Red breaks down , forcing Nicky to decide to get clean again .", "News of Judy and Cindy 's fake relationship spreads after Luschek sells the picture to the tabloids .", "Piscatella orders Luschek and the other guards to search the prison and although they find a box full of contraband phones , Luschek is able to keep secret the one used for Judy .", "Flashback :", "Blanca works as a housekeeper and nurse for a demanding elderly woman .", "When Blanca is seen flirting with the gardener , the old woman has him fired .", "Blanca gets her revenge by having sex with him in the old woman 's bedroom while she is there ." ] } ]

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[ { "title": "List of The 100 episodes", "text": "No . Title Air date Rating / share ( 18 -- 49 ) Viewers ( millions ) DVR ( 18 -- 49 ) DVR viewers ( millions ) Total ( 18 -- 49 ) Total viewers ( millions ) `` Eden '' April 24 , 2018 0.4 / 2 1.43 0.4 0.91 0.8 2.34 `` Red Queen '' May 1 , 2018 0.3 / 1 1.02 0.4 0.93 0.7 1.95 `` Sleeping Giants '' May 8 , 2018 0.4 / 2 1.08 0.3 0.89 0.7 1.97 `` Pandora 's Box '' May 15 , 2018 0.3 / 1 1.07 0.4 0.77 0.7 1.84 5 `` Shifting Sands '' May 22 , 2018 0.3 / 1 0.94 0.3 0.88 0.6 1.82 6 `` Exit Wounds '' June 5 , 2018 0.3 / 1 0.92 0.4 0.94 0.7 1.87 7 `` Acceptable Losses '' June 19 , 2018 0.3 / 1 0.83 0.3 0.87 0.6 1.70 8 `` How We Get to Peace '' June 26 , 2018 0.2 / 1 0.73 0.4 0.86 0.6 1.59 9 `` Sic Semper Tyrannis '' July 10 , 2018 0.3 / 1 0.89 0.3 0.80 0.6 1.69 10 `` The Warriors Will '' July 17 , 2018 0.2 / 1 0.86 0.4 0.76 0.6 1.62 11 `` The Dark Year '' July 24 , 2018 0.3 / 1 0.85 0.3 0.70 0.6 1.56 12 `` Damocles -- Part One '' July 31 , 2018 0.3 / 1 0.88 0.2 0.62 0.5 1.50 13 `` Damocles -- Part Two '' August 7 , 2018 0.3 / 1 0.99 0.3 0.74 0.6 1.73", "sentences": [ "No .", "Title Air date Rating / share ( 18 -- 49 )", "Viewers ( millions ) DVR ( 18 -- 49 ) DVR viewers ( millions ) Total ( 18 -- 49 )", "Total viewers ( millions ) `` Eden '' April 24 , 2018 0.4 / 2 1.43 0.4 0.91 0.8 2.34 `` Red Queen ''", "May 1 , 2018 0.3 / 1 1.02 0.4 0.93 0.7 1.95 `` Sleeping Giants '' May 8 , 2018 0.4 / 2 1.08 0.3 0.89 0.7 1.97", "`` Pandora 's Box ''", "May 15 , 2018 0.3 / 1 1.07 0.4 0.77 0.7 1.84 5 `` Shifting Sands ''", "May 22 , 2018 0.3 / 1 0.94 0.3 0.88 0.6 1.82 6 `` Exit Wounds ''", "June 5 , 2018 0.3 / 1 0.92 0.4 0.94 0.7 1.87 7 `` Acceptable Losses '' June 19 , 2018 0.3 / 1 0.83 0.3 0.87 0.6 1.70 8 `` How We Get to Peace '' June 26 , 2018 0.2 / 1 0.73 0.4 0.86 0.6 1.59 9 `` Sic Semper Tyrannis ''", "July 10 , 2018 0.3 / 1 0.89 0.3 0.80 0.6 1.69 10 `` The Warriors Will ''", "July 17 , 2018 0.2 / 1 0.86 0.4 0.76 0.6 1.62 11 `` The Dark Year ''", "July 24 , 2018 0.3 / 1 0.85 0.3 0.70 0.6 1.56 12 `` Damocles -- Part One '' July 31 , 2018 0.3 / 1 0.88 0.2 0.62 0.5 1.50 13 `` Damocles -- Part Two '' August 7 , 2018 0.3 / 1 0.99 0.3 0.74 0.6 1.73" ] } ]

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[ { "title": "Crossing the Red Sea", "text": "God causes the pharaoh to pursue the Israelites with chariots , and he overtakes them at Pi - hahiroth . When the Israelites see the Egyptian army they are afraid , but the pillar of fire and the cloud separates the Israelites and the Egyptians . At God 's command Moses holds his staff out over the water , and throughout the night a strong east wind divides the sea , and the Israelites pass through with a wall of water on either side . The Egyptians pursue , but at daybreak God clogs their chariot - wheels and throws them into a panic , and with the return of the water the pharaoh and his entire army are destroyed ( see Psalm 136 : 15 ) . When the Israelites see the power of God they put their faith in God and in Moses , and sing a song of praise to the Lord for the crossing of the sea and the destruction of their enemies . ( This song , at Exodus 15 , is called the Song of the Sea ) .", "sentences": [ "God causes the pharaoh to pursue the Israelites with chariots , and he overtakes them at Pi - hahiroth .", "When the Israelites see the Egyptian army they are afraid , but the pillar of fire and the cloud separates the Israelites and the Egyptians .", "At God 's command Moses holds his staff out over the water , and throughout the night a strong east wind divides the sea , and the Israelites pass through with a wall of water on either side .", "The Egyptians pursue , but at daybreak God clogs their chariot - wheels and throws them into a panic , and with the return of the water the pharaoh and his entire army are destroyed ( see Psalm 136 : 15 ) .", "When the Israelites see the power of God they put their faith in God and in Moses , and sing a song of praise to the Lord for the crossing of the sea and the destruction of their enemies .", "( This song , at Exodus 15 , is called the Song of the Sea ) ." ] } ]

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[ { "title": "Apple Music", "text": "In iOS 10 , the Apple Music app has several tabs . `` Library '' shows the user 's music collection , with options to view songs by `` Playlists '' , `` Artists '' , `` Albums '' , `` Songs '' , or `` Downloaded Music '' . The tab also shows music recently added to the library . The `` For You '' section recommends music for the user . Human expert selections supplement the algorithmic curation . `` Browse '' shows new album releases from popular artists , as well as different categories , including `` New Music '' , `` Curated Playlists '' , `` Videos '' , `` Top Charts '' , and `` Genres '' . The `` Radio '' tab incorporates some aspects of iTunes Radio , such as ad - supported stations that play genre - specific or artist - related music , depending on the user 's preferences . The `` Search '' tab features a search box , as well as a list of recent user searches and overall trending searches happening on the service .", "sentences": [ "In iOS 10 , the Apple Music app has several tabs .", "`` Library '' shows the user 's music collection , with options to view songs by `` Playlists '' , `` Artists '' , `` Albums '' , `` Songs '' , or `` Downloaded Music '' .", "The tab also shows music recently added to the library .", "The `` For You '' section recommends music for the user .", "Human expert selections supplement the algorithmic curation .", "`` Browse '' shows new album releases from popular artists , as well as different categories , including `` New Music '' , `` Curated Playlists '' , `` Videos '' , `` Top Charts '' , and `` Genres '' .", "The `` Radio '' tab incorporates some aspects of iTunes Radio , such as ad - supported stations that play genre - specific or artist - related music , depending on the user 's preferences .", "The `` Search '' tab features a search box , as well as a list of recent user searches and overall trending searches happening on the service ." ] } ]

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[ { "title": "Wonders of the Solar System", "text": "The first episode illustrates how the formation and behaviour of the Sun affects each planet in the Solar System . During this episode , Cox visits India to view and explain the workings of a total solar eclipse and the partial eclipses that occur on other planets . He travels to the Iguazu Falls to relate the causality between river levels , and sunspot fluctuations . An explanation of the Earth 's exposure to the power of the Sun occurs in Death Valley , California , USA , with an experiment inspired by John Herschel 's actinometer . He also travels to Norway to observe and explain the defensive role of the Earth 's magnetosphere against the sun 's solar wind and its role in forming the Aurora Borealis . He also relates the Voyager missions and their continuing exploration of the massive reach of the sun 's gravitational forces on objects in the farthest regions of the solar system . Finally , in the clear skies of the Atacama Desert , at the Paranal Observatory he is able to observe , with the naked eye , the myriad of stars on the Milky Way and relates the meaning of their diverse colours as mapped on the Hertzsprung -- Russell diagram .", "sentences": [ "The first episode illustrates how the formation and behaviour of the Sun affects each planet in the Solar System .", "During this episode , Cox visits India to view and explain the workings of a total solar eclipse and the partial eclipses that occur on other planets .", "He travels to the Iguazu Falls to relate the causality between river levels , and sunspot fluctuations .", "An explanation of the Earth 's exposure to the power of the Sun occurs in Death Valley , California , USA , with an experiment inspired by John Herschel 's actinometer .", "He also travels to Norway to observe and explain the defensive role of the Earth 's magnetosphere against the sun 's solar wind and its role in forming the Aurora Borealis .", "He also relates the Voyager missions and their continuing exploration of the massive reach of the sun 's gravitational forces on objects in the farthest regions of the solar system .", "Finally , in the clear skies of the Atacama Desert , at the Paranal Observatory he is able to observe , with the naked eye , the myriad of stars on the Milky Way and relates the meaning of their diverse colours as mapped on the Hertzsprung -- Russell diagram ." ] } ]

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[ { "title": "Early 1980s recession", "text": "One consequence of the FHLBB 's lack of enforcement abilities was the promotion of deregulation and of aggressive , expanded lending to forestall insolvency . In November 1980 , the FHLBB lowered net worth requirements for federally insured S&Ls from 5 % of deposits to 4 % . The FHLBB lowered net worth requirements again to 3 % in January 1982 . Additionally , the agency required S&Ls to meet those requirements only over 20 years . The rule meant that S&Ls less than 20 years old had practically no capital reserve requirements . That encouraged extensive chartering of new S&Ls since a $2 million investment could be leveraged into $1.3 billion in lending .", "sentences": [ "One consequence of the FHLBB 's lack of enforcement abilities was the promotion of deregulation and of aggressive , expanded lending to forestall insolvency .", "In November 1980 , the FHLBB lowered net worth requirements for federally insured S&Ls from 5 % of deposits to 4 % .", "The FHLBB lowered net worth requirements again to 3 % in January 1982 .", "Additionally , the agency required S&Ls to meet those requirements only over 20 years .", "The rule meant that S&Ls less than 20 years old had practically no capital reserve requirements .", "That encouraged extensive chartering of new S&Ls since a $2 million investment could be leveraged into $1.3 billion in lending ." ] } ]

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[ { "title": "Alice's Adventures in Wonderland", "text": "A relatively early example of a live performance is Alice in Wonderland , a musical play by H. Saville Clark ( book ) and Walter Slaughter ( music ) , which played in 1886 at the Prince of Wales Theatre in London . The first production on Broadway premiered in 1915 , adapted by Alice Gerstenberg and starring Vivian Tobin . Actress Eva Le Gallienne famously adapted both Alice books for the stage in 1932 ; this production was revived in New York in 1947 and 1982 . One of the best - known American productions was Joseph Papp 's 1980 staging of Alice in Concert at the Public Theater in New York City . Meryl Streep played Alice , the White Queen , and Humpty Dumpty . The cast also included Debbie Allen , Michael Jeter , and Mark Linn - Baker . Performed on a bare stage with the actors in modern dress , the play is a loose adaptation , with song styles ranging the globe . Elizabeth Swados wrote the book , lyrics , and music . Based on both Alice 's Adventures in Wonderland and Through the Looking - Glass , Papp and Swados had previously produced a version of it at the New York Shakespeare Festival . In 2001 , Adrian Mitchell wrote a 2 act adaptation of both Alice novels for the RSC ( Royal Shakespeare Company ) , Alice in Wonderland and Through the Looking - Glass . It was a critical failure at the time , but has gained many amateur productions since , most notably with the 2010 Chichester festival theatre revival . The operatic production Alice ( 1992 ) uses both Alice books as its inspiration and employs scenes with Charles Dodgson , a young Alice Liddell , and an adult Alice Liddell , to frame the story . Paul Schmidt wrote the play , with Tom Waits and Kathleen Brennan writing the music . Although the original production in Hamburg , Germany , received only a small audience , Tom Waits released the songs as the album Alice ( 2002 ) . Michael Sirotta and Heather M. Dominick wrote a musical adaption of the novel , titled Alice in Wonderland , a Musical Adventure ( 1997 ) , suitable for young actors as well as for adult performers .", "sentences": [ "A relatively early example of a live performance is Alice in Wonderland , a musical play by H. Saville Clark ( book ) and Walter Slaughter ( music ) , which played in 1886 at the Prince of Wales Theatre in London .", "The first production on Broadway premiered in 1915 , adapted by Alice Gerstenberg and starring Vivian Tobin .", "Actress Eva Le Gallienne famously adapted both Alice books for the stage in 1932 ; this production was revived in New York in 1947 and 1982 .", "One of the best - known American productions was Joseph Papp 's 1980 staging of Alice in Concert at the Public Theater in New York City .", "Meryl Streep played Alice , the White Queen , and Humpty Dumpty .", "The cast also included Debbie Allen , Michael Jeter , and Mark Linn - Baker .", "Performed on a bare stage with the actors in modern dress , the play is a loose adaptation , with song styles ranging the globe .", "Elizabeth Swados wrote the book , lyrics , and music .", "Based on both Alice 's Adventures in Wonderland and Through the Looking - Glass , Papp and Swados had previously produced a version of it at the New York Shakespeare Festival .", "In 2001 , Adrian Mitchell wrote a 2 act adaptation of both Alice novels for the RSC ( Royal Shakespeare Company ) , Alice in Wonderland and Through the Looking - Glass .", "It was a critical failure at the time , but has gained many amateur productions since , most notably with the 2010 Chichester festival theatre revival .", "The operatic production Alice ( 1992 ) uses both Alice books as its inspiration and employs scenes with Charles Dodgson , a young Alice Liddell , and an adult Alice Liddell , to frame the story .", "Paul Schmidt wrote the play , with Tom Waits and Kathleen Brennan writing the music .", "Although the original production in Hamburg , Germany , received only a small audience , Tom Waits released the songs as the album Alice ( 2002 ) .", "Michael Sirotta and Heather M. Dominick wrote a musical adaption of the novel , titled Alice in Wonderland , a Musical Adventure ( 1997 ) , suitable for young actors as well as for adult performers ." ] } ]

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[ { "title": "Ancient Greece", "text": "The peace did not last , however . In 418 an alliance between Athens and Argos was defeated by Sparta at Mantinea . In 415 Athens launched a naval expedition against Sicily ; the expedition ended in disaster with almost the entire army killed . Soon after the Athenian defeat in Syracuse , Athens ' Ionian allies began to rebel against the Delian league , while at the same time Persia began to once again involve itself in Greek affairs on the Spartan side . Initially the Athenian position continued to be relatively strong , winning important battles such as those at Cyzicus in 410 and Arginusae in 406 . However , in 405 the Spartans defeated Athens in the Battle of Aegospotami , and began to blockade Athens ' harbour ; with no grain supply and in danger of starvation , Athens sued for peace , agreeing to surrender their fleet and join the Spartan - led Peloponnesian League .", "sentences": [ "The peace did not last , however .", "In 418 an alliance between Athens and Argos was defeated by Sparta at Mantinea .", "In 415 Athens launched a naval expedition against Sicily ; the expedition ended in disaster with almost the entire army killed .", "Soon after the Athenian defeat in Syracuse , Athens ' Ionian allies began to rebel against the Delian league , while at the same time Persia began to once again involve itself in Greek affairs on the Spartan side .", "Initially the Athenian position continued to be relatively strong , winning important battles such as those at Cyzicus in 410 and Arginusae in 406 .", "However , in 405 the Spartans defeated Athens in the Battle of Aegospotami , and began to blockade Athens ' harbour ; with no grain supply and in danger of starvation , Athens sued for peace , agreeing to surrender their fleet and join the Spartan - led Peloponnesian League ." ] } ]

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[ { "title": "Kudzu in the United States", "text": "In the United States , kudzu has been used as livestock feed , in fertilizer , and in erosion control , and the vines have been used for folk art . In Korea , kudzu root is harvested for its starch , which is used in various foods including naengmyon , as well as a health food and herbal medicine . In China , kudzu root is used in herbal remedies , teas , and the treatment of alcohol - related problems . The efficacy of the treatment of alcohol - related problems is currently under question , but experiments show promising results . In Japan , the kudzu root starch ( or kuzu root starch ) extracted from kudzu roots is used in cooking and natural medicines , and it is used to make hay that sick animals will eat . The starch is used in Japanese cuisine , and is widely consumed as such in that country . Kudzu is also used as a food crop in Java , Sumatra , and Malaya , and can be found in Puerto Rico and South America .", "sentences": [ "In the United States , kudzu has been used as livestock feed , in fertilizer , and in erosion control , and the vines have been used for folk art .", "In Korea , kudzu root is harvested for its starch , which is used in various foods including naengmyon , as well as a health food and herbal medicine .", "In China , kudzu root is used in herbal remedies , teas , and the treatment of alcohol - related problems .", "The efficacy of the treatment of alcohol - related problems is currently under question , but experiments show promising results .", "In Japan , the kudzu root starch ( or kuzu root starch ) extracted from kudzu roots is used in cooking and natural medicines , and it is used to make hay that sick animals will eat .", "The starch is used in Japanese cuisine , and is widely consumed as such in that country .", "Kudzu is also used as a food crop in Java , Sumatra , and Malaya , and can be found in Puerto Rico and South America ." ] } ]

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[ { "title": "Human sacrifice in Aztec culture", "text": "Tezcatlipoca was generally considered the most powerful god , the god of night , sorcery and destiny ( the name tezcatlipoca means `` smoking mirror '' , or `` obsidian '' ) , and the god of the north . The Aztecs believed that Tezcatlipoca created war to provide food and drink to the gods . Tezcatlipoca was known by several epithets including `` the Enemy '' and `` the Enemy of Both Sides '' , which stress his affinity for discord . He was also deemed the enemy of Quetzalcoatl , but an ally of Huitzilopochtli . Tezcatlipoca had the power to forgive sins and to relieve disease , or to release a man from the fate assigned to him by his date of birth ; however , nothing in Tezcatlipoca 's nature compelled him to do so . He was capricious and often brought about reversals of fortune , such as bringing drought and famine . He turned himself into Mixcoatl , the god of the hunt , to make fire . To the Aztecs , he was an all - knowing , all - seeing nearly all - powerful god . One of his names can be translated as `` He Whose Slaves We Are '' .", "sentences": [ "Tezcatlipoca was generally considered the most powerful god , the god of night , sorcery and destiny ( the name tezcatlipoca means `` smoking mirror '' , or `` obsidian '' ) , and the god of the north .", "The Aztecs believed that Tezcatlipoca created war to provide food and drink to the gods .", "Tezcatlipoca was known by several epithets including `` the Enemy '' and `` the Enemy of Both Sides '' , which stress his affinity for discord .", "He was also deemed the enemy of Quetzalcoatl , but an ally of Huitzilopochtli .", "Tezcatlipoca had the power to forgive sins and to relieve disease , or to release a man from the fate assigned to him by his date of birth ; however , nothing in Tezcatlipoca 's nature compelled him to do so .", "He was capricious and often brought about reversals of fortune , such as bringing drought and famine .", "He turned himself into Mixcoatl , the god of the hunt , to make fire .", "To the Aztecs , he was an all - knowing , all - seeing nearly all - powerful god .", "One of his names can be translated as `` He Whose Slaves We Are '' ." ] } ]

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[ { "title": "List of Good Witch episodes", "text": "Cassie and Sam seem ready to move their relationship forward , but Sam 's ex-wife , Linda ( Gabrielle Miller ) , wishes to repair their fractured family for Nick 's sake . Grace is nervous about her first driving test . She searches for the perfect teacher to help ace her test . Cassie hangs a help - wanted sign at Bell , Book & Candle . At the Bistro , Abigail approaches Stephanie with a business proposition , before scheming a startling betrayal . A seemingly happy couple arrives at Grey House to celebrate their upcoming nuptials , but Cassie sees beyond their façade , which leads to a confession . Elsewhere , Tara and Brandon have a difference of opinion on an important milestone , which could affect their future ; and an intriguing visitor from Cassie 's past arrives in Middleton .", "sentences": [ "Cassie and Sam seem ready to move their relationship forward , but Sam 's ex-wife , Linda ( Gabrielle Miller ) , wishes to repair their fractured family for Nick 's sake .", "Grace is nervous about her first driving test .", "She searches for the perfect teacher to help ace her test .", "Cassie hangs a help - wanted sign at Bell , Book & Candle .", "At the Bistro , Abigail approaches Stephanie with a business proposition , before scheming a startling betrayal .", "A seemingly happy couple arrives at Grey House to celebrate their upcoming nuptials , but Cassie sees beyond their façade , which leads to a confession .", "Elsewhere , Tara and Brandon have a difference of opinion on an important milestone , which could affect their future ; and an intriguing visitor from Cassie 's past arrives in Middleton ." ] } ]

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[ { "title": "Mohr's circle", "text": "Draw the Cartesian coordinate system ( σ n , τ n ) ( \\ displaystyle ( \\ sigma _ ( \\ mathrm ( n ) ) , \\ tau _ ( \\ mathrm ( n ) ) ) ) with a horizontal σ n ( \\ displaystyle \\ sigma _ ( \\ mathrm ( n ) ) ) - axis and a vertical τ n ( \\ displaystyle \\ tau _ ( \\ mathrm ( n ) ) ) - axis .", "sentences": [ "Draw the Cartesian coordinate system ( σ n , τ n )", "( \\ displaystyle ( \\ sigma _", "( \\ mathrm ( n ) ) , \\ tau _", "( \\ mathrm ( n ) ) ) )", "with a horizontal σ n ( \\ displaystyle \\ sigma _", "( \\ mathrm ( n ) ) )", "- axis and a vertical τ n ( \\ displaystyle \\ tau _", "( \\ mathrm ( n ) ) )", "- axis ." ] } ]

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[ { "title": "Indo-Roman trade relations", "text": "Roman and Greek traders frequented the ancient Tamil country , present day Southern India and Sri Lanka , securing trade with the seafaring Tamil states of the Pandyan , Chola and Chera dynasties and establishing trading settlements which secured trade with the Indian Subcontinent by the Greco - Roman world since the time of the Ptolemaic dynasty a few decades before the start of the Common Era and remained long after the fall of the Western Roman Empire . As recorded by Strabo , Emperor Augustus of Rome received at Antioch an ambassador from a South Indian king called Pandyan of Dramira . The country of the Pandyas , Pandi Mandala , was described as Pandyan Mediterranea in the Periplus and Modura Regia Pandyan by Ptolemy . They also outlasted Byzantium 's loss of the ports of Egypt and the Red Sea ( c. 639 -- 645 CE ) under the pressure of the Muslim conquests . Sometime after the sundering of communications between the Axum and Eastern Roman Empire in the 7th century , the Christian kingdom of Axum fell into a slow decline , fading into obscurity in western sources . It survived , despite pressure from Islamic forces , until the 11th century , when it was reconfigured in a dynastic squabble . Communications were reinstated after the Muslim forces retreated .", "sentences": [ "Roman and Greek traders frequented the ancient Tamil country , present day Southern India and Sri Lanka , securing trade with the seafaring Tamil states of the Pandyan , Chola and Chera dynasties and establishing trading settlements which secured trade with the Indian Subcontinent by the Greco - Roman world since the time of the Ptolemaic dynasty a few decades before the start of the Common Era and remained long after the fall of the Western Roman Empire .", "As recorded by Strabo , Emperor Augustus of Rome received at Antioch an ambassador from a South Indian king called Pandyan of Dramira .", "The country of the Pandyas , Pandi Mandala , was described as Pandyan Mediterranea in the Periplus and Modura Regia Pandyan by Ptolemy .", "They also outlasted Byzantium 's loss of the ports of Egypt and the Red Sea ( c. 639 -- 645 CE ) under the pressure of the Muslim conquests .", "Sometime after the sundering of communications between the Axum and Eastern Roman Empire in the 7th century , the Christian kingdom of Axum fell into a slow decline , fading into obscurity in western sources .", "It survived , despite pressure from Islamic forces , until the 11th century , when it was reconfigured in a dynastic squabble .", "Communications were reinstated after the Muslim forces retreated ." ] } ]

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[ { "title": "Michael Myers (Halloween)", "text": "Describing aspects of Michael Myers which he wanted to explore in the comic book Halloween : Nightdance , writer Stefan Hutchinson mentions the character 's `` bizarre and dark sense of humor '' , as seen when he wore a sheet over his head to trick a girl into thinking he was her boyfriend , and the satisfaction he gets from scaring the characters before he murders them , such as letting Laurie know he is stalking her . Hutchinson feels there is a perverse nature to Michael 's actions : `` see the difference between how he watches and pursues women to men '' . He also suggests that Michael Myers ' hometown of Haddonfield is the cause of his behavior , likening his situation to that of Jack the Ripper , citing Myers as a `` product of normal surburbia - all the repressed emotion of fake Norman Rockwell smiles '' . Hutchinson describes Michael as a `` monster of abjection '' . When asked his opinion of Rob Zombie 's expansion on Michael 's family life , Hutchinson says that explaining why Michael does what he does `` ( reduces ) the character '' . That being said , Hutchinson explores the nature of evil in the short story Charlie -- included in the Halloween Nightdance trade paperback -- and says that Michael Myers spent fifteen years `` attuning himself to this force to the point where he is , as Loomis says , ' pure evil ' '' . Nightdance artist Tim Seeley describes the character 's personality in John Carpenter 's 1978 film as `` a void '' , which allows the character to be more open to interpretation than the later sequels allowed him . He surmises that Michael embodies a part of everyone ; a part people are afraid will one day `` snap and knife someone '' , which lends to the fear that Michael creates on screen . He was further characterised in the video game Dead by Daylight as `` infused with a distilled and pure form of evil ... For Michael , he had to kill to find some inner peace . As he took his sister 's life , the police found a silent boy dressed as a clown at the scene . Sending Michael to a mental institution was a feeble attempt to save the child . Unsuccessful therapy and nightly screams just made him even more introvert ( sic ) and deranged . ''", "sentences": [ "Describing aspects of Michael Myers which he wanted to explore in the comic book Halloween : Nightdance , writer Stefan Hutchinson mentions the character 's `` bizarre and dark sense of humor '' , as seen when he wore a sheet over his head to trick a girl into thinking he was her boyfriend , and the satisfaction he gets from scaring the characters before he murders them , such as letting Laurie know he is stalking her .", "Hutchinson feels there is a perverse nature to Michael 's actions : `` see the difference between how he watches and pursues women to men '' .", "He also suggests that Michael Myers ' hometown of Haddonfield is the cause of his behavior , likening his situation to that of Jack the Ripper , citing Myers as a `` product of normal surburbia - all the repressed emotion of fake Norman Rockwell smiles '' .", "Hutchinson describes Michael as a `` monster of abjection '' .", "When asked his opinion of Rob Zombie 's expansion on Michael 's family life , Hutchinson says that explaining why Michael does what he does `` ( reduces ) the character '' .", "That being said , Hutchinson explores the nature of evil in the short story Charlie -- included in the Halloween Nightdance trade paperback -- and says that Michael Myers spent fifteen years `` attuning himself to this force to the point where he is , as Loomis says , ' pure evil ' '' .", "Nightdance artist Tim Seeley describes the character 's personality in John Carpenter 's 1978 film as `` a void '' , which allows the character to be more open to interpretation than the later sequels allowed him .", "He surmises that Michael embodies a part of everyone ; a part people are afraid will one day `` snap and knife someone '' , which lends to the fear that Michael creates on screen .", "He was further characterised in the video game Dead by Daylight as `` infused with a distilled and pure form of evil ...", "For Michael , he had to kill to find some inner peace .", "As he took his sister 's life , the police found a silent boy dressed as a clown at the scene .", "Sending Michael to a mental institution was a feeble attempt to save the child .", "Unsuccessful therapy and nightly screams just made him even more introvert ( sic ) and deranged . ''" ] } ]

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[ { "title": "Fairy Tail", "text": "Mashima described his weekly schedule for creating individual chapters of Fairy Tail in 2008 . Script and storyboards are written on Monday , rough sketches the following day , and drawing and inking are done Wednesday through Friday . At the time the weekends were for Monster Hunter Orage , a monthly series Mashima was writing at the same time as Fairy Tail . He usually thinks up new chapters while working on the current ones . Mashima had six assistants in 2008 that worked in an 8,000 sq. feet area with seven desks , as well as a sofa and TV for video games . In 2011 , he stated that he worked six days a week , for 17 hours a day .", "sentences": [ "Mashima described his weekly schedule for creating individual chapters of Fairy Tail in 2008 .", "Script and storyboards are written on Monday , rough sketches the following day , and drawing and inking are done Wednesday through Friday .", "At the time the weekends were for Monster Hunter Orage , a monthly series Mashima was writing at the same time as Fairy Tail .", "He usually thinks up new chapters while working on the current ones .", "Mashima had six assistants in 2008 that worked in an 8,000 sq. feet area with seven desks , as well as a sofa and TV for video games .", "In 2011 , he stated that he worked six days a week , for 17 hours a day ." ] } ]

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[ { "title": "Gold standard", "text": "This section needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( July 2010 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) All", "sentences": [ "This section needs additional citations for verification .", "Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources .", "Unsourced material may be challenged and removed .", "( July 2010 )", "( Learn how and when to remove this template message )", "All" ] } ]

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[ { "title": "Surgical nursing", "text": "The first twenty - four hours post surgery are critical , there are many procedures that should take place in order to monitor the patient . Observations of the patient need to be taken and recorded every fifteen minutes . General observations are inclusive of , heart rate , blood pressure , temperature , respiratory rate and oxygen saturation . Further tasks taken out by a surgical nurse post operation include ; urine output , assessment of wound sites , replacing intravenous requirements and reporting any abnormalities . It is also a task of the nurse to collect information about the social patient 's history or issues , mobility restrictions , nutrition and education requirements prior to discharge from hospital . When these tasks are taken out it is proven to improve recovery .", "sentences": [ "The first twenty - four hours post surgery are critical , there are many procedures that should take place in order to monitor the patient .", "Observations of the patient need to be taken and recorded every fifteen minutes .", "General observations are inclusive of , heart rate , blood pressure , temperature , respiratory rate and oxygen saturation .", "Further tasks taken out by a surgical nurse post operation include ; urine output , assessment of wound sites , replacing intravenous requirements and reporting any abnormalities .", "It is also a task of the nurse to collect information about the social patient 's history or issues , mobility restrictions , nutrition and education requirements prior to discharge from hospital .", "When these tasks are taken out it is proven to improve recovery ." ] } ]

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[ { "title": "South Africa", "text": "The coastal belt to the north of the Cape Peninsula is bounded on the west by the Atlantic Ocean and the first row of north - south running Cape Fold Mountains to the east . The Cape Fold Mountains peter out at about the 32 ° S line of latitude , after which the coastal plain is bounded by the Great Escarpment itself . The most southerly portion of this coastal belt is known as the Swartland and Malmesbury Plain , which is an important wheat growing region , relying on winter rains . The region further north is known as Namaqualand , which becomes more and more arid as one approaches the Orange River . The little rain that falls , tends to fall in winter , which results in one of the world 's most spectacular displays of flowers carpeting huge stretches of veld in spring ( August -- September ) . Cape", "sentences": [ "The coastal belt to the north of the Cape Peninsula is bounded on the west by the Atlantic Ocean and the first row of north - south running Cape Fold Mountains to the east .", "The Cape Fold Mountains peter out at about the 32 ° S line of latitude , after which the coastal plain is bounded by the Great Escarpment itself .", "The most southerly portion of this coastal belt is known as the Swartland and Malmesbury Plain , which is an important wheat growing region , relying on winter rains .", "The region further north is known as Namaqualand , which becomes more and more arid as one approaches the Orange River .", "The little rain that falls , tends to fall in winter , which results in one of the world 's most spectacular displays of flowers carpeting huge stretches of veld in spring ( August -- September ) .", "Cape" ] } ]

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[ { "title": "Jenny Lind", "text": "In the US , Lind is commemorated by street names in Fort Smith , Arkansas ; New Bedford , Massachusetts ; Taunton , Massachusetts ; McKeesport , Pennsylvania ; North Easton , Massachusetts ; North Highlands , California and Stanhope , New Jersey ; and in the name of Jenny Lind , Arkansas and the gold - rush town of Jenny Lind , California . An elementary school in Minneapolis , Minnesota is named after her . She has been honoured since 1948 by the Barnum Festival , which takes place each June and July in Bridgeport , Connecticut . Through a national competition , the festival selects a soprano as the Jenny Lind winner . Her Swedish counterpart , chosen by the Royal Swedish Academy of Music and the People 's Parks and Community Centre in Stockholm , visits during the festival , and the two perform several concerts together . In July , the American Jenny Lind winner traditionally travels to Sweden for a similar joint concert tour . Andover , Illinois , has the Jenny Lind Chapel , a Swedish Lutheran Chapel that Lind donated $1,500 to construct . Jenny Lind Wing is part of a student residence building at Augustana College , Rock Island , Illinois , which was founded by the Swedish Evangelical Lutheran Augustana Synod in North America in 1860 . The college also named a Jenny Lind Vocal Ensemble .", "sentences": [ "In the US , Lind is commemorated by street names in Fort Smith , Arkansas ; New Bedford , Massachusetts ; Taunton , Massachusetts ; McKeesport , Pennsylvania ; North Easton , Massachusetts ; North Highlands , California and Stanhope , New Jersey ; and in the name of Jenny Lind , Arkansas and the gold - rush town of Jenny Lind , California .", "An elementary school in Minneapolis , Minnesota is named after her .", "She has been honoured since 1948 by the Barnum Festival , which takes place each June and July in Bridgeport , Connecticut .", "Through a national competition , the festival selects a soprano as the Jenny Lind winner .", "Her Swedish counterpart , chosen by the Royal Swedish Academy of Music and the People 's Parks and Community Centre in Stockholm , visits during the festival , and the two perform several concerts together .", "In July , the American Jenny Lind winner traditionally travels to Sweden for a similar joint concert tour .", "Andover , Illinois , has the Jenny Lind Chapel , a Swedish Lutheran Chapel that Lind donated $1,500 to construct .", "Jenny Lind Wing is part of a student residence building at Augustana College , Rock Island , Illinois , which was founded by the Swedish Evangelical Lutheran Augustana Synod in North America in 1860 .", "The college also named a Jenny Lind Vocal Ensemble ." ] } ]

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[ { "title": "Polygon", "text": "Exterior angle -- The exterior angle is the supplementary angle to the interior angle . Tracing around a convex n - gon , the angle `` turned '' at a corner is the exterior or external angle . Tracing all the way around the polygon makes one full turn , so the sum of the exterior angles must be 360 ° . This argument can be generalized to concave simple polygons , if external angles that turn in the opposite direction are subtracted from the total turned . Tracing around an n - gon in general , the sum of the exterior angles ( the total amount one rotates at the vertices ) can be any integer multiple d of 360 ° , e.g. 720 ° for a pentagram and 0 ° for an angular `` eight '' or antiparallelogram , where d is the density or starriness of the polygon . See also orbit ( dynamics ) .", "sentences": [ "Exterior angle -- The exterior angle is the supplementary angle to the interior angle .", "Tracing around a convex n - gon , the angle `` turned '' at a corner is the exterior or external angle .", "Tracing all the way around the polygon makes one full turn , so the sum of the exterior angles must be 360 ° .", "This argument can be generalized to concave simple polygons , if external angles that turn in the opposite direction are subtracted from the total turned .", "Tracing around an n - gon in general , the sum of the exterior angles ( the total amount one rotates at the vertices ) can be any integer multiple d of 360 ° , e.g. 720 ° for a pentagram and 0 ° for an angular `` eight '' or antiparallelogram , where d is the density or starriness of the polygon .", "See also orbit ( dynamics ) ." ] } ]

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[ { "title": "Malayan Union", "text": "Part of a series on the History of Malaysia Prehistoric Malaysia ( show ) Prehistoric Malaysia 100 -- 6th century Early kingdoms ( show ) Gangga Negara 2nd -- 11th century Langkasuka 2nd -- 14th century Chi Tu 2nd -- 6th century Pan Pan 3rd -- 5th century Kedah Tua 5th -- 9th century Pahang Tua 5th -- 15th century Melayu 6th century Srivijaya 650 -- 1377 Majapahit 1293 -- 1500 Rise of Muslim states ( show ) Kedah Sultanate 1136 -- present Brunei Sultanate 1368 -- present Malacca Sultanate 1402 -- 1511 Sulu Sultanate 1450 -- 1899 Pahang Sultanate 1470 -- 1623 Aceh Sultanate 1496 -- 1903 Pattani Sultanate 1516 -- 1902 Johor Sultanate 1528 -- present House of Jamalullail 1843 -- present Colonial era ( show ) Portuguese Malacca 1511 -- 1641 Dutch -- Portuguese War 1601 -- 1661 Dutch Malacca 1641 -- 1824 Siamese invasion of Kedah 1821 -- 1826 Straits Settlements 1826 -- 1946 Kingdom of Sarawak 1841 -- 1946 Crown Colony of Labuan 1848 -- 1946 British Malaya / Borneo 1874 -- 1946 North Borneo 1882 -- 1946 Federated Malay States 1895 -- 1946 Unfederated Malay States 1909 -- 1946 World War II ( show ) Japanese occupation of Malaya / of Borneo 1941 -- 1945 Malayan Campaign 1941 -- 1942 Battle of Muar 1942 Parit Sulong Massacre 1942 Battle of Singapore 1942 Syburi 1942 Si Rat Malai 1943 -- 1945 Sandakan Death Marches 1942 Formation of Malaysia ( show ) British Military Administration of Malaya / of Borneo 1945 -- 1946 Crown Colony of N. Borneo 1946 -- 1963 Crown Colony of Sarawak 1946 -- 1963 Malayan Union 1946 -- 1948 Federation of Malaya 1948 -- 1963 Independence of Malaya 1957 Self - government of Singapore 1959 Self - government of North Borneo 1963 Self - government of Sarawak 1963 Formation of Malaysia 1963 Singapore in Malaysia 1963 -- 1965 Federal Territory of KL Federal Territory of Labuan 1984 Federal Territory of Putrajaya Incidents ( show ) Anti-cession movement 1946 -- 1963 Malayan Emergency 1948 -- 1960 Bukit Kepong incident 1950 Baling Talks 1956 Brunei revolt 1962 -- 1966 Sarawak Communist Insurgency 1962 -- 1990 Philippine claim over North Borneo 1962 -- present Philippine militant attacks in Borneo 1962 -- present Confrontation with Indonesia 1963 -- 1966 Singapore race riots 1964 ASEAN Declaration ( ASEAN ) 1967 Brunei 's claim over Limbang 1967 -- 2009 Second communist insurgency 1968 -- 1989 13 May Incident 1969 Ligitan and Sipadan dispute 1969 -- 2002 Malaysian New Economic Policy 1971 -- 1990 Malaysian haze crisis 1972 -- present Pedra Branca dispute 1979 -- 2008 South China Sea islands dispute ( Spratly Islands ) 1980 -- present 1985 Lahad Datu ambush 1985 Memali Incident 1985 Operation Lalang Constitutional crisis 1987 -- 1988 Financial crisis 1997 -- 1998 Al - Ma'unah Incident 2000 Ligitan and Sipadan dispute 1969 -- 2002 Bersih rally 2007 Anti ISA rally 2009 Bersih 2.0 rally 2011 Bersih 3.0 rally 2012 People 's Uprising rally 2013 Lahad Datu standoff 2013 Anti-price hike rally 2013 Black - Out rally 2013 MAS MH370 Incident 2014 MAS MH17 Incident 2014 AirasiaQZ8501 Incident 2014 Bersih 4 rally 2015 2015 Malay Dignity rally 2015 Bersih 5 rally 2016 By topic ( show ) Communications Economic Military Malaysia portal", "sentences": [ "Part of a series on the History of Malaysia Prehistoric Malaysia ( show )", "Prehistoric Malaysia 100 -- 6th century Early kingdoms ( show )", "Gangga Negara 2nd -- 11th century Langkasuka 2nd -- 14th century Chi Tu 2nd -- 6th century Pan Pan 3rd -- 5th century", "Kedah", "Tua 5th -- 9th century Pahang Tua 5th -- 15th century Melayu 6th century Srivijaya 650 -- 1377 Majapahit 1293 -- 1500 Rise of Muslim states ( show )", "Kedah Sultanate 1136 -- present Brunei Sultanate 1368 -- present Malacca Sultanate 1402 -- 1511 Sulu Sultanate 1450 -- 1899 Pahang Sultanate 1470 -- 1623 Aceh Sultanate 1496 -- 1903 Pattani Sultanate 1516 -- 1902 Johor Sultanate 1528 -- present House of Jamalullail 1843 -- present Colonial era ( show ) Portuguese Malacca 1511 -- 1641 Dutch -- Portuguese War 1601 -- 1661 Dutch Malacca 1641 -- 1824 Siamese invasion of Kedah 1821 -- 1826 Straits Settlements 1826 -- 1946 Kingdom of Sarawak 1841 -- 1946 Crown Colony of Labuan 1848 -- 1946 British Malaya / Borneo 1874 -- 1946 North Borneo 1882 -- 1946 Federated Malay States 1895 -- 1946 Unfederated Malay States 1909 -- 1946 World War II ( show ) Japanese occupation of Malaya / of Borneo 1941 -- 1945 Malayan Campaign 1941 -- 1942 Battle of Muar 1942 Parit Sulong Massacre 1942 Battle of Singapore 1942 Syburi 1942", "Si Rat Malai 1943 -- 1945 Sandakan Death Marches 1942 Formation of Malaysia ( show ) British Military Administration of Malaya / of Borneo 1945 -- 1946 Crown Colony of N. Borneo 1946 -- 1963 Crown Colony of Sarawak 1946 -- 1963 Malayan Union 1946 -- 1948 Federation of Malaya 1948 -- 1963 Independence of Malaya 1957 Self - government of Singapore 1959 Self - government of North Borneo 1963 Self - government of Sarawak 1963 Formation of Malaysia 1963 Singapore in Malaysia 1963 -- 1965 Federal Territory of KL Federal Territory of Labuan 1984 Federal Territory of Putrajaya Incidents ( show ) Anti-cession movement 1946 -- 1963 Malayan Emergency 1948 -- 1960 Bukit Kepong incident 1950 Baling Talks 1956 Brunei revolt 1962 -- 1966 Sarawak Communist Insurgency 1962 -- 1990 Philippine claim over North Borneo 1962 -- present Philippine militant attacks in Borneo 1962 -- present Confrontation with Indonesia 1963 -- 1966 Singapore race riots 1964 ASEAN Declaration ( ASEAN )", "1967", "Brunei 's claim over Limbang 1967 -- 2009 Second communist insurgency 1968 -- 1989 13", "May Incident 1969 Ligitan and Sipadan dispute 1969 -- 2002 Malaysian New Economic Policy 1971 -- 1990 Malaysian haze crisis 1972 -- present Pedra Branca dispute 1979 -- 2008 South China Sea islands dispute ( Spratly Islands ) 1980 -- present 1985 Lahad Datu ambush 1985 Memali Incident 1985 Operation Lalang Constitutional crisis 1987 -- 1988 Financial crisis 1997 -- 1998 Al - Ma'unah Incident 2000 Ligitan and Sipadan dispute 1969 -- 2002 Bersih rally 2007", "Anti ISA rally 2009 Bersih 2.0 rally 2011 Bersih 3.0 rally 2012 People 's Uprising rally 2013 Lahad Datu standoff 2013 Anti-price hike rally 2013 Black - Out rally 2013", "MAS MH370 Incident 2014 MAS MH17 Incident", "2014 AirasiaQZ8501", "Incident 2014 Bersih 4 rally 2015 2015 Malay Dignity rally 2015 Bersih 5 rally 2016", "By topic ( show ) Communications Economic Military Malaysia portal" ] } ]

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[ { "title": "Denver", "text": "Some Denver streets have bicycle lanes , leaving a patchwork of disjointed routes throughout the city . There are over 850 miles of paved , off - road , bike paths in Denver parks and along bodies of water , like Cherry Creek and the South Platte . This allows for a significant portion of Denver 's population to be bicycle commuters and has led to Denver being known as a bicycle - friendly city . Some residents are very opposed to bike lanes , which have caused some plans to be watered down or nixed . The review process for one bike line on Broadway will last over a year before city council members will make a decision . In addition to the many bike paths , Denver launched B - Cycle -- a citywide bicycle sharing program -- in late April 2010 . The B - Cycle network was the largest in the United States at the time of its launch , boasting 400 bicycles .", "sentences": [ "Some Denver streets have bicycle lanes , leaving a patchwork of disjointed routes throughout the city .", "There are over 850 miles of paved , off - road , bike paths in Denver parks and along bodies of water , like Cherry Creek and the South Platte .", "This allows for a significant portion of Denver 's population to be bicycle commuters and has led to Denver being known as a bicycle - friendly city .", "Some residents are very opposed to bike lanes , which have caused some plans to be watered down or nixed .", "The review process for one bike line on Broadway will last over a year before city council members will make a decision .", "In addition to the many bike paths , Denver launched B - Cycle -- a citywide bicycle sharing program -- in late April 2010 .", "The B - Cycle network was the largest in the United States at the time of its launch , boasting 400 bicycles ." ] } ]

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[ { "title": "United States Navy Reserve", "text": "List of Commanders Tenure begin Tenure end Rank Name Apr 1973 Aug 1974 VADM Damon W. Cooper Aug 1974 Sep 1978 VADM Pierre N. Charbonnet , Jr . Sep 1978 Oct 1982 RADM Frederick F. Palmer Oct 1982 Nov 1983 RADM Robert F. Dunn Nov 1983 May 1987 RADM Cecil J. Kempf Nov 1987 Aug 1989 RADM Francis N. Smith Aug 1989 Sep 1992 RADM James E. Taylor Sep 1992 Sep 1996 RADM Thomas F. Hall Sep 1996 Oct 1998 RADM G. Dennis Vaughan Oct 1998 Oct 2003 VADM John B. Totushek Oct 2003 Jul 2008 VADM John G. Cotton Jul 2008 Aug 2012 VADM Dirk J. Debbink Aug 2012 Sep 2016 VADM Robin R. Braun Sep 2016 Incumbent VADM Luke M. McCollum", "sentences": [ "List of Commanders Tenure begin Tenure end Rank Name Apr 1973 Aug 1974 VADM Damon W. Cooper Aug 1974 Sep 1978 VADM Pierre N. Charbonnet , Jr .", "Sep 1978 Oct 1982 RADM Frederick F. Palmer Oct 1982", "Nov 1983 RADM Robert F. Dunn Nov 1983 May 1987 RADM Cecil J. Kempf Nov 1987 Aug 1989 RADM Francis N. Smith Aug 1989", "Sep 1992 RADM James E. Taylor", "Sep 1992 Sep 1996 RADM Thomas F. Hall Sep 1996 Oct 1998 RADM G. Dennis Vaughan", "Oct 1998 Oct 2003 VADM John B. Totushek Oct 2003 Jul 2008 VADM John G. Cotton Jul 2008", "Aug 2012 VADM Dirk J. Debbink Aug 2012 Sep 2016 VADM Robin R. Braun Sep 2016 Incumbent VADM Luke M. McCollum" ] } ]

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[ { "title": "Why Don't We", "text": "On October 7 , 2016 , the group released their debut single `` Taking You '' , a track from their debut EP , Only the Beginning , which was released on November 25 of the same year . Their second EP , Something Different , was released on April 21 , 2017 . Its title track was released as the lead single the same day . They released their third EP , Why Do n't We Just , on June 2 , 2017 . They finished their `` Something Different '' tour around the United States . Another single , `` These Girls '' was released on August 29 , 2017 .", "sentences": [ "On October 7 , 2016 , the group released their debut single `` Taking You '' , a track from their debut EP , Only the Beginning , which was released on November 25 of the same year .", "Their second EP , Something Different , was released on April 21 , 2017 .", "Its title track was released as the lead single the same day .", "They released their third EP , Why Do n't We Just , on June 2 , 2017 .", "They finished their `` Something Different '' tour around the United States .", "Another single , `` These Girls '' was released on August 29 , 2017 ." ] } ]

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[ { "title": "Tina Turner", "text": "In 1977 , with finances given to her by United Artists executive Richard Stewart , Tina returned onstage , giving a round of shows in Las Vegas in a cabaret setting , influenced by the cabaret shows she witnessed while a member of the Ike & Tina Turner Revue . She took her cabaret act to smaller venues in the United States . Turner earned further income by appearing on shows such as The Hollywood Squares , Donny and Marie , The Sonny & Cher Show and The Brady Bunch Hour . Later in 1977 , Turner headlined her first solo concert tour , throughout Australia . In 1978 , United Artists released Turner 's third solo album , Rough , with distribution both in North America and Europe with EMI . That album , along with its follow - up , Love Explosion , which included a brief diversion to disco rhythms , failed to chart .", "sentences": [ "In 1977 , with finances given to her by United Artists executive Richard Stewart , Tina returned onstage , giving a round of shows in Las Vegas in a cabaret setting , influenced by the cabaret shows she witnessed while a member of the Ike & Tina Turner Revue .", "She took her cabaret act to smaller venues in the United States .", "Turner earned further income by appearing on shows such as The Hollywood Squares , Donny and Marie , The Sonny & Cher Show and The Brady Bunch Hour .", "Later in 1977 , Turner headlined her first solo concert tour , throughout Australia .", "In 1978 , United Artists released Turner 's third solo album , Rough , with distribution both in North America and Europe with EMI .", "That album , along with its follow - up , Love Explosion , which included a brief diversion to disco rhythms , failed to chart ." ] } ]

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[ { "title": "Alice (TV series)", "text": "Theatre actress Celia Weston then joined the cast as the good - natured , boisterous truck driver Jolene Hunnicutt , who came from Myrtle Point , South Carolina . Jolene arrives as she and her male driving partner are in the midst of an argument over his unwelcome advances , during which she throws and breaks many of Mel 's dishes . Mel agrees to hire her `` temporarily '' to work off the cost of the dishes , but she stays until the end of the series . Jolene frequently mentions her grandmother , `` Granny Gums '' , who had only three or four teeth . Jolene also mentions her distant relative Jefferson Davis `` Boss '' Hogg , a character from the concurrent CBS series The Dukes of Hazzard . In one episode Sorrell Booke guest stars in this role , along with fellow Dukes character , Enos ( Sonny Shroyer ) .", "sentences": [ "Theatre actress Celia Weston then joined the cast as the good - natured , boisterous truck driver Jolene Hunnicutt , who came from Myrtle Point , South Carolina .", "Jolene arrives as she and her male driving partner are in the midst of an argument over his unwelcome advances , during which she throws and breaks many of Mel 's dishes .", "Mel agrees to hire her `` temporarily '' to work off the cost of the dishes , but she stays until the end of the series .", "Jolene frequently mentions her grandmother , `` Granny Gums '' , who had only three or four teeth .", "Jolene also mentions her distant relative Jefferson Davis `` Boss '' Hogg , a character from the concurrent CBS series The Dukes of Hazzard .", "In one episode Sorrell Booke guest stars in this role , along with fellow Dukes character , Enos ( Sonny Shroyer ) ." ] } ]

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[ { "title": "Switch", "text": "In electrical engineering , a switch is an electrical component that can `` make '' or `` break '' an electrical circuit , interrupting the current or diverting it from one conductor to another . The mechanism of a switch removes or restores the conducting path in a circuit when it is operated . It may be operated manually , for example , a light switch or a keyboard button , may be operated by a moving object such as a door , or may be operated by some sensing element for pressure , temperature or flow . A switch will have one or more sets of contacts , which may operate simultaneously , sequentially , or alternately . Switches in high - powered circuits must operate rapidly to prevent destructive arcing , and may include special features to assist in rapidly interrupting a heavy current . Multiple forms of actuators are used for operation by hand or to sense position , level , temperature or flow . Special types are used , for example , for control of machinery , to reverse electric motors , or to sense liquid level . Many specialized forms exist . A common use is control of lighting , where multiple switches may be wired into one circuit to allow convenient control of light fixtures .", "sentences": [ "In electrical engineering , a switch is an electrical component that can `` make '' or `` break '' an electrical circuit , interrupting the current or diverting it from one conductor to another .", "The mechanism of a switch removes or restores the conducting path in a circuit when it is operated .", "It may be operated manually , for example , a light switch or a keyboard button , may be operated by a moving object such as a door , or may be operated by some sensing element for pressure , temperature or flow .", "A switch will have one or more sets of contacts , which may operate simultaneously , sequentially , or alternately .", "Switches in high - powered circuits must operate rapidly to prevent destructive arcing , and may include special features to assist in rapidly interrupting a heavy current .", "Multiple forms of actuators are used for operation by hand or to sense position , level , temperature or flow .", "Special types are used , for example , for control of machinery , to reverse electric motors , or to sense liquid level .", "Many specialized forms exist .", "A common use is control of lighting , where multiple switches may be wired into one circuit to allow convenient control of light fixtures ." ] } ]

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[ { "title": "Great Salt Lake", "text": "Several islands in the lake provide critical nesting areas for various birds . Access to Hat , Gunnison , and Cub islands is strictly limited by the State of Utah in an effort to protect nesting colonies of American white pelican ( Pelecanus erythrorhynchos ) . The islands within the Great Salt Lake also provide habitat for lizard and mammalian wildlife and a variety of plant species . Some species may have been extirpated from the islands . For example , a number of explorers who visited the area in the mid-1800s ( e.g. Emmanuel Domenech , Howard Stansbury , Jules Rémy ) noted an abundance of yellow - flowered `` onions '' on several of the islands , which they identified as Calochortus luteus . This species today occurs only in California , however , at that time the name C. luteus was applied to plants that later were named C. nuttallii A yellow - flowered Calochortus was first named as a variety of C. nuttallii but was later separated into a new species C. aureus . This species occurs in Utah today , though apparently no longer on the islands of the Great Salt Lake .", "sentences": [ "Several islands in the lake provide critical nesting areas for various birds .", "Access to Hat , Gunnison , and Cub islands is strictly limited by the State of Utah in an effort to protect nesting colonies of American white pelican ( Pelecanus erythrorhynchos ) .", "The islands within the Great Salt Lake also provide habitat for lizard and mammalian wildlife and a variety of plant species .", "Some species may have been extirpated from the islands .", "For example , a number of explorers who visited the area in the mid-1800s ( e.g. Emmanuel Domenech , Howard Stansbury , Jules Rémy ) noted an abundance of yellow - flowered `` onions '' on several of the islands , which they identified as Calochortus luteus .", "This species today occurs only in California , however , at that time the name C. luteus was applied to plants that later were named C. nuttallii A yellow - flowered Calochortus was first named as a variety of C. nuttallii but was later separated into a new species C. aureus .", "This species occurs in Utah today , though apparently no longer on the islands of the Great Salt Lake ." ] } ]

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[ { "title": "Headquarters of the United Nations", "text": "In 1945 -- 46 London hosted the first meeting of the General Assembly in Methodist Central Hall , and the Security Council in Church House . The third and sixth General Assembly sessions , in 1948 and 1951 , met in the Palais de Chaillot in Paris . Prior to the construction of the current complex , the UN was headquartered at a temporary location at the Sperry Corporation 's offices in Lake Success , New York , an eastern suburb of the city in Nassau County on Long Island , from 1946 to 1952 . The Security Council also held sessions on what was then the Bronx campus of Hunter College ( now the site of Lehman College ) from March to August 1946 . The UN also met at what is now the Queens Museum , built as the New York City Pavilion for the 1939 New York World 's Fair in Flushing Meadows - Corona Park . The General Assembly met at what had previously been the ice skating rink , and the Long Island Rail Road reopened the former World 's Fair station as United Nations station . After the UN moved to its new Manhattan headquarters , the building was remodeled and briefly used as a pavilion for the 1964 New York World 's Fair , after which it reverted to use as a skating rink until 2008 , when the entire building began a long - term renovation to create expanded museum facilities .", "sentences": [ "In 1945 -- 46 London hosted the first meeting of the General Assembly in Methodist Central Hall , and the Security Council in Church House .", "The third and sixth General Assembly sessions , in 1948 and 1951 , met in the Palais de Chaillot in Paris .", "Prior to the construction of the current complex , the UN was headquartered at a temporary location at the Sperry Corporation 's offices in Lake Success , New York , an eastern suburb of the city in Nassau County on Long Island , from 1946 to 1952 .", "The Security Council also held sessions on what was then the Bronx campus of Hunter College ( now the site of Lehman College ) from March to August 1946 .", "The UN also met at what is now the Queens Museum , built as the New York City Pavilion for the 1939 New York World 's Fair in Flushing Meadows - Corona Park .", "The General Assembly met at what had previously been the ice skating rink , and the Long Island Rail Road reopened the former World 's Fair station as United Nations station .", "After the UN moved to its new Manhattan headquarters , the building was remodeled and briefly used as a pavilion for the 1964 New York World 's Fair , after which it reverted to use as a skating rink until 2008 , when the entire building began a long - term renovation to create expanded museum facilities ." ] } ]

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[ { "title": "Open system (systems theory)", "text": "In the social sciences an open system is a process that exchanges material , energy , people , capital and information with its environment . French / Greek philosopher Kostas Axelos argued that seeing the `` world system '' as inherently open ( though unified ) would solve many of the problems in the social sciences , including that of praxis ( the relation of knowledge to practice ) , so that various social scientific disciplines would work together rather than create a monopoly whereby the world appears only sociological , political , historical , or psychological . Axelos argues that theorizing a closed system contributes to making it closed , and is thus a conservative approach . The Althusserian concept of overdetermination ( drawing on Sigmund Freud ) posits that there are always multiple causes in every event . David Harvey uses this to argue that when systems such as capitalism enter a phase of crisis , it could happen through one of a number of elements , such as gender roles , the relation to nature / the environment , or crises in accumulation . Looking at the crisis in accumulation , Harvey argues that phenomena such as foreign direct investment , privatization of state - owned resources , and accumulation by dispossession act as necessary outlets when capital has overaccumulated too much in private hands and can not circulate effectively in the marketplace . He cites the forcible displacement of Mexican and Indian peasants since the 1970s and the Asian and South - East Asian financial crisis of 1997 - 8 , involving `` hedge fund raising '' of national currencies , as examples of this .", "sentences": [ "In the social sciences an open system is a process that exchanges material , energy , people , capital and information with its environment .", "French /", "Greek philosopher Kostas Axelos argued that seeing the `` world system '' as inherently open ( though unified ) would solve many of the problems in the social sciences , including that of praxis ( the relation of knowledge to practice ) , so that various social scientific disciplines would work together rather than create a monopoly whereby the world appears only sociological , political , historical , or psychological .", "Axelos argues that theorizing a closed system contributes to making it closed , and is thus a conservative approach .", "The Althusserian concept of overdetermination ( drawing on Sigmund Freud ) posits that there are always multiple causes in every event .", "David Harvey uses this to argue that when systems such as capitalism enter a phase of crisis , it could happen through one of a number of elements , such as gender roles , the relation to nature / the environment , or crises in accumulation .", "Looking at the crisis in accumulation , Harvey argues that phenomena such as foreign direct investment , privatization of state - owned resources , and accumulation by dispossession act as necessary outlets when capital has overaccumulated too much in private hands and can not circulate effectively in the marketplace .", "He cites the forcible displacement of Mexican and Indian peasants since the 1970s and the Asian and South - East Asian financial crisis of 1997 - 8 , involving `` hedge fund raising '' of national currencies , as examples of this ." ] } ]

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[ { "title": "Agriculture in Sudan", "text": "In the late 1970s , about 2.2 million hectares had been allocated for mechanized farming , and about 420,000 hectares more had been occupied without official demarcation . About 1.9 million hectares in all were believed to be under cultivation in any one season . Of the officially allocated land , more than 70 percent was held by private individuals . Private companies had also begun entering the field , and some allocations had been made to them . State farms accounted for another 7.5 percent . About 15 percent of the total allocated land was in MFC - IDA projects . The largest proportion of mechanized farming was in Ash Sharqi Province , 43 percent ; the next largest in Al Awsat Province , 32 percent ; and about 20 percent was in Aali an Nil Province . Mechanized farming had also been initiated in southern Kurdufan Province through a project covering small - scale farmers in the area of the Nuba Mountains , but under a different government program . Proposals also have been made for MFC projects using mechanized equipment in other areas of southern Kurdufan ( some have already been tried ) and southern Darfur provinces . There were serious feasibility problems in view of competition for land and conflicts with traditional farming practices , difficult soil conditions , and the probable negative effect on the large numbers of livestock of nomads .", "sentences": [ "In the late 1970s , about 2.2 million hectares had been allocated for mechanized farming , and about 420,000 hectares more had been occupied without official demarcation .", "About 1.9 million hectares in all were believed to be under cultivation in any one season .", "Of the officially allocated land , more than 70 percent was held by private individuals .", "Private companies had also begun entering the field , and some allocations had been made to them .", "State farms accounted for another 7.5 percent .", "About 15 percent of the total allocated land was in MFC - IDA projects .", "The largest proportion of mechanized farming was in Ash Sharqi Province , 43 percent ; the next largest in Al Awsat Province , 32 percent ; and about 20 percent was in Aali an Nil Province .", "Mechanized farming had also been initiated in southern Kurdufan Province through a project covering small - scale farmers in the area of the Nuba Mountains , but under a different government program .", "Proposals also have been made for MFC projects using mechanized equipment in other areas of southern Kurdufan ( some have already been tried ) and southern Darfur provinces .", "There were serious feasibility problems in view of competition for land and conflicts with traditional farming practices , difficult soil conditions , and the probable negative effect on the large numbers of livestock of nomads ." ] } ]

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[ { "title": "Greco-Persian Wars", "text": "Shortly after Mycale , the Allied fleet sailed to the Hellespont to break down the pontoon bridges , but found that this had already been done . The Peloponnesians sailed home , but the Athenians remained to attack the Chersonesos , still held by the Persians . The Persians and their allies made for Sestos , the strongest town in the region . Amongst them was one Oeobazus of Cardia , who had with him the cables and other equipment from the pontoon bridges . The Persian governor , Artayctes had not prepared for a siege , not believing that the Allies would attack . The Athenians therefore were able to lay a siege around Sestos . The siege dragged on for several months , causing some discontent amongst the Athenian troops , but eventually , when the food ran out in the city , the Persians fled at night from the least guarded area of the city . The Athenians were thus able to take possession of the city the next day .", "sentences": [ "Shortly after Mycale , the Allied fleet sailed to the Hellespont to break down the pontoon bridges , but found that this had already been done .", "The Peloponnesians sailed home , but the Athenians remained to attack the Chersonesos , still held by the Persians .", "The Persians and their allies made for Sestos , the strongest town in the region .", "Amongst them was one Oeobazus of Cardia , who had with him the cables and other equipment from the pontoon bridges .", "The Persian governor , Artayctes had not prepared for a siege , not believing that the Allies would attack .", "The Athenians therefore were able to lay a siege around Sestos .", "The siege dragged on for several months , causing some discontent amongst the Athenian troops , but eventually , when the food ran out in the city , the Persians fled at night from the least guarded area of the city .", "The Athenians were thus able to take possession of the city the next day ." ] } ]

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[ { "title": "Survivor (U.S. TV series)", "text": "DVD name DVD release date Blu - ray release date The Complete First Season : Borneo May 11 , 2004 n / a The Complete Second Season : The Australian Outback April 26 , 2005 n / a The Complete Third Season : Africa October 5 , 2010 n / a The Complete Fourth Season : Marquesas October 5 , 2010 n / a The Complete Fifth Season : Thailand October 25 , 2011 n / a The Complete Sixth Season : The Amazon November 22 , 2011 n / a The Complete Seventh Season : Pearl Islands February 7 , 2006 n / a The Complete Eighth Season : All - Stars September 14 , 2004 n / a The Complete Ninth Season : Vanuatu -- Islands of Fire December 5 , 2006 n / a The Complete Tenth Season : Palau August 29 , 2006 n / a The Complete Eleventh Season : Guatemala -- The Maya Empire May 22 , 2012 n / a The Complete Twelfth Season : Panama -- Exile Island May 22 , 2012 n / a The Complete Thirteenth Season : Cook Islands December 11 , 2012 n / a The Complete Fourteenth Season : Fiji December 11 , 2012 n / a The Complete Fifteenth Season : China January 27 , 2014 n / a The Complete Sixteenth Season : Micronesia -- Fans vs. Favorites January 31 , 2014 n / a The Complete Seventeenth Season : Gabon -- Earth 's Last Eden September 11 , 2014 n / a The Complete Eighteenth Season : Tocantins -- The Brazilian Highlands August 5 , 2014 n / a The Complete Nineteenth Season : Samoa November 18 , 2014 n / a The Complete Twentieth Season : Heroes vs. Villains February 22 , 2011 n / a The Complete Twenty - First Season : Nicaragua November 18 , 2014 n / a The Complete Twenty - Second Season : Redemption Island October 7 , 2015 TBA The Complete Twenty - Third Season : South Pacific October 7 , 2015 TBA The Complete Twenty - Fourth Season : One World September 23 , 2016 July 11 , 2017 The Complete Twenty - Fifth Season : Philippines September 23 , 2016 July 11 , 2017 The Complete Twenty - Sixth Season : Caramoan -- Fans vs. Favorites October 26 , 2017 TBA The Complete Twenty - Seventh Season : Blood vs. Water November 13 , 2017 November 1 , 2017 The Complete Twenty - Eighth Season : Cagayan TBA November 1 , 2017 The Complete Twenty - Ninth Season : San Juan del Sur -- Blood vs. Water TBA TBA The Complete Thirtieth Season : Worlds Apart TBA TBA The Complete Thirty - First Season : Cambodia -- Second Chance TBA TBA The Complete Thirty - Second Season : Kaôh Rōng TBA TBA The Complete Thirty - Third Season : Millennials vs. Gen X TBA TBA The Complete Thirty - Fourth Season : Game Changers -- Mamanuca Islands TBA TBA", "sentences": [ "DVD name DVD release date Blu - ray release date The Complete First Season :", "Borneo May 11 , 2004 n / a The Complete Second Season : The Australian Outback April 26 , 2005 n / a The Complete Third Season : Africa October 5 , 2010 n / a The Complete Fourth Season :", "Marquesas October 5 , 2010 n / a The Complete Fifth Season : Thailand October 25 , 2011 n / a The Complete Sixth Season :", "The Amazon November 22 , 2011 n / a The Complete Seventh Season : Pearl Islands February 7 , 2006 n / a The Complete Eighth Season : All - Stars September 14 , 2004 n / a The Complete Ninth Season : Vanuatu -- Islands of Fire December 5 , 2006 n / a The Complete Tenth Season : Palau August 29 , 2006 n / a The Complete Eleventh Season : Guatemala -- The Maya Empire May 22 , 2012 n / a The Complete Twelfth Season : Panama -- Exile Island May 22 , 2012 n / a The Complete Thirteenth Season : Cook Islands December 11 , 2012 n / a The Complete Fourteenth Season : Fiji December 11 , 2012 n / a The Complete Fifteenth Season : China January 27 , 2014 n / a The Complete Sixteenth Season : Micronesia -- Fans vs. Favorites January 31 , 2014 n / a The Complete Seventeenth Season : Gabon -- Earth 's Last Eden September 11 , 2014 n / a The Complete Eighteenth Season : Tocantins -- The Brazilian Highlands August 5 , 2014 n / a The Complete Nineteenth Season : Samoa November 18 , 2014 n / a The Complete Twentieth Season : Heroes vs. Villains February 22 , 2011 n / a The Complete Twenty - First Season : Nicaragua November 18 , 2014 n / a The Complete Twenty - Second Season : Redemption Island October 7 , 2015 TBA The Complete Twenty - Third Season : South Pacific October 7 , 2015 TBA The Complete Twenty - Fourth Season : One World September 23 , 2016 July 11 , 2017 The Complete Twenty - Fifth Season :", "Philippines September 23 , 2016 July 11 , 2017 The Complete Twenty - Sixth Season : Caramoan -- Fans vs. Favorites October 26 , 2017 TBA The Complete Twenty - Seventh Season : Blood vs. Water November 13 , 2017 November 1 , 2017 The Complete Twenty - Eighth Season :", "Cagayan TBA November 1 , 2017 The Complete Twenty - Ninth Season : San Juan del Sur -- Blood vs. Water TBA TBA The Complete Thirtieth Season :", "Worlds Apart TBA TBA The Complete Thirty - First Season :", "Cambodia -- Second Chance TBA TBA The Complete Thirty - Second Season : Kaôh Rōng TBA TBA The Complete Thirty - Third Season : Millennials vs. Gen X TBA TBA The Complete Thirty - Fourth Season : Game Changers -- Mamanuca Islands TBA TBA" ] } ]

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[ { "title": "Dismissal (cricket)", "text": "A batsman can be dismissed in a number of ways , the most common being bowled , caught , leg before wicket ( LBW ) , stumped and run out . Much rarer are hit wicket , hit the ball twice , obstructing the field and timed out . The bowler is credited in the statistics with having taken a wicket if the batsman is out bowled , LBW , caught , stumped , or hit wicket . If the ball is a no - ball , then the batsman can not be out in any of these ways . The bowler is not credited with having taken a wicket if the batsman is run out , hits the ball twice , or obstructs the field ; these dismissals may occur even when the delivery is a no - ball . The fieldsman is credited in the statistics with a dismissal if he takes a catch or a stumping ( for a stumping this will necessarily be the wicket - keeper ) , and may be credited on scorecards for a run - out ( although a run - out will not be credited to a player 's statistics ) .", "sentences": [ "A batsman can be dismissed in a number of ways , the most common being bowled , caught , leg before wicket ( LBW ) , stumped and run out .", "Much rarer are hit wicket , hit the ball twice , obstructing the field and timed out .", "The bowler is credited in the statistics with having taken a wicket if the batsman is out bowled , LBW , caught , stumped , or hit wicket .", "If the ball is a no - ball , then the batsman can not be out in any of these ways .", "The bowler is not credited with having taken a wicket if the batsman is run out , hits the ball twice , or obstructs the field ; these dismissals may occur even when the delivery is a no - ball .", "The fieldsman is credited in the statistics with a dismissal if he takes a catch or a stumping ( for a stumping this will necessarily be the wicket - keeper ) , and may be credited on scorecards for a run - out ( although a run - out will not be credited to a player 's statistics ) ." ] } ]

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[ { "title": "Limiting magnitude", "text": "As a first approximation , the gain in magnitudes of a telescope is 5 ⋅ log 10 ⁡ ( D 1 D 0 ) ( \\ displaystyle 5 \\ cdot \\ log _ ( 10 ) ( ( \\ frac ( D_ ( 1 ) ) ( D_ ( 0 ) ) ) ) ) , where D is the diameter of the telescope 's primary light gathering component , and D is the diameter of the eye 's dark adapted pupil . Both quantities must be measured in the same units . D varies from person to person but is typically 6 -- 7 mm ( ~ 1 / 4 `` ) .", "sentences": [ "As a first approximation , the gain in magnitudes of a telescope is 5 ⋅ log 10 ⁡ ( D 1 D 0 )", "( \\ displaystyle 5 \\ cdot \\ log _", "( 10 ) ( ( \\ frac ( D_ ( 1 ) )", "( D_ ( 0 ) ) ) ) ) , where D is the diameter of the telescope 's primary light gathering component , and D is the diameter of the eye 's dark adapted pupil .", "Both quantities must be measured in the same units .", "D varies from person to person but is typically 6 -- 7 mm ( ~ 1 / 4 `` ) ." ] } ]

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[ { "title": "Water potential", "text": "Ψ = Ψ 0 + Ψ π + Ψ p + Ψ s + Ψ v + Ψ m ( \\ displaystyle \\ Psi = \\ Psi _ ( 0 ) + \\ Psi _ ( \\ pi ) + \\ Psi _ ( p ) + \\ Psi _ ( s ) + \\ Psi _ ( v ) + \\ Psi _ ( m ) )", "sentences": [ "Ψ = Ψ 0", "+ Ψ π + Ψ p", "+ Ψ s", "+ Ψ v", "+ Ψ m", "( \\ displaystyle \\ Psi = \\ Psi _", "( 0 )", "+ \\ Psi _", "( \\ pi )", "+ \\ Psi _", "( p ) +", "\\ Psi _", "( s ) +", "\\ Psi _", "( v ) +", "\\ Psi _", "( m ) )" ] } ]

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[ { "title": "Marginal product of labor", "text": "The marginal product of labor is directly related to costs of production . Costs are divided between fixed and variable costs . Fixed costs are costs that relate to the fixed input , capital , or rK , where r is the rental cost of capital and K is the quantity of capital . Variable costs ( VC ) are the costs of the variable input , labor , or wL , where w is the wage rate and L is the amount of labor employed . Thus , VC = wL . Marginal cost ( MC ) is the change in total cost per unit change in output or ∆ C / ∆ Q. In the short run , production can be varied only by changing the variable input . Thus only variable costs change as output increases : ∆ C = ∆ VC = ∆ ( wL ) . Marginal cost is ∆ ( Lw ) / ∆ Q. Now , ∆ L / ∆ Q is the reciprocal of the marginal product of labor ( ∆ Q / ∆ L ) . Therefore , marginal cost is simply the wage rate w divided by the marginal product of labor", "sentences": [ "The marginal product of labor is directly related to costs of production .", "Costs are divided between fixed and variable costs .", "Fixed costs are costs that relate to the fixed input , capital , or rK , where r is the rental cost of capital and K is the quantity of capital .", "Variable costs ( VC ) are the costs of the variable input , labor , or wL , where w is the wage rate and L is the amount of labor employed .", "Thus , VC = wL .", "Marginal cost ( MC ) is the change in total cost per unit change in output or ∆ C / ∆ Q.", "In the short run , production can be varied only by changing the variable input .", "Thus only variable costs change as output increases : ∆ C = ∆ VC = ∆ ( wL ) .", "Marginal cost is ∆ ( Lw ) /", "∆ Q. Now , ∆ L / ∆ Q is the reciprocal of the marginal product of labor ( ∆ Q / ∆ L ) .", "Therefore , marginal cost is simply the wage rate w divided by the marginal product of labor" ] } ]

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[ { "title": "Anne of Green Gables (1934 film)", "text": "Shortly after , Anne is playing the Lady of Shalott when she realizes her boat is sinking , and Gilbert sees her and saves her life . She then decides to forgive him and give him a reward for saving her . She will kiss him . Gilbert is surprised . Anne thinks he does n't want to claim his reward , but he tells her he does and that he wants her to be his girl . For three years they have an affair , but Mrs. Barry spies on them and tells Marilla . Marilla does not want Anne to even talk to Gilbert , since his mother broke Matthew 's heart . Anne and Gilbert are both devastated and Matthew is upset with Marilla , since it was n't she who got her heart broken .", "sentences": [ "Shortly after , Anne is playing the Lady of Shalott when she realizes her boat is sinking , and Gilbert sees her and saves her life .", "She then decides to forgive him and give him a reward for saving her .", "She will kiss him .", "Gilbert is surprised .", "Anne thinks he does n't want to claim his reward , but he tells her he does and that he wants her to be his girl .", "For three years they have an affair , but Mrs. Barry spies on them and tells Marilla .", "Marilla does not want Anne to even talk to Gilbert , since his mother broke Matthew 's heart .", "Anne and Gilbert are both devastated and Matthew is upset with Marilla , since it was n't she who got her heart broken ." ] } ]

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[ { "title": "Paul Blart: Mall Cop 2", "text": "Sara Stewart of the New York Post gave the film one out of four stars , saying `` This wisp of a plot is just an excuse for James to do his one trick over and over : Bluster , then screw up humiliatingly . Is it never funny ? No , it 's not never funny . It 's just not funny nearly often enough . '' Frank Scheck of The Hollywood Reporter gave the film a negative review , saying `` James tries hard , very hard , to inject the proceedings with slapstick humor , propelling his large body through endless physical contortions in a fruitless effort for laughs . '' Justin Chang of Variety gave the film a negative review , saying `` Kevin James keeps falling on his face and colliding with heavy objects , this time in Vegas , in this tacky , numbingly inane sequel . ''", "sentences": [ "Sara Stewart of the New York Post gave the film one out of four stars , saying `` This wisp of a plot is just an excuse for James to do his one trick over and over : Bluster , then screw up humiliatingly .", "Is it never funny ?", "No , it 's not never funny .", "It 's just not funny nearly often enough . ''", "Frank Scheck of The Hollywood Reporter gave the film a negative review , saying `` James tries hard , very hard , to inject the proceedings with slapstick humor , propelling his large body through endless physical contortions in a fruitless effort for laughs . ''", "Justin Chang of Variety gave the film a negative review , saying `` Kevin James keeps falling on his face and colliding with heavy objects , this time in Vegas , in this tacky , numbingly inane sequel . ''" ] } ]

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[ { "title": "Comparative mythology", "text": "Many cultures believe in a celestial supreme being who has cut off contact with humanity . Historian Mircea Eliade calls this supreme being a deus otiosus ( an `` idle god '' ) , although this term is also used more broadly , to refer to any god who does n't interact regularly with humans . In many myths , the Supreme Being withdraws into the heavens after the creation of the world . Baluba mythology features such a story , in which the supreme god withdraws from the earth , leaving man to search for him . Similarly , the mythology of the Hereros tells of a sky god who has abandoned mankind to lesser divinities . In the mythologies of highly complex cultures , the supreme being tends to disappear completely , replaced by a strongly polytheistic belief system .", "sentences": [ "Many cultures believe in a celestial supreme being who has cut off contact with humanity .", "Historian Mircea Eliade calls this supreme being a deus otiosus ( an `` idle god '' ) , although this term is also used more broadly , to refer to any god who does n't interact regularly with humans .", "In many myths , the Supreme Being withdraws into the heavens after the creation of the world .", "Baluba mythology features such a story , in which the supreme god withdraws from the earth , leaving man to search for him .", "Similarly , the mythology of the Hereros tells of a sky god who has abandoned mankind to lesser divinities .", "In the mythologies of highly complex cultures , the supreme being tends to disappear completely , replaced by a strongly polytheistic belief system ." ] } ]

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[ { "title": "New World monkey", "text": "About 40 million years ago , the Simiiformes infraorder split into the parvorders Platyrrhini ( New World monkeys -- in South America ) and Catarrhini ( apes and Old World monkeys -- in Africa ) . The individuals whose descendents would become Platyrrhini are currently conjectured to have migrated to South America either on a raft of vegetation or via a land bridge . There are two possible rafting routes , either across the Atlantic Ocean from Africa or across the Caribbean from North America ; however , there is no fossil record to support the hypothesis of a migration from North America . The land bridge hypothesis relies on the existence of Atlantic Ocean ridges and a fall in the sea level in the Oligocene . This would have either produced a single land bridge or a series of mid-Atlantic islands to act as stepping stones for the migration . The latter is now the favorite choice .", "sentences": [ "About 40 million years ago , the Simiiformes infraorder split into the parvorders Platyrrhini ( New World monkeys -- in South America ) and Catarrhini ( apes and Old World monkeys -- in Africa ) .", "The individuals whose descendents would become Platyrrhini are currently conjectured to have migrated to South America either on a raft of vegetation or via a land bridge .", "There are two possible rafting routes , either across the Atlantic Ocean from Africa or across the Caribbean from North America ; however , there is no fossil record to support the hypothesis of a migration from North America .", "The land bridge hypothesis relies on the existence of Atlantic Ocean ridges and a fall in the sea level in the Oligocene .", "This would have either produced a single land bridge or a series of mid-Atlantic islands to act as stepping stones for the migration .", "The latter is now the favorite choice ." ] } ]

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[ { "title": "Strike Back: Retribution", "text": "Section 20 learn the arms dealer 's identity from Khaleed ; Morgan Ives . The team are sent to a local town where they find Ives ' helicopter shot down after the deal was made with Idrissi . Though Ives survives , the team find themselves surrounded by insurgents , with more on the way and rescue delayed by a sandstorm . They procure a vehicle , but Ives is shot during the escape . They make their way to the same army base where Wyatt was held . Wyatt manages to convince the general to help them by appealing to the general 's Bedouin culture . After Ives is treated , he reveals he sold Idrissi 50 stinger missiles , which has a tracking device on them , leading them to the Nafusa Mountains . During the raid in the compound , Lowry allows herself to captured , only to escape from Novin and Reynolds later . The rest escape the compound before the Americans destroy the base with a `` bunker buster '' , along with Idrissi and the missiles . Lowry is later spotted in Budapest meeting with far - right group Magyar Ultra .", "sentences": [ "Section 20 learn the arms dealer 's identity from Khaleed ; Morgan Ives .", "The team are sent to a local town where they find Ives ' helicopter shot down after the deal was made with Idrissi .", "Though Ives survives , the team find themselves surrounded by insurgents , with more on the way and rescue delayed by a sandstorm .", "They procure a vehicle , but Ives is shot during the escape .", "They make their way to the same army base where Wyatt was held .", "Wyatt manages to convince the general to help them by appealing to the general 's Bedouin culture .", "After Ives is treated , he reveals he sold Idrissi 50 stinger missiles , which has a tracking device on them , leading them to the Nafusa Mountains .", "During the raid in the compound , Lowry allows herself to captured , only to escape from Novin and Reynolds later .", "The rest escape the compound before the Americans destroy the base with a `` bunker buster '' , along with Idrissi and the missiles .", "Lowry is later spotted in Budapest meeting with far - right group Magyar Ultra ." ] } ]

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[ { "title": "Treaty of Waitangi", "text": "KO WIKITORIA te Kuini o Ingarani i tana mahara atawai ki nga Rangatira me nga Hapu o Nu Tirani i tana hiahia hoki kia tohungia ki a ratou o ratou rangatiratanga me to ratou wenua , a kia mau tonu hoki te Rongo ki a ratou me te Atanoho hoki kua wakaaro ia he mea tika kia tukua mai tetahi Rangatira -- hei kai wakarite ki nga Tangata maori o Nu Tirani -- kia wakaaetia e nga Rangatira Maori te Kawanatanga o te Kuini ki nga wahikatoa o te wenua nei me nga motu -- na te mea hoki he tokomaha ke nga tangata o tona Iwi Kua noho ki tenei wenua , ae haere mai nei .", "sentences": [ "KO WIKITORIA te Kuini o", "Ingarani i tana mahara atawai ki nga Rangatira me nga Hapu o", "Nu Tirani i tana hiahia hoki kia tohungia ki a ratou o ratou rangatiratanga me to ratou wenua , a kia mau tonu hoki te Rongo ki a ratou me te Atanoho hoki kua wakaaro ia he mea tika kia tukua mai tetahi Rangatira -- hei kai wakarite ki nga Tangata maori o Nu Tirani -- kia wakaaetia e nga Rangatira Maori te", "Kawanatanga o te Kuini ki nga wahikatoa o", "te wenua nei me nga motu -- na te mea hoki", "he tokomaha ke nga tangata o tona Iwi Kua noho ki tenei wenua , ae haere mai nei ." ] } ]

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[ { "title": "Natural selection", "text": "The concept of fitness is central to natural selection . In broad terms , individuals that are more `` fit '' have better potential for survival , as in the well - known phrase `` survival of the fittest '' , but the precise meaning of the term is much more subtle . Modern evolutionary theory defines fitness not by how long an organism lives , but by how successful it is at reproducing . If an organism lives half as long as others of its species , but has twice as many offspring surviving to adulthood , its genes become more common in the adult population of the next generation . Though natural selection acts on individuals , the effects of chance mean that fitness can only really be defined `` on average '' for the individuals within a population . The fitness of a particular genotype corresponds to the average effect on all individuals with that genotype .", "sentences": [ "The concept of fitness is central to natural selection .", "In broad terms , individuals that are more `` fit '' have better potential for survival , as in the well - known phrase `` survival of the fittest '' , but the precise meaning of the term is much more subtle .", "Modern evolutionary theory defines fitness not by how long an organism lives , but by how successful it is at reproducing .", "If an organism lives half as long as others of its species , but has twice as many offspring surviving to adulthood , its genes become more common in the adult population of the next generation .", "Though natural selection acts on individuals , the effects of chance mean that fitness can only really be defined `` on average '' for the individuals within a population .", "The fitness of a particular genotype corresponds to the average effect on all individuals with that genotype ." ] } ]

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[ { "title": "Christina Aguilera", "text": "Aguilera mentions Whitney Houston as another influence , having performed many of her songs in her early years during talent shows . She also cites Mariah Carey and Celine Dion as an inspiration , and covered the latter 's songs : `` These Are the Special Times '' on My Kind of Christmas , and `` The Prayer '' on the NBC reality singing competition The Voice . Aguilera 's debut album producer Ron Harris revealed that Aguilera during her recording sessions for Christina Aguilera would constantly listen Brandy 's music , studying and trying to replicate her adlibs . According to author Pier Dominguez of the book Christina Aguilera : A Star is Made , Aguilera stated that Carey and her debut single , `` Vision of Love '' ( 1990 ) , had the biggest influence on her vocal style . Aguilera points out the musical film The Sound of Music and its lead actress , Julie Andrews , as her first inspiration for singing and performing . At the age of six , the film helped Aguilera cope with her violent childhood , `` Bad things happened in my home ; there was violence . The Sound of Music looked like a form of release . '' Aguilera credits Madonna and Janet Jackson as two biggest inspirations for her image , `` for being re-inventive and being brave as strong females , to explore whatever , even if they do get bad press . It 's just like they were fearless . '' During the promotion of Back to Basics , her image was also inspired by the `` Golden age of Hollywood '' actresses including Marlene Dietrich , Marilyn Monroe , Carole Lombard , Greta Garbo and Veronica Lake . Aguilera is also inspired by her Burlesque co-star , Cher : `` I have always had tremendous respect for her . She is a woman who did everything before anyone else did it . She is an icon and she inspired me through some of my career . We 've had similar costumes too ! ''", "sentences": [ "Aguilera mentions Whitney Houston as another influence , having performed many of her songs in her early years during talent shows .", "She also cites Mariah Carey and Celine Dion as an inspiration , and covered the latter 's songs : `` These Are the Special Times '' on My Kind of Christmas , and `` The Prayer '' on the NBC reality singing competition The Voice .", "Aguilera 's debut album producer Ron Harris revealed that Aguilera during her recording sessions for Christina Aguilera would constantly listen Brandy 's music , studying and trying to replicate her adlibs .", "According to author Pier Dominguez of the book Christina Aguilera : A Star is Made , Aguilera stated that Carey and her debut single , `` Vision of Love '' ( 1990 ) , had the biggest influence on her vocal style .", "Aguilera points out the musical film The Sound of Music and its lead actress , Julie Andrews , as her first inspiration for singing and performing .", "At the age of six , the film helped Aguilera cope with her violent childhood , `` Bad things happened in my home ; there was violence .", "The Sound of Music looked like a form of release . ''", "Aguilera credits Madonna and Janet Jackson as two biggest inspirations for her image , `` for being re-inventive and being brave as strong females , to explore whatever , even if they do get bad press .", "It 's just like they were fearless . ''", "During the promotion of Back to Basics , her image was also inspired by the `` Golden age of Hollywood '' actresses including Marlene Dietrich , Marilyn Monroe , Carole Lombard , Greta Garbo and Veronica Lake .", "Aguilera is also inspired by her Burlesque co-star , Cher : `` I have always had tremendous respect for her .", "She is a woman who did everything before anyone else did it .", "She is an icon and she inspired me through some of my career .", "We 've had similar costumes too ! ''" ] } ]

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[ { "title": "Great Pyramid of Giza", "text": "The completed design dimensions , as suggested by Petrie 's survey and subsequent studies , are estimated to have originally been 280 Egyptian Royal cubits high by 440 cubits long at each of the four sides of its base . The ratio of the perimeter to height of 1760 / 280 Egyptian Royal cubits equates to 2 π to an accuracy of better than 0.05 percent ( corresponding to the well - known approximation of π as 22 / 7 ) . Some Egyptologists consider this to have been the result of deliberate design proportion . Verner wrote , `` We can conclude that although the ancient Egyptians could not precisely define the value of π , in practice they used it '' . Petrie , author of Pyramids and Temples of Gizeh concluded : `` but these relations of areas and of circular ratio are so systematic that we should grant that they were in the builder 's design '' . Others have argued that the Ancient Egyptians had no concept of pi and would not have thought to encode it in their monuments . They believe that the observed pyramid slope may be based on a simple seked slope choice alone , with no regard to the overall size and proportions of the finished building . In 2013 , rolls of papyrus called the Diary of Merer were discovered written by some of those who delivered limestone and other construction materials from Tora to Giza .", "sentences": [ "The completed design dimensions , as suggested by Petrie 's survey and subsequent studies , are estimated to have originally been 280 Egyptian Royal cubits high by 440 cubits long at each of the four sides of its base .", "The ratio of the perimeter to height of 1760 / 280 Egyptian Royal cubits equates to 2 π to an accuracy of better than 0.05 percent ( corresponding to the well - known approximation of π as 22 / 7 ) .", "Some Egyptologists consider this to have been the result of deliberate design proportion .", "Verner wrote , `` We can conclude that although the ancient Egyptians could not precisely define the value of π , in practice they used it '' .", "Petrie , author of Pyramids and Temples of Gizeh concluded : `` but these relations of areas and of circular ratio are so systematic that we should grant that they were in the builder 's design '' .", "Others have argued that the Ancient Egyptians had no concept of pi and would not have thought to encode it in their monuments .", "They believe that the observed pyramid slope may be based on a simple seked slope choice alone , with no regard to the overall size and proportions of the finished building .", "In 2013 , rolls of papyrus called the Diary of Merer were discovered written by some of those who delivered limestone and other construction materials from Tora to Giza ." ] } ]

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[ { "title": "Chemiosmosis", "text": "Δ μ H + = F Δ ψ + R T ln ⁡ ( H + ) N ( H + ) P = F Δ ψ − ( ln ⁡ 10 ) R T Δ p H ( \\ displaystyle \\ Delta \\ ! \\ mu _ ( \\ mathrm ( H ) ^ ( + ) ) = F \\ Delta \\ ! \\ psi + RT \\ ln ( \\ frac ( ( \\ mathrm ( H ) ^ ( + ) ) _ ( \\ text ( N ) ) ) ( ( \\ mathrm ( H ) ^ ( + ) ) _ ( \\ text ( P ) ) ) ) = F \\ Delta \\ ! \\ psi - ( \\ ln 10 ) RT \\ Delta \\ mathrm ( pH ) ) A", "sentences": [ "Δ μ H + = F Δ ψ + R T ln ⁡ ( H + )", "N ( H + )", "P = F Δ ψ", "− ( ln ⁡ 10 ) R T Δ p H ( \\ displaystyle \\ Delta \\ !", "\\ mu _", "( \\ mathrm ( H ) ^", "( + ) )", "= F \\ Delta \\ !", "\\ psi + RT \\", "ln ( \\ frac ( ( \\ mathrm ( H ) ^", "( + ) )", "_", "( \\ text ( N ) ) )", "( ( \\ mathrm ( H ) ^", "( + ) )", "_", "( \\ text ( P ) ) ) )", "= F \\ Delta \\ !", "\\ psi - ( \\ ln 10 ) RT \\ Delta \\ mathrm ( pH ) )", "A" ] } ]

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[ { "title": "Provisions of the Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act", "text": "a. ^ Note : The 2014 FPL is $11,670 for a single person and about $23,850 for family of four . See Subsidy Calculator for specific dollar amount . b. ^ DHHS and CBO estimate the average annual premium cost in 2014 will be $11,328 for a family of 4 without the reform .", "sentences": [ "a. ^", "Note :", "The 2014 FPL is $11,670 for a single person and about $23,850 for family of four .", "See Subsidy Calculator for specific dollar amount .", "b. ^", "DHHS and CBO estimate the average annual premium cost in 2014 will be $11,328 for a family of 4 without the reform ." ] } ]

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[ { "title": "Red giant", "text": "Red giants are evolved from main - sequence stars with masses in the range from about 0.3 M to around 8 M . When a star initially forms from a collapsing molecular cloud in the interstellar medium , it contains primarily hydrogen and helium , with trace amounts of `` metals '' ( in stellar structure , this simply refers to any element that is not hydrogen or helium i.e. atomic number greater than 2 ) . These elements are all uniformly mixed throughout the star . The star reaches the main sequence when the core reaches a temperature high enough to begin fusing hydrogen ( a few million kelvin ) and establishes hydrostatic equilibrium . Over its main sequence life , the star slowly converts the hydrogen in the core into helium ; its main - sequence life ends when nearly all the hydrogen in the core has been fused . For the Sun , the main - sequence lifetime is approximately 10 billion years . More - massive stars burn disproportionately faster and so have a shorter lifetime than less massive stars .", "sentences": [ "Red giants are evolved from main - sequence stars with masses in the range from about 0.3 M to around 8 M .", "When a star initially forms from a collapsing molecular cloud in the interstellar medium , it contains primarily hydrogen and helium , with trace amounts of `` metals '' ( in stellar structure , this simply refers to any element that is not hydrogen or helium i.e. atomic number greater than 2 ) .", "These elements are all uniformly mixed throughout the star .", "The star reaches the main sequence when the core reaches a temperature high enough to begin fusing hydrogen ( a few million kelvin ) and establishes hydrostatic equilibrium .", "Over its main sequence life , the star slowly converts the hydrogen in the core into helium ; its main - sequence life ends when nearly all the hydrogen in the core has been fused .", "For the Sun , the main - sequence lifetime is approximately 10 billion years .", "More - massive stars burn disproportionately faster and so have a shorter lifetime than less massive stars ." ] } ]

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[ { "title": "The Curious Case of Benjamin Button (film)", "text": "Benjamin learns to walk in 1925 , after which he uses crutches in place of a wheelchair . On Thanksgiving 1930 , Benjamin meets seven - year - old Daisy , whose grandmother lives in the nursing home . He and Daisy become good friends . Later , he accepts work on a tugboat captained by Mike Clark . Benjamin also meets Thomas Button , who does not reveal that he is Benjamin 's father . In Autumn 1936 , Benjamin leaves New Orleans for a long - term work engagement with the tugboat crew ; Daisy later is accepted into a dance company in New York City under choreographer George Balanchine .", "sentences": [ "Benjamin learns to walk in 1925 , after which he uses crutches in place of a wheelchair .", "On Thanksgiving 1930 , Benjamin meets seven - year - old Daisy , whose grandmother lives in the nursing home .", "He and Daisy become good friends .", "Later , he accepts work on a tugboat captained by Mike Clark .", "Benjamin also meets Thomas Button , who does not reveal that he is Benjamin 's father .", "In Autumn 1936 , Benjamin leaves New Orleans for a long - term work engagement with the tugboat crew ; Daisy later is accepted into a dance company in New York City under choreographer George Balanchine ." ] } ]

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[ { "title": "Water supply and sanitation in Abu Dhabi", "text": "Policy . Abu Dhabi is ruled by a Sheikh . Below him is an Executive Council taking care of day - to - day policy - making . The Council is chaired by the Crown Prince . The Chairmen of four Departments and a number of Authorities are members of the Executive Council . The government structure is not comparable to the Western structure of Ministries and separate technical authorities under those Ministries . Authorities in Abu Dhabi are rather comparable to Ministries . Water supply and sanitation in Abu Dhabi is the responsibility of the Abu Dhabi Water & Electricity Authority ( ADWEA ) . As mentioned above , the Chairman of ADWEA is a member of the Executive Council and holds the rank of a Minister .", "sentences": [ "Policy .", "Abu Dhabi is ruled by a Sheikh .", "Below him is an Executive Council taking care of day - to - day policy - making .", "The Council is chaired by the Crown Prince .", "The Chairmen of four Departments and a number of Authorities are members of the Executive Council .", "The government structure is not comparable to the Western structure of Ministries and separate technical authorities under those Ministries .", "Authorities in Abu Dhabi are rather comparable to Ministries .", "Water supply and sanitation in Abu Dhabi is the responsibility of the Abu Dhabi Water & Electricity Authority ( ADWEA ) .", "As mentioned above , the Chairman of ADWEA is a member of the Executive Council and holds the rank of a Minister ." ] } ]

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[ { "title": "Environmental policy of the United States", "text": "During the Carter administration , the United States undertook a risk - averse policy , acting through the EPA and Council on Environmental Quality ( CEQ ) to research and control the pollutants suspected to cause acid deposition even in the face of scientific uncertainty . The Reagan administration was more risk tolerant . It argued that , given the scientific uncertainties about harm and exposure levels , new expenditures should not be undertaken that would curtail energy security and economic growth . During George H.W. Bush 's presidential campaign , he called for new Clean Air Act legislation to curtail sulfur - and nitrogen - dioxide emissions . In 1990 , after he was elected , amendments to the Clean Air Act were finally passed that cut emissions by over 12 million tons per year , set up a market - like system of emissions trading , and set a cap on emissions for the year 2000 . These goals were achieved to some degree by the installation of industrial scrubbers .", "sentences": [ "During the Carter administration , the United States undertook a risk - averse policy , acting through the EPA and Council on Environmental Quality ( CEQ ) to research and control the pollutants suspected to cause acid deposition even in the face of scientific uncertainty .", "The Reagan administration was more risk tolerant .", "It argued that , given the scientific uncertainties about harm and exposure levels , new expenditures should not be undertaken that would curtail energy security and economic growth .", "During George H.W. Bush 's presidential campaign , he called for new Clean Air Act legislation to curtail sulfur - and nitrogen - dioxide emissions .", "In 1990 , after he was elected , amendments to the Clean Air Act were finally passed that cut emissions by over 12 million tons per year , set up a market - like system of emissions trading , and set a cap on emissions for the year 2000 .", "These goals were achieved to some degree by the installation of industrial scrubbers ." ] } ]

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[ { "title": "History of Maryland", "text": "In 1896 , a biracial Republican coalition gained election of Lloyd Lowndes , Jr. as governor , and also achieved election of some Republican congressmen , including Sydney Emanuel Mudd , after Democratic dominance . Over the next several decades , the African - American population struggled in a discriminatory environment . The Democrat - dominated legislature tried to pass disfranchising bills in 1905 , 1907 , and 1911 , but was rebuffed on each occasion , in large part because of black opposition and strength . Blacks comprised 20 % of the electorate and had established themselves in several cities , where they had comparative security . In addition , immigrants comprised 15 % of the voting population and opposed these measures . The legislature had difficulty devising requirements against blacks that did not also disadvantage immigrants .", "sentences": [ "In 1896 , a biracial Republican coalition gained election of Lloyd Lowndes , Jr. as governor , and also achieved election of some Republican congressmen , including Sydney Emanuel Mudd , after Democratic dominance .", "Over the next several decades , the African - American population struggled in a discriminatory environment .", "The Democrat - dominated legislature tried to pass disfranchising bills in 1905 , 1907 , and 1911 , but was rebuffed on each occasion , in large part because of black opposition and strength .", "Blacks comprised 20 % of the electorate and had established themselves in several cities , where they had comparative security .", "In addition , immigrants comprised 15 % of the voting population and opposed these measures .", "The legislature had difficulty devising requirements against blacks that did not also disadvantage immigrants ." ] } ]

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[ { "title": "Balkan Wars", "text": "Though the Balkan allies had fought together against the common enemy , that was not enough to overcome their mutual rivalries . In the original document for the Balkans league , Serbia promised Bulgaria most of Macedonia . But before the first war come to an end , Serbia ( in violation of the previous agreement ) and Greece revealed their plan to keep possession of the territories that their forces had occupied . This act prompted the tsar of Bulgaria to invade his allies . The Second Balkan War broke out on 29 ( 16 ) June 1913 when Bulgaria attacked its erstwhile allies in the First Balkan War , Serbia and Greece , while Montenegro and the Ottoman Empire intervened later against Bulgaria , with Romania attacking Bulgaria from the north . When the Greek army entered Thessaloniki in the First Balkan War ahead of the Bulgarian 7th division by only a day , they were asked to allow a Bulgarian battalion to enter the city . Greece accepted in exchange for allowing a Greek unit to enter the city of Serres .", "sentences": [ "Though the Balkan allies had fought together against the common enemy , that was not enough to overcome their mutual rivalries .", "In the original document for the Balkans league , Serbia promised Bulgaria most of Macedonia .", "But before the first war come to an end , Serbia ( in violation of the previous agreement ) and Greece revealed their plan to keep possession of the territories that their forces had occupied .", "This act prompted the tsar of Bulgaria to invade his allies .", "The Second Balkan War broke out on 29 ( 16 ) June 1913 when Bulgaria attacked its erstwhile allies in the First Balkan War , Serbia and Greece , while Montenegro and the Ottoman Empire intervened later against Bulgaria , with Romania attacking Bulgaria from the north .", "When the Greek army entered Thessaloniki in the First Balkan War ahead of the Bulgarian 7th division by only a day , they were asked to allow a Bulgarian battalion to enter the city .", "Greece accepted in exchange for allowing a Greek unit to enter the city of Serres ." ] } ]

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[ { "title": "Circular motion", "text": "a = v ̇ = i ω ̇ z + i ω z ̇ = ( i ω ̇ − ω 2 ) z = ( i ω ̇ − ω 2 ) R e i θ ( t ) = − ω 2 R e i θ ( t ) + ω ̇ e i π 2 R e i θ ( t ) . ( \\ displaystyle ( \\ begin ( aligned ) a& = ( \\ dot ( v ) ) = i ( \\ dot ( \\ omega ) ) z + i \\ omega ( \\ dot ( z ) ) = \\ left ( i ( \\ dot ( \\ omega ) ) - \\ omega ^ ( 2 ) \\ right ) z \\ \\ & = \\ left ( i ( \\ dot ( \\ omega ) ) - \\ omega ^ ( 2 ) \\ right ) Re ^ ( i \\ theta ( t ) ) \\ \\ & = - \\ omega ^ ( 2 ) Re ^ ( i \\ theta ( t ) ) + ( \\ dot ( \\ omega ) ) e ^ ( i ( \\ frac ( \\ pi ) ( 2 ) ) ) Re ^ ( i \\ theta ( t ) ) \\ . \\ end ( aligned ) ) )", "sentences": [ "a = v ̇ = i ω ̇ z", "+ i ω z ̇ = ( i ω ̇ − ω 2 ) z", "= ( i ω ̇ − ω 2 ) R e", "i θ ( t ) = − ω 2 R e", "i θ ( t )", "+ ω ̇ e", "i π 2 R e", "i θ ( t ) .", "( \\ displaystyle ( \\ begin ( aligned ) a& = ( \\ dot ( v ) )", "= i ( \\ dot ( \\ omega ) )", "z", "+ i \\ omega ( \\ dot ( z ) )", "= \\ left ( i ( \\ dot ( \\ omega ) ) -", "\\ omega ^", "( 2 ) \\ right )", "z \\ \\ & = \\ left ( i ( \\ dot ( \\ omega ) )", "- \\ omega ^", "( 2 ) \\ right ) Re ^ ( i \\ theta ( t ) )", "\\ \\ & = - \\ omega ^", "( 2 ) Re ^", "( i \\ theta ( t ) )", "+ ( \\ dot ( \\ omega ) )", "e ^", "( i ( \\ frac ( \\ pi )", "( 2 ) ) )", "Re ^ ( i \\ theta ( t ) )", "\\ .", "\\ end ( aligned ) ) )" ] } ]

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[ { "title": "Geography of Maharashtra", "text": "Except around Mumbai , and along the eastern limits , the State of Maharashtra presents a monotonously uniform , flat - topped skyline . This topography of the state is the outcome of its geological structure . The state area , barring the extreme eastern Vidarbha region , parts of Kolhapur and Sindhudurg , is practically co-terminous with the Deccan Traps . Roughly 60 to 90 million years ago , the outpouring of basic lava through fissures formed horizontally bedded basalt over large areas . Variations in their composition and structure have resulted in massive , well - jointed steel - grey cliff faces alternating with structural benches of vesicular amygdaloid lava and ash layers , all of which contribute to the pyramida - shaped hills and crest - level plateaux or mesas . Earth sculpturing under the tropical climate completed the panorama - sharply defining the landform features in the semi-arid conditions , and rounding the hilltops under water condition . Fluvial action by the Krishna , Bhima , Godavari , Tapi - Purna and Wardha - Wainganga river systems has further aided in the compartmentalisation of the Desh into broad , open river valleys , alternating with plateau interfluves , that form the ribs of the Sahyadrian backbone . In sharp contrast , the hill torrents of the Konkan , barely a 100 km long , tumble down as roaring streams which flow in deeply entrenched valleys to terminate in tidal estuaries. Apart from mainly occurring rock Basalt ; other rocks like - Laterites are found in coastal humid and tropical region . Granite , Granite gneiss , Quartzite , Conglomerates are found exposed in the basement regions of Konkan rivers . Nanded is another region where pink Granites are found . Maharashtra is having rich ore deposits . Kamti of Nagpur region is famous for Coal deposits of Gondwana .", "sentences": [ "Except around Mumbai , and along the eastern limits , the State of Maharashtra presents a monotonously uniform , flat - topped skyline .", "This topography of the state is the outcome of its geological structure .", "The state area , barring the extreme eastern Vidarbha region , parts of Kolhapur and Sindhudurg , is practically co-terminous with the Deccan Traps .", "Roughly 60 to 90 million years ago , the outpouring of basic lava through fissures formed horizontally bedded basalt over large areas .", "Variations in their composition and structure have resulted in massive , well - jointed steel - grey cliff faces alternating with structural benches of vesicular amygdaloid lava and ash layers , all of which contribute to the pyramida - shaped hills and crest - level plateaux or mesas .", "Earth sculpturing under the tropical climate completed the panorama - sharply defining the landform features in the semi-arid conditions , and rounding the hilltops under water condition .", "Fluvial action by the Krishna , Bhima , Godavari , Tapi - Purna and Wardha - Wainganga river systems has further aided in the compartmentalisation of the Desh into broad , open river valleys , alternating with plateau interfluves , that form the ribs of the Sahyadrian backbone .", "In sharp contrast , the hill torrents of the Konkan , barely a 100 km long , tumble down as roaring streams which flow in deeply entrenched valleys to terminate in tidal estuaries.", "Apart from mainly occurring rock Basalt ; other rocks like - Laterites are found in coastal humid and tropical region .", "Granite , Granite gneiss , Quartzite , Conglomerates are found exposed in the basement regions of Konkan rivers .", "Nanded is another region where pink Granites are found .", "Maharashtra is having rich ore deposits .", "Kamti of Nagpur region is famous for Coal deposits of Gondwana ." ] } ]

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[ { "title": "Red-tailed hawk", "text": "As is the case with many raptors , the red - tailed hawk displays sexual dimorphism in size , as females are up to 25 % larger than males . As is typical in large raptors , frequently reported mean body mass for Red - tailed Hawks are somewhat higher than expansive research reveals . Part of this weight is highly seasonally variable and due to clinal variation , male red - tailed hawks may weigh from 690 to 1,300 g ( 1.52 to 2.87 lb ) and in females between 900 and 2,000 g ( 2.0 and 4.4 lb ) . However , research from nine studies occurring at migration sites in the United States and two breeding studies , one from the smallest race in Puerto Rico , the other from larger races in Wisconsin show that males weigh a mean of 837 g ( 1.845 lb ) and females weigh a mean of 1,040.7 g ( 2.294 lb ) , about 15 % lighter than prior species - wide published weights . The heaviest surveyed weights came from migrants in Cape May , New Jersey , where females weighed a mean of 1,278 g ( 2.818 lb ) , males a mean of 990.8 g ( 2.184 lb ) . The lightest were from the breeding population in forest openings of Puerto Rico , where the females and males weighed an average of 1,023 g ( 2.255 lb ) and 795 g ( 1.753 lb ) , respectively , also the highest size sexual dimorphism in the species . Size variation in body mass reveals that the red - tailed hawks typically varies only a modest amount , racial variation in average weights of great horned owls show that mean body mass is nearly twice ( the heaviest race is about 36 % heavier than the lightest known race on average ) as variable as that of the hawk ( where the heaviest race is only just over 18 % heavier on average than the lightest ) . Males can reportedly measure 45 to 60 cm ( 18 to 24 in ) in total length , females measuring 48 to 65 cm ( 19 to 26 in ) long . The wingspan can range from 105 to 141 cm ( 41 to 56 in ) and , in the standard scientific method of measuring wing size , the wing chord is 325.1 -- 444.5 mm ( 12.80 -- 17.50 in ) long . The tail measures 188 to 258.7 mm ( 7.40 to 10.19 in ) in length . The exposed culmen was reported to range from 21.7 to 30.2 mm ( 0.85 to 1.19 in ) and the tarsus averaged 74.7 -- 95.8 mm ( 2.94 -- 3.77 in ) . The middle toe ( excluding talon ) can range from 38.3 to 53.8 mm ( 1.51 to 2.12 in ) , with the hallux - claw ( the talon of the rear toe , which has evolved to be the largest in accipitrids ) measuring from 24.1 to 33.6 mm ( 0.95 to 1.32 in ) in length . Characteristic", "sentences": [ "As is the case with many raptors , the red - tailed hawk displays sexual dimorphism in size , as females are up to 25 % larger than males .", "As is typical in large raptors , frequently reported mean body mass for Red - tailed Hawks are somewhat higher than expansive research reveals .", "Part of this weight is highly seasonally variable and due to clinal variation , male red - tailed hawks may weigh from 690 to 1,300 g ( 1.52 to 2.87 lb ) and in females between 900 and 2,000 g ( 2.0 and 4.4 lb ) .", "However , research from nine studies occurring at migration sites in the United States and two breeding studies , one from the smallest race in Puerto Rico , the other from larger races in Wisconsin show that males weigh a mean of 837 g ( 1.845 lb ) and females weigh a mean of 1,040.7 g ( 2.294 lb ) , about 15 % lighter than prior species - wide published weights .", "The heaviest surveyed weights came from migrants in Cape May , New Jersey , where females weighed a mean of 1,278 g ( 2.818 lb ) , males a mean of 990.8 g ( 2.184 lb ) .", "The lightest were from the breeding population in forest openings of Puerto Rico , where the females and males weighed an average of 1,023 g ( 2.255 lb ) and 795 g ( 1.753 lb ) , respectively , also the highest size sexual dimorphism in the species .", "Size variation in body mass reveals that the red - tailed hawks typically varies only a modest amount , racial variation in average weights of great horned owls show that mean body mass is nearly twice ( the heaviest race is about 36 % heavier than the lightest known race on average ) as variable as that of the hawk ( where the heaviest race is only just over 18 % heavier on average than the lightest ) .", "Males can reportedly measure 45 to 60 cm ( 18 to 24 in ) in total length , females measuring 48 to 65 cm ( 19 to 26 in ) long .", "The wingspan can range from 105 to 141 cm ( 41 to 56 in ) and , in the standard scientific method of measuring wing size , the wing chord is 325.1 -- 444.5 mm ( 12.80 -- 17.50 in ) long .", "The tail measures 188 to 258.7 mm ( 7.40 to 10.19 in ) in length .", "The exposed culmen was reported to range from 21.7 to 30.2 mm ( 0.85 to 1.19 in ) and the tarsus averaged 74.7 -- 95.8 mm ( 2.94 -- 3.77 in ) .", "The middle toe ( excluding talon ) can range from 38.3 to 53.8 mm ( 1.51 to 2.12 in ) , with the hallux - claw ( the talon of the rear toe , which has evolved to be the largest in accipitrids ) measuring from 24.1 to 33.6 mm ( 0.95 to 1.32 in ) in length .", "Characteristic" ] } ]

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[ { "title": "Timeline of web search engines", "text": "Year Month and date ( if available ) Event type Event Pre-web search engine The Archie search engine , created by Alan Emtage , Bill Heelan and J. Peter Deutsch , computer science students at McGill University in Montreal , goes live . The program downloads the directory listings of all the files located on public anonymous FTP ( File Transfer Protocol ) sites , creates a searchable database of a lot of file names ; however , Archie does not index the contents of these sites since the amount of data is so limited it can be readily searched manually . 1991 Pre-web search engine The rise of Gopher ( created in 1991 by Mark McCahill at the University of Minnesota ) leads to two new search programs , Veronica and Jughead . Like Archie , they search the file names and titles stored in Gopher index systems . Veronica ( Very Easy Rodent - Oriented Net - wide Index to Computerized Archives ) provides a keyword search of most Gopher menu titles in the entire Gopher listings . Jughead ( Jonzy 's Universal Gopher Hierarchy Excavation And Display ) is a tool for obtaining menu information from specific Gopher servers . While the name of the search engine `` Archie '' was not a reference to the Archie comic book series , `` Veronica '' and `` Jughead '' are characters in the series , thus referencing their predecessor . Virtual library of the web Timothy Berners - Lee sets up the Virtual Library ( VLib ) , a loose confederation of topical experts maintaining relevant topical link lists . 1993 June First web robot Matthew Gray produces the first known web robot , the Perl - based World Wide Web Wanderer , and uses it to generate an index of the web called the Wandex . However , the World Wide Web Wanderer is intended only to measure the size of the web rather than to facilitate search . 1993 September 2 First web search engine W3Catalog , written by Oscar Nierstrasz at the University of Geneva , is released to the world . It is the world 's first web search engine . It does not rely on a crawler and indexer but rather on already existing high - quality lists of websites . One of its main drawbacks is that the bot accesses each page hundreds of times each day , causing performance degradation . 1993 October / November Second web search engine Aliweb , a web search engine created by Martijn Koster , is announced . It does not use a web robot , but instead depends on being notified by website administrators of the existence at each site of an index file in a particular format . The absence of a bot means that less bandwidth is used ; however , most website administrators are not aware of the need to submit their data . 1993 December First web search engine to use a crawler and indexer JumpStation , created by Jonathon Fletcher , is released . It is the first WWW resource - discovery tool to combine the three essential features of a web search engine ( crawling , indexing , and searching ) . 1994 January New web search engine Infoseek is launched . 1994 January Web search engine supporting natural language queries Altavista is launched . This is a first among web search engines in many ways : it has unlimited bandwidth , allows natural language queries , has search tips , and allows people to add or delete their domains in 24 hours . 1994 March New web search engine The World - Wide Web Worm is released . It is claimed to have been created in September 1993 , at which time there did not exist any crawler - based search engine , but it is not the earliest at the time of its actual release . It supports Perl - based regular expressions . 1994 April 20 New web search engine The WebCrawler search engine , created by Brian Pinkerton at the University of Washington , is released . Unlike its predecessors , it allows users to search for any word in any webpage , which has become the standard for all major search engines since . 1994 April New web directory Yahoo ! launches its web directory . Yahoo ! would not build its own web search engine until 2002 , relying until then on outsourcing the search function to other companies . 1994 July New web search engine Lycos , a web search engine , is released . It began as a research project by Michael Loren Mauldin of Carnegie Mellon University 's main Pittsburgh campus . 1995 New web directory LookSmart is released . It competes with Yahoo ! as a web directory , and the competition makes both directories more inclusive . January -- March New web search engine Larry Page and Sergey Brin begin working on BackRub , the predecessor to Google Search . The crawler begins activity in March . May New web search engine Inktomi releases its HotBot search engine . 1997 April New natural language - based web search engine Ask Jeeves , a natural language web search engine , that aims to rank links by popularity , is released . It would later become Ask.com . 1998 July -- September New web search portal MSN launches a search portal called MSN Search , using search results from Inktomi . After many changes to the backend search engine , MSN would start developing in - house search technology in 2005 , and later change its name to Bing in June 2009 . 1997 September 15 New web search engine The domain Google.com is registered . Soon , Google Search is available to the public from this domain ( around 1998 ) . 1997 September 23 New web search engine ( non-English ) Arkady Volozh and Ilya Segalovich launch their Russian web search engine yandex.ru and publicly present it at the Softool exhibition in Moscow . The initial development is by Comptek ; Yandex would become a separate company in 2000 . 1998 June 5 New web directory Gnuhoo , a web directory project by Rich Skrenta and Bob Truel , both employees of Sun Microsystems , launches . It would later be renamed the Open Directory Project . 1999 May New web search engine AlltheWeb , based on the Ph. D. thesis of Tor Egge at the Norwegian University of Science and Technology , titled FTP Search , launches . The engine is launched by Egge 's company Fast Search & Transfer , established on July 16 , 1997 . 2000 January 1 New web search portal Baidu , a Chinese company that would grow to provide many search - related services , launches . 2002 - 3 Web search business consolidation Yahoo ! buys Inktomi ( 2002 ) and then Overture Services Inc. ( 2003 ) which has already bought AlltheWeb and Altavista . Starting 2003 , Yahoo ! starts using its own Yahoo Slurp web crawler to power Yahoo ! Search . Yahoo ! Search combines the technologies of all Yahoo ! 's acquisitions ( until 2002 , Yahoo ! had been using Google to power its search ) . 2004 - 5 November ( 2004 ) - February ( 2005 ) Change in backend providers Microsoft starts using its own indexer and crawler for MSN Search rather than using blended results from LookSmart and Inktomi . December User experience Google Suggest is introduced as a Google Labs feature . 2005 January Webmaster tools To combat link spam , Google , Yahoo ! and Microsoft collectively introduce the nofollow attribute . 2005 October New web search engine Overture Services Inc. owner Bill Gross launches the Snap search engine , with many features such as display of search volumes and other information , as well as sophisticated auto - completion and related terms display . It is unable to get traction and soon goes out of business . 2006 - 2009 New human - curated web search engine Wikia launches Wikia Search , a search engine based on human curation , but then shuts it down . Relevant dates : publicly proposed December 23 , 2006 and January 31 , 2007 , private pre-alpha December 24 , 2007 , toolbar release August 2008 , shutdown March -- May 2009 . 2008 January 28 New web search engine Cuil , a web search engine created by ex-Googlers that uses picture thumbnails to display search results , launches . It would later shut down on September 17 , 2010 . 2009 July 29 Web search engine consolidation Microsoft and Yahoo ! announce that they have made a ten - year deal in which the Yahoo ! search engine would be replaced by Bing . Yahoo ! will get to keep 88 % of the revenue from all search ad sales on its site for the first five years of the deal , and have the right to sell adverts on some Microsoft sites . Yahoo ! Search will still maintain its own user interface , but will eventually feature `` Powered by Bing TM '' branding . All Yahoo ! Search global customers and partners are expected to be transitioned by early 2012 . 2009 August 10 ( announced ) , rollout completed and made live June 8 , 2010 Search algorithm update Named Caffeine , this update is announced on August 10 , 2009 . It promises faster crawling , expansion of the index , and a near - real - time integration of indexing and ranking . The rollout is made live on June 8 , 2010 . September 8 User experience Google launches Google Instant , described as a search - before - you - type feature : as users are typing , Google predicts the user 's whole search query ( using the same technology as in Google Suggest , later called the autocomplete feature ) and instantaneously shows results for the top prediction . Google claims that this is estimated to save 2 -- 5 seconds per search query . SEO commentators initially believe that this will have a major effect on search engine optimization , but soon revise downward their estimate of the impact . November 1 New web search engine Blekko , a search engine that uses slashtags to allow people to search in more targeted categories , launches . 2011 June 2 Webmaster tools Google , Yahoo ! , and Microsoft announce Schema.org , a joint initiative that supports a richer range of tags that websites can use to convey better information . 2011 February 23 -- 24 Search algorithm update Google launches Google Panda , a major update affecting 12 % of search queries . The update continues with the earlier work of cracking down on spam , content farms , scrapers , and websites with a high ad - to - content ratio . The rollout is gradual over several months , and Panda will see many further updates . 2012 January 10 Search algorithm update , user experience Google launches Search Plus Your World , a deep integration of one 's social data into search . SEO commentators are critical of how the search results favor Google+ and push it to users , compared to more widely used social networks such as Facebook and Twitter . 2012 April 24 Search algorithm update Google launches its `` Webspam update '' which would soon become known as Google Penguin . 2012 May 10 User experience Microsoft announces a redesign of its Bing search engine that includes `` Sidebar '' , a social feature that searches users ' social networks for information relevant to the search query . 2012 May 16 Search algorithm update Google starts rolling out Knowledge Graph , used by Google internally to store semantic relationships between objects . Google now begins displaying supplemental information about objects related to search queries on the side . 2013 August 21 -- 22 ( approximate date for rollout ) , September 26 ( announcement ) Search algorithm update Google releases Google Hummingbird , a core algorithm update that may enable more semantic search and more effective use of the Knowledge Graph in the future .", "sentences": [ "Year Month and date ( if available ) Event type Event Pre-web search engine The Archie search engine , created by Alan Emtage , Bill Heelan and J. Peter Deutsch , computer science students at McGill University in Montreal , goes live .", "The program downloads the directory listings of all the files located on public anonymous FTP ( File Transfer Protocol ) sites , creates a searchable database of a lot of file names ; however , Archie does not index the contents of these sites since the amount of data is so limited it can be readily searched manually .", "1991 Pre-web search engine The rise of Gopher ( created in 1991 by Mark McCahill at the University of Minnesota ) leads to two new search programs , Veronica and Jughead .", "Like Archie , they search the file names and titles stored in Gopher index systems .", "Veronica ( Very Easy Rodent - Oriented Net - wide Index to Computerized Archives ) provides a keyword search of most Gopher menu titles in the entire Gopher listings .", "Jughead ( Jonzy 's Universal Gopher Hierarchy Excavation And Display ) is a tool for obtaining menu information from specific Gopher servers .", "While the name of the search engine `` Archie '' was not a reference to the Archie comic book series , `` Veronica '' and `` Jughead '' are characters in the series , thus referencing their predecessor .", "Virtual library of the web Timothy Berners - Lee sets up the Virtual Library ( VLib ) , a loose confederation of topical experts maintaining relevant topical link lists .", "1993", "June First web robot Matthew Gray produces the first known web robot , the Perl - based World Wide Web Wanderer , and uses it to generate an index of the web called the Wandex .", "However , the World Wide Web Wanderer is intended only to measure the size of the web rather than to facilitate search .", "1993", "September 2 First web search engine W3Catalog , written by Oscar Nierstrasz at the University of Geneva , is released to the world .", "It is the world 's first web search engine .", "It does not rely on a crawler and indexer but rather on already existing high - quality lists of websites .", "One of its main drawbacks is that the bot accesses each page hundreds of times each day , causing performance degradation . 1993", "October / November Second web search engine Aliweb , a web search engine created by Martijn Koster , is announced .", "It does not use a web robot , but instead depends on being notified by website administrators of the existence at each site of an index file in a particular format .", "The absence of a bot means that less bandwidth is used ; however , most website administrators are not aware of the need to submit their data .", "1993", "December First web search engine to use a crawler and indexer JumpStation , created by Jonathon Fletcher , is released .", "It is the first WWW resource - discovery tool to combine the three essential features of a web search engine ( crawling , indexing , and searching ) .", "1994", "January New web search engine Infoseek is launched .", "1994", "January Web search engine supporting natural language queries Altavista is launched .", "This is a first among web search engines in many ways : it has unlimited bandwidth , allows natural language queries , has search tips , and allows people to add or delete their domains in 24 hours .", "1994", "March New web search engine The World - Wide Web Worm is released .", "It is claimed to have been created in September 1993 , at which time there did not exist any crawler - based search engine , but it is not the earliest at the time of its actual release .", "It supports Perl - based regular expressions .", "1994", "April 20 New web search engine The WebCrawler search engine , created by Brian Pinkerton at the University of Washington , is released .", "Unlike its predecessors , it allows users to search for any word in any webpage , which has become the standard for all major search engines since .", "1994", "April New web directory Yahoo !", "launches its web directory .", "Yahoo !", "would not build its own web search engine until 2002 , relying until then on outsourcing the search function to other companies .", "1994", "July New web search engine Lycos , a web search engine , is released .", "It began as a research project by Michael Loren Mauldin of Carnegie Mellon University 's main Pittsburgh campus .", "1995 New web directory LookSmart is released .", "It competes with Yahoo !", "as a web directory , and the competition makes both directories more inclusive .", "January -- March New web search engine Larry Page and Sergey Brin begin working on BackRub , the predecessor to Google Search .", "The crawler begins activity in March .", "May New web search engine Inktomi releases its HotBot search engine .", "1997", "April New natural language - based web search engine Ask Jeeves , a natural language web search engine , that aims to rank links by popularity , is released .", "It would later become Ask.com .", "1998", "July -- September New web search portal MSN launches a search portal called MSN Search , using search results from Inktomi .", "After many changes to the backend search engine , MSN would start developing in - house search technology in 2005 , and later change its name to Bing in June 2009 .", "1997 September 15 New web search engine The domain Google.com is registered .", "Soon , Google Search is available to the public from this domain ( around 1998 ) .", "1997 September 23 New web search engine ( non-English )", "Arkady Volozh and Ilya Segalovich launch their Russian web search engine yandex.ru and publicly present it at the Softool exhibition in Moscow .", "The initial development is by Comptek ; Yandex would become a separate company in 2000 .", "1998 June 5 New web directory Gnuhoo , a web directory project by Rich Skrenta and Bob Truel , both employees of Sun Microsystems , launches .", "It would later be renamed the Open Directory Project .", "1999", "May New web search engine AlltheWeb , based on the Ph. D. thesis of Tor Egge at the Norwegian University of Science and Technology , titled FTP Search , launches .", "The engine is launched by Egge 's company Fast Search & Transfer , established on July 16 , 1997 .", "2000", "January 1 New web search portal Baidu , a Chinese company that would grow to provide many search - related services , launches .", "2002 - 3 Web search business consolidation Yahoo ! buys Inktomi ( 2002 ) and then Overture Services Inc. ( 2003 ) which has already bought AlltheWeb and Altavista .", "Starting 2003 , Yahoo ! starts using its own Yahoo Slurp web crawler to power Yahoo !", "Search .", "Yahoo !", "Search combines the technologies of all Yahoo ! 's acquisitions ( until 2002 , Yahoo ! had been using Google to power its search ) .", "2004 - 5 November ( 2004 ) - February ( 2005 )", "Change in backend providers Microsoft starts using its own indexer and crawler for MSN Search rather than using blended results from LookSmart and Inktomi .", "December User experience Google Suggest is introduced as a Google Labs feature .", "2005", "January Webmaster tools To combat link spam , Google , Yahoo !", "and Microsoft collectively introduce the nofollow attribute .", "2005", "October New web search engine Overture Services Inc. owner Bill Gross launches the Snap search engine , with many features such as display of search volumes and other information , as well as sophisticated auto - completion and related terms display .", "It is unable to get traction and soon goes out of business .", "2006 - 2009 New human - curated web search engine Wikia launches Wikia Search , a search engine based on human curation , but then shuts it down .", "Relevant dates : publicly proposed December 23 , 2006 and January 31 , 2007 , private pre-alpha December 24 , 2007 , toolbar release August 2008 , shutdown March -- May 2009 .", "2008", "January 28 New web search engine Cuil , a web search engine created by ex-Googlers that uses picture thumbnails to display search results , launches .", "It would later shut down on September 17 , 2010 .", "2009 July 29 Web search engine consolidation Microsoft and Yahoo !", "announce that they have made a ten - year deal in which the Yahoo !", "search engine would be replaced by Bing .", "Yahoo !", "will get to keep 88 % of the revenue from all search ad sales on its site for the first five years of the deal , and have the right to sell adverts on some Microsoft sites .", "Yahoo !", "Search will still maintain its own user interface , but will eventually feature `` Powered by Bing TM '' branding .", "All Yahoo !", "Search global customers and partners are expected to be transitioned by early 2012 .", "2009", "August 10 ( announced ) , rollout completed and made live June 8 , 2010 Search algorithm update Named Caffeine , this update is announced on August 10 , 2009 .", "It promises faster crawling , expansion of the index , and a near - real - time integration of indexing and ranking .", "The rollout is made live on June 8 , 2010 .", "September 8 User experience Google launches Google Instant , described as a search - before - you - type feature : as users are typing , Google predicts the user 's whole search query ( using the same technology as in Google Suggest , later called the autocomplete feature ) and instantaneously shows results for the top prediction .", "Google claims that this is estimated to save 2 -- 5 seconds per search query .", "SEO commentators initially believe that this will have a major effect on search engine optimization , but soon revise downward their estimate of the impact .", "November 1 New web search engine Blekko , a search engine that uses slashtags to allow people to search in more targeted categories , launches .", "2011", "June 2 Webmaster tools Google , Yahoo ! , and Microsoft announce Schema.org , a joint initiative that supports a richer range of tags that websites can use to convey better information .", "2011", "February 23 -- 24 Search algorithm update Google launches Google Panda , a major update affecting 12 % of search queries .", "The update continues with the earlier work of cracking down on spam , content farms , scrapers , and websites with a high ad - to - content ratio .", "The rollout is gradual over several months , and Panda will see many further updates .", "2012 January 10 Search algorithm update , user experience Google launches", "Search Plus Your World , a deep integration of one 's social data into search .", "SEO commentators are critical of how the search results favor Google+ and push it to users , compared to more widely used social networks such as Facebook and Twitter .", "2012 April 24 Search algorithm update Google launches its `` Webspam update '' which would soon become known as Google Penguin .", "2012", "May 10 User experience Microsoft announces a redesign of its Bing search engine that includes `` Sidebar '' , a social feature that searches users ' social networks for information relevant to the search query .", "2012", "May 16 Search algorithm update Google starts rolling out Knowledge Graph , used by Google internally to store semantic relationships between objects .", "Google now begins displaying supplemental information about objects related to search queries on the side .", "2013", "August 21 -- 22 ( approximate date for rollout ) , September 26 ( announcement )", "Search algorithm update Google releases Google Hummingbird , a core algorithm update that may enable more semantic search and more effective use of the Knowledge Graph in the future ." ] } ]

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[ { "title": "Grey's Anatomy (season 2)", "text": "The season includes the first episode to be written Zoanne Clack , who would become one the series ' main writers , as well as a co-producer and executive story editor . Other writers include Kip Koenig , Blythe Robe and Elizabeth Klaviter . Executive producer Peter Horton returned to the series to direct five episodes for the season , after writing two episodes in the second season . Rob Corn directed two episodes , whereas Adam Davidson is credited for writing three episodes , his last ones in the series . Among the other directors are Wendey Stanzler , Mark Tinker , Jeff Melman , Jessica Yu , Lesli Linka Glatter , Michael Dinner , Dan Minahan , David Paymer , Julie Anne Robinson , Tricia Brock , and Seith Mann . Danny Lux continued his position as the main music composer for the series , while Herbert Davis , Tim Suhrstedt and Adam Kane served as the season 's cinematography directors . Susan Vaill and Edward Ornelas resumed their positions as editors , joined by Briana London , who left the series after nine episodes . Linda Lowy and John Brace , responsible for the casting since the beginning of the series , returned as casting team members . After the departure of Laurence Bennett , the production design team was taken over by Donald Lee Harris , with Amy B. Ancona and Brandee Dell'Aringa joining for ten episodes each .", "sentences": [ "The season includes the first episode to be written Zoanne Clack , who would become one the series ' main writers , as well as a co-producer and executive story editor .", "Other writers include Kip Koenig , Blythe Robe and Elizabeth Klaviter .", "Executive producer Peter Horton returned to the series to direct five episodes for the season , after writing two episodes in the second season .", "Rob Corn directed two episodes , whereas Adam Davidson is credited for writing three episodes , his last ones in the series .", "Among the other directors are Wendey Stanzler , Mark Tinker , Jeff Melman , Jessica Yu , Lesli Linka Glatter , Michael Dinner , Dan Minahan , David Paymer , Julie Anne Robinson , Tricia Brock , and Seith Mann .", "Danny Lux continued his position as the main music composer for the series , while Herbert Davis , Tim Suhrstedt and Adam Kane served as the season 's cinematography directors .", "Susan Vaill and Edward Ornelas resumed their positions as editors , joined by Briana London , who left the series after nine episodes .", "Linda Lowy and John Brace , responsible for the casting since the beginning of the series , returned as casting team members .", "After the departure of Laurence Bennett , the production design team was taken over by Donald Lee Harris , with Amy B. Ancona and Brandee Dell'Aringa joining for ten episodes each ." ] } ]

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[ { "title": "Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen", "text": "Women , in particular , were strong passive citizens who played a significant role in the Revolution . Olympe de Gouges penned her Declaration of the Rights of Woman and the Female Citizen in 1791 and drew attention to the need for gender equality . By supporting the ideals of the French Revolution and wishing to expand them to women , she represented herself as a revolutionary citizen . Madame Roland also established herself as an influential figure throughout the Revolution . She saw women of the French Revolution as holding three roles ; `` inciting revolutionary action , formulating policy , and informing others of revolutionary events . '' By working with men , as opposed to working separate from men , she may have been able to further the fight of revolutionary women . As players in the French Revolution , women occupied a significant role in the civic sphere by forming social movements and participating in popular clubs , allowing them societal influence , despite their lack of direct political influence .", "sentences": [ "Women , in particular , were strong passive citizens who played a significant role in the Revolution .", "Olympe de Gouges penned her Declaration of the Rights of Woman and the Female Citizen in 1791 and drew attention to the need for gender equality .", "By supporting the ideals of the French Revolution and wishing to expand them to women , she represented herself as a revolutionary citizen .", "Madame Roland also established herself as an influential figure throughout the Revolution .", "She saw women of the French Revolution as holding three roles ; `` inciting revolutionary action , formulating policy , and informing others of revolutionary events . ''", "By working with men , as opposed to working separate from men , she may have been able to further the fight of revolutionary women .", "As players in the French Revolution , women occupied a significant role in the civic sphere by forming social movements and participating in popular clubs , allowing them societal influence , despite their lack of direct political influence ." ] } ]

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[ { "title": "Vehicle insurance in the United States", "text": "Due to the sharp decline in value immediately following purchase , there is generally a period in which the amount owed on the car loan exceeds the value of the vehicle , which is called `` upside - down '' or negative equity . Thus , if the vehicle is damaged beyond economical repair at this point , the owner will still owe potentially thousands of dollars on the loan . The escalating price of cars , longer - term auto loans , and the increasing popularity of leasing gave birth to GAP protection . GAP waivers provide protection for consumers when a `` gap '' exists between the actual value of their vehicle and the amount of money owed to the bank or leasing company . In many instances , this insurance will also pay the deductible on the primary insurance policy . These policies are often offered at auto dealerships as a comparatively low cost add - on to the car loan that provides coverage for the duration of the loan . GAP Insurance does not always pay off the full loan value however . These cases include but are not limited to :", "sentences": [ "Due to the sharp decline in value immediately following purchase , there is generally a period in which the amount owed on the car loan exceeds the value of the vehicle , which is called `` upside - down '' or negative equity .", "Thus , if the vehicle is damaged beyond economical repair at this point , the owner will still owe potentially thousands of dollars on the loan .", "The escalating price of cars , longer - term auto loans , and the increasing popularity of leasing gave birth to GAP protection .", "GAP waivers provide protection for consumers when a `` gap '' exists between the actual value of their vehicle and the amount of money owed to the bank or leasing company .", "In many instances , this insurance will also pay the deductible on the primary insurance policy .", "These policies are often offered at auto dealerships as a comparatively low cost add - on to the car loan that provides coverage for the duration of the loan .", "GAP Insurance does not always pay off the full loan value however .", "These cases include but are not limited to :" ] } ]

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[ { "title": "The Breakfast Club", "text": "In 2005 , the film received the Silver Bucket of Excellence Award in honor of its 20th anniversary at the MTV Movie Awards . For the event , MTV attempted to reunite the original cast . Sheedy , Ringwald , and Hall appeared together on stage , with Kapelos in the audience ; Gleason gave the award to his former castmates . Estevez could not attend because of other commitments , and Nelson appeared earlier in the show but left before the on - stage reunion , prompting Hall to joke that the two were `` in Africa with Dave Chappelle '' . Yellowcard performed Simple Minds ' anthem for the film , `` Do n't You ( Forget About Me ) '' , at the awards . At the 82nd Academy Awards ( March 7 , 2010 ) , Sheedy , Hall , Ringwald , and Nelson all appeared in a tribute to John Hughes -- who had died a few months prior -- along with other actors who had worked with him , including Jon Cryer from Pretty in Pink , Matthew Broderick from Ferris Bueller 's Day Off , and Macaulay Culkin from Home Alone .", "sentences": [ "In 2005 , the film received the Silver Bucket of Excellence Award in honor of its 20th anniversary at the MTV Movie Awards .", "For the event , MTV attempted to reunite the original cast .", "Sheedy , Ringwald , and Hall appeared together on stage , with Kapelos in the audience ; Gleason gave the award to his former castmates .", "Estevez could not attend because of other commitments , and Nelson appeared earlier in the show but left before the on - stage reunion , prompting Hall to joke that the two were `` in Africa with Dave Chappelle '' .", "Yellowcard performed Simple Minds ' anthem for the film , `` Do n't You ( Forget About Me ) '' , at the awards .", "At the 82nd Academy Awards ( March 7 , 2010 ) , Sheedy , Hall , Ringwald , and Nelson all appeared in a tribute to John Hughes -- who had died a few months prior -- along with other actors who had worked with him , including Jon Cryer from Pretty in Pink , Matthew Broderick from Ferris Bueller 's Day Off , and Macaulay Culkin from Home Alone ." ] } ]

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[ { "title": "Atlantic Ocean", "text": "In the North - East Atlantic total catches decreased between the mid-1970s and the 1990s and reached 8.7 million tons in 2013 . Blue whiting reached a 2.4 million tons peak in 2004 but was down to 628,000 tons in 2013 . Recovery plans for cod , sole , and plaice have reduced mortality in these species . Arctic cod reached its lowest levels in the 1960s -- 1980s but is now recovered . Arctic saithe and haddock are considered fully fished ; Sand eel is overfished as was capelin which has now recovered to fully fished . Limited data makes the state of redfishes and deep - water species difficult to assess but most likely they remain vulnerable to overfishing . Stocks of northern shrimp and Norwegian lobster are in good condition . In the North - East Atlantic 21 % of stocks are considered overfished . Banks", "sentences": [ "In the North - East Atlantic total catches decreased between the mid-1970s and the 1990s and reached 8.7 million tons in 2013 .", "Blue whiting reached a 2.4 million tons peak in 2004 but was down to 628,000 tons in 2013 .", "Recovery plans for cod , sole , and plaice have reduced mortality in these species .", "Arctic cod reached its lowest levels in the 1960s -- 1980s but is now recovered .", "Arctic saithe and haddock are considered fully fished ; Sand eel is overfished as was capelin which has now recovered to fully fished .", "Limited data makes the state of redfishes and deep - water species difficult to assess but most likely they remain vulnerable to overfishing .", "Stocks of northern shrimp and Norwegian lobster are in good condition .", "In the North - East Atlantic 21 % of stocks are considered overfished .", "Banks" ] } ]

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[ { "title": "Claire Underwood", "text": "Brian Stelter of The New York Times described her as Frank Underwood 's conniving wife and described the Underwoods as `` the scheming husband and wife at the center of ' House of Cards ' '' . She is a woman `` who will stop at nothing to conquer everything '' . Hank Stuever of The Washington Post describes her as an `` ice - queen wife '' . The Independent 's Sarah Hughes echoes this description , saying Claire is so dedicated to the couple 's schemes that it is clear she will execute them herself if Frank wavers . Following season 4 , Robin Wright stated that she felt Claire Underwood was the equal of Frank Underwood and demanded equal pay for her performance . Netflix acquiesced .", "sentences": [ "Brian Stelter of The New York Times described her as Frank Underwood 's conniving wife and described the Underwoods as `` the scheming husband and wife at the center of ' House of Cards ' '' .", "She is a woman `` who will stop at nothing to conquer everything '' .", "Hank Stuever of The Washington Post describes her as an `` ice - queen wife '' .", "The Independent 's Sarah Hughes echoes this description , saying Claire is so dedicated to the couple 's schemes that it is clear she will execute them herself if Frank wavers .", "Following season 4 , Robin Wright stated that she felt Claire Underwood was the equal of Frank Underwood and demanded equal pay for her performance .", "Netflix acquiesced ." ] } ]

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[ { "title": "United States declaration of war on Japan", "text": "President Roosevelt formally requested the declaration in his Infamy Speech , addressed to a joint session of Congress and the nation at 12 : 30 p.m. on December 8 . The declaration was quickly brought to a vote ; it passed the Senate , and then passed the House at 1 : 10 p.m. The vote was 82 -- 0 in the Senate and 388 -- 1 in the House . Jeannette Rankin , a pacifist and the first woman elected to Congress ( in 1916 ) , cast the only vote against the declaration , eliciting hisses from some of her peers . Several colleagues pressed her to change her vote to make the resolution unanimous -- or at least to abstain -- but she refused . `` As a woman , I ca n't go to war , '' she said , `` and I refuse to send anyone else . '' Nine other women held Congressional seats at the time . After the vote , an angry mob followed her from the Capitol building , forcing her to take refuge in a telephone booth until United States Capitol Police could rescue her . Two days later a similar war declaration against Germany and Italy came to vote ; Rankin abstained . Nine other women voted in favor of the declaration of war .", "sentences": [ "President Roosevelt formally requested the declaration in his Infamy Speech , addressed to a joint session of Congress and the nation at 12 : 30 p.m. on December 8 .", "The declaration was quickly brought to a vote ; it passed the Senate , and then passed the House at 1 : 10 p.m.", "The vote was 82 -- 0 in the Senate and 388 -- 1 in the House .", "Jeannette Rankin , a pacifist and the first woman elected to Congress ( in 1916 ) , cast the only vote against the declaration , eliciting hisses from some of her peers .", "Several colleagues pressed her to change her vote to make the resolution unanimous -- or at least to abstain -- but she refused .", "`` As a woman , I ca n't go to war , '' she said , `` and I refuse to send anyone else . ''", "Nine other women held Congressional seats at the time .", "After the vote , an angry mob followed her from the Capitol building , forcing her to take refuge in a telephone booth until United States Capitol Police could rescue her .", "Two days later a similar war declaration against Germany and Italy came to vote ; Rankin abstained .", "Nine other women voted in favor of the declaration of war ." ] } ]

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[ { "title": "Middle Ages", "text": "As Western Europe witnessed the formation of new kingdoms , the Eastern Roman Empire remained intact and experienced an economic revival that lasted into the early 7th century . There were fewer invasions of the eastern section of the empire ; most occurred in the Balkans . Peace with the Sasanian Empire , the traditional enemy of Rome , lasted throughout most of the 5th century . The Eastern Empire was marked by closer relations between the political state and Christian Church , with doctrinal matters assuming an importance in Eastern politics that they did not have in Western Europe . Legal developments included the codification of Roman law ; the first effort -- the Codex Theodosianus -- was completed in 438 . Under Emperor Justinian ( r . 527 -- 565 ) , another compilation took place -- the Corpus Juris Civilis . Justinian also oversaw the construction of the Hagia Sophia in Constantinople and the reconquest of North Africa from the Vandals and Italy from the Ostrogoths , under Belisarius ( d . 565 ) . The conquest of Italy was not complete , as a deadly outbreak of plague in 542 led to the rest of Justinian 's reign concentrating on defensive measures rather than further conquests .", "sentences": [ "As Western Europe witnessed the formation of new kingdoms , the Eastern Roman Empire remained intact and experienced an economic revival that lasted into the early 7th century .", "There were fewer invasions of the eastern section of the empire ; most occurred in the Balkans .", "Peace with the Sasanian Empire , the traditional enemy of Rome , lasted throughout most of the 5th century .", "The Eastern Empire was marked by closer relations between the political state and Christian Church , with doctrinal matters assuming an importance in Eastern politics that they did not have in Western Europe .", "Legal developments included the codification of Roman law ; the first effort -- the Codex Theodosianus -- was completed in 438 .", "Under Emperor Justinian ( r .", "527 -- 565 ) , another compilation took place -- the Corpus Juris Civilis .", "Justinian also oversaw the construction of the Hagia Sophia in Constantinople and the reconquest of North Africa from the Vandals and Italy from the Ostrogoths , under Belisarius ( d . 565 ) .", "The conquest of Italy was not complete , as a deadly outbreak of plague in 542 led to the rest of Justinian 's reign concentrating on defensive measures rather than further conquests ." ] } ]

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[ { "title": "Civilian Conservation Corps", "text": "The CCC operated an entirely separate division for members of federally recognized tribes : the Indian Emergency Conservation Work ( IECW or CCC - ID ) . Native men from reservations worked on roads , bridges , clinics , shelters , and other public works near their reservations . Although they were organized as groups classified as camps , no permanent camps were established for Native Americans . Instead , organized groups moved with their families from project to project , and were provided with an additional rental allowance in their pay . The CCC often provided the only paid work , as many reservations were in remote rural areas . Enrollees had to be between the ages of 17 and 35 .", "sentences": [ "The CCC operated an entirely separate division for members of federally recognized tribes : the Indian Emergency Conservation Work ( IECW or CCC - ID ) .", "Native men from reservations worked on roads , bridges , clinics , shelters , and other public works near their reservations .", "Although they were organized as groups classified as camps , no permanent camps were established for Native Americans .", "Instead , organized groups moved with their families from project to project , and were provided with an additional rental allowance in their pay .", "The CCC often provided the only paid work , as many reservations were in remote rural areas .", "Enrollees had to be between the ages of 17 and 35 ." ] } ]

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[ { "title": "The Other Boleyn Girl (2003 film)", "text": "Two years pass and Anne has had two miscarriages , and can not seem to have a son . In front of all the court , Anne demands to know which woman is the king 's mistress , even dragging Cromwell into the conversation . The king , angered at Anne 's rude behavior , drives Anne to depart the room , and her uncle follows her , berating her for her behavior . Anne demands respect , and her uncle informs her that she has many enemies now , and Anne yells at him to repent as he leaves her . Later , Thomas Cromwell suggests that the king leave court and journey to Wulfhall in Wiltshire , where the Seymour family lives . The king has a lovely time there , and spends much time with the eldest daughter of the family , Jane Seymour . Back at court , Anne searches the king 's rooms and finds an etching of her head being decapitated from her body . Shaken , she goes to find George , begging him to fetch Mary to court . Mary comes that night , and asks what is happening , and Anne tells the both of them that the court wants her dead . Mary asks Anne when she laid with the king last , and said that perhaps if she laid with another man , that Anne could get pregnant . Mary then suggests that Anne and George lay together , but not specifically , so as not to implicate herself . George tells Mary that what she suggests is the darkest thing in all the world , but Anne , on her knees , begs for George to save her . Despite his protests and Mary 's fear , the pair of them go through with it .", "sentences": [ "Two years pass and Anne has had two miscarriages , and can not seem to have a son .", "In front of all the court , Anne demands to know which woman is the king 's mistress , even dragging Cromwell into the conversation .", "The king , angered at Anne 's rude behavior , drives Anne to depart the room , and her uncle follows her , berating her for her behavior .", "Anne demands respect , and her uncle informs her that she has many enemies now , and Anne yells at him to repent as he leaves her .", "Later , Thomas Cromwell suggests that the king leave court and journey to Wulfhall in Wiltshire , where the Seymour family lives .", "The king has a lovely time there , and spends much time with the eldest daughter of the family , Jane Seymour .", "Back at court , Anne searches the king 's rooms and finds an etching of her head being decapitated from her body .", "Shaken , she goes to find George , begging him to fetch Mary to court .", "Mary comes that night , and asks what is happening , and Anne tells the both of them that the court wants her dead .", "Mary asks Anne when she laid with the king last , and said that perhaps if she laid with another man , that Anne could get pregnant .", "Mary then suggests that Anne and George lay together , but not specifically , so as not to implicate herself .", "George tells Mary that what she suggests is the darkest thing in all the world , but Anne , on her knees , begs for George to save her .", "Despite his protests and Mary 's fear , the pair of them go through with it ." ] } ]

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[ { "title": "Letter from Birmingham Jail", "text": "King addressed the accusation that the Civil Rights Movement was `` extreme '' , first disputing the label but then accepting it . Compared to other movements at the time , King finds himself as a moderate . However , in his devotion to his cause , King refers to himself as an extremist . Jesus and other great reformers were extremists : `` So the question is not whether we will be extremists , but what kind of extremists we will be . Will we be extremists for hate or for love ? '' King 's discussion of extremism implicitly responded to numerous `` moderate '' objections to the ongoing movement , such as President Dwight D. Eisenhower 's claim that he could not meet with civil rights leaders because doing so would require him to meet with the Ku Klux Klan .", "sentences": [ "King addressed the accusation that the Civil Rights Movement was `` extreme '' , first disputing the label but then accepting it .", "Compared to other movements at the time , King finds himself as a moderate .", "However , in his devotion to his cause , King refers to himself as an extremist .", "Jesus and other great reformers were extremists : `` So the question is not whether we will be extremists , but what kind of extremists we will be .", "Will we be extremists for hate or for love ? ''", "King 's discussion of extremism implicitly responded to numerous `` moderate '' objections to the ongoing movement , such as President Dwight D. Eisenhower 's claim that he could not meet with civil rights leaders because doing so would require him to meet with the Ku Klux Klan ." ] } ]

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[ { "title": "Colossus of Rhodes", "text": "Construction began in 292 BC . Ancient accounts , which differ to some degree , describe the structure as being built with iron tie bars to which brass plates were fixed to form the skin . The interior of the structure , which stood on a 15 - metre ( 49 - foot ) high white marble pedestal near the Mandraki harbour entrance , was then filled with stone blocks as construction progressed . Other sources place the Colossus on a breakwater in the harbour . According to most contemporary descriptions , the statue itself was about 70 cubits , or 33 metres ( 108 feet ) tall . Much of the iron and bronze was reforged from the various weapons Demetrius 's army left behind , and the abandoned second siege tower may have been used for scaffolding around the lower levels during construction . Upper portions were built with the use of a large earthen ramp . During the building , workers would pile mounds of earth on the sides of the colossus . Upon completion all of the earth was removed and the colossus was left to stand alone . After twelve years , in 280 BC , the statue was completed . Preserved in Greek anthologies of poetry is what is believed to be the genuine dedication text for the Colossus .", "sentences": [ "Construction began in 292 BC .", "Ancient accounts , which differ to some degree , describe the structure as being built with iron tie bars to which brass plates were fixed to form the skin .", "The interior of the structure , which stood on a 15 - metre ( 49 - foot ) high white marble pedestal near the Mandraki harbour entrance , was then filled with stone blocks as construction progressed .", "Other sources place the Colossus on a breakwater in the harbour .", "According to most contemporary descriptions , the statue itself was about 70 cubits , or 33 metres ( 108 feet ) tall .", "Much of the iron and bronze was reforged from the various weapons Demetrius 's army left behind , and the abandoned second siege tower may have been used for scaffolding around the lower levels during construction .", "Upper portions were built with the use of a large earthen ramp .", "During the building , workers would pile mounds of earth on the sides of the colossus .", "Upon completion all of the earth was removed and the colossus was left to stand alone .", "After twelve years , in 280 BC , the statue was completed .", "Preserved in Greek anthologies of poetry is what is believed to be the genuine dedication text for the Colossus ." ] } ]

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[ { "title": "List of New England Patriots seasons", "text": "Season Team League Conference Division Regular season Postseason results Awards Head coaches Finish Won Lost Ties Boston Patriots 1960 1960 AFL -- Eastern 4th 5 9 0 Lou Saban 1961 1961 AFL -- Eastern 2nd 9 Lou Saban ( 2 -- 3 ) Mike Holovak ( 7 -- 1 -- 1 ) 1962 1962 AFL -- Eastern 2nd 9 Mike Holovak 1963 1963 AFL -- Eastern 1st 7 6 Won Divisional Playoffs ( at Bills ) 26 -- 8 Lost AFL Championship ( at Chargers ) 10 -- 51 1964 1964 AFL -- Eastern 2nd 10 Gino Cappelletti ( MVP ) 1965 1965 AFL -- Eastern 3rd 8 1966 1966 AFL -- Eastern 2nd 8 Jim Nance ( MVP ) 1967 1967 AFL -- Eastern 5th 10 1968 1968 AFL -- Eastern 4th 10 0 1969 1969 AFL -- Eastern 3rd 10 0 Clive Rush 1970 1970 NFL AFC East 5th 12 0 Clive Rush ( 1 -- 6 ) John Mazur ( 1 -- 6 ) New England Patriots 1971 1971 NFL AFC East 3rd 6 8 0 John Mazur 1972 1972 NFL AFC East 5th 11 0 John Mazur ( 2 -- 7 ) Phil Bengtson ( 1 -- 4 ) 1973 1973 NFL AFC East 3rd 5 9 0 Chuck Fairbanks NFL AFC East 3rd 7 7 0 NFL AFC East 5th 11 0 1976 1976 NFL AFC East 2nd 11 0 Lost Divisional Playoffs ( at Raiders ) 21 -- 24 Mike Haynes ( DROY ) 1977 1977 NFL AFC East 3rd 9 5 0 1978 1978 NFL AFC East 1st 11 5 0 Lost Divisional Playoffs ( Oilers ) 14 -- 31 1979 1979 NFL AFC East 2nd 9 7 0 Ron Erhardt 1980 1980 NFL AFC East 2nd 10 6 0 1981 1981 NFL AFC East 5th 14 0 1982 1982 NFL AFC 7th 5 0 Lost First Round ( at Dolphins ) 13 -- 28 Ron Meyer NFL AFC East 2nd 8 8 0 1984 1984 NFL AFC East 2nd 9 7 0 Ron Meyer ( 5 -- 3 ) Raymond Berry ( 4 -- 4 ) 1985 1985 NFL AFC East 3rd 11 5 0 Won Wild Card Playoffs ( at Jets ) 26 -- 14 Won Divisional Playoffs ( at Raiders ) 27 -- 20 Won Conference Championship ( at Dolphins ) 31 -- 14 Lost Super Bowl XX ( vs. Bears ) 10 -- 46 Raymond Berry 1986 1986 NFL AFC East 1st 11 5 0 Lost Divisional Playoffs ( at Broncos ) 17 -- 22 NFL AFC East 2nd 8 7 0 1988 1988 NFL AFC East 3rd 9 7 0 John Stephens ( OROY ) 1989 1989 NFL AFC East 4th 5 11 0 1990 1990 NFL AFC East 5th 15 0 Rod Rust 1991 1991 NFL AFC East 4th 6 10 0 Leonard Russell ( OROY ) Dick MacPherson 1992 1992 NFL AFC East 5th 14 0 1993 1993 NFL AFC East 4th 5 11 0 Bill Parcells 1994 1994 NFL AFC East 2nd 10 6 0 Lost Wild Card Playoffs ( at Browns ) 13 -- 20 Bill Parcells ( COY ) 1995 1995 NFL AFC East 4th 6 10 0 Curtis Martin ( OROY ) NFL AFC East 1st 11 5 0 Won Divisional Playoffs ( Steelers ) 28 -- 3 Won Conference Championship ( Jaguars ) 20 -- 6 Lost Super Bowl XXXI ( vs. Packers ) 21 -- 35 1997 1997 NFL AFC East 1st 10 6 0 Won Wild Card Playoffs ( Dolphins ) 17 -- 3 Lost Divisional Playoffs ( at Steelers ) 6 -- 7 Pete Carroll 1998 1998 NFL AFC East 4th 9 7 0 Lost Wild Card Playoffs ( at Jaguars ) 10 -- 25 1999 1999 NFL AFC East 5th 8 8 0 2000 2000 NFL AFC East 5th 5 11 0 Bill Belichick 2001 2001 NFL AFC East 1st 11 5 0 Won Divisional Playoffs ( Raiders ) 16 -- 13 ( OT ) Won Conference Championship ( at Steelers ) 24 -- 17 Won Super Bowl XXXVI ( 1 ) ( vs. Rams ) 20 -- 17 Tom Brady ( SB MVP ) 2002 2002 NFL AFC East 2nd 9 7 0 2003 2003 NFL AFC East 1st 14 0 Won Divisional Playoffs ( Titans ) 17 -- 14 Won Conference Championship ( Colts ) 24 -- 14 Won Super Bowl XXXVIII ( 2 ) ( vs. Panthers ) 32 -- 29 Tom Brady ( SB MVP ) Bill Belichick ( COY ) NFL AFC East 1st 14 0 Won Divisional Playoffs ( Colts ) 20 -- 3 Won Conference Championship ( at Steelers ) 41 -- 27 Won Super Bowl XXXIX ( 3 ) ( vs. Eagles ) 24 -- 21 Deion Branch ( SB MVP ) 2005 2005 NFL AFC East 1st 10 6 0 Won Wild Card Playoffs ( Jaguars ) 28 -- 3 Lost Divisional Playoffs ( at Broncos ) 13 -- 27 Tedy Bruschi ( CBPOY ) 2006 2006 NFL AFC East 1st 12 0 Won Wild Card Playoffs ( Jets ) 37 -- 16 Won Divisional Playoffs ( at Chargers ) 24 -- 21 Lost Conference Championship ( at Colts ) 34 -- 38 2007 2007 NFL AFC East 1st 16 0 0 Won Divisional Playoffs ( Jaguars ) 31 -- 20 Won Conference Championship ( Chargers ) 21 -- 12 Lost Super Bowl XLII ( vs. Giants ) 14 -- 17 Tom Brady ( MVP , OPOY ) Bill Belichick ( COY ) 2008 2008 NFL AFC East 2nd 11 5 0 Jerod Mayo ( DROY ) 2009 2009 NFL AFC East 1st 10 6 0 Lost Wild Card Playoffs ( Ravens ) 14 -- 33 Tom Brady ( CBPOY ) NFL AFC East 1st 14 0 Lost Divisional Playoffs ( Jets ) 21 -- 28 Tom Brady ( MVP , OPOY ) Bill Belichick ( COY ) 2011 2011 NFL AFC East 1st 13 0 Won Divisional Playoffs ( Broncos ) 45 -- 10 Won Conference Championship ( Ravens ) 23 -- 20 Lost Super Bowl XLVI ( vs. Giants ) 17 -- 21 2012 2012 NFL AFC East 1st 12 0 Won Divisional Playoffs ( Texans ) 41 -- 28 Lost Conference Championship ( Ravens ) 13 -- 28 2013 2013 NFL AFC East 1st 12 0 Won Divisional Playoffs ( Colts ) 43 -- 22 Lost Conference Championship ( at Broncos ) 16 -- 26 2014 2014 NFL AFC East 1st 12 0 Won Divisional Playoffs ( Ravens ) 35 -- 31 Won Conference Championship ( Colts ) 45 -- 7 Won Super Bowl XLIX ( 4 ) ( vs. Seahawks ) 28 -- 24 Rob Gronkowski ( CBPOY ) Tom Brady ( SB MVP ) 2015 2015 NFL AFC East 1st 12 0 Won Divisional Playoffs ( Chiefs ) 27 -- 20 Lost Conference Championship ( at Broncos ) 18 -- 20 2016 2016 NFL AFC East 1st 14 0 Won Divisional Playoffs ( Texans ) 34 -- 16 Won Conference Championship ( Steelers ) 36 -- 17 Won Super Bowl LI ( 5 ) ( vs. Falcons ) 34 -- 28 ( OT ) Tom Brady ( SB MVP ) 2017 2017 NFL AFC East 1st 13 0 Won Divisional Playoffs ( Titans ) 35 -- 14 Won Conference Championship ( Jaguars ) 24 -- 20 Super Bowl LII ( vs. Eagles ) Total 489 386 9 All - time regular season record ( 1960 -- 2017 ) 34 19 -- All - time postseason record ( 1960 -- 2017 ) 523 405 9 All - time regular & postseason record ( 1960 -- 2017 ) Tom", "sentences": [ "Season Team League Conference Division Regular season Postseason results Awards Head coaches Finish Won Lost Ties Boston Patriots 1960 1960 AFL --", "Eastern 4th 5 9 0", "Lou Saban 1961 1961 AFL --", "Eastern 2nd 9 Lou Saban ( 2 -- 3 )", "Mike Holovak ( 7 -- 1 -- 1 ) 1962 1962", "AFL --", "Eastern 2nd 9 Mike Holovak 1963 1963 AFL --", "Eastern 1st 7 6 Won Divisional Playoffs ( at Bills ) 26 -- 8 Lost AFL Championship ( at Chargers ) 10 -- 51 1964 1964 AFL --", "Eastern 2nd 10 Gino Cappelletti ( MVP ) 1965 1965", "AFL --", "Eastern 3rd 8 1966 1966 AFL --", "Eastern 2nd 8 Jim Nance ( MVP ) 1967 1967", "AFL --", "Eastern 5th 10 1968 1968 AFL --", "Eastern 4th 10 0 1969 1969 AFL --", "Eastern 3rd 10 0 Clive Rush 1970 1970", "NFL AFC", "East 5th 12 0 Clive Rush ( 1 -- 6 ) John Mazur ( 1 -- 6 ) New England Patriots 1971 1971 NFL AFC", "East 3rd 6 8 0", "John Mazur 1972 1972 NFL AFC", "East 5th 11 0 John Mazur ( 2 -- 7 ) Phil Bengtson ( 1 -- 4 ) 1973 1973 NFL AFC", "East 3rd 5 9 0 Chuck Fairbanks NFL AFC", "East 3rd 7 7 0", "NFL AFC", "East 5th 11 0 1976 1976 NFL AFC", "East 2nd 11 0 Lost Divisional Playoffs ( at Raiders ) 21 -- 24 Mike Haynes ( DROY ) 1977 1977", "NFL AFC", "East 3rd 9 5 0 1978 1978 NFL AFC East 1st 11 5 0 Lost Divisional Playoffs ( Oilers ) 14 -- 31 1979 1979 NFL AFC", "East 2nd 9 7 0", "Ron Erhardt 1980 1980 NFL AFC", "East 2nd 10 6 0 1981 1981 NFL AFC", "East 5th 14 0 1982 1982", "NFL AFC 7th 5 0", "Lost First Round ( at Dolphins ) 13 -- 28 Ron Meyer NFL AFC", "East 2nd 8 8 0 1984 1984 NFL AFC", "East 2nd 9 7 0", "Ron Meyer ( 5 -- 3 ) Raymond Berry ( 4 -- 4 ) 1985 1985 NFL AFC", "East 3rd 11 5 0 Won Wild Card Playoffs ( at Jets ) 26 -- 14 Won Divisional Playoffs ( at Raiders ) 27 -- 20 Won Conference Championship ( at Dolphins ) 31 -- 14 Lost Super Bowl XX ( vs. Bears ) 10 -- 46 Raymond Berry 1986 1986 NFL AFC", "East 1st 11 5 0 Lost Divisional Playoffs ( at Broncos ) 17 -- 22 NFL AFC", "East 2nd 8 7 0 1988 1988 NFL AFC", "East 3rd 9 7 0", "John Stephens ( OROY ) 1989 1989", "NFL AFC", "East 4th 5 11 0 1990 1990 NFL AFC East 5th 15 0 Rod Rust 1991 1991 NFL AFC", "East 4th 6 10 0 Leonard Russell ( OROY )", "Dick MacPherson 1992 1992 NFL AFC East 5th", "14 0 1993 1993", "NFL AFC", "East 4th 5 11 0 Bill Parcells 1994 1994 NFL AFC", "East 2nd 10 6 0 Lost Wild Card Playoffs ( at Browns ) 13 -- 20 Bill Parcells ( COY ) 1995 1995", "NFL AFC", "East 4th 6 10 0", "Curtis Martin ( OROY )", "NFL AFC", "East 1st 11 5 0 Won Divisional Playoffs ( Steelers ) 28 -- 3 Won Conference Championship ( Jaguars ) 20 -- 6 Lost Super Bowl XXXI ( vs. Packers ) 21 -- 35 1997 1997", "NFL AFC", "East 1st 10 6 0 Won Wild Card Playoffs ( Dolphins ) 17 -- 3 Lost Divisional Playoffs ( at Steelers )", "6 -- 7 Pete Carroll 1998 1998 NFL AFC", "East 4th 9 7 0 Lost Wild Card Playoffs ( at Jaguars ) 10 -- 25 1999 1999 NFL AFC", "East 5th 8 8 0 2000 2000 NFL AFC", "East 5th 5 11 0 Bill Belichick 2001", "2001 NFL AFC East 1st 11 5 0", "Won Divisional Playoffs ( Raiders ) 16 -- 13 ( OT ) Won Conference Championship ( at Steelers ) 24 -- 17 Won Super Bowl XXXVI ( 1 ) ( vs. Rams ) 20 -- 17 Tom Brady ( SB MVP ) 2002 2002", "NFL AFC", "East 2nd 9 7 0 2003 2003 NFL AFC", "East 1st 14 0", "Won Divisional Playoffs ( Titans ) 17 -- 14 Won Conference Championship ( Colts ) 24 -- 14 Won Super Bowl XXXVIII ( 2 ) ( vs. Panthers ) 32 -- 29 Tom Brady ( SB MVP )", "Bill Belichick ( COY )", "NFL AFC", "East 1st 14 0", "Won Divisional Playoffs ( Colts ) 20 -- 3 Won Conference Championship ( at Steelers ) 41 -- 27 Won Super Bowl XXXIX ( 3 ) ( vs. Eagles ) 24 -- 21 Deion Branch ( SB MVP ) 2005 2005", "NFL AFC East 1st 10 6 0", "Won Wild Card Playoffs ( Jaguars ) 28 -- 3 Lost Divisional Playoffs ( at Broncos ) 13 -- 27 Tedy Bruschi ( CBPOY ) 2006 2006", "NFL AFC East 1st 12 0", "Won Wild Card Playoffs ( Jets ) 37 -- 16 Won Divisional Playoffs ( at Chargers ) 24 -- 21 Lost Conference Championship ( at Colts ) 34 -- 38 2007 2007", "NFL AFC East 1st 16 0 0", "Won Divisional Playoffs ( Jaguars ) 31 -- 20 Won Conference Championship ( Chargers ) 21 -- 12 Lost Super Bowl XLII ( vs. Giants ) 14 -- 17 Tom Brady ( MVP , OPOY )", "Bill Belichick ( COY ) 2008 2008", "NFL AFC", "East 2nd 11 5 0 Jerod Mayo ( DROY )", "2009 2009", "NFL AFC East 1st 10 6 0 Lost Wild Card Playoffs ( Ravens ) 14 -- 33 Tom Brady ( CBPOY )", "NFL AFC", "East 1st 14 0", "Lost Divisional Playoffs ( Jets ) 21 -- 28 Tom Brady ( MVP , OPOY )", "Bill Belichick ( COY ) 2011 2011", "NFL AFC East 1st 13 0", "Won Divisional Playoffs ( Broncos ) 45 -- 10 Won Conference Championship ( Ravens ) 23 -- 20 Lost Super Bowl XLVI ( vs. Giants ) 17 -- 21 2012 2012 NFL AFC", "East 1st 12 0", "Won Divisional Playoffs ( Texans ) 41 -- 28 Lost Conference Championship ( Ravens ) 13 -- 28 2013 2013 NFL AFC", "East 1st 12 0", "Won Divisional Playoffs ( Colts ) 43 -- 22 Lost Conference Championship ( at Broncos ) 16 -- 26 2014 2014 NFL AFC", "East 1st 12 0", "Won Divisional Playoffs ( Ravens ) 35 -- 31 Won Conference Championship ( Colts ) 45 -- 7 Won Super Bowl XLIX ( 4 ) ( vs. Seahawks ) 28 -- 24 Rob Gronkowski ( CBPOY )", "Tom Brady ( SB MVP ) 2015 2015", "NFL AFC East 1st 12 0", "Won Divisional Playoffs ( Chiefs ) 27 -- 20 Lost Conference Championship ( at Broncos ) 18 -- 20 2016 2016 NFL AFC", "East 1st 14 0", "Won Divisional Playoffs ( Texans ) 34 -- 16 Won Conference Championship ( Steelers ) 36 -- 17 Won Super Bowl LI ( 5 ) ( vs. Falcons ) 34 -- 28 ( OT )", "Tom Brady ( SB MVP ) 2017 2017", "NFL AFC", "East 1st 13 0", "Won Divisional Playoffs ( Titans ) 35 -- 14 Won Conference Championship ( Jaguars ) 24 -- 20 Super Bowl LII ( vs. Eagles )", "Total 489 386 9 All - time regular season record ( 1960 -- 2017 )", "34 19 -- All - time postseason record ( 1960 -- 2017 )", "523 405 9 All - time regular & postseason record ( 1960 -- 2017 )", "Tom" ] } ]

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[ { "title": "Big Brother (U.S. TV series)", "text": "The Power of Veto is a power first introduced in Big Brother 3 . During its first season , it did not allow a nominated HouseGuest to use it on themselves . The final Power of Veto that season was the Golden Power of Veto , and allowed a nominated HouseGuest to remove themself from the block . Following this , the Golden Power of Veto was used in all subsequent seasons . The Diamond Power of Veto , used in Big Brother 12 allowed one HouseGuest to remove themselves from the block , as well as choose the replacement nominee only moments before the live eviction. Power of Veto competitions differ drastically from the Head of Household competition , with PoV competitions being more skill based in nature . Competitions such as the `` Pop Goes the Veto ! '' competition , which required HouseGuest to find letter tiles and spell the longest word , have been used in numerous consecutive seasons . Competitions such as the `` Big Brother Boardwalk '' competition see HouseGuests attempting to guess how much of an item there is ; this is one of various competitions that do not require HouseGuests to compete in a physical based competition . The `` How Bad Do You Want It ? '' Power of Veto competition , first introduced in the seventh season , saw HouseGuests taking punishments in exchange for advancing in the competition . Variations of this competition have been used in numerous subsequent seasons . HouseGuests Janelle Pierzina ( S7 ) , Daniele Donato ( S8 ) , Paul Abrahamian ( S19 ) , and Kaycee Clark ( S20 ) currently hold the record for most Power of Veto wins in a single season , with five wins each . HouseGuests James Zinkand , Frank Eudy , Shane Meaney and Kaycee Clark all hold the record for most consecutive Power of Veto wins , with three each .", "sentences": [ "The Power of Veto is a power first introduced in Big Brother 3 .", "During its first season , it did not allow a nominated HouseGuest to use it on themselves .", "The final Power of Veto that season was the Golden Power of Veto , and allowed a nominated HouseGuest to remove themself from the block .", "Following this , the Golden Power of Veto was used in all subsequent seasons .", "The Diamond Power of Veto , used in Big Brother 12 allowed one HouseGuest to remove themselves from the block , as well as choose the replacement nominee only moments before the live eviction.", "Power of Veto competitions differ drastically from the Head of Household competition , with PoV competitions being more skill based in nature .", "Competitions such as the `` Pop Goes the Veto ! ''", "competition , which required HouseGuest to find letter tiles and spell the longest word , have been used in numerous consecutive seasons .", "Competitions such as the `` Big Brother Boardwalk '' competition see HouseGuests attempting to guess how much of an item there is ; this is one of various competitions that do not require HouseGuests to compete in a physical based competition .", "The `` How Bad Do You Want It ? ''", "Power of Veto competition , first introduced in the seventh season , saw HouseGuests taking punishments in exchange for advancing in the competition .", "Variations of this competition have been used in numerous subsequent seasons .", "HouseGuests Janelle Pierzina ( S7 ) , Daniele Donato ( S8 ) , Paul Abrahamian ( S19 ) , and Kaycee Clark ( S20 ) currently hold the record for most Power of Veto wins in a single season , with five wins each .", "HouseGuests James Zinkand , Frank Eudy , Shane Meaney and Kaycee Clark all hold the record for most consecutive Power of Veto wins , with three each ." ] } ]

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[ { "title": "Color motion picture film", "text": "The first practical subtractive color process was introduced by Kodak as `` Kodachrome '' , a name recycled twenty years later for a very different and far better - known product . Filter - photographed red and blue - green records were printed onto the front and back of one strip of black - and - white duplitized film . After development , the resulting silver images were bleached away and replaced with color dyes , red on one side and cyan on the other . The pairs of superimposed dye images reproduced a useful but limited range of color . Kodak 's first narrative film with the process was a short subject entitled Concerning $1000 ( 1916 ) . Though their duplitized film provided the basis for several commercialized two - color printing processes , the image origination and color - toning methods constituting Kodak 's own process were little - used .", "sentences": [ "The first practical subtractive color process was introduced by Kodak as `` Kodachrome '' , a name recycled twenty years later for a very different and far better - known product .", "Filter - photographed red and blue - green records were printed onto the front and back of one strip of black - and - white duplitized film .", "After development , the resulting silver images were bleached away and replaced with color dyes , red on one side and cyan on the other .", "The pairs of superimposed dye images reproduced a useful but limited range of color .", "Kodak 's first narrative film with the process was a short subject entitled Concerning $1000 ( 1916 ) .", "Though their duplitized film provided the basis for several commercialized two - color printing processes , the image origination and color - toning methods constituting Kodak 's own process were little - used ." ] } ]

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[ { "title": "Space Shuttle retirement", "text": "Two modified Boeing 747s were used to fly the shuttles back to KSC when they landed at Edwards AFB . N911NA was retired on February 8 , 2012 and is now a parts hulk for the `` SOFIA '' 747 . Beginning in September 2014 , N911NA was loaned out to the Joe Davies Heritage Airpark , in Palmdale , CA , where it is on outdoor display next to the B - 52 . The other aircraft , N905NA was used to send Discovery , Endeavour and Enterprise to their museums and in September 2012 was found to have few parts for Sofia . It is currently a museum piece at the Johnson Space Center . NASA", "sentences": [ "Two modified Boeing 747s were used to fly the shuttles back to KSC when they landed at Edwards AFB .", "N911NA was retired on February 8 , 2012 and is now a parts hulk for the `` SOFIA '' 747 .", "Beginning in September 2014 , N911NA was loaned out to the Joe Davies Heritage Airpark , in Palmdale , CA , where it is on outdoor display next to the B - 52 .", "The other aircraft , N905NA was used to send Discovery , Endeavour and Enterprise to their museums and in September 2012 was found to have few parts for Sofia .", "It is currently a museum piece at the Johnson Space Center .", "NASA" ] } ]

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[ { "title": "Software inspection", "text": "Author : The person who created the work product being inspected . Moderator : This is the leader of the inspection . The moderator plans the inspection and coordinates it . Reader : The person reading through the documents , one item at a time . The other inspectors then point out defects . Recorder / Scribe : The person that documents the defects that are found during the inspection . Inspector : The person that examines the work product to identify possible defects .", "sentences": [ "Author : The person who created the work product being inspected .", "Moderator :", "This is the leader of the inspection .", "The moderator plans the inspection and coordinates it .", "Reader :", "The person reading through the documents , one item at a time .", "The other inspectors then point out defects .", "Recorder / Scribe : The person that documents the defects that are found during the inspection .", "Inspector :", "The person that examines the work product to identify possible defects ." ] } ]

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[ { "title": "List of current Indian chief ministers", "text": "In the Republic of India , a chief minister is the head of government of each of twenty - nine states and two union territories ( Delhi and Puducherry ) . According to the Constitution of India , at the state - level , the governor is de jure head , but de facto executive authority rests with the chief minister . Following elections to the state legislative assembly , the governor usually invites the party ( or coalition ) with a majority of seats to form the government . The governor appoints the chief minister , whose council of ministers are collectively responsible to the assembly . Given he has the assembly 's confidence , the chief minister 's term is usually for a maximum of five years ; there are no limits to the number of terms he / she can serve .", "sentences": [ "In the Republic of India , a chief minister is the head of government of each of twenty - nine states and two union territories ( Delhi and Puducherry ) .", "According to the Constitution of India , at the state - level , the governor is de jure head , but de facto executive authority rests with the chief minister .", "Following elections to the state legislative assembly , the governor usually invites the party ( or coalition ) with a majority of seats to form the government .", "The governor appoints the chief minister , whose council of ministers are collectively responsible to the assembly .", "Given he has the assembly 's confidence , the chief minister 's term is usually for a maximum of five years ; there are no limits to the number of terms", "he /", "she can serve ." ] } ]

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[ { "title": "The Boy in the Striped Pyjamas (film)", "text": "After the funeral of his grandmother who was killed in Berlin by an enemy bombing , Ralf tells Bruno and Gretel that Elsa , their mother , suggests that they go to live with a relative because it is not safe there . In truth , Elsa suggests this because she does not want her children living with their murderous father . Shmuel has problems of his own ; his father has gone missing after those with whom he participated in a march did not return to the camp . Bruno decides to redeem himself by helping Shmuel find his father . The next day , Bruno , who is due to leave that afternoon , dons a striped prisoners ' outfit and a cap to cover his unshaven head , and digs under the fence to join Shmuel in the search . Bruno soon discovers the true nature of the camp after seeing the many sick and weak - looking Jews , much to his shock . While searching , the boys are taken on a march with other inmates by Sonderkommandos .", "sentences": [ "After the funeral of his grandmother who was killed in Berlin by an enemy bombing , Ralf tells Bruno and Gretel that Elsa , their mother , suggests that they go to live with a relative because it is not safe there .", "In truth , Elsa suggests this because she does not want her children living with their murderous father .", "Shmuel has problems of his own ; his father has gone missing after those with whom he participated in a march did not return to the camp .", "Bruno decides to redeem himself by helping Shmuel find his father .", "The next day , Bruno , who is due to leave that afternoon , dons a striped prisoners ' outfit and a cap to cover his unshaven head , and digs under the fence to join Shmuel in the search .", "Bruno soon discovers the true nature of the camp after seeing the many sick and weak - looking Jews , much to his shock .", "While searching , the boys are taken on a march with other inmates by Sonderkommandos ." ] } ]

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[ { "title": "State of nature", "text": "John Rawls used what amounted to an artificial state of nature . To develop his theory of justice , Rawls places everyone in the original position . The original position is a hypothetical state of nature used as a thought experiment development to Rawls ' theory of justice . People in the original position have no society and are under a veil of ignorance that prevents them from knowing how they may benefit from society . They lack foreknowledge of their intelligence , wealth , or abilities . Rawls reasons that people in the original position would want a society where they had their basic liberties protected and where they had some economic guarantees as well . If society were to be constructed from scratch through a social agreement between individuals , these principles would be the expected basis of such an agreement . Thus , these principles should form the basis of real , modern societies since everyone should consent to them if society were organized from scratch in fair agreements .", "sentences": [ "John Rawls used what amounted to an artificial state of nature .", "To develop his theory of justice , Rawls places everyone in the original position .", "The original position is a hypothetical state of nature used as a thought experiment development to Rawls ' theory of justice .", "People in the original position have no society and are under a veil of ignorance that prevents them from knowing how they may benefit from society .", "They lack foreknowledge of their intelligence , wealth , or abilities .", "Rawls reasons that people in the original position would want a society where they had their basic liberties protected and where they had some economic guarantees as well .", "If society were to be constructed from scratch through a social agreement between individuals , these principles would be the expected basis of such an agreement .", "Thus , these principles should form the basis of real , modern societies since everyone should consent to them if society were organized from scratch in fair agreements ." ] } ]

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