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ذكر الوقعة بمرج الروم

The Battle of Mar j al-Rum

فدلهم على موضع الكوفة اليوم

He then led them to the place where al-Kufah is located today

دلهم عليها ابن بقيلة، قال لسعد" أدلك على أرض ارتفعت عن البق، وانحدرت عن الفلاة

Ibn Buqaylah led the Muslims there and said to Sa‘d" "I shall lead you to a land free of mosquitoes and beyond the desert

قال ابن جرير" قال بعضهم" فيها مصر سعد بْن أبي وقاص الكوفة

Ibn Jarir (al-Tabari) has said" Some traditionists said that in this year Sa'd b. Abl Waqqas established al-Kufah

ثم دخلت سنة خمس عشرة

The Events of the Year 15 (FEBRUARY 14, 636-FEBRUARY 1,637

وَكَانَ عَلَى مَكَّةَ عَتَّابُ بْنُ أُسَيْدٍ في قول، وعلى اليمن يعلى بن مُنَيَّةَ، وَعَلَى الْكُوفَةِ سَعْدُ بْنُ أَبِي وَقَّاصٍ، وَعَلَى الشَّامِ أَبُو عُبَيْدَةَ بْنُ الْجَرَّاحِ، وَعَلَى الْبَحْرَيْنِ عُثْمَانُ بْنُ أَبِي الْعَاصِ- وَقِيلَ" الْعَلاءُ بْنُ الْحَضْرَمِيِّ- وَعَلَى عُمَانَ حُذَيْفَةُ بْنُ مِحْصَنٍ

The governor of Mecca was, according to one version, ‘Attab b. alAsid Ya'la b. Munyah was governor of the Yemen; Sa'd b. Abi Waqqas was governor of al-Kufah; Abu ‘Ubaydah b. al-Jarrah was governor of Syria,‘Uthmanb. Abi al-‘AsM was governor of Bahrayn, although according to another version it was al-'Ala’ b. al-Hadrami; and Hudhayfah b. Mihsan was governor of ‘Uman

وحج بالناس في هذه السنة عمر بن الْخَطَّابِ

In this year ‘Umar b. al-Khaftab led the Muslims in pilgrimage

وَفِيهَا- أَعْنِي سَنَةَ أَرْبَعَ عَشْرَةَ- ضَرَبَ عُمَرُ ابْنَهُ عُبَيْدَ اللَّهِ وَأَصْحَابَهُ فِي شَرَابٍ شَرِبُوهُ وَأَبَا مِحْجَنٍ

In this year, meaning the year 14/635-36, ‘Umar flogged his son ‘Ubaydallah and his companions because they drank wine, and he flogged Abu Mihjan as well

وَقِيلَ اسْتَعْمَلَ بَعْدَ عُتْبَةَ أَبَا مُوسَى، وَبَعْدَهُ الْمُغِيرَةَ

According to another version, ‘Umar appointed after ‘Utbah Abu Musa, and after him al-Mughirah

فَبَقِيَ سَنَتَيْنِ، ثُمَّ رُمِيَ بِمَا رُمِيَ، وَاسْتَعْمَلَ أَبَا مُوسَى

He remained two years in this position, and then certain accusations were directed against him and 'Umar then appointed Abu Musa (al-Ash‘ari

وَاسْتَعْمَلَ عُمَرُ عَلَى الْبَصْرَةِ الْمُغِيرَةَ بْنَ شُعْبَةَ

"Then" ‘Umar appointed al-Mughirah b. Shu'bah as governor of al-Basrah

فَكَانَتْ إِمَارَتُهُ عَلَيْهَا سِتَّةَ أَشْهُرٍ

His governorship of alBasrah lasted six months

وَقِيلَ سِتَّ عَشْرَةَ، وَالأَوَّلُ أَصَحُّ

According to another version, it was in the year 16/ 637-38, but the first version is more correct

وَقِيلَ" إِنَّ إِمَارَةَ عُتْبَةَ الْبَصْرَةَ كَانَتْ سَنَةَ خَمْسَ عَشْرَةَ

It was said" The governorship of 'Utbah in al-Basrah was in the year 15/636-37

فَأَجْرَوْا عَلَيْهِ كُلَّ يَوْمٍ دِرْهَمَيْنِ

They allocated for him two dirhams a day

وَهُوَ ابْنُ أَرْبَعَ عَشْرَةَ سَنَةً، لَهُ ذُؤَابَةٌ

He was fourteen years old and possessed nobility

فَلَمَّا فَتَحُوا الأُبُلَّةَ لَمْ يَجِدُوا قَاسِمًا يَقْسِمُ بَيْنَهُمْ، فَكَانَ زِيَادٌ قَاسِمَهُمْ

When they conquered al-Ubullah, they did not find anyone who would divide "the spoils" between them, and eventually Ziyad divided the spoils between them

وَانْحَدَرَ مَعَهُمْ زِيَادٌ

Ziyad (b. Abi Sufyan) also joined them

فَلَمَّا وَلِيَ عُتْبَةُ الْبَصْرَةَ انْحَدَرَ مَعَهُ أَصْهَارُهُ" أَبُو بَكْرَةَ، وَنَافِعٌ، وَشِبْلُ بْنُ مَعْبَدٍ

When ‘Utbah was appointed governor of al-Ba§rah, the relatives of his wife—Abu Bakrah, Nafi‘, and Shibl b. Ma'bad — came with him

كَانَتْ عِنْدَ عُتْبَةَ صَفِيَّةُ بِنْتُ الْحَارِثِ بْنِ كِلْدَةَ، وَكَانَتْ أُخْتُهَا أَردَةُ بِنْتُ الْحَارِثِ عِنْدَ شِبْلِ بْنِ مَعْبَدٍ الْبَجَلِيِّ

safiyyah bint al-Harith b. Kaladah was the wife of ‘Utbah, and her sister Ardah bint al-Harith was the wife of Shibl b. Ma'had al-Bajali

الْمَدَائِنِيُّ، قَالَ

According to al-Mada’ini

وَفَتَحَ اللَّهُ عَلَى أَيْدِيهِمْ

God granted victory to the . Muslims

وَجَعَلْنَا نَنْظُرُ إِلَى رُءُوسٍ تُنْدَرُ، مَا نَرَى مَنْ يَضْرِبُهَا

We saw heads falling, but we did not see who was striking them off

ثُمَّ كَبَّرُوا الثَّالِثَةَ، فَجَعَلَتِ الدَّابَّةُ تَضْرِبُ بِصَاحِبِهَا الأَرْضَ

Then they proclaimed it for the third time, and the mounts (of the Persians) began to throw their riders to the ground

ثُمَّ كَبَّرُوا الثَّانِيَةَ، فَقَامَتْ دَوَابُّهُمْ عَلَى أَرْجُلِهَا

Then they proclaimed it for the second time, whereupon their mounts rose on their feet

فَلَمَّا صَارُوا عَلَى الأَرْضِ كَبَّرُوا تَكْبِيرَةً

When the Muslims reached land, they proclaimed "God is most great

فَقَالَ الْمُشْرِكُونَ" لا تَأْخُذُوا أَوَّلَهُمْ حَتَّى يَعْبُرَ آخِرُهُمْ

The polytheists said" "Do not take on the first of them until the last makes the crossing

فَأَخَذُوا خَشَبَ الْعُشَرِ فَأَوْثَقُوهُ، وَعَبَرُوا إِلَيْهِمْ

They took pieces of wood from the 'ushai tree, tied them together, and crossed to the enemy side

قَالَ" بَلِ اعْبُرُوا إِلَيْنَا

The enemy said" "Cross to our side

وَإِنَّهُمْ مَضَوْا حَتَّى إِذَا كَانُوا حِيَالَ الأُبُلَّةِ، قَالُوا لِلْعَدُوِّ، نَعْبُرُ إِلَيْكُمْ أَوْ تَعْبُرُونَ إِلَيْنَا

They marched and when they came opposite al-Ubullah they said to the enemy" "Shall we cross to your side, or will you cross to ours

فَأَخَذُوا الدِّرْهَمَيْنِ وَمَكُّوكِ زَبِيبٍ

They took two dirhams and a makkuk of raisins each

لَمَّا خَرَجَ النَّاسُ لِقِتَالِ أَهْلِ الأُبُلَّةِ خَرَجَ زَوْجِي وَابْنِي مَعَهُمْ

When the Muslims set out to fight the people of al-Ubullah, my husband and my son went with them

وَعَنْ عَمْرَةَ ابْنَةِ قَيْسٍ، قَالَتْ

According to ‘Amrah bint Qays

قَالَ الْمُثَنَّى" فَأُصُولُ أَمْوَالِنَا الْيَوْمَ مِنْهَا

Al-Muthanna said" "This is the source of the property which we own today

قَالَ" فَحَلَفْتُ، فَسُلِّمَتْ لِي

I took the oath and the pot was given to me

وَإِلا قُسِّمَتْ بَيْنَ الْمُسْلِمِينَ

If not, it will be divided among the Muslims

فَإِنْ حَلَفَ سُلِّمَتْ إِلَيْهِ

If he takes the oath, the pot will be given to him

فَكُتِبَ فِي ذَلِكَ إِلَى عُمَرَ، فَكَتَبَ أَنْ يُصْبَرَ يَمِينُ سَلَمَةَ بِاللَّهِ لَقَدْ أَخَذَهَا وَهِيَ عِنْدَهُ نَحَاسٌ

A letter concerning this was sent to ‘Umar, who replied" "Let Salamah swear by God that on the day when he took it he thought that it was of copper

فَلَمَّا نَظَرْتُ إِذَا هِيَ ذَهَبٌ فِيهَا ثَمَانُونَ أَلْفَ مِثْقَالٍ

When I looked at it closely, I suddenly noticed that it was of gold and contained eighty thousand mithqals

شَهِدْتُ فَتْحَ الأُبُلَّةِ، فَوَقَعَ لِي فِي سَهْمِي قِدْرُ نَحَاسٍ

I participated in the conquest of alUbullah. A copper pot fell within my share "of the spoils

وَعَنِ الْمُثَنَّى بْنِ مُوسَى بْنِ سَلَمَةَ بْنِ الْمُحَبَّقِ، عَنْ أَبِيهِ، عَنْ جَدِّهِ، قَالَ

According to al-Muthanna b. Musa b. Salamah b. al-Muhabbiq— his father — his grandfather

قال الطبرى، وَكَانَ مِمَّنْ سُبِيَ مِنْ مِيسَانَ يَسَارٌ أَبُو الْحَسَنِ الْبَصْرِيِّ، وَأَرْطُبَانُ جَدُّ عَبْدِ اللَّهِ بْنِ عَوْنِ بْنِ أَرْطُبَانَ

Al-Tabari has said" Among the prisoners taken at Maysan were Yasar, the father of Hasan al-Ba^ri, and Arfaban, the grandfather of 'Abdallah b. Awn b. Artaban

وعن مُحَمَّد بْن سيرين مثله

The same tradition was transmitted by Muhammad b. Sirin

فتحت الأبلة عنوة، فقسم بينهم عتبة- ككة- يعني خبزا أبيض

Al-Ubullah was taken by force, and then ‘Utbah distributed white bread jkakkah j to the troops

وعن حارثة بْن مضرب، قال

According to Harithah b. Mutjarrib

وأتبعهم المسلمون فقتلوا منهم عدة

The Muslims pursued them and killed many of them

فلما رأى المشركون الرايات مقبلة، ظنوا أن مددا أتى المسلمين فانكشفوا

But when the polytheists saw the approaching flags, they thought that reinforcements were coming to the Muslims and took to flight

فانتهين إليهم، والمشركون يقاتلونهم

When they reached the Muslims, the polytheists were fighting them

واتخذ النساء من خمرهن رايات، وخرجن يردن المسلمين

The other women "also" used their veils as flags and set out in the direction of the Muslims

فقالت أردة بنت الحارث بْن كلدة" لو لحقنا بالمسلمين فكنا معهم! فاعتقدت لواء من خمارها

Ardah bint al-Harith b. Kaladah said" "I wish we could join the Muslim men and be with them," and she made a banner of her veil

فلقي العدو دون دجلة

He confronted the enemy on this side of the Tigris

فسار إليهم المغيرة، وخلف المغيرة الأثقال

Al-Mughirah set out against them, leaving the heavy luggage behind

جمع أهل ميسان للمسلمين

The people of Maysan gathered an army against the Muslims

الطبري، بإسناده عن قتادة، قال

According to al-Tabari's isnad—Qatadah

شَخَصَ عُتْبَةُ بعد ما قتل مرزبان دست ميسان، وَوَجَّهَ مُجَاشِعًا إِلَى الْفُرَاتِ، وَاسْتَخْلَفَهُ عَلَى عَمَلِهِ، وامر المغيره ابن شُعْبَةَ بِالصَّلاةِ حَتَّى يَرْجِعَ مُجَاشِعُ مِنَ الْفُرَاتِ، وَجَمَعَ أَهْلُ مِيسَانَ، فَلَقِيَهُمُ الْمُغِيرَةُ، وَظَهَرَ عَلَيْهِمْ قَبْلَ قُدُومِ مُجَاشِعٍ مِنَ الْفُرَاتِ، وَبَعَثَ بِالْفَتْحِ إِلَى عُمَرَ

‘Utbah went away after he killed the governor of Dast-i Maysan, sent Mujashi' to the city of al-Furat, and appointed him to govern "al-Basrah" in his place; after he ordered al-Mughirah b. Shu'bah to lead the prayers until the return of Mujashi' from al-Furat; and after the people of Maysan gathered an army, al-Mughirah confronted them, defeated them before the coming of Mujashi' from al-Furat, and informed ‘Umar of the victory

وَعَنْ عَبْدِ الرَّحْمَنِ بْنِ جَوْشَنٍ، قَالَ

According to ‘Abd al-Rahman b. Jawshan

فَمَاتَ عُتْبَةُ في الطَّرِيقِ، وَاسْتَعْمَلَ عُمَرُ الْمُغِيرَةَ بْنَ شُعْبَةَ

‘Utbah died on his way, and ‘Umar appointed al-Mughirah b. Shu'bah "in his stead

فَأَخْبَرَهُ بِمَا كَانَ مِنْ أَمْرِ الْمُغِيرَةِ، وَأَمَرَهُ أَنْ يَرْجِعَ إِلَى عَمَلِهِ

‘Umar informed him of the affair of al-Mughirah and ordered him to return to his city

قَالَ" لا

‘Utbah said" "No

تَدْرِي مَا حَدَثَ

Do you know what has happened

قَالَ" تَسْتَعْمِلُ رَجُلا مِنْ أَهْلِ الْوَبَرِ عَلَى أَهْلِ الْمَدَرِ

‘Umar said" "You are appointing a bedouin (rajul min ahl al-wabar) to rule over town dwellers (ahl al-madar

قَالَ" مُجَاشِعُ بْنُ مَسْعُودٍ

He replied" "Mujashi' b. Mas'ud

فَكَتَبَ إِلَى عُمَرَ بِالْفَتْحِ، فَقَالَ عُمَرُ لِعُتْبَةَ" مَنِ اسْتَعْمَلْتَ عَلَى الْبَصْرَةِ

He wrote to 'Umar about the victory. ‘Umar asked ‘Utbah" "Whom did you appoint as governor of al-Basrah

فَخَرَجَ إِلَيْهِ الْمُغِيرَةُ بْنُ شُعْبَةَ، فَلَقِيَهُ بِالْمَرْغَابِ، فَظَفَرَ بِهِ

Al-Mughirah b. Shu'bah set out against him, confronted him at al-Marghab, and defeated him

وَجَمَعَ الْفيلكَانُ، عَظِيمٌ مِنْ عُظَمَاءِ أَبَزْقُبَاذَ لِلْمُسْلِمِينَ

Faylakan, a chieftain of Abazqubadh, gathered an army against the Muslims

فَظَفَرَ مُجَاشِعٌ بِأَهْلِ الْفُرَاتِ، وَرَجَعَ إِلَى الْبَصْرَةِ

Mujashi' defeated the people of al-Furat and returned to al-Basrah

فَإِذَا قَدِمَ فَهُوَ الأَمِيرُ

Upon his return, Mujashi' was to be the amir

وَوَفَدَ عُتْبَةُ إِلَى عُمَرَ، وَأَمَرَ الْمُغِيرَةَ أَنْ يُصَلِّيَ بِالنَّاسِ حَتَّى يَقْدَمَ مُجَاشِعُ مِنَ الْفُرَاتِ

'Utbah went to 'Umar and ordered al-Mughirah to lead the prayers until Mujashi' returned from al-Furat

ثُمَّ سَرَّحَ مُجَاشِعَ بْنَ مَسْعُودٍ إِلَى الْفُرَاتِ وَبِهَا مَدِينَةٌ

Then he sent Mujashi' b. Mas'ud to the city of al-Furat

فَسَارَ إِلَيْهِ عُتْبَةُ مِنَ الأُبُلَّةِ، فَقَتَلَهُ

'Utbah marched against him from al-Ubullah and killed him

وَعَنْ عَلِيِّ بْنِ زَيْدٍ، قَالَ" لَمَّا فَرَغَ عُتْبَةُ مِنَ الأُبُلَّةِ، جَمَعَ لَهُ مَرْزُبَانُ دست ميسان

According to ‘Ali b. Zayd" When 'Utbah finished with al-Ubullah, the governor of Dast-i Maysan gathered an army against him

فَرَغِبَ النَّاسُ فِي الْبَصْرَةِ، فَأَتَوْهَا

The people became attracted by alBasrah and came to live there

قَالَ" انْثَالَتْ عَلَيْهِمُ الدُّنْيَا، فَهُمْ يُهِيلُونَ الذَّهَبَ وَالْفِضَّةَ

Anas said" "The "wealth of this" world has engulfed them, and they are dripping with gold and silver

فقال له" كَيْفَ الْمُسْلِمُونَ

'Umar said to him" "What is the condition of the Muslims

بَعَثَ عُتْبَةُ أَنَسَ بْنَ حُجَيَّةَ إِلَى عُمَرَ بمنطقه مرزبان دست ميسان

'Utbah sent Anas b. Hujayyah to 'Umar with the belt of the governor of Dast-i Maysan

وَعَنْ أَبِي الْمَلِيحِ الْهُذَلِيِّ، قَالَ

According to Abu al-Malib al-Hudhali

فبعث به عتبة مع انس ابن حُجَيَّةَ الْيَشْكُرِيِّ

‘Utbah sent him "to Umar" with Anas b. Hujayyah alYashkuri

فَقَاتَلْنَاهُ، فَانْهَزَمَ أَصْحَابُهُ وَأُخِذَ أَسِيرًا، فَأُخِذَ قِبَاؤُهُ ومنطقته

We fought him; his companions were defeated and he was taken prisoner, his mantle and belt being seized

فَسِرْنَا فلقينا مرزبان دست ميسان

We marched and confronted the governor (marzubdn) of Dast-i Maysan

فَقَالَ عُتْبَةُ" أَرَى أَنْ نَسِيرَ إِلَيْهِمْ

Utbah said" "I think that we should march against them

وَجَمَعَ لَنَا اهل دست ملسان

The people of Dast-i Maysan gathered "an army" against us

فَبَعَثَ نَافِعُ بْنُ الْحَارِثِ إِلَى عُمَرَ رَحِمَهُ اللَّهُ بِالْفَتْحِ

Utbah sent Nafi' b. al-Harith to cUmar with the news of the conquest

شَهِدْتُ فَتْحَ الأُبُلَّةِ مَعَ عُتْبَةَ

I participated in the conquest of al-Ubullah with Utbah

وَعَنْ عَبَايَةَ بْنِ عَبْدِ عَمْرٍو، قَالَ

According to 'Abayah b. ‘Abd 'Amr

فِيهِمْ أَبُو بَكْرَةَ، وَنَافِعُ بْنُ الْحَارِثِ، وَشِبْلُ بْنُ مَعْبَدٍ، وَالْمُغِيرَةُ بْنُ شُعْبَةَ، وَمُجَاشِعُ بْنُ مَسْعُودٍ، وَأَبُو مَرْيَمَ الْبَلَوِيُّ، وَرَبِيعَةُ بْنُ كِلْدَةَ بْنِ أَبِي الصَّلْتِ الثَّقَفِيُّ، وَالْحَجَّاجُ

Among them were Abu Bakrah, Nafi' b. al-Harith, Shibl b. Ma'bad, al-Mughirah b. Shu'bah, Mujashi' b. Mas'ud, Abu Maryam al-Balawi, Rabi'ah b. Kaladah b. Abi al-salt al-Thaqafi, and al-Hajjaj

شَهِدَ فَتْحَ الأُبُلَّةُ مِائَتَانِ وَسَبْعُونَ

TWo hundred and seventy men participated in the conquest of al-Ubullah

وَعَنِ الشَّعْبِيِّ، قَالَ

According to al-Sha'bi

وَكَانَ فَتْحُ الأُبُلَّةِ فِي رَجَبٍ، أَوْ فِي شَعْبَانَ مِنْ هَذِهِ السَّنَةِ

The conquest of al-Ubullah took place in the month of Rajab or in the month of Sha'ban of this year

فَأَخَذَ كُلُّ رَجُلٍ دِرْهَمَيْنِ، فَفَرَضَ عُمَرُ لأَصْحَابِ الدِّرْهَمَيْنِ مِمَّنْ أَخَذَهُمَا مِنْ فَتْحِ الأُبُلَّةِ في الفين من العطاء، وكانوا ثلاثمائة رَجُلٍ

Each man took two dirhams, and Umar allocated to the men who took two dirhams at the conquest of al-Ubullah a stipend of two thousand dirhams; these numbered three hundred men

وَعَنْ دَاوُدَ بْنِ أَبِي هِنْدٍ، قَالَ" أصاب المسلمون بالابله من الدراهم ستمائه دِرْهَمٍ

According to Dawud b. Abi Hind" The Muslims seized in alUbullah six hundred dirhams

قَتَلَ نَافِعُ بْنُ الْحَارِثِ يَوْمَ الأُبُلَّةِ تسعه، وابو بكر سِتَّةً

Nafi‘ b. al-Harith killed nine men in the battle of al-Ubullah, and Abu Bakrah killed six

وَعَنْ بَشِيرِ بْنِ عُبَيْدِ اللَّهِ، قَالَ

According to Bashir b. ‘Ubaydallah

وَكَتَبَ بِذَلِكَ مَعَ نَافِعِ بْنِ الْحَارِثِ

He wrote about it "to ‘Umar, sending the letter" with Nafi‘ b. alHarith

وَوَلَّى عُتْبَةُ نَافِعَ بْنَ الْحَارِثِ أَقْبَاضَ الأُبُلَّةِ، فَأَخْرَجَ خُمُسَهُ، ثُمَّ قَسَّمَ الْبَاقِي بَيْنَ مَنْ أَفَاءَهُ اللَّهُ عَلَيْهِ

‘Utbah put Nafi‘ b. alHarith in charge of the spoils of al-Ubullah; he set aside the fifth and divided the rest among those to whom God restored it

فَاقْتَسَمُوا العين، فأصاب كل رجل منهم درهمان

They divided the money between them, and every man received two dirhams

فَدَخَلَهَا الْمُسْلِمُونَ فَأَصَابُوا مَتَاعًا وَسِلاحًا وَسَبْيًا وَعينًا

The Muslims entered the city, captured various goods, weapons, prisoners, and money

وَأَلْقَى اللَّهُ فِي قُلُوبِهِمُ الرُّعْبَ فَخَرَجُوا عَنِ الْمَدِينَةِ، وَحَمَلُوا مَا خَفَّ لَهُمْ، وَعَبَرُوا إِلَى الْفُرَاتِ، وَخَلُّوا الْمَدِينَةِ

God put fear in the hearts of the people of alUbullah; they left the city, carried their light belongings with them, crossed "the Tigris) to the city of al-Furat, and abandoned al-Ubullah

وَرَجَعَ عُتْبَةُ إِلَى عَسْكَرِهِ، فَأَقَامُوا أَيَّامًا

‘Utbah returned to his camp and stayed there for a few days

فَمَا اقْتَتَلُوا مِقْدَارَ جَزْرِ جَزُورٍ وَقَسْمِهَا، حَتَّى مَنَحَهُمُ اللَّهُ أَكْتَافَهُمْ، وَوَلَّوْا مُنْهَزِمِينَ، حَتَّى دَخَلُوا الْمَدِينَةَ

They did not fight longer than is necessary to slaughter a camel and divide it; God routed the Persians; they took to flight and withdrew into the city

ثُمَّ الْتَقَوْا

Then the two armies confronted each other