Arablar tarixi

Qirolicha Zenobiya, c. 240 - c. 274) Suriyadagi Palmira imperiyasining uchinchi asr malikasi edi. Arab kelib chiqishi antik davrda bir qancha qadimiy ayol hukmdorlardan biri. Antoninianusning old tomonida imperator sifatida tasvirlangan (milodiy 272).Arablarning qayd etilgan tarixi miloddan avvalgi IX asr o'rtalarida boshlanadi, bu qadimgi arab tilining ma'lum bo'lgan eng qadimgi tasdig'idir. Arablar Yangi Bobil imperiyasining vassali ostida bo'lgan ko'rinadi; Arabiston yarim orolidan Mavritaniyaga ketishdi . Ishmael's mother was Agar, an Egyptian slave-girl whom Sarah had as her maid and eventually donated to Abraham because this royal couple were aged and childless but they were unaware then of God's plan and Israel; in accordance with Mesopotamian law, the offspring of such a union would be credited to Sarah (Gn. 16:2). The name Yishmaʿeʾl is known from various ancient Semitic cultures and means "God has hearkened," suggesting that a child so named was regarded as the answer to a request. Ishmael was circumcised at the age of thirteen by Abraham and expelled with his mother Agar at the instigation of Sarah, Abraham's wife, who wanted to ensure that Isaac would be Abraham's heir (Gn. 21). In the New Testament, Paul uses this incident to symbolize the relationship between Judaism and Christianity (Gal. 4:21–31). In the Genesis account, God blessed Ishmael, promising that he would be the founder of a great nation and a "wild ass of a man" always at odds with others (Gn. 16:12). So Abraham rose up in the morning, and taking bread and a bottle of water, put it upon her shoulder, and delivered the boy, and sent her away. And she departed, and wandered in the wilderness of Bersabee. [15] And when the water in the bottle was spent, she cast the boy under one of the trees that were there. Genesis chapter 21: [16] And she went her way, and sat over against him a great way off as far as a bow can carry, for she said: I will not see the boy die: and sitting over against, she lifted up her voice and wept. [17] And God heard the voice of the boy: and an angel of God called to Agar from heaven, saying: What art thou doing, Agar? fear not: for God hath heard the voice of the boy, from the place wherein he is. [18] Arise, take up the boy, and hold him by the hand: for I will make him a great nation. [19] And God opened her eyes: and she saw a well of water, and went and filled the bottle, and gave the boy to drink. [20] And God was with him: and he grew, and dwelt in the wilderness, and became a young man, an archer. [21] And he dwelt in the wilderness of Pharan, and his mother took a wife for him out of the land of Egypt. [22] At the same time Abimelech, and Phicol the general of his army said to Abraham: God is with thee in all that thou dost. [23] Swear therefore by God, that thou wilt not hurt me, nor my posterity, nor my stock: but according to the kindness that I have done to thee, thou shalt do to me, and to the land wherein thou hast lived a stranger. [24] And Abraham said: I will swear. [25] And he reproved Abimelech for a well of water, which his servants had taken away by force. [26] And Abimelech answered: I knew not who did this thing: and thou didst not tell me, and I heard not of it till today. [27] And Abraham took sheep and oxen and gave them to Abimelech: and both of them made a league. [28] And Abraham set apart seven ewe lambs of the flock. [29] And Abimelech said to him: What mean these seven ewe lambs which thou hast set apart? [30] But he said: Thou shalt take seven ewe lambs at my hand: that they may be a testimony for me, that I dug this well. [31] Therefore that place was called Bersabee: because there both of them did swear. [32] And they made a league for the well of oath. [33] And Abimelech, and Phicol the general of his army arose and returned to the land of the Palestines. But Abraham planted a grove in Bersabee, and there called upon the name of the Lord God eternal. [34] And he was a sojourner in the land of the Palestines many days. [Genesis 21:1-34]Douay Rheims Bible. He is credited with twelve sons, described as "princes according to their tribes" (Gn. 25:16), representing perhaps an ancient confederacy. The Ishmaelites, vagrant traders closely related to the Midianites, were apparently regarded as his descendants. The fact that Ishmael's wife and mother are both said to have been Egyptian suggests close ties between the Ishmaelites and Egypt. According to Genesis 25:17, Ishmael lived to the age of 137. Islamic tradition tends to ascribe a larger role to Ishmael than does the Bible. He is considered a prophet and, according to certain theologians, the offspring whom Abraham was commanded to sacrifice (although surah Judaism has generally regarded him as wicked, although repentance is also ascribed to him. According to some rabbinic traditions, his two wives were Aisha and Fatima, whose names are the same as those of Muhammad's wife and daughter Both Judaism and Islam see him as the ancestor of Arab peoples. Bibliography A survey of the Bible's patriarchal narratives can be found in Nahum M. Sarna's Understanding Genesis (New York, 1966). Postbiblical traditions, with reference to Christian and Islamic views, are collected in Louis Ginzberg's exhaustive Legends of the Jews, 2d ed., 2 vols., translated by Henrietta Szold and Paul Radin (Philadelphia, 2003). Frederick E. Greenspahn (1987 and 2005)|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0jMOAQAAMAAJ&q=Ishmael|isbn=9780028657400}}
</ref>. Suriya cho'li birinchi tasdiqlangan "arab" guruhlari  va boshqa arab guruhlarining vatani bo'lib, ular bu erda tarqalib, ming yillar davomida mavjud bo'lgan .

Rashidun xalifaligi kengayishidan oldin (632-661) "arab" Arabiston yarim oroli, Suriya cho'li, Shimoliy va Quyi Mesopotamiyadagi ko'pincha ko'chmanchi yoki o'troq arab qabilalarini nazarda tutgan . Bugungi kunda "arab" 7-8-asrlardagi dastlabki musulmon istilolari paytida arablar va arab tilining mintaqa bo'ylab tarqalishi tufayli tug'ilgan hududlari arab dunyosini tashkil etuvchi turli xil ko'p sonli odamlarni anglatadi . Arablar Rashidun (632—661), Umaviylar (661—750) va Abbosiylar (750—1258) xalifaliklarini tuzdilar, ularning chegaralari gʻarbda Fransiyaning janubiga, sharqda Xitoyga, shimolda Anadoluga va Sudanga yetib bordi. janub. Bu tarixdagi eng yirik quruqlik imperiyalaridan biri edi . 20-asrning boshlarida Birinchi jahon urushi Usmonlilar imperiyasining tugashini ko'rsatdi; 1517-yilda Mamluklar sultonligini zabt etgandan beri arab dunyosining katta qismini boshqargan  Bu imperiyaning mag'lubiyati va parchalanishiga va uning hududlarining bo'linishiga olib keldi, zamonaviy arab davlatlarini tashkil etdi. 1944-yilda Iskandariya protokoli qabul qilingandan keyin 1945-yil 22-martda Arab Ligasi tashkil topdi . Arab Ligasi Nizomi a'zo davlatlarning shaxsiy suverenitetini hurmat qilgan holda arab vatani tamoyilini ma'qulladi .

Antik davr

Kelib chiqishi 

Proto- arablar hozirgi Shimoliy Arabiston, Iordaniya va Suriya janubidan kelib chiqqan deb taxmin qilinadi. Qadimgi arablar o'zlarining urheimatlaridan Bobil, Sinay va undan keyin Arabistonga kelib, vaqt o'tishi bilan u erdagi eski tillarni, masalan, Dadanit va Taymanit tillarini almashtirdilar.

Temir davri 
Arablar haqida birinchi marta miloddan avvalgi IX-V asrlardagi Injil va Ossuriya matnlarida eslatib o'tiladi, ularda ular hozirgi Suriya, Saudiya Arabistoni, Iordaniya va Iroqning bir qismi sifatida ko'rinadi . Qarqar jangi paytida Adummatu arab qiroli Gindibu Suriyaga Ossuriya bosqiniga qarshi kurashgan 12 shoh koalitsiyasining bir qismi edi. Tiglat-Pileser III hukmronligi davrida arablar Tadmor, Xoms va Lajat hududlarida ham bo'lgan va Tiglat-Pileser III o'zi Sinay yarim orolining yurisdiktsiyasini ma'lum bir arab Idibi'iluga tayinlagan. Aynan shu davrda Nabatu haqida birinchi marta eslatib o'tiladi, ehtimol nabatiylarning o'tmishdoshlari . Mesopotamiyada arablarning mavjudligi yangi Ossuriya davrida ham arab onomastikasi va toponimlariga ega bo'lgan Bobilning ta'sir doirasidagi bir necha qabila va shaharlarning nomlari yozilgan yozuvlardan yaqqol ko'rinib turibdi. G'arb tomonda, Aleksandr Makedonskiyning Tir qamalida (miloddan avvalgi 332 yil) u o'z armiyasining yog'och ta'minotiga kirishini to'sib qo'ygan shahar tepaliklarida yashovchi "arab dehqonlari" deb ta'riflangan ityuriyaliklar bilan jang qildi.