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Waste Sector: Emissions per capita (taking into account the equivalent population) of GHGs from the solid waste subsector are maintained from 1995 (the year in which the first actions to reduce emissions from this subsector begin to have an effect, through the progressive introduction of selective collection and the improvement of treatment facilities) until 2050.

AND

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Waste Sector: Emissions per capita (taking into account the equivalent population) of GHGs from the solid waste subsector are reduced compared to the medium-term scenario due to progress in the implementation of the Circular Economy Plan. The set of measures or actions planned are summarized in the table attached to this NDC. Fair and ambitious commitment The commitment of the Parties is consistent with their responsibilities and according to their capabilities as well as the support received from the international community. In this sense: Andorra is a Party to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change as a Party not included in Annex I.

AND

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Waste, - AFAT (Agriculture, Forestry and Land Use) Emission Inventory Methodology: IPCC 2006 Sectoral Targets Energy: Unconditional Target 7.6 and 10%, Conditional Target 35.4 and 41.2% Agriculture Unconditional Target 1.72 and 2.36% Conditional Target 8.76 and 11.98 % Waste Unconditional Target 10.99 and 11% Conditional Target 65.28 and 65.28% Industrial Processes and Product Use Unconditional Target 0% Conditional Target 4 and 8.1% Aggregation of Sectoral Targets Unconditional Target 5 and 7% GHG Emission Reductions in 2025 and 2030, respectively Conditional Target 23.7 and 29.5% GHG Emission Reductions in 2025 and 2030, respectively The 2010 base year (BAU) GHG emissions are broken down as follows: (see Table 13) Table 13: Distribution of 2010

SEN

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We are accelerating the development of zero emission technology and infrastructure in the UK. We have launched the £20 million Clean Maritime Demonstration Competition (CMDC) to fund feasibility studies and technology trials. We will engage with industry to explore establishing a UK Shipping Office for Reducing Emissions (UK-SHORE) in cooperation with UKRI and Innovative UK. UK-SHORE aims to transform the UK into a global leader in the design and manufacturing of clean maritime technology. Chapter 3 – Reducing Emissions across the EconomyAviation 40. Earlier this year we consulted on our Jet Zero Strategy, which will set out the steps we will take to reach net zero aviation emissions by 2050. We have also consulted on a target for UK domestic aviation to reach net zero by 2040. 41.

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We are also investing £3 million in 2021/22 through the Zero Emission Flight Infrastructure competition to accelerate R&D into infrastructure requirements at airports and airfields to handle new forms of zero emission aircraft. 42. We will accelerate the commercialisation of UK sustainable aviation fuels (SAF). Our ambition is to enable delivery of 10% SAF by 2030 and we will be supporting UK industry with a £180 million funding to support the development of SAF plants. This builds on our recently launched £15 million Green Fuels, Green Skies competition. We will also establish a SAF clearing house, the first of its kind announced in Europe, to enable the UK to certify new fuels. 43. We are currently reviewing the responses to the SAF mandate consultation.

GBR

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We have set up a new Coastal and Flood Protection Fund, with an initial injection of S$5 billion, to start setting aside the resources for this. We will implement our plans in phases, and be prepared to adjust and adapt them as necessary to take into account the latest sea level rise projections and engineering solutions. Beyond 2030, our LEDS aspires to halve emissions from its peak to 33 MtCO2 e by 2050, with a view to achieving net-zero emissions as soon as viable in the second half of the century. Our enhanced 2030 NDC and LEDS build on policies and initiatives we have progressively implemented over the years. They demonstrate our seriousness and commitment to support global climate action and to work towards a low-carbon future.

SGP

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We recognize that large-scale investments in high emission sectors can also provide additional opportunities for mitigation potential. However, constraints in technology transfer and climate financing mechanisms have remained barriers. Pakistan has surpassed mitigation contributions and has taken climate change beyond NDCs, and taken initiatives that have contributed to reduction of 8.7% emissions between 2016-2018. 4.1 POLICY INITIATIVES i. Energy Demand and Supply Management: According to the Pakistan Economic Survey 2019–20, the country is facing demand-supply gap of 3000 Mega Watt (MW) that can best be fulfilled by improving energy-mix. For the demand side management, the Government of Pakistan (GoP) has approved National Electric Vehicles Policy 2020-25 (NEVP 2019) stipulating a target of 30% and 90% share in sale of passenger vehicles and heavy-duty trucks by 2030 and 2040.

PAK

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We will also continue to invest in R&D through the Advanced Propulsion Centre (APC) competition to ensure the UK remains at the forefront of the development and industrialisation of zero emission vehicle technologies. 31. We will consult this year on a phase out date of 2035, or earlier if a faster transition appears feasible, for the sale of new non-zero emission powered two and three wheelers (and other L category vehicles). 32. We will lead by example with 25% of the government car fleet ultra low emission by December 2022 and all the government car and van fleet zero emission by 2027. 33. We will ensure the UK’s charging infrastructure network meets the demands of its users.

GBR

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We will deliver a world class cycling and walking network in England by 2040. This will include comprehensive cycling and walking networks in all large towns and cities, with measures to enable cycling and walking, such as cycle training for all children and adults that want it. We will enable behaviour change through targeted personal incentives, such as GP prescribing of active travel, existing tax reliefs, and rewards programmes. Buses and coaches 19. We will deliver the National Bus Strategy’s vision of a transformed bus industry and a green bus revolution. We will make buses more frequent, more reliable, more comprehensive, easier to understand and use, better co-ordinated and cheaper – to dramatically increase passenger numbers and reduce congestion and carbon emissions. 20.

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Whereas the conditional target would be an emission cap of 50 to 60% of GHG emissions occurred in 1990. Thus represents a eq emitted in 2030.The last if it is expressed as GHG emissions per capita indicates that the unconditional target goes between 1.9 to 2.2 tCO2eq and the conditional target goes between 1.5 to 1.9 tCO2eq per capita by 2030. The table below provides the summary of the Information on Clarity, Transparency and Understanding (ICTUs) of the enhanced Tajikistan’s NDCs.1.

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Whether it is a single-year or multi-year target, as applicable. w Multi-Year Target (2022-2030) w The NDC is based on a range of steps and milestones that will be achieved at different points over the 2022-2030 timeframe. w Additional detail on activities and outcomes will be added where and when possible. w Relevant enhancements to the data and basis of this NDC will be submitted at relevant intervals.Nationally Determined Contribution Timor-Leste 2022-2030 3. Scope and Coverage a. General description of the target; Timor-Leste is a Least Developed Country that is highly vulnerable to the impacts of climate change while also reliant on revenue from its oil and gas resources. Timor-Leste’s NDC is an economy-wide commitment to establishing a ‘nature-positive’ resilient development pathway.

TLS

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While emissions from these sub-sectors were not reported in a way that would allow Samoa to form sub-sector targets relative to the 2007 emissions inventory baseline, Samoa would like to put forward to following mass-based sub-sector GHG emissions reduction targets that can be applied relative to the new reference year once the GHG emissions inventory is updated:  Electricity 44.2 Gg CO e  Land transport 5.2 Gg CO e  Maritime transport 3.0 Gg CO e  Tourism 0.5 Gg CO e Each sub-sector has specific means to achieve the overall energy sector target. 7 To avoid double counting, the GHG emissions reductions of the 100 percent renewable electricity sector project is taken as the total GHG emissions reduction potential in the electricity sub-sector.

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Wind power and, in the longer term, PV, are expected to contribute substantially. Electricity Consumption It is estimated that implementation of the policies outlined here has the potential to save 15% - 30% of electricity consumption towards 2030 compared to the baseline. Transport Keeping a high penetration of public transport, targeting fuel efficiency and biofuels in import regulation, and moving towards electric vehicles and two-wheelers, have the potential to reduce oil imports for transport purposes by 15% to 30% (or perhaps more) by 2030 compared to the baseline. Public Electricity Concerning electricity demand, the SEC has carried out projections of electricity to 2035 under different GDP growth rate and energy efficiency scenarios using Model for Analysis of Energy Demand (MAED). These are summarised in the schematic below.

SYC

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With cooperation, approximately 12% would be reached. Description: Specifically, the goal is to implement at the national level the pilot experiences developed at the subnational level of replacing conventional street lighting fixtures with LED technology. The national goal to date, until 2030, is to replace a total of 38,108 conventional luminaires 12 (6% of the national inventory) with LED technology. Contribution to SDGs: The goal will contribute to SDGs 8, 11, 12 and 13. Electric mobility Goal (9) By 2030, an annual growth of 10% in the share of electric vehicles in the Bolivian public transportation fleet has been achieved. Conditionality: Goal to be met with national effort. With cooperation the goal would be increased.

BOL

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With the implementation of the 58 National Strategy for Low-Emission Development with Greenhouse Gas EmissionsFigure 29 Contribution of the Low-Emission Development Strategy to the goals of the Guatemalan NDC and the Paris Agreement 43 mitigation options prioritized in the Low-Emission Development Strategy, a reduction of 75 million tonnes of CO e is projected in 2030, representing a reduction of 44%, doubling the NDC goals set by the country. For 2050, a reduction of 11% of the country's emissions would mean a reduction of 203 to 181 million tonnes of CO e. The reduction of 22% by 2050 would mean a reduction of 203 to 125 million tonnes of CO e. The implementation of the Low-Emission Development Strategy by 2050 would mean a reduction of 59% of the projected emissions, falling from 203 to 83 million

GTM

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With the ongoing development of the country, Rwanda will therefore need to explore other innovative approaches in agriculture such as utilizing vertical farming technologies to increase crop yields within a smaller land area. A detailed assessment of identified GHG mitigation options for Rwanda estimates a total emissions reduction potential of around 4.6 million tCO e in 2030 against the BAU emissions in the same year of 12.1 million tCO e. Based on this analysis, mitigation measures have been grouped according to two different components: • Unconditional contribution: A reduction of 16 per cent relative to BAU in the year 2030; equivalent to an estimated mitigation level of 1.9 million tonnes of carbon dioxide equivalent (tCO e) in that year.

RWA

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With this contribution Canada is affirming our continued commitment to developing an internationalclimate change agreement that is fair, effective and includes meaningful and transparent commitments from all major emitters. Intended Nationally Determined Contribution Canada intends to achieve an economy-wide target to reduce its greenhouse gas emissions by 30% below 2005 levels by 2030. Clarifying Information Base year 2005 End year 2030 Type Absolute reduction from base-year emissions Coverage Economy wide – 100% of Canadian GHG inventory Gases covered o carbon dioxide (CO2 ) o methane (CH4 ) o nitrous oxide (N2 O) o sulphur hexafluoride (SF6 ) o perfluorocarbons (PFCs) o hydrofluorocarbons (HFCs) o nitrogen trifluoride (NF3 ) Sectors All IPCC sectors Implementation The Government of Canada has in place legislative instruments to address climate change. The federal government’s primary statute is the Canadian Environmental Protection Act, 1999, which includes authorities to regulate GHG emissions.

CAN

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Within the forest land and other land use sector, Myanmar has set a conditional target of reducing deforestation by 50% by the year 2030, resulting in a cumulative emissions reduction of 256.5 million tCO2 e (against the 2005-2015 baseline) over the period of 2021- 2030. Myanmar has also set an unconditional target to reduce deforestation by 25% by the year 2030, resulting in a cumulative net emissions reduction of 123.6 million tCO2 e. Through the distribution of 5.1 million fuel-efficient cookstoves Myanmar will achieve a cumulative emissions reduction of approximately 12.99 million tCO2 e during 2021-2030. Of this amount 10.25 million tCO2 e will be subject to carbon offsetting while 2.74million tCO2 e will contribute to Myanmar‟s NDC target.

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Within the same conditions, GHG reductions could increase up to 36%, and Black Carbon reductions to 70% in 2030. Type Emissions reduction relative to a Business As Usual baseline This commitment is coherent to the mandate established in Mexico´s Climate Change Law to prioritize cost-effective mitigation actions with social benefits such as the improvement of public health.Coverage Nation -wide Scope Carbon Dioxide (CO2 ) Methane (CH4 ) Nitrous Oxide (N2 O) Hydrofluorocarbons (HFCs) Perfluorocarbons (PFCs) Sulphur hexafluoride (SF6 ) Black Carbon Baseline Business As Usual scenario of emission projections based on economic growth in the absence of climate change policies, starting from 2013 (first year of applicability of Mexico´s General Climate Change Law) Adaptation Mexico includes an Adaptation component with commitments by 2030 described in the Annex I of this document.

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Within this framework, Mauritania intends to meet part of its conditional adaptation ambitions on this type of process. Recent contracts signed for the introduction of new green hydrogen technologies are an example of this type of mechanism.Table 2: CBD mitigation measures 2021-2030 updated by sector (cost and cumulative reduction potential for the period) Sectors / Sub-sectors Contributions to total mitigation efforts Challenges / Constraints Recommended measures Energy • 37452.46 Gg Eq-CO2 of which 17.86% unconditional Renewable energy 31817.81 Gg Eq-CO2 of which 6.06% unconditional Energy efficiency • 5634.65 Gg Eq-CO2 of which 84.62% unconditional ENERGY (renewable and energy efficiency) either • Reliance on the

MRT

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Yet, if Ukraine s forest cover increase up to 19.4 % and progressive management solutions are implemented, in 2050 the volumes of GHG absorption by the forests will amount to 85% of 1990 level. Given appropriate implementation of other policies and measures in the LULUCF sector, the GHG emissions and absorption balance will reach 1990 level. Being committed to achieving Paris Agreement goals and being guided by national priorities, Ukraine will ensure doing its best to achieve the indicative GHG emissions target of 31-34% by 2050, compare to 1990 level. This target is ambitious and fair in the context of Ukraine’s participation in the global response to the climate change threat. Long term strategic planning is an iterative process; hence, this document should not be treated as final.

UKR

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Zero emissions as promoted by “Well-to-Wheel” base is ultimately the path the world should take, 21 Hybrid vehicle: 33.2%, Plug-in hybrid vehicle: 0.5%, Electric vehicle: 0.5%, Fuel cell- 43 - including Japan. As such, in a long-term goal by 2050, Japanese cars supplied worldwide will achieve the world s highest level of environmental performance; specifically, GHG emissions will be reduced by approximately 80% per vehicle compared to 2010. Furthermore, as the ultimate goal, with innovations in how vehicles are used (autonomous drive, connected, etc.) and in collaboration with the global efforts to achieve zero emissions from energy supply, Japan will contribute to realize Well-to-Wheel Zero Emission.

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a challenge towards “zero-carbon steel” with technologies such as hydrogen reduction) • Feedstock change(e.g. CCU including artificial photosynthesis, Carbon Recycling and biomass) • Achieving drastic improvement of energy efficiency, development and introduction of low-GWP and non-fluorocarbon refrigerant technology towards complete transition from fluorocarbons in longer term, promotion of decarbonization in corporate management (1) Future vision Challenging for “Well-to-Wheel Zero Emission” （ e.g. achieving the world’s highest level of environmental performance of Japanese cars supplied worldwide by 2050） (2) Direction of policies and measures for the future vision Enhanced international policy coordination on electrified vehicles, including automotive environmental performance assessment on ”Well-to-Wheel“ base, promotion of open innovation for the next-generation electrification-related technologies, road/transport systems using big data and IoT.

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a sectoral non-GHG target: The enhanced NDC is coherent with the following sectoral non-GHG targets in 2030 stipulated in the draft National Energy and Climate Plan (NECP): - Renewable Energy Sources (RES) 38% share in gross final energy consumption 66% share in gross electricity production 45% share in gross final energy consumption for heating and cooling 10% in final energy consumption in transport - Energy Efficiency (EE) 20.8% savings of final energy consumption relative to BAU scenario 34.5% savings of primary energy consumption relative to BAU scenarioAlign implementation of the existing NDC with long term goals: The enhanced NDC echoes the Green scenario from the National Strategy for Energy Development up to 2040 and is fully aligned with the draft National Energy and Climate Plan (NECP). It is consistent with the following long term (2040) goals: - % reduction of GHG emissions vs. 2005: 61.5 - % of RES in gross final energy consumption: 45 - % reduction of primary and final energy consumption vs. BAU: 51.8 primary, 27.5 final The enhanced NDC is strongly linked to the EU-funded “Law and Strategy on Climate Change” project, which will deliver the Long-Term Climate Action Strategy and the Law on Climate Action.

MKD

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achieving the world’s highest level of environmental performance of Japanese cars supplied worldwide by 2050） (2) Direction of policies and measures for the future vision Enhanced international policy coordination on electrified vehicles, including automotive environmental performance assessment on ”Well-to-Wheel“ base, promotion of open innovation for the next-generation electrification-related technologies, road/transport systems using big data and IoT. 4.Community and Living Creating the “Circulating and Ecological Economy” advanced local decarbonization, and achieve the SDGs with integrated improvements on the environment, economy and society, thereby achieving a carbon neutral, resilient and comfortable community and living by 2050.- 3 - Capable communities and companies to achieve carbon neutrality even before 2050.

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and actions: - 63 mitigation policies and measures (PAMs) in the following sectors: Energy (incl: Energy Supply, Residential and Non-specified, Industry, Transport) Agriculture, Land Use, Land Use Change and Forestry (LULUCF) Waste Additional PAMs (enablers of mitigation action) - Emissions coverage: Economy-wide target - 17(+9 in higher ambition scenario) mitigation PAMs in the following sectors: Energy supply Buildings Transport - Emissions coverage: Emissions from fossil fuel combustion - GHGs covered: CO2 Strengthen or add a sectoral non-GHG target: The enhanced NDC is coherent with the following sectoral non-GHG targets in 2030 stipulated in the draft National Energy and Climate Plan (NECP): - Renewable Energy Sources (RES) 38% share in gross final energy consumption 66% share in gross electricity production 45% share in gross final energy consumption for heating and cooling 10% in final energy consumption in transport - Energy Efficiency (EE) 20.8% savings of final energy consumption relative to BAU scenario 34.5% savings of primary energy consumption relative to BAU scenarioAlign implementation of the existing NDC with long term goals: The enhanced NDC echoes the Green scenario from the National Strategy for Energy Development up to 2040 and is fully aligned with the draft National Energy and Climate Plan (NECP).

MKD

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and external financial support to adopt energy efficient appliances Waste ▪ Reduce GHG emissions in the waste sector by 4 percent in 2030 compared to 2007 levels (or by 1.2 Gg CO e compared to the new reference year levels once the GHG emissions inventory is updated) ▪ Implementing landfill gas capturing technologies to Samoa’s landfills ▪ Samoa requires external financial support and technical assistance to implement landfill gas capturing technologies AFOLU ▪ Reduce GHG emissions in the sector by 26 percent in 2030 compared to 2007 levels (or by 35.2 Gg CO e compared to the new reference year levels once the GHG emissions inventory is updated) ▪ Improve agriculture practices through improved manure management and fertilizer use ▪ Reforestation, forest restoration, and promoting agroforestry ▪ Samoa requires external financial support and technical assistance to improve manure management, fertilizer use, support reforestation, forest restoration, and the expansion of agroforestry Note: Targets are informed by the emissions reduction potential of projects in the NDC Implementation Roadmap and NDC Investment Plan (including project pipeline), which has been developed alongside Samoa’s Second 46 Samoa’s last comprehensive GHG inventory was prepared in 2007. It monitored the years 2000 to 2007 for each sector.

WSM

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and treatment Forest resource -To increase efficiency of reforestation actions -Forest area will be increased to through reforestation activities -To build capacity of community forestry groups to conduct modern technologies for forest seedlings and tree plantations -To introduce technology to plant seedlings -To reduce forest degradation rate -To reduce forest degradation rate caused by human activities, fires, insects and diseases -To set up fully equipped stations fighting forest fires and insects outburst and capacity building -To use airplanes to fight against fires -To introduce biological technologies against insectsand pests -To improve effectiveness of forest management -To make forests resilient to climate change by improving their productivity and changing their composition and structure -To provide equipment and machineries to carry out forest cleaning activities -To train human resources for forest management practices -To improve efficiency of forest cleaning technologies Natural disaster management -To enhance and improve early warning and prevention systems for natural disasters -To strengthen early warning system for natural disasters -To establish early detection and prediction system -To conduct disaster risk assessments at local and sub- national levels -To improve forecast quality through increasing super computer capacity -To establish Doppler radar network covering entire territory of the country 7.

MNG

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as a societal project 30 5 Targets and measures 32 5.1 Climate action in the energy sector 34 5.2 Climate action in the buildings sector 42 5.3 Climate action and mobility 49 5.4 Climate action in industry and business 56 5.5 Climate action in agriculture 62 5.6 Climate action in land use and forestry 66 5.7 Overarching goals and measures 72 6 Implementing and updating the Climate Action Plan 78 Summary Climate Action Plan 2050 6 Climate Action Plan 2050 – Cabinet resolution 10 Annex to the Climate Action Plan 2050 80 Picture credits 91 A B CIn their coalition agreement of 2013, the CDU, CSU and SPD agreed that “in the light of the European targets and the outcomes of the 2015 Climate Change Conference in Paris, in Germany we want to define an emissions reduction pathway with a final target of 80 to 95 percent lower greenhouse gas emissions com- pared to 1990 by 2050. We will augment this target with concrete measures, drawn up through a broad dialogue (Climate Action Plan).” From June 2015 to March 2016, the Länder, munici- palities, associations and citizens compiled joint pro- posals for strategic climate measures to be effective by 2030.

DEU

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as set out in its Article 2 The nationally determined contribution of the Russian Federation contributes to the achievement of the goal of the Convention, since it is a fair and real contribution to the stabilization of the global concentration of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere (taking into account the efforts already made to limit greenhouse gas emissions) and does not pose a threat to the economic development of the Russian Federation on a sustainable basis b) How the nationally determined contribution contributes towards Article 2, paragraph 1(a), and Article 4, paragraph 1, of the Paris Agreement The nationally determined contribution of the Russian Federation contributes to the achievement of the global temperature target, since by 2030 the cumulative reduction in greenhouse gas emissions of the Russian Federation since 1990 is to exceed 55 billion tonnes of CO2 -eq.II. Adaptation communication, as a component of the Nationally Determined Contribution (in accordance with decision 9/CMA.1 of the Conference of the Parties, serving as the meeting of the Parties to the Paris Agreement) а) National circumstances, institutional arrangements and legal frameworks The Climate Doctrine of the Russian Federation, approved by the order of the President of the Russian Federation dated 17.12.2009 No.

RUS

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b) Building internal capacity for national adaptation and mitigation cost analysis. Research and Systematic Observation a) Strengthening and promoting research on climate change adaptation and mitigation, and on Systematic Observation across sectors. Technology Development and Transfer a) Promoting acquisition and installation of appropriate technology for across sectors for climate-resilient production.Tanzania’s Nationally Determined Contribution 13 Tanzania will reduce greenhouse gas emissions economy-wide between 30 - 35% relative to the Business-As-Usual (BAU) scenario by 2030, whereby about 138 - 153 Million tons of Carbon dioxide equivalent (MtCO2e)-gross emissions is expected to be reduced, depending on the baseline efficiency improvements, consistent with its sustainable development agenda. The emissions reduction is subject to review after the First Biennial Update Report (BUR) and Updated GHG inventory in the country.

TZA

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b) In addition, and subject to the grant of international monetary funds8, the country is committed to reduce its CO2 emission per GDP unit by 2030 until it reaches a 35% to 45% reduction with respect to the 2007 levels, considering, in turn, a future economic growth which allows to implement adequate measures to achieve this commit- ment. a) Chile has committed to the sustainable development and recovery of 100,000 hectares of forest land, mainly native, which will account for greenhouse gas sequestrations and reductions of an annual equivalent of around 600,000 of CO2 as of 2030. This commitment is subject to the approval of the Native Forest Recovery and Forestry Promotion Law.

CHL

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b) Transport: i) In 2025, electric vehicles (e-vehicles) will account for 25 per cent of all private passenger vehicle sales (including two-wheelers) and 20 per cent of all four- wheeler public passenger vehicle sales (excluding electric rickshaws and electric three-wheelers). ii) Increase e-vehicle sales to 90 percent of all private passenger vehicle sales (including two-wheelers) and 60 percent of all four-wheeler public passenger vehicle sales by 2030. (excluding electric-rickshaws and electric three- wheelers). iii) Develop a 200-kilometer electric rail network by 2030 to support public transportation and mass transportation of goods.

NPL

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blending in diesel - - 20% Renewable electricity use by rural tourism bungalows - - 65% Energy Efficiency in Commercial and Residential Sector - - 5% Energy Efficient Building (Green Building) - - 10 No Waste Sector Waste to EnergyPlant - - 3 Composting Plant - - 1 Public and Communal Toilet Facilities including Bio-Toilets - - 1000 e. Information on sources of data used in quantifying the reference point(s). The key data references and documents assessed include, but are not limited to: ■ Vanuatu’s first Nationally Determined Contributions (NDC); ■ National Sustainable Development Plan: 2016-2030 (NSDP or Vanuatu 2030: The People’s Plan); ■ Climate Change and Disaster Risk Reduction (CCDRR) Policy; ■ Meteorology, Geological Hazards and Climate Change Act No.25 of 2016; ■ National Energy Roadmap (NERM): 2016- 2030 and NERM-Implementation Plan; ■ NDC implementation roadmap; ■ National Communications (NC-1,2 and 3); ■ Utilities Regulatory Authority (URA) Reports ■ Data and information provided by the Government of Vanuatu line ministries and departments; Public and Private Sector and, Stakeholder consultation including NGOs, and ■ Expert guidance at the National NDC Summit (April 2021) ■ Development Partners ■ International experts’ consultation46 VANUATU’S REVISED AND ENHANCED 1ST NATIONALLY DETERMINED CONTRIBUTION 2021–2030 1.

VUT

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buildings, building energy-saving and low-carbon infrastructures, promoting the reutilization of building wastes and intensifying the recovery and utilization of methane from landfills; • To accelerate the construction of low-carbon communities in both urban and rural areas, promoting the construction of green buildings and the application of renewable energy in buildings, improving low-carbon supporting facilities for equipping communities and exploring modes of low-carbon community operation and management; • To promote the share of green buildings in newly built buildings of cities and towns reaching 50% by 2020;• To develop a green and low-carbon transportation system, optimizing means of transportation, properly allocating public transport resources in cities, giving priority to the development of public transportation and encouraging the development and use of low-carbon and environment-friendly means of transport, such as new energy vehicle and vessel; • To improve the quality of gasoline and to promote new types of alternative fuels; • To promote the share of public transport in motorized travel in big-and- medium-sized cities reaching 30% by 2020; • To promote the development of dedicated transport system for pedestrians and bicycles in cities and to advocate green travel; and • To accelerate the development of smart transport and green freight transport.

CHN

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by 2030 against a base year of 2010 under the BAU scenario with levels of international support prevailing in 2015 or by 47% (38,000 Gg CO2 eq.) with substantial international support. (b) Sectors, gases, categories and pools covered by the nationally determined contribution, including, as applicable, consistent with Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) guidelines; Information provided is this NDC is consistent with the IPCC guidelines: Sectors Energy, industrial processes and product use, Agriculture Forestry and Other Land Use (AFOLU), and waste. Gases Carbon dioxide (CO2), methane (CH4), nitrous oxide (N2O), perfluorocarbons (PFCs), hydrofluorocarbons (HFCs), sulphur hexafluoride (SF6)).

ZMB

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by replacing them with efficient dry upland rice ✓ ✓ 397.7 System of Rice Intensification Reduce methane emissions through water management, less flooded areas, reduced fertilizer usage ✓ ✓ 707.0 Reduce Trans- mission Losses Refurbish and upgrade the national grid (from 33Kv to 132Kv) to reduce losses ✓ ✓ 98.7 Renewable Energy Install solar PV, wind power and hydro-electric power plants Efficient Lighting Substitute incandescent light bulbs and raise awareness in the residential sector ✓ ✓ 42.9 Solar Water Heating Install solar water heating facilities on public buildings and support them for hotels and the residential sector ✓ ✓ 19.3 Extended Renewable Energy and Energy Efficiency Energy saving appliances and additional hydro-electric, solar PV and wind power capacities ✓ ✓ 121.7 Efficient Cook-stoves Reduce firewood and charcoal consumption and the overuse of forest resources ✓ ✓ 287.6 Vehicle Efficiency Standards Reduce fuel consumption through efficiency standards ✓ 114.0 Methane Capture and Flaring Remove methane emissions from landfills ✓ ✓ 237.0 Recycling and Composting Reduce methane emissions from anaerobic decomposing of organic matter by composting and reduce waste generation by recycling ✓ ✓ 2.7 *FS= financial support, TT= technology transfer 1.5: Scope and Coverage 1. The target is individual/sector based 2.

GMB

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c) For strategies, plans and actions referred to in Article 4, paragraph 6, of the Paris Agreement, or polices and measures as components of nationally determined contributions where paragraph 1(b) above is not applicable, Parties to provide other relevant information Not applicable d) Target relative to the reference indicator, expressed numerically, for example in percentage or amount of reduction Reduction of greenhouse gas emissions by 2030 by up to 70 percent compared to the 1990 level, taking into account themaximum possible absorptive capacity of forests and other ecosystems and subject to sustainable and balanced socio- economic development of the Russian Federation e) Information on sources of data used in quantifying the reference point(s) The source of the initial data used to quantify the reference indicator is the official statistical information of the Russian Federation f) Information on the circumstances under which the Party may update the values of the reference indicators The value of the reference indicator can be changed when the initial data are clarified, the used calculation methodologies and national coefficients are improved. A recalculation of the baseline in this case is necessary to ensure consistency of the time series and comparability of the methodologies used to estimate

RUS

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c. For strategies, plans and actions referred to in Article 4, paragraph 6, of the Paris Agreement, or polices and measures as components of nationally determined contributions where paragraph 1(b) above is not applicable, Parties to provide other relevant information Not applicable. d. Target relative to the reference indicator, expressed numerically, for example in percentage or amount of reduction Reduction of 7.4% in 2035 relative to BAU, with total GHG emissions capped to of reduction of 10,574,800 MTCO2e e. Information on sources of data used in quantifying the reference point(s) The reference indicator will be quantified based on national total GHG emissions in 2015 State of Kuwait reported on the second national communication (SNC), first biannual updated report(1BUR) and the National Adaptation plan (NAP).

KWT

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caused by COVID-19, Samoa’s tourism sector will require grant funding and external financial support to adopt energy efficient appliances Waste ▪ Reduce GHG emissions in the waste sector by 4 percent in 2030 compared to 2007 levels (or by 1.2 Gg CO e compared to the new reference year levels once the GHG emissions inventory is updated) ▪ Implementing landfill gas capturing technologies to Samoa’s landfills ▪ Samoa requires external financial support and technical assistance to implement landfill gas capturing technologies AFOLU ▪ Reduce GHG emissions in the sector by 26 percent in 2030 compared to 2007 levels (or by 35.2 Gg CO e compared to the new reference year levels once the GHG emissions inventory is updated) ▪ Improve agriculture practices through improved manure management and fertilizer use ▪ Reforestation, forest restoration, and promoting agroforestry ▪ Samoa requires external financial support and technical assistance to improve manure management, fertilizer use, support reforestation, forest restoration, and the expansion of agroforestry Note: Targets are informed by the emissions reduction potential of projects in the NDC Implementation Roadmap and NDC Investment Plan (including project pipeline), which has been developed alongside Samoa’s Second 46 Samoa’s last comprehensive GHG inventory was prepared in 2007.

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chapter 2.2), the estimated total sink in the land sector (forest and agricultural land) at optimal and sustainable performance, added to an estimated capture and storage sink, would only allow us to balance these residual non-energy emissions and the residual emissions from fossil fuels retained for part of the transport sector (national air and international transport). 174 See INRA study “stocker du carbone dans les sols français – quel potentiel au regard de l objectif 4 pour 1000 et à quel coût ?” (“Storing carbon in French soils - what potential with regard to objective 4 per 1000 and at what cost?”) - July 2019 National low carbon strategy - March 2020 167/176Sinks and greenhouse gas emissions in France in 2050 according to the baseline scenario The optimised mobilisation of carbon sinks is therefore an essential lever for achieving carbon neutrality by 2050.

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community forestry groups to conduct modern technologies for forest seedlings and tree plantations -To introduce technology to plant seedlings -To reduce forest degradation rate -To reduce forest degradation rate caused by human activities, fires, insects and diseases -To set up fully equipped stations fighting forest fires and insects outburst and capacity building -To use airplanes to fight against fires -To introduce biological technologies against insectsand pests -To improve effectiveness of forest management -To make forests resilient to climate change by improving their productivity and changing their composition and structure -To provide equipment and machineries to carry out forest cleaning activities -To train human resources for forest management practices -To improve efficiency of forest cleaning technologies Natural disaster management -To enhance and improve early warning and prevention systems for natural disasters -To strengthen early warning system for natural disasters -To establish early detection and prediction system -To conduct disaster risk assessments at local and sub- national levels -To improve forecast quality through increasing super computer capacity -To establish Doppler radar network covering entire territory of the country 7. Monitoring and reporting process Monitoring of climate change adaptation measures will be conducted in an integrated way as per the existing national programmes.

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contain more detailed information on the way in which the study work and the contributions of existing stakeholders have been incorporated and on the future pathways envisaged: x Walloon Region: see Chapters 1.4 and 1.5 x Flemish Region: see Introduction, pages 5 to 8 x Brussels-Capital Region: see Chapter 3.3 4. Summary of policies 4.1 General level of ambition The long-term strategies of the regions provide for the following overall emission reductions: x The Walloon long-term strategy aims to achieve carbon neutrality by 2050 by reducing greenhouse gas emissions by 95% compared to 1990, complemented by measures on carbon capture and use and negative emissions (see also Chapters 2 and 2.1 of the Walloon strategy); x The Flemish long-term strategy aims to reduce greenhouse gas emissions from sectors not covered by the ETS (non-ETS sectors) by 85% by 2050 compared to

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cropland Build capacity to implement and monitor the agriculture NAMA Forestry and land-use Afforestation, reforestation and forest conservation and protection of catchments Upscale afforestation, reforestation and forest conservation and protection of catchments Implementation of payment for ecosystem service for hydroelectric dams Promotion of non-extractive livelihoods from forest Upscale the non-extractive livelihoods from forest Promote sustainable production of fuel wood by establishing woodlots plantations and forest management Upscale sustainable production of fuel wood by establishing woodlots plantations and forest management Wastes Construct controlled landfill for biogas recovery to generate up to 240 GWh of primary energy (95 GWh of electricity) per year Promote solid and water waste reduction practices at household, institutional and industry level to reduce waste generation Process municipal solid wastes into fertilisers Install waste to energy incinerators to generate up to 250 GWh of electricity per year Provision of implementation means3 Adaptation measures The priority sectors and thematic areas identified based on national development priorities are: agriculture (crops, livestock, fisheries), water resources, health, infrastructure, land-use planning, transport, population and human settlements, disaster risk management, forestry; wildlife, energy and gender. For all these sectors, there will be need for multi-sectoral collaboration in the implementation of various projects and programmes.

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d) Target relative to the reference indicator, expressed numerically, for example in percentage or amount of reduction 27% of emissions reduction by 2030, considering the results of the national GHG emissions inventory - excluding the LULUCF sector which has historically, since the first GHG emissions inventory, generated removals greater than total GHG emissions. Hence making STP a climate neutral country since 1998 that does not contribute to global warming.

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d. Target relative to the reference indicator, expressed numerically, for example in percentage or amount of reduction Reduction of 7.4% in 2035 relative to BAU, with total GHG emissions capped to of reduction of 10,574,800 MTCO2e e. Information on sources of data used in quantifying the reference point(s) The reference indicator will be quantified based on national total GHG emissions in 2015 State of Kuwait reported on the second national communication (SNC), first biannual updated report(1BUR) and the National Adaptation plan (NAP). Also, the vision of “new Kuwait 2035” f. Information on the circumstances under which the Party may update the values of the reference indicators The base year for the 2035 BAU emissions is predicted at about 142,290,750MTCO2e, assuming a sustained moderate GDP growth rate of 1.8% per year, a total population of 7250523.871million by 2035.

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eNationally Determined Contribution | PÁG 17 (c) In the case of strategies, plans and measures referred to in Article 4, paragraph 6, of the Paris Agreement, or policies and measures that integrate nationally determined contributions where paragraph 1 (b) above does not apply, the Parties shall provide other relevant information; Does not apply (d) Target for the reference indicator, expressed numerically, for example in the form of a percentage or amount of reduction; Mexico increases its greenhouse gas reduction target from 22% to 35% by 2030, compared to its baseline, with national resources contributing at least 30% and 5% with planned international cooperation and financing for clean energy.

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emissions 49 storage sites in Australia 54 Figure 2.7 - National agencies and bodies driving low emissions technology investment 58 Figure 3.1 - Enabling deployment at scale across all sectors 63 Figure 3.2 - Transport emissions sources by source, 2019 67 Figure 3.3 - Indicative energy use in Australia’s buildings 69 Figure 3.4 - Agriculture, direct emissions sources, 2019 71 Figure 3.5 - Activities incentivised by the ERF 73 Figure 3.6 - Emissions from industry, mining and manufacturing sectors 74 Figure 4.1 - Australian global export rankings and reserve rankings 82 Figure 4.2 - Map of new energy export commodities 8308 AUSTRALIA’S LONG TERM EMISSIONS REDUCTION PLAN At a glance – Australia’s achievements GDP Emissions Trajectory to 2030 target High technology scenario projections is the largest energy storage project in the southern hemisphere commercial solar cells globally use Australian technology Australian homes have solar panels; the world’s highest uptake We are building three of the world’s largest hydrogen electrolysers We adopt low emissions tech 8 times faster than the global average for new renewable energy installations in 2020 Investment in renewable energy Australia has reduced emissions and met its 2020 target while keeping the economy strong, and this will continue.

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ensure that policies used in the post-2020 period are efficient and complementary with one another, and are appropriately calibrated towards achieving Australia’s 2030 target. As a part of this process, the Government will consider a potential long term emissions reduction goal for Australia, beyond 2030, taking into account international trends and technology developments.Attachment: Australia’s intended nationally determined contribution Target: 26 to 28 per cent below 2005 levels by 2030 Reference point Base year 2005 Time frames Period covered 2021 – 2030 Scope and Coverage Target type Absolute economy-wide emissions reduction by 2030, to be developed into an emissions budget covering the period 2021-2030 Gases covered Carbon dioxide (CO2 ); Methane (CH4 ); Nitrous oxide (N2 O); Hydrofluorocarbons (HFCs); Perfluorocarbons (PFCs); Sulphur ); Nitrogen trifluoride (NF3 ) Sectors covered Energy; Industrial processes and product use; Agriculture; Land-use, land-use change and forestry; Waste % of base year emissions covered 100 per cent of greenhouse gas emissions and removals in Australia’s national greenhouse gas inventory Assumptions and methodological approaches for emissions estimates and accounting Metrics Australia intends to apply 100 year Global Warming Potentials (GWPs) as contained in inventory reporting guidelines, currently IPCC Fourth Assessment Report 100 year GWPs, or as otherwise agreed.

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eq Buildings Transport Industry Agriculture Waste Synthetic Gases International Aviation and ShippingFigure 6: Development of the greenhouse gas footprint based on Swiss final demand from 2000 to 2017, broken down by domestic and import-related emissions (emissions related to exported goods and services are not in- cluded). Source: FSO Air emissions accounts (2020) 4 Long-term target for 2050 In line with the scientific evidence, based on the Paris Agreement, in accordance with its highest pos- sible ambition 17 and in view of specific economic and social requirements, Switzerland has set itself the following long-term target18: Switzerland should achieve balanced greenhouse gas performance by 2050 at the latest (net zero).

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expert approach. 90 A DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE SCENARIOS USED IN THE LOW -CARBON STUDY 91 A DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE MODELS USED . 92LIST OF ACRONYMS BAT Best Available Technologies Carbon dioxide DHS District heating system MS Member State EE Energy efficiency EC European Commission ESD/ESR GHG emissions outside the EU-ETS EU ETS/ ETS European Emission Trading Scheme Gg Gigagram (=Mt) GDP Gross domestic product IPCC Intergovernmental panel on climate change IPPU Industrial processes and product use sector LULUCF Land use, land use change and forestry sector Mt Million tonnes MW Megawatt ME SR Ministry of Economy of the SR MoE SR Ministry of Environment of the Slovak Republic NECP Integrated Energy and Climate Plan for 2021 - 2030 NMVOC Indirect emissions N2O Nitrous oxide OECD Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development PAMs Policies and measures SEA Slovak Environment Agency WB World Bank SF6 Sulphur hexafluoride SHMI Slovak Hydrometeorological Institute Slovak-CGE GHG ENVISAGE-Slovakia applied general equilibrium mode Greenhouse gas UNFCCC United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change MFF Multiannual Financial Framework 2021-2027 WEM Scenario with existing measures WAM Scenario with additional measuresSUMMARY This Strategy aims to identify measures, including additional measures, to achieve climate neutrality in Slovakia by 2050.

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finance strategy to implement this 2050 Strategy and its recommendations; and identify and consider options for a more coordinated and centralized approach to applying for, and monitor, related overseas aid and investment; ¾ Ensure due diligence is fulfilled before making significant investments to implement this 2050 Strategy and its recommendations; ¾ Prioritize capacity building in all areas relevant for the implementation of this 2050 Strategy and its recommendations; ¾ Mainstream gender and human rights, including in relation to developing, adopting, reviewing and implementing laws, policies and projects related to climate change, and commission further analysis with a view to putting in place a strategy to improve related data collection, monitoring and evaluation; ¾ Include health considerations as part of RMI’s forthcoming National Adaptation Plan; ¾ Include education, training & public awareness considerations as part of RMI’s forthcoming National Adaptation Plan; ¾ Review and update, as necessary, this 2050 Strategy as a minimum every five years – including to recommend targets for inclusion in future NDCs – at least one year before RMI submits future NDCs; and ¾ Establish a domestic process to oversee reviews and updates to this 2050 Strategy, as well as to monitor its implementation.Greenhouse Gas Emissions 1.

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flexibility and storage Energy efficiency measures in buildings and industry • Fuel switching to electricity for cooking • Substitution of coal in the industrial and power sector Transportation • More use of public transportation – 30 percent modal share in urban areas by 2050 • Moderate penetration of electric vehicles – 70 percent for motorcycles and 40 percent for cars and urban buses by 2050 • Increased fuel efficiency for internal combustion engine vehicles • Rail for freight and passengers • CNG penetration of 80 percent for interregional buses and 80 percent for trucks until 2050 Industrial processes and product use • Clinker substitution in cement production • Carbon capture and storage for cement kilns • Use of recycled aggregate concrete • Increasing use of refrigerants with low global warming potential • Regular inspection of refrigeration and air-conditioning equipment and recovery of spent refrigerants Waste • Reducing open burning by expanding waste collection coverage to 85 percent in 2050 • Implementing a reduce, reuse, and recycle strategy • Landfill gas management • Organic composting • Anaerobic digestion and wastewater treatment Figure 3: Summary of key mitigation actions by sectorCambodia’s Long-Term Strategy for Carbon Neutrality 6 1. Introduction and Background 1.1.

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following recommendations: ¾ Submit, by 2020 at the latest, a new NDC in which, in the context of the necessary means of implementation being available, RMI: x revises its quantified economy-wide target to reduce its emissions of GHGs to at least 32% below 2010 levels by 2025; x commits to a quantified economy-wide target to reduce its emissions of GHGs to at least 45% below 2010 levels by 2030; x communicates an indicative target to reduce its emissions of GHGs by at least 58% below 2010 levels by 2035; x reaffirms its aspiration to achieve net zero GHG emissions by 2050 at the latest, x commits to producing a National Adaptation Plan by the end of 2019 at the latest that sets out short, medium and long-term milestones to adapt to the impacts of climate change and transition to climate resilience, suggests implementation measures and includes a plan to generate the necessary financing; x commits to submitting an Adaptation Communication to the UNFCCC by 2020 at the latest; x commits to a gender-responsive and human rights-based approach in all NDC-related planning, programming and implementation; and x commits to using the latest Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) Guidelines (currently 2006).

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for cooking • Substitution of coal in the industrial and power sector Transportation • More use of public transportation – 30 percent modal share in urban areas by 2050 • Moderate penetration of electric vehicles – 70 percent for motorcycles and 40 percent for cars and urban buses by 2050 • Increased fuel efficiency for internal combustion engine vehicles • Rail for freight and passengers • CNG penetration of 80 percent for interregional buses and 80 percent for trucks until 2050 Industrial processes and product use • Clinker substitution in cement production • Carbon capture and storage for cement kilns • Use of recycled aggregate concrete • Increasing use of refrigerants with low global warming potential • Regular inspection of refrigeration and air- conditioning equipment and recovery of spent refrigerants Waste • Reducing open burning by expanding waste collection coverage to 85 percent in 2050 • Implementing a reduce, reuse, and recycle strategy • Landfill gas management • Organic composting • Anaerobic digestion and wastewater treatment Figure 13: Summary of key mitigation actions by sectorCambodia’s Long-Term Strategy for Carbon Neutrality 15 2.2. Economic costs and benefits The sector analysis entailed consultations to identify 31 key actions contributing to carbon neutrality.

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formal waste collection system as prerequisite to identify a GHG emission target for the 2025 NDC. Table 1. Mitigation targets, means and requirements Target Means Requirement 13% (16 Gg) reduction in GHG emissions from energy by 2030 compared 70% of electricity generated from renewable sources by 2030 through combination of solar, wind and battery storage Financing Upgrade of network infrastructure Mandatory vehicle standards and/or incentives through tax, fees, import tariffs Alignment of price signals for consumers with targets Public acceptance Adoption of minimum energy performance standards Financing Public acceptance Enforcement Identification of a GHG emission target for agriculture, forestry and Establishment of a forest inventory Financing Technical capacityMitigation other land use for the Planting one million trees To be determined: kind of trees to be planted, land on which trees to be planted, and who will be responsible for planting the trees Financing Technical capacity Consent from various stakeholders Identification of a GHG emission target for waste for the 2025 NDC Expansion of formal waste collection system Financing Technical capacity Source: Kingdom of Tonga 3.1 Energy Sector Tonga set the target of reducing GHG emissions from the combustion of fossil fuels by 13% (16 Gg) by 2030 compared to 2006.

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grid modernization, flexibility and storage • Energy efficiency measures in buildings and industry • Fuel switching to electricity for cooking • Substitution of coal in the industrial and power sector Transportation • More use of public transportation – 30 percent modal share in urban areas by 2050 • Moderate penetration of electric vehicles – 70 percent for motorcycles and 40 percent for cars and urban buses by 2050 • Increased fuel efficiency for internal combustion engine vehicles • Rail for freight and passengers • CNG penetration of 80 percent for interregional buses and 80 percent for trucks until 2050 Industrial processes and product use • Clinker substitution in cement production • Carbon capture and storage for cement kilns • Use of recycled aggregate concrete • Increasing use of refrigerants with low global warming potential • Regular inspection of refrigeration and air- conditioning equipment and recovery of spent refrigerants Waste • Reducing open burning by expanding waste collection coverage to 85 percent in 2050 • Implementing a reduce, reuse, and recycle strategy • Landfill gas management • Organic composting • Anaerobic digestion and wastewater treatment Figure 13: Summary of key mitigation actions by sectorCambodia’s Long-Term Strategy for Carbon Neutrality 15 2.2.

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iii) Develop a 200-kilometer electric rail network by 2030 to support public transportation and mass transportation of goods. c) Clean cooking/Residential cooking: The goal is to install 500,000 improved cooking stoves, primarily in rural areas, and an additional 200,000 household biogas plants and 500 large scale biogas plants (institutional/industrial/municipal/community) by 2025. ii) By 2030, ensure that electric stoves are used as the primary mode of cooking in 25 per cent of households.

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in 2030 to eq., which is around 28% decrease in emissions. By 2030, develop 200 km of the electric rail network to support public commuting and mass transportation of goods. (Residential cooking and biogas) By 2030, ensure 25% of households use electric stoves as their primary mode of cooking. By 2025, install 500,000 improved cookstoves, specifically in rural areas. By 2025, install an additional 200,000 household biogas plants and 500 large scale biogas plants (institutional/industrial/ municipal/community). These three combined targets can reduce emissions from eq. in BAU in 2025 to approximately eq. This is around 11% reduction in emissions from the cooking sector. For 2030, these three targets can reduce emissions from approximately 2,064 Gg CO2 eq. from BAU to 1,599 eq., which is around 23% reduction in emissions.

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in IPPU sector in 2030 Potential contribution of the different measures in IPPU sector are listed below. Measure GHG amount % of BAU scenario Replace 20% clinker in cement production 36 0.2 AFOLU The AFOLU sector is a key category and among the highest emitters. Emissions come from the use of fuelwood, production of charcoal and wood removals for construction and other purposes, especially in the rural areas. The livestock industry is also a major contributor through mainly enteric fermentation but offers restricted mitigation avenues on account of the extensive production system.

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in Waste sector in 2030 Potential contribution of the different measures in Waste sector are listed below. Measure GHG amount % of BAU scenario Transform 50% MSW to electricity and compost Gases The direct gases carbon dioxide (CO2 ), methane (CH4 ) and Nitrous Oxide (N2 O) are covered in this INDC. Accounting Methodologies The implementation and outcome of the contribution will be tracked and accounted for on the basis of the national GHG inventories compiled and presented in the National Communications and Biennial Update Reports submitted regularly to the UNFCCC secretariat. The method used for compiling the inventories will be those recommended by IPCC, namely the IPCC 2006 Guidelines and software. The Global Warming Potentials adopted are from the IPCC Second Assessment Report.

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in the years 2020, 2030 and 2040 respectively due to normal growth models. The role of the energy sector and sub-sectors as the leading emitter of GHGs is expected to increase in the future from 73 % of total emissions in the year 2006 to 83 % in the year 2040 according to a BAU scenario. Therefore, it is anticipated to focus the mitigation efforts of the Country on this sector. The baseline scenarios was based on 2014 conditions, which were deeply relying on imported fossil fuel and the delay in renewable and alternative energy projects as well as interruptions in gas supplies. Now, in 2015 the conditions have changed with more emphasis on renewable and gas.

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irrigation and livestock watering Powering of 5000 glaciers for domestic use, through photovoltaic technology or with wind turbines, in homes in areas isolated from the national electricity grid (SIE) Replacement of 2,500,000 incandescent lamps with efficient lamps in all domestic consumers in the country Productive use of energy - construction of 8 centres for fish conservation Construction of 450 MW thermal power plant based on natural gas: Technological Action Plan for Combined Cycle Natural Gas Technology Massification of LPG - Increasing the number of people with access to cooking gas to around 309.02% compared to today Massification of Natural Gas Use: o Construction of ten (10) Compressed Natural Gas Supply Stations, Massification of Natural Gas Use: o Construction of ten (10) Compressed Natural Gas Supply Stations, • Importation of one hundred and fifty (150) CNG Buses • Import of one thousand (1000) kits and respective conversion Cylinders for Natural Gas. • Conversion of 1000 cars to NG Repair of 150 NG buses for public transport Urban areas, in districts - nationwide Mozambique, in areas isolated from the national electricity grid (SIE) Areas isolated from the grid (SIE) or mixed (SILE/SIE) Residences in areas isolated from the national electricity grid (SIE).

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knowledge in favour of neutrality in the various sectors of activity; m) Making taxation an instrument of the transition to neutrality by continuing to eliminate environmentally harmful subsidies, reinforcing the application of carbon taxation and promoting higher taxation on resource use, recycling revenues for decarbonisation and fair transition; n) Redirecting financial flows to promote carbon neutrality, in particular by fostering the development of a framework that favours sustainable financing and greater involvement of the financial system, and monitoring it; o) Promoting the involvement of society in the transition, contributing to increased individual and collective action, the adoption of sustainable behaviours and a change in patterns of production and consumption in favour of sustainability, particularly through environmental education and awareness; p) Promoting skills development and (re)qualification directed towards the new opportunities for economic development; q) Encouraging development of the new economy linked to energy transition and decarbonisation, supporting the development of new industrial and service clusters and the generation of new business opportunities; r) Promoting a fair and cohesive transition that valorises the territory, creates wealth, promotes employment and contributes to raising the standards of quality of life in Portugal.LONG-TERM STRATEGY FOR CARBON NEUTRALITY OF THE PORTUGUESE ECONOMY BY 2050 4.

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lndmesh Updated NDC also seeks opportunities for having intemational cooperation to support the achievemenl of our conditional target of up to 41% compare to business as usual scenario. Secondly, with regards to the mandates of futicle 4 para 19 of the Paris Agreement as well as of the oec. 1lcP.21 Pal a 35, lndonesia submits the Long-term strategy on Low carbon and Climate Resilience 2050 (LT$LCCR 2G50). lndonesia is starting to pave the way in achieving a peak of year 2030 with forestry and other land uses as a leading sector as well as net-sink towards net-zero emission by taking into account the economy growth, dimde resilience and impartiality. The LTS-LCCR 2050 document reflects inseased ambilion of our NDC in 2030.

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low emissions technology investment 58 Figure 3.1 - Enabling deployment at scale across all sectors 63 Figure 3.2 - Transport emissions sources by source, 2019 67 Figure 3.3 - Indicative energy use in Australia’s buildings 69 Figure 3.4 - Agriculture, direct emissions sources, 2019 71 Figure 3.5 - Activities incentivised by the ERF 73 Figure 3.6 - Emissions from industry, mining and manufacturing sectors 74 Figure 4.1 - Australian global export rankings and reserve rankings 82 Figure 4.2 - Map of new energy export commodities 8308 AUSTRALIA’S LONG TERM EMISSIONS REDUCTION PLAN At a glance – Australia’s achievements GDP Emissions Trajectory to 2030 target High technology scenario projections is the largest energy storage project in the southern hemisphere commercial solar cells globally use Australian technology Australian homes have solar panels; the world’s highest uptake We are building three of the world’s largest hydrogen electrolysers We adopt low emissions tech 8 times faster than the global average for new renewable energy installations in 2020 Investment in renewable energy Australia has reduced emissions and met its 2020 target while keeping the economy strong, and this will continue. We have reduced emissions by over 20% since 2005, while our economy grew by 45%.

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materials for climate resilient agronomic practices Upscale the dissemination of climate resilient agronomic practices to above 10% of current cropland Build capacity to implement and monitor the agriculture NAMA Forestry and land-use Afforestation, reforestation and forest conservation and protection of catchments Upscale afforestation, reforestation and forest conservation and protection of catchments Implementation of payment for ecosystem service for hydroelectric dams Promotion of non-extractive livelihoods from forest Upscale the non-extractive livelihoods from forest Promote sustainable production of fuel wood by establishing woodlots plantations and forest management Upscale sustainable production of fuel wood by establishing woodlots plantations and forest management Wastes Construct controlled landfill for biogas recovery to generate up to 240 GWh of primary energy (95 GWh of electricity) per year Promote solid and water waste reduction practices at household, institutional and industry level to reduce waste generation Process municipal solid wastes into fertilisers Install waste to energy incinerators to generate up to 250 GWh of electricity per year Provision of implementation means3 Adaptation measures The priority sectors and thematic areas identified based on national development priorities are: agriculture (crops, livestock, fisheries), water resources, health, infrastructure, land-use planning, transport, population and human settlements, disaster risk management, forestry; wildlife, energy and gender.

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methane emissions from flooded rice fields by replacing them with efficient dry upland rice ✓ ✓ 397.7 System of Rice Intensification Reduce methane emissions through water management, less flooded areas, reduced fertilizer usage ✓ ✓ 707.0 Reduce Trans- mission Losses Refurbish and upgrade the national grid (from 33Kv to 132Kv) to reduce losses ✓ ✓ 98.7 Renewable Energy Install solar PV, wind power and hydro-electric power plants Efficient Lighting Substitute incandescent light bulbs and raise awareness in the residential sector ✓ ✓ 42.9 Solar Water Heating Install solar water heating facilities on public buildings and support them for hotels and the residential sector ✓ ✓ 19.3 Extended Renewable Energy and Energy Efficiency Energy saving appliances and additional hydro-electric, solar PV and wind power capacities ✓ ✓ 121.7 Efficient Cook-stoves Reduce firewood and charcoal consumption and the overuse of forest resources ✓ ✓ 287.6 Vehicle Efficiency Standards Reduce fuel consumption through efficiency standards ✓ 114.0 Methane Capture and Flaring Remove methane emissions from landfills ✓ ✓ 237.0 Recycling and Composting Reduce methane emissions from anaerobic decomposing of organic matter by composting and reduce waste generation by recycling ✓ ✓ 2.7 *FS= financial support, TT= technology transfer 1.5: Scope and Coverage 1.

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net Greenhouse Gas (GHG) emissions in 2006 were estimated to be 1060.25 GgCO2e. c. For strategies, plans and actions referred to in Article 4, paragraph 6, of the Paris Agreement, or polices and measures as components of nationally determined contributions where paragraph 1(b) above is not applicable, Parties to provide other relevant information d. Target relative to the reference indicator, expressed numerically, for example in percentage or amount of reduction As electricity generation and transport are the biggest contributor to the total GHG emissions, Antigua and Barbuda has mitigation sector targets for the energy sector: ● 86% renewable energy generation in the electricity sector by 2030 ● 100% all new vehicle sales to be electric vehicles by 2030 e. Information on sources of data used in quantifying the reference point(s) The sources of data used in quantifying the reference points are as follows: ● Antigua and Barbuda’s Intended Nationally Determined Contribution, 2015 ● Antigua and Barbuda’s First Biennial Update ● Antigua and Barbuda’s Third National f. Information on the circumstances under which the Party may update the values of the reference indicators Antigua and Barbuda may update the base year data based on the continuous methodological improvement and data availability.

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of Programme of Actions Energy Scale up renewable energy penetration by 10% by 2030 5 Promote clean rural households lighting 1 Expand the adoption of market-based cleaner cooking solutions Double energy efficiency improvement to 20% in power plants Transport Scale up sustainable mass transportation 1 AFOLU Promote Sustainable utilization of forest resources through REDD+ Waste Adopt alternative urban solid waste management 3 Industry Double energy efficiency improvement to 20% in industrial facilities Green Cooling Africa Initiative 1 2.1.1 Outlook of emissions trajectory up to 2030 Without prejudice to the outcome of our emission reduction goal, the outlook of Ghana’s emission trajectory for 2020 to 2030 is projected as follows: Under BAU emissions are expected to rise from 19.53 MtCO2e in 2010 to 37.81 MtCO2e in 2020, to 53.5 MtCO2e in 2025 and 73.95MtCO2e in 2030. Under the unconditional emission reduction goal, emissions are expected to decrease by 12 percent and 15 percent relative to the BAU emission levels in 2025 and 2030 respectively.

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of old car ACs Conditional refrigeration Switch to (isobutane) and safe disposal of old refrigerators Conditional refrigeration (Stand-alone equipment) Switch to R290 (propane) and and safe disposal of old equipment Conditional refrigeration (Condensing units) Switch to R290 (propane) and and safe disposal of old equipment Conditional deforestation reduce deforestation rate by 75 % USD Conditional 20 Reforestation Reforest of 20,000 ha per year ConditionalNo. Mitigation action Baseline and targets Sector GHG mitigation potential - % of BAU scenario Finance costs (USD) Conditionality grassland restoration million ha of grassland savanna and soil carbo Conditional practice ha of trees per year under Agroforestry Unconditional Forestry Plant 5,000 ha of trees under Urban Forestry Unconditional Solid Waste (MSW) transformatio n MSW to electricity and compost Conditional recycling Increase Recycling of plastic waste and e-waste by Conditional 26 Methane net zero emissions Methane net zero emissions of the target Conditional TOTAL MITIGATION FUNDING REQUIREMENT: USD 3, 610, 000, 000 (approximately 3.61 billion US dollars)Appendix 2: Detailed Adaptation Measures No. Adaptation action Ministry Co-benefits (mitigation, environmental, social) Finance costs (USD) Conditional/ Unconditional Gender Youth Private sector SDGs Water resources 1 Provide full support for integrated water resources management Ministry of Agriculture, Water and Land Reform.

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phasing out the use of coal for energy by 2029; cutting back the use of peat at least by half by 2030; share of biofuels in road transport energy consumption at 13.5% of the energy content part in 2020 and at 30% in 2030 (linear growth); a 10% bioliquid blending obligation for light fuel oil used in building-specific heating and for diesel oil used in mobile machinery, with linear growth between 2020 and 2030; the number of electric vehicles at least 250,000 (full electric vehicles, hydrogen-powered vehicles, plug-in hybrids) and, correspondingly, that of gas-powered vehicles at least 50,000 a 38% minimum share of renewable energy in final energy consumption in 2020 and, correspondingly, a 50% minimum target for renewable energy in 2030; a 55% self-sufficiency target for energy supply in 2030 and halving the use of imported oil for energy purposes. More detailed assumptions for the scenarios are presented in Chapter 4 of a Finnish-language research report entitled ‘Carbon neutral Finland 2035 – Scenarios and impact assessments’.2.3 Estimated trends in emissions and removals by 2050 Figure 1 presents the trends in Finland’s GHG emissions by main source under the basic scenario (WEM) and under the two low-emission scenarios (excluding LULUCF).

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point (including, as appropriate, a base year) (a) Reference year(s), base year(s), reference period(s) or other starting point(s); Base year for GHG emission target: 2006 Base year for planting one million trees: (b) Quantifiable information on the reference indicators, their values in the reference year(s), base year(s), reference period(s) or other starting point(s), and, as applicable, in the target year; Total GHG emissions from energy sector in (c) For strategies, plans and actions referred to in Article 4, paragraph 6, of the Paris Agreement, or polices and measures as components of nationally determined contributions where paragraph 1(b) above is not applicable, Parties to provide other relevant information; Relevant strategies, plans and actions include: x Long-term low emissions development strategy x Tonga Energy Road Map x Energy Efficiency Master Plan x Joint National Adaptation Plan 2 on Climate Change and Disaster (d) Target relative to the reference indicator, expressed numerically, for example in percentage or amount of reduction; 13% (16 Gg) reduction in GHG emissions by (e) Information on sources of data used in quantifying the reference point(s); Government of Tonga’s Third National CommunicationAnnex (f) Information on the circumstances under which the Party may update the values of the reference indicators.

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practices compared to 2015, particularly: 25% reduction of the dairy cattle (livestock), 33% reduction of the cattle other than dairy (livestock), 82% reduction of surplus nitrogen Maximised soil cover according to the principles of agro-ecology with in particular: ◦ 84% increase in intermediate nitrate-trap crops ◦ 60% increase in intermediate crops for energy purposes. c) Compliance with greenhouse gas emissions reduction targets This trajectory allows the following targets in greenhouse gas emissions reduction to be met in France at the 2030 and 2050 time frames (see also the analysis of compliance with the first three carbon budgets in chapter 3 “The carbon budgets”): Horizon Objective Reference Results of AMS scenario -40% GHG emissions compared to 1990 (excluding LULUCF and excluding CCS) The energy transition for green growth act -37% compared to 2005 excluding LULUCF and excluding sectors subject to the European carbon market (EU ETS) The EU 2030 climate and energy framework 2050 Carbon neutrality Climate plan 2017 Achieving carbon neutrality (within a margin of eq) d) Cumulative residual GHG emissions trajectory Cumulative GHG emissions between 2015 and 2050 are presented in the graph below for both the reference trajectory of the strategy adopted in 2015 and its current revision.

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promote new types of alternative fuels; • To promote the share of public transport in motorized travel in big-and- medium-sized cities reaching 30% by 2020; • To promote the development of dedicated transport system for pedestrians and bicycles in cities and to advocate green travel; and • To accelerate the development of smart transport and green freight transport. F. Increasing Carbon Sinks • To vigorously enhance afforestation, promoting voluntary tree planting by all citizens, continuing the implementation of key ecological programs, including protecting natural forests, restoring forest and grassland from farmland, conducting sandification control for areas in vicinity of Beijing and Tianjin, planting shelter belt, controlling rocky desertification, conserving water and soil, strengthening forest tending and management and increasing the forest carbon sink; • To strengthen forest disaster prevention and forest resource protection and to reduce deforestation-related emissions; • To strengthen the protection and restoration of wetlands and to increase carbon storage capacity of wetlands; and • To continue to restore grassland from grazing land, to promote mechanism of maintaining the balance between grass stock and livestock, to prevent grassland degradation, to restore vegetation of grassland, to enhance grasslanddisaster prevention and farmland protection and to improve carbon storage of soil.

CHN

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reduction of carbon-intensity of the mobility sector. By implementing these measures, STP will be able to contribute toward reducing GHG emissions by close to 109 GgCO2 eq, corresponding to about 27% of emissions reduction by 2030. c) For strategies, plans and actions referred to in Article 4, paragraph 61 of the Paris Agreement, or policies and measures as components of NDCs where paragraph 1(b) above is not applicable, Parties to provide other relevant information Sao Tome and Principe reserves the right to apply this paragraph in future to adjust the information contained in paragraph 1b) above.

STP

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solar (rooftop, small-scale and large solar PV), biomass12, large and small hydro power plants 1.2 Develop required transmission network infrastructure to enable the integration of renewable energy NDC 2 Implement Demand Side Management (DSM) measures by promoting energy-efficient equipment, technologies, and system improvements in a national Energy Efficiency Improvement and Conservation (EEI&C) programme 2.1 Realize energy saving of 2,603 GWh by phasing out incandescent bulbs as a conditional measure 2.2 Realize energy saving of 5,189 GWh by introducing efficient lighting, fans, refrigerators, and chillers as a conditional measure 2.3 Implement Energy Efficiency Building Code on a mandatory basis 2021-2022It is expected that the implementation of updated NDCs will result in GHG emissions reduction against BAU scenario by 25% in the electricity sector (5% unconditionally and 20% conditionally) equivalent to an estimated mitigation level of 9,819,000 MT unconditionally and 39,274,000 MT conditionally (total of 49,093,000 MT) of carbon dioxide equivalent during the period of 2021-203013 (Figure 4.4.1). 13 The forecasted emissions of the power sector for the period 2021-2030 is 196,373,000 MT as per the BAU scenario of the Long-Term Generation Expansion Plan 2013-2032 of Ceylon Electricity Board published in October 2013 which was the basis of the first NDC commitment.

LKA

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strategies, plans and actions referred to in Article 4, paragraph 6, of the Paris Agreement, or polices and measures as components of nationally determined contributions where paragraph 1(b) above is not applicable, Parties to provide other relevant information d. Target relative to the reference indicator, expressed numerically, for example in percentage or amount of reduction As electricity generation and transport are the biggest contributor to the total GHG emissions, Antigua and Barbuda has mitigation sector targets for the energy sector: ● 86% renewable energy generation in the electricity sector by 2030 ● 100% all new vehicle sales to be electric vehicles by 2030 e. Information on sources of data used in quantifying the reference point(s) The sources of data used in quantifying the reference points are as follows: ● Antigua and Barbuda’s Intended Nationally Determined Contribution, 2015 ● Antigua and Barbuda’s First Biennial Update ● Antigua and Barbuda’s Third National f. Information on the circumstances under which the Party may update the values of the reference indicators Antigua and Barbuda may update the base year data based on the continuous methodological improvement and data availability. Any updated information will be included in the Biennial Update Report or Biennial Transparency Report.

ATG

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