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The most affected population groups are indigenous peoples, subsistence farmers, artisanal fishermen and, among them, women and children. Although Guatemala is the largest economy in Central America, it is located within the countries with the highest levels of inequality in Latin America, with high rates of poverty -particularly in rural areas and indigenous peoples- and with rates of chronic malnutrition and maternal mortality.

GTM

CW

val

The most marked climatic hazards in recent years have been storms, floods (South-West areas3), and droughts (in the North). Climatic conditions remain favorable to epidemics linked to bacterial and viral diseases.

CAF

CW

val

The needed financing totals US $3.802 billion over the commitment period, i.e. US $2.248 billion to implement the mitigation measures and US $1.554 billion for the development of resilience to climate change.

CAF

CW

val

The overall CO2 emission is projected to increase by 5% and 6% by 2025 and 2030 respectively from the baseline 2015. Distribution by sectors. Table 4: Projection of CO2 emissions by fuel type (in GgCO2 e.). Fuel Type. 2005 (Baseline). 2020. 2025. 2030. Petrol. 3414.05. 11985. 16850. 19542. Diesel. 13184.69.

SLE

CW

val

The promotion of agroecological systems based on sustainability and respect for natural ecosystem processes, urban and peri-urban agricultural systems and the prevention of climate risks, are very effective measures of adaptation to climate change. Some actions and programs in this sense are listed below:Network of biological input laboratories:.

VEN

CW

val

The storm surge warning system and rainstorm warning system were optimized to improve the capability of government departments and citizens to respond to climate change. Second, stabilize water resources. In order to stabilize water resources supply, the Macao SAR Government has adopted a series of water resources adaptation measures in recent years to improve the effectiveness of the water supply system and secure emergency water.

CHN

CW

val

The strategy aims to improve integrated and appropriate water resource management and preservation methods, protection against pollution, training, scientific research and awareness around these themes. The protection of the cultural heritage of the Kingdom through education and awareness actions, and efforts to preserve ancestral good practices in highly vulnerable sectors, such as water and agriculture. Goals to Build Resilience.

MAR

CW

val

The strategy is based on the integration of the climate change dimension in the formulation and programming of development policies, taking into account other priorities such as human and animal health, the fight against poverty and malnutrition, the promotion of renewable energies. and energy efficiency and gender mainstreaming.

SEN

CW

val

The vulnerability assessment of the AFOLU and Energy sectors has identified the following adaptation options: i) Promotion of Climate-Smart Agriculture; ii) Valuation of meteorological data by producers; iii) Development of sustainable land and water management; iv) Strengthening participatory and digitized management of forest areas; v) Development and implementation of a ten-year reforestation plan; vi) Development of urban and peri-urban forestry; vii) Subsidies for kits for the use of fossil and solar energies; and viii) Development of Public Private Partnership (PPP) for the development of new and renewable energies. 1. Priority adaptation measures by sector. Adaptation measures in the AFOLU sector focus on improving the resilience of the agriculture, livestock, forestry, water resources, fisheries and wildlife sub-sectors as well as the health of populations. .

NER

CW

val

There needs to be a focus on development of knowledge, skill levels to address capacity gaps with regards to climate change adaptation and disaster risk reduction throughout Solomon Islands society, particularly in the outer islands and among marginalised populations. There is need to translate the climate science and predicted impacts into messages that support action by Solomon Islanders.

SLB

CW

val

These contributions are conditioned in providing financial, technical and technological support from developed countries within the mechanisms of the UNFCCC. The State of Kuwait preserves the right to reconsider these contributions based on future developments in the state’s own national circumstances, the state’s general policy and in case of any amendment to the Convention or related decisions of the Conference of the parties before it enters into force in a manner that includes rules or provisions that vary with the assumptions under which those contributions are submitted.

KWT

CW

val

These detailed contributions are organized by the following eight thematic areas:. Productive Land & Coast. Healthy and Productive People. Water Security. Food Security. Energy Security. Healthy Environment. Good Governance. Loss & Damage. For each of these thematic areas, specific contributions are identified and details are provided. Additionally, each focus area identifies the SDGs advanced by the contributions. 1. PRODUCTIVE LAND & COAST. Higher Ground Initiative.

NRU

CW

val

These funds will be utilized to bolster limited national resources and technical capacities for scaling up climate action. The activities will be implemented for 10 years (2021-2030) by integrating them under the fiscal budget as various subsidy policies, projects or programs.

NPL

CW

val

This Integrated MRV system is linked with the already existing monitoring and reporting systems including the National Integrated Monitoring System (NIMES) and County Integrated Monitoring System (CIMES). Under the Integrated MRV system, Counties and various sectors are to downscale and contextualise the indicators into their county and sector planning documents.

KEN

CW

val

This decision allowed having an instance of participation, review and high level political validation to agree on measures over which the reviewed NDC was built upon. The cabinet coordinates its work in thematic sectorial meetings (energy, agriculture and forests, waste, transport and industry) as well as in transversal meetings (awareness and education, adaptation and finance).

ARG

CW

val

This situation is exacerbated by the high levels of degradation to which natural systems are subject, mainly because of poorly planned human interventions and the lack of awareness of the populations around the management of these resources, among other factors. The devastating impact of Hurricane and Tropical Storm Mitch in October 1998 led to the loss of more than 14,000 lives, more than half a million victims, the loss of 20 years of investments in road and water infrastructure, 3.8 billion (Equivalent to 70% of the GDP of that year) and the fall of the productive apparatus of the country, plunging the Republic of Honduras into a crisis whose sequels persist until the present.

HND

CW

val

To embark on a new pattern of urbanization, optimizing the urban system and space layout, integrating the low-carbon development concept in the entire process of urban planning, construction and management and promoting the urban form that integrates industries into cities;. To enhance low-carbonized urbanization, improving energy efficiency of building and the quality of building construction, extending buildings’ life spans, intensifying energy conservation transformation for existing buildings, building energy-saving and low-carbon infrastructures, promoting the reutilization of building wastes and intensifying the recovery and utilization of methane from landfills;.

CHN

CW

val

To have implemented by 2025 water management models and instruments that promote the rational use of water through reservoirs and dams that are shared among several plots of land. To have designed and implemented, by 2025, risk transfer instruments, such as climate index-based insurances and the Emergency Agriculture Fund (FAE, for its acronym in Spanish). By 2025, 95% of the agricultural area is under land use and management plans, including plans to reduce erosion and preserve organic matter in croplands, the productivity and water storage capacity have improved, and the risk of erosion during extreme rainfall events has been reduced (*).

URY

CW

val

Togo is a small country that emits almost no GHGs and so has virtually no responsibility in terms of global warming. Through its INDC, Togo proposes to focus its efforts on carbon-lean sustainable development, by encouraging sustainable practices, whereas the easy solution would simply be to continue using fossil fuels while they are still available.

TGO

CW

val

Under the motto of "Collective Mobility for Good Living", the Ministry of People s Power for Land Transport and Public Works develops the Transportation Mission, created on March 27, 2014. The Transportation Mission is structured in vertices of action: National Registry , Territorial Coverage, Services, Financing, Education, Infrastructure and Urban Mobility.

VEN

CW

val

Undertake risk reduction and vulnerability assessments of urban settlements in Honiara, other urban centres, and sites of national economic priority. Plan and implement adaptation actions. Undertake risk reduction and vulnerability assessments of rural communities and implement adaptation actions targeting prioritized vulnerable communities. Strengthen capacity to integrate climate change considerations into Environmental Impact Assessments (EIA) and Strategic Environmental Assessments (SEA) and revise relevant environmental laws to integrate climate change.

SLB

CW

val

Urban and rural seasonal flooding, recurrent flash flooding, and coastal flooding are the most commonly observed, leading to seasonal flooding of agricultural fields and low-lying areas, flooding along the coast areas and flood waters overflowing into roads and into residents’ homes. Vulnerable areas include Western Area, Eastern, Southern and Northern regions. More specifically, the most affected areas in the recent past during these last years include: Kroo Bay, Susan’s Bay, Granville Brook, Lumley area in Western Area, Port Loko and Kambia Districts, the Newton catchment area, Pujehun and Bo areas, Kenema and Moyamba Districts, and coastal beaches of the Western Area Peninsula (Government of Sierra Leone 2018).

SLE

CW

val

Water Resources - Lesotho is renowned for an abundant supply of pristine water resources. The country constitutes one of Southern Africa’s principal water catchment areas, capturing around 50% of the total catchment run-off. The water resource base plays a critical role in advancing socio–economic development and supporting ecosystems integrity.

LSO

CW

val

Water and sanitation. Implementation of the Water, Sanitation and Hygiene Policy. Development partners are now actively implementing the policy in the provinces; the National Planning and Monitoring Department (DNPM) oversees this activity, which has started in some provinces. Increased access to drinking water and to.

COG

CW

val

Water resources. Human Health. Infra-structures. Agriculture and Fisheries. Climate change requires farmers to adapt to new agronomic practices such as conservation agriculture, growing of drought tolerant crops, precision agriculture (which in turn also requires a better access to input for seeds and fertilizers) and agro-forestry amongst others in order to improve productivity.

AGO

CW

val

With afforestation and reforestation measures implemented since the 1920s, forest cover in the country has been raised from zero to about 85,000 ha or 21% of the national territory. The generally harsh environmental conditions have a negative impact on the density and growth of planted trees largely affecting forest productivity and quality.

CPV

CW

val

With external support, Government of Malawi will be able to make significant investments in energy generation from cleaner sources. 2.6 Industrial Process and Other Product Units. There is currently a shortage of decent houses both in urban and rural areas of Malawi.

MWI

CW

val

With more intense rainfall, a holistic “source-pathway-receptor” approach was adopted. This covers the entire drainage system, addressing not just the pathway through which storm water travels (i.e. “pathway” solutions like widening and deepening drains and canals), but also where run-off is generated (i.e. “source” solutions such as on-site detention) and the areas where floods may occur (i.e. “receptor” solutions like platform levels and flood barriers).

SGP

CW

val

With the objective of strengthening the information and knowledge systems, sectorial studies are being carried out on impact, vulnerability and adaptation that will contribute to the planning and implementation of measures and policies of adaptation on a local, provincial and national level. In that regard, it’s important to highlight that the country is currently implementing two adaptation projects on the agricultural sector (for a total US$9.936.817) with funds provided by the Adaptation Fund. Those projects allow funding concrete measures on adaptation for highly-vulnerable communities.

ARG

CW

val

Working to preserve heritage by registering archaeological, heritage and cultural sites in Iraq as World Heritage sites to protect them from the negative effects of climate change and the international community’s contribution to protecting them. Preserving the natural ecosystems from the negative effects of climate change, protecting the economic ecosystem services of the local population, and sustaining the outstanding universal values ​​of the World Heritage property.

IRQ

CW

val

Zambia considers her INDC fair and ambitious enough to contribute to low carbon and climate resilient economy by 2030 in accordance with its special national circumstance and desire to become a high middle income and prosperous Nation by 2030. Zambia is low contributor to the global greenhouse gas emission.

ZMB

CW

val

a) Human and institutional capacity-building needs. The country needs to:. Inform, educate and communicate about the climate, climate risks and adaptation technologies (development of the population’s reactivity);.

BDI

CW

val

to the effects of climate change. ADAPTATION AND RESILIENCE MEASURES IN RESPONSE TO CLIMATE CHANGE. Following is the summary table containing the strategic actions and respective measures that implemented will build climate resilience in communities and natural and built capital in the country. Table 2 SUMMARY OF ADAPTATION AND CLIMATE RISK REDUCTION MEASURES AND TRANSVERSE ACTIONS. SISTEMA DE AVISO PRÉVIO. Strengthening the Early Warning System 4.6.1.1.1.

MOZ

CW

val

13 The National Climate Change Programme (2021 – 2030) is also being processed by the Federal Ministry of Environment (Department of Climate Change) for approval by the Federal Executive Council2.3 Nigeria’s NDC Nigeria recently updated and submitted the Nationally Determined Contributions (NDCs) to the United Nations Climate Change Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) as part of her commitment to the global target of keeping the earth’s warming below 2oC in line with Article 4.2 of the Paris Agreement. In the updated NDC, Nigeria recommits to its unconditional contribution of 20% below business- as-usual by 2030 and increases its conditional contribution from 45% to 47% below business-as- usual by 2030, provided that sufficient international support is forthcoming.

NGA

IKI

val

Additionally, more than 300 walking and cycling schemes have been delivered since 2020. For public transport, our National Bus Strategy for England, published in March, sets out a vision of a transformed bus industry and a green bus revolution. Rail is already the greenest form of motorised transport, with almost 38% of the network electrified and significantly more to come as set out in the Great British Railways White Paper in May. Chapter 3 – Reducing Emissions across the EconomyNet zero transition and economic opportunities Our 2050 vision and how we get there 5. Every place in the UK will have its own net zero emission transport network before 2050, serving the unique needs of its communities. Sustainability will be at the heart of levelling up.

GBR

IKI

val

Ambience: Partially decarbonized resilient energy matrix and technological innovations implemented. Percentage of eq CO emissions from the energy sector reduced in relation to the trend scenario (TBS) by 2050. Commitment Regenerative Entity Type of Commitment ODS Indicators By 2050, Panama will achieve a reduction in the country's total energy sector emissions of at least 24% and at least 11.5% by 2030, in relation to the trend scenario, representing an estimated 60 million tonnes of CO equivalents accumulated between 2022-2050 and up to 10 million tonnes of CO equivalents accumulated between 2022-2030. National Energy Secretary GHG Target. Actions, Policies and Regulations. Climate Change Plan for the Developed Energy Sector. By 2025, Panama will have a National Climate Change Plan for the Energy Sector, with a mitigation component and

PAN

IKI

val

By investing in low-carbon solutions, American companies and workers can lead the clean energy and low carbon global economy of the 21st century. The Paris Agreement signals a new era of prominence for climate change on the international stage, including the expectation of ambitious U.S. actions. Going forward, ambitious domestic action on climate change will be a prerequisite for credible leadership on the international stage, influencing multilateral and bilateral relationships with our most important political and economic allies. DEVELOPING A MID-CENTURY STRATEGY President Obama announced in March 2016 that the United States would complete a mid-century low greenhouse gas emissions strategy and submit it to the UNFCCC secretariat before the end of the year.

USA

IKI

val

Changing its current 2025 target to an “at least” target is consistent with RMI’s wish to overachieve on its 2025 target, and to further raise ambition and do so more quickly, should the means of implementation to do so be available; x commits to a quantified economy-wide target to reduce its emissions of GHGs to at least 45% below 2010 levels by 2030. In doing this, RMI will make trying to achieve its previously indicative 2030 target binding under the Paris Agreement; x communicates, as an indicative target, its intention to reduce its emissions of GHGs by at least 58% below 2010 levels by 2035.

MHL

IKI

val

Delivering on the Ten Point Plan we also recently announced the shortlist for the £15 million Green Fuels, Green Skies Competition (GFGS) supporting eight companies pioneering new SAF technologies. To accompany this announcement, we published a consultation on proposals for a new UK SAF blending mandate aiming for introduction in 2025. It included design questions on which feedstocks and technologies should be eligible and welcomed views on what our SAF ambition and targets should be. We are currently reviewing the responses to the SAF mandate consultation, but our ambition is for a comprehensive policy framework, including the mandate, to enable the delivery of 10% SAF by 2030. Further detail can be found in the Transport chapter. Hydrogen production 39.

GBR

IKI

val

Disaggregation of GHG reductions (Gg and %) in the unconditional versus the trend scenario Source: Authors, July 2015 Similarly, Table 7 below provides a disaggregation of the reductions in the conditional scenario. It is noted that in 2030 and still in relation to the trend scenario, the sectoral mitigation would come mainly from projects and programmes in agriculture, forestry and land-use change (10% reduction compared to the sectoral trend, lower hydrocarbon consumption in transportation (42%), technological choices in the electrical industry (4%) and efficiency in residential and tertiary sectors (21%) due to a massive replacement of traditional lighting with the introduction of low-consumption lamps. The reductions mentioned here are related to the BAU trend in the sector. Table 7.

BFA

IKI

val

Due to the sufficient time needed to prepare and implement the different policies and measures, the Policy and its setting must be conceived in the long term perspective, assuming that regular evaluation and updates will be carried out every 5, and 7 years respectively. The time horizon setting of the Policy �  to reduce national emissions by 2020 by at least 32 Mt CO2-eq in comparison with �  to reduce national emissions by 2030 by at least 44 Mt CO2-eq in comparison with �  to pursue the indicative level of 70 Mt CO2-eq of emissions in 2040; �  to pursue the indicative level of 39 Mt CO2-eq of emissions in 2050.

CZE

IKI

val

Efficient public passenger mobility will be implemented by modern means of transport. A modern railway network will be established which will enable regulated, frequent and fast rail transport between city centres. The prevailing modes of mobility in urban areas will be cycling and walking. Suitable spatial and transport planning, application of modern technologies and the transition to a low-carbon circular economy will reduce the need for mobility and the use of motor vehicles. For the most part, freight transport will be implemented by rail. Vehicles will be mostly powered by electricity, supplemented by renewable or synthetic gases which are low-carbon. The target in the transport sector is to reduce emissions by 90 to 99 per cent by 2050 in comparison to 2005.

SVN

IKI

val

Enhanced mitigation ambition is therefore essential to achieving the Paris Agreement’s goal to limit warming to well below 2 degrees C, or 1.5 degrees C. The Agreement set up a mechanism to enhance ambition for climate action over time, requiring each country to prepare and communicate NDC every five years to reflect its highest possible ambition. Enhanced Nationally Determined Contribution In response of the COP decision at Paris, reiterated by 2018 decision at COP24 in Katowice, and in line with the Decision of the Government from its 65th session held on April 13th 2021, the Republic of North Macedonia communicates the following enhanced nationally determined contribution to the global efforts for GHG emissions reduction: In 2030, 51% reduction in greenhouse gas emissions compared to 1990 levels.

MKD

IKI

val

Federated States of Micronesia Intended Nationally Determined Contribution Type of INDC The Federated States of Micronesia (FSM) commits to reduce GHGs emission in percentage terms on a base year target. The INDC Unconditional The FSM commits to unconditionally reduce by 2025 a 28% its GHGs emissions below emissions in year 2000. Conditional Similarly, subject to the availability of additional financial, technical and capacity building support from the international community, the FSM could do by 2025 an additional reduction up to 35% below emissions in the 2000 base year. Information to facilitate clarity, transparency and understanding Type Sectoral targets Reference year or period • Total GHG emissions for year 2000 in FSM were 150,000 tCO2e.

FSM

IKI

val

Figure 10: Land based transport – potential measures and next stepsKey Assumptions 111. Assumption: 20% efficiency improvement in vehicles to 2050 (per US CAFE standards), and in the Lighthouse Scenario that RMI will shift to using 100% electric vehicles. Sector Definition 112. Emissions are based on approximately 2700 vehicles in Majuro and Ebeye. Air and ship emissions have been modelled but are excluded from this analysis as “pass- through emissions” and are therefore not counted in national totals. This is consistent with the RMI GHG inventory done as part of the Second National Communication published in 2015. Scenario Definitions 113. Figure 11 below provides a more detailed description of assumptions used for the scenario projections. Each row represents a measure that may be put in place to reduce emissions.

MHL

IKI

val

Figure 9: Trends in the GHG sequestration potential of the transportation sector Source: SP/CNDD 3.1.4. Contribution of the Waste Sector to the Reduction of GHG Emissions The waste sector contributes to the reduction of GHG emissions through certain actions. Table 6 shows the quantities of GHGs sequestrated in the unconditional and conditional scenarios. Unconditional scenario Conditional scenario TotalTable 6: Contribution of the Waste Sector to the Reduction of GHG Emissions Source: SP/CNDD The potential for GHGs to be sequestrated is estimated at 262 Gg CO2eq in 2025; 614.80 Gg CO2eq in 2030; and 1,246.9 Gg CO2eq in 2050. The results are illustrated in Figure 10 below.

BFA

IKI

val

GHG Emissions Reference Status Source: National Communication of Burkina Faso, 2014. Analysis of the trend scenario shows that Burkina Fasoâ€TMs GHG emissions will continue to grow substantially. By 2030, emissions will be five times higher than in 2007 and almost 1.6 times higher than in 2015 (Table 4 below). Table 4. Overall Trend Assessment of GHG Emissions from 2007 to 2030 Source: Authors, July 2015.

BFA

IKI

val

Governance and Program Implementation. 5 Ministry of Economic Affairs and Productive Sector Promotion 6 African Development Bank 7 National GHG Inventory Report, MEDD 8 World Bank 9 Directorate of Electricity and Energy Management (DEME)Figure 3: Key Strategies of the Planning Framework for Mauritania's Social, Economic, Cultural and Environmental Development (i.e. Sustainable Development)III- Mitigation Component of the CBD 3.1. Mauritania's Mitigation Ambition CBD 2021-2030 Mauritania's updated CBD provides for a net reduction of GHG emissions on the economy scale of 11% in 2030 (green line) compared to the baseline scenario (BAU, blue line) with the country's own resources supported by international support comparable to that received up to 2020.

MRT

IKI

val

Impact on well-being CONTRIBUTE Black Carbon Fair Transition Fair Transition Fair Transition Nationally Determined Contribution of Costa Rica 2020 Black Carbon 1.9. By 2030, the country will have significantly reduced its digital and technological gap, with particular emphasis on socially and economically vulnerable populations, through a solidarity model, considering aspects such as Internet connectivity, digital equipment and appropriation. This will be an enabler to close social and economic gaps through digital practices such as teleworking, electronic commerce and virtual tourism (which reduce the need for travel), increasing national economic efficiency and dynamism. Impact on well-being CONTRIBUTE ANY INDEPENDENT COMMUNITIES AFRO Fair Transition Nationally Determined Contribution and Territorial Governance Costa Rica is committed to promoting a territorial spatial governance that will make a decisive contribution to reducing climate risk in

CRI

IKI

val

In view of a low level of greenhouse gas emissionsand a very high share of hydro-power (more than 90%), the level of greenhouse gas emissions of the Republic of Tajikistan will amount to 80-90% by 2030, as compared to 1990 (as stated in the INDC); this will ensure the achievement of socially acceptable and scientifically grounded indicators, both in absolute and per capita terms. By doing so, the Republic of Tajikistan adheres to the basic principle of the UNFCCC – common but differentiated responsibility – and expects an adequate level of reducing greenhouse gas emissions from economically developed countries and the largest countries-emitters of greenhouse gases in accordance with the IPCC scientific recommendations to prevent global warming of more than 2°С.

TJK

IKI

val

In: Climate change 2014, Mitigating climate change Contribution of Working Group III to the fifth Evaluation Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change National low carbon strategy - March 2020 166/176APPENDIX 10: CARBON SINKS This appendix is a list of the strategic elements of the SNBC related to carbon sinks. Achieving carbon neutrality by 2050 involves striking a balance between greenhouse gas emissions and absorptions on the national territory. Indeed, by 2050, by mobilising as much as possible the potential of each available lever to reduce greenhouse gas emissions, without, however, making technological bets, a certain level of emissions seems incompressible, particularly in the non-energy sectors (agriculture in particular).

FRA

IKI

val

It is projected to be around 957 kWh in 2030. c. For strategies, plans and actions referred to in Article 4, paragraph 6, of the Paris Agreement, or polices and measures as components of nationally determined contributions where paragraph 1(b) above is not applicable, Parties to provide other relevant information Not applicable. d. Target relative to the reference indicator, expressed numerically, for example in percentage or amount of reduction 40% reduction in GHG emissions per capita compared to BAU by 2030, conditional on international support.Zimbabwe Revised Nationally Determined Contribution 2021 ICTU category Response e. Information on sources of data used in quantifying the reference point(s) Historical emissions data from various sources: • Zimbabwe’s National Communications • Zimbabwe’s first Biennial Update Report • National Ozone Office • OICA data on vehicle population Future emissions, including both the baseline and mitigation scenarios, were calculated using the LEAP (the Low Emissions Analysis Platform) software, integrating official government projections of population and GDP.

ZWE

IKI

val

National emissions of GHG represents only 1.4% of global emissions and our net per capita emissions, inclusive of all sectors, are 5.9 tCO2 e. Nevertheless, Mexico is a responsible party committed to tackling global climate change by transforming its development route to a low emissions pathway, which requires progressive decoupling of carbon emissions from economic growth.Existing commitments adopted by Mexico under its General Climate Change Law and presented to the UNFCCC are indicative and aspirational, subject to international support from developed countries. The INDC submitted by Mexico is fair and ambitious because it includes for the first time an unconditional GHG mitigation commitment of 22% by 2030 that increases to 25% reduction by including Black Carbon, a well-known Short-Lived Climate Pollutant. The SLCPs reductions actions will be done with national resources, in an unconditional manner.

MEX

IKI

val

Other sources of vulnerability in the country relate to: - the incidence of poverty4, which varies from country to country and appears to be higher in rural areas; - unemployment, estimated at 3.7% in 2018 but affecting in particular young people (8.5%) and women (4.06%); - population growth, which is relatively high (2.24 % in 2018)2 but is lower than that of GDP (3.43% in 2018)3. 2.1. Mitigation ambition Through this revised UNCCD, the Union of the Comoros envisages a 23% net reduction in these GHG emissions, excluding LULUCF, and an increase in its net sink of CO2 removals by 47% by 2030 compared to the reference scenario.

COM

IKI

val

Our ambition is to remove all diesel-only trains (passenger and freight) from the network by 2040. We will deploy new low-carbon technologies on the network such as hydrogen and battery trains, where they make operational and economic sense. We will incentivise the early take up of low carbon traction by the rail freight industry. 24. We will build extra capacity on our rail network to meet growing passenger and freight demand and support significant shifts from road and air to rail. This includes new high-speed lines, reopening lines closed under the Beeching cuts and significant improvement to regional city public transport networks with the aim of making them as good as London’s. 25. We are working with industry to modernise fares ticketing and retail and encourage a shift to rail and cleaner and greener transport journeys.

GBR

IKI

val

Post 2020, Indonesia envisions a progression beyond its existing commitment to emission reductions. Based on the country’s emissions level assessment in Third National Communication (TNC), Indonesia has set unconditional reduction target of 29% and conditional reduction target up to 41% of the business as usual scenario by 2030. These targets in emission reduction are considered as an ambitious step, taking into consideration its development challenges in eradicating poverty, as well as creating a better quality of life for its citizens as stipulated by 1945 Indonesia Constitution. Indonesia will continue to intensify the efforts to reduce emissions, of which 97.2% comes from forest-and-land and energy sectors.

IDN

IKI

val

Reconstruction Assistance for Yolanda 7 Estimation from published NDRRMC Reports on Typhoons Molave, Goni, and Vamco 8 Department of Energy (DOE)Climate Change Mitigation In terms of greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions, the Philippines emits an average of 1.98 metric tons of carbon dioxide equivalent per capita in 2020, or way below the global average of four (4) metric tons per capita. The Philippines commits to a projected GHG emissions reduction and avoidance of 75%, of which 2.71% is unconditional 9 and 72.29% is conditional, 10 representing the country’s ambition for GHG mitigation for the period 2020 to 2030 for the sectors of agriculture, wastes, industry, transport, and energy. 11 This commitment is referenced against a projected business-as-usual cumulative economy-wide emission of 3,340.3 MtCO2 e 12 for the same period.

PHL

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Switzerland’s INDC Switzerland commits to reduce its greenhouse gas emissions by 50 percent by 2030 compared to 1990 levels, corresponding to an average reduction of greenhouse gas emissions by 35 percent over the period 2021-2030. By 2025, a reduction of greenhouse gases by 35 percent compared to 1990 levels is anticipated. Carbon credits from international mechanisms will partly be used. The INDC is subject to approval by Parliament. The methodological approaches underlying the Swiss INDC are included in this communication. A.) Up-front Information 1. Quantifiable information on the reference point (including, as appropriate, a base year): Base year: 1990 Emissions in base year: 53.3 Mt per year (provisional, will be defined through the inventory submissions).

CHE

IKI

val

The Dominican Republic, in its NDC 2020, increases its climate ambition by committing to a 27 % reduction in GHG emissions compared to the BAU or business as usual by 2030, with a 20 % target conditional on external finance and a 7 % unconditional on domestic finance, with a 5 % target for the private sector and a 2 % target for the public sector.

DOM

IKI

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The Government Roadmap Togo 2025 from the NDP sets out the following objectives: o increase the share of electric vehicles in the acquisition of new vehicles to 3% by 2025; 2 Brief overview of the transport sector in Togo 2016 3 Sustainable energy for all (se4all) Sustainable energy for all 2030 (SE4ALL-20 national action programme, Octobero expand the rural road network by building 4000 km of rural roads targeting agricultural areas with high export potential to connect farmers to the market; o build the United States highway by completing the RN1 development project linking the productive hinterland to the Lomé metropolitan area and the autonomous port. Implementation of the national energy efficiency in transport programme, mandatory technical control and eco-driving training are measures that contribute to achieving the objectives of the CND.

TGO

IKI

val

The Government will also restore the role of Australia’s Climate Change Authority as an independent source of advice. 2.1.3 How the NDC is a progression and reflects highest possible ambition Australia’s updated NDC is a progression on our previous 2030 target and a significant increase in ambition, committing Australia to reduce greenhouse gas emissions by 43% below 2005 levels by 2030 — half as much again as the previous target of 26 – 28% — and achieve net zero emissions by 2050. 2.1.4 Economy-wide absolute emissions reduction targets Australia’s 2030 and 2050 targets are economy-wide absolute emissions reduction targets. 2.1.5 Special circumstances of LDCs and SIDS Not applicable.

AUS

IKI

val

The INDC is ambitious because it exceeds the “BaU scenario” to move to two other scenarios, Unconditional and Hybrid Conditional, integrating mitigation with adaptation. In the Unconditional scenario, Burkina Faso explores new targets and explores the mitigation opportunities that the country would have to achieve if it took the technical and economic measures necessary to achieve ambitious economic growth, and to follow a bottom-up trajectory, which has not yet been achieved in all development sectors. In the Hybrid Conditional scenario, Burkina Faso moves towards sustainable development. And to transform Burkina Fasoâ€TMs resource-consuming economy into a gradually green (or near-green) economy and a low-carbon society, the Integrated Adaptation scenario is well on its way.

BFA

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The Republic of Korea hereby communicates its updated NDC that incorporates progress and improvements in its national climate policies in accordance with paragraph 24 of decision 1/CP.21 so as to contribute to the faithful implementation and achievement of the goals of the Paris Agreement. The updated NDC is set at the most ambitious level possible, considering the long-term temperature goal set out in Article 2 of the Paris Agreement. The updated target is to reduce 24.4% from the total national GHG emissions in 2017, which is 709.1 MtCO2eq, by 2030. This is an absolute emissions reduction target that is more predictable and transparent than the target relative to Business-As-Usual (BAU) emissions projection in the previous first NDC.

KOR

IKI

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The United States is strongly committed to reducing greenhouse gas pollution, thereby contributing to the objective of the Convention. In response to the request in Lima to communicate to the secretariat its intended nationally determined contribution towards achieving the objective of the Convention as set out in its Article 2—the stabilization of greenhouse gas concentrations in the atmosphere at a level that would prevent dangerous anthropogenic interference with the climate system—the United States intends to achieve an economy-wide target of reducing its greenhouse gas emissions by 26-28 per cent below its 2005 level in 2025 and to make best efforts to reduce its emissions by 28%. The target is fair and ambitious.

USA

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The consultation requested responses to the following four questions: 1) The 2050 greenhouse gas emission reduction target (excl. the land use sector) is set at 87.5% under the Continuous Growth scenario and at 90% under the Savings scenario compared to 1990 levels. Both of the low-emission scenarios also achieve the 2035 carbon neutrality target. Is the 2050 target to reduce greenhouse gas emissions ambitious enough and what should Finland’s greenhouse gas emission reduction target be for 2050? 2) In your opinion, have the long-term strategy scenarios successfully identified realistic emission reductions, or has something been overlooked?3) The land use sector will remain a net sink under all of the scenarios; in other words, the sector’s greenhouse gas removals will exceed emissions, increasing its carbon stocks.

FIN

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The country should pass to the "zero-risk" development, that is, contribute to global efforts to mitigate climate change, which should lead to the country s economic growth and improving of living standards. The indicator of growth stabilization or beginning of reducing emissions by 2030 under favorable economic circumstances could be a long-term goal of low-carbon development, providing gradual reduction of GHG emissions in Turkmenistan and compatible with global objective - not exceeding the 2-degree rise in temperature levels. Turkmenistan is taking significant measures to address climate change.

TKM

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The existing assessed contribution of the Republic of Tajikistan to global greenhouse gas emissions is less than 0.02%. In view of a low level of greenhouse gas emissionsand a very high share of hydro-power (more than 90%), the level of greenhouse gas emissions of the Republic of Tajikistan will amount to 80-90% by 2030, as compared to 1990 (as stated in the INDC); this will ensure the achievement of socially acceptable and scientifically grounded indicators, both in absolute and per capita terms.

TJK

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The implementation of conditional measures would enable a further reduction in CO2 e emissions by 0.9 Mt, or 20% of GHG emissions compared to the business-as-usual scenario for 2030. In this way, the conditional mitigation scenario would enable the Republic of Djibouti to maintain its volume of emissions at a level equivalent to that of 2010. Business-as-usual scenario The linear sectoral projection was used to estimate the GHG emissions level in 2030 without the implementation of any mitigation measures. In that case, 2030 GHG emissions would more than double their level in 2010. Nearly 55% of those emissions come from the “Energy” category, making it a priority sector for the implementation of mitigation options by the Republic of Djibouti.

DJI

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The key elements of the Means of Implementation -- finance, technology development and transfer, and capacity building -- are integral part of the agreement. To enhance the effectiveness and efficiency of means of implementation, finance, technology and capacity building should be coherently provided through cooperative and coordinated linkages among relevant entities. 6.1. FI N AN C E Consistent with Article 9 of the Paris Agreement, developed country parties are requested to provide financial resources to assist mitigation and adaptation in developing countries, and taking the lead in mobilizing climate finance from a variety of sources, instruments and channels. Indonesia’s unconditional and conditional commitment in achieving quantified target of GHGs emission reduction reflects the need for domestic and international sources of finance.

IDN

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The overall cost of the conditional INDC is US $6.25 billion, or 87%, and the overall cost of the unconditional INDC is US $827 million, or 13%, as shown in the table below (summary of GHG emissions reductions and costs for 2020-2030).GHG reduction in comparison to BaU 2020 GHG reduction in comparison to BaU 2030 Costs compared to BaU 2030 in billions of USD 4.4 Ambition and fairness Niger’s GHG emissions of 30,801 GgCO2 e represent 2.8 t per inhabitant and only 0.061% of world CO2 emissions. Since it is non- Annex I Party to the UNFCCC, Niger does not have a quantitative obligation in terms of mitigation.

NER

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The time is now for decisive action, and the United States is boldly tackling the climate challenge. In 2021, we rejoined the Paris Agreement, set an ambitious Nationally Determined Contribution to reduce net greenhouse gas emissions by 50-52% in 2030, launched the Global Methane Pledge, and have undertaken additional concrete actions to advance climate action domestically and internationally. These investments are critical to immediately accelerate our emissions reductions. This 2021 Long-Term Strategy represents the next step: it lays out how the United States can reach its ultimate goal of net-zero emissions no later than 2050. Achieving net-zero emissions is how we—and our fellow nations around the globe—will keep a 1.5°C limit on global temperature rise within reach and prevent unacceptable climate change impacts and risks.

USA

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The update now being presented responds to the previously discussed Glasgow Climate Pact, and strengthens the medium-term commitment to ensure neutrality in 2050. Type of commitment: medium- and long-term vision The medium-term commitment for 2030 is strengthened, the reduction quantified in an absolute value relative to non-absorbed emissions relative to the Business as usual scenario defined in the First Biennial Update Report from Andorra to the UNFCCC (2014), moving from the previously assumed target of a 37% reduction to a 55% reduction for 2030 relative to a non-moving scenario (NMS).

AND

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There is no doubt that given the current financial pressures on our economy and its people and the elevated and continuing level of insecurity and conflict in our region, the INDC of Jordan specially those presented in the Vision 2025 are all fair and ambitious. 3.3.7. How Jordan’s INDC contributes towards achieving the objective of the Convention as set out in its Article 2 Compared to its very small share of GHGs, Jordan’s very diverse spectrum of actions and outcomes of commitment with emphasis on those aiming at reducing its emissions by 14 % by 2030 relative to a business as usual levels puts this small country on a low carbon development track that is in line with the recommendations of the IPCC AR5 to reduce global emissions by minus 40 to 70 percent by 2050 below 2010 levels.

JOR

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These actions will be conditional on the availability of adequate support in terms of financial resources, technology transfer and national capacity building. To this end, it is important that access to resources facilitating the implementation of the activities undertaken within the DRCâ€TMs NDPC be facilitated. 3.4. Reduction of GHG Emissions The DRC is committed to reducing its emissions by 17% by 2030 compared to the status quo emissions scenario (430 Mt CO2 e), or a reduction of just over 70 Mt e avoided (Department of the Environment, 2009).

COD

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This current communication reflects an enhanced ambition by the State of Qatar towards reducing its overall emissions in response to the guidance set forth in Article 4.4 of the Paris Agreement. Qatar intends to reduce 25% of its GHG emissions by the year 2030, relative to baseline scenario {Business- As-Usual (BAU)}. For the past several decades, Qatar has maintained a pioneering role in the international efforts to tackle climate change & promote sustainable development through the export of natural gas and its derivatives to the world’s energy market. These fuels are cleaner & efficient energy sources compared to conventional fuels. They contribute to both, CO2 emission reduction & improvement of air quality conditions.

QAT

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This increase in ambi- tion is consistent with what was promoted and highlighted by the country during COP25, which is reflected in the decision 1/CP.25 by all Parties. The following mitigation commitment of emissions, excluding LULUCF sector, considers the requirements of transparency in the presentation of the goals incorporated into the NDCs, established in the Enhanced Transparency Framework and the guidelines raised from the COP24 in Poland, alongside analysis of the current NDC indicator and the review on different types of NDC at international level. Contribución en Mitigación N°1 (M1) M1) Chile commits to a GHG emission budget not exceeding 1,100 MtCO between 2020 and 2030, with a GHG emissions maximum (peak) by 2025, and a GHG emissions level of 95 MtCO by 2030.

CHL

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This is an unconditional target, based on domestically supported and implemented mitigation measures and policies. Conditional contribution: An additional reduction of 45 per cent relative to BAU in the year 2040; equivalent to an estimated mitigation level of 15.6 million tCO2 e in that year. This represents an additional targeted contribution, based on the provision of international support and funding. The combined unconditional and conditional contribution is therefore a 51 per cent reduction in GHG emissions compared to BAU in 2040, expressed as a single year target; this is equivalent to an estimated mitigation level of up to 17.7 million tCO2 e in 2040. The coverage of the contribution includes the three main greenhouse gases carbon dioxide (CO2 ), ), and nitrous oxide (N2 O).

MWI

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This message of hope is already included in the policies of the Republic of Honduras within the strategic plan of government “Plan de Todos para una Vida Mejor”.Finally, it should be noted that the National Planned and Determined Contribution of the Republic of Honduras has been designed on the basis of national capacities, projected funding conditions and national circumstances.September 2015 INDC-Honduras National Planned and Determined Contribution of the Republic of Honduras 2 Mitigation Type of Contribution Results-Based Contribution Emission Reduction Type for the Business As Usual (BAU) Scenario Line Baseline A 15% reduction in emissions compared to the 2030 BAU scenario for all sectors contained in this BAU scenario.

HND

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Type of commitment: medium- and long-term vision The medium-term reduction for 2030, quantified in an absolute value relative to unabsorbed emissions compared to the Business as usual scenario defined in the First Biennial Update of Andorra to the UNFCCC (2014), is strengthened, moving from the previously assumed target of a 37% reduction to a 55% reduction for 2030 compared to an immobilist (BAU) scenario.The commitment already made in the first long-term update of the NDC for 2050 is thus maintained and strengthened, seeking carbon neutrality, i.e. the balance between emissions and removals by 2050.

AND

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We have put forth a long-term low-emissions development strategy (LEDS) that aspires to halve emissions from its peak to 33 MtCO2 e by 2050, with a view to achieving net-zero emissions as soon as viable in the second half of the century. This will require serious and concerted efforts across our industry, economy and society. We also need to rely on global advances in low-carbon technology and on increased international collaboration, to realise such an aspiration. Each thrust will contribute to our aspiration of halving our emissions. We will pursue all three vigorously to achieve this aspiration. The extent to which potential emission reductions from each thrust can be realised will become clearer in the coming years, as we gain experience from implementing our programmes, as technology evolves, and as the modalities for international collaboration become formalised.

SGP

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With regards to mitigation action, Bhutan has been relatively successful in developing strategies and plans in key sectors but faces challenges in raising adequate support for implementation of the LEDS, NAMAs and other mitigation programs. 3. Summary of NDC (mitigation component) In presenting the second NDC, Bhutan maintains the commitment to remain carbon-neutral where emission of greenhouse gases will not exceed carbon sequestration by our forests and sinks as first pledged in 2009 and reaffirmed in the first NDC. At the same time, Bhutan calls on the international community to continue and enhance the support for Bhutan’s efforts to mitigate and adapt to climate change.

BTN