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In the unconditional part of NDC, only those mitigation measures were considered which would be implemented based on current local-level capacity, and financed through internal resources. Contingent upon international funding and technological support, the conditional emission reduction will be implemented. The following sections present the updated unconditional and conditional contributions. Unconditional Contribution In the unconditional scenario, GHG emissions would be reduced by 27.56 Mt CO2 e (6.73%) below BAU in 2030 in the respective sectors. 26.3 Mt CO2 e (95.4%) of this emission reduction will be from e reduction will be from AFOLU (agriculture) and waste sector respectively. There will be no reduction in the IPPU sector. Conditional Contribution In the conditional scenario, GHG emissions would be reduced by 61.9 Mt CO2 e (15.12%) below BAU in 2030 in the respective sectors.

BGD

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In the updated NDC, Nigeria recommits to its unconditional contribution of 20% below business- as-usual by 2030 and increases its conditional contribution from 45% to 47% below business-as- usual by 2030, provided that sufficient international support is forthcoming. In addition to the existing sectors of the 2015 NDC, Nigeria in scaling up her ambitious targets, included the waste and water resources sectors and articulates other nature-based solutions not included in the 2015 NDC. An investment of 177 billion USD is indicated in the NDC for implementation that covers 2021- 2030. This value is economy-wide productive investments that is not expected to be a burden exclusively on the government budget.

NGA

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In the urban areas, emphasis will be on (i) expansive adoption of mass transit system such as the Rail and Bus Rapid Transport (BRT) to reduce number of commuter vehicles on the road and curb emission; and (ii) encouraging the acquisition and use of zero-emission vehicles such as electric cars. The long-term vision in the transport sector that can move the country toward carbon neutrality is a national transportation system by 2050 with all having access to a range of affordable transportation choices in which not more than 50% of all journeys are by cars, at least 40% of all journeys are by public transport (including trains and BRT) and at least 10% of all journeys are by active travel (e. g. cycling, walking) to generate little to no GHG, keep the air clean, reduce vehicle distance traveled while increasing access and grow the economy.

NGA

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In the year 2030, at least 8% of the fleet of light vehicles —private and institutional— will be electric. 1.8. In the year 2025, the establishment of models of sustainable logistics in the main ports, urban areas and centres of logistics consolidation of the country, in accordance with the National Strategic Plan Costa Rica 2050, will be initiated.

CRI

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In this regard the Federation of St. Kitts and Nevis proposes an emissions reduction target of 22% and 35% of St. Kitts and Nevis GHG emissions projected in the business as usual (BAU) scenario for 2025 and 2030 respectively. The National Conservation and Environmental Protection Act (NCEPA) articulates strategic approaches to environmental protection, and serves as a framework for the declaration of sensitive ecological and historic sites that presents clearly vulnerability to climate change and vulnerability.The Federation of Saint Kitts and Nevis, hereby communicates its Intended Nationally Determined Contribution (iNDC) towards achieving the UNFCCC objective as set out in Article 2 of the Convention, and in accordance with decisions 1/CP.19 and 1/CP.20.MITIGATION CONTRIBUTION The reference point 22% of the absolute GHG from the Business as Usual (BAU) in 2025.

KNA

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In this regard, with the updating of the BAU scenario data, the mitigation targets would remain as follows: Non-Internationally Supported Target: By 2030, GHG emissions have been reduced by 11.2% compared to the trend scenario (TDS), which means that emissions will be reduced to 64.9 million tonnes of CO. Internationally Supported Target: By 2030, GHG emissions have been reduced by 22.6% compared to the trend scenario (TDS), which means that emissions will be reduced to 56.6 million tonnes of CO. To reduce the remaining 2.88 % of the emissions covered by the 11.2% non-conditional target, MARN, as the lead entity on the subject, undertakes to continue to promote national efforts and will continue to work in close coordination with sectoral actors to strengthen national capacities to implement other measures identified

GTM

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In this round of the NDC, a framework for monitoring and evaluation of activities and processes of adaptation to climate change will be developed, with defined indicators and manners of reporting. 3 Bosnia and Herzegovina authorities, European Union, United Nations and the World Bank (2014): Bosnia and Herzegovina Floods 2014: Recovery Needs AssessmentNationally Determined Contributions of Bosnia and Herzegovina (NDC) for the period 2020-2030 CONTRIBUTION TO CLIMATE CHANGE MITIGATION Long-term goal of GHG emission reduction Reduction of GHG emissions compared to the baseline year Timeframe 2020-2030 and by 2050 Coverage In setting GHG emission reduction target, the following sectors are encompassed: • power • district heating • building • transport • industry • agriculture • forestry (through increased sinks) • waste • cross-cutting sector4 Area (including GHG) NDC includes information on the following GHG gases: • carbon dioxide (CO2 ) • methane (CH4 ) • nitrogen suboxide (N2 O) • hydrofluorocarbons (HFCs) Baseline year 2014 (for the purpose of comparison with INDC, reduction targets are given in relation to 1990 as well) Contribution (emission reduction level) The unconditional GHG emissions reduction target for 2030 is 12.8% compared to 2014 or 33.2% compared to 1990.

BIH

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In this sense, it cannot and does not seek to be a detailed master plan for decades to come. The Paris Conference set the global climate change efforts on a completely new and ambitious footing: all 196 Parties to the UN Framework Convention on Climate Change agreed on a common goal and ap- proach to combatting climate change. We intend to keep global warming well below 2 degrees Celsius above pre-industrial levels and are aiming to limit the temperature increase to 1.5 degrees Celsius. Back in 2010 – well before the Paris Conference – the German government decided to reduce greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions by 80 to 95 percent compared with 1990 levels by 2050.

DEU

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In total, from 2016 to 2020, more than 550 ESCO contracts were concluded, which contributed to energy savings of 35 %.Based on geographical, economic and social circumstances, Ukraine has committed itself to achieving the target of reducing GHG emissions of 65% by 2030, compared to 1990 (including LULUCF), reaching carbon neutrality until 2060 as foreseen in the National Economic Strategy until 2030, approved by the Decree of the Cabinet of Ministers of Ukraine of March 3, 2021 # 179. The Ukrainian NDC includes GHG emissions and targets for its uncontrolled and occupied territories, however the detailed information on the economic activities and GHG emissions on those territories is missing. This fact complicates, and sometimes makes impossible to collect and report data needed for the annual National GHG Inventory.

UKR

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Incentives and requirements for ministries and larger companies to provide facilities to encourage cycling by employees like showers, changing rooms, personal lockers and secure bike parking will also be implemented. Location: Nuku’alofa. Timeline: 2022 - preparatory activities and some actions (such as sidewalk construction underway); 2025 - pilots start for cycling paths and pedestrianisation; 2030 - 2050 - full implementation. Principles: This action is highly aligned to Environment, Traditional Knowledge and Culture and well aligned to Inclusivity, Autonomy, Education and Core Values. Links to Second NDC: None. Links to other mitigation sectors: Human Settlements for urban planning. TONGA LOW EMISSION DEVELOPMENT STRATEGY 2021-2050 3 KEY LONG-TERM CLIMATE ACTIONS TONGA LOW EMISSION DEVELOPMENT STRATEGY 2021-2050 3 KEY LONG-TERM CLIMATE ACTIONSTRANSPORT Public adoption of 50 percent electric vehicles (EVs).

TON

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Including the cost of energy efficiency measures such as building codes, standards and labels, and energy audits will increase the total cost of implementation, which is expected to be met partly through domestic funding and conditional on international climate financing including through the Green Climate Fund among others. Type of reference Emissions reduction relative to Business-As-Usual baselines Coverage % national emissions Sector Energy Public electricity (generation and demand side management) Land transport Waste Solid waste management [sectors not listed do not contribute significantly to emissions; opportunities for emission reductions in LULUCF are limited] Baseline description Business As Usual scenario of emission projections based on economic growth in the absence of climate change policies, starting from 2010 in the case of public electricity and land transport sub-sectors (to which non-GHG outcomes have been applied), and 2012 for emission from solid waste management (to which a project-based approach is used).

SYC

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Increase the share of private hybrid road vehicles from approximately 6.5% in 2014 to approximately 13% by 2030. Shift from liquid fuel to LPG for vehicles in Ulaanbaatar and aimag (province) centres by improving taxation and environmental fee system. Improve enforcement mechanism of standards for road vehicles and non-road based transport. Industrial sector Reduce emissions in the cement industry through upgrading the processing technology from wet- to dry- processing and through the construction of a new cement plant with dry processing up to 2030. NAMAs, 2010; NAPCC, resolution No. 171, 2012: Building materials programme Agriculture Maintain livestock population at appropriate levels according to the pasture carrying capacity. Mongolian national livestock programme,3b.

MNG

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Increased levels of active travel can improve everyday life for us all. 17. We will deliver the Prime Minister’s bold vision for cycling and walking, investing £2 billion over five years with the vision that half of all journeys in towns and cities will be cycled or walked by 2030. We will also deliver thousands of miles of safe, continuous, direct routes for cycling in towns and cities, physically separated from pedestrians and volume motor traffic along with more low traffic neighbourhoods and school streets. Net Zero Strategy: Build Back Greener18. We will deliver a world class cycling and walking network in England by 2040.

GBR

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Indicator values may be updated in future inventory reports in the event of new data and/or methodological improvements. 2. Timelines and/or timelines for implementation a. Timeline and/or implementation period, including start and end dates, in accordance with any other relevant decision adopted by the WCA. b. Whether an annual or multi-year target, as appropriate. Target year is 2030. 3. Period and coverage a. General description of the mitigation target. Reduction of 6032 ktCO2e by 2030 on a conditional basis, representing a net reduction of 32% compared to the baseline scenario. This represents an increase from the original NCD of 31%.

HTI

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Individual assumptions were made for the mitigation options/activities in different sectors 3.2: Contributions to 2015 agreement Overall National Reductions Treatment of the Land Use Land Use-Change and Forestry (LULUCF) emissions category has not been considered in the INDC. Excluding LULUCF and for Low Emissions Scenario, emissions will be reduced by about 44.4% in 2025 and 45.4% in 2030 (see Figures 1 and 2 below).Unconditional Mitigation Actions The Republic of The Gambia includes two unconditional mitigation options in its INDC: Firstly, the use of renewable energy sources in lighting, communication and health facilities, and for lifting water from wells and boreholes. Secondly, the Department of Forestry and local communities will continue to plant and care for trees annually.

GMB

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Indonesia will continue to intensify the efforts to reduce emissions, of which 97.2% comes from forest-and-land and energy sectors. In forestry sector, Indonesia has set up an ambitious target by 2030 in peat lands restoration of 2 million ha and rehabilitation of degraded land of 12 million ha. REDD+ remains as an important component of the NDC target from land use sector. The First Forest Reference Emission Level (FREL) for REDD+ was submitted to the UNFCCC Secretariat in December 2015, covering deforestation and forest degradation and peat decomposition. The FREL was set at 0.568 GtCO2e yr.-1 (AGB), using reference period of 1990-2012 and is used as the benchmark against actual emission starting from 2013 to 2020.

IDN

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Indonesia’s unconditional and conditional commitment in achieving quantified target of GHGs emission reduction reflects the need for domestic and international sources of finance. National Development Planning Agency (BAPPENAS) reported that for the period of 2007 to 2014 Indonesia had spent a total of about USD 17.48 billion for climate change adaptation, mitigation and supporting activities. For the period of 2015 to 2019, Indonesia continue to provide funding for the implementation of climate change actions and plans, including allocating a total of USD 55.01 billion. Indonesia will continue to set aside significant national funding for the implementation of mitigation and adaptation actions for the period of 2020-2030.

IDN

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Industrial Processes Not Considered Industrial Processes Reduced consumption of fluorinated gases is included in the Kigali amendment Table 1 Summary of NDC's proposed increase in ambition in Nicaragua. z Target Sector Target Sector Energy By 2030, 60% of installed capacity of the electricity grids must come from renewable energy sources Energy By 2030, 65% of installed capacity of the electricity grids must come from renewable energy sources Forests and Land Use Change Increase in Carbon Absorption Capacity by 20% with respect to the 2030 Baseline Forests and Land Use Change Increase in Carbon Absorption Capacity by 25% with respect to the 2030 Baseline.

NIC

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Information on updates made will be included in the relevant reporting under the UNFCCC, and from 2024 onwards in the Biennial Transparency Reports. 2 Time frames and/or periods for implementation: (a) Time frame and/or period for implementation, including start and end date, consistent with any further relevant decision adopted by the Conference of the Parties serving as the meeting of the Parties to the Paris Agreement (CMA); (b) Whether it is a single-year or multi-year target, as applicable. Single-year target in 2030.3 Scope and coverage: (a) General description of the target; This NDC is submitted with a conditional pledge of reducing Greenhouse Gas (GHG) emissions by eq.) by 2030 against a base year of 2010 under the BAU scenario with levels of international support prevailing in 2015 or by 47% (38,000 Gg CO2 eq.)

ZMB

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Information to facilitate clarity, transparency and understanding Reference values In order to be able to correctly monitor the commitment defined in the first NDC and the strengthening of this commitment with this new update, the value of the unabsorbed emissions from the Business as usual scenario (530.55 Gg CO2 eq., for 2030), defined in the First Biennial Update Report of Andorra for the UNFCCC, is maintained as a reference.

AND

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Innovative changes are required to transport goods competitively and in an eco-friendly way by rail. 8.4 Aviation sector For the 2050 time horizon, Switzerland is pursuing the following objective in international aviation to achieve the overarching net-zero target on greenhouse gas emissions: 2050 target: International aviation from Switzerland should no longer generate climate-impacting emis- sions in net terms by 2050 as far as possible. This means: • Fossil CO2 emissions amount to net zero. • The other climate impacts decline or are offset with other measures. Greenhouse gas emissions from international aviation from Switzerland are currently excluded from the reduction target in exactly the same way as those from international shipping traffic.

CHE

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Intention to reduce GHG emissions by 44% below BAU levels by 2030 (23% below 2008 levels) ii. Intention to reduce GHG emissions by 37% below BAU levels by 202511 (21% below 2008 levels) Business as usual methodology The following assumptions have been made to generate 9 Honourable Darcy Boyce from the Ministry of Finance, Economic Affairs and Energy, speaking at an INDC workshop meeting in September 2015. 10 BAU projections take into account the expected growth in the future in each sector taking into account current mitigation activities. As identified in footnote (8), 2008 has been chosen as the base year.

BRB

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International climate action, regional power grids, market-based mechanisms INDUSTRY Energy efficiency System-level solutions Low-carbon technologies Energy efficiency At least 2 GWp of solar energy by 2030 Low-carbon technologies POWER GENERATION buildings by 2030 Super Low Energy Programme BUILDINGS TRANSPORT Zero private vehicle growth 9 in 10 peak period journeys on “Walk- Cycle-Ride” by 2040 Cleaner vehicles WASTE & WATER Circular economy approach Waste Recycling Energy efficiency of desalination and used water treatment HOUSEHOLDS Mandatory Energy Labelling Scheme Minimum Energy Performance Standards Green Towns Programme ADAPTATION CARBON TAX Initial rate of by 2030 Buildings & Infrastructure Keeping our buildings and infrastructure safe Long-Term Low-Emissions Development Strategy (LEDS) Halve emissions from its peak to emissions as soon as viable in the second half of the century by 2050 & net zero Charting Singapore s Low-Carbon FutureCHARTING SING APORE S LOW- C ARBON AND CLIMATE RE SILIENT FUTURE CHARTING SING APORE S LOW- C ARBON AND CLIMATE RE SILIENT FUTURE Transport Sector Our transport policies address the urban transport issue at its root, to reap the most gains in energy and carbon efficiency. Since 2018, we have capped private car and motorcycle growth at zero.

SGP

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Introduce programmes to change driver behaviours 2021-2030NDC 11 Road infrastructure development 2021-2030 11.1 Development of provincial and rural road infrastructure for improved mobility 2021-2030 11.2 Expansion of expressway network 2021-2030 NDC 12 Reduce GHG emissions from the marine sector 2021-2030 12.1 Ratify Annex VI of MARPOL convention to enforce provisions in Sri Lanka 2021-2030 12.2 Study the impact of shipping on GHG emissions (coastal traffic and ports) depending on evidence-based information and introduce measures to address the issues 12.4 Introduce energy efficiency measures and fuel quality improvement programmes to coastal shipping and fishing boats and vessels NDC 13 Generic enabling activities 2021-2030 13.1 Introduce new national policy or make amendments to relevant existing policies to promote environmentally sustainable transport modes including electric mobility and hybrid vehicles 13.2 Introduce fuel-based carbon tax 2021-2030 13.3 Include climate change measures in maritime policy making 2021-2030 It is expected that the implementation of updated NDCs will result in GHG emissions reduction against BAU scenario by 4.0% in the transport sector (1.0% unconditionally and 3.0% conditionally) equivalent to an estimated mitigation level of 1,337,000 MT unconditionally and 4,011,000 MT conditionally (total of 5,348,000 MT) of carbon dioxide equivalent during the period of 2021-2030 (Figure 4.4.2).

LKA

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Investments in grid modernization, flexibility and storage Energy efficiency measures in buildings and industry • Fuel switching to electricity for cooking • Substitution of coal in the industrial and power sector Transportation • More use of public transportation – 30 percent modal share in urban areas by 2050 • Moderate penetration of electric vehicles – 70 percent for motorcycles and 40 percent for cars and urban buses by 2050 • Increased fuel efficiency for internal combustion engine vehicles • Rail for freight and passengers • CNG penetration of 80 percent for interregional buses and 80 percent for trucks until 2050 Industrial processes and product use • Clinker substitution in cement production • Carbon capture and storage for cement kilns • Use of recycled aggregate concrete • Increasing use of refrigerants with low global warming potential • Regular inspection of refrigeration and air-conditioning equipment and recovery of spent refrigerants Waste • Reducing open burning by expanding waste collection coverage to 85 percent in 2050 • Implementing a reduce, reuse, and recycle strategy • Landfill gas management • Organic composting • Anaerobic digestion and wastewater treatment Figure 3: Summary of key mitigation actions by sectorCambodia’s Long-Term Strategy for Carbon Neutrality 6 1.

KHM

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It aims to construct 10.4 million individual household toilets and 0.5 million Community and Public Toilets. 1.5 SAFE, SMART AND SUSTAINABLE GREEN TRANSPORTATION NETWORK In the endeavor towards a low carbon economy, India is focusing on low carbon infrastructure and public transport systems like Dedicated Freight Corridors and energy efficient railways to reduce their environmental impact. 1) Indian Railways handles 3 million tonnes of freight and 23 million passengers daily and is the world’s third largest network. The endeavor is to increase the share of Railways in total land transportation from 36% to 45 %, thereby decreasing the load on less efficient diesel operated road traffic. 2) Dedicated Freight Corridors (DFCs) have been introduced across the country. In the first phase, two corridors viz.

IND

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It derives its legitimacy from the mitigation ambitions it advocates and the adaptation actions it defines in the sectoral and thematic strategies from which it emerges.Figure 1: Main strategies of Mauritania's social, economic, cultural and environmental (i.e. sustainable development) planning frameworkII- Updated CBD mitigation ambitions 2021-2030 Mauritania's updated CBD foresees a net reduction of GHG emissions on the economy scale of 11% in 2030 (green line) compared to the reference scenario (BAU, blue line) with the country's own resources supported by international support comparable to that received up to 2020.

MRT

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It is also considered that 20% of the urban population is connected to a wastewater treatment plant by 2030 (total disappearance of direct discharges and discharges into open sewers and partial transition of discharges into latrines and septic tanks by 2030). The scenario does not expect the implementation of a wastewater treatment plant in rural areas but rather a partial transition of direct discharges to latrines and septic tanks and the disappearance of discharges into open sewers by 2030. These assumptions lead to a reduction in GHG emissions estimated to -7% by 2030, compared to the baseline scenario (500 ktCO2e in the baseline scenario and 465 ktCO2e for the NDC scenario).

GNB

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It is estimated that 78.2% of these damages are in public infrastructure, while the rest is private property. If the country continues to follow its current path, according to some studies, in 2030 losses will amount to more than 7 Billion US Dollars, accounted since 2006, and could reach by 2050 almost 30 Billion US Dollars. These losses are bound to have a greater impact on vulnerable groups like women, children and people in extreme poverty. Costa Rica has published a number of vulnerability assessments in agriculture, biodiversity, infrastructure, food security, freshwater resources and coastline sectors.

CRI

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It is targeted at reducing GHG emissions by about 4MtCO2e by year by 2030, whereas the projected rise in emissions is projected at over 25times of that value. This obviously is not an adequate target for country that intends to be carbon neutral by 2050.The national transport policy also seeks to expand rail infrastructure, improve road construction and maintenance as well expand urban collective transportation, among other pursuits These are all important elements in a green transportation strategy that will require the institutionalization of appropriate behavioural and social modifications among Nigerians as well as the development of technological capacities in the area of clean technologies such as zero emission vehicles (ZEVs).

NGA

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It is worth pointing out that RMI has already undertaken significant steps to reduce its GHG emissions. Its emissions peaked in 2009, and the National Energy Policy and Energy Action Plan identifies a comprehensive list of strategies to further reduce GHG emissions. To maintain this momentum, this 2050 Strategy recommends undertaking studies and pilot projects, which focus on the actions with the highest potential to transform RMI’s energy usage and accelerate the shift away from emissions-intensive practices, towards net zero emissions by 2050. 13. With strategic and adaptive management, RMI can achieve significant emissions reductions and solidify its climate leadership position. In its 2009 and 2016 National Energy Plans, RMI outlined national goals for energy use that move the country toward achievement of its 100% decarbonization vision by 2050.

MHL

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It provides information on national circumstances, mitigation and adaptation measures and actions that need to be taken to achieve this goal. The Republic of Uzbekistan has increased its commitments in the updated natio nally determined contribution (NDC) and intends to reduce specific gree nhouse gas emissions per unit of GDP by 35% by 2030 from the level of 2010 instead of 10% specified in the NDC1.CONTENT EXECUTIVE SUMMARY ……………………………………………………………………………………………………….… 5 2.1 Information needed for clarity, transparency and understanding of the nationally determined contributions ……………………………………………………………………………………………. 2.2 Additional information on mitigation aspects in the Republic of Uzbekistan …………… 18 3 ADAPTATION…………………………………… 4 WAYS OF UPDATED NDC IMPLEMENTATION…………………………………………………………….… 25ABBREVIATIONS GDP Gross domestic product RES Renewable energy sources HPP Hydro power plant HFCs Hydrofluorocarbons GCF Green Climate Fund COP Conference of the Parties to the UNFCCC IPCC Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change CDM Clean Development Mechanism IFI International financial institutions NAP National adaptation plan GHGs Greenhouse gases GWP Global warming potential of greenhouse gases FBUR First Biennial Updated Report INDCs Intended Nationally Determined Contributions IPPU Greenhouse Gas Inventory Sector "Industrial Processes and Product Use" UNDP United Nations Development Programme PFCs Perfluorocarbons UNFCCC United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change AFOLU Greenhouse Gas Inventory Sector

UZB

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It provides up-front information on the emission reductions to be achieved by 2030 and on adaptation measures to be undertaken as part of the NDC, together with information on “action and support”. 9. The NDC is based on the principle of green economy and is compatible with the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) reflected in social and economic development goals of the Republic of Armenia. 10. In its updated NDC, the Republic of Armenia adopts a ten-year NDC implementation period (2021-2030) unlike its INDC, which proposed a timeframe of 2015-2050. Armenia maintains its 2050 mitigation goal of reducing its GHG emissions to at most 2.07 tCO2eq/capita, to be reflected in its Long Term - Low Emission Development Strategy (LT-LEDS).

ARM

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It should be noted that the RGTR concession contracts contain incentives and requirements at the operational level (e.g. consumption control and optimization or eco-driving training) and for rolling stock. Following positive feedback with electric buses153, the coalition agreement provides for the objective of achieving zero emissions on the RGTR network by 2030.154 In this context, it should be noted that the rail network is almost completely electrified and operators exclusively supply electricity from renewable sources. Building on these achievements, efforts to develop the mobility network in a multimodal, quantitative and qualitative manner must be continued or even intensified in the medium and long term as part of the national mobility plan described above.

LUX

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Japan aims to reduce its GHG emissions by 46 percent in FY 2030 from its FY2013 levels, setting an ambitious target which is aligned with the long-term goal of achieving net-zero by 2050. Furthermore, Japan will continue strenuous efforts in its challenge to meet the lofty goal of cutting its emissions by 50 percent. From now on and towards 2030, Japan will work on various measures including technology development, all of which will be in line with the goal of net-zero by 2050. On the way to FY2030, Japan will make the best use of the existing technologies to achieve this ambitious goal.

JPN

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Japan will contribute proactively to these long-term reductions, through its GHG emission reduction measures presented in its INDC, and through actions that will be continuously taken into the future such as development and diffusion of low-carbon technologies and transition to a low-carbon socio-economic structure.Japan’s Intended Nationally Determined Contribution (INDC) Japan’s INDC towards post-2020 GHG emission reductions is at the level of a reduction of 26.0% by fiscal year (FY) 2030 compared to FY 2013 (25.4% reduction compared to FY 2005) (approximately 1.042 billion t-CO2 eq. as 2030 emissions), ensuring consistency with its energy mix, set as a feasible reduction target by bottom-up calculation with concrete policies, measures and individual technologies taking into adequate consideration, inter alia, technological and cost constraints, and set based on the amount of domestic emission reductions and removals assumed to be obtained.

JPN

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Japan’s INDC is consistent with the long-term emission pathways up to 2050 to achieve the 2 degrees Celsius goal as presented in the Fifth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC), and with the goal the country upholds, namely, “the goal of achieving at least a 50% reduction of global GHG emissions by 2050, and as a part of this, the goal of developed countries reducing GHG emissions in aggregate by 80% or more by 2050”. Japan will contribute proactively to these long-term reductions, through its GHG emission reduction measures presented in its INDC, and through actions that will be continuously taken into the future such as development and diffusion of low-carbon technologies and transition to a low-carbon socio-economic structure.Japan’s Intended Nationally Determined Contribution (INDC) Japan’s INDC towards post-2020 GHG emission reductions is at the level of a reduction of 26.0% by fiscal year (FY) 2030 compared to FY 2013 (25.4% reduction compared to FY 2005) (approximately 1.042 billion t-CO2 eq.

JPN

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Japan’s INDC towards post-2020 GHG emission reductions is at the level of a reduction of 26.0% by fiscal year (FY) 2030 compared to FY 2013 (25.4% reduction compared to FY 2005) (approximately 1.042 billion t-CO2 eq. as 2030 emissions), ensuring consistency with its energy mix1, set as a feasible reduction target by bottom-up calculation with concrete policies, measures and individual technologies taking into adequate consideration, inter alia, technological and cost constraints, and set based on the amount of domestic emission reductions and removals assumed to be obtained.

JPN

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Japan’s Long-term Vision Japan aims to reduce GHGs to net-zero, that is, to realize carbon neutrality by 2050, based on the idea that addressing climate change is no longer a constraint on economic growth and that proactive climate change measures bring transformation of industrial structures as well as its economy and society, leading to dynamic economic growth. By the Act Partially Amending the Act on Promotion of Global Warming Countermeasures in 204th session of the Diet (Act No. 54 of- 4 - 2021) (Hereinafter the Act on Promotion of Global Warming Countermeasures (Act No.

JPN

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Kiribati is a LDC SIDS with limited resources, that will nonetheless commit to reduce emissions by: and 12.8% by 2030 compared to a BaU projection. In addition to these quantified outcomes, Kiribati will proactively protect and sustainably manage its mangrove resources, as well as protect and enhance coastal vegetation and seagrass beds. Together these actions represent effective stewardship of more than 6 million tonnes of Carbon Dioxide stored, more than 100 times the current annual national emissions inventory. On the understanding that a global agreement addresses international assistance to access financial and technical resources, Kiribati can, with international assistance, contribute a further:  48.8% reduction in greenhouse gas emissions by 2025; and  49% reduction in greenhouse gas emissions by 2030, compared to the BaU projection.

KIR

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LULUCF will contribute significantly to carbon removal in the first 10 years. However, the sink potential of LULUCF will decrease overtime per the assumptions used in this scenario. As a result, after 2030, net carbon emissions will rise at an annual rate of 11 per cent. In the additional measures (WAM) scenario ambitious interventions in the energy sector combined with ongoing and additional carbon removal interventions indicate that Nepal’s net emissions will be lower than ‘zero’ in the period 2020 to 2030, then hovering around ‘zero’ throughout 2035 to 2045. Sequestration increases from 2045 onwards reaching -5.7 mMT in 2050.

NPL

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Land use change and forestry Unbound by international support: By 2030, 11.2% of GHG emissions have been reduced compared to the trend scenario, resulting in a reduction of 65 million tonnes of CO2-eq. Unbound by international support: By 2030, 22.6% of GHG emissions have been reduced compared to the trend scenario, resulting in a reduction of 56.6 million tonnes of CO2-eq. Energy Agriculture UTC-1 Conservation, protection and sustainable management of forests UTC-2 Reduction of forest degradation through fire prevention and control UTC-3 Establishment of forest plantations UTC-4 Restoration of degraded areas ENE-1 Prioritize clean energy for electricity generation ENE-2 Sustainable mobility (electro-mobility and biofuels) ENE-3 Change in energy matrix AGR-1 National Strategy for Sustainable

GTM

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Land-use change Petroleum industry - Torching Other Electricity Petroleum industry Transport Other combustion Energy Population GDP (excluding petroleum sector) Electricity consumptionRepublic of Gabon Nationally determined planned contribution - Conference of the Parties 21 8 On this basis, Gabon has developed an ambitious hydropower development plan, with the objective of ensuring by 2025 an electricity supply based on 80% hydropower and 20% gas. On this basis, this plan will reduce GHG emissions by 9,000 GgCO2 by 2010-2025, or 31% compared to the trend scenario (48% in 2025). These production capacities will also allow the export of 5,000 GWh over the period 2010-2025. Finally, Gabon is also developing a plan for solar electrification of isolated villages.

GAB

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Level of contribution Reduce emissions by 5% compared to the BaU reference level (i.e. of avoided emissions) at the 2030 horizon and 25% ) at the 2050 horizon, within the framework of conditional implementation Adaptation Objectives: Agriculture1 and food security, health, basic infrastructure and sustainable management of natural resources, with the aim of maintaining an annual rate of growth of agricultural activities of 6% and stabilisation of the rate of food insecurity at 15%. Vulnerability profile: Extreme hazards (torrential rains, floods and drought), most vulnerable areas (south, north and northeast) and most vulnerable populations (women, children, indigenous peoples and the aged, i.e. around 75%). Sectors of priority activities: Agriculture and food security, forestry, energy, public health, water resources and land-use planning.

CAF

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Liquid biofuels have been promoted as clean alternative fuels in the transport sector. To achieve the targets under Thailand’s LEDS, the share of liquid biofuel use will have to increase from 8% in 2030 to 34% of total final energy consumption in 2050.• Manufacturing industries: Final energy consumption in manufacturing industries varies depending on the activities. For example, the heating system is used mainly in the food and beverage industries, and the chemical industries. The textile industries demand large amounts of electricity in their processes. The energy efficiency improvement of electrical devices has to increase to 77%. In the heating systems, the share of renewable energy will have to increase to approximately 46% and 50% of total final energy consumption in 2030 and 2050, respectively.

THA

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Long term GHG emissions target Limiting the per capita GHG emissions to maximum of 1.23 t/CO2 , or 1.58 in 2050 to achieve the below 2°C objective, with a probability of 66% and 50% respectively. Based on the IPCC and IEA developments in the context of the below 2°C objective, the target is communicated in CO2 . For INDC monitoring, emission of other GHGs was accounted in CO2 -eq (shown in Section 12). 3. Contribution Kyrgyz Republic will reduce GHG emissions in the range of 11.49 - 13.75% below BAU in 2030. Additionally, under the international support Kyrgyz Republic could implement the mitigation measures to achieve total reduction in the range of 29.00 - 30.89% below BAU in 2030.

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Long term strategy on climate mitigation The NetherlandsClimate change mitigation is a matter of great urgency. Pursuant to the national Climate Act, the Netherlands needs to reduce its greenhouse gas emissions by 95% by 2050 compared to 1990. This will be a daunting task for the next 30 years. However, the Netherlands is not starting from scratch. In many areas, the transition is already under way and will pick up pace considerably over the coming years. Furthermore, developments in the Netherlands and worldwide have shown that sustainability improvements and economic growth can go hand in hand. This is cause for hope. Nevertheless, the Netherlands will continue to face many challenges during the transition.

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Long-term strategies play a key role in reaching the goals of the Paris Agreement. The objective is to bridge the policies of today with future climate action in line with Denmark’s com- mitments under the Paris Agreement. Denmark’s long-term target is clear: Denmark must reach climate neutrality by 2050 at the latest. The pathway to a climate-neutral society entails that Denmark must reduce its greenhouse gas emissions by 70% by 2030 (compared to 1990 lev- els). These targets are legally binding targets adopted in Parliament. However, Denmark’s greenhouse gas emissions amount to only 0.1% of global emissions. Even if Denmark could achieve climate neutrality here and now, it would not affect the global climate significantly. Therefore, the objective of the govern- ment is to inspire others by example.

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Low carbon and efficient transportation systems. Climate smart agriculture (CSA) in line with the National CSA Framework. Sustainable waste management systems. Kenya seeks to undertake an ambitious mitigation contribution towards the 2015 Agreement. Kenya therefore seeks to abate its GHG emissions by 30% by 2030 relative to the BAU scenario of 143 MtCO2eq; and in line with its sustainable development agenda. This is also subject to international support in the form of finance, investment, technology development and transfer, and capacity building.MINISTRY OF ENVIRONMENT AND NATURAL RESOURCES 2.1.1 Information to facilitate clarity, transparency and understanding Timeframe for implementation The timeframe for implementation of the INDC is up to 2030. Scope of gases included in the contribution Carbon dioxide (CO2), Methane (CH4), and Nitrous Oxide (N2O) are prioritised.

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M5 By 2030, Mileage and Emission Standards for Vehicles. Commercial, Institutional and Residential access by households in off- grid areas; (b) 100% electricity access by public institutions (on- and off- grid); (c) 13% electricity sector end- use efficiency; (d) 14% improve biomass end use (improved cook stoves and drying) efficiency; (e) 65% renewable electricity use by rural tourism bungalows. These three energy sub- sector targets collectively can reduce GHG emissions approximately 78.786 Gg e from energy sector compared to business as usual (BAU) scenario in 2030, which is around 40% reduction in comparison to energy sector’s GHG emissions from the BAU scenario. Biogas Plants for Commercial and Residential Use. M8 By 2030, Increase Energy Efficiency in Commercial and Residential Sector, (a) 5% increase in Energy Efficiency in Commercial and Residential Sector; and (b) 10 Numbers of Energy Efficient Building (Green Building).

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MITIGATION Intended Nationally Determined Contribution The mitigation targets of this iNDC are set against a Business As Usual (BAU) projection and consider emissions reductions from the Energy Demand, Electricity Generation and Transportation sectors. Table 1: Nationally Determined Mitigation Targets eq Unconditional Target Not stated Conditional Target measured against the BAU emissions projections Year % change relative to BAU projection Emissions Reductions eq eqFigure 1: Graphical Representation of Intended Nationally Determined Contribution Methodological Approach Table 2: Coverage, Scenarios and Methodological Approaches Types of Targets Emissions reductions targets are based on projected reductions for 2025 and 2030 calculated from the BAU emissions projections Coverage A sector-based approach across the entire economy is used to determine reduction targets for the energy sector.

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Mainstream climate change into existing transport management plan to strengthen emission control. 2. Strengthen institutional capacity for developing strategies for integrated transport services; developing technical and safety standards and the enforcement of policies including emission control. 3. Improve the quality and reliability of transport infrastructure and services. 4. Develop emission reduction and tracking system of pollutants from vehicles. 5. Blend up to 5% of palm oil biodiesel with both gasoline and diesel by 2030 for vehicles.II. ADAPTATION Impacts and Vulnerability Vulnerability and adaptation assessments conducted have revealed that Liberia is faced with climate change and variability leading to extreme events, which have negative impact on agriculture, forestry, health, energy and other sectors. Climate change impacts are marked by irregular patterns of rainfall, flooding, high temperature, and coastal erosion.

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Major tech- nological advances, etc., can also result in significant reductions in other areas. The Government’s substantiation As mentioned, the Climate Act requires the Minister for Climate, Energy and Utili- ties to provide an assessment, in the climate programme, of whether it can be ren- dered probable that the national climate targets – a 70% reduction of Danish green- house gas emissions by 2030 compared to 1990 and climate neutrality by 2050 at the latest – are achievable. Since the change of government in June 2019, initiatives have been adopted to re- duce the deficit by approximately 5 million tonnes of CO2e. Today, the deficit amounts to approximately 16.1 million tonnes of CO2e.

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Mali remains a greenhouse gas sink until 2030 for all scenarios. In 2030, it will sequester 29,242 kilotonnes of CO-equivalent under the baseline scenario and 84,437 kilotonnes of CO-equivalent under the mitigation scenario. The level of GHG reduction ambitions in the mitigation scenario compared to the baseline scenario is 29% for agriculture, 31% for energy and 21% for land-use change and forestry. The overall cost of the conditional mitigation scenario is US$34.68 billion (1.16 for energy, 20.6 for agriculture, and 12.92 for forestry). In terms of adaptation, Mali’s vision is to make the green and climate-resilient economy a priority.

MLI

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Mangrove forests also fulfill Protection of existing mangroves from deforestation and restore lost mangroves. Restoration and protection have the potential to turn Belize’s mangrove system into a net carbon sink by avoiding current emissions of around per year and removing additional per year between 2020 andcritical role as nursery ground for regional fish stocks and maritime ecosystems. 2030. The expected cumulative emissions reduction would be up to 2015 and 2030. Transport Sector Development of a domestic transportation policy and implement the National Transportation Master Plan. Aim is to achieve at least a 20% reduction in conventional transportation fuel use by 2030 and promote energy efficiency in the transport sector through appropriate policies and investments. Sustainable Energy Strategy and Action Plan To improve energy efficiency and conservation in order to transform to a low carbon economy by 2033. The plan envisions a reduction in energy intensity per capita at least by 30% by 2033 and to reduce fuels imports dependency by 50% by 2020 using renewable energy. energy by 2030 by implementing hydropower, solar, wind and biomass, and reduction of transmission and distribution losses.

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Many railway projects for the transport of minerals are being studied or are being developed. The deployment of the Conakry Urban Development Plan, including a BRT bus line and a railway line, is an essential asset for reducing CO2 emissions and improving the living conditions of millions of people in the capital. Unconditional objective Implementation of the ban on the import of vehicles over 8 years old by 2025 (ECOWAS standard); implementation of the ban on the import of vehicles over 5 years old by 2030 (ECOWAS Commission 2020 recommendation).

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Market-based policies encourage emissions reductions where and when they are most cost-effective, and they provide opportunities for all industries to contribute to a low- GHG economy. This leverages the ingenuity of U.S. businesses, which have repeatedly proven their ability to meet stringent environment and safety standards, often with innovations that would not have been predicted by regulators. • Act as quickly as possible. Increasing policy ambition sooner rather than later will benefit the U.S. economy. The MCS envisions an energy system transition over many decades; sending early signals to investors will avoid abrupt shifts in employment, capital, and other materials. Every year, the United States builds and deploys new power plants, vehicles, and buildings that will produce and consume energy for decades into the future.

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Mauritaniaâ€TMs mitigation ambition CBD ambition 2021-2030 Mauritaniaâ€TMs updated CBD envisages a net reduction in GHG emissions from the economy of 11% in 2030 (green line) compared to the baseline scenario (BAU, blue line) with the countryâ€TMs own resources supported by international support comparable to that received up to 2020. With more consistent support, Mauritania could achieve its carbon neutrality, up to a reduction of 92% (red line) compared to the BAU. The overall cost of this ambition is estimated at US$ 34255 million, of which US$ 635 million is unconditional, or 1.85%.

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Mauritaniaâ€TMs updated CBD 2021-2030 mitigation ambitions Mauritaniaâ€TMs updated CBD foresees a net reduction of GHG emissions on the economy scale of 11% in 2030 (green line) compared to the baseline scenario (BAU, blue line) with the countryâ€TMs own resources supported by international support comparable to that received up to 2020. With more consistent support, Mauritania could achieve carbon neutrality of its economy, achieving a reduction of 92% (red line) compared to the BAU. The overall cost of this ambition is estimated at US$ 34255 million, of which US$ 635 million is unconditional or 1.85%. The mitigation ambition covers the four emission sectors (Energy, PPI, AFAT and Waste).

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Mechanisms for innovation, technology, education and capacity-building Technologies are evolving very rapidly and it is urgent to adopt the most advanced possible technologies for decarbonisation and adaptation to climate change phenomena; and their application requires their subsequent evaluation through the indicators that are defined.

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Mechanisms for participation, collaboration and cooperation In order to ensure the participation of key actors in the strategic policies on energy and climate change that will lead us towards carbon neutrality, the National Commission on Energy and Climate Change is set up by means of a regulation8 adopted on 12 February 2020.The Commission has a particularly important role in the evaluation and monitoring of the national energy strategy and the fight against climate change.This Commission has the participation of representatives of the public administration, the private sector, the third sector, professional colleges, the research sector, as well as of young people through representatives of the National Youth Forum of Andorra.

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Methodology Review of the literature Consultation of the stakeholders IGES tool: Tier 1 Method (manual inventory of GHG 1996, revised version and 2006) Reference year: 2010 Reference data: Second National Communication of 2013 Assumptions: Economic rate of growth: 5-10%; demographic rate of Areas of application and coverage of the contributions Geographic scope: The national territory Included sectors: Land use, land use change and forestry and industrial processes and use of solvents (2010 data). Included GHG: Carbon dioxide (CO2 ), methane (CH4 ) and nitrous oxide O), representing more than 75% of the national anthropogenic emissions. Emissions for the reference year Type of contribution Contributions focussed on sustainable, low-carbon development using an approach combining conditional and unconditional activities: “Action-Results”. Level of contribution Reduce emissions by 5% compared to the BaU reference level (i.e.

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Methodology for Estimating Emissions Model for estimating emission: Dashboard AFOLU for land-based sector; ExSS (Extended Snapshot) using GAMS (General Algebraic Modelling System) and CGE (Dynamic CGE) for energy sector; Mitigation Action Road Map for Cement Industry (Ministry of Industry) for IPPU sector; First Order Decay-FOD (IPCC-2006) and existing regulation for waste sector. Coverage of Emission Reduction With the baseline and assumption used for projection and policy scenario 2020-2030, the projected BAU and emission reduction for both unconditional (CM1) and conditional (CM2) reduction, as mentioned earlier, are as in the Table 1 with more elaborated assumptions for each sector can be seen in the Annex 1. Table 1. Projected BAU and emission reduction from each sector category Sector GHG Emission Level GHG Emission Level 2030 GHG Emission Reduction Annual Average Growth BAU Average Growth MTon CO2e MTon CO2e % of Total BaU 5.

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Mitigation Bhutan intends to remain carbon neutral where emission of greenhouse gases will not exceed carbon sequestration by our forests, which is estimated at 6.3 million tons of CO2 . Bhutan will maintain a minimum of 60 percent of total land under forest cover for all time in accordance the Constitution of the Kingdom of Bhutan. Efforts will also be made to maintain current levels of forest cover, which currently stand at 70.46%, through sustainable forest management and conservation of environmental services.

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Mitigation Contribution In this NDC update, Angola sets the target of achieving those 15% of emission reduction by 2025, unconditionally. In addition, it is expected that through a conditional mitigation scenario the country could reduce an additional 10% below BAU emission levels by 2025. To achieve that, several measures were identified and analyzed, being selected for Unconditional (Table 11) and Conditional Contribution (Table 12). Additionally, in annex 9.2, measures to achieve Angola set of targets by 2030 are presented. Unconditionally, the target it is to achieve a 21% emission reduction by 2030, equivalent to an estimated mitigation level of 23,3 million tCO2 e in that year.

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Mitigation Strategies Sri Lanka being a developing country, anticipates achieving the development objectives while moving in a low carbon development pathway. Mainly five sectors have been identified under mitigation for reducing greenhouse gas emissions. These are sectors of energy (electricity generation), transport, industry, forests and waste. Possible emission reduction actions have been identified in each sector, which are to be implemented during the period of 2020 to 2030. NDCs for Mitigation intends to reduce the GHG emissions against BAU scenario by 20% in the energy sector (4% unconditionally and 16% conditionally) and by 10% in other sectors (transport, industry, forests and waste) by 3% unconditionally and 7% conditionally by 2030. 5.1. Energy Sector-Electricity generation Sri Lanka has realized almost 100% electrification through the national grid.

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Mitigation component of the INDC (M-INDC) In keeping with South Africa’s commitment to progress its contribution to the global effort to mitigate climate change in line with the principle of common but differentiated responsibilities and respective capabilities, South Africa’s mitigation component of its INDC moves from a “deviation from business-as-usual” form of commitment and takes the form of a peak, plateau and decline GHG emissions trajectory range. South Africa’s emissions by 2025 and 2030 will be in a range between 398 and 614 Mt CO2–eq, as defined in national policy. This is the benchmark against which the efficacy of mitigation actions will be measured.

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Mitigation contribution The Republic of Seychelles will reduce its economy-wide absolute GHG (29.0%) relative to baseline emissions.Time frame and /or period for implementation Start year: 2020 Mid-term year: 2025 End year: 2030End Type of commitment Absolute economy-wide emission reductions covering public electricity, land transport and solid waste management (LULUCF is excluded) Estimated quantified emission reductions in 2030 relative to baseline emissions Financial requirements The cost of achieving the reduction objective (2030) has been estimated to be at least USD 309 million. Including the cost of energy efficiency measures such as building codes, standards and labels, and energy audits will increase the total cost of implementation, which is expected to be met partly through domestic funding and conditional on international climate financing including through the Green Climate Fund among others.

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Mitigation cost for Solar PV projects in net present value would cost USD 45 million over the period 2015-2030. Financial costs relating to adaptation are contained in the section on additional information. 6. Planning process Belize intends to support the delivery of its NDC through the implementation of the comprehensive National Climate Change Policy, Strategy and Action Plan.

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Mitigation target Somalia committed to reduce and avoid its emissions 30% by 2030 compared to BAU scenario (107.40MtCO2 eq in 2030). The emissions reduction targets reflect introduce policies, programs and technologies that drive the country to low emissions development pathway. Due to the unique national circumstances, the implementation of the mitigation target will require international public and private support including in the form of finance, investments, technology development & transfer and capacity building Scope of gases included in the contribution Gases covered in this updated NDC are CO2, CH4 and NO2. Other gases were not taken into account, considering that their use and associated emissions are extremely low. Sectors and GHG emissions reported within this document cover 99.9% of national emissions.

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Modal shift programmes Numerous measures including standard public service contracts, simplified fare systems, improved passenger information and better vehicles and maintenance. Envisions a 25% shift from private vehicle to public bus by 2030. Afforestation Annual increase of 200 hectares of forested land per annum, building on existing forested land. In addition, the State of Palestine commits to unconditionally undertake the mitigation actionsset out inTable 3 below. Table 3: Mitigation actions to be implemented unconditionally Mitigation action Brief description of action Timescale for implementation Sustainable Urban Demonstration Installation of six net-metering photovoltaic systems on 6 main public buildings in the Tubas Municipality: Municipality Building Public Information Centre Cafeteria Building - Public Transportation Dynamo-meter Building Youth Centre Building Storage Building.

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Monaco continued its commitment by accepting the Doha amendments on 27 December 2013. Monaco's objective for the second period of the Kyoto Protocol is to reduce emissions by an average of 22% over the period 2013-2020. As part of its first Determined Contribution at the National Level, the Principality of Monaco has set itself the objective of reducing its greenhouse gas emissions by 50% by 2030. His Royal Highness the Prince has also committed itself to achieving carbon neutrality in 2050. Aware of the highly collective nature of the issue of reducing emissions, the Principality of Monaco wishes to make its full contribution to the joint effort.

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Montenegro’s contribution to the international effort to avoid dangerous climate change is expressed in 30 % emission reduction by 2030 compared to the 1990 base year. The emission level of greenhouse gases for Montenegro from sectors covered by INDC was 5239 kilotons in 1990 and Montenegro pledges to reduce it at least by 1572 kilotons, to the level below or at 3667 kilotons. The reduction is to be achieved by general increase of energy efficiency, improvement of industrial technologies, increase of the share of renewables and modernization in the power sector.

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More broadly, Mexico’s long- term climate strategy aims to catalyze a profound transformation of its economy, addressing climate change as well as the national priorities of sustainable and more inclusive development.The United States strongly encourages countries that are developing mid-century strategies to include a basic set of elements that will help them stand up to the scrutiny of the international community, including: • Mid-century emissions visions. An MCS should include an economy-wide, quantitative vision for emissions reductions in 2050 that captures all of the nation’s emissions sources and sinks. If objectives are provided in terms of reductions below current or historical emissions levels, the assumed “base year” should be explicitly stated. Exploring multiple scenarios can be useful, but all should be consistent with an ambitious mid-century vision.

USA

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More specifically in the fuel combustion subsector, for road transport the reduction is not fixed in the long term, but will continue to increase the percentage of electric vehicles in the national passenger car fleet to 50%.

AND

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Moreover, China proposed 15 categories of policies and measures for enhanced actions on climate change. Since then, China has made significant progress in fulfilling its commitments in an active and pragmatic manner. China’s updated NDC goals are as follows: aims to have CO2 emissions peak before 2030 and achieve carbon neutrality before 2060; to lower CO2 emissions per unit of GDP by over 65% from the 2005 level, to increase the share of non-fossil fuels in primary energy consumption to around 25%, to increase the forest stock volume by 6 billion cubic meters from the 2005 level, and to bring its total installed capacity of wind and solar power to over 1.2 billion kilowatts by 2030.

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Moreover, almost all planned mitigation actions have sustainable development co-benefits. The implementation of the above-mentioned Climate Action Enablers is crucial to the achievement of the targets put forward in this update. 6 IRENA Renewable Energy Outlook: Lebanon ( targets 20157 Unconditional targets 20208 1. A GHG emission reduction of 15% compared to the Business-As-Usual (BAU) scenario in 2030 (amounting to 6,222 Gg. CO2eq.) 2. 15% of the power and heat demand in 2030 is generated by renewable energy sources. 3. A 3% reduction in power demand through energy- efficiency measures in 2030 compared to the demand under the BAU scenario. 1. A GHG emission reduction of 20% compared to the Business-As-Usual (BAU) scenario in 2030, (amounting to 7,790 Gg. CO2eq.). 2. 18% of the power demand (i.e.

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Most methane emissions from the oil and gas sector come from venting and fugitive emissions. These include venting from wells and batteries, fugitive equipment leaks, storage tanks, pneumatic devices, well completions, and compressors. Cost-effective technologies are readily available and tackling methane emissions from the oil and gas sector is one of the lowest cost reduction opportunities to achieve significant GHG reductions. Canada has committed to reducing methane emissions from the oil and gas sector by 40 to 45% below 2012 levels by 2025. To implement this commitment, Canada intends to publish proposed regulations to reduce venting and fugitive methane emissions from oil and gas sources by early 2017. Canada has also endorsed the World Bank’s Zero Routine Flaring by 2030 initiative, which will support reductions in black carbon emissions resulting from routine flaring at oil production facilities.

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