README.md

metadata

annotations_creators:
  - expert-generated
language:
  - en
multilinguality:
  - multilingual
size_categories: []
source_datasets: []
tags: []
task_categories:
  - text-retrieval
license:
  - apache-2.0
task_ids:
  - document-retrieval

MIRACL (en) embedded with cohere.ai multilingual-22-12 encoder

We encoded the MIRACL dataset using the cohere.ai multilingual-22-12 embedding model.

The query embeddings can be found in Cohere/miracl-en-queries-22-12 and the corpus embeddings can be found in Cohere/miracl-en-corpus-22-12.

For the orginal datasets, see miracl/miracl and miracl/miracl-corpus.

Dataset info:

MIRACL 🌍🙌🌏 (Multilingual Information Retrieval Across a Continuum of Languages) is a multilingual retrieval dataset that focuses on search across 18 different languages, which collectively encompass over three billion native speakers around the world.

The corpus for each language is prepared from a Wikipedia dump, where we keep only the plain text and discard images, tables, etc. Each article is segmented into multiple passages using WikiExtractor based on natural discourse units (e.g., \n\n in the wiki markup). Each of these passages comprises a "document" or unit of retrieval. We preserve the Wikipedia article title of each passage.

Embeddings

We compute for title+" "+text the embeddings using our multilingual-22-12 embedding model, a state-of-the-art model that works for semantic search in 100 languages. If you want to learn more about this model, have a look at cohere.ai multilingual embedding model.

Loading the dataset

In miracl-en-corpus-22-12 we provide the corpus embeddings. Note, depending on the selected split, the respective files can be quite large.

You can either load the dataset like this:

from datasets import load_dataset
docs = load_dataset(f"Cohere/miracl-en-corpus-22-12", split="train")

Or you can also stream it without downloading it before:

from datasets import load_dataset
docs = load_dataset(f"Cohere/miracl-en-corpus-22-12", split="train", streaming=True)

for doc in docs:
    docid = doc['docid']
    title = doc['title']
    text = doc['text']
    emb = doc['emb']

Search

Have a look at miracl-en-queries-22-12 where we provide the query embeddings for the MIRACL dataset.

To search in the documents, you must use dot-product.

And then compare this query embeddings either with a vector database (recommended) or directly computing the dot product.

A full search example:

# Attention! For large datasets, this requires a lot of memory to store
# all document embeddings and to compute the dot product scores.
# Only use this for smaller datasets. For large datasets, use a vector DB

from datasets import load_dataset
import torch

#Load documents + embeddings
docs = load_dataset(f"Cohere/miracl-en-corpus-22-12", split="train")
doc_embeddings = torch.tensor(docs['emb'])

# Load queries 
queries = load_dataset(f"Cohere/miracl-en-queries-22-12", split="dev")

# Select the first query as example
qid = 0
query = queries[qid]
query_embedding = torch.tensor(queries['emb'])

# Compute dot score between query embedding and document embeddings
dot_scores = torch.mm(query_embedding, doc_embeddings.transpose(0, 1))
top_k = torch.topk(dot_scores, k=3)

# Print results
print("Query:", query['query'])
for doc_id in top_k.indices[0].tolist():
    print(docs[doc_id]['title'])
    print(docs[doc_id]['text'])

You can get embeddings for new queries using our API:

#Run: pip install cohere
import cohere
co = cohere.Client(f"{api_key}")  # You should add your cohere API Key here :))
texts = ['my search query']
response = co.embed(texts=texts, model='multilingual-22-12')
query_embedding = response.embeddings[0] # Get the embedding for the first text

Performance

In the following table we compare the cohere multilingual-22-12 model with Elasticsearch version 8.6.0 lexical search (title and passage indexed as independent fields). Note that Elasticsearch doesn't support all languages that are part of the MIRACL dataset.

We compute nDCG@10 (a ranking based loss), as well as hit@3: Is at least one relevant document in the top-3 results. We find that hit@3 is easier to interpret, as it presents the number of queries for which a relevant document is found among the top-3 results.

Note: MIRACL only annotated a small fraction of passages (10 per query) for relevancy. Especially for larger Wikipedias (like English), we often found many more relevant passages. This is know as annotation holes. Real nDCG@10 and hit@3 performance is likely higher than depicted.

Model	cohere multilingual-22-12 nDCG@10	cohere multilingual-22-12 hit@3	ES 8.6.0 nDCG@10	ES 8.6.0 acc@3
miracl-ar	64.2	75.2	46.8	56.2
miracl-bn	61.5	75.7	49.2	60.1
miracl-de	44.4	60.7	19.6	29.8
miracl-en	44.6	62.2	30.2	43.2
miracl-es	47.0	74.1	27.0	47.2
miracl-fi	63.7	76.2	51.4	61.6
miracl-fr	46.8	57.1	17.0	21.6
miracl-hi	50.7	62.9	41.0	48.9
miracl-id	44.8	63.8	39.2	54.7
miracl-ru	49.2	66.9	25.4	36.7
Avg	51.7	67.5	34.7	46.0

Further languages (not supported by Elasticsearch):

Model	cohere multilingual-22-12 nDCG@10	cohere multilingual-22-12 hit@3
miracl-fa	44.8	53.6
miracl-ja	49.0	61.0
miracl-ko	50.9	64.8
miracl-sw	61.4	74.5
miracl-te	67.8	72.3
miracl-th	60.2	71.9
miracl-yo	56.4	62.2
miracl-zh	43.8	56.5
Avg	54.3	64.6