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Revert the following summary back into the original essay: The essay discusses the cost-effectiveness of highly active antiretroviral therapy in South Africa. It notes that while the therapy is currently popular, there is insufficient evidence on its cost-effectiveness. The essay then goes on to discuss how a Markov modeling was used to simulate the progression of HIV and estimate the cost, effect and cost efficacy of highly active antiretroviral treatment.

The essay discusses the cost-effectiveness of highly active antiretroviral therapy in South Africa. It notes that while the therapy is currently popular, there is insufficient evidence on its cost-effectiveness. The essay then goes on to discuss how a Markov modeling was used to simulate the progression of HIV and estimate the cost, effect and cost efficacy of highly active antiretroviral treatment.

Cost-effectiveness of Highly Active Antiretroviral Therapy in South Africa Coursework Introduction Recently the basis of utilizing antiretroviral treatment for South African citizens suffering from AIDS has been use of highly active antiretroviral treatment (HAART), which consists of two nucleoside formulations along with either a non nucleoside formulation or a protease inhibitor provided concurrently to persons suffering from Aids on a continuing mainstay. HAART is considered to be more effective to reduce HIV progression and morbidity in relation to other analogues like nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor (NTRI) [1]. However, constantly mounting pressure on clinical service monetary allocations makes it necessary that clinical service technology shows not only wellbeing and effectiveness but in addition cost efficacy. Financial analyses bring about details regarding cost effectiveness through contrasting the cost and gains of a single medical service project to the cost and/or advantageous of an agenda that it is at the end targeting to substitute. Although highly active antiretroviral treatment is currently popular therapy for people suffering from AIDS in South Africa, insufficient proof was documented regarding its cost efficacy before its extensive utilization. Furthermore, as it has of late been proposed that the guideline for financial analysis should be dynamic and needs to proceed prior to technologies has become reference healthcare policy [2-5] instead of a single event, the study aims to examine the cost efficacy of HAART in South Africa. Methods Study modeling A Markov modeling comprising 38 twelve-month durations was utilized in simulating the progression regarding HIV scourge and in estimating the cost, effect and cost efficacy [4, 6] of highly active antiretroviral treatment alternative [7]. The design of the Markov modeling was based on frameworks earlier utilized in approximating the cost efficacy of HAART [8, 9]. Markov states were developed as per the CD4 numbers, which offer evidence upon which cost efficacy of AIDS therapy is modeled. Cost efficacy was examined through dividing the cost variance with the variance that occurs in health results, that is, quality adjusted life year (QALY) or life year (LY) added between the HAART and No-HAART alternatives in producing incremental cost efficacy ratios (ICERs) [5]. Probabilistic simulations (Monte-Carlo) evaluation was developed based on an imaginary sample of 2000 AIDS patients (1000 in HAART cohort and 1000 in No-HAART cohort) who were aged 18 when they entered the Markov modeling, thus enabling investigation on the impacts of indecision regarding the various variables. The simulations were carried out numerous times to enable representation of a number of various medical events during evaluations. The reference cost of No-HAART treatment, time of HAART therapy impact and the consumption weightings were stated to be mainly “possible” values, in combination to lower-and-upper boundaries, instead of one-point approximates, in a quest of describing more practical events [3, 10]. A more potential value was set equivalent to documented average value while lower and upper boundaries were set at 0.95 confidence levels. The Markov modeling comprised 4 health conditions: 200<=CD4>350 cell/micro liter, 50<CD4<200 cell/micro litre, AIDS and Death. Patients entered the Markov model at the health condition 200<=CD4>350 cell/micro liter. After each cycle, patients’ HIV state either remained unchanged, advanced or reversed. Figure 1 : Health conditions (see rectangles) and transiting probability (see arrows) comprised in Markov modeling (arrow indicates direction of possible transition) Therapy impacts (transiting probability) Overall effect of therapy on HIV progressions were evaluated utilizing examinable data from South Africa. Information on ART naive patients who commenced using HAART and who in addition had 200<=CD4>350 cell/micro liter formed part of the cohort. For patients getting HAART treatment, HIV progressions were examined utilizing data from 1000 patients who enrolled for ART therapy over the research duration. HAART effect on HIV progressions were examined utilizing details on 1000 patients who commenced full antiretroviral treatment. Follow-ups for such patients were expurgated during their final visit and/or death, and comprised information prior to treatment, as therapy adjustments at this period would have no impact on progression probability. The uncertainty to die was accounted not only for the concerned age-adjusted death degree in the sample but also for the threat of receiving AIDS [5]. For the sake of this study, a patient in the two cohorts who passed on during treatment duration was deemed to have passed on because of an AIDS based circumstance. However, this can over approximate the death cases linked to HAART, since a larger percentage of death cases are expected to be non-AIDS-based in this cohort [9, 11]. Antiretroviral unresponsive people suffering from AIDS are regarded to be having an enhanced first reaction to therapy in relation to people who have earlier been introduced to antiretroviral [2, 3, 9]. Thus, the model comprised transiting probabilities from one health state to another (see table 1). Because individual follow ups were uncensored when a patient progression along the Markov cycles, the modeling absolutely integrates succeeding therapy malfunction and adjustments during treatment. The first and succeeding pair of transiting likelihoods in each therapy was computed by classifying patients as per their initial health status, 12 months and during 24 months after commencing therapy. A patient who passed on during the 12 months was added to the death state while a patient who had opportunistic disease or whose final HIV based condition was over ½ a year prior to the expected time, were grouped as per their CD4 amount during the event (200<=CD4>350 cell/micro liter, 50<CD4<200 cell/micro litre). The CD4 counts during each period were approximated utilizing linear regression between the prevailing counts and counts after the specified time period. In case no CD4 values were found after this period, the CD4 counts were approximated to be the number prior to this period, as long as the value was determined during the first quarter of that period [12]. Finally, since the period of the impact of HAART is greatly not known, in the basic evaluation it was presumed that extra medical effects of HAART were assumed to be for 60 months with a least and optimum period of 24 and 96 months, in that order. However, the extra cost of HAART in relation to No-HAART treatment was presumed to be separate from medical impact and to prolong up to either the modeling stopped or a person passed on, whichever came early, so as to create conventional estimates of cost efficacy [13, 14]. Table 1: Yearly transiting probability based on a group of persons suffering from AIDS who were listed for therapy in South Africa To state From state 200<=CD4>350 50<CD4<200 AIDS Death 200<=CD4>350 # 0.21 # 0.20 (0.18-0.24) (0.15-0.35) 50<CD4<200 # # 0.45 0.25 (0.35-0.55) (0.15-0.35) AIDS # # 0.40 (0.3-0.5) NB: all people entered the Markov model at the health condition CD4‹ 200. # Indicates residual probabilities. All row probabilities add up to one. Also values exclude yearly age-adjusted likelihood of passing on. Transition probability Changeover probability based on Markov modeling is needed in specifying all necessary transitions of Markov conditions (see arrows in fig.1). For the HAART modeling, movement probability as well as 0.95 confidence interval (CI) is approximated based on Kaplan result maximum approximations of survival representing 1000 participants under antiretroviral for the initial 4 years of the study [7, 8]. Changeover probability for the No-HAART modeling was gotten from a domestic ordinary history group encompassing 1000 ART unresponsive participants. The probability of transiting from 200<=CD4<350 to 50<CD4<200 is 0.21, probability of transiting from 50<CD4<200 to AIDS is 0.45, probability of transiting from AIDS to death is 0.4, probability of transiting from 200 <=CD4<350 to Death is 0.2, and that of transiting from 50 <CD4<200 to Death is 0.25. Treatment cost The cost to treat people suffering from HIV with HAART treatment depended on approximates gotten from the South African Potential Evaluating System-AIDS Health Financial research [14]. The research approximated the HIV treatment requirements that were needed by more than 13 000 people suffering from AIDS in 9 hospitals in South Africa, comprising the resources attached to related diseases. Resource approximates were the associated with basic individual costs gotten from an earlier research [12]. This cost was in addition combined with approximates of the social service cost linked to various phases of HIV [15], implying that such an evaluation was carried out based on South African public monetary view. The costs to treat people using HAART were approximated as the cumulative costs to treat people with HAART plus the costs to treat HIV related complications. Discounted per case life-time cost were 2,232,614 for No-HAART against 8,131,018 for HAART. The discounted incremental cost (ICER) per QALY added was 10,533. The ICER value was less than per life year added and fairly greater after discounting costs at 3%. No additional cost was added to this assessment. In the basic evaluation, cost was discounted at 3% in a year but medication impact remained undiscounted, as per the current South African policies, apart from the sensitivity assessment [6, 7]. All documented expenditures were based on 2008 data [12]. Table 2: Total costs of HAART treatment in 2008 (US dollars) and utility weightings based on HIV condition [12]. 200<=CD4>350 50<CD4<200 AIDS Death Cost 500 750 1500 0 SE 100 150 300 – Utility 0.85 0.70 0.50 0 95% CI 0.80-0.90 0.65-0.75 0.45-0.55 0 CI = Confidence Interval SE = Standard error Quality of life Currently, only a few utility weightings are available to people suffering from AIDS. The most appropriate information was generated from a cohort comprising 249 Canadians suffering from HIV utilizing the health utility indexes mark II [12]. However, except for the fact that such information was generated for Canadian individuals, it was only evaluated utilizing multivariate modeling, implying that absence of variations in documented weightings between these two cohorts could be described using elements like before therapy background, period of the last HIV associated situation, threat class or opportunistic diseases. The Mark II comprises of a health condition categorization method and a corresponding pair of utility weightings [12, 13]. The categorization method has seven measures, consisting of mobility, pain and healthcare. The utility weighting was computed through requesting 1000 Canadians to respond to a visual-analogue scale and through scoring the responses using standardized gable value. Sensitivity evaluation Basically, the greatness of the ICERs measured against their compound variables, and therefore the certainty level that may be associated with the basic cost efficacy approximate, can be examined utilizing sensitivity evaluation [4, 15]. In this study, 1-way sensitivity evaluations were carried out on different elements, comprising the extra costs associated with HAART in order to emphasize their significance to determine cost efficacy. This was attained through varying the number associated with one element (for example cost of HAART) while leaving all other numbers in the modeling process constant, and through analyzing the succeeding variation in ICER value. Elasticity, which measures the effect of adjusting various parameters on the ICERs, was in addition computed for some elements like the ICER’s % change against a % change in the variable. Overall, a higher elasticity means an enhanced importance of the variable to determine cost efficacy. Negative elasticity is linked to a decrease in the ICER, that is, an increase in cost efficacy, while positive elasticity indicates that the ICER value increased, implying a reduction in cost efficacy. Analysis/Results In this study evaluation, the cumulative cost, life years and QALYs for people who did not use HAART for 38 years was 2232614, 90 and 1964, in that order (see table 3), and for people treated with HAART, the cost, life years and QALYs linked to therapy was 8131018, 115 and 2524 respectively, implying that the cost for treating individuals and impacts were boosted by approximately 36.3 per cent and 22.1 per cent, in that order, generating an ICER value of 238543 for one year added. Approximately 24 % of the cost of highly active antiretroviral treatment was due to the costs to provide HIV drugs. Adjusting life years in the health conditions resulted to an ICER value of 10533 in each QALY added (Table 3). Also the cost per case amounted to $138 for participants under HAART and $250 for patients not under HAART. The mean cost of each patient case amounted to $267. 71% of patients led to a mean weighted cost amounting to $162 per case. The cost of each patient treated amounted to $622. The percentage for each case cost associated with treatment varied between 4-34% for patients under HAART. The total yearly cost for HAART including cost of drugs amounted to $438 in a year whereas the highly active antiretroviral therapy cost totaled to $162 in a year. Second phase was twice the cost of first phase, amounting to $952 in a year. The cost of checking CD4 and drug costs amounted to approximately $25 in each quarter. The cost in each Markov state has been computed through multiplying health service use and per case costs. HAART cost was greatest for patients bearing 50<CD4<200 during the initial 12 weeks under HAART, amounting to $548 not including cost for dead patients. Cost remained steady, but shifted to more than $340 in every year period after which second-phase medication was included. No-HAART cost in the 50<CD4<200 and 200<=CD4>350 classes amounted to $250 (undiscounted) and to $223 with discounts using an overall discount factor of 22. Table 3: Cost, impact and cost efficacy of HAART in relation to No-HAART Life years QALYs Costs Incremental cost/LY Incremental cost/QALY No-HAART 90 1964 2232614 HAART 115 2524 8131018 238543 10533 Difference 25 560 5898404 Incremental value cannot directly match because of the error of rounding off Sensitivity evaluation The outcomes indicated that the ICER values were slightly elastic to a one percent increase of the per year probabilities of HIV advancement and fairly elastic upon increasing the cost of HAART (with a sensitivity of 0.68). However, additional evaluation indicated that the ICER values were highly elastic to increasing rate of discounted cost (with a sensitivity of -7.1) and also sensitive to a discount of treating impacts per year at 1% (with a sensitivity of 10.7). The ICERs were in addition highly elastic to the presumption about the time and costs provided that HAART prolonged in having an incremental impact, the ICERs declined to about 238543 in each life year added. Furthermore, when the probable time-periods of the effectiveness of HAART were extended to six years from five, the ICERs declined to about 229070 in each life year added. Discussion This study aims at approximating the cost efficacy of complete AIDS healthcare comprising HAART based on principal costs, use, Life years and life adjusted quality years data derived from an extensive group in an industrializing nation setup. This research has initiated some improvements to reference Markov model concepts that have been use in industrialized nation HAART cost efficacy analyses such as the development of subway nations in capturing the quickly reducing use and mortality within the initial months of HAART treatment, and the availability of a Markov modeling state that reflects the stringent concept of HAART provision in South African general HAART policies. The Markov model has in addition initiated the idea to capture the main cost-determiner of healthcare via transition cost, which is gained as a patient transits to death from Markov states. Probabilistic sensitivity analyses have acquired statistics indecision with 95/100 confidence interval regarding life-time cost, results and ICER. To conclude, the outcomes generated in this study indicate that HAART is a fairly cost efficient technique to treat people suffering from HIV in relation to No-HAART. However, decreasing the costs associated with HAART would considerably enhance cost efficacy and permanent information regarding the comparable efficacy of HAART is needed so as to completely validate the outcomes of this study. References 1. Drummond M, Sculpher J, Stoddart G. Methods for Economic Evaluation of Health Care Programs. 3rd ed. Oxford: Oxford University Press; 2005. 2. Drummond M, McGuire A. Economic Evaluation in Health Care – Merging theory with practice. Oxford: Oxford University Press; 2001. 3. Miners A, Sabin C, Trueman P, et al. Assessing the cost-effectiveness of HAART for adults with HIV in England. HIV Medicine. 2001; 40(2): 52-58. 4. Briggs A, Sculpher M. An Introduction to Markov Modelling for Economic Evaluation. Pharmacoeconomics . 1998; 13(4):397-409. 5. Bozzette S, Joyce G, McCaffrey F, Leibowitz A, Morton S, et al. Expenditures for the care of HIV-infected patients in the era of highly active antiretroviral therapy. N Engl J Med. 2001; 344: 817–823. 6. Gold R, Siegel E, Russell L, Weinstein C. Cost-Effectiveness in Health and Medicine. New York: Oxford University Press; 1996. 7. Fox-Rushby J, Cairns J. Economic Evaluation. Oxford: Oxford University Press; 2005. 8. Stoll M, Class C, Scuttle E, Graf M, Schmidt R. Direct costs for the treatment of HIV-infection in a German cohort after introduction of HAART. European J Med Res. 2002; 7: 463–471. 9. Torres R, Barr M. Impact of combination therapy for HIV infection on inpatient census. N Engl J Med. 1997; 336: 1531–1532. 10. Donaldson C, Mugford M, Vale L. Evidence-based Health Economics: From effectiveness to efficiency in systematic review BMJ Books, London; 2002. 11. Freedberg K, Losina E, Weinstein M, Paltiel A, Cohen J, et al. The cost effectiveness of combination antiretroviral therapy for HIV disease. N Engl J Med. 2001; 344: 824–831. 12. Sendi P, Bucher C, Harr T, Craig B, Schwietert M, et al. Cost-effectiveness of highly antiretroviral therapy in HIV-infected patients: SWISS HIV Cohort Study. 2009; 13: 1115–1122. 13. Badri M, Maartens G, Mandalia S, Bekker L, Penrod J, et al. Cost-Effectiveness of Highly Active Antiretroviral Therapy in South Africa. PLoS Med. 2006; 3(1). 14. Beck E, Kennelly J, McKevitt C, Whitaker L, Wadsworth J, et al. Changing use of hospital services and costs at a London AIDS referral centre. AIDS. 1994; 8: 367–377. 15. Beck E, Mandalia S, Williams I, Power A, Newson R, et al. For the NPMS Steering Group Decreased morbidity and use of hospital services in English HIV infected individuals with increased uptake of anti-retroviral therapy 1996–1997. AIDS. 1999; 13: 2157–2164.

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Convert the following summary back into the original text: The author's philosophy on adult education has changed over the years. They now believe that a humanist philosophy does not effectively prepare a learner to fit into a fast-changing and diverse society. Instead, they believe that a radical educational philosophy is more likely to achieve this.

The author's philosophy on adult education has changed over the years. They now believe that a humanist philosophy does not effectively prepare a learner to fit into a fast-changing and diverse society. Instead, they believe that a radical educational philosophy is more likely to achieve this.

Radical Philosophy of Adult Education Essay Table of Contents 1. Introduction 2. Radical Adult Education 3. Conclusion 4. References Introduction There have been many changes to my philosophy of adult learning over the years. As an individual, I take pride in being flexible and creative enough to try different teaching styles. Regardless of the style, I use, however, it appears to me that the key to student success is motivation. When I entered my graduate program in adult education, I was a very strong advocate of the humanist philosophy of education under which a teacher is expected to assume the role of a facilitator in the learning process and to promote learning without offering direction to the learner. Gradually, my belief has continued to change, and I am now fully convinced that a humanist philosophy does not effectively prepare a learner to fit into a fast-changing and diverse society. Unlike the learning of children, adult learning is characterized by experiences and prior learning over the adult learner’s lifetime. The older one grows, the more past experiences and prior learning they bring on current learning. My quest for a practical and effective way to prepare adult learners has made me realize that my best alternative is to adopt a radical educational philosophy. Being a professional teacher, I hope to produce learners who can make a difference in their lives and those of others. In line with my agenda, therefore, learners are likely to benefit more if subjected to a radical educational philosophy. Radical Adult Education A radical adult education philosophy generally views education as a means for bringing about major political, social, and economic changes or reforms (McKinney, 2000). The most prominent philosopher of this view in recent times is Paulo Freire from Brazil. Freire draws on Marxist thinking, including the popularized Liberation Theology of the Catholic Church, and incorporates into his philosophy of education concepts such as class struggle, alienation of the working class, oppression of the masses, and political revolution. In Freire’s observation, education is used by those in power to preserve a corrupt or restrictive social system. Education is thus seen as a tool of oppression, keeping people in a particular social, political, and economic stratum. It is further blamed for dehumanizing people by not treating them as free individuals. A poorly structured education system does not capture a learner’s experience. It also does not assist learners in understanding their position in economic, political, and social situations, and does not effectively prepare them to become fully functioning adults in society. Under the radical educational philosophy, the emphasis is placed on equality between the teacher and learner. Students are expected to work more independently, and the teacher is only there to coordinate the entire learning process. Conclusion My philosophy on adult education has radically changed over the years, and now more than ever, I have a strong feeling that learners must be given the autonomy to learn. In modern societies, the day to day running of state affairs is not only left to the government. Citizens are expected to be vigilant and to ensure that those in power do not only care about their selfish interests. Leadership should be accountable to its citizens, and all leaders should work hard to fulfill the pledges made to the nation. A major focus of the radical educational philosophy is to equip learners with skills that are vital for dealing with social, political, and economic changes in society. References McKinney, A. (2000). Real-resumes for Teachers . Fayetteville, NC: PREP Publishing. Sharma, P. L. (2006). Adult Learning Methods . Darya Ganj, New Delhi: Sarup & Sons.

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Write an essay about: The essay discusses how the strategies used by radiology department administrators are ineffective in managing the operations of the department. The main problems include cutting costs without understanding the problems within the system, adding information systems and additional medical equipment to the existing systems, and imposing higher performance standards on employees.

The essay discusses how the strategies used by radiology department administrators are ineffective in managing the operations of the department. The main problems include cutting costs without understanding the problems within the system, adding information systems and additional medical equipment to the existing systems, and imposing higher performance standards on employees.

Radiology Operations: Ineffective Management Essay Table of Contents 1. Inefficient Strategies 2. Departmental Activity versus System View 3. Relating Setup Time, Run Time, and Equipment Time 4. Application of Dimensions 5. Redesign Leader 6. Process of Recording of Vital Signs 7. Analysis of One Performance Measure 8. References There are three main ineffective strategies employed by the radiology department administrators. The first one is, “identifying and cutting costs without deeply understanding the problems within the system” (Ondategui-Parra, et al., 2004, p. 633). This approach assumes that cutting costs is an inevitable reality of running modern-day radiology departments. Therefore, the administrators wrongly assume that cutting costs will lead to greater efficiency in the eyes of financiers. Partly, healthcare financiers are responsible for this attitude because they equate cost management to efficiency (Jacobs, Rapoport, & Jonsson, 2009). The problem with this approach is that if it is not the result of careful analysis of how the entire system operates, then it can result in several unseen consequences. The second problem with the strategies adopted by radiology department administrators is “adding information systems and additional medical equipment to the existing systems” (Ondategui-Parra, et al., 2004, p. 633). The addition of information systems is a cause of the bottlenecks brought about by system administration requirements in many institutions. Such requirements include data entry requirements, information management, and slow uptake of the system (Guerra, 2011). Information technology solutions work best where the objectives are clear to all stakeholders. In addition, the support of the staff is vital to the success of newly introduced information systems. Thirdly, radiology department administrators err by “imposing higher performance standards and holding employees responsible for meeting those standards” (Ondategui-Parra, et al., 2004, p. 633). The problem with the imposition of performance standards is that the new standards assume that the employees have been operating inefficiently and require stricter regulation for them to increase their efficiency. Systemic problems can only worsen employee morale when it is clear that they cannot meet the new performance standards. This results in even worse inefficiencies due to the exasperation of the employees. Performance standards, just like new information systems, require knowledge-based approaches (Perkins, 2006). It is important to understand how the system operates before applying any new performance management techniques. Inefficient Strategies One of the inefficient strategies used in the local department relates closely to the implementation of performance standards. The prevailing global economic downturn is responsible for the reduction in healthcare financing. This makes it difficult for local hospitals to employ the required number of medical professionals. Therefore, local administrators are trying their best to make up for the shortfall by demanding more from the available staff. There are stringent requirements relating to hours spent on duty and the number of patients attended to within the period. Most doctors feel overwhelmed by these requirements. Secondly, there was an attempt to employ new electronic medical systems, which required increased data input from medical practitioners. The uptake was very slow and the implementation failed. Departmental Activity versus System View The relation between the establishing of a baseline for departmental activity and the system view by stakeholders has several characteristics. First, these two approaches are part of the system within which the medical facility operates. They are valid indicators of the operations of the department as part of a larger system. The two views have a significant difference. The departmental view depends on the vantage point of the members of the department. Particular officers within the department see the departmental view based on their “positions, roles, and locations” (Ondategui-Parra, et al., 2004, p. 633). Their daily activities related to their functions within the organization influences their perception of issues inherent in the operations of the department. However, the system view relates to the total picture of the operations of the department. It is a view that includes all the “tasks, flows, queues and decision points” in the facility in which a department is a single unit (Ondategui-Parra, et al., 2004, p. 633). In other words, it is the overall view of the interrelationships in the system. The relation between establishing a baseline for departmental activity and the system view by stakeholders is that the baseline for departmental activity explores the sum total of the views held by the members of the department, while the stakeholders view focuses on the role of the department in the overall healthcare system. Relating Setup Time, Run Time, and Equipment Time In many ways, it is possible to relate setup time, run time, and equipment time to the operations of the local hospital. At the local hospital, patients use a prescribed process to access medical care. The role of a medical doctor in this hospital is to see patients in the outpatient section and to monitor the progress of admitted patients. The outpatient section is very busy. It handles patients who are usually conscious of time and are keen to receive medical attention quickly. Before a patient can see a doctor, the patient passes through a nurse who records data relating to the patient’s vital organs. This information includes height and weight of the patient, blood pressure, and body temperature. After this process, the patient joins one of the queues to see an available doctor. The setup time required for the patient to see a nurse and to join the queue in the doctor’s pool is about five minutes. However, patients regularly take up to thirty minutes before seeing the nurse on duty. Thereafter, it takes about fifteen minutes to see a doctor, with the time spent in the queue varying depending on the number of doctors available. At worst, patients wait for up to one hour. The setup time, in this case, is about one and a half hours, including the time spent waiting in queues. In case there are no queues, the time reduces to just five minutes. The run time is equivalent to the time the patient spends with the doctor. Application of Dimensions Three dimensions describe the operations of the local department. These are the number of patients served per day, queuing time, and nurse productivity. The number of patients served per day is a basic metric that forms the basis for measuring physician productivity. In fact, this statistic can help in determining the optimal nurse to doctor ratio in the outpatient section. Secondly, the overall number of outpatients served in a day is also an important to dimension in the measures of efficiency in the local department. This measure helps in determining the efficiency of the entire outpatient wing of the hospital in comparison to the total resource outlay. Thirdly, nurse productivity affects the levels of efficiency of the doctors. In this sense, it is imperative to monitor the productivity of the nurses in order to plan for the efficiency of the doctors. Redesign Leader Redesign leader refers to the person or team leading the redesign effort (Ondategui-Parra, et al., 2004). A redesign leader can be at the departmental level or in the senior levels of the organization. Usually, successful redesign efforts have the support of top-level administrators. Such administrators provide institutional support required for the implementation of the redesign project. The main role of a redesign leader is to ensure that the organization remains focused on improving efficiency in the long term, and not just as a one-time thing. This means that the leader needs to find and implement proposals for iterative improvement of work processes. Part II The hospital deals with both outpatient and inpatient cases. The following processes listed in this exercise relate to the outpatient section. 1. Reception of patients in the waiting pool 2. Recording of vital signs by duty nurse 3. Consultation with the doctors 4. Admission into the inpatient section 5. Treatment of patient Process of Recording of Vital Signs One of the processes in the hospital is the recording of vital signs by the duty nurses. This process is standard with very little variability. Such processes have the best potential to yield savings because of the ease of optimization. Before the duty nurse calls out a patient to come in for the readings, the receptionists receive the patient and establish an electronic record. The receptionist ensures that critical patients receive immediate attention. They watch out for signs such as bleeding, excruciating pain, and obvious injuries to decide on whether to fast track a patient. For the rest of the patients, the duty nurse calls them based on their time of arrival. The nurse records the readings as explained earlier. Thereafter, the nurse sends them to the second queue leading to the consulting rooms. The first available doctor calls out the next patient in the doctors queue. The process under examination ends with the sending of patients to the doctors waiting pool. Figure 1: Process diagram for mapping put patient reception Analysis of One Performance Measure One of the measures used to measure the performance of the outpatient department is the number of patients served by the duty nurse. The duty nurse serves many patients before directing them to the doctor’s pool. One nurse is able to supply five doctors in this work center because the nurse takes about a fifth of the time it takes a doctor to serve a patient. Officially, a doctor is not supposed to hurry the treatment process to ensure that each patient receives adequate attention. However the presence of patients in the doctors pool creates a sense of urgency. In some cases, such as during weekends, the administration of the local health facility stations two nurses to facilitate speedy processing of patients. The two nurses can support up to ten doctors. However, the typical doctor to nurse ratio on any shift is one nurse to three doctors. This ratio came from the uncertainty of the treatment process. Once a patient is in the consultation room, it is not easy to tell how long they will be in the doctor’s presence. In some cases, referrals to specialists in the same hospital are necessary, just as doctors may require certain lab reports before proceeding with treatment. These elements clog the system leading to a growing number of patients in the doctor’s pool as the day progresses. References Guerra, A. (2011). EMR Problems Hurt Doctor Efficiency, AMA Says . Web. Jacobs, P., Rapoport, J., & Jonsson, E. (2009). Cost Containment and Efficiency in National Health Systems: A Global Comparison. Weinheim: Wiley Verlag. Ondategui-Parra, S., Gill, I. E., Bhagwat, J. G., Intrieri, L. A., Gogate, A., Zou, K. H., et al. (2004). Clinical Operations Management in Radiology. Journal of the American College of Radiology , 1 (9), 632-640. Perkins, B. B. (2006). Medical Delivery Business, Health Reform, Childbirth, and the Economic Order. Piscataway, NJ: Rutgers University Press.

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Provide the inputted essay that when summarized resulted in the following summary : The rapid critical appraisal process research paper discusses a laborious process of appraisal that the author experienced when researching different studies for her paper. The paper also discusses ways to make the process easier, such as reading abstracts and discussing findings with peers.

The rapid critical appraisal process research paper discusses a laborious process of appraisal that the author experienced when researching different studies for her paper. The paper also discusses ways to make the process easier, such as reading abstracts and discussing findings with peers.

Rapid Critical Appraisal Process Research Paper Table of Contents 1. Laborious Process 2. Reading of Abstracts 3. What Worked Best? 4. What Did not Work? 5. References Laborious Process Although the appraisal process is termed as rapid, I encountered some challenges that made me find it a difficult activity, especially at the beginning. As a result, it took me approximately ten to fifteen minutes to identify and enter the information in the evaluation table. First, the presentation of data varied from one study to another. Just like Fineout-Overholt et al. (2010), I wondered why the authors of the studies would not have uniformly presented the information. The different presentations of the information made it a bit difficult for me to identify some details. For instance, some studies had bona fide research questions, while others had it implied in the purpose of the study. It took me more time to locate information such as sample characteristics, including size and how a sample was obtained in study reports, which were unclearly written than those whose information was presented. Some studies had almost all the information needed for the evaluation table in their abstracts and made things easier for me. Reading of Abstracts By reading an abstract, I was unable to make quick decisions about including or excluding a study, but this was applicable while reviewing some studies. Since an abstract offers a short description of the entire research, I read it to determine the characteristics of the sample, data collection, analysis methods used, and the respective findings, as well as vital implications or recommendations (Jeanfreau & Jack Jr, 2010). If any crucial information in an abstract, for instance, the main findings, deviated from my research question, then I was able to exclude such a study from my research sources rapidly. However, some abstracts were not helpful in instant determining whether to include or rule out a study if its information was consistent with my research but insufficient to tell whether the entire study was in line with my study question. In such a case, I read the discussion section to get further information, such as the limitations of the research and likely implication, which lack in the abstract. The introduction sections were also helpful in my decision making since, by reading them, I was able to point out the key research concepts, objectives, and subjects, in addition to the themes. What Worked Best? After carefully appraising each study one by one, I was confident in my decision to include the most relevant and credible studies in the evaluation table. I was careful to use only studies that had the most affirmative and thorough research. Though I realized that evidence presented in some studies was contrary to that in others, I was mostly concerned with the conclusions drawn by the researchers with respect to the entire body of research. I found out that it is not the quantity of the studies that I had that could establish the dependability of the findings and evaluation table but the consistency of evidence coupled with the quality of the methods employed (Winters & Echeverri, 2012). Appraising the reliability of the studies before filling in the evaluation table acted as a means of bringing together the portions of the evidence puzzle in a meticulous manner. What Did not Work? While filling data in the evaluation table by taking each column at a time, it proved difficult to note the differences and similarities of the studies used easily. Since every one of the studies had a practice of establishing how it was carried out and how the results were assessed and data analyzed before the interpretation of the outcome, comparison of the studies was complicated by the dissimilar methodologies undertaken by the authors. References Fineout-Overholt, E., Melnyk, B. M., Stillwell, S. B., & Williamson, K. M. (2010). Evidence-based practice step by step: Critical appraisal of the evidence. The American Journal of Nursing, 110 (7), 47-52. Jeanfreau, S. G., & Jack Jr, L. (2010). Appraising qualitative research in health education: Guidelines for public health educators. Health Promotion Practice, 11( 5), 612-617. Winters, C. A., & Echeverri, R. (2012). Teaching strategies to support evidence-based practice. Critical Care Nurse , 32 (3), 49-54.

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Provide the full text for the following summary: This proposal seeks to investigate the question of whether addressing the main causes of high readmission rates in Australia and the establishment of relevant mechanisms to improve this outcome can make the country one of the healthiest globally by 2020. It will also recommend various strategies that can be employed to improve this essential health service outcome in various health systems within and outside this country.

This proposal seeks to investigate the question of whether addressing the main causes of high readmission rates in Australia and the establishment of relevant mechanisms to improve this outcome can make the country one of the healthiest globally by 2020. It will also recommend various strategies that can be employed to improve this essential health service outcome in various health systems within and outside this country.

Readmission Rates in Australia Proposal Table of Contents 1. Introduction 2. Literature Review 3. The Choice of this Outcome 4. Study Design and Analysis 5. Ethical Conduct 6. Conclusion 7. Reference List Introduction Readmission entails a certain incident where a patient is admitted again within a defined period of time after discharge from the hospital. One key indicator of this outcome is readmission rates. Such an indicator is instrumental in measuring the quality and effectiveness of services in the health system. Australia is among the countries where such readmission cases are high because of reasons such as the lack of synchronized transitional care strategy among others (Diplock et al. 2017). As presented in this proposal, although some health systems in Australia may be recording low readmission rates, cases have been observed in others where such levels are high as revealed in a study by Basu, Avila, and Ricciardi (2016). Can addressing the main causes of high readmission rates in Australia and the establishment of relevant mechanisms to improve this outcome make the country one of the healthiest globally by 2020? This project proposal seeks to investigate this question based on the findings of particular health systems in Australia. It will also recommend various strategies that can be employed to improve this essential health service outcome in various health systems within and outside this country. Literature Review Hospital readmissions are a common occurrence in the current Australian health system. Sadly, readmissions come with the baggage of higher costs of healthcare for patients, insurance companies, and healthcare programs. Bradley et al. (2012) highlighted that high readmission rates in the US cost Medicare an estimated more than 17 billion US dollars annually because of hospital payments. The costs included emergency care, surgical care, primary care, consultation fees, examination fees, lab tests, and bed fees. Fortunately, according to Joynt and Jha (2012) and Diplock et al. (2017), this outcome can be improved since a significant fraction of these readmissions is preventable through plans such as the establishment of a synchronized transitional care strategy among others. One of the causes of high admission rates in hospitals is poor patient engagement. According to Hibbard and Greene (2013), patient engagement is a pertinent component in reducing readmissions to hospitals. The strategy entails instilling the necessary knowledge, skills, and confidence to patients in a manner that they are actively engaged in their health care. A study carried out by Peter et al. (2015) presented patient engagement through education as an essential tool that can reduce incidences of readmissions. Therefore, it should be incorporated as part of post-discharge counseling to help clinicians in comprehending areas that patients may require reinforcement of information on their condition and consequently reduce the risk of readmission resulting from poor self-care. To measure this outcome, Rademakers et al. (2012) suggested that hospitals could formulate a Patient Activation Measure sheet to be filled by the patient before discharge. This instrument assesses the level of knowledge, skills, and confidence in self-care and management by patients for their condition. Thus, before discharge, clinicians stand a chance to ensure that patients can take care of themselves while at home, thus reducing the risk of readmission due to poor quality self-management. Another major cause of the high number of admissions is the poor follow up of patients after discharge. Lee et al. (2016) carried out a quantitative case study to investigate the correlation between post-discharge characteristics and 30-day readmissions for heart failure patients in a large healthcare system in California. From the results, the study recommended the need for hospitals to formulate systematic in-door policies for follow up after discharge to reduce the risk of readmission. The recommendation is founded on the claim that clinical concerns can be discovered and managed early, thus avoiding their progression to warrant readmission. Therefore, by carrying out similar studies within hospitals in Australia, clinicians can obtain and measure the outcomes of effective follow-up strategies and seal loopholes that can jeopardize the process. Another cause resulting in high rates of readmission in Australia is the lack or poor implementation of transitional care intervention after discharge (Diplock et al. 2017). A similar study carried out by Feltner et al. (2014) denoted that organizing home visits by clinicians, nursing practitioners, or pharmacists to educate, reinforce instructions on self-management, perform a routine examination, and/or provide other primary follow-up care could help to reduce the rate of readmissions. Additionally, the study highlighted home care visits as the most effective transitional care interventions compared to other mechanisms such as telephone monitoring, primary education, individual peer support, and outpatient clinic-based strategies. As a result, Australian hospitals or departments that record-high rates of readmission should adopt the strategy, which is expected to be efficient, irrespective of the patients’ geographical location within Australia. The outcome should be measured by determining the number of readmissions for persons who receive home visits. Poor communication between outpatient and inpatient physicians has been regarded as a cause of the high rate of readmission in health systems. One of the core reasons for readmissions due to poor communication has been adverse events (Kociol et al. 2012). Thus, improvement of this process would inevitably reduce the cases of severe adverse events and resultantly improve the outcome of readmissions. To dig further on this hypothesis, a quantitative study by Kociol et al. (2012) was carried out by administering a survey on staff in the cardiology departments of a hundred randomly selected institutions. From the findings, the study revealed that 89% of the hospitals carried out steps to inform the patients’ primary care provider at outpatient facilities after discharge. A separate study by Volk et al. (2012) also suggested that a structured discharge summary report should be prepared before discharge as it has been associated with better and more effective communication between inpatient and outpatient clinicians. One of the key measurement indicators of this outcome would be the number of readmissions that result from adverse events. The Choice of this Outcome Readmissions are a common measure of health service outcomes across the world. Furthermore, they are costly to both public and private healthcare programs. Thus, information on this contingent subject can help to mitigate health care costs not only in Australia but also everywhere around the globe. Hence, the study finds it crucial to explore the various strategies that have been successfully applied by health systems to reduce the rate of hospital readmissions to save on costs. To measure this outcome, the study will quantify financial and clinical data that reflects the number of readmissions in the selected health systems. The study will also include a balanced measure of how readmission affects other health outcomes such as mortality and patient experience, including the effectiveness, timeliness, and safety of care. Study Design and Analysis The paper will adopt a quantitative retrospective study design using the existing patients’ records in the last year. The records will be obtained from 10 randomly selected hospitals in the US. Dependent variables to be used to measure this outcome will include the number of patients readmitted with and without scheduled follow-ups, with and without home physician visitations due to adverse events, and/or with and without active participation in self-management. The study design will help to establish the costs incurred by patients in their subsequent readmission from which the average and total costs will be determined and grouped according to the condition. Findings from this study will reveal how hospital readmissions affect patient experiences, mortality, the efficacy, relevance, and safety of care for other patients already admitted. Ethical Conduct For the study to be carried out smoothly in line with the laid down protocols, the investigator will formally seek permission from the respective hospital authorities. Ethical conduct also requires sensitive patient information to be kept confidential. Thus, it will not be disclosed to unauthorized personnel. Questionnaires to be filled by hospital personnel will also need approval by ethics committees from all ten hospitals before being used for the study. Any adjustments recommended by the ethics board will be made and the final draft of questionnaires issued to committees for final approval. Conclusion Australia is among the countries in the world that are striving to attain the lowest patient readmission levels by 2020. Based on the expositions made in this study, it will be vital for Australia to not only address the root of the reportedly high rates of readmission but also put in place mechanisms to enhance the outcome if it wishes to be ranked among the healthiest countries by 2020. Reference List Basu, J, Avila, R & Ricciardi, R 2016, ‘Hospital readmission rates in U.S. states: are readmissions higher where more patients with multiple chronic conditions cluster?’, Health Services Research , vol. 51, no. 3, pp. 1135-1135. Bradley, E, Curry, L, Horwitz, L, Sipsma, H, Thompson, J, Elma, M, Walsh, M & Krumholz, H 2012, ‘Contemporary evidence about hospital strategies for reducing 30-day readmissions: a national study’, Journal of the American College of Cardiology , vol. 60, no. 7, pp. 607-614. Diplock, G, Ward, J, Stewart, S, Scuffham, P, Stewart, P, Reeve, C, Davidson, L & Maguire, G 2017, ‘The Alice Springs Hospital readmission prevention project (ASHRAPP): a randomized control trial’, BMC Health Services Research, vol. 17, no. 1, pp. 1-11. Feltner, C, Jones, C, Cené, C, Zheng, Z, Sueta, C, Coker-Schwimmer, E, Arvanitis, M, Lohr, K, Middleton, J & Jonas, D 2014, ‘Transitional care interventions to prevent readmissions for persons with heart failure: a systematic review and meta-analysis transitional care for persons with heart failure’, Annals of Internal Medicine , vol. 160, no. 11, pp.774-784. Hibbard, J & Greene, J 2013, ‘What the evidence shows about patient activation: better health outcomes and care experiences; fewer data on costs’, Health Affairs , vol. 32, no. 2, pp. 207-214. Joynt, K & Jha, A 2012, ‘Thirty-day readmissions—truth and consequences’, New England Journal of Medicine , vol. 366, no.15, pp.1366-1369. Kociol, R, Peterson, E, Hammill, B, Flynn, K, Heidenreich, P, Piña, I, Lytle, B, Albert, N, Curtis, L, Fonarow, G & Hernandez, A 2012, ‘National survey of hospital strategies to reduce heart failure readmissions: findings from the ‘get with the guidelines-heart failure’ registry’, Circulation: Heart Failure , vol. 5, no. 6, pp. 680-687. Lee, K, Yang, J, Hernandez, A, Steimle, A & Go, A 2016, ‘Post-discharge follow-up characteristics associated with 30-day readmission after heart failure hospitalization’, Medical Care , vol. 54, no. 4, pp. 365-372. Peter, D, Robinson, P, Jordan, M, Lawrence, S, Casey, K & Salas-Lopez, D 2015, ‘Reducing readmissions using teach-back: enhancing patient and family education’, Journal of Nursing Administration , vol. 45, no. 1, pp. 35-42. Rademakers, J, Nijman, J, van der Hoek, L, Heijmans, M & Rijken, M 2012, ‘Measuring patient activation in the Netherlands: translation and validation of the American short form patient activation measure (PAM13)’, BMC Public Health , vol. 12, no. 1, pp. 577-577. Volk, M, Tocco, R, Bazick, J, Rakoski, M & Lok, A 2012, ‘Hospital re-admissions among patients with decompensated cirrhosis’, The American Journal of Gastroenterology , vol. 107, no. 2, pp. 247.

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Write a essay that could've provided the following summary: The real estate market in India is experiencing rapid growth. The primary aim of the paper is to analyze the real estate industry in India through the example of the Urban Plus Company using Porter's Five Forces and the PESTEL framework. In addition, it seems essential to analyze the case and provide alternatives and recommendations.

The real estate market in India is experiencing rapid growth. The primary aim of the paper is to analyze the real estate industry in India through the example of the Urban Plus Company using Porter's Five Forces and the PESTEL framework. In addition, it seems essential to analyze the case and provide alternatives and recommendations.

Real Estate Market in India Essay (Critical Writing) The real estate market in India is experiencing rapid growth. The primary aim of the paper is to analyze the real estate industry in India through the example of the Urban Plus Company using Porter’s Five Forces and the PESTEL framework. In addition, it seems essential to analyze the case and provide alternatives and recommendations. First and foremost, it should be stated that Porter’s Five Forces include five fundamental aspects, namely: 1. Threat of new entrants; 2. Bargaining power of buyers; 3. Bargaining power of suppliers; 4. Intensity of Rivalry; and 5. Threat of substitution. The real estate industry has experienced impressive growth during the last few years. Huge investments into the real estate market stimulated high competition and rapid development of a sector. That is why there is a great threat of multiple new entrants: among these, companies such as AllCheckDeals, Homeseek Realtors, or Agni Property might provide their services, increasing the level of rivalry. This threat is also influenced by the significant buying power of people residing in India as the state experiences rapid growth. At the same time, the bargaining power of sellers is increasing due to great demand for new dwellings. The combination of these aspects may create a threat of substitution, as any of the above-mentioned companies could replace Urban Plus. As for the PESTEL framework, the company and industry could be characterized by considering the following aspects: 1. Political . The current situation could be considered beneficial for the development of Urban Plus. 2. Economic . Urban Plus has stable incomes that have been achieved due to its focus on the great opportunities in the residential sector. 3. Social . A wide target market and experienced employees led to the firms efficiency and success. 4. Technological . The company uses traditional approaches to find new customers. This could be regarded as its weak point. 5. Environmental . There is a tendency towards further development of the real estate market, which provides good opportunities for Urban Plus. 6. Legal . The company obviously functions within all relevant laws. With the consideration of the described situation, some recommendations can be outlined. First and foremost, it should be stressed that Urban Plus set ambitious goals and objectives and aim to do their best to get to the goal. However, not every employee is honest and acts in accordance with ethical principles and behavior. However, the misconduct of such employees can consequently lead to the fact that the company will fail to compete with the rivals. Additionally, avoiding modern technologies results in a deterioration of the company’s image. In these regards, there are several possible alternatives. First, the company should resort to major branding activities to improve its image and remain the premium player. The Internet should be used for all operations, contacts with clients and advertising companies to promote Urban Plus services. The usage of this technology could also help to deprive AllCheckDeals of its competitive advantage. Second, it is crucial to introduce employee training to improve competence and general performance. Moreover, it will help to increase employee devotion and honesty. Finally, the company could also be recommended to devote attention to other segments of the real estate market as the current level of rivalry will affect the importance of any single client type and source of income.

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Provide the inputted essay that when summarized resulted in the following summary : The essay discusses the business model of Real Madrid Football Club and how it has been successful in commercializing its brand. The club has been able to use its name as a brand and to employ the plans for sponsorship and product sales to attain additional financial resources during football events. The strategy has been successfully employed by the club on an international level.

The essay discusses the business model of Real Madrid Football Club and how it has been successful in commercializing its brand. The club has been able to use its name as a brand and to employ the plans for sponsorship and product sales to attain additional financial resources during football events. The strategy has been successfully employed by the club on an international level.

Real Madrid Football Club: Business Model Report (Assessment) Table of Contents 1. What is the Real Madrid business model? Is it unique? 2. Who are Real Madrid’s customers? How is the market segmented? 3. Who has more power, Real Madrid, or the players? 4. What risks does Real Madrid face? 5. Who are the main competitors of Real Madrid as a brand? 6. What factors contributed to the branding of “Real Madrid”? 7. Reference What is the Real Madrid business model? Is it unique? The football club of Real Madrid is an organization that utilizes the business model according to which it is possible to use its name as a brand and to employ the plans for sponsorship and product sales to attain additional financial resourced during football events (Callejo & Forcadell, 2006). It should also be pointed out that the club commercialized and sold the tights for TV and audio-visual broadcasting rights to various organizations, which also permitted for achieving additional income (Callejo & Forcadell, 2006). This strategy has been successfully utilized by the Real Madrid Club on an international level. It is stated that the business model which Real Madrid used was not unique, but instead had been previously employed by some other sports clubs, for instance, by Manchester United in the United Kingdom, which had pioneered the process of commercialization of sports brands, and that the utilization of this strategy had proven highly successful for that club in the 1990s, allowing for obtaining additional income for the matches in which the sports team of the club participated (Callejo & Forcadell, 2006). In the 21 st century, however, Real Madrid gained increased fame and popularity, at the same time becoming the leading world of the commercial use of its name as a brand. It has been noted that their commercial success in using its brand led to several critical remarks, according to which the name of the club had been used as a brand too much; the club’s director of communications, as noted in the case study, even observed that the brand of the club had been stretched too far. Nevertheless, the commercialization of the club’s brand permitted for attaining substantial additional income, which was instrumental in assisting the club to develop further. Who are Real Madrid’s customers? How is the market segmented? When considering the question about which groups played the role of clients of the Real Madrid Football Club, it is important to observe that there existed multiple groups the representatives of which purchased something from the club. First and foremost, the clientele of the club included the individuals who watched the football matches in which the players from the club participated. Therefore, the first and the most important segment of the market for which Real Madrid proposed services (entertainment) was comprised of the fans of the club, as well as of fans of some other teams, who would support their favorite team if it had played against Real Madrid, but would support Real Madrid, e.g., in an international soccer event. Besides, it should be stressed that the fans of Real Madrid enjoyed additional benefits when visiting or otherwise viewing the matches of the club. Another segment of the market that Real Madrid utilized included a variety of media companies to which the organization sold the exploitation rights about the use of the products created by Real Madrid, such as the right to broadcast a match by Real Madrid. Also, it should be pointed out that Real Madrid used and sold its name to, or simply collaborated with, several other companies, such as Siemens, who served as sponsors of the organization in exchange e.g. the right to advertise their product on T-shirts of the representatives of the football club. Who has more power, Real Madrid, or the players? On the whole, it is difficult to assess who has more power: the players of the club of Real Madrid, or the club itself as an organization. On the one hand, the club formally has the power to hire new players and to sack those players who are currently working for the organization; it can “sell” players for whom it gets large offers (for instance, under the president Lorenzo Sans since 1995, the club was able to “sell” a large number of its players to other clubs or sporting organizations for considerable amounts of money, which were needed to cover the club’s expenses and operating losses). On the other hand, the players of Real Madrid are its most valuable assets, and the club does not economize money when it comes to hiring the best players, which means that the latter attain a certain degree of influence over their club. Nevertheless, this degree of influence is also limited by the fact that the players want to work for the club; for instance, when the Russian oil tycoon R. Abramovitch offered some players of the Real Madrid football club a double salary in case these players agreed to work for him, the players refused to do so, realizing that Real Madrid has a history of its own, as well as a considerable fans base, which would keep it in the world of sports for a large amount of time, whereas the football clubs that are sponsored by magnates are probably not going to last long if such sponsorship ceases. Therefore, it might be possible to sate that the club has more power over its players, simply because it is the decision of the club about whom to hire and whom to dismiss, for example; simultaneously, the players also have a significant amount of power over the organization, because the club values them and depends on them to a very large degree. What risks does Real Madrid face? Currently, there exist several risks that the football club of Real Madrid is faced with. For instance, one of the major problems related to its operation is the search for new, talented players. For instance, while planning for 2008, it is stated that the contracts of some of the players of the club had previously expired or were to expire after some short periods, which meant that there was a need to either convince the players to further extend the contracts (which probably was successful in many cases) or to replace them with new players. The latter option was problematic, especially if some contracts were to expire simultaneously because it was rather difficult if not impossible to find a large number of very talented players in a situation when the contract term of one of them came to an end. It is possible to conclude that the problems of looking for new contract members should be important nowadays as well. Also, there exist several risks about the problem of commercialization of Real Madrid’s brand, assets, and so on. Excessive commercialization and overuse of the brand name have its adverse influences and threats, such as the potential loss of fans/customers, so it is paramount for the management of the club to limit the degree to which the club is commercialized. Also, potential risks for Real Madrid are related to the fact that there are a variety of possible unexpected happenings that could cause significant harm to the club. For example, another football club with which a match is planned might suddenly quit an agreement, leaving Real Madrid without profits for the arranged matches. Who are the main competitors of Real Madrid as a brand? There exist some competitors of the Real Madrid football club that also can be considered their rivals as a brand. For instance, the list of such competitors might include the Football Club Barcelona, which is a Spanish club that, similarly to Real Madrid, has attained fame all over the world. Another famous football brand that can be considered a serious rival of Real Madrid is the club of Manchester United from the UK. In this respect, it should be pointed out that Manchester United was the football club that pioneered the process of turning the names of football clubs into brands, and that Real Madrid followed suit when they turned their club into a brand. On the whole, it is possible to consider these two football clubs to be the main rivals for the Real Madrid Club worldwide. What factors contributed to the branding of “Real Madrid”? There existed a large number of factors that contributed to the transformation of the name of the football club of Real Madrid into a brand. For instance, it is known from the provided case study that before and in the 1990s, the Real Madrid club experienced a large number of downfalls, which meant that it had considerable financial problems and needed money to properly recover from them. Also, when in the 2000s, a new management team was formed in the club, it was decided that the marketing and operations approaches of the club did not match their potential and their achievements in sport, which prompted the team led by Florentino Perez to introduce new marketing tools. Therefore, the process of turning Real Madrid into a brand was carried out. In the case study, it is noted that the managers considered four factors to serve as the main drivers of the value of the brand: 1. the large size of the audience, for the club, was known and loved all over the world; 2. the high frequency with which the fans/customers engaged in any type of interactions with the club; 3. the social and demographic features of the representatives of the audience of the football club; 4. the “bridges,” or additional links, which could be created to establish and maintain the links with the audience of fans and admirers of the club. It is also pointed out that when turning the name of the Real Madrid Football Club into a brand, the management team was driven by three main goals of such an operation; more specifically, a) the desire to make the club flexible concerning its financial resources and capabilities, therefore permitting it to recruit new, talented players to further expand, as well as to replace the players who left the club for some reason; b) the desire to assemble a team of top football players, which would allow for becoming the club that has the strongest footballers only; and c) the potential of exploiting the leverage which the creation of a brand for the Real Madrid Club would allow for, and the possibility to provide the content made by the club via a wide range of channels to a variety of customers. Reference Callejo, M. B., & Forcadell, F. J. (2006). Real Madrid football club: A new model of business organization for sports clubs in Spain. Global Business and Organizational Excellence, 2006 (11/12), 51-65. Web.

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Write the original essay that provided the following summary when summarized: The essay discusses the challenges of setting recovery time objectives and how they can be overcome. It also looks at the issue of RTP Longevity and how it can be affected by business with high levels of interdependence.

The essay discusses the challenges of setting recovery time objectives and how they can be overcome. It also looks at the issue of RTP Longevity and how it can be affected by business with high levels of interdependence.

Recovery Time Objectives and Longevity Issues Report (Assessment) Table of Contents 1. Promoting Self-Interest by Negotiating Rapid Recovery 2. Challenges in Setting Recovery Time Objectives 3. RTO Longevity 4. Business with High Levels of Interdependence 5. References Risk management includes the processes if assessing the risks, risk treatment as well as risk communication. Risk management is the basis of a comprehensive business continuity management as it offers an analytic basis along with an economic justification for decisions regarding the allocation of resources. Risk management is a continuous process or making business decisions in how potential risks are viewed and treated. In concept, risk management decisions are extremely complicated. The complication appears because these decisions must overcome the uncertainties that surround the unlikely events with an adverse impact on the organization. Using risk management for contingency planning is able to provide a company with a considerable amount of savings through the smart use of insurance as well as the implementation of cost-effective strategies targeted at loss reduction (Engelman & Henderson, 2012, p. 4). Promoting Self-Interest by Negotiating Rapid Recovery It goes without saying that it’s all in the manager’s hands when it comes to recovering from emergencies and other business downfalls. By its very nature, recovery needs a leader that has all required resources to manage the business and to recover quickly from any business emergency. When department managers engage in promoting self-interests for the employees of the department, they do so regardless of the interests of other departments in the company (Cohen, p. 33). This can be viewed as a political tactic to promote one department in the company while the rest remain unnoticed. Promoting self-interest of the workplace may not be the greatest solution in terms of department recovery as every employee will only be interested in achieving his or her goals without paying much attention to the state of the department and whether it is need of a recovery. A manager should help the employees to create mutually beneficial relationships in the department demonstrating a long-term importance of such connections. There is a chance that promotion of self-interests for business recovery will be beneficial, however, it will not have positive effects in the long run. Challenges in Setting Recovery Time Objectives It is generally not practical for an organization to instantly recover all operations after the disruption. Recovery Time Objective is the prospective point in time when the operation must be resumed in order to avoid any issues connected with the company’s ability to achieve its objectives. Different critical operations may have different RTO, and one critical operation may have a staggered RTO to allow operations to recover gradually. For example, an operation may have 40% capability within three days and 100% capability within eight days. One of the main challenges in establishing the Recovery Time Objective is the fact that there may be unprecedented threats or crises that can lead to a disruption of the business process. These threats include destruction of a building, destruction of the processing area, outages in communications due to natural disasters, lack of the processing staff due to strikes or transportation problems. These specific events that have a negative impact on the processing exist beyond the Recovery Time Objectives as the required time for their elimination cannot be calculated or planned through. Instead of establishing a RTO in such cases, it is better to make sure that the threats can be avoided. For example, an organization that has good security controls can avoid many security breaches. The security of this organization will also be impacted by the general crime rate in the area and the exact characteristics of the organization (Engelman & Henderson, 2012, p. 36). RTO Longevity The maximum tolerable period of a disruption is based on the impact resulting from interruption reaching a threshold, or maximum tolerable level. It may make sense, in many cases, to set an objective for partial or complete recovery. For example, if a team of people is deployed to a temporary location equipped with the resources they need, it may take some time for them to reconcile the information and make other preparations before executing any relevant activity the usual way (Drewitt, 2013, p. 69). In this case, the Recovery Time Objective may be shorter or longer depending on the given circumstances. Business with High Levels of Interdependence Business process interdependence is a characteristic that usually refers to the level to which a business process is self-contained. This means that it does not require any use of other processes. The process interdependence may significantly complicate the outsourcing of the business process as interdependencies among the organizational processes can limit the organization’s ability to separate one process from the others. Interdependencies often appear from the functionality of a certain process, and then determine the amount of enterprise-wide involvement needed to manage the outsourcing relationship (Saxena, 2007, p. 74). A business that involves any type of supply chain has relatively high levels of interdependencies. The production of the product depends on almost all operational groups that function continuously. For example, if the manufacturing became disabled, then the assembly line will also be disabled, test and quality control will be disabled and so on. References Cohen, A. (2015). Fairness in the Workplace: A Global Perspective. New York, NY: Palgrave Macmillan. Web. Drewitt, T. (2013). A practical guide to developing and implementing a business continuity management system . Cambridge, UK: IT Governance Publishing. Web. Engemann, K., & Henderson, D. (2011). Business Continuity and Risk Management: Essentials of Organizational Resilience. Brookfield, CT: Rothstein Associates Inc. Web. Saxena, S. (2007). Business Process Outsourcing for Strategic Advantage . New Delhi, India: Excel Books. Web.

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Write the full essay for the following summary: The text discusses the importance of leadership in management and how it can be applied in the workplace. It highlights the need for leaders to be firm and make quick decisions when needed, while also taking into account the input of their team.

The text discusses the importance of leadership in management and how it can be applied in the workplace. It highlights the need for leaders to be firm and make quick decisions when needed, while also taking into account the input of their team.

Reflection on Leadership in Management Report Table of Contents 1. Introduction 2. Personal reflection on leadership 3. Thinking on your feet: leaders and decision making 4. The question of power: a subtle approach to authority 5. The carrot game: enticing a team into cooperation 6. Conclusion 7. Reference List Introduction Are leaders made or are leaders born? There are those individuals who have the inert qualities that make good leaders; however, when it comes to senior leadership levels that call for a delicacy in decision making and people handling, those who actively comprehend the dynamics of good leadership may stand at an advantage. A good leader not only knows the principles of leadership, but also understands how to effectively apply them (Goleman, 2000). In this course, we have been through readings and reviews trying to analyze all the aspects of leadership in management; right from the basic question of who is a leader. Does being in a position of authority automatically qualify one as a leader? We have studied several principles of leadership at management level: decision making, the use of power, people skills, gender and leadership, forging strong teams, among others (Goleman, 2004). The question then arises whether there are certain principles of leadership that hold reign over the others or are each of these principles equally important; this more so for me as a financial manager in real estate. In my reflection, I will integrate the aspects of the course that have had the greatest impact on me, and give an overall summary of the critical readings assigned for the cause as I interpreted them in relation to my view on leadership. Personal reflection on leadership Leadership has to be done by example, and strong example at that. Though it is important that a manager get along with his subordinates, it is not the paramount objective. What speaks is the end of year financial report that reflects either a profit or loss made. A manager has to be firm, sometimes downright harsh with his employees when they need to be pushed in the right direction. I admire the leadership style of T.J Rodgers, the CEO of Cypress- a semi-conductor manufacturing company in the US. He runs his six hundred million dollar enterprise with a firm hand. He states that why people are in business is to make a profit; it is the leader’s responsibility to ensure that this objective is achieved. Despite the fact that there are those who are not in agreement with his leadership style, he cannot be faulted for not delivering results. His company moves from strength to strength. Thinking on your feet: leaders and decision making In an earlier segment of the paper, it has been identified that leaders are there to make decisions on behalf of their team. As a manager, the decisions to be made range from the simplest-whether to change the date of an appointment- to the more complex that determine profit and loss margins in millions. My experience as a financial manager with a real estate firm has taught me that no matter how big or small the decisions a manager makes, there is always his/her ‘humanness’ involved (Ibarra & Suesse, 1997). What I mean by this is that a manager is not like a machine through which certain data is keyed, and by applying probabilities comes to the best decision. Human decisions are colored by human experiences. In explaining this phenomenon, Hammond, Keeney and Raiffa (2006) refer to the tendency of past experiences and human nature influencing how managers make their decisions as ‘traps’ (pg 119). A trap is set by one being too confident or the opposite-being too cautious, or else relying too much on what transpired in the past to predict future trends. The three authors break down the different kind of traps that a manager can fall into, and give guidelines on how the risk of poor decision making because of these traps can be minimized. The first of these traps, which is one a financial manager in real estate like I could easily fall into, is referred to as the anchoring trap. The authors explain that this is the tendency of the mind to give a lot of importance to the first information received (Pg 120). To give a case in point; if an agent approaches me with a property in a middle class neighborhood, lists its amenities and adds that though it is located in a middle class neighborhood, it goes for a higher price because it has extra yard space and a pool, I will probably work my negotiations from the first figure the agent will mention, no matter if it is higher than what a property is worth in a middle class neighborhood. The authors advise that to overcome this, one should have different perspectives, one should remain open minded, and one should first withhold a personal opinion when consulting with advisors to avoid coloring their advice. Another trap is what the authors term as the ‘sunk-cost’ (pg 123) which entails making bad choices because it is easier to do so than to accept the fact that past choices on which current choices are being based were poor ones. To overcome this, the authors recommend that the manager be willing to admit his mistake and curtail the situation before it spins out of control. Other traps that the authors point out are confirming evidence- a tendency to actively look for information that will confirm perceptions we already have, and letting personal experiences color the way we frame a business question (pg 123). The recommendation given is that managers should always try to stay as objective as possible, first and foremost by acknowledging that these traps exist. Secondly, managers should use others as their sounding board; even if they are not going to act on the second opinion, it helps cast their own perspectives into a clearer light Hammond, Keeney and Raiffa 2006). The question of power: a subtle approach to authority In the introduction of his text, John Kotter states that Americans are afraid of power; this is reflected in the constitution and the American approach to politics (1977). As Kotter explains, a manager cannot do his job in a vacuum-like isolation- there is a complex network of superiors, peers, subordinates, suppliers, and buyers who determine how effectively the manager does his job. This dependence comes with the added difficulty that all these people will not act in a manner that will ease or facilitate the manager’s job. They may at times act to the contrary. As Kotter explains, a good manager is one who limits his/her dependencies, and masters the rest to some extent. This is where the question of power comes in. Kotter acknowledges that there are managers who abuse their positions by applying their authority. However, given the increasingly complex nature of organizations today, it means managers dependency on external factors has increased, and it is up to a manager to apply his/her powers for him/her to be effective. Kotter illustrates several ways in which a manager can gain the power over his subordinates. One way, he says, is by creating a sense of obligation (1997, pg 130). This is done by building genuine friendships with colleagues since in a friendship there is the genuine need to reciprocate. Another way is by instilling into subordinates a confidence in the manager’s ability and capacity to handle the job. When a manager has proved that he is able, there will be lower chances that others will question his decisions. This will earn him a position of authority and power. Kotter recommends that a manager work at being on the same side as his peers, or at least fostering the feeling that this is so. This can be achieved by identifying areas where he/she feels the same as managers, and strengthening this common ground. In case of confrontation or hostility, the other managers will rally round him/her because he/she will be considered one of their own. Kotter gives several other recommendations such as exerting one’s formal authority, utilizing resources at hand and relaying a perceived dependence on a manager that is actually non-existent (pg 132). Kotter winds up by listing the ways in which exerting power can actually be beneficial to a manager, and in turn beneficial to the organization for which the manager works. The carrot game: enticing a team into cooperation While a manager can tell at a glance of a row of columns of figures whether to expect a profit or a loss, when it comes to people, it is not such an easy balance. What I have come to learn as a manager is that the only answer is to treat them as people. At times a manager may forget that those under him are as human as he/she is (Ibarra & Suesse, 1997). This may not be totally intentional; the position may call for distancing from the rest of the employees in an effort to instill respect. The lesson I have learnt is that employees will not respect a manager merely for the title, but rather because of his/her conduct, and ability to deliver (Ibarra & Suesse, 1997). A manager should not only note his/her employees’ attitude toward him/herself, but also towards each other. For one to manage effectively there must always be an awareness of inter-team dynamics because this severely affects the performance of the team. A good manager is one who can inspire cohesiveness and a certain amount of loyalty amongst those who are in his team. It gives each member the feeling of being a part of something, and thus striving to make a worthwhile personal contribution (Ibarra & Suesse, 1997). On this note, the manager should lead by example: he should not favor some members, he should take time to listen to all input with equal gravity, and he should instill in team members respect for one another (Goleman 2004). Conclusion Being a leader is a constant juggling act that calls for one’s full attention and faculties. There is no one tried and tested leadership method that can be said to work perfectly in all situations like Newton’s Law of Gravity. If there was, then this particular course would probably not be necessary. In my opinion, one of the most important characteristics of a good leader is to remain informed. One can only make the best decision if one has the fullest information possible on a situation. Having information means one knows exactly where one stands, and one understands the different dynamics that are involved in determining an outcome (Collins & Porras, 1996). For a leader to be informed, he/she has to keep in touch with those he/she is responsible for. This means the leader must establish clear communication lines. Clear communication is best brought about when there is mutual respect, and where a team member knows that the opinion he/she presents will be given the appropriate level of gravity. A leader must also foster trust in his decision making abilities from those whom he is in charge. There are moments when a great deal rests on a yes or a no, and this can be a weighty responsibility. Good leaders are those who are able to make split second decisions without hesitation (Snowden & Boone, 2007). Being able to make sound judgments of a situation will ensure that team members follow through so that the team effort is successful. How I can summarize the lessons learnt from this course and from my own experience in management is that there is a leadership style for every occasion. What I mean by this is that good leaders are not necessarily those who understand and practice the principles of leadership, but rather those who understand the dynamics of the group they are leading, then apply the necessary principles of leadership in the right measures. That is what makes a great leader. Reference List Cialdini, R (2001). Harnessing the power of persuasion, 72-81, Harvard Business Review. Collins, J, C., and Porras, L (1996). Building Your Company’s Vision, 46-71, Harvard Business Review. Goleman, D (2000). Leadership that gets results, 1-15, Harvard Business Review. Goleman, D (2004). What makes a leader? 1-10, Harvard Business Review. Hammond, J, S., Keeney, R, L., and Raiffa, H (2006). The hidden traps in decision making, 118-126, Harvard Business Review. Ibarra, H., & Suesse, J (1997). Building coalitions, 77-89, Harvard Business Review. Kotter, P (1977). Power, dependence, and effective management. 125-136, Harvard Business Review. Snowden, J, D., and Boone, M, E (2007). A leader’s framework for decision making, 115-126, Harvard Business Review.

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Revert the following summary back into the original essay: The project is aimed at helping refugees at the Miami refugee center, mainly refugees from Iraq and Cuba, to learn computer skills, internet usage and improve their language skills to help them get employment.

The project is aimed at helping refugees at the Miami refugee center, mainly refugees from Iraq and Cuba, to learn computer skills, internet usage and improve their language skills to help them get employment.

Refugees Self-Sufficiency Program in Miami Proposal Essay Project Summary * Refugees self-sufficiency program is an initiative that is aimed at helping refugees at the Miami refugee center, mainly refugees from Iraq and Cuba, to learn computer skills, internet usage and improve their language skills to help them get employment. * The project will involve setting up a refugee IT center at the Miami Refugee Center. * The project will be spearheaded by the Association of University Students (AUS) in collaboration with the UNHCR, local NGO’s and volunteer groups. Project Background * The UNHCR defines a refugee as “Any person who, owing to a well-founded fear of being persecuted for reasons of race, religion, nationality or political opinion, is outside the country of his/her nationality and is unable or, owing to such fear or for reasons other than personal convenience, is unwilling to avail himself/herself for the protection of that country.” (UNHCR, 1985) * The U.S military invasion of Iraq and Fidel Castro’s reign in Cuba resulted in Thousands of Iraqi and Cuban refugees being resettled in the U.S. * Due to their race, language barriers lacks adequate computer knowledge and discrimination. The refuge has been unable to secure employment and adapt to the U.S culture. Statement of the Problem * The U.S lacks a national policy on refugee integration, limited and timely assistance is given to refugees to help them with their immediate needs. There are no policies to cater to long-term refugee integration (Dwyer, 2010). * The refugees are usually victims of war and political discrimination. Most of them are unskilled in modern life practices and lack formal education. They face cultural adjustment problems and are unable to get formal employment due to their lack of formal education and language barriers. * Refugees face rejection and hostilities from the Native Americans who are not open to foreign cultures and are rigid about foreign-born populations (Mayadas, 2005). They are discriminated against, oppressed, and denied employment opportunities due to their races, religion, and types of dressing. * Refugee children, especially girls, face negligence and sexual harassment and are at risk of contracting STI’s and HIV/AIDS. They are also vulnerable to abuse through forced child labor in homesteads as house-helps. (Schmidt, 2004) Project Objectives * To help refugees gain adequate computer skills and learn proper English. * To help refugees get employment. * Protect and advocate for refugees in the case of discrimination. Project Methodology Integrating occupational information and computer technology To address the issues of unemployment due to the language barrier, lack of computer skills, and knowledge of places to get jobs, the project is set to implement the following measures: * An IT center is to be set up in the refugee camp. This will entail renting a hall in the camp vicinity of at least 20 square feet. * The second step will involve the acquisition of 10 computers with minimum internet connectivity requirements from IBM Computers (My. Storman, 2012) and setting up a LAN. * The computers will be pre-installed with Microsoft Office packages, and the latest Windows Operating System as these are used by most institutions and workplaces. * Once the LAN is set up and connected to the internet, the computers will be bookmarked by the internet for job vacancies and automatic alerts on information on available jobs. * Career search engines will be bookmarked and set as home pages for the IT Center computers. * The AUS will mobilize and provide student volunteers with IT skills those taking Linguistics to provide services at the IT center. This will be an opportunity for students to gain experience in community development as an internship. * The volunteers will guide and teach the refugees computer and internet skills and how to navigate the career search engines. * A semi-commercial sized printer will be installed at the center for the printing of refugees’ CV and job application documents. * Daytime and evening classes will be offered at the IT center for the refugees at a subsidized fee. Those unable to meet the fees will have free lessons and be required to pay back once they get jobs. Exemplary nature of the project * Computers will have pre-installed typing programs such as Mavis-beacon and programs that teach basic typing and use of computers to improve their typing skills and speed. * Linguistics student volunteers from AUS and other volunteers will be on-site to help the refugees improve their English and communication skills. * A website that may help refugees improve their English skills will also be subscribed to use with them. * The project will work in partnership with Human Rights Activist groups that will advocate for the refugees in cases of discrimination. The project will seek cooperation with other umbrella bodies advocating for refugees such as the UNHCR (UNHCR, 2013) and Young Humanitarians Advocating for Refugees Worldwide (Walker, 2011) and key players in the Entertainment industry. The project will approach the entertainment industry Icons to be ambassadors of the project to change the American’s perspective of refugees. * The UNHCR and participating local NGOs will take charge of making the applications for jobs for the refugees once they identify the jobs for which they are qualified. * UNHCR and the local NGO’s that will include human rights activist groups will be responsible for calling the employers on behalf of the refugees whenever cases of discrimination will come to focus. Project costs Activity Cost Hall rent $1,000.00 Computer purchase $5,000.00 LAN set up $500.00 MS Office installation $250.00 Printer purchase $500.00 Total $7,250.00 Timeline The time required for this project to be effective is outlined below. Activity Type The time required for completion Search for rental hall Two weeks Purchase and Installation of computers One month Setting up a LAN Two weeks Recruitment of IT volunteers Four weeks Total time Three months Limitations of the project * Student volunteers and other volunteer groups may not abide by the program for a long duration. * It may be difficult to find a suitable hall within the center’s neighborhoods. * Repair and maintenance of the computers may be a bit expensive to manage since the refugees will only pay a small fee. Similar projects There are numerous programs in place that help the refugees earn a living, these include: Charity programs: The American Refugee Committee (ARC) is a charity organization that sources funding to help refugees (American Refugee Committee, 2011). This program, however, does not encourage self-sufficiency on the part of refugees. The USRP Approach: This program emphasizes on the government employing refugee early to grant them economic sufficiency. This program has a limitation; it encourages refugees to be government depended. References Andy. (2012). Computer Hardware & Internet Connection Requirements . Web. ARC, A. R. (2011). American Refugee Committee. Minneapolis. Dwyer, T. (2010). Refugee Integration in The United States: Challenges and opportunities. Church World Service. Mayadas, U. A. (2005). Assessment of Issues Facing Immigrants and Refugee Families. New York: Columbia University Press. Schmidt, S. (2004). Separated Refugee Children in the United States: Challenges and Opportunities. Washington DC: BRidging Refugee Youths and Children’s services. UNHCR. (2013). What We Do . Web. UNHCR, U. N. (1985). The State of the World’s Refugees in Search for Solutions. New York: Oxford Universty Press. Walker, C. (2011, August 6). Young Humanitarians Advocating For Refugees Worldwide. Web.

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Write an essay about: In this paper, we sought to answer three questions about the effects of regional conflicts on the Dubai financial market.We found out that regional conflicts do not have a positive effect on the financial market. We also established that the Dubai financial market is mostly insulated from the effects of regional conflicts because it has demonstrated unparalleled resilience amid a turbulent political and economic environment in the Middle East. However, market volatilities have also affected some aspects of their growth.

In this paper, we sought to answer three questions about the effects of regional conflicts on the Dubai financial market. We found out that regional conflicts do not have a positive effect on the financial market. We also established that the Dubai financial market is mostly insulated from the effects of regional conflicts because it has demonstrated unparalleled resilience amid a turbulent political and economic environment in the Middle East. However, market volatilities have also affected some aspects of their growth.

Regional Conflicts and Dubai Financial Markets Dissertation Executive Summary In this paper, we sought to answer three questions about the effects of regional conflicts on the Dubai financial market. In the first question, we investigated if regional conflicts have a positive effect on the financial market. The purpose of this investigation was to find out if the market responds well to tensions, as alluded to by some researchers who have highlighted the positive effects of conflict on some financial markets. In the second question, we sought to find out the major drivers of conflicts in the financial market. In the last question, we investigated if regional conflicts have the same effect on different segments of the financial market. Based on a review of expert opinions about the research questions, we found out that regional conflicts do not have a positive effect on the Dubai financial market. From the same source of information, we also established that the Dubai financial market is mostly insulated from the effects of regional conflicts because it has demonstrated unparalleled resilience amid a turbulent political and economic environment in the Middle East. However, market volatilities have also affected some aspects of their growth. Based on these findings, we deduce that, at best, regional conflicts have a neutral effect on the Dubai financial market; at worst, it has a mixed effect on the financial market. We also demonstrate that conflicts affect most financial markets because they lead to the suppression of economic growth, loss of financial reserves, and the weakening of the financial system. However, a contextual assessment of the effects of conflict on the Dubai financial market has revealed that this market is unique because it has strong economic fundamentals and a stable political, economic, and social system that reassures investors about the security of their assets and investments during conflicts. Introduction Researchers have made widespread attempts to understand the causes and effects of war and conflicts in human societies. Their motivation to do so is to help societies quantify the effects of such events on human societal development (Center for Interdisciplinary Research on Social Stress 49). The failure to do so would often contribute to the mollifying rhetoric that some political leaders often use to fan conflict without properly understanding how they would affect different aspects of social, political, and economic development (Guo 25-27). While many historians have documented numerous incidents where leaders have tried to downplay the effects of conflict on human societies (Guo 25-27), economic experts have failed to provide accurate forecasts of the effects of conflicts on different economic sectors. Observers have also failed to highlight the problems associated with using faulty economic forecasts to inform economic policy decisions or influence investment decisions. This is particularly so in the Middle East, where conflict has ravaged many economies and created more havoc in others, including some western countries which share economic ties to the Middle East. These weaknesses have created a significant gap in the literature that has failed to provide an accurate and contextual understanding of the effects of conflict on different aspects of economic development. This paper seeks to fill this research gap through fundamental analysis of the effects of regional conflicts in the Dubai Financial Market. However, before delving into the details of this analysis, we first provide a detailed analysis of the market in the section below Background There are many financial markets in the United Arab Emirates. The Dubai Financial market (DFM) is one of the three. The others are the Abu Dhabi securities exchange market and NASDAQ Dubai (Fathy 4). The securities and exchange commission often regulate the activities of these financial markets, except for NASDAQ, which ascribes to the principles of international financial exchange practices (Social Science Research Network 2). It is also one of two financial markets in the Emirate. Founded in 2000 as a government-owned company, the DFM has grown in value and scope (Fathy 4). In 2006, it had its initial public offering (IPO) (Social Science Research Network 4). So far, there are more than 60 companies listed on the DFM, but the number continues to rise annually as companies apply for enlistment every year. Most of the countries listed in this financial market are UAE-based. Others are mostly from other gulf countries. Some of the main companies operating in this market are Ajman Bank (AJMANBANK), Tamweel (TAMWEEL), Dubai Investments Company (DIC), SHUAA Capital (SHUAA), Arab Insurance Group (ARIG), National General Insurance (NGI), Emaar Properties (EMAAR), Union Properties (UPP), Gulf Navigation Holding (GULFNAV), National Cement Company (NCC) and United Foods Company (UFC). (Social Science Research Network 4) The UAE law only allows foreign investors to own up to 49% of companies listed on the DFM (Bhavani 163-164). This is why most of the companies listed on the market are local. However, some researchers say specific companies listed on the DFM allow foreign ownership percentages to be higher than the stipulated 49% (Chamut 9). The DFM has many economic sectors that include “Real Estate, Banking, Insurance, Financial and Investment Services, Transportation, Consumer Staples, Services, and Telecommunication” (Bhavani 164). The pie chart below shows the sector analysis of the stock value traded on DFM in 2015. Figure 1: Value traded on the Dubai financial market, according to different economic sectors in 2015, (Source: Chamut 17) Ownership Profile The Dubai financial market has a mixed ownership structure. For example, there are institutional and retail investors who hold different percentages of ownership as profiled below Figure 2: Ownership profile of investors in the Dubai financial market. (Source: Chamut 17) Owing to unique laws that prefer UAE owners to have a majority shareholding in companies that trade in the Dubai Financial market, UAE-owned institutions and investors have the greatest ownership percentage in the DFM, which is 83.3% (Chamut 17). The citizenry of other investors is Arab, GCC, and others. The chart below provides a comprehensive profile of ownership by citizenry category Figure 3: Ownership profile of investors in the Dubai financial market. (Source: Chamut 17) The Dubai financial market is an important indicator of the economic performance of the UAE and the wider Middle East region. Indeed, According to the Social Science Research Network (2-3), the economic growth of the UAE has mostly come from developments in the Dubai financial market. Financial markets and their intermediaries often use information from market developments to make policy decisions and define investment choices. Such activities often attract transaction costs and information costs. Using this information, financial markets and their intermediaries have helped to carry out different financial functions that have led to the growth of the UAE’s economy in the past decades (Social Science Research Network 3). Some of the most basic functions include the mobilization of savings, effective allocation of resources, exertion of corporate control, facilitation of risk management, and the improvement of the ease of trading goods and services (Social Science Research Network 5). They outline different functions of growth for the UAE. The most common and basic functions are technological innovation and capital accumulation. The diagram below shows this channel of economic growth Figure 4: How the Dubai financial market influences economic growth in the UAE. (Source: Social Science Research Network 6) Different empirical and theoretical literature has highlighted the importance of the Dubai financial exchange market by showing that financial markets often have a long-term effect on national economies (Bray 1). The value of shares traded in the Dubai financial market helps us to have a proper understanding of the impact of the market on the country’s economic performance because a high stock value would mean that the financial market would have a strong impact on the country’s economy. Similarly, a weak value of stock prices would imply a weaker impact on the economy (Simeunovic 1). By focusing on the impact of the Dubai financial market on the UAE’s economic performance, the Social Science Research Network says, “The stock market of Dubai suggests that it has a great impact on the economy of Dubai. The impact of the global recession did have some impact on the economy of Dubai, but with the revival in domestic demand, there has been a revival in the economy of Dubai” (5). Based on the above statement, it is difficult to ignore the role of the Dubai financial market in the economy of the UAE and the wider Middle East region. Research Problem Although researchers say there are no perfect markets, different factors determine their efficiency. The most important ones are political and social upheavals because they upset investor confidence in the economy. Indeed, researchers have highlighted different cases of countries that have been affected by conflict and social unrest (Bray 1). Most of these researchers have tried to quantify the effects of these conflicts on economies by analyzing the effects of different types of conflicts on different aspects of economic performance. The common areas of analysis have included an understanding of the effects of economies on the Gross domestic product (GDP), effects of conflicts on unemployment levels, effects of conflict on the balance of trade, and such as metrics of economic performance (Bray 1; Simeunovic 1). For example, numerous studies have analyzed the relationship between the 1987 stock market crash and the market volatilities of the time (Social Science Research Network 7). Few studies have investigated the impact of conflict on financial markets. Even fewer studies have focused on comprehending the effects of conflict on the Middle East and more particularly the UAE, which has steered clear of some of the most common conflicts in the region, such as the 2011 Arab Spring. This gap in the literature exists because many researchers have focused on explaining how conflicts affect the financial performance of major western economies, such as the United Kingdom and the United States (US) while neglecting developing countries. Therefore, there are few contextual studies to explain how conflicts affect economies with unique social, political, and economic dynamics, such as the UAE. This paper analyzes the impact of regional conflicts on the Dubai financial market, as a gateway investment market for international businesspersons who want to invest in the Middle East. For purposes of this study, we only focus on the financial and investment sectors (Banking, Finance, Investment Services, and Insurance) of the Dubai financial market. Research Questions 1. Do regional conflicts have a positive impact on the Dubai capital market? 2. What are the major drivers of such an effect? 3. Is there a similar effect through the various segments of the market? Significance of Research The findings of this paper would help us to understand the impact of the economic policies of the UAE on its financial markets and the overall growth of the country’s economy and the wider Middle East region as well. Using the information we derive from this paper, investors would be in a better position of making wise business choices about their Middle East ventures. This benefit arises from the fact that the Dubai financial market is an important investment driver for local and international companies to raise capital for their operations. Since the UAE has a model economic framework for the Middle East economy, the findings of this study would also be useful in understanding the economic growth and the direction that Middle East economies are following in today’s globalized market. Similarly, the findings of this study would be instrumental in understanding the measure of risk and market volatilities in the financial market (a measure that investors and portfolio managers often seek when making investment decisions about different kinds of securities and when advising their clients about the best business decisions to make). Lastly, the findings of this study would be useful in adding to the growing body of literature surrounding the impact of conflicts on capital markets and the wider financial industry. More importantly, they would help to provide a contextual analysis of the impact of conflicts on the UAE, and by extension, Middle East economies. Structure of the Paper Comprehensively, this paper has six chapters. The first chapter provides an overview of the study and sets the stage for the research. The second chapter reviews existing literature about the research issue. Mainly, it provides us with adequate insight regarding what other researchers have written about the research issue and highlights the gap in the literature that justifies the purpose for undertaking this research. The third chapter is the methodology section. It outlines the different strategies used by the researcher to gather data, analyze it, and provide reliable conclusions. The next chapter is the fourth chapter of the study and it outlines the findings of the paper. The fifth chapter provides a discussion of the same findings, while the last chapter provides a conclusion summarizing the main findings of the study. Results According to chapter 3 of this paper, the data collection method adopted a triangulation technique, which allowed the researcher to get data from three sources of information – secondary data, expert findings, and event methodology. The results of these data collection methods appear below Secondary Literature Review Findings Researchers have given different views about the influence of regional conflicts on financial markets. Those who have focused their analysis on the Dubai financial market have not shied away from highlighting the negative impact of conflict on the market. For example, Chamut (10) said there has been a slowdown of DFM exchange in the past decade because of regional instability and low oil prices. These events have caused significant declines in the trading volumes at the DFM. The graph below provides an overview of the trade values of DFM from 2003-2015. Figure 5: Trade value of DFM from 2003-2015. (Source: Chamut 10) Many reasons explain the variations in the above trading volumes. The market reported the lowest trading volumes in 2011 when the Middle East region was experiencing political and economic uncertainty because of the Arab Spring. There was also a significant drop in trading volumes between 2014 and 2015 because of uncertainties in the energy sector, which is a significant contributor of value to the UAE’s GDP. Although the above findings insinuate that regional conflicts would have an outright negative effect on the Dubai financial markets, some researchers have had different views regarding the same issue by saying the effects of regional conflicts on the Dubai financial market are mixed (Yousuf 1; Chamut 10). For example, Chamut (10) says the effects of the 2011 Arab Spring on the Dubai financial market were unclear and questionable. Yousuf (1) and Simeunovic (1) provided a different view of the same debate and said that regional conflicts diminish the confidence of investors in local and regional markets. They attribute this factor (confidence in markets) to be the main currency for understanding the effects of regional conflicts on financial markets (Yousuf 1; Simeunovic 1). Some secondary literature has highlighted the unique role of the Dubai financial market in the Middle East because they portray the market as having a lot of significance in the region. After all, it is the business capital of the Middle East (Social Science Research Network 2-3). They have also pointed out that the Emirate is among the fastest-growing regions in the Middle East (Social Science Research Network 2-3). Research studies that have pursued the same line of reasoning have presented Dubai as the melting point of East and West cultures (Bazoobandi 99-100). They also paint the region as a unique infrastructural hub of the Middle East and an important trading hub for commodities and precious metals, especially gold and diamond (Bazoobandi 57-60). Researchers who have chosen to use Dubai’s background to analyze their views about the effects of conflict on the Dubai financial market have often argued that Dubai is an important market to study and a resilient economy in the Middle East (Yousuf 1; Simeunovic 1). Indeed, many works of literature have also alluded to the fact that the UAE is a unique country that requires special consideration when evaluating the impact of conflicts on its financial markets (Social Science Research Network 2-3). Comprehensively, the strategic importance of the UAE in bridging the economic policies of the east and west emerged as a significant theme in this analysis. For example, Bazoobandi (99-100) said that since the UAE discovered oil in the 1970s, the country has had a good relationship with lenders who believe that the country is in a position to pay its debts. However, with the growing realization that oil will no longer power UAE’s economic growth in the future, Dubai is losing the trust of debt investors faster than its peers in the Middle East, except Iraq (Bazoobandi 99-100). Relative to this finding, Chamut (13) says the cost of insuring Emirati bonds has increased to 166 basis points. Credit-default swaps have gained 31 basis points, compared to Iraq, which has gained 96 basis points because of conflicts and political upheavals affecting the country. Many researchers have pointed out that the Political upheavals in Iraq, the conflict in Syria and the violence in the Gaza strip have worsened the economic prospects of the UAE, which is continuing to pour resources into its construction and tourism industries as strategies of securing its position as the economic hub of the Middle East (Oxford Business Group 79). The Syrian crisis emerges as a more intriguing conflict in this analysis because it is ongoing. It has also shown us how upheavals in the Middle East could affect financial markets in the region. Compared to its Middle East neighbors, the Dubai Financial market tumbled amid fears of a US military strike on Syria after the United Nations determined that the Syrian Government used chemical weapons on its people. Before the fears emerged, the Dubai financial market was up 60%, while Kuwait’s stock was up 30%, and Oman and Qatar were up 20% (Yousuf 1). The conflict saw the Dubai financial market tumble by several points after international fears spread amid growing prospects that the US could strike Syria. According to Yousuf (1), the stocks fell by 7% on 27 August 2013, making it the worst-performing stocks at the time. The stocks further fell by 1% after fears spread that Iran (a neighbor) could join the war. The slump in Dubai’s financial market was the most dramatic of the three Middle Eastern countries mentioned above. Yousuf explains this outcome by saying “the possibility of a strike on Syria is the biggest threat to the geopolitical landscape and global markets since the outbreak of the Arab Spring in January 2011” (7). Broadly, researchers who have used empirical results to explain the effects of conflict on Middle East financial markets have often argued that regional conflicts affect the Dubai financial market in the short-run (Oxford Business Group 79). Usually, this is within the first few minutes of receiving the news, but they achieve stability after a while. Researchers who affirm this view have mostly focused their studies on the interest rate market and the financial exchange market (Bazoobandi 99). Studies that further delve deeper into understanding the same market phenomenon on the money market segment have said that regional conflicts do not have a strong effect on bond prices in the days following the outbreak of a conflict (Social Science Research Network 2-3). Proponents of this point of view argue that conflicts affect some aspects of the financial market while having negligible effects on others (Oxford Business Group 79). Key areas of analysis are the commodities exchange markets, financial exchange markets, derivative markets, future markets, and insurance markets (Social Science Research Network 3). Other key issues of analysis are the effects of speculation on financial market performance and the role of government in quelling investor fears during conflicts (Oxford Business Group 79). The findings of a joint study by the Federal Open Market Committee and Alsharairi (750-751) found that market volatilities significantly influenced stock levels in Dubai. Their findings also document that the reaction of the stock market towards positive news was greater and more profound than the market’s reaction to negative news (conflicts and wars) (Alsharairi 750-751). A different paper that investigated the relationship between stock market returns and market volatilities, created by conflict, found that both variables shared a positive relationship (Simeunovic 1). Nonetheless, the statistical significance of this relationship was low. However, the findings of the Federal open market committee established that there is a significant relationship between stock market volatilities and global conflicts (Alsharairi 750-751). An analysis of stock market volatilities among six emerging markets in the late 1980s revealed that there were significant changes in volatility during periods of conflict (Simeunovic 1). The stock markets that were studied in this research included Argentina, Greece, India, Mexico, Thailand, and Zimbabwe. The researchers found that although market volatilities were uniform, they were subject to individual market factors, such as the state of the economy and the nature of the economy (Simeunovic 1). Using the bivariate GARCH model, Alsharairi (750-751) also studied the same phenomenon in Dubai and Saudi Arabia and found that volatility spillovers from conflicts affected the output growth of stock markets in the selected countries. Comprehensively, many studies have provided abstract insights regarding the influence of conflicts on market volatilities. However, we encountered a few studies that specifically evaluated the impact of conflict on the Dubai financial market. This significant gap in literature partly emerged in the literature review section of this paper, but it was more profound in this analysis of secondary review findings. This secondary literature review findings also brought to our attention the importance of understanding the impact of conflict on specific tenets of the Dubai financial market because different works of literature highlighted mixed findings of the same relationship (based on the nature of the economy under study and the market subsets involved). This secondary literature review findings also brought to our attention the need to evaluate the Dubai financial market as a unique Middle Eastern market, especially considering the prevalent views of different works of literature, which have tried to portray the uniqueness and centrality of the UAE market to the economic growth of the Middle East. These insights informed the formulation of the interview protocol that the researcher used to interview the experts. The aim of doing so was to fill gaps in the literature provided by this secondary literature review findings. The findings of the expert interviews appear below. Expert Findings As mentioned in chapter 3 of this paper (research methodology), the researcher used semi-structured questionnaires to get the views of industry experts about the three research questions on this paper. The first one strived to understand whether regional conflicts have a positive impact on Dubai financial markets. The second one strived to find out the major drivers of such effects, and the third one sought to explain whether there is a similar effect throughout the various market segments. Based on these questions, the researcher developed a semi-structured interview that had four main parts. The first part sought to understand the effect of regional conflicts on the Dubai Financial market. The second part sought to understand the major influences of conflict on the Dubai financial market. The third part sought the respondents’ views regarding the effects of regional conflicts on various market segments, while the last part similarly sought their views on any other issue on the research focus. Using the snowball technique, we recruited several research participants, who worked in different fields of investment and economic development. Comprehensively, we recruited 11 professionals who worked in different sectors of the financial industry. Two of them were portfolio managers based in Abu Dhabi. Three of them were senior managers at an Oman-based investment company, while five of them were Dubai-based credit analysts. Lastly, one of them was a Chief Economist for the Dubai Department of Economic Development. The responses that the researcher received from them appear below. What are the effects of regional conflicts on the Dubai Financial market? In this first part of the questionnaire, the researcher asked the respondents two questions – What are the general Effects of Conflicts on Markets? How do you believe conflicts would affect Dubai’s capital market performance? Question 1: What are the general Effects of Conflicts on Markets? Response from the Chief Economist for the Dubai Department of Economic Development This respondent argued that conflicts would hurt financial markets because they are often sensitive to political and economic discord in a society, or region. This respondent drew the researcher’s attention to the fact that most developed countries are experiencing stagnated or diminished returns. Therefore, many of them are looking to invest in emerging markets because they offer the greatest returns for their investments. However, he also mentioned that some emerging markets could quickly become bad investment choices because of conflict. Therefore, he demonstrated the need for all investors to make careful decisions when choosing to invest in emerging markets because of their susceptibility to conflicts. Response from the Senior Manager at Oman Investments The senior managers at Oman investments said that conflicts hurt financial markets because they erode investor confidence. These respondents said that global conflict was the number one risk factor for investors because it dramatically increased investment uncertainty in the market. For example, one of them said the biggest concern among investors was the failure to understand how long conflict would last. Similarly, his colleague mentioned the difficulty associated with quantifying the effects of such conflicts on financial markets. Response from Abu Dhabi-based Portfolio Managers The portfolio managers said that conflicts generally hurt financial markets. One of them reiterated that it is difficult to find a thriving market in a region characterized by periodic conflicts. Response from Dubai-based Credit Analysts This group of respondents said that conflict exerted negative pressure on financial market growth in Dubai and many Middle Eastern markets. Their views were mostly wired towards using a credit-management perspective to answer the research question. Understandably, based on their profession, the respondents said free credit flow mostly influenced the financial market by providing free credit flow to investors. Therefore, the lack of funds affected the capital market negatively. The opposite was true because increased credit flows affected financial markets positively. Conflict eroded the creditworthiness of countries and made it difficult for investors to access funds that they would use in conflicts. In this regard, the respondents said that conflicts negatively affected the Dubai financial market and other financial markets around the world. Question 2: How do you believe conflicts would affect Dubai’s capital market performance? Response from Senior Managers at Oman Investments When the researcher asked these respondents to give their views about the effects of regional conflicts on the DFM, they repeated that conflicts would hurt the DFM. However, one of the respondents said that such conflicts would have varied effects on the performance of different financial subsectors, depending on the nature and type of conflict. Response from Abu Dhabi-based Portfolio Managers These respondents believed that regional conflicts had an insignificant effect on the financial performance of the Dubai Financial Market. However, they acknowledged that, generally, such conflicts would affect markets. One of them said, “Dubai is a little different though. When looking at the financial performance of Dubai, you have to be contextual because of its unique social, political, and economic characteristics.” He said that Dubai continues to maintain the image of a “safe-haven” for international investors who want to do business in the Middle East. He also believed that some of the studies showing concern for the market amid Middle East conflicts were overdone. In one statement, he said, “Take the Syrian conflict, for example; some investors used the fears arising from the possibility of a US-led strike on the country as an excuse to withdraw their money from the market. They would have done so regardless…. so it does not matter.” The respondents also said that the Dubai financial market is among the most resilient in the Middle East. Furthermore, they said, in the last couple of years, they have observed strong retail participation in the Dubai market in the past years when most Arab countries suffered the effects of the Arab Spring. He also said there was a lot of activity on small caps and high beta names, despite the increased pessimism by some investors who believe the UAE could suffer negative economic outcomes in the wake of ongoing conflicts in the Middle East, such as the Syrian conflict. However, they did not rubbish the fact that the Dubai financial market could remain volatile in the short-term, from the ongoing conflicts in the Middle East. Response from Dubai-based Credit Analysts When asked to give their views about the effects of regional conflicts on the Dubai financial markets, the respondents affirmed the views of the Senior Managers at Oman-based securities who said the UAE was a unique country because of its unique social, political, and economic dynamics. In this regard, the conflict would not have serious effects on the Dubai financial market. Two respondents highlighted the role of leadership in creating this resilience. For example, one respondent said the ruling family in the UAE does not necessarily derive its power from fear and brutality, as is synonymous with other leaders in the Middle East. He also added that the regime has a small history of political activism, but because the country has provided a good investment climate for local and international investors, it has developed a good name for itself among the citizens. Another respondent added that although some Emiratis may dislike their rulers, they are not entirely convinced that they should go. The respondents also believed that the UAE is a unique market because, unlike other Middle East governments, the Abu Dhabi-based government has done a lot for its people. Therefore, logically, people would often think that they live a better life, compared to their counterparts in the Middle East. Therefore, the kind of government that offers them this life is inconsequential. Consequently, the possibility that Emiratis would engage in protests, like other Arab countries, is minimal. One respondent was more concerned about exploiting the effects of conflict on the Dubai financial market through the lens of the credit market. He drew a link between the relationship of the Dubai financial market and regional conflicts by saying that political upheavals in the Middle East and the cost of debt insurance were likely to affect the access of investors to the financial market. He further drew our attention to the fact that the Dubai financial market is a product of the activities of major corporations, such as the Investment Corporation of Dubai, DP World Ltd, and Majid Al Futtaim who have raised a lot of money through bonds in the past few years. Response from the Chief Economist of the Dubai Department of Economic Development This respondent said that the effects of conflict on the Dubai financial market are most likely to be temporary, as opposed to permanent, especially because such fears are uncommon today, compared to the past. Relative to this observation, he believes that the country’s GDP will probably increase by 5% this year on the back of strong economic fundamentals. As regards stock market values, he believes they would soon rise again after investors start to see the positive effects of the country’s strong economic fundamentals in the wake of regional fears about the influence of ISIS and other uncertain political conflicts that would directly, or indirectly, affect the Dubai financial market. To paint a more accurate picture of the effects of the credit market on the performance of the country’s financial market, he says that the movements in CDC values mostly reflect the desire of international investors to protect their investments from conflict (particularly those of Syria and Iraq). Nonetheless, he generally says the conflict in the Middle East is bound to affect the views of investors towards the entire economic performance of the region and not just Dubai. When asked to give his views regarding the uniqueness of the UAE and the Dubai financial market in the face of an unstable political environment, the respondent concurred with his peers who believed that the UAE’s social, political and economic dynamics insulated it from some of the adverse outcomes that have affected other Middle Eastern countries. He added, “ You see, the UAE has a unique type of democracy that works well for its citizens. In as much as it may look top-down, it is open and inclusive because the UAE rulers are often open to hearing the views of the Emiratis.” Using the above assertion, he affirmed the views of respondents who believed the UAE was a unique market that required further analysis into how it can remain resilient in the face of an uncertain political environment. Question 3: What Impact would Conflicts have on Commodity Prices in the Dubai Financial Market Response from the Chief Economist of the Dubai Department of Economic Development When asked to state how conflicts would affect commodity prices on the Dubai stock exchange, this respondent said that commodity prices would be negatively affected. He justified this statement by saying unrest would limit the supply of resources that firms would need to produce goods and services, thereby increasing the cost of commodity prices. He also pointed out that our main point of analysis should be “access” because conflicts limit an economy’s access to factors of production. Responses from Dubai-based Credit Analysts This group of respondents affirmed the views of the above respondent because its members said conflicts limit the access of a country’s economy to the materials they would need to function. When asked to provide more details about this assertion, they said the biggest concern created by conflict was the creation of uncertainty about the future availability of commodities, thereby increasing their prices. Indeed, as supply shortages bite, people are bound to pay more for the available products and services. Responses from Abu Dhabi-based Portfolio Managers This group of respondents said that conflicts would lead to thinning trade volumes in the Dubai financial market because of an increase in commodity prices, which would be the direct result of conflicts. When asked to give an example, the respondent said the most important commodity price to look out for in the Dubai financial market was the price of oil, which would easily affect trading volumes in the market. Relative to this view, one of them said, “This year is potentially going to be a difficult year for many brokerage firms in the Dubai financial market because of low oil prices, which have led to low trading volumes.” In this regard, the respondents said the stability of oil prices would play a significant role in influencing the stability of the Dubai financial market. When asked to give their views about the effects of the money market on the price of gold, they argued that conflicts have a substantially weaker effect on the commodity as opposed to oil, or treasury notes. One of the respondents further clarified that regional conflicts in the Middle East have not generated considerable “fear” among investors to move towards “safe” or liquid assets. Responses from the Senior Manager at Oman Investments When asked to explain how conflicts affect commodity prices in the Dubai financial market, this group of respondents said that conflicts increased the value of gold and precious metals, as businesspersons look for “safe” investments that would not be easily affected by uncertain market conditions. They particularly pointed out that the price of gold would increase during times of conflict because many investors would be looking to secure their investments by buying gold. One of the respondents affirmed the role of gold in influencing market activities at the Dubai financial market by saying businesspersons trade more than 20% of the world’s gold in the Emirate. He further pointed out that the gold traded in Dubai is worth more than $70 billion. Question 4: What Impact would Conflicts have on Money Markets in Dubai? Response from the Chief Economist of the Dubai Department of Economic Development According to this respondent, the war would increase activity in the money market because it intensifies spending and borrowing patterns. Particularly, governments increase their borrowing ceilings during war periods to finance wars. One of the respondents also pointed out that there is always an upswing of “war bonds” during conflicts because governments often offer such securities to finance their wars. Responses from Dubai-based Credit Analysts According to this group of respondents, conflicts may cause a lot of vibrancy in the money markets as countries work to pay for conflicts, or to pay for wars. One respondent pointed out that deficit financing and printing of more money could be direct outcomes of conflicts. Responses from Abu Dhabi-based Portfolio Managers One of the respondents was quick to point out that war risks would hurt the money markets in most countries. He gave the example of the US money market, which had significant movements in financial variables three months after the Iraqi invasion. Responses from the Senior Manager at Oman Investments One of the respondents said that regional conflicts would harm treasury yields and the Dirham. He further clarified that this outcome would suffice from the fact that most investors would see the prospect of war, or conflict, as having a downward pressure on the UAE economy. This would mean that it would not have a risk on the investor’s risk preferences. These assertions stem from the fact that these outcomes would be a consequence of the effects of war risk, as opposed to the real causes of conflict. Question 5: What Impact would Conflicts have on the derivatives market in Dubai? Response from the Chief Economist of the Dubai Department of Economic Development This respondent said that he could not correctly predict the influence of regional conflicts on the derivative market. When asked to explain why this is so, he said the derivative market is highly unregulated and impossible to correctly predict how it would be affected by volatilities in the financial market. Responses from Dubai-based Credit Analysts This respondent believed that the influence of conflict on the derivative market would be the same as the influence of speculative activities on the financial market. When asked to provide a more definitive response, the respondent said regional conflicts would have a positive effect on the derivatives market. Responses from Abu Dhabi-based Portfolio Managers This group of respondents said that the effects of regional conflicts on the derivative market would depend on the nature of the market. One of the respondents said over the counter interdealer markets would benefit from conflicts because speculative activities would lead to high demand for derivatives. Comparatively, they said future markets would not have significant movements because of regional conflicts. Responses from the Senior Manager at Oman Investments This group of respondents said that regional conflicts could have a negative or positive influence on the Dubai financial market, depending on the nature of the conflict. Question 6: What Impact Would Conflicts have on Future Markets in Dubai? Response from the Chief Economist of the Dubai Department of Economic Development This respondent said that the future market was a subset of the derivative market and since he could not provide a definitive answer regarding the influence of regional conflicts on the derivatives market, he could not do the same in the futures market. Responses from Dubai-based Credit Analysts This group of respondents said that regional conflicts could cause equilibrium future prices to go either above or below the expected future price. In this regard, they believed that regional conflicts would have a mixed effect on the futures market of the Dubai financial market. Responses from Abu Dhabi-based Portfolio Managers According to the portfolio managers, the futures market would benefit from regional conflicts because traders would want to hedge their risks in this market during times of conflict. One of the respondents said he knows of a large institutional investor that prefers to engage in the futures market as a risk-management process. Therefore, whenever there is a heightened risk profile, there is likely to be increased activities in the futures market, as traders rush to protect themselves of heightened risks. Responses from the Senior Manager at Oman Investments This group of respondents was unsure about the question and its relation to the performance of the Dubai financial market. They believed the same response they gave on the influence of regional conflicts on the derivatives market would apply to this question as well. Furthermore, they said the futures market is a relatively underdeveloped area of the financial sector and experts could not fully provide an accurate prediction of how regional conflicts would affect it. Question 7: What Impact would Conflicts have on Insurance Markets in Dubai Response from the Chief Economist of the Dubai Department of Economic Development According to this respondent, conflicts have a knockdown effect on insurance markets. Particularly, he drew the researcher’s attention to terrorism insurance because he believed it suffered the greatest volatilities during the conflict. To clarify this issue, he said , “The rise of ISIS in certain parts of Syria and Iraq has had a significant impact on the insurance market because observers are not sure whether both countries would survive under the scathing attacks.” Based on such assertions, this respondent believed that conflicts would harm the insurance market. Responses from Dubai-based Credit Analysts This group of respondents said that regional conflicts harm the insurance market because underwriters are often cautious to insure risks that emanate from regional conflicts. When asked to be more specific about what the market would be cautious about, the respondent added that many insurance companies would be worried about line sizes. Responses from Abu Dhabi-based Portfolio Managers One respondent in this group of professionals said that he has had a lot of experience in the insurance sector and more so during conflicts. He said that the insurance market is often wary to ensure risks during times of conflict. The pricing often reflects this fear because insurance prices skyrocket during conflicts. They also said the same outcome would suffice when there are heightened political tensions. Another respondent seconded this assertion and said that his experience working in different portfolios have taught him that insurance companies become jittery about the possibility of insuring risks during the conflict. He clarified that most companies require a lot of information before they insure risks during times of conflict. He emphasized that many insurance companies need a lot of information about the risks being insured, and details about business continuity before they choose to insure specific risks. These concerns made him argue that conflicts harm the insurance market. Responses from the Senior Manager at Oman Investments Two respondents in this group of participants believed that conflicts had a positive influence on insurance companies because the insurance market “gets excited” when clients pay high premiums. One respondent said, Heightened political tensions often lead to high premiums and the insurance market gets excited about the potential to increase their revenues. Think about it… insurance companies prey on people’s fear. They make a profit by making you fearful that certain adversity would affect you. Consequently, you choose to protect yourself from what you believe is a real risk that would affect you, and interestingly it is often not the case because these risks often do not suffice. I do not know what you believe, but conflicts in the Middle East are rare, but guess what? There is a perception out there that the region is largely unstable and insurance companies are “milking it.” They are laughing all the way to the bank and their stocks are similarly becoming more valuable, especially in today’s world where western powers are becoming increasingly hesitant to engage in conflicts in the Middle East. Comprehensively, this respondent believed that conflicts would have a positive effect on the insurance market. Question 8: What Impact would Conflicts have on Dubai’s Financial Exchange Markets? Response from the Chief Economist of the Dubai Department of Economic Development This respondent said that conflicts have a significant impact on financial exchange markets because the uncertainty among investors causes financial market volatility. For example, he said that if the UAE engaged in a proxy way with any of its Arab neighbors, the value of the Dirham would decline, as the value of US dollars would increase because many investors would be looking at the latter as a “safe bet” compared to the former. Particularly, this respondent was quick to point out that, many investors would be holding on to short-term US dollars as they try to figure out the direction that the war would follow. After finding out the course of the war, the value of the dollar would drop on average. To prove how conflicts would affect the financial exchange market, the respondent said that most countries, which are engaged in conflict, in the Middle East, have higher levels of volatility in their financial markets compared to those that are not engaged in war. Responses from Dubai-based Credit Analysts This group of respondents said that the foreign exchange market was among the most active submarket categories in the Dubai financial market. Based on this assertion, they believed that conflicts would affect this market through fluctuations in exchange rates and currency values. When asked to be more specific about the effects of conflict on the financial exchange market, the respondents argued that conflicts and political tensions would harm the market because of high volatility in the value of a country’s currency. One of the respondents also brought the researcher’s attention to the cost of rebuilding (after conflicts) because nations often use cheap capital that would often be obtained through low-interest rates. The low cost of capital would affect the currency market negatively because the country would be flooded with cheap money. Inflation is often a common outcome in such situations. One of the respondents in this group of participants also alluded to some of the potential positive effects of war on financial markets and gave the example of America’s entry into the Second World War, as an example of how conflicts could jumpstart an inactive economy by creating excitement in the financial market. However, one respondent was quick to point out that no human society should choose increased economic activities at the expense of human life. Responses from Abu Dhabi-based Portfolio Managers This group of respondents also shared the same views as the credit analysts because they said conflicts and political uncertainty would harm the financial exchange market. However, their reasons for saying so differed from the views of analysts who believed that uncertainty like monetary and fiscal policies caused the biggest volatility in the market. Particularly, they said the conflict could easily affect the monetary policy of a country, thereby affecting the financial exchange market by extension. When asked to give examples, one respondent said a conflict pitting the people against a regime could see many traders buying a certain currency in the hope that a regime change could lead to better economic fortunes for them. The opposite is also true because if a pro-economy regime were on the precipice of being ousted, the traders would sell off the country’s currency, knowing that the possibility of future economic doom is real. Responses from the Senior Manager at Oman Investments According to this group of respondents, conflicts would harm currency markets in the short term. They cited the destruction of infrastructure and the decrease of citizen morale as some issues that could cause this outcome. One of the respondents highlighted the point on infrastructure by saying that the Dubai financial market cannot withstand the impact of infrastructure damage because it would limit the economic output of the country and, by extension, affect the market system. The Major influences of Conflict in the Dubai Financial Market Question 1: What Factors do you think to Influence the performance of Financial markets Worldwide? Response from the Chief Economist of the Dubai Department of Economic Development This respondent said the economic and institutional development of a country was the one single factor affecting the performance of financial markets worldwide. When asked to give an example of this assertion, he said these factors influenced post-conflict recovery. Responses from Dubai-based Credit Analysts This group of respondents said that the economic structure of a country was the single most influencing factor affecting the performance of financial markets worldwide. For example, one of the respondents said that the markets of non-oil countries and oil-dependent countries fared differently during conflicts. Responses from Abu Dhabi-based Portfolio Managers This group of respondents believed that the response of the international community towards conflicts affected the performance of financial markets worldwide. When asked to elaborate on this fact, they said that countries that are likely to be protected by the international community would find it easy to convince investors that their assets are secure in their markets, as opposed to those which cannot give this guarantee. Responses from Senior Managers at Oman Investments The respondents sampled in the cluster group said the duration of war influenced the performance of financial markets worldwide because most protracted wars have a greater (negative) effect on markets, as opposed to those that take a short time. Question 2: What Conflict-Related Factors do you think to Influence the Performance of the Financial Market Response from the Chief Economist of the Dubai Department of Economic Development This respondent said that uncertainty was the most common influences of financial market performance in the Dubai financial market. He particularly drew our attention to the fact that most conflicts have unique social and political characteristics. Therefore, it is difficult to replicate the same lessons learned in one conflict in another conflict. Furthermore, with changes in technology, particularly military technology, it is difficult to establish whether current conflicts would have the same effect on financial markets as past conflicts do. In this vein, he said, “This uncertainty makes it difficult for investors to determine when to sell shares that have not performed well or to know when to buy those that are promising.” Comprehensively, he believed that it is wrong to apply the same lessons or responses from one conflict to another because they have unique dynamics. Furthermore, he drew the researcher’s attention to the role of uncertainty, which affects investor confidence and risk appetite. Responses from Dubai-based Credit Analysts This group of respondents also alluded to the attribute of uncertainty as to the main characteristic of wars that made them impactful to financial markets. They believed that in today’s technologically advanced world, it is difficult to comprehend fully what wars and conflicts can do to financial markets and human societies. One of the respondents pointed out that many countries today have nuclear weapons and no one knows how the world may become if differing parties choose to use them. The same concerns emerged after the development of hydrogen bombs because experts found it difficult to estimate the effect of such a conflict on the society, thereby making it difficult to hedge against its risks. Nonetheless, another respondent expressed optimism in the fact that most financial markets in the world have learned to be resilient in the face of emerging sporadic conflicts around the world, especially after realizing the success that the world’s superpowers have achieved through diplomatic means. In this regard, he believed that there was a low probability that the world would come to see an all-blown out war among nations. Responses from Abu Dhabi-based Portfolio Managers Panic is one attribute about conflicts that this group of respondents pointed out to be the greatest influence of stock market performance. The respondents drew our attention to the possibility of market panic, which may lead to the mass selling of shares, or company stocks, thereby leading to the loss in market performance for a country. One of them said panic is a huge cause of concern to many investors and market players today because technology has made it possible for buyers and sellers to sell or buy shares and stock instantly. To expound on this point, one respondent said, Take the world war one, in 1914, for example, there was a massive shutdown of European money markets because there was fear of massive selling, which would be preempted by massive panic among investors. Analysts understood that panic could lead to massive selling, a drastic fall in prices, and a possible movement of capital out of major economies in Europe. Therefore, closing the stock market was the best option in this regard. Comprehensively, these respondents believed that panic was the most significant attribute of wars that could affect financial market performance. Responses from the Senior Managers at Oman Investments This group of respondents said that conflicts influence the performance of financial markets because of their physical effects on the infrastructure of countries and the movement of factors of production. For example, one of them said that wars destroy the physical infrastructure of countries and inhibit the movement of people who are an important factor of production. The destruction, of ports, railroads, airports, and entire neighborhoods are common aftermaths of wars that may affect the financial performance of markets because companies rely on such infrastructure and people to provide goods and services. Question 3: What Aspects of Conflict Affect Financial market performance? Response from the Chief Economist of the Dubai Department of Economic Development This respondent said that wars caused difficulties in forecasting market outcomes, thereby creating a problem for investors who want a steady return on their investments. He said, “ For example, investors cannot correctly predict how long war would last, or how long they should wait to withdraw or invest their money. Moreover, they would not correctly understand how different stocks would be affected by conflict.” Although he alluded to the problem of difficult forecasting of market outcomes, his response also pointed to the attribute of uncertainty as a key determinant of market outcomes. Responses from Dubai-based Credit Analysts When asked to state the unique aspects of conflict, which would affect financial markets, the respondents said conflicts have decreased people’s savings potential. When asked to clarify this point, he said savings outline the engine to the success of financial markets because they provide people with the money to invest. When conflicts emerge, an economy experiences a decrease in savings. One of the respondents estimated that, around the globe, people save about $5 billion for investment. The researcher asked this respondent whether he thought conflicts would only motivate people to hold on to their money. He said that it is true that people would hold on to their savings (longer) during conflicts. However, any economic benefits that would emerge from the same problem would be offset by a decreased productive capacity in the financial markets and the wider economy. Responses from Abu Dhabi-based Portfolio Managers This group of respondents said that conflicts hurt the financial market because they increased the risk of investment. One of them said, What it does is decrease the certainty of investors getting their money back…. I mean investors get very uncomfortable about the possibility that they may never get their money back. Think of a real estate investor, we have many of them here; they would not be guaranteed that they would get adequate proceeds from their investments if the country was at war. I mean, I have already told you about the destruction of infrastructure because of war. Which investor in their right mind would choose to put their money in such an economy? Broadly, these respondents believed that conflicts would hurt the Dubai financial markets by heightening the risk profile of different investment categories. Responses from Senior Managers at Oman Investments When asked to explain the unique aspects of conflicts that affect financial markets, the respondents said that wars divert resources from productive sectors of the economy to the military sector. Consequently, the government decreases non-military spending as most resources are used for purposes of winning wars. Therefore, the education sector, the health sector, and the infrastructure sector are some economic areas that suffer from perennial conflicts. One of the respondents said that countries that are often at war usually go all out to make sure they emerge the victors. This means that they would starve any other economic sector to meet their primary goal, which is to win a war. He remarked ….. You can guess it; companies that depend on non-military productivity suffer as a result. Their stock prices decline because investors do not know the extent that the conflicts could damage their primary sectors. In turn, they shy away. I do not see why only a few companies or economic sectors should benefit from improved productivity during conflicts while the rest suffer because of the same. Consequently, I believe that, generally, conflicts could negatively affect most sectors of the Dubai financial market because we have few sectors in the market that depend on military warfare anyway. This is the main reason why I oppose the views of economists who say that conflicts positively affect economies. Question 4: What is the Role of Speculative Practices in Influencing the Response of the Dubai Financial Market to Regional Conflicts? Response from the Chief Economist of the Dubai Department of Economic Development: When asked to describe how speculative practices in the Dubai financial market could influence the market’s response to regional conflicts, this respondent said that they increased fear among investors and caused panic in the market. He also pointed out that he did not support speculative activities because they could cause mass panic in the market, thereby leading to the massive scale, or purchase of shares – an action, which may be unsubstantiated. In sum, he believed that speculative practices would exaggerate the effects of conflict on the Dubai financial market. Responses from Dubai-based Credit Analysts This group of respondents said that the effect of speculative practices on the Dubai financial market is similar to the effect of hedging firms on the same market. They observed that the greatest effects of speculative practices on the financial market emerged in the financial exchange market, stock market, and commodities futures market. When asked to be more specific about the effects of speculative practices on the financial market, during times of conflict, the respondents said that speculative practices should not necessarily harm the market because they help sustain stock market activities even during times of economic gloom. One respondent said, “ Take an example of conflict times, speculators often buy stocks that are neglected by many investors because they hope to profit from selling them when the right time comes. In this regard, they boost stock market activities at a time when we would not be expecting any activity at all.” Another respondent affirmed the views of the above participant by saying that speculators help to raise the price of stocks when the market would be suffering from a slump because of political tensions or conflicts. In this regard, the respondents believed that speculators were important players in the Dubai financial market and they helped to increase the market’s resilience during times of conflict. Responses from Abu Dhabi-based Portfolio Managers This group of respondents affirmed the views of the above-mentioned participants because they believed speculative activities positively influence the response of the Dubai financial market to regional conflicts. When asked to clarify this point, they said that speculative practices helped provide market excitement when people only thought of withdrawing their money or stalling their investment decisions during times of conflict. One of the respondents also said that the exclusion of speculators in this market would increase the spread between the asking and selling prices of stocks, thereby making it difficult for new entrants to participate in the market at a price that they wanted. Another respondent believed that speculators helped market players to find people to buy or sell commodities, or stocks, during times of conflict. In this regard, the respondents believed that speculative practices helped to positively influence the response of the Dubai financial market in the wake of rising regional conflicts. Responses from the Senior Manager at Oman Investments According to this group of respondents, speculative practices are beneficial to the Dubai financial market because speculators undertake an important role of risk-bearing, which is beneficial to traders in the financial market. One of the respondents said speculative activities give traders the option of selling their stocks to potential buyers if they feel that they would lose their value when conflicts break out. Without speculators in the market, stock owners would not have the option of selling their stocks before an adverse event occurs; instead, they would have to wait for their fate during and after a conflict. Using this analysis, the respondents said that speculative practices in the Dubai financial market gave traders a tool for hedging their risks during times of conflict. One of the respondents further said that speculative activities could help improve market activity because they embolden investors to take on risks during times of conflict. Stated differently, the respondents believed that speculative activities help to improve the response of the Dubai financial market to regional conflicts. Effects of regional Conflicts on Various Market Segments Question 1: What regional Conflicts have taken place in the last three decades that have influenced the Dubai Financial Market Response from the Chief Economist of the Dubai Department of Economic Development This respondent said that the Arab Spring and the Syrian civil war are the main conflicts that have recently affected the Dubai financial market. Although he clarified that both conflicts are related, he emphasized the need for examining them differently. When asked to give examples of conflicts that have affected the market in the past, he mentioned the 2003 invasion of Iraq as a notable conflict that not only affected the Dubai Financial Market but the global financial market as well. When asked to state the criterion for choosing these conflicts, the respondent said that the countries involved in the conflict-affected the economic structure of the region. Responses from Dubai-based Credit Analysts This group of respondents said that the conflicts and tensions between Saudi Arabia and Iran were the most impactful conflict of the Middle East in the last few years. When asked to explain why they believed the clash between the two countries was the most significant conflict in recent times, they said the warring countries represented among the top three biggest economies of the Middle East. They added that such a conflict would affect not only the Dubai Financial Market but also the global economy at large because both countries are also among the largest global oil producers. Responses from Abu Dhabi-based Portfolio Managers The Abu Dhabi-based portfolio managers of the Middle East who the researcher interviewed believed that the political and economic instability created by ISIS ((Islamic State of Iraq and al-Sham) was the greatest political force that caused jitters among investors in the Dubai Financial market, within the last few years. When asked to expound on this assertion, the respondents said that this terrorist organization, which is an offshoot of Al Qaeda seems well-financed and well organized to cause conflict not only in the Middle East but also in other parts of the world. They drew the researcher’s attention to the fact that the military group successfully overran several cities and towns in Iraq. They also clarified that this group is still active in many countries of the Middle East. Responses from the Senior Managers at Oman Investments The senior managers at Oman investments outlined the Lebanese civil war that occurred between and 1990 and Iraq’s invasion of Kuwait as the most notable conflicts in the Middle East that affected financial markets in the UAE. When asked to state the criterion used for choosing the conflict, they responded that the countries involved in the conflict had a similar cultural and historical background with the UAE and had a strong regional and global importance, especially in terms of their economic outputs, or inputs. When asked to clarify this point further, the respondents said the countries relied on the energy sector to finance most of their budgets. Question 2: How have these conflicts influenced the Sector’s financial performance? Response from the Chief Economist of the Dubai Department of Economic Development This respondent said that the above-mentioned conflicts affected the financial performance of the Dubai financial market through increased inflation and large fiscal and current account deficits. He further clarified that, I know these effects do not directly affect the companies participating in the Dubai financial market, but they affect investor decisions, which should be the most important driver for your analysis. Indeed, if investors feel that inflation is high, or the country is running current account deficits, they would downsize the market’s performance and similarly lead to its decline. Responses from Dubai-based Credit Analysts This group of respondents said that the conflicts mentioned in this paper affected the performance of the Dubai financial market by reducing foreign reserves and creating a weak financial system. However, they were quick to point out that these effects depended on the macroeconomic variables of different countries. Responses from Abu Dhabi-based Portfolio Managers When asked to explain how these conflicts influenced the financial sector, this group of respondents retorted that they decreased people’s power of savings. They further added that those who had enough savings tucked away for investments were afraid to use them for the same purpose because of the uncertainty brought about by conflict. One of the respondents pointed out that first-time investors were most vulnerable to the effects of conflict because they were highly insensitive to market volatilities brought by conflict. Another one added that the increased hesitation to invest during times of crises would not only dampen activities at the Dubai financial market but could also cause a significant decline in the country’s overall economic performance. Responses from the Senior Managers at Oman Investments The senior managers at Oman investments adopted a money market approach to answering the research question by saying that the above-mentioned conflicts would negatively affect liquidity and money markets in the UAE, thereby causing volatilities in the Dubai financial market. One of the respondents said, The price that warring factions pay for capital during times of conflict is high, such that even the most active financial markets would feel the heat. Investors would react accordingly…. Think about it this way, if a war lasts for one year, as opposed to six months, the market would adjust interest yields accordingly to reflect the high risks and consequently cause a slump in trading. One of his colleagues added that I think it is also important to point out that the prices of government bonds could also significantly decline during times of conflict. In my experience, I have seen investors become exceedingly nervous about the prospect of repudiation, in such times. In this atmosphere, they would hold on to their investment capital and not partake in any economic activities. What do you think this means for the financial market – Doom! Question 3: Are there some subsections of the Financial Market that are more resilient than others are when it comes to resisting the pressures that come from Conflicts? Response from the Chief Economist for the Dubai Department of Economic Development: When asked this question, this respondent was unsure about his answer because he believed that the resilience of different subsections of the financial market varies with the time. Responses from Dubai-based Credit Analysts This group of respondents believed that the commodities market would show the greatest resilience in the wake of conflict. When asked to state why this is so, they said this sub-market has shown increased resilience in the past. One of them said, “ Look at the recent slump in crude oil for example. It negatively affected most financial markets in the Middle East because they relied on the oil industry. However, the Dubai financial market showed undue resilience to the same market conditions.” Comprehensively, these respondents believed that the commodities market would demonstrate the greatest resilience in times of conflict. Responses from Abu Dhabi-based portfolio Managers When asked to describe any subsectors of the Dubai financial market that would show resilience during times of conflict, this group of respondents said that the financial exchange market would show undue resilience because the UAE has adequate foreign exchange reserves to cushion its markets from adverse volatilities caused by conflicts. One of the respondents said that, recently, this financial advantage helped to cushion the market from the effects of a steep decline in global oil prices. Another respondent said the financial exchange market in the UAE would show the greatest resilience in the face of conflict because the UAE government would not hesitate to use its reserves to promote spending and growth during times of crisis. After all, it is firmly committed to seeing the non-oil sector grow. Responses from the Senior Manager at Oman Investments This group of respondents believed that the credit market would show the greatest resilience in the wake of uncertainty and political upheavals in the region. When asked to justify this position, one of the respondents said that the credit market had the strongest fundamentals among most sectors of the Dubai financial market. Question 4: How do conflicts affect Foreign Participation in the Dubai Financial Market? Response from the Chief Economist of the Dubai Department of Economic Development This respondent chose to provide a contextual approach to this question by saying that Dubai would be negatively affected by conflict because 90% of the population in the Emirate is foreign nationals who work in some of the biggest companies trading in the Dubai financial market. He further explained that The objective of economic development planners in Dubai is to ensure that foreign investors contribute to a virtuous circle. This can only be achieved when the peacebuilding initiatives in the political space contribute to the creation of an environment where investors feel safe. Furthermore, the impact of individual investors would only be felt in the financial market, to the extent that they are managed in a conflict-sensitive way. Comprehensively, this respondent said the conflict would negatively affect foreign participation in the Dubai financial market because it would signal to investors that the country is not open for business. When asked to give examples to explain this assertion, the respondent said that the entry of Coca Cola in Bosnia in the 1990s signaled to the world and international investors that the country was open for business. HSBC’s decision to open a bank in Sri Lanka also had the same effect because if investors are “scared” from operating in a country because of conflict, or any other reason, they are bound to send a signal to the world that the aforementioned country is not receptive to international investors. Responses from Dubai-based Credit Analysts This group of respondents was quick to clarify that conflicts would not only affect the Dubai financial market, but the entire region as well because most foreign investors base their operations in Dubai to cover the wider Middle East region. Nonetheless, this group of respondents was adamant that conflicts would decrease foreign participation in the Dubai Financial market because few foreign investors would be willing to invest in a market that the government does not guarantee the security of their investments. This respondent also drew the researcher’s attention to the effects of conflict on international relations by questioning how international companies should behave when operating in conflict-ridden countries. Particularly, he drew the researcher’s attention to the extent of their responsibilities in such times. When asked to give an example, one respondent said the conflict in the Niger delta highlights the conflicted position that foreign investors are in, considering they have a social responsibility to the local hosts and corporate responsibility of making sure investors get value for their investments. Nonetheless, this group of respondents did not waiver on the fact that conflicts would decrease foreign participation in financial markets. Responses from Abu Dhabi-based Portfolio Managers These respondents argued that conflicts would affect foreign participation in the Dubai financial market, but did not believe that the same phenomenon would significantly affect the operations of the market in general. When asked to explain further on this point, one of the respondents said, although the UAE does not have a foreign investment law, corporate law does not allow companies that trade in this market to have more foreign than local ownership. Responses from the Senior Manager at Oman Investments This respondent was cautious to say that foreign direct investments in financial markets could be a source of peacebuilding (at best), but some circumstances could cause it to become a source of conflict. This respondent also said that investigating how conflict influences financial markets, particularly, the Dubai financial market, should not be conceived from a narrow perspective because the interconnectedness of global conflicts and markets today is dynamic and complex. For example, he drew the researcher’s attention to the fact that some markets in the Middle East would continue to work normally even when conflicts are ongoing. When asked to state whether the Dubai Financial Market was one such market, he refused to commit to his assertion and instead said that Look…. all I can say is that few investors, whether foreign or domestic, would be willing to allocate large chunks of their investments to financial markets, Dubai or otherwise, during conflicts because of the instability and insecurity that such political conditions create in the market. One of his colleagues also said that even when a war is over, few foreign investors would be willing to make serious commitments in a financial market because of the instability and insecurity that often prevail when the conflict ends. He added, “ They are just not sure if another war would break out.” Question 5: What is the relationship between Conflict and Financial Markets in the Dubai Financial Market? Response from the Chief Economist for the Dubai Department of Economic Development: This respondent said that large asset owners in the Dubai Financial market have a huge role to play in influencing the relationship between conflict and financial markets. In this regard, he said, “ It would be in the financial self-interest of large asset owners to reduce the impact of conflict on the Dubai Financial Market.” When asked to expound further on this point, the Chief economist said the large asset owners could do so by providing targeted donations or by participating in impact investments. He further said that using large non-governmental organizations to do so would be the best approach of going about the issue. Responses from Dubai-based Credit Analysts Most of these respondents said that financial markets are often more volatile under the pressures of conflict than people believe. For example, one of them said, “Most financial markets are more volatile than is economically justified by the conflicts that characterize our modern society.” Another one said the relationship between conflicts and the Dubai financial market is often defined by human attributes such as anger and fear. Greed and cognitive biases also emerged as other humanistic attributes affecting this relationship. One of the respondents pointed out that, while it is debatable whether investors in the Dubai financial markets overreact to regional conflicts, they are often not ignorant about events in the global stage. Responses from Abu Dhabi-based Portfolio Managers This group of respondents chose to answer this question by giving a contextual approach to the relationship between conflicts and financial markets. They said financial markets are not immune from conflicts because wars have always changed economic patterns and trade relationships. One respondent was critical to explain that wars have always influenced technological developments, disrupted markets, and drained wealth from economies. When asked to be more specific about the Dubai financial market, they claimed that conflicts caused capital depletion and reduced activities of the financial market. When asked to expound on this issue further, one respondent claimed that conflicts create intense destruction of capital, such as the destruction of factories and cities. Another one was more vocal in explaining this fact by saying …for example, look at Iraq, whole cities have been destroyed by political conflict for no reason at all. This is a destruction of capital. Countries that suffer from such conflicts not only destroy their wealth but also scare other investors from channeling their wealth to their markets because no one wants to lose money. The UAE would not be any different from its Arab neighbors. Working as a portfolio manager, I am aware of how our markets would be crushed by the possibility of a protracted war…. I think financial markets in the UAE could suffer worse economic fortunes through conflict because we have built a reputation as a haven of investment. Responses from the Senior Manager at Oman Investments This group of respondents painted a mixed analysis of the effects of conflict on the Dubai financial market by saying that they would bring both positive and negative effects of war on the financial markets. When asked to explain the positive effects of conflict on markets, they said conflicts could easily induce excitement in markets that are tied to war spending. For example, companies that have contracts with the military would experience a surge in share prices when political tensions, or the possibility of wars, is real. One of the respondents was also quick to add that conflicts could increase capacity utilization in dormant economies and reduce unemployment, at least in the short-term. They believed these effects could increase activity in the Dubai financial market, especially because some Middle East companies that trade in it have a strong political connection to different regimes in the region. Conclusion (AOB) Response from the Chief Economist for the Dubai Department of Economic Development This respondent said that when investigating the relationship between conflicts and the Dubai Financial market, it is pertinent to acknowledge that most investors often expend many resources on conducting market analyses to determine how conflicts would affect their investments. He further remarked that “ The analysis that these investors make in the world market often determines their perceptions of future outcomes in the financial market. What keeps investors motivated and what drives the market is their conviction or motivation to sell financial assets. Of course, this is because of their market analysis.” Responses from Dubai-based Credit Analysts These respondents said when analyzing the impact of regional conflicts on the Dubai financial market, it is important to understand that, economic and market dynamics often change as financial experts understand the market better and readjust their strategies to protect themselves from the risks associated with conflicts. Particularly, they drew the researcher’s attention to the increased sophistication of financial markets through hedging and the development of derivatives and futures markets as examples of market sophistication. Responses from Abu Dhabi-based portfolio Managers This group of respondents believed that the researcher had done a great job of examining the most important aspects of financial market performance and the effects of conflict on the Dubai financial market. They were also happy to have participated in the research and encouraged the researcher to contact them if any details needed further clarification. Responses from the Senior Manager at Oman Investments This group of respondents said that the analysis of the effects of regional conflicts on the financial market performance of the Dubai financial market should be understood through different metrics and not from a narrow perspective. They were sure that the researcher’s findings would provide a holistic understanding of the effects of regional conflicts on the Dubai financial market. Event Methodology Findings The findings of the event methodology emerged from an analysis of the effects of the Arab Spring on the Dubai financial market. In December 2010, a young, Tunisian vegetable vendor set himself on fire in protest of authorities denying him the right to sell his vegetables in a Tunisian market. This act of bravery set the stage for one of the Middle East’s most iconic events, where people started to stand up against existing regimes and demand for democracy and significant political and social changes in governance. These protests led to what we know today as the Arab Spring. In the wake of the Arab Spring, the aftermath of the political protests was uncertain and unpredictable as they sent unclear signals about the economic future of the affected countries and the wider Middle East region. Although the protests strived to entrench democracy in the region, the message it sent to investors, particularly to relatively stable countries, such as the UAE, was unclear. To get a clearer understanding of the effects of the Arab Spring on the Dubai financial market, the findings of the event methodology appear below We conducted the methodology of the event based on the objectives of the research. Indeed, as mentioned in the first chapter of this report, we focused on the banking, investments, and insurance sectors as the most distinguishable sectors of the DFM, which were useful to our scope of analysis. To get a clearer understanding of the research phenomenon, we also used the Cumulative Abnormal returns (CAR) method as stipulated in the methodology section (chapter 3). The abnormal return is a term that investors commonly use in event study methodologies to calculate different returns for samples selected for purposes of answering the research questions. Typically, the abnormal returns under the null hypothesis would have a joint normal distribution. The mean and conditional variance would also typically be zero. The CAR of the three selected sectors appears below. Figure 6: CAR of the Banking, Investment, and Insurance Sectors. (Source: Created by author) The above graph shows the cumulative abnormal returns for earning announcements between the periods of January 2014 to October 2014. We calculated this index using the market model. It provided the normal return measure. The following table shows the different calculations we obtained of CAR using Excel Table 1: Variations of CAR using Excel Banking Sector Investment Sector Insurance Sector Intercept -0-00828 -0.007717517 0.005713466 Slope 0.602875 0.122385014 1.138066521 R-Square 0.603864 0.07682401 0.438024433 Standard Error 0.010314 0.023444104 0.041001573 (Source: Created by author) The level of statistical significance emerged at 5%, for the t-statistic. This fact was true if the absolute value was more than 1.96. The cumulative abnormal returns and the t-test of the three sectors emerge below Table 2: CAR Results Banking Sector Investment Sector Insurance Sector N=45 N=45 N=45 Event Day CAR t-TEST CAR t-TEST CAR t-TEST -10 0.025 1.228 0.097 -1.607 ‐0.001 ‐0.014 -9 0.040 0.731 0.163 1.905 ‐0.056 ‐1.068 -8 0.025 ‐0.722 0.135 -0.809 ‐0.065 ‐0.161 -7 0.187 7.937 0.120 -0.426 0.053 2.272 -6 0.227 1.940 0.130 0.279 0.128 1.433 -5 0.212 ‐0.713 0.099 -0.889 0.174 0.882 -4 0.245 1.570 0.073 -0.747 0.328 2.966 -3 0.244 ‐0.030 0.046 -0.797 0.286 ‐0.818 -2 0.305 3.000 0.113 1.944 0.285 ‐0.003 -1 0.313 0.379 0.156 1.232 0.386 1.928 0 0.352 1.907 0.165 0.271 0.402 0.304 1 0.424 3.519 0.211 1.338 0.324 ‐1.492 2 0.466 2.057 0.315 3.013 0.303 ‐0.411 3 0.494 1.375 0.280 -1.023 0.458 2.989 4 0.459 ‐1.701 0.270 -0.279 0.466 0.153 5 0.468 0.448 0.234 -1.043 0.444 ‐0.415 6 0.537 3.352 0.095 -4.040 0.383 ‐1.182 7 0.572 1.740 0.064 -0.878 0.320 ‐1.208 8 0.608 1.763 0.139 2.151 0.410 1.728 9 0.579 ‐1.441 0.176 1.094 0.411 0.017 10 0.619 1.992 0.208 0.914 0.366 ‐0.868 (Source: Created by author) Similar to the excel calculations, the statistical significance emerged at a 5% confidence level. This value was only true when the absolute value was greater than 1.96. Table 2 above provides an overview of the stock market performance for Dubai’s three economic sectors – banking, investments, and insurance sectors, through an analysis of the CAR. The banking sector was the best performing sector through the Arab Spring. However, there were insignificant average positive returns during the first months of conflict. The market model CAR for the banking sector was 0.352%. The standard error was 0.020. From this finding, we find that the event studied had some impact on the banking sector. The investment sector reported lower stock movements, compared to the banking sector, meaning that it had a stronger resilience than the banking sector. The sample abnormal returns for this sector were 0.402%. The standard error was 0.034. This finding shows that the event had at least a 40% impact on the investment sector. This value emerged through the rise in CAR. A deeper analysis of the statistics shows that the CAR for the investment sector increased significantly during the first few months of conflict. However, the values stabilized soon afterward, meaning that there were few, or no, market reactions in the later months. The CAR for the insurance sector started at 0.001. This value is equivalent to 0.1%. It also exceeds the value of 0.466, which is equivalent to 46.6%. The graph shows that there were significant movements in CAR before and after the event. A holistic assessment of CAR throughout the analysis period shows significant movements in CAR. However, the most poignant information to capture in this analysis is the movements of CAR immediately when the event happened. A focused analysis of this period reveals that there is no significant increase in CAR during this period. The values decreased from an average of 0.402 to 0.324. The values later decreased further to 0.303. The movements of these figures show that the mentioned event does not have significant effects on the financial sector. However, it is important to note that the CAR started increasing after three months. Based on these findings, we find that the event has the lowest effect on the insurance sector. Discussion Effects of Conflict on Different Economic Sectors The findings of the event methodology showed that events have a significant impact on the performance of different economic sectors. This is why there were significant stock movement prices for the three sectors analyzed during the Arab Spring. Depending on the time of the event, the stock prices moved in varying degrees across the three sectors analyzed. These movements emerged as evidence that events affect stock price movements. This finding supports the views of previous researchers who have shown that conflicts affect financial markets. However, the type of sector involved and the nature of the event determine the degree of influence that such conflicts would have on the markets. Nonetheless, out of the three sectors analyzed using the event methodology, we found the banking sector gave the most convincing facts to support the above assertion. Indeed, there were significant increments in the sector after and before the event studied. An overview of the movements of the findings reveals that the sector grew, despite the political and economic uncertainty of the time. According to Bhavani (163), this is the best sector in the DFM that predicts investor perceptions of the market and that would provide us with a holistic understanding of the influence of conflict and political upheavals on financial markets in the Middle East. Owing to its resilience in the wake of uncertainty, it emerges as the best sector for investors to allocate their capital. The investment sector had the second highest CAR in the analysis. Although there are variations in this assessment, the investment sector is among the most sensitive areas to analyze when a market is under threat of political and economic uncertainty. Nonetheless, because it followed the banking industry in showing resilience to these factors, it emerges as the second most desirable sector for investment in the DFM. However, one important point to note in this analysis is the lack of a dramatic reaction to the stocks when the event started, and even when it was ongoing. One plausible reason that could explain this fact is the possible expectations of UAE citizens about political activities in the Middle East and the reaction of different countries to such events. Another explanation could be the possible understanding of the different social, economic, and political makeup of the UAE that made it difficult to generalize the same outcomes, as other regimes that collapsed under the pressure of the Arab Spring. For example, the good international relations between the UAE and most western powers could have calmed the jitters of investors who may have been concerned about a possible conflict as that witnessed in Libya, between Gaddaffi and the international community. Up to 2015, the CAR for the three sectors analyzed has shown neutrality throughout the event (Arab Spring), which is still ongoing in some countries, such as Syria. Nonetheless, the findings obtained in this report have demonstrated the resilience of the banking sector in the wake of regional conflict in the Middle East. The effects we have observed from stock price movements throughout conflict periods appear through research studies that have shown that financial markets around the world suffer from sudden shocks, which emanate from global conflicts. In other words, the UAE is not an exception to this rule because historically, studies have shown that the market has witnessed different shocks, such as the Pearl Harbor attack in 1941, which affected stock market performance in the US (Yousuf 1; Social Science Research Network 8). The September 11 th attacks in 2001 and the Cuban missile crisis of the 1960s also had significant effects on the stock market performance of the US (Oxford Business Group 111; Social Science Research Network 8). In all these incidences, the markets suffered in the first few days of conflict, but later recouped after a couple of weeks. The movements we have seen in the Dubai financial market also demonstrate that the Middle East region is not an exception to this pattern. Indeed, as the Social Science Research Network (9) observes, the Desert Storm conflict of 1991 affected the financial market performance of many Middle Eastern economies. The Iraq war of 2003 also led to the same outcome and more recently, the Syrian conflict of 2011 has similarly led to the same outcome (Yousuf 4). Adverse events always negatively affect these financial markets, but recovery has also occurred soon after the immediate effects of the conflicts subsided. Therefore, based on this understanding, it is difficult to ignore the fact that conflicts would affect financial markets, albeit immediately when the conflicts start. What about the Positive Effects of Conflict Throughout this analysis, the major theme that permeated through chapters two and four were the negative effects of conflict on financial markets. Indeed, we encountered several literatures that showed the negative effects of global conflicts on financial markets. Some of the most notable conflicts that emerged in literatures included the World Wars, the Gulf war, the 2001-terror affront by the US, and, more recently, the Arab Spring and the political upheavals caused by the growth and spread of ISIS in the Middle East. Many researchers who have investigated the impact of these conflicts on financial markets have highlighted their negative effects on financial markets (Rubin 2; Social Science Research Network 4). Particularly, they have cited the destruction of infrastructure, loss of investor confidence, increased risk profiles and uncertainty as unique aspects of conflict that lead to these negative outcomes (Social Science Research Network 4). Researchers who have investigated the impact of conflict in different parts of the world, including America and Asia, have highlighted the same results (Rubin 2; Social Science Research Network 4). Some of the respondents we interviewed, as experts, also confirmed the above assertions. For example, most of them mentioned uncertainty and the loss of investor confidence as unique aspects of conflict that affected the performance of the Dubai financial market. The findings of the event methodology also emphasized the same. Although some literatures highlighted the potential positive effects of conflict on economies, it is important to point out that these effects were far between and confined only to sectors, or industries, that drive the “war machine.” In this regard, most of the effects of conflict on wars happened to have a negative effect on financial market performance. Based on these assertions, it is pertinent to point out that regional conflicts, generally, have a negative effect on financial markets. This finding helps to answer our first research question, which strived to understand whether conflicts have a positive effect on the Dubai financial market. Using the insights gathered in this study, we find that conflicts do not have a positive effect on the Dubai financial market. We could not use the arguments provided by researchers who highlighted the positive effects of war on financial markets because their findings were mostly applicable to economies, or financial markets, that associated with the “war industry.” The UAE is not such a country because it is not a militarized country. Furthermore, the Dubai financial market is not representative of this sector of the economy. Stated differently, the oil, energy, real estate, and tourism industries are the main contributors of the market’s success. Therefore, we cannot assume that the positive effects of war on military-based economies apply to the same market. This view highlights the opinions of some experts who highlighted the need for understanding the unique market characteristics of different countries that would probably moderate the impact of conflicts on financial markets. This analysis is true because the stock exchange market of countries that are primarily involved in the manufacture of military hardware profit from conflicts because warring factions often buy such military hardware during conflicts. Russia and the US are some major military hardware producers who may benefit from such conflicts. The UAE is not one of them. The findings section also brought our attention to the uniqueness of the Dubai financial market as a special characteristic of the market that increased its resilience in the midst of a tumulus Middle East region that is only recovering from the effects of the 2011 Arab Spring. The expert reviews exemplified these findings by demonstrating that Dubai has a positive reputation among investors. They also pointed out that some sectors of the financial market are not vulnerable to market volatilities brought about by conflicts in the region. For example, they emphasized the resilience of the commodities market in the face of regional conflicts. They also highlighted the role played by speculators in mitigating some of the adverse effects of conflict in the market and emphasized the importance of using financial instruments of investment to hedge some of the risks posed by conflicts in the market. These issues highlight some of the factors that improved the resilience of the Dubai financial market during times of conflict. That is why there were no studies showing that conflicts affect the Dubai financial market in the long-term. Indeed, the literatures we encountered appeared to present a gloomy picture of the financial market in the short-term (soon after the announcement of conflicts, or a few days after tensions about political disagreements rise). In the long-term, the market chooses to correct itself, as investors understand the nature of conflict they are wading through and the possible timeline that such conflicts would take. Therefore, the uniqueness of the Dubai financial market in weathering the effects of uncertain market conditions emerged as a unique aspect of our analysis that required further investigation. The Uniqueness of the UAE Market The Middle East region has often suffered from perennial conflicts pitting nations against each other and countries against major foreign powers. Amid such conflicts and tensions, Dubai has developed a name for itself in the Middle East as a safe haven for investors who have continuously transferred their assets to the region through UAE registered companies, at the expense of other Middle Eastern countries, which are losing out through low foreign direct investments. The general good performance of the Dubai stock exchange amid the conflicts that have plagued the Middle East highlights this fact. From this background, we observe that the UAE has weathered some of the negative effects of regional conflict on the Dubai financial market. We attribute this finding to the uniqueness of the Dubai financial market. This line of reasoning also emerged from our secondary literature review findings, which pointed out to the resilience of the financial market in weathering the effects of ongoing regional instability issues. Therefore, while it may be true that regional conflicts would mostly have a negative effect on financial markets, the Dubai financial market appears to have a strong insulating attribute that protects its stocks from adverse market events brought about by regional conflicts (Social Science Research Network 7). We have strived to explain these issues by investigating the unique dynamics of Dubai and the UAE in general and found out that not only does this region have a positive reputation among international investors in the Middle East; it also has strong market fundamentals that underlie its resilience in the wake of waging regional conflicts. The high number of foreign investor participation in the UAE financial sector highlights the positive reputation that the market enjoys in the Middle East (Social Science Research Network 7). A careful analysis of this fact emerges from the findings of Fathy (1) who says Dubai, being an attractive investment destination in the Middle East attracts many foreign investors from around the world (more than any other financial market in the region). The high number of foreign investors trooping to the UAE to do business in the country is because the DFM offers lucrative and diverse investment opportunities for different types of investors (Fathy 1; Social Science Research Network 5). In 2015, the total trading value of foreign investors jumped from 42% in 2014 to 47.7% (Fathy 1). The total value of foreign investments in the Dubai Financial market has reached AED 56 billion (Fathy 1). This figure is equivalent to 17% of market cap (Fathy 1). Owing to the high percentage of foreign investments in the Dubai financial market, experts say that this market remains a focal point for international investors who are willing to do business in the Middle East (Social Science Research Network 5). Although the UAE’s good reputation among foreign investors has played an instrumental role in improving the resilience of the Dubai financial market in overcoming the market volatilities caused by a turbulent Middle East political environment, we cannot also ignore the role of international market developments in improving the resilience of the market to conflict. Role of Market Sophistication Unlike in the past, investors have become innovative and are now using sophisticated means of financial innovation to protect their investments from adverse market risks. The UAE is the same because investors use sophisticated trading instruments to cover their risks. Such instruments include (but are not limited to) hedging, derivatives, and terrorism insurance. All these instruments help to protect markets from the adverse effects of conflicts. They partly explain why the Dubai financial market has been resilient in a tumulus political environment of the Middle East. Some of the experts sampled in this study alluded to this fact, but did not explain it in detail, perhaps because financial innovation is still ongoing and few researchers understand the effects of these developments on stock markets. However, this gap in literature does not take away the fact that market sophisticated could play an important role in increasing a market’s resilience to overcome adverse effects of conflict. The maintenance of investor confidence and the reduction of uncertainty are only some benefits that most investors enjoy from financial innovation in the global investment sector. The Dubai financial market could be a leader in this regard because it is a model financial market in the Middle East and a pacesetter in the adoption of globally accepted financial and investment practices (Oxford Business Group 79). Based on these findings, it is easy to understand why the market leads many others in the Middle East in attracting foreign direct investments to the region. In other words, investors have increased options of indemnifying themselves when investing in a politically unstable region. In other words, market sophistication has mostly influenced investor perceptions of conflict by improving their confidence in the market, even in the wake of adverse political or economic effects (Bhavani 163). The development of sophisticated financial tools, such as derivatives, hedging tools and future markets has given investors more options of managing their risks. This analysis provides answers to the second research question we sought to investigate in this study. It strived to understand the main drivers that influenced the relationship between regional conflicts and the Dubai financial market. Using this line of questioning, we could deduce the fact that the sophistication of market instruments and the uniqueness of the Dubai financial market (compared to other Middle Eastern markets) are the main influences of the relationship between regional conflicts and the Dubai financial market. Other drivers that moderate the same relationship, and that other researchers have highlighted in this paper, include the strong market fundamentals of the UAE, strong political and governance structure of the UAE, the robustness of the economy, and the increased diversity of the UAE economy. Market confidence that emerges because of market sophistication is a significant point of consideration in this analysis because investor confidence is one of the main drivers of market success at the Dubai financial market (Social Science Research Network 7; Bazoobandi 57-60). Another factor that could explain the uniqueness of the Dubai financial market is the economic policies pursued by the UAE government, which has reduced the market’s exposure to adverse market volatilities in specific economic segments. This analysis is particularly important for our review because most regional conflicts in the Middle East region have affected the energy sector, which is a key investment driver in the region and an important contributor to regional GDP growth (Oxford Business Group 80). A deeper analysis of this issue appears below. Diversification of the UAE Economy The commitment of the UAE government to reduce the country’s economic dependence on the oil sector has emerged as a significant driving force for the resilience of the Dubai financial market in overcoming the effects of regional conflicts. The opposite (a heavy reliance on the oil sector) would make the market more vulnerable to oil price movements and crude oil price volatilities, brought about by conflicts, or otherwise. Based on the low oil prices that hit the energy sector in 2016, financial markets in countries that mostly relied on the oil sector would have suffered significant losses. Although financial markets in the UAE are still dependent on the oil sector, they were able to resist the negative market pressures brought about by a poorly performing oil sector. The shift from oil-reliance is a product of Dubai’s economic growth policy, which has mostly strived to diversify the economy from its reliance on oil (Chamut 1). This policy change started in the late 1990s, when foreign firms started trooping to the UAE to invest in different sectors of the country’s economy. Today, their investments are in different parts of the country’s economy, including real estate, the petroleum industry, and financial services (Chamut 1). Dubai’s economy is strategic to the growth of the UAE economy because it contributes 29% to the country’s GDP (Social Science Research Network 2-3). It also holds the reputation of having the most vibrant and successful service sectors in the GCC region (Chamut 1). The country’s economic growth policy appears to be working because oil is not the main economic sector that contributes to the country’s GDP; instead, the real estate and construction sectors contribute the greatest percentage to the country’s GDP growth (Social Science Research Network 2-3). Trade and export are also significant contributors to the country’s overall GDP. The financial service sector contributes 11% to the country’s overall GDP growth (Chamut 15). Other economic sectors contribute less than 10% of the country’s GDP. The retail sector leads this subsection of economic contribution by 9% (Social Science Research Network 2-3). A recent assertion by Sultan Al Mansouri, the UAE Minister of Economy, reinforced the government’s unwavering commitment to increase the robustness of the UAE economy and decrease the dependence on the oil sector by reemphasizing the government’s commitment to reduce the contribution of the oil sector to the country’s GDP to 0% (Mayenkar 3). The current contribution of the oil sector to the UAE economy is 30%. The government projects that this percentage would reach 20% by 2020 (Mayenkar 3-4). It further projects that the decline would slip to 0% in the next five decades (Mayenkar 3). The following statement could sum up a deeper evaluation of the strategic direction chosen by the UAE government to drive the country’s future economic performance. Relative to this assertion, the UAE Minister of Economy says, “Our strategy at present is focused on building a knowledge based economy powered by various sectors such as industrial transport, space, renewable energy and information technology” (Mayenkar 3). The decreased reliance on the oil sector to support UAE’s economy adds to the growing body of literature that is highlighting the uniqueness of the UAE financial market (Social Science Research Network 2-3). Indeed, as Chamut (1) points out, many economies in the GCC continue to rely on the energy sector for sustained economic performance. Their stock market performances rely on the same industry. This situation explains why many countries in the GCC were hard hit by the recent slump in global oil prices, which slid by more than 60% (Mayenkar 7). Now, most of these countries are taking extreme measures to spruce up their public finance spending and maintain their infrastructure projects because oil revenues have plunged. The UAE is a Stable Market Most of the responses received from the interviewees showed that local and international investors in the UAE are not often spooked by the possibility of regional conflicts affecting their investments because the UAE enjoys a stronger legitimacy as a strong investment market (globally) than other Middle East countries. The professionals sampled in this paper shared this view. However, the Oxford Business Group (80) says it is difficult to ignore the role of oil money in stabilizing the Dubai financial market, and the UAE at large because the ruling family has splurged lots of money in giving its citizens first-class infrastructural developments, including state-of-the-art hospitals, airports, roads and such amenities. It has also been able to build some of the best hospitals for its citizens and provide the majority of its subjects with the best education facilities. Free housing is also part of the benefits that come with the current regime. The narrative that the UAE’s wealth is largely responsible for the peace and stability that has characterized the UAE has also been supported by researchers such as Bray (1) who say that the Arab nation has among the highest per capita incomes in the world. He also says the immense wealth held by the government ensures no citizen is denied his/her basic rights (Bray 1). Nonetheless, some observers believe that the UAE government has directly played a role in curtailing the political freedoms of its people by silencing dissenting voices. For example, the Oxford Business Group (111) has cited cases where the government has blocked liberal websites, such as UAE Hewar , which demanded the abolishment of a constitutional monarch for a more direct democracy, which is mostly people-driven, as opposed to monarchical driven. Other researchers also draw our attention to the government’s hand in dissolving the Boards of the Jurists’ Association and the Teachers’ Association because they also wanted political reform in the country (Social Science Research Network 8). People who hold this opinion believe that the government has used its immense wealth as a tool to bribe the Emiratis into keeping quiet about asking for political, economic, or social reforms by giving them irresistible social welfare perks (Oxford Business Group 111). These insights affirm the views of some respondents who said that the UAE has a unique type of democracy that works well for its people. Yousuf (3) supports this view by saying the rulers of the UAE are close to the citizens and listen to what they have to say through Majlis that often happen two days of the week. There, citizens can petition the government on different issues. Therefore, the citizens have not been motivated to participate in political and social conflicts that have plagued its neighbors. The Fundamentals of Dubai Financial market are Strong Although the findings of the event methodology showed that the Dubai Financial market has suffered under fears of conflict, the strong market fundamentals underpinning the market have made it resilient. In fact, as some observers argue, most of the stocks trading in the Dubai financial market are undervalued (Yousuf 1; Social Science Research Network 8). The use of the event study methodology has helped us to have a proper contextual understanding of the above findings because our review revealed how many studies have highlighted the relationship between conflict and economic performance. Particularly, these studies have demonstrated their competency in explaining not only economy-wide events, but also firm-specific ones. This method helps to support the validity and reliability of the findings we have derived from this paper. For example, as Bhavani (163) observes, event studies are useful in several economic areas that we have focused on. For example, researchers have used it in the past to analyze stock market fluctuations after earnings announcements. Researchers have used the same methodology to predict the effects of legal changes in law and economic activities (Bhavani 163). Generally, researchers affirm the findings of this study by demonstrating the effects of conflict on stock market performance. This is why Yousuf says, “Major world events impact on stock market price” (4). However, different stock markets have unique reactions to these major world events, based on the market fundamental and history of their associated countries. The UAE has strong market fundamentals that have underpinned its growth for the past few years. Positive and neutral events had the greatest effect on stock market performance in the UAE. Negative economic events also led to the same outcome. Comprehensively, an important point to consider in this analysis is the realization that, most investors tend to overreact to global political events. Experimental psychology has also explained this fact by saying that most people would overreact to new information (Social Science Research Network 2-3). Bhavani (163) also supports this view. Vulnerabilities of the Dubai Financial Market In the past, specific financial crises have affected the Dubai financial market and exposed some of its vulnerabilities to conflict and other adverse market events. For example, according to Alsharairi (750-751), the Dubai financial market is vulnerable to the volatility of the dollar (most GCC countries depend on the dollar for their international business ventures), and liquidity squeezes because of the poor performance of the real estate and housing market. This effect emerged after the 2008 global economic crisis. The lack of transparency in governance structures and the inconsistencies in trade policies also amplify the market’s vulnerabilities to market volatilities (Yousuf 1; Social Science Research Network 8). Nonetheless, as recent studies have alluded to, changes in the UAE’s monetary and fiscal policies have effectively minimized some of these vulnerabilities (Social Science Research Network 8). Others have disappeared because of improvements in corporate governance policies that continue to improve transparency in the management of companies. The establishment of several regulatory frameworks highlights this progress. This is why Yousuf (1) says that today, Dubai is booming with increased market activity, which observers have affirmed through the increased participation of foreign investors in the market. Conclusion and Recommendations At the onset of this study, the researcher set out to answer three questions about the effects of regional conflicts on the Dubai financial market. The first question sought to find out if regional conflicts have a positive effect on the financial market. The second question strived to find out the major drivers of these conflicts on the financial market, while the last question was aimed at investigating if regional conflicts have the same effect on different segments of the financial market. Based on a review of the expert opinions about the research issue, we found out that regional conflicts do not have a positive effect on the Dubai financial market. However, this finding does not mean that the opposite is true. Stated differently, the findings of this study do not imply that regional conflicts have a negative effect on the Dubai financial market. Therefore, we deduce the fact that the Dubai financial market has a strong insulation from the effects of regional conflicts. In the fifth chapter of this report, we explored several reasons that could explain the resilience of the market in overcoming the negative effects of political instability in the region. Some of the reasons we mentioned include the increased diversification of the UAE economy (mostly from the energy sector to non-oil sectors), increased market sophistication and financial innovation, strong market fundamentals of the UAE, positive investor perceptions of the UAE and the continued stability of the UAE in the middle of a turbulent and unstable region. This analysis highlights the important role that politics plays in improving a country’s financial markets and, by extension, its economy. Most of the issues highlighted in this paper explain the role of the UAE government in maintaining the country’s image as the model investment location for investors (locally, regionally, and internationally). This review brings our attention to the intersection of politics and investor relations. The findings of this study have revealed that having a good perception, or image, of a country, or market, could significantly diminish traditional concerns about financial market volatilities created by conflicts, or other adverse political events. The same findings have also shown that the governance structure of a country is not always a strong determinant of economic performance because some western countries have developed resilient markets with a strong democratic governance structure in place, while the UAE has achieved the same goal with a different type of governance structure. Based on these insights, implicitly, we could assume that, at best, regional conflicts have a neutral effect on the Dubai financial market; at worst, it has a mixed effect on the financial market. However, the general understanding of conflict and its effect on financial markets is that it leads to the suppression of economic growth, loss of financial reserves and the weakening of the financial system. However, a contextual assessment of the effects of conflict on the Dubai financial market reveals that this market is unique because it has strong economic fundamentals and a stable political, economic, and social system that calms down the jitters of investors whenever conflicts arise. In this regard, the infamous conception of Dubai as a “safe haven” for investors stands true. Based on the insights provided in this review, undeniably, the Dubai financial market plays a key role in helping us to understand the economic health of the UAE and the larger Middle East region. Its significance to the economic growth of the region also helps us to understand investor perceptions about the market and their outlook on different securities in the sector. Understanding how different external factors affect the market’s performance is a positive step towards comprehending how to increase market efficiency in the wake of growing global complexities in the business space. These insights set the stage for understanding the significance of this paper. However, for purposes of improving our understanding of the relationship between conflicts and financial market performance, it is pertinent to review the following recommendations for future research. Recommendations The role of market sophistication in lessening the impact of conflicts on the financial market has emerged as an interesting finding for moderating the relationship between conflicts and the Dubai financial market. Researchers need to do more research in this area of study to understand the extent that financial innovation has improved investor confidence. The same research should also investigate the effects of these tools on the risk appetite of investors. A key fact to consider in this analysis is the evolving nature of financial risk management instruments in today’s globalized world because markets are becoming more intertwined and complex. Therefore, it is no longer acceptable to adopt a narrow understanding of financial market performance because many factors affect how investors and stock markets respond to adverse market events. Providing a contextual analysis of the research phenomenon was a primary goal for the researcher when analyzing the effects of conflicts on the Dubai financial market. This is because the UAE has unique social, political, and economic dynamics that moderate this relationship. This understanding brings us to our second recommendation, which is to provide more context-specific research studies that explain the effects of conflicts on financial markets. For example, researchers could investigate the same research issue on the Saudi Arabian financial market and find out if there are areas of divergence, or convergence, that require further research. This effort would address some of the accuracy and reliability issues we highlighted in our problem statement because we found out that many studies did not provide an accurate review of the relationship between conflicts and financial markets. Instead, they provided general reviews of the same, thereby ignoring the smaller political, social, or economic factors that would influence the same relationship. Future research should also expand the scope of respondents for expert review. This was a limitation of this study because we only explored the views of respondents from specific job titles, including credit managers, portfolio managers, investment managers, and economists. Researchers should expand this pool of respondents to find out if we could come up with different findings from the ones mentioned in this report. The findings of the proposed analyses would help us to understand the impact of diverse economic policies on financial market performance and the overall growth of a country’s economy. Nonetheless, using the information we derive from this paper, investors would be in a better position of making wise business decisions about their Middle East ventures. This benefit arises from the fact that the Dubai financial market is an important investment driver for local and international companies to raise capital for their operations. Since the UAE has a model economic framework for the Middle East economy, the findings of this study would also be useful in understanding the economic growth and direction that Middle East economies are following in today’s globalized market. Similarly, the findings of this study would be instrumental in understanding the measure of risk and market volatilities in the financial market (a measure that investors and portfolio managers often seek when making investment decisions about different kinds of securities and when advising their clients about the best business decisions to make). Lastly, the findings of this study would be useful in adding to the growing body of literature surrounding the impact of conflicts on capital markets and the wider financial sector. Works Cited Alsharairi, Malek. Does Arab Spring Have a Spillover Effect on Dubai Financial Market? 2016. Bazoobandi, Sara. The Political Economy of the Gulf Sovereign Wealth Funds: A Case Study of Iran, Kuwait, Saudi Arabia and the United Arab Emirates , London, UK: Routledge, 2013. Print. Bhavani, Ganga. “Impact of EXPO 2020 on Dubai Financial Market – An Event Study on Banks, Investment and Insurance Sectors.” International Journal of Financial Research 17.2 (2016): 163-170. Print. Bray, John. Foreign Direct Investment in conflict-affected contexts . 2013. Center for Interdisciplinary Research on Social Stress. Effects of War on Society , New York, NY: Boydell Press, 1992. Print. Chamut, Racha. Dubai Financial Market . 2015. Fathy, Atef. DFM Connects Listed Companies With International Investors . 2016. Guo, Xuezhi. The Ideal Chinese Political Leader: A Historical and Cultural Perspective , New York, NY: Greenwood Publishing Group, 2002. Print. Mayenkar, Siddesh. UAE Targets Zero Contribution from Oil . 2016. Oxford Business Group. The Report: Dubai 2014 , Oxford, UK: Oxford Business Group, 2014. Print. Rubin, Ofir. The impact of violent political conflict on commodity prices: The Israeli food market . 2016. Simeunovic, Kristina. An Analysis of the Effect of War on the United States Stock Market. 2016. Social Science Research Network. Dubai Stock Market Development and Its Effect on Economic Growth . 2015. Yousuf, Hibah. Middle East stock markets still red hot . 2013.

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Write the original essay that generated the following summary: The Fourth Amendment to the United States Constitution is one of the regulations that significantly affect both law enforcement and intelligence gathering in the country. This regulation states that each man's home is his castle, secure from unreasonable searches and seizures of property by the government. The amendment was specifically meant to protect people's right to privacy.

The Fourth Amendment to the United States Constitution is one of the regulations that significantly affect both law enforcement and intelligence gathering in the country. This regulation states that each man's home is his castle, secure from unreasonable searches and seizures of property by the government. The amendment was specifically meant to protect people's right to privacy.

Regulating Law Enforcement and Intelligence Case Study Fourth Amendment to the United States Constitution The Fourth Amendment to the United States Constitution is one of the regulations that significantly affect both law enforcement and intelligence gathering in the country (Tomkovicz 44). This regulation states that “each man’s home is his castle, secure from unreasonable searches and seizures of property by the government,” (Vile 78). James Madison introduced it to Congress in 1789 due to the unrest and mass rejection of the new constitution by the public (Vile 79). After a series of amendments made by Congress, the bill was finally passed in 1791. It was finally adopted on March 1, 1792, and became effective immediately (Wright 25). This is one of the most important laws that have remained effective in the United States since it was enacted. Human Rights Activists and lawyers have often used this piece of legislation to champion for the rights of the people of the United States. As Vile notes, this law has been adopted, in part or as a whole, in many countries around the world (56). Emerging democracies are also embracing the laws as they come to appreciate the fact that real power lies with the people. The United Nations, in its Bill of Rights, also supports this regulation as a way of checking the government excesses on its people. Right It Is Designed To Protect According to Tomkovicz, the Fourth Amendment “prohibits unreasonable searches and seizures and requires any warrant to be judicially sanctioned and supported by probable cause” (65). This regulation was in direct response to the public outcry that the state was unfairly using its power to infringe on people’s right to their privacy. At the time of its drafting, the United States still relied on English Common Laws which at that time were very oppressive because it was meant to empower the colonial rulers. The public felt that they deserved to feel the freedom given that the United States had become an independent state. The arbitrary police search that was common at that time made them feel that they were still under some oppressive rules where their privacy was not respected. The pressure was piling on the government and the Congress as the public demanded their freedom from arbitrary search. The amendment was specifically meant to protect people’s right to privacy. The drafter of this bill appreciated the fact that sometimes it may be necessary for the law enforcement officers to make searches on homes and other private properties to help maintain law and order. However, there had to be a clear pattern that is clearly stated in the law defining how the search was to be done. The security agencies had to follow the due process and inform those who are affected that there is a just cause, as approved by a judge, that warrants the search. As Vile and Hudson observed, this law has become one of the fundamental principles of the Bill of Rights not only in the United States but also in many other countries around the world (27). How It Hinders Operational Capabilities Fourth Amendment is a very important law that people of the United States are keen to protect at all costs because it protects their privacy. However, it is important to note that it has significant impacts both on law enforcement and intelligence gathering. Studies have indicated that this regulation has made it possible for a criminal to get away with heinous crimes because sometimes it incapacitates law enforcement and intelligence gathering. In this paper, the researcher primarily focuses on how this law hinders law enforcement in the country. The following are how this law negatively impacts on law enforcement. Search The law enforcers often have to present evidence in court whenever they present a suspect in court for crimes such as drug trafficking, dealing in contraband goods, rape, and other related offenses. To do this, they have to search for homes or other private properties of a suspect. However, Tomkovicz says that sometimes these criminals get away with their crimes simply because of the law that requires the law enforcers to get warrants before searching (98). Time is always a very important factor when trying to arrest some of these offenders. These offenders would do everything to destroy the evidence given a few minutes or hours, making it difficult for the enforcers to make a strong case in the courts. A good example is the problem of drug trafficking in this country. According to a report by Vile, the United States of America is one of the largest markets for drug traffickers of South America and Asia (53). Law enforcers have been doing their best to identify and bring to book these criminals, especially those who are operating in the country. However, the work of the officers can only be effective if they can conduct searches on the premises of these criminals as soon as they have the lead. In most of the cases, the officers are forced to get warrants before searching. Time is of great importance in such operations. This is so because such criminals also have informers within the police force who can alert them whenever there is an impending police raid. As such, it can be more effective to arrest these criminals as soon there is a just cause to make the officers search. According to Oesterdiekhoff, Ivory Harris, known in the criminal cycles as B-Stupid, is a perfect example of how the work of law enforcers can be negatively affected due to the Fourth Amendment (311). The law enforcers were informed of his criminal activities and were keen to trap him. In 2004, the police made a successful arrest, but the important exhibit had been destroyed as the officers sought a warrant to search. As the officers were getting the warrant to search the premises, his accomplices were successful in destroying the drugs. The officers were too late and the evidence needed in court was already destroyed. The officers presented the criminal to the court, but they had nothing to prove that he was a peddler, and given that he was a minor, the charges against him were dropped. Soon after, he killed 24-year old McGhee Alphonse (Sandy and Lee 471). He continued with his criminal activities of selling drugs and committing murder within the country. Each time the officers arrested him, he would be released either for lack of evidence or lack of a witness to confirm the claims of the prosecution. It was not until 2007 that the officers were successful in presenting strong evidence against him that he pleaded guilty. By this time, he had killed some people and sold drugs to many Americans contrary to the law. His case is a good example of how this regulation sometimes makes the work of the law enforcers very complex Seizure According to Wright, the Fourth Amendment “proscribes unreasonable seizure of any person, person’s home or personal property without a warrant,” (98). This is one of the biggest impediments to law enforcement in this country. In many instances, suspects often get the opportunity to escape as the officers struggle to get a warrant of arrest. People, by nature, can move from one place to another. It is also natural for people to try to escape after committing a crime and they are aware that police officers are on their trail. In the United States, some criminals only need to cross from one state to another to escape justice. Their escape is often made easy given the fact that officers have to get a warrant of arrest before bringing them to book. On September 12, 2013, Jacob Bennett fatally shot Jacobsen Rikki, Davis Dominic, John Lajeunesse, and Presley Steven (Wright 48). The police sought a warrant of his arrest, but the criminal took advantage of the time factor to escape from Florida (Wright 102). He is yet to be arrested given that he is now residing in a different state. The family members of the victims are yet to get justice because the regulation made it possible for a criminal to escape. According to Vile, trade-in contraband goods are still a major problem in this country because of this law (85). Although there are exemptions to this law at the border, once these goods enter the country it becomes very difficult for officers to get a warrant in time to make a successful arrest once they get a tip-off. In a different case that is closely related to the regulation, a certain Mr. Citrus Heights who was a felony suspect, tried to escape from the authorities who had surveillance on him (Oesterdiekhoff 302). He knew that he was under the close watch of the authorities and therefore, made an attempt to escape from law enforcers. The police officers were able to monitor his movements the moment he left the house. Given that he was already under close surveillance of the police and the court had already issued a warrant of arrest, it was easy for the officers to arrest him. He was taken to court to face justice. As Tomkovicz notes, the problem that the law enforcers face is that not all the times do they have a warrant of arrest for some of their suspects (12). This successful arrest of Mr. Heights would not have been possible if a warrant of arrest had not been issued. It is a clear demonstration of how sometimes law enforcement can be hampered with by this regulation. According to Wright, this law is very important in terms of protecting the right to privacy (53). The majority of the population are law-abiding citizens who deserve to be protected and respected by law enforcement agencies and at no time should they be subjected to unjustified search and seizure. This law was meant to ensure that this happens. However, some criminals are taking advantage of this regulation to escape from the law. Works Cited Oesterdiekhoff, Georg. “Child and Ancient Man: How to Define Their Commonalities and Differences.” The American Journal of Psychology. 129.3 (2016): 295-312. Web. Sandy, Polishuk and Bette Lee. “An Activist with a Camera.” Oregon Historical Quarterly, 117.3 (2016): 468-85. Print. Tomkovicz, James. Constitutional Exclusion: The Rules, Rights, and Remedies That Strike the Balance between Freedom and Order . Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2011. Print. Vile, John. A Companion to the United States Constitution and Its Amendments . Santa Barbara: Praeger, 2010. Print. Vile, John and David Hudson. Encyclopedia of the Fourth Amendment . Thousand Oaks: CQ Press, 2013. Print. Wright, Crystal. Con Job: How Democrats Gave Us Crime, Sanctuary Cities, Abortion Profiteering, and Racial Division . New York: Cengage, 2016. Print.

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Write the original essay that provided the following summary when summarized: The reading material under analysis is devoted to immigration and slavery as a landmark episode in human history. Reid Luhman examines the issue from different sides letting the readers evaluate the significance of this phenomenon in the context of the relevant epoch. The author tries to address the problem complexly, describing all the aspects of a human life that were influenced by slavery.

The reading material under analysis is devoted to immigration and slavery as a landmark episode in human history. Reid Luhman examines the issue from different sides letting the readers evaluate the significance of this phenomenon in the context of the relevant epoch. The author tries to address the problem complexly, describing all the aspects of a human life that were influenced by slavery.

Reid Luhman’ View on History of Immigration to the US Essay The reading material under analysis is devoted to immigration and slavery as a landmark episode in human history. Reid Luhman examines the issue from different sides letting the readers evaluate the significance of this phenomenon in the context of the relevant epoch. The author tries to address the problem complexly, describing all the aspects of a human life that were influenced by slavery. Thus, in the course of reading, the readers learn that slave ownership had a powerful impact not only on the economic side of Americans of the relevant period but also on the nation formation as it was, first, and foremost, a global migration wave. One of the most valuable insights that Luhman provides is his analysis of slavery as a global business. Whereas there is a widespread tendency to regard slave ownership as a historic event and the example of the suppression of the black race, Luhman focuses on the financial side of the problem. Hence, according to the author slave trade was considered to be one of the most beneficial business activities in Europe in the 1700s and 1800s (Luhman 109). It is particularly curious that the unethical side of the trade was successfully overlooked even by such conservative and right-minded social groups as, for example, Quakers. Thus, it did not take long for society to stop personifying the character of this bargain and begin treating people like goods. It is essential to note that the business was indeed profitable. Thus, Luhman reports on more than three millions of slaves imported to the New World in the 1700s (Luhman 110). Another surprising aspect elucidated by the author is that Africa was one of the most active slave traders at that time. Luhman explains this phenomenon by the fact that slaves were “the only commodity” that this country could offer the world (110). Therefore, whatever paradoxically it might seem, the slave trade became the main economic support in those countries the residents of which were its immediate victims. Luhman, likewise, puts a particular emphasis on the question of slaves’ integration and assimilation with the local people. He provides a detailed description of the interdependence that existed between a slave and an owner. On the face of it, the latter had the legal right to set the terms, whereas the former was to obey without question. However, Luhman notes that “slaves could exercise some control” (115). Thus, the owners often had to adjust their behavior in accordance with the slaves’ responses in order to achieve the best result. It is particularly interesting how the author draws a parallel to business management, in this case (Luhman 115). Therefore, it turns out that people tend to employ similar patterns of control and motivation in every situation that is connected with profit and work efficiency. Finally, Luhman shows how deeply the African culture penetrated into the local traditions regardless of the fact that the Americans had no intention to assimilate the culture of new-comers. Contrary to the modern situation, when immigrants are often welcomed and assisted in adapting to the new environment, at that time, slaves were ultimately rejected by society. Nevertheless, there are such important features of the African culture as religious trends, folk literature and medical treatments that were assimilated by American society in a hostile environment and managed to survive in it (Luhman 117). Thus, one might conclude that migration and assimilation are not always controllable; some of their processes follow independent laws and results regardless of all the obstacles. Works Cited Luhman, Reid. Race and Ethnicity in the United States: Our Differences and Our Roots , Belmont, California: Wadsworth Publishing Company, 2002. Print.

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Write an essay about: The World Wildlife Fund for Nature was founded in 1960 and yet after four decades it is not only going strong but has become a very influential NGO its Panda logo is an instantly recognized icon all over the planet. The WWF succeeded not only because of good management but also of a clear understanding of the principles governing media relations.

The World Wildlife Fund for Nature was founded in 1960 and yet after four decades it is not only going strong but has become a very influential NGO its Panda logo is an instantly recognized icon all over the planet. The WWF succeeded not only because of good management but also of a clear understanding of the principles governing media relations.

Relations of World Wildlife Fund for Nature and Media Research Paper Table of Contents 1. Media Relations 2. Agenda-Setting Theory 3. Conclusion 4. References The World Wildlife Fund for Nature (“WWF”) is a “privately financed conservation organization” (Pares, 2010, p.1). The purpose of this NGO is to safeguard nature and to stop the degradation of the planet’s environment and “to build a future in which humans live in harmony with nature” (Parnes, 2010, p.2). It was founded in 1960 and yet after four decades it is not only going strong but has become a very influential NGO – its Panda logo is an instantly recognized icon all over the planet. The WWF succeeded not only because of good management but also of a clear understanding of the principles governing media relations. The WWF was able to use media to enhance their image, provide a better company profile and as a result they were able to change the way the world looks at them. The World Wildlife Fund for Nature was established in 1961 by the first General Director of UNESCO, Sir Julian Huxley (Parnes, 2010, p.2). The organization was created after Huxley made a report regarding the wildlife conservation in East Africa, saying that the regions wildlife could disappear in 20 years if nothing was done to safeguard the environment (Parnes, 2010, p.2) As a response to Huxley’s report, a group of experts made a commitment to establish an NGO that will support conservation efforts and WWF was born. The WWF made of national level organizations that are accountable directly to their own board and donors (Parnes, 2010, p.2). However, these national level organization must send two thirds of the money that they raised to the to their headquarters in Switzerland, nevertheless they are allowed to keep the rest of the money to spend it the way they see fit (Parnes, 2010, p.2). With regards to checks and balances the WFF international in Switzerland must be transparent when scrutinized by those under it – the national level organizations as well as their donors and the authorities based in Switzerland (Parnes, 2010, p.2). The mission statement of the WWF, the fact that it is an NGO and by reason of its organisational structure explains why its leaders has to learn the intricacies of medial relations. The WWF does not only have to maintain a good image but it also has to make its presence known at a global scale, the motivation behind the need to use the media for the success of its programs. Media Relations In today’s marketplace any organisation – whether it is for profit or nonprofit – could not afford to continue its operations without a clear understanding of media relations. According to experts the proper use of media relations will generate the following results: 1. improving company or brand image; 2. better media profile; 3. changing the attitudes of target audiences; 4. improving relationship with the community 5. influencing government policy at local, national or international level; 6. improving communications with investors; and 7. improving industrial relations (Bland, Theaker, & Wragg, 2005, p.55). These are the things that the WWF needs in order to maintain its effectiveness as an NGO and at the same time to increase its capability to acquire more funding from aid agencies and private donors. Furthermore, media planning is emerging as an important new specialty in public relations (Hallahan, 2001, p.461). This is evident in the way the WWF expertly handled new media as shown in their official websites and the way they communicate through them. But perhaps the deeper reason why the WWF shows great respect to the inherent power of newspapers and TV stations to create public perception was explained succinctly by Walter Lippman who said: Every newspaper when it reaches the reader is the result of a whole series of selections as to what items shall be printed, in what position they shall be printed, how much space each shall occupy, what emphasis each shall have. There are no objective standards here (Cutlip, Center, & Broom, 2004, p.259). Others are even saying that there is no such thing as objectivity in the media and the rhetoric about fairness and balanced reporting is just all myth (Cutlip, Center, & Broom, 2004). The WWF recognizes the fact that they cannot be at the mercy of journalists and so they need to be proactive with regards to making them allies rather than detractors. The WWF does not only make press releases or grant interviews, the organization has a full-time communications officer from Cambodia to Canada (WWF-Cambodia, 2010; WWF-Canada, 2010). This is a clear commitment on their part to work with journalist and news agencies. Agenda-Setting Theory One of the most important things to consider is the impact of the Agenda-Setting Theory. Everyone is aware of the power of the media to influence society but the Agenda-Setting Theory clarifies what it means. According to communications specialists, “While the news media may not be successful in telling the pubic what to think, they are quite successful in telling the public what to think about” (Carroll, 2010, p.3). This is the immense power wielded by the media. The real extent of the media’s power to affect the success of an organization is magnified when the principles of Agenda-Setting Theory is applied to “corporate reputation” (Carroll, 2010, p.3). Corporate reputation is a complex concept with three dimensions and these include “a firm’s public prominence, its public esteem, and the series of qualities or attributes for which a firm is known” (Carroll, 2010, p.3). If the media can set the agenda and influence the general public on how to perceive a particular organisation, then it is all the more important for companies to pay attention to media relations and its capability to bring them up or bring them down. The WWF also understands that the traditional role of media and their monopoly on information dissemination has been broken. Politicians, CEOs, celebrities, and other newsmakers “have discovered that they can circumvent die-hard journalists to take their messages directly to the populace via sprightly talk shows, satellite news, conferences, appearances on entertainment shows, sponsored programs on cable networks, and video brochures” (Hallahan, 2001, p.462). One mistake can be blown out of proportion if there is no clear idea on how to manage media. It is not only enough to communicate; the WWF has to learn how. This is because, “Today’s postmodern media environment is filled with ambiguous formats where the intent of messages is not readily clear to audiences – advertorials, infomercials, video news releases, home shopping shows, product placements, and, and promotional events co-sponsored by media that are reported as legitimate news” (Hallahan, 2001,p.462). Modern usage of different forms of media is liberating but it can also be difficult to control. According to another media expert an organisation will not get the desired result when it comes to media relations if the leaders did not prepare in advance a media relations plan (Henderson, 2005). He wonders why would any organisation “ever consider launching an outreach program, issuing a news release or making any public statement without some sort of plant that provides purpose, relevance and context” (Henderson, 2005, p.61). The WWF cannot afford to simply issue press releases there must be a general overview of what the organisation is trying to achieve. It is like shooting without a target and therefore nothing is expected to be hit. A media relations plan should have a situation overview that summarises in a few statements the lay of the land, the competitive environment and the challenges and the obstacles faced by the organisation (Henderson, 2005, p.62). There is also a need to know the audience, the objectives and a strategy for each objective (Henderson, 2005 p.62). Finally, there is a need for a position message that will clearly differentiate the organisation from competitors and as a result capture the attention of the target audience (Henderson, 2005, p.62). Aside from having an effective media relations plan the most important thing for an organisation to accomplish is to endear itself to the press people. There is no better way to find out a successful media relations model than to examine the strategies and perspective of communications officers such as Press Secretaries. These people are not only aware of media-related concepts and theories on how media relations work, these people have real-life experiences and they know what works and what does not work. One good resource person in this regard is the former White House Press Secretary Mike McCurry. This is because he used to run a successful media operation and as a result of that experience he was able to develop a media relations model known as McCurry’s 4-C’s and this stands for: candour; credibility; clarity; and commitment (McCurry, 2000, p.4). He said that an organisation must consistently tell the truth in order to be credible. It should also be communicated clearly so that the media people will get a clear idea of what is being said. Finally, McCurry also said that there must be commitment on the part of the organisation to keep on telling the appropriate story because the media will appreciate this. It looks as if the WWF as a media friendly organization has taken a page from Mike McCurry, the former White House Press Secretary under the Clinton Administration. McCurry said that it is not enough to have candour and credibility when it comes to media management he also said to include clarity and commitment (McCurry, 2000, p.3). Based on the steps made by the WWF, there is evidence to show that they want to be as clear as possible when it comes to communicating their views on environmental issues and they also are committed to keep on speaking out until communication between the WWF, their donors, partners, investors, and the general public is assured. Thus, the WWF is not only content in reaching out to the different media outlets using a team of communications officers, the organization also hired media experts to help them create a workable strategy to manage the media. This is the reason why they enlisted the help of the Center for Development Communication , a firm specializing in the crafting of communication strategies to address social and development issues (CDC, 2010). Their expertise fits perfectly well with the needs of the WWF. Media relations is of utmost importance because it is the only way that an organisation will be able to maximise the power of the media to enhance their image and change the way the whole world will come to perceives them. The use of media relations principles is the only way that an organisation will be able to endear itself to the press. For instance, if WWF will not use the principles of media relations then it is possible that the press will not give them a fair and balanced reporting. It has been pointed out earlier that mass media is being operated solely based on journalism principles alone. It is a business operated by business people and if they feel that an organisation is hostile to them then it cannot expect to be given glowing reviews. If this will happen then the perception of the general public will be distorted and will defeat the purpose of using the media as a tool to enhance an organisation’s image. Furthermore, it is not enough to simply be nice to journalists. These professionals have a work to do and they are also accountable not only to their editors but also to the consumers of news materials. Thus, they need to be able to write a good material and this means that they must be able to get the truth. This is why candour and credibility was emphasized by McCurry. Journalists will not appreciate it if the story that they report is not accurate. It is important to maintain a sense of professionalism in dealing with journalists but it is also necessary to be aware of strategies that can help the company establish effective media relations, build relationship with journalists and then to evaluate and monitor media and the effectiveness of media relations. The first thing that needs to be done is to maintain awareness for the organization and this can be achieved by creating a media list. According to experts, “You’ll build your media list by consulting current directories…” (Hahn, 2005, p.98). After choosing the journalists and media entity that the company will work with the next thing to do is to contact them and make them partners in disseminating information regarding the company. From that point onwards the next thing to do is to maintain relationships by keeping them updated with regards to important developments within the organization (Hahn, 2005, p.98). It will greatly increase the success of the partnership if there will be an informal media luncheon done annually or on occasion media contacts will be invited to lunch (Hahn, year, p.98). It is also imperative to write thank you notes to reporters after the company received a good coverage from them (Hahn, 2005, p.98). It will also help strengthen and maintain good relationships with the media people if the leaders of the company will familiarize themselves with the work of the media contacts and then compliment them if they filed a good story etc. (Hahn, 2005, p.98). Finally, the organisation must show its commitment that every time it will collaborate with journalists and news agencies it must do so with consistency. It cannot be credible and truthful on a few occasions and then become unreliable the next time there is a press conference or press release. There must be a commitment to keep people informed. There must also be a commitment to bring out the best from each other. This can be achieved by giving information accurately. The WWF will benefit greatly if these principles are observed and followed. Conclusion The WWF understands the power of the media. Thus, it made critical steps to manage it and harness its power rather than to stand in its way. As a result they borrowed a page from McCurry’s playbook that says an organization must not only focus on candor and credibility but also on commitment and clarity (McCurry, 2000, p.3). They were also wary of the Agenda-Setting theory and the power of the media to set the agenda in news discussion and information disseminations. As a result the WWF does not only have communications officers working full-time but they also hired media experts to develop media strategies for them. This is a great factor in their success and thus they were able to influence international policies with regards to saving the environment. References Bland, Michael, Alison Theaker & David Wragg. Effective Media Relations: How to Get Results . London: Kogan Page Ltd., 2005. Carroll, C. (2010). Corporate Reputation and the News Media: Agenda-Setting Within Business News . New York: Routledge. Center for Development Communication. (2010) “CDC Home.” Web. Cutlip, S, A. Center, & G. Broom. (2004). Effective Public Relations . New Jersey: Prentice Hall. Hallahan, K. (2001) Strategic Media Planning: Towards an Integrated Public Relations Media Model. In Handbook of Public Relations . R.L. Heath & M. Vasquez (eds.). London: Sage Publications. Hahn, Pamela. (2005) The Only Writing Book You’ll Ever Need. MA: F&W Publications Company. Heath, R. (1997) Strategic Issues Management: Organizations and Public Policy Challenges. UK: Sage Publications, Ltd. Henderson, David. Media Relations . Lincoln, NE: iUniverse, 2005. McCurry, M. (2000) Managing the Media: Former White House Press Secretary Mike Curry tells how . Harvard Management Communication Letter. Parnes, R.B. (2010). “How the World Wildlife Fund Works.” Web. Pryor, B. (2004) The Role of an Environmental NGO in the Landmark Florida Everglades Restoration: An Etnography of Environmental Conflict Resolution with Many Twists and Turns . Ca: Heliographica. Regester, M. & J. Larkin. (2002) Risk Issues and Crisis Management: A Casebook of Best Practice. UK: Kogan Page Limited. Smith, R. (2002) Strategic Planning for Public Relations. New Jersey: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, Inc. World Wildlife Fund (2010). Media: Newsroom. Web. World Wildlife Fund – Canada. (2010) Director, Communications. Web. World Wildlife Fund – Cambodia. (2010) “Re-announced post of Communications Officer.” Web.

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Write the original essay for the following summary: Friendship may be spent with excitement, finding purpose, and helping one another. In the story of Gilgamesh, Enkidu helps the wild animals to escape traps set by people. After his friendship with Gilgamesh, they set to make achievements (Epic of Gilgamesh 12). In modern times, friendship is associated with helping one another, setting goals, achievements, celebrations among other things.

Friendship may be spent with excitement, finding purpose, and helping one another. In the story of Gilgamesh, Enkidu helps the wild animals to escape traps set by people. After his friendship with Gilgamesh, they set to make achievements (Epic of Gilgamesh 12). In modern times, friendship is associated with helping one another, setting goals, achievements, celebrations among other things.

Relationships in The Epic of Gilgamesh Essay Similarities in relationships from ancient times to modern days No matter what we eat, where we live, what clothes we wear, love and friendship will always guide our thoughts, actions, and decisions. The artwork of life has bright colors of excitement, blue colors of solitude, dark colors of hatred, and light colors of dreams. Friendship may be spent with excitement, finding purpose, and helping one another. In the story of Gilgamesh, Enkidu helps the wild animals to escape traps set by people. After his friendship with Gilgamesh, they set to make achievements (Epic of Gilgamesh 12). In modern times, friendship is associated with helping one another, setting goals, achievements, celebrations among other things. There is a longing to spend time with a loved one. Enkidu forgets about the wild animals when he meets a harlot (Epic of Gilgamesh 11). Sappho in Ancient Egyptian Love Poetry narrates that “If I hug her, she’ll drive illness from me” (80). The excitement in love is not confined for any period or age. The light colors of dreams may be shared by adults as well. In Catullus , he says “how gladly, with what joy I now cast eyes, on you once more” (946). Material gains find a deeper meaning. In Catullus (946), the narrator shows that toiling in further lands to gain profit is worthless if it is not done on behalf of the loved one. In the modern society, people engage in business risk to gain abundance. They use the acquired wealth to impress their loved ones. In modern times, people worry less about death if they know that a loved one would inherit the good things they struggled to build. It provides some form of relief that all is not lost. Praises are sung during weddings in modern times as much as it was in ancient times. Sappho narrates that “they were singing a hymn for Hektor and Andromache like to gods” (640). In ancient societies, kings could lead their armies to attack other kingdoms for the sake of love. Referring to the story of Helen of Troy, Sappho narrates that “neither her children nor her dear parents had she thought” (638). Her actions led to a war that harmed her relatives. She failed to evaluate the consequences of her actions. In modern times, people may act irrationally because they overlook the pleasure they derive from spending time with a loved one. In the Epic of Gilgamesh (24), Ishtar reacts with curses after the rejection from Gilgamesh. Gilgamesh describes her as a “pitch that blackens the bearer… sandal that trips the wearer” (24). In modern times, someone may be rejected if he/she has an experience harming loved ones. The colors of hatred are seen after the act of rejection. Ishtar mentions gifts she would give to Gilgamesh (Epic of Gilgamesh 24). The use of gifts to win a loved one is elaborated in Sappho’s lines (638). Gifts have been used from ancient times to modern times as a symbol of expressing love. There is no boredom in being with a loved one. In Catullus , the repetition of the same activities does not create boredom so long as they are done with a loved one. Catullus narrates that “I’d go on three hundred thousand times, and never feel I was getting near my limit” (947). There is bitterness in losing a loved one. It can be seen in the story of Helen and Menelaus of Greece. Sappho narrates that “I simply want to be dead, weeping she left me” (641). It is also seen when Enkidu dies, Gilgamesh spends a week weeping about his greatest loss (Epic of Gilgamesh 30). People mourn the loss of a loved one even today. Works Cited “Ancient Egyptian Love Poetry.” The Norton Anthology of World Literature . Gen. ed. Martin Puncher. 3 rd ed. Vol. A. New York: Norton, 2012. 76-81. Print. “Catullus.” The Norton Anthology of World Literature . Gen. ed. Martin Puncher. 3 rd ed. Vol. A. New York: Norton, 2012. 940-959. Print. “Epic of Gilgamesh”, The Norton Anthology of World Literature . Gen. ed. Martin Puncher. 3 rd ed. Vol. A. New York: Norton, 2012. 10-41. Print. Sappho. “Poems.” The Norton Anthology of World Literature . Gen. ed. Martin Puncher. 3rd ed. Vol. A. New York: Norton, 2012. 635-643. Print.

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Provide a essay that could have been the input for the following summary: The text discusses the phenomenon of postpurchase dissonance and how it affects customer behavior. It also highlights the importance of customer satisfaction in maintaining loyal customers.

The text discusses the phenomenon of postpurchase dissonance and how it affects customer behavior. It also highlights the importance of customer satisfaction in maintaining loyal customers.

Repeated Purchases and Postpurchase Dissonance Essay People rarely give a thought about something as simple as shopping; the process of buying goods seems fully controlled and conscious, yet there is much more than an eye meets in this process. Customers are classified according to the type of goods that they prefer to buy, the frequency of their purchases, and how they shop. One of the most often discussed issues, the postpurchase dissonance, is among the most peculiar phenomena of customer behavior. According to the definition provided by Hawkins, Mothersbaugh, and Best, a postpurchase dissonance is the feeling that a customer experiences when he or she “doubts the wisdom of a purchase he or she has made” (Hawkins, Mothersbaugh, & Best, 2010, 622). As the researches show, however, the given feeling does not have a tangible effect on the customer’s decision to use the purchase or return it; the postpurchase dissonance may be traced even in the cases when there is no evident problem with the purchase. According to Hawkins, Mothersbaugh, and Best, “most purchases are followed by-product use, even if postpurchase dissonance is present” (Hawkins, Mothersbaugh, & Best, 2010, 622). Other responses may include returning the purchase to the shop or what the authors defined as “nonuse” (Hawkins, Mothersbaugh, & Best, 2010, 622), i.e., the refusal to utilize the purchased product. As a result, the product may be stored without the customer using it, or thrown away after the purchase has been made. According to Hawkins, Mothersbaugh, & Best, however, the most typical response the dissonance is the use of the product even though the customer changed his/her mind about its quality after the purchase. Another important concept worth discussing in more detail is customer satisfaction. As Hawkins, Mothersbaugh, & Best explain, “Managers have discovered that it is generally more profitable to maintain existing customers than to replace them with new customers” (Hawkins, Mothersbaugh, & Best, 2010, 23). Much like the customer’s indignation with the quality of the consumed products, customer satisfaction is relatively easy to spot. As Hawkins, Mothersbaugh, & Best claim, apart from the expressions of gratitude, several signs show customers’ satisfaction. As researches say, these signs are relatively easy to decipher. According to Hawkins, Mothersbaugh, & Best, customers are satisfied when they believe that the brand offered by the company “meets their needs and offers superior value after they have used it ” (Hawkins, Mothersbaugh, & Best, 2010, 23). Therefore, customer satisfaction is not about providing the customer with specific goods that meet the requirements, but about making the customer sure that the provided goods are their investment into their future comfort (Hill & Alexander, 2006). When it comes to customer satisfaction, relationship marketing should be mentioned as one of the most efficient means to keep the customer convinced about the superior value of the consumed goods (Brink & Brendt, 2009). Focusing on shaping the relationships between a customer and a company, relationship marketing is an efficient approach to acquiring new loyal customers and increasing customer satisfaction rates among them. In the given context, it is especially important to stress that relationship marketing is focused on a customer loyalty program, like Hawkins, Mothersbaugh, & Best (2010) explain. As a result, the customers feel that their requests are handled individually and, thus, form a positive opinion about the company that they have addressed. As it has been stressed, repeat purchases are the ultimate goal of any company. Whenever a purchase is repeated, a company gets a loyal customer, who should doubtlessly be ranked among the company’s most valued visitors. With the clientele that shows up in a shop more or less frequently and makes purchases relatively often, a company increases its revenue sand raises its reputation. Consequently, the factors that influence repeat purchases in any possible ways must be detected and enhanced if positive or, on the contrary, eliminated if negative. Among these factors, outlet issues should be mentioned. Hawkins, Mothersbaugh, and Best make it clear that the services provided by an outlet should always be top-notch; otherwise, customer dissatisfaction is likely to emerge (Ramesh, 2008). As the researchers say, “poor service or a bad attitude may cost the outlet several thousands of dollars, not just the $10 or $15 that might be lost on the single transaction” (Hawkins, Mothersbaugh, & Best, 2010, 644). Therefore, it can be assumed that problems in outlets affect the entire company and bring its reputation several notches down, which, in turn, shrinks the ranks of repeated customers. Indeed, if facing issues in one of the many outlets of a specific company, one is unlikely to consider the given situation a misunderstanding; on the contrary, the customer who has encountered bad service is most likely to be disappointed about the entire company in general. As a result, the customer in question will cease his/her repeated purchases. While it can be argued that judging an entire company by a single outlet is wrong, this is exactly what most customers do, which is why outlet issues must be avoided at all costs by a company that wants to keep its repeated customers. Reference List Brink, A. & Brendt, A. (2009). Relationship marketing and customer relationship management . South Africa: Juta and Co., Ltd. Hawkins, D. I., Mothersbaugh, D. L., & Best, R. J. (2010). Consumer behavior: Building marketing strategy (11th ed.) . Boston: McGraw Hill. Hill, N. & Alexander, J. (2006). The handbook of customer satisfaction and loyalty measurement . Burlington, VT: Ashgate Publishing Company. Ramesh, K. (2008). Conceptual issues in consumer behavior: the Indian context . New Delhi: First Impression.

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Revert the following summary back into the original essay: The qualitative research design is a useful tool for answering questions in the fields of sociology, psychology, and medicine. It is easier to plan and implement than quantitative research, and it provides more accurate into the subject matter. However, it is also more prone to be affected by personal opinion and judgment, and it gives more observations than results.

The qualitative research design is a useful tool for answering questions in the fields of sociology, psychology, and medicine. It is easier to plan and implement than quantitative research, and it provides more accurate into the subject matter. However, it is also more prone to be affected by personal opinion and judgment, and it gives more observations than results.

Research Design: Medical and Psychological Practice Essay The qualitative research design helps to answer the questions of how and why as a result of observations, interviews, and other methods based on the reflection of the detailed information regarding a certain theme. The mentioned research questions are associated with sociology, psychology, and medicine – the areas that require precise attention and acquaintance of qualitative information. In particular, the method of the direct observation or case study as well as in-depth interviews may be utilized to explore the specified questions. Among the key strengths of the qualitative research design, it is possible to note that the qualitative method is a rather useful when the topic is too complicated, and the core question needs to be answered in a descriptive manner. Such methods are much easier to plan and implement, and they are useful when there is the need to take budget decisions (Creswell, 2014). The relatively wider coverage area of ​​the qualitative research design ensures that useful data is generated in any case, whereas the unproven hypothesis in the quantitative experiment can indicate the erroneous nature of the study. Nevertheless, the qualitative research methods are just as independent of sample sizes as the quantitative methods. The medicine research, for example, can provide the meaningful result even with a small sample group. However, some disadvantages of the qualitative research method are to be specified as well. According to Ritchie, Lewis, Nicholls, and Ormston (2013), even though time and resource consumption do not matter for the qualitative method to the extent as for quantitative research, it still requires the cautious approach and planning to guarantee that the results obtained are accurate with the maximum possible. The qualitative data cannot be analyzed mathematically in the same comprehensive way as the quantitative results, and one can merely provide information on the general trends. More to the point, it is much more prone to be affected by the personal opinion and judgment, and, therefore, gives more observations than results. In spite of the mentioned weaknesses of the qualitative research design, its implication seems to be beneficial to initiate the relevant study in order to answer the selected research questions through the interpretation of data. When using qualitative methods between the stage of obtaining primary data and the one of meaningful analysis, there is no link of formalized mathematical operations such as widely known and applied methods of statistical data processing (Merriam & Tisdell, 2015). However, the qualitative methods include certain quantitative ways of collecting and processing information: content analysis, observation, interviewing, etc. When making the significant decisions to select the best course of action, the so-called decision tree technique may be utilized from the available options, which is a schematic specification of the decision-making issue. It is also appropriate to pinpoint that the qualitative methods make it possible to distinguish between the motivational component of attitudes and perception of objects of either medical or psychological research, thus raising the informativeness of conclusions and even seriously changing them (Green & Thorogood, 2013). One more argument in favor of the qualitative research design is that it is aimed at studying the widest possible range of opinions along with the disclosure of the most complete representation of the situation, allowing analyzing the internal structure, external environment, and the interrelationships of the phenomenon under the study. References Creswell, J. W. (2014). Research design: Qualitative, quantitative, and mixed methods approaches (4th ed.). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage. Green, J., & Thorogood, N. (2013). Qualitative methods for health research (3rd ed.). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage. Merriam, S. B., & Tisdell, E. J. (2015). Qualitative research: A guide to design and implementation (4th ed.). San Francisco, CA: Jossey-Bass. Ritchie, J., Lewis, J., Nicholls, C. M., & Ormston, R. (2013). Qualitative research practice: A guide for social science students and researchers (2nd ed.). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.

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Provide the inputted essay that when summarized resulted in the following summary : The essay discusses the growth management case study of Research In Motion Company and how the company has been able to grow so rapidly in recent years.RIM is a typical example of the companies growing tremendously in a short span of time owed to the popularity of their products. The essay discusses the growth management case study of Research In Motion Company and how the company has been able to grow so rapidly in recent years.

The essay discusses the growth management case study of Research In Motion Company and how the company has been able to grow so rapidly in recent years. RIM is a typical example of the companies growing tremendously in a short span of time owed to the popularity of their products. The essay discusses the growth management case study of Research In Motion Company and how the company has been able to grow so rapidly in recent years.

Research In Motion Company: Growth Management Case Study Introduction Research In Motion is a multinational company based in Ontario Canada whose core business is in design and manufacture of market wireless solutions for the global mobile telecommunications market. Specifically, the company’s products are crucial in providing platforms such as e-mail, short message service internet, browsing and intranet through which customers easily access information. The BlackBerry wireless solution is the most famous device under RIM portfolio. Others include, the RIM Wireless handheld product line and other software development tools. Compared to competitors like Nokia and Motorola, RIM is considerably small in mobile communications device industry. However, the company has a large share in the North American, European, African and Middle East smartphone sectors with Nokia again presenting considerable challenge. Having invested heavily in Research and Development in the last ten years, RIM’s products designed with state of the art technology have led to phenomenal growth of the company. Sound financial situation coupled with innovation have been key to the company’s explosive growth globally with its flagship BlackBerry device that is popular in the corporate world especially for its push e-mail services. Despite the sound financial footing on which the company operates, there is concern that RIM is becoming a victim of its own success. Unexpected growth has come with challenges including occasional service breakdown and data outages, ineffective marketing strategies and a limited customer list. This discussion will help put into focus the growth aspect of RIM and determine if the company is having difficulty in keeping up with its rapid growth. Additionally, the discussion will present a SWOT analysis of RIM before providing strategic alternatives the author thinks the company must implement for effective operation in the market. Besides, there will be recommendations and a plan encompassing short and long-term actions the company should take to remain relevant in the smartphone market. Key issue According to Bragg, success is becoming one of the most serious problems facing successful companies in the world today 1 . Ideally, the above assertion is paradoxical. However, the current business world is so interconnected that only swift recognition of problems and implementation of sound business practices from managers can only avert a bust brought by sudden demand surges and business booms. RIM is a typical example of the companies growing tremendously in a short span of time owing to the popularity f their products. Explosive growth brings overnight success to companies and only well-trained and experienced managers are better able to guide the company through the periods with minimum damage and sustained profits. It is important therefore that companies like RIM identify key precise functional areas in a company that are crucial to managing explosive growth including IT, accounting, and customer service, finance and HR. Additionally, it is only for the good of the company that managers master strategies for planning, financing and managing explosive growth with the use of various tools such as metrics, reporting systems and cash and budget control systems. Considering therefore that RIM is uniquely in this position, it is important that to conduct a SWOT analysis of the company for easier identification of the areas that need improvement and the strategies that it leaders need to implement to ensure RIM explosive growth is well-managed. SWOT Analysis Strengths RIM has been able to record such phenomenal growth because of strengths that include the following: Strong and effective Research and development management The company has efficient and vibrant R&D unit that is behind innovative products such as BlackBerry 2 . In recent times, RIM has raised considerably the resources spent in R&D in order to maintain core competency in smartphone segment. In addition, the company has a long-term arrangement with the University of Waterloo for a regular supply of its employees especially in the R&D department. Besides the R&D centers in Canada, RIM announced in 2009 of plans to open an office and training facility in Australia with a research and development center being one of the inclusions of the new offices. The company’s R&D unit therefore offers it one of its key strengths in sustaining explosive growth till it achieves consistency. Strong brand name and solid consumer base A brand name is always key to customer subscription and maintenance. RIM, through its flagship product the BlackBerry has been able to build a strong brand name and a loyal clientele all over the world 3 . In the smartphone market segment, the effectiveness of the BlackBerry and other RIM products have led to growing faith in RIM effectively creating an almost assured consumer following. The strong RIM brand name therefore offers unique opportunities and a plat form on which RIM is likely to further its growth to effectively manage its explosive growth. Strong financial performance In August 2009, RIM ranked as the fastest growing company in the world by Fortune magazine with a solid growth in profits topping 84% over three years, in the backdrop of the global financial crisis and recession. Besides, the company’s financial statement displays superior profits, strong financial rations and low dependence on debt. In effect therefore, the company is in a better position both in the long and short terms to return profits, returns on equity besides spurring growth in investor confidence. Besides, the strong financial position is crucial to its future expansion plans through mergers and acquisitions as well as improving its R&D. That way RIM is in better position to take on competition from rivals such as Nokia and Motorola. Product patents Like many technological companies, RIM owns most of the products sold under its name 4 . According to the company, RIM has been able to establish patents to most of its products relating to products in data security, wireless transmission of data as well as wireless push e-mail solutions. Given the dynamism associated with technology products, the patents put RIM in a better position to extend their patent license agreements based on the ownership of parent products. Additionally, patent ownership gives RIM an upper hand when bargaining for any technological or financial agreements with rivals or business partners. Established bandwidth infrastructure RIM has in place a bandwidth saving infrastructure that comes in handy especially in better management of its network. The fact that RIM relies minimally on other bandwidth providers for provision of this service is a strong point that helps in financial savings as well as effective network management. Opportunities Since the start of technology boom period in the late 90’s, technology and especially communication related companies have experienced endless opportunities. The opportunities still exist nowadays through increased mobile inter-connectivity. Despite its growth, RIM still has opportunities in the following areas, which are key to effective sustenance of explosive growth. Mobile advertising Mobile advertising is fast growing and on course to surpass other forms of advertising. According to research by mobile analytics firm Flurry, Cost per thousand impressions revenue on Android applications topped $2.5. Flurry further estimates that the US has a potential mobile advertising application inventory value of more than $ 1bn and potential to reach $4.5bn by the end of 2012. Development of gadgets like the smartphone opened new revenue avenues for these companies including RIM. There is every reason to believe that with increased uptake of these mobile gadgets and a reduced dependence on the PC, more business will have no choice but to invest in mobile advertising. RIM stands to gain big with development of innovative applications and products primarily targeting mobile advertising. Though rivals like Nokia and Motorola and other mobile telecommunications carriers have their presence in the mobile advertising field, the uniqueness and popularity of RIM products gives it a clear advantage to tap into the field. Shift to and growth of mobile workforce Tradition of working from a physical office is fast losing pace. Total mobile worldwide mobile workforce is likely to reach one billion by the end of 2011. Nowadays, industries are increasingly reducing dependence on fixed facilities with decentralization of office functions taking root through broadband wireless applications. Availability of broadband speeds in business establishments, presence of wireless broadband in major metropolitan areas and development of devices such as cell phones, and note books have increased the number of people and businesses that operate through mobile office. Many employers who are expanding their mobile workforce cite notebooks and smartphones especially the BlackBerry are the primary gadgets through which the trend is taking root. According to the Telework Coalition, over 80% of all companies in the US offer Telecommuting while slightly over 55% of companies consider themselves virtual workplaces. TC further says that more than 65% of workers used mobile wireless computing in the US. The above is a clear indication of the potential opportunity RIM has in sustaining its explosive growth through availability of its products to mobile workforce. Growth in cellular phone use in developing nations Developing nations have emerged as one of the fastest growth frontiers in mobile telephony. In fact Africa has the highest growth rates in mobile web, voice and mobile commerce. Though these growth stems from an increased uptake of mobile telephony among rural folk, developing countries have mobile carriers operating in an industry still at its infancy in their respective regions. As result therefore uptake of smartphones is high especially among high-end segments of the population in developing nations’ urban regions. With these nations posting phenomenal economic growth rates and more people joining the middle class, it presents big market opportunities to companies like RIM to move their products. Growing use of enhanced data networks Development and deployment of enhanced data networks like EDGE and GSM by mobile phone carriers have led to increased access to the internet. These technologies mostly use internet enabled advanced gadgets like smartphones manufactured by companies such as RIM. Gadgets with capabilities such as BlackBerry are well suited to fit into the use of enhanced data networks. It therefore presents an opportunity for RIM to move its products in order to maintain and manage its explosive growth. Weaknesses Poor forecasting techniques Despite the resources at its disposal, RIM has in the past shown some weaknesses in its projections. For instance, the announced in December 2011, worse than expected sales in its newest product the PlayBook tablet. At the same time, the company had earlier on announced less than expected results of its own financial estimates for this financial year. This trend is indication of inconsistencies with its forecasting ways and does not augur well with investors. For instance on receiving the news of the PlayBook sales on December 2 nd , the company’s shares fell by 9% in morning trading. Inconsistencies in meeting technical demands RIM seems overwhelmed by growth in the demand for its products. For instance, one of the main reasons behind poor sales of the PlayBook is delay in releasing of a software update crucial to optimum working of the gadget’s email, calendar and address book functions. Threats Competition The main threat to RIM’s business is competition from companies such as Google and Apple 5 . While Nokia still is the leading in the smartphone market, RIM’s market has shrunk on the face of onslaught from the two American companies. Together, Apple and Google hold approximately 63% of the US smartphone market with RIM and Microsoft trailing. What is worse, RIM had its market slashed while it had chance to consolidate its niche. With all companies in the ,market slated to release updates to their smart products and an already functioning partnership between Microsoft and Nokia, RIM has to come up with more effective strategies to counter the completion. Falling economic fortunes The financial crisis and the recession have led to erosion of the purchasing power of some of the RIM’s clientele. This is likely to reflect in the long-term in terms of falling revenues and possible, reduced market share. Strategic alternatives Mobile advertising software It is absolutely necessary and to RIM’s advantage to develop an exclusively ad-supported software that will attract advertising firms as the main clients. The strategy is already working with Google and the fact that there is no universal patent right to one company makes it easier for RIM to develop it. That way, the company stands the chance to increase its revenue streams through mobile advertising. Improve network/ Bandwidth RIM will it find beneficial in the long-term to expand their bandwidth to accommodate more data intensive services other than push e-mail. Besides, RIM will most likely find favor with many carriers with an increased bandwidth. Carriers as a result will encourage their customers to use RIM phones in anticipations of the savings made from increased bandwidth. Additionally, it is imperative that all RIM handsets be Wi-Fi enabled to net more clients in order to effectively compete with rivals such as Google and Apple. Creation of a forecasting division There is concern that inconsistencies associated with RIM forecasting will in the long-run eat into the company’s revenue. The above is the likely scenario if a well-organized division is lacking. The division, if necessary will access all resources required to give precise prediction. That way, RIM will be in a better position to plan its sales numbers to avoid unsold inventory as is the case with the PlayBook. International Expansion As earlier mentioned, Nokia still dominates the smartphone market. There is also competition from Apple, Google and Microsoft. To increase market share especially to emerging markets such as South America and other developing regions such as Africa, RIM needs to adopt an aggressive international marketing strategy to increase market penetration especially among high-end consumers. Recommendation Research and development It is necessary for RIM to increase resources in R&D in order to grow their portfolio and effectively increase their revenue channels. RIM seems to concentrate in diversifying its devices niche. For long-term survival and sustenance of its explosive growth, RIM must develop have in place a diverse mix of products to effectively take on competitors like Google and Nokia. R&D must especially concentration of ad-supported software which is helping sustain growth in other companies like Google and Apple. Perhaps in an indirect way to capitalize on growing innovation in similar small companies, RIM should consider stepping up its acquisitions and takeovers. The targeted small companies have an already established product portfolio on which RIM can work on to improve its own portfolio. International Expansion RIM has already lost market share in the US and is facing stiff competition from Nokia and other competitors internationally. One of the markets RIM should target is China whose mobile phone market potential is more than 700 million people. Sustenance of RIM’s explosive growth is unlikely if the company concentrates on already saturated markets such as the US and Europe. Emerging markets especially India, China, South America and Africa offer the best opportunity to carve a solid market share for effective completion with rivals. It therefore calls for aggressive international marketing by RIM in the above regions to ensure ready market for an improved RIM portfolio. Plan of action A typical Plan of action must closely follow the outcome of the SWOT analysis. The plan of action includes strategies to enhance RIM’s strengths in order to take advantage of the available opportunities as identified in the SWOT analysis. Enhancing strengths will effectively lead to overcoming and eventual elimination of the prevailing weaknesses. Additionally, it would mean use of strengths to deal with threats especially competition. The table below summarizes the plan of action that RIM can implement for effective management of explosive growth. Opportunities (Strategies) Weaknesses (Strategies ) Threats (Strategies) Strengths Strong Research and Development * Enhancing R&D in the development of ad softwares for additional revenue streams * Increasing focus on ways of better meeting technical demands by the market especially timely release of software and restoration of network outages. * Enhance product portfolio through aggressive R&D to counter similar or advanced products from competitors * Avail more resources to third parties so that RIM gains from development of other applications apart from its own. Strong brand name and consumer base * Use the already existing client base and good reputation of brand name to attract new customers in the areas where RIM is already established. * Use the existing established brand name to maintain loyal clientele crucial for sustenance of sales during the economic hard times. Strong Financial position * Establish aggressive marketing campaigns to net new clients in the growing cellular phone markets in Africa, S. America and Asia. * Divert resources to creation of a well-developed market research unit so that RIM can precisely predict market trends. * Increase resources devoted to advertising in order to create a strong brand presence in the areas already in operation as well as new markets. Ownership of product patents * RIM should use its established bandwidth to come up with products suited for mobile workforce, one of the fastest growing frontiers likely to boost sales. Established bandwidth infrastructure * Use the existing network infrastructure to enter into agreements with various carriers so that they can guarantee uptake of RIM products. * RIM should tap into the increased use of enhanced networks by integrating its technology to that of other carriers for better penetration of the market. Bibliography Bragg, S., Managing Explosive Corporate Growth. John Wiley, New York, 1999, p. 23. Mazutis, D. et al., Research in Motion: managing explosive growth. Ivey Publishing, New York, 2008, pp.1-21. Sweeny, A., BlackBerry planet: the story of Research in Motion and the little Device that too the World by Storm. Routledge, New York, 2009, p. 56. Footnotes 1. S. Bragg, Managing Explosive Corporate Growth, John Wiley, New York, 1999, p. 23. 2. D. Mazutis et al., Research in Motion: managing explosive growth, Ivey Publishing, New York, 2008, pp.1-21. 3. D. Mazutis et al., Research in Motion: managing explosive growth, Ivey Publishing, New York, 2008, pp.1-21. 4. D. Mazutis et al., Research in Motion: managing explosive growth, Ivey Publishing, New York, 2008, pp.1-21. 5. A. Sweeny, BlackBerry planet: the story of Research in Motion and the little Device that too the World by Storm, Routledge, New York, 2009, p. 56.

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Write a essay that could've provided the following summary: The purpose statement and research questions should be aligned as they both contribute to the comprehensive consideration of a topic.The purpose statement and research questions should be aligned as they both contribute to the comprehensive consideration of a topic.

The purpose statement and research questions should be aligned as they both contribute to the comprehensive consideration of a topic. The purpose statement and research questions should be aligned as they both contribute to the comprehensive consideration of a topic.

Research Methodology and Purpose Statement Research Paper Aligning Research Method, Design, Purpose Statement, and Research Questions What is the purpose of the research method, design, purpose statement, and research questions? How are they to be aligned? The answer sounds in the following way: all the mentioned components aim at the thorough analysis of a particular issue, be it qualitative or quantitative research (Buckley & Delicath, 2013). Each of the above components contributes to the comprehensive consideration of a topic and is responsible for a separate task. It should be emphasized that the alignment of these components is of great importance for writing a high-quality paper. To fully address the chosen issue, it is necessary to stick to a specific sequence (Lentz, 2009). First, the purpose of the research should be stated. The elaborated purpose statements should delineate both method and design creating a basis for the research questions. According to Newman and Covrig (2013), “checking for consistency means you have the ideas or concepts of a previous section aligned with the ideas in the next section” (p. 75). In other words, each of the components stated in the title of this section should be associated with the previous and subsequent ones. This promotes an appropriate aligning of the four principal elements of the research including research method, design, purpose statement, and research questions. Also, such an alignment ensures the flow of the paper and designs a strong foundation for prospective research. Furthermore, Mertens (2015) notes that the logical connection between the structural components guarantees a successful approval of the paper. It is also essential to point out that an appropriate alignment attracts the readers’ attention and keeps them interested in the topic. Thus, the role of the alignment of the four mentioned components cannot be overestimated as they serve as a basis for the research paper. How does the Purpose Statement Drive the Research Questions? There is a direct connection between research questions and a purpose statement. Research questions should be formulated as a response to the purpose of the paper. First, it is essential to briefly reflect the essence of the terms of the purpose statement and research questions. The purpose statement might be regarded as an announcement of the scope and aim of the research (Mateo & Kirchhoff, 2009). It pinpoints the core direction and specifics of the paper, yet it does not preview any conclusions. As a rule, it appears at the end of the introduction. In its turn, research questions are to be answered and reveal what is being studied in detail. As a rule, research questions appear in the form of the reformulation of the purpose statement. In other words, the research questions are derived from the purpose. Likewise, Buckley and Delicath, (2013) consider that “all studies must include research questions, which are overarching questions that represent the research goals” (p. 166). Aligning well with the purpose statement, research questions would reflect deep understanding and consistency of the research. Even though research questions are stated both in qualitative and quantitative studies, they differ to some extent. However, this dependence also might be traced from the purpose statement. In particular, the quantitative research purpose seeks to detect the connection between the two or more variables while the qualitative one asks about process or phenomenon (Johnson & Christensen, 2011). It becomes clear from the above observations that the connection between the purpose statement and research questions is that the latter specifies the first one. References Buckley, R., & Delicath, T. (2013). Dissertation and research success: Hands-on coaching for doctoral success before, during, and after your dissertation . New York, NY: Xlibris Corporation. Johnson, B., & Christensen, L. B. (2011). Educational research: Quantitative, qualitative, and mixed approaches . Thousand Oaks, CA: SAGE. Lentz, C. A. (2009). The refractive thinker: An anthology of higher learning . Las Vegas, NV: Lentz Leadership Institute. Mateo, M. A., & Kirchhoff, K. T. (2009). Research for advanced practice nurses: From evidence to practice . New York, NY: Springer. Mertens, D. M. (2015). Research and evaluation in education and psychology integrating diversity with quantitative, qualitative and mixed methods . Thousand Oaks, CA: SAGE. Newman, I., & Covrig, D. M. (2013). Building consistency between title, problem statement, purpose, & research questions to improve the quality of research plans and reports. New Horizons in Adult Education and Human Resource Development, 25 (1), 70-79. doi:10.1002/nha.20009

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Provide the full text for the following summary: The first chapter of this book provides a definition of such term research which can be regarded as a form of scientific inquiry involving rigorous collection and analysis of information. Moreover, the authors explain the distinctions between exploratory, descriptive and explanatory research. In particular, readers can learn that explanatory studies are aimed at investigating the relationship between different variables. In turn, descriptive and exploratory studies are supposed to depict a particular phenomenon from different perspectives.The second chapter gives readers a more detailed

The first chapter of this book provides a definition of such term research which can be regarded as a form of scientific inquiry involving rigorous collection and analysis of information. Moreover, the authors explain the distinctions between exploratory, descriptive and explanatory research. In particular, readers can learn that explanatory studies are aimed at investigating the relationship between different variables. In turn, descriptive and exploratory studies are supposed to depict a particular phenomenon from different perspectives. The second chapter gives readers a more detailed

Research Methods by Alwabel, Zairi, and Ahmed Essay (Critical Writing) The first chapter of this book provides a definition of such term research which can be regarded as a form of scientific inquiry involving rigorous collection and analysis of information (Alwabel, Zairi & Ahmed, 2007, p. 3). Moreover, the authors explain the distinctions between exploratory, descriptive and explanatory research. In particular, readers can learn that explanatory studies are aimed at investigating the relationship between different variables. In turn, descriptive and exploratory studies are supposed to depict a particular phenomenon from different perspectives. The second chapter gives readers a more detailed idea about different types of research. In the part of the book, the writers focus on the distinctions between qualitative and qualitative studies. One should bear in mind that qualitative research is suitable in those cases when a scholar only has to formulate a hypothesis or conjecture. In turn, a quantitative approach is more beneficial when one has to test this hypothesis (Alwabel, Zairi & Ahmed, 2007, p. 9). This is why scholars can adopt different strategies while investigating a specific problem. For example, they can collect data in the form of pictures, words, physical objects, and so forth. Yet, they can find ways of presenting information numerically. Furthermore, this chapter is helpful since it enables the readers to learn more about the advantages and disadvantages of these approaches. These are the main issues that are examined in this section. In turn, the third chapter of this book is also very informative. In particular, readers can learn about two important concepts, such as inductive and deductive reasoning. One should bear in mind that inductive reasoning is aimed at developing a particular theory of the basis of observations (Alwabel, Zairi & Ahmed, 2007, p. 3). In contrast, inductive reasoning is supposed to verify a theory by seeking specific example or phenomenon that can confirm a theory. This is the main distinction between these frameworks. In turn, the fourth chapter is supposed to identify the main principles of data collection. For example, the readers can learn more about belief justification, market research or decision support. Additionally, the authors pay much attention to the ethical aspects of research. Scholars should remember about such aspects as the informed consent of the participants, the protection of people’s life and health, confidentiality of the subjects, and so forth (Alwabel, Zairi & Ahmed, 2007). It seems that these questions are of great relevance to various researchers who must ensure that the rights of participants are not violated. This is why the guidelines presented in this paper should not be violated. The fifth chapter presents a detailed discussion of different methods that one can use to collect data. In particular, the writers discuss the advantages and disadvantages of such a method as focus groups (Alwabel, Zairi & Ahmed, 2007). Furthermore, the readers can gain a better idea about such a technique as a statistical survey. Moreover, researchers should focus on the relationship between different variables. In some cases, the so-called causal relationship between various phenomena is a mere coincidence (Alwabel, Zairi & Ahmed, 2007; Jackson, 2008, p. 169). Therefore, scholars should be aware of this challenge. This is one of the critical issues that should be considered. Finally, one should speak about the information presented in the sixth chapter. First of all, the authors discuss the difference between secondary and primary sources of data. The knowledge of this distinction is essential for every researcher. Furthermore, this chapter is important because it gives insights into the peculiarities of sampling techniques. For example, one can learn more about such issues like the target population, sampling unit or non-probability sampling (Alwabel, Zairi & Ahmed, 2007, p. 14). The knowledge of these techniques is vital for researchers who can be engaged in different forms of research. They should avoid the so-called Type I error which is very widespread among people conducting empirical studies. For example, researchers try to find regularities or patterns. Their efforts are based on the premise that there is a distinct relation between some independent and dependent variables. As it has been said before, these patterns do not always exist. For instance, in the first half of the twentieth century, psychologists tried to determine whether an individual’s intelligence could be dependent on his/her gender, race, nationality, and so forth. Yet, they did not consider the possibility that these variables are not related in any way, and many of their studies were misguided. This is one of the main errors that should be avoided. Type I errors can affect the work of both natural and social scientists who conduct empirical research. By focusing on sampling techniques, scholars can avoid this pitfall and design more rigorous studies. Overall, the information presented in this chapter can be of great value to students who should understand the underlying principles of either quantitative or qualitative research. Furthermore, the authors can assist learners in avoiding many errors. This is why these readings are so helpful. Reference List Alwabel, S., Zairi, M., & Ahmed, A. (2007). Research Methods: Study Book . New York: Academic Publishing. Jackson, Sherri. (2008). Research Methods and Statistics: A Critical Thinking Approach . Boston: Cengage Learning.

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Provide the inputted essay that when summarized resulted in the following summary : The text discusses the roles and responsibilities of respondents in a crisis situation, with a focus on the internal ones. It is important for educators to develop the ability to manage a crisis situation and address the needs of the key stakeholders in a manner as efficient and expeditious as possible.

The text discusses the roles and responsibilities of respondents in a crisis situation, with a focus on the internal ones. It is important for educators to develop the ability to manage a crisis situation and address the needs of the key stakeholders in a manner as efficient and expeditious as possible.

Responsibilities of Responders in a Crisis Situation Essay Being able to manage a crisis situation and address the needs of the key stakeholders in a manner as efficient and expeditious as possible is a crucial skill that an educator must develop (Liou, 2015). By focusing on the urgent tasks and getting the priorities straight, one becomes capable of preventing accidents, maintaining safety levels high among students and other stakeholders, and minimizing the damage. Despite the fact that every participant of the crisis management process has a distinct set of roles and responsibilities to which they must adhere, collaboration and active information sharing is crucial to the success of the measures taken to address the problem. Roles and Responsibilities: Description Internal Responders As a rule, internal respondents’ (IRs) roles include informing the people that may possibly be affected by the crisis about the situation and providing instructions regarding the further course of actions. In addition, the supporting role needs to be mentioned when it comes to discussing the ones of internal respondents. Traditionally, the responsibilities associated with the identified role include providing emotional and psychological support to the people affected by a crisis. The victims thereof need emotional support, and IRs must be ready to offer it to the target population. Since addressing the needs of every single crisis victim is barely possible, the target population may have to be split into groups based on their needs and backgrounds (Jin, Liu, & Austin, 2014). Therefore, the responsibilities of an IR include, but are not limited to, providing immediate information about the possible or ongoing crisis to the people that are, have been, or may possibly be affected by it; contacting the family members of the emergency survivors; and providing psychological assistance to the people that have suffered a crisis. The latter task is especially challenging given the possible threats to which the target population may be exposed, including the possibility of developing PTSD, depression, etc. (Cozza, 2014). Therefore, in the environment of an educational facility, it is imperative to identify the needs of all stakeholders, especially as far as diverse learners are concerned (Jin et al., 2014). External Responders While IRs must be concerned with the management of the crisis victims’ immediate needs, external ones (ERs) are given more general roles that imply supervising the process and focusing on more general issues. For instance, the roles of ERs often include designing the general crisis response model, as well as providing general support to the students. The said support may involve the general guidelines to counselors as far as the learners’ needs are concerned, the provision of the required resources, e.g., medical supplies, the management of information flow (i.e., maintaining the existing communication tools in order), etc. (Davis, 2014). School Counselor: Collaboration and Crisis Management Plans Since emergency management requires that every single participant should be provided with a rigid set of roles and responsibilities to handle, it is imperative to make sure that the information is transferred successfully from one person to another and that cooperation is viewed as one of the key priorities. Particularly, to design a coherent crisis management plan, a school counselor must consider cooperating with teachers so that the background of learners could be identified and that their needs could be located successfully. Furthermore, the relevant information about students will help create the tools for raising awareness among them about the subject matter. Cooperation with administrators will help shape the curriculum in the way that will imply including crisis preparedness activities. In the course of the said training sessions, the students will be taught about the essential ways of surviving an emergency, the means of locating the crucial information, the tools for contacting the school authorities, etc. Thus, the safety of the students will remain high. Finally, the focus on collaboration between the school and the community must be kept. The identified measure will help maintain awareness levels among the target population high. As a result, crisis preparedness levels will remain high among the community members. Therefore, accidents during emergency management can be avoided successfully (Warmbold et al., 2015). Barriers to Collaboration and the Means to Overcome Them One must admit, though, that establishing cooperation between the administration, teachers, and counselors in the context of an academic facility is a challenging task that may imply overcoming certain obstacles. For example, lack of resources can be viewed as a significant impediment. The introduction of lean resource management strategies and the principles of cost-efficiency during budgeting will help handle the specified issue. Inconsistency in decision-making and the unwillingness to collaborate can be considered another two reasons for concern that are, in fact, connected. The said problems are triggered by the inefficient communication process and can be managed by shaping the current conversation model. For instance, the use of social networks as the means of building awareness should be considered. Finally, the complexity and the rigidness of school systems must be listed among the primary barriers to successful crisis management. The lack of flexibility in the process of decision-making may affect the communication process significantly. Therefore, introducing changes to the communication system used by the school with the help of an appropriate change model is a possible solution (Education Bureau, 2016). Conclusion The needs of a vulnerable population must be met during crisis management. In the school setting, students’ safety is a priority, which means that the roles and responsibilities of an emergency management team must be identified carefully. For this purpose, active cooperation between the internal and external team members, as well as administrators, teachers, and counselors is crucial. Enhancing the information management process, one is likely to build awareness rates fast, thus, making sure that the students and the community remain protected. References Cozza, S. (2014). Disaster and Trauma, an issue of child and adolescent psychiatric clinics of North America . Atlanta, GA: Elsevier Health Sciences. Davis, T. E. (2014). Exploring school counseling . Boston, MA: Cengage Learning. Education Bureau. (2016). School crisis management intervention and psychological support in the aftermath of crises: Handbook . Washington, DC: Education Bureau. Jin, Y., Liu, B. F., & Austin, L. L. (2014). Examining the role of social media in effective crisis management: The effects of crisis origin, information form, and source on publics’ crisis responses. Communication Research, 41 (1), 74-94. Liou, Y. H. (2015). School crisis management: A model of dynamic responsiveness to crisis life cycle. Educational Administration Quarterly, 51 (2), 247-289. Warmbold, K., Shearin, J., Kilpatrick, K., Harper, W., Stephenson, E., & Maras, M. (2015). Collaborative school mental health: Connecting school counselors and school psychologists . Columbia, MI: University of Missouri.

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Convert the following summary back into the original text: The essay discusses the importance of measuring return on investment (ROI) vs. value on investment (VOI) when it comes to employee wellness programs.The essay discusses the importance of measuring return on investment (ROI) vs. value on investment (VOI) when it comes to employee wellness programs. VOI is a more comprehensive approach to measuring the success of employee wellness programs, as it includes factors such as employee morale and reduced absenteeism.

The essay discusses the importance of measuring return on investment (ROI) vs. value on investment (VOI) when it comes to employee wellness programs. The essay discusses the importance of measuring return on investment (ROI) vs. value on investment (VOI) when it comes to employee wellness programs. VOI is a more comprehensive approach to measuring the success of employee wellness programs, as it includes factors such as employee morale and reduced absenteeism.

Return on Investment vs. Value on Investment Essay Even though the question of evaluating ROI is rather important, the concept of returns on investments is relatively subtle, and other factors may impact the organizational success in a much more vivid manner (Mayo, 2013). Some of these aspects are documented as reduced absenteeism and increased working morale. The latter majorly contributes to the overall productivity as well. To measure ROI and VOI, one can focus on the use of healthy employees that are motivated to develop and help the company grow. The benefits of VOI can also be seen as a result of the implementation of different wellness programs (Jenner, 2014). As long as the employees understand their value, the concept of VOI becomes much more important than ROI because it helps to cut down the costs and generate even more value – both monetary and organizational. Despite the visual prevalence of ROI, a comprehensive strategy based on VOI is advised. The biggest problem that has to be addressed by the managers is the lack of engagement among employees (Allman & Nogales, 2015). The value of investments can be demonstrated by the driving force of participation in the wellness programs developed by the organization. The question of whether VOI is better than ROI is still a problem within the existing business environment because the latter is commonly seen as a way to justify the expenses through lowered costs. The key strength of VOI is that it can be documented right away (ROI, for example, is a continuing measurement) (Gotze, Northcott, & Schuster, 2015). Employee morale can be seen as one of the core aspects of VOI that should be maintained by the organization. Regardless of the strengths and weaknesses of both concepts, VOI and ROI cannot exist without each other. References Allman, K. A., & Nogales, X. E. (2015). Impact investment: A practical guide to investment process and social impact analysis . Hoboken, NJ: Wiley. Gotze, U., Northcott, D., & Schuster, P. (2015). Investment appraisal: Methods and models . Berlin, Germany: Springer. Jenner, S. (2014). Managing benefits: Optimizing the return from investments . London, UK: TSO. Mayo, H. B. (2013). Investments: An introduction . Mason, OH: Cengage.

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Write the full essay for the following summary: Edwin is a 14-year-old boy who has just been arrested for shoplifting. He has also been exhibiting explosive behavior at home, where he punches holes in his bedroom walls. He drinks at his age and has been brought home intoxicated five times in the past month. The patient also suffers from mood swings. He is failing his classes and most of his grades are Ds. The patient states that he does not understand his teachers. On more than one occasion, he has left the house at night to go and party with his friends. He talks back to his father and constantly swears at him. He cannot maintain eye contact and stares at the floor during conversations.

Edwin is a 14-year-old boy who has just been arrested for shoplifting. He has also been exhibiting explosive behavior at home, where he punches holes in his bedroom walls. He drinks at his age and has been brought home intoxicated five times in the past month. The patient also suffers from mood swings. He is failing his classes and most of his grades are Ds. The patient states that he does not understand his teachers. On more than one occasion, he has left the house at night to go and party with his friends. He talks back to his father and constantly swears at him. He cannot maintain eye contact and stares at the floor during conversations.

Risk in Psychological Disorders: Edwin’s Case Case Study Assessment Demographics of the Patient * Patient’s name is Edwin. * He is 14 years old. * He lives with his father and stepmother but sees his biological mother on weekends. * Edwin is in the 9 th grade. Identifying Features/Complaints * Edwin has just been arrested for shoplifting. * The patient has exhibited explosive behavior at home, where he punches holes in his bedroom walls. * He drinks at his age and has been brought home intoxicated five times in the past month. * The patient also suffers from mood swings. * Edwin is failing his classes and most of his grades are Ds. * The patient states that he does not understand his teachers. * On more than one occasion, he has left the house at night to go and party with his friends. * He talks back to his father and constantly swears at him. * He cannot maintain eye contact and stares at the floor during conversations. Past history shows that the patient has been a truant child and has also had multiple problems in his studies. However, he does not have any family members that have had the same symptoms that he is exuding. Additionally, there is no history of psychiatric illnesses in the family. Because he has tested negative for any medical conditions through tests conducted by his PCP, there is no evidence of any medical treatment that has been administered to the patient to alleviate his situation. Edwin has a history of drug abuse, which in this case is evidenced by the number of times he has gone home intoxicated. The patient has also had some attachment issues as he does not live with his biological mother. His relationship with his father is strained and he constantly curses and talks back at him. His explosive behavior at home also points to the fact that he does not have a close relationship with his stepmother. The separation of his parents can be identified as one of the main contextual life stressors for the patient. The fact that he is also on probation creates a current situational life crisis. He, unfortunately, does not have any strategies for self-care activities at the moment. Being only 14 years old and already using drugs, Edwin poses a risk to his classmates, friends, and even his parents. His violent fits can be elevated by the rush and poor judgments that can be caused by alcohol. If a child has some truant tendencies, alcohol may make the situation worse (Reed & Shearer, 2012). Diagnosis Diagnosis of Edwin’s condition could not have been possible without a thorough analysis of his behavior both at school and at home. Questions about his early development needed to be asked to determine when exactly the symptoms began. However, Edwin had not had any early developmental problems such as talking and walking. The symptoms that Edwin had, all point towards conduct disorder, which is a very common psychiatric condition amongst teens. Scientifically, conduct disorder would suggest that the primary symptoms (theft, aggression, rule violation, lack of interest in school) must be experienced for more than six months. Also, a persistent pattern of behavior has to be clearly drawn out. In the case of Edwin, both premises suffice. According to Scott (2012), a questionnaire is normally used to diagnose a conduct disorder. The patient was, thus, asked some questions as deemed fit according to Scott (2012). Some of the questions revolved around the police run-ins he had experienced so far, physical fights he had engaged in, his poor school performance, sneaking away from home, and his alcohol abuse. Edwin responded well to all the questions. Conduct disorder can be caused by two main factors namely genetic disorders and environmental factors. Genetic disorders are a result of frontal lobe damage but Edwin had been cleared of any medical condition. This means that his condition can be associated with environmental factors such as a dysfunctional family, which in his case is true. Scott, Briskman, Woolgar, Humayun, and O’Connor (2011) note that men are more likely to be at risk of conduct disorder compared to women due to the complexities of both genders in dealing with different emotional factors. It can be argued that Edwin feels neglected by his biological mother. His parent’s separation did not make much sense to him. Interestingly, his parents did not play an active role in ensuring that the transition process, from one household to another, was smooth. This affected him negatively such that he developed the rebellious nature as a coping mechanism. He is, therefore, not in a position to act like other children. Additionally, his anger and extra-curricular activities, including drinking, are a distraction to his classwork, hence, his poor performance. Planning and Treatment According to Meleis (2011), conduct disorder results from the formation of a repetitive pattern that needs to be broken. However, these are behaviors that have been adopted over time. Thereby, treatment might take some time to be effective. In Edwin’s case, the first step is to assess his living condition and the impact the identified living conditions have on the patient. Edwin has a problem with his father and it is for this reason that he keeps talking back and cursing at him. It can be argued that Edwin blames his father for the separation. It is, therefore, recommended that Edwin spend some time with his biological mother. The suggestion is pegged on the fact that Edwin already visits his mother on the weekend. A possibility of him spending the weekend at his mother’s place should be considered. It is believed that a change of scenery can help Edwin calm down and also reduce the triggers to his unruly behavior. In Edwin’s situation, both group and individual therapy modalities are suitable. Individual therapy will aim at identifying the source of the problem and what actually triggers Edwin to want to be rebellious. Individual therapy should be conducted before group therapy to enable the therapist to know how to approach different issues. Group therapy will then be conducted in two stages. The first stage will consist of the primary family. During these sessions, the root cause of the problem will be addressed and Edwin will be able to ask questions, get to know the situation he is in, and let out the anger he is harboring. Edwin must understand that it is the anger he has that is causing the destructive behavior he exudes. The second stage of group therapy will involve the whole family (including the stepmother). This will help create a conducive living environment for Edwin when he is both in his father’s and biological mother’s houses. According to Kraemer (2012), conduct disorder is a form of retaliation towards unresolved problems in a patient. Through therapy, it is possible to slow the progression of the disorder. Long treatment is recommended to ensure that progress is monitored and the destructive patterns are broken. Since the family was open to this treatment plan, Edwin will be required to come in for therapy twice a week, whereas, the family can come once every two weeks for treatment. The schedule will give ample time for progress analysis. However, it is important to note that for confidentiality purposes, the therapist will not be at liberty to disclose any information that Edwin offers, to his family unless he consents. This will help the patient feel safe and respected. Implementation and Coordination Since therapy is considered one of the most personal modes of treatment, the only partnerships that will be formed will be between the parents of the patient and their physician. However, it is equally important that a relationship is formed with Edwin’s teachers to enable a comprehensive report on his progress in school to be made. As treatment progresses, it is expected that Edwin will begin breaking his pattern of destructive behaviors giving him more time to concentrate on his schoolwork, thus, record better and improved grades. If the treatment is not enough, then very little change will be seen. Health Teaching and Health Promotion The parents must be well informed about Edwin’s condition so that they are in a better position to identify his triggers. It can be argued that the parents do not know how to handle their son at the moment. The father and biological mother must start the process with Edwin before the stepmother is included. This allows the biological parents to bond with their son and address his fears about their separation. According to Hobson, Scott, and Rubia (2011), it was best that parents with children suffering from conduct disorder not act with haste, or abruptly, as such actions can lead to a build-up of anger, consequently, worsening the situation. Outcomes Since the treatment plan is long term, it is pertinent that the physician and parents come up with a concrete payment plan that ensures the patient does not miss any of his therapy sessions. The only way the client will be satisfied with the services delivered is if his confidentiality rights are upheld. Scotts (2012) states that most teenagers who are recommended for therapy are usually skeptical as they believe their peers will eventually get to know their problems and they will be bullied. Some of the expected outcomes include: * Improved performance in school. * Rehabilitation from alcohol use. * Being more respectful to his father. * Abstinence from illegal activities. * Better communication between the different family members, leading to a reduction of destructive behavior. Client goals include: * A healthy relationship between Edwin and his family. * Reduction in the number of dramatic episodes in the home environment. Assessment tools to be used in monitoring Edwin include: * A self-report which encourages Edwin and his parents to document the changes they have realized since the beginning of treatment. * Provider administered reports which will include note-taking to document weekly progress that can be used to draw a graph on the patient’s therapy progress. Taking the discussion into account, it is expected that the number of rebellious incidents reported by the parents will reduce over time. As for the care provider, it should be expected that the patient will be able to open up more throughout the treatment until he is comfortable using his words rather than as opposed to destructive actions. References Hobson C. W., Scott S., & Rubia, K. (2011). Cool and hot executive function deficits are associated with ODD/CD symptoms independently of ADHD in adolescents with early onset conduct problems. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 52 , 1035-1043. Kraemer, H. (2012). Current concepts of risk in psychiatric disorders. Current Opinion in Psychiatry, 16 , 421-430. Meleis, A. (2011). Theoretical nursing: Development and progress . Philadelphia, PA: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. Reed, P., & Shearer, N. (2012). Perspectives on nursing theory . Philadelphia, PA: Wolters Kluwer. Scott, S. (2012). Externalizing disorders: Conduct disorders . Geneva, Switzerland: IACAPAP. Scott S., Briskman, J., Woolgar M., Humayun, S., & O’Connor, T. G. (2011). Attachment in adolescence: Overlap with parenting and unique prediction of behavioral adjustment. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 52 , 1052-1070.

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Write a essay that could've provided the following summary: The paper explores the concept of rogue states from a dual perspective, subjective and objective. It is argued that the United States is the sole power behind the concept of rogue states, which it uses to secure its interests in the global order.

The paper explores the concept of rogue states from a dual perspective, subjective and objective. It is argued that the United States is the sole power behind the concept of rogue states, which it uses to secure its interests in the global order.

Rogue States as Subjective and Objective Concept Research Paper Introduction The concept of rogue states in international politics has grown out of the diversity of actions that are taken by different states as far as the formulation and implementation of foreign policy are concerned. The concept is critical in comprehending the role that is played by different states in promoting international peace and security. It is argued that the concept of rogue states is promoted by the United States as a sole power in the world as a means of securing the interests of the United States in the global order. There are two different bases on which the concept of rogue states can be explored as promoted by the United States. The first argument is based on a subjective perspective, where the United States is seen as the sole promoter of this concept subject to the pursuance of its policies that promote dominance in the global order. The second argument is more objective as it compares the legal policy frameworks of different states as far as international politics are concerned. The United States is not seen as the sole promoter of the concept under this argument, thus the action of the United States as far as the concept is concerned works in favor of international peace and security. This paper explores the two arguments. The paper deploys a high level of analytical scrutiny in the analysis and justification of the two arguments. Conceptualization of rogue states from a dual perspective Rogue states as a subjective concept The most critical question that ought to be posed when talking about rogue states concerns the characteristics that are used in classifying states. It is critical to note that the concept of rogue states has emanated out of the need to promote international peace and security in what is called the global order. In the promotion of international peace and security, there is an emphasis on the cooperative role of states through the development and enforcement of legal frameworks and the pursuance of courses that are in line with the promotion of global peace. However, as expounded by the different theoretical concepts, the task of promoting unity and peace in the global scene is marked by competing nationalisms. This makes it complex. An example is the current nuclear conflict between the United States and North Korea, on the one hand, and the US and Iran, on the other hand. Realists view the competition between states in international politics as a negative force as far as promoting global peace is concerned. Therefore, the first argument that brings out the concept of rogue states as an issue that is solely promoted by the United States is based on realism. The United States is the most powerful state in the world (Miles, 2012). Regarding the issue of competing nationalism, the United States has to promote its interests as a way of safeguarding its status and interests in international politics, and not the interests of the entire globe per se. The question that needs to be answered at this juncture is whether global peace and security can be attained by default without the lead role of any state in fostering the course of promoting order in international politics. So far, the height of competition in international politics is quite high and is promoted by several factors. These include natural resource status, social and cultural factors, like variations in religion between states in the world, and the differences in the form of governance, like capitalism and democracy, on the one hand, and authoritarianism, on the other hand. Therefore, global order cannot be easily attained amidst the present global political scene whose level of volatility keeps rising each day. Attainment of objective responsibility by states for the sake of promoting international peace through cooperation cannot be easily realized. This justifies the role that is assumed by the United States as a leading state in the world to intervene and ensure that global peace and order are maintained at all levels of intra- and interstate interactions. The objective of intervening in diverse political developments is to ensure that global peace is safeguarded to promote an environment that encourages cooperation and the collective advancement of states in the world (Saunders, 2006). However, what has come out of the assumed role of the United States as the sole promoter of the concept of rogue states is that there are no internationally agreed modalities of comprehending the issue of rogue states in international law and other statutes that govern interactions among states. The mechanisms of limiting and controlling the behavior and actions of states are demeaned as far as international law recognizes the need to develop international cooperation. This leaves the United States as a sole country in enforcing direct actions on the states that violate the attributes of cooperation in fostering international peace. Whether international peace or the interests of the United States are safeguarded out of the unilateral actions that are taken is a question that remains open to criticism from the scholars of international politics (Saunders, 2006). Rogue states as an objective concept Idealists view the concept of international peace and security from a broader perspective through rationalization of the actions and roles that are played by states in maintaining and promoting international peace and security. The existing legal frameworks that govern the cooperation of states were developed from the conflicting nature of states. This was notable in the three key political developments in the world: the First World War, the Second World War, and the Cold War. The powers to set up order and cooperation are founded in integration and international organizations that govern the integration of states in the world. Realists see the cooperation of states from an objective point of view by arguing that states cooperate to advance their interests in international relations. The realist view is based on the fact that states are common actors in international politics, and they act on the ‘brother’s keeper’ basis when it comes to identification and solving of the problems that face them. Security is one of the problems that faced states from the pre-World Wars period into the post-Cold War period (Silverstone, 2007). Most of the efforts of international organizations are therefore based on ensuring that there is cooperation between and among states as a way of promoting regional and global peace. Just like other states and international organizations, the United States is also involved in the collective efforts of ensuring that a peaceful environment is safeguarded and sustained in the world (May 2011). As the key respondents to the issue of international security, international organizations are increasingly faced with several problems limiting their capacity to identify the states that engage in the issues that jeopardize the promotion of international peace. An example is the lack of a standing army for the United Nations organization and its dependency on the donations of military personnel and aid as far as the response to different security situations across the globe is concerned. As a country that is endowed with resources, the United States comes in as the main supporter of the United Nations in terms of offering military and technical support to the United Nations organization and other regional bodies in fostering international peace. So far, cooperation between the United States and individual states and international bodies has been seen. An example is the cooperation between the Arab League and the United States in ousting Moammar Gadhafi, who was identified as a rogue leader. According to Saunders (2006), the question of ability is quite essential in the explanation and justification of the concept of rogue states. The United States remains to be one of the critical actors in the issues of establishing and sustaining global peace and security through the identification of the possible threats to global peace, like rogue states. The role of the United States serves the world right because it is the only country that can help the world through direct support and intervention in the issues of peace and security in international politics. Weak states prevail in the global political scene, and the security of these states relies on countries like the United States and international bodies to protect them through taming of states that pose a danger to the weak states. Harm cannot be easily avoided, but the ultimate goal of sustaining peace and security is the core pillar of the concept of rogue states (Saunders, 2006). Analysis and justification of the concept of rogue states from the two perspectives Rose (2011) observed that there are diverse sets of connotations in the explanation of the concept of rogue states by scholars of international relations. Rather than based on bringing out the variation between normal states and rogue states, a substantial number of scholars focus on interests as a factor for explaining the factors that define the nature of actions of states in international relations. This perspective has a lot of aspects of realism since it absolves itself from the internal factors of states, states that brutalize their citizenry. In short, rogue states refer to the states that choose to pursue policies that are not in line with the course of promoting peace and security in the interplay of relations between states in the world. However, there are no particular behaviors or characteristics that have been assigned to the concept. States display uncooperative behaviors in the course of promoting their interests in one way or another. This implies that, in one way or another, each state in the world can be classified as a rogue state (Rose, 2011). What is used to justify the rogue behavior of states by the proponents of the concept is that several states engage in extreme behaviors. These are behaviors that compromise totally with the security situations in other countries, like the attack of Kuwait by Iraq (Devetak, Burke & George, 2007). Such actions can put to jeopardy the lives of the citizenry of a given nation and increase the security threats that are posed to other nations in the world. Getting an outside country to directly intervene in such situations is, in most cases, rare. This brings about the issue of rogue characterization by the United States as a factor that enhances direct actions on a country that poses a threat to other states (Rose, 2011). The United States has not been vivid in actions that entail salvaging states that are marked by internal governance issues resulting in a brutal course for the livelihood of the citizens occupying such states. An example that can be given in this case is the prevalence of several failed states in the world, like Somalia, whose citizens are increasingly subjected to brutality that comes from the inability of the government to sustain national order. In this sense, it can be argued that the global security problem is not looked at objectively since the United States only focuses on the areas or regions where its interests are at stake (Miles, 2012). According to Rose (2011), the subjective perspective of rogue states seems to hold a lot of weight in as far as the definition and workability of the concept are concerned. An observation of trends of cooperation in the world reveals that the cooperation between the United States and other countries, especially countries from Asia and the Far East keeps deteriorating due to the classification of these countries as rogue states by the United States. As far as there is an array of factors that can be used in classifying states as a rogue, the United States and the world at large comprehend the term rogue from the competing ideologies. The United States State Department keeps updating a list of what it terms as rogue states. It argues that these countries are the main sponsors of terrorism. This is taken up by the supporters of the United States, who out of the influence of the United States, take up the list and impose sanctions on the countries enlisted by the USA. The power of the United States is quite resounding in classifying countries as rogue states (Miles, 2012). At this point, it can be said that the realistic conception of rogue states is quite elaborate in explaining the contemporary developments in international peace and security in the world. The United States goes ahead to impose sanctions, most of which constitute actions that halt the development of other states through violation of the rights of the citizens of these states rather than promoting security (May 2011). An example that can be given here is the classification of Iraq and Afghanistan as rogue states and the subsequent launch of attacks in these countries, an action that has resulted in the complete deterioration of security in these countries and undermining international peace and security. Other bodies that are supposed to play the role of balancing the interaction between states in international relations, like the United Nations, remain to be secondary in making responsive decisions about rogue states and rogue leaders in the world. The trend in global politics denotes an increase in threats to the interests and dominance of the United States in global politics, and so is the increase in the course of the United States to classify states as rogue and, supposedly, taking unilateral and harmful actions against these states (May 2011). This can be justified from recent actions, like the classification of Moammar Gadhafi as a rogue leader and the subsequent launch of military action against his government resulting in the ousting of Gadhafi from power. References Devetak, R., Burke, A., & George, J. (2007). Introduction to international relations: Australian perspectives . Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. May, L. (2011). Global justice and due process . Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Miles, A. (2012). US foreign policy and the rogue state doctrine . New York, NY: Routledge. Rose, J. (2011). Defining the rogue state: A definitional comparative analysis within the rationalist, culturalist, and structural traditions. Journal of Political Inquiry, 4 , 1-36. Saunders, E. N. (2006). Setting boundaries: Can international society exclude “rogue states”? International Studies Review , 8 (1), 23-53. Silverstone, S. A. (2007). Preventive war and American democracy . New York, NY: Routldge.

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Write the original essay for the following summary: The essay discusses the stages and characteristics of romantic relationships.The stages of romantic relationships are infatuation, disturbance, opinion-making, molding, and happy. The characteristics of romantic relationships are jealousy, sacrifice, and sex.

The essay discusses the stages and characteristics of romantic relationships. The stages of romantic relationships are infatuation, disturbance, opinion-making, molding, and happy. The characteristics of romantic relationships are jealousy, sacrifice, and sex.

Romantic Relationship Stages and Characteristics Essay The relationship between Charles and Joan initially was based on friendship. The two were teaching at a local school after completing their college education. They became fond of each other and preferred working as a team in cases where this was possible. Given the fact that the couple was staying at the residential quarters within the school, their closeness grew day by day. According to Casto (2008), the first stage of a romantic relationship is always the infatuation stage. There was undoubtedly a strong attraction between these two individuals. They would spend every little opportunity they had trying to make each other happy. They were interested in understanding each other better. They went through the disturbance stage when the two became increasingly jealous of closeness that any of them developed towards others. The two would quarrel every moment the other seemed to give attention to others. Joan would demand that Charles should avoid the company of other women. Similarly, Charles would complain any moment Joan gave other men attention. This meant that one of the most common characteristics of romantic relationships is jealousy. One partner would feel that the other partner is his or hers and should not be shared in any way by others. The couple moved very fast to the next stage of opinion-making. They developed opinions of each other, which lead them to the molding stage. This was evident as they tried to understand each other and ensure that they avoided what would injure the feelings of the other partner. The couple would go a long way to ensure that the other partner is happy. It would even involve making personal sacrifice. This brings out another characteristic of romantic relationships as the ability of the partners to make sacrifices for one another. Charles and Joan’s relationship blossomed as time went by. They entered the happy stage of a romantic relationship. During this time, the couple would vow to each other to remain faithful and forget any past relationships that could have existed. At this time, it was apparent to everyone that the couple was in a romantic relationship. The two were so close that even students could easily detect that theirs was more than just being staff mates. The next stage involves many doubts (Rathus, Nevid & Fichner-Rathus, 2013). Both wanted to take their relationship to the next level but they were not sure if they were making the right decision. Charles would be seen making consultation with his friends about the possibility of Joan being the right life partner for him. Joan was also doing the same. At this time, the two would spend considerable time with other peers, probably to get as much opinion as possible. They then went through the sexual exploration stage. This brings out sex as another characteristic of romantic relationships. At this stage, the two found themselves strongly attracted to each other. They developed strong emotions towards each other during this time. The next stage was complete trust. The two individuals developed unique trust towards each other. Although the school had assigned both teachers different houses within the school, it was evident that Joan had moved in with Charles. This makes trust another core characteristic of a romantic relationship. The couple has been together now for two years and as time pass by their relationship seems to grow stronger. References Casto, M. L. (2008). Get smart! about modern romantic relationships: Your personal guide to finding right and real love . Princeton: Xlibris Corp. Rathus, S. A., Nevid, J. S., & Fichner-Rathus, L. (2013). Human sexuality in a world of diversity . Boston: Pearson Allyn and Bacon.

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Provide the inputted essay that when summarized resulted in the following summary : Rosalind's cafe and Caffe Nero comparison report examines the management techniques used by both businesses. It found that Rosalind's cafe would be preferable to customers as compared to Caffe Nero while employees would prefer Caffe Nero as compared to Rosalind's cafe.

Rosalind's cafe and Caffe Nero comparison report examines the management techniques used by both businesses. It found that Rosalind's cafe would be preferable to customers as compared to Caffe Nero while employees would prefer Caffe Nero as compared to Rosalind's cafe.

Rosalind’s Cafe and Caffe Nero Comparison Report Executive summary Both Henry Owen and Fiona founded Rosalind’s cafe, and it started its operations in Rosalind Street in 2006. In 2008, Henry Owen and Fiona developed the cafe, and it had to extend to College Street. Of late, the two extended the cafe to Brick Lane branch in London. The culture maintained by Rosalind’s cafe is to “keep it simple”. Caffe Nero denotes a coffee shop chain that has its key operations in the UK. Caffe Nero, founded by Gerry Ford, it presently operates over 500 shops, and it has extended its functions to Turkey and the UAE. Outstanding management seems to be powerfully associated with brilliant operations, and it could be rational to expect all businesses to achieve exceptional functions as precedence. The management of communication and guaranteeing open communication ensures that workers are ready to exchange their deliberations and suggestions, albeit the considerations could be in opposition to the grain of the trendy view. Research has established that managing open communication is a chief aspect related to interpersonal reliance. Companies like Caffe Nero that function in dissimilar nations have to decide on the degree to which they will contain their organisational culture in addition to associated management progressions to suit the host nation and attempt to retain constancy and standardisation. Change is a constant aspect of organisational survival. Due to inconsistencies in some stores of Caffe Nero, customers are from time to time inconvenienced. Nevertheless, Caffe Nero is better than Rosalind’s cafe in the application of management techniques, which eases the work for employees at Caffe Nero. This report shows that Rosalind’s cafe would be preferable to customers as compared to Caffe Nero while employees would prefer Caffe Nero as compared to Rosalind’s cafe. Introduction In a city roughly 40 miles away from London, which is famous for its institutions of higher learning as well as its gorgeous structural design that draws tourists from all corners of the universe, lies Rosalind’s cafe (a small business). Rosalind’s cafe, founded by Henry Owen and Fiona, started its operations in Rosalind Street in 2006. In 2008, Henry Owen and Fiona expanded the cafe to College Street at a small site that was opposite a famous landmark. Recently, the two extended the cafe to Brick Lane branch in London. During its starting of operations, Rosalind’s cafe offered branded coffee and ready-made foods, among others. The branded coffee was thought to catch the attention of clients. Nevertheless, Rosalind’s cafe changed the supplier of their coffee to a company that was little known, and that was situated in a nearby county. It rapidly started making their food in a bid to surpass other similar cafes. Every food and foodstuff provided by Rosalind’s cafe is prepared at its premises. The culture of Rosalind’s cafe is to “keep it simple”. Some of the foods offered by Rosalind’s Street cafe include salt beef and cakes. Both College Street cafe and Brick Lane cafe provide ice cream in different flavours with numerous of them being very imaginative. The ice cream at these cafes is produced in small machines that are of equal size with a normal domestic refrigerator. Caffe Nero (a large, global business) denotes a coffee shop chain that has its main operations in the United Kingdom. The expression Caffe Nero is an Italian word and means black coffee in English. Gerry Ford established Caffe Nero in London in 1997, it presently operates over 500 shops countrywide, and it has extended its functions to Turkey in the UAE. As a Public Limited Company, the shares of Caffe Nero were traded in the Stock Exchange with the use of the symbol CFN (Buchanan & Huczynski 2010). This paper compares and contrasts the operations of Rosalind’s cafe and Caffe Nero. Additionally, this report discusses the business (out of those above two) that is preferable for a customer and the one that is preferable for an employee. Lastly, this report offers recommendations for the betterment of the companies in the areas that they have some flaws. Management and what Managers accomplish Management denotes the practice of attaining organisational goals in a dynamic setting by balancing efficacy, competence, and impartiality, seizing the most from scarce resources and operating with and through different individuals. Excellent management seems to be powerfully associated with excellent operations that it could be sensible to expect all businesses to achieve excellent functions as precedence. The methods of excellent functions are, even so, accessible in the public realm in a broad scope of simply reachable types. However, many businesses are still badly administered. International corporations have been obliged to take a methodical advance to administration. For the case of Rosalind’s cafe and Caffe Nero, they have succeeded to maintain excellent levels of operation in varying locations, cultures, and marketplaces due to powerful and efficient management processes (Hales 2006). Currently, these businesses are enjoying the fruits of this attempt in the way of improved productivity, high returns on capital, and evident growth. Similar benefits are easily available to other companies, where they function. Nonetheless, unpredictably a small number of businesses have made any endeavour to obtain discernment into the excellence of their management conducts. The ones that excel offer themselves the chance to attain swift, cost-efficient, and maintainable competitive advantage. It is widely perceived that excellent management raises output, but no scholar or researcher has ever confirmed this assertion. Nevertheless, studies show an obvious connection between the two. Some of the things that managers can do to better the operations of their businesses include supported management techniques that contribute to the excellence of their businesses. Management techniques could encompass talent management, where managers endeavour to draw and maintain competent individuals (Hales 2006). Another management technique underscores cases where managers seek to award workers that attain set objectives. In a bid to investigate and gauge the influence of management techniques, managers from both Caffe Nero and Rosalind’s cafe in the United Kingdom were interviewed. This practice of the interview mentioned above was double-blind for the interviewees were not conscious of the way their management practices were to be investigated and gauged, and the interviewer (myself) was not conscious of the financial performances of the companies. Each company was given a score for application or non-application of every management technique. In the provided score, the least was 1, which affirmed that the technique in question was not applied and the highest score was 5 to show the most excellent application. After comparison, it was established that Caffe Nero was better in the application of management techniques as compared to Rosalind’s cafe. The correspondence between the applications of management techniques by a company and its financial performance was noteworthy. Since management practices influence the fiscal performance of a business, it is anticipated that they also have an influence on the yield of the business. Moreover, the business with a better application of management techniques and a greater fiscal performance was proved better in treating its employees. In this case, it is better to work in Caffe Nero than to work in Rosalind’s cafe. Correlations were clear that one per cent rise in the excellence of application of management techniques reflected an eighty per cent rise in the overall output. For managers thinking of the way to boost their output, and thus their overall productivity, they had to manage their businesses better. Additionally, a powerful connection was evident between the degree to which the application of management techniques in a company influences financial outcome and the degree of competitive strength. For the case of managers that were operating in less competitive settings, the news is not cheering at all. Irrespective of the efforts applied by the managers in these businesses, their endeavours reflect very little influence when judged against aspects like directives (Hales 2006). Nevertheless, there is a hope of relieve for if a government settles on a determination that the financial system demands competition, businesses with better application of management techniques will be prepared to lead the group. The major output intensities are probable to be attained just when governments formulate perfect competitive situations, and managers apply excellent management techniques. All university town workers operate in shifts in the branches of Rosalind’s cafe. One of the sons of the founders, Ed, acts as the director of the cafe at the Rosalind Cafe. The cafe at College Street has James as its director from early 2010. The managers (directors) are accountable for workforce concerns (for instance, James conducts employee schedules for the two cafes) as well as ensuring access to adequate stock. The founders attempt not to be too watchful on the directors, but allow them to have full management of the cafes. On her part, Fiona possesses the required culinary expertise. Still, her fondness lies on administration instead of risking the company’s susceptibility that could emerge from dependence on her accessibility for daily cooking chores. Even as the store manager at Caffe Nero possessed the greatest knowledge concerning the company, there lacked vivid and sophisticated impression across the company. In a bid to guarantee ideal outcomes, there was a need to establish an Electronic Point of Sale system (EPoS). This system had an excellent performance with the eradication of manual entry of data. The management of Caffe Nero rose from possessing little or no knowledge to a reasonable quantity of knowledge, like sales information. Nevertheless, the sales information was constant, and managers of Caffe Nero desired to have the capacity to disclose the tale behind the figures. The management team and the regional managers were enjoying the possession of information, though enquiries posed as many questions as compared to the provided answers. It was comprehended that more refined investigation and reporting was required to obtain every response that was essential concerning the fast-growing company. Managing Communication Managing communication and ensuring open communication goes a long way to make sure that workers are ready to exchange their considerations and suggestions. However, the considerations may be in opposition to the grain of the well-liked view. Research has proved that managing open communication is a major aspect associated with interpersonal reliance. Workers will be more wavering to engage themselves in backing organisational objectives when they have no confidence in their managers. Moreover, employees will not support organisational (and global) cultures when there is no open communication. Different studies have revealed a constructive association between the management of communication and organisational dedication, where openness acts as a means of enhancing organisational dedication. Information technology has boosted how communication in an organisation occurs by making individuals fully accessible, all the time, irrespective of their whereabouts (DeRidder 2004). Some of the ways that communication could take place, including through electronic mails, mobile phones, voice mail, and instant messaging, just to mention a few. Nevertheless, communication through information technology may encounter difficulties from legal and safety concerns like wrong use of electronic mail, information privacy, being hacked into and spam. The excellence of information and communication is more significant than the quantity or sufficiency of communication because it connects with confidence between co-workers and confidence amongst managers. In short, when workers have a feeling that information from their managers and co-workers is being communicated in an appropriate, precise, and relevant manner, they are more liable of feeling less susceptible and more capable of relying on their managers and co-workers. On the contrary, when workers have a feeling that they are obtaining information that is inappropriate, imprecise, and irrelevant, they are liable to become more restrained and less confident. For Rosalind’s cafe is a family business, the co-founders (Henry and Fiona) have an excellent team of employees in the business, and they boast in ensuring superb communication with their employees, which in return makes the employees become engaged in the company (DeRidder 2004). In this regard, Rosalind’s cafe swop employees between their cafes due to the feeling that the two detached group of employees could cause segregation, thereby generating conflict. In Rosalind’s cafe, notices are at times displayed to remind employees of what is expected of them. Both Henry and Fiona are present in the cafe as they treasure communication with employees and are simply capable of offering solutions to some problems or giving suggestions. Henry and Fiona engage the managers and at times, the employees and explain to them the reason behind something being carried out. For Fiona, the concern that managers acquire to encompass employees in the business progression is the spirit of natural management skills (Thomas, Zolin & Hartman 2009). This communication allows the employees of Rosalind’s cafe to be in a position to serve their customers diligently. For the case of Caffe Nero, the managers communicate with the employees, inform them of the expected opening hours for every store, and guide them on how to track the traffic at diverse times of the day. Information technology and communication allow regional managers to create awareness concerning the inconsistencies; for instance, a store that requires to be opened early or late and a store that due to some reasons has to close before time. To Caffe Nero, managing resources of employees and communicate with them is vital to its operation. Additionally, a sufficient amount of staff is critical to satisfying the requirements of this strategy. Due to several inconsistencies in some stores of Caffe Nero, customers are at times inconvenienced. In this regard, Rosalind’s cafe is a better place for customers as compared to Caffe Nero. Managing Organisational (and global) Cultures Businesses like Caffe Nero that function in different nations have to decide on the extent to which they will localise their organisational culture as well as associated management processes to suit the host nation and endeavour to retain stability and standardisation. The setting for the businesses can vary in different nations in a range of aspects encompassing directives, institutions, and position of marketplaces, shared negotiating, workforce attributes, and customs. In cases where national dissimilarities are noteworthy, and they enforce restraints on what is expected of businesses to undertake, greater localisation would be anticipated. A resource-anchored perspective underscores the potential significance of distinguishing organisational culture as a channel to maintain a competitive advantage. On the contrary, the managers of Rosalind’s cafe are for the support of the contextual approach. The contextual approach affirms that organisational culture is extensively reliant on the environment, thus underscoring institutional obligations like national culture. From the analysis conducted by intellectuals, there is no support of assumed responsibility of national culture, as a restriction to organisational culture. Therefore, businesses might have more prudence in deciding if they will localise or standardise organisational culture in addition to associated management processes than proposed by conventional knowledge (French 2007). Researches seek to explain when national culture restricts organisational culture and times when it cannot restrict are inadequate, thus the need for future studies to address this inadequacy. Management of Power and Politics Power and politics in organisations are a certainty in the majority of organisations. Even though game playing could seem to be misused time, it is recommended in a bid to secure supplies, improve thoughts, realise personal objectives and frequently boost the status of an individual. An individual is not expected to anticipate being capable of standing detached from power and politics in an organisation. One might be revered for shunning power and politics in an organisation. Still, the progress of that individual will be restricted, and the individual will be perceived as a simple target. Researchers have argued that the sector of organisational power and politics remains mainly unsearched, especially with respect to the skewed occurrence (Tsui, Nifadkar & Ou 2007). Research into the discernment of power and politics proposes the commonness of such conducts in conjunction with ambivalence to the feature of the responsibility of management. The politicised character of change is extensively identified, but the function of power and politics in an organisation in change outfit is contentious. Whereas the managers of Rosalind’s cafe support relevance, the managers of Caffe Nero support avoidance. Additionally, some researchers connect the strength of political action to the level of change and back an indicative advance to organisational progress involvements. Decision Making The making of decisions in an organisation denotes a witting process of creating choices involving one or more options to progress toward several desired states of situations. This aspect allows an organisation to act as a compilation of selections searching for problems, concerns, and sentiments in search of decisions and conditions where they could be publicised, explanations searching for matters where they could act as the responses, and judgement-makers searching for responsibilities. Even though organisations could be seen as propellers for resolving definite difficulties or formations where disagreement is determined via negotiations and as well offer sets of practices through which contributors reach an understanding of their undertaking while in the course of doing it (Buchanan & Huczynski 2010). In this regard, an organisation acts as a merger of decision-makers ready to function. The decision-making perception of organisations concentrates on how the connotation of choices varies with time. Decision-making in organisations draws attention to the tactical influences of the clock, through the creation of choices and difficulties, the time interval of accessible energy, and the influence of the formation of the organisation. In a bid to comprehend the practices in organisations, an individual could perceive a selection chance like a garbage can where contributors deposit different types of difficulties and resolutions as they are formed. The combination of garbage in one can rely on the combination of accessible cans, on the stickers at the substitute cans, on the garbage presently being generated, and the pace with which garbage is amassed and eliminated from the sight. This theory of decision making in organisations has to be associated with a moderately difficult interchange amid the creation of difficulties in organisations, the hiring of staff, the creation of explanations, and the chances for selection. It could be convenient to consider that selection chances initially bring about the creation of decision options, to an assessment of their outcomes, to a valuation of those outcomes about goals, and lastly to a decision (Buchanan & Huczynski 2010). This kind of model is frequently an underprivileged portrayal of what takes place. For the case of garbage can representation, in contrast, a decision denotes a result or explanation of numerous comparatively autonomous flows in an organisation. Rosalind’s cafe is developing as a company, and the owners are constantly searching for advancements that can be achieved. Both Henry and Fiona first examine perceptions that they bear between themselves. After examining the ideas, these co-founders share the ideas to Ed, as they understand his different perspective. Afterwards, they share the ideas with James if the idea is associated with food. The founders hold management meetings for each worker after some weeks, and they go out together to have drinks and get unstrained. Nevertheless, a number of the bigger resolutions, like the extension of the cafe that took place in 2010 are entirely arrived at by the co-founders alone. This relation between managers and employees in Rosalind’s cafe makes it a better place for workers (Buchanan & Huczynski 2010). On the other hand, despite opening approximately 200 branches and over 350 stores in a span of fewer than ten years, Caffe Nero does not have a suitable technology to assist in the analysis of business performance as well as in the decision making. The managers are the sole decision-makers in Caffe Nero and employees are not involved. Due to poor technology and lack of employee participation, the managers of Caffe Nero are forced to fax everyday takings to the headquarters where it is manually included in spreadsheets. Business Ethics and Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) Business Ethics signifies contemplating on and suggesting perceptions of perfect and wrong conduct. For the variations of relations, the span of probable business settings, the uncertainty of daily living conditions, and restrained moral consistency, one certain thing concerning business ethics is that they are at all times prone to controversy. For business ethics in Rosalind’s cafe, what matters on a daily occurrence is the moral decrees being shaped in the personal and structural restraints of an organisation. As it occurs, the decrees might differ sharply relying on different aspects, like closeness to the marketplace, line or workforce accountabilities, or an individual’s rank in the chain of command. Real organisational moralities are thus appropriate, situational, very precise, and frequently implicit (Fisher & Lovell 2009). In Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR), organisations endeavour to satisfy or surpass legal and anticipated values by deeming the greater excellence of the broadest possible society with both local and international stipulations. This move takes place for the economic, ecological, lawful, social, ethical, and benevolent influence of how an organisation carries out businesses and actions. Corporate Social Responsibility, as applied in Caffe Nero, is a practice propelled by internalisation, deregulation, and denationalisation. The supporters of CSR are devoted to illustrating that companies have accountabilities past the manufacture of goods and income generation (Fisher & Lovell 2009). Socially responsible companies can assist in the resolution of significant social and ecological difficulties. On the contrary, arguments against CSR endeavour to demonstrate that CSR deforms the marketplace by averting companies from their basic operations of income generation and this element is perceived to be potentially extremely risky. Also, counterarguments affirm that the operations of business verify its accountabilities. In this regard, companies lack social responsibility past conformity with the regulation. The opponents make it more significant for people to be vivid on what they have a conviction of being an instance of corporate responsibility (Fisher & Lovell 2009). The expression on the business instance for Corporate Social Responsibility has indubitably outperformed comprehension, not to mention progression. Even if there exists strong prospective for CSR to arrive at constructive participation in tackling the requirements of underprivileged societies, there are manners through which CSR may harm the same societies, whether by error or design. Management of change Management of change in an organisation has been described as the practice of constantly renewing the course of an organisation, formation, and capacities to serve the ever-varying requirements of internal and external clients. Change is a persistent aspect of organisational existence. Therefore, there ought to be certain concerning the significance of any organisation’s capacity to recognise the ranking it requires to achieve in the future and how to administer the essential change. Accordingly, the management of change in an organisation cannot be detached from the organisational policy. Due to the significance of the organisational change, managing it is turning out to be highly essential administrative expertise. There are two main theories that help to manage change in an organisational. These theories include Planned and Emergent theories (Van Dierendonck 2011). Planned management of change is intended to boost the function and efficiency of the individual phase of the organisation via participative and collection-based schemes of change. Even though the planed approach is deep-rooted and taken to be highly efficient, it has been highly criticised. Rosalind’s cafe employs the planned approach in the management of change. The planned approach focuses on small-scale and increasing change and is thus not relevant in conditions that necessitate swift and transformational change. Additionally, this approach disregards conditions where commanding approaches are necessitated. On the other hand, Caffe Nero employs the Emergent approach to change management. The emergent approach is the ambiguity of both the internal and external setting that leads to this approach being more applicable when judged against the planned approach. In a bid to handle the intricacy of the situation, it is proposed that the organisation should become open erudition structures. The emergent approach emphasises support of far-reaching and exhaustive comprehension of policy, coordination, culture, and individuals, and how these elements can operate be it as a supply of inertia that could obstruct change, or otherwise, as levers to promote an efficient change progression. Leadership Leadership denotes the practice of guiding, managing, motivating, and encouraging employees towards the attainment of declared organisational objectives. Leadership in Rosalind’s cafe is transactional while that of Caffe Nero is transformational leadership. Transactional leadership is anchored in an exchange practice, and it considers the present intentions and objectives of followers as specified and rigid. Transformational leadership has been suggested by intellectuals to illustrate and elucidate how leaders are in a position to realise large-scale transformation in organisations. Transformational leadership proposes that particular leaders, out of their individual attributes and their relations with followers, surpass an easy swap over of supplies and efficiency (Van Dierendonck 2011). The theory of transformational leadership suggests that leaders employ more intricate conducts than deliberation and instigating coordination. Transformational leadership performs in an excellent way to boost the productivity of an organisation as compared to transactional leadership. Due to improved relations between managers and employees, transformational leadership is capable of making Caffe Nero a better business for customers. Management of knowledge and erudition Managing knowledge and learning in an organisation concerns human relations, elucidations, practices, possessions and culture. Through the concentration of computer-based expertise as the key to knowledge and learning management, recognition viewpoint tends being distorted, thus providing insufficient attention to the numerous human aspects of knowledge and learning management. Some of the human aspects of knowledge and learning management consist of confidence, culture, inventiveness and novelty, proficiency, and human effectiveness. In Caffe Nero, inter-personal relations occur between the initiator (giver) and the recipient stores, thereby influencing the results of knowledge and learning management and transfer. The structural position of one store about other stores in the connection could influence its capacity to obtain knowledge; for example, it could have an impact on the capacity to obtain information from the connection. When fresh notions are created and transferred into a different store, intra-organisational knowledge, and learning sharing is essential for management and commercialisation of novelty (Jones 2007). However, Caffe Nero fails in the intra-organisation knowledge transfer, thereby allowing some stores to perform better than others do. The management of Rosalind’s cafe actualises the significance of physical closeness and industrial constellations to enable local perspectives to constitute localised systems. The managers of Rosalind’s cafe propose that knowledge streams more efficiently in territorial structures as compared to non-localised inter-company coordination. Conclusion Rosalind’s cafe was founded by Henry Owen and Fiona, and it started its processes in Rosalind Street in 2006. Rosalind’s cafe has two cafes, namely College Street cafe and Brick Lane cafe. Caffe Nero denotes a coffee shop chain that has its central operations in the United Kingdom. While the store manager at Caffe Nero possesses the utmost knowledge concerning the company. There lacked flamboyant and sophisticated consciousness across the company. Henry and Fiona first scrutinise perceptions that they bear between themselves before discussing them with their employees. For Caffe Nero, the managers are the exclusive decision-makers and workers are not engaged. Corporate Social Responsibility, as utilised in Caffe Nero, is an exercise propelled by internalisation, deregulation, and denationalisation. Whereas Rosalind’s cafe employs the planned approach in the management of change, Caffe Nero employs the Emergent approach of change management. One would prefer to be a customer in Rosalind’s cafe, but an employee in Caffe Nero. Recommendations * Rosalind’s cafe should implement better ways of improving their application of management techniques to make it a better place for employees. This move will, in return improve the financial performance of the company. * Caffe Nero should strive to avoid inconsistencies in its stores in a bid to avoid inconveniencing its customers. In this regard, Caffe Nero will better its relations with customers. * The managers of Caffe Nero should involve employees in decision making in the quest to instil significance and trustworthiness in the workers. Additionally, this move will go along the way in ensuring that the decisions made are well-considered and thus are the best for bettering the performance of the company. * Caffe Nero should endeavour to apply for intra-organisation knowledge transfer in a bid to allow stores, which are not performing well, to improve in their performance. Reference List Bachmann, R & Zaheer, A 2006, Handbook of trust research , Edward Elgar, Northampton. Buchanan, R & Huczynski, A 2010, Organisational Behaviour, Prentice Hall, Harlow. DeRidder, J 2004, ‘Organisational communication and supportive employees’, Human Resource Management Journal , vol. 14 no. 1, pp. 20-31. Fisher, C & Lovell, A 2009, Business Ethics and Values, Individual, Corporate and International Perspectives , Prentice Hall, Harlow. French, R 2007, Cross-Cultural Management in Work Organisations , CIPD, London. Hales, C 2006, ‘Moving Down the Line: The Shifting Boundary between Middle and First-Line Management’, Journal of General Management, vol. 32 no. 2, pp. 31-55. Jones, G 2007, Organisation Theory, Design, and Change, Pearson, Upper Saddle River. Thomas, G, Zolin, R & Hartman, J 2009, ‘The Central Role of Communication in Developing Trust and its Effect on Employee Involvement’, Journal of Business Communication, vol. 46 no. 3, pp. 287-310. Tsui, A, Nifadkar, S & Ou, A 2007, ‘Cross-national, Cross-cultural organisational behaviour research: Advances, gaps, and recommendations’, Journal of Management, vol. 33 no. 3, pp. 426–478. Van Dierendonck, D 2011, ‘Servant Leadership A Review and Synthesis’ Journal of Management , vol. 37 no. 4, pp. 1228-1261.

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Provide a essay that could have been the input for the following summary: The Russian language has a unique phonology and acquisition because it is part of the East Slavic branch of the Slavic family.The Russian language has a unique phonology and acquisition because it is part of the East Slavic branch of the Slavic family.

The Russian language has a unique phonology and acquisition because it is part of the East Slavic branch of the Slavic family. The Russian language has a unique phonology and acquisition because it is part of the East Slavic branch of the Slavic family.

Russian Language, Its Phonology and Acquisition Essay English and Russian languages both belong to the Indo-European languages; however, American English and Russian have different language families and branches. Russian is a part of the East Slavic branch of the Slavic family. There are a lot of dissimilarities in these languages, for instance, in the Russian language, “a noun has a variation in gender, number, and case, an adjective has to comply with its modified object in gender, number, and case, and a numeral also shares variation in number” (Liu, 2010, p. 3). The dissimilarities that are present in these languages are primarily illustrated in phonetics, syntax, morphology, lexicon, and numerous other visible features. A distinctive aspect of the phonology of the Russian language is the broad spectrum of consonant clusters that are adopted by the language. In the case of a typological viewpoint, these consonant clusters are significant and noticeable due to their length and their uncommon phonotactics. The Russian language authorizes the implementation of the clusters with a greater length than most of the standard languages, which are four or fewer consonants in every commencement and coda of any given word. For example, the consonant clusters in Russian language could be seen in вскрыл [‘fskril] (‘he opened’) and in чёрств [t∫orstf] (‘stagnant’). The Russian language acts by the Sonority Sequencing Principle in most conditions except at the word edges. Most unusual is the fact that the Russian language allows sonorant-obstruent sequences that contravene with the Sonority Sequencing Principle not only at the beginning of the word, for example, ртуть [rtut j ] (‘mercury’), and at the end of the word, for example, жезл [ᶾezl] (‘wand’). The presence of these processes in the given words most likely would indicate that the phonological structure of the Russian language is not dependent on the consistent standards of syllable-level organization, which is characteristic of the languages that support the convoluted onsets and codas. Nonetheless, a more accurate “examination of the origins of SSP-violations, their distribution, and the morpho-phonological behavior of the words which contain them, reveals that Russian phonology is generally sensitive to a sonority hierarchy in which the liquids play an important role as a subclass of the sonorants” (Proctor, 2009, p. 127). These phenomena could be evaluated and comprehended only through an archival framework; as a result, the diachronic advancement of the syllable arrangement of the Russian language needs to be illustrated separately. The intonation patterns in the Russian language have been arranged so that mentions the intonation pattern as an ‘intonation construction’, or ‘интонационные конструкции’ (ИК). In the Russian language, there are five fundamental intonation patterns: for declarative sentences and statements; for questions that include a question word; for questions without a question word; for unfinished questions that frequently begin with an ‘A…’; and for assertions that could be presented both straightforwardly and indirectly. According to the study of Andrey Zaliznyak, the Russian language contains six stress patterns of the deterioration of the nouns, which includes four derived forms. “Patterns a/c/e (or odd-numbered) have stem stress in the singular. Patterns b/d/f and variants (or even-numbered) have ending stress in the singular. In a and b, the plural is like singular. In c and d, it’s the opposite. In e and f, the plural has moving stress: ending stress, except the nominative plural with stem stress. The variant patterns (b’, d’, f’, f”) are all ending-stressed in the singular except for one case: accusative singular in d’ and f’, instrumental singular in b’ and f”” (Zaliznyak, 1977, p. 121). There are several types of language acquisition: phonological, lexical, acquisition of nominal categories, acquisition of verbal categories, and syntactic approach towards acquisition. Children that learn the Russian language tend to begin with open syllables, as well as children that learn American English. The basic parts of words both pretonic and stressed are learned previously, both by Russian and English speaking children. On the contrary, post-tonic parts of words are adjourned until a child reaches the age of four. An acknowledged obtaining of post-tonic parts of words is detected between the age of four and six. Vinarskaja et al. (1977) illustrate that dissimilar levels of reduction come into sight in the first place in the pre-tonic speech sounds. Post-tonic decreased vowels are always depicted by the use of the schwa (Vinarskaja et al. 1977). Furthermore, the conclusion of observing the acquisition among children certifies the upper limit of two-syllable words around the age of three. Nevertheless, the precision of language learning becomes better over time not only of children that learn to speak Russian but also in English-speaking children, implementing the progression of the given children concerning the phonological structure of a word on the mature adult level at a proportionate rate. The syntactical elements of the Russian language are quite distinct from those of the American English language. There are numerous examples of the application of erroneous intonations with nouns by the native speakers of the Russian language. Moreover, native speakers tend to determine the grammatical gender system differently by the means of abolishing the primary differentiations between genders; moreover, native speakers often apply the plurality of nouns inaccurately. For example: у них есть два стол (‘they have two tables’) instead of у них есть два стола (‘they have two tables’). Pragmatics is connected to the applicable implementation of the Russian language in assorted situations, where the prominence relies persistently on the application of the Russian language in the context. Chen (1996) states that “pragmatics takes the viewpoint of language users, especially of the choices they make, the sociocultural constraints they encounter in using the language, and the effects their language has on the interlocutor” (p. 3). Russian and American English illustrate different inclinations for compliance in transmission and conversation. For example, in American English, the main role belongs to the register; while the native speakers of the Russian language prefer the application of the address pronouns to evaluate the essence of the relations between the conversationalists. The Russian language requires a broad knowledge of every pronoun and its applicable purpose, and the situation was to use this specific pronoun. The native speaker of the Russian language has the opportunity to use his or her insight to determine the right choice of pronouns, as the relations between the conversationalists are often changing and active. On the contrary, people that only learn the Russian language and whose native language does not possess a comparable aspect, do not maintain a necessary intuition to determine the right choice of pronouns (Ryazanova-Clarke, 2014). As a result, learning the Russian language may turn into a far more complicated assignment than simply understand the grammar and become proficient with vocabulary and terminology. References Chen, H. J. (1996). Cross-cultural comparison of English and Chinese metapragmatics in refusal . Bloomington, Indiana: Indiana University. Liu, Y. (2010). Study of contrastive analysis on English and Russian in Russian teaching . Tianjin, China: Tianjin Polytechnic University. Proctor, M. (2009). Gestural characterization of a phonological class: The liquids. New Haven, Connecticut: Yale University. Ryazanova-Clarke, L. (2014). The Russian language outside the nation . Edinburgh, Scotland: Edinburgh University Press. Vinarskaja, E., Lepskaja, N., & Bogomazov, G. (1977). Problems of theoretical and experimental linguistics. Moscow, Russia: Moscow University Press. Zaliznyak, A. (1977). Grammaticheckij slovar’ russkogo jazyka [Grammatical dictionary of Russian language]. Mocsow, Russia: Russkiy Yazik.

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Write a essay that could've provided the following summary: The purpose of this report is to analyze the case of the low-fares airline "Ryanair" and find out the answer to six specific questions from the case. The report focuses on the key success factors, the prospect of Ryanair in the long haul routes, the strategic leadership of Michael O'Leary, the environmental situation over recent years, sustainability of Ryanair's strategy and so on.

The purpose of this report is to analyze the case of the low-fares airline "Ryanair" and find out the answer to six specific questions from the case. The report focuses on the key success factors, the prospect of Ryanair in the long haul routes, the strategic leadership of Michael O'Leary, the environmental situation over recent years, sustainability of Ryanair's strategy and so on.

Ryanair Company: Success Factors and Strategies Report Introduction The purpose of this report is to analyze the case of the low-fares airline “Ryanair” and find out the answer to six specific questions from the case. Therefore, this report focuses on the key success factors, the prospect of Ryanair in the long haul routes, the strategic leadership of Michael O’Leary, the environmental situation over recent years, sustainability of Ryanair’s strategy and so on. However, the Tony Ryan family has established Ryanair in 1985 with only 25 employees to offer scheduled passenger service between the United Kingdom and Ireland, but now this company has about seven thousands employees with operation in 33 bases and more than 950 routes in 26 countries and 66 million passengers (O’Higgins, 2010). Reasons behind the success of Ryanair Johnson and others (2008) pointed out the financial condition of Ryanair before 2004 by arguing that the company was in bankruptcy situation as its share price plunged from €6.75 to €4.86, and its sales revenue decreased dramatically despite low fare and its yield reduced more than 25%. However, this situation has changed within a very short time and O’Higgins stated that this company achieved numerous awards such as Best Managed Airline and 2009 FT-ArcelorMittal Boldness in business due to service quality in European market though it has faced some controversies like conflicts with European Commission. However, there are many reasons behind the success of the company but the main influencing factors are – Pricing strategy or Low Fares offerings According to the annual report 2009, Ryanair’s pricing strategy is the main factor of success and it truly asks low fare to the customer. At the same time, this strategy reflects on the target group such as this company is targeting fare-conscious leisure and business travellers and using the secondary airports for the convenience of the operational system (Mintel, 2009); Leadership On the other hand, the success of Ryanair also depends on the efforts and capabilities of its top management team, including the CEO of Ryanair Michael O’Leary as they take the major decision to be the global market leader. For instance, CEO fixed the price range from €0.99 to €199.99, introduce offers one-way pricing policy, manage the operating costs, and take many initiatives to recover from recessionary impact; Customer Service Annual report 2010 stated that its strategy is to compete with the rivals to serve the best client service performance in terms of better punctuality, less lost bags, and fewer amount cancellations as the competition is very high in this industry; Regular Point-to-Point Flights on Short-Haul Routes At present, Ryanair is the leader of the low-cost airlines in Europe in point-to-point short-haul routes though this company concentrates more on the UK to Ireland routes; Low Operating Costs O’Higgins and the annual report stated that the main competitive advantage of Ryanair is low operating costs and its operating costs is lowest among the European scheduled passenger airlines or other budget airlines. Sustainability of Ryanair’s Strategy The first part of this report concentrates on the key success factors and major strategies and this part analyze the sustainability of these strategies by PESTEL and Porter five forces. Porter’s Five Forces Analysis Figure 1: Porter 5 forces for Ryanair. Source: Self-generated. Bargaining Power of Suppliers The bargaining power of supplier is low to medium for the company as the major providers of aircraft in the industry are Boeing (Ryanair’s potential supplier) and Airbus, and the switching costs of one provider to another is too high as the technicians, experts, crew, pilots and other employees will require additional training, which increases operating costs. On the other hand, the power of other suppliers like airport services suppliers, and fuel suppliers varies time-to-time, such as the main factor includes minor secondary airports would like to carry business from budget airlines, removal of intra-European duty-free, oil prices increased in 2004 due to uncertainty about supplies from Nigeria, Russia and Iraq. Bargaining Power of buyers The bargaining power of the buyers is strong because the switching cost of the customers is very nominal due to presence of available service providers, and customer loyalty is absent in the industry and most of the customers focus on the price than the quality. Threats of New Entrants There are mainly three reasons those consider the treatment of new entry is low, these are a huge amount of investment is essential to enter the market, new service providers will need to face high competition in this market, and the space in the airport is difficult to get. However, large market player of long haul could enter the short-haul market by using competitive advantage and financial capabilities while EU deregulation has removed obstacles to entry for airlines based in Europe, though the scarcity of landing slots is also created new hindrance to entry. The Threat of Substitutes The threat of substitute products is low for the Ryanair though trains and buses can serve alternative services in the global economic crisis. Competitive Rivalry The competitive rivalry in the European airline industry is Intense and increasing because of the deregulation, presence of too many competitors in these routes, increasing power of customers, lack of loyal customers, strategic change, consolidation and rationalisation, Potential trend of competitors, and so on. PESTEL Analysis of Ryanair Political factors Political factors have a significant influence on the business operation of Ryanair and these factors include government policy of foreign countries, EU deregulation to open market by removing barriers, the possibilities of War, the prospect of Euro to gain strength against the Dollar, EU regulations on pollution, controlling advertisement, taxation policy, and some other rules to protect the airlines from terrorist attacks. Economical factors The economic position of Ryanair was not in stable condition in 2004, and it also faced the challenge of the global financial downturn in the fiscal year 2008 and 2009, but all time this company recovers its leading position by adopting the decision of top management successfully. However, many economic factors are interrelated those affected the company negatively or positively, particularly, the volatility of fuel price, high-interest rate, investment, debt condition, share price, operating costs, annual revenues and so on. However, the following chart demonstrates that the in 2007 the share price of the company was the highest position, in 2008 this price fallen, and it is now in stable position considering the market environment and position of the competitors. Figure 2: Basic Chart of Ryanair for the last five years. Source: Self-generated from Yahoo Finance (2011). Socio-cultural factors Ryanair earns significant profits (20.3% of total operating revenues) by providing ancillary services like sales food and distributes accommodation considering the socio-cultural factors of the customers. On the other hand, Ryanair ensures equal opportunities for all employees and it gives the facilities by the requirement of the EU regulation; therefore, it recruits talent people and it never considers social background, ethnic groups, race, and religion. Ryanair spends huge fund to maintain corporate social responsibility and ethical codes, for example, in 2008 and 2009, it invested €18,062,000 and €18,081,000 respectively on Social welfare. Technological factors Proper adoption of the technology can bring the extreme success of the company; therefore, Ryanair introduced new Boeing 737-800 aircraft to reduce fuel costs, wireless internet service to developing communication system, and online ticket reservation system to save time and improve the quality of service. Recommendation to change environmental situation and justification * Ryanair is in the apex in the success in terms of market share in short-haul flights and profitability, therefore, the company should attempt to enlarge its service range by introducing regular or frequent services in its present airports to boost its profits; * As it has 272 aircraft and other financial resources, it can easily drive in the long haul flights. In this case, it can sign a merger or joint venture agreement to share their assets and human resources or it can takeover similar service providers to entry in the new routes with competence; * The research and development team should survey the market, assess the risks, the service quality of the competitors, and recommend a new strategy to compete with rivals; * At the same time, it should increase the budget for the R&D to increase research to save the company from controversy, as the company creates controversial situation by imposing the charge to travellers to use toilets on its flights, using the picture of the queen of Spain without her permission and implementing unusual conflicts; * Also, the company should increase the budget for the promotional activities and it should arrange IMC program to develop an awareness of the passenger about the media as the UK television Channel 4 broadcasted in a documentary ‘Ryanair caught napping’ and criticised Ryanair’s training programs, aircraft hygiene and poor personnel morale. The management should concentrate on the internal workplace environment and flight services to avoid any criticism though the management of Ryanair denied these allegations against the company and published its correspondence with Channel 4 on its website; * As the reduction of operating costs is one of the main factors of its success, it should carry on this strategy and it should control fuel costs more efficiently; * However, the company should concentrate more on the environmental factors and take more initiatives to reduce CFC and carbon emissions as it has corporate social responsibility; * Also, it should expand the destination outside Europe like Asia, Africa, and Latin America where trafficking is high, as the company uses low-cost fuel and asks low fares, which will help the company to be the global market leader in short-haul flights; * Finally, it should always upgrade the IT System to manage the company and it should integrate the latest software to develop customer relationship management (CRM) system and to use financial resources with actual estimation. Whether Ryanair should introduce long haul flights The market leader Ryanair should introduce its services in the long haul flights as this company has enough financial capabilities to expand its service and offers low-cost services to the customers. As a result, this report mainly consider the challenges in long haul flights, and the resources and capabilities of the company to decide whether it should drive long haul routes or not – Physical Resource Ryanair always follows an expansion strategy and introduce its service in new routes and its physical resources also demonstrate the fact of this statement. However, it always eager to increase the number of aircraft, for instance, it had only 192 aircraft in 2004, but it has now 272 aircraft in operation and is expected this number would be reached 299 within next 2 years (Ryanair, 2010); Financial Resources On the other hand, it has strong financial capabilities to face any future challenges and take risks to expand its business in the global market. However, this company faced economic problem due to global financial crisis in 2009 and its profit after taxes was only €169.7 million in this year, but its changes this situation within a year and its profit were € 305.3 million that increased by €286.10 million from the previous year. However, the subsequent two tables show the financial data for Ryanair of the last four fiscal years – Variables 2007 ( million in Euro) 2008 (million in Euro) 2009 (million in Euro) 2010 (million in Euro) Total assets 5763.70 6327.60 6387.90 7563.40 Total liabilities 1557.20 10379.20 1549.60 Total operating expense 1765.20 2176.70 2849.40 2586.0 Total Fuel Costs 688.60 785.80 1247.30 882.30 Net revenue 2236.90 2713.80 2942.0 2988.10 Operating profit 471.70 537.10 92.60 402.10 Profit for the year 435.60 390.70 169.20 305.30 Table 1: Key statistics of Ryanair. Source: Self-generated from annual report 2008 and 2010 of Ryanair. Human Resources The top management team and the employees are the main assets of this company and it has more than 2,859 full time and 3,304 part-time flight and cabin crew, and 869 ordinary employees to control all departments; also, it recruits additional 1,200 employees (Ryanair, 2009). At the same time, the top management team has already proved their capabilities to manage these human resources to create a brand image of the company in short-haul routes, which also support the view that it should start operation in long haul flights. Strategic sense about bid and future decision In 2007, Ryanair has acquired 25.2% stake in Aer Lingus to capture jointly about 80% of all flights between Ireland and EU countries, to upgrade their dated long haul products and decrease short-haul fares by 2.5% per year, to decrease operating expenses, and to help strategic decision-making process of the company as Aer Lingus have taken some wrong decision. On the other hand, Aer Lingus had rejected the initial bid by claiming it an anticompetitive drive of Ryanair to eradicate competitor at a derisory price, and the CEO of the company added that it is not possible to cork together as direct competitors. Also, Aer Lingus had rejected the second bid with the support of 97% majority vote, and then Ryanair renewed its bid along with some flexible provisions and facilities, like Ryanair proposed to remain Aer Lingus as a separate airline, planned to double its short-haul fleet. However, this bid was strategic significance because Ryanair aimed to operate with mutual benefits and increase market share and customer base by ensuring truly low fares though Aer Lingus considered the bid a competing or monopolizing offer of Ryanair. At the same time, Ryanair was committed to providing €180 million to the Irish government but the CEO of Aer Lingus had no proper assessment of the market as the company as well as the CEO had suffered critical time after rejecting the bid, for instance, its share price had plunged noticeably, CEO resigned after controversy, and its loss customers. As the share price of Aer Lingus has been fallen radically from €1.40 to €0.50 within one year due to the adverse impact of the global financial crisis. Ryanair should not launch another bid for Aer Lingus as it had rejected the bid of Ryanair for two times through the second time it has incorporated several broad options. However, it is highly likely that the new CEO of the Aer Lingus would not reject the new bid considering the present financial position of Aer Lingus, but Ryanair must fall in the Antidumping regulation of European Commission; as a result, Ryanair should not launch another bid for Aer Lingus but Ryanair has the option to bid for another carrier. However, Ryanair should consider several risk factors before launching another bid for any other carrier, such as – * Adverse economic position due to the global financial downturn increased unemployment rate and restricted credit markets; * Actual challenge due to continuous price hike of fuel; * The rule and regulation related to the British Airline Pilot Association (BALPA); * EU regulation imposed a compensation system to protect the customers from delay, lose of customer’s baggage and other problems; * At the same time, it should consider the external environment, airport charges, and taxes and so on. The leadership of Michael O’Leary and future step From the last quarter of 1990, Ryanair had flown through a great deal of turbulence with losses IR£20 million despite growth in passenger volumes, and then Michael O’Leary had changed some strategic decisions those help the company to recover its situation by 1995 (Done, 2004). The most prominent reason behind the success of Ryanair is the contribution of O’Leary and according to the annual report 2010 of the company, he has employed as a director from 1988 and CEO from 1994. At the same time, Ryanair enjoyed the better financial position and applied expansion strategy such as Ryanair ordered 45 new Boeing 737- 800 aircraft (189-seat capacity) worth $2b in 1998, and the company was joined to the NASDAQ-100 in 2002, and Air Transport World magazine announced it the most profitable airline in the world in 2006. According to the annual report 2009 of Ryanair, this company is not intended to lose any high-qualified senior executives until getting qualified person for replacement, and this corporate philosophy indicates that he should continue to serve CEO until Ryanair finds out a suitable person for this post. However, the problem arises when he gets involved in criticism due to his rivalry attitude towards the competitors, as a result, the policymakers, regulators, EU commissioner Philippe Busquin, and the competitors like EasyJet, and Aer Lingus have not considered him as a suitable person for this post. On the other hand, present and former employees of Ryanair have praised O’Leary’s leadership style as he can lead people without any kind of leadership training and he has inside power to motivate and encourage the employees as well as the customers. Reference List Done. 2004. “Ryanair’s dream comes to an end ” . Financial Times 29, No.1: 1-5. Johnson, Gerry and Others. 2008. Exploring Corporate Strategy: Text & Cases, London: FT Prentice Hall. Mintel. 2009. Short-haul Airlines – UK – July 2009: Companies and Products . Web. O’Higgins, Eleanor. 2010. Ryanair: the low fares airline – future destinations ? London: FT Prentice Hall. Ryanair 2009. Annual report 2009 of Ryanair. Web. Ryanair 2010. Annual report 2010 of Ryanair . Web. Yahoo Finance. 2011. Basic Chart of Ryanair Holdings (RY4B.IR). Web.

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Write the original essay for the following summary: The paper argues that it is likely that it was not his role as a messiah to his country nor to his Ba'athist ideological beliefs but rather was triggered by a schema based on his hatred and fear of Iran.

The paper argues that it is likely that it was not his role as a messiah to his country nor to his Ba'athist ideological beliefs but rather was triggered by a schema based on his hatred and fear of Iran.

Saddam Hussein Psychological Analysis Research Paper Table of Contents 1. A Brief Psychobiography of Saddam Hussein 2. Analyzing Political Leaders Emotions ‘At a Distance’: The Debate 3. The Political Decision-Making 4. Works Cited “ For assessing Saddam Hussein, there is very little verbal material available. What is available has probably been selected, edited, and otherwise controlled to an unknown but considerable extent. The researcher’s problem is thus to find any usable material at all.” (Winter in Post 2005 383 pdf) Political, psychological profiling offers the opportunity for understanding more about leaders and their decisions. The last two and half decades have produced new theories of leader decision-making by examining and comparing cognition and affect. (McDermott 2004, 183) Testing the various ways in which emotions impact cognitive processing and vice versa, researchers have found, particularly Sasley, (2010), that heuristic effects, or the amount of emotional attachment a leader has towards a foreign policy object, strongly impacts that leader’s decisions regarding that foreign policy object whether it be an issue, a physical person, a geographic marker such as a country, or an ideology. The case of Saddam Hussein, the late and former dictator/president of Iraq, had his emotional triggers. Following the work of Post, Winter, and Hermann, the profile of Hussein as a malignant narcissist assumed that his primary emotional trigger or attachment were those foreign policy objects that required his messianic role as the savior of Iraq to act. Interviews conducted after his capture by FBI Special Agent G. Piro in 2004 provide examples of several of the problems with methodologies attempting to assess from a distance, the emotional triggers, and reactions of leaders. The following paper provides a summary of some of the relevant points in Post’s political profile of the leader during three periods of crisis in Hussein’s life and in the history of Iraq. Following the findings of Davies (qtd. in McDermott 185) that biological reactions to stress and the need for survival create the most intense intersection between emotions, cognitions as reflected in biological markers of tension etc. are difficult to assess at a distance. However, using the interviews conducted by Piro in 2004 ( Saddam Hussein Talks to the FBI ), the conclusion of Post and others that Hussein’s emotional trigger was his identification of himself as a needed messianic figure for his country may be challenged. The paper argues that it is likely that it was not his role as a messiah to his country nor to his Ba’athist ideological beliefs but rather was triggered by a schema based on his hatred and fear of Iran. In addition, the paper will argue that the interviews highlight two of the problems with at-a-distance profiling of leaders and identifying heuristic affects, that of profiler/interviewer/analyst bias and ‘performance.’ The interviews were conducted by one of the ‘rare’ agents able to accurately and reliably translate Arabic. Working for the George W. Bush administration, which was committed to its portrayal of Hussein as a madman with an arsenal of WMDs that justified the US invasion in 2003, Piro emphasized in his summaries, specific phrases and reactions that supported the Bush administration’s claims. However, the interviews also reveal that although Hussein was aware of the psychological profiles that had been carried out, presumably those done and published by Jerrold Post. Furthermore, he seemed to go out of his way to present himself to Piro as a rational leader instead of a religiously-motivated or ideologically motivated fanatic. In doing so, he seems to simultaneously put on a performance for Piro while at the same time revealing his deep hatred of Iran. Any action or potential action, as in the case of the Marsh village events that Iran might take were seen as the greatest threat to Iraq. Hussein’s statement, “Saddam is Iraq, Iraq is Saddam” (Post 356) may not reflect his messianic identification but rather his commitment as a leader to combatting his arch-enemy, Iran. This conclusion does not alter the profiling of Hussein as a ‘malignant narcissist.’ However, it does highlight some of the issues confronting profilers of leaders, particularly regarding their heuristic affects. If Iran is more of a trigger than Ba’athist ideology or a need for attention and grandiosity, than understanding that might have better helped analysts understand Hussein’s motives and predictable actions. The character of the ‘madman’ may have served a purpose of distraction, as Hussein commented several times in the interviews, ‘I am not going to let my enemy know what I am going to do’. (2004) A Brief Psychobiography of Saddam Hussein Jerrold Post argues in his defining political profile of malignant narcissists that the cognitive beliefs of a leader are closely associated with “affective needs and emotional drives” (95). Sasley (2010) and others have also argued that emotional commitments to specific policy objects also has a significant affective impact on decision-makers. One of the early and most significant political psychological profiles constructed by US analysts for the CIA, analyzed the Iraqi leader of the late 20 th century, Saddam Hussein (b.1937-d.2006). Through application of a model examining the crisis behavior of Hussein, Post effectively demonstrates that in fact, the stronger the affective need and emotional drives, the more they “constrain particular cognitive belief systems” (95), which in turn reveals “systematic distortions that affect information processing associated with particular leader personality types” (95) specifically the narcissistic, obsessive-compulsive and paranoid leader types. Within that framework, the following essay argues it is possible to not only identify systematic distortions in the decision-making processes of Saddam Hussein that reveal traits identifiable with not only narcissistic and paranoid leader types, but are so entrenched within the rigidity of his affective models or heuristics that they result in emotionally motivated behavior associated with malignant narcissism based on three specific crises: 1979 Iran-Iraq War, the August 2 1990 decision to invade Kuwait, known as the ‘Gulf War’, and the 2003 response to the US-led invasion of Iraq. The argument will first outline the arguments for analyzing emotional drives ‘at a distance’ and those against as background for the thesis that Saddam Hussein’s behavior during the three specific foreign policy crises resulted from his early attachment to Baathist ideologies combined with perhaps an ‘innate’ component wiring Hussein for violence. Secondly, the discussion will provide a biographical sketch of Hussein’s early life up to his ascension to the leadership of Iraq July 16 1979 to establish the presence of an affective heuristic seeded and nurtured in childhood by his Uncle Kairallah towards Baathist ideologies in the context of his village life in rural Iraq. It will argue that Hussein demonstrated an early propensity for violence, (he killed his cousin at the age of 17), and his apparent detachment from and lack of empathy for others. Thirdly, the paper will argue that this tendency shaped the form his emotional drives took creating reactions and negotiating style framed in an automatic resolution to crisis through violence which can be traced through a series of systematic responses evident in three crucial foreign policy crises. Finally, it will conclude that Hussein fulfills the definition of not only a paranoid narcissistic leader, but one driven by the specific type of narcissism, malignant narcissism. Analyzing Political Leaders Emotions ‘At a Distance’: The Debate In the Article “Malignant Narcissism”, Alexandar Burgemeester explains Malignant Narcissism as “an extreme form of antisocial personality disorder that is manifested in a person who is pathologically grandiose, lacking in conscience and behavioral regulation, and with characteristic demonstrations of joyful cruelty and sadism” (…) A German social psychologist Erich Fromm first used the notion of “malignant narcissism” (MN) in 1964 to describe it as a serious mental disorder (qtd. in Goldner-Vukov and Moore 393). Besides, he considered MN “the quintessence of evil” (qtd. in Goldner-Vukov and Moore 393). Twenty years later Kernberg (qtd. in Goldner-Vukov and Moore 393) introduced the concept of MN to psychoanalytic literature. The concept of MN is among the least investigated in in psychoanalysis. According to Kernberg (qtd. in Goldner-Vukov and Moore 393), there are four major characteristics of this disorder. Firstly, it is a typical core narcissistic personality disorder. Secondly, it is characterized with antisocial behavior. Thirdly, personalities with MN usually demonstrate ego-syntonic sadism. Finally, the people observing this disorder have a deeply paranoid orientation toward life. According to American Psychological Association, MN has some features of narcissistic personality disorder which are revealed in “grandiose sense of self-importance, preoccupation with fantasies of unlimited success, power and brilliance, a belief in being special or unique, a strong need for excessive admiration, a sense of entitlement, interpersonal exploitativeness, a lack of empathy and prominent envy (qtd. in Goldner-Vukov and Moore 393). Aggression and destructive features are idealized in MN. The individuals with MN look successful and self-sufficient. Nevertheless, in practice they prove to be vulnerable to shame, fragile, and easily hurt by criticism. Irritation and rage are typical of them in case of failure. The need for recognition drives their life. Consequently, they envy the people who are more successful. However, they can work hard for long periods of time to achieve the desirable recognition and can adapt to the changing situation. On the whole, people with MN disorder follow their aim despite the obstacles. They can change their values if it promises any profit. Although promiscuous and charming, they are unable to have deep relationships (Goldner-Vukov and Moore 393). MN has also features similar to Antisocial personality disorder. Still, the difference is that individuals with MN can choose loyalties. Kernbers states (qtd. in Goldner-Vukov and Moore 393) that “the ego-syntonic sadism of MN is displayed by a characterologically-anchored aggression.” It is usually revealed through aggressive self-affirmation. People with MN often tend to dehumanize the others and destroy something they see as a threat to the success. The feeling of revenge is very strong among them. The paranoid behavior of individuals with MN causes the fact that they do not believe anyone. Besides, it results in the conspiracy theories that trouble them. The possible factors that stimulate the development of MN can be found among biological, environmental, psychological and sociocultural determinants (Goldner-Vukov and Moore 393). It should also be mentioned that MN is more frequently developed among men than women. more common among men than women. Biological determinants of MN include genetic influences, temperament, and the possible influence of early relational trauma on nervous system. The environmental and psychological factors comprise late relational trauma which may be caused by the inability of parent to demonstrate empathy and meet the emotional needs of children. Malignant narcissism may have social consequences for the society. Due to the peculiarities of this disorder, it is characteristic of political dictators. The personalities of Adolf Hitler, Joseph Stalin and Mao Zedong are remembered due to their cruelty and crimes against humanity (Goldner-Vukov and Moore 397). The row of dictators of the twentieth century who obviously had malignant narcissism can be continued by the figure of Saddam Hussein. President George W. Bush called him “axis of devil” and considered him a threat to the western world (Post 335). Hussein was a person that supported the development of weapons of mass destruction although it caused UN sanctions which resulted in the Gulf countries crisis. The psychological context of his actions cannot be traced without considering the motives and perceptions that had the influence on the decision making. Many political and historical observers called him “the madman of the Middle East” (Post 335). However, this characteristic may be misleading in the evaluation of his activity. Some researchers consider that the roots of his behavior may go back to the childhood years. The preconditions for personality development are formed in the early years. The prerequisites for becoming a tyrant, dictator or a prominent leader together with other abnormal aberrations are conditioned by the childhood events (Post 337). Saddam was born in 1937 in a poor village of Tikrit region, near Baghdad. He did not know his father who died probably of cancer during his wife’s pregnancy. His younger brother died later. The mother was so stressed that she attempted suicide. Saddam was an unwanted child and the mother had some attempts to kill an unborn son. The unhappy childhood of Saddam followed the failed suicidal attempts of his mother who did not want to live after the deaths of her husband and the elder son. The woman in despair was saved by her Jewish neighbors who took care of her and thus save the life to a future dictator. After Saddam was born, he was sent to his uncle because his mother did not want to bother. Some years later when his mother married again, Saddam came to live with her. However, his life was not happy here since he was abused by the stepfather both physically and morally. He was not let to go to school bat had many duties at home such as take care of the herd of sheep. At the age of ten he left home again to live with his uncle who remained the main person in his life. his wandering in childhood could condition the fact that Saddam Hussein did not trust people around him. It is a characteristic feature of the abused children, and Saddam took his offence into the adulthood. Post describes the situation in psychoanalytic terms as “the wounded self” (335). Besides, he states that “Most people with that kind of background would be highly ineffective as adults and be faltering, insecure human beings” (Post 335). Moreover, the researcher says that Hussein is a “judicious political calculator,” not a madman (Post 335). The psychological consequences of such childhood proved to be decisive in the formation of Hussein’s personality as an adult. As it was already mentioned, Saddam Hussein’s psychology can be treated as the syndrome of malignant narcissism. He possesses all the characteristics of the disorder such as pathological narcissism, antisocial features, paranoid traits, and unconstrained aggression. As for pathological narcissism, Hussein demonstrates absolute grandiosity, extreme self-absorption and overconfidence. These features made him not sensible to the possible sufferings of the other people. Emotions such as empathy or grieve are not characteristic of this personality type. As a result, this feeling of superiority influenced his attitude to the other people. The antisocial features which are the components of malignant narcissism were revealed in the fact that such people are only governed by their own interests. Besides, they are not likely to see any obstacles on their way to the purpose. Narcissistic leaders such as Saddam Hussein usually demonstrate amorality and can use the beliefs of other people to their own profit. In such a way the leaders may consolidate their power. They appear to be not afraid of punishment such as international sanctions, economic influences or other indications of power of the other countries that may want to stop them. Nevertheless, the general appearance of a strong and mighty leader usually hides the unsure character. They tend to see enemies in everyone and the conspiracy theory is the characteristic of them. They do not understand that they make more new enemies by their behavior. Another feature of malignant narcissism is the unconstrained aggression. The representatives of this personality type are preserved in public. They often reveal sadistic traits and can cynically calculate the outcome of the situation to benefit from it. Hussein was a worthy representative of this type of individuals, having hidden interests and able to conceal the real hostile intentions. The political implications of malignant narcissism are evident in Hussein’s life and career. With self-aggrandizement as his major driving force, there was no other possibility to –make him give up his political power other than convince him the return to power and promising another chance. During his stay at power, he demonstrated multiple attempts to preserve the authority. The Political Decision-Making It might be due to his narcissi character that Hussein never normalized for the loss to Iran. However, he did normalize the loss to the US. “The need for simplicity and consistency, the impediments to probabilistic thinking, and the predisposition to loss aversion are often treated….as deviations from rational models of information processing, estimation and choice. [However], these ‘deviations’ are so pervasive and so systematic that it is a mistake to consider rational models of choice as empirically valid in foreign policy analysis” (Gross Stein 139). Camerer et al. mention that “There is a growing consensus [among scientists today] that emotion is ‘first’ because it is automatic and fast and plays a dominant role in shaping behavior.” Furthermore, we act before we think. “…the conscious brain then interprets behavior that emerges from automatic, affective processes as the outcome of cognitive deliberations (qtd. in Gross Stein 140-141). “Research demonstrates that fear prompts uncertainty and risk-adverse action, while anger prompts certainty and risk acceptance. Threats that evoke fear are likely to prompt hesitancy and a risk-averse response; indeed that is the purpose of most deterrent threats. However, frightening threats are less likely to be successful when they are designed to compel adversarial leaders to act.” (Gross Stein 143) Rehshon (qtd. in Hafner-Burton 9) suggests the idea that “rationalist models allow for a diversity of preferences”. Nevertheless, the behavioral revolution disclosed three possible deviations from rationalist assumptions that can be applied to treat international relations. It touches the way the actors at the political arena actually assess risk; how they treat the future as something insignificant; and how they consider the possibility of social preferences. Despite the fact that rationalist models give the opportunity of heterogeneous risk preferences, the future theory implies that those preferences might be structured in predictable ways (Hafner-Burton 9). The impetus for this discussion derives from poliheuristic decision-making theory, which suggests that “decision makers often attempt to cut through the plethora of complex information available during a decision task by employing cognitive short cuts, or heuristics” (Kinne; Mintz and Geva; Mintz, Geva, Redd, and Carnes; Mintz, qtd. in Gerschwer 3). One of these heuristics is the elimination of any choice that might lead to political fallout. The “noncompensatory” provision in poliheuristic theory states that in any given situation that requires a decision, if a certain alternative is unacceptable on the political dimension, “then a high score on another dimension (e.g., the military) cannot compensate/counteract for it, and hence the alternative is eliminated” (Mintz, qtd. in Gerschwer 3). According to poliheuristic theory, the political dimension is always noncompensatory in foreign policy decision making (Mintz and Geva; Mintz, qtd. in Gerschwer 3). Political leaders measure their success in political units, such as public approval ratings, and they are only able to turn their attention to other dimensions (e.g., economic or diplomatic concerns) after their political concerns have been satisfied (Mintz and Geva, qtd. in Gerschwer 3). The influence of emotions on coercive diplomacy is studied by Markwica (12). It is stated that in coercive diplomacy, actors use the threat of power to reach targets to change their behavior. The major aim is to achieve the opponent’s agreement in the necessary questions without starting a war. Nevertheless, in practice similar strategies may not prove to be efficient even despite the substantial military superiority of the oppressor. This conclusion prompts another question discussed in the thesis by Markwica: “What prompts leaders to reject coercive threats from stronger adversaries, and under what conditions do they yield?” (14). The author argues that the concentration on the leaders’ affective reactions can be the key to explanation of the success of coercive diplomacy in some certain situations and its failure in the others. The work by Markwica unites the insights from both psychology and social constructivism. It also represents “a theory of emotional choice to analyze how affect enters into target leaders’ decision-making ‘ (Markwica 14). In fact, it mentions that the decisions made have not only social but also emotional background. The major emotions that influence the decisions are fear, anger, hope, pride, and humiliation. Their combination constitutes the major leaders’ preferences. It is the first effort to explain what kind of emotions has the impact on the decision making of the leader’s in the field of foreign policy. One of the subject to this investigation are ten major decisions by Saddam Hussein taken during the Gulf conflict in 1990-91. The results of the mentioned analysis are diverse. On the one hand, one third of all decisions appear to be not influenced at all or to be slightly influenced. The second third of decisions underwent the influence of one of the emotions, but it was not stringer than the impact of other determinants. Finally, the third part of the decisions were taken under the strong influence of one of the emotions. On the whole, it can be stated that emotions have certain influence of the leaders’ decision-making. This conclusion is applicable to explain the roots of the leaders’ decision-making in the Gulf conflict and the missile crisis. It also suggests the reasons of failure and success of coercive diplomacy in those cases (Markwica 16). Davis suggests an approach to building simple adversary models (9). Iraq under the rule of Saddam Hussein was considered an adversary for the US. Works Cited Davis, Paul K. Simple Culture-Informed Models of the Adversary. RAND Corporation, 2016. Gerschwer, Scott. “Bracketing” Foreign Policy from Domestic Affairs: A New Paradigm for International Negotiation and Decision-Making.” Journal of Interdisciplinary Conflict Science, vol. 2, no. 2, 2016. Goldner-Vukov, Mila, and Laurie Jo Moore. “Malignant Narcissism: From Fairy Tales to Harsh Reality.” Psychiatria Danubina, vol. 22, no. 3, 2010, pp 392–405. Hafner-Burton, Emilie M., et al. The Behavioral Revolution and the Study of International Relations.” International Organization, vol. 71, no. S1, pp. S1-S31. Markwica, Robin. The Passions of Power Politics: How Emotions Influence Coercive Diplomacy . Dissertation, University of Oxford, 2014. McDermott, Rose. Political Psychology in International Relations. The University of Michigan Press, 2007. Post, Jerrold, editor. The Psychological Assessment of Political Leaders. The University of Michigan Press, 2010. “ Saddam Hussein Talks to the FBI: Twenty Interviews and Five Conversations with “High Value Detainee # 1 ” in 2004.” The National Security Archive. Web. Stein, Janice G. “Foreign Policy Decision-making.” Foreign Policy: Theories, Actors, Cases, 2016, 130 .

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Create the inputted essay that provided the following summary: The rationale for Selecting Poland as a Target for InvestmentSainsbury's chose Poland as their target for investment because it was determined to be the best option out of Estonia, Hungary, and Poland. The retailer's expansion into Poland will allow them to reach a larger customer base and improve their competitive advantage.

The rationale for Selecting Poland as a Target for Investment Sainsbury's chose Poland as their target for investment because it was determined to be the best option out of Estonia, Hungary, and Poland. The retailer's expansion into Poland will allow them to reach a larger customer base and improve their competitive advantage.

Sainsbury Company’s Strategic International Business Essay The rationale for Selecting Poland as a Target for Investment The country that will be selected for the expansion of the Sainsbury’s is Poland. From the PESTEL analyses provided in the Appendix, it is apparent that Poland is a better target for the retailer’s expansion than either Estonia or Hungary, even though some elements of the external environment are more attractive in those countries. It is possible to discuss the elements of PESTEL analysis and compare them in the three countries to see that. Political When it comes to the political environment, Estonia is probably the best choice of the three countries, for it is business-friendly and has pursued the free market economy for several years. Poland is slightly less attractive in this respect because it is stated to have burdensome taxes on businesses (CIA 2017c). Hungary is the worst choice, for it currently pursues a nationally-oriented economy with high taxes/tariffs especially for retailers, which will put Sainsbury’s at a disadvantage in comparison to domestic retailers (CIA 2017b). Economic Estonia is a rather attractive choice thanks to the high GDP per capita, but it is a very small country with a low absolute GDP; also, the growth rate is the slowest among the three countries: by the end of 2016, it grew to 106.01% of its economy in 2013 (1×1.027×1.015×1.017×100%=106.01%) (CIA 2017a). Hungary is more attractive because it has a greater absolute GDP and greater growth rate (in 2016, it grew to 108.84% of its 2013 economy) (CIA 2017b); however, its GDP per capita is lower. Finally, Poland seems the most attractive choice of the three, because it has the greatest GDP (the 6 th greatest in the EU), and, importantly, grows faster than the two other countries (in 2016, it grew to 110.44% of its 2013 economy) (CIA 2017c), even though its income per capita is lower than in the other two countries. Social From the social environment, Estonia is the least attractive choice of the three simply because its population is too small (1,258,545); also, only 391,000 people live in Tallinn (CIA 2017a). In Hungary, the population is almost 10 million, but in Poland, it is nearly 38.5 million. Also, the capitals of Poland and Hungary have comparable populations, but in Poland, there are several very large cities or urban areas, such as Krakow (CIA 2017c). Thus, Poland is the most attractive choice of the three. Technological Both Estonia and Hungary are well-developed technologically, whereas Poland is not. While the infrastructure in Poland has some issues (CIA 2017c; Cienski 2014), it might still be a good idea to invest in Poland and bring innovative technology there that Sainsbury’s local rivals would not be able to have, for Sainsbury’s (n.d.) is stated to focus on innovations. Legal Estonia seems to be the most attractive choice of the three in terms of the legal environment thanks to the equal treatment of foreign and domestic businesses (CIA 2017a). Poland might be somewhat worse because there exist elements of Soviet legislation in Polish law; however, the legal environment is still friendly for foreign businesses. Finally, Hungary is the worst choice because of the additional taxes for foreign enterprises (CIA 2017b). Environmental Estonia has the best natural environment and keeps up with international standards (CIA 2017a). Hungary and Poland probably suffer from greater pollution, but that might also mean that Sainsbury’s might establish new standards in these countries (although doing so is double-sided because upholding standards takes additional funding in comparison to those who do not uphold standards). Also, Poland and Estonia have access to sea transportation, which is a benefit, whereas Hungary is landlocked (CIA 2017a; CIA 2017b; CIA 2017c). Summary On the whole, it can be seen that Poland appears to be the most attractive choice when considering economic, social, and probably also technological and environmental points of view. Estonia would also be rather attractive, but perhaps it is simply too small. Finally, Hungary seems to be the worst choice due to its nationalist economic policy, which levies additional taxes from international businesses. Critical Analysis of the Opportunities and Threats of the Industrial Environment Using the 5 Forces Model To understand the industrial environment in which the organization in question will find itself after it enters the market, it is paramount to conduct a thorough analysis of various elements involved in this environment. This can be done using Porter’s Five Forces model (Dobbs 2014). Such an analysis is provided below. Power of Suppliers On the whole, it is pointed out that in Poland, the sector of retailers that purchase goods from suppliers is rather weak (PMR 2015). The suppliers of goods are not numerous, and in general, the members of the sector of retailers are stated not to possess any strong mechanisms which could be utilized to exert pressure on those who supply them with merchandise (PMR 2015). Nevertheless, it is stressed that independent store chains are attractive partners for such suppliers, which might provide Sainsbury’s with an additional advantage over its smaller competitors (PMR 2015). In this case, it might also be possible to conclude that Sainsbury’s will have a certain amount of power over its suppliers (at least in the case of a full-scale entry such as having wholly-owned subsidiaries), even though it might be limited. Power of Buyers Concerning the power of buyers, it should be highlighted that Poland is a country with a large population, and its major urban areas also house large numbers of people, as is shown in the Appendix. By the U.S. Department of Agriculture (2017), however, the majority of consumers in Poland are still price-sensitive, but there exists a group of clients who are not reluctant to pay greater money for the products of higher quality, and that group is experiencing a stable growth in numbers. This means that, while a large percentage of customers are price-sensitive, there still should be a considerable number of clients, and that Sainsbury’s might be able to rely on clients who are desirous of purchasing high-quality goods even if the prices of these are higher than average. Competitive Rivalry When it comes to the degree of competitive rivalry in Poland, it is noteworthy that the main retail outlets in Poland are supermarkets and hypermarkets; these account for approximately 73% of the total value share of the respective market (U.S. Department of Agriculture 2017). Therefore, it might be possible that Sainsbury’s will be faced with stiff competition when it enters the Polish market. Nevertheless, the supermarkets of Sainsbury’s vary in size, and some of them are small; in this respect, it should be stressed that the supermarket business is peculiar in that the number of clients depends heavily on the location of a particular store; if a location is successful and there are no other supermarkets nearby that are more attractive, or if there are such supermarkets, but they are not in very close proximity, customers may still elect to purchase goods from the given retailer, which presents an opportunity. Consequently, the amount of competitive rivalry might depend not only on the general situation with supermarkets but also on the local conditions, unless the market is very heavily saturated with such stores. Sainsbury’s should also choose its strategy appropriately to decide in which locations whether large or small stores should be opened (which also depends on the mode of entry; see below). Also, it should not be forgotten that in certain cases, it might be possible for Sainsbury’s to implement some technological innovations that would provide them with e.g. technological advantages over their rivals, which would be favorable for Sainsbury’s. Threat of Substitution Due to the fact that there exists a large number of food and other fast-moving consumer goods retailers in Poland (U.S. Department of Agriculture 2017), it is clear that consumers might be able to easily find substitutes for the goods offered by Sainsbury’s, which means that the threat of substitution for the products of Sainsbury’s is rather high. Nevertheless, as has been noted, the very close proximity of a store to places where people live might be a strong advantage for Sainsbury’s. On the other hand, if Sainsbury’s opens a large store, then people might visit it in situations when goods offered by such stores cannot be found in some other places located in close proximity. The threat of New Entry Finally, the threat of new entry remains rather high in the sphere of retailers. The rivals of Sainsbury’s, who are numerous in Poland (U.S. Department of Agriculture 2017), might open a shop not far from an existing location of the store in question, and it will take away a number of the clients of Sainsbury’s. (In this respect, it is better to open large stores with a greater assortment of goods). On the contrary, however, it might be difficult for completely new companies to enter the retail market in Poland, because it includes a large number of enterprises already (U.S. Department of Agriculture 2017). Summary On the whole, it can be concluded that both the suppliers and buyers might have a moderate amount of power on Sainsbury’s, but the latter should also have its methods of influence in Poland. A similar situation exists with respect to the competitive rivalry and threat of substitution. When it comes to the threat of new entry, however, the advantage might be on the side of Sainsbury’s. In any case, Sainsbury’s should be rather careful when entering the Polish market. Analysis of Strengths and Weaknesses of the Internal Environment of Sainsbury’s Using the VRIO Model To more fully understand the ability of a firm to compete in the market, it is needed to analyze its internal environment and consider whether its resources and capabilities are adequate for addressing the external situation in the market, and thus are the company’s strengths, or if they are not appropriate for dealing with the external conditions, and thus are its weaknesses. To do so, it is possible to employ the VRIO analytical model (Bach & Edwards 2013, pp. 22-23). Such an analysis of Sainsbury’s in Poland is provided below. Value The value of the internal resources, capabilities and corporate culture plays an important role in a firm’s competitiveness. When it comes to Sainsbury’s, it should be stressed that the company has considerable technological capabilities (Sainsbury’s n.d.), which may permit it to gain an advantage over the local retailers in Poland, therefore constituting a strength. Also, according to the company’s corporate culture, it makes stress on sustainability and quality, purchasing its products only from highly reliable suppliers (Sainsbury’s n.d.). In Poland, such a policy might be a disadvantage to a particular degree because many consumers there are price-sensitive (U.S. Department of Agriculture 2017). Nevertheless, high quality should be able to attract clients who are willing to pay greater prices for it, and the numbers of these consumers are growing in Poland (U.S. Department of Agriculture 2017). Thus, in perspective, Sainsbury’s might have several important strengths when it enters the Polish market. Rarity The products and services that Sainsbury’s will propose in Poland will probably not be very different from what is already available in Poland with respect to assortment, for there are many supermarkets, hypermarkets and retail stores in that country (U.S. Department of Agriculture 2017); thus, there exists a weakness in what Sainsbury’s may offer. Nevertheless, very high-quality goods might not be widespread (U.S. Department of Agriculture 2017), so if Sainsbury’s focuses on quality, this might become one of their strengths. Imitability Unfortunately, when it comes to imitability, it might be possible to assume that Sainsbury’s products will be capable of being imitated by the company’s rivals. If Sainsbury’s is to sell retail products, such as fast-moving consumer goods, even of very high quality, they will have to purchase these from local suppliers, which means that other such firms will also have access to these resources. This constitutes a weakness of Sainsbury’s operations in Poland. However, if Sainsbury’s is able to utilize innovative technologies and other similar resources it has in other countries (Sainsbury’s n.d.), this might provide them with a unique advantage that local companies may not be able to imitate. Organization It is possible to state that the organization of Sainsbury’s, as one of the largest supermarket chains in the U.K., is highly effective (Sainsbury’s n.d.). Consequently, it provides this company with a strength in comparison to local Polish supermarkets because Sainsbury’s might be able to import and use the highly effective organizational and management experience and technologies they possess in Poland. Summary All in all, it may be summarised that Sainsbury’s has several important strengths in comparison to local Polish supermarkets; these strengths include technological capabilities, as well as organizational and management experience. On the other hand, it also has several weaknesses, such as the probably relatively low value of their quality policy among some of the consumers, or the imitability of the high quality of goods if these still become popular. Therefore, Sainsbury’s should be careful when entering the Polish retail market, focusing on its strengths and finding ways to lower the effect of its weaknesses. Evaluating the Various Modes of Entry According to Elsner (2014), there exist several modes of market entry for retailers; the most important of these, starting from those in which the company has the largest degree of control over its foreign operations and finishing with those where it has the smallest amount of control, include: “wholly-owned subsidiaries, mergers and acquisitions, joint ventures, franchising and licensing agreements and minority stakes” (p. 7). These entry modes will be analyzed below. Wholly Owned Subsidiaries When speaking about wholly-owned subsidiaries, greenfield investments and acquisitions should be discussed; mergers might also be considered. When it comes to greenfield investments, it is worth stressing that building new retail stores from scratch may be rather costly and highly risky; also, it takes a long time to establish such operations, so the investment will start to pay off only after a considerable amount of time passes (Wood & Demirbag 2012). During this time, the local rivals might be able to at least adopt the strategy of providing high-quality goods; technological advantages of Sainsbury’s may also be imitated, for it would take less time to export or imitate something when compared with building a company from scratch and then exporting via this company. Therefore, a greenfield investment might not be preferred. On the other hand, a merger or an acquisition is apparently a better solution because they are much faster, and Sainsbury’s may be able to start utilizing its strengths more quickly, and faster establish itself in the market. However, there is also a problem with that, for, during a merger or an acquisition, there might emerge a clash in organizational cultures, management systems, etc. (Elsner 2014), and it is these elements which have been previously identified as comparative strengths of Sainsbury’s, so preserving them should be of great importance when establishing operations in Poland. Joint Ventures When considering the possibility of Sainsbury’s entering into a joint venture with another retailer, it should be stressed that this form of market entry on its own usually does not permit for establishing long-term operations, instead proposing a temporary relationship between several organizations (Wood & Demirbag 2012). Also, whereas Sainsbury’s might be able to share its comparative advantages with its potential partner, the partner might not be capable of adopting these advantages appropriately. Therefore, it is apparent that taking part in a joint venture should not be recommended for Sainsbury’s as a method of entry into the Polish market. Franchising and Licensing Agreements As for licensing agreements, it should be noted that forming one with a local company does not appear to be of high benefit for Sainsbury’s. In this case, Sainsbury’s will probably provide the licensed firm with some technological advantages and organizational secrets, in return gaining a part of the profits and having the licensee sell the products under Sainsbury’s brand name. However, this is often a temporary form of entry (Wood & Demirbag 2012), and later, the licensee might employ the received knowledge (and probably technology) to become a stronger competitor of Sainsbury’s if it chooses to also enter the Polish market using some other methods. On the other hand, when it comes to franchising, it ought to be stressed that in this case, Sainsbury’s might be able to implement its management expertise and provide the franchisees with the technological privilege that it possesses (Elsner 2014). It also supplies a relatively simple way of expansion, which does not entail very high risks. On the contrary, the disadvantages include the probable inability to effectually implement the management schemes, and the possible heterogeneity of the franchisees. Minority Stakes While discussing minority stakes, it should be pointed out that having one in a Polish business might permit Sainsbury’s to cautiously test its ability to operate within the Polish market and make use of its relative strengths in it, as well as to gather some internal intelligence about that market. Besides, if the operation is successful, it might later become possible for Sainsbury’s to acquire the whole business in which it previously had a minority stake (Elsner 2014), thus making a full-scale entry into the Polish market. As for the disadvantages, it should be stressed that Sainsbury’s will not be able to control the whole organization, which may lead to the suboptimal realization of the potential of Sainsbury’s. Also, friction might emerge between Sainsbury’s and the business in which it has the minority stake, which may put a further relationship at risk. Summary On the whole, it seems that the methods of entry in which Sainsbury’s will (temporarily) have a relatively small amount of control are more appropriate than costly, full-scale investments such as greenfield investments. In particular, franchising or purchasing a minority stake appears to be the quickest option with the lowest risk, also permitting for probing the market. In addition, a minority stake might permit for easier acquisition of a full-scale business operation in Poland later. Reference List Bach, S & Edwards, M 2013, Managing human resources , John Wiley & Sons, Chichester, UK. CIA 2017a, The world factbook: Estonia . Web. CIA 2017b, The world factbook: Hungary . Web. CIA 2017c, The world factbook: Poland . Web. Cienski, J 2014, ‘ Innovation and technology are foundations of Poland’s economic progress ‘, Financial Times . Web. Dobbs, ME 2014, ‘Guidelines for applying Porter’s five forces framework: a set of industry analysis templates’, Competitiveness Review , vol. 24, no. 1, pp. 32-45. Elsner, S 2014, Retail internationalization: analysis of market entry modes, format transfer and coordination of retail activities , Springer Gabler, Wiesbaden, Germany. Estonian Investment Agency n.d., Legal framework . Web. PMR 2015, PMR Insight: wholesale market of groceries and cosmetics in Poland: Porter’s five forces analysis . Web. Poland: legal environment . 2017. Web. Sainsbury’s n.d., Sainsbury’s . Web. Singh, HP 2016, PESTEL analysis of Hungary . Web. U.S. Department of Agriculture 2017, Poland: retail sector . Web. U.S. Department of State 2012, Doing business in Estonia: 2012. Country commercial guide for U.S. companies . Web. Wood, G & Demirbag, M 2012, Handbook of institutional approaches to international business , Edward Elgar Publishing, Cheltenham, UK. Appendix: PESTLE Analyses of the Countries PESTLE Analysis of Estonia Political Estonia is ruled by democratically elected parliament. It is a member of the EU and part of the European Economic Area (EEA), which allows for free trade between its members. The country, having pursued a free market for many years, is liberal in its international trade policies; being a small country, it supports imports of products from other countries, such as the U.S. (CIA 2017a; U.S. Department of State 2012). Economic Estonia is a member of the euro zone; it boasts one of the highest levels of GDP per capita among the countries of Central Europe ($29,500 as per 2016 estimate, in 2016 USD); its GDP is $23.48 billion (as of 2016), with growth rate of 2.7%, 1.5%, and 1.7% in 2014, 2015, and 2016, respectively (CIA 2017a). Social The country has a small population of 1,258,545 (as of July 2016 estimate), which decreases by 0.54% yearly (as of 2016) (CIA 2017a). Its capital, Tallinn, housed 391,000 residents in 2015 (CIA 2017a). It has low unemployment rate (6.8% in 2016) and currently lacks the workforce, both professional and non-professional (CIA 2017a). However, 21.3% of population are considered to be below poverty line (CIA 2017a). Technological The country is well-developed technologically; machinery and electrical equipment account for 30% (as of 2016) of Estonia’s total exports (CIA 2017a). The country has strongly developed communications (e.g., online voting in elections is very popular) (CIA 2017a). It also has rather strong infrastructure, and good port communications (coastline length = 3,794 km), but has a low degree of completion of Trans-European Transport Network (CIA 2017a; U.S. Department of State 2012). Legal The country has a civil law system (CIA 2017a) and adequately protected and enforced property rights (U.S. Department of State 2012). Foreign investors have the same obligations and rights as domestic businesses; there exist agreements for preventing double taxation (Estonian Investment Agency n.d.). Environmental The Estonian constitution declares that the natural environment and resources are to be used sustainably, and that it is a duty of every person to preserve the environment (Estonian Investment Agency n.d.). On the whole, the country cares about upholding high environmental standards, and legal regulations for these are constantly upgraded according to international standards (Estonian Investment Agency n.d.). PESTLE Analysis of Hungary Political Hungary is ruled by a democratically elected government, but there has been a rise in the popularity of the right-wing, nationalist parties such as Fidesz and Jobbik. It is a member of the EU and EEA (CIA 2017b; Singh 2016). In the past, reforms were implemented to pursue the free market, but in the recent times, a more nationally-oriented approach has been adopted, which favours domestic businesses, especially in sectors dominated by foreign companies, such as retail and banking (CIA 2017b). Economic Hungary is not a member of the euro zone, and it has not high levels of GDP per capita: nearly 2/3 of the mean level of the EU-28 (e.g., $27.200 as of 2016 estimate) (CIA 2017b). Its GDP is $267.6 billion, as of 2016 estimate, in 2016 USD; GDP growth rate was 3.7%, 2.9%, and 2.0% in 2014, 2015, and 2016, respectively (CIA 2017b). Social Hungary has a population of 9,874,784 people (as of July 2016 estimate), dropping by 0.24% yearly (as of 2016 estimate) (CIA 2017b). The capital, Budapest, has 1.714 million residents; urban comprises 71.2% of total population (as of 2015) and grows by 0.47% yearly (2010-2015 estimate) (CIA 2017b). 14.9% of population was below the poverty line in 2015, mainly in rural areas (CIA 2017b). It has an abundance of workforce and low unemployment rates (6.6% in 2016) (CIA 2017b). Technological The country is highly technologically developed; equipment and machinery account for 53.5% of its exports, and other manufactures comprised 31.2% of its exports in 2012 (CIA 2017b). The country is stated to boast a high level of education in the fields of technology and mathematics, to have produced 13 people who won the Nobel Prize, and to have been home and motherland for a number of world-famous scientists such as Janos Bolyai and John von Neumann (Singh 2016). Legal Hungary has a civil law system, which is based on the German system (CIA 2017b); law enforcement is carried out not only by the police, but also by the Border Guards (Singh 2016). Legal environment is not favourable for international businesses, subjecting them to additional taxes (CIA 2017b). Environmental The country has a diverse natural environment, but suffers from pollution, especially water pollution (Singh 2016). The current standards in energy efficiency, waste management, and the control of pollution fall below the international expectations, and require considerable investments in order to meet the minimal standards (CIA 2017b). The country is landlocked. PESTLE Analysis of Poland Political Poland is ruled by a democratically elected government, and is a member of the EU and EEA (CIA 2017c). It has consistently implemented the policy of democratisation and economic liberalisation since 1990 (CIA 2017c). However, recently, the country has shifted towards the policies of social support, and there exists a system of taxation which creates a burden for businesses (CIA 2017c). Economic Poland is the 6 th largest economy in the EU; it has experienced a consistent economic growth since the 1990s (CIA 2017c). It is not part of the euro zone, but is obliged to join it eventually. It had a GDP per capita of $25,900, $26,800, and $27,700 (in 2016 USD) as of 2014, 2015, and 2016, respectively (CIA 2017c), which is about 2/3 of the mean European level (Cienski 2014). The GDP is $467.4 billion (as of 2016 estimate), and its growth rate is rather high: 3.3%, 3.7%, and 3.1% in 2014, 2015, 2016, but is expected to slow due to the planned social policies implementation (CIA 2017c). Social Poland’s population is 38,523,261 (July 2016), decreasing by 0.11% yearly (2016 estimate) (CIA 2017c). The capital, Warsaw, houses 1.722 million people; another large city, Krakow, – 760,000 people (2015); urban population accounts for 60.5% of the total population, and urbanisation rate is -0.1% (2010-2015) (CIA 2017c). 17.6% of population are below the poverty line; unemployment rate is 9.6% (2016). Technological Poland is not highly developed when it comes to technology (Cienski 2014). The growth of Polish economy originates in cheap labour rather than in technological development, and further development of technology is paramount (Cienski 2014). Legal Poland has a civil law system (CIA 2017c). Its law is based on the Constitution of Poland of 1997; the legal system comprises a mix of the Continental civil law and some elements of the Soviet law, but the changes are implemented by new governments ( Poland: legal environment 2017). Legal environment is friendly for foreign enterprises, and ensures impartial proceedings (CIA 2017c; Poland: legal environment 2017). Environmental Poland suffers from air pollution and acid rains due to gas emissions from coal-based power plants, and from water pollution and problems with hazardous waste disposal (CIA 2017c). Polish governments, however, have a considerable degree of environmental concern (CIA 2017c). Poland’s coastline length is 440 km (CIA 2017c).

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Write the full essay for the following summary: The paper examines the effect of economic growth rate on foreign direct investment in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. It finds that there is a positive correlation between economic growth rate and FDI. The paper is important because it helps to narrow the gap that exists in the economic growth-FDI literature.

The paper examines the effect of economic growth rate on foreign direct investment in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. It finds that there is a positive correlation between economic growth rate and FDI. The paper is important because it helps to narrow the gap that exists in the economic growth-FDI literature.

Saudi Arabian Economic Growth Effect on Foreign Direct Investment Case Study Introduction The Kingdom of Saudi Arabia is a significant economy in the Middle East and North Africa (MENA) region. The economy heavily relies on oil and revenues from the oil sector constitute between 90 and 95 percent of total export earnings. In addition, the oil sector contributes about 35-40 percent of the country’s gross domestic product (GDP). Due to its heavy reliance on oil, the country was under pressure to diversify, liberalize and reform its economy. These efforts led the government to put in measures that would encourage privatization and promote investment. The country encouraged foreign direct investment (FDI) as a tool for revitalizing the economy and diversifying its product base as well as raising income and employment rate. Foreign direct investment in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia can be analyzed from the point of view of contracted and realized FDI. Between 1970 and 2000, the Kingdom experienced a positive trend in both the contracted and realized cumulative FDI. There were significant inflows of FDI in the early eighties and in particular in the petrochemicals sub-sector. The inflows continued steadily throughout the nineties and skyrocketed towards the end of the decade. Foreign direct investments are an important component of any economy. For an economy to grow, it requires massive investments into its economic sectors. However, many factors can affect the inflows of FDI. Factors such as political stability (or instability), business environment, and security status are among the many factors that have been shown to affect the inflows of foreign direct investment by directly affecting the rate of return on investment. Investors would want to invest in an environment in which the rate of return is high. The purpose of this study is to examine the effect of economic growth rate on foreign direct investment in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. The study will try to address the question: does economic growth rate have any effect on the inflows of foreign direct investment in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia? The study is important because many studies that have analyzed the relationship between economic growth and FDI have examined the effect of FDI on economic growth. Very studies have actually examined the role played by economic growth in influencing FDI inflows. This study will, therefore, help to narrow the gap that exists in the economic growth-FDI literature. The paper will be organized as follows: the second section will provide a review of the literature on the relationship between economic growth and foreign direct investment. Section 3 will give the conceptual framework on which the study is based. Section 4 will discuss the nature of the data used in the study while section 5 will present the econometric model that will be tested by the study. Section 6 will present and discuss the results while the last section will conclude the study and give policy implications. Previous Literature The relationship between economic growth and FDI has been extensively studied by different scholars in different countries and regions. This relationship has two directions: 1) the effect of FDI on economic growth, and 2) the effect of economic growth on FDI. Of the two directions, the first one – the effect of FDI on economic growth – has attracted the interest of more researchers than the second one. Most studies conducted on the effect of FDI on economic growth have found a positive effect, that is, FDI encourages economic growth. Other studies however found a negative or no effect at all. Alfaro (14) found that FDI affects growth but the effect varies significantly from one sector to another. The effect is positive in the manufacturing sector but negative in the primary sector. In another study, Ajayi (12) examined the relationship between FDI and economic development in Africa. He argued that one of the reasons why Africa has been lagging behind development-wise is because the continent has not been attracting adequate foreign direct investment. He further states that FDI affects economic growth and development in various ways such as capital accumulation, technological transfer and an increase in exports. In contrast to the results of these studies, Lyroudi, Papanastasiou, and Vamvakidis (108) found no significant relationship between FDI and economic growth. Their study was conducted in a number of transition countries. The key message drawn from the review of these studies is that the effect of FDI on economic growth depends on the nature of the countries/regions under investigation as well as on the economic sector to which the FDIs flow. The second direction – the effect of economic growth on FDI – has not been studied extensively but a number of studies exist. For instance, Dhakal, Rahman and Upadhyaya (2004) identified this literature gap and conducted a study to examine how FDI affects economic growth as well as how economic growth affects FDI in several Asian countries. In short, they conducted Granger causality tests on these two variables. They found that the causality varies greatly across countries, with some countries showing causality in one of the two directions, others in both directions, and others showing no causality at all (18). They also found that the positive effect of FDI on economic growth is more significant in countries with greater openness to trade and lower levels of incomes and which receive low levels of foreign aid. On the other hand, the positive effect of economic growth on FDI is more pronounced in countries with greater democracy and where the rule of law is limited. In sum, there is no clear-cut evidence on the relationship between economic growth and FDI. The FDI-economic growth and economic growth-FDI linkages both depend on various political, social and economic factors prevailing in the countries. Conceptual Framework The question of whether economic growth affects FDI inflows was motivated by the fact that few studies have actually tried to address it yet many studies have examined the reverse of the relationship. However, economic growth argues that there is a direct and causal relationship between these two economic variables. Economic growth can induce FDI flows into the country if the country in question has an adequate consumer market. In such a case, FDI can be substituted for commodity trade. Economic growth can also have a significant effect on FDI flows if the economic growth is accompanied by greater economies of scale and if the country becomes cost-efficient following the period of growth (Dhakal, Rahman and Upadhyaya 3). Based on this theory, the expectation of the researcher is that there is a positive effect of economic growth on FDI in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. Data The data used is panel data and consists of data on six units covering the period between the years 2006 and 2010. The units of analysis consist of the members of the Gulf Cooperation Council (GCC) namely: Bahrain, Kuwait, Oman, Qatar, the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia and the United Arab Emirates). The Gulf Cooperation Council is a regional organization that was created to promote the political, economic and social institutions of the member countries. The members of the GCC are Arab countries that are situated along the Gulf and whose goal was to overcome the problems they experienced from their neighboring environment. The scope of the GCC activities extends “economy, politics, security, culture, health, information, education, legal affairs, administration, energy, industry, mining, agriculture, fishery and livestock,” (Hashem 5). The physical features of the GCC countries and the similarity of their laws, economic and societal factors, as well as the nature of their challenges are the aspects that led to the formation of the GCC. The dependent variable is a foreign direct investment (FDI) measured in million US dollars at current prices and current exchange rates. These data were obtained from the UNCTAD website. The explanatory variable is the economic growth rate whose proxy is gross domestic product measured in billion U.S. dollars at current prices. The data were obtained from the International Monetary Fund website in particular the World Economic Outlook report of 2011. The summary statistics for the FDI and GDP variables are presented in Table 1 in the appendix. The table shows that the mean of the FDI and GDP is 7732.849 and 161.3852, respectively. The median for FDI and GDP is 3465.735 and 112.07 respectively while the skewness is 1.65215 and 0.8446908, respectively. The kurtosis for the two variables is 4.696368 and 2.390447, respectively. Results Interpretation of the Fixed Effects Model Table 2 shows the results of the Fixed Effects Model estimation using the LSDV approach. In estimating the LSDV model, STATA omits one unit of observation, which in this case happens to be the country Bahrain. When interpreting the results, what is important is the magnitude and sign of the coefficients. The interpretation of the LSDV results is as follows: * There are unobservable effects in Kuwait which tend to reduce FDI flows by 6417.963 units as GDP increases * There are unobservable effects in Oman which tend to reduce FDI flows by 687.1815 units as GDP increases * There are unobservable effects in Qatar which tend to reduce FDI flows by 247.3737 units as GDP increases * There are unobservable effects in Saudi Arabia which tend to increase FDI flows by 5908.297 units as GDP increases * There are unobservable effects in United Arab Emirates which tend to reduce FDI flows by 4932.976 units as GDP increases The main focus of this study, however, is on the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. From the results, it seems that GDP has a positive effect on FDI, that is, as GDP increases FDI flows also increase. Interpretation of the Random Effects Model Table 3 shows the results of the REM estimation. In estimating the REM model, STATA does not give the coefficients. However, the output gives some results which are crucial for interpretation. The corr(u_i, x) = 0 (assumed) presents the basic assumption about the Random Effects Model. Rho shows the percentage of variance due to variation across countries. The results, therefore, show that 53.45% of the variance is due to variation across countries. Interpretation of the Hausman test The Hausman test is used to determine which of the two models – REM and FEM – is appropriate. The test statistic is given as: If the REM is the correct model, then the difference between the RE estimate and the FE estimate should be 0. On the other hand, if the FEM is the correct model, then the difference between the RE estimate and the FE estimate should not be 0. Table 4 shows the results of the Hausman test. The results show that the difference between the RE estimate and the FE estimate is 8.98, which is greater than 0. The conclusion is that the Fixed Effects Model is the correct model for the data. Limitations of the analysis As with any time-series data, it is important to conduct unit root tests and co-integration tests to check whether the series is stationary or non-stationary before any other tests or analysis is done. If non-stationary, the series should be converted into stationary before further analysis is done. The main limitation of this analysis is the assumption that the two series of data are stationary in nature and yet they may not be. This may have affected the results of the analysis. In addition, the period covered is too short hence the need to increase the years covered in the future. Conclusion The aim of this study was to examine the effect of economic growth on foreign direct investment flows in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. The study used panel data drawn from the countries making up the Gulf Cooperation Council, of which Saudi Arabia is a member. The data comprised of six units of observation (the GCC countries) covering a 5-year period (between 2006 and 2010). A Fixed Effects Model (FEM) and Random Effects Model (REM) were estimated using STATA 10 after which the Hausman test was conducted to determine which of the two models is the correct one. The results showed that the FEM was the appropriate model for the data. In addition, it was determined that economic growth has a negative effect on foreign direct investment in four of the six countries examined. On the other hand, economic growth has a positive effect on foreign direct investment in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia, which is the main interest of the study. The results, therefore, support the study conducted by Dhakal, Rahman and Upadhyaya. This study is however limited in the sense that no panel unit root tests were conducted to determine whether the data were stationary or non-stationary in nature. Works Cited Ajayi, Ibi. FDI and Economic Development in Africa. Ibadan: University of Ibadan, 2006. Alfaro, Laura. Foreign Direct Investment and Growth: Does the Sector Matter? Boston, MA: Harvard Business School, 2003. Dhakal, Dharmendra, Saif Rahman, and Kamal Upadhyaya. Foreign Direct Investment and Economic Growth in Asia. Nashville, TN: Tennessee State University, 2004. Hashem, Ahmad. Cooperation Council for the Arab States of the Gulf. Pennsylvania: Carlisle Barracks, 2007. Lyroudi, Katerina, John Papanastasiou, and Athanasios Vamvakidis. “Foreign Direct Investment and Economic Growth in Transition Economies.” South-Eastern Europe Journal of Economics, 1 (2004): 97-110. Appendix: Tables of Results Table 1: Descriptive statistics. Table 2: Fixed Effects Estimation: FE(LSDV) Estimator. Table 3: Random Effects Estimation. Table 4: Specification test: FEM or REM?: The Hausman test.

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Write the full essay for the following summary: The paper will give a bird's-eye view of growing disparities between tradition and modernity as well as attempts of synthesis.The paper will give a bird's-eye view of growing disparities between tradition and modernity as well as attempts of synthesis.

The paper will give a bird's-eye view of growing disparities between tradition and modernity as well as attempts of synthesis. The paper will give a bird's-eye view of growing disparities between tradition and modernity as well as attempts of synthesis.

Saudi Arabian Historical Motives in Architecture Report (Assessment) About 45 years ago Saudi Arabia entered a new economic era which began as a response to the increase in oil revenues. Such drastic changes triggered a comprehensive alteration of all spheres of life, including the architectural look of Arabian cities, towns, and villages, which have been gradually losing their traditional characteristics to acquire contemporary style and shapes. New types of buildings and fabrics have been introduced (Al-Qawasmi 82). Office buildings, skyscrapers, stadiums, college campuses, shopping centers, and modern houses have come to substitute for historically small, unadorned, simple buildings of the past. Under these circumstances, it comes as no surprise that a clash between representatives of two generations has become inevitable. The social change is reflected in the dynamic style of life, interest in higher education, a new status of social independence for a single-family, the appearance of new social classes, and the gradual transition from one of the most conservative to one of the most advanced societies in the world (Saleh 2). This paper will attempt to explicate how conventional and contemporary patterns in architecture interpenetrate to smooth over the differences between the older and the younger generations of the Arabian society. The research will touch upon the particularities of urban and regional identity as exemplified by the three main regions of Saudi Arabia. It will trace the continuity of traditional values and norms of the society in the design of houses and the way human values and needs of different generations blend to manifest themselves in the residential environment, which is considered to be more than just a sum of material constituents. On the contrary, it comprises a whole set of religious, socio-semiotic, secular, cultural, and other aspects of life. The study is based on the idea that tradition is deeply ingrained in modern architectural styles and constitutes a relevant foundation for producing new building environments that possess the capacity of bridging the gap between the two contradicting mentalities and lifestyles. The case study approach will be used to carry out a cross-analysis of building patterns of different regions that have their unique vernacular architecture. The paper will give a bird’s-eye view of growing disparities between tradition and modernity as well as attempts of synthesis. However, before discussing the novelties appearing in the residential environment, it is necessary to give an idea of the traditional patterns that reflect the values shared by the older generations. First and foremost, Islam for older Muslims is not merely a mandatory religion but a holistic picture of life, combining behavioral patterns, culture, ways of interaction, and living conditions. According to one of the rules, all the two- and three-dimensional images of daily life on either public or private houses are prohibited. That accounts for the fact that the traditional design favors geometrical patterns and calligraphy. The same rule is followed in modern buildings as well, however, there are some exceptions concerning two-dimensional images (Petersen 301). Older generations of Muslims perceive life as a transitional stage that a person should devote to good deeds, prayer, and humble way of life that would satisfy only basic needs, without any extravagances. Thus, the traditional quarters of Arabian cities reflect the tendency for frugality and functionalism, completely rejecting arrogance and conceit. That is why both exterior and interior surfaces of walls in a house are plain and unadorned. Besides, it is difficult to find any non-utilized space, except in a mosque or a palace (Attia 87). Muslims also find it obligatory to observe a list of duties towards their neighbors’ property and privacy. Therefore, a nearby house cannot be overviewed by a higher roof, and entrances cannot face each other directly. The attitude to privacy issues preconditions segregation between men and women in the house. Besides, practically all buildings have an inner yard, which is not seen from the street. Since all the space in the house is used productively, each room performs several tasks and can be used as a bedroom, a living-room, or a study room. Thus, the traditional house is considerably less spacious than a modern one (Petersen 302). The older generation of Muslims is strongly against the construction of gigantic buildings for the amusement purpose, which sets a major architectural value of the traditional style favoring simplicity, security, sense of comfort, and identification with the community. The slow pace of technological development explains the application of simple tools and materials, which makes old houses rather equal in their height, texture, and design (Saleh 4). Nowadays the Arabian society shares with the rest of the world all the effects of modernization. Since the pivotal value components transform, it cannot help telling on the visual image of the cities (Alotaibi and Sinclair 398). The respect to Islam has remained intact; however, the observance of the rules is much less strict. Young people are more educated, influenced by mass media, new lifestyles, and globalization. They no longer keep in touch with the extended family – on the contrary, small, single families emerge as an institution. Most of the families now have a female maid and a male driver. All these changes are reflected in a new type of house. Modern villas have more windows opening to the street, a lot of space in front of the house, and no inner yard. However, certain traditional features found their way to the modern design: for instance, it is still uncommon for neighboring windows and doors to face each other, and physical isolation remains important (Alotaibi and Sinclair 400). Because of the rapid economic change, which gave rise to urbanization, new types of buildings appeared, including shopping centers, fast food restaurants, stadiums, and others. The consumptive perception of life made private houses take on more elaborate and luxurious designs (Alotaibi and Sinclair 400). This analysis gives grounds to claim that there exist in Saudi Arabia two distinct and contradicting philosophies in terms of the modern and traditional approach to life, each having its own set of values. The older generation favors a balanced and humble way of life which manifests itself in the simplicity and harmony of the architecture. The youth opts for motion, independence, energy, and luxury. Nevertheless, the co-influence of the two approaches is evident and is not as direct as it may seem. The traditional patterns are now widely implemented to smooth over the glaring contrast (Mahmoud and Elbelkasy 51). Saudi Arabia is a large country indeed, which means that, though the traditional architectural styles have some characteristics in common, they still differ across the regions. The architecture in the Western region of the country is represented by such cities as Makkah, Jeddah, and Madinah. Since the climate is hot and humid, the following techniques are applied for sustainability: * constructing a building with more than five floors with windows that provide cross ventilation; bedrooms situated on the upper floors; * erecting coral columns as a building skeleton; * using volcanic stones, gypsum, and coral stones for building; * making wooden floors and roofs for natural ventilation (Mahmoud and Elbelkasy 53). The Eastern region is characterized by an extremely harsh climate featuring heat and humidity. The buildings here differ from those in other regions by gypsum decorations. The common characteristics of an ordinary house are: * from one to three floors; * narrow passages between houses; * thick walls protecting from heat; * wooden roofs with palm leaves and trunks; * wind catchers for the same purpose of natural ventilation of houses (Mahmoud and Elbelkasy 53). The central region of Saudi Arabia presents an introverted type of buildings. It means that houses are built around a square or rectangular yard, which serves two major functions simultaneously: creating the microclimate and protecting the privacy of the family life. Unlike other regions, the Najd region mostly uses earth bricks for construction. Other typical features are: * thick external walls; * small windows; * compacted design with shared sidewalks for reducing heat; * triangular-shaped decorations (Mahmoud and Elbelkasy 54). All these traditional techniques and materials were abandoned and replaced by Western patterns in the 1970s. However, things have changed considerably since then. The whole society now supports the idea that the growing disparity between generations may result in the total loss of identity, and the social policy has changed its direction towards the unification and revival of the old traditions. A lot of architects made use of a new trend and adopted Islamic elements in their projects. Their primary goal was to modernize the residential environment without resorting to Western models. Both formal and informal buildings were erected to demonstrate how vernacular patterns can be incorporated into the modern style. The fact that ordinary people supported the initiative shows that representatives of all generations are interested in coordination, not confrontation (Saleh 10). These are the main practices that are applied to revive traditional patterns in contemporary architecture: 1. Incorporation of some historical elements and decorations. Certain traditional elements have been successfully placed in the context of the modern style: for instance, parapets, tiny windows (mostly triangular), and triangular decorations of the main entrance (typical for the central region of the country). Wind towers are now used not only for residential houses but also in office and public buildings for better ventilation. As a result, the new identity of the cities is created. It is often referred to as a neo-traditional design, which is sometimes criticized for eclecticism. Nevertheless, it meets its initial purpose of satisfying the needs of both the old and the young. 2. The use of traditional building material such as earth, coral stone, and others. Efforts have been taken not only to go back to old designing traditions but also to the usage of conventional local construction materials, namely earth, stone, and sand. Architects have succeeded to unite them with modern concrete and steel. They have developed a design that presupposes the application of these materials for the skeleton. As soon as the building is ready, its exterior surfaces are covered with mud to give them a historic appearance. Moreover, mud is often covered with the transparent waterproof polymer to prevent its erosion because of heavy rains and humidity (Saleh 12). The use of sand and earth is necessitated by practical purposes as well. The point is that almost 90% of the country is a desert with scarce water resources. Besides, the population continues growing, which means that the Saudi Arabian economy is susceptible to the changes of climate, as well as the successful application of the existing resources to save on modern construction materials. The government has already launched programs to train professional workers in mud and stone construction. Stone is again used throughout the country for both private and public sectors (Saleh 12). 3. The use of traditional yards. The yard has been reintroduced in many residential and commercial buildings. Sometimes, it is separated from the main building by a glass wall with doors, because the buildings are now fully ventilated without its help. It often has a roof making it the inner building within the premises (Saleh 12). Despite the evident success in integrating two conflicting approaches to architecture, many people criticize the neo-traditional style for its artificial pseudo-historic looks and an exaggerated visual gaudiness and elaboration, which is out of place in the modern architecture. Besides, many researchers believe that it is wrong to apply traditional patterns to the buildings that have nothing to do with local customs and are foreign to the country in their essence and functions. Such interpretation gives rise to the accusation of kitsch and low-quality design. Another point for criticism is connected with the fact that many conventional elements are applied without any regard to the context, which makes them look absurd and out of place. For example, Mashrabbiyah cannot be used in public buildings because it was initially created for allowing women to keep the windows in the house open while preserving their privacy. Thus, a lot of vernacular elements do not perform any function at all and serve only decorative purposes, which comes in contradiction with the traditional respect to functionality. However, there is a way to reconcile the form and the content. It consists of a deeper understanding of the mechanisms underlying the conventional use of space and decorative patterns and their careful integration into modern architecture. The attempts of eliminating the discrepancy between generations should not limit itself to the mere creation of the atmosphere of the past. Modern professionals should understand why and how space was used earlier, in which secular and religious grounds exist to justify every single element of the traditional house. Thus, the primary objective is not to return to the style of the forefathers, meeting all the criteria of that time, which simply cannot answer all the requirements of the present-day life. Instead, architects must learn all the lessons that previous generations left for them, reconsider them in the modern context, and partially apply for contemporary designs. The possible conclusion of the research could be that the traditional system of values managed to produce the environment which was compatible with people’s needs, both cultural and practical. That is why the contemporary style is directly affected by the Islamic culture and cannot ignore it. The fact that the changes are supported by both the government and the population proves that the integration of traditional and modern systems is heading towards a new era of Saudi Arabian architecture. Works Cited Alotaibi, Fahad, and Brian R. Sinclair. “Building tall in the Arabian Gulf: Perception| Performance| Place-Making.” of Architectural Research (2015): 394-403. Print. Al-Qawasmi, Jamal. “Vernacular as a Renewable Resource: Toward Region-Specific Architecture in Saudi Arabia, a Case from KFUPM.” Architectural Engineering and Design Management 12.2 (2016): 81-96. Print. Attia, M. K. “Sustainability in Saudi Vernacular Built Environment: The case of Al-Ahsa.” Signals and Systems: A Primer with MATLAB® (2015): 87-90. Print. Mahmoud, M. F., and M. I. Elbelkasy. “Islamic architecture: between moulding and flexibility.” WIT Transactions on The Built Environment 159 (2016): 49-59. Print. Petersen, Andrew. “Arabian Peninsula: Islamic Archaeology.” Encyclopedia of Global Archaeology . Springer New York, 2014. 296-305. Print. Saleh, Mohammad Abdullah Eben. “Significance of Prominent Urban Design Projects: Inherited Meaning and Symbolism in King Abdulaziz Historic Center in Arriyadh, Saudi Arabia.” (2013): 1-23. Print.

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Write a essay that could've provided the following summary: Schizophrenia and frequent readmission rates is a topic that has been explored in depth by researchers over the past few decades. The results of these studies have shown that adherence to antipsychotic medication is a major factor in predicting whether or not a patient with schizophrenia will be readmitted to a hospital within a year of their first episode. It is therefore important for clinicians to encourage their patients to adhere to their medication regimen in order to prevent future hospitalizations.

Schizophrenia and frequent readmission rates is a topic that has been explored in depth by researchers over the past few decades. The results of these studies have shown that adherence to antipsychotic medication is a major factor in predicting whether or not a patient with schizophrenia will be readmitted to a hospital within a year of their first episode. It is therefore important for clinicians to encourage their patients to adhere to their medication regimen in order to prevent future hospitalizations.

Schizophrenia and Frequent Readmission Rates Essay Just like many other diseases, mental illnesses are rather debilitating to the affected individuals. In particular, schizophrenia is one of the mental diseases that are associated with a range of other physical conditions, increased mortality, and comorbidities (Correll et al., 2017). The primary characteristics of schizophrenia include behavioral dysfunction, cognitive impairment, and psychosis; this disease affects approximately 1% of the population of the United States (Correll et al. 2017). Effective management and treatment strategies are required for the patients with schizophrenia in order to reduce their readmission rates (Kripalani, Theobald, Anctil, & Vasilevskis, 2014). This literature review is focused on the exploration of self-management programs for patients with schizophrenia and their effectiveness in terms of the reduction readmission rates and the overall management of the condition. The severity of schizophrenia is recognized not only in the United States. For instance, in China, schizophrenia is linked to a wide range of impactful disabilities and, in this regard, is acknowledged to be far more dangerous than other mental conditions (Zhou, Zhang, & Gu, 2014). There exist different self-management and rehabilitation strategies aiming at the minimization of symptoms and burdens associated with the prevalence of schizophrenia, as well as at the improvement of the overall quality of life of the affected individuals. However, it is important to note that one of the major factors contributing to the success of these strategies is the patients’ adherence to the necessary measures, activities, and medications. According to the data of Zhou et al. (2014), among the entire population segment of people affected by schizophrenia in China, only about 2% adhere to their management and rehabilitation strategies. Moreover, when it comes to the results worldwide, the review by Barkhof, Meijer, de Sonneville, Linszen, and de Haan (2012) covering the past decade revealed that the general rates of nonadherence could vary in range from 20 to 89% in different studies. In that way, it is possible to make a conclusion that the situation in China is quite demonstrative of the adherence to dynamics of schizophrenia treatment and intervention strategies occurring on the global scale. In addition, the authors found that, on average, the rate of adherence to treatments in schizophrenic patients could be approximated to 50%; also, the findings of this review showed that if within two years after the first psychotic episode the patients demonstrated 50 or 55% rate of nonadherence, their likeliness of being readmitted within the next year grew significantly (Barkhof et al., 2012). In that way, adherence can be recognized as a very important issue to discuss in regard to readmission and self-management among schizophrenic patients. All in all, as mentioned earlier, low adherence to antipsychotic medication and self-management strategies is highly prevalent among patients suffering from schizophrenia due to a variety of determinants and factors associated with this phenomenon (Barkhof et al., 2012). In particular, as one of the health behaviors, adherence can be studied from the perspective of Health Belief Model that states that a patient’s desire, intention, and readiness to comply with their doctor’s prescriptions is majorly dictated by the perceived effects of the medication outweigh its costs, and, most importantly, when the patient can observe noticeable health risks and threats (Barkhof et al., 2012). In turn, as a mental condition characterized by cognitive impairment, paranoid delusions, and other psychotic symptoms, schizophrenia may be accompanied by low illness awareness in the patients; and as a result, such individuals are likely to have reduced rated of adherence to treatments and interventions based on both medication and self-management (Barkhof et al., 2012). In that way, the set of main factors contributing to nonadherence to treatments causing readmissions involves low illness awareness and the perceived lack of efficiency of the medication; the additional factors are substance abuse that has a strong negative impact on adherence rates, therapeutic alliance, and environmental factors (the creation of nourishing and stress-free conditions for the patients by their doctor, family, and community) (Barkhof et al., 2012). The latter factor (the participation of families and communities in the management and treatment programs for people with schizophrenia) is a rather important aspect of the contemporary interventions that work based on a patient-centered model and approach mental illness holistically. The study by Armijo et al. (2013) targeting management programs involving communities in Chile was carried out in the form of a qualitative review of the literature covering the period from 1999 to 2012 and showed that the involvement of holistic approach helped address many challenges associated with management of schizophrenia. In particular, in addition to the significant reduction of psychotic and other negative symptoms of this mental condition, the researchers found that the community-based management of the illness helped improve the patients’ rates of adherence to their treatment (Armijo et al., 2013). In that way, taking into consideration the findings of Barkhof et al., (2012) showing that low or even 55% rate of nonadherence often results in a significant increase in readmission chance, it is possible to note that the improvement of adherence achieved by the management programs involving the patients’ communities and families actually helped address readmission rates. Another positive effect that can be linked to potential readmission rate is the reduction of psychotic symptoms in schizophrenic outpatients. Alongside with these outcomes, the other effects of the discussed interventions were the minimization of terms of hospitalization and the reduction of comorbidities linked to schizophrenia (Armijo et al., 2013). Also, it is important to point out that the management programs involved patients, as well as their families and other community members and worked through the delivery of psychoeducation and the improvement of the communities’ and individuals literacy in regard to schizophrenia (Armijo et al., 2013). Some of the additional results of this management program were the improved understanding of the disease from the side of both patients and their family members leading to the minimization of self-stigmatization, isolation, and alienation due to involuntary ableism and similar attitudes directed at people with mental health conditions. Another study researching self-management programs based on psychoeducation for people affected by schizophrenia was conducted in China and focused on educational intervention focused on the application of mindfulness (Chien & Thompson, 2014). The authors noted that psychoeducation is at the core of many self-management programs for patients with schizophrenia; however, even though this intervention is known to increase the patients’ awareness of the illness and insights into their condition and treatment, its practical effect on such factors as psychotic symptoms and readmission rates remains under-researched or is reported to be low. In fact, as reported by Chien and Thompson (2014), psychoeducational self-management programs based on mindfulness can be characterized as particularly effective compared to the standard treatments for schizophrenia as they produce a noticeable positive impact on the patient’s knowledge of the illness, awareness of the condition, insight, and the readiness to manage schizophrenia; moreover, another visible positive effect of this type of treatment is the reduction of negative psychotic symptoms. In addition, even though readmissions occurred in the research sample, the findings showed a significant decrease in their length (Chien & Thompson, 2014). Another study researching educational self-management programs was carried out by Zou et al. (2012); the findings of this research showed that self-management education for patients with schizophrenia is strongly associated with the events of re-hospitalization and relapse. Similarly to the results reported in the previously discussed studies, the authors mentioned that self-management education was also linked to the improvement in adherence to medication and the prevalence of psychotic symptoms in comparison with the results of the patients who did not enroll in educational self-management programs (Zou et al., 2012; (Armijo et al., 2013; Chien & Thompson, 2014). In addition to the confirmed benefits of self-management programs powered by mud fullness and education, there exists a theory that peer-led self-management programs could be highly advantageous (Chan et al., 2014). All in all, schizophrenia is a mental condition that is rather debilitating to the affected individuals. Due to cognitive impairments and delusions associated with its development, low illness awareness and the consequent adherence to medication are seen as some of the main causes of readmissions. Education and mindfulness-based self-management programs are known to help reduce symptoms of schizophrenia and improve the illness insight and readiness to comply with the medication, thus producing a positive effect on the rate of readmissions, as well as their length. References Armijo, J., Méndez, E., Morales, R., Schilling, S., Castro, A., Alvarado, R., & Rojas, G. (2013). Efficacy of Community Treatments for Schizophrenia and Other Psychotic Disorders: A Literature Review . Frontiers in Psychiatry, 4 . Web. Barkhof, E., Meijer, C., de Sonneville, L., Linszen, D., & de Haan, L. (2012). Interventions to improve adherence to antipsychotic medication in patients with schizophrenia–A review of the past decade . European Psychiatry, 27 (1), 9-18. Web. Chan, S., Li, Z., Klainin-Yobas, P., Ting, S., Chan, M., & Eu, P. (2013). Effectiveness of a peer-led self-management programme for people with schizophrenia: Protocol for a randomized controlled trial . Journal of Advanced Nursing, 70 (6), 1425-1435. Web. Chien, W., & Thompson, D. (2014). Effects of a mindfulness-based psychoeducation programme for Chinese patients with schizophrenia: 2-year follow-up . The British Journal of Psychiatry, 205 (1), 52-59. Web. Correll, C., Ng-Mak, D., Stafkey-Mailey, D., Farrelly, E., Rajagopalan, K., & Loebel, A. (2017). Cardiometabolic comorbidities, readmission, and costs in schizophrenia and bipolar disorder: a real-world analysis . Annals of General Psychiatry, 16 (1). Web. Kripalani, S., Theobald, C., Anctil, B., & Vasilevskis, E. (2014). Reducing hospital readmission rates: Current strategies and future directions . Annual Review of Medicine, 65 (1), 471-485. Web. Zhou, B., Zhang, P., & Gu, Y. Effectiveness of self-management training in community residents with chronic schizophrenia: A single blind randomized-controlled trial in Shanghai, China. Shanghai Archives of Psychiatry, 26 (2), 81-87. Web. Zou, H., Li, Z., Nolan, M., Arthur, D., Wang, H., & Hu, L. (2012). Self-management education interventions for persons with schizophrenia: A meta-analysis . International Journal of Mental Health Nursing, 22 (3), 256-271. Web.

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Write the original essay for the following summary: Schizophrenia is a complicated illness that can have many different symptoms. The most common symptoms are disorganized thought processes and challenges in processing information. These symptoms can lead to functional limitations in everyday living.

Schizophrenia is a complicated illness that can have many different symptoms. The most common symptoms are disorganized thought processes and challenges in processing information. These symptoms can lead to functional limitations in everyday living.

Schizophrenia and Its Functional Limitation Research Paper Functional Limitation of Schizophrenia Schizophrenia is a complicated illness. Hence, it is difficult to determine whether it is a single condition, or it has other related conditions. The generalization of various factors in schizophrenia may be true in limited cases. Generally, people develop conditions for the disorder between the age of 15 and 25 years. The prominent feature is mainly disorganized thought processes and challenges in processing information. Functional capacity is the ability to conduct desirable activities in one’s life. Thus, the functional limitation may hinder performance in everyday living. The functional limitation of schizophrenia may be positive or negative. Some cognitive functional limitations include hallucinations and changes in thinking processes. On the other hand, negative limitations include diminishing motivation, social isolation, mood changes, and withdrawal. Functional limitations lead to declines in engaging in physical and mental activities in daily lives. Physical activities are generally mobility, body strengths, and other body senses like hearing, vision, and communication. Mental activities relate to emotional and cognitive activities. All these conditions can be great sources of trouble for persons with schizophrenia. A functional limitation associated with vision leads to disruptive life among people with the condition. It also affects those who provide care to people with schizophrenia. Visual impairment among people with schizophrenia normally increases when one approaches the age of 75 years. It will affect other activities like mobility. Schizophrenia causes mobility challenges to people with it. The limitation advances with the age of the patient. In such cases, people may find it difficult to move on their own. Mobility challenges usually increase with the various stages of life. They find it difficult to conduct mobility actions anywhere. At the age of 65 years, the problem may hinder movement around the house, such as climbing stairs. The situation advances in severity with the age of the patient. Vision impairment also contributes to low-levels in other activities like physical, social contacts, depression, and comorbidity. Overall, schizophrenia patients ought to observe regular medical checkups, exercise activities, and social networks to improve their conditions. Schizophrenia normally makes people withdraw and isolate them from others. This situation has an impact on social relations with family and friends. Impaired social functions may also result in hostility and suspicion. However, this depends on the type of schizophrenia, e.g., paranoia. Assessment of social functions among people afflicted with schizophrenia is generally scarce. The major cause of poor assessment is a lack of appropriate tools. Previous studies have noted that many facilities did not conduct an assessment of social functions among people with schizophrenia. Moreover, there was no clear definition of social functions in studies and available literature. As a result, various researchers used different approaches to measure social functions. These included interviews, self-reports, and some rating scales. In most cases, researchers normally measure social conditions in relation to certain disorders among patients. Schizophrenia also causes cognitive function limitations among patients. Neurocognitive functions result in negative outcomes among people with schizophrenia. Patients may have challenges with attention, information processing speed, recall, and language use. This condition may affect work, social, training, and interpersonal relations and skills among people with the schizophrenia condition. Studies show that the functional limitations of schizophrenia have severe impacts on patients. However, studies have not developed effective assessment tools for various conditions of schizophrenia (Reichenberg, 2010). Thus, it is necessary to understand the factors that are responsible for functional limitations and appropriate interventions to mitigate limitations. Summary of treatments and/or resources that can help to address functional limitations of schizophrenia At first, the impacts of schizophrenia will be restricted with minor alterations in actions only, but not in a disturbing way. However, with time, when overlooked or with no effective interventions, schizophrenia can have harmful consequences on the patient and the lives of other stakeholders. Improving Patient Functioning Most people have raised the question about the cure for schizophrenia. Unfortunately, schizophrenia has no known cure (Kane and Correll, 2010). However, about 90 percent of schizophrenia patients may recover to certain degrees, which would allow them to function and have improved quality of life. The patient must make and keep their regular appointments with their physicians Patients should meet their physicians at least once in a month. This is necessary for reviewing schizophrenia symptoms and other developing challenges. Patients should also have an arrangement for emergencies with their physicians. Observe diet and other foods Patients should avoid substances that can cause a chemical imbalance within the body, serious challenges, and deter any progress of improvement. Patients should use consumer decaf products and use chocolate cautiously. Managing stress Self-management is critical for patients. They should also engage in productive activities to avoid negative thoughts and stress. Engage in healthy activities Patients should get adequate sleep, rest, regular exercise, take balance diets, and take part in productive activities. Monitor potential cases of relapse Patients should know signs of relapse and notify their physicians immediately. While the current medicine cannot cure schizophrenia, patients should engage in positive activities and behaviors to facilitate their chances of recovery. Family members and friends must also provide their support to the patient. The disease “partly affects patients’ functions” (Lindenmayer, 2008). Treatment approaches differ from one patient to another (Kane, 2010). However, the acute phase requires managing and improving major domains, which can have significant impacts on the patient’s functional capabilities. These may include managing paranoia, aggressive tendencies, and self-care. In the stable phase, care providers should concentrate on improving “autonomous social behaviors, encourage the patient to take part in rehabilitative therapy, and improve positive outcomes at the workplace” (Lindenmayer, 2008). The general improvement in these domains can ensure that the patient improves relationships and increases the chances of getting employment. Assessment of functional limitations among schizophrenia is a difficult undertaking, which many people fail to do, particularly during the stable phase. Several cases of relapse may cause poor chances of regaining previous levels of functional abilities. On the other hand, improved symptom control can facilitate the chances of regaining functional abilities. However, some studies have indicated that impairment in symptoms does not automatically affect the functional capacities of the patient. Indeed, physicians should assess functioning limitations independently. This is necessary for enhancing long-term intervention outcomes for schizophrenia patients. Physicians have associated certain symptoms of schizophrenia with negative outcomes and specific cognitive limitations, such as social perception, attention, memory, and other functions. Several studies have demonstrated that negative symptoms normally show consistency with social limitations and poor relationships. However, such symptoms may not affect skill acquisition. Patients’ cognitive functioning may have an impact on subsequent functional outcomes. The impact may affect independent living, cognitive abilities, relationships, and sustained employment. It is also important to note that functional limitations of schizophrenia based on outcomes may not be associated with the cognitive conditions of the disease. This implies that improvement in symptoms may not enhance functional abilities. There are several scales of assessment for patient functional abilities. Jean-Pierre Lindenmayer noted that assessment tools based on the DSM-IV criteria were the most clinically meaningful to clinicians and researchers (Lindenmayer, 2008). Thus, physicians should work with such instruments when assessing the functional abilities of the patient. Summary of Assessment and Interventions Assessment * A comprehensive assessment that covers physical, psychiatric, and psychological conditions * Regular assessment of anxiety, depression, comorbidity, drug and substance abuse, and physical conditions General approach * Get informed consent * Provide support to all stakeholders in terms of information required * Allow the patient to seek the second opinion if necessary * Manage the patient during transfer to different services * Early treatment of the first episode * Refer critical cases to mental * For the acute episode, use pharmacological intervention, fast tranquilization, psychosocial and psychological interventions * Monitor post-acute recovery * Facilitate recovery Service-Level Interventions * Provide home treatment care providers * Offer early intervention services * Encourage community mental health services * Create an outreach team * Provide acute day hospitals * Use appropriate assessment scale Pharmacological Interventions * Use the normal antipsychotic treatment agents * Use specific antipsychotic treatment agents * Observe the duration of drug administration * Monitor the patient Psychological Treatments * Apply cognitive-behavioral therapy * Use family and friends’ intervention to avoid relapse (Pharoah et al., 2010) * Use art therapy * Provide counseling and supportive services * Apply cognitive remediation Some useful resources for Assessment and Intervention * http://www.health.am/psy/more/modern-classifications-of-schizophrenia-and-their-limitations/ * http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3085113/ * http://www.primarypsychiatry.com/aspx/articledetail.aspx?articleid=1410 References Kane, J. and Correll, C. (2010). Past and present progress in the pharmacologic treatment of schizophrenia. Journal of Clinical Psychiatry, 71 (9), 1115-24. Kane, J. (2010). Pharmacologic treatment of schizophrenia. Dialogues Clinical Neuroscience, 12 (3), 345–357. Lindenmayer, J-P. (2008). Increasing Awareness of Patient Functional Impairment in Schizophrenia and Its Measurement. Primary Psychiatry, 15 (1), 89-93. Pharoah, F., Mari, J., Rathbone, J., and Wong, W. (2010). Family intervention for schizophrenia. Cochrane Database Syst Review, (12), CD000088. Reichenberg, A. (2010). The assessment of neuropsychological functioning in schizophrenia. Dialogues Clinical Neuroscience, 12 (3), 383–392.

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Provide the inputted essay that when summarized resulted in the following summary : The essay discusses the theory of Dorothea Orem and how it can be applied to patients with schizophrenia in order to improve their health condition. The theory focuses on the lack of self-care in some patients and how it can lead to increased readmissions.

The essay discusses the theory of Dorothea Orem and how it can be applied to patients with schizophrenia in order to improve their health condition. The theory focuses on the lack of self-care in some patients and how it can lead to increased readmissions.

Schizophrenia and Self-Management Programs Essay There is a range of theories related to particular measures that patients can take in order to improve their physical and mental condition without the help of those specializing in healthcare. The particular theory that needs to be paid in increased attention to was developed by Dorothea Orem who remains one of the most famous nursing theorists. Unlike other ones, the theory by Orem focuses on the lack of self-care in some patients; according to the theorist, it acts as one of the most important reasons why patients’ condition become worse despite successful nursing interventions (Shah, Abdullah, & Khan, 2015). In her theory, the author touches upon a few guiding propositions for specialists in nursing. To begin with, the latter are supposed to provide their patients with the access to knowledge about proper self-care related to different diseases (Alligood, 2013). What is more, nurses should help their patients to better understand their needs and activities helping to fulfil them. To do that, it can be necessary to provide patients with support and help them to perform essential tasks that can ameliorate their condition. Apart from that, specialists are supposed to help the patients to understand which things and skills they need to possess to conduct an effective self-care intervention. In reference to the proposed research project, it can be stated that these general rules proposed by Dorothea Oren in her theory can be applied in case with people suffering from schizophrenia as self-care interventions outlined by the author can be appropriate for those with mental illnesses as well (Ciftci, Yildirim, Altun, & Avsar, 2015). Moreover, it is extremely important to define whether self-care is effective in reducing readmissions. Methodology The proposed study is a quasi-experimental quantitative research that evaluates the effects of self-management programs on health condition of the patients with schizophrenia and possibility of their readmission. The given type of study has been chosen because it provides strong evidence and helps to avoid the use of unverified information (Yin, 2014). In order to collect the data for further analysis that will help to answer the defined research question (whether self-management programs help to reduce readmission in patients with schizophrenia), it will be necessary to conduct the study allowing the researchers to track changes in behavior and condition of patients caused by self-care programs. As for the place where the data will be collected, it may be important to form two groups of participants with the history of schizophrenia and conduct two independent experiments. For the first group (the one that will be strictly controlled to avoid false conclusions), it will be necessary to organize special unit in a hospital where the participants will be kept for a month (Barker & Milivojevich, 2016). The given unit will be equipped with everything that is necessary for successful self-care interventions. Apart from that, it may be necessary to introduce additional methods of control that would not involve violation of patients’ privacy but will allow to ensure that measures prescribed by nursing specialists are taken properly and on schedule (Brown et al., 2016). The second group will be given an advisory opinion of nursing specialists on proper self-care, they will be supposed to follow the recommendations without being controlled, and their mental condition and possible changes will be evaluated in the end of each week. To become a participant, one will have to be older than 21, have the previous experience of receiving treatment in the hospital, and have no additional life circumstances that could become the reason of deterioration of their mental condition. As for the way that the participants will be divided into two groups, the researchers will use randomized lottery. References Alligood, M. R. (2013). Nursing theory: Utilization & application . St. Louis, MO: Elsevier Health Sciences. Barker, T. B., & Milivojevich, A. (2016). Quality by experimental design . New York, NY: CRC Press. Brown, S. M., Aboumatar, H. J., Francis, L., Halamka, J., Rozenblum, R., Rubin, E.,… Frosch, D. L. (2016). Balancing digital information-sharing and patient privacy when engaging families in the intensive care unit. Journal of the American Medical Informatics Association , 23 (5), 995-1000. Ciftci, B., Yildirim, N., Altun, Ö. Ş., & Avsar, G. (2015). What level of self-care agency in mental illness? The factors affecting self-care agency and self-care agency in patients with mental illness. Archives of Psychiatric Nursing , 29 (6), 372-376. Shah, M., Abdullah, A., & Khan, H. (2015). Compare and contrast of grand theories: Orem’s self-care deficit theory and Roy’s adaptation model. International Journal of Nursing , 5 (1), 39-42. Yin, R. K. (2014). Case study research: Design and methods . New York, NY: Sage Publications.

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Write the original essay that generated the following summary: The essay discusses a research study that aims to discover the effectiveness of peer-led self-management programs in reducing readmissions among adults with schizophrenia. The study uses a simple random sampling technique to select participants, and it implies that each respondent will be randomly chosen to take part in the study to avoid bias and ensure the validity of information. It is estimated to have 250 participants due to a potential 30-40% dropout rate.The study found that peer-led self-management programs

The essay discusses a research study that aims to discover the effectiveness of peer-led self-management programs in reducing readmissions among adults with schizophrenia. The study uses a simple random sampling technique to select participants, and it implies that each respondent will be randomly chosen to take part in the study to avoid bias and ensure the validity of information. It is estimated to have 250 participants due to a potential 30-40% dropout rate. The study found that peer-led self-management programs

Schizophrenia Readmissions Reduction: Data Analysis Essay Description of Sample The research study aims to discover the effectiveness of peer-led self-management programs in reducing readmissions among adults with schizophrenia. In this case, the target population is adults with schizophrenia who tend to attend one of the medical centers that take part in this study. A simple random sampling technique will be used to select participants, and it implies that each respondent will be randomly chosen to take part in the study to avoid bias and ensure the validity of information (Johnson & Christensen, 2013). It is estimated to have 250 participants due to a potential 30-40% dropout rate. The participants have to be within the 21-65-years-old age range, and both males (70%) and females (30%) will take part in this study. These numbers are estimated and may change after the randomization of participants is accomplished. To determine the effectiveness of the chosen intervention, the total number of participants (250) will be split into control (125) and experimental (125) groups. The participants will be randomly divided while relying on the concepts of randomization (Balakrishnan, 2014). In this instance, both groups will receive professional medical treatment, but the experimental group will also participate in peer-led self-management programs. The educational sessions will be organized by well-trained adults (5) with schizophrenia, who successfully manage their condition in their lives and are recommended by the medical centers (Chan et al., 2013). The data will be collected using questionnaires. To analyze the demographic data, descriptive statistics will be used. In the first place, the whole data set will be split into categories, including gender (male or female) and age (21-30; 31-40; 40-65; 65+). Using this method is crucial since it enhances data screening procedures and helps understand a relationship between the variables (Sreejesh, Mohapatra, & Anusree, 2014). For example, it will help us understand whether there is a correlation between gender, age, and proposed intervention. At the same time, mean, median, and mode values will be calculated, as they assist in understanding general tendencies by determining the average, middle, and the most frequent values (Sreejesh et al., 2014). Data Analysis It is apparent that in the first place, the information will be collected by using a mixed approach that implies relying on both qualitative and quantitative methods. To find proof of the hypothesis, the data will be collected with the help of surveys (subjective data) and interviews (qualitative data). Thus, to analyze the acquired information, apart from randomization, different statistical tests have to be used. One of them is regression analysis. It could be said that it is one of the most appropriate methods in the context of the selected topic, as it aims to find a relationship between variables while determining the reasons for these outcomes (Uyanik & Guler, 2013). In this case, it will help portray graphically a relationship between peer-led self-management programs and conditions of the patients that will be evaluated by the medical indicators and interviews with them. Thus, descriptive statistics such as mode, median, and mean will be calculated to determine general tendencies. Interviews will assist in unveiling additional insights concerning the topic while the information will be split into categories to ensure that it supports data in surveys (Alshenqeeti, 2014). In turn, it will be reasonable to use related statistical software to randomize participants, split data into categories, and conduct regression analysis. In this instance, relying on SPSS can help calculate both descriptive (mean, mode, and mean) and inferential statistics, as it is one of the most actively used programs in different fields of research (Johnson & Christensen, 2013). Utilizing it will speed the overall evaluation process, as different formulas can be used to input data effectively and perform the required calculations (Johnson & Christensen, 2013). References Alshenqeeti, H. (2014). Interviewing as a data collection method: A critical review. English Linguistics Research, 3 (1), 39-45. Balakrishnan, N. (2014). Methods and applications of statistics in clinical trials: Concepts, principles, trials, and designs. Hoboken, NJ: John Wiley & Sons. Chan, S., Li, Z., Klainin-Yobas, P., Ting, S., Chan, M., & Eu, P. (2013). Effectiveness of peer-led self-management program for people with schizophrenia: A protocol for a randomized control trial. Journal of Advanced Nursing, 70 (6), 1425-1435. Johnson, B., & Christensen, L. (2013). Educational research, qualitative, quantitative, and mixed approaches. Thousand Oaks, CA: SAGE Publications, Inc. Sreejesh, S., Mohapatra, S., & Anusree, M. (2014). Business research methods: An applied orientation. New York, NY: Springer Science+Business Media. Uyanik, G., & Guler, N. (2013). A study of multiple linear regression analysis. Procedia – Social and Behavioral Sciences, 106 (1), 234-240.

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Write the original essay that generated the following summary: The readmission rates in schizophrenia patients are very high. The purpose of this paper is to propose a research analyzing the frequency of admission rates among patients with schizophrenia treated with long-acting injectable antipsychotics or with oral antipsychotics. The hypothesis of the research will be that treatment with long-acting antipsychotics leads to lower readmission rates than treatment with oral antipsychotics.

The readmission rates in schizophrenia patients are very high. The purpose of this paper is to propose a research analyzing the frequency of admission rates among patients with schizophrenia treated with long-acting injectable antipsychotics or with oral antipsychotics. The hypothesis of the research will be that treatment with long-acting antipsychotics leads to lower readmission rates than treatment with oral antipsychotics.

Readmission Rates in Schizophrenia Patients Essay Patients with schizophrenia are generally at high risk of readmission. More than a half of patients was readmitted within 10 years. Patients with schizophrenia often refuse to take oral antipsychotics what leads to the reoccurrence of symptoms and rehospitalization. The purpose of this paper is to propose a research analyzing the frequency of admission rates among patients with schizophrenia treated with long-acting injectable antipsychotics or with oral antipsychotics. The hypothesis of the research will be that treatment with long-acting antipsychotics leads to lower readmission rates than treatment with oral antipsychotics. The readmission rates among patients with schizophrenia are very high. According to Chi et al. (2016), “570 (70.5%) patients were readmitted within 10 years; the median time between admissions was 1.9 years, and 25% of subjects were readmitted within 4 months of the first hospitalization” (184). Remarkably, these rates were not influenced by age, gender, or length of hospitalization of patients. These results allow concluding that the main difference between readmission and non-readmission groups of patients is the type of their treatment. There are two main types of treatment for patients with schizophrenia: long-acting injectable antipsychotics and oral antipsychotics (Chou, Reome, & Davis, 2016). After being discharged from a hospitalization, patients act on their own and do not receive compulsive medication. They should take oral antipsychotics that help them to eliminate symptoms and maintain their stable condition. Nevertheless, it is very hard for patients with schizophrenia to follow the medication plan because they often suffer distortions of reality and think in a disorganized way. Therefore, the hypothesis of this research will be that patients treated with long-acting injectable antipsychotics show lower readmission rates. The comparison of readmission rates between patients treated with long-acting injectable antipsychotics and oral antipsychotics calls for the detailed analysis of statistics. Therefore, the current research will be of the quantitative design. According to the chosen research design researcher will use non-probability purposive sampling to find records about patients of particular groups according to the type of treatment. The analysis of selected records from hospital databases should be limited by the age of patients, the nature of their hospitalization, and the type of treatment. According to the research by MacEwan et al. (2016), “Medical claims of patients with schizophrenia who were ages 18–64 and had a first hospitalization for a serious mental illness (index hospitalization, October 2007 through September 2012) and at least one prescription for a first- or second-generation antipsychotic were analyzed from the Truven Health MarketScan Multi-State Medicaid Database” (p. 1184). This example shows good stratification of analyzed medical records. For the purposes of the research, the patients should not be too young and too old, the description of their first hospitalization should present symptoms of schizophrenia, and their treatment should include the use of antipsychotics. For the exhaustive representation of the statistics, the sample size should include records covering cases of schizophrenia within 10 years to trace the development of antipsychotics of both types and their influence on the readmission rates (Busch, Epstein, McGuire, Normand, & Frank, 2015). The findings may be generalized to all people with schizophrenia treated with oral antipsychotics or long-acting injectable antipsychotics. Differences in the patient behavior present limitation to the generalizability of results. The current paper proposed a research on the difference in readmission rates between patients with schizophrenia treated with oral antipsychotics or long-acting injectable antipsychotics. The proposed research used quantitative design and non-probability purposive sampling. The researcher selected the sample from hospital medical records about patients with schizophrenia. The sample was limited according to the age of patients, their symptoms during the first hospitalization, and the type of treatment. References Busch, A. B., Epstein, A. M., McGuire, T. G., Normand, S. L. T., & Frank, R. G. (2015). Thirty day hospital readmission for medicaid enrollees with schizophrenia: The role of local health care systems. The Journal of Mental Health Policy and Economics , 18 (3), 115. Chi, M. H., Hsiao, C. Y., Chen, K. C., Lee, L. T., Tsai, H. C., Lee, I. H.,… & Yang, Y. K. (2016). The readmission rate and medical cost of patients with schizophrenia after first hospitalization—A 10-year follow-up population-based study. Schizophrenia Research, 170 (1), 184-190. Chou, F., Reome, E., & Davis, P. (2016). Impact on length of stay and readmission rates when converting oral to long-acting injectable antipsychotics in schizophrenia or schizoaffective disorder. Mental Health Clinician, 6 (5), 254-259. MacEwan, J. P., Kamat, S. A., Duffy, R. A., Seabury, S., Chou, J. W., Legacy, S. N.,… & Karson, C. (2016). Hospital readmission rates among patients with schizophrenia treated with long-acting injectables or oral antipsychotics. Psychiatric Services, 67 (11), 1183-1188.

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Write the original essay for the following summary: The essay discusses how teamwork is important in crisis management in schools and how it can help ensure efficiency.In the context of this evaluation, two cases, including The Bomb Threat and Response and The School Shooting and The Response , were assessed. In the first case scenario, a receptionist with the principal of the school analyzed the phone call informing about a bomb and identified its ID while assuming the bomb's location in the art area. Simultaneously, the meeting of the assessment team was organized

The essay discusses how teamwork is important in crisis management in schools and how it can help ensure efficiency. In the context of this evaluation, two cases, including The Bomb Threat and Response and The School Shooting and The Response , were assessed. In the first case scenario, a receptionist with the principal of the school analyzed the phone call informing about a bomb and identified its ID while assuming the bomb's location in the art area. Simultaneously, the meeting of the assessment team was organized

School Crisis Management: Bomb Threat and Shooting Coursework In the context of this evaluation, two cases, including The Bomb Threat and Response and The School Shooting and The Response , were assessed. In the first case scenario, a receptionist with the principal of the school analyzed the phone call informing about a bomb and identified its ID while assuming the bomb’s location in the art area. Simultaneously, the meeting of the assessment team was organized, and responsibilities were delegated (calling and visiting the identified location). Using this method assisted in saving time and responding to the situation quickly. Informing the assistant superintendent was also critical to ease the process and get the required help. Simultaneously, the unordinary object was discovered while the building was informed and evacuated due to the threat. As for the shooting incident, the initial step was to calm down the students to avoid the panic, and after that, inform the rest of the school about the red code situation and initiate the lockdown, call for help of a school resource person, and contact the required services. In both of these situations, the sequence of actions helped react quickly to the accidents and minimized their fatal consequences. In the case of the unexpected situation at schools, school management and teachers have to be able to analyze the accident, act according to the established plan, stay attentive and careful, avoid panic, and rely on effective and safe search techniques (Benerjee & Ercetin, 2013). In both situations, the observed skills complied with the key characteristics mentioned above, as the management, along with staff, carefully implemented crisis management plans. Along with that, acting in collaboration helped them become effective and make decisions as fast as possible. In this case, it could be said that teamwork was one of the most important matters to ensure efficiency (Daft, 2015). The post-crisis actions are also of paramount importance, and student counselor plays a pivotal role in the recovery process. In this case, during several first days after the crisis, it is essential to be responsive and provide long-term mental health support to both students and staff (National Education Association, 2017). These goals can be achieved by organizing individual or group sessions, as this support will help minimize the risks of the development of Post-traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) (National Education Association, 2017). Subsequently, the main activities will include organizing educational sessions, classroom discussions, group, and individual meetings while focusing on the students with the symptoms of PTSD (Studer & Salter, 2010). Simultaneously, it is vital to provide support to parents of the students, as they were also traumatized by the event, and contacting them and explaining the situation are priorities. Overall, covering a diverse range of school’s stakeholders will help minimize the adverse consequences of the crisis and return to daily routines. Lastly, I believe that the situations described above and responses to them show the reality of the modern world and describe potential effective ways to react to them. Nonetheless, apart from the characteristics stated above, there are additional evidence-based intervention skills that can make a response to the scenarios more efficient. For example, educating teachers and including first aid training in the curriculum can decrease the number of deaths during diverse emergencies (Buck et al., 2015). At the same time, it will be essential to perform a system search while informing police and other services immediately about the problem and starting providing psychological support to the students. Consequently, the main strategies may include following the lockdown drill or emergency plan, evaluating the location of the treat, adjusting the drill to the situation, and implementing the actions such as evacuating or building barricades (National Association of School of Psychologists, 2014). References Benerjee, S., & Ercetin, S. (2013). Chaos, complexity, and leadership. New York, NY: Springer Science+Business Media. Buck, E., Remoortel, H., Dieltjens, T., Verstraeten, H., Clarysse, M., Moens, O., & Vandekerckhove, P. (2015). Evidence-based educational pathway for the investigation of first aid training in school curricula. Resuscitation, 94 (1), 8-22. Daft, R. (2015). Management. Boston, MA: Cengage Learning. National Association of School of Psychologists. (2014). Best practice considerations for schools in active shooter and other armed assailant drills. Web. National Education Association. (2017). School crisis guide: Help and healing in a time of crisis. Web. Studer, J., & Salter, S. (2010). The role of the school counselor in crisis planning and intervention . Web.

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Write the original essay for the following summary: A school improvement team was gathered to conduct action research and identify a problem that affects student achievement and is approached by the school authorities but is not yet decently monitored. It was revealed that the students who attend the school are mainly from the neighbors, which means that students communicate not only at school. 1. A school improvement team was gathered to conduct action research and identify a problem that affects student achievement and is approached by the school authorities but is not yet decently monitored.2.

A school improvement team was gathered to conduct action research and identify a problem that affects student achievement and is approached by the school authorities but is not yet decently monitored. It was revealed that the students who attend the school are mainly from the neighbors, which means that students communicate not only at school. 1. A school improvement team was gathered to conduct action research and identify a problem that affects student achievement and is approached by the school authorities but is not yet decently monitored. 2.

School Improvement Team: Action Research Research Paper Table of Contents 1. Problem Description 2. Theoretical Framework 3. Methodology 4. Action Plan 5. Findings 6. Recommendations 7. Reflection 8. References A school improvement team was gathered to conduct action research and identify a problem that affects student achievement and is approached by the school authorities but is not yet decently monitored. During the study, it was revealed that the students who attend the school are mainly from the neighbors, which means that students communicate not only at school. Those of the 9th grade, for instance, tend to gather in groups. There is a group of five individuals whose seats are never occupied by others, and they tend to be the leaders of the class. The rest of the learners reveal poor motivation and self-confidence. Following the leaders, they rarely participate in the proposed activities and tend to be rather passive in class, which affects the overall performance and makes the teaching process rather complicated. Problem Description The class consists of 24 individuals, and 5 of them influence the whole class. The rest of the students would act just like them because they do not have any desire to get engaged in the class activities and do not feel confident enough to do the things others refuse to. As a result, there is a necessity to punish them and to beg to participate. Being asked about their attitudes towards language classes, students stated that they find their coursebook and activities offered by it boring. In addition to that, they tend to work individually because group work distracts them. Thus, there is a necessity to resort to those practices that improve both motivation and self-confidence. The source of the issue is likely to be not the book itself or leadership in the class, but a lack of attention revealed by the school authorities towards students’ interests. To improve the situation, teachers implement activities to promote group and pair work. They focus on such objectives as: * Show students the advantages of group work; * Encourage students to rely on their abilities and skills; * Use those methods that promote students’ self-confidence; * Enhance knowledge sharing between learners and educators. The effectiveness of the teaching process depends greatly on the students’ engagement in the proposed activities that is why it is critical to ensure that they meet students’ interests (Sadykova, 2014). Unfortunately, the lack of motivation and stimulation, as well, as the lack of confidence regarding personal skills and abilities, makes learners rather passive. As a result, they fail to reach expected progress. Currently, teachers tend to improve their communication with students. They conduct surveys to find out what they like and use this information as the basis for the lesson plans. Activities maintained in pairs and groups are also often offered. However, the effectiveness of these initiatives is not being monitored. Theoretical Framework Encouragement and self-confidence are vital for positive academic results. Motivation, for example, is critical because it makes students participated in various activities because of the reward they will eventually obtain. Emphasis on the things they need increases chances of the successful task accomplishment. According to Maslow’s hierarchy of needs, people need to fulfill their needs in a particular order. In this way, students will focus on class-related activities only when those connected with breathing, sleep, security, relations, and confidence, etc. will be satisfied. Thus, encouragement of students is a rather complicated task that should constantly be maintained to ensure that they are engaged in the learning process. Motivation can be intrinsic and extrinsic, and teachers need to consider both types. Intrinsic motivation deals with the final goal of obtaining knowledge and can be seen in students only if they are highly interested in the topic itself, which is rarely observed. Being aligned with Maslow’s hierarchy, it appears to be the final goal on the top of the pyramid. Extrinsic motivation presupposes the necessity to add some reward for the successful accomplishment of a task. Even though such an approach seems to be less appropriate, it often turns out to be extremely effective. Students who are generally reluctant to participate in class activities resort to them because they understand that it is a possibility to get the desired prize, additional marks, higher points, fewer home tasks, or other things. However, this approach should not turn into a commonly used option because it can cause additional problems. Students’ self-confidence also requires much attention from teachers. If learners do not believe in their powers and consider that they are not able to accomplish a task, they are likely to refuse even to start it (Sharma & Agarwala, 2014). Students’ belief in their capabilities allows them to reach success, if it is not maintained, they are likely to be rather passive and to avoid any tasks. Supporting students’ self-confidence, teachers can make them participate in various activities regardless of their complexity. Thus, teachers should offer learners to take an active part in both individual and group tasks, and to monitor their effectiveness. Being aware of the results, especially working ones, learners are likely to develop an interest in participation in more difficult activities (Wang, 2015). In this way, teachers’ feedback is crucial for students’ motivation. Methodology The methodology needed to evaluate the effectiveness of the initiatives that promote student motivation and self-confidence is not complicated, which means that it can be maintained by teachers as well. The first step of the discussed comprehensive plan is already implemented. It deals with the investigation of student interests and their current participation in class activities offered by educators. The second step is to evaluate received information and identify those topics that students want to discuss. Here, it is also possible to get in touch with learners to ensure that the choices are made correctly. The third step is to plan classes based on the obtained information. Teachers should align those skills and abilities that students are to obtain after the completion of the course with those topics they want to discuss in class. It is significant to remember that activities maintained in pairs and groups are to be included. The fourth step should be dedicated to the evaluation and assessment of the effectiveness of the implemented improvement effort. It should be done in several ways. First of all, students should share their attitudes toward new activities and topics. Their overall perception of classes should be considered. Then, attention should be paid to academic achievements and changes in marks. Finally, teachers should focus on their perception of students’ participation and reveal if they are more motivated to accomplish tasks and if they feel confident when dealing with various activities. Teachers should develop a checklist that focuses on the expected results. A short questionnaire should also be created. On their basis, they should be able to identify and correct the problems they face with new activities. What is more, it will be possible to implement changes to improve the situation in the case of no positive response. In this way, it will be possible to evaluate teachers’ practice and students’ attitudes towards it. It will be advantageous to record classroom activities in detail. Teachers will have an opportunity to reconsider them, assessing personal performance, and ensuring that explanations and instructions are clear and easy to understand. In addition to that, it will be extremely beneficial if a video per week is taken. Then, teachers have an opportunity to analyze their lessons appropriately. Moreover, they can ask a colleague to assist and share his/her ideas. The questionnaire should be given to students. Using them, they should reflect their reactions to the class activities, and teachers’ performance. Thus, questions should be short and clear. For instance, it is possible to focus on the duration of the activities, clearness of instructions, and appropriateness of visual materials. Of course, the evaluation of the improvement efforts is impossible without an analysis of teachers’ actions. When all data is already gathered, they should examine their performance and students’ reaction to them in a more objective way than focusing on students’ responses. The most benefit can be obtained due to the participation of a third person, a colleague, for instance. He/she should provide comprehensive feedback. However, self-assessment is also required and should not be neglected. Action Plan Considering the issue discussed and developed objectives, teachers should plan activities that are based on students’ interests but not simply taken from the book. In this way, if a song is supposed to be used during the class, a teacher should find out learners’ preferences. It is possible to watch a movie or to use other technical devices to make classes more attractive. Students should improve their participation in class activities through the promotion of self-confidence. It can be achieved through the usage of congratulations for improvement. As a result, inhibition can be stopped, and students can realize that they are a group that can learn together with a teacher through questions and conversations. Teachers can say that they are good at something or that they should keep working on it. Comments can be made about the very activities and learners’ success related to them. As a result, they are expected to start feeling confident and to stop being afraid of active participation. Findings For this research, a school improvement team evaluated several classes and questioned teachers and students. As a result, an opportunity to have enough information for the identification of the main problem that affects student achievement was obtained. The researchers analyzed information and aligned the outlined issues with their interests. In this way, a lack of attention revealed by the school authorities towards students’ interests was chosen as a critical problem that requires further investigation. The researchers found out that some teachers have already started to maintain particular improvement efforts to deal with this issue. However, their effectiveness was not properly assessed. In addition to that, attention was paid to the lack of self-esteem because learners were unwilling to participate in all activities regardless of the topics discussed in class. Such a tendency can also be considered as an anomaly because learners remained rather passive even when educators based their lessons on those topics students claimed to be interesting and attractive. Even though the results of this research seem to be inconsistent, they align with different sources. Scientists agree that educators often base their classes on the available materials and do not pay much attention to the interests of learners because related alterations will require a lot of changes and will make a planning process more difficult (Baki, Rafik-Galea, & Nimehchisalem, 2016). What is more, literature sources support the findings that reveal a lack of students’ self-esteem, which affects their willingness to participate in class activities adversely (Honken & Ralston, 2013). Unfortunately, these results were expected, because these issues are often observed in various educational establishments. Moreover, the researchers were highly interested in the discussed issues and results, as scientists have focused on them for a long time already and numerous improvement initiatives have been proposed. However, the problem remains on the front burner even today, which means that some changes are required. Recommendations The data obtained from the research reveals that students are not interested in the topics and activities used in class. Unfortunately, even if they discuss some attractive information, learners remain passive because they do not believe in their powers and are afraid to fail. Interestingly, a lot of authoritative literature with resolutions to these issues is available, but teachers are still not able to achieve success and increase student interest and participation. Thus, it seems to be advantageous to focus on educators, their attitudes towards work, and possible changes needed to align the learning process with learners’ interests that are constantly changing. In this way, it seems to be beneficial to answer some additional questions to improve analysis. For instance: * Are teachers satisfied with available coursebooks? * What topics do they want to discuss apart of those included in coursebooks? * How do teachers perceive new tendencies and changes? * Are they willing to learn something new from their students? Answers to these questions are likely to allow the researchers to develop those initiatives that will benefit both students and teachers in the framework of participation in-class activities. Reflection Due to this action research, the members of the school improvement team received an opportunity to reveal current issues that affect student achievement. They realized that even if some problems are already widely discussed, it does not mean that they are not on the front burner for particular classes. Moreover, the researchers understood that regardless of teachers’ willingness to improve students’ performance, they can also affect this process adversely because of unwillingness to implement critical changes. The team members also improved their understanding of teacher-student interaction, which is vital for them as for educators, as they can use this knowledge in practice. Conducting action research, they found out that the implementation of improvement efforts has almost no effectiveness if it lacks a decent basis and monitoring. All changes maintained within the educational process should be aligned with proper evidence. Thus, it is critical to start with an investigation. Even though teachers observe a lack of participation in in-class activities, they should not try to enhance the situation based on their ideas. They need to approach their students to find out what makes them passive and how to engage them. References Baki, N., Rafik-Galea, S., & Nimehchisalem, V. (2016). Malaysian rural ESL students critical thinking literacy level: A case study. International Journal of Education & Literacy Studies, 4 (4), 1-8. Web. Honken, N., & Ralston, P. (2013). High-achieving high school students and not so high-achieving college students: A look at lack of self-control, academic ability, and performance in college. Journal of Advanced Academics, 24 (2), 108-124. Web. Sadykova, G. (2014). Mediating knowledge through peer-to-peer interaction in a multicultural online learning environment: A case of international students in the US. International Review of Research in Open and Distance Learning, 15 (3), 1-7. Web. Sharma, S., & Agarwala, S. (2014). Self-esteem and collective self-esteem as predictors of depression. Journal of Behavioural Sciences, 24 (1), 21-28. Web. Wang, S. (2015). An analysis of the causes and countermeasures of students’ English learning weariness in junior high school. Theory and Practice in Language Studies, 5 (8), 1747-1753. Web.

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Write an essay about: Herbert J. Scoville was one of the key figures in the development of the Office of Scientific Intelligence (OSI). He managed to make OSI a strong branch that revealed the necessary results.

Herbert J. Scoville was one of the key figures in the development of the Office of Scientific Intelligence (OSI). He managed to make OSI a strong branch that revealed the necessary results.

Scoville’s Role in Office of Scientific Intelligence Essay (Critical Writing) Table of Contents 1. Introduction 2. The Constraints Scoville Had to Overcome 3. Scoville’s Achievements 4. Conclusion 5. Reference List Introduction At present, scientific intelligence is one of the most potent tools in the hands of the US intelligence service. However, there were times when this branch was underestimated. However, in the middle of the twentieth century, it became apparent that scientific advances in the field of nuclear power, biological weapons, etc. required specific attention. Herbert J. Scoville was one of the key figures in the development of the Office of Scientific Intelligence (OSI). He managed to make OSI a strong branch that revealed the necessary results. Under the rule of Scoville, the very existence of the branch was justified and appreciated. OSI provided important information concerning the scientific advances of major rivals of the USA as well as the effectiveness of some US military projects. The agency also managed to provide a comprehensive analysis of the potential of certain kinds of scientific research. The Constraints Scoville Had to Overcome It is necessary to note that OSI was one of the first steps in the creation of an agency devoted to scientific intelligence. There were loads of opponents to the creation of this agency as people did not see the potential or still could not understand how to build such an agency. OSI was almost non-operational in the forties. The first head of the branch, Brode, failed to gain authority, and other intelligence agencies did not share information with OSI, which negatively affected the branch’s efficiency. Scoville became the head of the branch in 1955. He got a BS degree from Yale, and he was also a Ph.D. in physical chemistry. He had been the “technical director of the Armed Forces Special Weapons Project” before he joined the CIA (Richelson, 2002, p. 7). He understood what the major problems of the branch were. Even though OSI developed a substantial study on Soviet nuclear capabilities, the branch lacked strong leadership and authority among other branches. He claimed, “I found myself continuously in the position of being held responsible for matters which I have had neither the authority nor the means to control” (Richelson, 2002, p. 58). OSI was involved in a variety of joint projects, and quite often, the staff of OSI did not get the necessary information or support from other branches. However, unlike the previous heads of the organization, Scoville managed to overcome the major constraints OSI had faced. Scoville’s Achievements In the early fifties, OSI came up with a few substantial reports. After Scoville had been assigned, the branch managed to develop several reports on nuclear capabilities of the USSR, Israel, and other countries. Admittedly, the branch also provided an analysis of US nuclear research. Though OSI had to overcome bureaucratic difficulties, the branch proved to be effective. This was the result of Scoville’s strong position. He understood that OSI could be efficient if it had adequate support from other branches. Scoville tried to highlight the bureaucratic constraints the branch met, and this led to certain positive results. Joint projects revealed the faults in the work of different branches, including OSI. Besides, the first meaningful results proved that the organization was effective. Conclusion Scoville was one of the most influential figures in the development of OSI as he managed to overcome several bureaucratic constraints. He proved that the organization contributed greatly to the development of scientific intelligence, which was crucial in the era of science. Scoville was the leader who made the branch an effective part of the US intelligence service. Reference List Richelson, J.T. (2002). The wizards of Langley: Inside the CIA’s Directorate of Science and Technology . Boulder, CO: Westview Press.

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Write an essay about: An explanation of search engines and how they workPeople find it easy and time-saving to gather information available on various search engines. The SEO services are helpful in extending information to such people. It has become inevitable for any new business to make use of such services in order to enter the market and also for the existing businesses to sustain the competition.

An explanation of search engines and how they work People find it easy and time-saving to gather information available on various search engines. The SEO services are helpful in extending information to such people. It has become inevitable for any new business to make use of such services in order to enter the market and also for the existing businesses to sustain the competition.

Search Engine Optimization: Tips and Tricks Essay An explanation of search engines and how they work People find it easy and time-saving to gather information available on various search engines. The SEO services are helpful in extending information to such people. It has become inevitable for any new business to make use of such services in order to enter the market and also for the existing businesses to sustain the competition. There are various reasons as to why companies should make use of SEO services. One of the most important reasons is that a company might have a perfect website with all the required information for promoting its products or services but unless the website is viewed by the customers, it is futile. So optimization of the websites is very crucial. Choosing a good search engine for optimization can enhance the traffic to a company’s website. Consequently, there will be an increase in the opportunities and possibilities of getting business. Uncovering the right keywords for your organization Identifying the perfect keywords is the most vital step towards a booming marketing drive over the internet. It is a well known fact that search engine optimization is based on keyword search. Your website should contain such keywords that any person searching for your products will anyhow come across your website. Keywords are the foundation of your online marketing and promotion. You have to make a thorough research before incorporating the keywords into your website. It’s a common practice to identify keywords according to their perception, forgetting that everyone has his/her own way of thinking. This thinking process depends on various factors such as the ethnicity of the targeted audience. The geographic location of the targeted audience is also an important factor. Understanding the conversion cycle & how it applies to your organization The conversion cycle is also a crucial aspect of search engine optimization or your online marketing and promotion. As the name suggests, it simply means the rate of conversion of visitors to your website as being your valued customers. Organizations opt for SEOs in order to bring more and more visitors to their website. But unless such visitors become customers, it hardly matters. But again, customers ought to create a margin. Organizations with greater margin are the winners in the long run. Following is a depiction of a typical conversion cycle: Writing for search engines: Appropriate titles and descriptions: Titles and description of your website is not an easy job. There are certain things that you should keep in mind while writing a title tag for your website: The length of your title should not exceed 70 words. Your keywords should be at the starting of your title tag. You should not use punctuations such as commas, full stops, dashes, etc. to separate the keywords. Instead, you should use a pipe (I) for this purpose. You should try to keep your title tag as informative as possible, giving the visitor maximum possible information. Connecting words such as and, if, however, otherwise, despite, etc., should be avoided so that you have more space for valuable information. Try not to include your company name in the title tag if it doesn’t coincide with your keywords. Never copy-paste your title tags on different pages. The title tag for different pages should be different. This way you will have better traffic. Your title tag should be relevant to the description on your website pages. Regarding the description, following things should be kept in kind: The information should be in text form instead of graphics. The information should not be limited to a single page. Try and scatter the information on several pages. While writing the description you should take care that important information surrounds your keywords. Identification of spider traps You should take care while designing your website. You should understand that easily accessible websites are found easily and displayed by search engine spiders. “A spider trap refers to either a continuous loop where spiders are requesting pages and the server is requesting data to render the page or an intentional scheme designed to identify (and ‘ban’) spiders that do not respect robots.txt” (Dbasemedia, 2006). Following precautions should be taken while designing your website: The design should be simple as complex or poor designs may mislead the SEO spiders and your website may be written off from the index. This means that in future searches by prospective clients, your website will not be searched for contents by the SEO spiders. You should employ a content management system that will help you in creating uncomplicated URL for your website. Another benefit of short URLs is that the prospective clients will be able to remember your website address. Search engine spiders hesitate to promote sites with more advertising material. So you should take care that your website has minimum possible advertisements. Avoiding spam An easy way to know whether your website contains spam is that a website with spam will have repetition of contents such as the menus on majority of the pages. This will make the pages appear to be duplicates and the contents or description on the pages might be overlooked by the SEO. “One of the best ways to get to the top search engines like Google, Yahoo and MSN is to write unique and expert content while maintaining an overall keyword density of 2.9%” (Priya, 2008). Any excess percentage may result in your website being deemed to be spamming. In order to avoid spam, always install an anti-virus plug-in. Computer programs such as Spam Assassin should be installed on your server. The scoring level should be set accordingly but it should be understood that as the scoring level increases, the chances of missing e-mails also increases. Never include your email in web-forms. Never use common phrases such as ‘contact us’ or ‘mail to’ in your website. Try to incorporate special mail scripts in your website. Using site maps Site map page is the most significant one in your website. It acts as an index to your website. Prospective clients can have an idea about your website after viewing this page. The site map page also contains all the links to the various pages of your website. “A good structure for a sitemap is first a paragraph describing your company, your products and your philosophy, then a formatted list of your links, along with short descriptions for every link” (Voget, 2003). You can improve the traffic of your website in the following ways: Instead of submitting the main page of your website to the SEO, you should submit the site map page of your website so that the SEO will find it easy to find all the pages of your website and index accordingly. In the description on the site map page of your website, you should include key words and phrases that may lead to the respective pages. Provide a highlighted link on every page of your website that will lead your prospective clients to the site map page of your website. This will make it easier for the people visiting your website to find what they want. Performing competitive link intelligence You should do the following in order to perform competitive link intelligence: Identify a search engine and search for your keywords. Make a note of the top 15-20 competitors. Try to find out the back-links to all these websites. “Back links are considered valuable when they 1) Are do follow, 2) Contain the appropriate anchor text, 3) Are deep linked to the relevant inner pages, and 4) Are linked from high pr niche websites” (WordPressak, 2010). Prepare an Excel sheet and enlist those websites of which you have the back links. Make a separate list of the ‘do follow’ websites in a descending order based on their PR. Once you have completed all these steps, you will have a list of the most important websites that you can link your website to. A PPC (pay per click) campaign In a pay-per-click campaign, “Marketers specify an amount they’re willing to pay for each visitor who clicks through to their sites. They also indicate whether they want their ads to appear in search engine results or content blocks embedded within websites or both” (Kumar, 2011). The success of your pay-per-click depends on your choice of keywords. The keywords should be such that may be frequently used by people to look for your products. Using proper keywords can increase the conversion rate of your website. Following are the ways in which you may identify proper keywords: Always choose the appropriate or such keywords that are pertinent to your business. Try and identify maximum low cost keywords that don’t have many searches. Instead of ten costly keywords, it is better to have 100 low cost keywords. Include your keywords in the title of your webpage and the description as well. Avoid such keywords that may have a ‘broad match’ with keywords of other similar websites. Target your advertisement campaign based on factors such as geographic location and time zone. References Dbasemedia. (2006). SEO: Spider traps. Web. Kumar, A. (2011). Seven tips for improving pay-per-click campaigns . Web. Priya. (2008). Ways to avoid website spam. Web. Voget, A. (2003). 1. Facts of the week: Use sitemaps to improve your search engine ranking. Web. Wordpressak. (2010). How to build valuable back links – SEO service provider . Web.

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Write the original essay for the following summary: The essay examines the role of sectarianism in state policy under Ottoman rule. It concludes that while sectarianism was not explicitly stated as a state policy, it was a byproduct of a more finance-oriented policy that the Ottomans followed.

The essay examines the role of sectarianism in state policy under Ottoman rule. It concludes that while sectarianism was not explicitly stated as a state policy, it was a byproduct of a more finance-oriented policy that the Ottomans followed.

Sectarianism and State Policy under Ottoman Rule Essay “Sectarianism is a form of bigotry, discrimination, or hatred arising from attaching importance to perceived differences between subdivisions within a group, such as between different denominations of a religion, nationalism, class, regional or factions of a political movement.” 1 The conceptual reinforcements of insolences and actions considered as sectarian are extremely diverse. The followers of a spiritual, state or party-political assembly may have confidence in that their own redemption, or the accomplishment of their specific purposes, necessitates belligerently looking for adapts from other assemblies; moreover, the supporters of this particular group may have confidence in that for the accomplishment of their own party-political or spiritual mission their interior adversaries have to be rehabilitated or eliminated. Sectarianism may not have been the state-policy of the Ottomans; however, they sought to keep a large empire unified and by doing that they suppressed non-Sunni Muslim minorities in the region they ruled. Sectarianism was thus only a byproduct of a more finance-oriented policy that Ottomans followed. The main objective of this essay is to observe and reflect the evidence towards or against the policy of sectarianism during the reign of the Ottoman Empire on the territories under its commandment; moreover, the research conducted while writing this essay will determine whether the sectarianism under Ottoman rule was or was not a state policy. From time to time, an assembly that is below financial or party-political compression will execute or try to attack the associates of other groups that it concerns as accountable for its own deterioration. It can more severely describe the description of conventional faith in its certain assembly or society, and eject or exclude those who fail to sustain this fresh originate elucidated description of the party-political or religious convention. In other instances, dissidents from this convention will separate from the conventional organization and announce themselves as experts of a rehabilitated faith scheme, or containers of an apparent former convention. In other cases, sectarianism can be the appearance of an assembly’s chauvinistic or national determinations, or subjugated by agitators. The situation of Jewish and Christian minorities among the population in the Ottoman Empire is a subject matter that endures to be in doubt and widely discussed up to this day, just about a hundred years after the formal termination of the Ottoman Empire itself. Spiritual connotation characteristically resulted in obtaining the rank in the Muslim Ottoman Empire for the most part. As Moshe Ma’oz mentioned in the study, Christians and Jews has been always observed as substandard matters or as unlawful quantities 2 . As a consequence, these social groups were frequently distinguished in contradiction of the state entity. On the other hand, other academics would contend that the place of social, religious, and ethnical subgroups under the Ottoman Rule was compassionate in comparison to the behavior towards the minorities elsewhere around the globe, such as in particular areas of Europe. According to Edward Said, “abuses of Orientalism, that is a Western way of ‘dominating’ or ‘restructuring’ the history of the Middle East because of prejudice against Arab-Islamic peoples, has caused a misconstruction of the historical narrative.” 3 According to Bruce Masters, Westerners were classically predisposed against the representatives Muslims; moreover, they frequently biased veracities in the relations among Christians, Muslims and Jews under the rule of the Ottoman Empire 4 . In isolation, it has to be distinguished that historic explanations, or misapprehensions, must be forcefully inspected while deliberating the situation of Jews and Arabs under the rule of the Ottoman Empire. In order to evaluate the place of Jews and Christians for the duration of the era of the Ottoman Rule and determine whether there was a state policy of sectarianism, the official statuses of the Jews and Christian minorities have to be designated. They were deliberated as ‘Ahl al-Kitab’, or ‘people of the book’ (this term means that there were people that apprehended monotheistic principles). As a result, their handling by the government of the Empire could have been a lot different from that of the supporters of the polytheistic beliefs under Ottoman regulation, from the time when the Muslims acknowledged the diviners of Christianity and Judaism. As a consequence, they were provided by the defense of the government, or Ahl al-Dhimma. The following custom of defense for social, cultural, and ethnical subgroups still are able to be observed in the present-day Tehran. A lot of groups of people that follow Christianity still continue to exist in Iran. From the time when it has been with authorization documented that the religions still revel in dhimma, the groups of people that follow Christianity are assured to receive defense from the government. A vivid instance of this defense is the representative image of a stern viewing Ayatollah Khomeini on the external side of an Armenian minister in Tehran. The image signifies the Ayatollah’s defense over the minister, as a result, that he implies that he will provide their safety by himself. They delighted in independence in spiritual matters and, furthermore, several areas including schooling. From this point of view, Jews and Christians relished particular civil liberties under the regulation of the Ottoman Empire that was not settled to the ethnical, cultural, and social subgroups in Europe, on which territory Jews and Muslims were frequently mistreated or were in an inferior position because of the religious preconception. It has to be said, on the other hand, that Jews and Christians experienced comprehensive liberty and even autonomy under Islamic regulation of the Ottoman Empire. These minorities were observed as mediocre by not only the administration of the Empire but by a lot of its citizens. If observed in simpleminded expressions, the dominance complex established by Muslims in the Ottoman Empire could most expected to be accredited to their recognition of the Prophet Muhammad in the role of the concluding prescient, a part of the faith that Christians and Jews failed to follow in their beliefs. Their failure follows the path of the Muslims in so many ways has resulted in the Muslim monarchs to observe the Jews and Christians in deficient dimensions. Moreover, as a consequence, they were obligatory to provide a fee in a distinctive election tariff, also called jiyzya. While the Jews and Christians were permitted to obtain definite senior-level ranks, for example, financial consultants or general practitioners, they were at all times obligatory to obtain only those ranks subsidiary to their Muslim corresponding positions. They were even from time to time exposed to limitations in clothing or were beleaguered by definite bureaucrats and fellow citizen. These facts of history represent that in spite of the conceding of dhimma to the non-Sunni Muslims and non-Muslims, unsanctioned performances of preconception were from time to time overlooked. There was an assured sagacity of communal separation between Muslims and non-Muslims. Typecasts classifying Christians and Jews were frequently exploited in multiplying the break among them. Even in zones of adjacent immediacy in the middle of these groups, where they existed and functioned as fellow citizens, they were infrequently comprised in the common being of the environs. Jews and Christians, as well as the non-Sunni Muslims and non-Muslims, were rather infrequently apportioned with on a discrete foundation; as an alternative, they were stomped into a millet organization that dispensed with them as a municipality. For instance, “the Rabbi, in a millet-bashi, acted as the administrative officer responsible for acting as the representative of his community to the state. Rather than collecting the jiyzya individually, they paid the state collectively, with a Chief Rabbi administrating. This was the case for all recognized Christian and Jewish communities.” 5 The millet scheme permitted the corresponding societies to appreciate a particular rank of managerial independence under their legislator. The millet forerunner could possess the ability to hold particular controls in order to implement and establish regulations. Moreover, he also helped to implore the origins of his municipality to the administrations of the Ottoman Empire as well. According to Roderic H. Davison, millets assisted to some point as the negotiators of transformation and progress, they facilitated in implementing assured reconstruction and renovation in the Ottoman Empire. Roderic H. Davison, along with many other researchers, connects the fact of the existence of millets to the connection characters in the framework of the relations that the non-Muslim millets possessed with Europe. Armenians, Greeks, and Jews assisted in importing the letterpress media inside the Ottoman Empire. 6 Furthermore, the administration also required alterations with the intention of reviving the Ottoman Empire, as well as refining the armed forces and founding delegations in Europe. An announcement by the Sultan Abdülmecid that was made in 1953 recognized collective independence on the foundation of equivalence; however, it abandoned the managerial features of an individual position, such as weddings and schooling, to the millets. This announcement correspondingly applied a scheme of tariff collection to all inhabitants, not just Christians and Jews and non-Sunni Muslims and non-Muslims, along with an obligatory armed forces provision for every citizen belonging to any social or ethnical group. On the other hand, the history that occurred in practice was fairly not the same; most Christians and Jews answer to defense force restructurings was to recompense a particular tariff excusing them from armed forces obligation, instead of achieving the obligatory provision. As a consequence, in several circumstances, the millets appeared to be the managers of transformation in modernizing the Ottoman Empire; they implemented the role as the conduits or strainers of adjustment. In other cases, they were represented as the adversaries to improvement to defend their own welfares, for example, as in the situation of martial provision. According to Davison, “acceptance of certain modernization by non-Muslim millets also caused non-acceptance by Muslims on religious and anti-Western grounds. Although, it is important to remember Said’s Orientalist reconstructing of history on the basis of anti-Muslim prejudice when considering Davison’s claim.” 7 The place of Christians and Jews and the non-Sunni Muslims and non-Muslims under Ottoman regulation could be disputed in the framework of the chronological concepts. As the spiritual connotation frequently established the communal position of inhabitants, spiritual subgroups were typically preserved with a rank of acceptance, which was not habitually appreciated by the subgroups under Christian regulation. On the other hand, it is imperative to summon up that the researchers may on no occasion accurately apprehend the place of components under the Muslim regulation in the Ottoman Empire as the historic clarifications repeatedly lead academics off course. The current Western learning on the Ottoman historical events has not been supportive in explaining the uncertainties adjacent to the historic involvement of the empire’s cultural and spiritual subgroups. The historic researchers possess the knowledge in usually evaded themes, which assist in segregating the populaces of the Ottoman Empire into uniform, vertically created, denominational societies. The instinct originates in incomplete reply to the party-political handling of dutiful individualities by the Western authorities in the Ottoman early command, also called the Eastern Question, throughout the nineteenth century. Marxian simulations, which provide chief to session over substitute community characteristics, have enthused additional reassessment. More lately, the sermon of post-colonialism and the cutting assessment flattened by Edward Said in contradiction of the conventions and outline of the recognized Western studentship on the Middle East, also known as Orientalism, have denounced the inscription of Ottoman past with what is supposed to be an unjustified importance of spiritual alterations. The disparagement of the misappropriations of the Orientalism in the role of an educational discipline, and those concepts prejudiced by it, has been both considerate and functional. Even though Westerners were not completely accountable for the upsurge of sectarian hostilities in the Middle East, the Western spectators confined plentiful of the initial nonfiction on sectarian dealings and the reasons for it in the Ottoman Empire. They were naturally prejudiced in contradiction of Muslims and their images and questions repeatedly changed the veracity of the complication of the relations that connected Muslims, Christians, and Jews in the dusk of the domain. As a result, the established Western past history on the circumstances under which the spiritual subgroups in the Ottoman Empire existed is contaminated and necessitates maintenance while referred. In addition, some of the people who have conducted the research on the subject more lately have completed it in order to improve the party-political rights of one cultural municipality over another. “In response to the political manipulation of research agenda surrounding the Ottoman Empire’s religious minorities, many of those who would deconstruct the Orient avoid religion as a category of identity in their historical analyses altogether. To write or not to write about the history of non-Muslims living in Muslim states has become, and perhaps always was, all too often a political act.” 8 The majority of the European and North American academics that research Ottoman Imperia have selected not to set apart the Christians for singular consideration if deliberately ensuing the Arab separatist archetype or not. The similar fact could be stated for the researchers who are investigating the past of Egypt and Iraq. There are several prominent exclusions; however, these examples assist in reminding the researchers how much exploration needs to be done on the subject of non-Sunni Muslims and non-Muslims in the Ottoman outlying areas and their connection to the sectarianism. Bibliography Braude, Benjamin. Foundation Myths of the Millet System . Teaneck: Holmes & Meier Publishers, 1982. Davison, Roderic. The Millets as Agents of Change in the Nineteenth-Century Ottoman Empire . Teaneck: Holmes & Meier Publishers, 1982. Ma’oz, Moshe. Middle Eastern Minorities: Between Integration and Conflict . Washington: The Washington Institute for Near East Policy, 2001. Masters, Bruce. Christians and Jews in the Ottoman Arab World: The Roots of Sectarianism. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2001. Rogan, Eugene. The Arabs: A History . New York: Basic Books, 2009. Said, Edward. Orientalism . New York: Vintage Books, 1979. Tsimhoni, Daphne. The Tanzimat: Ottoman Reforms and the Millets . New York: Basic Books, 2002. Wikipedia. “ Sectarianism .” Web. Footnotes 1. “Sectarianism.” Web. 2. Ma’oz, Moshe. Middle Eastern Minorities: Between Integration and Conflict (Washington: The Washington Institute for Near East Policy, 2001), 5-9. 3. Said, Edward. Orientalism (New York: Vintage Books, 1979), 17. 4. Masters, Bruce. Christians and Jews in the Ottoman Arab World: The Roots of Sectarianism (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2001), 31. 5. Benjamin Braude. Foundation Myths of the Millet System (Teaneck: Holmes & Meier Publishers, 1982), 69. 6. Davison, Roderic. The Millets as Agents of Change in the Nineteenth-Century Ottoman Empire (Teaneck: Holmes & Meier Publishers, 1982), 319. 7. Tsimhoni, Daphne. The Tanzimat: Ottoman Reforms and the Millets (New York: Basic Books, 2002), 99. 8. Rogan, Eugene. The Arabs: A History (New York: Basic Books, 2009), 411.

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Write the full essay for the following summary: The paper examines the importance of self-awareness and person-centered approach theory in the process of human development.The paper examines the importance of self-awareness and person-centered approach theory in the process of human development. Self-awareness is important because it helps people to understand their potential and abilities. Person-centered approach theory is also important because it helps people to realize their potential in a way that is unique to them.

The paper examines the importance of self-awareness and person-centered approach theory in the process of human development. The paper examines the importance of self-awareness and person-centered approach theory in the process of human development. Self-awareness is important because it helps people to understand their potential and abilities. Person-centered approach theory is also important because it helps people to realize their potential in a way that is unique to them.

Self-Awareness and Person-Centered Approach Theory Essay Introduction Carl Rogers’ Person-Centered Approach Theory to human development states that development of an individual is based on a number of factors, top of which is the immediate environment. He argued that interpersonal skills are very important for a person to realize self-actualization. A person would want to be accepted in the society. Generally, people feel good when they are appreciated. Any appreciation to one’s good work will always be interpreted as an appreciation of self. It is also true that people do not appreciate rejection or any negative comments towards them. When their work is rebuked or rejected by other people, they tend to own the rejection, and consider themselves unworthy. Such feelings can have adverse effect on individuals’ life, especially if people around them constantly subject them to rebuke and a form of rejection. One may be withdrawn, and feel a strong sense of self of self-rejection. Children are the most affected group by this possible rejection from members of the society. It is at this stage that one experiences massive development towards maturity. It is also at this stage that one strives to be the ideal person in life if he or she becomes an adult. In fact, Merry (2002) says that at this young stage, the potential of an individual is limitless and can be used for greater success. During this tender age, one would define life path based on the factors within the environment. People around such an individual would play a major role in determining the path taken as one grows. It is important to note that at this early stage, people would want to be regarded positively by others, especially people who are in authority. This means that teachers play an important role in the development of a child. Ability of an individual to achieve self-actualization in life depends on the kind of childhood experiences one had. When a teacher constantly encourages a child by telling it how intelligent and hardworking it is, the child would want to put more effort, not to perform even better, but to receive more praises. Such a child would grow up with confidence, always believing that all can be achieved as long as enough effort is put. On the other hand, when a child realizes that it is rejected among peers and people in authority, it gets withdrawn, and this hinders its normal experience. Teachers have the capacity to help such children who feel rejected aware of their untapped potential, and their capacity to deliver better results than their peers. This research paper seeks to demonstrate this by focusing on the personal experience of the researcher at this stage, and supportive theories from Carl Rogers on human development. Description of the Incident When I was in the elementary school, I had a teacher by the name Ms. Nora. She was our grade 5 teacher. When we first attended her class, she told us that she would care for all of us, and that her love for us was equal on all her learners. However, this proved not to be the case as soon as she got to know individual students in the class. I was one of the students who drew her attention very quickly, but in a negative way. I would sit right next to her, in front of the class. I was generally untidy, with clothes that were worn-out. She noticed that I was withdrawn, and avoided mingling with other students freely. She quickly developed a negative attitude towards me. She was keen to know my name so that she could award me the worst grades even before checking my assignments thoroughly. She not only considered me dumb in class, but also a clumsy child who could not easily mingle with other students. This affected me so much. I did not have peace both at home and in school. At home, my mother was constantly under depression, especially after delivering twins who died soon after. She never gave the attention I needed to make me succeed in life. My father never gave me any inspiration, as he had no interest in my academics or general development. I was uncared for at home, and this explains why I was not as decent as other classmates were. In school, other classmates were indifferent towards me. It could be because of the fact that I was not presentable. I felt rejected, and this made me feel withdrawn from them. In my second and third grades, I always received encouragements from my teachers who made me work even harder. However, this was not the case in my fifth grade. My teacher always considered me as a student with lesser potential in class compared to others. She would give me grade ‘F’ and put it in red to emphasize its gravity. This affected me even the more. I was convinced that I was unwanted at school and at home. The poor grading that was given to my work always seemed to be a poor grading on myself. This changed when Ms. Nora changed her perception towards me after reading the comments my previous teachers had made about the person in me. She quickly realized that I had a potential that was untapped because of the sense of rejection I had at school, and lack of proper care. She gave me very close attention from that day, and encouraged me to work harder. This acted as a motivation as I gained strength to work even harder. Her constant appreciation of my work, and the statements she would make about my untapped potential made me more determined to work hard. The main reason why I worked hard at this tender age was not to excel in my academics, but to earn praises from the teacher, and acceptance from my peers. I worked hard not to disappoint Ms. Nora who had come to appreciate that I had the potential to be successful just as other students. I felt that I had the capacity to do it. This effort was boosted by the recovery of my mother from her depression. She also started giving me the moral support. For the first time after a very long time, I started feeling accepted both at home and in school. I came to realize that I was normal just as other students. I also realized that I had the capacity to achieve whatever was in my desires. As I progressed to higher grades, the positive remarks and constant encouragements I received from my grade 5 teacher remained clear in my mind. They were constant motivation, and a reminder that I had the potential to achieve success. I went through high school, to college, and currently I am taking my post-graduate degree, but the memory of my fifth grade teacher, Ms. Nora, has remained clear in my mind. I still consider her as my best teacher because she helped me realized my potential. Description of Own Awareness According to Roy (2011), self-awareness is always important in the process of personality development. This scholar says that in life, a person would have an ideal image of whom he or she wants to be in life. It is always important to have own awareness in order to be able to achieve self-actualization by becoming the ideal person. In the case presented above, it is clear that even at tender age own awareness is always a real experience and a determinant of personal development. One thought that would run through my mind was the fact that I was in a social class far below my classmates. I would compare my dress code with their and realized that mine were worn out and untidy. When it came to giving our teacher presents, mine was considered the worst. I felt the same because other classmates bought new items for the teacher, while mine was half-used perfume. There was a strong sense of self-rejection, especially when I realized that I was worse in almost every aspect in class. Academically, other classmates would outperform me. When it came to dressing, my clothes were untidy and worn out. In giving presents to the teacher, mine was the funniest. I felt that I was drawing massive negative attention to myself, and this made me hate my personality. I felt that I was very far from achieving the ideal self. The self-withdrawal symptoms made the situation even harder. I had no close friend that I could share my feelings with and in most of the occasions, I felt out of place when classes were in progress. There were incidences when I felt like crying to myself because of the unfortunate situations I would find myself. I wanted to be appreciated by my peers, my teachers, and my parents. However, what I received from them was rejection, rebuke, and lack of concern. This would hurt my feelings. There were also cases when I desired to feel loved. I desired to have friends who would accept me so that we could share personal experiences. This was also not forthcoming. This would make me breakdown. I felt that there were so many obstacles in my life that were hindering me from achieving happiness and satisfaction in life. My self-esteem was at its lowest during this stage of development. At times, I thought that I was wasting my time in school, as I was too dumb to achieve any academic success. I would go to school only to please my mother who was always under constant depression. I thought that one day she would come to appreciate the effort I was making in school. Once in school however, a strong sense of rejection would engulf me, making me yearn to be at home away from the presence of my peers and the teacher. In essence, I was neither comfortable at home or in school. This only changed when my teacher came to appreciate that I had potential to be successful in academics and in life. I suddenly felt my mind open-up as I felt that it was my time to be recognized. I felt happy listening to Ms. Nora shower me with praises in front of other students. A feeling that I am an academic giant would come during such praises. This feeling has remained in me since then, and has been the main driving force in all my academic endeavors. Supportive Theories Human development has attracted attention of many scholars across many fields in the educational sector. Psychologists have tried to explain some of the phenomena that always take place in the mind of a person. As Seeman (2012) observes, a doctor may be able to diagnose a problem in the brain, and even rectify it to make a patient feel better. However, understanding activities taking place in the mind of a human being has been beyond their scope. It is important to have a scientific explanation to the occurrences that took place in the researcher’s mind at her fifth age, and how this has come to influence her development, especially the academic life. Psychologists such as Sigmund Freud, Maslow, and Carl Rogers have come up with psychological explanation of what takes place in the mind during a person’s development process. This research will be based on Carl Rogers’ Person-centered approach principles in an attempt to explain the above case scientifically. Carl Rogers Personality Development According to Freiberg (2009), the central theme to Carl Rogers’ Theory of personality is the concept of self. Self may be defined as the soul or the inner personality of a person that would dictate his or her actions and reactions to various environmental stimuli. In life, it is common for an individual to develop an ideal self. A person would try to achieve this ideal self by trying to behave in a manner that is in line with the ideal-self. This means that every actions that a person would engage in, there is always an attempt to reflect on what one considers ideal. However, if some environmental factors affect the possibility of achieving this, then one can end up reacting in a way that is contrary to ideal-self. This explains why the child felt withdrawn to herself and started underperforming. She was not a withdrawn person before experiencing rejection from people around her, but the prevailing environmental conditions made her react in a way that was opposite to her ideal-self. Self-concept to personality development has three components. Self-esteem is the first component of self-concept (McCulloch, 2010). It always starts at childhood, and plays an important role in defining personality of an individual. Self-esteem, or self-worth as others would call it, is the general feeling one has about self’s value. It is always developed from a child’s interaction with the parents, teachers or peers at early stages in life. In the above case, the child lost self-esteem because of the poor interaction with parents, peers, and the teacher. However, this was regained when the teacher developed positive attitude towards her. Self-image is another component of self-concept. It refers to how an individual perceives self in terms of a good or bad person. Self-image may change given different environmental settings. For instance, there was a moment when the child in the above case felt that she was untidy. This was a negative self-image that affected the way she behaved towards others, and how she felt about herself. In other instances, one may have positive self-image that would motivate him or her to act positively. In the case presented, the child came to realize that she had academic potential that could enable her succeed in life. This positive self-image motivated her to act positively, and this made her succeed in her subsequent classes. Ideal self is the third component of the self-concept. It refers to the kind of person one would want to be in life. It entails one’s aspirations, taking into account the dynamism in life. Roy (2011) says that ideal self is always influenced by environmental factors, including such factors as level of exposure and academic achievements. This means that ideal self at childhood may change when one reaches adolescent stage. This may change further as one gets into adulthood based on the changes taking place in his or her life. In this case, the ideal self for the grade five girl was to be a decent girl who was acceptable to people around her. However, this changed as she grew up. She realized that she wanted to expand her knowledge, and therefore, decided to further her education. Self-Worth and Positive Regard According to Carl Rogers, children have two major needs in life, which is self-worth and positive regard from people around them (Roy, 2011). A child would perceive himself or herself based on the complements of people around them. A child who is constantly exposed to ridicule from people around it will develop poor perception of self-worth. Withdrawal mechanism will automatically be experienced as a self-defense mechanism against the harsh environment. Such a child would always associate itself with failures and unhappiness in life. This explains the behavioral pattern of the child in the given case. When people around this young girl subjected her to constant negative criticism, she developed withdrawal symptoms as a defense mechanism against the environment that had turned to be harsh. However, this changed dramatically when the teacher changed her attitude towards her. The teacher developed a keen interest in helping her develop socially and academically. She started feeling respected, valued, loved, and treated with some form of affection. This positive regard made her realize that she was worthy in this class. The feeling was further enhanced by the change of the mother’s attitude towards her. This increased her self-worth perception. Her level of interaction increased as she realized that she was as normal as other students were in their class. This played an important role in defining her entire success in life. Unconditional positive regard is always important in enhancing positive development of a child at early stages and even later in life (Valett, 2007). It refers to accepting and loving an individual for what she is irrespective of the prevailing situations. According to Rogers’ Personality theory, a child would thrive well in an environment where there is an unconditional positive regards. This is because such a child is given room to be creative. Any mistake done in the quest to be creative would not earn it any rejection. The young girl in this case lacked unconditional positive regard from her teacher at first. The teacher did not love her because of her low academic performance and untidiness. Conditional positive regard on the other hand is only given on condition that an individual does what is considered as praiseworthy. In this case, a child would get approval and praises for their good deeds. As Kriz (2006) says, conditional positive regard should always be used alongside unconditional positive regard. This means that the parent or teachers should always have unconditional positive regard to all learners. However, when one of them does what is considered as exemplary, there should be additional positive regard in praise of the exemplary work done. Congruence In his personality theory, Carl Rogers talks about congruence between an individual’s ideal self and the actual experience of a person’s life (Schlosser, 2009). This theory states that after setting ideal self, a person would always try to act in a way that would be as close as possible to the ideal self. It is possible that the actual experience will not be congruent with the ideal self. However, closeness to the ideal self will determine how close one is towards achieving personal aspiration. Hitt (2008) says that in cases where actual life experience is consistent with a person’s ideal self, then the congruency would be considered to exist. However, in cases where there is lack of consistency between the two, then congruency will be considered as lacking. As a child, the young girl wanted to be successful in her academics not only as a way of succeeding in life, but also to please those who were in the immediate environment. Due to lack of positive regard from people in authority such as the parents and her teacher, her performance dropped significantly, and she earned ridicule from her teacher instead of the desired praises. This made her drop even further in her academic performance. This means that there was lack of congruence between the ideal self and the actual self. This changed when the teacher and the mother came to appreciate her for what she was. This made her feel accepted, a fact that motivated her to move closer to her ideal self. She finally managed to excel in her academics. The fact that she has constantly kept in touch with her grade five teacher even after starting her post graduate studies means that she still lives to her childhood expectations of excelling in academics. It means that living by her childhood standards she has perfectly matched her actual life experiences with ideal self. She has achieved perfect congruency, which can be considered as achieving self-actualization in life. However, it was stated that life aspirations are dynamic, and they change with changes in lifestyle, exposure, education and other environmental standards. This means that although she is considered to have achieved self-congruency by childhood standards, the current standards have set new life aspirations, making self-actualization a step away from her. However, with consistency, and positive perception towards self, it is possible to achieve congruency between the current ideal self and actual practices. She has maintained the motivation she received as a child from conditional and unconditional positive regards from the teacher. This has helped her at her later life development. The Fully Functioning Person According to Rogers’ Personality Theory, anyone can achieve his or her life aspirations and wishes. When this happens, self-actualization will be considered to have taken place. As Sassoon (2008) notes, not everyone has the capacity to self-actualize. This may be because of dynamic life aspirations or inability to work towards the desired success. A section of individuals fail to self-actualize because of their inability to work hard and achieve the desired success. On the other hand, some people have very dynamic goals in life that makes it impossible to reach the state of satisfaction. Those who are able to self-actualize are regarded in this theory as fully functioning people. This theory clarifies the fact that self-actualization is a process and not a completion. Given that the girl in the case has been able to start her post-graduate education may be considered as self-actualization by the earlier standards. However, the changing environmental forces means that this girl must work hard continuously in order to be able enjoy the state of self-actualization. This means that if an individual enjoying self-actualization fails to keep in touch with the dynamics in the external environment, then the state may be lost. In this theory, Rogers talk about five characteristics that a fully functioning person should have. Open to experience is the first characteristic. In this regard, this theory holds that a fully functioning person should be able to accept both negative and positive emotions as they may come. Positive emotions should bring joy, while negative emotions should be worked on rather than developing defensive mechanism against them. The fifth grade girl was not a fully functioning person in this regard because she was unable to withstand negative emotions. Existential living is the second characteristic of a fully functioning person. This involves being in constant touch with different life experiences as and when they take place. It involves living in the present, without any melancholy about the past or anxiety about the future. At this young stage, the fifth grade girl could not live in the present. She had to anticipate what the future had for her. This again proves that she was not a fully functioning person. Trusting feelings is another characteristic identified in this theory. The theory holds that a fully functioning person will always trust his or her instincts and decisions. Such a person should trust self to make right choices in life. This is because of high esteem they have towards themselves. Although the girl got close to achieving this after the moral support she got from the teacher and her mother, her age still forced her to rely on the decision of the authorities at home and in school. Creativity is the third characteristic of a fully functioning person. A fully functioning person does not evade risks in life by constantly playing safe. They make changes and strive to get new experiences in life that would make them better people, and their lives more fascinating. Fulfilled life is the fifth and final characteristics of a fully functioning person. According to this theory, a person will be considered to have achieved self-actualization if he or she is satisfied and happy in life. Such a person should constantly be looking for new experiences and challenges in life. Self-Actualization The above five characteristics would define a person who has reached self-actualization state in life. A fully functioning person may be on his or her way to self-actualization, or have reached this stage. The defining factor of self-actualization is the realization of full congruence between the ideal self and actual behavior. This means that a person would be behaving in a way that he or she would want to in his or her mind. Rogers says that childhood experiences always determine ability of a person to self-actualize. The girl presented in the case may probably reach self-actualization if the academic trend is kept. Conclusion A number of environmental factors that an individual encounters in his or her daily life will always determines his or her personality. The presented case about a fifth grade girl who was almost loosing hope in life at an early stage is a clear demonstration of this. This girl lacked proper support from her mother. In schools, the teacher failed to give her positive regards that would have boosted her moral in life. The peers also considered her as the odd one, making her life at home and in school unbearable. This was reflected in her poor performance. However, when the teacher realized her mistake and changed her attitude towards her, her life changed completely. The more she received positive regard from the teacher, the more her academic performance improved. As Carl Rogers notes in his personality theory, children need constant positive regards from people in authority in order to stimulate their development. Parents and teachers play important roles in ensuring that a child remains constantly motivated as a way of making them successful in their lives and future development. Self-actualization is always determined by childhood experiences of a person. References Freiberg, H. J. (2009). Perceiving, behaving, becoming: Lessons learned . Alexandria: Association for Supervision and Curriculum Development. Hitt, W. D. (2008). The model leader: A fully functioning person . Columbus: Battelle Press. Kriz, J. (2006). Self-actualization . Norderstedt: Books on Demand GmbH. McCulloch, L. A. (2010). A person-centered approach to antisocial personality disorder . New Jersey: Wiley and Sons. Merry, T. (2002). Learning and being in person-centered counselling . Ross-on-Wye: PCCS Books. Roy, L. (2011). Self-actualization and the radical gospel . Collegeville: Liturgical Press. Sassoon, J. (2008). Self-actualization: Theory and technology . Montreal: Humanica Press. Schlosser, C. (2009). The Person in education: A humanistic approach . New York: Macmillan. Seeman, J. (2012). Personality Integration: Studies and Reflections . New York: Cengage. Valett, R. E. (2007). Self-actualization: A guide to happiness and self-determination . Niles, Ill: Argus Communications.

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Write a essay that could've provided the following summary: Dorothea Elizabeth Orem was one of the most prominent American theorists of nursing. After finishing Seton High School in Baltimore, Maryland, she entered the Providence Hospital School of Nursing in Washington, D.C., from which she graduated in 1934. In 1939, Orem earned a B.S. in Nursing Education at the Catholic University of America. She became an M.S. in Nursing Education in 1945. Orem's career in nursing was indeed remarkable. In 1976,

Dorothea Elizabeth Orem was one of the most prominent American theorists of nursing. After finishing Seton High School in Baltimore, Maryland, she entered the Providence Hospital School of Nursing in Washington, D.C., from which she graduated in 1934. In 1939, Orem earned a B.S. in Nursing Education at the Catholic University of America. She became an M.S. in Nursing Education in 1945. Orem's career in nursing was indeed remarkable. In 1976,

Dorothea Orem’s Self-Care Deficit Theory Research Paper Table of Contents 1. Abstract 2. Introduction of Theorist and Theory 3. Support Theory 4. Components of the Nursing Model 5. Current Applications of the Model 6. An Area of My Practice Where the Theory can be Applied 7. Evaluation/ Critique of theory 8. References Abstract Although the primary goal of any health care provider is to achieve practical results in the treatment of their patients, it is still impossible for them to do this without getting acquainted with theories. All nursing theories are created to outline the principles, assumptions, and concepts that underlie the practice. Besides, they are always future-oriented, which means that they contribute to the generation of further knowledge in the field. Unless a theory is thoroughly analyzed and implemented according to its initial intention and purpose, a misperception may arise, which could lead to the wrong conclusion that this theory is irrelevant to practice. A nursing theory gives nurses a sense of identity, which helps them understand their mission more profoundly and comprehensively. That is why the paper at hand is aimed to provide a detailed analysis of the chosen nursing theory (which is Dorothea Orem’s Self-Care Deficit Theory). It attempts to identify the components of theory, its major concepts, possible applications in the particular clinical are, and some practical outcomes that it may have for potential patients. Introduction of Theorist and Theory Dorothea Elizabeth Orem (July 15, 1914 – June 22, 2007) was one of the most prominent American theorists of nursing. After finishing Seton High School in Baltimore, Maryland, she entered the Providence Hospital School of Nursing in Washington, D.C., from which she graduated in 1934. In 1939, Orem earned a B.S. in Nursing Education at the Catholic University of America. She became an M.S. in Nursing Education in 1945. Orem’s career in nursing was indeed remarkable. In 1976, she received Honorary Doctorates of Science from Georgetown University; in 1980 – from Incarnate Word College. In 1988, Illinois Wesleyan University gave her an Honorary Doctorate of Humane Letters. In 1998, Orem earned a Doctorate Honoris Causa from the University of Missouri in Columbia (Clarke, Allison, Berbiglia, & Taylor, 2009). Orem’s Self-Care Deficit theory is considered to be a grand nursing theory. It means that this theory manages to cover a large scope of issues and provides a set of principles that apply to a wide range of nursing cases. It is concentrated on the capacity of every individual to render self-care services, which he/she does on his/her own accord to maintain health and well-being. The Self-Care Deficit Theory claims that a patient’s condition is largely predetermined (and in many cases – aggravated) by his/her absence of self-reliance (Alligood, 2013). Support Theory Orem’s theory is based upon the philosophy that every patient wants to take care of him/herself. This philosophy claims that if you allow patients to do the best they can, they will recover much faster than if they are completely detached from their treatment (Paley, 2006). The supporting theory for this is the Theory of Self-Care that has includes (Paley, 2006): * self-care – a combination of activities of patients, performing which they can successfully maintain their health and life; * self-care agency – the ability to engage in self-care, which is determined by the state of health, age, culture, and resources; * therapeutic self-care demand – the totality of activities of a certain length that are aimed at meeting self-care requirements through the proper use of methods, strategies, and operations; * self-care requisites – all actions that are necessary for successful health care provision; subdivided into universal, developmental, and health deviation requisites; the first group is common to everyone (e.g. making sure you have enough air, water, food, physical activity, rest, social interactions, safety, etc.), the second one refers to processes that are associated with certain events (e.g. the ability to adapt to age body transformations), whereas the third group presupposes the condition of disease (seeking medical aid, taking measures to alleviate the condition, modifying your behavior for healing more effectively, learning to live with consequences of your condition, etc.). This theory is only one of the three related ones, which constitute the grand theory. It supports the general framework of the Self-Care Deficit theory as it concentrates on the patient’s self, on his/her ability to perform the whole range of necessary actions that can lead to healing, sometimes even without medical intervention. The responsibility of the patient for his/her condition is emphasized. Components of the Nursing Model The major concepts of the theory include the ones constituting the nursing metaparadigm and some additional ones (Biggs, 2008): 1. 1. Nursing is defined as art, help, and technology, which: * is the total of all the actions that are taken deliberately by nurses to help patients to manage their conditions and environment they are placed in; * combines the patient’s and the nurse’s vision of the treatment; * has the goal of making the patient and his/her family members capable of meeting his/her need without assistance; * is aimed to help the patient regain and maintain his/her normal state of health; * controls stabilize and mitigate the effects of some serious chronic conditions that tell negatively on the overall state of the patient. 1. 1. Health is a state combining the health of separate individuals and groups of people. Its major feature is integrity, which means that it unites physiological and psychological conditions. 2. The environment is the total of physical, chemical, social, and other conditions that constitute the context surrounding the patient. 3. A human being is seen as a single person or as a part of a group of people with universal needs and functions. 4. A nursing client is a person who has certain limitations that concern his/her ability to self-care. Nursing is required only when the needs of an individual exceed his/her capabilities. 5. The nursing problem is a deficit of certain conditions required for an adequate self-care. 6. The nursing process is the system that is aimed to determine why the patient is under care, how this care can be provided, and what consequences it will have. 7. Nursing therapeutics is a set of systematic actions. The assumptions that underlie the theory run as follows (Biggs, 2008): * patients should be self-reliant, which means that it is their main responsibility to take part in treatment; * all patients are unique and cannot be approached using the same strategies; * nursing is not a one-sided process: it involves continuous feedback from the patient and his/her family; * self-care behaviors must be encouraged to prevent the appearance of other health problems. The nursing process gives a method to determine deficits and to identify the roles of the parties involved. It consists of (Biggs, 2008): * assessment (diagnosis and prescription, needs assessment, data collection about the patient’s health status, requirements, and perspectives); * nursing diagnosis and plans with a rationale; * implementation; * evaluation of the results. Current Applications of the Model The model can be used for (Berbiglia & Banfield, 2010): 1. Nursing practice: for the elaboration of the care system using nursing process; for improving the patients’ ability for self-examination of their state; for identification of self-care attitudes (e.g. it can be used for patients suffering from incurable diseases such as diabetes since they need to be able to estimate their state and provide necessary self-care). 2. Nursing research: for making generalizations about the effectiveness of self-care; for bridging gaps in the existing knowledge; for an explanation of health deviations; for developing assessment tools (e.g. it would be useful for research in chronic conditions that require constant attention and assessment); 3. Nursing education: for systematization of knowledge; for developing the curriculum (e.g. it is perfect for the process of educating specialists as the analysis of this model would help them assess what obstacle patients may have to self-care and eliminate them). 4. Nursing administration: for guiding nursing management; for targeting nursing practice (e.g. the model can be used to measure the quality of self-care before the intervention and after it). An Area of My Practice Where the Theory can be Applied My clinical area is adult and gerontology nursing, and this model would be very useful for me to apply in practice. Gerontological nursing is a relatively young field of study that is why it lacks a solid theoretical framework. This theory makes an emphasis on patients as active agents in self-maintenance of their lives. It supports the concerns about the elderly people and their condition and identifies at what stages they require intervention (O’Shaughnessy, 2014). The point is that elderly individuals are sometimes unable to meet their primary life demands (air, water, food, etc.) because of limitations of age. Thus, my nursing practice can be changed considerably if I have an assessment tool for identifying whether an elderly person should be rendered assistance or can cope on his/her own. Besides, it will be also beneficial for patients as they would rely more on themselves. They must know that their age and diseases do not imply that there is nothing they can do about their health without nursing. My task is to discern the borderline beyond which I should perceive an elderly person as a patient who needs help. Evaluation/ Critique of theory The theory (Biggs, 2008): * encompasses nursing concepts in such a way that allows looking at everything from another perspective; * is very logically structured; * is comprehensible; * gives rise to various hypotheses; * can be applied in many different spheres to improve practice; * is consistent with other approaches and can be combined with them, which contributes to further development. Strong points of the theory (Biggs, 2008): * it is multi-faceted and comprehensive; * it can be applied in education, research, practice, and administration; * it explains when nursing is required; Weaknesses and limitations of the theory (Biggs, 2008): * it is rather complex as it includes a lot of terms that are confusing and unclear; * the definition of health is limited to static conditions; * emotional needs are ignored; * the theory is limited to disease orientation. References Alligood, M. R. (2013). Nursing theory: Utilization & application . Amsterdam, Netherlands: Elsevier Health Sciences. Berbiglia, V. A., & Banfield, B. (2010). Self-care deficit theory of nursing. Nursing Theorists and Their Work , 265-285. Biggs, A. (2008). Orem’s self-care deficit nursing theory: Update on the state of the art and science. Nursing Science Quarterly , 21 (3), 200-206. Clarke, P. N., Allison, S. E., Berbiglia, V. A., & Taylor, S. G. (2009). The impact of Dorothea E. Orem’s life and work: An interview with Orem scholars. Nursing science quarterly , 22 (1), 41-46. O’Shaughnessy, M. (2014). Application of Dorothea Orem’s theory of self-care to the elderly patient on peritoneal dialysis. Nephrology Nursing Journal , 41 (5), 495-498. Paley, J. (2006). Nursing philosophy. Nursing Philosophy , 7 (3), 186-187.

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Write a essay that could've provided the following summary: The paper discusses the extent to which America made democracy realistic (locally and abroad), during and just after the First World War. It is noted that America has made significant steps to enacted and embrace democracy both at home and abroad.

The paper discusses the extent to which America made democracy realistic (locally and abroad), during and just after the First World War. It is noted that America has made significant steps to enacted and embrace democracy both at home and abroad.

America and Democracy, at Home and Abroad, During and just after the First World War Essay The aspects of democracy are evident in the America’s context. This is notable especially during and just after the First World War. Democracy is a kind of regime in which all eligible citizens are allowed to contribute to the decisions of the state. This paper discusses the extent to which America made democracy realistic (locally and abroad), during and just after the First World War as indicated before. It is crucial to understand the provisions of democracy as well as its elements. America is one of the countries that have nurtured the establishment, ratification, and embracement of democracy to extreme levels. At home, the country has a well-structured constitution to ensure that the American citizens enjoy their democratic rights. Previously, the country experienced racial discrimination, gender inequality, abuse of power, and unquestionable administrative trends. These have changed remarkably. For instance, nowadays, black Americans can hold executive offices, a fact that could not be allowed before. The aspects of democracy have evolved in numerous sectors of the government. Additionally, election provisions have been set in regard to democracy. Americans have been mandated by the law to exercise their voting rights among other considerable provisions. Precisely, it is vital to note that the country has made remarkable steps to enact and embrace democracy. These provisions emerged during and immediately after the world war when the country realized the significance of every stakeholder in the governance mechanisms. Democracy has also spread to other countries despite the challenges. However, the U.S. has hardly inculcated democratic objectives in the Middle East. It is crucial to understand why such challenges exist despite the quest to have conventional democratic provisions. Nonetheless, America has made democracy more a reality both at home and abroad. The country has initiated various programs meant to enhance democracy in its territories. Other nations affiliated to the U.S. enjoy credible support on their endeavours to establish, enact, and embrace democracy. It is vital to understand the provisions associated with democracy as indicated earlier. For instance, the U.S. has established and supported a proficient Human Rights department to propel the aspects of democracy within the country. Human rights activists and other relevant lobby groups have been established to ensure that the country achieves its pre-established mandates on democracy. There are considerable challenges that the country faces in its efforts to promote democracy in other countries. This has been pertinent in numerous countries where dictatorship and bad governance still reigns. Various countries, which participated in the First World War, have made considerable steps in the context of democracy. Viable leadership styles, economic growth, freedom of speech, and human rights provisions are major indicators of democracy. America has spearheaded these provisions since the commencement of the First World War. At home, Americans are enjoying a considerable democratic environment. This indicates how the country has made remarkable milestones in its efforts to impel internal democracy. The country serves as an example to other conservative nations that have not yet believed in the provisions of democracy. America embraces a special kind of governance, power sharing provisions, and association of the public in the critical national issues. These are true indicators of democracy despite the looming challenges noticeable in the entire context. Conclusively, America’s endeavours to ratify democracy have been evident. The country has a considerable history on issues regarding democracy.

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Provide the full text for the following summary: The United States should continue to fund the Space Program because it will help to sustain the country's domination in the field of space research and technology.

The United States should continue to fund the Space Program because it will help to sustain the country's domination in the field of space research and technology.

America should continue to fund the Space Program Argumentative Essay Unveiling the secrets of the unknown has ever been a basic instinct in human beings. Throughout the history of human civilizations, man has been eager to know the soil and the sky around which he lives in. all these eagerness resulted in great findings and finally man happens to live in an age of absolute wonders. Apart from this, knowledge about the earth and the space made profound changes in every-day human affairs. No system is devoid of criticisms. The space missions undertaken by the United States of America had to face severe criticisms throughout the decades. Even in the midst of America’s enviable space achievements, a large number of people oppose the undertakings saying they would not satisfy the common man’s requirements. They are worried over the billions of dollars spent for space activity. They add that it’s dangerous, expensive and uncertain. However, a deep probe into the concepts and objectives of space missions would reveal its multilayered opportunities. Such a study will underline the fact that any capital invested in space projects will no not be in vain. Exploring the Unexplored Since Alan Sheppard, the first American astronaut, an array of people has come forward to explore the outer regions of less familiarity. What’s there out in the space? This question has been the root cause behind all ventures. The modern man, living in the advanced scientific world needs to resolve all enigmas concerning the Planet Earth and even beyond that. Mere hypotheses will not satisfy his analytical brain. All theories have to be supported by solid evidences. Only an objective study can stabilize the uncertain speculations. Undeniably, space activities open a vast realm of knowledge. The present prosperity and dominance of America could not have been possible had the nation failed to design missions like these. “All of the discoveries we have made that directly benefit us on the ground are only a small part of the potential of human space flight. The true benefits of our steps into space are probably little known as of yet. Who would have assumed, even 60 years ago, that there would be thousands of pieces of metal orbiting the earth reflecting radio waves for our communication purposes, or who then could have dreamed of the satellite pictures we take for granted now. The technologies from our space travel that are most important to our survival and happiness we may not know until they hit us in the face years, or decades from now” (Nicholson, 2003). A number of superb discoveries that help people to lead an easy life made possible by space activities. By and large, all space missions are undertaken with great purposes. To Sustain Domination America has been a capitalistic and dominating country for the last few decades. However, one cannot be blind to the fact that the rigidity of the financial foundation the America is under suspicion. Even though, the country is on the move to recovery, it needs to prove it. Past glories are immaterial while considering the prominence of a country. More than that America is not a country which rests upon the long-ago achievements. It is a country with much dynamicity and potentiality. In the recent years, it is a fashion among people to use the country’s name synonymous with scientific and technological advancements. “Space operations are emerging as the one of the distinctive attributes of the sole remaining superpower. While a few other countries conduct military, civil or commercial space programs of some significance, no country can meaningfully contest American dominance of any of these sectors, and surely no other country could rival American dominance of the full spectrum of space operations…. The Russian space program is but a pale shadow of that of the Soviet Union, with annual flight rates having declined from 125 a each year in the late 1980s to no more than roughly two dozen annual launches recently” (Pike, 1998) In the midst of the global financial crisis, America has to show to the world that it still is a leading power. For that, more explorations in different fields are necessary. The outer space is a significant and challenging realm to be studied. America is noted for its knowledge production. The nation pockets a huge amount by selling information unattainable to other countries. Space To Monitor Energy Crisis The rapid increase in the rate of population necessitates more electricity. In order to meet the power requirement of the existing generation, a great source of energy has to be discovered. The outer space can be a stock house of massive energy. Those sources of energy can be brought to the earth to produce energy in a large scale. It is nothing but a kind of energy that makes the heavenly bodies move. More researching can open more sources of energy. But it is a proven fact that the energy in the sun is huge and immeasurable. The principles behind the production of energy in the sun can be studied deeply through space undertakings. “The solar energy that reaches the Earth is about 10,000 times total human energy production today and the energy available in near-Earth space is limitless. Research is being done on many different ways of using solar power economically on Earth, and many of these will be successful. Terrestrial solar energy is going to become a colossal business. However, sunlight is diffuse and not available continuously at the Earth’s surface. So one additional possibility is to collect solar energy 24 hours per day in space, and transmit it as microwave beams to receivers on Earth” ( A limitless source of energy , n. d.). To Uncover the Secret of the Origin of Life There have been many superstitious beliefs regarding the origin of life. Religious institutions and traditional institutions hold some out of date stands. It essentially hinders scientific thinking and material richness. A noted technological country like America needs to be scientific in each of its aspects. In order to derive objective formulation of speculative statements, a science-oriented thinking has to be brought in to everyone’s lives. In addition to knowing how life originated in the universe, it is much needed to know how the universe was formed. If that secret is found out, it will lead to a ground-breaking change in the world of science. If more evidences can be traced, the scientist community can put forward measures to sustain its life. Space Travel-The Final Frontier An average man had not even dreamt of travelling through the skies until a few decades ago. The enchanting accounts in the science fiction stories become a reality with the development of technology in the present world. Basically, man is a pleasure loving creature. Sky is the limit for his aspirations and it crosses the horizons in a rapid pace. Space tourism is the latest trend for the techno-centered people. “Space tourism is no longer just the outlandish vision of science fiction writers. While still only affordable to the very wealthy, space tourism offers a unique type of adventure that is sought after by a large percent of the traveling population. From the mind-boggling thrill of looking at Earth from space to the feeling of weightlessness, space trips offer the experience of a lifetime to well-funded travelers” (All about space program, n. d.). Steps have been taken to set up the ever first hotel in the space to attract the people towards the concept. This new development aims at gathering money through space missions. For the American society, it can be a good source of monitory benefit. A Way to Economic Well being It has been a persistent criticism aimed at America’s Space programs that they eat up much of the people’s revenue. They hold the opinion that no money is gained out of such big-budget programs. But the things have changed now. Apart from gathering money from space tourism, the government gets a huge amount by scientifically and technologically assisting other nations in various space missions. And also, the country sells some important spare parts to the needy to bag billions. In order to make the missions less money eating, many innovative and effective technologies are developed in the nation. Reusable space shuttle is a classic example. A single device can be used for a number of times without any error. “We explore space and create important new technologies to advance our economy. It is true that, for every dollar we spend on the space program, the U.S. economy receives about $8 of economic benefit. Space exploration can also serve as a stimulus for children to enter the fields of science and engineering” (Dubner, 2008) The Space as an Alternative Home The human civilization is under a great threat due to the increase in the rate of population. More people always mean more food. It results in the scarcity of natural resources. An uncontrolled use of non recyclable resources can create a severe condition and even wipe out the entire humanity without a trace of it. The concept of setting up an alternative shelter in the space is a recent and brilliant idea. The first step is to find out an appropriate place in the space. Space history tells that the moon is an appropriate one if the present discoveries prove to be true. The American aided Chandrayan I of India put forward that there is a trace of water content in the moon. If more inquisitions are made, the concept of setting up a home in the moon can be materialized. Sooner or later people should go away from the earth. Therefore it is better initiate exploring at this moment. Satellites and Tele-Communication The twentieth century witnessed an explosion in the field of tele-communication. Dozens of satellites are launched to make communication efficient. This is the field America can proceed to formulate notable findings. With the advent of each innovative mechanism, people wait for the new one. Extended researches can lead to better findings in the field of communication. “Other space-based communications applications have appeared, the most prominent being the broadcast of signals, primarily television programming, directly to small antennas serving individual households. A similar emerging use is the broadcast of audio programming to small antennas in locations ranging from rural villages in the developing world to individual automobiles” (Satellite Telecommunications, n. d.) Great Findings All these years, space missions have served as a key to knowing something that the people have never heard before. People could understand more about the radiation zones. This new facts accelerated the functioning of tele-phone, cell phone and the internet. Transmission of artificial radiations became trouble-free. The space missions made it easy to know the details about the earth’s magnetic field. All branches of science and all categories of people got benefited out this great finding. Astrobiology is an advanced branch of knowledge which brings together the aspects of astronomy, biology and geology. All these branches are highly developed through missions. The universe is full of heavenly bodies. It is necessary for us to study the movements and features of them as some of them can hit the earth to make massive devastation. A space study can spot different comets and asteroids and trace their movement. With the aid of advanced space technology, even the direction of such heavenly bodies can be altered. Even in forecasting the climate conditions, the space explorations put in a lot. As well, it makes tsunami and earthquake alert quick and accurate. In this sense, space technology is much needed to save the earth from external assaults. Space Technology for a Better world Since being a principal global power, America is in the position to monitor the space missions conducted in the vast expanse of the world. With such extension works, the country can promote international cooperation and mutual understanding. In the present world order noted for its transparency, it is beneficial to have a tactical tie-up between countries in the field of space technologies. The concept of globalization connected the countries with a single network. For America, this can be of use to find a global market for space mission devices and other technologies. However, the need for a good relationship between countries is essential. It is a good sign that, Russia, an important world power, came forward to have understanding with America. Today, instead of aggressive adjoin one another, Russia and America are alive together, planning the architecture of an all-embracing amplitude station. On June 29, 1995, the American amplitude shuttle Atlantis docked with the Russian amplitude base Mir. This was the aboriginal abutting of Russian and American amplitude ability back 1975 (Krylov, 2008). In the recent years, a number of spatial missions are done by establishing a spatial cooperation between France and the United States, and all of them proved to be fruitful. In order to achieve spatial superiority, what a nation has to do is to promote collaborations among countries and start exploring the unknown to contribute to the betterment of the entire human race. The Other Side of the Issue- It is Expensive, Dangerous and Uncertain Every mechanism has two sides. One cannot deny the fact that space missions are much money eating. Each new project of spatial exploration creates a huge hole in the nation’s funds. There are a number of people who moan over the billions of dollars spent for space activity. While vast majorities of the people are put under poverty line, it seems that technological orientation of America is too much. Every year, the World Health Organization reminds us that because of under nutrition, a lot of children are died before they reach adolescence. With the money put aside for technological advancements, the country can feed millions of poverty stricken mass. In this sense the nation can attain glory in the field of Human Welfare too. Apart from financial matters, there are many other aspects that negate the idea of space activity. Foremost of all, it is a dangerous affair for a man of flesh and blood can do. Each and every undertaking involves numerous risk factors. In recent times, America has witnessed a few mission failures. The Columbia Space Shuttle disaster remains to be one of the black marks in the American Technological world. Above and beyond, space missions are uncertain. No one can predict the outcome of the mission. Conclusion Man’s interest on space explorations roughly begins with the findings of Thales and Pythagoras that the earth is round. Since then, the human race witnessed many outstanding discoveries. However, the vast outer space still remains to be unexplored. The veteran scientific country like America can do a lot of things to uncover the hidden truths and thus provide the mankind with novel and factual account about the universe. Nothing is unachievable if tried hard. Space missions with a purpose can always be beneficial for the development of any nation. The journey must move on from the Moon to the Mars and even beyond. References A limitless source of energy . (No Date). Introduction – Energy From Space. Retrieved from spacefuture.com http://www.spacefuture.com/power/introduction.shtml All About Space Tourism . (No Date). Retrieved from Space.com. website: https://www.space.com/topics/space-tourism Dubner, J. Stephen . (2008, January 11). Is Space Exploration Worth the Cost? A Freakonomics Quorum . Krylov, N. Alexei ( 2008 ). A study of the dynamics of contaminants in the own external atmosphere of orbital stations . Russian Journal of Physical Chemistry B, Focus on Physics, Vol. 27, No. 10, pp. 77–83 Nicholson, M. (2003, December 2). Space exploration necessary for progress . Pike, J. (1998, November). American Control of Outer Space in the Third Millennium . Retrieved from https://fas.org/spp/eprint/space9811.htm Satellite Telecommunications. (No Date). Space Exploration. Retrieved from Encyclopaedia Britannica. Website: https://www.britannica.com/science/space-exploration Space Exploration . (No Date). Study notes . Retrieved from Study World. Website: http://www.studyworld.com/newsite/reportessay/Science/Earth/Space_Exploration-321855.htm

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Revert the following summary back into the original essay: The purpose of this paper is to critically evaluate values education in terms of attempting to understand its origins, theoretical orientations, usage, and its influence in the American education system.

The purpose of this paper is to critically evaluate values education in terms of attempting to understand its origins, theoretical orientations, usage, and its influence in the American education system.

American Education: A Critical Discussion of Values Education Trend Term Paper Table of Contents 1. Introduction 2. Values Education: Definition and Origin 3. The Philosophy of Values Education 4. Foundations of Values Education 5. Values Education: Is it Still in Use? 6. Feelings towards Values Education 7. Conclusion 8. Works Cited Introduction Today, more than ever before, the American education system seems more interested in nurturing students’ attitudes than on what can realistically and ideally be called real teaching. This strategy of learning, mainly touted as ‘affective education,’ treats issues of self-esteem and personality development as the ultimate objective of education, eliciting feelings of misgivings and doubt among parents and guardians keen on the type of education given to their children (Lindslay para. 1). It may, however, mesmerize many educational pundits and parents when the knowledge of the origins and development of this particular system of education is availed to them. Affective education draws its origins from an earlier trend of education known as values education (Hardin 23). It is, therefore, the purpose of this paper to critically evaluate values education in terms of attempting to understand its origins, theoretical orientations, usage, and its influence in the American education system. Before engaging in the analysis, it is imperative to note that the American education system, especially in the public sector, has been influenced by a wide allay of trends that are introduced or evolve to cope with particular situations (Tauber 20). For instance, pundits argue that both affective and proactive approaches to education arose when teachers were desperately in need of mechanisms and strategies to control issues of discipline in the classroom (Tauber 23). These trends, though heavily criticized in some quarters for deviating attention to issues of student independence and morality at the expense of learning, are indeed working to maintain discipline, both at the classroom and societal level. Supporters of these strategies argue that for real learning to take place, an enabling environment must be created in the classroom, and teachers are at the center of creating such an environment by acting as facilitators rather than controllers (Johnston et al 58). This line of thinking influenced, to a large extent, the evolution of values education in American education system during the 1970’s. Values Education: Definition and Origin According to Thapar, “…values education is education in values and education towards the inculcation of values” either in school or non-school settings (para. 1). Values education draws largely from character education, which is inarguably thought to be as old as mankind, precisely because civilizations the world over becomes unsustainable in the absence of character (Tauber 23). Historically, generations have transferred their social, cultural, educational, and political values to subsequent generations to ensure preservation. Aristotle, one of the greatest philosophers of all times, presumptuously argued that the demonstration of good behavior habits and ingrained virtues by an individual represented good character (Rogers 7). As such, it can only be argued that development of outstanding character was at the core of values education curriculum in the US during the 1970’s. It is worth noting that American institutions of learning are firmly grounded in the tradition of transmitting fundamental values from one generation to the other. It is indeed notable that Thomas Jefferson, one of the founding fathers of the nation, rooted for an enlarged and vibrant arrangement of public education to convey American democratic virtues to future generations (Johnstone 18). The emphasis of this paper, however, is to trace the origins of values education in American schools. Educational historians and other theorists suggest that values education was conceived and grounded in the ideas and concepts of character education, an educational trend that disappeared from the American education limelight in the 1950’s (Johnstone 21). Before its disappearance, character education had been adopted by almost every public school in the US at the onset of the 20 th century. The decade of the 1950s was an era of conformity in many American institutions, including public schools. Character education took a back seat as parents, schools, the church, and society took a more conservative approach known as inculcating and modeling of character (Poulou 104). American public schools, in particular, were on more than one occasion accused of undermining the role of character education by taking it for granted. For instance, character education in American schools in the 1950’s was limited to requesting students to be neat, punctual, polite, and to work exceedingly hard to attain success. According to educational analysts, however, students were being given a small portion of what character education entailed, with the rest of the time being devoted to developing their intellectual capacities at the expense of moral development (Poulou 105). By any standards, the decade of the 1960’s was marked with tumultuous and almost riotous reorganizations and reinventions in the U.S., and traditional roles and values became subject to mockery and rejection by the younger generation. As people demanded for more power and independence, the status of students, women and members of minority groups changed spectacularly in what was perceived as one of the greatest social revolutions ever to be witnessed in the history of mankind (Rogers 27). New attitudes and value systems emerged, and individuals, including students, started to experiment with a wide allay of activities such as homosexuality, drug use, new religious orientations, new career options, and enigmatic lifestyles in the name of presuming greater authority and control over their own individual lives. Cases of indiscipline and teenage pregnancies escalated in American schools, culminating to the reintroduction of character education in the 1970s under the broad based all-inclusive name of values education The Philosophy of Values Education Some educational analysts, to date, believe that values education as introduced in American education system in the 1970’s was an original replica of character education, which dominated the education system in the decades of the 1930s and 1940s (Hardin 15). It’s imperative to note that the decline of character education in schools across the U.S. was also unequivocally related to wide recognition and approval of scientific thinking among the members of the teaching fraternity. Logical positivism was popularized in 20 th Century America at the expense of Morality-based education, which was personalized and accused of being subjective as it could not be proven using scientific methods (Lickona 7). The positivist educators were of the opinion that they could structure a learning process and curriculum that was objective, credible, and beyond the sway of individual values. A value-based curriculum, according to them, was impossible since values were considered as shifting in objectives, situational in nature, and relative in ensuring equity. Character education, therefore, was perceived by positivist educators as individualized, and dependent upon subjective value judgments (Lickona 7). As such, it was doomed as unfit for educational institutions in the U.S to Convey. But the tumultuous events of the 1960’s made stakeholders in the education sector to rethink their strategies as cases of school indiscipline among students in American schools more than doubled (Hardin 18). This saw the reintroduction of character education in the 1970s, this time under the auspices of values education. The philosophy governing this trend changed dramatically, with educators laying emphasis on individual values development rather than abiding by values set by the society as was traditionally the case. Under the new system of values education, teachers were now encouraged, not only to assist learners clarify their individual values, but also develop an enabling school environment which could facilitate students to learn the skills of moral reasoning and value analysis (Superka 38). Teachers, however, were counseled against instilling their own perceptions of values and morals on the students, implying that the educator’s role was severely limited to facilitating the students to internalize and develop their own value systems, the teachers’ beliefs notwithstanding. Many educators of the 21 st century firmly believe that affective education, which is widely gaining acceptance in American education system, has its roots in values education of the 1970s. Teachers, according to the proponents of this new trend of education, were not allowed to impose their own values on the students since the American society had become largely pluralistic (Superka 40). A better curriculum according to this new form of imparting skills was one that would facilitate the learners to learn adequate skills of moral reasoning, not to mention the fact that such a curriculum was also intended to sharpen the students’ decision making capacities to enable them cope with the immense life challenges after school. Specifically, this system of education not only put emphasis on the role of education in enabling students to have personal gratification in life, but also enjoy social relations outside the education system that were both constructive and productive (Hardin 23). This, however, does not mean that the system was weak in imparting the skills needed in line with the main objective of attending school. Contrary to popular belief, values education as a trend in American education was largely holistic, assisting the students to nurture their own values for real learning to take place. According to Tauber, values education acted as the liberating philosophy of the 1970s and early 1980s (85). The trend, however, was largely phased out in 1980s as academic performance took the center stage at the expense of values development. Students were, once again, being encouraged to take academic performance and competition more seriously than the development of individual values. Education analysts are of the opinion that the abandonment of values education triggered an upsurge of immoral activities in the U.S. such as drug abuse, teen pregnancy, increase in school dropouts, and disintegration of the social fabric, including family breakups (Poulou 106). Other notable incidences witnessed in the 1990s, and which were directly related to a breakdown in values education in American schools, included high instances of teen suicide, unparalleled number of political and social scandals, and high-level cases of school indiscipline. It is imperative to mention that these and other isolated incidences led parents and educators to reconsider their earlier stand on values education, with a significant proportion of education stakeholders requesting schools across the U.S. to revert back to educating students about values and moral reasoning. Foundations of Values Education Many new and past trends in American education have always found delight in specific educational or psychological theories seeking to explain their existence. Values education is no exception. Many of the concepts guiding values education are founded on William Glasser’s Reality Model. The psychologist is best remembered for popularizing the three Rs approach – Right, Responsible, and Respect – in counseling students and maintaining classroom discipline (Johnstone et al 102). For Glasser, values and morals can be taught to students of any age if the sole purpose is to reinforce their character to be able to live a more fulfilling life upon disengaging with school activities. Glasser, however, identifies the teaching of responsibility as one of the foremost tasks that a teacher should engage in as this variable determines the kind of classroom environment that will be set for effective learning to take place. According to the Reality Model, the student is endowed with the responsibility to choose and make rational decisions. Consequently, the model argues that behavior entails an individual’s choice to meet their own needs (Tauber 83). The Reality Model further postulates that educators must always focus on the present student behavior, and should not, in any way, focus on past behavior. For Glasser, behavior is fundamental for values development, and therefore, educators must also demonstrate caring, loving, supportive, and empathic attitudes when interacting with students to boost behavior development (Tauber 84). According to the model, it is indeed the function of educators to assist students make proper value judgments by frequently questioning whether the students’ behaviors are working for them, and what they really want to attain in life. Values education is also based on value-clarification approach, a model developed by a team of American educators and policy makers in the 1970s. This approach presupposes that, “…everyday, every one of us meets life situations which call for thought, opinion-making, decision-making, and action. Some of our experiences are familiar, some novel; some are casual, some of extreme importance. Everything we do, every decision we make and course of action we take, is based on our consciously held beliefs, attitudes and values” (Simon & Howe para. 18). The approach, therefore, concedes that young individuals, no less than adults, must contend with daily challenges and struggles in and out of school. Students are particularly faced with challenges in their attempt to develop a standard worldview that will influence their thoughts, beliefs, and behavior patterns. The value-clarification approach also insinuates that the process of classroom learning lacks in relevance and purpose when compared to the real issues affecting the students’ daily lives such as their day-to-day encounters with family, friends, peers, educators, authority figures, and with the academic assignments that continue to presumptuously batter their egos (Simon & Howe para 19). The approach assumes that students are in a continuous search for answers to some individual and theoretical questions, with the sole objective of developing capacity to make important decisions in life. According to the approach, individuals who employ the learned valuing procedures in making important challenges and mitigating challenges will, more often than not, lead more gratifying and socially productive lives, not mentioning the fact that they are bound to perform better in school (Lickona 9). It is imperative to note that this approach advocates for the inclusion and integration of values education in schools since many students are unable to make important choices in their lives for lack of clear values. This initiates conflicts of interests. Values Education: Is it Still in Use? Values education as a trend was largely used in American education in the decade of the 1970’s. This paper has discussed at length about its origins and the reasons behind its application in the 1970s. In the 1980s, however, values education fell out of favor with educationists and other policy makers as more emphasis was placed on academic performance rather than value development and moral reasoning (Tauber 87). But to the surprise of many, values education only faded away from the limelight. Indeed, the trend has never been condemned into oblivion as it continues to be used in many American schools, the change of name notwithstanding. Its methods and techniques have been integrated into diverse fields and curricula, and it still makes the same appeal to students and teachers alike – individual development of values to enable students have control over the choices they make in life. The major focus in the 21 st century is still the student and his or her life-coping mechanisms within and outside the classroom (Poulou 104). Though names have been changed to reflect changing times, the basic principles of an education trend such as affective education clearly reveals the remnants of values education. As it was the case with progressive education, a trend of education that took shape in the U.S. in the late 19 th century, values education undertook to deal with the perceived constriction and formalism of competitive academic-based form of education (Tauber 91). Some traditional forms of education were only concerned with the academic grades that students were able to muster regardless of their capacities to deal with life-time challenges. Some modern education systems are not helpful either as they prefer to lay emphasis on academic achievement through performance rather than undertaking a holistic approach towards students’ education. To date, this is a major worry to thousands of educators, parents, and other stakeholders who feel that their children are not receiving an all-encompassing education, and some have already began advocating for the return of values education in American education system. Many pundits, however, are of the opinion that this trend of education made a come back during the turn of the century but continues to go by other names such as affective education, pro-active approaches, among others (Lickona 10). Feelings towards Values Education I have strong feelings about values education, specifically due to its ability to transform young people into more useful and productive members of the society. In equal measure, I nurture feelings that competitive education via academic achievement cannot, in itself, guarantee a better life to an individual upon termination of education. Rather, it is a useful component towards completing the whole process of education, but it cannot function alone to guarantee a wholesome individual. Education psychologists are, indeed, gravitating towards developing theories and models that underlines the uptake of values and personality development of students as some of the major facets of education. It should not escape mention that human behavior and actions are inarguably goal-directed. To develop well-behaved students, therefore, educators and other concerned stakeholders must assist students to inculcate values that will shape and inform their goals and objectives in life. This way, there may be no need to worry about issues of school discipline. To use Rudolf Dreikurs’ Social Discipline Model, it is evidently clear that human actions and behavior can be full comprehended only in their social significance (Hardin 125). Without values education, students tend to descend towards what Dreikurs calls mistaken goals, implying that cases of student misbehavior will always be on the increase. As such, I am a firm believer that values education can help to make a great difference in the American education system. Conclusion All said and done, it is time that the American education system took that bold step and incorporate values education in the curricula of all disciplines taught in school. It is indeed true that this trend received a lot of criticism during its heydays for lack of focus on students’ results since it was assumed that values education failed to engage the students to meet high academic standards (Hood para. 1). Critics also argue that values education, not only fail to hold students accountable for their own personal performances, but also fails to hold the complete government-controlled public education system responsible for its performance. But this is as far as it goes. Various studies and theoretical frameworks have demonstrated that educational performance may mean nothing if proper values are not inculcated into an individual. As such, the way forward is to develop an all-inclusive education system that will impart education in its entirety through focusing on issues of student academic knowledge and achievement, behavior development, emotional development, and finally, values clarification. Works Cited Hardin, C.J. Effective Classroom Management: Models and Strategies for Today’s Classrooms, 2 nd Ed. Prentice Hall. ISBN: 0131998080 Hood, J. The failure of American Public Education. 1993. Web. Johnston, J.A., Musial, D., Hall, G.E., Gollnick, D.M., & Dupuis, V.L. (2008). Foundations of American education: Perspectives on education in a changing world. Boston: Pearson Education, Inc. Lickona, T. The Return of Character Education. Educational Leadership, 51.3 (1993): 6-11. Lindslay, J. Public Education: Views of a Concerned Parent . 2009. Web. Poulou, M.S. Classroom Interactions: Teachers’ and Students Perceptions. Research in Education, 82.1 (2009): 103-106. Roger’s C.R. Carl Rogers on Personal Power: Inner Strengths and its Revolutionary Impact. New York: Delacorte Press. 1977. ISBN: 0385281692 Simon, S.B., & Howe, L.W. The Values Clarification Approach. (n.d.). Web. Superka, D. P. Values Education Sourcebook: Conceptual Approaches, Materials Analysis and an Annoted Bibliography. Boulder, Colorado: Eric Clearinghouse for Social Studies. 1975. Tauber, R.T. Classroom Management: Sound Theory and Effective Practice. Westport CT: Greenwood Publishing. 2007. ISBN: 9780275996680 Thaper, M. Alternative Education – Values. 2010. Web.

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Write an essay about: The essay discusses the problem of education in American culture and suggests possible ways to improve it.The essay discusses the problem of education in American culture and suggests possible ways to improve it.

The essay discusses the problem of education in American culture and suggests possible ways to improve it. The essay discusses the problem of education in American culture and suggests possible ways to improve it.

American History: The Problem of Education in American Culture Argumentative Essay Education plays an important role in the life of every person. Usually, students’ life may be considerably changed after students enter a college. Students have to choose their professions, think about future life goals, define moral principles, and get experience. Unfortunately, nowadays, students face numerous problems in education: race and sex inequality, school vouchers, private or public education, requirements for distant education, and lack of teachers. Each of these issues influences considerably the choice of future education and profession. Students, whose families have low income, usually lag behind, and students, who come from other countries, face language and communication barriers. To solve the problem of education in America, it is necessary to analyze and improve education policies, extirpate the problem of racism, create programs to help students who cannot choose institutions according to their own interests, and find more motivation for teachers. One of the current problems of education in American culture is students’ unwillingness to study. Kids do not want to go to schools/colleges just because of lack motivation and unawareness of education importance. Nowadays, young people have lots of alternatives to education: free-lance jobs, family business, or marriages for money. They just do not want to realize the importance of education and chances they can get. It is necessary to clear up who and how can influence children’s choice, first of all, and then, think over possible ways to inspire children. It is possible to create certain programs, which will introduce the basics of education and underline how the life of every student may be changed after entering an institution. Parents may be provided with the necessary tools in order to prepare their children for entering a school/college. “Students unmotivated to learn are not apt to be as systematic in their learning efforts. The may be inattentive during the lesson and not organized or rehearse material.” (Schunk, Pintrich, and Meece 6) Another issue that deserves attention is the problem of racism in education. It is still unknown why so many discussions concerning race inequality take place in institutions, and no concrete solutions can be presented. The fact whether you are black or white plays a crucial role in the process of choosing school or college. It is high time to solve this problem and analyze what causes the conflicts between students of different races. For example, “In Midshire University widening participation strategy in colour and culture blind. Initiatives have been mounted to build compact with schools and further education colleges in order to facilitate access.” (Law, Phillips, and Turney 23) Is it so important to consider the color of your skin when getting education? Why is it so difficult for lots of people to close eyes as for race and nationality? Such questions are needed to be answered with the help of numerous questionnaires and surveys. These investigations should involve either students or teachers, or parents. Maybe, analyzing this question from different perspectives will help to improve educational policies. For lots of students, the choice of school/college creates numerous difficulties. Nowadays, education is not cheap, and not every family may allow their child/children enter any institution they want. Some families have low income that makes entering a college a bit problematic. As a result, talented students are deprived of the opportunity to get the necessary education and become real professionals in a certain field. This is why the idea of school vouchers takes an important place. With the help of school vouchers, families can pick out any school/college for their children according to their own preferences. In the United States, school vouchers’ support is a bit mixed. Not every state supports educational vouchers and presents quite persuasive ideas (financial difficulties, unlimited number of students, etc). Certain subsidy limitations have been adopted, so, most likely, students can get school vouchers if they win some contests or present interesting projects to demonstrate and prove their abilities and skills. Also, it is necessary to admit that the implementation of school vouchers is one more way to motivate students for studying. School voucher programs should be color blind, so that every student has an opportunity to get education in any institution he/she wants. However, not only students are needed to be motivated. Today, lack of teachers creates one more problem in education in the United States. Nowadays, lots of unskilled teachers are hired in order to provide students with good education. Is it possible that a teacher with lack of experience can study a child in a good way? Hardly! This is why government also needs to think about the conditions, which will be appropriate for both students and teachers, and which will stimulate them. Only a few people agree to work for low salary. Salaries of teachers is changed from $25 000 to $84 000. (Nelson and Drown) Living wages are too high, and people usually change their jobs in order to find something profitable. To my mind, it is high time to remember people that children are our future. Without necessary education, children will not get opportunities to live normal life and earn money, and our future will be under a threat. This is why all people who can teach should remember their predestination and start teaching. In its turn, government should find necessary financial support to provide teachers with good salaries in order these teachers could study children. In spite of the fact that education plays a significant role in the life of every person, students face numerous problems as for choosing an institution and career. Not every family may allow their children get the desirable education, and some students face racial and sex problems during their education. In order to improve education conditions in the United States, it is crucially important to solve the problems as for the lack of teachers and remind them of the importance of educating; to diminish the ideas of race inequality; to provide appropriate conditions for education; and to develop school voucher programs in order to motivate students in spite of his/her social status. Outline Introduction Nowadays, students face numerous problems in education: race and sex inequality, school vouchers, private or public education, requirements for distant education, and lack of teachers Thesis Statement To solve the problem of education in America, it is necessary to analyze and improve education policies, extirpate the problem of racism, create programs to help students who cannot choose institutions according to their own interests, and find more motivation for teachers. Supporting paragraph One of the current problems of education in American culture is students’ unwillingness to study. Thesis: It is possible to create certain programs, which will introduce the basics of education and underline how the life of every student may be changed after entering an institution. Supporting paragraph It is still unknown why so many discussions concerning race inequality take place in institutions, and no concrete solutions can be presented. Thesis: It is high time to solve this problem and analyze what causes the conflicts between students of different races. Supporting paragraph Today, lack of teachers creates one more problem in education in the United States. Thesis: It is high time to remember people that children are our future. Without necessary education, children will not get opportunities to live normal life and earn money, and our future will be under a threat. Conclusion In order to improve education conditions in the United States, it is crucially important to solve the problems as for the lack of teachers and remind them of the importance of educating; to diminish the ideas of race inequality; to provide appropriate conditions for education; and to develop school voucher programs in order to motivate students in spite of his/her social status. Works Cited Law, Ian, Phillips, Deborah, Turney, Laura. Institutional Racism in Higher Education . Trentham Books, 2004. Print. Nelson, Howard, F., Drown, Rachel. Survey and Analysis of Teacher Salary Trends 2002. Washington: American Federal Teachers, 2003. Schunk, Dale, H., Pintrich, Paul, R., Meece, Judith, L. Motivation in Education: Theory, Research, and Applications. Pearson/Merrill Prentice Hall, 2007. Print.

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Create the inputted essay that provided the following summary: This text discusses how product designers create images of products that go beyond the customer's imagination and how this leads to increased sales. The text also talks about how advertising plays a role in creating these images and how the target audience for these images is the middle class.

This text discusses how product designers create images of products that go beyond the customer's imagination and how this leads to increased sales. The text also talks about how advertising plays a role in creating these images and how the target audience for these images is the middle class.

Advertising: Images, Industry and Audience Essay Advertising Slim, sleek and smooth; these are not adjectives that describe a human being. These are words presently used to advertise products, be they cars, laptops, mobile phones and the like. How a product is described creates consumer curiosity and this leads to taking a step further in creating the look that goes with the description as suggested by Berkowitz et al. (1994). Product designers have to work consistently in creating an image of a product that will go beyond the customer’s imagination and, therefore, entice him/her to prefer that particular product to the competitor’s product. This goes agrees with the saying; image is everything. How a product is presented to the audience is far more important than the emphasis on its technological or feature prowess. This is because consumers are more focused on the looks rather than the performance as most of them would forego the former for the latter. This is exactly what Samsung Galaxy SIII has adopted. Advertisers have adopted the phone’s amazing features and performance and added a magic touch by presenting it as a phone with human capabilities. This does not mean, however, that the phone has adopted Artifical Intelligence (A.I.) technology. Rather it has come up with innovative technology that has an encompassed an array of verbal and facial features in a phone. This is the punch line of the phone. It captures the consumer’s wildest imagination. Probably the inspiration behind this feature was to come up with a phone that could understand the human language; one that was capable of having a ‘conversation’ with the user. With the voice recognition feature, one can actually speak an instruction and the phone complies accordingly. Therefore, in line with this capability, advertisers are marketing the phone with the slogan: designed for humans, inspired by nature. Target Audience The physical description used is similar to the three words above, slim, sleek and smooth. It has rounded edges and a very solid look. The large 4.8 inches-high definition display has created a friendlier user interaction experience as the user can open different window tasks and work on them concurrently. This has also been aided by the 1.6 GHz processing speed of the device that enables faster processing of tasks. These are qualities that every busy executive will be attracted to. The price tag further indicates that the phone is not available for just any individual in need of a phone. Rather, it is available for those that can comfortably pay for it and maximize its full potential. A magazine review of the phone has indicated that the innovative phone is targeted for the middle class. This is because these are individuals who try and collect ‘new arrivals’ that validate build their image in the eyes of their peers. In one way or another, they are innovators as they tend to purchase items that have been recently introduced in the market. The digital spark marketing blog has also indicated that the main target market of the phone is the millennial category. These are individuals who keep up with changing trends to ‘stay’ ahead of others. Hard-selling the Samsung Galaxy SIII According to Jobber (2000), hard-selling approach tries to convince customers that one product is superior over another based on direct comparison. This is what Samsung Galaxy SIII has adopted. The technological giant has embraced the hard-selling tactics in selling the Galaxy SIII. The main reason for this approach is the ongoing battle for market share in the smart phone industry. The main rival of Samsung is Apple. The latter has also come up with innovative products that have a particular appeal to the younger generation. This is a segment that cannot be ignored as its huge market potential boasts of up to billions of sales. This is the market that Samsung has been trying to tap into. The Galaxy advert, particularly, goes head to head with the competitor in trying to portray the superiority nature of the Galaxy to the competitor’s product, the latest iPhone 5. This has been evidenced by signifying one of the phone’s features that of direct file sharing. Two young men are shown transferring data by simply touching their phones in front of the iPhone 5 purchasing line. This advert clearly creates product differences and the superiority of the phone in the minds of consumers. This product demonstration sends a signal to the customer that the Galaxy phone is more superior, based on demonstrating one powerful key feature: data transfer. The fact that it has been shot in front of the iPhone purchasing store is no accident as it shows the phone is more powerful than that of the competitor. ‘Exciting characteristics’ According to Hanna and Newman (2001, p.153), the Kano Model suggests’ excitement characteristics’ are features, characteristics or benefits that go beyond the customer’s wildest expectations and offer them unparalleled user experience. This is a supplement of the ‘must-have’ characteristics which are features or benefits that if a product does not have then it is not a product that services the customer needs. It is widely known what ‘must-have’ characteristics a phone should possess. These include texting capabilities, a call log, an organizer among other attributes. This is what the Galaxy has capitalized on. Besides the essentials of a phone, Samsung has gone further to introduce features that are way beyond the customer’s imagination. For instance, the phone can share data in the form of files, music or photos directly to another Galaxy phone by simply touching the two phones. This means that one does not have to go through the tedious process of using Bluetooth data transfer, such as activating, searching for devices, inputting codes and finally transferring. This is a lengthy process that has been eliminated hence faster data sharing. Another exciting characteristic is the phone’s stunning picture taking ability. Despite having a 4.8 inches- high definition display that freezes images as they are and the 8 Megapixels capacity, the user can flip the picture and write a note on the back, just as one would do at the back of real photos for memories sake. Such characteristics create an appeal towards potential users of the phone hence translate to increased sales as individuals would want to experience such unique experiences. Advertising variables The Galaxy SIII is a sleek phone and makes a statement by itself. It simply cannot be classified as just any other phone as its technological features and stylish looks have placed the phone in a class of its own. Of course, everybody would want a piece of the pie but the shiny price tag detail makes the whole difference. The phone fetches a retail price of around 650 to 700 dollars. This not affordable to everyone and therefore creates a class element. This goes with its target market, the middle class. Moreover, promotion strategy of the phone aims at targeting the youth aspect of the population, particularly the student group. This is characterized by the back-to-school discount offers that present themselves every September for a limited period of time. Press conferences as well as social media tactics aim to focus on delivering the message of “buying the phone” equals “join the cool group”. Samsung has recognized the huge teen potential in influencing market buying trends. This is in accordance to Zollo (1989) who indicates that teens in particular are big spenders of their personal or their parents’ money. Based on this analysis, the Galaxy SIII purchase can also be viewed in terms of gender. This is because it has been shown that boys earn more than girls due to a variety of reasons hence become more inclined to buying the phone than compared to girls of lower income revenues. Samsung Galaxy SIII versus Apple’s iPhone 5 Both Galaxy and iPhone have recognized the importance of brand design and have proceeded to creating ‘Slim, Sleek and Smooth’ phones. The products have exquisite designs that have appealed to potential customers based on their appearance hence offering similar advertising strategies. Technological innovations Technology is rapidly changing and every firm must come up with innovative ideas that portray the company as in line with the changing demands of technology for their survival. This is a major factor that has been embraced by both Samsung and Apple. These two technological giants are big on innovation and encourage it in their products. This is seen by the innovative features manifested in the Galaxy and iPhone 5. Everybody likes to be associated with the current trends and, therefore, advertising these products as technology leaders translates to increased market sales. Friendly customer experience Both products offer a friendly customer experience to users as their products are easy to use. For instance, the Samsung SIII has an inbuilt user manual that helps users navigate through the phone with ease. iPhone 5, on the other hand, has touch screen “gestures” meant for zooming and scrolling through the 4 inch display. However, one advertising strategy difference that sets the iPhone 5 apart from the Samsung Galaxy SIII is the use of speculation to create customer interest. Apple is very good at maintaining secrets for as long as it is necessary in order to keep people guessing. This has worked very well as the media is always looking out for the next new thing. This is particularly true for iPhone products. Apple uses this strategy and evokes further speculation by providing virtually no information. People want to know how the new iPhone differs from its predecessors and look out for new innovative features. The media speculation and buzz helps create free consumer interest and when the product is finally released, the product is the next sought after thing in the market. This is characterized by the long queues witnessed at the purchasing stores on the sales date. The information provided above shows the importance of advertising strategies for firms that are keen on getting their products to the market and the variables affecting such strategies, particularly the image, industry and audience. References Hanna, R. & Newman, K., 2001, Integrated operations management , Adding value to customers, Prentice Hall, New York. Jobber, D., 2000, Principles and practice of marketing , McGraw-Hill Publishers, New York. Berkowitz, E., Kerin R., Hartley S & Rudelius W. 1994. Marketing , Ohio, South-Western College Publishing. Zollo, P., 1989, As the century turned , McGraw-Hill publishers, New York.

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Create the inputted essay that provided the following summary: The African American Vernacular English study essay discusses the origins and current characteristics of the African Vernacular language. The essay also explores the debate surrounding the number of people speaking this language. Some linguists believe that AAVE speakers should apply specific grammar structures, while others believe that applying a combination of lexical, stylistic, and grammar peculiarities features the African American language-speaking group.

The African American Vernacular English study essay discusses the origins and current characteristics of the African Vernacular language. The essay also explores the debate surrounding the number of people speaking this language. Some linguists believe that AAVE speakers should apply specific grammar structures, while others believe that applying a combination of lexical, stylistic, and grammar peculiarities features the African American language-speaking group.

African American Vernacular English Study Essay African American Vernacular English (AAVE) belongs to one of the dialects in the English language. This linguistic variety is also called Vernacular Black English, Black Vernacular English, or African American English. The dialect is also known Ebonics outside the professional linguistics community. AAVE is mostly spread in the United States and in the Caribbean region and premises on grammar, vocabulary, and structure peculiarities originating from West African and Vernacular English. The language dialect gains momentum in discussing social, historical, and political controversies. The current debates relate specifically to the number of people speaking this language because there are no strict rules defining the fact that an individual makes use of the variety. Some of the linguists are inclined to think that AAVE speakers should employ specific grammar structures whereas others believe that applying a combination of lexical, stylistic, and grammar peculiarities features the African American language-speaking group. To define the origins and current characteristics of the African Vernacular language, analysis of historical perspective is required. The historic controversy particularly refers to the fact that AAVE developed beyond the interaction between West African groups and Vernacular English groups (Sidnell n. p.). Within this perspective, West African speakers borrowed the English language structures while working on plantation in the southern regions, including South Caroline and Georgia. They learnt from small number of Native Americans, predominantly the indentured laborers. There is also an assumption that these historical events led to the emergence of a rudimentary pidgin that later influenced the development of the Creole language (Sidnell n. p.). The second side of debate focuses on the scenario that suggests the development of contact language, an early version of African Vernacular English through the second language acquisition. Under these circumstances, West Africans who migrated to plantations supposed to have a restricted access to genuine grammatical structures and models because the percentage of native speakers they communicated with was extremely law. According to this hypothesis, the second language community might borrow English vocabulary garnered from rare encounters and adjust them to the grammatical pattern that existed in the dialects of West Africa. At this point, the theory of universal grammar would have had a potent impact in the above-described processes. The above-presented assumption is not accepted by a number of scholars who insist that demographic conditions in the Caribbean and US regions differed much. As a result, these conditions required for development of Creole were never met. The evidence illustrates that a number of similar features belong to those of AAVE. They can also be found in varies of UK and US English. Both hypotheses are partially reasonable and, therefore, it can be suggested that African Vernacular English developed through restructuring borrowed and native elements; at the same time, the language possesses distinctive features from older dialects of English. A number of research studies have been dedicated to the analysis of phonology and pronunciation that influence the perception and understanding among speakers of both Africana and English ancestry. In this respect, Treiman has presented the scientific analysis of devoicing that is heavily used by AAVE speakers to define whether it affects adults’ spelling, including African American and White speakers at college (338). The scholar has chosen the words rigid and ballot that pronounced by the identified groups using their dialect variety (Treiman 338). It has been discovered that African Americans devoice the final /d/ at the end of the word rigid and they are more likely to confuse between /d/ and /t/ in comparison with White speakers. However, both groups mispronounce the sounds when spoken by African American teacher participating in the research rather than by native speaking teachers. As a result, the diverse phonological characteristics of AAVE and native speakers can create a number of challenges in terms of spelling the worlds. The emphasis placed on phonology and syntax provides a wider picture on the issue. According to Treiman, “the degree of ambiguity in the spelling of a segmenrt may differ from one variety of English to another, resulting in dialect differences in spelling” (341). Such an assumption has social implications. In particular, African Americans are reported to have lower level of literacy skills due to the extensive use of AAVE. Although the influence of dialect is implicit, specific features of AAVE can have a direct impact on spelling and reading (Treiman 342). Therefore, the social perspective of using the variety should not be underestimated. Deeper examination of African American language traditions is closely associated with such social aspects as creating identities, stereotypes and prejudices, and power relations. At this point, Ball and Lardner focus on “developing an appreciation for the power of language as …established positions of power and prestige through uses of “the word” in the African American rhetoric tradition” (11). Therefore, the African American variety of English language refers not only to grammar and vocabulary attributes that make the differences, but also to social and cultural dimension they form in society. Apart from social and historical controversies, African American variety of the English language influence educational sphere as well. The necessity to start exploring AAVE can help most teachers understand deviations that AAVE speakers resort while learning the Standard English language. In fact, differences in speaking and pronouncing words are often disregarded in society until it comes to the classroom setting. Therefore, the significance of recognizing unique grammatical structures and forms that are used in communication is enormous. For instance, the verb be is frequently employed in African American vernacular speech to refer to a constantly repeating action. Such phrases as “He be early” or “He be late” denotes that a person used to coming early or late. Such peculiarity harbors many negative perceptions and responses on the part of the users of standard English who shape prejudiced assumption about these individuals. In particular, Compton-Lilly explains “many native speakers of standards English assume that nonstandard speakers are ignorant, laze, and less capable intellectually” (46). The commonly accepted prejudice is that AAVE speakers could speak appropriately once they make efforts. In fact, failure to learn the differences is mostly linked to collective and personal identities, the idea of membership, as well as adherence to African culture. Therefore, the educators should take language differences as a source of negative perceptions into deeper consideration to define new strategies for alleviating the challenge. In particular, Compton-Lilly enumerates a number of specific pronunciations and sounds that could be unfamiliar to non-native speakers, including sounds [ð] and [θ], as well as such word ending as – er that is mistakenly pronounced as ah (48). Despite the evidence discrepancies in background knowledge, there is no ground to assert that African American variety is a serious obstacle to a learning process. Demanding the AAVE speakers to use Standard English points to the educators’ preference that encourages the principles accepted in dominating culture. Standard English, however, is not communicatively superior to Ebonics, but this culturally predetermined phenomenon closely relates to the way power relations are shaped in our society. Due to the fact that the dominating society expect minority groups to be able to speak standard English and that general public has failed to develop appropriation for dialect forms of the language, our task it to help student to gain knowledge and resources to have an equal access to power institutions. The above-presented position requires the researchers to rethink their stereotypes concerning the origins of African American community to define new educational strategies that could improve their spelling and reading skills. Moreover, they should withdraw the longstanding Eurocentric view on education. According to Madhloum, “the sense of community is an explanation for the evolution of AAVE. Many Americans did not belong to the community of the white people…and where driven into ghettos” (n. p.). Therefore, although considering cultural and social aspects is important, its influence on the learning process should not be prioritized. In conclusion, an extensive overview of historical, social, and educational constrains that AAVE speakers face relates to stereotypes and prejudiced outlook on their origins and history. In particular, history of slavery in the United States, ghetto culture, and existence of marginal cultures are among the main reasons why educators are reluctant to understand the challenges that African Americans confront while learning standard English. In order to improve educational opportunities for students, the teachers should change their strategies and delve into the study of cultural and ethnic backgrounds. References Ball, Arnetha and Ted Lardner. African American Literacies Unleashed: Vernacular English and the Composition Classroom . US: SIU Press. 2005, Print. Compton-Lilly, Catherine. “Nuances of Error: Considerations Relevant to African American Vernacular English and Learning to Read.” Literacy, Teaching and Learning 10.1 (2005): 43-58. ProQuest. Web. Madhloum, Haider. African American Vernacular English – Origins and Features . US: GRIN Verlag, 2011. Print. Sidnell, Jack. “African American Vernacular English (Ebonic)”. Language Varieties. n. d. Web. http://www.hawaii.edu/satocenter/langnet/definitions/aave.html Treiman, Rebecca. “Spelling and Dialect: Comparisons between Speakers of African American vernacular English and White Speakers” . Psychonomic Bulletin & Review. 11.2 (2004): 338-342.

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Write the original essay that generated the following summary: The text discusses the accounting method applied by Alpine City, which relies on the Generally Accepted Accounting Principles as outlined in the Government Accounting Standards Board. The statement is able to indicate all the details of operations while complying with the financial standards.

The text discusses the accounting method applied by Alpine City, which relies on the Generally Accepted Accounting Principles as outlined in the Government Accounting Standards Board. The statement is able to indicate all the details of operations while complying with the financial standards.

Reporting Standards for Government Entities Essay The Accounting Method Applied Alpine City relies on the Generally Accepted Accounting Principles as outlined in the Government Accounting Standards Board. Through this approach, the statements are able to indicate all the details of operations while complying with the financial standards. As a result, specific emphasis is laid on the factors affecting profitability and the availability of funds. Assessment the Application of GASB Statement 34 for Each of the Funds The Governmental Accounting Standards Board has outlined specific principles which have to be applied in the presentation of financial statements. These principles ensure conformity in the financial statements, thereby making it possible to perform horizontal and vertical analysis of the financial statements (Shirota, 2003). Statement 34 was designed to achieve specific objectives in the concepts of financial reporting by government institutions including the following two elements. Retention of the Familiar First, the statement hinges on ‘retention of the familiar’. It is important to note that government financial statements are comprised of a wide range of funds from varying activities. As a result, it is necessary for each of the departments to continue presenting sufficient information in a reliable format in order to eliminate ambiguity and confusion. Government entities are required to present the most prominent and major funds accompanied by an aggregate amount, making it easy for accountability (GASB, 1999). Such statements should also feature operating results from cash assets and other elements. Short-term and long-term performance is of utmost importance. On the same note, the comparison of budgetary allocations is bound to provide novel analytical dimensions aimed at enhancing the utility of the reports. As a result, any information deemed necessary should be included in the statement, although the focus will be directed towards the familiar. Alpine City reports certain expenses separately, such as expenses of a non-recurrent nature according to Granof and Wardlow (2011). Consequently, these expenses are included as significant financial events for the financial year, such as the one-off purchase of a mower and the installations. From the records, it is clear that assets and liabilities of a fixed nature are clearly included in the statements. Under the revenues section, emphasis is placed on the most familiar elements. Shirota (2003) directs that expenses that do not fall under any specific category are included in the general government expenses since they are not material in nature. Similarly, revenues that are not material are categorized as ‘other revenues’ in order to enhance the utility of the report. Introduction of New Information and Elements According to GASB (1999), finance managers in government institutions have intrinsic knowledge of the requirements and transactions that take place during the operations of the entity. As a result, there are best placed to offer insights in the most appropriate manner of reporting the activities of the organization. From the financial records, new information which is material in nature is clearly presented in the MDA. Clear directions as to the reason why such information is new are provided, making it possible for users of the information to appreciate the inclusion of such financial details (GASB Flyer, 1999). For example, there are specific directions as to the causes of changes in the General Fund during the year. Further information about capital asset management is provided over and above the contents of the balance sheet in order for users of the information to understand the implication of the financial statements. Management’s Discussion and Analysis (MDA) The MDA offers an insight into the increase in net assets and direction towards the nature of the assets which caused the increase (Granof and Wardlow, 2011). This is a necessary element in understanding the reason why such changes are influential on the performance of the local government. Accompanying information regarding the commensurate changes in liabilities posits the net worth of the local government, thereby signifying the reasons for changes in the liabilities. It is also clearly indicated that the reports are structured in three sections, including the comprehensive financial statement, fund statement and accompanying information. The MDA provides direction to the timing of recognition of assets and incomes. This offers directions towards the recognition of these elements. From the start, users of the information will be well aware that the city applies the accrual basis in the financial statement. According to GASB Flyer (1999), on the same note, the most prominent elements of the financial statements including revenues, incomes, costs, expenses and liabilities are outlined in this section. The materiality of these aspects makes it necessary for the accountant to highlight their influence, with accompanying information regarding the accounting method used for such elements. References GASB (1999). Summary Statement no. 34. Basic Financial Statements—and Management’s Discussion and Analysis—for State and Local Governments. Issue 6/9. Web. GASB Flyer (1999). Governmental vs Enterprise Fund Accounting. Web. Granof, M., & Wardlow, P. (2011). Core concepts of government and not-for-profit accounting (2nd ed.). Hoboken, NJ: John Wiley & Sons. Shirota, K. (2003). Governmental Accounting Standards Board Statement 34: Perception of Texas Finance Officers. Web.

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Write an essay about: The text discusses the use of hormones in US meats, how they are used, and their effects on consumers.The text discusses the use of hormones in US meats, how they are used, and their effects on consumers.

The text discusses the use of hormones in US meats, how they are used, and their effects on consumers. The text discusses the use of hormones in US meats, how they are used, and their effects on consumers.

Research and Report on Hormone Use in US Meats Essay Table of Contents 1. Introduction 2. How hormones are used in US meats 3. Effects on consumers 4. How cows are affected 5. Environmental implications 6. Conclusion 7. References Introduction Approximately 80% of all US meats undergo hormone treatment. This practice is legal and subject to FDA inspections. However, not all stakeholders agree that it is a harmless process. Consumers are at risk of getting cancer when they consume high doses of such meats. Additionally, some results indicate that girls have an increased risk of early puberty. Perhaps one of the relatively unknown effects is the increase in hormone residues in soil and water bodies. These have adverse implications on the organisms that depend on such ecosystems. How hormones are used in US meats The US government currently approves the use of three synthetic and three natural hormones in beef production. Testosterone, Progesterone, and Oestradiol belong to the naturally-occurring variety while Melengestrol, Zeranol, and Trenbolone represent the artificial variety. Farmers use these hormones in order to increase animal weight gain. Nonetheless, the same results are not prevalent in pigs and poultry. Therefore, the Federal Drug Administration does not approve the use of this product on such animals. A number of farmers use them to augment mutton production. It should be noted that the dairy industry depends on the use of rbGH for better milk production (Grace Communications Foundation 5). Usually, most of these hormones are administered through implants that are placed at the back of the ear. During slaughter, that part of the body is treated as hazardous waste. Alternatively, some hormones may be ingested by animals through food; one such example is Melengestrol. Dairy farmers often introduce rbGH through injections under the skin. One must do so in single dosages in order to minimize overdose. Effects on consumers Some studies indicate that relatively low levels of residual hormones are present in meat. The FDA has set a threshold above which meats would be deemed unsafe for consumption. The Food Safety Inspection Service usually inspects to ensure that cattle keepers comply with these requirements. Furthermore, farmers have relatively little to gain from excessive dosages of hormones because the average increase in animal weight reduces dramatically after exceeding FDA-approved dosage levels. This gives farmers an incentive to stay within the confines of the law. On the basis of these low residues, the FDA has approved the use of these hormones in meat production. It believes that consumers will be subjected to minimal health risks when they use the product. One should note that most of the studies that the authorities used to make their decisions were based on analyses of synthetic hormones. Since it is difficult to differentiate between natural hormones produced by the body and natural hormones introduced into the system, no studies are available on these residues. It is thus difficult to draw conclusions on this matter. Furthermore, analyses done on the use of rbGH in dairy are usually short-term analyses. It is necessary to look at the residue effects on consumers after relatively long periods of time. Analyses in Italy and Puerto Rico tied hormone residues in meat to early puberty and breast enlargement. In the Puerto Rican study, girls who had reached puberty were found to have high levels of zeranol in their blood. However, some experts dispute these findings because they lack support from other laboratories. The Italian study found that steroid hormones in poultry and beef led to breast enlargement in girls. Nonetheless, no tests of actual meat samples occurred. These issues have led many to question the danger of hormone-treated meats. Regardless, these studies still indicate that there is cause for alarm. Questions of susceptibility to breast cancer and other forms of cancer have also been raised in the consumption of hormone-raised meats. Minimal studies exist to prove that steroid hormones in meats lead to greater susceptibility to cancer. Scientists have not ventured into this area because cancer can take years to develop, yet some of these hormones have been in use for just a few years. Since no conclusive evidence exists to rule out or approve such meats, then consumers could be subjecting themselves to certain risks when they eat them. Only the banned DES hormone has been studied. It shows that women were at a forty percent higher risk of getting vaginal cancer if they consumed meats with DES than meat without it. On the other hand, indirect studies indicate that endocrine-disrupting hormones like meat hormones are sufficiently troublesome. Certain population groups, like children, fetuses and infants are highly sensitive to exogenous hormones. A fetus that is exposed to these hormones may have developmental problems. Additionally, children who expose themselves to these chemicals will have a greater susceptibility to thyroid disease, prostate and breast cancer, uterine fibroids as well as infertility (Cornell University 19). Links to steroid hormones in the US beef industry have been made in a 2007 study. The analysis found that women who ate hormone-injected meats when pregnant had sons with low levels of sperm concentration. Therefore, concerns about fertility must be addressed. It is because of these concerns that the EU has banned the use of hormones. The region is aware of the adverse health effects that may emanate from the hormone even if residues are present in low amounts. Epigenetic changes can occur regardless of hormone concentration, and those processes lead to serious health implications. The US government’s assumption of safety rests on dated research and short-term analyses, which are not conclusive. How cows are affected Most of the dangers associated with hormone use in animal production relates to dairy farming. The hormone rbGH causes a number of health problems among cows. Animals that have this hormone are more likely than others to report heat stress. Birth disorders are a problem as well as hood defects. Some cases of diarrhea may be reported as well as increases in somatic cells. These animals also suffer from increased cases of mastitis or udder infections that cause them a lot of pain (American Public Health Association 15). Animal rights groups have heard about these effects and advocated for the elimination of this hormone in dairy production. A number of these lobbyists are also aware of the increased antibiotic resistance that emanates from the practice. The hormone causes livestock to become resistant to antibiotics. Farmers have to use more antibiotics when injecting those hormones in order to eradicate udder infections. As a result, animals become resistant to antibiotics, and their patterns can then be transmitted to humans who will also become susceptible to the same. Therefore, the use of hormones in dairy production creates an unnecessary risk that human beings can prevent. Environmental implications Pollution is one of the most underestimated effects of consumption of these types of meat. As stated earlier, some of the hormones can be ingested in animal feed. This means that their residues are excreted in the form of urine and dung. Feedlots have the potential to contaminate water sources due to surface runoff if they contain hormone residues. A study by Ana Soto and Louis Guillette of Florida and Tufts University found that hormonal activity was quite high in downstream feedlots compared to upstream ones. Some of the water samples from these areas had three or four times as much estrogenic and androgenic pollutants as the upstream samples. Fish that lived in downstream water sources were thus susceptible to deformities owing to these hormones. The scientists found that fish of the minnow variety had bumps on their heads when they were exposed to androgenic pollutants. Another analysis in Nebraska found that female fish became masculinized while their male counterparts had more female features; they had smaller testis than normal. Additionally, the sizes of their heads significantly reduced (Raloff 10). Therefore, hormone-laced runoff from feedlots is detrimental to surrounding ecosystems. One of the other mechanisms in which the environment may be exposed to these pollutants is through manure. Scientists in Munich analyzed the manure of hormone-treated cattle over a period of one year. They found that a substantial portion of the hormones was present in their dung. They then collected the manure that these animals produced in order to determine whether the steroid hormones persisted. The stored manure had a half-life of about 260 days and was resistant to bacteria digestion when stored. However, when farmers took it to the field, the hormones in the fertilizer lasted for about two months. These hormones disappeared as a result of microbial breakdown as well as surface runoff. Most of the residues thus settled in low-lying plains as well as water bodies in plateaus. The dangers of these residues cannot be taken lightly as a Clemson University analysis found. Runoff from manure that was laced with hormones caused turtles to produce an unhealthy amount of eggs. Even their males start to make egg-yolk protein. The environmental effects of hormone use in meat production are not as widely publicized as effects on consumers. However, these results are just as alarming as the former. When pollutants get into the water, one must care about their implications in marine organisms. This is especially true for processes that can be prevented or are unnecessary. It is unlikely that hormone use may be completely phased out. However, when stakeholders learn about this impact, they may use it responsibly. One plausible way of dealing with the problem is managing animal waste (Grace Communications Foundation 8). Conclusion In the US, hormone use is legal and quite prevalent. It is economically beneficial to farmers to adopt this practice. However, the advantages they enjoy come at a price. First, consumers of meats are at a high risk of developing cancer. Many of them may also report early puberty and exaggerated secondary sexual characteristics. Although studies exist to validate the use of these hormones, most of them are short-term and have not looked at the issue directly. Furthermore, even minuscule amounts of the hormone in meats can lead to epigenetic changes. The practice also endangers animals by causing udder infections, hoof infections, and several other health complications. Antibiotic resistance from hormone use in cattle may also be transferred to consumers. Hormone residues are quite dangerous to the environment as the pollutants enter water bodies through surface runoff. This leads to deformities and alterations in marine ecosystems. It is for these reasons that the use of meat hormones should be eradicated. References American Public Health Association. Policy statement database: Opposition to the use of hormone growth promoters in beef and dairy cattle production . 2009. Web. Cornell University. Breast cancer and environmental risk factors in New York State. 2000. Web. Grace Communications Foundation. Hormones . 2013. Web. Raloff, Janet. “Hormones: Here’s the beef environmental concerns remerge over steroids given to livestock.” Science News Week 161.1(2002): 10. Web.

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Write the original essay that generated the following summary: The research study topic is reducing childhood pedestrian injuries. The data collected included how the children in the sample acquired the injuries (whether the injuries were acquired along driveways, while driving, or in non- traffic places. It is imperative that different types of data are gathered for comparison purposes (Stokols, 1996). In this connection, data was also gathered from Police Department offices in Oakland.

The research study topic is reducing childhood pedestrian injuries. The data collected included how the children in the sample acquired the injuries (whether the injuries were acquired along driveways, while driving, or in non- traffic places. It is imperative that different types of data are gathered for comparison purposes (Stokols, 1996). In this connection, data was also gathered from Police Department offices in Oakland.

Research Methods in Health Promotion Essay Table of Contents 1. Data Gathering Instruments 2. How the Instrument Influences Data Outcome 3. Greatest Threats to the Study’s Validity 4. References The research study topic is reducing childhood pedestrian injuries. The data collected included how the children in the sample acquired the injuries (whether the injuries were acquired along driveways, while driving, or in non- traffic places. It is imperative that different types of data are gathered for comparison purposes (Stokols, 1996). In this connection, data was also gathered from Police Department offices in Oakland. Data Gathering Instruments In health promotion research, qualitative and quantitative methods are used as the data gathering instruments. In the study, quantitative methods were used to gather data. Case comparisons and observations were the quantitative instruments used. Each case patient was compared using two controls with matching age and gender. This strategy was aimed at ensuring that the public health interventions under implementation, for each case patient, was effective and fulfilled the intended functions (Stokols, 1992). To ensure validity, it is imperative to use various data collection instruments, and compare the data gathered. Hence, the researcher reviewed data sheets and charts during emergent medical services so as to classify the sample. The researcher also sought data from Oakland Police Department offices. How the Instrument Influences Data Outcome Defining data collection is crucial in assessing how the data collection instrument influences data outcome. Data collection refers to the process of obtaining or gathering information in regard to an activity or phenomenon. After collection, data may be stored in data- bases or records, analysed, and utilized for monitoring or evaluation of health promotion programs and interventions. The value of data has a direct link with the instrument used for data collection, which impacts directly on health promotion interventions (Glasgow, Lichtenstein & Marcus, 2003). Consequently, the worthiness data influences data analysis’ quality. This ultimately influences the effectiveness and quality of the decisions made. Therefore, it is vital that the data collection instruments are valid and relevant so as to ensure validity in the health promotion research study. Greatest Threats to the Study’s Validity One of the greatest challenges to validity in the study was the limited ability to come up with clear inferences in regard to the effects of the program. This is mostly because of flawed research analyses and designs. It is, therefore, extremely essential that health promotion researchers are extremely keen to ensure validity (Stokols, 1992). Most of the times, conclusions are drawn on program’s effectiveness, and at the same time; little consideration is given to the alternative elaborations for findings. Health promotion researchers, who are considering conducting true experiments, should consider the presence of all plausible validity threats (Stokols, 1996). Consequently, they should rule out or control them before drawing valid causal inferences. Another threat to validity is the failure to conduct research ethically. For instance, if the research compromises people’s rights or does not allow the control group the opportunity to get services or a program they would have acquired if they never participated in the research, then the research should be abandoned or changed. It is also worth noting that resource constraints makes limiting the target audience necessary (Glasgow, Lichtenstein & Marcus, 2003). Therefore, the use of comparison and control groups is more ethical. Furthermore, phased- in and pilot programs offer the opportunity to utilize experimental designs. Validity is extremely vital in health promotion research and should adhered to. References Glasgow, R. E., Lichtenstein, E., & Marcus, A. C. (2003). Why don’t we see more translation of health promotion research to practice? Rethinking the efficacy-to-effectiveness transition. Journal Information , 93 (8). Stokols, D. (1992). Establishing and maintaining healthy environments: toward a social ecology of health promotion. American Psychologist , 47 (1), 6. Stokols, D. (1996). Translating social ecological theory into guidelines for community health promotion. American journal of health promotion , 10 (4), 282-298.

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Provide a essay that could have been the input for the following summary: The essay sought to identify and classify factors that affect cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) -related decision-making in the clinical environment. The deployed research methodology can be best defined in terms of a qualitative inquiry. The authors composed six focus groups out of the seventeen currently practicing physicians and four medical students, which volunteered to participate in the study. The participants were asked to elaborate on their experiences of applying CPR to patients and on what they consider accounted for the challenges

The essay sought to identify and classify factors that affect cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) -related decision-making in the clinical environment. The deployed research methodology can be best defined in terms of a qualitative inquiry. The authors composed six focus groups out of the seventeen currently practicing physicians and four medical students, which volunteered to participate in the study. The participants were asked to elaborate on their experiences of applying CPR to patients and on what they consider accounted for the challenges

Researching Advanced Life Support Report (Assessment) In their 2009 study Factors that influence decisions about cardiopulmonary resuscitation: the views of doctors and medical students , Tyrer et al. strived to identify and categorize factors that affect cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) -related decision-making in the clinical environment. The deployed research methodology can be best defined in terms of a qualitative inquiry. The authors composed six focus groups out of the seventeen currently practicing physicians and four medical students, which volunteered to participate in the study. The participants were asked to elaborate on their experiences of applying CPR to patients and on what they consider accounted for the challenges of defining the extent of every individual patient’s eligibility to be subjected to the earlier mentioned procedure. After having conducted the study’s empirical phases, the authors came to identify four major factors, which appear to exert a considerable influence on how the participants usually go about making CPR-related positive or negative decisions. These factors can be outlined as follows: 1) the specifics of patients’ diagnosis/prognosis/age, 2) the considerations of what would be the quality of post-CPR patients’ lives, 3) the opinions of other doctors/staff members, 4) the legally binding wishes of patients and of their close relatives. The authors concluded their study by suggesting that, “Doctors might benefit from support or training to improve communication with patients and families about resuscitation to provide greater consistency in this aspect of patient care” (p. 568). Even though there can be only a few doubts, as to the fact that the study’s authors did apply a considerable effort in conducting their study, there are a number of methodological drawbacks to it: 1. The fact that the collected data cannot be referred to as being cross-sectionally sound . As it was mentioned earlier, the body of this study’s participants accounted for only twenty-one individuals. Moreover, as it appears from the study, four of them (medical students) did not have any de facto experiences of attempting CPR in practice. According to the authors, “Participants… were identified opportunistically via colleagues working in the palliative care setting” (p. 565). In its turn, this suggests that the study’s qualitative findings provide us with only a preliminary insight into the researched subject matter, which can be vaguely interpreted (Sambunjak, Straus & Marusic 2010). In addition, while analyzing respondents’ elaborations on the subject matter in question, the authors made a deliberate point in allowing group-members perceptual subjectivity to affect the discursive significance of the collected data, “For each theme, due consideration was given to the words used by group members, the context, frequency, extensiveness” (p. 565). Even though the practice of analyzing the emotional subtleties of people’s attitudes towards a particular phenomenological issue is being considered fully appropriate in interpretative studies, the appropriateness of the same practice in qualitative studies can be referred to as being rather questionable. This is because it would represent a major challenge to quantify/categorize the obtained ‘perceptual’ data (Cresswell 2008). 2. Non-observance of the principle of contextualization . Those who conduct a qualitative inquiry into what accounts for the actual mechanics of people’s decision-making must consider the possibility that the process in question reflects the concerned individuals’ culturally predetermined behavioral inclinations. This refers to the so-called principle of contextualization (Klein & Myers 1999). Unfortunately, the study by Tyrer et al. appears to be rather unobservant of the earlier mentioned principle. This is because, despite having provided readers with extensive factual information, in regards to the specifics of participants’ professional characteristics, the authors did not make any mention of the particulars of group members’ ethnocultural affiliation. Yet, in light of recent breakthroughs in the fields of biology and psychology, there can be very few doubts as to the fact that the manner, in which people indulge in decision-making, does signify the in-depth characteristics of their ‘brain wiring’. These characteristics, however, cannot be discussed outside of the specifics of people’s culture/ethnicity (Lesser et al. 2011). The fact that the authors skipped mentioning it undermines the study’s objective value even further. 3. Non-observance of the principle of multiple interpretations . It nowadays became a commonplace practice among researchers to interpret the significance of their studies’ findings from a variety of different angles, as the foremost mean of ensuring the overall academic legitimacy of their qualitative research projects (Kleining & Witt 2001). In their study, however, Tyrer et al. refrained from providing readers with different interpretative insights, as to what the obtained data may indicate. Partially, this can be explained by the apparent straightforwardness of the deployed research apparatus. Nevertheless, this does not change the fact that the analyzed study does suffer from the extent of its interpretative integrity having been considerably weakened. 4. The study’s lack of innovative insights. As we have noted earlier, the authors concluded their study by suggesting that clinicians would benefit from being provided with additional support, while deciding in favor or disfavor of the CPR’s application. Nevertheless, the specifics of what should be considered circumstantially appropriate support, in this respect, have not been identified. In the study, there is also an apparent absence of any qualitatively new recommendations, as to how clinicians should go about increasing the level of their professional excellence, in regards to CPR decision-making. Yet, it is specifically the prospect of defining new dimensions to the studied phenomena, which is supposed to provide scientists with a rationale to subject it to a qualitative inquiry, in the first place (Goussinsky et al. 2011). At the same time, however, there are a number of apparent strengths to the analyzed study, which also need to be mentioned: 1. The fact that this study is being concerned with filling the discursive gaps in previously conducted CPR-related studies. According to the authors, “(Prior to their study) there has been no research to identify the information that doctors take into account when they make decisions about CPR” (p. 564). Given the fact that the study’s official aim was to identify the environmental factors that affect CPR-related decisions, on the part of clinicians, we can well confirm that the authors did succeed in addressing the task. This is because; it is not only that Tyrer et al. were able to provide readers with the empirically collected data, as to what can be considered these factors, but they also outlined the sets of circumstances, under which doctors’ exposure to the informational inputs is being capable of affecting the line of their pro-CPR or contra-CPR reasoning. This, of course, does suggest that, despite its earlier mentioned weaknesses, the study by Tyrer et al. did contribute to the CPR-related research. 2. The authors’ perceptual/cognitive objectivity . While conducting their study, the authors strived to remain thoroughly objective in how they went about collecting the empirical data and interpreting this data’s practical implications. The validity of this statement can be illustrated in regards to the authors’ tendency to provide rationale-based explanations to the CPR-related subjective judgments/opinions, on the part of participants. This, of course, suggests the authors’ awareness of another important principle of conducting qualitative research – namely, the principle of suspicion (Clarke 2004). 3. The study’s discursive relevance to what now accounts for the qualitative dynamics in the field of bioethics . Even though in their study, the authors did remain faithful to the above-mentioned principle, it nevertheless did not prevent them from ensuring a thoroughly progressive sounding of the conducted inquiry. The legitimacy of this statement can be explored in relation to the authors’ promotion of the idea that clinicians may never overlook the importance of adjusting their CPR-related decisions to be fully consistent with patients’ wishes (Cox et al. 2006). In its turn, this suggests that the authors are being aware of the fact that, as time goes on, the validity of Western orthodox approaches to treating patients, concerned with ‘curing’ rather than with ‘healing’, continues to be undermined (Saks 2003). Thus, it will not be much of an exaggeration to suggest that the analyzed study is indeed being ideologically compatible with current dynamics, within the conceptual framework of the Western medical paradigm. I believe that, due to having been exposed to the study by Tyrer et al., I did manage to increase the extent of my professional adequacy, as an anesthesia technician. In particular, I was able to confirm the validity of my convictions that: 1. While attempting CPR on patients, clinicians should pay close attention to what accounts for the specifics of the concerned individuals’ diagnosis, mental condition and age . As it was shown by Tyrer et al., the majority of their study’s participants did express their belief in the appropriateness of applying a ‘circumstantially sound’ criteria, within the context of them deciding on whether CPR should be attempted or not. One of the possible explanations for this is that, as time goes on, more and more clinicians realize that it is no longer appropriate to assess the appropriateness of CPR-related decisions from a strictly legal perspective. This is because ongoing technological progress in the field of medicine renders many healthcare-related legal conventions outdated. Apparently, it is being only a matter of time, before the medical principle ‘do not harm’ will refer not only to the concerned patients’ physical but also emotional well-being (Ardagh 2000). 2. In order to be considered eligible to make CPR-related decisions, anesthesia technicians should prove their perceptual quick-mindedness . As it appears from the study, the effectiveness of participants’ CPR-related decision-making suffered from the fact that, while facing the challenge of giving/non-giving a ‘go ahead’ for resuscitation to be performed on patients, they had to promptly decide in favor of following the specific set of applicable rules and regulations. What hampered them even more, in this respect, is that while following these rules and regulations, they also had to take into consideration the suggestions/opinions of their colleagues. What it means is that, when it comes to making CPR-related decisions, clinicians must be ready to filter out (mentally) the intended resuscitation’s circumstantially irrelevant legal aspects (Kidby 2003). 3. Anesthesia technicians should be willing to explain to patients that the de facto effectiveness of CPR rarely accounts for more than 10%-15%, even when attempted in hospitals . According to the study’s findings, one of the CPR’s main discursive impediments is the fact that, while deciding on whether to provide doctors with their consent to be subjected to CPR (if circumstances call for it), many patients nevertheless remain thoroughly arrogant of the procedure’s reduced ability to serve as a ‘lifesaving tool’ (Pritham 2003). This, of course, could not result in anything else but in creating additional obstacles, on the way of anesthesia technicians trying to come up with circumstantially justified decisions of whether to attempt CPR or not. Therefore, while addressing my professional duties, I will make a deliberate point in educating patients on this particular subject matter. 4. The considerations of what would account for the quality of life, on the part of post-CPR patients, should be incorporated into the very matrix of CPR-related decision-making . The study’s findings indicate that many participants believed that the appropriateness of attempting CPR on patients should also be assessed, in regards to what appear to be the concerned individuals’ chances to enjoy a quality-living, in case of the CPR’s success. I can only subscribe to the idea – it does not make any logical sense to bring patients back to life if there is no rationale-based reason to expect that they would welcome it (Hyman 2006; Robinson, Cupples & Corrigan 2007). Being a responsible anesthesia technician, I will do my best while promoting the idea that the conceptual premise of today’s bioethics should be revised, as largely outdated – especially when the process of designing ethical guidelines for the application of CPR is being concerned. In conclusion, it would be thoroughly appropriate to suggest that, despite the study’s earlier mentioned weaknesses, it is indeed being capable of helping readers (assumed to consist of healthcare professionals) to broaden their intellectual horizons, in general, and of providing them with a number of new qualitative insights into what accounts for the CPR’s proper application, in particular. References Ardagh, M 2000, ‘Futility has no utility in resuscitation medicine’, Journal of Medical Ethics , vol. 26 no. 5, pp. 396-399. Clarke, L 2004, ‘The value of qualitative research’, Nursing Standard , vol. 18 no. 52, pp. 41-44. Cox, C et al. 2006, ‘Implications of cultural diversity in do not attempt resuscitation (DNAR) decision-making’, Journal of Multicultural Nursing & Health , vol.12 no. 1, pp. 20-28. Cresswell, J 2008, Qualitative, quantitative, and mixed-method approaches , Sage, London. Goussinsky, R et al. 2001, ‘Teaching qualitative research for human services students: a three-phase model’, The Qualitative Report , vol.16 no. 1, pp. 126-146. Hyman, D 2006, ‘Rescue without law: an empirical perspective on the duty to rescue’, Texas Law Review , vol 84 no. 3, pp. 653-737. Kidby, J 2003, ‘Family-witnessed cardiopulmonary resuscitation’, Nursing Standard , vol. 17 no. 51, pp. 33-36. Klein, H & Myers, M 1999, ‘A set of principles for conducting and evaluating interpretive field studies in information systems’, MIS Quarterly , vol. 23 no. 1, pp. 67-94. Kleining, G & Witt, H 2001, ‘Discovery as the basic methodology of qualitative and quantitative research’, Forum: Qualitative Social Research , vol. 2 no. 1, pp. 2-27. Lesser, I et al. 2011, ‘Effects of race and ethnicity on depression treatment outcomes: the CO-MED trial’, Psychiatric Services , vol. 62 no. 10, pp. 1167-1179 Pritham, R 2003, ‘Medicine, myths, and the movies: Hollywood’s misleading depictions affect physicians, patients alike’, Postgraduate Medicine , vol. 113 no. 6, pp. 9-10 Robinson, F, Cupples, M & Corrigan, M 2007, ‘Implementing a resuscitation policy for patients at the end of life in an acute hospital setting: a qualitative study’, Palliative Medicine , vol. 21 no. 4, pp. 305-312. Saks, M 2003, ‘Bringing together the orthodox and alternative in health care’, Complementary Therapies in Medicine , vol.11 no. 3, pp. 142-145. Sambunjak, D, Straus, S & Marusic, 2010, ‘A systematic review of qualitative research on the meaning and characteristics of mentoring in academic medicine’, Journal of General Internal Medicine , vol. 25 no. 1, pp. 72-78. Tyrer, F et al. 2009, ‘Factors that influence decisions about cardiopulmonary resuscitation: the views of doctors and medical students,’ Postgraduate Medical Journal , vol. 85, pp. 564–568.

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Write the original essay that provided the following summary when summarized: Researching Chlamydia Trachomatis Disease Essay discusses the causes of violence in American society, as well as the difference between family and community when it comes to initiating change.

Researching Chlamydia Trachomatis Disease Essay discusses the causes of violence in American society, as well as the difference between family and community when it comes to initiating change.

Researching Chlamydia Trachomatis Disease Essay There are quite many factors that might cause violence in the USA. The country’s population consists of several ethnic groups and there is always a certain tension between groups of people having different cultural backgrounds. Economic constraints also may force people to commit violent acts. Apart from this, the availability of weapons can also be regarded as a possible factor contributing to the high rate of violence in American society. It is also necessary to note that violence leads to more violence. Finally, family values (or rather relationships within families) have been changed to a certain extent and this can also cause more violence in society as young people do not follow major moral and ethical principles as they are not taught to do it. One of the major differences between initiating change with a family or an individual and within a community is that the community health professional will need to use different approaches. Thus, when dealing with a family or an individual, the community health professional will need to take into account the peculiarity of this very family or individual. Nonetheless, when initiating changes within a community the community health professional will have to take into account the specific needs of all stakeholders (Clark, 2008). Thus, when it comes to the community, it is necessary to come up with a more complex approach. Due to physiological differences, individuals are vulnerable to certain diseases. Thus, an individual may run a greater risk to develop a certain disease compared to the population at large (Clark, 2008). Besides, an individual may be exposed to specific environmental influences (which can contribute to the development of the disease) whereas the population of the country or even community will not have to endure the same harmful effects. Besides, an individual may lack for resources to resist the disease. This individual may be short of money and live in quite unfavorable conditions. However, there have been a lot of opposite cases. Thus, an individual may have a certain resistance to disease while other groups of people and even the population at large may be vulnerable and may run the risk to develop a certain disease. Chlamydia trachomatis is one of the most widespread sexually transmitted diseases (Gottlieb et al., 2010). It is not associated with a lot of overt symptoms but it can lead to the development of disorders associated with reproductive functions. This disease is often associated with repeated infections which, in their turn, may result in chronic disorders. Notably, the virus is dependent on host cells and the lack of such nutrients as vitamins, iron and some acids may lead to recovery. Besides, the use of antibiotics may also lead to recovery. Admittedly, to avoid infection or repeated infection, people should develop proper sexual behavior. People also should have check-ups to make sure they have no problems with their health. These factors may help avoid infection or may help people recover. One of the major health promotion activities is the promotion of healthy behaviors. People should be aware of appropriate behavioral patterns, so children should be taught in schools how to behave to avoid different diseases. Health professionals should also promote healthy behaviors among adults. It is crucial to make people understand the importance of annual check-ups. Of course, people’s awareness about their health conditions and the peculiarities of their bodies will help them change their environment to make it more favorable. Of course, healthy behavior (eating healthy food, doing exercises, avoiding stress, etc.) will help people avoid many diseases. References Clark, M.J. (2008) Community health nursing: Advocacy for population health . Upper Saddle River, NJ: Prentice Hall. Gottlieb, S.L., Martin, D.H., Xu, F., Byrne, G.I., & Brunham, R.C. (2010). Summary: The natural history and immunobiology of chlamydia trachomatis genital infection and implications for chlamydia control. The Journal of Infectious Diseases, 201 (2), 190-204.

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Provide the inputted essay that when summarized resulted in the following summary : The text discusses how HIV/AIDS has become pandemic in the twentieth century and how it has become a social and even political issue in the twenty-first century. It also talks about how the disease is fostered by economic and social inequality and how western societies have changed since the identification of the HIV virus.

The text discusses how HIV/AIDS has become pandemic in the twentieth century and how it has become a social and even political issue in the twenty-first century. It also talks about how the disease is fostered by economic and social inequality and how western societies have changed since the identification of the HIV virus.

Researching HIV, AIDS and Social Justice Report The Individual Section HIV/AIDS has become pandemic in the twentieth century. It has been one of the primary concerns of medical institutions across the globe. In the twenty-first century, it has become a social and even political issue that is addressed by governments and non-governmental organizations. Admittedly, this disease (or rather its spread) is fostered by economic and social inequality. Disney (2004) claims that poverty and social injustice lead to the spread of HIV/AIDS among underprivileged people in all countries. Australia is no exception and there are many infected people, especially among indigenous people (Armstrong & Hayman, 2012). Altman (2008) claims that globalization is another factor that contributes to the spread of the disease as a variety of traditions and behavioral patterns can appear in different countries. It is important to add that western societies have considerably changed since the identification of the HIV virus. First, there was a great fear as people were afraid of the virus and did not understand what it was exactly. Then there was a complete exclusion of infected people. The disease was a kind of stigma and infected people were subjected to discrimination and alienation. People were told about a variety of precautions and healthy sexual behaviors have been promoted since the end of the twentieth century (Walsh, 2011). People also believed that they had to avoid any contact with infected people. However, things have changed significantly and many understand that infected people deserve respect and assistance (Parker, 2002). Numerous initiatives and programs promote ideas of tolerance and assistance. I believe we have advanced considerably in social justice when it comes to HIV/AIDS. At present, many are eager to participate in numerous programs and initiatives aimed at helping infected people. Moreover, officials pay quite a lot of attention to the rights of infected people. Now employees cannot fire infected people, and people cannot be rejected because of their diagnosis. Of course, there is much to be done as there is quite a lot of prejudice in society. Many are still afraid to have any contact with infected people, but we are moving in the right direction. The Discussion Part Admittedly, the existence of such diseases as HIV/AIDS has changed the way people think about health and illnesses. HIV/AIDS spreads easily and knows no boundaries. Infected people continue living their lives but, at some point, they suffer from painful symptoms and die. The disease can affect anyone and there is no cure. Anyone can get infected and no one can feel safe. All these peculiarities of the disease made people change their views and change their attitudes towards infected people (Altman, 2008). This disease made people understand that the issues of social justice are essential. It becomes obvious that there are far too many people to ignore them. Besides, anyone can be infected and is a potential alien. This makes people more tolerant. They understand that infected people should be treated equally. Moreover, many infected people are regarded as victims of bad environment and economic inequality. The disease made people extend the boundaries of social justice. Now health care system is expected to address a lot of issues associated with social justice. Disabled people and poor people obtain more opportunities to access high-quality treatment. It is necessary to note that any community and any country have quite specific issues of social justice to address. As far as Australia is concerned, it is essential to develop the society and make indigenous people integrated into it. Admittedly, the rate of people with HIV/AIDS among indigenous people is very high due to poverty and lack of opportunities and lack of education. Thus, the Australian government should launch a variety of incentives aimed at educating indigenous people in terms of healthy lifestyles and safe sexual behaviors. There are many issues of social justice in the international arena. Governments of all countries should pay special attention to educating people and making them understand the importance of healthy lifestyles. However, it is also essential to diminish poverty and financial inequality in all countries. Equal opportunities will help people develop proper behavioral patterns and start living healthy lives. Governments should understand that it is time to unite and address such issues as poverty and inhumane conditions in the developing world. References Altman, D. (2008). AIDS and the globalization of sexuality. Social Identities, 14 (2), 145-160. Armstrong, R. & Hayman, N.E. (2012). Self-determination: More than politics. The Medical Journal of Australia, 197 (1), 7. Disney, J. (2004). More challenges for public health in the fight against poverty. Australian and New Zealand Journal of Public Health, 28 (6), 508-509. Parker, R. (2002). The global HIV/AIDS pandemic, structural inequalities, and the politics of international health. American Journal of Public Health, 92 (3). Web. Walsh, C. (2011). Using animation for HIV outreach in Thailand. HIV Australia, 9 (1). Web.

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Revert the following summary back into the original essay: The essay discusses the history of the Islamic capital market and how it has evolved over time. It also talks about the key objective of the essay and how it was achieved.The key objective of this report is to describe the history of the Islamic capital market and this report focuses on the history of the Sukuk market, general principles of Sukuk, Secondary Market of Sukuk, the position of this bond in the global market particularly in Malaysia, Saudi Arabia and other countries of Gulf

The essay discusses the history of the Islamic capital market and how it has evolved over time. It also talks about the key objective of the essay and how it was achieved. The key objective of this report is to describe the history of the Islamic capital market and this report focuses on the history of the Sukuk market, general principles of Sukuk, Secondary Market of Sukuk, the position of this bond in the global market particularly in Malaysia, Saudi Arabia and other countries of Gulf

Researching Islamic Bond (Sukuk) Report Introduction The key objective of this report is to describe the history of the Islamic capital market and this report focuses on the history of the Sukuk market, general principles of Sukuk, Secondary Market of Sukuk, the position of this bond in the global market particularly in Malaysia, Saudi Arabia and other countries of Gulf Cooperation Council. In addition, this paper concentrates more on the Structure of the Sukuk, financial and Legal challenges, growth of Sukuk in the stock market, present market condition of this product, and impact of the global financial crisis on the Islamic bond market and so on. History of Sukuk Ali (2010, p.1) stated that the people were unaware of the concept of Islamic capital market securities (Sukuk) market ten years ago and it was a new term to the customers through Sukuk was the common Arabic name and Malaysia started a sovereign Sukuk in 2002. Most interestingly, Chik (2009) stated that the history of the Islamic capital market can be found from the First Century and the Ottoman Empire issued esham in 1775 to overcome the problem related to the budget deficit. On the other hand, McNamara, Ijtehadi & Yasaar (2012) stated that the government of Malaysia claimed that they introduced a sovereign Sukuk way back in the fiscal year 1995 (the Malaysian National Mortgage Corporation issued the earliest Sukuk), which gained popularity in the mid-2000 due to saving the GCC members from the debt crisis. Moreover, McNamara et al. (2012) further stated that Malaysia was the only active country in this industry before 1999; at the same time, Malaysia claimed that Bahrain joined in this sector in 2001 and the Central Bank of Bahrain was the foremost Sukuk issuer in GCC nations. However, Jobst, Kunzel, Mills and Sy (2008, p.5) argued that Sukuk has experienced huge success within a very short period due to the great demand to the corporate and public sector entities; in addition, Kettell (2008, p.4) said that Sukuk market is one of the fastest rising sectors of the Islamic finance industry due to providing several benefits to the customers. Ali (2010, p.1) expressed that Sukuk became popular from the very beginning because different influential factors helped to attract the customers, such as the meaning of this term is financial certificates (Islamic equivalent of bonds), but Islam does not permit interest-bearing bonds; in this context, Sukuk was one of the best solutions to the customer as it complied Islamic regulation. In addition, Jobst et al. (2008, p.5) stated that the Islamic capital market has expanded operation rapidly because Sukuk securities offer a number of products using competence and transparency of the capital markets to reach different types of customers in the GCC countries and rest of the world. On the other hand, many renowned researchers like Professor Nejatullah Siddiqui and Professor Volker Neinhaus have already criticized this concept in the modern Islamic perspective by stating that this bond has indeed developed as a torchbearer of Islamic capitalism; in addition, they stated that this bond provides little attention on the social responsibility issues. However, the following figure describes the history of Sukuk – Figure 1: – History of Sukuk. Source: – Rabindranath & Gupta (2009, p.15) and McNamara et al. (2012, p.83) Rauf (2012, p.5) presumed that the total amount of Sukuk market would be $44 billion and Malaysia would lead this industry, but KSA and the UAE would significantly contribute the market, for instance, the market dropped in 2008 due to global financial crisis and sustained in the worst position for a long-time, but this industry recovered its position in 2012. However, the following figure shows that – Figure 2: – Historical Sukuk Issuance Volume Since 2002. Source: – Rauf (2012, p.5) Principle of Sukuk Bothra (2011, p.1) pointed out that the Principle of Sukuk has no determining difference with the conventional bonds, it is a new derivative Islamic finance that breed financial certificates with Islamic cover and the religion traders try to explore it as a Shariah-compliant financial instrument but its actually the old wine into the new bottle without any exception. Wan (2007, p.1) mentioned that although as a comparatively young asset class in the Islamic capital market Sukuk has generated tremendous success, there is huge criticism of this bond from the viewpoint of Muslim scholars who explained that its principles are against the Shariah law in the context of its structure and most controversial to the core values of Islam. Kamali (2007) added that in the Quran at Surah At-Talaq, Ayah 6 and Surat An-Nisa’ [4:34] it has clearly mentioned to pay due to payment with kindness to workers for their labor and to clear the ‘wage’ to the women for their sexual contacts, but there is no indication to make any payment for Sukuk. Although the modern Islamic thinkers with leading schools of fiqh have been involved in legalizing Sukuk, the most prevailing literature of Islamic jurisprudence has been restricted to offering money for the monetary contract, especially in the mode of contemporary interest-based financing until it may qualify benefits and services in accordance with lawful benefit and service. The Accounting and Auditing Organization for Islamic Financial Institutions has identified the attributes of Sukuk as a bond that sands with large area conflict and controversy that may face tremendous challenges for the global finance to uphold the Islamic moral standards of conducting business religiously where 85% of the existing Sukuks aren’t complying with Islamic law with principals as – Although, the theoretician of Sukuk are trying to differentiate it with conventional bonds, the purpose and basic concept laid behind introducing Sukuk is to providing profits or revenues to the holder of the Sukuk in accordance with the share of the holder while that perverted theoretician would like to identify the same payment of conventional bonds by identifying them as Riba. Within the course of conventional bonds, the holder would get a debt certificate as a lender and gains earning on a fixed interest basis, while the same thing has misrepresented as ‘ownership shares of the assets’ where the Sukuk provides profit to the holder instead interest but do not provide any clear declaration regarding the loose sharing. There is another initiative to differentiate Sukuk from the conventional bonds by arguing that due to the prohibition of Riba in Islam, the conventional bonds could not boom in the Muslim countries while Sukuk would be the best tools to play with the honest emotion of the religious-minded mass Muslims while profit hunter Muslim financial institutes don’t spare to cheat them. Under any circumstances, Sukuk has no attributes that could be different from conventional bonds with the exception of some Arabic names and terms, in both cases the investor earns more money than his investment for providing debts, no matter what the name, rather matter is that who pays money and for why. Money paid in exchange for debt financing must be treated as Riba, no matter what the profit hunter financial institutes named them at their brochure as Islam has strictly prohibited the debt financing and the great prophet Hazrat Muhammad (Peace be upon him) advised his followers for not to taking additional money for debts. He also advised his friends and surrounding to conduct the life with honest earning, be a magpie and economical for expenditure, and try to lead debts free life, for any emergence if someone takes debts, must be provided to assist his without any hope for addition return; on the other hand, who takes debt, must return that within the committed time. The Shariah law explains that money functions to generate assets otherwise trade with assets, but itself may not consider an asset while Shariah has strictly banned trade to making money for money or trading the future profit or interest or riba, but the prevailing practice of Sukuk or conventional bonds have evidenced that the capital mobilization is the important issue. The Ambiguity in understanding Sukuk has been generated for the reason that there is no written legislation in Islam regarding this issue, but the modern literature of Islamic jurisprudence has been organized by the Muslim corporate bodies those who may bias the contributors to provide an explanation in favor of Sukuk. On the other hand, due to the lack of any regulatory bodies in the Muslim countries to manage and administer the Islamic law harmonization in accordance with the changing dynamics of life and technology that are restructuring with the needs of life, the Islamic financing needed to enough brave to encounter with traditional bonds through Sukuk without any religious coverage. The study and practice of Fiqh is a very complicated area in Islam that need extraordinary scholar in the area of legal study, especially to provide any new verdict is required to know the modern human rights and theories of an open economy, but it has evidence that people with lower quality and less academic background are providing new verdict. Thus, the principles of Sukuk has organized with enough vagueness while the contributors of Sukuk are facing more than ever complaints that it has not complied with Shariah laws that may generate new complicacy due to variations of this financial product in banking and financial institutions of the Muslim countries and their existing practices within the financial industry. Other principles of Sukuk are also like the conventional bonds and put on the market with a repurchasing accord to ensure guarantee to the borrower payback face value on maturity, in this character of Sukuk there is nothing new that can differentiate this Islamic financial instrument from the other traditional bonds. Meanwhile, there is no standardization authority globally that can unify the different Sukuks and would be guaranteed the acceptance of it to all other financial institutes in the purpose of selling of debts or receivables which are evidenced in the case of different Shariah boards prevailed in the market for long. On the other hand, Sukuk has withdrawn the provision of penalties for late payment and permitted delayed payment or redemption without facilitating any additional scope of earning that may throw the investors in great uncertainness, in the name of religious values Sukuk has generated further uncertainty with its contractual terms by creating hazards with ‘Maslahah’ that denotes public benefit. Structures of the Sukuk McNamara et al. (2012) stated that there is no specific structure, but it has different characteristics, which differentiate them from conventional bonds, such as product design along with offerings, and rating systems; at the same time, Chik (2009) said that determination of Sukuk based on the Shariah contract by which agreement made between the issuers and investors – Figure 3: – Structuring Sukuk. Source: Chik (2009, p.10) Chik (2009, p.11) provided most frequent classification considering Shariah contracts though each contract would have arisen different obligations; however, four classified types of Sukuk are presenting in the following graph – Figure 4: – Sukuk Structure. Source: Chik (2009, p.10) Theoretically, there are four broad categories of Sukuk McNamara et al. (2012) and the general characteristics are different from each other; however, chronological developments, maturity stage, and ladder of sophistication are the main criteria of product differentiation, for example, following table discuss for broad categories briefly – Four Categories Subcategories Characteristics Debt-based Sukuk Ijarah, Murabahah, and Istisna’a This type of bond highlights on securitizing Islamic receivables and it have to originate from Islamic approved contracts in order to create receivables and to ensure the rights of the holder, for instance, the most suitable corporate approach provides rating system Asset-based Sukuk Usufructs of Existing Assets Investors of this industry would have some relationship with assets, which need to offer different facilities; otherwise, it has no significant difference with the criteria of the previous one in the aspect of financial obligations like credit rating quality of the issuer. Quality of credit risk, and the payment of rental to the Sukuk investors based on the credit standing of the lessee Usufructs of Future Assets Contractor’s Sukuk Project-based Sukuk Potential Services Sukuk It is a comparatively new innovation in Islamic finance, which is completely different from above-mentioned structures; however, investors have to judge Salam Sukuk the jeopardy of the business more than the credit risk of the issuer; thus, this type of bond does not provide any assurance regarding profit payment or principal redemption Musharakah Sukuk Asset-backed Sukuk Istisna’a Sukuk It presents the real form of securitization because it needs the owner of the asset to sell in true sense and the investors can focus on the cash flows Table 1: – Four broad categories of Sukuk. Source: – Self generated from McNamara et al. (2012) IIFM (2012) provided the data related with the breakdown of structure of international Sukuk from the very beginning in order to identify the trend of the issuers in the Islamic Capital market and the following figure shows that Sukuk Ijarah is the highest position in terms of issuance and attractiveness – Figure 5: – Breakdown of Structure of International Sukuk from 2001 to 2012 ($m). Source: – IIFM (2012) According to the view of Ali (2010, p.1) and Farah (2008), Sukuk considers numerous innovative Shariah compliant forms along with a variety of particles of Islamic forms; however, Islamic Financial Institutions provide 14 types of Sukuk – Sukuk Ijarah Ali (2010, p.1) and Farah (2008) stated that the main characteristics of this type of products are it is connected to leased properties and assets, ensure equal values; on the other hand, it can be said that sale the leased property (including building) by issuing bond and Sukuk holders are considered as the partners in the ownership of the property. However, Farah (2008) argued that Ijarah Sukuk holders must receive the yearly or monthly earnings from the leased property, investors can sell in the capital market though it involves many issues, for instance, the supply and demand determine the value of the service like if the demand increases than supply will increase as a consequence though other issues remain same. On the other hand, Farah (2008) stated that The facilities and other services determine the value of the property based on the time frame or economic life of the service; in addition, efficient performance of the assets raise value such as value added to the property and properly maintained property can ask higher value; however, the following chart gives more details about Sukuk Ijarah – Figure 6: – Structure of Sukuk Ijarah. Source: – Ali (2010, p.13) Generally, the product structures depend on some specific factors those cannot be avoided by the issuers, for example, the contract agreement and legal framework to ensure Shariah compliance as it is mostly a legal value chain more willingly than a financial value chain (McNamara et al. 2012). At the same time, McNamara et al. (2012) pointed out that the issuers of Sukuk Ijarah focus on some easy, but fundamental principles of Islamic finance, which generates an internal disagreement; in addition, It involves some commercial and tax scenarios (Ali 2010, p.13). Usufructs of existing assets’ According to the report of Farah (2008), this type of Sukuk carries equal value and the issuers can lease the property in accordance with the consent of the owner of the property; however, such certificates incorporate the rights of the service and the owners have the opportunity to give rent and sub-rent to the third parties and so on. Usufructs of existing assets’ Issuers sells usufruct of an existing asset Subscribers This group are the buyers of the Sukuk Mobilized Funds are the purchase price of the usufructs Certificate Holders They would be the owners of this kind of certificate and the parties would jointly share both benefits and loses Table 2: – Shariah rules and requirements. Source: – Global Investment House (2008, p.12) Usufructs of the future assets’ Farah (2008, p.4) stated that this type of Sukuk certificates issued considering the under constructed projects those need long-time to be completed the projects; however, it is similar with the Salam contract, but an increase of non-leased properties, terms of the contract derived from the religious values of the individuals. Usufructs of the future assets’ Issuers sells would be available in the future in accordance with condition Subscribers This group are the buyers of the Sukuk Mobilized Funds purchase price of the Sukuk Certificate Holders They would jointly bear both advantages and disadvantages Table 3: – Shariah rules and requirements. Source: – Global Investment House (2008, p.12) Hybrid Sukuk Chik (2009, p.24) stated that this kind of Sukuk introduced in the UAE, which was the combination of Istisna and Ijarah; However, the following figure describe the structure of the Hybrid Sukuk – Figure 7: – Hybrid Sukuk (combination of Istisna and Ijarah). Source: – Chik (2009, p.24) In the following diagram Kettell (2008, p.6) pointed out some important features about the hybrid sukuk – Figure 8: – Hybrid Sukuk (combination of Istisna and Ijarah). Source: – Kettell (2008, p.6) Contractor’s Sukuk Farah (2008, p.4) stated that when any contractor or suppliers issued sukuk for existing commodities and offered these certificates during a contracted time in the future; however, it carries equal values in accordance with the description of the security and the sukuk holders contribute in the financing, for instance, educational or health programs and they receive one-fourth return. Sukuk al Murabaha Structure Global Investment House (2008, p.9) stated that Murabaha Sukuk is issued by the merchant or his agent and carries equal values, but it can not be traded in the secondary market at a negotiated price as its sale of debt at a pre-negotiated price or complying the system of Riba; however, the following figure shows the structure of this type of Sukuk – Figure 9: – Sukuk al Murabaha structure. Source: – Global Investment House (2008, p.9) According to the report of Global Investment House (2008, p.9) and Farah (2008, p.4), the concept of this Sukuk based on Istisna’a contract and it trades only in the primary market and these are not liquid for which the investors’ perspective are different in this segment. Sukuk al Musharaka Global Investment House (2008, p.11) stated that Murabaha Sukuk issued by Several corporate entities or the agents to finance a project; organizations considered it an alternative due to their superiority to the issuer’s equity and the investors contribute the capital amount to the issuer, which gives them the opportunity to penetrate the market as joint venture agreement with the financing parties. Nevertheless, the next chart shows the Sukuk al Musharaka structure – Figure 10: – Sukuk al Musharaka structure. Source: – Global Investment House (2008, p.11) Global Investment House (2008, p.9) reported that this Sukuk carry equal values and losses from the Musharaka business are shared in proportion to the capital investment, but the profits distributed among the parties of the agreement at a predetermined basis; in addition, Farah (2008, p.5) and Ali (2010) stated that structure of Mudarabah and Musharaka is different considering capital investment. At the same time, this type of certificate has issued at the initial stage in order to remove the dilemmas and weaknesses of the Sukuk al ijara structure; however, it was complied with all regulations and become highly popular in the international market (Ali 2010). Istisnaa Sukuk AlSaeed (2012, p.56) stated that SPV issues Istisna certificates to elevate funds for the projects to pay the contractors and title of the properties is transferred to the SPV, which is leased or sold to the end purchaser and the profits distributed among the certificate holders; the next figure shows the structure of Istisnaa certificates – Figure 11: – Sukuk al Istisnaa structure. Source: – AlSaeed (2012, p.56) Istisna certificates Issuers the manufacturer or suppliers are the main issuer’s Subscribers the purchasers of the products to be produced Mobilized Funds are the cost of the products Certificate Holders They expected to get the products or the selling price of the manufactured goods Table 4: – Shariah rules and requirements. Source: – Global Investment House (2008, p.12) Salam Sukuk AlSaeed (2012, p.52) stated that the main function of this certificate is to mobilizing Salam capital and this certificate created and sold by an SPV considering all standard Shariah requirements; furthermore, the subsequent diagram shows the structure of the Istisna sukuk – Figure 12: – Sukuk al Salam structure. Source: – AlSaeed (2012, p.52) Salam certificates Issuers They are the sellers of the goods of Salam Subscribers Purchasers of that items Mobilized Funds These are considered purchase price of the commodity, which the Salam capital Certificate Holders Entitled to the Salam commodity, the selling price or the price of selling the on parallel Salam basis, if any Table 5: – Shariah rules and requirements. Source: – Global Investment House (2008, p.13) Sukuk in Saudi Arabia Rabindranath & Gupta (2009) stated that KSA is observing unparalleled economic growth and engaging in various development projects for which it is essential to have available sources of long-term financing for both the public and private sectors though it has the largest investor bases in the GCC countries. At the same time, Rabindranath & Gupta (2009) argued that the financers have not shown their interest in the long-term projects considering the issues related to financial benefits as well as return on investments, which was one of the most significant causes to leave the large projects at the initial stage of planning. Therefore, it was very essential for the country to introduce such bonds to implement and carry on large projects in the adverse economic condition in the global financial market though it faced severe problems at the very beginning of its operation to comply with all the provisions of Shariah law and other financial barriers. Rabindranath & Gupta (2009, p.4) expressed that it was too hard for issuers and the customers to follow strict rules of Islamic law, but the establishment of a new stock exchange removed these problems though the entire process had taken a long time to cover all issues in this regard. As a result, the size of Sukuk market of KSA is relatively small considering the size of the bond market of Malaysia and other GCC member states; for instance, there are only two large issuers according to the report of Tadawul and these are SABIC and SEC (SAMA 2011 and Rabindranath & Gupta 2009, p.1). According to the annual report of SAMA (2011, p.82), the stock exchange introduced the latest electronic market to trade Sukuk along with bonds in the middle of 2009 and issued Rls 28.0 billion Sukuk as well; in addition, the Capital Market Authority had passed new regulation and implemented the regulatory framework in order to increase the number of customers. As a result, it became easier for the four-brokerage companies to join Tadawul to offer financial intermediary services; SAMA (2011) reported that KSA share price increased by 8.2% in 2010 and total investment funds went up by 5.2bn and became 95bn within a year. However, CMA is responsible to adopt a legal framework to control the domestic capital market under the provisions of the Corporate Governance Regulations though it does not give any specific framework for this bond market since the characteristics of different types of Sukuk are different, for instance, some bond structures would not make any debt obligation (Rabindranath & Gupta 2009, p.4). According to the annual report of SAMA (2010, p.82), the total amount of issued Sukuk was Rls 28 bn at the end of 2009 and there were only five issuers among them SABIC issued three items and SEC issued two items; however, SAMA (2011) reported that total amount of issued bonds increased by more than Rls 7 bn. In addition, the total issued Sukuk in 2010 was more than Rls 35 bn (SAMA 2011, p.82) and three new issuers joined this industry; however, the following gives more details to show the differences between the position Sukuk in the end of 2009 and 2011 in the stock exchange of KSA – Figure 13: – Tradable Sukuk and bonds in Tadawul during 2009. Source: SAMA (2011, p.93) Figure 14: – Tradable Sukuk and bonds in Tadawul during 2011. Source: SAMA (2011, p.93) At the same time, Al-Ghorairi (2011, p.104) argued that sukuk played vital role for the growth of the insurance sectors of the KSA since growth rates were amazing; moreover, Sukuk evidenced popularity in the Saudi Islamic capital market; so, Al-Ghorairi provided the following chart in order to show market share of Sukuk in the GCC market – Figure 15: GCC Sukuk Issuance in 2011. Source: Al-Ghorairi (2011, p.122) Segments Percentages Malaysia 54.20% United Arab Emirates 13.60% Saudi Arabia 12.70% Indonesia 7.10% Bahrain 6.40% Brunei Darussalam 1.60% US 2.40% Pakistan 1.50% Singapore 0.40% Gambia 0.10% Table 6: – Breakdown by country. Source: – Rabindranath & Gupta (2009, p.14) The above-mentioned figure demonstrates that Saudi Arabia holds 30% share of the GCC Sukuk markets, which was the second-largest market in this zone; in addition, the above table demonstrates that KSA holds the third position in the global Sukuk market by capturing more than 12.7% total share. However, Rabindranath & Gupta (2009, p.14) stated there are three types of Sukuk issuers in this country, such as, 47% of issuers were sovereign, 33% issuers were quasi-sovereign and only 20% were corporate issuers; in addition, there many sectors, which presents in the next figure – Segments Percentages Currency Percentages Government 53.70% MYR 48.10% Power and Utilities 11.20% US $ 28.50% Financial Services 9.70% SAR 9.20% Transport 8.40% IDR 4.50% Oil and Gas 6.20% BHD 3.30% Leisure and Tourism 4.10% AED 2.80% Agriculture 2.90% BND 1.60% Real Estate 1.60% PKR 1.50% Other 2.20% SGD and GMD 0.50% Table 7: – Breakdown by sectors and currency. Source: – Rabindranath & Gupta (2009, p.14) Economic and financial challenges Jobst et al. (2008, p.12) stated that the recognition of fundamental reference assets as well as security designs, return of capital, the absence of structural features that are not permissible in the Islamic context (such as, repayment assurance and credit augmentation), frequently-used risk management instruments are not acceptable to most shariah scholars and so on. However, Jobst et al. (2008, p.12) further addressed that asset management mechanism particularly the trading of a debt security is one of the greatest economic challenges of the issuers and regulators; in addition, interest rate or credit risk management system, loss of issuers’ confidence because of limited historical performance in some places, and lack of product development in the industry. At the same time, Jobst et al. (2008, p.12) raised some other financial challenging issues, such as the characteristic “buy & hold” investment strategy, tax disincentives to issue Sukuk, and the case with conventional debt funding and so on. Legal and regulatory challenges According to the report of Jobst et al. (2008, p.13), it is essential to comply with the provisions of both commercial and shariah law and Islamic jurisprudence is neither specific nor bound by the doctrine of binding precedent and maintenance of the regulatory standards in the aspect of shariah compliance and the absence of broadly familiar legal principles. At the same time, other key legal challenges are the contradictory legal framework for asset control along with bankruptcy rules for the investors in non-Islamic nations, vague creditor rights and enforcement of asset claims; furthermore, there are different Islamic organizations like Islamic Financial Services Board, IIFM, and so on, those provide several recommendations for the development of Sukuk structures. Bonds and Sukuk market in the GCC market According to the report of Kuwait Financial Centre (2012, p.1), the issued Sukuk market experienced gradual improvement year by year from 2003 though it was decreased in 2010 slightly due to the adverse impact of global economic downturn, for example, from 2004 to 2011, the total amount increased by $63290 million. On the other hand, Markaz Research (2012, p.4) stated that the amount of total conventional bonds market had increased significantly in 2009, but it was decreased within two years; however, the following figure and table gives the information about the collective Bonds Market of GCC – Figure 16: – GCC collective Bonds Market from 2003 to 2012. Source: – Kuwait Financial Centre (2012, p.1) Year 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 H1 2012 US $m 5467 11881 28333 30010 12390 64774 35554 33389 23748 Figure 8: – GCC Conventional Bonds Market from 2003 to 2012. Source: – Kuwait Financial Centre (2012, p.1) Sukuk Issued in the GCC countries The above mentioned table and figure demonstrate that aggregate bond market experienced success, which influenced the new issuers to incorporate and contribute in the market, but following data of Kuwait Financial Centre (2012, p.1) represented that the total amount of issued Sukuk decreased by US$ 8869 million within four years; following table gives more data about Corporate and Sovereign Sukuk – Year 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 Share Corporate Sukuk 17906 2134 8081 4742 9037 56% Sovereign Sukuk 622 5581 1773 1,849 622 33% Total 18528 7715 9854 6,591 9659 89% Table 9: – Sukuk Issued in the GCC countries from 2007 to 2011. Source: – Self generated from Kuwait Financial Centre (2012, p.5) From this table, it also can assume that corporate issuers have showed less interest in the fiscal year 2008 and 2010 due to severe external barriers and adverse economic condition in the GCC countries; at the same time, the amount of sovereign issued Sukuk had also decreased from 2009 and the amount was same in 2011 (Kuwait Financial Centre 2012, p.5). Country / year 2006 2007 UAE 58% 51% Saudi Arabia 30% 37% Bahrain 6% 4% Kuwait 4% 6% Qatar 2% 2% total 100% 100% Table 10: Sukuk issues in GCC member states from 2006 to 2010. Source: Self-generated from Farah (2008) and In the GCC bond market the UAE hold the strongest position by issuing 66.49% of total Sukuk and Qatar was the second largest situation by issuing 15.60% of total Sukuk in the GCC market; however, the following figure demonstrates about other GCC countries – Figure 17: Sukuk issues in GCC member states in 2011. Source: Kuwait Financial Centre (2012, p.4) Among the GCC members, Oman has not concentrated in this sector while the central bank issued only US $2.8 million; the market of Saudi Arabia decreased gradually from the fiscal year from 2006, for instance, total amount of issued sukuk was more than 37% in 2007, but it decreased by 21.4% within four years – Figure 18: Bonds and Sukuk Issued in the GCC Region in 2011. Source: Markaz Research (2012, p.4) From the trend of the Sukuk issuers in this zone, it can be argued that the policy maker of the UAE have concentrated on the diversification economy and issued more sukuk to hold largest share of the capital market, for example, total amount of issued sukuk the UAE was approximately 58% in 2006 and it decreased by 7% in 2007. However, this situation of the UAE Sukuk market had changed by the next four years and increased by 15.5%. On the other hand, Markaz Research (2012, p.2) stated that GCC central banks are responsible to control the levels of domestic liquidity while more than 20% of total bonds considered sukuk; however, the next figure shows the amount of issues and number of issuers – Figure 19: GCC Central Banks Local Issuances. Source: Kuwait Financial Centre (2012, p.2) Breakdown by Sector Different Segments 2011 H1 2012 Features Government 22% 24.40% Governments of different countries are the more active players in the sukuk market in terms of both value and number of issuers, for example, the Dubai government announced a US$ 6.50 bn debt issuance program in 2009 Financial Services 29.3% 36.40% This sector augmented US$ 8.60 bn through fifty issuances; Transport and construction 2.99% & 1.4% 16.80% Only one issuer of KSA has developed this sector by $3.90 bn Power and Industrial 5.9% 11.60% Five issuers have developed this sector by US$ 2.70 bn Oil and Gas segment 31.5% 6.10% In 2011, numbers of issuers have increased in this period Real Estate 6.9% 4.84% Few issuers due to lack of investors Table 11: – GCC Bonds Market Sector Breakdown H1 2012. Source: – Self-generated from Kuwait Financial Centre (2012, p.3) Growth of Sukuk in 2012 in Stock Market Rahman (2012) reported in the Gulf News that the global Sukuk market grew by $141.5 bn, and reached more than US$ 292 bn; at the same time, Reuters (2012) represented that GCC Sukuk market particularly corporate and infrastructure segment would experience excellent growth due to several reasons, such as, increasing oil prices help to lift GDP growth in this zone. However, Reuters (2012) pointed out some other potential factors those influence the Sukuk market in the MENA region, for instance, positive rating actions across GCC Sukuk portfolio over 6 months, rise reliance rate on the Islamic equivalent of bonds, stable regional economy and capital market, financial system’s sound liquidity, accommodative monetary policies and so on. Moreover, Reuters (2012) reported that unpredicted global economy, diverse property markets in this region, and continuous political crisis remain the main challenges available alternative conventional bonds, a niche market instrument, clog growth channels, Sukuk structures involve Deficiencies and problems in the secondary market related with investor rights, transparency, and illiquidity. In addition, Rahman (2012) further reported that there are some negative factors that can create hindrance for the development of the Sukuk market, for example, documentation problems, criticisms of the learners and researchers, market of Oman shows little growth, lack of issuers in some countries, lack of an Islamic megabank, and the dilemmas due to the Arab Spring. At the same time, Reuters (2012) and Rahman (2012) further reported that Sukuk issuance beaten conventional bonds in the GCC zone; however, the next figure gives the information about comparison of conventional and Sukuk – Figure 20: comparison of conventional and Sukuk. Source: Kuwait Financial Centre (2012, p.3) Rating Breakdown by Number of Issuances AlSaeed (2012, p.63) stated that IIRA Bahrain Monetary Agency – Figure 21: GCC Central Banks Local Issuances. Source: Kuwait Financial Centre (2012, p.6) and Markaz Research (2012, p.8) Secondary Market of Sukuk Harvey and Cosgrave (2012, p.1) pointed out that the Islamic asset managers have engaged to arrange capital from the Sukuk with a tradition that the primary buyer would preserve their Sukuk certificate until the maturity, such theoretical alignment of the introducers have generated enough obstacles to establishing the secondary market of the Sukuk. Another theoretical dilemma of the ancestors of Sukuk is that they have in mind that they would only sell this financial product to the religious-minded Muslims not to the other religious followers. Due to the fractional outlook, they could not take into account the global market and failed to design the product features in accordance with the other international bonds that prevailed in the market. During the introduction of Sukuk, the initiators thought that they would keep the product purely with Islamic attributes, while trading of debts certificates with fixed rates would particularly align with some uncertainty of success or failure which Islam has identified as ‘Gharar’ and made it strictly restricted, so Sukuk need not have a secondary market. The trading that conducted in the secondary market would be based on the fixed rate of return that any rational person would explain it as an interest and the Islam identified it as Riba and without any hesitation made it strictly prohibited by the law of Al-Quran, no Fiqah would be adopted in this regards. On the other hand, the price of any financial commodity in the financial market goes up depending on the rumors and greediness or hunger for a quick profit that the civilized society identifies as a trend of Gambling and Islam has pointed it as the ‘Maisir’ which is severely restricted in the lifestyle of the Muslims. Thus, the ancestors Sukuk has failed to realize that it may have emergence for the secondary market to a competitor in the global market with its success and uniqueness by crossing the border barrier of the religious outlook. Rauf (2012, p.4) explored that there are twenty-two banks enlisted in the London Stock Exchange (LSE) are offering Islamic financial products and services where at least eighteen banks are the issuer of Sukuk with a capital accumulation of US$ 10 billion while 60% of the global Sukuk issuers are from Middle East countries, 30% from Asian and rest 10% from Western countries. In Luxembourg Stock Exchange, there are fifteen Islamic Financial Institutes who are the issuers of Sukuk with a capital accumulation of Euro 5 billion, which is a remarkable indication of Sukuk in the western financial arena. In the Stock Exchange of Dubai, there is second-highest number of Sukuk issuers enlisted with remarkable capital accumulation while the western financial institutes in France, the Irish Republic, and the USA have started to introduce Sukuk in their market and there are almost 40 funds promoted by the different investment companies. Considering the tremendous success of Sukuk in the global financial market, the issuers of the Sukuk have drawn their attention to the secondary market and looked for the theoretical explanation regarding the incorporation of the secondary market; they have already hired some Fiqah practitioners to find the way out to legalize secondary market from the Islamic viewpoints. Although by the contribution of Quran and Sunnah, there is no chance to legalize the Riba, Maisir, and Gharar, the trading of Sukuk in the secondary market has aligned with the same attributes it is the discretion of the Fiqah practitioners, how they provide a prescription to introduce or incorporate secondary market with the aim to gaining further growth in the Sukuk market. The Fiqah practitioners may suggest not to use religion integration in the secondary market, on they can provide new theories with the debt trading in the secondary market, which may generate new debate in the religion as well as Islamic financing institutes globally. Al-Saeed (2012, p13) argued that the Saudi Stock Exchange has started its journey in 2007, but still, now there is no formal secondary market for Sukuk trading in KSA, the Tadawul has engaged function of regulating the market trading for tradable shares and stocks, the emergence of trading Sukuk has been gaining more importance with rising demand for long-term financing. It is notable that due to ethical dilemma, religious radicalism, the backwardness of the product feature and regulatory framework the growth of Sukuk and its secondary market has been seriously hampered although there is rising demand for long-term financing while equity or governmental financing is not sufficient to meet the rising market demand for capital needs in the private and public sector. In the KSA market, due to lack of secondary market the investors are less interested to involve their money for Sukuk thinking that while they face any emergency to liquidate the Sukuk certificate they cannot bring back cash by trading that, only the idle domestic money goes to involve at Sukuk and there is no attraction to attract further investors. Tariq (2004, p.60) explained that the demand for any product of the primary market is deeply interlinked with the expansion and growth of the sustainable secondary market for that financial instrument, different researches demonstrated that the Muslim savers and investors have no major reluctance to the conventional financial products. The investors of most Islamic countries have no strong reservation to invest in conventional bonds or western banking, thus, if local law does not impose any embargo most investment would go to the conventional bonds due to the absence of secondary market and the Sukuk certificate holders may not align with any burden of risks for not timely liquidation. There are some countries where Islamic financial products like Sukuk has amalgamated the traditional secondary market granting them tradable attributes, in other Islamic countries they are trying to introduce further Islamic secondary market while the primary objectives of the Islamic secondary market Islamic color to attract the investors suffers from religion emotion including the marketability of Sukuk. On the other hand, the Islamic secondary market establishment is deeply concerned with the superior informational flow, easy access to the market and hindrance free movement of the investors without any pressure investor would allow to trading his Sukuk certificate at any moment that he feels appropriate and it would be individual’s choice when he decides for liquidation. Sukuk in the Global market Y-Sing (2012) reported that 2012 was a challenging year for the new entrants of Sukuk market, such as Oman and Egypt; however, the Sukuk market experienced huge success in 2012 because the market leaders have recovered from the financial crisis, and transform agendas and change some policies to give facilities in accordance with the Islamic law and so on. Y-Sing (2012) and Reuters (2012) presented the report of Ernst & Young, which included that Egypt and Iraq had scrutinized the Sukuk market in order to develop a legal framework to introduce Shariah-compliant products, and Libya had already implemented Islamic banking regulation; however, established and new banks have focused on the Islamic Sukuk products throughout the MENA region. On the other hand, Ernst & Young (2012) and Y-Sing (2012) reported that the entire industry expected to reach more than $1.80 trillion by 2013; however, the traders of this industry are under continuous pressure to increase profit margin from Islamic banking because the characteristics of such banking system still behind from conventional banking. From 2008 to 2011, aggregate return on equity for Islamic banking was merely 11.60%, which was more than 3.70% less than from other banking sectors; however, this sector faces many problems. such as sub-scale procedures, inadequate engagement with customers, fundamental jeopardy culture, imperfect market segmentation, and lack of scientifically oriented value proposition (Ernst & Young 2012). Y-Sing (2012) reported that provided following data to describe sales growth – Country US$ billion Supplementary notes Saudi Arabia 373 KSA experienced the largest sales in 2012 and SEC sold $1.75 bn of notes due in 2017 and 2022 Qatar 130 It occupied in the second largest position in terms of sales and completed over $4 billion offerings and the yield on more than 2% percent notes due in 2018 Malaysia 444 This country experienced huge success from the very beginning of operation and 3.928% dollar- denominated Islamic notes due in 2015 Table 12: – largest sales in 2012. Source: – Self generated from Ernst & Young (2012) Saudi Gazette (2013) reported that the volume of sukuk issuance in the first quarter of 2012 was more than $66, GCC issuances amplified near 112% (excluding Kuwait and Qatar) and the secondary market grew to $211 bn; Malaysia dominated the market by holding more than 70% and issuing $46.8 bn sukuk in first quarter and $18 billion in the second quarter; however, the next figure shows – Figure 22: – Sukuk Issuance by country (Second quarter 2012). Source: Saudi Gazette (2013) From the last five years tread of the sukuk market, it can be said that Malaysia has always hold the top position in the global market and the following figure related with in the comparison between Malaysian and global Issuance, for instance, this country has captured more than 73% share in 2011 – Figure 23: – Comparison between Malaysian and Global Issuance from 2005 to 2011. Source: – Rauf (2012, p.6) IIFM (2012, p.6) stated that corporate issuers are more interested about this segment in order to raise fund for the different purpose complying laws – Figure 24: -Breakdown of global sukuk issuance in terms of issuer status. Source: – IIFM (2012, p.6) According to the report of Ernst & Young, top twenty Islamic banks captured more than fifty percent of global Islamic banking assets and focused on the seven new emerging markets to implement expansion plan; in addition, industry continues to record robust growth with 16% enhancement in the last 3 fiscal years. However, Global Investment House (2008, p.17) stated that the UAE is in the largest position in terms of number of issuers, for instance, among 137 issued about 58 issues were from the UAE; however, the subsequent chart demonstrates about Sukuk Issuance in terms of number of issues – Figure 25: – International Sukuk Issuance from 2001 to 2007. Source: – Global Investment House (2008) On the other hand, the total number of issues in the global market was only 295 and the share of US$ issuance in the sukuk market declined (only 10 sukuk issues were denominated) from the fiscal year 2007; however, the next charts show that Malaysian Ringgit was in the highest position in terms of number of issues – Figure 26: – Global Sukuk Issues in $bn. Source: McNamara et al. (2012, p.120) McNamara et al. (2012, p.111) stated that Malaysia issued the greatest value of sukuk in the fiscal year 2008/09; on the other hand, the central bank of Gambia and Bahrain had played vital role to issue more sukuk at that time frame, but the aggregate value of issuance from the African country was undersized than vale of other countries – Figure 27: – Global Sukuk Issues by nation of Issuer 2009. Source: McNamara et al. (2012, p.111) Here, it is significant to note that the amount of issued corporate sukuk had increased dramatically from the fiscal year 2006 and Global Investment House (2008) demonstrated that corporate issued sukuk reached by $22385 million from within five years, but sovereign issued sukuk experienced comparatively lower growth due to several factors – Figure 28: – Corporate and Sovereign Sukuks Issued. Source: – Global Investment House (2008) Impact of the global financial crisis on Islamic Bond Market McNamara et al. (2012, p.109) stated that Sukuk issuance dropped from $34 billion to more than %15 billion from 2007 to 2008; however, this fall was continued and reached only $2 billion in the global market; at the same time, number of total issuers were 174 in 2008, which decreased dramatically since their was only 36 issuers in the first quarter of 2009 – Figure 29: – Global Sukuk Issues (2008 – 2009 YTD). Source: – McNamara et al. (2012, p.109) Conclusion From the above discussion, it can be said that Sukuk is one of the most significant pillars of the capital market to raise funds, but this product faced several problems in order to comply regulation. On the other hand, the position of these products dropped dramatically during the recessionary period, but it experienced outstanding success in 2012; therefore, the issuers and investors are willing to expand the market particularly in the MENA and GCC region in the future. References Ali, R. (2010). An overview of the Sukuk market. Web. AlSaeed, K. S. (2012). Sukuk Issuance in Saudi Arabia: Recent Trends and Positive Expectations . Web. Bothra, N. (2011). The Understanding of Sukuk. Web. Chik, M. N. B. (2009). Sukuk: Shariah Guidelines for Islamic Bonds . Web. Ernst & Young. (2012). Global Islamic assets are expected to reach $ 1.8 trillion by 2013 . Web. Farah, A. F. (2008). Sukuk (Islamic Bonds) and Development Financing. Web. Global Investment House. (2008). Sukuks – A new dawn of the Islamic finance era. Web. Harvey, D. & Cosgrave, B. (2012 ). Liquidity and secondary markets in Islamic finance. Web. IIFM. (2012). Sukuk Market Overview & Structural Trends . Web. Jobst, A. Kunzel, P. Mills, P. and Sy, A. (2008). Islamic Bond Issuance— What Sovereign Debt Managers Need to Know. Web. Kamali, M. H. (2007). A Shari‘ah Analysis of Issues in Islamic Leasing. Web. Kettell, B. (2008) Islamic Bonds (Sukuk) Case Study (7). Web. Kuwait Financial Centre. (2012). GCC Bonds & Sukuk Market Survey. Web. Markaz Research. (2012). GCC Bonds & Sukuk Market Survey. Web. McNamara, P. Ijtehadi, Y. & Yasaar, M. (2012). Collaborative Sukuk Report. Web. Rabindranath, V. & Gupta, P. (2009). An Overview – Sukuk Market in Saudi Arabia. Web. Rahman, S. (2012). Global Sukuk issuances hit $121b in 2012. Web. Rauf, A.L. (2012). Emerging Role for Sukuk in the Capital Market. Web. Reuters. (2012). TEXT-S&P report says GCC Sukuk issuance beating conventional bonds. Web. SAMA. (2010). Annual Report of Saudi Arabian Monetary Agency . Web. SAMA. (2011). Forty-Seventh Annual Report of Saudi Arabian Monetary Agency . Web. Saudi Gazette. (2013). Global Sukuk market to sustain growth in H2. Web. Tariq, A. A. (2004). Managing Financial Risks Of Sukuk Structures . Web. Wan, T. Y. (2007). Sukuk: Issues and the Way Forward . Web. Y-Sing, L. (2012). Sukuk Seen Topping $46 Billion Record on Debuts: Islamic Finance . Web.

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Provide the inputted essay that when summarized resulted in the following summary : This research paper focuses on postnatal depression.This research paper focuses on postnatal depression. Postnatal depression refers to a health condition that causes depression in women. It describes the change in women's moods after delivery. The patient might experience postnatal depression either for a short time or within a long duration of time (Dudley 2001). Health professionals suggest that the fluctuations in the level of hormones cause changes in the chemical composition of the brain (Gerr

This research paper focuses on postnatal depression. This research paper focuses on postnatal depression. Postnatal depression refers to a health condition that causes depression in women. It describes the change in women's moods after delivery. The patient might experience postnatal depression either for a short time or within a long duration of time (Dudley 2001). Health professionals suggest that the fluctuations in the level of hormones cause changes in the chemical composition of the brain (Gerr

Researching Postnatal Depression Essay Introduction This research paper focuses on postnatal depression. Postnatal depression refers to a health condition that causes depression in women. It describes the change in women’s moods after delivery. The patient might experience postnatal depression either for a short time or within a long duration of time (Dudley 2001). Health professionals suggest that the fluctuations in the level of hormones cause changes in the chemical composition of the brain (Gerrard 2000). The change, in the chemical composition, results in symptoms of depression. This research paper addresses disclosure of the depression. It researches women’s disclosure of depression symptoms. In this light, this paper aims to critique the research paper with an aim to identify whether the research was satisfactory (Zinsser 2006). It will focus on the sampling process, choosing of participants, collection of data, characteristics of the participants chosen, data analysis and the level consistency. Qualitative Method Clarity Though the method of research is not stated, it is clear that the researchers have used phenomenology. It involves the study of the natural phenomena through experimentation (Green & Thorogood 2004). It is a phenomenology method since the researcher is dealing with a natural occurrence in human beings. Like the phenomenological method, the research aims at collecting data that help researchers to make a comparison between data sets. Clarity of Sample Selection The criteria for sample selection are described satisfactorily. The target population consists of general practitioners, health visitors and women with postnatal depression. The researcher proceeds to give the size of samples across the three groups. In this case, the researcher involved nineteen general practitioners and four health visitors. In the same research, they interviewed twenty-eight women. The researcher has stated that the sample was selected from the general practitioners and health visitors who participated in the RESPOND trial. However, they have not explained the meaning of RESPOND. The research has not described the role of RESPOND. This makes the term RESPOND lack relevance in terms of sample selection. It is, also, clear that they carried out random sampling when choosing women’s samples. The researcher states that they interviewed women whom they had randomized from various arms of treatment. They, also, considered their locations. In this case, they chose the sample group from different cities. Participants Recruitment The method of recruiting participants is clear. The participants comprised of general practitioners, health visitors and women who experience postnatal depression. In addition, there were about nine primary care trusts. They participated as a result of taking part in the RESPOND trial in Bristol, Manchester, and London. In this case, they ensured that participants came from the inner cities as well as the urban areas. Method of recruitment considered people who came from deprived areas like Manchester. The researchers determined the women participants based on a scale. In this case, the administrative staff gave out packs that contained EPDS. EPDS refers to Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale. Any woman who gave out their screening EPDS scoring eleven and above participated in the research. Before participation, the researchers visited the health care centers. They had to confirm that the practitioners had diagnosed them with postnatal depression using the Clinical Interview Schedule. Women who participated in RESPOND and attained a result after forty-four weeks participated in the study. Sampling Method The sample was randomly purposeful. The researcher specifies that the sampling for women, general practitioners, and health visitors was purposeful. In this sampling, the researcher gets a population of concern. They adopt a systematic process helping them to identify and choose cases which do not have the basis on prerequisite knowledge of what they expect (Hektner & Csikszentmihalyi 2007). This implies that the researchers do not have advanced knowledge about the appearance of the outcomes. In the case of general practitioners, the researcher chooses this sampling in a bid to attain the highest variation in terms of the span of time used in general practices, age, deprivation level, level of practice, and gender. The researcher, also, carried out random purposive sampling for health visitors. In this case, it was to ensure that they achieved variation of the time that elapsed since they completed their health training. They, also, aimed at varying the length that they had served in the health department. Consequently, they ensured variation in the length of experience to allow varying perspectives and views. In addition, they carried out random purposeful sampling for women who would participate in the research. The researchers aimed at ensuring that they carried out interviews which were distributed randomly. The random distribution ensured variation in relation to treatment arms and locations. This increased the credibility of the results that they expected to get from the study. Sample Characteristic The sample characteristics varied across women, health visitors and general practitioners. The researchers chose the characteristics according to the role of each group. The researchers based the characteristics of general practitioners on age, gender and experience they had gathered. In the case of health visitors, they based the sample on the period that elapsed since the health visitors completed their training. In other words, they focused on the experience they had attained over time. They based the main characteristics of the women sample on location. They divided the aspect of location into locations of treatment areas and their residence. Although the samples were different, they united to make up one bigger sample aiming at collecting data about the same subject. The various characteristics gave out sufficient variation in the view that the researchers collected from the field. Sample Appropriateness The sample was appropriate. This can be attributed to various crucial factors that the researchers considered during sample selection. One of these factors is the use of random purposeful sampling. The earlier explanation shows that the random purposeful sampling does not base sampling on the expected outcome. The researchers did not base the research on prerequisite knowledge about the subject hence making the sample reliable and credible. Another crucial factor they considered in sampling was the variation of characteristics. The people involved in research varied in characteristics such as gender, age, experience, level of experience, and locations. This, further, ensured the credibility of their views about the subject. In this case, the sample would represent the population wholesomely. Consequently, the findings they made about the sample applied to the whole population. The sample is, therefore, appropriate and sufficient. The researchers described the process of data collection adequately. In relation to data collection, the researcher described the interviews in detail. In this case, they described the interviewers, the period of the interview, the way of interviewing and the questions. They state that the non-clinical associates who included the EC and LF carried out the interviews for general practitioners. On the other side, LF carried out the interview for women participants. The researchers describe the questions that they posed to the participants. They used both open and closed questions. They, also, described why they chose to use the open and closed questions to suit various situations. Open questions ensured that the participants had enough freedom to give free responses. Most expectedly, the open questions ensured that the participants open up and give information on a wider scope. They used closed questions that focused on some areas enabling the researcher to collect focused information. It is, also, clear that the questions involved various topics. These topics included diagnosis, post-natal depression management, relationships between patients and professionals and the relationships which exist between professionals and other professionals. In their description, they included the time limit for the interviews. They state that the interviews involving general practitioners and health visitors took place for one year. The period started from January 2006 up to February 2007. The time limit was about twenty-five to sixty-seven minutes. In the case of women participants, the interview time ranged from forty minutes to two hours. However, they have not specified why they chose the time range. They have not shown the clear importance of timing and restricting the time used in the interview. In respect to data collection, the researchers show their effort of ensuring credibility. They show this through the efforts they made in updating their question guides. To achieve this, they carried out data collection and analysis simultaneously. It allowed them to modify the interview guides in relation to emerging issues. The researchers have described the way of collecting data. They interviewed some participants through telephone calls. These comprised of two women participants. They interviewed the rest of the participants face to face. However, they did not indicate clearly why they chose to use the two different methodologies. Although they interviewed the remaining women at their home, they did not show the clear locality of the two women who had their interviews through the telephone. Another crucial description involves the recording of data during data collection. In this case, it is clear that they used audio recorders to store their data for analysis. They, also, transcribe the data for broadcasting facilitating easier analysis. This description shows an in-depth data collection procedure in terms of time used, people involved, ways of interviewing and the data recording among others. However, the little omissions should be considered in the description. Systematic Data Collection In my perspective, the researcher has adopted a systematic approach in the collection of data. A systematic approach to data collection requires enough evidence to support the conclusions and final results (Hamer & Collinson 1999). It encourages the collection of data in a manner that treats all facts equally. It asserts that the data collection should treat the facts we like and those we do not like in the same way (Weller & Romney 1988). In this approach, data storage should not rely on the researcher’s memory. It eliminates the possibility of the researcher remembering the facts they like and abandoning those they do not like. In this research paper, the researchers have used a systematic approach. Firstly, they recorded the original information from the participants. This ensures that the information is authentic and remains unchanged. It, also, ensures that the analyzers get the expression of the respondent’s feelings. In this case, the researchers do not rely on their memory. This is an assurance that the analysis is based entirely on the information by the respondents but not the researcher’s perspective. The use of audio recorders, also, facilitates the acquisition of compact evidence. The researchers use this evidence as to the basis of making a conclusion. Since evidence is a crucial component in the systematic approach, it reinforces the use of this approach. In the findings, the researcher quotes the original word that the respondents said continuously. This, also, intensify the use of evidence. Another factor that supports the use of a systematic approach is the use of open questions. Open questions ensured that the respondents gave free information about the subject. It eliminates the possibility of the researcher manipulating the respondents so that they give biased information. It is, also, clear that the researchers modified the interview guides in relation to the emerging themes. This required them to do analysis as they carry out data collection. Modifications of the interview guides allowed them to cover a wider scope of information. The wider scope of information reinforces the use of a systematic approach. In addition, a systematic approach encourages the selection of participants in a way that eliminates biases. In this research paper, the researchers used random purposeful sampling. This sampling takes participants that are not based on any expected outcomes. Through the above reasons, it is clear that the research follows a systematic approach to data collection. Data Analysis and Interpretation Analysis and interpretation of data is a crucial step in providing statistical evidence (Hildebrand & Rosenthal 1977). In this research paper, the researchers analyzed their findings and made a conclusion from the results. They carried out an analysis that was parallel to data collection. This implies that data was analyzed soon after collection. This analysis ensured that the researchers added additional queries in their interview guides. They carried out the thematic and inductive analysis. The analysis involved professionals from various backgrounds. These backgrounds included nursing, primary care and psychology. Groups from each background read the transcripts and discussed deeply them. They accumulated the data while carrying out thematic analysis. A thematic classification that the researchers identified during the analysis allowed them to explore them in the subsequent interviews. The involved authors coded and interpreted data independently. The authors analyzed data from all data sets allowing them to compare the views of the different sets. Validity and Reliability The validity and reliability of the data is crucial factors in statistics. The researchers attempted to make the findings as much reliable and valid as possible. In a bid to achieve credibility, they adopted purposeful random sampling. Unlike another sampling method, like the convenient method, the random purposeful method does the sampling independent to the expected outcomes. The researchers base their results on the original information they obtained from the respondents. This ensured that the findings were credible, valid, and reliable. To achieve validity and reliability, the researchers collected views across three data sets. The data sets included the women, General Practitioners and Health Visitors. This ensured that there was a wider scope of information available to researchers. They presented information that allowed comparison. The comparison shows the differences and similarities that occur when giving the views. This comparison, also, gave a proper basis for making a conclusion. The characteristics of the samples were varied across the groups. The variations were in terms of age, gender, experience, and gender among many others. For example, a woman from a certain race might refuse to disclose their problems to the general practitioner. She might not refuse to disclose just because of the race but because the General Practitioners cannot handle her problems. Open and focused questions increase the validity and reliability of the findings. The open questions enable the respondents to express themselves widely. On the other hand, focused questions seek direct answers to the question. This allows the researcher to obtain relevant information rather than having a lot of irreverent information. In addition, the researchers modified the interview guides in a bid to include emerging issues. This modification increases the scope of study and data collection. Another attempt that the researchers made to increase credibility and reliability is by recording the exact information given by the respondents. Recording ensures that researchers can not alter the information to favor a certain outcome. Use of verbal records enables the analyzers to read the feelings and emotions of the respondents. This makes the process more reliable than recording the information on the questionnaires which can be easily altered. The above reasons show that the researchers had attempted to make the findings reliable and valid. Phenomena Reflection In their findings, there are similarities across the views that the three data sets give. The main causes are the emergence of new roles, childbirth failing to meet the expectations, and remembering the past eventualities. In the real sense, health professionals suggest that the 3 aspects play a crucial role in causing postnatal depression (Fisanick 2009). For example, many women who deliver for the first time find it difficult to adjust to the new responsibility that arises after birth. Child birth affects and destructs their day-to-day lives. They reduce the freedom of actions and thoughts. As a result, they end up having postnatal depression. It is, also, true that a woman undergoes a lot of social eventualities in their life before birth. As a result of childbirth, these eventualities come back in their mind afresh. For example, a woman who gives birth might be tempted to remember a sexual partner who divorced them in the past (Schwiebert & Kirk 1985). They feel inferior and unworthy in front of them. In this case, the findings describe theoretical phenomena accurately. The findings, also, attribute the lack of disclosure to both patients and the health attendants. This can be described as an accurate finding since disclosure of symptoms must be facilitated by the two parties. The patients must understand that the psychological diagnosis of postnatal depression is the best. They, therefore, should disclose the symptoms at will. On the other hand, general practitioners have a bigger role to play. They should make it convenient for patients to disclose their problems to them. Corporate attendance rather than personal attendance cannot achieve disclosure. Individualized consideration makes the patients feel free and open up to the practitioners. In this case, the findings provide an accurate description of the phenomena. Consistency The findings show similarities that attribute the lack of disclosure to various social factors affecting women during the period of childbirth. Though the researchers differ, the findings are compatible with the previous ones. Conclusion The research paper has discussed its components sufficiently. These components include the nature of participants, the sampling method, collection of data and data analysis. However, it has some deficiencies that this critique identified. In subsequent research, the researcher should include them. References Dudley, W 2001, Pregnancy, Greenhaven Press, San Diego. Fisanick, C 2009, Childbirth , Greenhaven Press, Detroit. Gerrard, J 2000, Postnatal depression , NT Books, London. Green, J & Thorogood, N 2004, Qualitative methods for health research , Sage Publications, London. Hamer, S & Collinson, G 1999, Achieving evidence-based practice: a handbook for practitioners , B. Tindall, Edinburgh. Hektner, J & Csikszentmihalyi, M 2007, Experience sampling method: measuring the quality of everyday life , Sage Publications, Thousand Oaks. Hildebrand, D & Rosenthal, H 1977, Analysis of ordinal data , Sage Publications, Beverly Hills. Schwiebert, P & Kirk, P 1985, When hello means goodbye: a guide for parents whose child dies before birth, at birth or shortly after birth , Perinatal Loss, Portland. Weller, S & Romney, K 1988, Systematic data collection , Sage Publications, Newbury Park. Zinsser, W 2006, On writing well: the classic guide to writing nonfiction, HarperCollins, New York.

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Create the inputted essay that provided the following summary: The balanced scorecard is a rather innovative strategic and management tool that can be discussed as a way to improve communication and regulate business activities according to the company's goals and strategies. The balanced scorecard is a rather innovative strategic and management tool that can be discussed as a way to improve communication and regulate business activities according to the company's goals and strategies.

The balanced scorecard is a rather innovative strategic and management tool that can be discussed as a way to improve communication and regulate business activities according to the company's goals and strategies. The balanced scorecard is a rather innovative strategic and management tool that can be discussed as a way to improve communication and regulate business activities according to the company's goals and strategies.

Researching the Balanced Scorecard Report Today, the balanced scorecard can be discussed as a rather innovative strategic and management tool, and the potential benefits of its implementation should be analyzed according to the characteristics of this new strategy and management system. If several years ago the balanced scorecard was used only as of the performance measurement tool, the modern versions of the balanced scorecard provide companies with the possibilities to regulate their business activities according to the company’s goals and strategies, to assess the performance, improve the communications at all the levels, and determine the strategies to overcome the problematic issues. That is why, the importance of the study is in examining the particular features of the balanced scorecard’s implementation in companies, the advantages of the system, and possible weaknesses because of the tendency to use the balanced scorecard to optimize the business processes. In their study, Braam and Nijssen concentrate on the aspects of implementing the balanced scorecard in the company and determine the antecedents of experimentation and the factors of the actual implementation of the system. Depending on the experiences of some firms, the researchers state the factors which are significant for the effective experimentation and implementation of the balanced scorecard (Braam and Nijssen). The results are important for managers to guarantee the effectiveness of the experiment or the system’s implementation. Houck and the group of researchers focus on the main purpose of the balanced scorecard which is the measurement of performance and determining the connection between the usage of the system and the employees’ motivation. The researchers have found that the effectively developed goal action plans as the component of the balanced scorecard program can contribute to increasing motivation and improving performance (Houck et al.). Thus, the researchers provide the observation of the real benefits of using the system. The purpose of Pereira and Nuno’s research is to examine the possible benefits and challenges related to implementing the balanced scorecard. From this point, the paper’s results can be compared with Braam and Nijssen’s findings and Houck’s conclusions. However, it is important to pay attention to the fact that Pereira and Nuno’s research is based on the education system and the Portuguese context. It was found that there are more benefits than obstacles in implementing the system to manage the organization that is why the system’s usage is rather advantageous for the situation (Pereira and Nuno). If the other researchers focus on studying the peculiarities of using the balanced scorecard and its advantages and disadvantages, Dechow concentrates on the aspects of the exploring process itself. Dechow uses the observations of seasoned managers who worked with the system and provides recommendations on what aspects should be examined in relation to the balanced scorecard in the future (Dechow). Houck and the group of researchers examined the employees’ factor and their motivation in relation to the balanced scorecard, and Modell also focused only on one political aspect to examine the peculiarities of the system. Nevertheless, the purpose of the research is to review the literature on the problem and provide the implications for further empirical research, and the correlation between the political aspect and balanced scorecard was analyzed from many perspectives (Modell). The process of implementing the balanced scorecard is rather complex, and it is necessary to continue research in order to examine all the aspects of the system. However, it is possible to state that the program’s advantages are obvious, and different elements of the program can be successfully used to improve the performance of the employees based on their motivation and other factors and to regulate the company’s progress in relation to the definite strategy. References Braam, Geert, and Ed Nijssen, 2011, Exploring Antecedents of Experimentation and Implementation of the Balanced Scorecard, Journal of Management and Organization 17.6: 714-728. Web. Dechow, Niels, 2012, The Balanced Scorecard: Subjects, Concept and Objects – a Commentary, Journal of Accounting & Organizational Change 8.4: 511-527. Web. Houck, Max, Paul Speaker, Arron Fleming, and Richard Riley, 2012, The Balanced Scorecard: Sustainable Performance Assessment for Forensic Laboratories, Science & Justice 52.4: 209-216. Web. Modell, Sven, 2012, The Politics of the Balanced Scorecard, Journal of Accounting & Organizational Change 8.4: 475-489. Web. Pereira, Maria, and Filipe Nuno, 2012, The Implementation of the Balanced Scorecard in a School District, International Journal of Productivity and Performance Management 61.8: 919-939. Web.

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Write the original essay for the following summary: The law of contract plays a central role in ensuring that the involved parties execute contracts effectively. A number of elements have to be functional for the law of contract to become enforceable. Some of these elements include an agreement, consideration, intention, mutuality, and legal purpose.

The law of contract plays a central role in ensuring that the involved parties execute contracts effectively. A number of elements have to be functional for the law of contract to become enforceable. Some of these elements include an agreement, consideration, intention, mutuality, and legal purpose.

Researching the Law of Contract Essay Table of Contents 1. Introduction 2. Issue – Agreement to sell 3. Rule 4. Analysis 5. Conclusion 6. References 7. Footnotes Introduction Law is a critical element in the establishment of a stable society. 1 There are numerous laws in existence to establish normalcy within a society. These laws fall into two main classes, which include civil and criminal laws. Through the various laws formulated, individuals can co-exist while businesses can thrive. The success of the business environment hinges on the numerous contracts that exist amongst different business entities. The law of contract plays a central role in ensuring that the involved parties execute contracts effectively. A number of elements have to be functional for the law of contract to become enforceable. Some of these elements include an agreement, consideration, intention, mutuality, and legal purpose. 2 In the course of their operation, businesses have adopted the Internet as one of the mediums of market communication. In a bid to be effective, the adverts posted on the Internet should be comprehensive.The objective is to identify whether the element of agreement exists in the case study and whether the online advertising undertaken by Fred complies with the law. Issue – Agreement to sell There are various categories of contracts. Contracts fall in different categories based on their enforceability, formation, and performance. Additionally, valid contracts can fall into three main classes, which include enforceable, voidable, and unenforceable contracts. Voidable contracts entail contracts whereby one of the parties has the option of avoiding the requirements of the contract. Some good examples of such contracts entail those that are formed by minors. Unenforceable contracts include contracts that are not legally enforceable due to the existence of certain legal issues. On the other hand, void contracts entail agreements that did not amount to the establishment of any contract. Rule An example of contract based on enforceability relates to contract of sale, which refers to an undertaking between two parties whereby one party (seller) is required to supply certain goods or services to another(buyer) at an agreed amount of money either on cash or credit terms. A contract of sale exists if one of the parties (seller) agrees to transfer the product in question to the purchaser at a certain price. Contract of sale constitutes two generic terms, which include “agreement to sell” and a “sale”. For a contract to be established, a number of elements should be incorporated. One of these elements relates to agreement. 2 For an agreement to exist, a number of issues are critical. Firstly, there must be the offeror and the offeree. The offeror entails “the party making the offer while the offeree refers to the party to whom the offer has been made and a serious and objective intention on the part of the offeror must be evident”. 3 Despite the element of intention and consideration being evident in the case of Francis and Alex, one can assert that a bidding agreement between the two individuals did not exist. This assertion hinges on the fact that the element of offer and an acceptance, which constitutes an agreement were compromised. In a bid to ensure the existence of “a legally binding contract, the involved parties must have accepted the terms of the contract”. 4 Francis, the shop owner, made an offer to sell the antique comb set to Alex at $200, which is less than the marked price. On the other hand, Alex agreed to purchase the antique comb set at the offered price. However, this offer was only valid within a particular duration. Alex was required to make the payment the following day at 10 AM. Despite agreeing to the offer, he later changed his mind regarding the payment time. Consequently, he communicated to Francis regarding his change of mind through an answering machine. However, Francis did not receive the message in time; hence, he did not have an opportunity to reply. As a result, Francis did not respond regarding whether he would extend the offer to the following afternoon. Alex assumed that Francis had received the message and agreed to his terms. 5 Analysis For a particular agreement to be legally binding, acceptance must be communicated effectively to the offeror. 6 In this case, Francis and Alex were in a bilateral contract, which makes effective communication one of the critical elements. Bilateral contract underscores the promise made by the offeror and the offeree. 7 Additionally, the acceptance must be timely. Consequently, it is paramount for the involved parties to communicate by use of an authorised mode of communication. In spite the fact that Alex made an effort to communicate with Francis before the set time within which the contract was valid, Francis did not receive the message in time. Consequently, there was no legally binding agreement. Communication in an agreement is very critical. 8 The mode of communication used must be subject to authorisation by the offeror. In some situations, communication challenge might occur. In this case, Francis had not told Alex on the mode of communication to use. Alex decided to communicate using an instantaneous method. Consequently, the mailbox rule, which stipulates that an acceptance is evident immediately after the mail is deposited in the post office, does not apply. This aspect arises from the fact that Alex decided to use instantaneous mode of communication due to the situation surrounding the sale contract. The failure of the offeror to reply cannot qualify as an acceptance by the offeree, for the offer did not include a clause stipulating that silence translates to acceptance. Conclusion From the above analysis, the element of agreement cannot be established with certainty for there is no meeting of mind or mutual assent. Consequently, Alex does not have a legally enforceable contract with Francis for he changed the original terms of the contract. Any material change on the terms of the offer results into automatic termination of the offer. The material changes made to the initial offer results into counter offer. Counter offers do not require acceptance. Additionally, Francis is not under any obligation to sell the antique comb and mirror set to Alex because the elements of offer and acceptance, which constitute the formation of an agreement, did not result in the creation of a mutual agreement. References Bagley, Constance, and Savage Diane. Managers and the legal environment: Strategies for the 21 st century . Mason, OH: Cengage, 2010. Gillies, Peter. Business law . Sydney: Federation Press, 2004. Gillies, Peter. Concise contract law. Sydney: Federation Press, 2008. Goldman, Arnold, and Sigismond William. Business law: Principles and practices. Mason, OH: Cengage, 2011. Meiners, Roger, and Edwards Frances. The legal environment of business . Mason, OH: Cengage Learning, 2008. Miller, Roger, and Frank Cross. Legal environment today: Business in its ethical, regulatory, e-commerce and global setting . Mason, OH: Cengage Learning, 2010. Miller, Roger, and Jentz Gaylord. Business law today: The essentials; text and summarised cases: e-commerce, legal, ethical, and international environment . Mason, OH: Cengage Learning, 2011. Miller, Roger. Modern principles of business law: Contracts, the UCC and business organizations . Mason, OH: Cengage Learning, 2012. Piotrowski, Christine. Professional practice for interior design. Hoboken: John Wiley, 2002. Rao, Peddina. Mercantile law. London: PHI Learning, 2008. Footnotes 1. Roger Meiners and Edwards Frances, The legal environment of business (Mason, OH: Cengage Learning, 2008), 54. 2. Ibid, 243. 3. Arnold Goldman and William, Business law: Principles and practice (Mason, OH: Cengage, 2011), 97. 4. Ibid, 107. 5. Meiners and Edwards, 252. 6. Goldman and William, 178. 7. Roger Miller and Frank Cross, Legal environment today: Business in its ethical, regulatory, e-commerce and global setting (Mason, OH: Cengage Learning, 2010) 86. 8. Roger Miller, Modern principles of business law: Contracts, the UCC and business organisations (Mason, OH: Cengage Learning, 2012) 104.

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Provide the inputted essay that when summarized resulted in the following summary : The amount of deaths caused by ovarian cancer is alarming in gynecology. It is essential to understand the risk factors of the disease in order to prevent its occurrence. One must also know the pathogenesis of ovarian cancer as well as developments in diagnosis.

The amount of deaths caused by ovarian cancer is alarming in gynecology. It is essential to understand the risk factors of the disease in order to prevent its occurrence. One must also know the pathogenesis of ovarian cancer as well as developments in diagnosis.

Researching the Ovarian Cancer Essay (Article) Table of Contents 1. Introduction 2. Epidemiology and risk factors 3. Role of genetic factors and histopathology of ovarian cancer 4. Recent progress in the diagnosis of ovarian cancer 5. Role of Micro RNAs in ovarian cancer pathogenesis 6. Conclusion 7. References Introduction The amount of deaths caused by ovarian cancer is alarming in gynecology. It is essential to understand the risk factors of the disease in order to prevent its occurrence. One must also know the pathogenesis of ovarian cancer as well as developments in diagnosis. This report will attempt to demystify these issues. Epidemiology and risk factors In the United Kingdom, prevalence rates for ovarian cancer rank second in gynecological cancers (Cervical cancer ranks first while uterine cancer is third). Crude incidence rates for England per 100,000 people are 20.3, while Wales, Scotland, Northern Ireland and the UK have 26.1, 24.3, 20.5 and 20.9 as their crude rates. When age-standardized, these incidence rates become 15.8, 19.6, 18.0, 17.6 and 16.2 respectively. On average, 21 in 100,000 women suffer from ovarian cancer in the United Kingdom (based on crude rates), and this number is 16 when age-standardized (Cancer Research UK 15). Statistics also indicate that ovarian cancer is more prevalent among postmenopausal females. Only 20% of patients are less than 50 years (UK Association of Cancer Registries 90). Incidence rates rise sharply after this age. However, the highest proportion of patients comes from the 80-84-year-old bracket. These rates decrease dramatically after 85 years. Cases of ovarian cancer have increased gradually over the past quarter-century. Women aged 65 and above account for the highest prevalence rates and their cases have increased by 50% or more. In 1975, incidence rates (Age-standardised) were 15 per 100,000, but this increased to 19 at the end of the century. This number decreased in the first half of the 2000s but increased again in the late 2000s to 16. The age group responsible for the highest decrease lies between 50 and 64 years. At the beginning of the 2000s, patients in that age group were 44 per 100,000 but this reduced to 34 in 2008 (Permuth-Wey and Sellers 430). Experts explain that the increased use of contraceptive pills accounts for the decrease. This method minimizes one’s risk of getting ovarian cancer. Additionally, alterations in classification systems for this type of cancer may also account for the differences. Similar decreases in the 2000s have occurred in Western and Northern Europe, and experts also assert that increases in the use of the contraceptive may also explain this difference. In the European continent, for every 100,000 females, 12 to 17 will have ovarian cancer, depending on the nation of origin; this is the age-standardized rate. The latter figure represents patients in Northern Europe while the former represents patients in Southern Europe. Portugal and Cyprus have the lowest incidence rates (an average of 7 in every 100,000 women) while Lithuania and Latvia represent the highest incidence rates, which stand at 19 (Bray et. al. 980). In the EU, the UK has the seventh-highest number of ovarian cancer patients. Internationally, ovarian cancer represents about 4% of all types of cancers among women. The latest statistics, in 2008, indicate that 225,000 cases were reported internationally. Developed nations account for the highest incidence rates as their figures stand at 9 per 100,000. Conversely developing or underdeveloped nations only have incidence rates of 5 in every 100,000 females. Asia and Africa represent the regions with the lowest prevalence rates while Europe and North America account for the highest rates. It is not surprising that this is the case because certain risk factors are higher among affluent groups than deprived ones (DeVita et al. 109). Most patients tend to live for approximately ten years with ovarian cancer. In the UK, a large number of them have carcinomas or epithelial malignancies; these represent 80% of the cases. Epithelial cancers respond well to chemo action, so they are treatable (Quinn et al. 54). Risk factors include exposure to asbestos/ talcum powder, age, diet, pregnancy, smoking, hormone replacement therapy, chronic inflammation, use of drugs for infertility, OCP (Oral contraceptive) use, ethnicity, obesity and genetics (McLemore 283). Talcum powder is similar to asbestos and leads to inflammation which brings about DNA damage. Alternatively, it may cause physiological responses when the particles get inside the ovarian epithelium (Mills et. al. 464). Sometimes talc may be used on sanitary towels or applied directly to the genitals. Age is a risk factor when one considers the onset of menses. Early menses and late menopause increase one’s susceptibility owing to the effects of estrogens (Riman et. al. 1012). Dietary factors also account for ovarian cancer risk factors. However, medical practitioners do not agree on the constituents of the diet. Some have found a link between the disease and alcohol consumption, meat and butterfat (LaVecchia et. al. 667) while others have not (Kushi et. al. 23). On the other hand, whole grain wheat products and green vegetables decrease one’s susceptibility. Pregnancy reduces women’s risk of ovarian cancer while abstaining from pregnancy increases this risk (Pike et. al. 189). Women who have never been pregnant have higher cases of ovulation and hence higher levels of estrogen, which heightens the risk of getting ovarian cancer. Chronic inflammation leads to the development of ovarian cancer through the alteration of prostaglandins or the development of epithelial cancer cells (Cramer and Welch 720). Smoking may lead to ovarian cancer due to the prevalence of nicotine metabolites in ovarian cancer cells (Runnebaum and Stickeler 79). Most studies on ovarian cancer and smoking reveal a strong association between the two. However, a few do not show any association (Modugno et. al. 469). Hormone replacement therapy places women at risk of getting ovarian cancer even though these studies have had different results. Results have been controversy concerning the use of infertility drugs. Some researchers have found that these drugs imitate incessant ovulation and this increases one’s susceptibility to the disease (Brinton et. al. 1199). Others have found no association with ovarian cancer when women utilized gonadotrophins or clomiphene (Rossing et. al. 775). Conversely, others have found a decreased risk for cancer. It is likely that the divergent differences stem from inadequate follow-up, especially since the median age for the disease is 65. OCP use gives protective effects, so failure to use them may increase one’s susceptibility to the disease (McLemore et. al. 287). Ethnicity also plays a part as it determines women’s breastfeeding patterns, pregnancy rates, and use of oral contraceptives. Studies indicate that white women have a higher risk than black women and Ashkenazi Jews have a higher risk of developing the complication (John et. al. 143). Obesity increases steroid hormones which add to the amount of estradiol in the body (Runnebaum and Stickeler 76). This heightens women’s susceptibility to the disease. Having a family history of ovarian or breast cancer also increases a person’s risk because one is likely to possess the BRCA1 and 2 mutations of ovarian cancer. Role of genetic factors and histopathology of ovarian cancer BRCA1 and BRCA2 profoundly account for the prevalence of ovarian cancer in patients. The latter are genes that are responsible for DNA cell stability. They ensure this by preventing excessive cell multiplication. In other words, these are tumor suppressors, which are found on chromosome 17q of the cell. Tumor suppression of a normal cell occurs when the BRCA1 gene controls remodeling processes of the concerned chromosomes. The gene also works with the retinoblastoma (Rb) gene during this remodeling process. When a mutation has occurred, then steps in the cell cycle will not include it. This causes tumorigenesis or unchecked growth inside the cell. If BRCA1 and BRCA2 mutate and a person’s offspring inherits them, then that progeny has a high susceptibility to ovarian cancer even if the disease has not manifested itself in the parent. BRCA2 and BRCA1 mutations may not necessarily cause cancer unless the mutations are harmful. These can then be compounded by the family history of the patient, age or menopausal status, and other risk factors. Therefore, a harmful mutation may not always translate into ovarian cancer. The likelihood of getting ovarian cancer increases fivefold if a patient inherits the BRCA1 or 2 genes than if the person did not have that mutation (Lu 56). It should be noted that the above genes are not the only ones responsible for genetic ovarian cancer risk. Other genes such as Phosphatase and tensin homolog (PTEN), MutL homolog 1 (MLH1), MutS homolog and p53 also account for this disease (Lu 55). In the case of the BRCA1 and 2 genes, certain criteria ought to be examined in order to understand the likelihood of developing the disease. Women with first-degree relatives, like mothers and sisters, who had been diagnosed with breast cancer at an early age might develop the disease. Another criterion is the existence of more than two second-degree or first-degree relatives, like aunts and grandmothers, with breast cancer. Additionally, the combination of ovarian cancer and breast cancer among the second or first-degree relatives also accounts for an increased level of harmful BRCA1 and BRCA2 mutations. Bilateral breast cancer or cancer in both breasts among first-degree relatives is another criterion. Breast cancer in a male relative is also a cause for alarm. The above criteria apply to non-Ashkenazi Jews. If one belongs to this ethnic community then first-degree relatives with ovarian or breast cancer and 2 second-degree relatives with ovarian cancer and breast cancer have high chances of having the mutations of BRCA1 and BRCA2 (Lu 56). Genetic testing may be done in order to determine whether one has a high risk. If the tests are negative, this does not imply that a person will never have ovarian cancer, it simply demonstrates that their likelihood of contracting the disease is minimal. BRCA1 mutations have a 20 to 63% chance of causing ovarian cancer while BRCA2 mutations have a 10 to 27% chance of causing ovarian cancer. Females with HNPCC or Lynch Syndrome also have an increased chance of developing ovarian cancer (Russo et. al. 32). This is an autosomal syndrome that increases a woman’s risk of acquiring ovarian, gastric or endometrial cancers. It originates from mutations in the mismatch repair (MMR) gene, which is located in chromosomes 7p, 3p, 2q, and 2p. The purpose of these genes is to ensure that DNA transcription takes place normally by repairing mistakes in the process. Ovarian cancer that comes from this mutation accounts for all histopathologic tumors. They are also heritable and will increase an offspring’s chances of developing ovarian cancer. Recent progress in the diagnosis of ovarian cancer Ovarian cancer patients have benefited from the discovery of the BRCA1 and 2 genes in the late 1990s. This discovery illustrated that one has an increased risk of developing the disease when one possesses the above gene mutation. This has caused many women to perform tubal ligation or surgically remove the ovaries. Additionally, the discovery that ovarian cancer does not just consist of one disease but a combination of diseases means that patients can use tailor-made solutions to deal with their illnesses (Jelovac & Armstrong 186). In 2005, researchers worked on decoding the genome responsible for ovarian cancer. This was done in order to have new targets for the treatment of the ailment. In 2006, scientists discovered that ovarian cancer commences in the fallopian tubes. They carried out surveys amongst women who had removed their fallopian tubes in order to reduce their risk of developing ovarian cancer. They found that these women already had cancer in their fallopian tubes and that cancer often spread to the ovaries. Cancer in the fallopian tubes has characteristics that are different from the ones in the ovaries, so this has serious implications in the diagnosis of the disease (Jelovac & Armstrong 189). During the late 2000s, researchers found that ovarian cancer has a series of subtypes. The two most prevalent ones are low-grade ovarian tumors; these are quite aggressive and poorly-differentiated tumors, which are slow-growing. The discovery assisted in providing treatments depending on the nature of the tumor. It was unnecessary to subject patients to intense forms of treatment when they had milder forms of the disease. In 2010, research also found that minimal need exists for continual assessment of the patient after cancer treatment has been completed. In the past, blood tests would be assessed for the CA125 protein. Women with a resurgence of ovarian cancer would record elevated levels of the protein. However, now experts are debating the merit of such tests as physical symptoms of recurrence are sometimes enough to prove its existence. However, no consensus exists in this area (Jelovac & Armstrong 202). Currently, a number of researches are still being analyzed concerning the diagnosis of the disease. Since epithelial ovarian cancer is still regarded as the most malignant form, then researchers are looking for a method that will enable early detection of the disease. Conventional methods can only facilitate diagnosis in advanced phases of the disease. Scientists are studying how CA 125 tumor markers can assist in the process of diagnosing the disease at an earlier phase. Additionally, even ultrasound use needs to be improved in order to enable early detection of the same. Since BRCA1, BRCA2, and Lynch syndrome account for 10% of hereditary cases, it is imperative to investigate other sources of genetic risks. These are all aspects that scientists are working on presently. As mentioned earlier, a clear etiology of sporadic ovarian cancer does not exist. Consequently, researchers are trying to investigate these components. Surgery plays a unique role in the diagnosis of advanced ovarian cancer; researchers are currently working on methods that can improve the use of such a method in the detection of diseases. Role of Micro RNAs in ovarian cancer pathogenesis Micro RNAs are a category of RNA molecules, which are non-coding. They regulate gene expression through mRNA translation inhibition or transcript degradation. In several tumors, it is difficult to observe the phenotype of these molecules; they thus require special approaches to understand their working. The human body has numerous Micro RNA (miR); estimates claim that about 1000 subtypes exist and each carries out various functions in the body (Zhang et. al. 7004). A number of them may be responsible for cell development, differentiation, metabolism and regulations. In ovarian cancer and other forms of cancer, miRs may be involved in the disease through a number of pathways. Sometimes, their enzymes may be knocked down in a manner that increases transformation and leads to the prevalence of tumorigenesis. Conversely, miR down-regulation may arise as a result of genomic losses associated with epigenetic alterations (Zhang et. al. 7005). Tumor suppressors like miR-15a may also be down-regulated. In fact, it is possible to differentiate between normal cells and cancerous ones on the basis of the down-regulation that takes place. The let 7 clusters (a group of 12 genes that are precursors for the formation of micro RNA) often target Ras oncogenes (a group of proteins that transmit signals in cells and may cause cancer if they become overactive). During ovarian cancer, the clusters are downregulated (Johnson et al. 640). Therefore, tumourigenesis arises out of these pathways. Other targets for the above category of micro RNAs include cMYC, CDK6 and HMGA2 (Peter 847). Alternatively, miRs may target tumor suppressors such as WTI. The latter is responsible for encoding transcription factors within the cell. As mentioned earlier, p53 is yet another gene that accounts for the prevalence of ovarian cancer. MiR may use p53 as another mechanism for the development of the disease. In this regard, micro RNA, like miR- 34b as well as miR-34c, have been downregulated. Since a number of them are known transcriptional targets of p53, then it is safe to assume that they depend on the existence of such targets. Elevated levels of miRs also prove that they play a role in tumourigenesis (Corney et. 8435). Therefore, analysts can separate normal cells from cancerous ones using this increased expression. Some of the most over-expressed miRs include miR 200a, 200b, 141, and 200c because they are the most down-modulated ones (Johnson et al. 644). Additionally, the biopathological features of a certain type of ovarian cancer also determine the nature of expression for these types of products. Certain micro RNAs are linked to ovarian surfaces while others specialize in organ invasion. Alternatively, others are lymphovascular while others depend on the histotype of the target. In essence miR bind with mRNA through perfect or imperfect complementarities. This process can lead to inhibition or degradation. When they target these mRNA, they may either act as tumor suppressors or become oncogenes. Therefore, the involvement of micro RNA in the development of certain types of tumors is the subject of much research interest. Conclusion The need for effective screening techniques is essential in the treatment of ovarian cancer as it facilitates early detection. The ovarian cancer genome has complex pathways that explain the incidence and manifestation of the disease, further research on the pathogenesis and the histopathology of ovarian cancer will lead to the use of appropriate methods for management. References Bray, Valentine, A. Loos, S. Tognazzo, C. Vecchia. “Ovarian cancer in Europe: Cross-sectional trends in incidence and mortality in 28 countries, 1953-2000.” International Journal of Cancer 113(2005):977-90. Print. Brinton, L., E. Lamb, and S. Moghissi. “Ovarian cancer risk after use of ovulation-stimulation drugs.” Obstetrics Gynaecology Journal 103.6 (2004):1194-1203. Print. Cancer Research UK. Ovarian cancer incidence statistics . 2012. Web. Corney, D., A. Flesken-Nikitin, A. Gowin, W. Wang & A. Nikitin. “MicroRNA 34b are targets of p53 and cooperate in control of cell proliferation and adhesion-independent growth.” Cancer Research 67(2007): 8433-8438. Print. Cramer, D. and W. Welch. “Determinants of ovarian cancer risk. II. Inferences regarding pathogenesis.” Journal of the National Cancer Institute 71.4(1983):717-721. Print. DeVita, Vincent, T. Lawrence, and S. Rosenberg. Cancer: Principles and Practice of Oncology. Lippincott: Williams and Wilkins, 2008. Print. Jelovac, D. & D. Armstrong. “Recent progress in the diagnosis and treatment of ovarian cancer.” CA Cancer Clinical Journal 61.3(2011): 183-203. Print. John, E., A. Whittemore, R. Harris, and J. Intyre. “Characteristics relating to ovarian cancer risk: collaborative analysis of seven US case-control studies: epithelial ovarian cancer in black women.” Journal of the National Cancer Institute 85.2 (1993):142-146. Print. Johnson, S., H. Grosshans, J. Shingara, M. Byrom, R. Jarvis, A. Cheng, E. Labourier, & F. Slack. “RAS is regulated by the let-7 microRNA family.” Cell 120(2005): 635–647. Print. Kushi, L., P. Mink, and A. Folson. “Prospective study of diet and ovarian cancer.” American Journal of Epidemiology 149.1(1999):21-31. Print. LaVecchia, C., A. Decarli, and E. Negri. “Dietary factors and the risk of epithelial ovarian cancer.” Journal of National Cancer Institute 79.4(1987):663-669. Print. Lu, K. “Hereditary gynecologic cancers: differential diagnosis, surveillance, management, and surgical prophylaxis.” Fam Cancer 7.1(2008):53-58. Print. McLemore, Monica, Christine Miaskowski, Bradley Aouizerat, Lee-may Chen, Marylin Dodd. “Epidemiological and Genetic Factors Associated With Ovarian Cancer.” Cancer Nursing 32(2009): 281 – 288. Print. Mills, P., D. Riordan, R. Cress, and H. Young. “Perineal talc exposure and epithelial ovarian cancer risk in the central valley of California.” International Journal of Cancer 112(2004): 458-464. Print. Modugno, F., R. Ness, and C. Cottreau. “Cigarette smoking and the risk of mucinous and non-mucinous epithelial ovarian cancer.” Epidemiology 13(2002):467-471. Print. Permuth-Wey, J. and T. Sellers. “Epidemiology of ovarian cancer.” Methods Molecular Biology 472(2009): 413-37. Print Peter, M. “Let-7 and miR – 200 microRNAs: Guardians against pluripotency and cancer progression.” Cell Cycle 8(2009): 843-852. Print. Pike, M., C. Pearce, R. Peters, W. Cozen, P. Wan, and A. Wu. “Hormonal factors and the risk of invasive ovarian cancer: a population-based case-control study.” Fertility and Sterility Journal 82.1(2004): 186-195. Print. Riman, T., P. Dickman, S. Nilsson, H. Nordlinder, C. Magnusson, and I. Persson. “Some lifestyle factors and the risk of invasive epithelial ovarian cancer in Swedish women.” European Journal of Epidemiology 19(2004):1011-1019. Print. Rossing, M., J. Daling, N. Weiss, D. Moore, and S. Self. “Ovarian tumors in a cohort of infertile women.” New England Journal of Medicine 331(1994):771-776. Print. Runnebaum , I. and E. Stickeler. “Epidemiological and molecular aspects of ovarian cancer risk.” Journal of Cancer Research in Clinical Oncology 127(2001): 73-79. Print. Russo, A., V. Calo, L. Bruno, S. Rizzon, V. Bazan, G. Di Fede. “Hereditary ovarian cancer.” Critical Review Oncology Haematology 69.1(2009): 28-44. Print. Quinn, Mark, N. Cooper, and S. Rowan. Cancer Atlas of the United Kingdom and Ireland 1991-2000 . London: Palgrave Macmillan, 2005. Print. UK Association of Cancer Registries. Library of recommendations on cancer coding and classification policy and practice. 2010. Web. Zhang, L., S. Volinia, T. Bonome, G. Calin, J. Greshock, N. Yang, C. Liu, A. Giannakakis, P. Alexiou, K. Hasegawa. “Genomic and epigenetic alterations deregulate microRNA expression in human epithelial ovarian cancer.” PNAS 105(2008): 7004–7009. Print.

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Write the original essay for the following summary: The discussion in this evidence-based practice and applied nursing research is going to be based on the necessary changes for perioperative assessment before non-cardiovascular surgery of patients with a low level of cardiac risk.The perioperative procedure is a very necessary one that takes place before each surgery. Nurses are responsible for appropriate perioperative procedures as they have to question a patient, consider his/her history of disease and make all the necessary tests aimed at checking the possible risks and problems while surgery.

The discussion in this evidence-based practice and applied nursing research is going to be based on the necessary changes for perioperative assessment before non-cardiovascular surgery of patients with a low level of cardiac risk. The perioperative procedure is a very necessary one that takes place before each surgery. Nurses are responsible for appropriate perioperative procedures as they have to question a patient, consider his/her history of disease and make all the necessary tests aimed at checking the possible risks and problems while surgery.

Researching the Perioperative Procedure Research Paper A perioperative procedure is a very necessary one that takes place before each surgery. Nurses are responsible for appropriate perioperative procedures as they have to question a patient, consider his/her history of disease and make all the necessary tests aimed at checking the possible risks and problems while surgery. Infection, respiratory and cardiac complications are three main which take place if inappropriate perioperative assessment takes place. Pulmonary edema, cardiac arrest, and myocardial infarction are the most frequently met cardiac complications in case of wrong or inappropriate perioperative assessment (King, 2008). Perioperative is divided into two major groups, assessment for cardiac surgery and assessment for non-cardiac surgery. Depending on the type of surgery, the perioperative assessment differs greatly. The discussion in this evidence-based practice and applied nursing research is going to be based on the necessary changes for perioperative assessment before non-cardiovascular surgery of patients with a low level of cardiac risk. Generally, perioperative assessment consists of the different procedures depending on the general condition of a patient, such as age, the urgency of surgical operation, absence of presence of chronic diseases, etc. Even though each patient has to be individually assessed, it is a usual practice that all patients are similarly considered. If a person does not need cardiovascular surgery, the preoperative assessment takes place in several steps without heart testing. Freeman and Gibbons (2009) stress that people with low cardiac risk still need to be tested for cardiac complications before non-cardiac surgery as well. Those patients who have low cardiac risk do not have an appropriate cardiac assessment that may lead to great complications after the surgery or even during it. One of the main limitations, in this case, is the assuredness that people who do not have cardiovascular risk are sure to come through the operation with the lowest risk (Lee, 2007). Such measures are ineffective as the rates of cases of mortality while surgery because of cardiovascular complications increases. Laine, Williams, and Wilson (2009) assure that unnecessary tests may harm people more than bring any good, however, cardiovascular diseases and the risk to patients is to be considered more frequently even if a patient is at the low cardio risk group. 12-lead ECG, non-invasive evaluation of LV function, stress testing, and coronary angiography are the tests that are to be taken as obligatory ones. The procedure of perioperative assessment can be completed more successfully if the step devoted to cardio risk consideration is taken each time, no matter whether a person is included in the low cardio risk group or not. The general condition is assessed by the nurses. They are responsible for measuring patients’ preparedness for the surgery and possible risks. Freeman and Gibbons (2009) say that nowadays, the absence of the cardiac assessment of patients with a low risk of cardio diseases is a norm. However, trying to provide some arguments in favor of making this test obligatory for all groups of people, the following rationale is to be presented. The number of deaths because of cardiac complications during and after surgery has increased. No matter whether people are put in a group of cardiac risk or not, they may suffer from complications after surgery which could be avoided if appropriate tests were taken before the intrusion. Increased number of days in the hospital, ventricular fibrillation/cardiac arrest, acute myocardial infarction, and pulmonary edema are the most spread complications people suffer from if they fail to be appropriately tested before the surgeon. All these troubles regularly occur both in patients with a high risk of cardiac complications after the surgery and in those who had low risk. Maia and Abelha (2008) say that the number of cardiac complications after the surgery of low cardiac risk patients has increased along with the level of mortality. What can be done in order to reduce the number of cases that resulted in complications or deaths? First of all, obligatory cardiac testing for all patients is to be implemented. The procedure is important as it may lower the risk of cardiac complications after the surgery. I recommend applying innovative technologies because cardiac testing of low-risk patients is to be conducted with more attention and only computerized strategies can help. Nurses are to be responsible for making notes and analyzing the results of the computerized research (Hert, 2009). Examination and questionnaires are ineffective as patients are unable to judge their heath adequately and on the professional level. These two strategies are to be applied as perioperative procedures as they may reduce the lever of cardio complications after the surgeries even if the non-cardiac operation is planned. Of course, such procedures are costly, but it is possible to conduct research stating the number of complications treated and even deaths because of failure to define the heart problem before non-cardiac surgery. Therefore, the stakeholders of the procedure (patients and nurses) will be informed about the general benefit of the program. The cost of the project is one of the main difficulties of this evidence-based practice. Generally, even if all the research projects are successfully completed, not all hospitals are ready to conduct such cardiac complicated tests due to the absence of necessary equipment. The problem may be solved by means of directing people for testing in bigger hospitals and by creating special testing centers. References Freeman, W. K., & Gibbons, R. J. (2009). Perioperative Cardiovascular Assessment of Patients Undergoing Noncardiac Surgery. Mayo Clinical Procedures , 84 (1), 79–90. Hert, S. G. (2009). Preoperative cardiovascular assessment in noncardiac surgery: an update. European Journal of Anaesthesiology , 26 , 1-9. King, M. S. (2008). Preoperative Evaluation. American Family Physician , 15 (62), 387-396. Laine, C., Williams, S., & Wilson, J. F. (2009). Preoperative Evaluation. Annals of Internal Medicine , 151 (1), ITC1-1. Lee, A. F. (2007). ACC/AHA guidelines. Circulation , 116 , e418-e500. Maia, P. C., & Abelha, F. J. (2008). Predictors of major postoperative cardiac complications in a surgical intensive care unit. Revista Portuguesa de Cardiologia , 27 (3), 321-328.

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Write the full essay for the following summary: The article discusses the relationship between heart problems and psychological issues like depression, anxiety, personality disorder and other. Heart related mortality rates are high and there has been evidence that links psychological health of a person to their physical body. Previously studies were limited in the amount of psychological disorders that they focused on. This study was done with 111 patients who had systolic and diastolic heart failure. The variables in the demographics included sex, age and education. The results showed a 26.

The article discusses the relationship between heart problems and psychological issues like depression, anxiety, personality disorder and other. Heart related mortality rates are high and there has been evidence that links psychological health of a person to their physical body. Previously studies were limited in the amount of psychological disorders that they focused on. This study was done with 111 patients who had systolic and diastolic heart failure. The variables in the demographics included sex, age and education. The results showed a 26.

Hospital Readmission and Health Related Quality of Life in Patients With Heart Failure Essay (Article Review) The Impact of Resident Duty Reform on Hospital Readmission Rates Among Medicare Beneficiaries The article analyzes the treatment of patients and the bettering of care. A study was produced to examine the results received. There were 8,282,802 patients studied in 3,321 hospitals. Patients were monitored for 30 days, looking back, in order to detect any readmissions. People were randomly selected and in case they were admitted to another hospital, the reasons for readmission would be noted. The study also looked at mortality rates 30 days after the patient was released from the hospital. The results have shown that readmission rates stayed the same, without an increase or decline in numbers. This is the first study of such sort and more should be done to see specific details (Press, 2010). The Clock Is Ticking On Readmission Penalties The article looks at why people are readmitted and addresses three issues that should be improved. One of them pertains to patient education about warning signs and the significance of a call to the doctor or physician. The second one looks at the care that must be bettered and more efficiently organized after the patient is released. And the third is the discharge itself and the plans that organize its carrying out. Usually, readmission can be avoided and so, reasons are examined for such occurrences. The organization and action plans for hospitals are outlined to decrease readmissions. Better control and strategies are mentioned (Aspenson & Hazaray, 2012). Predictors of Readmission and Health Related Quality of Life in Patients With Chronic Heart Failure: A Comparison of Different Psychosocial Aspects Article discusses the relationship between heart problems and psychological issues like depression, anxiety, personality disorder and other. Heart related mortality rates are high and there has been evidence that links psychological health of a person to their physical body. Previous studies were limited in the amount of psychological disorders that they focused on. This study was done with 111 patients who had systolic and diastolic heart failure. The variables in the demographics included sex, age and education. Questionnaires used the rating system to determine depression and anxiety levels. The results showed a 26.1% elevation in the anxiety and depression scores relating to hear problems (Volz, 2011). Development of a Method to Risk Stratify Patients with Heart Failure for 30-Day Readmission Using Implantable Device Diagnostics The study is directed to determine and evaluate the diagnostic data after heart failure and examine the risks at early readmission. Post release period for patients with heart failure is identified as most vulnerable time period. After the information related to the reasons of heart failure was collected, it was analyzed within 7 days of release. The parameters were looked at, to point out the criteria that lead to heart failure. The study used 1,561 patients and consisted of 4 studies. The devices to look for reasons of heart failure at discharge were useful in the identification of risk patients, within the 30 days of the release (Whellan, 2013). Fluid Overload: Identifying and Managing Heart Failure Patients at Risk for Hospital Readmission The article determines the reasons for patient heart failure admittance, as well as looks at ways of how to reduce the numbers of people admitted. Fluid overload is unique to each patient and thus, must be carefully detailed. Certain criteria and parameters must be outlined for nurses for better history of medical problems and physical assessment. The patient is another person who must be shown how to do the monitoring themselves, with clear guidelines and goals in the reach for stability. The use of multidisciplinary team is very helpful, as it increases the scope of diagnostics and treatment but also approach towards patients. The focus is on older adults and the reasons for their delay in seeking medical attention or advice on how to deal with the issue (Coviello & Chyun, 2012). References Aspenson, M., & Hazaray, S. (2012). “The Clock Is Ticking On Readmission Penalties.” Healthcare Financial Management, 66(7), 58-63. Coviello, J., & Chyun D. (2012). “Fluid Overload: Identifying and Managing Heart Failure Patients at Risk for Hospital Readmission.” American Association of Colleges of Nursing, 26, 595-14. Press, M. (2010). “The Impact of Resident Duty Reform on Hospital Readmission Rates Among Medicare Beneficiaries.” Department of Public Health and Department of Medicine, 24(6), 405–11. Volz, A. (2011). “Predictors of readmission and health related quality of life in patients with chronic heart failure: a comparison of different psychosocial aspects.” Behavioral Medicine, 34, 13–22. Whellan, D. (2013). “Development of a Method to Risk Stratify Patients With Heart Failure for 30-Day Readmission Using Implantable Device Diagnostics.” The American Journal of Cardiology, 111, 79-84.

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Write an essay about: The article discusses the deep venous thrombosis and pulmonary embolism in psychiatric settings. It states that these conditions are more common in people with mental disorders.

The article discusses the deep venous thrombosis and pulmonary embolism in psychiatric settings. It states that these conditions are more common in people with mental disorders.

Respiratory Distress Syndrome and Pulmonary Embolism Annotated Bibliography Stein, Paul. Pulmonary Embolism (2 nd ed.). Oxford: Blackwell Publishing, 2007. Print. Web. According to Stein (3), morbidity of the population and age are the two main factors that enhance the development of pulmonary embolism. Hough, Alexandra. Physiotherapy in Respiratory Care: An Evidence-Based Approach to respiratory and Cardiac Management (3 rd ed.). London: Chapman & Hall, 2001.Print. Web. The clotting of blood around the region of pulmonary vasculature is the main cause pulmonary embolism (Hough 116). It may be caused by various factors. However, this type of blood clot is common among individuals who do not carry out a lot of physical exercises to enhance blood flow. Zadik Yehuda, Becker Tal and Levin Liran. Intra-oral and peri-oral piercing. J Isr Dent Assoc 24 (2007): 29–34. Print. Web. Ludwig’s angina affects the floor of the mouth. In most cases, the infection affects the connective tissue inside the lower regions of the mouth. It is also known as angina ludovici. The infection is mainly diagnosed among adults. The airways may be obstructed if the infection is left untreated for a long time. Goldhaber, Samuel & Ruth Morrison. Pulmonary Embolism and Deep Vein Thrombosis. Circulation. 2002, 106, 1436-1438. Print. Web. Pulmonary embolism results from the movement of blood clots in the veins to the heart. The blood containing clots is then pumped into the pulmonary arteries. This article will offer information on the risk factors, diagnosis, warning signals, preventive measures, and treatment of pulmonary embolism. Galiè, Nazzareno; Hoeper, Marius M.; Humbert, Marc; Torbicki, Adam; Vachiery, Jean-Luc; Barbera, Joan Albert; Beghetti, Maurice; Corris, Paul; Gaine, Sean; Gibbs, J. Simon; Sanchez, Miguel Angel Gomez; Jondeau, Guillaume; Klepetko, Walter; Opitz, Christian; Peacock, Andrew; Rubin, Lewis; Zellweger, Michael & Simonneau, Gerald. Guidelines for the diagnosis and treatm ent of pulmonary hypertension . Eur Heart J (2009) 30 (20), 2493-2537. Web. This article offers information on necromantic peptides, prognosis, thrombosis, heart diseases, and embolism. It will provide a deep understanding of the risk factors associated with pulmonary embolism. Deep vein thrombosis (DVT) affects certain veins in the human body through random clotting of blood. It is known to cause severe pain on the affected patient since the veins tend to swell and consequently hinder the smooth flow of blood. The worst affected area of the body is usually the legs. Although most infections of this nature have open symptoms, DVTs do not demonstrate signs and symptoms at all. However, sitting down for a long time may cause DVTs. Van Neste, Els G., Verbruggen, Ward & Leysen, Mark. Deep venous thrombosis and pulmonary embolism in psychiatric settings. The European Journal of Psychiatry, 2009. Web. This is a research paper on how the right ventricular dysfunctional status can help in predicting the expected results on stable clinical patients who have been affected with pulmonary embolism. Grifoni et al (2819) is quite categorical that this type of infection can be treated although delay in treatment may lead to further complications. Bordow, Richard, Ries Andrew and Timothy Morris. Manual of Clinical Problems in Pulmonary Medicine (6 th Ed.). New York, NY: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, 2005. Print. The book has adequate information on the diagnosis and treatment of wide range of pulmonary disorders. For instance, medication heparin is usually made of sodium injection. It is often considered to be having a sterilizing effect. The solution is made up of heparin sodium. The main contents of this solution are intestinal mucosa porcine. It is mixed with water before the medication can be offered to the patient. The sample liquid medicine injections are stored in small containers with various denominations ranging from 1000 to 25000 ml units. Works Cited Bordow, Richard, Ries Andrew and Timothy Morris. Manual of Clinical Problems in Pulmonary Medicine (6th Ed.). New York, NY: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, 2005. Print. Hough, Alexandra. Physiotherapy in Respiratory Care: An Evidence-Based Approach to respiratory and Cardiac Management (3rd. ed.). London: Chapman & Hall, 2001.Print. Goldhaber, Samuel and Ruth Morrison. Pulmonary Embolism and Deep Vein Thrombosis. Circulation 106 (2002): 1436-1438. Print. Galiè, Nazzareno; Hoeper, Marius M.; Humbert, Marc; Torbicki, Adam; Vachiery, Jean-Luc; Barbera, Joan Albert; Beghetti, Maurice; Corris, Paul; Gaine, Sean; Gibbs, J. Simon; Sanchez, Miguel Angel Gomez; Jondeau, Guillaume; Klepetko, Walter; Opitz, Christian; Peacock, Andrew; Rubin, Lewis; Zellweger, Michael & Simonneau, Gerald. Guidelines for the diagnosis and treatment of pulmonary hypertension. Eur Heart J (2009) 30 (20), 2493-2537. Web. Stein, Paul. Pulmonary Embolism (2nd ed.). Oxford: Blackwell Publishing, 2007. Print. Van Neste, Els G., Verbruggen, Ward & Leysen, Mark. Deep venous thrombosis and pulmonary embolism in psychiatric settings. The European Journal of Psychiatry , 2009. Web. Zadik Yehuda, Becker Tal and Levin Liran. Intra-oral and peri-oral piercing. J Isr Dent Assoc 24 (2007): 29–34. Print.

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Provide the inputted essay that when summarized resulted in the following summary : Virchow's triad discusses three factors that contribute to the development of venous thrombosis. The concerned triad forms a credible theory on how venous thrombosis can develop based on different predisposing factors. It is evident that prevention and early detection of DVT are critical nursing tasks, especially in the care of hospitalized patients and patients with minimized mobility.

Virchow's triad discusses three factors that contribute to the development of venous thrombosis. The concerned triad forms a credible theory on how venous thrombosis can develop based on different predisposing factors. It is evident that prevention and early detection of DVT are critical nursing tasks, especially in the care of hospitalized patients and patients with minimized mobility.

Respiratory, Peripheral Vascular, & Lymphatic Systems Essay Respiratory System Learning Activity An adult client with a history of respiratory issues requires considerable information regarding how he/she can manage the situation while minimizing the probable risks. In this context, there are numerous instructions and information that the concerned nurse should include in the client’s educational program. Firstly, the nurse should unveil the significance of executing the mentioned respiratory examination. This incorporates what is meant by the condition and complications associated with it. Another information and instruction entail ‘spirometry’, which refers to “the measuring of breath,” (NHANES, 2008). The client should understand that spirometry will encompass a pulmonary function test (PFT) targeted to assess the quantity and velocity of air that an individual can inhale and exhale. Additionally, results attained from the test will be used to estimate lung function. It will also help in the diagnosis of definite respiratory disorders (Scanlan, Heuer & Sinopoli, 2010). The nurse should consider various issues when addressing risk factors associated with respiratory diseases . Firstly, the concerned nurse should realize that the major determinants of respiratory diseases are connected to environmental factors, socio-economic provisions, and cultural factors (including smoking). Additionally, the nurse should address the available risk factors that can predispose an individual to acute respiratory complications ( Guccione, Wong & Avers, 2012) . It is also important to address how to avoid such risks. These provisions will be important to the client. The risk reduction and health promotion strategies that the nurse should include when educating this client vary considerably. Firstly, the client should be told not to smoke or languish in stuffy areas. This means that the client should live in well-ventilated places, avoid smoking, and take prescribed medications with promptness. The health promotion strategies should include attending to regular pulmonary function tests (PFT) and adhering to the doctor’s advice regarding the condition (NHANES, 2008). Peripheral Vascular and Lymphatic Systems Learning Activity Virchow’s triad discusses three factors that contribute to the development of venous thrombosis. The concerned triad forms a credible theory on how venous thrombosis can develop based on different predisposing factors. It is evident that prevention and early detection of DVT are critical nursing tasks, especially in the care of hospitalized patients and patients with minimized mobility. The first component of Virchow’s triad is venous stasis. This refers to the reduced blood flow within the blood veins. Other components of this category incorporate turbulence and mitral stenosis (Torshin, 2007). Consequently, DVT might arise due to a blood clot deep inside the body. Another component is the ‘hypercoagulability’ of the concerned blood. Evidently, blood might contain an enhanced tendency to clot hence increasing the chances of experiencing DVT. This contributes to the ideologies fronted by Virchow’s triad. The third component of the mentioned triad comprises changes in the blood vessel. In this context, damages to the walls of blood vessels contribute considerably to the development of DVT (Abela, 2004). Various medical conditions contribute to the prevalence of DVT. These include cancer, strain, age, surgery, immobilization, and antiphospholipid disorder. It is proper to use Homan’s sign as a diagnostic tool for evaluating DVT. Firstly, the process is simple and can be carried out anywhere provided the examiner is experienced in interpreting its outcomes. This is a vital provision when considered critically. Since the examination (examiner’s sudden dorsiflexion) occurs when the knee is completely extended, this triggers the exhibition of the available DVT (Lippincott, 2008). It is possible to notice where the thrombosis has occurred through a thorough examination. In some cases, the process is unreliable; however, it can still be used as a diagnostic tool for evaluating DVT. References Abela, G. (2004). Peripheral vascular disease: Basic diagnostic and therapeutic approaches . Philadelphia, PA: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. Guccione, A., Wong, R. & Avers, D. (2012). Geriatric physical therapy . St. Louis, CA: Elsevier/Mosby. Lippincott, W. (2008). Nursing: Interpreting signs & symptoms . Ambler, PA: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. NHANES. (2008). Respiratory Health Spirometry Procedures Manual . Web. Scanlan, C., Heuer, A. & Sinopoli, L. (2010). Certified respiratory therapist exam review guide . Sudbury, MA: Jones and Bartlett Publishers. Torshin, I. (2007). Physiology and medicine . New York, NY: Nova Biomedical Books.

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Write an essay about: The Saudi's airline industry has successfully adopted yield management (YM). This was especially after the industry was deregulated in the late 1970's. In this case, yield management is applicable to the hotel industry as a strategy to maximize profits. Thus, it involves the allocation of resources, among various customers in hotel rooms relative to the existing market characteristics. In so doing, YM's core concept is the provision of the right service to customers at right prices.

The Saudi's airline industry has successfully adopted yield management (YM). This was especially after the industry was deregulated in the late 1970's. In this case, yield management is applicable to the hotel industry as a strategy to maximize profits. Thus, it involves the allocation of resources, among various customers in hotel rooms relative to the existing market characteristics. In so doing, YM's core concept is the provision of the right service to customers at right prices.

Return Management in Saudi Arabia Hotels Essay The Saudi’s airline industry has successfully adopted yield management (YM). This was especially after the industry was deregulated in the late 1970’s. In this case, yield management is applicable to the hotel industry as a strategy to maximize profits. Thus, it involves the allocation of resources, among various customers in hotel rooms relative to the existing market characteristics. In so doing, YM’s core concept is the provision of the right service to customers at right prices. In undertaking this study, the aim was the examination of practices, as well as perceptions concerning YM as per the understanding and awareness of hotel managers. In the study, several Saudi hotels of various sizes that use yield management were investigated. Identification of revenue management strategies, as well as general practices within the hotel industry was the key purpose of the investigation undertaken. This investigation took place in seven key areas of the hotel industry namely human resource management, occupancy, third party websites, location, customer satisfaction, price-adjustment strategies and pricing strategy. The study involved three steps in achieving its purpose. The first step was exploring the perceptions of YM with the understanding of hotel managers. The second step entailed investigating YM practices in comparison to the seven key areas that influence revenue. Moreover, emphasis was on determining whether there was an actual attempt to manage revenue within the hotel industry. The results from the investigation were presented using a descriptive approach. The final step involved the establishment of the use of YM as a tool for managing revenue in hotel operations. This also showed how revenue management through YM should be done. Results here were presented using a normative approach. In the methodology, qualitative research was applied. Through this approach, 20 revenue managers, as well as 20 general managers, from various Saudi hotels, were interviewed. The regions where these interviews were carried out were Mecca, Riyadh and the Eastern Area. Furthermore, documents and direct observations were used in collecting vital data. Direct observation essentially was used in comparing room rates through the use of direct and indirect distribution channels. Here, direct distribution channels involved making direct calls to hotels, as well as use of official hotel websites. On the other hand, the indirect distribution channels were the use of Booking.com and Agoda.com. Thereafter, these different options were compared to see the one which was more efficient in revenue management. From the comparison, overall results showed that the practices and perceptions of YM are reasonable in these cities’ hotels. Of particular interest was the fact that respondents are aware of some key principles of YM. Consequently, many of these principles had been adhered to in room revenue management. For instance, stakeholders do understand the significance of segmenting potential, as well as current customers into various groups. This is critical as these various groups have different priorities, income levels and goals. As a rule, attention is on criterion like the ability and willingness to pay. The study recommended strategies that can be adopted by Saudi hotels in overcoming misconceptions and perceptions of yield management. For instance, the system must be interlinked with location, occupancy, pricing strategy, price-adjustment strategy, HR, customer relation and the internet. Interlinking the system with these key concepts is essential in maximizing profits in the hotel industry. In essence, the paper offers knowledge to further research on the applicability of the yield management concept within the hotel industry in Saudi Arabia.

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Revert the following summary back into the original essay: The text discusses the decision to invest in education and the approximate returns on the investment. It also discusses the costs associated with education investment and how to mitigate them.

The text discusses the decision to invest in education and the approximate returns on the investment. It also discusses the costs associated with education investment and how to mitigate them.

Return on Investment – Education Funding Essay Investment refers to postponing of consumption for future benefits and returns. Large categories of persons such as individuals, corporations, and government agencies save part of their income to accumulate funds enough to carry out large projects. Capital investment involves asset purchase in prospect of its future increase in value. However, investments, either asset based or human capital based, encompass long-term procedures that entail high risks as well as costs (Becker, 2009). Asset based investment consist of property, equity funds and securities while human capital investment includes educational programs such as a business degree course. This paper discusses my decision to invest in education and approximate returns on the investment. Education investment is less risky but highly expensive due to high program fees and other costs related to the course. My education investment, however, may be looked at as a consumption good aimed at boosting my future incomes and benefits. My decision to pursue a business degree course was prompted by good analysis of what the course offers in terms of skills and employment returns. A study carried out by Graduate Management Admission Council concluded that business trainees were highly employable, and well equipped with academic credits to develop their professional knowledge and satisfaction (Bundy & Norris, 2011). My analysis gave me supportive reasons to value the business course highly. One of the reasons is the career progression aspect to advance skills, abilities, and personal cognition. A business degree is treasured due to its value in one’s educational as well as managerial growth. This is enhanced by the role played in developing skills, working on difficult tasks, along with the ability to start one’s own business. In addition, my decision was influenced by the high prospects of employment opportunities. A business degree graduate may earn approximately US$100,000. Although this form of investment is rewarding and principal in one’s life, a number of costs and expenses are involved. This also calls for one’s time and other sacrifices in the persuasion of the program to earn better returns to offset the expenses. The costs include tuition fee, expenditure on textbooks, along with other living expenses. In addition, the search for school, application procedure, interviews, travel expenses, and other support activities are costly to an individual. For instance, a finance degree program in London Business School is at a fee of $134,152, training fee being $77,854. University of Michigan offers the same course at an annual fee of $24,034, which includes tuition fee and other learning expenses. In addition to the analysis, considerations for a program at the University of California showed an estimated cost of $107,456 with a budget of $77,270 to support other program requirements. This investment is costly in terms of financing with an approximate of 6.8% interest rate on loans. More so, education loan may be difficult to access due to the security aspect and increased cost of servicing (Becker, 2009). The prospective future income after a business degree is highly promising, ranging from a salary of US $85,000 to $100,000. Nonetheless, future incomes should be discounted to take care of the time difference and inflation aspect. Future returns motivate an individual to pursue the course with the hope of meeting all costs and expenses incurred in the program at an earlier stage of employment. Other cost factors include time and money spent while comparing different colleges, whether public or private, whether to pursue an online program or on-campus course, along with boarding and room service expenses. The estimated length of time needed to recover my investment depends on salary offered and time spent in search of employment. The sooner a job opportunity arises and the higher the salary, the sooner I recoup my investment. A business degree course is rated among the best courses that repay education investment at an earlier stage due to its marketed importance and expansive skills (Hwang, Liao, & Huang, 2013). To calculate how long it takes to pay back educational investment, less pre-adjustment salary from projected post-graduation earnings and thereafter division of the aggregate costs incurred in the business education program by the wage difference is required. Adding to my ambitions was the analysis of the net benefits after meeting all the costs and expenses, and the control I had over my goals and objectives. To my advantage, finance is the stamina of every business organization. This increases the employment opportunities of a business degree graduate almost in every industry. Business courses equip an individual with mathematical, statistical, technological, ethical knowledge, and expertise needed in organizational administration. This includes accounting skills for critical thinking, project development, and problem analysis. Business degree exposes a graduate to large fields of employment such as financial analysis, advisory works, planning, and underwriting duties. These opportunities can be sought in government as well as private sectors such as banks, insurance, and brokerage firms, along with corporations. Skills gained include business planning and strategy formulation, taxation, managerial accounting, and auditing plus communication principles. Other opportunities that develop personal and corporate skills include non-profit organizations (Bundy & Norris, 2011). Business knowledge enables individuals to prepare for their entrepreneurial applications. As a personal goal, this development is essential to realize individual goals and improve the living standards due to enlarged returns. In the furtherance of a business degree, students incur lots of debts to service the program and thus a deep analysis of Return on Investment (ROI) is important. It is vital to answer questions such as when debts are expected to be repaid, and when the investment would start producing returns before deciding the school to attend. If a business degree course costs $115,000 on average, and there is an opportunity cost of investing in the program of $50,000, time taken to recoup investment is calculated by adding the opportunity cost to tuition fee and dividing the sum by salary difference after the course. For instance, if, after the degree, the salary increases from $40,000 to $90,000, then the investment would pay back after 3.3 years. That is, 115 000 + 50 000=165 000, 90 000 – 40 000=50 000, 165 000/50 000= 3.3. This means that the income earned later than pay back period is the ROI. Trouble in calculating ROI arises due to the difficulty in quantifying skills and intellectual abilities into numerical measures. However, ROI on business degree investment also demonstrates instability over time. Studies link education returns and risks not only to the time taken to pursue the course but also to the degree pursued (Hwang, Liao, & Huang, 2013). In conclusion, human capital investment portfolio forms the main factor in an individual’s wealth, owing to its influence on decisions concerning the stock market. Risk return tradeoff involves the analytical thinking of program risks such as labor market failure and prospective incomes. Specialization provides a chance to carry on some further research on business trends in the market, industry, or government agencies. To advance professional know-how, it is important to imagine beyond primary expertise and focus on vital business skills that place one on a better position in employment. References Becker, G. S. (2009). Human capital: A theoretical and empirical analysis, with special reference to education . Chicago: University of Chicago Press. Bundy, P., & Norris, D. (2011). What accounting students consider important in the job selection process. Journal of Applied Business Research (JABR) , 8 (2), 1-6. Hwang, W. Y., Liao, S. Y., & Huang, M. L. (2013). Real option, human capital investment returns, and higher educational policy. Economic Modelling , 31 , 447-452.

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Write the full essay for the following summary: The paper portrays the behavior of patients comprehensively by identifying, synthesizing, and decisively analyzing the research articles. An integrative review method is used for each article. The articles included four qualitative studies. The behavior patterns of patients with heart problems guided the development of points that included study methods, findings, discussions, and recommendations.

The paper portrays the behavior of patients comprehensively by identifying, synthesizing, and decisively analyzing the research articles. An integrative review method is used for each article. The articles included four qualitative studies. The behavior patterns of patients with heart problems guided the development of points that included study methods, findings, discussions, and recommendations.

Nursing Practice Concerning Patients With Cardiovascular Problems Essay (Literature Review) Table of Contents 1. Abstract 2. Physical activity among south Asian Indian immigrants 3. Understanding dietary decisions 4. Patients’ key experiences after coronary artery bypass grafting 5. Living with heart failure without realizing 6. References Abstract The aim of this research was to review four studies on nursing practice concerning patients with cardiovascular problems. The paper portrays the behavior of patients comprehensively by identifying, synthesizing, and decisively analyzing the research articles. An integrative review method is used for each article. The articles included four qualitative studies. The behavior patterns of patients with heart problems guided the development of points that included study methods, findings, discussions, and recommendations. Regardless of the method used, the studies illustrated the importance of physical, emotional, religious, and moral fitness in reducing heart problems. The improvement of patients’ health is determined mostly by individual behavior. With increased knowledge of the factors that leverage lifestyle, nursing practitioners can be able to help patients with heart problems better and more effectively. Physical activity among south Asian Indian immigrants Unlike many killer diseases such as arthritis, diabetes, and obesity, the risk of getting cardiovascular disease can be reduced through physical exercise. The observation is general to people from different races. However, the severity of the disease is varied among the races. Daniel and Wilbur embarked on a mission to investigate the variation with the aim of portraying correlates of lifestyle among the South Asian Indians (Daniel & Wilbur, 2011). The lifestyles emphasized included leisure-time, household, and occupation. The methodology employed by these researchers involved three major development activities. First, they designed and sampled the review data while employing Ganong’s stages as well as Whittemore and Knafls updated guidelines established in 1987 and 2005 respectively. The strength of this activity revolves around the extensive collection, analysis, and synthesis of data. Next, the researchers measured the collected information with the help of tools such as tables, recruitment, demographic characteristics, and dynamic characteristics. The analytic strategy was the final activity that included the checking of inconsistencies in the reviewed studies. Results from Daniel and Wilbur’s review revealed that the studies on South Asian Indians were extensive, but vague. Most of them were characterized by weaknesses such as biasness, poor research methodologies, insufficient data, and dilute samples. Despite the associated weaknesses, the general finding was that South Asian Indians lacked adequate physical activities. Indeed, many did not consider the exercise as a method of reducing cardiovascular disease. Hence, the disease predominated more in the group as compared to other ethnic groups. There were variations in gender and men were found to be more active than women. The motivation to physical exercise was to improve on health and social status. Hence, the researchers were able to conclude that South Asian Indians could reduce the risk of getting cardiovascular disease if they engaged more in physical exercise. Discrimination is not the major barrier, but intrapersonal behaviors. Understanding dietary decisions Evidence shows that specific diets can reduce the incidence of coronary events hence lowering the risk of cardiac infections. Triggered by the EUROACTION study that showed a lack of cardiovascular disease prevention, Doyle, Fitzsimons, McKeown, and McAloon embarked on a mission to explore the issues that influence patients attending a secondary prevention clinic to make dietary decisions (Doyle, Fitzsimons, McKeown & McAloon, 2010). The researchers employed a qualitative methodology that used phenomenology reflected in Colaizzi’s work in an effort to facilitate detailed exploration of patients’ experiences as well as understanding the motive behind their dietary decisions. The methodology used as well as the purposive sample selected were strong elements of the study hence weakness like narrowness could not discredit the findings. Referring to Colaizzi’s methodology, three themes that facilitated change were identified – fear, determination, and self-control. The participants feared to die, aimed to live longer, or wished to stay healthy always. The fear increased the patients’ determination to do anything that could reduce the risk of getting the disease including eating healthily. The determination cultivated self-control in the patients differently, yet many of them made positive decisions on what food to eat. Themes that impeded change included lack of willpower, poor recall of information, and need for additional support. Most of the participants struggled to maintain the motivation to continue eating healthily. They went through depressing moments to the level of not remembering important information on healthy eating habits. Therefore, they felt that they needed extra help from different stakeholder such as health practitioners, friends, and relatives. In that respect, the researchers discuss the importance of understanding these themes as the base for developing interventions that are more effective (Doyle, Fitzsimons, McKeown & McAloon, 2010). Fear is categorically the strongest theme that requires quick attention in order to bring the significance of the rest. When patients are free of fear, they can be more objective and proactive in deciding on the diets to settle on. Therefore, nurses are recommended to take critical measures when addressing behavioral changes in patients with cardiovascular disease. They should focus on various factors and characteristics that add to diet decisions up to the individual level of these patients. Patients’ key experiences after coronary artery bypass grafting Coronary artery bypass graft surgery (CABG) is a process that incorporates your own veins to bypass narrowed areas in order to boost your blood flow into the heart. The complication has been a common phenomenon in patients over 40 years in Northern American and European hospitals. However, coronary artery bypass grafting has proven to be an effective therapy for ischemic coronary heart disease. Care after surgery is vital to patients with ischemic in order to control risk factors. These include instructions on how to help patients at home, strategies on how to reduce cholesterol levels, exercises, control of blood pressure and stopping smoking. The objective of this study was to explore the patients’ experiences during post coronary artery bypass graft through qualitative studies, integrative synthesis, and literature review (Leegaard & Fagermoen, 2008). Notably, this research can be used to restore hope to these patients as they try to cope with the life-threatening disease and other challenges. The study was conducted using different methods such as; qualitative meta-synthesis, integrative approach, and literature review. Qualitative meta-synthesis is a unique approach where you integrate all qualitative analysis for individual studies with a specified qualitative research. Through the integrative approach, the research identified recurrent themes in literature and summarized the different study findings under thematic headings. Participants regardless of gender, age, religion, and education were interviewed. In addition, the time chosen was between their first experiences after discharge and a period of almost three years. Four databases were chosen – nursing, medicine, sociology, and psychology. In order to ensure scientific quality, peer review studies were incorporated in conjunction with the principles and terms of MeSH. The analysis also involved 16 varied bibliographic databases to boost the search strategy. The analysis was performed to determine the findings that could be considered as abstract in relation to the problem statement. Descriptions on postoperative experiences were considered emotional or cognitive. Expectations were not considered findings. In addition, findings transcribed in abstract were identified as direct citations. The identification occurred after an analysis by experts to derive meaning in units that reflect experience in patients. Another stage was condensation and involved condensing the meaning units. Finally, themes were identified to illustrate the key experiences that were then presented in a table. The experience from patients showed that a supportive relation is vital in the recovery process. The patients cited how great it was to spend time with their loved ones for care and support. Surviving cardiac surgery was an experience by its own and a stepping-stone to a new life since CABG surgery is a near-death operation. Almost all the participants were optimistic to adapt to a new phase in life. They consoled themselves with the condition and considered themselves lucky. That is why they were satisfied with their condition though it was characterized by sickness. Almost all participants responded well to treatment, as they were motivated to fight for survival. Successful operations and early discharge do not solely define postoperative experiences of patients. The phenomenon continues after surgery and has influence on the social life of the patient. Hope can be derived as dynamic way of coping with these patients. On the contrary, this search can be considered incomplete because it does not focus on the preoperative and surgery expectations. Living with heart failure without realizing Heart failure is a complex condition that occurs when the heart is unable to provide adequate power to pump blood. The condition has become a serious issue that needs attention in the Swedish healthcare as well as the United Kingdom (Andersson, Eriksson & Nordgren, 2012). It is vital to ensure that the involved parties are well informed and diagnosed in order to raise their standard of life and prognosis. At present, insufficient information on heart failure is available to the patients and their relatives. Patient information supports in coping with the condition and helps reduce stress. The objective of this paper was to investigate how patients with heart failure acquire and experience medical support in the primary health care. The research also reviewed the perceptions of these patients and came into a common policy and strategy that can boost patient care in future. A qualitative research was conducted in order to derive and describe the experiences of patients living with heart failure. The location of search was a health care center in Sweden. To identify eligible participants, a medical record was used. Thirty-two participants were chosen, the mean age was 77, and all of them lived at home. Interviews were conducted and a qualitative analysis done in accordance with Graneheim and Lundman guidelines. The duration of interview was about 15 to 45 minutes. The study addressed the following questions; what do you consider to be a heart failure? What is health in general? Is your daily life affected by your symptoms? Apart from the heart symptoms, do you have any other symptoms? Is the disease limiting you from your daily activities? Is your social life affected by your physical health? How do you compare yourself with others? What would you like to be improved in the health care? What is your experience in health care? After the interviews, the recordings were divided into meaning units. All protocols were observed such as confidentiality of patient information and the ethical aspects in relation to the ethical review board of Gothenburg. The study found that no support was given to the participants in the healthcare facility. The following categories described their experiences; lack of information, being abandoned, lack of dialogue, and non-developed strategies. Patients hardly got any support from the health care centers and the community in general. Moreover, they never accepted their symptoms to be those of heart failure and seemed to relate them to other heart-related complications. The search portrayed how limited the participants were about their diagnosis knowledge. The authors insist on patient information as an important aspect for these individuals. Females thought that fatigue was the main cause of change of their social lives whereas the rest gradually adapted and adjusted to new day activities with change of their health. As a result of their aging, they never saw the significance of visiting a doctor as these conditions and symptoms appeared normal to them. The researchers recommends for community-based clinics where patients could seek consultation and diagnosis for heart failure. The research concluded that patients with heart failure lack information about their primary health care, which is a vital aspect in heart failure therapy. According to the research, there is need for more primary health-care for people with heart failure since very few know about their condition. Instead, they relate these symptoms to ageing. References Andersson, L., Eriksson, I. & Nordgren, L. (2012). Living with heart failure without realizing: a qualitative patient study. British Journal of Community Nursing , 17(12), 630-637. Daniel, M. & Wilbur, J. (2011). Physical activity among South Asian Indian Immigrants: An integrative review. Public Health Nursing , 28(5), 389-401. Doyle, B., Fitzsimons, D., McKeown, P. & McAloon, T. (2010). Understanding dietary decision-making in patients attending a secondary prevention clinic following myocardial infarction. Journal of Clinical Nursing , 21 (2), 32-41. Leegaard, M. & Fagermoen, S. M. (2008). Patients’ key experiences after coronary artery bypass grafting: a synthesis of qualitative study. Sc and J. Caring Sci , 22(11), 618-628.

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Provide the full text for the following summary: Cardiovascular diseases have become a cause of death in many developing and developed nations. In developing nations many people die from this disease due to complicated and unhealthy lifestyle while in developing nations poverty and illiteracy are responsible for many deaths. There should be programs to educate people on healthy lifestyle, nutrition and awareness regarding this condition to limit its effects.

Cardiovascular diseases have become a cause of death in many developing and developed nations. In developing nations many people die from this disease due to complicated and unhealthy lifestyle while in developing nations poverty and illiteracy are responsible for many deaths. There should be programs to educate people on healthy lifestyle, nutrition and awareness regarding this condition to limit its effects.

Cardiovascular Diseases and Health Promotion in Women Essay (Article Review) Abstract Cardiovascular diseases have become a cause of death in many developing and developed nations. In developing nations many people die from this disease due to complicated and unhealthy lifestyle while in developing nations poverty and illiteracy are responsible for many deaths. It has other related conditions that contribute to its prevalence and they include biological, psychosocial and behavioral factors. There should be programs to educate people on healthy lifestyle, nutrition and awareness regarding this condition to limit its effects. An Article Review of Depression, Anxiety, and Cardiovascular Disease in Women by Lynn V. Doering and Jo-Ann Eastwood This article presents a clear picture of the relationship between sex and cardiovascular disorders. It shows how women are more prone than men to develop cardiovascular complications as a result of stress and depressions (Victor and Eastwood 2011). The United States of America has been on the spotlight for registering the highest number of victims due to continued stress and depressions associated with hardships. In its findings it was evident that women are at higher risks compared to men of developing this condition (Victor and Eastwood 2011). The research discovered that stress and depressions have always existed in patients suffering from cardiovascular infections. Patients that experience depression and anxiety disorders have the high probabilities of developing cardiovascular disorders in the future. There are differences between the behavioral and biological mechanisms in women and women. These are associated with the onset of cardiovascular dysfunction. Active women are less likely to develop this condition compared to those who are dormant. In addition, men are less likely to develop this condition even if they are not active (Victor and Eastwood 2011). The generic constituents and hormones of individuals determine their possibilities of developing this condition This research summarized its findings by observing that women are at higher risks than men of developing stress and depression (Victor and Eastwood 2011). In addition, depression is associated with women who have no access to quality medical services and those lacking social support from men and the society. Systematic Review of Cardiovascular Disease in Women: Assessing the Risk by Linda Worrall-Carter, Elizabeth Scruth, Michelle Campbell and Karen Page This article notes the impeding dangers associated with cardiovascular infections in women in the coming years due to lifestyle changes and the aging women population (Worrall-Carter, Scruth, Campbell and Page 2011). The article notes that women are at higher risks of developing this condition due to misdiagnosis and lack of specialized care and treatment procedure and very few manage to get guideline-based preventive and treatment services. They are less likely to follow their medical prescriptions compared to men and most cardiovascular treatment trials ignore women as required by qualitative statistics; therefore, they are underrepresented and this does not provide accurate information to medical researchers (Worrall-Carter, Scruth, Campbell and Page 2011). This article highlights the fact that cardiovascular disorders are preventable once risk factors have been identified and controlled. There are no significant differences in risk factors between men and women and the sooner they are identified and controlled the better. Hypertension was noted to be the main cause of cardiovascular disorders and contributed to more than sixty percent of the total deaths (Worrall-Carter, Scruth, Campbell and Page 2011). Modern families consume high cholesterol meals that are responsible for most cardiovascular disorders. In addition, smoking and diabetes are also closely related to this condition due to their effects on blood veins and blood sugar levels respectively. Lastly, alcohol, poor diets and obesity are also major causes of cardiovascular disorders in modern families. However, this article notes that these conditions affect more women than men and thus exposes them to higher risks of developing this heart condition. Evaluation of a Cardiovascular Health Promotion Program offered to Low-Income Women in Korea by Kyung Ok Ham and Bong Jeong Kim This program was carried out in South Korea to evaluate risk factors associated with cardiovascular infections among women aged forty years. South Korea is a developing nation and faces a lot of challenges in terms of economy and service provision (Ham and Jeong Kim 2011). Even though, there are many state owned medical facilities they are not enough and well equipped to handle all health matters satisfactorily. This article summarizes the risk factors that lead to cardiovascular disorders as biological, behavioral or psychosocial. The article has identified poverty as the main cause of health complications in middle aged women. The paper has also identified other behavioral factors that are not easily controlled as the chief causes of health hazards. The South Korean poverty index is high and this means most people cannot afford proper healthcare services, balanced diet and quality lifestyle. Most people suffer from lack of adequate basic needs and this exposes them to other health risks (Ham and Jeong Kim 2011). Women form the bulk of disenfranchised group in almost all world communities and this exposes them to other hazards. Poverty is directly proportional to stress and depression and this means most women are stressed and easily develop cardiovascular disorders. However, women can be empowered through social and financial programs to reduce their risks of developing this condition (Ham and Jeong Kim 2011). This article highlights the gains made after introducing empowerment programs to enable poor women to manage their families and their lifestyle. Even though, these programs were successful in managing the biological and psychosocial challenges associated with the disease, it was not successful in changing behavior (Ham and Jeong Kim 2011). Smoking and alcoholism were serious challenges facing this program and interfering with the implementation of other related activities. Relationships between Cardiovascular Disease Risk Factors and Depressive Symptoms as Predictors of Cardiovascular Disease Events in Women Thomas Rutledge, Sarah E. Link and Delia Johnson There were more women than men who admitted to having used antidepressants in the past. Majority of the middle aged women were still using antidepressants due to various reasons including marital stress, economic hardships and family hardships (Rutledge, Link and Johnson 2011). However, the younger and unmarried population recorder lower consumption rates and those who admitted it did it due to peer pressure, curiosity and academic strains. There were several risk factors that contributed to the prevalence of cardiovascular diseases among the sample population used. These factors include lifestyle, biological and psychosocial aspects of human life. Diabetes was one chief cause of this condition and accounted for about 22% of the total population while the use of antidepressant accounted for 11%. Age was the greatest risk factor that contributed to a high rate of developing cardiovascular disease (Rutledge, Link and Johnson 2011). This is associated with activities like inactivity, inadequate health information, poor sanitation and a weak immune system. Conclusion These articles were about researches that examined the relationships between cardiovascular disorders and depressions, gender, age, poverty and literacy. They identified several risk factors that contribute to an increase in this disease. The use of antidepressants by most participants was a significant factor as to whether these people suffered stress or not. References Ham. K. O. and Bong Jeong Kim. (2011). Evaluation of a Cardiovascular Health Promotion Program offered to Low-Income Women in Korea. Boston: Wiley-Blackwell. Rutledge, T., Sarah E. Link and Delia Johnson. (2011). Relationships between Cardiovascular Disease Risk Factors and Depressive Symptoms as Predictors of Cardiovascular Disease Events in Women. London: Routledge. Victor, L. and Jo-Ann Eastwood. (2011). A Literature Review of Depression, Anxiety, and Cardiovascular Disease in Women. Boston: Wiley-Blackwell. Worrall-Carter, L., Elizabeth Scruth, Michelle Campbell and Karen Page. (2011). Systematic Review of Cardiovascular Disease in Women: Assessing the Risk. Boston: Wiley-Blackwell.

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Revert the following summary back into the original essay: The role of a nurse has been limited to caring for the patient and administering prescriptions. This does not have to be the case as evidenced in the study by Beusmans, Gorgels, and Van Ree (2011). The aim of this paper was to find out the factors necessary for the successful introduction of new strategies in the routine running of a health care facility. It accomplished this by observing the effectiveness of implementing a cardiovascular prevention consultation delivered by nurses to high risk patients.

The role of a nurse has been limited to caring for the patient and administering prescriptions. This does not have to be the case as evidenced in the study by Beusmans, Gorgels, and Van Ree (2011). The aim of this paper was to find out the factors necessary for the successful introduction of new strategies in the routine running of a health care facility. It accomplished this by observing the effectiveness of implementing a cardiovascular prevention consultation delivered by nurses to high risk patients.

Review of Four Qualitative Studies Carried Out in the Health Industry Essay Abstract The following is a review of four qualitative studies carried out in the health industry and aimed at improving nursing practice. Each of the four studies has substantial data as none of them took less than six months to complete. They share several similarities. Most participants are cardiac patients, caregivers and those who are vulnerable to heart conditions. Researchers utilized open-ended questions for maximum data collection. The first study shows that the nurse’s role can be extended to consultation. The second study found that coronary heart disease is not considered to be a major health concern in Hong Kong due to presence of other more life threatening diseases and due to ignorance. The third study showed that hierarchical models of professional roles adversely affect communication and subsequent patient care. The fifth study provided evidence to show that the majority of spiritual patients practiced positive behavior in dealing with their health while those who exhibited negative behavior would require spiritual nursing care. Experiences of doctors and nurses implementing nurse-delivered cardiovascular prevention in primary care: a qualitative study: A review The role of a nurse has been limited to caring for the patient and administering prescriptions. This does not have to be the case as evidenced in the study by Voogdt-Pruis, Beusmans, Gorgels, and Van Ree (2011). The aim of this paper was to find out the factors necessary for the successful introduction of new strategies in the routine running of a health care facility. It accomplished this by observing the effectiveness of implementing a cardiovascular prevention consultation delivered by nurses to high risk patients. Data was collected from the experiences of both nurses and general practitioners. After randomly selecting participants from high risk patients, half of them were given nurse-delivered care while the other half was given standard care by general practitioners. This was the control group in the study. The methods followed were scientific and credible. Interviews were conducted in a randomized trial manner. Participants consisted of six primary healthcare centers and the length of the study was two years. This length of time and the wide sampling gives highly representative and accurate data. Data collected was analyzed by two researchers working independently to reduce bias. To further this endeavor, all authors in the study checked and discussed the analysis. This study added to a body of evidence that shows that nurses should take part in risk management for cardiovascular diseases. The researchers found that nurses were a significant factor when it came to implementing cardiovascular prevention steps. They also found that for nurses to successfully do this, they had to have confidence with other caregivers and vice versa. All healthcare professionals supported the nurses’ role and nurses supported the idea of further implementing cardiovascular prevention. Implementation was also promoted by job satisfaction that nurses derived from the exercise and their feeling of responsibility for having carried out the set guidelines successfully. Barriers detected included ignorance, poor communication, fear of losing nursing tasks, lack of motivation on the patient’s side and what to include in their lifestyle advice. Nurses were able to remove those barriers successfully. The nurses who participated in this study had a few shortcomings. For example, they did not find it easy to get advice from older patients. They thought it took too long and could be difficult to apply. This was unlike General practitioners who consulted regularly. Patients at times saw no reason to see a nurse after having been to a specialist. This study reveals that a change in the perception of the nurse’s role will go a long way in improving the system. A qualitative study of the perceptions of coronary heart disease among Hong Kong Chinese people: A review Coronary Heart Disease ranks high among the diseases that cause the most deaths in the world. Its prevalence is partly attributed to peoples’ misconceptions of it, as well as poor lifestyle choices resulting from modernization and ignorance. The objective of the study by Chan, Lopez and Chung (2010) was to find out how the people of Hong Kong perceive coronary heart disease (CHD). To get a wide range of participants, the researchers used the snowballing method where a few participants actively volunteer to find other participants. The data collected was objectively analyzed through content analysis. It was obtained from participants with different levels of risk and was collected through focus groups. This took eight months with interviews lasting one to one and a half hours which ensured that ample data was collected to make substantial conclusions. Results were categorized into perceived seriousness, Perceived risk and perceived opportunities to understand CHD. To ensure that data was without bias, two researchers analyzed it separately before discussing it. Bias was also reduced by having an individual at the focus groups whose main purpose was to encourage all participants to voice their thoughts and to discourage dominant personalities from influencing the rest. From the data collected, it was discovered that CHD was not perceived as a major health concern as it paled in comparison with other life threatening diseases in Hong Kong such as SARS. It was perceived as a disease that did not result in much suffering and was normally followed by an easy death. Results of perceived risk factors showed that 85% believed it was caused by obesity, 72% believed it was due to heredity while lack of exercise was given by 49% of sedentary participants. Perception of risk was also affected by positive thoughts, age, how great CHD suffering was perceived to be, and reliance on medical personnel. The young believed that they had a lower risk due to their age and those who relied on medical personnel were able to let go of their personal risk. Majority of participants in this study consistently reported a lack of access to information about CHD. In addition, they found that participants believed that CHD was a disease that was not easily understood. This study shed more light on the gap that exists between the information provided to the public about CHD and what the public would like to know about CHD. Some participants stated that the information provided was not designed to be understood by laymen. Others claimed that the information they sought on CHD was nonexistent or vague. The authors attribute this occurrence to a lack of enough studies and diversion of attention to more pressing health matters in Hong Kong. By understanding the way that CHD was perceived, the researchers provided evidence that will be crucial in preventing this disease and in creating strategies that will promote health. Communication barriers to patient education in cardiac inpatient care: A qualitative study of multiple perspectives: A review Good communication in healthcare facilities is very important for patients to receive the right diagnosis, care and medication. Patients who find themselves in environments where there is effective communication are more likely to follow the treatment recommended, and fare well emotionally and physically (Fallowfield, 1999 as cited in Farahani, Sahragard, Caroll & Mohammadi, 2011). This qualitative study by Farahani et al., 2011) was carried out to obtain information from nurses, physicians and patients on barriers that may exist in communication. Identification of barriers is the first step in finding solutions to communication. Data collection consisted of open-ended questions which ensured that participant responses were not restricted or limited. In this study, there were three themes used to categorize poor communication observed. The first theme was that among the team of health-care providers, there was a lack of collegiality and communication. Nurses felt that physicians were indifferent and did not give them support which negatively affected their morale and subsequent communication with patients. The second theme was problems in communication among patients, their families and physicians. Results showed that the confidentiality and privacy of patients was not respected, they were not shown empathy, and there was also use of medical language when talking to patients resulting in misunderstanding and fear. The last theme was challenges resulting from cultural differences. Cultural differences made it difficult for some patients to talk about intimate issues that were significant when it came to their health. Whenever patients and the healthcare team spoke different languages, it became difficult to get the message across. This study found that in all three categories, there was little and ineffective communication. Analysis of the data was done using content analysis a system that has been found to be very effective in eliminating bias. This study collaborated evidence from other studies that show that collaborative models of professional roles are preferable to hierarchical ones. It successfully linked hierarchical systems with poor communication between the nurses and physicians. It also found that nurses wished to take a more active role in clinical decision making. Nurses have always wanted this role as they spend more time with patients and therefore understand them better than physicians. The results of this study show that patients distrust and are not satisfied with healthcare providers who do not get along as a team. It also cautioned against having too many members of the healthcare team delivering different messages to the patients and causing confusion. This point shows that the specialization of the different healthcare team members that is in place is important for accountability. This paper cited the use of cardiovascular nurses as interviewers as a limitation that may have introduced interviewer effect. Spirituality, illness and personal responsibility: the experience of Jordanian Muslim men with coronary artery disease: A review The influence of beliefs in the supernatural on the health and nursing care of the medically ill is of particular interest in highly religious communities. In some communities, nursing care does not incorporate spiritual care and this may have an effect on the physical well being of the patient. A study by Nabolsi and Carson (2011) sought to measure this in the Muslim religion. The aim of this study was to find out how Arab Muslim men suffering from coronary artery disease (CAD) experience spirituality. The participants were men as CAD is more common to men (Nabolsi & Carson, 2011). Interviews were carried out over six months’ time which is a lengthy enough time to obtain good representative data. Data was collected through the use of semi-structured interviews. Results showed that all participants believed that they had been fated to fall sick as they believed that their destiny was in the hands of God. This study revealed that the participant’s acceptance of their CAD was made possible by faith which made it easier to cope. The researchers found that even though participants accepted the illness as a will of God, they accepted that risky lifestyles on their part had contributed. Their spiritual beliefs did not prevent them from seeking medical help. They were also guided to healthier diets and good health habits by religious instructions more than by health education tips. Their spirituality made their inner strength stronger which made it easier for them to accept their illness and to deal with it. Being ill was also found to make them more spiritual. They changed their priorities giving spirituality promoting practices more time and changing the way they lived. Not all believers reported positive results from their spirituality. The study had those participants who could not balance all the qualities of spirituality and tended to believe more in fate and fatalism being exerted from without. These participants did not feel the desire to change or practice health activities. This is the point at which the nurse can become a valuable tool in the improvement of the patient’s spiritual health. In such cases, the authors recommend that nurses encourage the patient to have personal control, to be responsible, and improve self-confidence in the manner in which they take care of themselves. The involvement of the nurse in the spiritual well-being of the patient is suggested as a means of sharing with patients and to foster integration of spirituality into healthcare plans. This spiritual care was found to be a critical part of nursing care that was lacking in the Arab Muslim community studied. Reference List Chan, C., Lopez, V., & Chung, J., (2010). A qualitative study of the perceptions of coronary heart disease among Hong Kong Chinese people. Journal of Clinical Nursing, 20, 1151-1159. Farahani, M. A., Sahragard, R., Caroll, J.K., & Mohammadi, E. (2011). Communication barriers to patient education in cardiac inpatient care: A qualitative study of multiple perspectives. International Journal of Nursing Practice , 17, 322-328. Nabolsi, M., & Carson, A. (2011). Spirituality, illness and personal responsibility: the experience of Jordanian Muslim men with coronary artery disease. Scandinavian Journal of Caring Sciences , 25, 716-724. Voogdt-Pruis, H., Beusmans, G., Gorgels, A., & Van Ree, J. (2011). Experiences of doctors and nurses implementing nurse-delivered cardiovascular prevention in primary care: a qualitative study. Journal of Advanced Nursing , 67 (8), 1758-1766.

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Revert the following summary back into the original essay: Condoleezza Rice's childhood was characterized by experiences of racism and terrorism. These experiences shaped her worldview and made her a true believer of the antiterrorism ideology of the United States.

Condoleezza Rice's childhood was characterized by experiences of racism and terrorism. These experiences shaped her worldview and made her a true believer of the antiterrorism ideology of the United States.

Rice Experiences and Worldview Essay Experiences that people undergo in their lives shape how they perceive the world. In essence, worldview varies from one person to another depending on childhood experiences. Childhood experiences happen at the family level and at the societal level. Existence of varied childhood experiences implies that family and society play a significant role in shaping how people perceive the world. The nature of parenting that children receive coupled with cultural values and ethics that children learn effectively shape their perception of the world. Thus, worldview is a product of cumulative experiences that a person undergoes from childhood through into the adulthood. By examining worldview of a person, one can easily predict childhood experiences that have contributed to such a worldview. Therefore, this essay analyzes the interview of Condoleezza Rice, former Secretary of State, with the objective of identifying childhood experiences that have shaped her perception of intercultural events in the modern world. The family background really shaped how Rice viewed the world. Rice’s father was a Christian, a Presbyterian minister while her mother taught science and music. Owing to the Christian background, Rice was able to view the society in terms of good or evil. From the perspective of Christianity, Rice struggled to ensure that the good triumphed over the evil. From the interview, Rice is “smart, tough, and deeply religious woman who sees the struggle against the enemies of the United States as a fight of good versus evil” (Couric & Rice, 2006, para. 18). The religious background of Rice made her to view the world from the perspective of Christianity. Thus, Rice viewed that the United States supported Christianity by ensuring that it struggled for the human rights as enshrined in the constitution. In contrast, Rice viewed that anyone who went against Christianity was evil and an enemy of the United States. Rice did experience acts of terrorism in her childhood, which consequently influenced how she perceived the world. In the interview, Rice confessed that she remembered how she experienced the ordeal of bombings in the church when she was barely eight years old. As the racists decided to bomb innocent children in the church, it resulted in the loss of three girls who were her close friends. In her argument, Rice observed that the bombing of innocent girls by racists was an act of terrorism, homegrown terrorism, which aimed at terrorizing communities (Couric & Rice, 2006). Basing on such childhood experiences of terror, Rice understood that terrorism constitutes inhuman acts that any society should not condone. Thus, Rice became a true believer of the antiterrorism ideology of the United States. Rice supported the antiterrorism war in Iraq and Afghanistan, which has led to the democratization of these countries. During her childhood, Rice experienced racial discrimination. The Whites treated African Americans as inferior people who did not deserve the same privileges that they enjoyed. In essence, the Whites saw that African Americans were immature people who did not understand democracy because they were unable to use their votes wisely (Couric & Rice, 2006). Hence, when Rice noted the privileges she enjoyed and remembered the racial experiences she underwent, she began to appreciate the need of an equal society. Therefore, racial experiences did make her fight for the rights of African Americans and create an equal society where the rule of law overrides racial biases. From the interview, it is evident that childhood experiences that Rice underwent have made a significant impact on her perception of intercultural events in the world. Some of the notable experiences are Christian parenting, the bombing of innocent children, and racial discrimination. The cumulative experiences of her childhood have made Rice to advocate for human rights, support war on terror, and believe in democracy, as central elements that are essential in creating stable societies and countries. References Couric, K., & Rice, C. (2006). Condoleezza Rice Profiled . Web.

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Provide the full text for the following summary: Laborers have the right to be compensated if they are injured in the course of duty. The essay discusses how laborers were not always able to get compensated for injuries suffered while working, but that this changed with the development of common law.

Laborers have the right to be compensated if they are injured in the course of duty. The essay discusses how laborers were not always able to get compensated for injuries suffered while working, but that this changed with the development of common law.

Rights of Laborers Under 18th and 19th-Century Case and Common Law Research Paper Table of Contents 1. Introduction 2. Discussion 3. Conclusion 4. Works cited Introduction Laborers are people who earn a living from activities that require bodily strength. In most cases, they only have a basic education with no college degree and therefore are not in a position to secure white-collar jobs. Starting 18 th to the 19 th century, there were different rights awarded to laborers to ensure that they were not taken advantage of especially due to their lack of formal education and their lack of financial power to file legal suits against their employers. This research paper is going to look at the different rights that were awarded to laborers both as individuals and as groups by court rulings. Some of the rights are similar to those of other workers who are not necessarily manual laborers. Discussion It is common law that traditionally governed the United State’s employment law. From the late 18 th century to the middle of the 19 th century, most relations relating to labor-management were regulated by the courts. Rulings, therefore, varied from one case to another. During the 19 th century, several cases were brought to court by workers complaining about poor pay. This led to rulings that stipulated the minimum wage amount that people performing certain tasks were to be paid. This made sure that the workers were not taken advantage of and that they would be able to support their basic needs. Workers in the same position should receive equal pay (Ullmann 18). Laborers have the right to be compensated if they are injured in the course of duty. Before the 19 th century, this was not compulsory and workers who were injured while working would only get compensated through tort or civil law. In the 18 th century, machinery became more common in organizations leading to increased accidents at the workplace. The laws at that time supported employers therefore it was difficult for the injured to get compensated. At the beginning of the 19 th century, however, the courts made it compulsory for employees who were injured due to the negligence of their employers to receive compensation. There are three basic protections that should be given to workers who are injured while working and they include; compensation of any medical bills that may have been incurred, in case of a permanent injury, they have the right to get a settlement and the right to receive two-thirds of the average wage. Laborers should not be wrongfully terminated. There were several nineteenth-century cases regarding wrongful termination from employment and not only does an employee have a right to be informed of the reason for his termination but also a right to justify his actions. The worker has a right to receive reasonable notice on the termination of his employment as it was held in the 1960 case between Bardal and Globe & Mail. In Bramble v Medis Health and Pharmaceutical Services Inc [1999], it was held that the amount of time that is deemed reasonable is such a time that gives the employee adequate time to seek alternative employment (Ullmann 56). Workers have the right to organize and fight for better terms of employment. This right was first given by the Massachusetts Supreme Court in an 1842 ruling. From the ruling of the 1842 cases between Commonwealth and Hunt, a group of employees would collectively come together to bargain for their wages. Previous rulings however did not recognize this. In the Cordwainess case, for instance, a group of journey shoemakers was convicted and fined for collectively failing to work to have their wages increased. This right applies to laborers in groups rather than individuals. They are allowed to form labor unions through which they would forward their grievances to their employers. Some court rulings gave the labor unions a right to strike provided the strikes did not affect those workers who were willing to work under the prevailing circumstance. Strikes are therefore optional and no employee should be forced to participate. This right however depended on the conduct and purpose of the strike. Through these strikes, the workers are able to negotiate over their wages as well as their working conditions. In the Vegalahn v. Guntner (1896) case, it was held that picketing was illegal (Twomey 380). All laborers have a right to fair representation and there should be no form of discrimination based on race, sex or any other factor. In the case between Steele and Nashville Railroad Company of 1944, the Supreme Court ruled that labor unions should fairly represent all workers in bargaining without putting into consideration their race. A labor union cannot fail to represent a worker just because he or she is from a minority race. Similarly in Griggs vs. Duke Power Corporation (1971), the court ruled that for any promotion and hiring policies with a direct impact on the employee’s race to be lawful, they should relate to the job. Employers however have a right to protect employees who are from a minority racial group. In some 19 th -century court rulings, employers were given the power to give preferential treatment to such minority groups. According to a 1987 ruling, quotas would be one of the remedies for employees who had previously been discriminated against by their employers. Laborers have a right to equal employment opportunities despite social and cultural diversity. People should also not be denied an employment opportunity based on gender. Women are the most affected since in most regions they fail to receive similar education as their male counterparts. They are therefore denied the chance to take up some forms of employment. According to common law, however, this should not be the case and the ability of a person to perform a certain task should not be prejudged based on their gender. According to the court’s ruling in Teresa Harris v. Forklift Systems (1993), sexual harassment was another form of discrimination and is therefore prohibited. The court gave details of what practices amount to sexual harassment in order to avoid confusion. People with disability should also not be discriminated against as was the ruling in Sutton v. United States. In this case, the court held that people with correctable impairments should not be classified as people with disability and should therefore be treated like any other normal persons (Twomey 426). Workers who are not satisfied with their work have the right to terminate employment. This implies that employment should be at will and no employee should be forced to remain in employment against his will provided that he does not go against the terms of his employment contract. He should however give the employer reasonable notice in the event that such a period of notice is not indicated in the employment contract (Ullmann 28). Conclusion It is therefore clear that in the 18 th and 19 th centuries there were a number of cases pertaining to the relationship between employers and employees. The judicial rulings that were made in those days still apply to date and they ensure that employees are able to fight for their rights. The common law cases are important because if employers were allowed to freely conduct their employee affairs as they deem right, they will most likely infringe on their employee’s basic rights. Child labor is prohibited and therefore any employee seeking to recruit should confirm that the prospective laborer is an adult and is of sound mind. Works cited Twomey, David. Labor & employment law: text & cases . Mason, Ohio: South-Western Cengage Learning, 2010. Print. Ullmann, Victoria. Labor and employment law . Clifton Park, NY: Thomson/Delmar Learning, 2004. Print.

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Write an essay about: The paper critiques the journal article "Risk and risk management in juvenile justice" by looking at its contribution to the topic, how poor professionalism and ethical issues surrounding risk assessment of juveniles may lead to unethical sentencing and punishment of juveniles, the research questions, and the methodologies used among other aspects.

The paper critiques the journal article "Risk and risk management in juvenile justice" by looking at its contribution to the topic, how poor professionalism and ethical issues surrounding risk assessment of juveniles may lead to unethical sentencing and punishment of juveniles, the research questions, and the methodologies used among other aspects.

Risk Assessment and Risk Management in Juvenile Justice Essay (Article Review) Introduction This paper critiques the journal article “Risk and risk management in juvenile justice” by looking at its contribution to the topic, how poor professionalism and ethical issues surrounding risk assessment of juveniles may lead to unethical sentencing and punishment of juveniles, the research questions, and the methodologies used among other aspects. Risk assessment involves the identification and evaluation of risk factors as well as protective aspects, which influence how often an individual gets involved in crime (Hanson & Morton-Bourgon, 2009). The factors include age, gender, prior criminal records, family support, and use of psychoactive substances (Mulvey & Iselin, 2008; Slobogin, 2013). Professionalism and ethics in risk assessment and management have a significant influence on how juveniles are unethically sentenced and punished. Article Summary Study Overview The journal article explains the methods used to assess and manage juvenile delinquency-related risks. The risk assessment techniques discussed in the article include actuarial assessment, unstructured clinical assessment, and structured professional judgment. The article makes a precise and individualized prediction concerning the issue of risk assessment and evaluation using risk factors obtained from similar validation samples, more significant variables, and recidivism information about the relevant measurable outcomes. The article also argues that risk assessment instruments in juvenile delinquency are characterized by several normative and constitutional issues due to their reliance on comparatively fixed personal characteristics and demographic variables (Slobogin, 2013). Research Problem The main scope of the study was to find the various types of risk assessment in juvenile justice and their effectiveness. The article outlines the main risk assessment protocols and brings to light their accuracy. Some of the risk assessment criteria outlined in the article are unstructured clinical judgment, structured professional assessment, and actuarial risk evaluation. The article also unveils the best scenarios for each assessment instrument (Slobogin, 2013). Research Methodology The journal article relies on literature review as the main source of data collection. Through the methodology, the article is able to identify the pros and cons of each risk assessment technique. For instance, it is difficult to make predictions with the unstructured clinical assessment technique. In the case of structured clinical judgment, it is difficult to achieve consistency as the influential variables in the assessment may be different for each evaluator. The actuarial risk assessment also has a few drawbacks; for instance, it does not provide a distinct definition of the risk factors being measured. Conclusion Slobogin (2013) concludes that it is difficult to assess and manage the risks of re-offending among juveniles since each risk assessment technique has its shortcomings. For instance, unstructured clinical judgment is one of the techniques that do not give precise predictions of the risk factors being measured. However, risk assessment and management can be done using structured clinical judgment and actuarial risk assessment. For better results, the article proposes the use of adjusted actuarial risk assessment and structured professional judgment (Slobogin, 2013). Article Critique The article makes a great contribution to the current literature through the findings obtained from the literature review. For instance, it explains the most important types of risk assessment, including structured clinical judgment and actuarial risk assessment, and also unveils their accuracy. In addition, the study gives the reasons explaining why risk assessment in juvenile justice is most complicated. To avoid this intricacy, the article suggests the use of structured professional judgment and adjusted actuarial risk assessment (Yang, Wong, & Coid, 2010). The research methodology employed in the study is extremely effective. By conducting an extensive literature review, the researcher was able to identify the weaknesses of every assessment technique; he was also able to find out how unstructured clinical judgment can lead to wrongful sentencing of juveniles. The findings of the study are reliable since the research has supported every finding with relevant literature (Mayers & Schmidt, 2008). Although the article does not have definite research questions, the aim of the study is brought out. According to Slobogin (2013), the study aimed to establish the various instruments that can be used in assessing risks of re-offending among juveniles and bring to light the ethical issues surrounding the applicable risk assessment instruments (Schwalbe, 2007). The author was able to achieve the objective of the study by conducting a thorough literature review. The study offers a concrete summary of all the items outlined in the body of the journal article. The conclusion sums up the most commonly used risk assessment instruments and provides a synopsis of other important concepts, including the ethical issues and other aspects concerning risk assessment and management in juvenile justice. Conclusion The journal article “Risk and risk management in juvenile justice” is well written and covers the topic in a comprehensive manner. Its content is divided into clear sections to improve its readability and the author employs literature review as the main research methodology. The research methodology is highly effective as it enables the author to obtain information that is credible enough to realize conclusive findings. The journal article also makes a significant contribution to the current literature by unveiling various ethical issues and other aspects, which affect the juvenile justice system. References Hanson, R. K., & Morton-Bourgon, K. E. (2009). The accuracy of recidivism risk assessment for sexual offenders: A meta-analysis of 118 prediction studies. Psychological Assessment, 21 (1), 1-21. Mayers, J. R., & Schmidt, F. (2008). Predictive validity of the structured assessment for violence in youth (SAVRY) with juvenile offenders. Criminal Justice and Behavior, 35 (3), 344-355. Mulvey, E. P., & Iselin, A. R. (2008). Improving professional judgments of risk and amenability in juvenile justice. Future Child, 18 (2), 35-57. Schwalbe, C. S. (2007). Risk assessment for juvenile justice. Law and Human Behavior, 31 (5), 449-462. Slobogin, C. (2013). Risk assessment and risk management in juvenile justice. Criminal Justice, 27 (4), 1-10. Yang, M., Wong, S. C. O., & Coid, J. (2010). The efficacy of violence prediction: A meter-analytic comparison of nine risk assessment tools. Psychological Bulletin, 136 (5), 740-767.

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Create the inputted essay that provided the following summary: The essay discusses the risks and limitations facing organizations in international diversification proposal essay. It highlights the need for organizations to be careful while planning and executing their entry mode internationally. as each mode is influenced by only one risk.

The essay discusses the risks and limitations facing organizations in international diversification proposal essay. It highlights the need for organizations to be careful while planning and executing their entry mode internationally. as each mode is influenced by only one risk.

Risks and Limitations Facing Organizations in International Diversification Proposal Essay Introduction International expansion or diversification of an organization enhances additional opportunities and risks, as well (Hitt, Ireland, and Hoskisson, 2009). However, the risks are more pronounced than the opportunities. The leading international risks involved are political and economic. Political risks entail the risk of investment return due to changes in a country’s stability through the influence of the government, legislative structures, military, and foreign policies. This risk intensifies with the increase in investment limits. The result of this risk is enormous and can lead to the decline of the investment returns to the extent that an organization is unable to withdraw the capital investment. On the other hand, economic risks are associated with foreign exchange. This comes as a result of fluctuations in the capital invested. This is triggered by changes in the currency exchange rates. Aside from international risks, there are various limitations to international expansion. The limitation includes cultural differences, industry structure, and market complexity (Hitt, Ireland, and Hoskisson, 2009). Significance and scope of the study Previously, numerous studies have been conducted about risk management in firms during international diversification. Most studies have revealed a significant relationship between these two variables (Harrison, and St, 2008). Although studies have invested a lot in these two variables, little has been done in the ways of handling the multiple risks arising in the entry mode. This is because any single entry mode chosen is influenced by only one risk. This study will purpose to examine political and economic risk influencing international diversification of the organization. Additionally, the limitations involved in the international expansion will also be addressed. Key Words: International diversification, International risks Literature Research has revealed that there exists a correlation between international diversification and risk (Hitt, Ireland, and Hoskisson, 2009). International diversification is seen as a way of reducing risk in firms, particularly economic risks. Risk is considered a factor that spurs international expansion. Recently, globalization has triggered the rise in international competition. In turn, this implies more risk for firms planning to expand or diversify the corporations internationally. Therefore, firms should be careful while planning and executing their entry mode internationally. Entry mode is defined by two dimensions namely control ability for operations and resource commitment (Daft, 2010). More specifically, the level of resource commitment and control ability is critical in risk management in international diversification. There are three entry modes into foreign markets. The first mode is where the management entirely controls the firm’s operations by committing many resources. Here, the management bears all the total risk. The second aspect will deal with the sharing of the resources of the firm with other organizations. This will be done to avoid the risks involved in the entire process. The last aspect is where the firm shifts the control of operations as well as resource commitment to evade most risks (Hitt, Ireland, and Hoskisson, 2009). Research Approach For this study to examine fully the variables of the study, firms in the line of business will be selected. The researchers will concentrate mainly on the firms conducting business internationally particularly in these eight areas Central/South America, United Kingdom/Australia, Eastern Europe/Western Europe, Soviet Union, Canada, Mexico, Middle-East/Africa, and Japan/Asia. These firms will provide a good background about the two variables. A questionnaire survey will be used for this study based on interview mode and through the mail. Before the questionnaires are sent through emails, a call will be made to all the firms selected. This will seek to identify whether the firms have accepted to participate in the research. Afterward, a questionnaire accompanied with a cover letter and directions for completion will be mailed to the respective firms. The questionnaire to be used will be two-sided. One will entail the general information, whereas the other will contain risk questions based on different world locations for international business. The following measures will be used; control risk, market complexity, and total risk. The types of risks will be constrained to political and economic risks. Relative to control risk, this will measure three dimensions, first, the duration which the firms have operated in the areas. The next dimension will concentrate on the cultural differences between the regions. The last dimension will feature the industry structure based on the competition in different regions. In regards to market complexity, the different market factors posing risks to firms in each region will be evaluated. These complexities include market infrastructure, demands, and customer tastes. Most of these measures will employ the use of a 5 point Likert scale for comparison reasons. Furthermore, total risk will be computed by combining and obtaining an average of the control risk and market complexity risk. Decision-making is crucial in international diversification and risk management. Therefore, decisions made by these firms will be evaluated using mental models. The mental models will measure the decision made in the home and foreign markets. This will help to determine the types of risks perceived and experienced in different regions. One way of risk management involves a measure of the differences or similarities between what the firms are initially used to handle at home and the expected situation in the foreign market. Finally, the entry model of the firms into the international market will be measured. The data obtained will be analyzed through the exploratory system. This will involve a comparison of the data to identify trends and the relationship between the variables of study in the selected firms. References: Daft, R. L. (2010). Organization theory and design . Mason, Ohio: South-Western Cengage Learning. Harrison, J. S., & St, J. C. H. (2008). Foundations in strategic management . Mason, OH: Thomson/South-Western. Hitt, M. A., Ireland, R. D., & Hoskisson, R. E. (2009). Strategic management: Competitiveness and globalization : concepts. Mason, OH: South-Western Cengage Learning.

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Create the inputted essay that provided the following summary: Epidemiology is a powerful tool for the identification of a causal association in cancer risk assessment. However, it has a few limitations.Epidemiology is a powerful tool for the identification of a causal association in cancer risk assessment. However, it has a few limitations.

Epidemiology is a powerful tool for the identification of a causal association in cancer risk assessment. However, it has a few limitations. Epidemiology is a powerful tool for the identification of a causal association in cancer risk assessment. However, it has a few limitations.

“Role and Limitations of Epidemiology…” by Franco Essay Question, Hypothesis, and Study Design here are no direct questions for the research described in the article “Role and Limitations of Epidemiology in Establishing a Causal Association” by Franco et al. However, it is easier to develop a research question that would have been used as a lead in the study. The question for the research described in the article is: what are the role and limitations of epidemiology in the identification of a causal association? This is the question that has led to the assessment of biological, physical and chemical environments to establish how they can contribute to the risk of contracting cancer (Franco et al., 2004, p. 413). There are several hypotheses that can be deduced from the content of the article. The first hypothesis could be: epidemiology is the most effective method of establishing a causal association in cancer risk assessment. The second hypothesis could be: epidemiology has a few limitations when used in the establishment of a causal association in cancer risk assessment. The title of the article “Role and limitations of epidemiology in establishing a causal association” is developed from the two hypotheses. The research described in the article is purely based on literature review; there are no observations, questionnaires, direct or indirect interviews that were conducted to assist in the data collection. The data and information outlined in the article have been collected from other literary works. Information that has been reviewed from other literatures has been referenced, thereby giving recognition to their authors. Evaluation and Critique of Methodology, Results, and Conclusions Methodology The methodology used in the study described in the article is purely qualitative. Qualitative research methodology is identified by the way data is described in it. Qualitative methodology results in data, which approximates or gives characteristics of a certain phenomenon. Unlike qualitative methodology, which measures properties, qualitative research simply describes the study’s phenomenon. The main source of data for the research is written documents, which include books, other journal articles, and reports among many others. The qualitative methodology used in the research enabled the authors to obtain the information that they wanted without difficulty. For instance, they were able to obtain easy information regarding epidemiology and other approaches for assessing carcinogenicity, cancer epidemiology involving casual criteria, benefits and shortfalls of using molecular epidemiology to assess exposure, and genetic susceptibility-related issues, among other areas of interests (Franco et al., 2004, p. 413-15). The qualitative methodology has assisted the researchers to break the main topic of research into smaller parts, making it easier for them to describe the topic and other issues related to it. Results The results obtained from the literature review purely consisted of qualitative data describing the concept of epidemiology in relation to the risk of cancer. The data from the research has been presented in such a way that it is easily readable. For instance, some of the data has been presented in tabular format. The other information has been presented under various subheadings to make it easy to read through. Information on epidemiology and other approaches and criteria applied in cancer epidemiology has been presented in tables. Approaches for assessing carcinogenicity, cancer epidemiology involving casual criteria, benefits and shortfalls of using molecular epidemiology to assess exposure, and genetic susceptibility-related issues have been outlined through subheadings. The researchers are also precise in the way they put across their results. Since the results have been obtained from other literatures, they can be considered reliable. Franco et al. (2004) have explained how epidemiology and other processes are used in the evaluation of carcinogenicity and the concept of casual criteria in cancer risk using epidemiology. They have exclusively defined and explained the roles and limitations of epidemiological procedures in exposure evaluation. They have also given explanations regarding issues related to genetic susceptibility. The significant findings of the research include epidemiology and assessment approaches used in the evaluation of the procedures used in assessing carcinogenicity, casual criteria used in cancer epidemiology, roles and shortcomings of epidemiological methods in exposure assessment, and the concept of genetic susceptibility and difficulties in determining cancer risk in a section of the population (Franco et al., 2004, p. 414, 415, 418). These findings are all related to epidemiology and assessment of cancer risk in a population, which were the main objectives of the research. Conclusion The study concluded that epidemiological approaches have recently become so vigorous with the introduction of molecular methods. Therefore, the approaches can be considered reliable in the assessment of the risk of cancer in a population. Despite all these advancements, many epidemiologists still prefer to use statistical analysis to reduce the effects that come with poor methods of evaluating the relationship between the risk of cancer and the epidemiological processes or approaches for assessing carcinogenicity (Franco et al., 2004, p. 421). The authors have recommended better strategies for research that may be conducted in the future. The authors have refrained from prejudice and have even admitted that there were weaknesses in their research. Reference Franco et al. (2004). Role and limitations of epidemiology in establishing a casual association. Seminars in Cancer Biology , 14 , 413-426.

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Provide the full text for the following summary: The role of management in finance is to analyze the provided accounting information of a company and make financial decisions on a regular basis.

The role of management in finance is to analyze the provided accounting information of a company and make financial decisions on a regular basis.

Role of Management in Finance Essay Finance is the key organ in any corporation or company today. A company that has a strong financial base will thrive to greater heights of success at a faster rate than that with a weak financial base. Managers are supposed to analyze the provided accounting information of a company and make financial decisions on a regular basis. The managers use their management skills to determine whether a company needs extra capital or not. They are also required to analyze the various available financial sources to determine the best sources of obtaining capital in case a company needs extra financing. A company whose liquidity goes below a given amount may be declared bankrupt and dissolved. Hence, financial managers play the role of ensuring that the liquidity of a company does not fall below the specified amount. Financial managers also negotiate for better terms of financing with the various financial sources. A financial manager should know the various aspects of finance which include; the financial sources available, the risks of every financial source and advantages of every financial source (Hickman & Byrd 2013). It is in the financial markets that a company sells its securities as a way of sourcing funds. The financial managers ensures the risks and opportunities in every financial market are considered so as to advise the company on what securities to float in which market and when to float them. Minus the financial manager’s understanding of the financial market, the company will sell its shares and debentures at low prices and that way they will not be able source the required funds for the operation of the company (Hickman & Byrd 2013). Cash flow is more important than sales in various ways since the rate at which cash flows in and out of the company will determine its liquidity. A company that has a poor liquidity may be declared bankrupt and be subsequently dissolved. Therefore, a company may make huge sales with most of them being on credit. This will reduce the cash flow at a given time and the company may not be able to make future sales if there are no cash inflows from previous sales. A company might also report huge profits as a result of credit sales but then the buyers may decide to pay after a very long period or even not to pay at all. This will see the company’s liquidity fall below the required level and it may be dissolved. Thus, cash flows are more important than sales. As mentioned before, the failure of management to play its financial roles will see the company’s liquidity fall below a given level and as a result it may not be able to meet its financial obligations. This will lead to liquidation of the company. A good example are companies that have been closed because of the negligence of financial managers which results to companies making losses and unable to sustain their operations such as the Neopak investment in New York (Hickman & Byrd 2013). The balance sheet attached in chapter two will be of great help to financial managers in decision making. Financial managers can use it to determine the liquidity of the company by calculating the liquidity ratios, the current assets ratios and the quick ratios. Depending on the values of the ratios, the managers will be able to make informed financial decisions. More so, the financial manager can use the balance sheet to determine the net worth of the company as well as to determine whether extra financing is required to run the company. Financial managers can also use the balance sheet to determine the financial sources that have not been fully exploited by the company and advice on whether it is prudent to exploit them or not. Reference Hickman, K., & Byrd, J. Essentials of Finance . New York: Bridge Point Education. 2013. Print.

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Write a essay that could've provided the following summary: This essay discusses the findings of a research that assessed the parity of room rates across different distribution channels in Saudi Arabia. The research found that there was rate parity among fifty five per cent of the total hotels studied. It also found that there were 2 OTAs referred to as Booking.com and Agonda.com. Their rates assumed a high proportion of payment compared to the hotel rates.

This essay discusses the findings of a research that assessed the parity of room rates across different distribution channels in Saudi Arabia. The research found that there was rate parity among fifty five per cent of the total hotels studied. It also found that there were 2 OTAs referred to as Booking.com and Agonda.com. Their rates assumed a high proportion of payment compared to the hotel rates.

Room Rate Parity Across Different Distribution Channels Essay Observation has an intimate target to evaluate the parity of room rates under various distribution channels. Furthermore, this research will assess the variations evident on room rates by determining whether advanced reservations are offered at lower prices or not. These were the achievements that the researcher aimed to achieve in this study. He identified that the use of direct observation could be the best strategy to accomplish the task. The initial focuses paid particulate attention to the most popular third-party websites which were regarded as Booking.com and Agoda.com. These websites were used significantly for travelling to Saudi Arabia. Also, the researcher managed to study direct distribution channels that were related to a particular hotel. It is possible for an individual to distinguish hotel websites and central reservation systems among the direct channels. This research managed to observe the trends in 3 cities of Saudi Arabia called Riyadh, Eastern Area and Mecca. The researcher found it necessary to assess the room rates for particulate rooms in each hotel under study. Consequently, he set on the research from 13 th December and commenced on January 24 th since there were no distractive events during this period. The behaviors of tourists were not affected by events that could cause abnormal deviations. During the first week of the study, the researcher checked the room rates for 1 st four consecutive Thursdays (13 th , 20 th , 27 th of December and 3 rd of January). When the 2 nd week started on 20 th , the researcher identified the rates for 1 st four Thursdays (20 th , 27 th of December and 3 rd , 10 th of January). On the third week (27 th December), room rates for 1 st four Thursdays were observed. Similarly, this observation trend was used for the fourth week that started on third of January. Why was Thursday used as the best day for the research? The researcher had identified that a weekend would render people free since it is part of the weekend in Saudi Arabia. Using this strategy, the research was able to assess the room rate parity in various hotels among direct and indirect distribution channels. After performing this research, he noticed that there was rate parity among fifty five per cent of the total hotels studied. Also, there were 2 OTAs referred to as Booking.com and Agonda.com. Their rates assumed a high proportion of payment compared to the hotel rates. Toh et al, (2011) had pointed out that distribution channels ought to provide similar ratings referred to as rate parity to prevent differences in room rates according to the channels. The observation of this research depicts that differences have been prevented significantly. In cases where these differences exist, we could assume that there were activities that altered the normal running demand of the hotel. This could, in turn, result to variation in occupancy that regulates the overall deviations in rates. According to Gazzoli et al. (2003), the departments that handle revenue management take the responsibility of facilitating rate parity to depict prevalence of integrity. In some other instances, it was found that hotel rates could exceed the rating of Booking.com and Agoda.com for all the four days. There exists only one exception that showed hotel website exceeding OTAs on 21 days in advance. Contrary, 6 hotel rates were lower than the OTAs and the data to one of these distinguished hotels represented a situation where booking preceded hotel’s websites and Agoda. What if two hotels were used to display the different charges on the period imposed by the hotel channel as well as the 2 third-party websites? The figure 1 below implies the presence of rate parity for 7 and 14 days advancement among the direct and indirect channels. Also, the rates of 3 rd party websites, such as booking.com and agonda.com, were beyond the hotel website on that day and twenty one days in advance. On the other hand, the other figure (figure 2) shows the illustration of lack of parity between the entire direct and indirect channels because hotel 4 had prices that were higher than those offered by booking and Agoda in the 4 days. Changes in trend were observed during the last observation of week one. In this case, there were immediate deprivations of rates for some hotels. We cannot ignore a reduction from 10000 to 8900 for the participating hotel number 19. It is vital to notes the retention of some characters in the observations collected. For instance, there were minimal deviations from one level of advancement to the other. Only few levels had huge deviation such as the one moving from 10000 to 8900. Others did not have significant trends because they depicted unidirectional variations. Therefore, there were no distinguished strategies put in place to identify the reasons behind their variations. Agonda.com and Booking.com have similar charges for their services because there were few incidents where there was a small difference in the rates under the two. In these cases, the rates were as follows; Booking Agoda 555 550 480 500 280 240 555 505 500 570

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Provide a essay that could have been the input for the following summary: The RSA algorithm is a public key cryptographic algorithm that was invented in 1977 by three MIT scholars. It has since been used for security purposes and its use has extended to IP data, e-mail, conferencing services, transport data and many more.

The RSA algorithm is a public key cryptographic algorithm that was invented in 1977 by three MIT scholars. It has since been used for security purposes and its use has extended to IP data, e-mail, conferencing services, transport data and many more.

RSA: Public/Private Key Encryption Report Introduction Emerging technologies have globalized trading and communication systems. This has had an overwhelming effect on the world as most businesses re-align to implement e-commerce. These transactions and communication networks need protection against unauthorized access. In this regard, several methods have been established to safeguard online transactions as well as personal identification details. Most of these methods employ encryption to safeguard their online activities. Security is essential in protecting passwords, private communications, online payments as well as safe communications, among others. Cryptography, which refers to the science of writing using secret codes, originated in ancient Egypt as inscriptions. Its use has been considered a protective measure in modern technology where communications are transmitted through unsafe media. It has been employed for authentication, integrity, Non-repudiation, and private purposes. There are different types of cryptographic algorithms such as hash functions, private and public-key cryptography. This paper will explore the definition, structure, and the use of Rivest, Shamir, and Adleman’s (RSA) public key cryptographic algorithm (Rivest, Shamir & Adleman, 1978). Definition RSA which is derived from its inventor’s names Rivest, Shamir, and Adleman, emerged in 1977 and has since been used for security purposes. It was the first type of algorithm to be used in signatures. Its use has been far and wide and this enabled it to be patent-free since the year 2000. Since its invention, RSA has been tried in several security implementation including digital signatures and encryption, among others. It is structured to apply factorization as its security tool and this makes it comparatively easy to use and understand. For this reason, RSA is the most extensively used algorithmic method for online security purposes. Its use has also extended to IP data, e-mail, conferencing services, transport data and many more. Theory Prior to its invention in 1977 by the three MIT scholars Rivest, Shamir and Adleman, Clifford Cocks had tried to propose its implementation for the UK intelligence agency in 1973. However, this did not succeed as the computers required for this exercise were very expensive. When RSA was invented in 1977, and its implementation described in 1983 in MIT, the institution was granted a 17-year patent which was to expire in 2000, however, a public patent was declared by the RSA security that year. RSA employs the use of trap-door ciphers, where encoding and decoding of secret keys are done. This has made it easy to decode keys. The method allows those who have decoding keys to generate encoding ones and also restricts the generation of decoding keys from encoding, this way; it protects information. RSA encryption employs the Cipher method in its key generation (Rivest, Shamir & Adleman, 1978). RSA algorithm involves the use of three stages or processes. These include key generation, then encryption, and finally decryption. RSA can use a public key or private key. The use of Public key is usually employed when dealing with encryption of messages while private decryption is for privacy and security purposes (Ireland, 2011, p. 1). Key Generation This method entails the use of a public key for encryption purposes. These are done as follows: * Choosing 2 discrete prime numbers, for instance, p and q. These numbers are supposed to be chosen randomly to enhance security details; this is usually done using primality tests. Care should also be taken to ensure that these numbers have the same bit length. * The second step involves the computation of numbers above for instance, from the above example, we shall introduce a new number, n = pq, where n is the modulus of the two numbers. * This step involves further computation using Euler’s function as shown: (n) = (p – 1) (q – 1). * The fourth step involves choosing an integer e, such that (n) < e < 1 and also the equations are co-prime, that is, their ((n), e) gcd is 1. In that case, e is released as the exponent of the public key. In most cases bit-length of e determines their security levels, for example, very short values such as 3 have proved to be less secure than the others. * The next step involves finding the private key exponent, usually denoted as d; this is usually computed by use of an extended Euclidean algorithm. D is computed from e as follows: d = e -1 mod (n); Therefore, to obtain the public key, one needs the public exponent e, and modulus n, while to obtain private key, private exponent d must be determined. The latter must be kept secret (RSA Security, 2011, p. 1). Encryption stage In this process the public key is transmitted while private key is kept secret. For instance, If George transmits a message X to Mary, and Mary transmits her encryption key say (n, e) and keeps the private key d, then George should change X into x, where x is an integer. x should be such that 0 < x < n using padding scheme that they have agreed on. George will then compute the cipher-text which corresponds to c = x e (mod n), using exponential squaring (Riikonen, 2002). Decryption stage This stage involves computing the result in encryption to obtain decryption exponent d. using the case above; the following method can be employed. X = c d (mod n) meaning that when x is provided, then Mary can obtain X by reversing the initially agreed padding scheme (Davis, 2003, p. 1). Mathematics RSA algorithm entails the use of several mathematical theorems like, Fermat’s little and extension theorems, as well as the Chinese remainder theorem. These theorems are used to enable key generation, encryption, decryption so as to ascertain the use of public key and private key. The following calculations are involved in RSA algorithm (Menez, et. al., 2002). It starts by selecting random prime numbers, i.e. p and q in which confirmation can be made by p! = q. modulus n, is then computed as n = pq and (n) = (p – 1) (q – 1). Public exponent is given as e, such that (n) < e < 1 and gcd (e,(n)) = 1. These are used to compute d = e -1 mod (n);Thus giving public key as and private key as d. Encryption would therefore be c = m e mod n, while decryption would be m = c d mod n. For digital signatures s = H (m) d mod n while its verification is m’ = s e mod n, and is only correct when m’ = H (m), where H is a hash function (Coppersmith, 1997, p. 22). For example, if p =47 and q = 71; Then n = 3337; (n) = 46 * 70 = 3220; By letting e = 79, then d = 79 -1 mod 3220 = 1019 Therefore, from the formulae above, public key = n and e, while private key = d. Also, by discarding p and q, we shall have; Encrypt message m = 688, and hence c = 688 79 modulus 3337 = 1570. Decrypt message shall be c = 1570. And m =1570 1019 modulus 3337 which gives m =688. How it works RSA uses factorization method to enhance its security; in addition it employs the use of RSAP, which is known as RSA problem. RSA problem ensures that RSA encryption is safeguarded. This ensures that only one number exists in the field. Factorization takes advantage of the fact that factoring large numbers is usually difficult in ensuring security. This can be done very fast, in fact quicker than brute forcing. Implementation of RSA involves the use of tools such as Arbitrary (multiple) precision arithmetic, prime number generator as well as the PRNG (Pseudo Random Number Generator). The algorithm is based on three theorems, Fermat’s little and extension theories as well as the Chinese remainder theorem. These theories form the basis of RSA and are used to obtain decryption. Fermat’s Little Theorem This theory states that, if say p is a prime number, and m is an integer, Then m p-1 =1(mod p). If (a, p) = 1. Fermat’s Extension Theorem In this method, if (a, p) = 1, Then a (m) = 1(mod m), Where (m) gives the digits less than m, and also prime to m Chinese remainder theorem In this theorem if say (p, q) = 1, and may not be prime numbers, Then a = b (mod p); And a = b (mod q), Then a = b (mod pq). Conclusion In summary, the following processes are followed in RSA algorithm, Key generation, which involves selection of random prime numbers say, p and q in which confirmation can be made by p! = q. Modulus n, is then computed as n = pq and (n) = (p – 1) (q – 1). Public exponent is given as e, such that (n) < e < 1 and gcd (e, (n)) = 1 These are used to compute d = e -1 mod (n);Thus giving public key as and private key as d. Encryption would therefore be c = m e mod n, while decryption would be m = c d mod n. For digital signatures s = H (m) d mod n while its verification is m’ = s e mod n, and is only correct when m’ = H (m), where H is a hash function (Agrawal, et. al., (n.d)). Reference List Agrawal, M., et. al. (n.d). Primes is in P . Web. Coppersmith, D. (1997). Small Solutions to Polynomial Equations, and Low Exponent RSA Vulnerabilities . Journal of Cryptology, v. 10, n. 4. Davis, T. (2003). RSA Encryption . Earthlink.net. Ireland, D. (2011). RSA Algorithm . DI Management. Menez, et. al. (2002). Hand book of Applied Cryptography . Riikonen, P. (2002). RSA Algorithm . Web. Rivest, R., Shamir, A. & Adleman, L. (1978). A Method for Obtaining Digital Signatures and Public-Key Cryptosystems. Web. RSA Security. (2011). PKCS#1 Standard . Web.

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Write the original essay for the following summary: The paper involves a critical qualitative analysis of an article titled 'Rural Black Women Thought's About Exercise' (Evans, 2009). The article mainly focuses on the thoughts possessed by black women in the rural areas regarding exercises. Additionally, it focuses on Coronary Heart Disease (CHD), which is one of the main causes of death and disability in US. It mainly affects black women in the rural areas. Lack of adequate physical activities among the rural black women is one of the reasons why they are

The paper involves a critical qualitative analysis of an article titled 'Rural Black Women Thought's About Exercise' (Evans, 2009). The article mainly focuses on the thoughts possessed by black women in the rural areas regarding exercises. Additionally, it focuses on Coronary Heart Disease (CHD), which is one of the main causes of death and disability in US. It mainly affects black women in the rural areas. Lack of adequate physical activities among the rural black women is one of the reasons why they are

Rural Black Women Thought’s About Exercise Essay (Critical Writing) Phenomenon of Interest This paper involves a critical qualitative analysis of an article titled ‘Rural Black Women Thought’s About Exercise’ (Evans, 2009). The article mainly focuses on the thoughts possessed by black women in the rural areas regarding exercises. Additionally, it focuses on Coronary Heart Disease (CHD), which is one of the main causes of death and disability in US. It mainly affects black women in the rural areas. Lack of adequate physical activities among the rural black women is one of the reasons why they are at risk of acquiring Coronary Heart Disease (CHD). Additionally, obesity, diabetes, and hypertension are other reasons for CHD among the rural black women (Evans, 2009). The inability of these women to incorporate activities such as exercise in their lives often leads to CHD. The article states that black women who are at risk (vulnerable women) are oblivious of the situation compared to their white counterparts. This lack of knowledge makes it difficult for them to change their lifestyle. It also states that various researches that have been done have found certain social, environmental and cultural barriers to be the reasons why these women do not exercise (Evans, 2009). However, the article does not give a comprehensive description of CHD. It however found the relationships between exercise and heart, the various barriers to exercise, the reasons to exercise and the actions that may be taken. Purpose The author of the article failed to clearly state the purpose of the study. He merely gave the relationship of Coronary Heart Disease and exercise. The purpose of the study is to aid clinicians develop effective prevention methods for CHD among the rural black women. However, the researcher indicated the importance of the concerned study to nursing. It gave the relationship between CHD and exercise. It also included the barriers to exercise among the black women and the benefits of exercising. These are significant to nursing as they enable clinicians to find the appropriate ways to mitigate CHD among the black women in the rural areas. Additionally, it can enable women to understand the benefits of incorporating physical activity in their lives. The study is important since CHD is one of the leading causes of death among the rural black women. In addition to this, women with CHD spend a lot of money on treatment. The researcher noted that people with chronic diseases like CHD use up to six times as much money on health care as healthy people do per year. The research is thus important in nursing in that it assists in reducing deaths and disabilities caused by CHD and also in reducing costs related to CHD. Methodology and Sampling Critically, the researcher used an ethnographic design in carrying out the study and this was appropriate since it involved the study of people of a location and gender and their beliefs about exercise. This method matches well with the purpose of the study since it enables the understanding of the causes of CHD, effects of lack of exercise and the benefits of the practice. Individual semi-structured interviews were admitted to the individual women included in the study and this made it possible to know their personal beliefs and understandings of exercise. On critical analysis, the method of data collection thus enabled the researcher know the barriers to exercise among the rural black women and the beliefs that they had about exercise. The research used convenience and snow ball sampling methods in data collection. These were used since they were non probabilistic and accessing the women was a little bit difficult. The individuals to be included in the study as informants had to be black women aged between 40 and 60 years old. In addition to this, they had to be residents of southern rural county and must have a condition that may be related to CHD for example hypertension and obesity. Critically, this ensured that the sample obtained was appropriate in understanding the beliefs the women had about exercise and behaviors of the women. It also focused on the people who were at high risk of the disease and thus the sample was appropriate. The researchers excluded women who were educated as health education affected their possibility of being at risk of the CHD. Data collection The method of data collection focused on the experiences of the rural black women. It targeted women who were at high risk of acquiring the disease and focused on their beliefs and practices. Critically, the researcher described the strategies employed in data collection as McSweeney Acute as well as Prodromal Myocardial Infarction Symptom survey (Evans, 2009). This method was used by the researcher as it enabled vivid description of the situation under study. It enabled the development of a comprehensive tool, that promotes high validity of the content and that is widely acceptable. The strategy enabled the inclusion of multiple questions that are simple to answer as there were choices. Adjustments in the questions administered were made to suit the rural black women’s lifestyles and thoughts. Kleinman’s EMs and CHD control methods were used to guide the interview questions administered (Evans, 2009). Upon critical analysis, these ensured that relevant questions were included in the interview. In collecting the data, the study was presented to non professional workers in a health facility in a small rural southern town. The employees in the facility were chosen since they were black women aged between 40 and 60 years old and were residents of the town. The initial meeting required the interested women to fill in forms detailing contact information. The methods for data collection were explicit and ensured rigor. One interviewer conducted the interviews so that the whole procedure was standardized and homogenous. The researcher also employed the expertise of an experienced qualitative professional to ensure the reliability of results. The qualitative research expert monitored the study and participated in the coding, defining, and the final analysis of the data. The rights of interviewees were addressed by the interviewers. Critically, the researcher explained the purpose of the study to concerned women (who were to be interviewed). The rights of the interviewees were also addressed by them reading and signing the health insurance and accountability act and study contents. The study can be easily replicated since the procedures used can be easily employed. The findings, however, can never be the same since the interviews were administered to individuals and all had different experiences. The circumstances of the people who are to be included in a similar study elsewhere are also different thus the results cannot be similar. Critically, the researcher did not describe the saturation of the collected. Data saturation refers to when the researcher gets the same information from the interviewed respondents. However, some of the questions that the interviewer included had similar answers thereby showing data saturation. Critically, this is a considerable provision when scrutinized critically in the realms of research execution. The interviewer used twenty women as interviewees and all twenty of them agreed that it is okay to exercise. Fourteen women included in the interview identified physical barriers as the reason why they do not exercise while five gave mental barriers as the reason why they do not exercise. When asked the actions that they could take to prevent CHD, all of them gave the answer that they could take up current practices such as walking around the neighborhood. Interviews The interview questions administered by the researcher addressed the issues expressed in the problem statement. The questions touched on issues such as rural women’s understanding of the relationship between physical activities and CHD. Additionally, it discerned their views regarding physical exercises and other characterizing benefits. Critically, one of the interview questions, for example, sought to know if the interviewees participated in any physical activity other than their regular jobs in the last three months (Evans, 2009). This actually aimed at understanding weather they understood the importance of regular exercise to their health. The researcher also notes that the qualitative analysis revealed the thoughts of the rural black women about exercise, the barriers to exercise among these women, the reasons why they could take to exercising and the physical actions that they could incorporate in their lives to prevent CHD. These findings show that the interview questions addressed the issues that were expressed in the problem statement. The structure of the interview questions did not guide respondents towards a certain response. Critically, they were objective. Some gave simple choices like ‘Yes’ or ‘No’ while others gave the interviewees freedom to use their own words. Additionally, some of the questions were subjective, for example, one sought to know if the interviewees have ever been told that they have high blood pressure and thus there was no way that they could have been lead towards a certain response. The sequence of the questions also did not guide the respondents towards any direction. Data analysis The researcher described the strategies she used to analyze the data that was collected. Descriptive statistics was used in analyzing the demographic and radio frequency data collected (Evans, 2009). In addition to this, content analysis and continuous comparison were employed in the analysis of the qualitative data that the researcher collected. Critically, the researcher checked all the transcripts and made corrections where necessary and then ran the transcripts in an Ethnograph v5.08, a software program that numbered each line of the transcript and aided in sorting and storage of the data. The researcher developed codes after the first four interviews to categorize linked content and definitions were given to the codes. The comparisons were done to find similarities and differences in the data collected and any possible pattern. Credibility, Audibility, and Fittingness Critically, the data that the researcher collected were credible and objective. Women who participated in the interviews were not coerced or induced into participating in the study. The interviewer also explained to them the purpose of the study and their rights and thus they can recognize the experience as their own. They were also allowed to ask any question before the start of the interview so as to get better understanding of the activity. They can also recognize the experience as their own since the researcher has included their responses and views in the article. The researcher, for example, states that one of the women said that too much exercise is dangerous to health yet the article aimed at promoting frequent exercise among the women. The ownership of the experience is important as it gives credibility to the whole study. It shows that the findings used in making conclusions and recommendations are not doctored and thus can be used in clinical practices. The ideas that the researcher possessed could easily be followed by individuals who read the article. Critically, the researcher sought to promote exercise among the rural black women whom she identified as being at high risk to CHD. Readers can clearly see that the author explained why these women are at high risk to CHD and their beliefs about exercise and barriers to exercise. The author then used clearly structured questions that sought to understand if these women understood the link between heart and exercise and the importance of exercise. The characteristics of the individuals included in the sample were also clear to the readers thus easily understandable. Concurrently, the research process is clearly documented beginning with the used design, taken samples, and the instruments that were used. Additionally, the procedures and the methods of data analysis are also clearly documented by the researcher. In documenting the research process, the researcher uses terms such as ‘ethnographic design was used’, ‘an overview study was presented’ and ‘descriptive statistics were used’ among others. The findings of the study are applicable in many situations outside the study area. The participants, for example, stated that exercise also assists in improving other conditions such as hypertension, obesity and diabetes (Evans, 2009). This means that the findings are applicable in situations where individuals are assisted to lose weight or manage hypertension. The findings are also applicable in situations that the individuals under study suffer from stress since the participants noted that exercise is an effective stress reliever. The strategy used in the study was descriptive and involved use of qualitative data and thus compatible with the purpose of the study. The study aimed at assisting clinicians develop an effective way of assisting black rural women prevent CHD through exercise and thus a description of the link between heart and CHD is necessary. Findings Critically, the results of the study revealed that they are applicable globally and thus the context of the findings was universal. The interviewed women believed that physical exercise helps prevent heart diseases and other coronary complications. Barriers to such activities might prevent one from leading a healthy lifestyle. Critically, the reasons to exercise were noted to be varied ranging from encouragement from health care provider to recommendations from books while the actions that could be taken included things that the women are already doing such as walking in the neighborhood (Evans, 2009). The researcher’s conceptualization is true to the data as she has clearly shown the link between CHD and exercise. She also placed the study within the context that is already known about the disease. Another study, for example, had noted that the black women in the rural areas did not engage in exercise since the health care providers had not advised them to do so. Conclusions, Implications, and Recommendations Critically, the study’s findings were limited to a small sample of 20 individuals most of whom are low income earners. Additionally, it was limited to black women with mainly basic education. Critically, the conclusions made provided a general overview of the findings making it easy for readers place a context under which the study may be used. An example is that the author suggests that clinicians may educate rural black women the importance of exercise by including other black women testimonies in their classes. The conclusions also reflect the findings of the study for example the importance of clinicians knowing the thoughts of the women about exercise. Additionally, the clinicians have to know what may bar these women from exercising. Nonetheless, the study has not given recommendation for further study on the issue. It has recommended that research needs to be done on the best intervention methods as well as how to initiate and maintain exercises among the high risk women (Evans, 2009). My opinion is that more study involving a larger sample is advisable in order to attain comprehensive and universally applicable result. Additionally, I could recommend that the study include rural white women so as to know if they share the same beliefs as their black counterparts. Finally, the importance of the study in nursing is clear. Clinicians must understand the thoughts of the women about physical activities and what bar them from executing such necessities. Additionally, clinicians can educate women to increase their knowledge of CHD risk. Reference Evans, L. (2009). Rural Black Women’s Thoughts about Exercise . Monticello, AR: University of Arkansas.

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Write the original essay that generated the following summary: Ludwig Mies van der Rohe's S. R. Crown Hall is a masterpiece of modern architecture that successfully combines functionality and aestheticism. The building shows how architecture can reconcile functionality and aestheticism.

Ludwig Mies van der Rohe's S. R. Crown Hall is a masterpiece of modern architecture that successfully combines functionality and aestheticism. The building shows how architecture can reconcile functionality and aestheticism.

S. R. Crown Hall: The Masterpiece of Ludwig Mies van der Rohe Essay Table of Contents 1. Introduction 2. The goals that Mies tried to achieve while designing Crown Hall 3. The manipulation of space 4. Surface 5. Light 6. Conclusion 7. Appendixes 8. References 9. Footnotes Introduction Ludwig Mies van der Rohe, who is also known simply as Mies, is a prominent representative of architectural modernism. This style emphasizes minimalism, the use of the most up-to-date materials, the absence of decorative elements, and the willingness to create utility for people who will use a building (Salingaros 2007, p. 138). This paper is aimed at discussing S. R. Crown Hall which is probably the most famous work of Mies because it shows how architecture can reconcile functionality and aestheticism. In particular, it is necessary to focus on Mies’ manipulation of surface, space and light and the ultimate result that he managed to achieve. These are the main questions that should be examined in more detail. On the whole, one can argue that Mies was able to erase the borders between the interior and exterior of the building through the use of translucent glass. This is one of his major innovations and accomplishments. Furthermore, Crown Hall is an example of undifferentiated space which means that it can be easily reorganized depending upon specific activities of people. Through the manipulation of light and surface, the architect created a building that producers a powerful impression on the viewer. One can say that Mies managed to design an extremely functional building that still remains suitable for different activities of people who work and study in Crown Hall. One can argue that Crown Hall is an excellent example of modern architecture, and its major qualities are efficiency, unconventional use of space, and the dominance of glass and steel. This is why it is still worth the attention of people who study architecture. The goals that Mies tried to achieve while designing Crown Hall The construction of S. R. Crown Hall began in 1950 when the Illinois Institute of Technology started to renovate its campus and Mies was asked to manage this project. The construction of S. R. Crown Hall was the most important part of the project. When he was working on the design of this building, his major priorities were the structural clarity of the building, its utility, and refinement of every detail (Birkhouser Publishing 2001, p. 14). These goals explain many of the choices that the architect made. It should be taken into account that Mies had to think about the ways in which the building would be used by students and teachers. These people had to work on a variety of different tasks, for example, lectures, seminars, independent work of students, workshops or other learning activities. Secondly, Crown Hall could be used for public meetings or even performances. The new building had to be suitable for these activities. Thus, Mies had to think about the utility and functionality of the design. However, at the same time, he had to pay attention to the aesthetic aspect of the design that had to be original. It had to differ from other buildings designed by other modernist architects. Overall, he managed to cope with these complicated tasks. The manipulation of space There are several aspects of this building that should be discussed and one of them is space. The exterior of Crown Hall is dominated by glass and steel and this approach was rather unconventional in 1950. The architect was willing to use the most up-to-date materials of that time. One can notice that Mies paid more attention to the openness of space. At first, one should look at the exterior of the building. For instance, if one looks from outside the second level of the building appears to be almost transparent 1 . This is an important attribute of Crown Hall. The space of this building is punctuated mostly by two full-height duct shafts (Birkhouser 2001, p. 14). Such a design was very unusual at the time when Crown Hall was constructed. While developing this building, Mies completely rejected the notion of a wall that had to divide the interior and exterior. Furthermore, Mies did not want to use columns which are often considered as an inherent part of many buildings. He was willing to create a column-free space. Mies chose to use deep and long trusses from which the room was suspended (Horwitz, J & Singley 2004, p. 233). These girdles relied on very slender columns, but their presence is not noticeable (Horwitz, J & Singley 2004, p. 233). So, Mies van der Rohe departed from the tradition existing in the early fifties. Thus, his choices were rather unconventional. One of the main aspects is that Mies was able to erase the border between the inner and outer space of the building. This effect was achieved through the use of translucent glass. It enables the viewers to see the interior of Crown Hall from the outside. There is no brick wall that separates the interior of the building from the outside world. Overall, one can argue that this was a very creative decision. At that time, it was very unusual for designers to erase the borders between the interior and exterior of the building. Even now such an approach to construction is not very widespread among designers. This is one of the reasons why Crown Hall attracted so much attention from other architects. Many researchers believe that Mies strived to create universal or undifferentiated space (Brawne 2003, 25). This concept plays an important part in many of his works. His major premise was that related activities of students and faculty could be “unified within a single space” (Mies as cited in Schulze, Collens, Barnes 2005, p. 50). In other words, Mies expected that students and teachers could use the building for different purposes and they did not want the inner space of the building to be rigidly structured or compartmentalized as it was done in other buildings used by educational organizations. This is why Mies wanted to take a different and innovative approach to design. The concept of undifferentiated or universal space was strongly reflected in the decisions that Mies van der Rohe took, especially if we are speaking about the lack of compartmentalization or division of space into separate rooms. It is first important to speak about the interior of this building, especially if we are speaking about the second floor. The thing is that it is not a classroom space, but a performance space as it is claimed by Stephen Tierney (Tierney 2008, p. 107). At first glance, it may seem that the rooms of the building are spacious enough to be used as a stage for actors and performers 2 . The thing is that almost half of the upper level area is used as a single studio (Tierney 2008, p. 107). Nevertheless, the area of the upper level can be divided into different sections, if and when it was required by students or teachers. As it was argued by Mies, this approach “had an advantage of built-in provision for change” (Mies as cited in Schulze, Collens, Barnes 2005, p. 50). On the whole, Mies was able to cope with this task and created an interior that can be easily transformed. This is why scholars use the term “performance space” when describing Crown Hall, but one should assume that it is not suitable for learning activities (Tierney 2008, p. 107). Nevertheless, one should not suppose that Mies took the same approach when designing different parts of Crown Hall. The lower level of the building is compartmentalized and these compartments are intended for classes, workshops or other activities of small groups. Thus, one can say that Mies used two different approaches to space. It is possible to argue that Mies’ decisions were quite successful. To a great extent, he wanted to increase the availability of space, and it was very important for students and teachers. Thus, functionality is one of the main strengths of Mies’ design; this is why it still remains in use. Yet, a person, who enters this building, can feel the spaciousness of Crown Hall. Surface The second important aspect of Crown Hall is the manipulation of the surface since it is closely related to the utility and aesthetics of this building. Mies wanted the surface to look like a continuum of glass that is not interrupted by brick or steel. This decision can be explained by two factors. First of all, the construction of such a building could be less expensive and time-consuming. Moreover, Mies van der Rohe wanted to develop a design that could stand out among others. To some extent, Crown Hall resembles the famous Crystal Palace that was built in London in the nineteenth century. Thus, the architect wanted to reconcile the utility and aesthetic aspects of architecture. This is the main objective that he tried to attain and he coped with this difficult task. The traditional concept of a window cannot be applied to Crown Hall. The building is covered with translucent glass. The main rationale for this decision was to prevent the overheating of the building especially in summer (Heuvel 341). It should be pointed out that Mies used glasses that had varying degrees of transparency (Heuvel 341). This approach ensured that students could feel comfortable while staying in Crown Hall and light can easily access every room. Overall, Mies paid special attention to the illumination, and he did increase the functionality of Crown Hall. Moreover, the lower panels incorporate sand-blasted and tempered glass that helps reduce solar heat. The issue is particularly important in summer when students have to struggle with overheating. Thus, Mies’ manipulation of the surface was quite justified. Furthermore, one should note that Mies advocated the minimalism of interior and exterior design. For instance, by looking at the surface of the building, one can see practically no decorative elements that were typical of neo-Gothic architecture, Classicism, Baroque and many other styles (Salingaros 2007, p. 138). Overall, the surface of Crown Hall indicates that Mies tried to follow the principles of modern architecture. This style lays stress on the idea that superfluous decorative elements are not necessary for a successful design. Moreover, this style attaches importance to the use of the most innovative materials. This approach was an important part of Mies’ architectural philosophy. At the time, when Crown Hall was designed, it was very innovative to use mostly glass and steel for the construction of the building. Overall, the use of translucent glass produces a very powerful impression on the viewers. The thing is that Crown Hall may have a mirror-like surface or become almost transparent depending upon the angle from which a person looks at the building. This is a key distinction of Crown Hall. Light Furthermore, Mies attached great importance to the use of light. One of his major intentions was to make sure that light could access every part of the building (Birkhouser Publishing 2001, p. 21). In such a way, Mies tried to intensify the natural illumination of the building. Nevertheless, at the same time, he had to make sure that students and faculty did not suffer from heat when they were working in the building. This is why Venetian blinds were used to ensure the equal distribution of light within the building (Blaser 1997, p. 107). Apart from that, the use of translucent glass creates a very interesting effect. For example, in the evening the building exudes a greenish light while at daytime the glass appears almost transparent. This combination produces a very powerful impression on a viewer, especially if he/she knows how Crown Hall looks at night and at in the daytime. Thus, Mies van der Rohe acted as a true artist who tried to create beautiful images that can appeal to viewers. Overall, one can say that Mies’ use of light is quite remarkable because his Crown Hall demonstrates that the building can be successfully illuminated without consuming too much electricity (Blaser 1997, p. 107). Thus, Mies’ managed to improve the functionality of this building through the manipulation of surface and light. Later this approach was used by many other architects who attached great importance to the utility of buildings. By looking at Crown Hall, one can see that Mies was always concerned with such aspects of architecture as functionality and aestheticism. He definitely strived for originality, but he also wanted the building to be convenient for people. It has to be admitted that nowadays the use of steel and glass is very common, but only a few architects can create a functional and original design as was done by Mies van der Rohe. Now his decisions seem to be quite justified, even though they seemed unconventional in the fifties. Conclusion Overall, these examples suggest that Ludwig Mies van der Rohe managed to create an innovative design that still appeals to many people. By manipulating light, space, and surface, the architect made the building innovative and functional. By focusing on minimalism, functionality, and innovation, Mies succeeded in designing a building that still remains an important monument of modern architecture. Crown Hall shows that the aesthetic aspects of architecture and utility can be reconciled. Mies’ work demonstrates that space, light and surface can supplement one another; otherwise, architectural works may lack functionality or aesthetic qualities. Overall, Mies’ works represent the best qualities of modernist architecture. Appendixes Picture 1. The exterior of the S. R. Crown Hall. Picture 2. The Interior of Crown Hall. Picture 3. Crown Hall at night. References Birkhouser Publishing 2001, Mies Van Der Rohe: Crown Hall, Springer DE, Munich. Blaser, W 1997, Mies Van Der Rohe , Springer DE, Munich. Brawne, M 2003, Architectural Thought: The Design Process and the Expectant Eye , Routledge, London. Heuvel, D 2008. The Challenge of Change: Dealing with the Legacy of the Modern Movement , IOS Press, New York. Horwitz, J & Singley P. 2004, Eating Architecture , Cambridge: MIT Press, Boston. Salingaros, N 2007, A Theory of Architecture, UMBAU-VERLAG Harald Püschel, Munich. Tierney, S 2008, Rezoning Chicago’s Modernisms: Ludwig Mies Van Der Rohe, Remment Koolhaas, the IIT Campus and Its Bronzeville Prehistory (1914–2003)., Arizona State University, Tempe. Schulze, F., Collens L., and Barnes, R 2005, Illinois Institute of Technology: The Campus Guide , Springer, Chicago. Footnotes 1. Please, refer to the Appendixes, Picture One. 2. Picture 2.

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Convert the following summary back into the original text: S&S Recycling Finance Options Research PaperThis paper examines the financing options available to S&S Recycling, a company that provides litter-picking services for the neighborhood and also sells raw materials to furniture-producing companies. The paper looks at debt financing and equity financing as possible solutions for S&S Recycling and then goes on to evaluate the effects of each option. The paper concludes by discussing the expected outcomes of each option.

S&S Recycling Finance Options Research Paper This paper examines the financing options available to S&S Recycling, a company that provides litter-picking services for the neighborhood and also sells raw materials to furniture-producing companies. The paper looks at debt financing and equity financing as possible solutions for S&S Recycling and then goes on to evaluate the effects of each option. The paper concludes by discussing the expected outcomes of each option.

S&S Recycling Finance Options Research Paper Table of Contents 1. Introduction 2. Debt Financing as a Possible Solution 3. Equity Financing: Evaluating the Effects 4. Weighing the Pros and Cons: The Right Financing Strategy 5. The Expected Outcomes: Concerning the Revenues 6. Conclusion: At the Threshold of Grand Changes 7. Reference List Introduction Starting a company is not an easy task. When one gets past the planning process, the financial issue pops up. To choose the right financial strategy for the S&S Recycling Company, which is going to offer its litter-picking services for the neighborhood, as well as raw materials for furniture-producing companies, a careful evaluation of the existing options is required, especially in the context of high competitiveness. Debt Financing as a Possible Solution When considering the existing financing options for S&S Recycling, one should mention such an opportunity as debt financing. According to Bragg says, “In the case of debt , the funding is contingent on some obligation to pay interest in exchange for the use of the investment funds, which are also to be returned at the end of a stipulated period” (Bragg, 2012, 46). The given strategy seems quite legitimate; however, when applied to S&S Recycling, it might lead to some undesirable results. For instance, in case S&S Recycling fails to gain the required revenue or the estimated income will be less than expected, the company will face a serious threat of bankruptcy. Equity Financing: Evaluating the Effects Another possible solution for S&S Recycling can be the equity financing strategy. It is necessary to stress that equity financing is typically considered a perfect strategy for the companies that just have entered the market: “Companies that are good candidates for equity investment are those companies in the development stage, or those who are at an inflection point for accelerated growth” ( Understanding a firm’s different financing options , n. d., 6). Weighing the Pros and Cons: The Right Financing Strategy In the context of a small company that is going to use its relatively cheap prices and offer free services to its loyal customers, all the financial operations must be controlled by its board. Therefore, it can be suggested that equity financing, with the possibilities that it offers, is a perfect solution for S&S Recycling at present. When the company becomes stronger, claims its leadership position in the recycling market, and starts growing, it will be reasonable to take the dept financial strategy as the key company policy. According to Understanding a firm’s different financing options , dept policy can be used by the S&S Recycling as soon as “a) the company has limited senior debt and a history of stable, predictable and growing cash flows; b) the Company does not see a problem in servicing the debt” ( Understanding a firm’s different financing options , n. d., 4). The Expected Outcomes: Concerning the Revenues According to the existing data, S&S Recycling is not the only company that collects recycled material and delivers it to the local clientele; as the previous analyses show, there is also a competitive firm nearby, which means that S&S Recycling needs sufficient funds to deliver top-notch services to the clients. Since the S&S Recycling Company needs to improve the quality of its services, more money is demanded for better equipment, employees training, and advertisement campaign. Hence, S&S Recycling cannot put its financial state at stake. Once the company resorts to equity financing, it will be able to use its financial resources in the most flexible way possible (Walter, 2004) and at the same time not fear the possible failure. Conclusion: At the Threshold of Grand Changes With the equity financing strategy in mind, S&S Recycling will be able to control its financial resources. Moreover, the company will not be in trouble if the revenues turn out less than expected. Therefore, the equity strategy will suit S&S Recycling at the beginning. Reference List Bragg, S. M. (2012). Financial analysis: A controller’s guide . New York, NY: John Wiley & Sons. Understanding a firm’s different financing options (n. d.). Web. Walter, R. W. (2004). Financing your small business. Hauppauge , NY: Barron’s Educational Series.

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Provide a essay that could have been the input for the following summary: The fiberglass plant at Saudi Arabian Amiantit fiberglass industries (AFIL or Amiantit) is a large-scale facility that produces a wide variety of fiberglass products.The fiberglass plant at Saudi Arabian Amiantit fiberglass industries (AFIL or Amiantit) is a large-scale facility that produces a wide variety of fiberglass products.

The fiberglass plant at Saudi Arabian Amiantit fiberglass industries (AFIL or Amiantit) is a large-scale facility that produces a wide variety of fiberglass products. The fiberglass plant at Saudi Arabian Amiantit fiberglass industries (AFIL or Amiantit) is a large-scale facility that produces a wide variety of fiberglass products.

Saudi Arabian Amiantit Fiberglass Industries Analysis Report Introduction This is an industrial attachment report at the Saudi Arabian Amiantit fiberglass Industries (AFIL or Amiantit) during the coop session. The coop session is a seven-month period attachment that allows students to apply lessons learned in class to real-life situations. The report presents AFIL, the fiberglass plant, types of products, processes involved in fiberglass production, and machinery for fiberglass production. The Company The Saudi Arabian Amiantit fiberglass Industries (AFIL) is “a company established in 1968 in Dammam in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia” (Amiantit 1). Initially, Amiantit manufactured pipes for the local market. Since then, the company has grown and expanded its operation to global markets and diversified into other areas of pipe production. Amiantit core business activities consist of “manufacturing and trading in pipe systems, ownership and sales of pipe technologies, manufacturing and supplying of polymer products, providing water management consultancy and engineering services and producing polymer products for industries” (Amiantit 1). Currently, the company has several ranges of pipe products, and it offers complete solutions to customers’ fluid transfer requirements. These services meet the costs and technology needs of customers. Amiantit’s clients come from civil engineering, municipal, industrial, energy, and agricultural fields across the globe. AFIL group has 30 production plants, six technology companies, four suppliers, and eight subsidiaries. The company has a presence in many countries around the world. AFIL also has branches to support its sales and service growth, which cater to customers in more than 70 countries and all over the world. The company has its headquarter in Saudi Arabia where it participates in the Saudi Stock Exchange. Amiantit has 30 pipe manufacturing plants in 18 countries. The company uses many materials in its products, such as “Glass Reinforced Plastic (GRP), Glass Reinforced Epoxy (GRE), thermoplastics, concrete, polymer concrete, and ductile iron” (Amiantit 2). The company also has other products, such as “pipes and accessories for water, sewage, hydropower, gas, oil services, construction, engineering, municipal, industrial, agricultural, and marine applications” (Amiantit 2). Through technology, Amiantit has been able to advance “GRP, GRE, ductile iron, and polymer concrete” (Amiantit 4). In addition, AFIL also supplies rubber products for “sealing and air conditioning products, sizing and agents, coating materials to shield pipes and structures against decay and polyurethane products for pipes and tanks” (Amiantit 4). Amiantit manufactures “fiberglass products, fiberglass reinforced plastic, sizing, and agent materials” (Amiantit 1). Fiberglass plant fiberglass entails a number of products prepared from individual glass fibers integrated into a range of different types. Fiberglass plant has massive machinery. These structures have various functions to serve processes involved in the production stages of fiberglass materials. The plant has dedicated areas for given stages to ensure that every composite and fiberglass work has adequate space. The plant has various compartments to ensure that there is no cross-contamination during the production of fiberglass. This ensures that the final product is of the best finish and quality. The company uses the most efficient processes in the production of fiberglass. At the plant, a number of processes go on as a part of fiberglass production. However, the most widespread method of manufacturing reinforced plastics is open molding. Open molding is a common method of boat manufacturing. The procedure involves cleaning and coating the exterior with the wax in order to allow for simple separation of the final product from the mold before curing. After this stage, the gel coat follows, which has “a catalyst, unsaturated polyester resin, and pigments, which engineers apply on the mold” (Armatec p. 4). This becomes the outer and visible part of the product. After the curing of the gel coat, engineers apply fiberglass-reinforcing material, which has catalyzed resin. Methods of applications vary, but some of them are chopper gun spray (spray coat) and hand layup. Periodically, engineers must clean these kits in order to get rid of elements of resin by using acetone before condensation of the resin (Mayer 7). Hand layup The hand layup process involves fiber reinforcement. In this stage, engineers place fiber reinforcement into the mold and then apply resin. This ensures that the result has a superior ratio of resin and high-quality control of fiberglass materials. Thus, the thicknesses of materials are at preferred ratios. The method is efficient for small to average amounts of fiberglass production, which is suitable for completed surfaces. The agent in this process is normally in a form of wax or liquid. It ensures that the product remains clean from the mold. The process involved the application of resin to the surface. The resin consists of epoxy, two-part polyester, or vinyl. Engineers place sheets of fiberglass into the mold and apply additional resin by using either a roller or a brush. However, they must take precautions to ensure that the mold and resins conform to each other, and the process does not trap air between the mold and the fiberglass. The process may also involve the application of supplementary resin or extra sheets of fiberglass. Vacuum, hand pressure, or rollers are useful in “saturating resin, covering all layers, and removing air pockets” (McLellan and Shand 151). This procedure must be adequately prompt to ensure that the work is over before the resin dries. However, high-temperature resins cannot cure unless warmed. In many processes, engineers wrap the work using a nylon sheet and then apply vacuum in order to eliminate air foams and then apply force on the fiberglass to achieve the desired physical features. Figure 1: Consolidating the laminate with a ribbed roller to remove air bubbles and achieve physical properties Figure 2: Hand Lay-up Manual Process Figure 3: Hand lay-up hand pressure: Chopper gun simultaneously applies chopped glass fiber and resin to a mold Spray Up This stage involves the use of chopper gun to place chopped strand reinforcement and resin onto the mold. This is suitable for complex shapes. Spray-up is effective for large materials or several pieces of small items. This procedure is also comparable to hand lay except that the use of resin and fiber materials on the mold changes. Spray up fabrication process is open. Engineers apply resin and reinforcement to the mold. The application of glass or resin may take place at the same time or separately. These materials come from a single chopper gun. Spray-up is useful in compressing the laminate. Additional foam or other core material may be useful with an additional spray-up layer to strengthen the core material. Finally, the stage involves curing, cooling, and removing from the mold. Pultrusion Operation This method involves the production of strong and lightweight composite fiberglass materials. Engineers pull fiberglass materials from “spools by using a gadget that applies resin on them” (Moschiar, Reboredo and Vazquez 129). After the application, fiberglass materials go through heat treatment and are then cut into required sizes. In pultrusion, engineers can produce different shapes and cross-sections of fiberglass materials. Pultrusion is a process in which the fiberglass materials go through machinery. The method uses a manual method of hand-pulling or a roller system. It differs from extrusion in which fiberglass materials go through the resin. Figure 5: Scheme of the Pultrusion process Chart 1: General approach to Pultrusion process Resin Injection Engineers place fiberglass for reinforcement in the mold. Resin injection is suitable for the high production of fiberglass materials or in cases in which two molded surfaces are necessary. Injection molding is the process of producing fiberglass materials from both thermosetting and thermoplastic materials. Engineers inject these materials into the hot barrel, mix and force them into a mold system. As a result, the mixture goes into a molding system where it cools and becomes hard and takes the shape of the cavity. After the designing process by an engineer or industrial designer, the engineer then molds materials by using a mold maker. mold maker is steel or aluminum material, which creates the desired parts. Injection molding is useful in the production of varieties of plastic products, from smallest to largest fiberglass plastics. Injection molding is the most popular method of manufacturing parts of fiberglass components. This is because it is ideal for the large production of parts of the same object. In addition, injection molding has the ability to use varieties of materials, reduce labor, and reduce works associated with finishing after molding. However, injection molding is expensive due to the molding of several parts with various designs. The injection process involves feeding the granular plastic by gravity into a hot barrel. The screw-type plunger forces the granular forward into a heated chamber as it melts. Further, the plunger goes forward, forces the melted plastic through the plunger, and allows the melted plastic into the mold opening. The mold is always cold in order to allow the melted plastic to cool as soon as it reaches the chamber. Figure 6: Injection molding This process of injection molding involves the molding cycle. The process starts when the form stops, and then the shot follows through to the mold opening. As soon as the opening is full, the system must keep up a supporting pressure in order to balance the contraction of the melted plastic. After this stage, the bolt turns in order to allow the content into the subsequent space. This process makes the bolt drawback as the next injection moves forward. As soon as the part is cold, the mold releases and discharges the content. The resin injection also has processes, which can create technical challenges. The best conditions are necessary for high-quality products because they influence the quality of the final fiberglass materials. Problems usually arise from plastics contaminated with scrap. Therefore, engineers must make sure that studies for process optimization are reliable, and that process monitoring is effective. Engineers normally use Industrial CT Scanning for both external and internal inspection of materials and porosity of the system. The molding tolerance is “the provision of an allowance for a digression of plastics in measurements, weights, angles, shapes, thickness, and others” (Aird 89). In order to enhance control of setting tolerances, engineers must set both minimum and maximum limits of measurements of the thickness. However, this depends on the process applied. Table 1: molding Tolerance Allowance molding Type Typical [In] Possible [In] Thermoplastic ±0.008 ±0.002 Thermoset ±0.008 ±0.002 3.5 Vacuum Bag This is usually for specialized applications in the manufacturing of fiberglass materials with carbon. Vacuum bagging removes surplus resin and absorbs it into cloth. This gives fiberglass material the best strength with lightweight ratios. After every process, engineers must discard vacuum bagging materials. Figure 7: Vacuum bagging system Resin Infusion Resin infusion is “a state-of-the-art technology in which engineers introduce resin to the mold through a vacuum delivery system as they manage both lightweight and strength ratios” (Armatec pp. 1-45). Resin infusion is a complicated method of producing high-standard fiberglass materials on complicated or large molds. It is usually suitable for the production of carbon fiberglass materials. Engineers apply this technology in cases where the open layup method is not effective, especially in small and detailed materials. Engineers place fiberglass for reinforcement into a dry mold (mold without resin) and then enfold the reinforcement with bagging materials like peel ply, bagging film, or infusion mesh. After this process, they subject the material to vacuum pressure by using a composite vacuum pump. This pressure results in the elimination of air from the bag. Once compression of the reinforcement has occurred under atmospheric pressure, engineers then introduce liquid epoxy resin that contains hardener, which then infuses the material under the vacuum. As soon as the mixture is complete, engineers stop the flow of the resin and then leave the resin to dry under a certain space pressure. A well-performed resin infusion process can result in strong materials with an incredible quality of appearance. Mixtures of a vacuum pressure together with the arrangement of vacuum elements like infusion mesh and peel ply ensure that the fiberglass material has absorbed resin. Resin is optimum in order to enhance the reinforcement ratio. However, the process ensures that the product is not resin-rich. Resin infusion helps in the removal of some challenges associated with blight wet-lay composites. These may include air voids from bridged tight corners and air bubbles resulting from air traps contained by the laminate. The feature of epoxy infusion resin can create strong materials with lightweight, which are better than materials from pre-impregnated reinforcement processes. Figure 8: Resin Infusion Products Amiantit has several fiberglass pipes. There are two main categories of fiberglass-based on their geometry. These are short or discontinuous fiberglass and continuous fiberglass. Continuous fiberglass materials are useful in textiles and yarns while short fiberglass is appropriate for blankets and boards for insulation and filtration. fiberglass textiles are mainly appropriate for formed and plastic-coated materials as supporting materials. On the other hand, fiberglass wool is mainly suitable for thermal insulation. This type of fiberglass material is generally found in “boats, submarines, vehicle engine compartments and body panel liners, furnaces and air conditioning systems, ceiling panels, and architectural detachments” (Aird 102). Therefore, we have to note that fiberglass materials can be applicable in many areas and serve specific purposes. For instance, we have “Type E for electrical insulation tapes, Type C for chemical in order to provide a superior resistance to acid and Type T that is suitable for thermal insulation” (Armatec p. 8). Thus, commercial usages of fiberglass materials have gained attention over the past decades. This explains why Amiantit has several ranges of fiberglass pipes for various purposes. Research and development (R&D) has resulted in massive production of fiberglass for industrial and other usages (Aird 86). Amiantit has developed low-cost, fine, and flexible fiberglass materials by using molten glass. Some of its products are in the below table. Table 2: fiberglass Products, Ranges, and Options Product Ranges and Options Pipes These include pipe products of various diameters. They include pipes, elbows, tees, wyes, flanges, floor Traps Diameters vary Manholes They include anti-flotation rings, inlets, outlets Depths to five meters typical Valve chambers These are mainly for pump stations For pump stations Odour filters Air release valves Carbon bed absorbers Biological scrubbers Flumes These are various types and include all ranges Vortex droppers Custom designed for each project Abrasion resistant inner surface Pump stations Supplied with complete factory fit-out Supplied with Xylem (ITT) Tanks differ in measurements Vertical with a flat base and domed top Tanks Horizontal with domed ends Inlet, outlet, drain, vent, top manhole Lifting lugs and seismic hold down Vinyl ester and moisture epoxy coatings Coatings and linings Armaline moisture tolerant epoxies Barrier technology for lowest permeability Figure 9: fiberglass pipes Chopped Strand Mat (CSM) CSM is a type of reinforcement applied in fiberglass. CSM has randomly laid glass fibers across the entire mat and is holding them together with a binder. The hand layup technique is the appropriate method of processing CSM. Engineers place sheets of materials onto a mold and then brush with the resin. Binders melt in the resin. As a result, the material simply matches various shapes when wet. The resin then cures resulting in a hardened product. Workers can then retrieve the material from the mold and perform finishing on it. CSM enables the material to acquire isotropic qualities. Figure 10: Contact molding: Applying resin to the glass mat reinforcing (CSM) Pipes The company manufactures all types of glass-reinforced epoxy pipe systems and different types of fittings. These pipes are mainly of “standard measurements and they conform to the ASTM D-2996 specification” (Amiantit 6). Amiantit pipes also meet ISO 14692 and API requirements. In addition, pipes and fittings have to “meet NSF certification for safe drinking water use and FM (factory mutual) approval for fire protection” (Amiantit 6). Figure 11: Ranges of Pipes Fittings and accessories Amiantit provides various filaments, fittings, and flanges. Some of the standard fittings and flanges include Figure SEQ Figure * ARABIC 12: Fittings and Flanges * 90° Elbows * Couplings * 45° Elbows * 45° Laterals * Equal tees * Nipples * Reducers * Flanges Spools The company provides prefabricated spools on requests. Figure 13: Spools Joining Systems Amiantit has adhesive joints, flange joints, and mechanical joints. Figure 14: Adhesive joints Figure 15: Mechanical joints Figure 16: Flange joints Figure 17: Flumes Figure 18: fiberglass Manhole Fiber glass Raw Materials Fiberglass raw materials consist of “manufactured chemicals and natural minerals” (Aird 98). These are mainly silica sand, soda ash, and limestone. Other raw materials consist of “borax, calcined alumina, magnesite, feldspar, nepheline syenite, and kaolin clay” (Aird 98). Silica sand serves as “the glass former while soda ash and limestone control melting temperatures” (Aird 98). Borax is useful in enhancing chemical resistance properties. Cullet (waste glass) is also a part of the raw materials. Engineers must ensure that raw materials are of exact quantities and mix them prior to heating them into a glass form. There are large furnaces that melt the mixture of silicon and sand and other chemicals in order to create the liquid. The liquid then goes through small holes. The company uses platinum bushing with three-thousand holes in order to manufacture 3,000 fiberglass threads in a single process. The processes result in tiny fibers. Engineers then work on these fibers in order to develop fiberglass yarn or chop them into a mat. Figure 19: Batching of fiberglass raw materials Fiberglass Production * GRP (Glass fiber Reinforced Plastic) pipe systems * GRE (Glass fiber Reinforced Epoxy) Pipe systems Amiantit has GRE and GRP pipes and fittings. These pipes are from high-strength fiberglass (E-glass) and amine cured epoxy resin. These materials ensure that the product has optimal strength and is lightweight. The plant has several machines, which control various many fiber production processes. Combinations of these procedures with the new tools ensure that the final product is of the best standard. There are also provisions of the extra liner of 0.5 mm depending on the application of the material. There is an optional resin-rich liner, which has “C-glass or C-veil with the same resin in pipes used in walls” (Amiantit 7). These pipes are also compatible with steel pipes. Amiantit manufactures various ranges of fittings and pipes to show that various designs and procedures are possible. Amiantit offers GRE pipes with various advantages in a single product. For instance, GRE pipes are corrosive resistant with corrosion-free materials. This implies that such piping systems do not require “both internal and external coatings, cathodic protection, chemical inhibitors, and corrosion provisions” (Amiantit 7). The pipes also do not have rust particles, which extend their lifetime. The pipes also reduce energy loss due to low thermal qualities. This implies that insulation may not be necessary in most cases. fiberglass pipes have smooth inside surfaces. This ensures a Hazen Williams factor of 150. This provides an opportunity for small pipe diameter for any amount of fluid. This reduces the cost of piping systems. In addition, fiberglass pipes eliminate “the accumulation of resin, paraffin, and asphalt found in the crude oil transmission systems” (Amiantit 7). This happens due to low internal friction. Amiantit uses high precision winding technology in order to achieve a balance between wall thickness and strength ratios. Thus, the result is a pipe with a low weight per pressure category. There are fiberglass pipes for “both above and underground applications” (Amiantit 1). According to Amiantit, the lifecycle of a fiberglass pipe exceeds stainless steel. Processes of Manufacturing fiberglass Pipes Melting Engineers must ensure “precise control of the temperature in order to guarantee a smooth and steady flow of the molten glass” (McLellan and Shand 178). The temperature of the molten glass must be in the range of 2500 0 C. This ensures that glass turns into the fiber. Once the glass has melted, it then goes to “the forming chamber through a channel at the end of the furnace” (McLellan and Shand 178). Formation of fibers There are many processes and procedures involved in the formation of fibers. However, these processes and procedures depend on the type of fiber required. Textile fibers for plastics and pipes may come directly from the furnace. In some cases, the molten glass may first pass through the system where it forms glass granite. These forms provide opportunities for checking of the glass for any foreign substance. In either process of a direct melt or a marble inspection process, engineers use “electrically heated bushings or spinnerets to feed the system” (McLellan and Shand 178). Spinneret consists of alloy or platinum with extremely fine orifices. At this stage, the glass fiber goes through holes and comes out as fine yarn. Figure 20: fiberglass formation Constant fiber formation process Engineers can manufacture a long fiber by using a constant fiber formation process. The high-speed winder traps several strands of molten glass as “the molten glass flows into the bushing” (McLellan and Shand 188). The winder covers three kilometers in a single minute. This speed exceeds the rate of the bushing. The force draws out threads in a molten state and forms several threads of similar measurements like the bushing. After this process, engineers apply a chemical binder. This helps to keep the fiber intact during later stages. The subsequent step involves winding the fiber onto tubes. In this stage, engineers can twist and ply the molten glass into yarn. Stapling fiber formation process This is another method of fiber formation. When the molten glass goes through the bushing, a rushing air quickly cools the fiber. At the same time, this jet of air breaks the molten glass into different lengths, which range from eight to 38 centimeters. These materials then go through a spray of oil into a spinning drum where they form lean webs. The system draws “the web from the drum and pulls it into a long thread of loosely held fibers” (Todd 225). Chopped fiber In some cases, engineers may create the molten glass into short lengths by chopping them. In this process, they mount the filament on “a creel (bobbins) and pull it through a machine that chops it into short lengths” (Todd 226). Curing takes place in an oven where they roll the mat. This is where engineers create various materials of various thicknesses and weights. Glass wool The spinner process creates grass wool. During this process, molten glass from the furnace goes into a cylinder with little holes. The horizontal strand of glass goes out through the holes as the cylinder spins at a high speed as “the cylinder spins at a high-speed” (Todd 226). The hot jet of air or gas then changes the molten glass into the fiber. At this stage, these materials fall on a conveyor in which they interweave with each other and form a mass of fiber. The product is suitable for insulation or engineers can still spray the wool with a binder, then constrict it to desired thickness, and take it to a curing process through an oven. The heat controls the binder. As a result, it may create a rigid, loose, or flexible butt. Coatings Apart from binders, there are also other necessary coatings for fiberglass pipes. Engineers apply lubricant in order to eliminate fiber abrasion. They can directly spray or add lubricants with binders. Anti-static elements are also useful for fiberglass insulation. Engineers apply this composition during the cooling stage. The cooling gas drives the anti-static chemicals into the fiber mat. This chemical usually has a material that reduces the production of static electricity and material that acts as a stabilizer and corrosion inhibitor. Sizing refers to any coating used on textile fibers during forming processes. It may contain lubricants, coupling materials, binders, or a combination of all these agents. Coupling agents are applicable in threads, which reinforce plastics. They strengthen links in the reinforced materials. In some cases, finishing processes are useful for removing coating or putting additional coating. However, for plastic reinforcement, engineers may use “heat or chemicals in order to remove sizing, and then apply coupling agent” (Todd 216). The decorative application requires heating of the fabric in order to “eradicate sizing and introduce the weave” (Todd 216). Engineers can then apply dye base coating before printing or drying processes. Forming into shapes fiberglass pipe insulation undergoes a “winding process onto rod-like mandrels from the forming chambers before the curing process” (Todd 216). The resulting mold then goes for curing in an oven. The length is usually 91 cm or less. molds have specified lengths as required. In case facing is necessary, materials undergo a facing process before packaging for shipment. Machines Winding machine Winding machine consists of seven disks, shaft complete, 80 aluminum beams, steel band, chopper, and a receiver unit. A simple version of a winding machine usually consists of two axes in motion. These include trap travel and a revolving mandrel. For the production of pipes, two axes machines are the most appropriate. In cases of productions of pressure items such as LPG, it is appropriate to “use a four-axis winding machine” (Todd 220). The four-axis machine also has a “cross-feed system that is vertical to the carriage travel and the revolving fiber receiver head that is at the cross-feed axis” (Todd 220). Engineers can use this system to stop the fiber thread twisting and create materials of various lengths. A filament winding system of fabrication allows engineers to produce composite fiberglass materials of cylindrical structures. This process encompasses the winding of fiber under a changing quantity over the mandrel. The carriage moves as the mandrel rotates. This produces fiber of the desired mold. Under this process, engineers can produce both glass and carbon fiber, which they coat with artificial resin as the winding process proceeds. After the curing process, the machine delivers a final hollow product. Winding machines with several axes are useful in the advanced production of fiberglass materials. The modern winding machines with more than two axes have computer-controlled systems. At the same time, a two-axis machine may have both computer and manual systems of controls. The modern computer-managed winding machine has special software that creates both the winding patterns and paths for the machine. The software may come with the machine or engineers may obtain it separately from specialized stores. Figure 21: Winding Machine Calibration Machine Calibration machine receives the produced pipes for testing. It consists of a calibration drum, cutting systems, and a lifting table. Calibration services on pipes are useful for controlling and adjusting pipes’ accuracy in terms of measurements. Accuracy is fundamental for the effective function of precision and measurement instruments and devices in the pipes manufacturing industry. Therefore, the constant calibration in fiberglass production is a necessary part of preserving the required accuracy and quality standards. The calibration machine must measure the behavior of pipes through measuring instruments. This allows engineers to gauge the specifications of pipes against the standard measurements. This process allows engineers to perform needed adjustments on products until they meet the specified requirements. Most instruments in the fiberglass industry must maintain a given unit of measurement to enable them to perform well. Still, devices that monitor changes in other instruments also need regular calibration. For instance, in fiberglass production, the industrial-scale monitor’s measurements of pipes. However, the machine undergoes wear and losses its accuracy over time. Thus, it also requires calibration. Devices for producing mass and small pieces of fiberglass products also need calibration. This is necessary for the accuracy required in piping products. In pipes, AFIL must ensure that all pipes and other products have the right strain, pressure, humidity, temperature, corrosion, mass, and thickness measurement. The company must rely on defined and specified standards as national and international bodies, such as ISO, API, the ASTM D-2996, and FM specifications. These standards are essential for home and worldwide trade and make sure that there are accurate products within the industry. Therefore, calibrating services are mandatory processes that engineers must ensure that all pipes undergo. Calibration measurements are effective ways of ensuring quality products in terms of specifications. However, it may be difficult to identify all factors, which influence the quality of a product as well as the calibration process. Thus, engineers must account for such uncertainties during calibration processes. This implies that errors may occur even with the most accurate calibration machines. In this process, engineers must know exactly what to do in order to produce similar products, which meet established standards. Therefore, a calibration machine is a high-quality control system that is necessary for precision in the measurement of all pipes. Figure 22: Calibration Machine Hydro test Machine This machine tests for leaks and strengths in the produced pipes. It consists of two end seals and a water pump. Engineers use a hydrostatic test in pressure products like pipes, fuel tanks, boilers, pipelines, and gas cylinders in order to establish their strengths and availability of leaks. The testing process involves pumping water into the pipe. Dyed water is appropriate for testing leaks for ease of identification. They pressurize the pipe to a given pressure and then test for pressure defects. They can then identify the specific location that is responsible for pressure loss. At the same time, they can test for the strength of the pipe by observing and measuring any stable deformation on the pipe. AFIL uses hydrostatic testing in all its pipes and other pressure products. The test is necessary to ensure that pipes are safe and retain their durability qualities. Therefore, new pipes must undergo a hydrostatic test as an initial qualification process. Pipes then undergo a re-qualification process at regular intervals under a procedure known as a modified hydrostatic test. Pipes for gas, pump stations, storage tanks and others require pressure testing because of the danger of explosions in case they fail pressure standards. Engineers must perform hydrostatic tests under constraints of the industry, customers, or as the law requires. During this procedure, they fill the vessel with water or oil because of their incompressible qualities and then inspect for leaks or changes in shapes. They may dye the fluid in order to facilitate the detection of leaks. During testing, the test pressure must exceed the normal pressure of the vessel as a precaution for the safety margin. The margin can range from 50 percent to 60 percent above the normal vessel pressure. However, this depends on the industry specifications and regulations that apply based on the usage of the material. Figure 23: Hydro test Machine Conclusion This coop session was a well-thought-out work experience in a professional and a global company during which we applied and acquired knowledge, skills, and experience. The session at AFIL involved the use of learned skills and knowledge in the company in fiberglass pipes production. The process provided valuable challenges to the student during the interaction with various processes involved in fiberglass production. It helped in assessments of the experience involved and the learner’s knowledge in a manner it applies to the coop session. Apart from these insights, the coop session enabled the learner to explore career opportunities in fiberglass production, acquire new skills, get work experience, develop professional networks, and identify with workplace expectations and procedural requirements. During the 1990s and beyond, the fiberglass industry experienced challenges that needed advanced approaches. Consequently, leading players like AFIL embarked on technology in order to solve some challenges in the production of various materials of fiberglass. During the manufacturing of fiberglass materials, materials undergo several processes in order to achieve the desired standards and qualities. These processes involve mixing of the batch, melting of the glass from the bushing, and then a strand of fiber comes out of the machine for curing processes into the final product. Engineers must analyze fiberglass samples for the presence of impurities, chemical composition, and any flawed processes. The material must undergo many tests in order to determine the particle size circulation. The final material must also go through thickness measurements as required in various standards. Any change in the thickness of the fiberglass implies that the material does not meet quality standards. AFIL relies on several standardized procedures of tests and measurements, adjustments and optimization of products in order to ensure their standards. At the same time, AFIL also focuses on other features like corrosion, pressure, and temperature resistance. It must also control the strength and lightweight ratios of the product. It achieves features by controlling production variables, such as “length, thickness, binder content, and density” (Mayer 8). fiberglass remains one of the most versatile materials. It is strong, lightweight, and resistant to corrosion and extreme weather. Thus, the material has several applications due to its diverse nature. AFIL designs produces and installs fiberglass materials, such as “pipes, ducts, fittings, vessels, scrubbing plant, process vessels, storage tanks, pump stations, water tanks, and others” (Amiantit 2). These products include “GRP and FRP of high thermoplastics specifications for extreme conditions” (Amiantit 2). In some cases, AFIL applies fiberglass products on rubber lining, concrete, and steel installations in order to act as corrosion protectors. References Aird, Forbes. Fiberglass & Composite Materials: An Enthusiast’s Guide to High-Performance Non-Metallic Materials for Automotive Racing and Marine Use. New York: Penguin, 1996. Print. Amiantit. 2012. Web. Armatec. fiberglass Products for Drainage Systems. New Zealand: Armatec, 2010. Print. Mayer, Rayner. Design with reinforced plastics. London: Springer, 1993. Print. McLellan, George and Errol Shand. Glass Engineering Handbook. New York: McGraw- Hill, 1984. Print. Moschiar, Maris, Maria Reboredo and Analia Vazquez. “Pultrusion Processing.” Composites Science and Technology , 17, 3 (1996): 126-160. Print. Todd, Robert. Manufacturing Processes Reference Guide. New York: Industrial Press, 1994. Print.

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Create the inputted essay that provided the following summary: Hedging is a widely used finance term that refers to measures that are adopted by an organization to mitigate or avoid a certain risk. In finance, risks emanate from the uncertainty of future market trends. Risk in finance tend to take various forms. For instance, there is credit risk, business risk, currency risk, political risk, interest rate risk, and volatility risk. With these risks in mind, businesses should come up with strategies to mitigate the impact of the risks. Therefore, hed

Hedging is a widely used finance term that refers to measures that are adopted by an organization to mitigate or avoid a certain risk. In finance, risks emanate from the uncertainty of future market trends. Risk in finance tend to take various forms. For instance, there is credit risk, business risk, currency risk, political risk, interest rate risk, and volatility risk. With these risks in mind, businesses should come up with strategies to mitigate the impact of the risks. Therefore, hed

Schneider Electric: Hedging Strategies Essay Table of Contents 1. Introduction 2. The risks faced by the Schneider Electric Company 3. Hedging strategies 4. Conclusion 5. Reference list Introduction Hedging is a widely used finance term that refers to measures that are adopted by an organization to mitigate or avoid a certain risk. In finance, risks emanate from the uncertainty of future market trends. Risk in finance tends to take various forms. For instance, there is credit risk, business risk, currency risk, political risk, interest rate risk, and volatility risk. With these risks in mind, businesses should come up with strategies to mitigate the impact of the risks. Therefore, hedging is an investment plan that is prepared with the intent to offset or mitigate business losses, which may incur from the operations of an enterprise. Hedging has various strategies that can be implemented. The strategies reflect the dynamic nature of the risk involved. The strategic hedging tools include forward contracts, future contracts, swaps, options, derivatives, and insurance products (Jaeger, 2005). Schneider Electric was incorporated in 2011. It is a French multinational engineering company, which seeks to specialize in the electric transformation and, automation. Schneider Electric’s hedging strategies are mainly derived from the risks that are faced by the company (Kapferer, 2008). It is very evident that business risk can affect any business, and Schneider Electric is no exception. Measures to mitigate the impact of such risk should be adopted to enhance profitability and business survival. The risks faced by the Schneider Electric Company There is a need to enhance a broad understanding of the risks subject to Schneider Electric. In this case, they can be re-categorized into internal and external risk factors. With respect to the internal risk factors, the company lacks an operating history thus making it virtually impossible to predict future business performance. In this case, the company recently changed its name, and it cannot predict whether a future business will be successful. The customers of the company have weak credit histories. This implies that the entities that indulge in business with Schneider Electric might have a wanting credit history. Therefore, they fail to pay up their dues in time (Kapferer, 2008). Another impending risk is the fact that the company’s revenue is greatly pegged on the efficiency and effectiveness of the company. If the company can manage the terms of the contract, then profitability will be greatly enhanced. As a manufacturing firm, the company is exposed to certain risks that cut across many players in the industry. These include difficulties in hiring skilled labor, predicting the volume well in advance, and availability to source raw materials at competitive prices is also a great challenge. In addition, the immobility of specialized machinery from project to project given the geographical barriers is also a risk. In addition, securing an uninterrupted power source at cost-effective rates is also a great risk to the manufacturing firm. The firm deals with large projects, and hence the insurance covers are exorbitant. At times, the company fails to cover itself from all the economic losses (“Schneider Electric Infrastructure Limited: information memorandum,” 2011). On the part of the external risks, Schneider Electric is a multinational corporation that is exposed to numerous risks. The company is faced with the exchange rate risk commonly referred to as currency risk. This is the risk in which adverse currency fluctuation between the parent currency and the subsidiaries’ currency leads to losses. However, the risk exposure varies with the transaction that is being undertaken. For instance, when the parent company considers disposing of certain assets owned by the subsidiary, translation risk may occur. There is also transaction risk, which is the possibility of incurring adverse economic losses from currency fluctuations emanating from dealings between the parent company and the subsidiary. There is also an economic risk that comes from a company’s business operations. These are the key external risks that threaten Schneider Electric company (“Schneider Electric Infrastructure Limited: information memorandum,” 2011). In addition, political and social developments in countries where Schneider Electric has its subsidiaries could adversely affect its business operations. Changes in government policies within the power sector would adversely affect the company. For instance, the company’s growth and development are greatly pegged on the Indian economy. This implies that the growth of the Indian economy will be replicated as the growth of Schneider Electric. However, the vice versa is also true (“Schneider Electric Infrastructure Limited: information memorandum,” 2011). Schneider Electric operates in a cyclic and competitive market. Therefore, there is the need to develop products that directly address the market needs to ensure business survival and continuity. Another impending risk involved is the level of inflation in the different economies. Very high inflation levels result in the exorbitant cost of business operations, which are then transferred to customers in terms of very expensive commodities and services. Finally, the threat of foreign exchange reserves and their impact on the valuation of the respective country’s currency is present. The liquidity of such reserves dictates the level of prevailing interest rates. The interest rates are important to Schneider Electric as they control the company’s source of funds (Suder, 2007). Hedging strategies Many of the transactions in which Schneider Electric is engaged are international by nature. This leads to foreign exchange risk. Schneider Electric usually engages in forwarding contracts in order to offset this risk. Forward exchange contracts are governed by company policies, and they are regarded as financial derivative instruments. They seek to cover the position of both the seller and the purchaser by locking specified terms that will be fulfilled in the future. The contract uses speculations to calculate the forward exchange rates based on the current or spot rates. Hedging against currency risk seeks to reduce the sensitivity of earnings to fluctuating exchange rates. Forward contracts are forecasting contracts and expire in a short time span, usually 12 months (“Schneider Electric Infrastructure Limited: information memorandum,” 2011). From the numerous risks that face the company, it will be very important for Schneider Electric to engage in hedging strategies. In order to hedge from the competition risk, Schneider Electric has implemented various procedures. These include business reviews to monitor performance and projections in order to ensure the situation is contained. The company also uses a centralized form of management to manage the risk of competition and other business cycles. However, the procedures adopted are yet to take effect (“Financial and Sustainable Development Annual Report: Registration Document,” 2011; Kapferer, 2008). In an effort to mitigate the risk posed by failure to meet customer needs, Schneider Electric incurred the highest research and development cost ever recorded in the industry. This commitment has enabled Schneider Electric to market its products and even develop strategic alliances in different geographical zones. The success of Schneider Electric largely depends on its ability to meet the customer needs and specifications. The company has indulged in creating innovative products that are tailored to coincide with the clients’ needs and specifications (“Schneider Electric Infrastructure Limited: information memorandum,” 2011). In the manufacturing sector, it is quite important to hire and retain qualified staff as the industry is labor-intensive. With this realization, Schneider Electric has sought a workforce strategic planning process. This workforce allows the management team to realize the prevailing workforce needs and recruit qualified personnel as required. Schneider Electric’s success is backed by its unanimous support for diversity with regards to gender and nationality. In addition, the creation of a motivational working environment has also promoted success. Schneider Electric has embarked on training, developing, compensating, and managing their employees (“Schneider Electric Infrastructure Limited: information memorandum,” 2011). Schneider Electric may engage in partially insured projects. The risk involved in such projects covers the production of defective products. The company mitigates the risk caused by such defects by recalling the products. For instance, in 2009, the company engaged in a recall campaign for defective capacitors that had been developed between 2004-2008. A portion of the expenses incurred in the recall program is compensated by the liability insurance (“Schneider Electric & International electro-technical commission,” 2007). Schneider Electric seeks to indulge in consolidated borrowing at the Group level in an effort to manage the interest rate risk. This will ensure that borrowing costs are maintained at a minimum. For instance, a 1 percent change in the level of interest rate would cause a similar increase or decrease in the level of expenses. Thus, the company engages in interest rate hedging by engaging in the swap arrangements (“Schneider Electric Infrastructure Limited: information memorandum,” 2011). Conclusion It is evident that business risk affects all businesses, and Schneider Electric is no exception. Measures to mitigate the impact of such risks should be adopted to enhance profitability and business survival. Schneider Electric has engaged in remarkable business hedging over the years. This has enabled it to retain relevance in the market despite stiff competition. Schneider Electric should seek to offset as much risk as possible since the threat management process enhances company growth. In addition, the risks are very dynamic in the business world. This calls for Schneider Electric to continue modifying the hedging strategies to ensure risk levels are well managed. Reference list Financial and Sustainable Development Annual Report: Registration Document, 2011. Web. Jaeger, L 2005, The new generation of risk management for hedge funds and private equity investments , Institutional Investor Books, New York, NY. Kapferer, J 2008, The new strategic brand management: creating and sustaining brand equity long term , Kogan Page, London [u.a.]. Schneider Electric & International electro-technical commission 2007, Electrical installation guide: according to IEC international standards , Schneider Electric, France. Schneider Electric Infrastructure Limited: information memorandum 2011. Web. Suder, G 2007, Doing business in Europe , SAGE Publications, Los Angeles.

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Write the original essay that generated the following summary: The essay discusses the importance of planning and designing a school project early to avoid inconveniences. It also highlights the need to focus on the time commitment in the project and the materials needed.

The essay discusses the importance of planning and designing a school project early to avoid inconveniences. It also highlights the need to focus on the time commitment in the project and the materials needed.

School Project and Design: the Building the Six-Story Boarding School Apartment Report Introduction Designing and planning a school project is an indulging job that requires preparedness. First, the project needs to start early. When initiating a project, there is the need to hasten the process of starting the project, which includes planning for the available resources. Since this project is 100% self-funded, it will be an easy task as all the required resources are available. When a project is initiated early, it means that there is ample time to complete the project. This will be a convenient approach to the project, as it will take a shorter time to complete (Owen 2006, p.7). This report seeks to explain the design economic issues and solutions that can help the management adapt to a design that suits its budget. Time projections and timely completion There is a need to focus on the time commitment in the project. Projects have time projections; therefore, completing the project at the right time is very important. For instance, a six-story building will take an arguably long time to complete. However, the project will have to stick to the time projections as it is of great importance. Secondly, the project will have to look at the materials needed. In many instances, building materials vary in quality and price. Therefore, the project will have to identify the best quality materials in the vicinity. In many instances, high-quality materials often have a high price tag and are scarce. Therefore, for the project to acquire such high-quality building materials, there will be a need to scout the various suppliers that have been in the business of supplying such materials for a long (Paludi 2012, p.19). Similarly, the project will rely on references from other schools that have exceptional buildings of high quality. The essence of making the choice of high-quality building materials is that the building will be long-lasting. This will serve the purpose of building a school since it is a long-term project. Similarly, high-quality materials are safe. This limits any chances of mishaps in the buildings, which include cracks and constant aging. In addition to this, high-quality materials give the building an aesthetic value. This will attract those who would wish to have their students in high-class schools. Gantt chart showing the project timeline * A – Preparation of the project and site * B – Construction of six-storey premise * C – Construction of swimming pool * D – Construction of sports facility * E – Boarding facility and café * F – Gymnasium * G – Construction of movie theatre * H – Completion of project Positivity in new premises Building a new school premise is an added advantage to the community and the project itself. To begin with, people would wish to send their children to state-of-the-art schools built according to modern architecture (Owen 2006, p.6). The sight of new buildings and premises is an attraction to the community. This will have a direct positive impact on the number of people who would wish to be associated with the school. Therefore, the project of building new premises for the school is viable. Secondly, the new premises will be fitted with modern learning types of equipment. This will be a positive approach, as it will enhance the performance of the school. Cottrell (2010, p.31) argues that new and modern learning equipment enhances the students’ performance. Thirdly, building new premises for the school will show its preparedness and the will to succeed in providing quality education for learners. Boarding options for the school Students need uninterrupted time to concentrate on their learning. As such, they need to find more time to learn new ideas, have group work, and spend more time with committed teachers. This will enhance their preparedness in tackling new experiences and other topics that may prove tricky. With a committed focus on this, the provision of boarding facilities will be prudent. Boarding options give students more time to stay in school with limited distractions. As such, their concentration on learning is advanced. Apparently, boarding facilities ensure that students have limited stress. For instance, students do not have exposure to stress, which may emanate from family issues. The provision of a café and restaurant will be a prudent approach for the students. A café will provide the essential food and snacks that students require on a daily basis. Cottrell (2010, p.33) argues that healthy students that feed on a balanced diet and plenty of fluids have less distraction, which helps them concentrate on their learning. Table showing the admissions to the school Year 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 No. of Students admitted 40 65 120 240 350 430 660 660 660 The table above shows the inflow of students in the school. In the first year, the students will be in minute numbers. However, the numbers will be increasing with each year. However, after some time, the school will have reached the optimum level where there will be full admission. Communal movie theatre Many businesses and institutions have to create a rapport with the community that surrounds them. In this case, the school will have to create an understanding with the surrounding community by reciprocating with a communal movie theatre. This will also act as the school’s corporate social responsibility to the community (Paludi 2012, p.49). Since many people in the community would wish to attend movie theatres, providing such a facility will be highly welcome. In order to make greater management of the movie theatre, the school could devise better ways of collecting resources to cater to this need. For instance, subsidizing the prices will attract a large number of people from the community. This will provide enough resources for future developments in the movie theatre. Similarly, the provision of a movie theatre is an advertisement in disguise. Some of the people visiting the movie theatres will be compelled to look at the elegance of the school. This will make them feel the urge to seek admission of their children to the school. Benefits of the school to various stakeholders Sports facility and swimming pool Learners are in the most active stages of life. This is a stage where students need to exercise frequently and play more often (Cottrell 2010, p.26). As such, there will be a need to provide sports and swimming pool facilities. The school that has a design for a sports facility is of high quality. A state-of-art sports facility will boost the institution’s preparedness to offer quality education. For instance, students that participate in sports maintain a healthy body. This reduces instances of sickness, health complications and improves performance. Apparently, (Cottrell 2010, p.26) noted that sports and other games are effective stress relievers. Therefore, when students participate in sporting activities, they have lower stress levels. This is appropriate in strengthening the performance of students. The school will have an advantage as it gets recognition in sporting events and this improves the outlook of the school. This gives it an added advantage over the other schools. In many cases, swimming helps refresh the body and relax the mind. After a long day of learning, students will need to swim and refresh. This helps in preparing the students for subsequent classes and extra learning. In addition, the provision of a gymnasium is important for body exercise. Therefore, it is equally important to encompass all these in the plan and project of the school. Even though these are expensive facilities, they will be worthwhile in the school, as they will help the students in their growth and learning (Owen 2006, p.8). Since town planning and drawings are on hand, this makes the work easy, as all the designs are available. The next stage will be reviewing the designs and costing, which will be approved. Chart showing the importance of the school facilities in attracting admissions to the school. The performance of the school is an initial attraction to the community. Therefore, the performance of the school will be given priority. The school outlook and the sporting facilities will also be a basis for attracting many people to the school. Similarly, the movie theatre will also attract many people from the community. With such facilities, the school will achieve its target in terms of optimum admission. Design economics The project will require a substantial amount of resources in building the six-story premise. This will be in addition to the state-of-art sports facility, swimming pool, café, and movie theatre. The students admitted to the school will exclusively use the sports facility, swimming pool, and boarding facility. With such facilities, the students will have an easy and comfortable environment that is conducive to learning (Cottrell 2010, p.41). This will be a pleasant environment and will attract a large number of students to the school. With such facilities, the school will be highly rated. Therefore, the school fees and other expenses will be forwarded to the students’ guardians and parents. This will cater to the maintenance and cost of other services provided. As such, the school will comfortably cater to all the expenses incurred. Apparently, the budget will also provide resources for running the school after its inauguration for a period of a year. This is to ensure that the school does not stall after its opening. With such preparations in place, the school will run without any inconveniences. This is due to the low admissions normally recorded in new schools, which affects the income. Conclusion We are convicted that since the project is 100% funded, there will be no difficulty implementing the school project. Building the six-story boarding school apartment will be easy since the school has all the funds needed. The school should also ensure that the intended restaurant, sporting facilities, and swimming pool are also built since they give the school a positive image. Having these facilities in place will help attract many students who will be seeking admission. Facilities such as the communal movie theatre will also bring many benefits to the school since it shows the school’s commitment to giving back to the community as part of its corporate social responsibility. However, the project must be implemented according to the proposed design economics to ensure its effective completion in a timely and cost-effective manner. Recommendation In order for the project to succeed, the school management must show full commitment to the project by ensuring that the funds and resources required for the implementation of the project are availed at the right time. References Cottrell, S 2010, Skills for success: the personal development-planning handbook . Palgrave Macmillan, London. Owen, J 2006, How to manage: the art of making things happen . Prentice Hall Business, London. Paludi, M. A 2012, Managing diversity in today’s workplace: strategies for employees and employers. ABC-CLIO, New York: NY.

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Write a essay that could've provided the following summary: The conch shell is a marvel of nature that has evolved over time to protect itself from predators. The shell is made up of calcium carbonate and protein, and has a cross-lamellar architecture that makes it very tough.

The conch shell is a marvel of nature that has evolved over time to protect itself from predators. The shell is made up of calcium carbonate and protein, and has a cross-lamellar architecture that makes it very tough.

“Secret in a Shell”: Benefits for Engineers Essay Queen conch also called Strombus gigas gives delicious delicacies like broth, but prior to cooking; the meat has to be extracted from the shell, which is difficult. Hitting the shell at the middle of the third and fourth curl using the tip of a different conch, hammer, or machete is recommended. Strombus gigas denotes an enormous coiled shell, a suitable name for a creature whose superb self-protective adaptation so discourages lovers of its meat. At three years of age, the thickness of the shell is hard enough to offer suitable protection from its predators. Its accomplishment is the outcome of efforts to create a body protective covering that can protect it from the cutting of a claw or the bust of a jaw. The toughness of the shell comes not from its matter, which is generally calcium carbonate, but from the shell’s microarchitecture. The microarchitecture entails calcium carbonate crystallites enclosed in protein layers in addition to being packaged into interlacing beams. Additionally, the microarchitecture amasses itself with the growth of the shell and is capable of repairing itself when the shell suffers injury. Nevertheless, it is appealing that the conch shell as well proposes new manners of improving the aspects of synthetic substances varying from non-natural bone to high-temperature earthenware composites. Natural accounts hold the resolutions to the difficulty of creating a structural substance from calcium-rich minerals, resolutions discovered and examined by the progressive trial-and-error practice of evolution. The shells of sea animals like turtles and other creatures resolve this difficulty in an array of techniques that are all complex substances (similar to hard parts of mammals like bones and teeth). The shell is a compound of calcium carbonate that provides it with rigidity and strength, and protein that gives some conformity and allows the shell to form energy-dispersing microcracks that make it resistant to breakage. A different variable in the pattern of the shell is microarchitecture. For instance, nacre consists of numerous thin layers of calcium carbonate infused with sheets of natural adhesives, with a positioning similar to that of blocks making a wall. The vital attributes of this architecture comprise constituents with numerous dissimilar length extents. At every length range, every structural constituent is turned 90 0 from the adjacent constituents. With respect to its advanced characteristics, the crossed-lamellar arrangement symbolizes the peak of molluscan advancement. With the exertion of force to the shell, the parts that have the protein form extremely helpful and non-disastrous microcracks. This kind of microcracking makes the structure tough by dispersing the energy of exerted force. Since alternating layers of lamellae are perpendicular to one another, fractures can just spread through following twisting zigzag routes, which needs a lot of energy to realize an entire fracture. Owing to the arrangement of the middle sheet in a dissimilar plane, the fractures do not spread. In accordance with a formed hypothetical model, the middle sheet will make numerous energy-dispersing micro-cracks if it is twice tougher as compared to the protein regions. The arrangement is comparable to strengthened concrete in a number of ways with the exception of the brittle aragonite taking the place of strong, tensile steel. The arrangement of nacreous nacre is less complicated as compared to that of the crossed-lamellar design of a conch shell. Abalone nacre consists of an arrangement like that of a wall made of bricks, although extremely thin bricks. The incredible chemistry, which forms this organic template, offers strength to this kind of shell. As a wall made of bricks is structurally tough since layers of bricks are set off from each other, nacre gets its remarkable load-standing capacity as every sheet of crystals is set off from the subsequent one. However, in the shell of abalone, different from human-constructed walls, the counterbalance occurs as the holes in the protein layers have random spacing and do not line up with the ones in adjacent layers. Definitely, it is a daunting task to replicate the natural development of shell formation, with a lengthy record of crystal-transforming proteins. Instead, there are attempts to duplicate the microarchitecture of nacre with the help of a simpler way; that is, bioinspiration in place of biomimicry. In this attempt, scientists got their motivation from a distinctive occurrence that comes about with the freezing of the sea. While saltwater turns into solid, the forming ice crystals at times make minute treelike plates and the salts ejected from the crystals of ice are trapped amid the plates. Professional engineers could use this natural progression to create an array of ice-model earthenware compounds using the microarchitecture of nacre. Derived from this accomplishment, it is likely that the advance to curing cracks in substances could ultimately be reinstated by a method that imitates biological arrangements by moving some kind of curing agent to the injured position and carrying out a curing process. On the other hand, possibly a more successful technique awaits invention. The natural world will influence the application of substances in the future as it has significant examples for developing modern expertise. However, professional engineers must prepare for this change through bioinspiration instead of slavish replication.

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Create the inputted essay that provided the following summary: The article discusses the importance of understanding the impact of new materials on civil engineering. It also highlights the need for engineers to consider the environment when developing new materials.

The article discusses the importance of understanding the impact of new materials on civil engineering. It also highlights the need for engineers to consider the environment when developing new materials.

Secrets in the Shell: Summary Essay Table of Contents 1. Introduction 2. Aim of the article 3. Selected composite material 4. Interesting information in the article 5. Impact of the information in civil engineering 6. Conclusion 7. References Introduction Taking a deep look into the field of engineering, new techniques, technologies, and regulations have progressed the profession of engineering. However, upon the introduction of these technologies, little information accompanies the products released and due to the limited knowledge, it becomes difficult for people to understand the importance of a certain product in the market. Therefore, it is important to elaborate on the uniqueness of new materials or products to enable clients or the public to understand its meaningfulness, which helps the product to gain market demand. This essay seeks to identify the significance of certain innovations by exploring the article, “Secret in the Shell.” Aim of the article The article, “Secret in the Shell”, explores innovations involved in developing composite materials. It demonstrates the imperativeness of simple shells obtained from sea creatures like turtles, snails, bivalves, queen conch, and others sea shelled-creatures. It describes how engineers can integrate these shells into meaningful items including constructing material or body shields by using the calcium, protein, and carbonate minerals contained in these shells (Ballarini and Heuer 2). Composite materials including ceramic composites, polymers, and unique bricks are developed from the shells. The article emphasizes the queen conch, a large marine gastropod mollusk. These sea creatures, especially the queen conch, possess a shell renowned for its strength and rigidity, which can prove significant in inventing materials from it. Simply, the article describes the biological nature of these creatures in relation to the developing approaches in healing cracks in building materials. Selected composite material In the process of analyzing the article, all-composite materials are equally important and their uniqueness is enthusing. However, most of them are composite materials developed from animals. Civil engineering is an important field and environmental conservations are key issues. In this sense, acquiring protein, calcium and carbonate from shells to compose bricks or ceramics is quite expensive and most components come from living creatures, which have to die for the extraction of the composite. Therefore, in terms of comparing the composite materials, mud bricks composed of mud and straw are simpler to compound. Ballarini and Heuer note, “Composites achieve superior performance by combining materials that have complementary properties, such as mud and straw” (1). In fact, the two composite materials are easy to obtain and in plenty compared to others with no need of terminating life to acquire combining materials. Interesting information in the article The article contains unique information regarding the conch shell. To begin with, the rigidity of the shell triggers some engineers into manufacturing body armors using the components of the shell. On emphasizing the toughness, Ballarini and Heuer posit, “The toughness of the shell arises from the composite nature of its microarchitecture” (2). The conch is at most 1000 times tougher than the turtle shell. Regarding the growth and development of the shell, the creature has the ability to develop its shell naturally even after breaking or cracking to replace the fractured part through a unique crack-bridging mechanism. The shell has self-healing powers. Ballarini and Heuer explain, “The self-assembly inherent in shell development leads to remarkable self-healing powers” (5). In this context, the conch shell contains self-healing composites that initiate self-development and healing of the shell. Impact of the information in civil engineering This article demonstrates numerous virtues that can apply in the field of civil engineering. From the article, civil engineers obtain several lessons including certain qualities that an engineer should possess and the actual importance of the shells obtained from sea-shelled creatures. Given the physical importance of the conch shell, engineers can produce structural materials from material containing calcium (Ballarini and Heuer 2). It demonstrates how engineers can emulate the techniques used by the queen conch in developing and maintaining its shell by integrating the knowledge obtained into practice. For instance, the article demonstrates how the queen conch seals its cracks using protein, calcium, and bicarbonate ions to form a tough calcium carbonate component that seals the extra-pillion space. Engineers can integrate the same knowledge into the civil engineering field to compose more suitable and sustainable building materials. Civil engineering is the field of engineering cornered with several challenging experiences. Engineers encounter devastating experiences such as the formation of cracks on walls of building under construction, or even accidental falling of an entire wall under construction. This article demonstrates the determination of the queen conch towards overcoming challenges regarding the cracking of its shell. Instead of weakening after developing cracks on the shell, it becomes even harder after refilling its crack. Ballarini and Heuer note, “Self-healing material must somehow sense damage, attract healing supplies to the damaged area, and initiate repairs that match the structure of the existing material” (5). Engineers should be motivated by how the queen conch overcomes the cracking of the shell and develops mechanisms to strengthen it even more. Conclusion The article contains vital information on innovations that can probably create a unique technique of healing cracks in construction materials. The article demonstrates how engineers can integrate simple shells into meaningful composites by extracting protein and calcium. It demonstrates the natural crack-bridging technique of the queen conch to seal its fractured shell. However, attempting to obtain composite from the shell seems challenging, as civil engineering is a vast field that needs an endless source of resources. In fact, the shelled animals are scarce and combing materials such as calcium and protein endanger them. References Ballarini, Roberto, and Arthur Heuer. “Secrets in the shell: the body armor of the queen conch is much tougher than comparable systematic materials. What secrets does it hold?” American Scientist 95.5 (2007): 1-6. Print.

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Write an essay about: The essay discusses the holding period ratio and how it is used to measure the return one has obtained from a certain investment. The holding period ratio is the income at the beginning of any given period which includes capital and dividend income, divided by the amount that obtained at the beginning of the period.

The essay discusses the holding period ratio and how it is used to measure the return one has obtained from a certain investment. The holding period ratio is the income at the beginning of any given period which includes capital and dividend income, divided by the amount that obtained at the beginning of the period.

Security Analysis and Portfolio Management Essay Probability distribution of the HPR on the put option and on the stock; The formula for calculating HPR is STOCK PUT State of the Economy Probability Ending Price + Dividend HPR Ending Value HPR Boom 0.25 $ 144 44.00% $ 0.00 -100% Normal 0.50 $ 114 14.00% $ 0.00 -100% Recession 0.25 $ 84 -16% $30 147.5% A point of importance that needs a note is that the put option in this case costs $ 12.00. The cost of the index is $ 100 per share. Explanations (workings) From the calculations, the negative HPR of the put option shows that there is an advantage inherent in the option and there is presence of priced risks. It can also show that the options have traded for a short time. Options are sensitive and as volatility increases, expected put option returns increases, that is, they become negatives. What is the probability distribution of the HPR on a portfolio on a portfolio consisting of one share of the index fund and a put option? In this case, one share of the index fund together with a put option costs $ 112.00. Therefore, the probability distribution of the HPR on the portfolio is as given below; State of the economy Probability Ending Price + Put + Dividend HPR Boom 0.25 $ 144.00 28.6% Normal/Good 0.50 $ 114.00 1.8 recession 0.25 $ 114.00 1.8 Explanations HPR Boom = ($140 – $112 + $4)/$112 = 28.6% HPR Normal = ($110 – $112 + $4)/$112 = 1.8% HPR Recession = ($110 + $112 + $4)/$112 = 1.8% This shows that, during the boom, there is a high Holding Period Return of 28.6% which is a good indicator as compared to 1.8% during poor state of the economy (recession) Purchase of the put option constituting a purchase of insurance in this case. When the HPR is at a minimum of 1.8%, it is a complete guarantee no matter what happens to the stock price. At this point, there is protection against decline in prices and therefore, it offers insurance against price decline Barucci (2003). Analysis Holding Period Ratio refers to the return received from holding a portfolio of assets (Marcus, Bodie, & Kane, 2010). To obtain HPR, the income at the beginning of any given period which includes capital and dividend income, is divided by the amount that obtained at the beginning of the period. It measures the return one has obtained from a certain investment. Holding period refers to the time an investor owns an asset before selling it while holding period return refers to the return for the period (Marcus, Bodie, & Kane, 2010). Put option – it is the right; a holder of an underlying asset is given to sell the asset or security at a particular specified time at a certain amount. A put option does not put an obligation to the holder of the security to sell it. On the other hand, a call option allows the holder the right to buy and sell securities (Eugene & Michael 2010). When the price of an underlying asset depreciates, a put becomes more valuable (Subramani, 2011). A stock refers to a unit of capital held by investors in a company. This is the capital invested in a business by its founders. Stocks are different from other assets held by a business in that the assets may depreciate in value and quantity while stocks do not depreciate Edwin, Martin, Stephen, & William (2009) The Security Market Line abbreviated as (SML) is a line that benchmarks the expected performance of an investment. Assets that are properly valued plot very well on the SML Eugene & Michael (2010). a) In this case, what McKay should do is that he should invest in Murray’s existing portfolio. To do this, he should borrow more funds where he will invest in the more risky assets on margin. There will be increased expected return and in addition to this, the portfolio on the CML (Capital Market Line) will increase the risk (variability) because of higher proportion of risky assets in the portfolio Edwin, Martin, Stephen, & William (2009). Capital Market Line – graphical representation. According to Separability theorem, all investors, regardless of their attitude towards risk, should hold the same risk assets in their portfolios. CML is usable in capital asset pricing model to show the rate of return for portfolios depending on the standard deviation and the risk free rate of return for a certain portfolio Levich (2001). The line is obtained by drawing a tangent from the intercept on the efficient frontier up to the where the expected return is equal to the risk free rate of return Sercu & Uppal (1995). Standard Deviation (risk σ) Lisa, however, wants to cut the risk exposure of her portfolio. She does not want to do lending or borrowing to achieve her objective. To achieve York’s objective, McKay should do the following; He should take in higher beta stocks and replace the low beta stocks. Once he does this, he will reduce the total beta of York’s portfolio. When he manages to reduce the overall portfolio beta, he will have succeeded in reducing the systematic risk of the total portfolio and thus, the portfolio volatility relative to the market Bodie, Kane & Marcus (2008). The primary objective of York’s is in the reduction of her exposure to risk. York manages to meet this objective by reducing the beta of the entire portfolio. In other words, York’s objective is not in the maintenance of efficiency. (Subramani, 2011). If McKay sold all her equities in order to use the money received to buy risk free securities, she will not reduce her risk exposure. This is because; York does not allow lending or borrowing Oster (1994). The risk return trade of between the return on any security and the systematic risk is what the Security Market Line represents. It is as follows; Graphical representation of the SML. Risk Risk and return – their relationship. Most of the investors increase the rate of return as the perceived risk increases. SML reflects the risk and return available on the different investments. This involves all the risky assets in the market at any given time. Investors invest in assets that have their preferred levels of risk. This involves investors who invest in low risk investment and investors who invest in high-risk investment Richard & DeFusco (2011). When one begins with an initial SML, three possible changes may occur. To start with, individual investments on the SML may change their position because of changes in the deemed risk of the investment. Secondly, the SML slope may change due to the change in the behavior and attitudes of investors towards risk and finally the SML may have a parallel shift because of change in the expected rate of inflation Richard & DeFusco (2011). With this information, they can be able to make informed decisions. In consideration of client in problem 19 where A=3.5. If the investor decides to invest in the passive portfolio, the proportion, y that he would select is as follows; 1. The optimal proportion to conduct an investment in the passive portfolio is given by the formula below; Substituting the following; E(r M ) = 13%; r f = 8%; σ M = 25%; A = 3.5: 1. The percentage of the investment in the respective fund, subtracted at the year-end, that is, charged to make the client indifferent between the passive strategy and fund affected by the capital allocation decision, that is, his choice of y is not affected by capital allocation. This means that one can charge a fee that is equivalent to the reward to volatility ratio of such a portfolio to your competition Zhang (2009). Analysis and Definition Passive portfolio refers to a strategy of investment founded on the principle of diversification. The goal of passive portfolio is to have a market index’s return. Passive managers buy and hold security from the market Solnik (2000). Most of the holding assets reduce the investment risk since they correlate negatively. The portfolios that have the highest return at any degree of risk are referred to as efficient portfolios. They also provide the lowest degree of risk at any expected return. The investor should make sure that he holds those assets that minimize his risks. A diversifiable risk is a risk that an investor can eliminate if he held an efficient portfolio. Non-diversifiable risks are the risk that still exists in efficient and diversified portfolios. In essence, the investor aims at eliminating the diversifiable risk Reilly & Brown (2007). 1920s 1930s 1940s 1950s 1960s 1970s 1980s 1990s Small company Stocks – 3.72 7.28 20.63 19.01 13.72 8.75 12.46 13.84 Large Company Stock 18.36 – 1.25 9.11 19.41 7.84 5.90 17.60 18.20 Long term Government 3.98 4.60 3.59 0.25 1.14 6.63 11.50 8.60 Intermediate Term Government 3.77 3.91 1.70 1.11 3.41 6.11 12.01 7.74 Treasury bills 3.56 0.30 0.37 1.87 3.89 6.29 9.00 5.02 Inflation – 1.00 – 2.04 5.36 2.22 2.52 7.36 5.10 2.93 Rearranging the table, we obtain the following; Stocks from the Small company Stocks from the large company Long-term government bonds Intermediary-term government bonds Treasure bills inflation 1920s -3.72 19.36 3.98 3.77 3.56 -1.00 1930s 7.28 -1.25 4.60 3.91 0.30 -2.04 1940s 20.63 9.11 3.59 1.70 0.37 5.36 1950s 19.01 19.41 0.25 1.11 1.87 2.22 1960s 13.72 7.84 1.14 3.41 3.89 2.52 1970s 8.75 5.90 6.63 6.11 6.29 7.36 1980s 12.46 17.60 11.50 12.01 9.00 5.10 1990s 13.84 19.20 8.60 7.74 5.02 2.93 Serial correlation 0.46 -0.22 0.06 0.59 0.63 0.23 There is a positive correlation between inflation and the returns of assets since they all lean towards zero (Reilly, & Brown, 2007). The degree of the serial correlation is what makes the difference. The cause of the highest positive serial correlation is the large company stocks and inflation. This is followed by government intermediate term of 0.32. The high correlation could be due to government long-term investment. The high correlation could be due to small company investments and treasury bills. It is therefore prudent to note that there is a positive serial correlation between inflation and returns, as all these figures tend to lean towards zero (Wittner, 2003). Computation of the serial correlation in decade return, the given data is arranged and set up in an excel sheet and then, the function in the excel ”CORREL” is used to do the calculation. -0.0125 0.1836 0.0911 -0.0125 0.1941 0.0911 0.0784 0.1941 0.059 0.0784 0.176 0.059 0.182 0.176 -0.0125 0.1836 The correlation above is based on 7 observations. This means that, we cannot derive any meaningful statistical conclusions. The above results lead us into making one conclusion that there happens to be persistent serial correlation with the exclusion of the stocks from the large companies. There will be a change in this conclusion when real rates are used as depicted in question 21. Serial Correlation is a study that is used to tell whether there is a relationship between dependent and independent variables. According to Durbin Watson, the number ranges from zero to four. Number 2 is the pivotal point meaning there is no autocorrelation Edwin, Martin, Stephen, & William (2009). Any figure that is calculated and tends to move towards four shows a negative autocorrelation whereas figures towards 0 show a positive autocorrelation. In the case below, we shall find out if there is an autocorrelation between the various share returns and the inflation rates for the period given Edwin, Martin, Stephen, & William (2009) When all the other factors are equal and held constant, the active portfolio will have an Information Ratio that doubles. The portfolio (S-square) will have the Sharpe Ratio square being equal to the Sharpe ratio for the (SM-square) market index added to the IR’s square. This translates to the fact that IR will quadruple because it has doubled. S-square is to SM-square + (4 × IR). In comparison to the previous S-square, then the difference is 3 IR (Marcus, Bodie, & Kane, 2010). The answer of question 20 Page 277 The table below summarizes the solution to question 20 on page 227. Panel 1: Risk Parameters of the investable n=universe 9 Annualized). SD OF Excess Return Beta SD of systematic component SD of residual Correlation with the S&P 500 S&P 500 0.1358 1 0.1358 0 1 HP 0.3817 2.03 0.2762 0.2656 0.72 DELL 0.2901 1.23 0.1672 0.2392 0.58 WMT 0.1935 0.62 0.0841 0.1757 0.43 TARGET 0.2611 1.27 0.172 0.1981 0.66 BP 0.1822 0.47 0.0634 0.1722 0.35 SHELL 0.1988 0.67 0.0914 0.178 0.46 Panel 2: Correlation of Residuals. HP DELL WMT TARGET BP SHELL HP 1 DELL 0.08 1 WMT -0.34 0.17 1 TARGET -0.1 0.12 0.5 1 BP -0.2 -0.28 -0.19 -0.13 1 SHELL -0.06 -0.19 -0.24 -0.22 0.7 1 Panel 3: The Index Model Covariance Matrix. S&P 500 HP DELL WMT TARGET BP SHELL Beta 1 2.03 1.23 0.62 1.27 0.47 0.67 S&P 500 1 0.0184 0.0375 0.0227 0.0114 0.0234 0.0086 0.0124 HP 2.03 0.0375 0.1457 0.0462 0.0232 0.0475 0.0175 0.0253 DELL 1.23 0.0227 0.0462 0.0842 0.0141 0.0288 0.0106 0.0153 WMT 0.62 0.0114 0.0232 0.0141 0.0374 0.0145 0.0053 0.0077 TARGET 1.27 0.0234 0.0475 0.0288 0.0145 0.0882 0.0109 0.0157 BP 0.47 0.0066 0.0175 0.0106 0.0053 0.01 0.0332 0.0058 SHELL 0.67 0.0124 0.0253 0.0153 0.0077 0.0157 0.0058 0.0385 Panel 4: Macro and Forecasts of Alpha Values. S&P 500 HP DELL WMT TARGET BP SHELL Alpha 0 0.015 -1 -0.005 0.0075 0.012 0.0025 Risk Premium 0.06 0.1371 0.0638 0.0322 0.0835 0.04 0.0429 Alpha Double 0 0.03 -2 -0.01 0.015 0.024 0.005 Solution is as follows; Computation of the Optimal Risky Portfolio S&P 500 Active Pf A HP DELL WMT TARGET BP SHELL Overall Pf σ 2 (e) 0.0705 0.0572 0.0309 0.0392 0.0297 0.0317 α/σ 2 (e) 1.1007 0.4255 -0.3497 -0.3236 0.3827 0.8081 0.1577 W 0 (i) 1.0000 0.3866 -0.3177 -0.2940 0.3476 0.7341 0.1433 [W 0 (i)] 2 0.1495 0.1009 0.0864 0.1209 0.5390 0.0205 αA 0.0440 0.0115978 0.006353 -0.2940 0.005215 0.0176 0.0007 σ 2 (e A ) 0.0404 0.0105 0.0058 0.0027 0.0047 0.0160 0.0007 W 0 0.3330 W * 0.6594 0.3406 0.0509 0.0344 0.0294 0.0412 0.1836 0.0070 Beta* (see fn) 1 1.0931 0.3041143 0.1243 0.0536 0.1531 0.2517 0.0138 1.0317 Risk premium* 0.06 0.1096 0.0227 0.0054 0.0024 0.0110 0.0280 0.0009 0.0769 SD 0.1358 0.2500 Sharpe Ratio 0.4420 0.4383 S 2 P/S 2 M = b 2 ; (0.2) 2 /(0.16) 2 = 1.56; b=1.25 Minimum variance portfolio Optimal portfolio Full covariance model Index model Full covariance model Index model Mean 0.0371 0.0354 0.0677 0.0649 SD 0.1089 0.1052 0.1471 0.1423 Sharpe ratio 0.3409 0.3370 0.4605 0.4558 Portfolio weights S&P 0.88 0.83 0.75 0.83 HP -0.11 -0.17 0.10 0.07 DELL -0.01 -0.05 -0.04 -0.06 WMT 0.23 0.14 -0.03 -0.05 TARGET -0.18 -0.08 0.10 0.06 BP 0.22 0.20 0.25 0.13 SHELL -0.02 0.12 -0.12 0.03 According to Sharpe ratio, risk and return are directly proportional. For every additional risk, there is an additional return. The usage of Sharpe ratio is to evaluate the adjusted risk of a portfolio. This is then usable in the determination of the additional risk that a portfolio may come with (Porter, 1980). The driving forces of the ratio are rate of return from the portfolio, the risk free rate of return and the portfolios standard deviation. This ratio tells whether high returns are realized because of wise investment or just risk taking. In the above scenario, when alpha doubles, the overall risk of the portfolio increases Edwin, Martin, Stephen, & William (2009) Alpha is a performance measure ratio that takes into account the volatility of a portfolios return and compares the same with that of a risk free asset or that of a risk-adjusted portfolio. A positive alpha tells or shows an over performance whereas a negative alpha depicts an under performance of an asset. The beta of this asset is expected to increase since it is a measure of risk (Levich, 2001). Beta, alpha, standard deviation, covariance, and Sharpe’s ratio are some of the parameters used in risk evaluation. All of them are driven by the return on investment and the amount of risk involved in the investment. It is therefore important to note that if alpha doubles or varies, the other measures of risk that are dependent on alpha will also vary appropriately. In the above case, when alpha for S&P 500, HP, DELL, WMT, TARGET, BP and SHELL double, the beta will also vary Porter (1990). This therefore tells us that alpha, covariance, standard deviation, beta and Sharpe’s ratio are related and any variance or change in one of them causes the change of the other variable relatively. From the above computation, HP proves to be more risky with a beta of 2.0348, followed by TARGET at 1.2672, then DELL, HP, SHELL then finally BP at 0.467. This tells us that BP is the least risky if beta is to be used to evaluate its performance. Risk premium still shows that HP is the most risk and the less risky is BP with a risk premium of 0.04 (Marcus, Bodie, & Kane, 2010). This therefore tells any potential investor that if risk is his or her basis of decision making then the most appropriate or convenient investment is BP, which poses the least risk. If return on investment is anything to go by as an investment motive then HP promises the highest return than any other asset in this portfolio. Any investor who considers himself or herself a risk taker is advised to invest in HP as opposed to any other asset since HP promises the best reward in terms of returns (Solnik, 2000). Correlation advises that an investor can only invest in two assets at the same time if there is a correlation between these assets. In this case HP DELL and SHELL have a correlation of 0.08, 0.5 and 0.7 respectively (Sercu, & Uppal 1995). References Barucci, E. (2003). Financial Markets Theory: Equilibrium, Efficiency, and Information. New York: Springer. Bodie, Z, Kane, A., & Marcus, A. (2008). Investments . New York: McGraw-Hill Irwin. Edwin J., Martin J., Stephen J. & William N. (2009). Modern Portfolio Theory and Investment Analysis. Boston: John Wiley & Sons. Eugene F. & Michael C. (2010). Financial Management Theory and Practice. London: Cengage Learning. Levich, M. (2001). International Financial Market , (2nd ed.). New York: McGraw-Hill. Marcus, A. J., Bodie, Z., & Kane, A. (2010). Investment and Portfolio Management. Florida: McGraw Hill. Oster, S. (1994). Modern Competitive Analysis . Nueva: Oxford University Press. Porter, M. (1980). Competitive Strategy: Techniques for Analyzing Industries and Competitors. London: The Free Press. Porter, M. (1990). The Competitive Advantage of Nations. London: MacMillan Press. Reilly, K., & Brown, C. (2007). Investment Analysis and Portfolio Management . New York: Southwestern Thomson. Richard A. & DeFusco, D. W. (2011). Quantitative Investment Analysis. Boston: John Wiley & Sons. Sercu, P., & Uppal, R., (1995). International Financial Markets and the Firm . New York: SouthWestern. Solnik, B. (2000). International Investments (4th ed.). New York: Longman. Subramani, R. V. (2011). Accounting for Investments, Equities, Futures and Options. Boston: John Wiley & Sons. Zhang, H. (2009). Investmet. Web.

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Convert the following summary back into the original text: Self-compacting concrete is a liquid/fluid often used in structures that have congested reinforcement and those, which do not require vibration. In the development of self-compelling concrete, one needs to strike a state of equilibrium for both deformability and stability. As Okamura and Ozawa (1995, p. 120) confirm, "the quality or characteristics of materials and the proportions of the mixtures also affect the compatibility of the self-compacing concrete".

Self-compacting concrete is a liquid/fluid often used in structures that have congested reinforcement and those, which do not require vibration. In the development of self-compelling concrete, one needs to strike a state of equilibrium for both deformability and stability. As Okamura and Ozawa (1995, p. 120) confirm, "the quality or characteristics of materials and the proportions of the mixtures also affect the compatibility of the self-compacing concrete".

Self-Compacting Concrete, Characteristics of SCC Research Paper Introduction Self-compacting concrete (SCC) is a liquid /fluid often used in structures that have congested reinforcement and those, which do not require vibration. In the development of self-compacting concrete, one needs to strike a state of equilibrium for both deformability and stability. As Okamura and Ozawa (1995, p. 120) confirm, “the quality or characteristics of materials and the proportions of the mixtures also affect the compatibility of the self-compacting concrete”. Therefore, it is necessary for the evolution of procedures for designing these self-compacting concrete mixtures to ensure the longevity of structures. One of the surest ways to increase the stability of cohesiveness of the concrete is to use fine materials in these mixes. Despite the several investigations carried on this concrete, many large companies in Japan and around the world continue to use it because of its benefits. The paper presents a brief history of SCC followed by its characteristics besides showing how it works in relation to the ordinary concrete, amongst other details. Historical background of the self-compacting concrete Professor Okamura proposed the self-compacting concrete in 1986. This was after “several years beginning from 1983 in Japan when the durability of the concrete structure” (Okamura & Ozawa1995, p. 99) was at stake. Coming up with long-lasting constructions called for enough compaction, which again needed experienced personnel. Construction Company in Japan was facing a shortage of skilled workers, which contributed to a reduction in the quality of building and construction works (Deeb, Ghanbari, & Karihaloo 2011, p. 185). Maekawa and Ozawa in the University of Tokyo carried out further studies on self-compacting concrete. The studies bore fruits in 1988 when the model of SCC was finished with the use of locally available resources. Countries that use SCC The concept of self-compacting concrete manifested itself in Europe in the mid-1990s in most of the civil works. Most of the Sweden transportation networks relied on this concrete in their construction (Walraven 2002, p 356). Furthermore, the European Commission supported it by funding a multinational company specializing in the lead on self-compacting concrete in the late 1990s. Since then, many European construction companies have embraced this concrete using it in their building and construction work. Japan was one of the first countries in the world to begin using self-computing concrete in its construction work. The first application of concrete was in 1990. Then, it was used to make towers of concrete cable-stayed bridges in 1991(Guneyisi, Gesoglu & Ozbay 2011, p. 160). Lightweight SCC came in handy in the construction of beams of these bridges. Henceforth, other people have begun using this concrete in their construction work. Nowadays, the reason why many people prefer to use self-compacting concrete to traditional concrete is that it is easy, and it shortens the time of construction. It also guarantees compaction in the constructions, especially in the restricted regions. Benefits of SCC Because most of the concretes that existed were poor in their compatibility, it was necessary for the introduction of self-compacting concrete. The concrete solved the problem of inadequate compaction that had earlier been experienced by the workers in the construction. Furthermore, the self-compacting concrete was designed in a manner that allowed uniformity in the quality of the concrete (Angel, Jaime, Galit 2011, p. 3420). The fact that it did not require any external vibration for its compaction made it a favorite for people. At the time, Japan was facing a problem in compaction. This concrete was to be a solution. In most cases, this problem-emanated from the increased rate of loses of skilled workers and complexities in the architectural designs and details that were in the reinforcement in the modern structures (Hassan, Hossain & Lachemi 2008, p. 12). The main concern for creating this concrete was its durability. The concrete also provided satisfactory consolidation without having to consider the need for vibration. The concrete fulfilled this through its new state properties. For instance, “in the plastic state, the concrete flows under its own weight at the same time maintaining homogeneity besides filling any formwork that ensures congested reinforcement of structures” (Burcu & Mehmet 2011, p. 287). The homogeneity of the concrete is maintained even during placement, transportation, and providing long-term durability. It guarantees structure performance. In the hard state, it surpasses the standard concrete in terms of its durability and strength (Kim, Trejo, Hueste, & Kim 2001, p. 130). Even though the new concrete- self-compacting concrete has gained dominant use in Europe and Japan, other countries in the world have not overwhelmingly embraced it. Therefore, this has resulted in less development in terms of local materials. According to Aggarwal, Siddique, Aggarwal, and Gupta, (2008, p. 20), this concrete flows under its own weight through restricted sections without bleeding or segregation. Therefore, the concrete has a low-yielded value that gives it a high-flow ability. It has a reasonable thickness that enables it to stand firm against separation and bleeding. When this self-compacting concrete is well developed, it ensures that both stability and deformability in the constructions are in an equilibrium state. Various researchers have outlined guidelines for proper mixture proportion of the concrete. These guidelines include reduction of the volume ratio of the concrete aggregate to cementitious material in the ratio of one to two and the increment of paste volume and that of the water-cemented ratio. They also include controlling the maximum coarse aggregate of the size of the particles and the total volume, and finally the use of diverse viscosity-enhancing admixtures (Naji, Hwang, & Khayat, 2011, p. 422). Characteristics of SCC Self-compacting concrete is different from normal or rather conventional concrete. One of the characteristics that differentiate this concrete from conventional concrete is that it has the ability to flow. It has no segregation characteristics, as opposed to its non-blocking tendency (Okamura & Ozawa1995, p. 120). An increase in its flowing ability lowers the risk of separation. This, therefore, means that it is important to use proper mix design when making the concrete Procedure for making SCC According to Okamura and Ouchi (2003), using super plasticizers is necessary when high mobility of the self-compacting concrete is preferred (p. 16). On the other hand, separation can be curbed when “large amounts of powdered materials or viscosity modifying admixture” (Okamura & Ozawa1995, p. 120) are used. These powdered materials that are mostly used in making the self-compacting concrete include “silica fume, fly ash, limestone powder, quartzite filler, and glass filler” (Aggarwal, Siddique, Aggarwal & Gupta 2008, p. 19) among others. Because the “proportions of the mixture and the characteristic of the materials affect self-compactibility, it has become necessary to come up with a procedure that mixes its design” (Burcu & Mehmet, 2011, p. 287). Ozawa and Okamura have come up with a style of doing a mix proportioning. In their mix proportion, the fine and coarse aggregate contents are fixed. The self-compatibility is realized by changing the “super plasticizer dosage and water to power ratio” (Aggarwal, Siddique, Aggarwal & Gupta 2008, p. 15). The composition of the coarse aggregate present in the concrete is placed “at 50 percent of the total amount of solid volume while the fine aggregate contents are fixed at 40 percent of the total amount of motors” (Aggarwal, Siddique, Aggarwal & Gupta 2008, p. 19). On the other hand, the water to powder ratio is estimated at around 0.9-1.0 by volume. This relies on the characteristics of the super plasticiser amount and the powder. Determining the right volume of water/ powder is reached through a number of trails. Therefore, self-compacting concrete has this limitation- mix design procedures has not yet been established. Universal Testing Method: Aim of Every Test According to Okamura and Ouchi (2003), universal testing methods of self-compacting concrete are not much (p. 15).Therefore, this has contributed to some resistance by a number of countries to embrace this concept. One country that has resistance adoption of this concrete construction is Australia. However, the current and preferred methods of testing that meet European standards include slump flow test, also called total spread and T50 time, L-box test, J-ring test, and sieve stability test (Aggarwal, Siddique, Aggarwal & Gupta 2008, p. 20). Universal Standards of Testing SCC Sieve stability test is used to assess segregation resistance, site use, and suitability for laboratory use. J-ring test is used to primarily evaluate the ability of the concrete to allow water passage. It is suitable for the site and laboratory use. On the other hand, L-box test is used for assessment of passing ability. It is suited for laboratory use. Finally, yet important, is the slump test, which is appropriate for assessing filling ability (Aslani, & Shami, 2012, p. 360). Like the other test, it is also used on site and in the laboratory. Furthermore, European standards recommend other three alternative methods for testing SCC. These methods include V-funnel test, Orimet test, and penetration test. V –funnel test is used to partially indicate the ability of filing and blocking, Orimet test functions are similar to that of v-funnel test. While penetration test is adopted, it is used to assess segregation, and in most cases, in combination with sieve stability test. It is also used in the laboratory. Slump test Slump flow test evaluates the free movement of self-compacting concrete on a level plane that has no obstacles. The concrete moves “when a slump cone filed with concrete is lifted” (Attiogbe, See, & Dazkco 2007, Para. 5). The filling aptitude of the concrete is determined by the standard span of the concrete ring. The time T 50cm is another indication of the flow of the concrete. This determines the period spent in seconds from the moment the cone is hoisted “until the flow of the concrete reaches the diameter of 500mm” (Aggarwal, Siddique, Aggarwal & Gupta 2008, p. 22). This slump test therefore checks the spreading ability and filling with self-compacting concrete. The first test indicates the spread and viscosity [deformity] while the second tests how fast the mixture is gong to spread on the expected and/or defined distance. T50 and slump flow test are some of the most used universal tests that show the best association concerning key parameters on plastic viscosity and yield value (Okamura, & Ouchi, 2003, p. 15). The parameters are used to determine the filing capabilities of SCC. The T50 is one of the tests that show association. It has the ability to be repeated and reproduced easily. One of the advantages of these tests is their universal acceptance as well as being simple to complete. These advantages have made the test likeable by many countries given that it has been recommended by the European standardisation. The Orimet The Orimet and V-funnel tests have been cited as the second preferred tests after T50 /slump flow test. V-funnel flow time test is the time that a specific volume of SC takes to pass through an opening. This test helps to give an indication of the capabilities of the filing of SCC if segregation and blocking is not occurring (McSaveney, Papworth, & Khrapko 2003, p. 6). The time that it takes for the concrete to pass through such opening is associated with the level of plastic viscosity of the mixture. L-BOX and J-Ring When it comes to testing the passing ability of fresh self-compacting concrete, the frequently used test includes L-box and J-ring. These tests can also be repeated and reproduced. L-box tests are most suited in laboratory environments while J-ring tests can be used in both laboratory and sites. L-box test has been found good in terms of blocking behaviour, as well as in real construction work. The idea behind using J-ring test is to find the difference between obstructed flow and the flow when a ring of bars used to act as reinforcement does not impede it. The test determines/shows the passing ability of fresh SCC. Penetration and sieve stability test Penetration test and sieve stability tests are used for testing the level of resistance to segregation. Between the two methods, sieve stability test gets the first priority because it is easy to use, reproduce, and even repeat the tests (Guneyisi, Gesoglu & Ozbay 2011, p. 160). Furthermore, this test helps to provide a good association with real constructions situations. It is also a very simple method that can be used for testing. Penetration method is likewise used in testing, but comes second after sieve stability tests. When using this method, a sample cylinder of fresh SCC is allowed to penetrate upon applying certain amounts of weight. The depth of penetration shows the stability of the mixture. This method is somewhat difficult to use in reproducing tests hence second priority. Invention of SCC The invention of self-compacting concrete has solved the historical problems that are associated with regular concrete. Structures with large volumes of steel reinforcement can be put up easily when self-compacting concrete is used. For instance, one common problem that regular concrete has is that it requires excessive vibration. This leads to bleeding and segregation of the concrete. Furthermore, it leads to blockage of passages through which particles of concrete are supposed to pass. In addition, using regular concretes in areas that have large volumes or many reinforcements is difficult. Therefore, it requires skilled workers to use mechanical vibrators in building structures (Khayat, Bickley, & Lessard 2000, p. 382). On the other hand, using SCC has a number of advantages including its capability of reducing the labour costs that result from the vibration needs. Secondly is that SCC has potential of reducing instances of bleeding and segregation when putting up structures. Furthermore, self-compacting concrete has a lower viscosity, which allows workers to pour it into formwork, which then spreads under its own weight. While it spreads, the concrete is able to fill spaces and all corners of formwork producing a durable structure that can last long. The concrete fills and levels itself because of the forces of gravity. Hence, no segregation occurs. Vibrators are not needed to complete its consolidation Low viscosity of SCC is an advantage that is not experienced in the conventional concrete. Therefore, this advantage allows the concrete to be pumped at a greater flow rate compared to the conventional concrete. This pumping requires low pressure and helps to elongate the life span of pumps since they are not exposed to great risks of wear and tear (Hughes 2001, p. 260). Another advantage of self-compacting concrete is that it cuts the costs that would have been incurred in the transportation of concrete in buckets to the sites of constructions. The use of self-compacting concrete can also reduce the period of construction, as well as the labour that is required to a significant margin. The longest bridge in the world- Akashi-Kaiyo- was constructed using self-compacting concrete using 290,000m3. The duration of its construction was shortened by twenty percent. Impact of corrosion of durability Durability of concrete is usually affected by corrosion of steel reinforcement. Chloride ions usually penetrate into concrete in those environment rich in chloride, these ions penetrate to the steel reinforcement corroding them. Low permeability concrete that has dense microstructures interferes with the process of diffusion of chloride ions into the concrete hence reducing the rate at which corrosion affects the steel reinforcement. Due to its better resistance to segregation and bleeding, SCC has less permeable microstructure (Mehta, & Monteiro 1996, p. 9). The fact that Self-compacting concrete is made from a number of materials including water, super plasticisers, and other supplementary cement materials helps to increase concrete corrosion resistance. High range water used in the making of SCC disperses cement particles present in the mixture hence reducing permeability of the concrete. Therefore, these elements help in making the SCC concrete one of the best construction materials in the world resulting to its continued acceptance by constructors. Criticism of self-compacting concrete Even though various studies on the durability of self-compacting concrete have been done using various components such as water permeation, chloride permeability, freezing and thawing, sulfate resistance, and salt resistance tests, they did not consider the durability of self-compacting concrete with respect to cracking and corrosion performance. This gap left the question on whether SCC is vulnerable to cracking or not. Therefore, this issue should be considered before a conclusion on its durability is made. Furthermore, the various specimens used in this study were presumably small: there durability properties may not be able to ensure durability or uniformity in performance in large-scale situations. Effects of segregation and bleeding are manifest in large-scale situations like beams compared to small samples. Moreover, coasting techniques and conditions, as well as rebar, may differ leading to variations. The quality of the concrete below the lowest horizontal reinforcement bars in large-scale situations is likely and or is expected to be more porous and weak because of inadequate compaction. Likewise, this scenario may be manifested in larger scale situations than in lab samples hence affecting corrosion and durability of the reinforcement bars used in making structures (Sheasby, Alexander & Cao 2001, p. 5). With reference to this, it is advisable for the test to be conducted on large-scale situations, as opposed to small samples because this is the surest ways to determine the durability and corrosive nature of the self-compacting concrete. Testing on these large situations will ensure that such instances are noted down. This can help in evaluating the durability and the benefits of these concrete with the conventional one. The future of SCC Since most of the tests conducted have suggested that self-compacting concrete is appropriate for construction, there is still a need to promote the techniques for its production and its use in construction work. According to Marsh (2005), there is the need for rational training and qualification systems /mechanisms to be put in place for engineers (Para. 6). Furthermore, introduction of new structural designing and construction systems that use self-compacting concrete should be done. This will see more people begin to use the concrete for their construction work (Marsh 2005, Para. 6). The self-compacting concrete should become a typical concrete instead of an exceptional one. This can only be achieved when it is widely used. It is a durable and a reliable concrete that makes durable structures besides having very little maintenance work compared to other conventional concrete. Concrete Products Over the years, as Turcry, Loukili, and Haidar (2011, p. 301) confirm, “the use of self-compacting concrete has been gradually increasing”. This increase has resulted from the durability and its various advantages. This concrete is now used to make various products because of its eliminated vibration noise. This concrete has contributed to beautification of various working environments in the urban centers as various products used for plants are made from these concrete. Another importance of this concrete is that it elongates the life span of products. This therefore helps to reduce the cost, which could have incurred through replacement and repair. Benefits of self-computing concrete According to Guneyisi, Gesoglu, and Ozbay (2011), self-computing concrete has a number of advantages including its high performance when it is fresh and hard (162). This ensures that the structure is durable. The concrete has some economic benefits or efficiency since it shortens the construction time, reduces labour in terms of the number of people required to engage in construction beside the low cost of equipment required. The concrete has the potentiality of improving the working and living condition of people, as it leads to high consumption of industrial by-products, reduces the amount of noise during construction, and curbing health hazards. Lastly, the concrete enhances or promotes automated construction processes since the concrete is portable and can be used with machines (p. 150). Coloured SCC According to Lopez, Tobes, Giacco, and Zerbino (2010), the development or design of colored compacting concrete has opened a new field of application (7). This is because it has added level of attractiveness and alternatives to various challenging architectural works in terms of color and shape to the already available varieties of aesthetic characteristics of the conventional concrete (Lopez, Tobes, Giaccio, & Zerbino, 2009, p. 6). In the coloured SCC, viscosity and fluidity of the matrix is used in modifying the spreading of pigment particles. Furthermore, there is a need for the colour to be homogeneous. The surface finishing should be used as a guide towards the selection of molding and de-molding agents. In colored self-computing concrete, mortar test design is conducted to find out the type and dosage of a pigment. In the making of design fixes for a coloured self-computing concrete, it is required that water/cement ratio be used in the initial stage to provide strength while the pigment/cement ratio is used as a function on the intensity of the colour. The contents of the pigments are required to be five percent of the weight of the cement (Lopez, Tobes, Giaccio, & Zerbino 2009, p. 6). After preparation of these, a series of mortars are prepared aiming at obtaining a right dosage of super plasticiser, the sand/cement, and cement/filer proportions. Since pigments are fine powders upon their incorporation in self-computing concrete, it allows one to arrive at the calcareous filler content. Accepting test at the job site The degree of compaction of any structure depends on the SCC. Therefore, poor SCC cannot be compensated. It is therefore important for the self-computing concrete to be checked. The whole amount needs to be checked before any casting is started at a construction site. Most of the conventional testing methods require sampling though this might take a considerable amount of time in circumstances that self-compatibility acceptance test is to be done on the whole amount of concrete. Therefore, Ouchi developed an appropriate acceptance test method by first installing “the apparatus between agitator trucks with its pump at the site” (Aggarwal, Siddique, Aggarwal & Gupta 2008, p. 20). Moving of the concrete through the equipment is a sure way of testing for self-compatibility of the structure. However, it fails the test. Therefore, the mixture proportion has to be adjusted. In fact, “the apparatus was used at a site in Osaka Gas LNG tank, and was able to save a considerable amount of acceptance test work” (Persson 2001, p. 193). Apart from this location, self-compacting concrete is used in many other ways. These include construction of bridges i.e. girder, anchorage, arch, tower, joint between the beam and girder, and pier. It is also used in building, construction of box culverts, concrete filled either steel column, tunnels [lining, fill of survey tunnel, immersed tunnel], dams [concrete around the structure], and concrete products such as water tanks, slab, block, culvert, and segment. Durability and long-term properties Shrinkage Long-term shrinkage is an issue of concern by many SCC press applications. Studies on shrinkage have tended to depict similarities in the shrinkage between the SCC and traditional concrete. For instance, Turcry et al (2002) asserted that, after duration of 150 days, the shrinkage that developed in both SCC and conventional concretes was the same (p.41). Likewise, in a study by Person [2001], they found out the same results after carrying out their tests for the duration of one and half years. However, Raghavan et al. (2002) came out with different results after carrying out his studies. He found out that SCC mixes recorded or experienced twenty-five percent lower than conventional concrete in terms of shrinkage (Para. 2). He however did not provide duration of his study thus leading to questioning of whether the study was authentic. Regardless of these findings, it clearly demonstrates that the shrinkage level of the SCC and conventional concrete is more or less the same with minor disparities between them. Characteristic of SC in a fresh state Peterson et al. (2003) identifies the main characteristics of SCC when in a fresh state as filling ability, passing ability, and resistance and segregation ability. Filling aptitude is the capability of the concrete to move on its own with its weight vertically, as well as horizontally without forming any shape in a given corner or place. Passing ability is the ability of the concrete to flow freely through dense but not reinforced with blocks places. Resistance and segregation is the ability of the self-computing concrete to maintain a uniform mix during and after placement without separating of its aggregate from paste and or water from solid (Horta, 2005, p. 9). Sorptivity index This test is based on water that flows into concrete through its large connected pores. The test measures permeability. Plain concretes have a high Sorptivity implying that they are permissible than the SCC. Addition of mineral admixtures decreases the Sorptivity of SCCs. Hence, this test is used to determine the permeability of concrete. It also indicates that SCCs have less permeability level than conventional concrete (Horta 2005, p. 56). Conclusion In conclusion, from the discussion, it is evident that self-computing concrete has come along way and still has a long way to go. Even though it proved to be advantageous compared to the conventional one, a number of countries are yet to adopt and use SCC in their construction. A lot of sensitising and production is required to sensitise people on its benefits. Most of the investigations have sought to find varied ways in which the self-compacting concrete can become a standard concrete. Some of the methods used in testing include the rational mix design method among others. References Aggarwal, P, Siddique, R, Aggarwal, Y, & Gupta, M 2008, ‘Self compacting concrete-procedure for mix design’, Leonardo electronic Journal of Practices and Technologies, vol. 1 no. 1, pp. 15-24. Angel, V, Jaime, F, Galit, A 2011, ‘Evaluation of the mechanical properties of self – compacting concrete using current estimating models. Estimating the modulus of elasticity, tensile strength, and modulus of rupture of self-compacting concrete. Construction and Building Materials ’, Vol. 25 no. 8, pp. 3417-3426. Aslani, F & Shami, N 2012, ‘Mechanical properties of conventional and self-compacting concrete: An analytical study’, Construction and Building Materials , vol. 36 no. 1, pp. 330-347. Attiogbe, E, See, H, & Dazkco, J 2007, Engineering Properties of Self-Consolidating Concrete, Web. Burcu, A & Mehmet, A 2011, ‘Mechanical behaviour and fibre dispersion of hybrid steel fibre reinforced self-compacting concrete’, Construction and Building Materials , vol. 28 no. 1, pp. 287-293. Deeb, R, Ghanbari, A, & Karihaloo, B 2011, ‘Development of self-compacting high and ultra high performance concretes with and without steel fibres’, Cement and Concrete Composites , vol. 34 no. 2, pp. 185-190. Guneyisi, E, Gesoglu, M, & Ozbay, E 2011, ‘Permeation properties of self- consolidating concretes with mineral admixtures’, ACI materials journal, vol. 1 no. 1, pp. 150-160. Hassan, A, Hossain, K, & Lachemi, M 2008, ‘Corrosion resistance of self-consolidating concrete in full scale reinforced, Cement and concrete composites, vol. 1 no. 1, pp. 1-33. Horta, A 2005, ‘Evaluation of self-consolidating concrete for bridge structure Applications, ACL Materials Journal, vol. 1 no. 1, pp. 1-225. Hughes, J 2001, Evaluation of Self-Consolidating Concrete Summary Report. First North American Conference on the Design and Use of Self-Consolidating Concrete . Illinois; Ed. Hanley-Wood, LLC. Kim, Y, Trejo, D, Hueste, M, & Kim, J 2001, ‘Experimental study on creep and durability of high-early-strength self-consolidaing concrete for precast elements’, AIC Materials Journal, vol. 1 no. 1, pp. 128-140. Khayat, K, Bickley, J, &Lessard, M 2000, ‘Performance of Self-Consolidating Concrete for Casting Basement and Foundation Walls’, ACI Materials Journal , vol. 97 no. 3, pp. 74-380. Lopez, A, Tobes, J, Giaccio, G, & Zerbino, R 2009, ‘Advantages of mortar based design for coloured self-compacting concrete’, Cement and concrete composite , vol. 1 no. 1, pp. 1-8. Marsh, D 2005, Spreading The Word On Self-Consolidating Concrete , Concrete Products, Web. McSaveney, L, Papworth, F, & Khrapko, M 2003, Self compacting concrete for superior marine durability and sustainability , Golden bay cement, BCRC, WA, New Zealand. Mehta, P & Monteiro, P 1996, Concrete: Microstructure, Properties, and Materials , Second Edition, McGraw Hill, London. Naji, S, Hwang, S, & Khayat, K 2011, ‘Robustness of self-consolidating concrete Incorporating different viscosity-enhancing admixtures’, ACI materials Journal, vol. 1 no. 1, pp. 432- 440. Okamura, H, & Ozawa, K1995, Mix Design for Self-Compacting Concrete , Concrete Library of Japanese Society of Civil Engineers, Japan. Okamura, H & Ouchi, M 2003, ‘Self-compacting Concrete’, Journal of advanced Concrete Technology, vol. 1 no. 1, pp. 5-15. Raghavan, K, Sarma, B, Sarma, B, & Chattopadhyay, D, 2002, Creep, Shrinkage and Chloride Permeability Properties of Self-Consolidating Concrete. First North American Conference on the Design and Use of Self-Consolidating Concrete ; Illinois; Ed. Hanley-Wood, LLC. Persson, B 2003, ‘Internal frost resistance and salt frost scaling of self-compacting Concrete’, Cement and Concrete Research, vol.33 no. 1, pp. 373-379. Persson, B 2001, ‘A Comparison between mechanical properties of Self-Compacting concrete and the corresponding properties of normal concrete,’ Cement and Concrete Research , vol. 31 no. 2, pp.193-198. Sheasby, T, Alexander, M, & Cao, T 2001, Australia’s largest bridge pours using self-compacting concrete , Routledge, London. Turcry, P, Loukili, A, & Haidar, K 2011, Mechanical Properties, Plastic Shrinkage and Free Deformations of Self-Consolidating Concrete, First North American Conference on the Design and Use of Self-Consolidating Concrete ; Illinois; Ed.Hanley-Wood, LLC. Walraven, J 2002, Self-Compacting Concrete in the Netherlands. First North American Conference on the Design and Use of Self-Consolidating Concrete ; Illinois; Ed.Hanley-Wood, LLC.

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Write an essay about: The essay is about a situation where a buddy nurse refused to help a patient use the toilet, and how the author felt powerless and useless as a result.

The essay is about a situation where a buddy nurse refused to help a patient use the toilet, and how the author felt powerless and useless as a result.

Self-Reflection: Maintaining Patients’ Rights Essay Table of Contents 1. Look Back 2. Elaborate 3. Analysis 4. Revision 5. New Perspective 6. References Look Back The event occurred in the fourth week of my practice. I was tasked with the duty of checking patients’ vitals and providing basic care. I witnessed a situation whereby a buddy nurse refused to give a patient the level of comfort she deserved because the nurse thought that the patient’s request was not a priority. As a result, the patient’s care was compromised because I did not defend her right to comfort by granting her a request to use the toilet. The issue was about the patient’s right to quality care and how a nurse (in this case me) can advocate for that patient if his/her rights have been ignored or violated by a fellow practitioner. In my opinion, the nurse’s refusal to help the patient simply because her request was not a priority was not justified. I believe that as a nurse, it is my duty to help all my patients get quality care and the level of comfort that they require. The nurse’s behavior was unethical and I wanted to make sure that she understood that. This was important to me because I do not believe in double standards. One cannot provide service to one patient and ignore another. I believe in being fair regardless of my patient’s prevailing status, and I would like my fellow nurses to showcase the same level of professionalism in all their endeavors. Elaborate It was on a Wednesday during the fourth week of my clinical practice. An occupational therapist came in to dress the patient and assist her to do some motion exercises in bed as part of her daily exercise routine. Afterward, we transferred her to a wheelchair. Later on, the patient asked me to assist her to get to the toilet. I had to go and ask the buddy nurse to come and assist because the patient needed two people to help her get to the toilet. The nurse responded by saying that she was busy dealing with other patients and that my patient had to wait. I went back to the room and relayed the message to the patient. Twenty minutes later, the nurse came into the room and started working with other patients. My patient was really pressed and I was getting overly concerned about her. I asked the nurse for her assistance and she told me to wait. I felt powerless and useless. I wanted to help my patient but I could not do it alone. I tried thinking of ways I could help her alleviate her discomfort. I knew and understood her need to go to the toilet. This was an uncontrollable action and if not addressed it would be messy and embarrassing for the patient. What pained me was the fact that her request was simple and logical. It would not take much time. I could not understand why the nurse allowed this to happen well knowing how delicate the situation was. In school, we were taught how to defend patients and advocate for their rights. I wondered whether the nurse attended those classes. A nurse should be caring not dehumanizing. I looked at my patient and saw sadness in her face. I placed my hand on her shoulder and told her to hold on for a few minutes as I try to find other alternatives. Analysis The key issue in this event was that I failed to advocate for my patient’s right to comfort. According to Morse (1996, p. 6), providing comfort is a process that “includes discrete, transitory actions such as touching, or broad, longer-lasting interventions, such as listening (as cited in Kozier et al, 2010, P. 385). I failed to provide comfort because the patient eventually soiled herself. If I had listened to her and taken action immediately, this humiliating situation could have been averted. Similarly, Heijkenskjol, Ekstedt and Lindwall (2010) assert that patients may participate in the delivery of their own care. This means that they can advice or recommend a course of action that benefits them and helps in the healing process. I did not do this because I failed to listen to my patient, which led to her embarrassing herself. My failure to advocate for my patient led to a situation whereby her care was compromised. Revision Looking back at the event, I believe that I was wrong and that I could have done more to help my patient. I comforted the patient by holding her shoulder and reassuring her that it was alright. However, I compromised her care by not listening to her, and taking swift action in response to her request. I will work hard towards developing positive therapeutic relationships with my patients. This means listening to them, taking actions swiftly and providing viable alternatives in cases where procedures are not working efficiently. For example, in this situation, I would have called in another nurse to help me when I realized that my buddy nurse was too busy. Alternatively, I would have provided the patient with a bedpan if no one was available to help me take the patient to the toilet. These alternatives would have helped the patient get the comfort she deserved and assist me in fulfilling my duty as a patient’s advocate. New Perspective It is my duty as a nurse to provide patients with the level of care they deserve despite the prevailing conditions. Patients have rights and as nurses, we are obligated to protect and avail these rights to patients without compromise. I believe that I can become better at my job if I learn to evaluate situations and come up with viable solutions to these situations. In some cases, the help that we are expected to get may not arrive on time. As such, we must be proactive in order to ensure that our patients get the best care under all circumstances. References Heijkenskjol, K., Ekstedt, M., & Lindwall, L. (2010). The Patient’s Dignity from the Nurse’s Perspective. Nursing Ethics, 17 (3): 313-24. Kozier, B., et al. (2010). Fundamentals of Canadian Nursing: Concepts, Process and Practice (2 nd Canadian ed.). Toronto: Pearson Education Canada.

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Write the original essay for the following summary: Euthanasia is a planned method of ending the life of a terminally ill patient. Some people prefer euthanasia as a means of relieving the pain and distress of patients. However, euthanasia has legal and ethical considerations. Euthanasia can be either voluntary or involuntary. Voluntary euthanasia is legal in some states, whereas involuntary euthanasia is illegal in all states and therefore, treated as murder.

Euthanasia is a planned method of ending the life of a terminally ill patient. Some people prefer euthanasia as a means of relieving the pain and distress of patients. However, euthanasia has legal and ethical considerations. Euthanasia can be either voluntary or involuntary. Voluntary euthanasia is legal in some states, whereas involuntary euthanasia is illegal in all states and therefore, treated as murder.

Legal and Ethical Issues of Euthanasia Case Study According to Baron, Harris, and Hilton (2009), euthanasia refers to a planned method of ending the life of a terminally ill patient. Some people prefer euthanasia as a means of relieving the pain and distress of patients. However, euthanasia has legal and ethical considerations. Euthanasia can be either voluntary or involuntary. Voluntary euthanasia is legal in some states, whereas involuntary euthanasia is illegal in all states and therefore, treated as murder. Bowen and Lawler (2005) argue that euthanasia is a controversial issue because of the prevailing different religious, moral, legal, and philosophical views. Davis (1999) argues that there exists a challenge on how to establish a consensus in the competing views regarding the desire for patients to have the choice to die with dignity while under pain and distress or the right to endorse the inherent right to life for everybody, as depicted by the law. There, has been a lot of effort to legalize euthanasia in Australia, but in vain. There was the legalization of euthanasia in northern Australia for a short period. However, the legislation lacked sufficient protection of patients and was thus abolished. The legislation had given doctors freedom for carrying out medication that kills patients, without evidence of the patients’ consent. This was a wrong move because unethical physicians could collaborate with corrupt parties and terminate the life of patients involuntarily for personal benefits. For instance, the controversial case involving Justin and Jennings’s persecution for supporting Wylie’s euthanasia after suffering from Alzheimer’s is a good example. The Jury argued that without the presence of consent, it is difficult for the court to differentiate euthanasia and another illegitimate ending of life. Evidence presented against Justin showed that Justin had failed to assess whether Wyllie had the mental capacity to determine the end of his life. Moreover, there was more complication when evidence showed that Wylie had changed his will in favor of Justin at the expense of his children before his death. This could have been the cause for Wylie’s death. Lack of clear patients’ consent in euthanasia is one of the reasons why many states had not legalized it. The Jury ruled against Justin, despite Dr. Nitschke arguing that Wylie had always wanted to die after suffering from Alzheimer’s. The argument presented was void because there was no evidence, witness, or any written documentation that supported Dr. Nitschke’s argument. Therefore, it was likely that Justin assisted in ending Wylie’s life to benefit from the altered will (Clayfield, 2008). Loasby (2006), claims that both voluntary and involuntary euthanasia is contentious. The law in many states upholds the inherent right of life for everyone. Thus, the law does not support euthanasia, which some people consider as a proper method to end the pain and suffering of the terminally ill. According to Hull (2003), euthanasia raises the moral question of who has the right to end life. The case becomes more controversial when the patient opts to ends his/her life by taking an overdose of the prescribed medicine. For instance, Dr. Nitschke faced after being accused for assisting Mrs. Hall with euthanasia by taking an overdose of morphine, which was a prescription for relieving pain. Most patients who suffer from terminal diseases receive palliative care to relieve their pain and distress. The palliative care they receive apart from relieving their pains and distress has a secondary effect of hastening death (Logab & Robotham, 2008). Euthanasia has moral and legal issues and thus, doctors should not support euthanasia. However, they should give palliative care to patients suffering from a terminal illness, even if it means prescribing drugs that hasten the death of patients. This is important in relieving the pain and distress of the patients. References Baron, S., Harris, K., and Hilton, T. (2009). Legal Issues of Euthanasia . New York: Palgrave Macmillan. Bowen, D.E. and Lawler, E.E., (2005). Ethical Consideration of Euthanasia. International Journal of Medicine. 5, 3, 31-39. Clayfield, M. (2008). Euthanasia Law Expert Margaret Otlowski Backs Jury . Web. Davis, S.M. (1999) Euthanasia . Cambridge, MA: Ballinger. Hull, C. (2003). Varied Euthanasia perspective in Australia . New York: Appleton-Century-Crofts. Loasby, B.J. (2006). Right for Life . Oxford: Oxford University Press. Logab, B. & Robotham, J. (2008). Confused Law Throw Weak Lifeline to Doctors if Patients Choose to Die . Web.

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Write an essay about: The essay discusses how law enforcement response to serial killing has evolved over time, from the early days of the Jack the Ripper murders to the more recent sniper murders. It highlights how the FBI has worked to develop a multi-disciplinary approach to investigating serial murder cases, which has led to greater success in apprehending and understanding serial killers.

The essay discusses how law enforcement response to serial killing has evolved over time, from the early days of the Jack the Ripper murders to the more recent sniper murders. It highlights how the FBI has worked to develop a multi-disciplinary approach to investigating serial murder cases, which has led to greater success in apprehending and understanding serial killers.

Serial Killers: Law Enforcement Response to Serial Killing Essay Serial killings are not a strange occurrence in most parts of the world although they are minimal and add up to not more than 1% of total murders annually (FBI pr. 32). A serial killer is defined as a person who has killed at least three persons consequently to satisfy personal aims. The murderers are mostly sexually, financially, motivated, or do it to get thrilled or due to anger. Usually, the murders are similar in form as victims may be from the same sexual or racial backgrounds. The macabre concern regarding the matter is extensive, given attention by not only the law enforcers but also by individual scholars, journalists, through movies, and other aspects. This began during the 1880s due to mysterious series of killings in Whitechapel, London performed by a mysterious person dubbed “Jack the Ripper”. This continued in the 1990s after cases regarding Green River serial murder, Ted Bundy and Gary Ridgeway who had murdered 48 women in Seattle. BTK, Dennis Rader had killed ten victims in Kansas in the nineteenth century. All these cases have sexual aspects where serial murders killed their victims, who were especially prostitutes after having their sexual encounter (FBI pr. 39). Law Enforcement Response to Serial Killing Law enforcement agencies are constantly demanded to handle murders in all nations in the world. Specifically, many homicide cases are usually tragic, particularly ones that involve serial killers. These cases have been constantly studied by scholars as well as law enforcers since Jack Ripper’s cases during 1800, California’s “the Zodiac Killer” and including the most recent sniper murders that occurred in 2002 (Newton 386). Studies have tried to evaluate the cases in relation to the causes, patterns, and effects of serial murders. The Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI) has tried to analyze serial murder in relation to profiles through the National Center for the Analysis of Violent Crime and partnering with local and international agencies to curb serial killings through teamwork to achieve their goal. Serial killer cases are critical especially when the media is involved. Investigation of such cases is usually hard and such studies are usually done independently by expatriates and there have been limited efforts for law enforcers and experts to agree on the outcome. As a result, the FBI has tried to link together the controversial viewpoints regarding serial murders through the establishment of a multi-disciplinary approach in a symposium held in Texas in 2005. This symposium was meant at connecting experts in the field in various specialties to gather enough information regarding serial killers (FBI pr. 22). The expertise incorporates law enforcers for successful apprehension as well as in investigations regarding the matter. Additionally, mental health practitioners, scholars, and other experts such as media personalities and judges made their contributions. Here they discussed the international viewpoint regarding serial killers since experts came from different parts of the globe (FBI pr. 25). To successfully handle the issue of serial murders, the law officials have gathered knowledge on common myths, forms, forensics, cause, motivation, characteristics, effects, prevalence, media role, prosecution as well as serial killer profiling to allow the criminal justice system to effectively respond to the issue through recognizing, investigating and adjudicating the cases. The FBI Critical Incident Response Group (CIRG) through The National Center for the Analysis of Violent Crime (NCAVC) for instance has acted as an operational aid to the federal, state as well as international agencies to investigate such crimes through behavioral, forensic as well as investigative aspects for law enforcers to be better equipped with the necessary knowledge on serial killers. The legal officers are equipped with descriptive as well as behavioral traits of suspects and offer advice regarding investigative procedures for accurate identification of offenders. NCAVC engages in research to acquire knowledge on criminal thinking, motivations as well as behaviors, where the outcomes are incorporated to become investigative as well as innovative procedures meant to enhance the effectiveness of law enforcers. Future of Serial Killing Dr. Richard von Krafft-Ebing was the mastermind to document his research regarding violence, sexual assaults, and consequential crimes. He recorded various case studies, which included serial murders. The law enforcement agencies such as the FBI maintain that there are several serial killers in the United States and they are expected to increase and hit an epidemic proportion with many people losing their lives as a result of serial killers (FBI pr. 25). Serial killers are predicted to be on the rise as the geopolitical world order changes. The future of serial killing is promising from a legal perspective. The law enforcers have up-geared their efforts to put the vice into halt not only in the United States but also in the other parts of the world. Moreover, the public has increasingly become aware of serial murders. This will be enhanced through the media such as movies, which trigger audience curiosity through portraying serial killings. This captivates the public, which overemphasized the need to be critical about serial killers. However, most of the information about serial killers in the movies is inaccurate, which results in various misconceptions concerning the matter. Even though the information is based on speculations it creates public awareness of the issue. These speculations may in fact affect the credibility and efficiency of law enforcers in their investigations. The media enhance related myths such as “serial killers are all dysfunctional loners, are all white males, are only motivated by sex, all serial murderers travel and operate interstate, cannot stop killing, are insane or are evil geniuses, and that they want to get caught” (FBI pr. 15). These are nothing but myths that are spread by movies, based on speculations and not on accurate evidence from experts. The gain of more insight regarding serial murders will prove vital to prosecutors and pathologists as well as crime investigators. The causality of serial murders is still an unresolved issue but it is thought to be environmental, biological and social as individuals interact towards them. A person however, might be genetically predisposed and causality is liked to their progress during development. Free will is also crucial in the aspects and dictates the behaviors as serial killer choose their victims keenly and very timely based on their preference. In future, the neurobiologists will be in a position to evaluate the contribution of the nervous system and its interaction with the environment as it is structured in a manner to crave for killings. With the rising cases of drug and substance abuse, child assault cases and social-economic constrains might further result to a rise in serial murders since social coping ways are compromised, causing violence (Newton 25). The means of killing for serial killers may take forms such as asphyxiating, drowning, strangling, use of torture, hanging or stabbing, which they may improvise to achieve their desires. This may be achieved through methods such as using the internet as in dating sites to search their ideal prey. They may change their targets as well as methods of killing in order to create illusions and hinder their identification. Although there is no generic template for such an offender, psychopath plays a crucial role. Therefore, physicians should recognize psychopath and offer timely therapeutic measures before individuals become extreme. In identifying such cases, law enforcers should collaborate and network with different investigative agencies locally and internationally in order to be able to face future challenges posed by political system, media and the public. With the increased use of forensic however, extensive media coverage as well as rising crime laboratories, serial killings will decline in future. With more technological advances in future, there will be accurate investigations and identification of serial killers via innovative processing and ways of gathering evidence. These forensic tests could be compared with database cases of unresolved suspects. The computerized models will be crucial in solving such cases with the now increasing systems e.g. Combined DNA Index System (CODIS), Automated Fingerprint Identification Systems (AFIS) as well as National Integrated Ballistics Identification Network (NIBIN) (FBI pr. 43). Works Cited Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI). “Serial.Murder.” Reports and Publications . 2005. Web. Newton, Michael. The Encyclopedia of Serial Killers . New York: Infobase Publishing. 2006. Print.

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Provide the full text for the following summary: When starting a new business, several important aspects must be kept in mind. These include the moral part of society and individual, as well as mechanical or procedural.

When starting a new business, several important aspects must be kept in mind. These include the moral part of society and individual, as well as mechanical or procedural.

Several Important Aspects when Starting a New Business Essay When starting a new business, several important aspects must be kept in mind. Few of them relate to the moral part of society and individual while some are mechanical or procedural. First, an idea becomes the basis for a product or service. Then, it must be presented, so that people learn about it and become interested. In such a case, a marketing or advertisement campaign would be in order. It is also important to do prior research of the market, to see what is demanded or wanted by the people. The economy must be looked at as well, to determine if it is the right time to unveil a new product or service. There are several reasons for this relating to economics, market value, and differences between products and services. Different parts of a nation could have different economies and interests, as well as demands. The system of trade and relations between businesses are guided by culture and society. Some places have better economies, with governments giving support and being one of the major clients. While some products are rare, as well as services and some are very common, there is no need to offer more. The global approach would guarantee a lot of choice and possibilities for the business. Since the pressures for local responsiveness are low, this will guarantee stable income and product or service flow for the community. Whereas the global integration pressure is high, decisions can be made at a slower pace and careful consideration of all options available (Pride, 2010). A business must have unique features, as it allows doing something special, which no one has done before. An aggressive approach makes the entrepreneur stand out in a market filled with ideas. An existing idea can be made better if it will be based on something concrete but at the same time, belong only to oneself. But the present economy in the world makes owning a business very risky. There is a chance that the product or service will not be popular and all the money invested will be lost. Not to mention that you can make more debts than money and in that case, life becomes extremely hard. The selection of partners or personnel is also equally important. There are several methods for recruiting employees. The most common is the interview with the candidate. If the company decides to provide tests, which examine a person’s knowledge in sciences and math, these also get a “glimpse”. It will even create an opportunity for the customer to see if they are really interested. A psychological interview is very popular. Employers are able to look deep into the plans and goals of a person. If it is a person that revolves around people and the majority of customers come from the public, then a psychological assessment will determine if the employee is able to work well with others or is an isolated worker. They differ because some are very general and those that are very specific and provide in-depth information about the person and their character (Jennings, 2005). Overall, when starting a business, people and their morality must be kept in mind. As everything rests on what individuals need and want, it is best to know the culture and people, as well as the market and economy. References Jennings, M. (2005). Business: Its Legal, Ethical and Global Environment. Mason, OH: Cengage Learning. Pride, W. (2010). Business . Mason, OH: Cengage Learning.

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Convert the following summary back into the original text: The paper examines the economic impact of racehorse owners in Great Britain and identifies key challenges and suggestions for improvement.Racehorse owners are regarded to be the lifeblood of this sport. It is a general opinion that prize money plays a significant role in attracting and retaining racehorse owners. Still, an owner experience is also important. The purpose of this paper is to provide an analysis of racehorse owners from a funding perspective and identify the key challenges and recommendations for improvement.

The paper examines the economic impact of racehorse owners in Great Britain and identifies key challenges and suggestions for improvement. Racehorse owners are regarded to be the lifeblood of this sport. It is a general opinion that prize money plays a significant role in attracting and retaining racehorse owners. Still, an owner experience is also important. The purpose of this paper is to provide an analysis of racehorse owners from a funding perspective and identify the key challenges and recommendations for improvement.

Racehorse Owners’ Funding in Great Britain Essay Table of Contents 1. Introduction 2. Economic Impact of Racehorse Owners 3. Employment in the Racehorse Industry 4. Key Challenges and Suggested Improvements 5. Conclusion 6. References Introduction The thoroughbred industry in Great Britain is very complex and involves various stakeholders. Racing is a big sector for employment, which is crucial for the rural economy, as well as for international and domestic trade. Racehorse owners are regarded to be the lifeblood of this sport. It is a general opinion that prize money plays a significant role in attracting and retaining racehorse owners. Still, an owner experience is also important. The purpose of this paper is to provide an analysis of racehorse owners from a funding perspective and identify the key challenges and recommendations for improvement. Economic Impact of Racehorse Owners In the horserace sector, funding flows are enhanced, and sometimes they go outside the sector. Racehorse owners are involved in the supply chain to support racecourses. The popularity and sustainability of the thoroughbred industry are assessed by studying the trends in horse ownership and horserace attendance. The ownership in the sector is concentrated on the owners with a high number of horses. It is stated that “the 7,931 registered owners recorded in 2014 was the lowest recorded figure since the data series began, down 17% from the peak in 2007” (Frontier Economics Ltd., 2016, p. 21). There is a high number of individuals who have a stake in horse-owning, which results in enhancing the syndicate or partnership model. At present, racing in Britain benefits from a variety of owners such as international ones who focus on Flat racing, racing syndicates, and clubs, which allows individuals to participate in horse ownership easily and at a low cost. Racehorse owners play a significant role in the economic impact of the industry and its contribution to the economy of Great Britain. It is emphasized that “owners incurred a direct gross expenditure of £389m but received £85m back in prize money and sponsorship, resulting in a net expenditure of £304m” (British Horseracing Authority, Deloitte LLP, 2013, p. 10). There are two forms of expenditures of owners on a racehorse. The first ongoing operating expenditure is horse keeping and training, which includes entry and training fees, jockey costs, vet, and transport costs. The second expenditure is capital costs on purchasing racehorses, which is incorporated through the expenditure of breeders. The owners also pay fees which include registration and entry handling. Some of these fees such as name reservation fee, Weatherby’s call center service, and foreign race entry fees are reported to increase in 2016. The owners receive the main income from the prize money and sponsorship. It is possible to say that owners use the prize money to recoup the expenditures. This sum is deducted from a gross expenditure of owners to count the net investment made by them into British Racing. Prize money has three sources such as racecourses including contributions of sponsors, the Levy Board, and entry fees of owners. Although Levy Board contribution has declined over the past years, racecourses compensated it due to increasing media revenues. The owners who do not have a winner have a significantly lower recovery of their expenditures. It is noted that “approximately 80% of prize money is paid to owners, with the remainder going to trainers (7-8%), jockeys (7-8%), and stable staff (5%)” (British Horseracing Authority, Deloitte LLP, 2013, p. 31). Still, the final formula depends on the exact number of runners in a race. Employment in the Racehorse Industry The racehorse industry employs a large number of individuals. The main jobs in this industry include trainers, jockeys, and breeders. They are all closely collaborate with owners. Licensed trainers are occupied in training racehorses, and their total number is increased over the past years. Some amateurs train horses for hunter chase and point-to-point contests. The main income of trainers is the fees paid by the owners. The profession of a jockey is recognized to be one of the most difficult as they have to travel long distances, working long hours, and risking their health every day. Still, their riding fees are relatively small, and the main income comes from the prize money with the small percentage which is set in the Rules of Racing. Thus, a jockey may not receive any meaningful amount of prize money for months. Some jockeys are known to benefit from sponsorship, but their number is not high. Breeders link many fields of the racehorse industry. The investments to British racing are mainly dependent on the breeders. British racehorse industry is listed among seven main producers of thoroughbred horses in 2011. The owners are largely dependent on the breeders as they supply them stallions and broodmares of sufficient quality. It is believed that the standard of horses in Britain can be improved by removing the horses of low quality. Key Challenges and Suggested Improvements The latest initiatives in the horserace industry secured the implementation of the program that will transform the horserace ownership administration to make it simple and customer-friendly. Individuals and businesses were allowed to register their colors and bespoke designs. It is also stated that “the new Levy and Racing Authority means that racing can now seek to optimize the fixture list for the benefit of all participants and stakeholders, including betting operators” (British Horseracing Authority, 2016, p. 9). The integrity in sport caused some challenges for the racehorse industry as the main sports associations were involved in the corruption scandals. BHA is known to be blamed for the errors in judgment. The appointment of a new board director resulted in evaluating of regulatory and integrity process of the organization by the external gambling and sporting experts. It should also be noted that British racing is different from the same industry in the UAE where horseracing is mainly the attraction for tourists and does not involve such an enhanced system of betting. The suggested improvements to this industry include avoiding the use of whipping in horseracing and better safety strategy for jockeys as these aspects influence the attraction of the racing to some people who think that this sport is cruel. Some researchers state that “nearly two-thirds (64%) of whip-use offenses occurred when a horse had a winning chance, and whip offenses are more likely in higher-grade races” (Jones, Goodfellow, Yeates, & McGreevy, 2015, p. 140). It might benefit the industry and the incomes of owners due to a higher amount of betting and higher safety of horses. Conclusion The paper dealt with the analysis of racehorse owners in the thoroughbred industry in Great Britain. The economic impact of the owners was evaluated including their incomes and costs. The main employment areas in the industry were discussed. The main challenges and improvements were indicated to make the racing sport more successful. References British Horseracing Authority. (2016). Annual report and accounts. Web. British Horseracing Authority, Deloitte LLP. (2013). Economic impact of British racing. Web. Frontier Economics Ltd. (2016). An economic analysis of the funding of horseracing: A report prepared for the department for culture, media and sport. Web. Jones, B., Goodfellow, J., Yeates, J., & McGreevy, P. D. (2015). A critical analysis of the British Horseracing Authority’s review of the use of the whip in horseracing. Animals , 5 (1), 138-150.

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Provide the inputted essay that when summarized resulted in the following summary : The article discusses the existence of racial differences in the effects of various medications, including side effects. It also mentions that racial differences in medical care also exist in a variety of other aspects.

The article discusses the existence of racial differences in the effects of various medications, including side effects. It also mentions that racial differences in medical care also exist in a variety of other aspects.

Racial Differences in Clinical Treatment Essay (Article) On the whole, the article by Yasuda, Zhang, and Huang (2008) indeed points out an important issue: that there sometimes exist racial differences in the effects of various medications, including side effects. Furthermore, it should be stressed that racial differences in medical care also exist in a variety of other aspects. For instance, Dickson, Knafl, Wald, and Riegel (2015) mention that representatives of various races may tend have different levels of understanding of their health conditions and different rates of medication adherence; for instance, Black individuals tend to have a lower degree of understanding of such a problem as health failure, as well as worse medication adherence than White persons. Also, medics prescribe different treatments to people of different races for some reason (not due to clinical or sociodemographic characteristics) (Dickson et al., 2015); this requires further investigation (as the authors of the article point out), but should probably be kept in mind when caring for patients of different races. The findings of both Yasuda et al. (2008) and Dickson et al. (2015) may be applied in clinical practice. The racial differences in the response to different drugs should be taken into account when prescribing medications and treatments, for instance, if the potential risk and impact of side effects may be crucial. The differences in medication adherence might be a reason to pay more attention when providing care for Black patients on medication regimens, ensuring that they take their medicines as appropriate. References Dickson, V. V., Knafl, G. J., Wald, J., & Riegel, B. (2015). Racial differences in clinical treatment and self‐care behaviors of adults with chronic heart failure. Journal of the American Heart Association, 4 (4), e001561. Yasuda, S. U., Zhang, L., & Huang, S.-M. (2008). The role of ethnicity in variability in response to drugs: Focus on clinical pharmacology studies. Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics, 84 (3), 417-423. doi:10.1038/clpt.2008.141

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Write the original essay that generated the following summary: The beginning of the 20th century was a time of high racial tension, but not everyone considered it to be tense. Zora Neale Hurston's essay "How It Feels to Be Colored" encapsulates how she was a complex person with a complicated relationship with her identity of an African-American woman. In contrast, George Henderson's essay "Race in America," shows not only the tension of the racial issues in America but also puts them in historical context.

The beginning of the 20th century was a time of high racial tension, but not everyone considered it to be tense. Zora Neale Hurston's essay "How It Feels to Be Colored" encapsulates how she was a complex person with a complicated relationship with her identity of an African-American woman. In contrast, George Henderson's essay "Race in America," shows not only the tension of the racial issues in America but also puts them in historical context.

Racial Tension in Hurston’s and Henderson’s Works Essay The beginning of the 20th century was a time of high racial tension, but not everyone considered it to be tense. Zora Neale Hurston’s essay “How It Feels to Be Colored” encapsulates how she was a complex person with a complicated relationship with her identity of an African-American woman. In contrast, George Henderson’s essay “Race in America,” shows not only the tension of the racial issues in America but also puts them in historical context. In her last paragraph, Zora Neale Hurston presents an optimistic view of race in America that echoes the idea of a melting pot; unfortunately, this is not the case, and George Henderson shows the falsity of this belief. While acknowledging that discrimination exists, Hurston does not support the battle against it, finding it to be an act of self-pity. On the other hand, Henderson writes about the difficulties that ethnic minorities had in assimilating into the melting pot of America. His essay covers some of the possible reasons for discrimination and how it affects people that belong to minority groups. Unlike Hurston’s optimistic but dismissive essay, Henderson ends his essay with a call against bigotry and warns about the dangers of inaction. Bags Against the Wall The idea that all humans are equal is a noble one; unfortunately, throughout history, people have shown that superficial differences can cloud our judgment. Every human on the planet comes from the same gene pool, and this fact gives a scientific basis to this idea. Perhaps it is not a surprise that both Hurston and Henderson represent it in their essays. Hurston ends her essay with a creative analogy about differently colored bags filled with similar contents. She writes: “Pour out the contents, and there is discovered a jumble of small things priceless and worthless,” signifying that every person has the same value and shares similar experiences. This quote shows that she not only believes in equality but feels like she is already a part of the so-called melting pot. Coincidently, Henderson chose to open his essay with almost a mirror image of the same statement: “A much more practical dictum, and one that is often ignored throughout American history, is that all people belong to the same species.” But in the next line he shows that he does not share Hurston’s optimistic view of racial relations in the United States: “Unfortunately, too few individuals believe that the only race of any significance is the human race.” These quotes show that he believes that all people should be treated the same, but in opposition to Hurston, he does not consider it to be the current reality. Perhaps Hurston’s view of race relations in America was formed by her childhood experiences. She grew up in Eatonville, Florida, the first self-governing all-black town to be incorporated into the United States. She describes how until she left the town at the age of thirteen, she never felt like she was different from white people. She describes her feelings like this: “I was not Zora of Orange County anymore. I was now a little colored girl.” For the first time in her life, Hurston felt that her ethnicity can separate her from others. This realization could have come sooner because the creation of this town was already a sign of how African-American people were not a part of the melting pot. To put this into historical context, Henderson takes German immigrants as an example: “The slowness of some of those immigrants, particularly Germans, to learn English, their tendency to live in enclaves, and their establishment of ethnic-language newspapers were friction points.” Although this quote shows an example of Caucasian people feeling the struggle to assimilate into America, this experience describes how living in a segregated ethnic community is a friction point for the majority of the populace. Earlier in the paper, he writes: “English settlers and people from western and northern Europe had begun a process of ethnic assimilation that caused some writers to incorrectly describe the nation as melted into one ethnic group: American. In reality, non-Caucasian Americans were not included in the Eurocentric cultural pot.” Basing his statement on historical facts, Henderson does not believe that African Americans were included in the concept of the American ethnic group, while Hurston’s childhood experiences show that she grew up believing it to be the case. Before leaving town the only white people she saw were travelers that paid her no mind leading her to believe that she was considered to be equal in the eyes of the society, but the reality became apparent after she left her community. One of the more controversial points of her essay is her reaction to discrimination. She is aware that discrimination is present in the American society but has no interest in fighting against it. Moreover, she is dismissive of the people who find themselves discriminated against: “I do not belong to the sobbing school of Negrohood who hold that nature somehow has given them a lowdown dirty deal and whose feelings are so hurt about it.” Although not explicit, this might be a jab at her critics from the Harlem Renaissance movement who believed her to be utilizing racist stereotypes about black people to win favor from the white reading audience. This idea also aligns with her political beliefs against the government stepping in to help assimilate African-American people into society as a whole. She believed that “the world is to the strong” and that you do not need help from others to reach your goals. Her sentiments find opposition in Henderson’s essay. To show why African-American citizens were not on equal footing with their Caucasian countrymen Henderson writes the following: “Nonwhite groups in the United States occupied specific low-status niches in the workplace, which in turn resulted in similarities among their members in such things as occupations, standard of living, level of education, place of residence, access to political power, and quality of health care.” He presents this as a reason for the formation of stereotypes and prejudices. These conditions create a vicious cycle where lack of assimilation leads to similarity in negative aspects of life, subsequently creating biases that impede further assimilation. In his last paragraph, Henderson warns the reader about emulating the oppressors: “That might makes right, that blood washes out injustices – these too are false strategies for achieving justice.” This quote almost directly argues against Hurston’s idea that “the world belongs to the strong.” Hurston’s conservative beliefs become even more controversial when she writes about slavery. When reminded of the struggle of her grandparents she writes “Slavery is sixty years in the past. The operation was successful, and the patient is doing well, thank you.” By saying this, she means that slavery does not have any effect on her life. As seen before, she believes to have the same respect and opportunities that white people have but dismisses the existence of bigotry that still exists in America. What is more concerning is that she makes these statements at a very tumultuous time in American history. Henderson describes the situation at the time like this: “Beginning in the 1890s, immigrants from eastern and southern Europe were numerically dominant. That sent the stage for racist statements about inferior, darker people threatening the purity of the blond, blue-eyed Nordics or Aryans through miscegenation.” Hurston’s essay was written in 1928, at that time Ku Klux Klan was at its peak membership of 4 million members nationwide. Racial tension was extremely high and racist attitudes were prevalent across the country. Despite everything, she did not support the civil rights movement and argued for segregation, believing that people can be “separate but equal.” This belief could provide a different interpretation of the bag analogy. Each bag can represent a whole ethnic community, making the contents the people in it. Going by this interpretation people are still equal but are separated by their ethnic group. Both interpretations could be valid, but it certainly relates to her political leanings. Sometimes inaction can be as dangerous as malicious action. Hurston was a very active person, worked a myriad of jobs, wrote more than 50 works and reached for greatness. But her philosophy of race relations was that of inaction. She describes her experience of discrimination like this: “Sometimes I feel discriminated against, but it does not make me angry. It merely astonishes me. How can any deny themselves the pleasure of my company?” In this quote, Hurston shows that she does not see discrimination as something that requires action. She dismisses it in a joking manner but does not see it as an offense against her. This is the only time she mentions discrimination as a factor in her life. Her belief in the melting pot idea is strong enough to blind herself from the adverse effects of discrimination. Although such dedication could be considered admirable, it is one of the main dangers that Henderson describes in his essay. About inaction, he writes “Inaction by people who witness oppressive acts is equally unacceptable.” He believes that people should try to stop oppression. Henderson acknowledges that people might be scared to challenge racism in community intuitions due to the dangers and outside pressure that can come with it, but it would be foolish to expect advances in civil rights without action from the people. Henderson agrees that the idea of the melting pot is positive but writes this: “Without equal opportunities, the melting pot will continue to be an unreachable mirage, a dream of equality deferred, for too many people of color.” What is important is that he writes this about the future, not the past. Even in the year 2017 racial biases still affect millions of people in America. During her time it was much worse, Hurston could have experienced many effects of discrimination, but her essay only mentions them in passing so we cannot know for sure. Conclusion The idea behind the American melting pot is positive and almost romantic. Zora Neale Hurston was so inspired by it that she believed it to be an already achieved goal. This belief led her to dismiss the civil rights movement and see segregation as a positive practice, but unfortunately for her, history has shown that segregation has never led to equality. After learning more about her political leanings, it is possible to interpret her analogy about bags as one that supports segregation. I do not see it as an accurate analogy for race in America.

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Write an essay about: This essay examines how Asian Americans fought racial violence and discrimination they experienced in the late 19th century. Asian Americans formed associations and held several strikes to resist the white supremacy. Impacts of Second World War facilitated the acquisition of U.S citizenship by Asian Americans.

This essay examines how Asian Americans fought racial violence and discrimination they experienced in the late 19th century. Asian Americans formed associations and held several strikes to resist the white supremacy. Impacts of Second World War facilitated the acquisition of U.S citizenship by Asian Americans.

Racial Violence Against Asian Americans in the 1800s Essay Table of Contents 1. Introduction 2. Asian Immigrants Repelled Against Exploitation 3. Asian Immigrants Sought Help from Supreme Court 4. Asian Immigrants Formed Associations 5. Asian Immigrants Held Several Strikes 6. Impacts of Second World War 7. Conclusion 8. References 9. Footnotes Introduction Asian Americans were people who originated from the Indian Subcontinent, Far East, and Southern Asia. Asian Americans comprised of Chinese, Koreans, Indians, Japanese, and Filipinos. Asian Americans became stereotyped as people who were not real Americans. The presence of Asian Americans became a racial threat to the social affairs of the Americans. Many immigration laws discriminated against Asian Americans. Many Asian Americans got restricted from entering America. Many Asian Americans became subjected to difficult tasks. This paper examined how Asian Americans resisted racial violence and discrimination they experienced in the late 19th century. Asian Americans survived many assaults inflicted by the white supremacy. Asian Immigrants Repelled Against Exploitation California State imposed a tax upon every foreign miner. This compelled Chinese immigrants to pay taxes. The white people realized that Chinese immigrants sent money to their nation rather than investing it in America. The State legislature also expected foreign miners to have licenses. Tax collectors harassed Chinese miners. All the hardship conditions discourage Chinese miners. Many Chinese miners left the mining sites, returned to urban areas where they searched for service jobs 1 . Chinese immigrants moved away from isolated, remote regions, they lived collectively in urban places as a way of boosting their security and safety. American government needed cheap labor provided by Asian immigrants, to develop the American economy. However, white citizens unwelcomed Asian foreigners. American people felt that Asian immigrants would benefit from the American economy. Asian immigrants struggled to achieve the privilege and status of American citizenship by seeking support from legal affairs. Nevertheless, the American court system denied Asian Americans to acquire U.S citizenship. Asian Americans finally managed to get U.S citizenship after the enactment of McCarran Walter Act 2 . Asian Americans resisted the white supremacy to exploit them. Asian Americans became active in confronting discriminatory rules imposed against them. Asian Americans employed lawyers who defended their livelihood, individual freedom, and naturalization rights. The dedication put forward by the lawyers became successful when the 14 th amendment provided equal opportunity for both American citizens and Asian Americans. Moreover, the Chinese couple charged the San Francisco school in court because their child was segregated from the school. In 1884, the supreme court of California solved the dispute defending the rights of the Asian couple by quoting the declaration of the 14 th amendment. However, the legislature of the State ruled to segregate schools for foreigners like Asian children. Asian Immigrants Sought Help from Supreme Court In 1886, American Supreme Court defended Yick Wo v. Hopkins, a Chinese laundry. The Chinese businessmen sued the State legislature over discrimination acts. The State law denied the Chinese laundry to acquire business license because its storefront was made of wood material. Other laundries acquired business licenses, but many Chinese laundries were not given business licenses. The Supreme Court cited the14th amendment in defending the Yick Wo. In 1922, the Supreme Court challenged the legality of naturalization right in favoring the court case filed by Ozawa. Ozawa Takao immigrated to America from Japan. Ozawa attended Berkeley high school and finally graduated from University of California. Ozawa was denied the naturalization right since he was a Japanese immigrant. The Supreme Court, however, denied Ozawa to acquire American citizenship since he was a Japanese citizen. The court explained that the white individuals were people of the Caucasian race. Ozawa did not belong to the Caucasian race, hence disqualified to become an American citizen. However, Asian Indians became lucky to enjoy the naturalization rights. The Supreme Court, in 1910, classified that Asian Indians belonged to Caucasian race, hence, were naturalized American citizens. Asian Immigrants Formed Associations In 1880, the antimiscegenation laws prohibited the marriage between Asian Americans and white people. None of Asian Americans challenged this law until Roldan Salvador, a Filipino, won a court case in California during 1933. Roldan required the Supreme Court to help him since he wanted to marry a white lady. Asian immigrates generated the voluntary unions committed to advocate for their freedom and liberties. Chinese immigrants formed the Chinese American Citizen Alliance in 1895 3 . In 1900, Japanese immigrants formed the Japanese Association of America. Korean immigrants founded an association that fought of Korean autonomy against the colonial regime. In1911, the Filipino immigrants, formed the Filipino Higher Wages Association to represent their interest. Asian Immigrants Held Several Strikes Asian Americans resisted against malpractices done by white people through many ways. Asian Americans declined to provide productive labor by withdrawing from job contracts. Asian Americans also held strikes, broke tools, set fire on houses and fields, and pretended to be sick 4 . Chinese workers formed strikes and demanded short working hours and higher pay from the Pacific Railroad in 1867. The Chinese workers sued the company for breaching work contract. Though, many resistance attempted by Asian immigrants failed to liberate them, such endeavors portrayed how Asian laborers resisted exploitation. In 1909, Japanese workers formed strike because they demanded better working conditions, thus presented their complaints to the sugar planters in Hawaii. Japanese and Filipinos held many strikes during 1920. In1924, Filipino workers formed strike leaving four soldiers and 16 workers died. Many Asian Indians also immigrated in America and worked as lumbers, farmers and miners. The Chinese Hand Laundry Association, formed in 1933, defended the interest of Chinese immigrants in America. Impacts of Second World War Many Japanese immigrants supported American military force during the Second World War. Filipino and Chinese Americans became an ally of United States during the Second World War. The work conditions of Chinese and Japanese immigrants improved. Many Asian workers managed to serve in managerial, professional, craft and technical positions. In 1943, American congress decided to abolish the rule of Chinese exclusion. The congress also banned the immigration law that restricted Asian Indians and Filipinos from accessing America. In 1946, the congress reviewed the Bride Act thus permitted Chinese men to live with their wives in America. The impact of the Second World War led to improved social mobility of the Asian Americans who immigrated to America 5 . In 1948, American Supreme Court abolished the antimiscegenation laws. Asian Americans, thus, acquired naturalization rights. The Supreme Court managed to abolish the racial segregation in1954. In 1956, Saund Dalip Singh represented the first Asian American to work in the American congress. In 1964, Takemoto Patsy represented the first Asian American lady to work for the American congress. Conclusion Racism in America became the main issue during slave and colonial eras. Sanctioned racism inflicted much suffering to the Asian Americans; they experienced discrimination and exclusion cases in United States. White citizens of United States became persistent to discriminate against other nationalities. Discrimination became a vice that affected negatively every aspect of life. This caused Asian Americans to revolt against the white supremacy. References Battistini, L. (1960). The Rise of American Influence in Asia and Pacific. East Lansing, MI: Michigan State University Press. Buszynski, L. (2004). Asia Pacific Security: Values and Identity. New York: Routledgecurzon. Gallicchio, M. (2000). The African American Encounter with Japan and China: Black Internationalism in Asia, 1895-1945. Chapel Hill, NC: University Of North Carolina Press. Takaki, R. (1998). Strangers from a Different Shore: A History of Asian Americans. Boston: Back Bay Books. Footnotes 1. Takaki, Ron. Strangers from a Different Shore: A History of Asian Americans. (Boston: Back Bay Books, 1998), 34. 2. Burzynski, Leszec. Asia Pacific Security: Values and Identity. ( New York: Routledgecurzon, 2004), 12. 3. Battistini, Lawrence. The Rise of American Influence in Asia and Pacific. (East Lansing, MI: Michigan State University Press, 1960), 64. 4. Takaki, Ron. Strangers from a Different Shore: A History of Asian Americans. (Boston: Back Bay Books, 1998), 41. 5. Gallicchio, Marc. The African American Encounter with Japan and China: Black Internationalism in Asia, 1895-1945.( Chapel Hill, NC: University of North Carolina Press, 2004), 6.

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Write the full essay for the following summary: Both the book and the movie discuss the problem of racism. However, while The Help keeps this issue within the frame, in Gone with the Wind, the question of racial inequality is left outside of a frame.

Both the book and the movie discuss the problem of racism. However, while The Help keeps this issue within the frame, in Gone with the Wind, the question of racial inequality is left outside of a frame.

“Racism and Prejudice: “Gone with the Wind“ and “”The Help””” Essay Table of Contents 1. Introduction 2. Social Factors Involved in the Movie and the Book 3. Social Conflict Depicted in the Novel and the Film 4. Dominant and Subordinate Characters and Stratification by Gender 5. Examples of Social Mobility in the Movie and the Book 6. Conclusion 7. Works Cited Introduction The problem of unfair treatment of some groups of people by others has always been there. Without any ground for their attitude, some individuals believe that they are better, smarter, and more important than those who are different from them. Racial conflict belongs to the oldest and most severe ones. For ages, white people have considered themselves as having more rights to the world, its various advantages, and a place in society. Prejudice based on skin color has always attracted the attention of political and social leaders who wanted to make the world a better place where segregation is not accepted. Many creators in the fields of literature and cinematography have dedicated their works to this question. The current paper shall discuss the issues of racism and prejudice in two brilliant pieces of art: Kathryn Stockett’s novel “The Help” and the movie “Gone with the Wind” directed by Victor Fleming. Social Factors Involved in the Movie and the Book Both the book and the movie discuss the problem of racism. However, while “The Help” keeps this issue within the frame, in “Gone with the Wind,” the question of racial inequality is left outside of a frame. In Stockett’s novel, the setting is the beginning of the Civil Rights Movement – between 1962 (Stockett 1) and 1964 (Stockett 385). In “Gone with the Wind,” the events evolve within the period of the Civil War ( Gone with the Wind ). In the book, there is a direct mentioning of the problems faced by black people. There are three narrators: a white young woman Skeeter (Eugenia) and two black women Aibileen and Minny who have worked in white families for as long as they can remember. Minny, Aibileen, and some other black women receive awfully unfair treatment from their white employee ladies who do not even consider them people. One of the most vivid examples of outrageous segregation issues is that the help is not allowed to use the toilet in their employers’ houses (Stockett 106). However, there are many more such issues. For instance, the town is divided into “white” and “black” parts, the black women are underpaid for their exhausting work merely because they have no choice but to stay with their employers, and they undergo abusive treatment from their employers but have no one to complain about it. “Gone with the Wind” is rather different in this sense. There are no direct implications of racism, although it is clear that outside of the frame, this theme is decisive in the movie. Scarlet O’Hara’s father is the owner of a plantation where slaves work. Servants in the houses of rich families are all black. They seem to be satisfied with their lives, but it is probably the merit of the screenplay writer and the director rather than the idea of the movie ( Gone with the Wind ). Racism in “Gone with the Wind” is extremely subtle in comparison with that described in “The Help,” which makes it even more outrageous. The moviemakers did everything they could to preserve the idea that the Civil War was not the fight over slavery. In fact, the issue of racism is not only hidden but in a way even romanticized in the film. The most brilliant black character in the movie is Mammy – Scarlett’s maid who loves the family enormously and who does not seem to receive any bad treatment from them. However, the question arises: why does she feel so happy about working for the people who enslaved her and deprived her of freedom? While Mammy is a good friend for Scarlett, she never has a chance to have a friend or family of her own. Thus, even if the movie does not directly display the hardships faced by black people, it implies that their social status is rather low in comparison with the whites. Social Conflict Depicted in the Novel and the Film In her brown eyes and blue eyes racism experiment, Jane Elliott explains that there are no sober-minded reasons for people to consider themselves better than the others. The idea of judging someone by skin color is utterly unfair and unwise (“Brown Eyes and Blue Eyes Racism Experiment”). In her discussion of black Minstrels, Thelwell mentions that in addition to economy and legislation, the racial hierarchy was also developed through the performance culture (67). In such a context, social conflict in the two analyzed pieces should be discussed. Apparently, the greatest rivalry depicted in the novel and the movie is the one between the two races. Again, it should be mentioned that in “The Help,” the theme is represented explicitly whereas “Gone with the Wind” represents it implicitly. The best example is the mentioning of Ku Klux Klan (KKK) in both pieces. In the book, it is mentioned that the members of KKK attacked the colored people and murdered Medgar Evers – the civil rights leader (Stockett 195). In the movie, there is no direct indication of KKK activity. However, the scene where Ashley and Frank leave house at night to punish those who attacked Scarlett at Shantytown clearly indicates that the two men were the KKK members. Dominant and Subordinate Characters and Stratification by Gender In both analyzed pieces, dominant roles were given to white people of masculine gender. In “The Help,” men rule the world, leaving women the household chores and giving them almost no right to education, journalism, and politics. Skeeter, who has just graduated from a university, wants to become a journalist but meets a lot of obstruction from the surrounding people – both her family and friends and the prospective employers (Stockett 71-74). Scarlett, who eventually starts her own business, is not welcomed by the men who work in the same industry and does not receive much trust from them ( Gone with the Wind ). However, if to look at the book and the film from another perspective, it becomes clear that, in fact, dominant roles are given precisely to women. This change of power alters the course of the movie as well as the book. Moreover, it changes some rigid societal norms. It is Scarlett who manages to save her family from misery and hunger by being industrious and restless. It is Skeeter who makes a huge change in society’s treatment of black people. These two characters create a change that would have never occurred to men. In the movie, subordinate characters (Melanie, Mammy, and others) support Scarlett’s endeavors and praise her on her achievements. In the book, the roles of Aibileen and Minny may be considered dominant due to their immense courage and desire to help Skeeter. The subordinate characters are the men of power and their infantile and corrupt wives who refuse to understand Skeeter’s idea of equality for all people. Examples of Social Mobility in the Movie and the Book In her research, Donovan explains how damaging the issue of racial macro- and microaggression may be for black women (185-186). This theme is very vividly described in “The Help” and less intensively – in “Gone with the Wind.” Both pieces show that black people suffer from unfair treatment. In Merton’s theory, people may choose to be prejudiced or unprejudiced, and it is up to them whether or not to discriminate against others (Booker 162). According to this theory, the white women in “The Help” are consistent bigots who are prejudiced and show discriminatory conduct. In “Gone with the Wind,” the whites are characterized as fair-weather liberals: the ones who discriminate the blacks but are not prejudiced. Black people are kept as servants, but there is no such contempt on the part of their masters as in “The Help.” While the book and the movie have a similar theme, their attitude towards social mobility is quite different. In “Gone with the Wind,” the mobility of Scarlett’s family is described: at first, they lose their status, but later, Scarlett manages to return the former wealth and position. In “The Help,” social mobility referring to class division is discussed. As a result of Skeeter’s endeavors, white people are bound to reconsider their treatment of black people. Also, Skeeter outlines another kind of social mobility: she shows that women can be well-educated and wise. Conclusion Both Stockett’s “The Help” and Fleming’s “Gone with the Wind” discuss an extremely crucial issue – the question of racism and injustice. While the movie does this implicitly and outside of the frame, the book’s problems are described explicitly, without any hidden meaning. The two analyzed pieces deal with racial conflict. Apart from that, they both mention the problem of women’s role in the society. The book and the movie depict the stratification by gender and the ways in which the main characters manage to deal with this issue. Social mobility is introduced in both pieces to some extent. Kathryn Stockett’s book and Victor Fleming’s movie present the issue of racism and prejudice. However, they do it in quite different ways. Works Cited “Brown Eyes and Blue Eyes Racism Experiment (Children Session) – Jane Elliott.” YouTube , uploaded by Faheem Shuaibe, 24 Jul. 2016, www.youtube.com/watch?v=KHxFuO2Nk-0 Booker, Teresa A. “Explaining Prejudice with Merton’s Typology and the Film Black Like Me .” Radical Teacher , vol. 100, 2014, pp. 162-164. Donovan, Roxanne A., et al. “Impact of Racial Macro- and Microaggressions in Black Women’s Lives: A Preliminary Analysis.” Journal of Black Psychology , vol. 39, no. 2, 2012, pp.185-196. Gone with the Wind . Directed by Victor Fleming, performances by Vivien Leigh , Clark Gable , Leslie Howard , Olivia de Havilland , and Hattie McDaniel, Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer, 1939. Stockett, Kathryn. The Help . Penguin Books, 2010. Thelwell, Chinua. “”The Young Men Must Blacken Their Faces”: The Blackface Minstrel Show in Preindustrial South Africa.” The Drama Review , vol. 57, no. 2, 2014, pp. 66-85.

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Write a essay that could've provided the following summary: The article by Kolivoski, Karen, and Constance-Huggins emphasizes the importance of critical race theory in fighting racial discrimination in society (Kolivoski, Karen & Constance-Higgins, 2014). The authors provide a critical viewpoint elaborating on the role of different stakeholders in addressing racism. It is prudent that an evaluation is conducted on all the previous efforts employed to fight the vice. Most of the efforts made in theory and practice are short of the required comprehensive

The article by Kolivoski, Karen, and Constance-Huggins emphasizes the importance of critical race theory in fighting racial discrimination in society (Kolivoski, Karen & Constance-Higgins, 2014). The authors provide a critical viewpoint elaborating on the role of different stakeholders in addressing racism. It is prudent that an evaluation is conducted on all the previous efforts employed to fight the vice. Most of the efforts made in theory and practice are short of the required comprehensive

Racism and Society: Different Perspectives Term Paper Table of Contents 1. Introduction 2. Main Point of the Article 3. Difference between CRT and Traditional Theory 4. Bias and Discrimination 5. Conclusion 6. References Introduction Racism is a tumor in the society that has refused to go away regardless of the level of civilization achieved. The notion that one human race is superior to the other due to color is misleading and needs eradication. Though there have been significant efforts to eradicate racism in the society, the divide brought about by color remains distinct. The paper analyzes two articles related to racism and society, and different perspectives on the issue. Main Point of the Article The article by Kolivoski, Karen, and Constance-Huggins emphasizes the importance of critical race theory in fighting racial discrimination in society (Kolivoski, Karen & Constance-Higgins, 2014). The authors provide a critical viewpoint elaborating on the role of different stakeholders in addressing racism. It is prudent that an evaluation is conducted on all the previous efforts employed to fight the vice. Most of the efforts made in theory and practice are short of the required comprehensive input and understanding that the article strives to bring out. Critical race theory provides a framework that should be used by social workers in their effort to administer social justice by sealing loopholes that the relevant stakeholders have previously overlooked. In essence, the article provides a paradigm shift in the way race issues should be explored within the society. Difference between CRT and Traditional Theory The traditional theory places emphasis on information about racism but fails to explore other steps that are employable in eradicating the problem. CRT provides a more advanced approach in dealing with racism by defining a framework that social workers can use. The structure used involves an understanding of power systems and race issues. It provides an avenue for dialogue and action for social change in society (Kolivoski, Karen & Constance-Higgins, 2014). It is a proactive approach compared to the use of traditional multicultural understanding that has previously been in use. Critical race theory exposes how power and the tools of power are made use of advancing the agenda of racism in society. Such a view is informative to the social worker and proves to be a departure from past approaches. Bias and Discrimination Bias is an inbuilt human weakness informed by skewed thoughts and interests. In the case of racism, there is a bias in more than one way that leads to the disenfranchisement of the disadvantaged groups. The conversation by Alexander is geared towards a society that lives in cosmetic pretense about race issues. There is a need to direct the question posed to the community that lives supremely with the belief that it is better than those of color (Alexander, 2015). Honesty requires that each person sees through themselves to find out their stand on race issues. Continuous campaigns by civil society groups and minority groups have bestowed them with rights that they previously could not enjoy. These achievements are deceptive in nature because they do not cure inherent beliefs among white supremacists. Therefore, it is prudent that all the steps taken be inculcated within individuals so that they believe in them. Individuals from both divide easily make offensive remarks touching on race and racism. It takes a bold move for an individual to own up and accept that some of the statements that they may have made at a certain point were not in order and as such regrettable. The shame of owning up to a mistake encourages racist individuals and suppresses the efforts that others are making to correct racist behavior. Owning up and apologizing would motivate others to follow suit in creating a positive society. Racial discrimination manifests itself in individuals and is identifiable through specific acts and words. To fight racial discrimination, individuals believing in an equal society need to come out strongly and condemn any actions that undermine other people’s race (Alexander, 2015). The sensitivity of racism and the race issue have forced both the racists and the victims to shy away from openly expressing their views on the problem. More concern is directed at victims of racial abuse who would feel prejudiced in one way or the other if they complained about racial discrimination activities. It is wrong when victims recoil into their inner self when they are treated in manners that undermine their race, whether overtly or covertly. Such moves take out the steam from efforts being made to the vice. The civil rights movements of the 1960’s provided precedence on how to deal with racism. During that period, the law did not favor the civil rights movements advocating for equality. However, they were able to speak out, take action, and achieve their intended purpose that gave everyone equal rights. For this reason, everyone needs to talk about racism all the time or whenever it becomes necessary (Alexander, 2015). A good listener is one who is objective to what is put forth. Objectivity is not an easy thing to achieve because society’s mind is already prejudiced. However, it is never too late to learn to listen and gain insightfully from constructive conversations. The history of a community provides a better understanding of the country in which we all live. Probing history will always tell where society has come from and predict where it is headed. Conclusion Racism and race issues are a universal problem created by the need for identity in society. However, it has escalated to imply that some human beings are less important while others are superior. Race superiority is cosmetic in the natural sense. Beyond the skin, everyone is equal. It should be seen from this point that more effort is needed to improve the way we all view the idea of race. References Alexander, E. (2015). It’s time to break our “comfortable silence” on race. Glamour, news and politics . Web. Kolivoski, K. B., Weaver, A., & Constance-Higgins, M. (2014). Critical race theory: opportunities for application in social work practice and policy. Families in Society , 95 , 269-276.

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Write the original essay that provided the following summary when summarized: The essay discusses the racism in "The Invisible Man" by Ralph Ellison. The Battle Royal chapter is particularly controversial, as it blends relief for the main character, shame for the abusive white society, and pain for the very existence of racism, blackening the image of America during the whole history of the country.

The essay discusses the racism in "The Invisible Man" by Ralph Ellison. The Battle Royal chapter is particularly controversial, as it blends relief for the main character, shame for the abusive white society, and pain for the very existence of racism, blackening the image of America during the whole history of the country.

Racism in “The Invisible Man” by Ralph Ellison Essay There is quite a large number of works on racism in the USA in American literature. “The Invisible Man” by Ralph Ellison is probably one of the most famous novels on this topic. The “Battle Royal” chapter in the novel brings rather controversial reactions and thoughts, due to its being a blend of relief for the main character, the shame for the abusive white society, and the pain for the very existence of racism, blackening the image of America during the whole history of the country. The main character of the novel lives keeping in mind the words of his passed grandfather. Before dying he tells him to live on the verge, but win the sympathy and a certain kind of name in the white society by all possible means, as he is an African American. In the “Battle Royal” part we see the character struggling for the ability to say a word on the education for the Afro-Americans. The white society invents a very abusive and cruel kind of entertainment: they let the main character say his words only after winning the blindfolded fighting battle with other Afro-American young men. They promise the winner the scholarship at the University, and the young men have to fight for their aims and ideas. As a result, the character wins. He pronounces his motivational speech and gets the desired scholarship, for he believes that education is the only thing, which can make him be as respected as the rest of the white society. But the scholarship he gets is the irony and cruelty of the white people, as it gives him an opportunity to study at the University for the African Americas only (Ellison 35-60). How did you react when the narrator received the scholarship? Did it make you feel any differently toward the town leaders? The first emotion one can feel the moment he reads about winning the scholarship, is shame. It is rather shameful and disgusting to know that people can be so cruel for those, who are different only by their skin color. One has to feel the relief and admiration of a strong personality, which lets the main character go to his aim and win at last, but the relief does not come. On the contrary, the emotions are quite painful: we understand that he cannot win in the white society, and at the very beginning of the Battle Royal, he lost knowing nothing about it. There is also much sympathy and pity for such a plot twist, just because it is obvious that the main character has no ways to win at all, even struggling harder, for the society belongs to white people, and only they can establish its cruel rules. What is the symbolism of “The Battle Royal,” Explain. The novel is symbolic itself, but rather a large number of symbols can be observed exactly in the “Battle Royal” chapter. Among the strongest symbols, one could, probably mention the very notion of a blindfolded fight. Both parties are blindfolded in the American racist society under discussion: the white people are blindly hateful for others, whose only fault is looking another way; the African Americans are blind in their struggle for respect and equality, as they do not see how this discrimination can be avoided. Seemingly, the blind fight itself is also a symbol of following a dream of one’s life and doing everything, even if it contradicts the natural and human laws. It is also noteworthy, that the nameless status of the main character and other African Americans in the whole novel speaks much for the disrespect they have to endure in the racist society. And, of course, the scholarship the character gets is both the symbol and the disillusion for the reader. The moment one thinks that the main character reaches the passionately desired aim, every reader understands that it is just another kind of mockery over the situation, which has no way out (Fu 1-5). Overall, “The Invisible Man” in general and the “Battle Royal” part in particular leave the reader in fusion. It is not possible to imagine that ordinary people can be so painfully cruel and fascist, sincerely thinking, it is the only possible way of behavior with the people of another skin color. Racism is one of the most shameful and unseemly displays of the human nature, together with the discrimination by any parameter. Thus, it is even more fearful that even knowing all the inadmissibility of such behavior, nowadays, people are still capable of it. Works Cited Ellison, Ralph. Invisible Man . 3rd ed., Routledge, 2016 Fu, Meiling. “Black’s Survival Strategy: Tricksterism in Ralph Ellison’s Invisible Man.” International Journal of Applied Linguistics and English Literature , vol 6, no. 2, 2017, pp. 1-5

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Write the original essay that generated the following summary: The essay examines the position of the current presidential candidates on racism and how it has impacted their campaign platforms. It found that while both candidates have made statements on racism, Trump's were found to be more blatant and harmful.

The essay examines the position of the current presidential candidates on racism and how it has impacted their campaign platforms. It found that while both candidates have made statements on racism, Trump's were found to be more blatant and harmful.

Racism in Trump’s and Clinton’s Campaigns Essay Racism Racism is considered as the belief of the superiority of one’s race, ethnicity or religion over another by its existence rather than any truly discernible quality that connotes any form of actual superiority (Groody 17). It is a means by which prejudice and bigotry are promulgated across racial lines and is often the source of numerous hate crimes, biased policies and unsubstantiated insinuations (Finn 136). The Catholic Church stated that racism should not be a part of our social consciousness since it promotes ideas and concepts that are against the teachings of brotherhood and solidarity that church leaders actively promote. Any act that promotes racism within the country does not contribute towards its development; instead, it hastens the development of divisiveness and prejudice which can serve as a form of cancer in our society which will slowly destroy it from within. It is based on these views that this paper will examine the position of the current presidential candidates on racism and how it has impacted their campaign platforms. Stand of the Candidates on this Issue Republican Candidate: Donald Trump The campaign of Donald Trump is rife with numerous instances of blatant racism that is aimed at Mexicans, Latin Americans and people from the Middle East that identify themselves as Muslim. Evidence of this can be seen in his numerous campaign speeches where he stated that many of the illegal immigrants that come into the country are potential thieves, rapists, and murderers (Durst 40). If this rather shocking statement was not proof enough of this apparent prejudicial behavior, he also stated that if he were to be elected president that he would put up a wall between Mexico and United States to discourage illegal immigrants from coming into the country. When it came to Muslims, he stated that he would temporarily ban all Muslims from the Middle East from entering the country. This is until such a point in time that proper safeguards have been put in place to prevent potential terrorists from entering the U.S. Trump’s comments have been considered as inflammatory, prejudiced, and blatantly racist and he has even been accused of potentially damaging the relationship of the U.S. with other countries due to his provocative statements. Trump states that he is not a racist; rather, he is insisting that he is merely saying what many people in the U.S. already think when it comes to these issues. Illegal immigration and terrorism from radical Islam have become embedded in the social consciousness of many Americans and are considered as some of the current problems plaguing the nation. However, while these are real issues to contend with, Trump’s comments have, in effect, popularized the condemnation of a particular race and religion resulting in the development of mistrust and hate instead of understanding and the creation of a more peaceful solution. The result has been a more aggressive outlook against Mexicans, Latin Americans, and Muslims, which will undoubtedly be the source of many hate crimes in the future. Democratic Candidate: Hilary Clinton On the other end of the spectrum, Hilary Clinton has publicly denounced the comments of Trump by stating that they are intentionally inflammatory and are geared towards inciting fear mongering and panic among the general populace. Clinton’s stance on racism is that it should not be allowed under any context and that people should be appreciated for their differences and their diverse points of view. She emphasized the contributions of numerous ethnicities towards making the U.S. the nation that it is today and stressed that her presidency would focus on creating more opportunities for people of all ethnicities (Lizza 39). Clinton is viewed as a more appropriate choice by many politicians since she espouses ideals and concepts that have been spearheaded by the government for many years. Contrasting the Candidates with Each Other Trump and Clinton are from two ends of the spectrum when it comes to their stance on racism. Trump utilizes racism as a tool to enhance his appeal to the masses since they are looking for someone to blame for their current circumstances. He emphasizes his successful business history as a means of showing that he is not like a regular politician and then utilizes racism as one of the foundations of his campaign to “make America great again.” Throughout his campaign, he emphasized that the problems the country is facing are present because of individuals entering the country illegally who are a drain on the country’s resources (Page 19). He also stated that since Muslims are at the heart of the current problems surrounding terrorism, then stricter measures should be put in place to prevent Muslims from entering the country. His political platform is founded on ideals that cause people to distrust particular ethnicities and religions due to the actions of a few minor elements that they possess. Radical Islamists and criminals from Mexico do not represent the whole of the Muslim or Mexican population. A vast majority of them are simply people that have lived normal lives and are trying to do their best to maximize their opportunities as best as they can. Trump’s rhetoric is creating a prejudicial effect that damns the entire population of these communities for the actions of a few individuals. Clinton, on the other hand, has repeatedly emphasized the need for the tolerance and acceptance for minority populations within the country. Her campaign has repeatedly stated that the promulgation of racist propaganda can only hamper instead of developing America’s social and economic state. The Clinton campaign acknowledges that there are many illegal immigrants in the U.S., but they can be utilized to help improve the country instead of merely labeling them all as a drain on resources. Some potential methods that Clinton suggested would be to create working visas, cross-border working permits and assortment of other policies that enable people from Mexico to legally live and work in the U.S. Aside from this, Clinton has also stated that Muslim Americans are an integral part of American society and have contributed immensely towards the development of America’s economy. This is why she said that discriminating against Muslims only invites more hatred and bigotry which can only damage America’s future opportunities rather than enhance them. Contrasting the Candidates Views with Church Teachings From the point of view of the Catholic Church, racist and discriminatory thoughts and attitudes is a sin since they contribute towards the development of divisiveness and hate among communities. Evidence of this point of view can be seen in the 1989 Papal Encyclical by the late Pope John Paul II, who explained that all of us are brother and sisters under God (Valadez and Mirci 160). He stated that we are all equal in rights and responsibilities and, as such, to discriminate against someone due to the color of their skin or their religion is to discriminate against ourselves. It is based on this that when comparing the views and actions of Trump and Clinton on racism and comparing them to the teachings of the church, Trump’s point of view is obviously against the church’s teachings while Clinton’s is in line with them. While the Church does not interfere in the politics of countries, what can be stated is that Christian voters should vote for a candidate who is more in line with what they believe to be right. Compassion and brotherhood cannot originate from racism and, as such, we should avoid such a path to prevent the country from descending into a society of discrimination, prejudice, and hatred. The U.S. already has enough of these problems that adding more to them could result in societal anarchy. Conclusion What this paper has shown is that Trump and Clinton are on opposite ends of the spectrum when it comes to the issue of racism. Trump is using it as a means of inciting fear in the populace to increase his popularity while Clinton emphasizes the need for tolerance and acceptance. What is disheartening is that despite the obviously racist undertones of Trump’s platform, many voters have expressed their support for Trump. This says a lot about the continued presence of fear in the populace for the unknown (i.e. illegal immigrants and Muslims) and how this fear could potentially turn to hatred with the advent of a Trump presidency. Works Cited Durst, Will. “New Yorkie Values.” Progressive 80.3 (2016): 40. Print. Finn, Daniel K. “What Is A Sinful Social Structure?.” Theological Studies 77.1 (2016): 136. Print. Groody, Daniel G. “A God Of Life, A Civilization Of Love: Justice, Mission, And Catholic Social Teaching.” International Review Of Mission 102.1 (2013): 17. Print. Lizza, Ryan. “The Great Divide.” New Yorker 92.6 (2016): 38-44. Print. Page, Clarence. “Trump Taps The Rich Vein Of White ‘Victimhood’.” Caribbean Business 2.8 (2016): 19. Print. Valadez, James R., and Philip S. Mirci. “Educating For Social Justice: Drawing From Catholic Social Teaching.” Journal Of Catholic Education 19.1 (2015): 154-177. Print.

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