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Write a essay that could've provided the following summary: The brief paper discusses the plight of Palestinian refugees in Lebanon and how the denial of rights such as the right to education and health is mortifying to them.

The brief paper discusses the plight of Palestinian refugees in Lebanon and how the denial of rights such as the right to education and health is mortifying to them.

Briefing Paper on Palestinian Refugees in Lebanon Report Is the denial of rights such as the right to education and health mortifying to the Palestinian refugees in Lebanon? Introduction Late in the 1940’s Palestinians from the north of Palestine were forced to leave their homes due to attacks from Israeli military forces and ethnic cleansing. This briefing is directed at the Deputy High Commissioner, Korea’s Ms. Kyung-wha Kang and the Assistant High Commissioners for Protection and Operations, Erika Feller and Judy Cheng-Hopkins who are directly concerned with the issues that have been elucidated on in the paper. This briefing will be delivered at a presentation with the concerned departments on the findings of research based on the current predicaments that the Palestinian refugees are facing. The paper aims to elucidate on the plight of the refugees and the gains that would be attained from application of their full rights as well as some practical solutions to the predicaments. It is pertinent to note that many homes were destroyed during the period so the Palestinians were forced to flee into Lebanon. During the first few months of their stay, they were provided with food and shelter by Lebanese farmers. They were also assisted by the LRCS (International League of Red Cross Societies) which provided tents, food and clothes while the Lebanese Government gave some form of backing by contributing free depots, protection, warehouses, manual labour as well transportation (Betts & Loescher, 2010, p. 155). Aid was also provided from various private and public sources. Background of the issue In the 1950’s, the Sunni politicians demanded for a greater Muslim role in the Lebanese government. This together with the Sunni’s support for Nasser’s calls for Pan-Arabism led to the outbreak of a civil war in 1958. From then onwards, the Israelis persistently refused to implement the UN General Assembly resolution 194 (Betts & Loescher, 2010, p. 155). This part petitioned for the refugees to be allowed to go back to their domiciles and subsist in harmony with their fellow citizens at the earliest practicable time and that they should be compensated for loss of property resulting from the confrontations (Aristide, 1986, p. 160). The attitude of the Lebanese government then changed. So as to put off eternal relocation, the regime went ahead and placed callous limitations on the immigrants (Betts & Loescher, 2010, p. 155). No housing development was allowed. Work permits for Palestinians suddenly became unobtainable in 1962. Betts and Loescher (2010, p. 155) stated that “martial law was also imposed on the refugee camps which resulted in the 1969 uprising in the camps”. In 1969, the Lebanese government signed the Cairo agreement between itself and the Palestine Liberation Organisation. This improved the conditions for the refugees. The Palestinian immigrants obtained some rights such as freedom of movement, residency as well as labour rights. They were also granted the rights to defend themselves in Lebanon (Betts & Loescher, 2010, p. 155). Aristide (1986, p. 160) elucidated that the rights “tied to the Cairo agreement never became national legislation”. The PLO was forced out of Lebanon after the 1982 invasion by the Israelites. Consequently, the situation for the Palestinian immigrants worsened. Hostility against Palestinian immigrants was among the main facets all through the warfare (Aristide, 1986, p. 160). The current situation in various sectors Education Aristide (1986, p. 160) asserts that the “Palestinian refugees are denied access to Lebanese public schools”. On the other hand, Betts and Loescher (2010, p. 155) designate that “the United Nations Relief and Works Agency (UNRWA, 1949), offers secondary education in Lebanon to counter the effects of restrictions placed by the Lebanese government and the high cost of private schools”. This is mostly because they are beyond the means of Palestinian immigrants. It operates around 70 primary education institutions as well as three secondary institutions in Lebanon. However, most of the facilities in UNRWA operated schools are quite pitiable and the schools are over occupied and have limited or no recreational space. In a bid to take care of their spouses, majority of the scholars were coerced into ceasing their learning activities and seek for employment (Aristide, 1986, p. 160). The schools therefore, have very high dropout rates. Employment Palestinians without identity documents are unable to sit for the intermediate schooling exam if they do not have any recognized ID, hence, locking out many children from accessing secondary education. The Lebanese statute allows only skilled individuals from the Lebanese professional associations to partake in any profession (Kunz, 1973, p. 138). Such associations can be easily established but for foreigners they are regulated by reciprocity clause which states that non-citizens cannot form associations (Kunz, 1973, p. 138). Kunz (1973) further stated that: The major sources of income for Palestinian refugees are employment in shops and institutions within the refugee camps; employment in UNRWA and its affiliated institutions; remittances from relatives who work abroad; employment in Palestinian organisations and associations and employment in agriculture and Lebanese companies’. This is because a number of ministerial decrees prohibit Palestinians from about 72 trades and professions. (p. 138) Healthcare The Palestinian health centres and shops in the camps of immigrants have been prominent hunting points for the Lebanese police officers (Mason, 2000, p. 248). Since the early 1990’s, the Lebanese police have been arresting Palestinian individuals with unlicensed facilities. In 2005, the Lebanese minister of labour granted Palestinian refugees in Lebanon, the right to work in private sector jobs. It is however not known if this decision will make an impact as obtaining a work permit is an expense that very few Palestinian refugees can afford. Immigrants from Palestine are not allowed to use the public medical amenities in Lebanon (Kunz, 1973, p. 138). As a result they are forced to rely on healthcare that is provided by UNWRA or in hospitals that have contracts with them. Due to limited funding and resources they can only provide primary and secondary but not tertiary healthcare. Another healthcare provider is the Palestinian Red Crescent Society (PRCS). The withdrawal of the PLO has had a negative impact on the scope and quality of services the PRCS provides. Social security All children born to non-ID Palestinian fathers do not receive any identification documents from the Lebanese government nor are they registered with UNRWA therefore remain non-ID as well (Mason, 2000, p. 248). Basing on the implication of the reciprocity clause, individuals from other countries living in Lebanon are allowed to equally enjoy the universal rights just like the other citizens of Lebanon (Good-Gill, 2001, p. 139). But since it is claimed that Palestinians do not belong to any particular state, the clause does not apply to them (Mason, 2000, p. 248). Individuals working in Lebanon from Palestine do not have any right of social defence (Chimni, 2009, p. 16). Restrictions on building Reconstructing of camps that were completely obliterated is forbidden by the Lebanese authorities. Chimni (2009, p. 16) asserted that “reconstruction or building in other camps requires a special permit which is usually not issued”. Fighters of the Lebanese government also substantiate that Palestinians are not ferrying any building materials illegally. This is because it is regarded as a serious offense that is punishable by arrest or detention. Property ownership and transfer Persons who do not carry a citizenship certificate offered by the state are prohibited by the presidential decree from owning property in Lebanon. Chimni (1998, p. 361) attests that “these rulings further imply that non-Lebanese persons can acquire property in Lebanon, but only under certain conditions like- the property should not be in excess of 3000 square metres”. The property rule in the country of Lebanon proscribes individuals from Palestine from owning property. The law also proscribes the Palestinian kids from inheriting their parents’ assets (Aristide, 1986, p. 160). Naturalisation Travelling manuscripts are often issued by the Lebanese regime to ensure that individuals from Palestine are not only working but also living abroad (Mason, 2000, p. 248). There are quite a number of diverse documents which are given to the Palestinians to make use of when travelling around. Immigrants who are registered with both UNWRA and DAPR are given lasting nationality certificates as well as a five year renewable travel certificate. Those indexed with only DAPR are supplied with forms or papers of everlasting nationality and a Laisser Passer with one year validity. These are renewable thrice while refugees who are not registered with any of the two institutions are not issued with any travel documents (Castles, 2003, p. 28). Mason (2000, p. 248) asserts that “in 1995, the Lebanese ministry of internal affairs imposed an entry and exit visa leaving many Palestinians with travel documents stranded outside”. The restrictions have since been eased. The statute of Lebanon has banned the relocation of refugees from Palestine (Mason, 2000, p. 248). In 2003, the president of the then newly formed cabinet stressed that the government will not back down on its insistence that Israeli grants or complies with the right of return of Palestinian refugees and that Lebanon rejects any plans for their resettlement in Lebanon Civil society The government as well as majority of the Lebanese population completely oppose the full integration of the Palestinian refugees in the country. One reason behind this is that they hold the refugees responsible for the civil war outbreak in Lebanon. Castles (2003, p. 28) in his research stated that “currently Palestinians who are born in Lebanon and the children of Lebanese mothers and Palestinian fathers who are considered Palestinians are not granted Lebanese citizenship”. Residency of an everlasting nature is nevertheless approved for any Palestinian female who may get betrothed or affianced to a man from Lebanon. The nongovernmental organizations in Palestine are outlawed from operating in Lebanon. However, PRCS is excluded from this law. In order to operate such an organization the requirement is that they must be first registered as a Lebanese NGO, serve both Palestinians and Lebanese and that majority of the employees must be Lebanese citizens (Castles, 2003, p. 28). Comment Generally the situation in Lebanon has led to worldwide action and petitions from humanitarian organisations (Castles, 2003, p. 28). The Palestinian refugees are greatly mistreated and the Lebanese government has done comparatively little in an effort to make their lives more bearable. In this time and age violation of basic human rights should be a thing of the past. So far the Lebanese government has received criticism from all over the world due to this issue. It is time for the leaders of the country to demonstrate good leadership qualities by amending the laws of the land so as to contribute to the general development of the entire state. Recommendations Given the harsh living conditions of the refugees in Lebanon, the following recommendations would greatly assist in making the life of Palestinian refugees much better: 1. Provision by the Lebanese government of adequate shelter and functioning infrastructure in refugee camps would go a long way in resolving the issue. This will improve the living conditions of the refugees and the government may even benefit from commercial activities that may arise from setting up infrastructure (Richmond, 1993, p. 17). 2. Ensure access to health facilities and affordable medication to all Palestinian refugees especially for the provision of healthcare at tertiary level. The Lebanese government should also make an effort to secure additional support for UNRWAs care programme for severe chronic illnesses (Kunz, 1973, p. 138). 3. The Palestinian children should be allowed to join public schools so as to reap from the benefits of quality education hence, boosting their employability. This will benefit the whole country as the number of educated individuals in the entire country will increase. A high level of unemployment has never been beneficial to any region and the same applies to the Palestine region. The number of unemployed individuals ought to be increased. 4. The needs of the most vulnerable members of the Palestinian refugees such as persons with disabilities, women and children should be addressed. They should not be ignored any longer. 5. Food security for refugees should be enhanced. Government spending ought to be concentrated on creating jobs and initiatives for enhancing the food security. 6. The Lebanese government should reconstruct the ongoing emergency relief stores in Nahr el-Bared camp and design a comprehensive Poverty Reduction Strategy. Involving all the stake holders will be beneficial to the cause since they will know what exactly works for them as they consider the other parties that may be involved in the consultations (Richmond, 2002, p. 707). 7. The government should lift the bans on providing the Palestinians with citizenship in a move to benefit from the labour capital that the Palestinians can offer. Conclusion The situation in Lebanon requires a complete overhaul in the laws and attitude of the entire nation towards Palestinian refugees. The UNHCR should therefore take up the task of liaising with the Lebanese government with the intention of ensuring that their laws are in compliance with international human rights. The changes will also go a long way in ensuring that the rest of the world recognises the fact that some action is being taken to improve on the conditions as well as the living standards of the refugees. It is important for the concerned parties to elucidate on their commitment to embrace the changes that have been recommended. Most of the basic rights that many people enjoy are a luxury and the people ought to be able to reap from the benefits accorded to them by the governments and administrations. References Aristide, Z 1986, ‘International factors in the formation of refugee movements’, International migration review, vol. 20 no. 2, pp. 151-169. Betts, A & Loescher, G 2010, Refugees in international relations, Refugees in International Relationships , vol. 6 no. 3, pp. 1-28. Castles, S 2003, ‘Towards a sociology of forced migration and social transformation’, Sociology, vol. 37 no. 1, pp. 13-34. Chimni, S. B 1998, ‘The geo-politics of refugee studies: a view from the south’, Journal of refugee studies, vol. 11 no. 4 , pp. 350-374. Chimni, S. B 2009, The birth of a ‘discipline’: from refugee to forced migration, Journal of Refugee Studies, vol. 22 no. 1 , pp. 11-29. Good-Gill, G. S 2001, Refugees challenges to protection. International migration review, vol. 35 no. 1 , pp. 130-142. Kunz, F. E 1973, ‘The refugee in flight: kinetic models and forms of displacement’, International migration review, vol. 7 no. 2 , pp. 125-146. Mason, E 2000, ‘Forced migration studies: surveying the reference landscape’, Libri, vol. 50 no. 1, pp. 241-251. Richmond, A. H 2002, ‘Globalization: implications for immigrants and refugees’, Ethnic and racial studies, vol. 25 no. 5 , pp. 707-727. Richmond, A. H 1993, ‘Reactive migration: sociological perspectives on refugee movements’, Journal of refugee studies, vol. 6 no. 1 , pp. 7-24.

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Provide the inputted essay that when summarized resulted in the following summary : In this text, the author discusses Bronfenbrenner's ecological theory of development. This theory is based on the idea that human development is influenced by four major forces: biological, psychological, sociocultural, and polytechnic. The author argues that Bronfenbrenner's theory is useful for understanding human development because it takes into account the complex interplay of these forces.

In this text, the author discusses Bronfenbrenner's ecological theory of development. This theory is based on the idea that human development is influenced by four major forces: biological, psychological, sociocultural, and polytechnic. The author argues that Bronfenbrenner's theory is useful for understanding human development because it takes into account the complex interplay of these forces.

Bronfenbrenner’s ecological theory of development Essay (Critical Writing) Table of Contents 1. Introduction 2. Literature review on human development 3. Psychoanalytic theories 4. Cognitive theories 5. Bronfenbrenner’s ecological theory of development 6. Conclusion 7. References Introduction The subject of human development is rich and varied. Every individual has a unique experience with development. Nevertheless, sometimes it is challenging to comprehend how and why people grow, learn, and behave as they do. Developmental psychology endeavors to understand, elucidate, and predict behaviors that emerge throughout an individual’s lifespan. Psychologists have proposed several human developmental theories to elucidate different perspectives of human growth. There are many crucial debates and concerns pertaining developmental psychology. Psychologists and researchers have based their questions on the relative impact of genetics versus environment, the pathway of development, and the significance of early events versus later events. Literature review on human development Theorists often pose certain questions to help them understand a phenomenon. Similarly, Kail & Cavanaugh (2008) argue that, three main issues have emerged during the study of human development (p.35). First, the nature-nurture concern pertains to the extent of genetic and environmental influence on development. Generally, theorists and researchers perceive nature and nurture to play a mutual influence, wherein, human development is interplay of both forces. Second, a continuity-discontinuity issue pertains to whether a similar (continuity) or different (discontinuity) must be applied to account for changes in individuals throughout one’s lifespan. Continuity, on the one hand, focuses on quantitative change, while discontinuity focuses on qualitative change. Third, universal versus context specific development concerns whether development follows similar path in all individuals or the sociocultural context fundamentally determines it. Four major forces are fundamental in human development. Interplay of these forces determines people’s development into whoever they are at the various stages of development. Biological forces encompass all genetic and health-related factors that determine development. Individual’s genetic code accounts for most of the biological forces (Kail & Cavanaugh, 2008, p. 35). This issue implicates that, ancestry determines certain individual behavior or characteristic. In this light, researchers need to investigate the positions of dominant versus recessive genes in development (Rutter, 2006, p.16). Psychological forces entail all intrinsic personality, perceptual, emotional, and cognitive factors that influence development. Altogether, psychological elements explain the most prominent variation in people. Sociocultural elements encompass ethnic, cultural, interpersonal, and societal factors that influence development (Kail & Cavanaugh, 2008, p.35). Culture pertains to behavior, attitudes, and knowledge attached to a group of people. Sociocutlural forces provide the milieu for development. Fourth, the lifecycle forces form the settings for understanding people’s own perception of their current situation and its impact on them. Do these forces interact at any given point? The biopsychosocial framework upholds all the aforementioned forces to be mutually interactive and learners cannot understand development by studying the forces in isolation (Kail & Cavanaugh, 2008, p. 35). Indeed, a similar event can produce a different effect based on the time it occurs. Psychoanalytic theories This theory elucidates development as primarily unconscious phenomenon heavily tinted by emotion. Psychoanalytic theorists perceive that behavior is purely superficial characteristic, and the analyses of the symbolic meaning of behavior and the in-depth functioning of the mind is prerequisite for understanding development (Carver, & Scheier, 2004). In addition, psychoanalytic philosophers stress that initial experience with parents greatly determines one’s development. Sigmund Freud highlighted these characteristics in his psychoanalytic theory. Psychoanalytic theory highlights five different factors contributing to development. They include (Santrock, Ho Leung, Malcomson, & MacKenzie-Rivers, 2008, p. 35): 1. Early experience contributes significantly in development. 2. Family relationships are core to development. 3. To understand personality, people should examine it developmentally. 4. The mind, being not entirely conscious, theorist should consider its unconscious aspect. 5. Developmental changes occur both in adulthood and in childhood years. Nevertheless, critiques have challenged this theory regarding the following: 1. The major concepts of psychoanalytic theories cannot be tested empirically. 2. Psychologists derive most of the data used to validate psychoanalytic theory from people’s reconstruction of the past, regularly the remote past, and of unknown precision. 3. Theorists have given so much weight to the sexual basis of development, particularly Freud. 4. Theorists give too much credit to unconscious mind for influencing development. 5. Critiques argue that psychoanalytic theories portray a very negative image of humans, especially Freud. 6. Other critiques argue that psychoanalytic theories are gender and culture-biased. Cognitive theories Cognitive theory emphasizes the importance of conscious thoughts. Three major cognitive theories include the information-processing approach, Vyogotsky’s socio-cultural cognitive theory, and Piaget’s cognitive development theory. The contributions of the cognitive theory include: 1. It depicts the positive perspective of development by emphasizing peoples’ conscious thinking. 2. It stresses the individual’s active building of understanding. 3. Piaget and Vygotsky’s theories emphasize the significance of investigating developmental transformation in children’s thinking. 4. The information-processing viewpoint provides detailed description of cognitive process. Critiques of cognitive theories argue that: 1. There is skepticism concerning the clarity of Piaget’s stages. 2. The theories do not confer adequate attention to individual difference in cognitive development. 3. The information-processing viewpoint does not provide adequate explanation of developmental changes in cognition. 4. Psychoanalytic theorists are of the view that the cognitive theories do not confer adequate merit to unconscious thought. Bronfenbrenner’s ecological theory of development This theory comprises five environmental systems ranging from the fine-grained inputs of immediate association with social elements, to the broad-based inputs of culture. These five systems in the theory are the mesosytem, microsystem, chronosystem, macrosystem, and exosystem. The microsytem designates the context within which the person lives. This context comprises the individual’s family, neighborhood, schools, and peers. Within this system, many direct associations with social agents occur (Santrock, Ho Leung, Malcomson, & MacKenzie-Rivers, 2008, p.41). The individual does not assume a passive recipient position regarding events in this context; instead, s/he plays an active role in constructing the settings. The mesosytem encompasses associations between microsystem and links between settings. Examples of mesosytem include the relation of family events to school events, school events to church events, and/or family events to peer events. In this light, having been born of mentally impaired parents, my passion for understanding psychological disorder is the impetus for pursuing doctorate in psychology. The exosystem refers to the involvement of events in another social setting, which the individual does not play an active role; it affects what s/he experiences in an immediate setting. For instances, my class experience with psychology professor may affect my relationship with my parents, because I may regard them as specimens for fulfilling my curiosity. The macrosystem pertains to the culture within which people live. Culture is the behavior patterns, beliefs, and all other outcomes of a specific population that are passed on from one generation to another (Parke & Stewart, 2010, p.26). In this regard, cross-cultural studies is the comparison of one culture against another or several others that provide insight about the generality of development. The chronosytem entails the outlining of environmental experiences and transitions through the life courses, and socio-historical situations (Parke & Stewart, 2010, p.26). For instance, upon studying the effect of divorce on children, researchers have discovered that the adverse effects often climax in the first year following the divorce. Two years after the divorce, family relations become less chaotic and more stable. Regarding socio-cultural circumstances, women currently are more probable to be motivated to pursue career relative to the past 20 or 30 years. Through avenues such as this, the chronosytem has a powerful influence on individual’s development. Overall, Bronfenbrenner’s ecological theory of development has made certain contribution to understanding of human development viz. * It provides a systematic study of macro and micro dimensions of environmental systems. * It draws attention on connections between environmental settings – mesosytem. * It highlights social-historical influence on development – chronosystem. However, some criticisms have been leveled against this theory including * Critiques argue that these theorists have given minimal attention to biological basis of development, despite the recent additional discussion of biological influences. * In addition, this theory gives inadequate attention to cognitive processes. Conclusion Bronfenbrenner’s theory elucidates the influence of environment on one’s development. The role that people play in Bronfenbrenner’s system determines their behavior and actions. Biological factors do not offer an ultimate prediction of people’s development; for instance, I am not afflicted with mental disorders like my parents. Therefore, further research should be conducted on how ecological factors influence development. References Carver, C., & Scheier, M. (2004). Perspectives on Personality (5th ed.). Boston: Pearson. Kail, R. V., & Cavanaugh, J. C. (2008). Human development: A life-span view. Belmont; U.S: wadsworth, Cengage learning. Parke, R. D., & Stewart, C. A. (2010). social development. Jafferson City: John Willey & Sons. Rutter, M. (2006). Genes and Behavior. Oxford, UK: Blackwell Publishing. Santrock, J. W., MacKenzie-Rivers, A., Ho Leung, K., & Malcomson, T. (2008). Life-Span Development. United States: McGraw-Hill Ryerson.

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Write the original essay that provided the following summary when summarized: In business, ethics is given a lot of attention, and many organizations strive to achieve the best. There is no doubt that a good company's foundation is based on ethics; this is why many companies around the world anticipate commencing on a solid ethical background. A company whose business practices are deemed smart is always complimented by ethical behaviors, which are decent and good.

In business, ethics is given a lot of attention, and many organizations strive to achieve the best. There is no doubt that a good company's foundation is based on ethics; this is why many companies around the world anticipate commencing on a solid ethical background. A company whose business practices are deemed smart is always complimented by ethical behaviors, which are decent and good.

Ethical Behavior of the Organization’s Employees Essay Table of Contents 1. Introduction 2. Description of an organization 3. Mission and value statements 4. Code of ethics 5. Organizational culture 6. Leadership in an ethical organization 7. Conclusion 8. Reference List Introduction In business, ethics is given a lot of attention, and many organizations strive to achieve the best. There is no doubt that a good company’s foundation is based on ethics; this is why many companies around the world anticipate commencing on a solid ethical background. A company whose business practices are deemed smart is always complimented by ethical behaviors, which are decent and good. Nevertheless, what is ethics? According to Ellis (2007), ethics is a branch of philosophy that addresses issues concerning morality, for example, concepts of good and bad, wrong and right, and vices and virtues. However, this could be simplified as principles of morality governing a group of people’s behavior or that of an individual. That said and understood then, we get to understood why many managers emphasize on building organizations, which are characterized by ethical values. Description of an organization This term nonetheless is used in large contexts and in our every day-to-day life mostly in line of business. However, let as look at the definition of an organization in comprehensive terms without speculating. In defining an organization, we base on the elements that make it or are part of it, and thus according to Marshak (1987), an organization is a social group that has a task of distributing work with the intention of attaining a collective goal. There are different categories of organizations ranging from governmental organizations, corporations and non-governmental organizations. They are operational in private, and public sectors to fulfill duties to the public and develop activities for the commercial market (Ellis, 2007). For us to build an ethical organization, we, therefore, need to know what makes up an organization. This is an organizational structure, which determines how the organization runs and the organizational behaviors of the various stakeholders. In a well-built organization, you will always have the managers and administrators. Managers are known to undertake massive decisions concerning various issues following the entire organization whereas the work of the administrators is to put these decisions into functional forms. In this case, to shape an organization well into having the best ethical concepts, then it must have mission statements and values statements to emphasize the organizational goal. To realize this then a culture of organizational ethics must be first created. As Professor Daniel Swartzman of the UIC School of Public Health put it, employees in an organization must be made to know that priorities of morality are just as important as those involving finances. Therefore, to begin an ethical culture, moral values should be held high just as financial concerns. Review of the organizations aspiration statements, in this case, the mission and value statements should be anticipated in confronting difficult decisions that might prostrate (Swartzman, 2010). Mission and value statements A mission statement refers to the purposeful statement of an organization or a company that gives a guide and puts into summary the benefit that an organization intends to give to the world. The UIC School of Public Health’s value statement reads that the organization is a community of scholars together with staff and students who are dedicated to helping create a society that is healthy. In order to achieve this goal, the organization is committed to the community as a basic unit of analyzing public health, knowledge, professionalism, stewardship, idealism, caring, justice, diversity, respect and humility. No doubt, that employers and employees at the UIC School of Public Health will work in accordance with the above value statement in their daily duties. This will definitely add value to the organization’s goals and objectives; hence, it gives it high merit in comparison to other organizations whose value statements are not well defined. According to Professor Mary Hill of Utah Valley University, School of Business, in a case study called Johnson and Johnson; Individuals have a perception that of what is profitable in a particular scenario (Ellis, 2007). Professionals who are human resource managers tend to struggle with that dichotomy regularly as compared to operational personnel because of an increase in exposure to programs and discussions that give a green light on those choices. The organization’s success in ethical matters is greatly based on the decisions, which the manager and the entire staff adopt over time. Values identification audit should be conducted, and during the trial changes are anticipated and conflicts that might come your way. Values identification audit should be a continuous process, and commitment, therefore, in evaluating its success, solicit the periodic input from those involved. This should serve as a report card of ethics given out to an organization by managers, staff and other stakeholders, Swartzman, (2010). Code of ethics An organization adopts an ethical code to assist members called upon in an organization, in decision making, understanding the contrast between wrong, rights, and making full application in their various decisions. According to the National Business Survey of 2000, about a percentage of ninety Americans expect their respective organizations not only to do what is profitable, but also what is right. In addition, other ethical considerations include a reduction in liabilities as well as financial risks and enhanced reputation. In building an ethical organization, one has to establish ground rules that dictate to people how they should operate, and how they should make respective decisions on whatever is assigned to them. Ethical behavior standards and rules of ethics are also needed, and make sure that a policy document is present that highlights the organization values. Thus, in some organizations ethics training is conducted, and this shows the commitment of an organization’s leadership of making moral choices; this helps employees who may violate the code of ethics, hence they will not give excuses that they were not aware that by indulging in such activities was wrong. For organizations dealing in health care, they have availed ethics officers who provide answers and offer guidance to decision makers when it comes to complex matters. This, without doubt, creates coherence in ethical culture of an organization. A code of ethics has a framework that helps in its formation and this include conflict of interest, treatment of employees, use of company’s property, and information by individuals, customer and public treatment and legal compliances (Marshak, 1987). The following are code of ethics of UIC School of Public Health; * The health institution has to principally address fundamental causes of maladies with an aim of preventing health outcomes, which are adverse. * The institution should strive to achieve health in the community, and this be done by respecting personal rights of the people in the community. * The health organization has to develop health policies, priorities and programs thereafter be evaluated through procedures which guarantee input from members of the community. * Works towards providing health to members of the community who are disenfranchised to enable them have access to health resources. * The organization should protect the health by searching for appropriate information and implementation of policies as well as programs, which are effective. * The health institution should propagate policies and health programs to the public by incorporating different approaches that respect diversification of beliefs, values and cultures from walks of life * The institution should serve to protect the information that is confidential which may have an effect on an individual if made public. * The health organization should ensure that its employees meet the professional competence of which they are expected. * The health institution together with her employees should be collaborated and affiliated by enhancing the public’s trust and the effectiveness and efficiency of the institution. * In addition, the health institution should implement health programs in a way enhancing the social and physical environment. This code of ethics of UIC School of public health ensures that employees show a tangible outcome, since failure to do so can be interpreted as a way of going against the expected norms of the profession hence may attract penalty. For instance, the one that emphasizes that the institution should work towards protecting health through appropriate information and policies. This makes doctors in the institution who still doubles as lecturers, managers and administrators to conduct thorough research in whatever health concern they are handling hence providing effective and adequate health care (Barth, 2003). This code of ethics simply expounds on the organization’s mission and value statement of providing a healthy community through diversification and diligence. If members of an organization adhere to the code of ethics above then, the mission and value statements are met. However, this requires for relationship management through collaboration, honesty, diversity, openness and integrity among others. The code of ethics, finally, is related to the mission and values of this organization in such way that it provides the mandate to protect public health and grants an aspect of power to enable carry out the intended mandate. Organizational culture This is the concept of a pattern of assumptions which are basically shared and are invented, developed and discovered by a particular group as it enlightens itself on how to manage its problems of adapting externally and integrating internally which have been fully functional thus being deemed valid, and therefore, to be disseminated to new members as a proper way of perception and thought as per those problems (Swartzman, 2010). Leadership and members of an organization can instigate alteration and manipulation of culture. Thus, culture is seen by many scholars as the most difficult attribute of the organization to be changed. There are several elements, which can influence the culture of an organization, for example, we have the paradigm which represents what a specific organization stands for, power structures, organizational structures and control systems. In my organization, I would use the work hard, play hard culture since it will have faster feedback and risk the organization will be involved in will be low (Kennedy, 1995). This will also characterize the organization with actions of high speed hence recreating at a high speed also. To foster this kind of organizational culture, I would encourage the organization to adopt performance contracts, which will enable employees to put in more input when it comes to service delivery, hence instant results will be realized. This can also be done through identifying which party in the organization is responsible for what; it is done by setting the standard and fully enforcing it. Working hard as culture will help enhance the organization in terms of productivity and responsibility. When every member is involved, the institution is bound to profit more, since the input will always reflect the output (Marshak, 1987). Take note that this will also create an atmosphere of positive competition which will serve to profit the organization more in service delivery. Leadership in an ethical organization Leadership in an organization is seen as a propulsive force, which has motion because of purpose, and the effort, which is termed, as joint to accomplish it. Organizational leadership is the role of management in making sure that it has a meaningful and substantive core in which to create a formation of itself to help the organization advance towards its stated goals. However, who is a leader? According to the General Electric Corporation, a leader refers to a person with vision and entailed with the ability of articulating the vision for the organization or team in a powerful and vivid manner, that it becomes an entire organizations vision. The important role of an organizational leader is defining the goal of the organization, formulating its plans and help in organizing people to achieve the goals when the plans are executed (Kennedy, 1995). In developing the organizational culture as a leader, you must dedicate leadership commitment and involvement. Serve as a role model by working hard yourself and showing great enthusiasm in whatever activity you undertake. This will influence those employees below you to also follow the same hence; the organization’s mission will be met. For example, at UIC School of public health as the institution’s director you have to be involved in research issues and propagating solutions to various health problems (Barth, 2003). In addition, as leader remembers you have set the moral standard. The moral responsibility will be honesty and integrity in line of duty. This will be highly needed in the health organization, as it will ensure fairness to all in the organization. As a leader, you also have to oversee that an ethical standard is maintained in the organization, and assessment of each employee’s conduct will be the way of gauging this. Human resource managers should closely monitor the regular conducts of their employees in accordance with the defined code of ethics. You can still use the system of performance contracts to oversee this as it will give a definite scale of input versus output of individuals as well their conduct in their work area. Conclusion Integrity and openness are vital elements when it comes to building of an ethical organization. If the world in which you co-exist is corrupt, then this is not a go ahead to be corrupt, thus ethical behavior has to be encouraged all of the organization’s employees. In order to accomplish this in an organization, it should be executed from the start. Therefore, entrepreneurs should always be concerned with their organizations, and it should start from the early years of establishment. Failure to do so is negligence and it might lead to the downfall of an organization. Reference List Barth, S.R. (2003). Corporate ethics: the business code of conduct for ethical employees . Boston, USA: Aspatore. Ellis, C. (2007). Relational ethics in research with intimate others . Lexington: University Press of Kentucky. Marshak, T. (1987). Organization theory, the new palgrave: a dictionary of economics . New York: Harvard Design. Swartzman, D. (2010). Building an ethical organization . Illinois: UIC.

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Write the full essay for the following summary: The purpose of documentation is to capture ideas at the time of their conception. This allows the creative process to progress fast.

The purpose of documentation is to capture ideas at the time of their conception. This allows the creative process to progress fast.

Design Documentation Process Research Paper Table of Contents 1. Purpose of Documentation 2. Over –Documentation 3. Technology and Design 4. Future Designs 5. References Use of technology is necessary for the designing industry to advance. The industry is fast moving away from old technologies to incorporate new and innovative technologies. When it comes to technologies used in designing, BIM- Building Implementation Modelling technology leads the way. This technology uses three-dimensional technology with design information (Underwood & Isikdag, 2009). Through such technologies, buildings are first built virtually before they are erected on the ground. The stakeholders in the construction and design industry are always on the lookout for new technologies that may improve their businesses. This technology is often expensive making it only affordable to big companies. Documenting a design is a complex and painstaking process. This is also the most important part of a designing or a construction project. Once this is done right, the rest of the project flows easily. Proper documentation of ideas can sometimes be a complex process. The first step when documenting ideas is to get a team in place. The professionals involved in the designing process should be assembled in a group. Then a leader in charge of the group is picked. The leader should be dedicated and have the capacity to encourage all the other members to contribute to the process. The next step involves picking a technology to be used in the documentation process. This technology should be financially viable and within the limits of the project’s budget. Some clients request for a specific technology. If that is the case, those specifications should be met. Sometimes more than one technology is used depending on the scope of the project. When documenting designs it is important to ensure the working environment is collaborative. Information should be shared throughout the process. Everyone involved in the designing process should feel free to contribute new ideas. Documentation also requires the necessary hardware and software that can support it. Once all these requirements are in place, the visualization of the project starts. All the necessary information about the project is then documented sequentially. Purpose of Documentation There are various reasons why designs are documented. First, a designing team can alter a project at any instance during the documentation process (Yezioro, Dong & Leite, 2008). Appropriate documentation allows this to be effected without interruptions. When these changes are made early, they require few resources and minimum input. Documentation allows the team to straighten out high cost structural problems before the building project starts. Documentation makes sure ideas are captured at the time of their conception. At this time, the ideas are fresh and easy to probe. Documenting ideas allows the creative process to progress fast. Where there is no documentation, the design team might be stuck on one idea and not realize it. One of the main reasons for documentation is to have all the necessary information in a central point. Documentation encompasses information about modelling styles, client’s preferences, costs, schedules, and geometry related information. When this information is readily available, the project is easy to implement. Documentation makes communication among those in charge of the project easier. Whenever there is a change in the design, it can be communicated to all the involved parties through documentation. This makes the designing team’s work easier. In addition, designs can also be completed on time. Over –Documentation The current documentation process is state-of-the-art and incorporates the latest technology. This includes three-dimensional technology and the ability to convert two-dimensional models to 3D models. However, the current practices might result in over-documentation. Under the current practices, some of the documented information is inconsequential and only complicates the process. Technology and Design The level of technology shapes the designing process. At present, different levels of technologies are being employed in designing methods. Therefore, it can be concluded that technology is changing the designing process. One of such technology is the digital technology. It is probably not possible to come up with a design today without incorporating digital technology. For this reason, advances in digital technology have a direct impact on the designing process. Technology is changing the way architecture is taught. Designing is now taught in fragments, and this gives rise to specialties within the discipline. A student’s ability to understand digital technology is important to help him/her grasp designing concepts. As digital technology changes, so do the curriculums used to teach designing. The other aspect of technology that is changing the designing process is the advancement of network communications. Through advanced networks, designers are able to carry out the designing process remotely. For example, designing ideas are exchanged and sent to other designers for improvements. Such a collaborative environment has a huge impact on designing given the success of a design depends on the availability of several contributors. Visualization technology has changed many aspects of day-to-day life. This includes the designing profession. Visualization allows a designer to understand, explore, and communicate designing information. This technology includes animation, rendering, and 3D modelling. These tools are changing the way designs are conceptualized and presented. One of the most significant changes is the one brought about by use of three-dimensional technology. Through this technology, building models are able to offer close representations of the actual projects (Gross, 1995). This modelling is very popular when presenting designs to clients and it is all made possible by changes in technology. Future Designs Future designers will most likely depend purely on computer software. Fifty years from now the role of a designer will be minimal with computer software doing the rest of the work. This means apart from conceptualizing and visualizing a design, the rest of the work will be performed by software. This might threaten the existence of the designing profession. This is because a client will value the software’s input more. Therefore, armed with the necessary computer skills, anyone will be able to come up with a viable design of his/her own. As opposed to the situation today, where the designer performs most of the work, fifty years from now computers will have taken over most of the designer’s current duties. For instance, this software will have incorporated almost all of the design templates a novice designer can conceptualize (Domeshek & Kolodner, 1992). This might mean that clients with no need for original designs will be able to forego the services of a designer. In retrospect, if the designs of the time might have evolved immensely. This will ensure the designing profession survives the software’s incursion. The curriculum used to train designers may be changed to incorporate other original skills. There is always a fear of designers being overwritten by technology. However, experiences have shown that humans change in accordance with the technology. The same fears were present a few decades ago, but the designing profession still stands as strong as it did in the medieval times. References Domeshek, E & Kolodner J 1992, Artificial Intelligence in Design, Gero Publishers Netherlands, Kluwer. Gross, M 1995, Drawing Analogies – Supporting Creative Architectural Design with Visual References , Heron Island, Sydney. Underwood, J & Isikdag, U 2009, Handbook of Research on Building Information Modeling and Construction Informatics: Concepts and Technologies , Information Science Publishing, New York. Yezioro A, Dong, B & Leite F 2008, “An applied artificial intelligence approach towards assessing building performance simulation tools”, Energy and Buildings, vol. 40 no. 4, pp. 612-616.

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Provide a essay that could have been the input for the following summary: Dell Inc. has been re-organizing and re-aligning its business since 2009. The company has also diversified into the tablet market as a strategic option.

Dell Inc. has been re-organizing and re-aligning its business since 2009. The company has also diversified into the tablet market as a strategic option.

Business Analysis of Dell Inc Essay Background Dell Computers was named after its founder and Chairman Michael Dell (Hoovers 2012). The company began functioning in the early 80s to design and manufacture computers. Michael believed in efficiency. He created a company that had extremely efficient operations and responded to customer needs very fast. The highlight of his business model was the ability of customers to make their computers to their preferred designs. Customers could log on to the company website and choose their preferred features when placing an order. The company would then ship the new computer to the customers’ address. During the 90s and early 2000, Dell was the leading computer company worldwide. Its woes began when customers began to slow down on their PC purchases. Dell no longer sold as many computers and its growth was slow and painful. Things became worse when the company’s legal trouble began. Advanced Internet Technologies sued Dell for knowingly selling faulty computers to its customers. This was around the year 2010. Later, Dell got into trouble with the Securities and Exchange Commission. The company was accused of accounting fraud. The result was a restatement of its financials over a five-year period ending 2007. The company also paid several hefty fines to the SEC. As expected, its stock price declined tremendously. An incident involving a Dell laptop that caught fire during the year 2006 also damaged the company’s public image. This incident led to a move by the company to recall batteries that were suspected to be faulty. Though Sony was the company responsible for manufacturing the batteries, Dell still took the fall for the faulty batteries. Profits at Dell reached an all time low in 2009. Since then, the company has been re-organizing and re-aligning its business. There has been an attempt to diversify from the PC industry, given the slow growth of the market. The company hopes to attain much needed growth by focusing on corporate IT solutions rather than lone customers. In line with this, it has acquired several smaller companies. These include Perot Systems, sonicWALL, AppAssure and Force 10 Networks. This paper seeks to explore expansion into the tablet market as a strategic option for Dell Inc. This paper adopts the Balanced Scorecard as the major tool of analysis. Competition Dell’s major competitors are Hewlett Packard (HP) and Apple Inc. Apple Inc has created a niche with its innovative products. It is currently the market leader in tablet PCs and smart phones. Customers wait eagerly to acquire new Apple devices (Business Wire 2011). This rarely happens for other PC companies, least of all Dell. The company has invested heavily in Research and Design and it has paid off handsomely. The market has not received any other tablet with so much enthusiasm. The company stock price has also taken an upward trend (Vaitilingam 2005). HP on the other had has experienced growth due to its merger with Compaq and outsourced operations. The company transferred its laptop manufacturing to China, where labour is cheaper. This enabled it to grow its profit margins and overtake Dell in PC sales. Appendix A shows the industry statistics for the years 2009 and 2010. HP was ahead by 8%-9% during the years under review. This trend has not changed much (Digital Trends 2011). Evidently, if Dell is to regain its market leadership, it has to come up with some new strategies. The Technological Environment There has been a slow-down in the purchase of Personal Computers worldwide. The uptake of smart phones and tablets is the major cause of this trend (Canalys 2012). People are moving to a world of convenience and PCs do not fit well into this world. The immobility of PCs has driven customers to seek flexible options such as tablets and smart phones. Currently, the market leader in the tablet market is Apple Inc with its iPad. It therefore follows that if Dell wants to beat competition, it has to respond to market needs. There is no gain in continuing to manufacture PCs when demand is declining. Appendix B shows evidence of the shrinking PC market and growing tablet market. This means that any computer company seeking growth in this age should seriously consider selling tablets instead of the traditional PCs. This paper seeks to explore the feasibility of tablet making and its implications for Dell. The Balanced Scorecard Learning and Innovation Dell has been accused of spending very little on research compared to its competitors. Currently, the company is spending almost one percent of its revenues on Research. Over the past three years under study, Dell’s R&D budget never exceeded 1% (Shapiro & Balbirer 2000). The result is that Dell has brought very few new products to the market in the recent past. In contrast, Apple and HP spent 2.6% and 3% of their revenues on research respectively. However, on taking a closer look at the financials, we discover that Dell has actually increased its R&D budget by 12% from the year 2010. This is evident in its opening of a research centre in Silicon Valley in May 2011. This is an indication of the attempt to catch up with its competitors. Dell has realized that it can no longer ignore or lag behind in market trends. While Dell was opening up a research centre in 2011, HP had opened its third research centre in Singapore in 2010. HP already owned two other centres in England and California respectively. This indicates how far behind Dell is lagging behind compared to its competitors. In terms of patents, Apple is leading the pack with over 2000 patents in its name. This has been the driver for its new product development over time. Dell attempted to enter the tablet market in 2011, but quickly withdrew (Watson & Head 2001). The tablets it had fronted, Streak 7 and Streak 5 did not meet consumer expectations or needs. They were the wrong size and had no originality. They resembled copycats of Apple’s pads. There was also massive competition from android-based tablets, which the Streak could not match. Financial Modelling (Learning &Growth) Increase in the Research and Development budget would benefit Dell financially. If the company can come up with a tablet that is unique and meets consumer needs, then it could regain its market leadership. The company is said to be preparing a new tablet for this year. This tablet will make use of Windows 8. Microsoft is yet to release this new operating system. The system is being custom made for tablets. However, Dell needs to consider the fact that other manufacturers are also waiting in line for this new software. Appendix C is an example of a scenario created using financial modelling. We obtained the figures from the financial statements and adjusted them according to our assumptions. If Dell increases the R&D budget by 2% as shown in Appendix C, and creates a tablet suitable for a niche market, the company could increase sales by 20%. Using the created financial model, if Dell also experiences an 18% increase in expenses, then the net result would be a 124% increase in net profit. The assumption is that all other things except tax are held constant (Chorafas 1995). The tax provision is increased by 1%. Appendix D presents the worst-case scenario. If Dell increases the R&D budget by 2% and fails to achieve a 20% growth, then the resultant net profit growth would decrease to 61%. Dell would achieve a 61% growth when sales grow by 10% and expenses by 9%. Though there is a risk of reduced growth, it is worth taking (Holmes & Gee 2008). If Dell’s investment in R&D pays off, it will pay off greatly. Internal Business Perspective Efficiency in internal business processes stem from learning and innovation and create customer satisfaction. Dell needs to work on two major objectives in this perspective. The first is to increase the quality of its accounting and financial reporting. This is especially important given its recent problems with the Securities Exchange Commission. The company can do this by hiring qualified accounting staff and giving them autonomy to do their work. In order to measure the achievement of this goal, Dell can employ an external auditor to carry out a review of their reports, aside from the annual audit. Dell should also create and enforce a new ethics guideline. Another strategy to achieve this objective would be to set up an ethics committee. This committee would be responsible for promoting ethical behaviour in the business. It would receive and address all complaints concerning ethics. It would also reward good ethical behaviour and punish violators of the ethical code. These measures will promote ethical behaviour in Dell. Secondly, Dell can improve on its supply chain management to reduce incidences of delay and decrease cost of sales (Williams 1993). Previously, the company engaged in of selling faulty computers to customers knowingly. The company was also involved in an incident where it recalled several batteries because one of its laptops caught fire. These accusations led to lawsuits, which tarnished Dell’s corporate image. Many customers lost confidence in their products. A weakness in Dell’s quality control system cost the company customer loyalty. The outsourcing of customer call centres also made the problems worse. Dell is making some progress towards the improvement of its internal business perspective. This is evident in the opening of the Dell Supply Chain Management Institute in China. This institution has the mandate to research and develop innovative supply chain solutions for Dell and other manufacturing clients. This is a step closer to maximum supply chain efficiency. It is also a revenue-generating centre for Dell. Customer Perspective In the past, Dell excelled at satisfying its customers. The company eliminated all intermediaries and dealt with its customers directly. This enabled it to meet the customers at their point of need. Dell was also able to lower significantly the cost of sales, hence delivering cheaper quality computers to customers (New York Times 2011). Trouble began when the scale of operations expanded and Dell could not maintain the quality. In an attempt to reduce costs further, the company outsourced its call centres to China. This alienated its customers. They could no longer get responses to their issues fast enough. The outsourcing also removed the personal touch associated with Dell. Customers drive sales and market share. Dell needs to please its customers if it is to make any money. In the tablet market, Dell has yet to please customers. The Streak tablets failed miserably and received terrible customer reviews. Following its strategy of shifting to corporate clients, Dell can create a tablet that is friendly to business executives and managers. The new tablet would be integrated with their PCs such that no matter where they are, the executives can access their work. With this strategy, Dell can create a niche for itself and avoid competing with Apple. It will also conform to its strategy of integrating corporate Internet Technology. Dell can market these tablets because executives who are conversant with Windows OS will find it easier to work with a tablet running on Windows rather than any other Operating System. There is a growing market for Tablet computers among individual and corporate clients. Market research companies project a continuing increase in demand until the year 2015. Appendix E also indicates that the tablet sales as a percentage of PCs are projected to rise to 61% by 2015 (Et Forecasts 2012). This means that six in every ten PC users will own a tablet three years from now. Though Apple is currently the market leader, there is still a large untapped market for Dell to enter. Financial Perspective The Financial Perspective relates to shareholder satisfaction. Lenders and creditors are also concerned with the financial perspective. Dell’s share price has not been performing well in the market since its troubles with the SEC began. This means that shareholders cannot rely on the current stock price for motivation. Other stakeholders such as creditors also look to the financial statements for an indication as to the status of Dell (Barker 2001). To assess the financial health of Dell, we compute several financial ratios. Appendix F shows the ratios over time, from 2009 to 2011. The return on capital is an indicator of how efficiently management is using stakeholders’ funds in the organization. Capital refers to both owners’ equity and non-current borrowing. Dell’s return on Capital has shown a 4% increase between 2010 and 2011. This growth is small compared to the year 2009. However, it is positive to see that the ratio did not decline. The gross operating margin is obtained by deducting cost of sales from sales revenue (Buckley 1998). It is an indicator of how well the company controls its cost of sales. Dell has managed to maintain its gross margin between 17% and 18%. This is not a good sign given the difference in company performance over the three years (Gitman & Madura 2001). There should be a significant difference between the performance in 2009 and 2011. Management should review their cost of sales and create innovative ways to reduce it hence increasing the gross margin. The Earnings per Share (EPS) refers to the profit attributable to the owners’ equity (Brealey & Allen 2003). It indicates how efficiently management is using shareholders’ funds. For some investors, this criterion determines whether they invest in a company. Dell posted the lowest EPS in 2010 of $0.73. The company posted the best EPS in 2011. This shows slight improvement. However, there is room for improvement to catch up with industry leaders. The current and quick ratios are measures of liquidity. They are indicators of how able the company is able to meet its short-term obligations. They can be used as proxies for the cash flow position of the company. Dell has managed to maintain healthy current and quick ratios throughout the three years. This means that the company is not likely to run into short-term cash-flow problems. This is a good indicator especially to short-term creditors such as suppliers and banks. Potential for Growth Sales revenue is the driver for financial growth. Without sales, a company cannot make profits and therefore cannot survive. Appendix G shows Dell’s performance in comparison with competitors between 2010 and 2011. Dell is behind HP by 2% in 2010 and by 4% in 2011. Unfortunately, Dell has suffered a 12% decline in units shipped due to the decline in PC sales. HP lost only 3%. Overall, the PC shipment reduced by 6.1% during the period under study. Dell needs to come up with a strategy to beat declining sales before its cash flow starts suffering (Grundy 1998). The proposed introduction of a tablet computer could close the gap between HP and Dell. Limitations of the Balanced Scorecard The balanced scorecard is a very useful model in performance management. However, users should consider several shortcomings. First, implementing the Balanced Scorecard is a time-consuming process. The implementers must study the business in question thoroughly. They then proceed to establish the strategic direction of the business and its broad goals and objectives. After doing this, they must come up with objectives for each of the perspectives, bearing in mind that each objective builds on another. Eventually, the team must create measures of performance. These KPIs will show whether the company is on track to achieve its goals or not. They will determine the control action to be taken. This process involves numerous meetings with managers at different levels. It also involves great planning and monitoring to ensure success. Some businesses may not have enough workers to dedicate such time to performance measurement. The Balanced Scorecard is a subjective measure. Companies develop their own KPIs. There is no standard measure of progress. Therefore, there is a chance that implementers could choose the wrong KPIs for a business. If the wrong indicators are chosen, then the measures will be meaningless. The business could be moving in the wrong direction while thinking they are moving in the right direction. Managers should think carefully about the KPIs they choose to use. If they face difficulty in creating their own, they could benchmark with other companies in the industry. The third disadvantage of the balanced scorecard is the resistance faced from employees during implementation. Employees like to maintain the status quo. Therefore, implementing a balanced scorecard may be viewed as an unnecessary change. If they do not understand the benefits, employees can sabotage the implementation process. This is especially because they are at the operational level of the business. Engaging employees in continuous dialogue to get their views can counter this limitation. The Balanced Scorecard is not a comprehensive model of performance measurement because it ignores competitors. The model considers the internal affairs of the business while placing little emphasis on competitors and suppliers. Due to this limitation, it is advisable to use the Balanced Scorecard with other models, which consider environmental influences. The implementation of a Balanced Scorecard requires a lot of commitment from the top executives. The leadership of the business must be on board and inspire the other employees. If the leadership is not on board, then the process will fail. Managers and business executives should be informed beforehand. They should also be made to understand exactly how the process would work. Strategic Options- Ansoff Matrix The Ansoff matrix presents four options for a company’s strategy. They are Market Penetration, Product Development, Market Development and Diversification (Scholes 2008). I would recommend that Dell pursue two strategies simultaneously. The company should practise Market penetration and Product Development. The creation of a tablet computer for its current market is a type of product development. Dell will use its current competencies in PC manufacture to meet new customer needs. The company will require further research to ensure the product meets consumer needs. However, the manufacture of a tablet PC is not very new territory for Dell sine it is competent in PC manufacture. If the company can find an efficient way to manage the supply chain like it did with PCs, then it will succeed in this segment. Dell may need to benchmark its new tablet computers with Apple, the current market leader. This will enable it to obtain an idea of what features customers are willing to pay for. It will also prevent Dell from making the same mistakes it made with its first tablet, The Streak. However, it should not copy the competitor’s product. The R&D team should come up with an innovative design that meets customer expectations at a low price. The demand for tablet computers has been accelerated by the new flexible working hours and need for mobility. Information has also become an important source of competitive advantage. With the internet, people can keep informed wherever they are. Tablet computers facilitate the satisfaction of this need for information. Success in the computer industry is shifting from a focus on PCs to a focus on tablets. Dell has to keep up with the industry or fall out of the race. Market penetration involves defending the organization’s current market share. Dell has experienced decline in computer sales to the point that HP has overtaken it to be the market leader in computer sales. This is a disturbing situation. Dell needs to take strategic actions to maintain its current market share. Such actions could include increased advertising, re-branding, following up on current clients to enhance loyalty and improving customer care. Dell’s customer care department has been criticized previously for failing to be responsive to customer needs. Dell has seen its customers complain on several websites. This together with the media’s emphasis of the problem has left Dell with no choice. The company needs to make drastic changes to this department if it is to maintain the current market share. Adopting a market penetration strategy will enable Dell to maintain its current position while a product development strategy will enable Dell to attain sales and revenue growth. If these two strategies are implemented correctly, Dell will experience an increase in profitability. The customers and other stakeholders will all be pleased with the company. Strategic Implementation Dell needs to consider several things before adopting any strategy. The company needs to ensure that there is a market for its product, that that product meets customer needs, that the critical internal business processes are functioning properly and that the organization possesses the necessary capabilities (Miller 1998). In order for a consumer group to meet the definition of a market, they must demonstrate that they need or want the product. Secondly, this group must also demonstrate the ability to purchase the product if it was available. Research in the technology world has shown that there is a ready market for tablet computers. Projections indicate that tablet sales will beat PC sales by 60% in the next three years. This means that the recommended strategy is feasible. The only thing Dell needs to do is to carry out a detailed market survey to ensure that the new tablet meets customers’ needs and expectations. The critical business processes involved in this project are supply chain management and quality management. Dell has already learnt a lesson about the importance of quality through experience. The company is likely to employ the highest standards to ensure there is no quality malfunction associated with this product. The company has also recently set up a centre for supply chain management. This is an indicator of the healthy state of its supply chain function. There is no doubt that Dell possesses the necessary organizational capabilities to compete successfully in this segment. The company has been successful in a similar segment, selling PCs. The tablet computer is in fact a PC with several adjustments to size and applications. This is another an indicator of the potential success Dell can have in this market. Conclusion Dell computers need a new strategy to help the company regain its market leadership. In the past seven years, the company has faced many problems ranging from decrease in sales to lawsuits and trouble with the SEC. All these factors led to the decline of its stock price and reduced investor confidence. This paper has employed the Balanced Scorecard to assess Dell’s current strategic position. In the past, Dell spent very little on research. This was contrary to its competitors such as Apple invested a lot in development of new technology. In the recent past, HP and apple have reaped the benefits of advanced Research and Development. The two have developed niches and managed to oust Dell from the market leadership position. The customer perspective also suffered when Dell was sued for knowingly selling faulty computers. Loyalty was destroyed and market shares declined. These problems together with the financial crisis directly affected the financial perspective. Dell’s annual revenues reduced. The Earnings per Share also reduced. This situation made investors to lose confidence in Dell (Fraser & Ormiston 2001). The proposed strategies seek to improve the learning and growth perspective, then the internal business perspective, customer perspective and the financial perspective. The proposed strategy involves the entry of Dell into the Tablet PC market. This paper has shown that this market is ready for new entrants. It also possesses potential for growth in the coming years. Dell’s capabilities and core competencies can enable it to succeed in this market. Market Penetration and Product Development strategies are suitable for Dell since they are in conformity to its current business model. Research has also shown that there is a ready market and willing consumers waiting to be satisfied. Dell should cautiously implement the above-mentioned strategies, bearing in mind the limitations of the Balanced Scorecard. Reference List Barker, R. 2001, Determining Value: Valuation Models And Financial Statements , FT Pitman, London. Brealey, M. & Allen, J. 2003, Principles of Corporate Finance, McGraw Hill, London. Buckley, A. 1998, Corporate Finance Europe , McGraw Hill, New Jersey. Business Wire, 2011, Strategy Analytics for Apple . Web. Canalys, 2012, Smart Phones Overatake . Web. Chorafas, D. 1995, Financial Models & Simulation , StMartins /Macmillan, Rome. Digital Trends, 2011, Smartphone sales exceed those of PCs for first time, Apple smashes record . Web. Et Forecasts, 2012, Forecasts. Web. Fraser, L. & Ormiston, A. 2001, Understanding Financial Statements, Prentice Hall, New York. Gitman, L. & Madura, J. 2001, Introduction to Finance , Addison Wesley Longman, London. Grundy, T. 1998, Exploring Strategic Financial Management, Prentice Hall, New York. Holmes, S. & Gee, T. 2008, Interpreting Company Reports & Accounts, FT Prentice Hall, London. Hoovers, 2012, Dell Incorporated. Web. Miller, A. 1998, Strategic Management , McGraw Hill, New York. New York Times, 2011, Dell Inc. , Web. Scholes, J. 2008, Exploring Corporate Strategy , FT Pitman & Whittington, London. Shapiro, A. & Balbirer, S. 2000, Modern Corporate Finance , Prentice Hall, London. Smith, T. 1996, Accounting for Growth , New Century, London. Vaitilingam, R. 2005, Financial Times Guide to Using the Financial Pages, FT Prentice Hall, New York. Watson, D. & Head, A. 2001, Corporate Finance Principles & Practice , FT Prentice Hall, New York. Williams, E. 1993, Corporate Strategy and Financial Analysis , Pitman, Melbourne.

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Write the original essay that provided the following summary when summarized: The purpose of this paper is to identify the effectiveness of communication in the Standard chattered bank. It analyzes the most effective measure that can be adjusted to ensure that the communication is channeled to the right recipient at the right time.

The purpose of this paper is to identify the effectiveness of communication in the Standard chattered bank. It analyzes the most effective measure that can be adjusted to ensure that the communication is channeled to the right recipient at the right time.

Business Communication at Standard Chartered Bank in Dubai, UAE. Essay Introduction Communication is said to be an activity of sending and receiving meaningful information from one person to the other. It requires the sender or person who initiates the message and the recipient the person who the message is directed to. Business communication is a form of communication, which is meant to send and receive feedback across the organization, either between the employees, shareholders, customers, suppliers and entire community associated with the organization. The main purpose of business communication is to ensure that there is clear understanding between all interested groups associated with the Company. Communication becomes effective if the intention of the message sent is received by the recipient and he or she is able to understand and interpreted the meaning of the message and is able to give feedback concerning the message. Purpose of the study This paper is aimed at identifying the effectiveness of communication in the Standard chattered bank. It analyzes the most effective measure that can be adjusted to ensure that the communication is channeled to the right recipient at the right time. It is also meant to advice the management of the bank on measures that can be taken in order to ensure that any barrier of communication is overcome. Another important aspect of this paper is to advice the management on how to improve the organization structure so as to enable easy flow of information from managerial level to employees or from the employees to the top management level. The Company Profile and Organizational Structure Standard Chartered Bank of Dubai was started in the year 1958 with its first office based in sharjah, the bank has gradually developed and increased with opening of various branches across Dubai. In United Arab Emirates the Standard Chartered Bank is one of the leading banks offering a variety of products and services. The bank offers employment to over one thousand employees from different races across the United Arab Emirates. The bank serves the local and international customers offering services to personal customers, local, and international companies operating in United Arab Emirates, Multinational Corporations and various financial institutions having businesses in the region. The main goal of the bank is to offer the best and quality services to its customers by being efficient, reliable and available when needed. The bank acts as the administration headquarters of the Standard Chartered Bank in United Arab Emirates. The organization is well distributed by incorporation of a well- organized organizational structure. The organization structure of the bank runs from the top Bank manager to junior staff at the lower bottom level of the hierarchy. Its organization structure can be summarized by use of diagram as shown below. Organization chart The Communication Structure of Standard Chartered Bank Standard Chartered Bank of Dubai has a standardized communication channel which allows the flow of information from the top management level to junior staff at the lower level. The communication channels applied by the bank enable the bank to effectively send messages to its customers across the region. The bank uses direct system of communication where employees are able to communicate at any time with the managers and get the feedback immediately. The bank operates an internet link which allows the customers to communicate and inquire with the bank at any given time. The internet gives opportunities to those customers who can be able to get time to visit the bank during the normal working hours. This allows the customers to even perform various banking operation while still at home or at their workplace. The bank applies various communication methods to allow each and every member of the bank to communicate freely and receive the right information. Such methods applied by the bank include the use of written means where the bank writes memos to all staff and its member, use of brochures to give various information concerning the services and products offered by the bank. The bank has also adapted the use of E-mail messaging system, under this system the bank is able to send email messages to its customer across the region and also to the members of the staff. The system has proved to be one of the most effective method of sending vital information and ensuring that messages are sent and delivered to the right person. Another common method applied by this bank is the use of telephone where the bank is able to make calls to various customers. Communication barriers For an organization to have effective communication, it has to avoid all forms of communication barriers which may divert the meaning of the message and thus making the meaning to loss it purpose. Such communication barriers that affect communication include, perception and language differences, perception refers to how an individual interpret the information send to him, he or she may view the information send to him as of more or less significant to him or her and thus he may give a positive or negative response to the message. Linguistic difference is a major cause of communication breakdown in an organization whereby some words used may have a different meaning from what it was intended during interpretation by the recipient. This means that the communication will not have the meaning if the person intended to receive the message can not be able to make any sensible meaning from it. Another barrier encountered in communication is concerned with the information sent, some information are overloaded this means that they have a lot of information to an extent where the recipient is unable to comprehend all the information, some of the information is forgotten or just assumed by the recipient due to overloading. Time pressure is another barrier of communication, some organizations especially those that have to achieve a certain set target within a given period tends to either shorten the message or give partial messages which are not complete and lack the essential details. Noise and emotional distractions affect the effect of massage sent, in a noisy place the message will not be well understood as it will be interrupted by the noise and thus the message will not be clear and the recipient will not be able to get the real meaning of the message. A stressed person will not be able to understand the message sent because his or her attention is diverted due to stress or emotional state of his body and mind. Complexity of the organization structure is another barrier that leads to an effective communication across the organization, where the hierarchy has a large number of management levels and becomes difficult to pass information from one level to the next (Guffey, 2008). Organization can ensure that various barriers of communication are avoided by applying the right channel of communication. They should ensure that the right information is sent to the right person at the right time. The hierarchy structure of organization need to be made simple to allow easy flow of communication from senior most managers to junior staffs. The use of E-mail message system should be ensured to be reliable by choosing a reliable network provider to ensure that any information communicated through the internet will reach the intended person on the right time. The amount of information sent should not be too large to an extent of boring the person receiving the information, on the other hand the message sent should not be too small to a point that the person reading the message will not be able to understand the meaning of the message. Information tampering while being transmitted to the recipient party is another barrier to effective communication in an organization. This normally happens when there are third parties involved to deliver the message. Third parties may misinterpret the intended message making the recipient to receive distorted information thus making different decisions from the intended ones. Information tampering can also be done through hacking of the bank systems to change or destroy saved information. To avoid this type of communication barrier, the bank should have strong systems in place to keep of hackers. Direct communication should also be encouraged between the management and junior staff to avoid communication breakdown through misinterpretation. In conclusion Standard chattered bank should enhance its communication channels and seal any loophole that may hinder effective transmission of information from the sender to the recipient. Reference List Guffey, M., E., 2008. Business Communication: Process and Product. Boston: South- Western College Pub Ober, S., 2007. Contemporary Business Communication . Boston: Houghton Mifflin Company.

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Write the original essay that provided the following summary when summarized: The author focuses on the current moral ethics and lifetime decisions which require address in the life of businessmen. The issues pertaining to work place ethics are explicitly addressed within the case study. The author focuses on Tyco's policies which require revision as a result of numerous scandals experienced annually.

The author focuses on the current moral ethics and lifetime decisions which require address in the life of businessmen. The issues pertaining to work place ethics are explicitly addressed within the case study. The author focuses on Tyco's policies which require revision as a result of numerous scandals experienced annually.

Business Corporations and their Role in the Industry Essay Table of Contents 1. Introduction 2. Summary of the author’s overall view-point 3. Discussion on the major issues presented in the case 4. Questions for thought 5. References Introduction Business Corporations define objectives that are used to help in reinforcing the position of business Companies; this leads towards strengthening of some respected positions within the industries which establishes the business above existing competitors. Business ethics and regulations are observed for the purposes of realigning business institutions towards their respectful positions. The corporate and financial ethics revolves around the company’s key strengths and opportunities, and at the same time assist in preventing any form of weaknesses as well as protecting the company against threats. However, there is a possibility that a company could create competitive advantage through the implementation of appropriate business models (Camardella, 2003, pp. 103-107) Summary of the author’s overall view-point The author focuses on the current moral ethics and lifetime decisions which require address in the life of businessmen. The issues pertaining to work place ethics are explicitly addressed within the case study. The author focuses on Tyco’s policies which require revision as a result of numerous scandals experienced annually. This is since formal auditing used by the company results into some of the harmful implications which incorporates various negative publicity and disastrous results on the side of top management. According to the author, management should be capable of scrutinizing various cost structures within the company for the purposes of settling for less expensive and trusted auditing methods. Hence, the benefits of bylaws, including clear lines of accountability and long term effects should also help in solidifying the Company’s choices. Due to some disorganization within the Company’s management and employees it was necessary that instead of using corrupt formal audit report to keep the staff accountable to their duties, the process of reorganizing the staff could more importantly assist in establishing clear rules on accountability (Deming, 1986). Discussion on the major issues presented in the case Several issues are presented in the case study all of which focuses on financial management ethics, compensation processes and means, at the same time fraudulent cases facing the company’s top management team. There is also the essence of power struggle amongst the employees. The central problem in Tyco case revolves around the nature of disconnect in power and authority; this is whereby small group of employees including the CEO and some board members assumed the role of managing various sectors of the Company and maintained control of the staff and policies. The nature of control of this core group from the top managers, CEO and CFO, determined the outcome of every process within Tyco; this brought lots of conflict within the Company’s management team. This nature of dominance led to easy articulation of fraudulent activities including customer related services, of which corrective attempts could not be made since even investigative bodies such as PWHC were involved (Chan & Lynn, 1991, pp. 57-87). Additionally, “sloppy” and “corner-cutting” ways proved second in nature for the top management team who never entertained the grievances of their junior employees. This is clearly depicted on the power struggle saga where one employee was forced to resign from his duties, owing to conflict with one of the board members. Employees, who attempted to challenge the Company’s fraudulent practices, were immediately silenced. This, in turn, led to an undercurrent of unrest amongst the employees (Stanwick and Stanwick, 2009). Questions for thought Research reveals that workers could only be motivated through payment. The theory of scientific management addresses some crucial issues concerning workers. According to the case study there is a perspective that Kozlowski do not naturally enjoy work therefore calling for close supervision for perfect work to be done. This calls for managers at various capacities to develop process breakdown which entails different tasks performed. This could have made it difficult for the CEO to perform any fraudulent actions since clear records could have prevented his moves. Despite all these, employees should also be equipped through appropriate training methods and equipments which enable them to perform their duties effectively with respect to ethics safeguarding purchase of equipments within the market. Payment should be made based on delivery, the level of performance and time taken to complete full transactions (Stanwick and Stanwick, 2009). The term commingling is always used whenever, fiduciary, which presents the person entrusted with the management of funds other than his or her own, decides to embezzle the same funds for individual benefits without clear records from the company. Tyco’s case presents various means where the respective company officials’ including the CEO breaches their fiduciary duties. Tyco’s top management officials were drawn into several commingling cases; for example Mark Belnick was charged with a case whereby he took loans and bonuses from the company without proper authorization and at the same time purchased apartment in New York using the company’s funds but instead indicated only his name on the assets. At the same time the company’s funds were used to organize for Kozlowski’s wife birthday which according to the CEO was part of the company’s business function which was not the case. Tyco funds were used by the CEO on some occasions to maintain his residential homes in Florida as well as purchasing some of his personal effects (Stanwick and Stanwick, 2009). It was not possible for the board to identify the various adjustments since some of its members were also involved in the many scandals within the company. This made it easier for vital information to be blocked from reaching the board for further discussions. The company was focused more so in the mechanistic perspective where they dealt with members collectively rather than individually (Stanwick and Stanwick, 2009). References Camardella, M.J., (2003). Effective Management of the Performance Appraisal Process. Employment Relations Today , 30(1), pp. 103-107. Chan, Y.C. & Lynn, B.E., (1991). Performance Evaluation and the Analytic Hierarchy Process. Journal of Management Accounting Research , (1), pp. 57-87. Deming, W.E., (1986). Out of the Crisis . Cambridge, Mass: MIT Centre for Advanced Engineering Study. Stanwick, P.A. & Stanwick, S.D. (2009). Understanding business ethics (1st ed.). Upper Saddle River, NJ: Prentice Hall.

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Write the original essay that provided the following summary when summarized: Business ethics is a type of professional ethics or applied ethics that mainly scrutinize moral problems or ethical principles that rise in the world of business.Business ethics is relevant in all facets of business conducts and individual's conducts. Business ethics usually aims at determining fundamental purpose of most businesses. Most businesses have ethical codes that govern the activities that takes place in the environment, what should and what should not be done.

Business ethics is a type of professional ethics or applied ethics that mainly scrutinize moral problems or ethical principles that rise in the world of business. Business ethics is relevant in all facets of business conducts and individual's conducts. Business ethics usually aims at determining fundamental purpose of most businesses. Most businesses have ethical codes that govern the activities that takes place in the environment, what should and what should not be done.

Business ethics of small businesses in Cuba Essay Being in business, you can either earn or gain bad or good reputation. This is because to some people, their aim with businesses is to make money something that can be termed as capitalism. However, it is not wrong to run business with an aim of making money; the issue lies in the fact how the company performs its business activities in terms whether their are ethical or not. Business should think beyond financial growth and competition as a way of being successful instead they should be conducted it an ethical way that serves the community in which it is allocated rightly. It is crucial that every business to have good business ethics and therefore they should consider different factors before conducting business as this will enable business owners to know whether the business they are conducting has good ethics (Boldrin & Levine 2008, p. 122). For example when an organization conducts business with another company, it can be considered unethical behavior since the first company has got its own responsibility and having links in the chain is what makes it unethical businesses. You have to realize that every time an organization makes decisions or a choice, it mainly reflects on its personal commitments and values indicating the kind of business it is and the way in which it is organized (Andersen 2006, p. 110). It is therefore crucial to know what business ethics means. Business ethics is a type of professional ethics or applied ethics that mainly scrutinize moral problems or ethical principles that rise in the world of business. Business ethics is relevant in all facets of business conducts and individual’s conducts. Business ethics usually aims at determining fundamental purpose of most businesses. Most businesses have ethical codes that governs the activities that takes place in the environment, what should and what should not be done (Fincham & Rhodes 2005, p.165). It is therefore crucial that every business to have good business ethics since that is the only thing that will prevent them from exploiting the public. Many companies do not usually care of ethics as they are too concerned with gaining money. This is why you find that most major brands have been found breaking ethical business laws which usually lead them to heavy fines. This is because making money is their major aim not considering the public health or even the economic status of the world. Most companies usually break anti-trust, environmental and ethical laws which lead them to receiving fines worth millions. However the major problem that exists is that most major companies make more money that outweighs the applied fines (Giddens 1990, p. 213). The constant desire to increase its outcomes makes the companies forget about running their business according to the ethical principles and codes. It is, therefore, up to the public to ensure that companies adhere to business ethics. Business ethics is applied to everything from making paper to cutting down trees with an aim of making profit (Frederic 2002, p. 68). The public should not let businesses take pride in the profits they make instead they should take it upon themselves to ensure that they follow correct business ethics. Paying of tax is one example of ethical conduct that every business should adhere to. Though most business usually indirectly inflicts the cost of taxation to the customers by raising the prices of goods but so long as they pay taxes, such kind of business is considered appropriate and acts legally (Machan 2007, p. 110). A good example of paying taxes as an ethical conduct is illustrated in an article obtained from BBC News Website taking about how adhering to ethical conducts of paying taxes has helped the economy of Cuba grow. Most private sectors have learnt a good tax lessons which has enabled them to grow. Taxation has become a process that fills capitalist world yearly and for the first time, Cuban Communist-run has taken the initiative to fill their tax returns. Despite the fact that the government has taken more than a year to increase the number of licenses for private businesses in Cuba, these companies are still willing to fill in tax returns. This is what is termed as good business ethics. This shows how these privately owned businesses have good manners and not even the short comings of the government will stop them from obeying the law of good business ethics. The new entrepreneurs in Cuba are free to earn as much as they can as compared to the small state salary that most workers usually get but unlike the state employees, they are paying taxes (Pinnington, Macklin & Campbell 2007, p. 106) In Havana, watch repairers, myriad DVD dealers and fritter sellers usually jostle on the roadside for customs with an aim to earn more. In the past, private sectors and new entrepreneurs never used to pay taxes and this means that this is a new concept which everyone has to get used to. However, despite this being a challenge to small scale businesses, they decided to adhere to the law since they are allowed to walk in the streets of Cuba in search of customers. Personal income tax was abolished in Cuba in 1960s by the Revolutionary leaders. They never liked the idea of small enterprises paying taxes and this led to the decline of Cuba’s economy. After this policy had been re-established again, the economy of Cuba started to increase since most businesses people are faithful and adhere to the business ethics code (Rainsford 2012). Actually, the Cuban government reinstated the law in 1990s when it allowed private businesses to operate again an action which soften the blow as subsidies from Soviet in the island disappeared with USSR. Today, more than 358,000 Cubans which makes 9% of the workforce are registered by the government as self-employed or cuenta-propistas (Rainsford 2012, p. 1) The Cuban government has taken the initiative to explain to the business owners more about the new tax policy of filling in tax returns. The Havana tax office is opened all the time since they allow private business owners to seek advice or consultation on areas they do not understand (Rainsford 2012, p. 1). Long queues have been recorded in the office and this shows how dedicated the citizens are. The business owners are willing to sacrifice their time to ensure that their businesses operate under the code of ethics set by the government. This is actually an ethical practice among the private business owners. The Havana tax office notice-board is covered with drawings explaining how the system works. This is meant for the illiterate people who do not know how to read well hence the pictures clearly elaborates what is expected of them (O’Neill 1998, p. 220). These posters also remind those who are paying the taxes for the first time that their contributions are valuable to the state and that they are not a waste. According to the author of the article, most of the private business owners find this law strange since they are not used to it. Some do extra jobs to make ends meet since the state pension is less and the money they earn from their businesses is not also much since it is being taxed. One of the businesses owners interviewed by the author of the article in BBC News Website confessed that they are finding it difficult to pay the monthly fixed-rate tax for their businesses since the income tax is being calculated on top of it. A case of a couple who found it hard to pay a room they rented and caused damage that is still being prepared is also presented as how hard people struggle to make ends meet because of the new policy. However, the private business owners confessed that despite the challenges they still have to pay the tax as it is one of business code ethics that must be adhered to (Redman & Wilkinson 2006, p. 135). They cannot afford to disobey the law and that is why they are struggling to make ends meet after paying the tax. The Cuban private business owners clearly indicate that they are catching up with the new process. All they need is a time to catch up with it since it is a new system that needs to be polished and having more experience will enable them understand and cope up with the challenges involved. The Cuban government has also made adjustments to help out private business owners. They want to double the annual threshold income tax to about 10,000 pesos, however, this initiative is just a suggestion but it has not yet been applied (Rainsford 2012, p. 1). More than 90 activities in Cuba have currently been taxed using a simplified system with a fixed monthly payment without paying attention to the fact how much one earns (Rainsford 2012). Thus, as stated by Rainsford in her article, “palm-tree trimmers are the lowest contributors at 20 pesos a month” (2012, p.1). However, the companies running these businesses have a potential to gain more profit. They have a sliding scale of 50% for all the earnings above 50,000 pesos in a year (Rainsford 2012, p. 1). According to an economist interviewed by the author of the article, Cuba is in a critical situation and therefore its government needs to update its economic models. Due to major challenges that Cuba has experienced such as by squeezed for five decades by United States trade embargo, hurricanes damages and island battering that they faced in 2008 which led to multiple financial crisis, the nation needs to fund its system (Clegg, Kornberger & Pitses 2008, p.220). The Cuban government should subsidize products, offer free universal health care and education to help recover all the damages caused by the challenges the country faced in 2008. The reforms on taxation are mainly to help see more productivity and efficiency in the country. This is why the citizens especially business owners have to play a major role of paying the taxes; they should not only receive from the state but be real contributors. The Cuban government plans to cut down on costs by reducing a lot of state jobs so that people start to venture in their own private businesses for them to start contributing to the state budget by paying taxes (Rainsford 2012). This means that Cuba’s accountants are to brace themselves and that is why they are attending state-run courses to learn more about the new tax system that their government has implemented (Jones & Parker 2005, p 200). Many Cubans are now becoming cuenta propustas figuring out other citizen’s tax returns. Actually making payments through taxes has become a good business in Cuba since the business owners adhere to business ethics which will contribute to the economic rise of Cuba. However, other people things that there are high taxation risks since it will strangle most businesses. This was an opinion of one of the clients interviewed by the author of the article about Cuba. A research shows that most business owners have decided to lie about how much money they make that should be tax. This is not good business ethics but the business owners are forced to lie because they earn less in their businesses yet the taxmen will want the exact taxable amount not understanding the challenges they go through to make ends meet back at home (Cory 2004, p. 145). It is hard to evade paying taxes since the economy functions largely on business owner’s cash. Expansion of small businesses in Cuba has netted the state. The country has earned 1billion pesos out of the expansion and this is because the business owners have adhered to taxation ethics. Many workers have moved out of the shadow economy and are now well off. About 75% of new self-employed people are now taking part in the development of Cuba. Many businesses struggled due to the new tax reforms however; there are others that managed to fold. Those businesses that survived are better off now despite the high taxes charged on them; they have learnt to manage their businesses and personal life despite the high taxes put on them. The money in the country and that is why most businesses are better off than they were in the beginning when the new tax policy was reinstated. In conclusion, business owners should think beyond financial growth of the business and competition as a way of being successful instead they should be in an ethical way by contributing to the nation. The article analyzed in this essay clearly shows the importance of adhering to business ethics, it will not only promote economic growth of the nation; it will also promote growth of the businesses. List of References Andersen, B 2006, Intellectual property rights: innovation, governance and the institutional environment, Edward Elgar Publishing, New York. Boldrin, M & Levine, D 2008, Against Intellectual Monopoly . Cambridge University Press , Cambridge. Clegg, S, Kornberger, M & Pitses, T 2008, Managing & Organizations: An Introduction to Theory and Practic e, Sage, London. Cory, J 2004, Activist Business Ethics, Springer, Boston. Fincham, R & Rhodes, P 2005, Principles of Organizational Behavior , Oxford University Press, Oxford. Frederic, R 2002, A Companion to Business Ethics. Blackwell, Massachusetts. Giddens, A 1990, The Consequences of Modernity , Polity, Cambridge. Jones, C & Parker, M 2005, For Business Ethics: A Critical Text , Routledge, London. Machan, T 2007, The Morality of Business: A Profession for Human Wealthcare , Springer, Boston. O’Neill, J 1998, The Market: Ethics, Knowledge and Politics , Routledge, London. Pinnington, A, Macklin, R & Campbell, T 2007, Human Resource Management: Ethics and Employment. Oxford University Press, Oxford. Rainsford, S 2012, “Cuba economy: Tax lessons as private sector grows,” BBC News , 18 February, via bbc.co.uk. Redman, T. & Wilkinson, A, 2006, Contemporary Human Resource Management: Text and Cases , FT Prentice Hall, Harlow.

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Write the full essay for the following summary: The first choice for car rent is a United Arab Emirates – Abu Dhabi located company that will provide the member of the public with cheap and luxurious automobiles vehicle in its area of the operation. The company was founded in the year 2012. The first choice for car rent was established after the break-up of the of the bus association that was providing the bus service to the general public.

The first choice for car rent is a United Arab Emirates – Abu Dhabi located company that will provide the member of the public with cheap and luxurious automobiles vehicle in its area of the operation. The company was founded in the year 2012. The first choice for car rent was established after the break-up of the of the bus association that was providing the bus service to the general public.

Business Plan for First Choice Car Rent Report (Assessment) Executive summary Objectives The main objective of this business plan is to help raise finance that will be used to develop a First Choice for Car Rent. It also forecast the expected financials and operation over the next three years. Missions The mission of the first choice for car rent is to provide cheap and luxurious automobiles vehicle to the members of the public on their daily operation. First choice for car rent aims at acquire greater market share, and to be recognized as the leader in its targeted market. Key to success The management of the first choice will have trained staffs who will be a key asset to the development of the company. The staffs will be trained on how to deal with the customer as the success of the company will depend on the customer reaction to the services of the company. In addition, the management of the first choice for car rent will built and maintain network with tourists agent. Customer satisfaction and measurable results are ultimate priorities for the first choice for car rent. The management also plans to offer cheap and reliable services to the customers. The will greatly help in increasing the market share of the customer. It also helps to increase the revenue of the company as more customers will come for cheap and quality services. In addition, the management of the first choice will use quality marketing strategy in order to create the awareness of the services and product of the company to the customer. Company summery The first choice for car rent is a United Arab Emirates – Abu Dhabi located company that will provide the member of the public with cheap and luxury automobiles vehicle in its area of the operation. The company was founded in the year 2012. The first choice for car rent was established after the break-up of the of the bus association that was providing the bus service to the general public. Company services The first choice for car rent will be providing cheap and luxurious automobiles vehicle for the general public, tourists, and also to the vacationers within the united Arab emirate-Abu Dhabi. The first choice car rent aim to raise its income through daily rental for bus and car usage. In addition, it will also raises income through the sale of insurance services and gasoline charges to its customers. At the beginning of the business the first choice for car rent will have a lease fleet of 15 buses and 20 buses. Market analysis summary Market segmentation The primary target for the First Choice for Car Rent product and services include the general public of the United Arab Emirates, tourists, and business travelers. It is estimated that there are 5000 potential customers within the area of operation of the first choice for car rent. Out of the 5000 potential customer in the market, The First Choice for Car Rent aim to have 2700 customer while the rest be acquired by its competitors. The value of the local market is expected to increase for the next three years with the formation of new business. Target market segment strategies The first choice for car rent wants to implement the marketing strategies that will assist it to target tourists and other potential business men and women visitors in the United Arab Emirates. The first choice for car rent management will print advertisement describing the product and the services offered by the first choice for car rent that will be distributed to the general public. In addition, the management will also use internet to post the services and product of the company. This will greatly help travelers who search bar and bus rental agencies in the internet. The management of the first choice for car rent will register the company with online portals so that customers can access the business easily. The management will also establish the online website that will assist the potential customers to book for the services and to make the payment for the services and the product through the company online platform. The management also will post the advertisement on main travel portals. These will help to create market awareness to the local public. The management will establish interaction with the local travel agent to make the arrangement for rentals among the people that are travelling through the targeted market. The first choice for car rent wants to implement the marketing strategies that will assist it to target tourists and other potential business men and women visitors in the United Arab Emirates. The first choice for car rent management will print advertisement describing the product and the services offered by the first choice for car rent that will be distributed to the general public. In addition, the management will also use internet to post the services and product of the company. This will greatly help travelers who search bar and bus rental agencies in the internet. Technology plan summary Technology plays a key role in the business of the car and bus where the main customers are tourists. The management of the first choice for car rent solves these problems of the technology by offering them cost-effective access to needed technology and equipment. As a result, management of the first choice provides access to technology that not only provides value-added results for the customers, but also reduces operating costs for the company. All of the advertisement and the payment of the services and the product of the first choice for car rent will be made online to track costs and operating efficiencies. The management plans to employ standard internet technology that will help to create the awareness of the services and the product of the first choice for car rent. SWOT analysis Strength The management of the first class is made up of the staffs that are more experience in the management of the car and bus industries. They will provide quality advice on how to make the company to be more competitive in the area of the operation. The first choice for car rent is routing competition in the local traveling agents by slashing fares. Due to its cheap and quality services the first choice for car rent will attract more customers thus increasing its market share The first choice for car rent provides other services and product other than car renting. It provides insurance services and gasoline charges to its customers. Thus, the company will benefit from those services and product offered by the company at a lower cost. These will greatly contribute to the incensement of the company revenue. First choice for car rent operates in good location where all the customers can access. Its location is easily accessible by all. In addition, it has branches in all the tourists’ sites. Weakness Frequent labor dispute is a major weakness of the first choice for car rent. Due to the establishment of the workers union there is a lot of labor dispute as the workers try to demand an incensement of the of their salary when there is an incensement of the profit of the company. There is government interference in the car and bus operation. The government is initiating new rules and regulation that tend to regulate the visitors travelling in the country. These have reduced the number of customer who normally demands for our services. There is unstable financial position of the company. The number of tourists who will visit the country each year is unpredictable thus making the finance position of the company also to be unstable. Opportunity The management of the first choice for car rent will increase the number of the bus to 20 and number of the cars to 30. These will help in reaching more customers. In addition, after four years the first choice for car rent will also start operating in new routes thus increasing the market share. There is an increase in trade in the United Arab Emirates necessitating more car and bus travel. Threats There is likely hood of the workers union to demand for their rightful share of the company profit. The first choice for car rent cannot progress if any time the there is an incensement of the profit the workers demand for an incensement of the salary. If the workers keep on demand for the incensement for their salary there will be incensement of operation expenses of the company reducing the company revenue. Another treat for first choice for car rent is the incensement of the fuel cost. There is possibility of the incensement of the cost of the fuel in the future. These will increase the cost of the operation thus possibility of the reduction of the revenue in the future. There is a chance of the establishment of new travelling agent thus challenging the strong position of the first choice for car rent in the domestic market. There is a chance of the establishment of new travelling agent thus challenging the strong position of the first choice for car rent in the domestic market. Competitive edge There are over three traveling agent in the United Arab Emirates that provide car and buses services. Although this present challenge to the first choice for car rent in terms of the market share. The first choice will make successful entry in the market based on the innovative concept. The first choice will offer quality service to its customer. Our cheap and reliable services will give us advantages to create a good market share. Market strategies The management of the first choice for car rent will create a mix of the marketing ways that will create awareness of our present, our image and our message. The first choice for car rent will create it awareness through the use of the media. It will make advert in the local newspapers, magazines. It will also make adverts in the broadcasting media where it will create a local programming and special interesting shows. The management of the first choice for car rent will also create a website where the services and the product of the company will be advertised online. The management also plans to employ competent marketing staffs. Sales strategies The first choice for car rent will open new branches in many is of its operation in order to access customer even in the interior areas. This will make it possible for all customers to use our services because they will be readily available. In addition, the management will open a website where by the customers can book for the services online and at the same time they can make payment online. Management summary There is impressive board of directors that have been organized and comprises of the top professional in the field of the car and bus industries. They will play a key role in the development of the company also they are a great asset of the development of the development of the company. In addition, there are two firms that provide consultant services to the company. There will be an overall manager, department managers and assistant manager and the other subordinate staffs. The department manager will be reporting to the overall manager while the assistant manager will be reporting to the department manager. Sub-ordinate staff will be reporting to the assistant managers. There will be an overall manager, department managers and assistant manager and the other subordinate staffs. The department manager will be reporting to the overall manager while the assistant manager will be reporting to the department manager. Sub-ordinate staff will be reporting to the assistant managers Personnel plan The first choice for car rent will offer a competitive wages and salaries to all the employees with benefit packages available to key personnel only. Financial plans Assumptions The management of the first choice for car rent is seeking to raise 10 years bank loan of$400000. The loan will be repaid at a fixed interest rate of 10%. Sales Forecast The first choice for car rent expects a great rate of growth at the start of the operation. The expected financials of the first choice for car rent for the next three years are; proforma profit and loss (yearly) years 1 2 3 sales $650,245 $701,245 $740,467 operating costs $315,250 $327,943 $345,128 taxes, interest and depreciation $112,160 $126,124 $134,146 net profit $222,835 $247,178 $261,193 Breakeven Analysis At the breakeven point the first choice for car rent is neither making the profit or a loss. The breakeven analysis shows the relationship between the fixed cost, variable cost and the selling price. The profit of the first choice for car rent is zero at breakeven point. The breakeven point is calculated using the following formula Break Even Point = Fixed Costs / (selling price-variable costs). Fixed cost= insurance cost=$16500 Rental expenses=$ 25000 $41500 Variable cost= general and administration $14,700 marketing expenses $23,500 profession fees $17,400 travel and travel cost $25,300 tax, interest and depreciation $112,160 miscellaneous costs $17,000 $210,060 Breakeven point =41500/210060=0.19 Projected Profit And Loss The projected income statement for the first choice for car rent for the first three year is show below. The project profit for the first choice for car rent increases greatly at the start of the business. The income statement of the first choice is prepared in accordance with general accepted accounting standards. Proforma income statement years 1 2 3 Sales $650,000 $700,000 $740,000 cost of goods sold $315,000 $327,000 $345,000 operating income $335,000 $373,000 $395,000 Expenses general and administration $14,700 $16,800 $19,420 marketing expenses $23,500 $27,500 $29,100 rent $25,000 $25000 $25000 profession fees $17,400 $19,340 $21,300 insurance cost $16,500 $16500 $16500 travel and travel cost $25,300 $34,500 $35,000 tax, interest and depreciation $112,000 $126,000 $134,000 miscellaneous costs $17,000 $23,000 $24,100 Total operating costs $251,400 $297,140 $316,120 Other operating income insurance services $75,000 $95,000 $110,000 gasoline charges $64,400 $76,140 $72,120 Total operating income $139,400 $171,140 $182,120 net profit $223,000 $247,000 $261,000 The projected income statement for the first choice for car rent for the first three year is show below. The project profit for the first choice for car rent increases greatly at the start of the business. The income statement of the first choice is prepared in accordance with general accepted accounting standards. Projected balance proforma balance sheet (yearly) Year 1 2 3 Assets Cash $94,525 $125,125 $142,515 Inventory $87,156 $93,100 $97,215 Vehicles $257,569 $232,803 $216,475 accumulated depreciation ($24,020) ($29,165) ($36,145) Total assets $415,230 $421,863 $420,060 Liability and equity Account payable $24,805 $31,243 $45,845 long term liability $167,425 $143,620 $113,215 Total liability $192,230 $174,863 $159,060 net worth $223,000 $247,000 $261,000 Total liability and equity $415,230 $421,863 $420,060 A projected financial position of a company is a document which discloses the assets, liability and the equity at a specific point in time. The balance sheet of the first choice for car rent is prepared in accordance with general accepted accounting standards. Projected Cash Flow A projected cash flow is a financial statement that predicts the rate at which the money flow into the company and the way money will flow out of the company in future. Projected cash flow is used by the management of a company for making decision on whether to borrow money to meet the deficit or not. It also helps to expose some fundamental problems with the company’s operation that needs to be permanently fixed Proforma cash flow year 1 2 3 cash from operation $124,585 $299,895 $197,210 cash from receivables operating cash flow $124,585 $299,895 $197,210 other cash inflow increases borrowing $124,000 $0 $0 sales of business asset $0 $0 $0 A/P increase $104,510 $140,543 $175,249 equity investment $148,200 $0 $o Total other cash inflow $376,710 $140,543 $175,249 Total cash inflow $501,295 $440,438 $372,459 Cash outflow repayment of principal $41,251 $41,251 $41,626 AP Decreases $96,847 $98,124 $93,148 A/R increases $0 $0 $0 Asset purchases $139,473 $140,215 $121,147 divided $129,199 $130,248 $99,148 Total cash out flow $406,770 $409,838 $355,069 NET cash flow $94,525 $30,600 $17,390 Cash Balance $94,525 $125,125 $142,515 A projected cash flow is a financial statement that predicts the rate at which the money flow into the company and the way money will flow out of the company in future. Projected cash flow is used by the management of a company for making decision on whether to borrow money to meet the deficit or not. It also helps to expose some fundamental problems with the company’s operation that needs to be permanently fixed

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Provide a essay that could have been the input for the following summary: The essay discusses the importance of having the right organizational structure in place for a business, and how this can help to improve sustainability. It also highlights the importance of hiring and retaining the best employees, and how this can help to improve the sustainability of a business.

The essay discusses the importance of having the right organizational structure in place for a business, and how this can help to improve sustainability. It also highlights the importance of hiring and retaining the best employees, and how this can help to improve the sustainability of a business.

Business Structure and Sustainability Essay Different organizations manage workforce in different ways. Some value workforce indefinitely while others do not. According to Ford, it is very difficult for top management to treat employees as commodities. He observed how workers were punished when they committed simple mistakes and performed tasks like a machine while they kept silent. This made him comment that “A great business is really too big to be human”. Though Ford was not pleased by how the employees were working, Green (2008) points that a business as an entity cannot exist without workforce The main feature of personnel management involves coordination within a department as well as collaboration with other units in the organization. Human resource management is a challenging function. Different personnel have different personalities, and they all have to be catered for by the human resource management. It is up to the human resource management to note the difference between the different employees and make use of those abilities for the personal development of the employees and for the development of the organization as well (Willard & Hitchcock, 2006). Corporate organizations have different structures that are suited for the management styles of the particular organizations. It is up to management of the organization to determine the organizational structure that would lead to achievement of the mission and vision of the organization, while at the same time ensuring that the human resources are efficiently utilized. The employees of a company should be made to feel that they are appreciated and valued so as to increase their productivity. One of the ways of ensuring this happens is through establishing of clear roles through an effective and well defined organizational structure (Fisher, 2009). Nowadays, businesses face more challenging tasks since many of them have been set up and are always coming up with new competitive ways so that they can try and stay afloat of the competition in the market. One of the best ways that has been repeatedly used by businesses is the employee retention strategies by human resource departments. Once the best of employees have been selected from a pool of applicants, organizations must put effort to ensure that they retain those employees and that the employees remain as highly productive as possible (Florence, Henderson & D’Amato, 2009). Establishing the best possible organizational structure, hiring and retaining the best employees should be accompanied by the constant renewal of the values, mission and objective of the organization. Leaders in corporate organizations should make use of management styles such as management by walking around (MBWA) to ensure that the employees on the ground feel valued and to make them feel that leaders are aware of the progress of work and are informed in time of any problems in the organization so that solutions can be found in good time so that focus remains on achievement of the goals and objectives of the organization (Florence, Henderson & D’Amato, 2009). Development and training helps employees to perform their tasks in an effective manner in translating ideas into products. Business Corporations provides a base for provision of essential human quests. Corporate organizations have been providing a better way of acquiring skills and experiences that can be competitively rewarded in the market. Thus, it provides a means through which employees can achieve prosperity beyond their expectations, a role which was majorly played by churches and cultures. Overall, creating a corporation structure that is built on capital and talent increases the individual’s ability to create wealth (Fisher, 2009). Directing and controlling human resources is one of the major tactical tasks in an organization. Human resources in an organization are responsible for making their own congruent decision on all that they see as best for their life. Directing human personnel in an organization should be done in a skillful manner to ensure that the personnel are satisfied to perform their tasks in effective and efficient manner (Galea, 2004). Poor treatment of employees is one of the major reasons that cause some organizations to develop poor reputations. Corporate organizations should strive to achieve high reputation in their line of business so that they can be able to attract the best and highly qualified employees in an organization. The human resource policies that are established in an organization should clearly indicate and be proof of the commitment of the corporate organization to the quality performance of the employees (Fisher, 2009). Nowadays, business sustainability is a prime factor in the longevity of business organizations. Consumers are more aware and demanding of responsibility and accountability of organizations to the environment. Most scientists have emphasized about the importance of treating the environment in a manner that will not deplete the available natural resources. Corporate organizations are encouraged to promote good use, cleaning up and conversation of the environment. Those organizations that are involved in environmental conversation are able to use the same concept in attracting of consumers (Galea, 2004). Managers should always understand that humans are not machines; hence, they should be handled with a lot of care. Control and directing of the work force should always be accompanied by good communication relationship in an organization. The gap between managers and the workforce should always be minimal to enhance better relationship between managers and employees (Florence, Henderson & D’Amato, 2009). Managers should handle employee grievances in an effective manner to ensure that employees are satisfied with the managers’ decision. Any action directed to the employees should be put forth in a proper way to avoid complaints and dissatisfaction by employees. Some managers treat employees as liabilities instead of treating them as valuable assets as they really are. When employees are treated in a humane way, they feel more confident when they approach employers. Such an environment can inspire motivation and creativity which is critical in the organizations (Galea, 2004). The long term success of organizations is dependent on decisions that managers make in regard to the organizational structure, the mission of the company, the human resources of the organization and the management style used by the manager. A lot of time should be spent on the organization and the relevant tools that are needed in running the organization so that it survives in the long run and not just in the short term (Florence, Henderson & D’Amato, 2009). Different leadership models affect the organizations success in different ways. Managers should always use different leadership styles which could enhance organization success. Human effort to control institutions should be made through decision making and giving room for challenges. Employees do not fixed thoughts and emotions that guide them, but they should be treated in different ways because that is one of the ways of increasing their productivity at the workplace and increasing their morale (Holden, 2007). Large numbers of leading organizations in Japan, China, US and Europe have had an increasing commitment to the future growth and sustainability. They have been launching different programs to enhance social and environmental performance of their products facilities, processes and services (Holden, 2007). One of the greatest challenges facing the companies is the way of tracking their progress and communicating it to the employees and other business stakeholders. Opportunities for growth are coming up indefinitely. Future business sustainability depends on how business leaders will use the necessary information available to them in anticipating for the future growth and sustainability (Galea, 2004). For businesses to remain competitive in the global market, they should come up with strategies that put them on top or afloat of the existing competition in the market. Businesses should also ensure that the strategies that they come up with are solid so that they are sustainable in the long run and they lead to long term success and presence in the market. Successful businesses recognize that the strategies or tact that they come up with reflects on their integrity and therefore, determines the kind of consumers that they attract and or retain (Holden, 2007). Organizations should acquire the skills and tact of experienced managers who are ready to work hands on to ensure long term goals are achieved and that the missions and objectives of the organization are implemented in a manner that promotes long term sustainability of the organization (Holden, 2007). Most business leaders lack the foresight to anticipate the future making it difficult for them to develop future organizational strategy to solve the adverse changes in market demand. Addressing the future market demand has been a great challenge to the business leaders in developing their strategies for the long term business sustainability and future growth due to the increased emergence of new entrants in the market which could pose a threat to the business (Galea, 2004). Customers have also become more rational than before, thus, sustaining the market share in the market becomes a great challenge to the business. New entrants compete extensively with market leaders by offering products at reduced prices to attract potential customers. This action has resulted in unpredictable changing profits for businesses. Some companies have had their post tax profits decrease below an average estimated rate. Environmental pressure and global change in population has posed threat to the business leader’s success in sustainability. These pose organizational challenges that leaders should tackle for organizational success to be achieved (Willard & Hitchcock, 2006). Leaders require clarity in articulating the vision and making a clear picture for the future. The right amount of capital should also be made available to leaders so that they can carry out the necessary organizational objectives that are necessary for the organization to run and achieve long term sustainability (Willard & Hitchcock, 2006). Business leaders are therefore, required to lead their business with confidence and have courage in taking a stand. Different environment variables should be expected and prepared for. For example, Motorola Company has been experiencing global changes challenge. The company has however been trying to remain competitive in the industry through provision of new innovative equipment as a technology company. Good business leadership is one of the most important factors that are necessary for an organization to remain in the market even when the competition gets very stiff. An effective leader in an organization should ensure that he or she motivates the employees to raise their morale and positively impact their productivity (Philip, 2010). Future growth and sustainable growth depends on organizational leaders’ ability to anticipate changes, embrace social responsibility, demonstrate leadership and exercising and use of their talent power to the maximum. In terms of corporate social responsibility, corporate organizations’ leaders should organize events that portray the organizations as being responsible and accountable of the contribution of the environment to their performance (Willard & Hitchcock, 2006). For example, companies could organize to have tree planting events in areas that have been identified as prime for tree planting by the government. The organization could also pay company participation fees for employees to take part in marathons that have a theme that helps members of the community such as heart and eye surgeries for those that can afford the surgeries in the community (Nurdin, 2008). Business environments have changed to being global. More networking and cross culture leaders and employees are present in markets. Leaders in corporate organizations should indeed look for the best ways of encouraging the workforce in a collaborative and creative manner. An environmental impact makes it difficult for the business market demand to be sustained, hence, the organization should ensure that it uses the correct skills and talent to help translate new demand forces to skills requirement. If the talent becomes more competitive, it becomes difficult for the business to retain the potential people in the organization. Therefore, organizations should maintain high levels and standards of performance so that they remain competitive to employees (Tittel, 2000). Funds are needed in organizations for many functions including the financing of initiatives and projects training of employees. This requires transferring investment funds to construct a road for knowledge and management skills. An increase in the rate of baby boomers exiting the workforce impacts the business talent pool. The business leaders should ensure that they maintain the organizational talent to enhance business growth and sustainability in future (Willard & Hitchcock, 2006). Business leaders have been cited as not working extra mile in sustaining the top performing employees thus, having difficult in building the competitive strategy which would enhance the organizations existence in the market. Raymond, (2010) argued that innovation is very crucial in an organization as it equips employees with new ideas which are very crucial for successful business growth. To some leaders measuring sustainability performance in relation to the business process has been a big issue in determining the path that should be taken for the success of their organizations. It is necessary for business leaders to have sustainability performance measurement methods which could help them determine their business performance and level of sustainability. Business leaders and mangers can use performance results to make changes to the organization strategic plans to ensure sustainable performance is achieved in an organization (Raymond, 2010). Corporate organizations’ leaders have the challenging task of being on the lead in promoting sustainable use of resources in the environment by reducing waste and pollution to the environment. Employees that are hired should be aware of sustainability not just in environmental perspective but also in economic and social fields. If and when employees understand and appreciate the vision of an organization, they are more likely to be committed to the achievement of that organizational objective. Organizational structures that are established and implemented should reflect the need and objective of the organization to stay in the market in the long run. References Fisher, D. (2009). Corporate sustainability planning assessment guide: a comprehensive organizational assessment . Washington DC: American Society for quality press. Florence, S, Henderson, S & D’Amato, A. (2009). Corporate Social Responsibility and Sustainable Business: A Guide to Their Leadership Tasks and Functions . New York, NY: Center for Creative Leadership Galea, C. (2004). Teaching Business Sustainability: From theory to practice . London: Greenleaf publishing. Green, C. (2008). Entrepreneurship: Ideas in Action . London: Cengage learning. Holden, E. (2007). Achieving sustainable mobility: everyday and leisure-time travel in the EU . Canada: Ashgate publishing. Nurdin, G. (2008). International business control, reporting and corporate governance . Oxford: Elsevier. Philip, S. (2010). Sustainable Growth in a Post-Scarcity World: Consumption, Demand, and the. Canada: Gower publishing ltd. Raymond, W, Y (2010). Sustainable economy: corporate, social and environmental responsibility . London: World scientific publishing company. Tittel, P. (2000). Ethical issues in business: inquiries, cases, and readings. Canada: Broadview press. Willard, L & Hitchcock, D. (2006). The business guide to sustainability: practical strategies and tools for Organizations . London: Earthscan publishers.

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Write an essay about: Raymond Callahan's essay discusses the impact of scientific management on education. He argues that educational administration had adopted scientific management, whose principles include good use of classroom space and buildings. He also recounts how some principles of scientific management looks at students as means to an end and teachers as elements who require supervision by records in a bid to minimize waste.

Raymond Callahan's essay discusses the impact of scientific management on education. He argues that educational administration had adopted scientific management, whose principles include good use of classroom space and buildings. He also recounts how some principles of scientific management looks at students as means to an end and teachers as elements who require supervision by records in a bid to minimize waste.

Callahan (education and the cult of efficiency) Essay (Critical Writing) Raymond Callahan argument was that educational administration had adopted scientific management, whose principles include good use of classroom space and buildings (Callahan, 1962). He also recounts how some principles of scientific management looks at students as means to an end and teachers as elements who require supervision by records in a bid to minimize waste. Therefore, teachers are not looked at as knowing what they are supposed to be doing and thus they are always closely supervised in a business like system (Callahan, 1962). Today in UK schools, as Callahan argued, there has been progressive transformation of school administrators from philosophers to business managers; a trend which has continued to grow and largely dominates education policy. Callahan also argued that, although some business principles have benefited educational system, the adoption of basic values of industrial scene is a debacle considering the fact that the foundation of schools is based on education for children (Callahan, 1962). The benefit of education however was not on producing “the finest product at the lowest cost” but on the partial “at the lowest cost” principle (Callahan, 1962, p.244). He argued that, management schools are invaded by the prestige of business and business men and were elected to serve on school boards (Callahan, 1962). Another Callahan principle is contained in his then argument that the vulnerability and the strong influence of press shape the opinions in the school management and administrators. Today most public institutions follow the instincts and ideals set by the popular press, who are a profit motivated enterprise (Callahan, 1962). By the time he was discussing this, he realized that this vulnerability to external forces was occasioned by the fact that there were no school tradition to counteract such pressures. A lot of inefficiency criticism was also being directed to the institution when business men were the most influential people in the society. In the United Kingdom for instance, schools are forming statutory partnerships especially in higher education which are versioned in a business model (Stephenson, 1999). In school, children are supposed to attain some grades at set key stages in their school careers and at the end of every stage, they take national tests. After the tests, just like the results of corporate businesses, the results are used to place schools in league tables of achievements (Stephenson, 1999). The current situation in the UK attests to the fact that a teacher is blamed for almost every failure in most spheres of life (Stephenson, 1999). Callahan, (1962) saw strong influence of business ideals in schools because schools were the producers of managers and thus should as well be managed well. In current UK system, a teacher is blamed for business failure, political failure, and economic failure and more badly; the failure of England football team to reach later stages of world cup has been grossly blamed on teachers’ failure to uphold the competitive element in team games in physical education in schools (Stephenson, 1999). Callahan pinpointed business ideals as detrimental to school management but today more external factors are in play to influence school management system. There are a number of external forces that are competing to shape the way education should be managed and what should be taught and thus leaving institutions vulnerable to non objective management systems. All these scientific management policies have been versioned today in our schools, which have been commercialized and the motif of profit dominates over the welfare of learners. School administration is also crafted in a way that students are given ranks as managers of others and teachers hold positions just like in businesses. References Callahan, R.E. (1962). Education and the cult of efficiency . Chicago, IL: The University of Chicago Press. Stephenson, J. (1999). The Current Context of Partnerships in the School of Education. TNTEE Journal, 1(1), 57-66.

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Provide the full text for the following summary: The essay critically examines whether the displacement of a few justifies in the case of development that will benefit many. It concludes that while there may be some circumstances where this may be justifiable, in most cases it is not.

The essay critically examines whether the displacement of a few justifies in the case of development that will benefit many. It concludes that while there may be some circumstances where this may be justifiable, in most cases it is not.

Can displacement of a few be justified for development benefitting many? Essay (Critical Writing) Introduction Development projects mainly include developers taking full charge of land that were in control of other groups previously. These development projects entail natural resource extraction, dam construction, renewing the urban centres, infrastructure projects like bridge, highway, and irrigation canals construction. Reviews of the available works indicate that displacement of persons due to developments focus on forceful eviction of populations from their lands so as to pave ways for development. There are other projects that oust communities. These include wildlife reintroduction scheme, game parks creation, and biodiversity zones. The repercussions of this project development are the upheaval and displacement of communities, as well as unwanted burden to the host population. Distributive policy advocates for movements of people in areas where there are employment opportunities. Researchers and activists define displaced populations as those people compelled or forcefully pushed out of their homes to pave a way for the development projects. This consequently results to the communities losing their homes, loss of access to common property, social disintegration, increased morbidity and mortality, food insecurity, rise in unemployment and increase in proportion of workers. According to Scudder and Colson, people’s notion of project impacted persons is that they are only those directly displaced through loss of homes (Scudder and Colson, 1982). They objects this and includes that project impacted persons also encompasses the host population that takes the burden of accommodating displaced persons and people who live in the vicinity of the project, and project immigrants. The latter group is the one responsible with planning, designing, and implementing the project, as well as the one those later moves to the region to enjoy the project related positive outcomes. These, Scudder notes are the parties that profit heavily from the development projects, as opposed to the two former groups that suffer economical, social, and institutional disruptions. On the same note, the World Commission on Dams (WCD) reports highlights not only physical displacements of populations, but also emphasizes on “livelihood displacement that robs people of their means of production and displaces them from their socio-cultural surroundings” (WCD, 2000). People that are prone to this kind of displacement are mainly nomadic populations. These groups have lost their land to private developers and governments. Conflicts arise in cases where such people claim their grazing and hunting land. Mobile groups are susceptible to displacements. They normally demand ownership of the land for their livestock and carrying out farming activities. This paper critically investigates whether the displacement of a few justifies in the case of development that will benefit many. Global figures Throughout the world, no exact information exists on figures of the population that suffer as a result of development induced displacement. There is no any existing document that clear illustrates the numbers of displaced at the local and international levels. A number of researchers, activist, scholars, and policymakers rely on the figures of the World Bank Environment Departments (WBED) that gives an approximated figure of about 10 million persons every year as a result of development initiatives such as constructions of infrastructure, dams and hydro stations, urban expansion, and other development programmes responsible for displacement of people (WBOED, 1993). This figure is high but does not offer any projections for the majorities of the displaced persons. According to the World Bank report, displacement scores always consider persons physically ousted from legally acquired land to pave ways for the underway development projects, “assuming those living in the vicinity of, or downstream, the projects, whose livelihoods and the socio-cultural environment the project are likely jeopardise” (WBOED, 1993). A closer look at an approach that systematically reviews the global figure of displaced persons due to development projects can be significantly higher than the World Bank’s numbers. In this regard, we must recognise that the global numbers of displaced people increase due to projects related to extraction of natural resources and urban development. In this context, the numbers of displaced populations are significantly above the World Bank’s projections. The World Bank’s report tends to provide the numbers of displaced populations based on their geographical locations. This offers policymakers and researchers to identify common patterns and projects associated with displacements. Table 1 shows information related displacements of persons and the World Bank agenda for resettlement (WBOED, 1993). It is necessary to note that displacement as a result of bank aided projects call for only a small portion of the approximated global total, an estimated “three percent of global dam displacement and one percent of global displacement from urban and transportation projects” (WBOED, 1993). Examples of development-induced displacement are endless. These reports note that some regions have high numbers of projects that displace majorities of indigenous populations; thus, the reports represent them than other places leading to biases in representations. Still, the numbers can occur due to publication biases. As banks have analytical case studies, it is essential to consider “the existing resettlement planning documents, with information on scheduling, and budgets that the government and private project sponsors compile during the planning stages of a project” (WBOED, 1993). Table 1: World Bank projects active in 1993 with resettlement, including number of people displaced (source: WBED, 1996) Region Projects Percentage People Percentage Africa 34 23.3 113,000 5.8 South Asia 29 19.9 1,024,000 52.2 East Asia 58 39.7 588,000 30.0 Europe /Central Asia 5 3.4 27,000 1.4 Middle East/North Africa 7 4.8 32,000 1.6 Latin America 13 8.9 180,000 9.1 Total World Bank 146 100 1,963,000 100 Projects that cause displacements From the introduction, we realise many projects that can result into displacements. However, we shall restrict this study to three main categories of projects. These are mainly extraction of natural resources such as fossil fuels, dam construction, and urban development and renewal. Urban renewal and development These projects involve urban infrastructure and transportation. They displace population through claiming land with the goal of clearing slums and upgrading them, upgrading the sewerage system, hospitals, schools, ports, establishment of industrial and commercial estates, construction of communication and transport network, as well as urban centres connection. According to the WBED, “an estimated 60 per cent equivalent to 6 million people of development induced displacement every year is as an outcome of urban infrastructure and transportation projects” (WBOED, 1993). In 1993, the World Bank report indicated that only 22.6 percent of displacement cases were due development of urban infrastructures. Evidence from case studies concludes that the displaced populations in “individual urban and transportation projects is lower as compared to the number displaced in many enormous infrastructure projects” (WBOED, 1993). This scenario is threatening as the global trend of urbanisation grows. In the 1980s, a portion of 15.8 per cent of population globally lived in the cities 4 million as people (WBOED, 1993). Demographers point out that this number is likely to rise to 24.5 per cent worldwide as it clicks the year 2025 and 28.2 per cent in the third world countries. However, the rural development projects have contributed to this rise as those resettled have ended up in “the cities or migrated from poor resettlement sites in search of employment” (WBOED, 1993). Natural resource extraction Displacements of this nature entail developments related to extractions of minerals and fossil fuels. Forests extraction projects are essential as these projects focus on conservation induced displacement. Annual statistics for population displaced as a result of natural resource extraction projects are unavailable. However, minimal evidence and figures from the World Bank Projects identify that displacement from such projects is “significantly lower than the dam, and urban renewal development project displaced populations” (WBOED, 1993).. Natural resource extraction projects result to limited displacements. This may be as a consequence of two factors. Projects of this nature does not cause massive displacement of populations like other urban or dam development projects. Second, these projects displacement is usually indirect. For example, populations living near pipeline with oil seepage vacate their land for safer grounds elsewhere as this seepage contaminates drinking water and their farming land, a situation that is likely to pose as a health hazard, and with long term negative health effects. This is the opposite of the direct displacement that is as a result of enormous infrastructure projects. Amnesty International notes that projects with rare occurrences and limited displacements of people rarely result into organised resettlement activities (Amnesty International, 2000). Amnesty International report of 2000 critically focuses on “the oil industry and its hand in human rights abuses in Sudan, including the forceful drive out of tens of thousands of people from their homes” (Amnesty International, 2000). Government troops have ensured that people move out of “the region through utilising helicopters, gunship, bombings as well as mass execution” (Amnesty International, 2000). Dams The World Bank report notes that of all the development projects that result to physical displacement, “dam projects and their close associated infrastructures inclusive of power stations and irrigation canals, conspicuously stands out as the largest resultant of the displaced population” (WBOED, 1993). This is a small outcome of the large scale of numerous dam projects. China’s Danjiangkou Dam ousted 383,000 people, and its underway Three Gorges Dam project will displace 1.2 million. The high rate of dam displacement is also a consequence of the many dams constructed 1950. The International Commission on Large Dams (ICOLD) gives report of 5,000 large dams constructed in 1950 and above 45,000 by the late 1990s” (WBOED, 1993).. The WBED reports show that most of the displacements occur as a result of dam constructions. In fact, dam construction accounts for more than 40 percent from a population of four million people displaced annually. Dam related projects bear immense effects socially, economically and environmentally. Displacements due to dam constructions are direct as well as indirect. Indirect displacement impacts include “the accumulation of productive farmland and animal habitat, trapping of sediment resulting to erosion and soil loss of quality, the threat of water life habitats, resulting to the obsolescence of riverine and wetland, and human death as a result of dam failure or collapse” (WBOED, 1993). They are direct as well as indirect displacements. Bartolome and associates report compiled to enlighten the WCD report writing process, gives a detailed discussion of present practices involving the displacement, resettlement, rehabilitation, and development of people that dams projects have negatively affected (Bartolome, L et al, 2000). It provides solutions of improving accountability and aids in negotiation, in future resettlement schemes. Effects of displacements on development Studies indicate that impacts of displacements relate with how the parties involved plan, bargain, and conduct displacement processes. Picciotto and associates note that the modern trend in displacement show that displacements have had both positive and grim consequences to the displaced population (Picciotto, Van Wicklin and Rice, 2001). These scholars have identified cases where the lives of the community affected have improved, and the projects gained public approval. This was the case of China’s Yantan and Shuikou dam projects. However, in Guatemala dam project, the story has been the opposite. Some reports indicate that during the construction of Chixoy Dam in the 1970s, the soldiers and civil patrols had to kill the populations (Maya Achi Indians) that occupied the area in order to create ways for the dam construction. It is difficult to find positive impacts of displacements. However, most displacements do not have extreme negative or positive consequences. Most results regarding consequences of displacements rely on practical cases and case studies. There are theoretical models that attempt to explain consequences of displacements. These theories highlight the inherent risks that displaced populations may experience. Theories to describe displacement as experienced Most studies in displacements have relied on case studies without clear theoretical guidelines. These theories gained popularity in the early 1980s. The first theory is the one by Scudder and Colson (Scudder and Colson, 1982). This is a four-stage model that attempts to illustrate how displaced populations and socio-cultural structures react to resettlement of the displaced populations. These theorists based their work on voluntary resettlement. According to Scudder and Colson model, the four stages include “recruitment, transition, potential development, and handing-over, or incorporation” (Scudder and Colson, 1982). During the recruitment stage, developers or policymakers formulate and provide the basis for the displacement of the population affected without their knowledge. In the transition stage, the affected populations learn about their pending displacement. At this stage, the affected majorities experience a high level of stress. After displacement has taken place, the stage of potential development follows. At this stage, development may or may not take place. Scudder and Colson observe that the displaced persons begin “the process of resettlement and rebuilding their lives, economy and social structures” (Scudder and Colson, 1982). The last stage is handing over or incorporation. Scudder and Colson note that this stage involves giving the project to the local community and leadership in order to enable them embrace the project. These two authors note that the conclusion of this stage results into successful resettlement. The Scudder and Colson model concentrates on the various behavioural characteristics that are common among the stages all the displaced population experience. Initially, the focus of Scudder and Colson model attempted to explain the stages of voluntary settlement. The scholars extended the model to cover some cases of involuntary resettlement. These were the successful cases that successfully passed through all the four stages identified by Scudder and Colson. However, this model could not adequately explain some cases of involuntary resettlement schemes. These were the cases that failed to pass through the four stages. Hence, the need for a new approach to explain the effects of involuntary relocation was necessary. The new model was necessary as cases of forced resettlement followed by impoverished statuses followed in the resettlement schemes. In 1990s, we had Impoverishment Risks and Reconstruction (IRR) developed by Michael Cernea (Cernea, 1990). This model rose as a response to impoverished conditions after resettlement. The IRR model strives to locate the impoverishment risks that are inherent due to mandatory resettlement, and any stages that the displace persons undergo in their attempts to reconstruct their livelihoods. This model differs from Scudder and Colson model as it does not concentrate on identification of various stages of relocation among the displaced persons. The IRR model posits that there should be policies to address cases that may occur as a result of forced displacement. The theory highlights that the displaced population is likely to experience impoverishment due to conditions such as food insecurity, joblessness, landlessness, marginalisation, homelessness, community disarticulation, loss of access to property and other resources of production, and increased rates of diseases and deaths. In references to the above risks, Downing and associates have also made their contributions to include other factors such as “loss of access to public services, disruption of formal education activities, and loss of civil and human rights” (Downing, 1996). The IRR model extends its application to cover the effects of forced displacement to the host community. He notes that these populations may also experience impoverishment despite that they may have different conditions from those of the displaced population. The theory notes that these conditions are not uniform in all forms of displacement, but rather they differ from one displacement to another. In addition, the effects on the families also differ significantly. This model tries to explain the reasons behind failed resettlement by relying on the common concerns displaced person experience. The IRR model basic aim is to identify risks that displaced person experiences. In addition, the theory also serves other functions such as predictions of impoverishment, provides a solid ground for theoretical approaches to formulating study hypotheses and offer theory for guidance in studies. At the same time, Cernea’s model also looks for alternative means of averting risks, such as the need for targeted resettlement in land, as opposed to cash compensations, health and diet safeguard, creation of jobs, and rebuilding the community’s social structures and networks. The Cernea’s model found wide applications in most developmental studies. For instance, in India in 1996, Mahapatra applied Cernea’s model to study effects of forced resettlement that occurred between the years 1947 to 1997. He concentrated on the risks that displaced people faced. It influenced Lassailly-Jacob’s study in Africa development projects that have displaced person, which offers insights on how policymakers can eliminate the negative effects of displacement (Lassailly-Jacob, 1996). He notes that any resettlement strategies must provide resettlement land, common land, agricultural land, title deeds for that the land, instead of squatter system or short-lived occupancy arrangements (Lassailly-Jacob, 1996). At the same time, the driving force should be resettlement of the displaced persons. This approach does not advocate forceful displacement and subsequent resettlement of people. Conversely, De Wet has been critical on how policymakers ensure that all or majorities affected by the projects will benefit (De Wet, 2001). He is doubtful whether these policies address the needs of all displaced persons. De Wet notes that the IRR model application in resettlement is overly simplistic as a mere planning cannot solve all the problems associated with forced resettlement. However, he appreciates the thorough approach that Cernea gives the model. De Wet further highlights some factors that may affect resettlement efforts such as political influence, inadequate institutional capacity, and financial constraints. According to De Wet, resettlement efforts should be flexible and open-ended process. He based his argument on the fact that planning rarely goes as planned. Risks experienced by vulnerable groups In most cases, development that cause displacement usually result into social, political, and economical effects that are severe to the marginalised and vulnerable groups. These effects mainly hit individuals and community hard. There are segments of the community that may feel the effects of displacement more than others, which implies that the consequences may not be uniform. A study by Colchester highlights the “effects of dam developments across the globe on the local, ethnic minorities, and indigenous communities” (Colchester, 2000). He notes that such projects mainly affect a large number of ethnic minorities and marginalised groups who form majorities in most affected areas. These are also populations whose livelihood depends on the affected areas. These populations might be insignificant in relations to the country’s entire population. However, a closer look at Indian tribe of Adavasis shows that dam projects affect at least 50 percent of them. According Colchester, dam projects affect marginalised and indigenous populations in a number of ways that include “cultural alienation, dispossession of land and resources, lack of consultation, insufficient or a complete lack of compensation, human rights abuses, and a lowering of living standards” (Colchester, 2000). Most indigenous communities have strong cultural and environmental attachments to their land. Thus, any displacement is potentially dangerous to such groups than any other populations. Some studies note that researchers have not done significant studies regarding gender disparities in resettlement. Still, existing works show that women experience adverse consequences of force displacement than their male counterparts. We can look at this in terms of compensation where the pay outs go to the family head. This implies that men will receive the money as children and women occupy the back space leading to issues of deprivation. A research conducted by Agnihotri shows that there is also other forms of discrimination in compensation criteria (Agnihotri, 1996). For instance, the author noted that during compensation in Orissa, the age of the male liable for compensation started from 18 years and above, whereas the their female counterparts started from 30 years. Still, in cases where the displacement takes place in town, most women suffer because their small businesses are normally in the centre of such areas where displacement occurs. Such effects are even severe in rural areas where women rely on common community resources for their livelihood. Women’s participation can alter the chances of negative consequences for them. As Guggenheim noted in Mexico, women participate actively in resettlement consultations because men usually work in urban areas (Guggenheim, 1993). When involvement of women began yielding favourable results, men soon replaced them to take advantages of the offered land, cash compensation and business opportunities. Cernea observes that there are also effects on of displacement and resettlement on children. He notes that displacement and resettlement often “affect schooling” (Cernea, 1990). The affected children may drop out of school to earn a living. Such children may also become a part of the labour force in the development project. There are also groups consisting of the elderly and disabled persons. These groups may also experience difficulties in forced displacement and resettlement. The elderly and disabled people may not have the opportunity to participate in deciding matters such as the relocation site, or mode of compensation. Resistance to displacement In the last few decades, some social movements have evolved to challenge the popular displacements of due to development projects. They challenge effects of such displacement for development due to their harmful effects on the livelihood of people, social structures and the environment. The period of 1980s and 1990s had the “largest increase in the number of non-governmental organisations (NGOs)” (Guggenheim, 1993). NGOs interested covered a number of issues mainly affecting marginalised populations such as gender, human rights, democracy, elimination of poverty, indigenous rights, and the environment. Social movements have acquired a global outlook in order to conduct successful campaigns. Such movements with the global outlooks include Via Campesina, Jubilee 2000, and Focus on the Global South among others. These movements go beyond the local environment and include peasant farmers, indigenous populations, and marginalised groups across the global. Occasionally, these movements may involve activists, politicians, the media, and academicians. In addition, technological innovations have enhanced communications and activities of these organisations. Some social movement advocates for the rights and privileges of forcefully displaced and resettled populations as a result of development. However, we can observe that there is no specific movement advocating for the rights of the displaced persons. Nevertheless, there are small organisations that protest against the eviction, resettlement, and uneven distribution of benefits and costs of such projects. There are others that stand to oppose the entire development project, displacement, and development, regardless of the funding organization. We have seen many movements against constructions of dams that have severe effects on the displaced populations. These movements have achieved mixed results of both failures and successes. Gray observes that it is difficult for the government or international funding agencies such as the World Bank to alter their development agendas. However, there are some factors that may force them to do so. These include strong resistance at the local levels, involvement of international social movements, willingness to take the local communities grievances into account, and in cases where some of the funding agencies such as banks may also oppose the projects. Still, these conditions do not warrant that the project will be successful as was evident in Narmada Dam Project of India. Such conditions normally force the funding agency to set up commission to investigate such claims. The report of the commission determines the fate of the project. The project may proceed if they find it viable. On the other hand, the funding agency may alter its plan if the consequences of the project are severe on the occupants of the land. It is necessary to note that international funding agencies may withdraw their supports, but the national government will proceed with the project as the case of the Narmada Dam Project. Ethics and displacement Studies in the field of social developments and displacement have noted that questions of ethical issues tend to rise whenever there is forceful displacement and resettlement. Issues that normally arise in displacements for developments include the moral objection of displacements, conditions justifying displacement of populations, adequate compensation for justified displacements, the amount of compensation, and sharing of the project benefits with the displaced population. Not all studies in this area provide explicit in-depth analysis of ethical concerns involved in displacement of populations. However, Penz studies are exceptional. Most studies run to support the development or condemn it without any meaningful justifications of moral issues behind displacements and developments. In these cases, the displaced persons do not have sound and moral justifications for displacement. Penz has been categorical in analyses of ethical dimensions of displacements. His study provides three broad areas such as self-determination, public interest and egalitarianism. This author notes that we can use this approaches to offer justifications for displacement of a few persons for the benefits of many people. According to Penz, “public interest dimension takes into account cost and benefit analysis of the project” (Penz, 2002). This approach argues for the benefit of the entire population. In this case, displacement and the subsequent impoverishment are “the costs that a few must pay for the outweighed benefits for the majority” (Penz, 2002). Thus, these people suffer for the interest of the nation. Self-determination dimension posits that people have privileges personal and communal controls. In this view, libertarians would argue “forceful displacement is unjust for those who own property because displacement violates their rights to property ownership” (Penz, 2002). In addition, communitarian would argue that the use of “force and coercion violates self-determination” (Penz, 2002). The egalitarian view puts it that such displacements have the ability to eliminate or reduce poverty and inequality considerably. From a theoretical perspective, we can argue that displacements are necessary if they benefit the displaced and marginalised groups in society instead of the wealthy class. The challenge occurs when such projects can only benefit the marginalised groups at the expense of the elites. The displaced populations can get compensations. However, the egalitarian view insists that the displaced persons must also benefit from the outcomes of such projects. To this end, we can see that displacements and development are ethically complex affairs. This is because public interest and adequate distribution of resources should precede individual’s interests, rights and self-determination. However, displaced persons have rights against some forms of displacement the government may impose. These may include the use of force, threats, coercion, and harmful strategies. Penz conclude that there are conditions under which we can “justify displacement of populations” (Penz, 2002). However, such conditions must have strong backing and recognise the rights of the displaced persons. He notes such conditions may include “avoidance of coercive displacement in favour of negotiated settlement, the minimisation of resettlement numbers, the full compensation of displaced populations for all losses, and the use of development benefits to reduce poverty and inequality” (Penz, 2002). However, more often than not, most displacement approaches and methods rarely meet the above conditions and the results are severe violation of human rights. Some study centres have formulated guidelines that can help in ethical issues regarding displacements of person for justified projects. Policies and international guideline for displacement There have been no policies and guideline in the area of developments and displacements despite that fact that multinational organisations and governments participate in such activities. The existed policies only reflected legal issues and few areas of compensation. However, these policies did not address the impoverishment and outlined resettlement that follows displaced populations. It was the World Bank that first formulated policies in 1980 to address the issues of forced resettlement for developments that would result into displacements of populations. These policies served as guidelines for all development agencies. Cernea notes that such policies are not static, but are dynamic in nature with constant alterations, and upgrades, but their main purposes have persisted over the years. One of such, many developments in the policy document occurred in 2001 detailing the World Bank’s experiences with forced displacements and developments. Any latest version is an improvement of the previous versions. The World Bank policy document also caters for marginalised and indigenous populations who are the main victims of any forced displacement and development. In this regard, the policy aims at “the development process fosters full respect for the dignity, human rights and cultures of indigenous peoples” (WBOED, 1993). Following the release of the World Bank policies and guidelines regarding such involuntary displacement and resettlement, a number of other funding agencies have formulated their policies. These include the Inter-American Development Bank, Asian Development Bank, and Africa Development Bank’s Sustainable Development and Poverty Reduction Unit (PSDU). We have also noticed that most governments are slow in formulating policies that guide displacements for developments. However, the World Bank has used its resources to push most countries to adopt such polices for effective transitions in any such projects. As a result, most countries now have such policies as a part of the country’s constitutions regarding human rights and property ownership. Taking into account the private sector practices, there are many initiatives that have appeared to regulate such private entities. The Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Developments (OECD) has formulated its guidelines concerning “human rights, sustainable development, and the environment for corporations operating in or from one of its member countries” (Penz, 2002). In addition, other multinational organisations such as the UN have also formulated such policies so as to assist in issues regarding standards human rights. There are serious challenges with existing policies as these policies are not legally binding any parties involved in involuntary resettlement and displacement of persons. Consequently, non-binding statuses of these policies leave them ineffective and not fit in defence of human rights. Some scholars note that such documents are useful in situations where there are voids that need such policies. This was the case for mining firms in Andean Peru and the affected communities, for which the World Bank policies fulfil such requirements. The World Commission of Dams (WCD) has formulated the best practices regarding the suitability of major projects in developments of dams including displacements of populations and resettlement. The WCD has noted some areas of concerns such as “inequitable distributions of benefits and disorganised displacements of populations” (WCD, 2000). The WCD guidelines advocate for “a socially and environmentally comprehensive and transparent decision-making procedure in dam developments involving displacements of people” (WCD, 2000). In this light, the WCD insists on improved or reformed policies that ensure at protecting the rights of displaced populations in dam projects. However, challenges lie in ensuring that organisations dealing with dam projects adopt such policies and reformulate their existing policies. Conclusion This critical analysis supports the idea that we can justify the displacement of a few in the case of development that will benefit many in society. However, this argument recognises the negative impacts of unplanned involuntary displacements and resettlement. This implies that the involuntary displacement and resettlement must follow policies and guidelines that ensure protection of human rights, adequate compensation, sharing of benefits, and implementation of projects that will alleviate impoverishment of the displaced populations. Thus, any displacement for the benefits of the majority must have justifiable basis and complete regarding for ethical issues that may arise. There are regions that are prone to displacements of large numbers of populations. This mainly depends on the type of development projects that governments or funding agencies have initiated. We have noted that projects related to constructions of hydropower stations and dams have the highest casualties in terms of displaced populations. These are also the projects that benefit the highest number of people in society. Still, there are projects that have limited occurrences and result into limited displacements of people. Such projects also benefit only few private developers. This does not imply that such activities should not follow involuntary displacements and resettlement procedures. Displacements for the benefits of majorities should not be a dreadful experience to the affected populations. However, problems lie with the lack policies, enforcement of existing policies, inability to reform existing policies, or issues of sharing benefits so as to meet the needs of the affected populations. It is the fashion in which developers conduct displacements that result in issues of ethics. If policymakers formulate sound policies and guidelines for involuntary displacements and resettlement, then most human rights abuse witnessed in the past projects would come to an end. This means that displacement for developments would be friendly experience for the affected populations. A focus on Orissa Dam Development Projects Orissa state of India experiences frequent droughts, cyclone, and floods. These phenomena lead to hunger, poverty, frequent migration, displacement, and diseases outbreak. Orissa had over 149 dams by 1994. However, the large dams of interest include Rengali dam, Upper Indravati, Hirakud dam, and Upper Kolab. These four dams occupy substantial parts of tribal districts. The main purposes of these dams were to mitigate severe effects of frequent floods, generate electricity, and provide irrigation water. Such benefits make the government of Orissa make developments of dams its top priority. Constructions of these dams have affected the indigenous tribes of Orissa. They resulted into displacements of populations, affected culture and moral values and disrupted socioeconomic developments. Dams have displaced indigenous people and marginalised them. Indigenous, rural populations of Orissa traditionally have depended on resources of their areas for earning a living. The government acquired forest land the natives have depended on as a source of their livelihoods. Usually, the affected land in these projects belongs to communities, private landowners or the government land earmarked for dam development projects. The government of Orissa offered cash compensation for land of private individuals. It used rental and market value to determine the amount of cash compensation for the displaced populations. However, most landowners did not understand the criterion for compensation. The upper class of Orissa used the Land Act of 1948 to access all the benefits associated with the dam projects. In some cases, such influential individuals resorted to courts to claim certain concessions. In the long run, indigenous populations and vulnerable members of society suffered massive losses. The government of Orissa did not have an existing policy on handling displacements of people due to developments. Thus, it developed most of its plans in haste in so as to provide a rough guideline for compensation and resettlements. However, such polices were inadequate in their provisions for the affected populations. Some of the rehabilitation promises such as provisions of modern amenities, clean water, modern houses, and electricity were oral declarations that never came to be. The idea of cash compensation did not work well for the locals. They suddenly changes their behaviours and begun engaging in reckless activities. Small businesses these people started suffered due to lack of knowledge or prior experiences in running businesses. All these displacements resulted into disrupting the lives of the indigenous people. The displaced people took time in order to adjust to the new environments in terms of socioeconomic activities and culture adjustments. For instance, people who depended on forests as sources of their livelihoods had difficulties adjusting to new environments of resettlement. Initially, they engaged in exchanges of forest products with other people to earn a living. However, this was impossible in the new areas. Involuntary resettlements led to a sharp decline in depending on forest products for livelihoods among the displaced persons. Reference List Agnihotri, A 1996, The Orissa Resettlement and Rehabilitation of Project-Affected Persons Policy, 1994: An analysis of its robustness with reference to the Impoverishment Risks Model, Prachi Prakashan, New Delhi. Amnesty International 2000, Sudan: The Human Price of Oil, Amnesty International, London. Bartolome, L et al 2000, ‘Displacement, Resettlement, Rehabilitation, Reparation and Development’, Thematic Review vol. 1, no.3, pp. 20-33. Cernea, M 1990, ‘Impoverishment Risks, Risk Management, and Reconstruction: A Model of Population Displacement and Resettlement’, Social Aspects of Hydropower Development, vol. 27, no. 290, pp. 3-61. Colchester, M 2000, ‘Dams, Indigenous People and Vulnerable Ethnic Minorities’, Thematic Review, vol. 1, no. 2, pp. 1-30. De Wet, C 2001, ‘Economic development and population displacement: Can everybody win?’, Economic and Political Weekly, vol. 36 no. 50, pp. 4637-4646. Downing, T 1996, Mitigating social impoverishment when people are involuntarily displaced, Berghahn Books, Oxford. Guggenheim, S 1993, Peasants, planners, and participation: Resettlement in Mexico, Westview, Oxford. Lassailly-Jacob, V 1996, Reconstructing Livelihood Through Land Settlement Schemes in Africa, University of Oxford, Oxford. Penz, P 2002, ‘Development displacement and ethics’, Forced Migration Review, vol. 12, pp. 4-5. Picciotto, R, Van Wicklin, W, and Rice, E 2001, Involuntary Resettlement: Comparative perspectives, Transaction Publishers, London. Scudder, T and Colson, E 1982, From welfare to development: A conceptual framework for the analysis of dislocated people, Westview Press, Boulder, USA. WBOED 1993, Early Experience with Involuntary Resettlement: Overview: Report No. 12142, World Bank, Washington, D.C. WCD 2000, Dams and Development: A new framework for decision-making, Earthscan, London.

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Provide the full text for the following summary: After being in operation for over 140 years, Levi's is now facing problems as a result of its poor economic performance.After failing to meet the fashion trends of the new generation, the firm has greatly lost its market share and its sales have reduced tremendously. To averse this situation, I propose that Levi's should adopt a cost advantage strategy which will ensure that its products are of a similar quality as its competitors.However, the firm will sell its products at a lower price.

After being in operation for over 140 years, Levi's is now facing problems as a result of its poor economic performance. After failing to meet the fashion trends of the new generation, the firm has greatly lost its market share and its sales have reduced tremendously. To averse this situation, I propose that Levi's should adopt a cost advantage strategy which will ensure that its products are of a similar quality as its competitors. However, the firm will sell its products at a lower price.

Can Levi’s be Cool Again? Case Study Table of Contents 1. Executive Summary 2. Problem Statement 3. Situation Analysis 4. Alternatives 5. Conclusion 6. Implementation Executive Summary After being in operation for over 140 years, Levi’s is now facing problems as a result of its poor economic performance. After failing to meet the fashion trends of the new generation, the firm has greatly lost its market share and its sales have reduced tremendously. To averse this situation, I propose that Levi’s should adopt a cost advantage strategy which will ensure that its products are of a similar quality as its competitors. However, the firm will sell its products at a lower price. This strategy will enable Levi’s to increase its market share by manufacturing products that meet the tastes and preferences of its target market. The strategy will also increase the overall revenue earned by the firm. As a result, Levi’s will be profitable and sustainable in the long run. Problem Statement For an organization to be sustainable in the short run and in the long run, it needs to keep up with the changes that occur within its internal and external environments. In the contemporary world for instance, firms are experiencing stiff competition. Therefore, these institutions need to come up with effective strategies that will ensure that they stand on a competitive edge over their rivals. Regardless of the outcome, it is the consumers who benefit the most since they get a wide range of goods and services to choose from to meet their tastes and preferences. Levi’s is one of the companies that is experiencing an economic downturn as a result of stiff competition. After being an apparel giant for several decades in the United States of America, Levi’s has started to lose the strong market command that it had. According to the new chief executive officer (CEO) of the firm, Philip Marineau, Levi’s was reluctant to respond to the change in fashion trends especially during the mid 1990s. In the process, it failed to meet the needs and requirements of the market whose tastes and preferences had been changing with time. Unlike other apparel companies such as JNKO and Kikwear that focused on the new generation market and used innovative platforms such as online stores to sell their products, Levi’s concentrated on its baby-boomer generation customers. As a result, the sales of the company have been declining hence resulting in massive layoffs and shutting down of manufacturing plants. From its financial reports, it is evident that the firm barely reached the break-even point. Thus, it is necessary for the management to come up with effective measures that will ensure that the firm’s operations are sustainable in the short run and in the long run hence enabling Levi’s to increase its sales and market share. Situation Analysis The aim of any organization is to realise its vision and mission and achieve its goal and objectives. In profit oriented organizations such as Levi’s, profitability is one of the main motives behind their operation. To be profitable, Levi’s has put in place effective measures that have ensured that its operations are sustainable in the short run and in the long run. It is due to this fact that the firm has managed to be operational since it was incorporated by its founder, Levi Strauss during the mid 19 th century. For an organization to be operational for over 140 years, its major strength has to lie on its leadership. Levi’s decisions are made by a board of members. At the present moment, the head of this board is Robert D. Haas, the great grandson of Levi Strauss. Prior to being the head of the board, Haas was the CEO of Levi’s until Marineau took over. It is evident therefore that during his era as the CEO, Haas implemented stringent measures that ensured the sustainability of the firm since he not only wanted to achieve profitability but he also wanted to ensure that the firm is sustainable in the long run due to the passion that he had developed in the family business. It is perhaps due to this fact that the Levi family has maintained the ownership of the firm over the years. Haas has been succeeded by Philip Marineau, a former head of Pepsi North America unit. During his time in Pepsi, he managed to increase the market share of the product throughout North America especially after releasing the low-cal Pepsi into the market. Due to its effective leadership and management strategies, Levi’s has managed to develop a strong brand name over the years. As a result of its reputable brand name, the firm has managed to maintain customers who are loyal to its product. For instance, most of the members of the baby-boomer generation regard Levi’s products as the best. With such levels of brand loyalty, the firm has been experiencing high sales hence enabling it to be profitable. A strong brand name plays a critical role in ensuring the sustainability of a firm and its products in the long run. For instance, despite the fact that many young people do not purchase much of Levi’s products, they hold the company in high regards. However, Levi’s has failed to develop and implement effective marketing strategies that would have otherwise ensured that it maintains its huge market share in the clothing industry. Thus, the main weakness of Levi’s is its failure to keep up with the changing fashion trends. The advancement in technology has brought about sophisticated manufacturing techniques that have increased the quality of products and reduced the cost of production. This move has greatly increased the level of competition in almost every industry including the apparel, fashion, and design industry. However, unlike its rivals that took advantage of the new technology, Levi’s had been reluctant in adopting and incorporating new technologies in its operations. Levi’s has only been concentrating with one target market, the baby-boomer generation. However, due to their concentration on members this generation, the firm did not realize that a new and vibrant market was coming up. This market is comprised of individuals who are less than 25 years of age. Their taste in fashion is different as compared to the individuals of the baby-boomer generation. The new market has a strong purchasing potential. Therefore, the failure of Levi’s to identify the potential of this market has played a critical role in the declining sales and market share of the company. Levi’s also has a poor supply chain. In the process of its development, Levi’s has been manufacturing its products within its factories. However, the firm was forced to close more than half of its factories as a measure of reducing its operating costs. Currently, the firm is hiring third party factories to manufacture its designs to meet its production targets. In the process, it incurs additional costs that act as a setback to its rejuvenation process. At the present moment, stock replenishment in its outlets is not as effective as it used to be when Levi’s manufactured its own products. Other than delays in stock replenishment, there have been instances where outlets receive different products as compared to the ones that they had ordered for. This is a huge blow since a lot of money and time will be spent to ensure that the right merchandise is delivered to the outlets again. The delays will also turn away customers who are specific with their requirements, tastes, and preferences. Consequently, Levi’s has not been having a good relationship with its retailers. For instance, the company has been having wrangles with one of its old retailers, J.C Penny Company. Such disagreements have negative impacts on the sales of the company’s products as well as its brand name. Another weakness that can be seen in the supply chain of Levi’s is its failure to effectively implement IT in its sales operations. The modern world highly relies on ICT in its operations. To keep up with this advancement, Levi’s developed an online platform where people could purchase their products from. This platform would have been an effective tool especially in capturing the young population. However, the firm closed this platform and directed the traffic on this site to other retailers. This move has not been received well by the people who were using the online platform to purchase Levi’s products especially those who are loyal to the brand. Despite the fact that the websites that the traffic has been directed to might have Levi’s products, the presence of a different brand name such as Penny’s or Macy’s usually sends buyers away. Levi’s has a lot of opportunities that can be instrumental in transforming its operations to be more efficient. On the economic perspective, the clothing market is growing at a tremendous rate. This growth is characterised by an increase in the young population and the changes in fashion trends. For instance, the sale of traditional VF jeans had declined from 50% to 20% in a span of four years. This change is an indicator that the traditional market is not as viable as it used to be several years ago. Therefore, Levi’s can increase its sales by focusing on this new market. On a social perspective, Levi’s still has a reputable brand name. The people of the old and the new generations are aware of the brand and hold it in high regards. Therefore, the new products of the firm will stand a high chance of being successful in the market given the demand from the individuals from these generations. Furthermore, the advancement in technology will give Levi’s a chance to come up with newer and better designs for its products. Through research and development, the firm has been able to develop new designs that have been manufactured using old and new fabrics to meet the needs of their target market. With proper pricing and marketing strategies, the firm will be able to boost its sales from these products. The major threat that Levi’s is facing is competition from firms that have a strong command in the clothing industry. Firms such as Old Navy, GAP, and Diesel are highly regarded by the members of the new generation who account for the highest percentage of sales in the clothing industry. To overcome this competition, Levi’s has to come up with effective pricing mechanisms that will make its products affordable to its target market. Consequently, the firm can use modern marketing strategies such as online advertisements to reach out to its target market. Alternatives To turn around the performance of Levi’s to be sustainable, effective and efficient, Levi’s needs to stand at a competitive advantage over its rivals. To achieve this goal, the firm has two alternatives: 1. The cost advantage option 2. The differentiation advantage option 3. Resource based option Under the cost advantage option, Levi’s will modify its production process to ensure that it manufactures products that are of a similar quality as its rivals. However, these products have to be sold at a lower price as compared to its rivals. For this strategy to be effective, the firm must put a lot of emphasis on research and development. At this point, it will be essential for the firm to understand the market trends and the tastes and preferences of its target market to ensure that its products conform to their needs and requirements. Through research, the firm should come up with an effective manufacturing process that minimize costs and maximize the output. This will play a critical role in setting up the final price of its products since they will not only be cheaper as compared to its competitors but they will be of a high quality. With this option, Levi’s will be able to compete effectively with its rivals. The fact that its products are priced at a lower rate as compared to its rivals might play a significant role in attracting customers from the new generation most of whom do not have a strong purchasing power. Given their huge numbers, however, it is possible that Levi’s will be profitable in the long run. Once satisfied, there are high chances that these individuals will remain loyal to the brand and even market Levi’s products through the word of mouth. This will greatly widen the market base of the firm. In the process, Levi’s will have a competitive advantage over its rivals. On the other hand however, the low selling prices might have a negative impact on the profitability of the firm especially in the short run. At the present moment, the firm is barely reaching the break-even point. Thus, if the firm fails to reach its sales target, it might run into losses hence turning the situation from bad to worse. The differentiation advantage option highly relies on research and development. Under this option, Levi’s will manufacture products that are of a superior quality as compared to its rivals. For this option to be sustainable, Levi’s will require to adopt and implement new production techniques that utilise a variety of resources such as fabrics and production technology to ensure that its products are of a superior quality. Consequently, the firm needs to effectively market these products to ensure that they register higher sales. It is a common practice for customers to pay more for high quality products as a means of satisfying their needs. The main complaint that people of the new generation had with regards to Levi’s products is that they did not fit their description since they were either too tight or too big. The firm also avoided using stretchy fabrics in designing its products. Thus, this option will allow Levi’s to manufacture its products using the latest fabrics and techniques. With such products, it is possible that the firm will capture the attention of the individuals of the new generation and still maintain its baby-boomer clientele. However, this option is capital intensive. Consequently, Levi’s will incur additional costs in contracting firms to manufacture these products given the fact that most of its plants were closed. This will ultimately increase its selling price. Therefore, despite its high quality, buyers will regard Levi’s as an expensive brand that should be avoided. The final alternative that Levi’s can apply is the resource based option. For this option to be successful, the firm needs to combine the resources that it has together with its capabilities to ensure that it manufactures products that are of a higher quality and value as compared to its rivals. From the information gathered from its operation history, it is evident that Levi’s has superior resources as compared to its rivals. Despite the challenges that it is facing, Levi’s has various manufacturing plants and equipments that can be influential in its manufacturing process. The firm also has a reliable supply chain system whose efficiency can be improved by a few modifications. Consequently, the firm already has a reputable brand name and loyal customers who are willing to purchase its products once they meet their tastes and preferences. With its highly qualified personnel team, Levi’s can put all its resources and capabilities into play to stand at a competitive advantage. Therefore, the firm needs to reopen and modernize its manufacturing plants, improve its supply chain, enhance the quality of its workforce and market its products in an effective and efficient manner. In so doing, the firm will attract more customers hence command a huge market share. In the long run, the firm will be profitable and sustainable. However, this option is capital intensive. Consequently, it contains a lot of risks since Levi’s rivals might adopt these strategies and produce products that are of an even better quality. Conclusion Given these two alternatives, I believe that cost advantage option is the best alternative that Levi’s can take given its current situation. With this option, the firm will be able to maximize on its strengths, improve on its weaknesses, overcome its threats, and take advantage of the prevailing opportunities. This option will ensure that Levi’s increase its sales and market share, improves the quality of its products, and most importantly, it will enable the firm to keep up with the trends in the fashion industry. These are the main problems that the firm is facing at the moment. Therefore, addressing them will ensure that its operations are sustainable in the short run and in the long run. The differentiation advantage alternative is not the best option for Levi’s given its current situation since it does not fully address the problem that Levi’s is facing with regards to meeting the needs and requirements of the new generation. Despite the fact that its products will be of a high quality, it is not guaranteed that they will conform to the tastes and preferences of the target market. Consequently, this alternative is capital intensive and might lead the firm into financial problems. Therefore, this option is associated with high risks that might threaten the overall sustainability of the firm. To ensure that the cost advantage alternative is implemented effectively, I recommend that: 1. The firm should invest more on research and development to ensure that it understands the market. This will enable it to manufacture products that meet the tastes and preferences of its target market. 2. Levi’s needs to have effective price mechanisms that ensure that its products are sold above the unit production costs but below the market price. 3. Levi’s needs to enhance its marketing strategies and utilize platforms such as the internet (social media), television, radio, print media, and word of mouth. 4. Levi’s needs to develop an organization culture that ensures its staff are highly skilled and competent and work to achieve the set goals and objectives. Implementation To ensure that the selected option is implemented effectively, the firm will need to conduct thorough market research. In the process, Levi’s will be able to understand market trends and consumer tastes and preferences. This information will enable the firm to know the types of products to produce, their quantities, and their qualities. Levi’s will also need to re-open its closed factories and equip them with up to date equipments to ensure that the production process is smooth, effective, and efficient. Through its pricing and marketing strategies, the firm will determine the best price of its products after putting into consideration the costs that it has incurred, the market price of substitutes, the prevailing economic situation, the purchasing power of its target market, and their profit margin. Finally using a platform such as social media will not only ensure that Levi’s reaches out to most of its customers but it will also act as a feedback mechanism where the firm will get reviews and suggestions on how to improve its products. This plan will modify Levi’s into a modern company that understands its target market.

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Write the original essay that provided the following summary when summarized: The cap and trade regulation is a comprehensive legislation that was proposed by the House of Representatives in 2009 to reduce emissions of greenhouse gases by industries. The regulation is targeting industrial facilities that emit at least 25,000 metric tons of greenhouses gases per year and it proposes that, the government should set limits of emitting greenhouse gases on each industrial facility and that any industry that exceeds the permitted limits should obtain extra permits from other industries that use fewer permits through trading.

The cap and trade regulation is a comprehensive legislation that was proposed by the House of Representatives in 2009 to reduce emissions of greenhouse gases by industries. The regulation is targeting industrial facilities that emit at least 25,000 metric tons of greenhouses gases per year and it proposes that, the government should set limits of emitting greenhouse gases on each industrial facility and that any industry that exceeds the permitted limits should obtain extra permits from other industries that use fewer permits through trading.

Cap and Trade Regulation Term Paper Table of Contents 1. Introduction 2. Economic Impacts of Regulations 3. Conclusion 4. References Introduction Increasing pollution across the world has led to global climate change, which now threatens the very existence of humanity and entire organisms on earth. Due to the impending crisis of climate change, the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) of the United States filed a case in Supreme Court to compel the government to formulate legislations that will regulate emissions of greenhouse gases, particularly carbon dioxide as it is majorly responsible for global warming. In response to compulsion from the EPA, the House of Representative in 2009 formulated and passed a bill of Cap and trade regulation that aims at reducing emissions of greenhouse gases. According to Bachman (2009), based on 2005 levels of carbon dioxide emissions, the cap and trade regulation aims at reducing 3%, 20%, 42%, and 83% of carbon dioxide emissions in the years 2012, 2020, 2030 and 2050 respectively (p.4). The regulations are targeting industrial facilities that emit at least 25,000 metric tons of greenhouses gases per year. Therefore, since the proposed cap and trade regulation seems to be an effective way of reducing emissions of greenhouse gases, what are its economic impacts? Economic Impacts of Regulations The United States government benefits from the cap and trade regulation through taxes collected from permits that allow varied industrial facilities to release greenhouse gases into the environment. Currently, there are no limits or taxes imposed on industries for emitting greenhouse gases, hence the regulation aims at setting limits and imposing taxes on emissions. The cap and trade regulation proposes that, the government should set limits of emitting greenhouse gases on each industrial facility and that any industry that exceeds the permitted limits should acquire extra permits from other industries that utilize fewer permits through trading. Bachman (2009) argues that, when industries buy emission permits, they will be paying taxes proportional to greenhouse gases they emit into the environment (p. 4). In this view, industries that emit smaller amounts of greenhouse gases can also benefit from the regulation for they can trade their permits to industries that emit more greenhouse gases. In view of the fact that increasing levels of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere are responsible for global climate change, the objective of the cap and trade regulation is to reduce emissions of greenhouse gases by industries. According to McAllister (2010), the cap and trade regulation is the best instrument that the United States requires to control and regulate the increasing emissions of greenhouse gases from mega industries (p.1196). The regulation goal is to reduce 83% of carbon dioxide emissions by 2050 based on 2005 levels of emissions. Thus, the cap and trade regulation provides a comprehensive legislation, which ensures that industries pay emission taxes proportionally, and if they exceed the stipulated limits, they receive penalties. Nevertheless, the cap and trade regulation will have a negative impact on the economy because the cost of producing goods in industries will increase and will hurt consumers. Implementation of the proposed cap and trade regulation will mean that industries will have to incur extra cost of production, as legislation requires that they should pay taxes for emitting greenhouse gases into the environment. According to Bachman (2009), economic analysis carried out in Florida showed that implementation of the cap and trade regulation will result into increased household expenses…by 2020, household expenses will increase by $816 and by 2050, it will have increased to $4,550 (p.5). Moreover, given that the regulation will restrict the use of fossil fuels as a source of energy, it will lead to high prices of energy that have compound effect on the economy. The effects include, more employees will lose jobs, and income will decline because investors and industries will be under compulsion to reduce their expenses. Since the proposed cap and trade regulation is still pending awaiting adoption, the senate should not pass and approve it, as it will result into increased cost of production in industries. Cost of production will increase proportionately to the amount of taxes that industries pay so that they can legally emit a certain amount of greenhouse gases into the environment. Increased cost of production means that consumers will have to incur extra cost when buying essential commodities and thus increase cost of living. In addition, increasing global prices of fossil fuel will aggravate the cost of production. Harmon and Hirschhorn (2006) assert that, instead of restricting on the use of fossil fuel through the cap and trade regulation, the government and environmentalists should focus on developing “alternative sources of renewable energy that do not pollute environment” (p.1). Given that the use renewable energy will significantly reduce emission of greenhouse gases, there is no need to pass the cap and trade regulation, which has serious economic consequences. Conclusion Implementation of the cap and trade regulation is a seemingly a counterproductive attempt by the United States to reduce the amount of greenhouse gases single-handedly without enlisting the cooperation from other countries. Climate change is an international issue and the US should consult other countries. Moreover, implementation of the regulation will result into increased cost of production and cost of living, which ultimately lead into high rates of unemployment and poor economic growth. To alleviate negative impacts of the regulation on people and economy, amendments that exempt food industries, hospitals, and educational institutions is essential. Furthermore, the Congress should amend the regulation to target industrial facilities that emit at least 50 metric tons of green house gases annually to exclude small industries from complying. However, implementing the cap and trade regulation as it is will have grave impacts on the cost of living and economic growth in the United States of America. References Bachman, P. (2009). The Economic Effects of Proposed Cap and Trade Legislation on The State of Florida. The James Madison Institute , 1-12. Harmon, R., & Hirschhorn, M. (2006). Clearing the Air: The Impact of Carbon Cap and Trade Regulations on Renewable Energy. American Solar Energy Society , 1-7. McAllister, L. (2010). The Enforcement Challenge of Cap and Trade Regulation. Environmental Law , 40, 1195-1230.

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Convert the following summary back into the original text: The journal focuses on market-driven organizations, which are organizations that align their management with market expectations. These organizations are said to be flexible such that they conform with various market expectations that lead to acquiring consumer equity and also maximize their profits.

The journal focuses on market-driven organizations, which are organizations that align their management with market expectations. These organizations are said to be flexible such that they conform with various market expectations that lead to acquiring consumer equity and also maximize their profits.

Capabilities of Market-Driven Organizations Essay (Critical Writing) Journal Article Critique Introduction of the purpose of this critique paper and the aim of this paper The aim of this critique paper is to evaluate the journal article on the capabilities of market-driven organizations. It is extremely valuable to find out what the author has actually written as far as organizations capabilities are concerned (Moore 2003, p. 145). This will be done by trying to find out the viability of their arguments in the world of business. This means that, in this paper, we are going to compare the work of the author of this journal with those of others in the field of marketing. In order to know whether the journal has arguments that can be useful to marketers in building their businesses, it is necessary to analyze marketing theories and other theories brought forth by the author of the journal in order to establish the strengths and weaknesses (Moore 2002, p. 130). It is extremely pertinent to relate the given literature with marketing literature in order to find whether the author has argued according to what is known. There is no way an author can come up with an article without any basis in the known literature and theories, unless they have carried out adequate experiments to prove their arguments. Furthermore, it is essential for authors to make skillful use of existing literature to come up with their own versions. In fact, any literature being put up in a journal should be an improved or revised version of what has been written before. This means that due to changes in the business environment and technology, some arguments may be outdated hence cannot apply in any business in the current environmental setting (Hodge, Anthony and Gales 1996, p. 110). This leads to the urge to revise the theories to suit current situations (Upbin 2000, p. 13). For example, many businesses today are changing with technology, and they need to lay off some employees. Where, old literature proposed large number of employees to ensure smooth flow of events within an organization, technological changes may contradict the theory hence bringing the need for revision. Therefore, in this paper we have to carefully evaluate and analyze every argument. This will lead to a conclusion where marketers will be advised whether to rely on the journal article or just ignore. If the journal article has not done the expectations of marketing theories, then it is going to be nullified as reliance on it might lead to losses in organizations (Blank 2000, p. 26). Summarize the journal, “The Capabilities of Market-Driven Organizations” The journal, “The Capabilities of Market-Driven Organizations” is focusing on market driven organization. These are organizations that align their management with market expectations. These organizations are said to be flexible such that they conform with various market expectations that lead to acquiring consumer equity hence maximizing their profits. In fact, such activities have got several strategies aimed at enhancing their capabilities in the market. For example, if an opportunity comes up in the market, market based organizations extend their capabilities at the advantage of their competitors hence being able to maximize in terms of their profits (Cravens and Shipp 2001, p. 32). The journal has addresses capabilities approach to strategy where issues such as perspectives on competitiveness are addressed. These are concerned with the strategic management which enables organizations to stay at ahead of their competitors. In order for an organization to realize competitive advantage, they need to come up with strategies to ensure that they are positioned way above their competitors in the market. Furthermore, the article addresses the issue of capabilities and resources and their connection as far as progress is concerned. For example, market driven organizations have strategies which guide them on selection of locations hence establishing their assets in places best fit for their business. Then they merge their capabilities with their resources to stay in the market successfully. The journal also highlights the issue of capabilities where it explains how organizations should define and identify their capabilities in order to capitalize on its operations (Kotler and Keller 2012, p.16). In fact, the most critical step in any business is identifying its weaknesses and strengths. This is because managers can now know how to maximize on their capabilities, and how to improve on their on their weaknesses to counter competitor threats in the market. Organizations should be able to classify their capabilities in order to achieve the best performance. This means that they should be able to know capabilities emphasized by external and internal factors. The external factors include sensing the market whereby the organization learns about an upcoming market, customer linking and channel bonding (Webster 2004, p.11). The internal factors include financial management within the organization, controlling cost and integrated logistics among others. Finally, the journal addresses issues relating to development of capabilities for organizations which includes designing those capabilities. It gives guidance on programs expected to be effective in enhancement of the capabilities. These guidelines have their base in approaches of capabilities in regards to strategies and total quality management. Synthesize the literature relating to the article and either support the article or argue against the article I support theories in this article since it aligns with much of theories learnt from the marketing management book. In fact, much of the information in this journal is based on marketing books and articles written by other marketing authors. Just like in other marketing theories, the journal advocates for customers’ needs to be given priority in all business activities (Jaworski and Kohli 2001, p.40). It is clear in the journal that companies that are able to react to changes in the environment stand greater chances of surviving in the harsh, competitive market. Marketing theories have for long targeted businesses which have the capability to adjust to changes in the environment (Narver and Slater 2000, p.138). For example, organizations should be able to adopt technological changes in order to remain profitable. This is because technology comes with a lot of positive changes for organizations in a way such that the changes are in evitable. For example, the use of computers in records keeping has a significant impact on development of many organizations. In the issue of distinctive capabilities, just like other marketing theories, the journal outlines how the organization should test its capabilities. Testing capabilities helps organizations to know which capabilities are appropriate for their operations and which ones need to be eliminated. Since the author has arguments concurring with marketing theories, then the journal should be supported. Furthermore, the manner in which the journal analyzes capabilities is remarkably perfect as they are evaluated on the basis of their advantages and performance outcomes. Marketing theories are abundantly clear on how to evaluate factors and other aspects in the market by sampling their advantages over the competitors. In addition, they work out on the expected outcomes since the aim of any organization is to achieve the expected performance (Shah 2000, p. 67). The journal connects organization assets and other resources with their capabilities in the business. This is done to make sure that managers and their marketers work together with the understanding of how their available assets can be used to maximize company profits. Company’s capabilities should be used wisely in order to ensure the marketing mix is upheld properly. This means that customer satisfaction must be attained with full utilization of organizations capability. These capabilities are dynamic since they change with changing aspects of the market which is dynamic, as well. Explain and discuss what the article contributes to theory development and practice This article has detailed particularly salient points that should be used in development of marketing theories and practice. In fact, it is focused on how organizations can survive in any competitive market without having to incur a lot of expenses in creating awareness. For instance, when an organization identifies its capabilities in the market and invests in maximizing its profits by directing its efforts to those capabilities it stands better chances of beating its customers in the market. The article highlights on spanning capabilities, which represent operations carried by all organization. This can be used by the organization to plan and implement their operation strategies whereby the organization need to know their capabilities based on activities carried towards the organization (Lloyd 1994, p. 69). This involves company customers who bring revenue as they consume products and services from the organization. These aspects are crucial for any organization since they need to source the market in order to identify those with maximum potentials. This means all factors outside the organization but those that bring inputs to the organization need to be considered at all times by organization managers (Hartley 2008, p. 98). Aspects of market sensing can be used by marketers in carrying out marketing research whereby they can apply the steps involved in sensing. The idea of designing the program of change is extremely crucial in development of marketing theories and practice. This is because, for any activity to be carried out successfully there must be a design and a plan which guides and regulates what need to be done. In developing market theories, aspects of designing and planning, should be given priority as they form a base for concrete decision making process. Planning is essential in fostering changes within the organization because the process will be monitored by various individuals. This promote transparency and increases acceptance of the change since many stakeholders are involved in the change process (Sinkula 2006, p. 38). The aspects of customer linking can be useful in developing marketing theories since it highlights on how customers can be handled by organizations. Since customers are necessary for any organization, managers should come up with ways of ensuring that their needs are addressed hence increasing their satisfaction (Aaker 1998, p. 102). When customer satisfaction is achieved, organizations build customer equity, which translates to increased loyalty and revenue. The elements of TQM in this journal can also be used in theory development as organizations need to manage their quality in order to retain customer trust. Make recommendations to marketers so that their future marketing ventures will be successful For marketers to be successful in their ventures, they should make sure that they follow all aspects of the marketing mix (Tadepalli and Avila 1999, p. 100). Marketers should make sure that their products meet the specified requirements in order to satisfy their customers. This is vital because quality products and services, which lead to customer satisfaction, accrue customer loyalty. They should make use of their organizational capabilities to venture into any competitive market. For example, when deciding on location for setting up services companies, marketers should be able to identify the capability of their proposed location to attract customers for their services (Uncles 2000, p.9). This means that market research is vital for any marketers in order to identify a location with necessary potential for their business. Market research helps in knowing customer preferences, which helps marketers in designing the right products and services for that market (Upbin 2000, p. 13). Marketers should apply techniques of market sensing in knowing the best prices they can set up for their products to be accepted. This plays a key role in organizations since they know the price at which to venture in the market without making loses. Marketers should make sure that they have communication strategies on the ground to make sure that all their progress is communicated to the consumers. For example, marketers should be able to come up with advertising methods aimed at ensuring that consumers know about the products hence increasing on sales. Marketers should find out the best promotion tools required when venturing into competitive markets. Depending on market segmentation, they should come up with means of launching their products to different segments with the aim of beating their competitors (Treacy and Wiersema 2005, p.256). Marketers should be able to find out strategies and tools used by their competitors in marketing their products and improve theirs in order to win customers. In addition, they should come up with a strategy to get customer feedbacks so that they can know customer reactions. This can help in improvement of product quality and customer requirements in terms of pricing. References Aaker, D. A.1998. Strategic Market Management, John Wiley &Sons, Inc, New York. Blank, A. M.2000. The Home Depot 1999Annual Report, Wiley &Sons, London. Cravens, D. W. and Shipp, S. H. 2001 “Market-driven Strategies for Competitive Advantage,” Business Horizons , Vol. 34, Issue 1, January / February Hartley, R. F.2008. Marketing Mistakes and Successes , John Wiley & Sons, Inc. New York. Hodge, B. J., Anthony, W. P. and Gales, L. M. 1996. Organization Theory: A Strategic Approach, Prentice-Hall, Upper Saddle River, NJ Jaworski, B. J., and Kohli, A. 2001. “Market Orientation: Review, Refinement, and Roadmap,” Journal of Market Focused Managemen t Kotler, P. and Keller, K. L. 2012. Marketing Management . 14th Edition. Prentice-Hall, New Jersey. Lloyd, B.1994. “IBM: Decline or Resurrection? The Management Decision Interview,” Management Decision , Vol. 32, No. 4, Moore, G. A.2002. Crossing the Chasm, Harper Business, New York Moore, G. A. 2003. Inside the Tornado , Harper Business, New York Narver, J. C., and Slater, S. F.,2000. “The Effect of Market Orientation on Business Profitability,” Journal of Marketing. Shah, J. B. 2000 “Cisco’s Customer Focus Leads to E-Biz Success,” Electronic Buyers’ News, Issue 1207, April 17. Tadepalli, R. and Avila, R. A. 1999 “Market Orientation and the Marketing Strategy Process,” Journal of Marketing Theory and Practice , Spring Treacy, M. and Wiersema, F. 2005. Discipline of Market Leaders, Reading , Addison-Wesley Publishing Company, Inc., MA. Uncles, M. 2000 “Market Orientation,” Australian Journal of Management , Vol. 25, No. 2, September 2000. Upbin, B. 2000. “Profit in a Big Orange Box,” Forbes , Vol. 165, No. 2, January 24, 2000. Webster, F. E. 2004. Market-Driven Management: Using the New Marketing Concept to Create a Customer-Oriented Company . John Wiley & Sons, Inc. New York. Sinkula, J. M. 2006, “Market Information Processing and Organizational Leaming,” Joumal of Marketing , 58 (January), 35-45.

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Write the original essay that generated the following summary: The essay discusses a model for organizational development that can be used to solve problems in practice. The model is based on research theories related to the problem and includes measurable objectives related to the problem. The model also includes participants and change agents, and a problem diagnosis procedure.

The essay discusses a model for organizational development that can be used to solve problems in practice. The model is based on research theories related to the problem and includes measurable objectives related to the problem. The model also includes participants and change agents, and a problem diagnosis procedure.

Capacity Development in Practice. Organizational Development Model and Plan Essay Table of Contents 1. Problem identification 2. Research theories related to the problem 3. Measurable objectives related to the problem 4. Participants and change agents 5. Problem diagnosis 6. Procedure of solving problem 7. References Problem identification Development of models that helps solve important issues depends on a company’s desires to tackle its problems in a scientific approach . This will need sound mechanical orientations to attempt and unravel such mysteries, once identified institution of appropriate measures becomes long overdue, In this context the company does adventure to provide basic military, police, and life skill education. Although there is no utilization of high stake testing, the company’s main issue lies with the students’ ability to choose either military or police profession. The company lacks a proper method that engages students in designing learning affairs to cater for their interests. This is partly because the company fail to provide a successful approach to recruiting future military and police candidates. Notably, these organizational issues arise from setting priorities, governance, and effective dialogue in the firm (Hoy & Hoy, 2009). Capacity building is a crucial consideration of the organizational development ; in this respect it is paramount for the company to institute an internal mechanism that helps solve such complexions (Fred & Allan, 2011). Research theories related to the problem Professional training takes into account several fundamentals that help those concerned to grasp vital ideas useful to career and life skill. Most institutions would only base their interest in imparting knowledge without having a critical consideration of issues that matters to their clients (Ubels et al., 2010). In this perspective, engaging students in their training affairs to cater for their special needs is a basic requirement for such institutions. But most importantly, programs must not be new to them. Introduction of programs at earlier stages of life helps these people identify their interest at an earlier stage of life. They would therefore, prepare their mind and thoughts to embark in a specific career choice with many expectations. Research shows that students’ professional skill development depends largely on amount of time taken to help sharpen their educational needs (Ubels et al., 2010). This is true because innovation and other life skill take a longer duration to come out, progressive monitoring is therefore, important to achieve tangible results. Assessment based on acquired life skill other than theoretical grasping of knowledge is more appropriate than testing one’s capability to remember theories learnt in a classroom session. This will help students apply knowledge in a real life situation. This does not go well with most institution interested in minting money at the expense of their students (Fred & Allan, 2011). Designing learning affairs that rhymes with the community’s needs is also paramount in validating the entire system. Education should be problem oriented, that is why special attention of students’ learning affairs is worth considering. This will help professionals become well equipped with important life skills that eventually help the entire community. Training facilities with this in their curriculum are more productive in the business segment. Responding to these issues forms a complete recipe in tackling the entire educational system desires. When such systems institute methods of evaluation, it helps motivate students in embracing innovation and application of their knowledge, from this, chances are that it would be easy for them to choose a specific career unit within the profession. This is because they would identify themselves with certain areas of their career development (Marelize, et al., 2010). Recruitment approach is a necessary process that helps identify appropriate group in any profession. This method determines the wellbeing of that profession because the fresh blood will either introduce new ideas or develop the existing programs into more glories. It is thus important to lay down strategies that helps identify the right personnel for hire (Marelize, et al., 2010). This must be in line with company’s policies to authenticate the process. Studies shows absence of this may lead to several problems that may have a lasting impact on the future prospects of the firm for several years unless an overhaul comes to rescue the problem (Fred & Allan, 2011). The positive consequence of assessing students is it helps the company gauge what instructional matter needs improvement in each subject matter. It also allows each instructor to improve instructional methods to make the lesson effective for student learning. This effectiveness can improve in areas such as simplifying the lessons in English, so students’ engagement with the lesson increases. Also, it allows instructors to improve the content of the lesson by adding or minimizing difficult information to make the lesson more comprehendible. As these positive consequences seem soothing let’s view the negative consequences to the assessment process of assessments. The negative consequence of assessments with the company is its ability to effectively create questions that challenge students learning. The assessment does not incorporate learning strategies that involve comprehension, cognitive, or numerical abilities. The assessment also has language issues in its interpretation of English to Arabic language. The assessment process does not allow students exposure to past learning areas and majority of them have never come across any of these lessons from prior grade levels. Overall, the assessment process contradicts its ability to effectively gauge a student’s cognitive understanding of the company’s program curriculum because of an improper foundation of curriculum content. According to Hoy and Hoy (2009); A highly trained professional gives most diagnostic tests to students individually. The goal is usually to identify the specific problems a student is having. Achievement tests that are either standardized or teachers’ made would identify students’ weaknesses in academic content areas like mathematics, computation, or reading. (p. 287) This type of testing seems to fit perfectly for how the company assesses students’ understanding of the programs. They utilize this testing effectively because they incorporate questions in the instructional and student feedback forms for every past lesson to help restructure the curriculum and instructional methods for positive improvement of students’ learning. The company also have incorporated into the lesson plan special needs and differentiation portion to allow identify students with learning disabilities or physical disadvantages, this allow instructors to adapt to those student’s desires. According to Hoy and Hoy (2009); Aptitude tests measures abilities developed over many years and predict how well a student will do in the future when learning unfamiliar material. The greatest difference between the two types of tests is their uses for different purposes. Achievement tests measure final performance (and perhaps give grades), while aptitude tests predict how well people will do in particular programs like college or professional school. (p. 287) This type of testing needs to be more functional in the curriculum to assist the company identifying if students’ will be successful in either police or military careers upon graduation (Ubels et al., 2010). A great example would be an ‘ASVAB’ test that the states utilizes to determine a particular Military Occupational Specialty (MOS) that a student would be great at in the military aspect. The UAE needs to incorporate these types of testing into their programs to make it more effective for students’ learning process, but most importantly, it will put a stamp mark on how serious students take the programs for their benefit. It will also allow determine the students needed in the program to utilize the funds and resources properly. In the past, the development of the assessments was not close to the standards the company currently implements, but for future trends the firm needs to separate its program from the public sector to achieve sound results in line with its duties (Ubels et al., 2010). Yes, these programs provide discipline and structure that assist students in creating an understanding of everyday life skills. My professional opinion is that it hinders its ability to engage students’ interest in joining the military or police, and needs to reforms to effectively engage students’ interest in joining either profession (Fred & Allan, 2011). If the company would emulate other first world country’s models like the U.S, I believe there would be a more apprehensive approach to the program for those interested in joining the military or police professions in future. The only evidence that I have to provide that the company is regressing in its ability to keep students engaged into the program is fabrication of scores on test and attendance. This shows that the company will take desperate measures to show a positive result driven program for student success, when in actuality the company is failing to provide a successful approach to recruiting future military and police candidates. Hopefully, the company will realize that this is not the answer to recruiting and that drastic change will need to take place for a successful outcome (Marelize, et al., 2010). Measurable objectives related to the problem These issues need a critical evaluation before embarking on possible methods of addressing them. The company should understand that as much as it is necessary to engage in capacity building to enable the country strengthens its security systems, it is equally essential to adapt novel scientific approaches of tackling issues in its dockets (Ubels et al., 2010). Assessment of students alone cannot help institute strong security systems, but rather sound systems that ensures each candidate has a right of choosing the department to specialise in would most suffice (Michael et al., 2008). Methods of ensuring they take a certain line of duty should help strengthen their faith in the system. This will go great miles in attaining the entire objectives for all stakeholders in the institution. Problems related to introduction of course basics at lower level of learning are most appropriate because it helps make a decision on the career prospects. Policies must therefore, be in line with the students’ special needs, this ensures their desires forms part of the curriculum development for their benefit. A connection between the tutors and the students is pivotal in the sense that it helps both sides take a decisive step in helping the company grow in all facets. The main hindrance to this is the estimated cost for implementation. But if the company has strong systems, some of its funds would need reallocation in areas that urgently need consideration to improve its capacity building prospects (Michael et al., 2008). Participants and change agents Implementation of these issues requires goodwill and participation of all those involved in one way or the other. The primary role should lie with the management team, these people ensures appropriate curriculum is in place prior to commencement of training, policy makers who ensure they institute desired rules for the benefit of everyone, the tutors who interacts with students, and the students. They must have a way of contributing toward the success of the company in its capacity building objectives. It would be futile to ignore active involvement of the students in entire system, this can be effective through carrying out a survey based on the past classes to assess what they think should be appropriate for the coming groups before engaging them to give their inexperienced perception to build a bigger picture of the entire evaluation scheme. The approach will yield fruits if given the right perception to include major issues affecting the recruits in their specific careers (Fred & Allan, 2011). Problem diagnosis The assessment process for the three terms (winter, spring, and fall) in which term one (fall season) the baseline assessment in all subject matter would not reflect the real issues students know and those they need to understand to help carry out an assessment of foundational learning. This may lead to misjudgement and eventually a compromise in capacity building because the tutors’ assumption may not reflect the facts if students do not participate. This call for restructuring of management approaches to take into account an evidence-based method that solves real issues of concern to both parties (Fred & Allan, 2011). At the end of each term students undergo a final assessment to see what they have comprehended from each lesson taught. This does not encourage innovation and other key life skill, in fact, not all students’ abilities is examinable. Procedure of solving problem This need to take into account the basics and other problems in a chronological manner to help both students and tutors attain their objectives. First, the institution should ensure they acquaint themselves with the community and students’ expectations; this helps design appropriate measures to answer their worries. Once these issues get a nod, making viable policies in line with these will help attain the goal in a more easy way (Marelize et al., 2010). Secondly, giving students an appropriate channels of making decision to join either the military or the police department based on their unique abilities is crucial. This will help produce the best out of them. Engaging students in organizational and curriculum development brings harmony in the entire company structure because it will include their expectations and special needs. Despite utilizing the formative and summative assessment process throughout each lesson to check for understanding and comprehension at the end of each term, innovative methods of evaluation will help tap other skills from the students (Michael et al., 2008). Thirdly, before recruiting the students, it is important to conduct a survey from the past graduates and incorporate their views on what they thought should have been appropriate. This will provide the benchmark of designing a solid method of integrating future groups into the programs while taking care of their special requirements. Introduction of basic classes in earlier stages of learning will also help build a strong foundation for the people interested in the career. Finally, aligning organizational structures from the management team to the lowest stakeholder helps connect the main goal to the needs of everyone within the institution. References Fred, C.L, & Allan, C.O. (2011). Educational Administration: Concepts and Practices . Mason-OH: Cengage learning Hoy, A., & Hoy, W. (2009). Instructional Leadership: A Research-Based Guide to Learning in Schools (3rd ed). Boston, MA: Pearson Education, Inc. Marelize, G.A., Gorgens, M., & Kusek, Z.J. (2010). Making monitoring and evaluation systems work: a capacity development toolkit . Washington DC: World Bank Publication. Michael, F., DiPaola, M.F., & Wayne K.H. (2008). Principals improving instruction: supervision, evaluation, and professional development . Mason OH: Pearson/Allyn and Bacon. Ubels, J., Naa-Aku, A.B., & Fowle, A. (2010). Capacity Development in Practice . London, UK: Earthscan Ltd.

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Write an essay about: The author's purpose for writing the book was to demonstrate how developing nations' political, social and economic institutions contribute to their state of underdevelopment.His method was to establish a theory concerning underdevelopment and then use case study comparisons between strategies in various developing nations (Latin America, Pakistan etc) and the established standards for development in successful nations.

The author's purpose for writing the book was to demonstrate how developing nations' political, social and economic institutions contribute to their state of underdevelopment. His method was to establish a theory concerning underdevelopment and then use case study comparisons between strategies in various developing nations (Latin America, Pakistan etc) and the established standards for development in successful nations.

“Capital and Collusion” by Hilton L. Root Essay (Book Review) Table of Contents 1. Introduction 2. Book summary 3. Book Analysis 4. Conclusion 5. Reference Introduction The author’s purpose for writing the book was to demonstrate how developing nations’ political, social and economic institutions contribute to their state of underdevelopment. His method was to establish a theory concerning underdevelopment and then use case study comparisons between strategies in various developing nations (Latin America, Pakistan etc) and the established standards for development in successful nations. The author’s theories are derived from an analytical framework of risk, uncertainty, trust and social progress. He then forms a link between these frameworks by illustrating that leaders in developing nations have incentives to sustain national failure as they benefit from it. The author argues that in developing nations, trust is imperative in the development cycle. However, because there is a divide between uncertainty and risk, then few incentives for innovation and entrepreneurship exist among these nations. Book summary The first part of the book gives an outline of the author’s basic arguments. Root (2005) starts with definitions of uncertainty and risk. He explains that risk is quantifiable while uncertainty is not. He further adds that the problem in developing nations is not the lack of capital as most economists would argue. Instead, it is the divide between uncertainty and risk that leads to these challenges. Developing countries lack the tools needed to asses risk and therefore protect themselves against risk. Such a state of affairs stifles innovations and minimizes entrepreneurship ventures as most people are willing to forego risks when they are not known. The author believes that most individuals in the developing world are economically conservative. They lack the basic structures need to insure their social and private needs. Households in this area must use most of their resources to get basic services; they have minimal finances left to enlarge their frame of reference. Uncertainty in this part of the world keeps developing nations trapped in their cycle of poverty. Nonetheless, not all citizens in these nations object to uncertainty. Political agents profit from it because an uncertain climate facilitates minimal accountability. A leader can do what he wants, and no one would question him about it. Most international institutions like the IMF argue against political interventions, yet these are the root of the problem in developing countries. Leaders in all developing countries have the unique opportunity of changing uncertainty into risk, and this would foster growth. However, those leaders benefit from the status quo. Consequently, it is unlikely that they would make positive economic reforms. If these leaders facilitate broad access to resources, then they will loose their leverage and become unnecessary. Developing countries also lack the kind of political and social institutions needed to quantify uncertainty. Therefore, market participants find it difficult to agree on any trade terms. As a consequence, most of these parties end up engaging in short terms exchanges so as to reduce their exposure to risk. This preference for minimal and short-term goals stifles innovation and keeps developing nations in their present economic conditions. The author identifies three types of uncertainties in the book and they include social, political and market uncertainties. Market and political uncertainties in developing nations are manifested through minimal contract compliance among trading partners. Furthermore, the prevalence of capital for investment is minimal in these countries because financial institutions have no basis for assessing the credit worthiness of an entity. Many investors in developed nations tend to avoid risk by diversifying their portfolio. They do this by accessing other people’s resources through the stock market. In developing nations, few mechanisms for contract enforcement exist; therefore, investors fear surrendering their rights for the collective good, and this leads to less economic expansions. The benefits of diversification are far removed from persons in developing nations because they prefer risk aversion to resource pooling. It is the lack of trust amongst members of these communities that prevents them from engaging in meaningful economic activities. Social polarization is another reality that pervades the developing world. Most governments make policies in order to strengthen their political agendas. Since risk prevention can best be done through a consensus on the budget, then a polarized society is not in a position to achieve this. Sometimes social goods are required for the long term use and efficiency of traders. However, polarization prevents economic and political stakeholders from agreeing on the priority issues. This leaves developing nations with minimal infrastructural and social changes. Most developing nations are also characterized by the existence of autocratic governments. Root (2005) argues that there is a direct correlation between autocratic rule and underdevelopment. He explains that most autocratic leaders use government policies as loyalist currencies. They reward their supporters with economic gains. This places politicians at the centre of the market, and there is no way of understanding risk in such economies. Several parties in these nations prefer government protection through price controls, monopolistic markets as well as subsidies for their survival. That requirement breeds an environment of misinformation amongst the masses. There is a deep asymmetry of information between the private and public sectors in those countries. Since no institution can hedge or insure against government involvement, then businesses are left on their own. Few people have the information they need about opportunity thus leading to minimal private capital for investment. If no information exists, then no uncertainty quantification can transpire, hence minimal economic activities can occur. Some countries such as the Asian tigers may have tried to invest in technology by their weak financial systems still stifle them. Therefore, the author believes that members of developing nations are uncertain about their future. They try to minimize that uncertainty by pursuing short-term goals, which impedes capital accumulation. Most conclusions from the book are drawn from a number of countries like China, Pakistan, India and Latin American countries. Each of these nations exhibits some of the above-mentioned traits in one way or another. Therefore, it is the tough balancing act between competition and collusion that minimizes development in these states. Book Analysis The author appears to have a firm knowledge of his subject matter. Furthermore, he has a clear thesis statement and purpose at the beginning of the book and follows through with the thesis through various case studies. In certain instances, he quotes statements made by other authors on the same and thus proves that his assertions are founded on a strong theoretical framework. He also uses a series of tables and figures to make his points. However, the author could have been more careful with his choice of tables and figures. Most graphical representations were done in order to reinforce what was already known about certain countries. For example, one can find information about China’s government revenue on page 211 or about Literacy rates in Pakistan and other South Asian literacy rates such as the ones found on page 158. These facts are already known and do not need to be reemphasized by diagrammatic illustrations. Instead, he should have used more of these diagrams to support his thesis. One way in which he achieves this is through the use of figures concerning bank ownership in China. The author explains that the poor development of financial institutions in China (as witnessed through the dominance of four major banks) reduces the sectors’ accountability. Lack of transparency translates into more uncertainty hence stifled economic growth. His thesis was supported through an illustration on page 209. However, this proper use of figures was less prevalent in other parts of the book. Despite these minor shortcomings in the book format, one must not undermine the author’s success in meeting his purpose. His use of historical and current economic trends in several developing and developed nations is what facilitates this outcome. Furthermore, the writer did not just restrict his analysis to developing nations, he often compared their performance to that of developed nations, and thus drew conclusions. For example, when talking about the problem of underdevelopment in Japan and South Korea, the author identified the prevalence of closed economic systems as one of the major challenges in development. He explained that existence of social networks and kinship ties such as keiretsu and chaebol facilitated economic growth during the 1990s. He argued that this may have worked for the tigers at a certain point in time, but it failed when international players entered their markets. They complained about exclusion and economic injustice as they did not belong to the family-based networks. Root (2005) then concludes that the Asian tigers’ greatest strength eventually became their greatest weakness. He then supports this statement with a short historical analysis of the US. The country was characterized by family–owned businesses during the initial stages of capital accumulation. However, as the market advanced, then more publically owned corporations got into the scene. It was desirable to have family-owned businesses in order to build trust in the market. When institutional structures came into being, it was no longer necessary to have these types of collusions as they minimized a company’s ability to grow. The amount of resources that existed in family businesses could not be compared to those ones in the stock market. This author carefully draws similarities between current developing nations and best practice standards from developed nations in a relevant and clear manner. It is also admirable how this author managed to find different kinds of collusions in the case studies he selected. For example, in Pakistan, he believed that collusions were created by political machineries which considered incentives for development as an impediment to their political goals. The lack of incentives for development led to failed public institutions and this perpetuated underdevelopment. In India, he identified the collusion as the patronage machine that others call the government. In this scenario, the administration fostered economic growth amongst the elite and ignored the needs of the masses. This collusion meant that the masses’ social and political risks were ignored. As such, the country’s majority was entrenched in poverty. In China, the collusion occurred between the banking sector and its stakeholders. The country had minimal structures to hold its institutions accountable, which contributed to their economic predicaments. These divergent case studies were quite appropriate to the issue of collusion and thus demonstrated the author’s prowess. The most important quality found in this book is its ability to explain discrepancies in competition, collusion and capital accumulation. Root (2005) did not place himself in a trap by making a sweeping statement about underdevelopment. He was open to the fact that cultural differences determine one’s economic outcomes. This explains why collusions can sometimes be effective in one country and fail in another. The author explains that when uncertainty about contracts exist in one country, then collusions would be imperative. However, when institutional structures are strengthened, then no need for collusions exists. He, therefore, accounts for discrepancies in his declarations by showing how a county’s stage of development relates to its prevailing economic performance. Conclusion The author’s thesis was supported throughout the book by his case studies. He asserted that the gap between risk and uncertainty in these countries is what leads to their perpetual state of underdevelopment. In Latin America, Pakistan and India, the central role of political actors in economic markets minimizes people’s ability to get information about opportunity, i.e. uncertainty is high. Consequently, the masses are prevented from engaging in economic ventures. In China, the problem is the lack of strong financial structures. This means that the country cannot deal with uncertainties in the future and that keeps investors out. The author’s firm reliance on other theoretical findings and historical occurrences makes his arguments quite convincing. It offers solutions to prevailing economic inadequacies in these nations. Reference Root, H. (2005). Capital and collusion: the political logic of global economic development . Princeton: Princeton University press.

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Create the inputted essay that provided the following summary: The essay discusses the components of career development and compensation.Career development refers to the lifelong process of managing progression in learning and work, which significantly determines the nature and quality of individual's lives, the kind of people they become, their sense of purpose, the overall income at their disposal, social and economic contribution they make to the communities. Compensation represents a tangible expression of a person's perceived value defining lifestyle, position within the community measuring the importance of the individual to the organization

The essay discusses the components of career development and compensation. Career development refers to the lifelong process of managing progression in learning and work, which significantly determines the nature and quality of individual's lives, the kind of people they become, their sense of purpose, the overall income at their disposal, social and economic contribution they make to the communities. Compensation represents a tangible expression of a person's perceived value defining lifestyle, position within the community measuring the importance of the individual to the organization

Career Development and Compensation Report Table of Contents 1. Introduction 2. Compensation 3. Components 4. Benefits 5. Conclusion 6. Works Cited Introduction Career development refers to the lifelong process of managing progression in learning and work, which significantly determines the nature and quality of individual’s lives, the kind of people they become, their sense of purpose, the overall income at their disposal, social and economic contribution they make to the communities. High quality information is essential for effective career development and needs to be supplemented by personal support. A career development plan is a way to set future goals for progression in a chosen career. It involves creating a list of goals, along with strategies for achieving those goals and a desired completion date. All the steps necessary to help achieve the final goal should be included in a career development plan. Compensation Compensation represents a tangible expression of a person’s perceived value defining lifestyle, position within the community measuring the importance of the individual to the organization. It is one of the human resource systems, which also includes recruitment, performance management, training and development, and employee relation. Compensation combines wages, salaries, and benefits an employee receives in exchange for work. The employment team showing up for work on a consistent basis should have their salaries reviewed using the following plan. The salary plan should include medical, dental, and cafeteria plan benefits. The inclusion of the above plan enables and allows the employment team to have a consistent life that matches their work schedule. For the case of the sales team, a different approach should be adopted by including the overall salary and a considerable percentage of commission on every sale, a bonus for exceeding the sales quota or quantity, and the provision of other allowances that will benefit the team’s family members including travel allowances to visit desired places during vacations. All this promotes employee appreciation by the Interclean team which will in turn motivate the employment team to provide and promote better services. Overtime tips should be given depending on the calculations on the total hours worked beyond the normal working hours; this will promote hard work and industriousness within the company and increase the general productivity and profitability. This is in addition to the provision of advanced payments to the employment team in case of any emergencies arising from the employee side. Considering the productive efforts provided by the employment team in running of activities within the company, resources, and the services outsourced, there would be increased profitability and income that will enable the pay system to be implemented profitably. Components The rewards package will consist of commissions, overtime payments, raises, bonuses, and incentives. Commissions refer to a form of payment to an agent for services rendered, usually within a given percentage range of the total monetary value of the services. This type of reward promotes employee performance as they target to hit the prescribed threshold and gain their commission, for example in sale of certain goods. Constant raises, bonuses, and incentives offered to the employment teams are based on performance ranking and ratings. For example, Interclean could decide that an outstanding performance appraisal could result in a given percentage of salary increase. This motivates the team to surpass the predefined threshold and earn the salary raise. Benefits The described compensation plan will benefit the individual in the following ways. First, the individual will be able to work under conducive environment knowing that all the factors affecting their lives are catered for i.e. the company appreciates their performance. The living standards of the individuals will rise due to the influence of the various benefits offered by the company. Moral and individual motivation will be guaranteed because of the better services offered by the company. Paid vacations depending on the length of service with the company, which could be around two weeks. Individual benefits from the disability and illness compensation, for example individuals are allowed paid sick leave, and any unused sick leave is paid in cash. Professional development of skills through seminars, conferences, and programs helps the individuals to acquire and refresh skills that enable the individual to perform the current job and prepare for greater responsibilities in future. On the other hand, the company will benefit from the plan due to an increased output of the services provided by the individuals and hence an increase in the profit gains from the outsourced services of the company. There will be quality services provided by the individuals to the company and hence the reputation of the company will be held high in terms of penetration into the foreign markets. The company will experience an increase in the return on capital invested because of the extra performance of the individuals. The company will experience improved interpersonal relationships and cooperation between the individuals, management, and the entire company, which will promote the overall productivity within specified and stipulated time lines (Ellig p.223). Conclusion Career development is an ongoing life long process. Compensation combines wages, salaries, and benefits an employee receives in exchange for work, which motivates and promotes peak performance of individuals within any given company. Compensation ensures and promotes peak performance of the employees within a given company. Works Cited Ellig, Bruce. The Complete Guide to Executive Compensation . New York: McGraw-Hill Professional. 2007. Web.

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Write the full essay for the following summary: The court ruled that indeed the drivers in the trail were FedEx employees and that they were not independent contractors.The court based its ruling on section 2802 of the labor code subdivision (a) where law test of employment is applied. It also states that FedEx has no authority in imposition any condition or term. The substantial evidenced in the FedEx case is the control they have on.

The court ruled that indeed the drivers in the trail were FedEx employees and that they were not independent contractors. The court based its ruling on section 2802 of the labor code subdivision (a) where law test of employment is applied. It also states that FedEx has no authority in imposition any condition or term. The substantial evidenced in the FedEx case is the control they have on.

Case analysis of Estrada v. FedEx Ground Package Systems, Inc Essay This particular case analysis looks into a case study involving the Estrada and the FedEx Ground systems. In this case, the court had sought to determine if the drivers working for Federal Express were really independent contractors or employees. The central legal issue raised in the case is whether the federal express drivers’ are employees of the company or they are independent contractors. The relevant facts that define the problem and bear upon the decision are based on the operating agreement issued before working for FedEx. After being accepted as a driver, the pickup and delivery operating agreement is usually nonnegotiable (Vogel, 2007). The drivers operate under the system of FedEx system. On the basis of the existing operating agreement, the driver in question is not an employee of the company, but an independent contractor. It also states that the drivers cannot be imposed any terms or condition although there is a clause that allows the termination of a contract. The agreement also allows the driver to increase the working area and cooperate with FedEx customers and employees. The agreement that follows requires the driver to keep the FedEx professional image, wear the FedEx uniforms, be presentable, have reports inspected by the FedEx and adhere to the expected standards of the company among others. There are several facts and issues in regard to the case of FedEx and Estrada. The drivers of FedEx are allowed to agree to the operating agreement that has various guidelines. Some of the issues raised in the case include right to control that was used but the trial court to rule that the drivers were employees of FedEx Inc. This according to FedEx was insupportable inferences of fact that the court used. However, based on the facts that FedEx had control through offering uniforms, socks, trucks, paying of their bills, supervision, timetables and schedules, this makes them employees of the company. It is worth noting that independent contractors do not work under supervision of the contracting company and that no company related assets and paraphernalia are used. The court ruled that indeed the drivers in the trail were FedEx employees and that they were not independent contractors and no indemnifications on expenses were filed. The court based its ruling on section 2802 of the labor code subdivision (a) where law test of employment is applied. It also states that FedEx has no authority in imposition any condition or term. The substantial evidenced in the FedEx case is the control they have on. The fact that their logo is used, truck, repairs are all done by FedEx makes them employees. Important facts are that FedEx went contrary to its words in the operating agreement and imposed terms and conditions on the drivers. The least important issue is the argument of FedEx that trial court misapplied the test by interpreting ‘right to control part in erroneous manner. This is because the facts spoke for themselves and negligence cost them. The arguments were that the conduct of FedEx spoke louder than its words. It was also argued that there was tangible evidence than implicated FedEx for having broken the operating agreement. These include wearing of socks, uniforms, reporting to the supervisors among others which were contradictory. Options available were that FedEx follows the operating agreement and no lawsuits are filed or what it did and faced the axe of the law. In future, the human resource department shall be obligated to review the operating agreement to avoid legal battles like the one FedEx is faced with. It will also have to implement rules regarding wearing of uniforms by drivers, wearing socks and other items related to FedEx systems that can be used against them in a court of law. The last implication is to adopt the strategies used by its competitors and have the drivers as employees so as to avoid future lawsuits. Words can “un-do” conduct if they are followed by a given organization. For example, FedEx operating agreement states that it has’ no authority to impose any term or condition’ and yet it disobeys these words. The company could however undo the conduct of imposing terms and conditions to its drivers. Words can override conduct if the company words go contrary to the conduct. As a legal counsel of FedEx I would counsel that the intention of “right to control” was not meant to posses the drivers but to ensure uniformity and the image of the company. It was also meant to protect the company and its clients. I would also counsel that during the signing of the operating agreement the drivers agreed with it and none had problem with its provisions on conduct, what to wear, whom to report to, and other issues raised. A manager would response in a positive way through setting up a management strategy that would revise the raised operational issues. This would reduce chances of lawsuits in near future. The manager may indulge the organizational lawyer in rephrasing the operating agreement to better the two sides. Reference List Vogel, J. (2007). The Regulation of the Employment Regulations . Estrada v. FedEx Ground Package Systems, In. 58-59.

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Provide a essay that could have been the input for the following summary: Sara Lee Corporation case study examines how the company rejuvenated its business by narrowing its focus to household, beverage and food products.Sara Lee Corporation case study examines how the company rejuvenated its business by narrowing its focus to household, beverage and food products.

Sara Lee Corporation case study examines how the company rejuvenated its business by narrowing its focus to household, beverage and food products. Sara Lee Corporation case study examines how the company rejuvenated its business by narrowing its focus to household, beverage and food products.

Rejuvenating a Business: Sara Lee Corporation Case Study Table of Contents 1. Introduction 2. Industry attractiveness 3. Business unit competitive strength 4. Checking for cross-business strategic fits 5. Analyzing resource fit 6. Crafting novel strategic approach to improve performance 7. Conclusion 8. References Introduction In the world of business nothing limits the quest of stakeholders in venturing into satellite businesses which are either related or not. The extent of diversification is unlimited hence; some businesses are broadly diversified while others are not. The degree of diversification apart, the worthwhile of the venture is what matters. Companies branch out with an aim of increasing revenues to enable them to grow. However, at times, like the case of Sara Lee Corporation, may eventuate in low revenues and as such, stakeholders need to strategize and come up with a blueprint of rejuvenating a business. With that respect, Thompson, in his six steps of evaluation of the performance of a company sheds light on how one can evaluate and strategize thus reversing the downward trend of a company. In order to comprehend the case of Sara Lee Corporation and hence evaluate the successfulness of its retrenchment initiatives, a synopsis through the company’s history briefly highlights the major talking points. Sara Lee Corporation is a multifaceted business venture that incorporates diverse businesses that range from foodstuffs to non foodstuff products. Over the years though, the company has been grappling with the idea of increasing its revenues through acquisition and, to a lesser extent through divestiture realizing insignificant change. However, the year 2005 which saw the appointment of one Brenda Barnes as the CEO marked the turning point of the company. With his ambitious plan to further curtail the broad business venture such that they concentrate on household, beverage and food did transform the company big time. Even though this would initially decrease the revenue by $7.2 billion, it was projected that the long term benefits will see this translate to revenue gains. As such, to be specific, it was projected that by the year 2010 the revenue would grow by $14 billion. This would translate to a profit margin of 12% relative to an 8.1% prior to the retrenchment strategy in the year 2004. However, by the end of 2010 fiscal year the company fell short of meeting its projected target hence remained blurred with respect to the degree of shareholders benefits. The company had realized a revenue growth of $10.5 billion and a profit margin of 8%. If not sufficiently enough, CEO Barnes further engaged her divestiture strategy with the ‘International Household and Body Care business’ receiving the brunt in the very year. Concurrently, the company continued with its ‘Project Accelerate’ which was launched in the year 2008 with an aim of enhancing supply chain effectiveness as well as overhead cost reduction. This one made significance changes realizing $180 million savings in the fiscal year-end 2010 and, even projected to save a further $170-$220 million in the year 2012. As at the end of the year 2010 CEO Barnes reign was unexpectedly brought to a halt due to illness. This paved way for Smits who buttressed Barnes strategies by focusing mainly on the company’s strongholds to increase its revenues. As such, while reaping on the anticipated benefits of ‘Project Accelerate,’ Smits focused on venturing heavily on the company’s most powerful brands as well as hunting growth in the most attractive geographical market segments. Diversification is a vital venture in any business since it enhances the spread of risk across the industries. A company that invests in one business stands risks of collapsing economically courtesy of economic crunch or technological innovations more than a diversified business. Apart from risk protection diversification enhances growth in shareholder value. Therefore the diversification strategy lies squarely on the top managerial brass who determines the route to venture-either related or unrelated businesses. Corporate managers in the helm of diversification strategy have responsibilities that eventually determine the success of a business. As such; they need to evaluate and decide on which new path of industries to enter, they need to do a self assessment of the company in order to measure its capability in terms of capital, and gauge the influence of the company’s brand on the new industry. Clear answers to these questions will definitely enable the management whether to engage in acquisition, mergers, or divest. Moreover, the management has the responsibilities of evaluating and identifying opportunities that will enhance the performance of the single business units as well as the whole business at large. The corporate managers should acknowledge that these ventures should be such that they gain from the resources accrued from the larger company hence building competitive advantage. Finally, the corporate managers should be in a position “to build sustainable competitive advantage by leveraging cross-business value chain relationships and strategic fits. Diversification into related businesses allows companies to gain economies of scope in value chain activities” (Ansoff, 1965). Thompson evaluates a company’s diversification strategy stepwise through six outlines that include: “industry attractiveness, business-unit competitive strength, competitive advantage potential of cross-business strategic fits, resource fit, performance prospects for business units and assigning priority for resources allocation, and formulating new strategic moves to improve corporate performance” (Andrews, 1987). A thorough analysis of each step will gauge the successfulness of Sara Lee Corporation. Industry attractiveness Industry attractiveness centers on a very wider picture of a company’s diversification. To begin with, managers should take the initiative to evaluate the attractiveness of their industries in order to gauge if they stand at a potentially attractive industry marketwise. As such, the managers should be in a position to evaluate the progress of their respective industries thus; they should tell whether the industry is developing, stagnating, or waning. Vitally, knowledge of the competitive forces within the industry will enable one to weigh the degree of success (Ansoff, 1965). With regards to Sara Lee Corporation, CEO Barnes realizes that she can increase the company’s revenues by concentrating more on the market segments which are most promising. As such, she chooses to shelve satellite business which faced stiff competition. She goes ahead with her retrenchment strategy that finds ‘Direct selling, U.S retail coffee, European apparel, European nuts and snacks, European rice, U.S meat snacks, European meats and Sara Lee branded apparel’ on the wrong side of her strategies. Even though Barnes acknowledges that her strategies would shrink revenues initially, her projected long term benefits were her source of motivation. Hence, by the fiscal year-end 2010, though short of her target, Barnes financial analysis reflects a significant growth. She falls short of her target by $ 3.5 billion and 3.5% for revenues and profit margins respectively. Barnes prioritizes Sara Lee Corporation’s business ventures according to the order of their attractiveness marketwise. As such, she concentrates majorly on baked products, meat and beverage products. As at that juncture she concentrates more on increasing their market shares thereby increasing the profit margin. Seemingly, she realizes that engaging more in food related industry is a worthy undertaking. In particular, baking industry registered increased sales from $91 million to $2.1 billion in a span of 5 years from the year 2003. This elevated its market share astronomically to 8.2% of the US market for packaged bread. This is exhibited by the graph below of the trends of the growth in income from continuing operations for both unrelated and related businesses respectively. Graph 1 The first year (2004) represents the year prior to Barnes reign. As illustrated by the graph above, the unrelated businesses were actually operating at losses-$350 million and $190 million dollars respectively for the first two years. However, in the fiscal year-end 2006, these companies realized a profit of $246 million dollars before taxes. As predicted before by Barnes after her optimistic plans, she realized declined profits initially as portrayed by the graph above (year 2008). The profit margin reduces by $161 million dollars initially but peaks later to $1.093 billion in the year 2010 pending taxes. Cumulatively for the three years the unrelated businesses realized losses before taxes amounting to $294 million. In the contrary, the related businesses registered cumulative profit for the last three years amounting to $1.792 billion. This in comparison with the unrelated businesses is a clear indicator of the positive impact of Barnes retrenchment strategies. Thus, in order to harness the maximum benefit from her biased strategy in reference to related businesses, she ought to work on streamlining the value chains and marketing strategies. Business unit competitive strength After a successful evaluation of the attractiveness of a business venture it is vital for managers to comprehend the competitive strength of the same. Basically this means getting to know where you position your business relative to other competitors in the same industry. As such, one will be in a better position to tell the strengths and flaws of a business diversification portfolio. This comes in handy when focusing on resource allocation as well as in decision making which determines whether to diversify or to divest (Watts, Copes & Hulme, 1998). Sara Lee Corporation ranked high in food stuffs specifically in baked products in the year 2010. As such, the company channeled some more resources to these products. Most notably is the ‘North American Fresh Bakery division’ which for a very long time held the top rank in hotdogs and hamburger buns. This, prompted the company to negotiate with retail supermarkets to increase their display spaces to accommodate more products. Consequently this saw to it an increase in shelve spaces that propelled its weekly sales to triple its initial in supermarkets where more spaces were allocated. Concurrently, as she tussles with strengthening her strongholds Barnes divested other businesses that are seemingly less lucrative. On the receiving end were among others ‘Direct selling.’ This increased focus that would later translate to the growth of the company’s revenues and profit margin in the year 2010 though short of its projections. Checking for cross-business strategic fits A business is considered attractive strategically and stands to score high in terms of market share when its value chains are related with a firm’s other satellite businesses that offer opportunities to: realize economies of scale thereby enhancing cost-saving efficiencies, enhance the transfer of technology from one enterprise to the other, leverage use of a company’s assets to enhance differentiation and, take advantage of cross-business association to come up with novel resources and competitive competence. Cross-business strategic fits “represents a significant avenue for producing competitive advantage beyond what any one business can achieve on its own” (Barney, 1991). As a CEO, Barnes acknowledges the need to cut on the operational costs hence she launches ‘Project Accelerate’ in the year 2008. Overhead reduction apart, Project Accelerate was launched with an aim of enhancing supply chain efficiencies in order to benefit from the creation of a competitive advantage. This project made significance changes realizing $180 million savings in the fiscal year 2010 and, it was even projected to save a further $170-$220 million in the year-end 2012. Although initially the company had taken the advantage of the reputation of its established name to venture into other businesses that rendered it diverse, their costs of operations further outweighed their revenues. As such, Barnes opted to engage in divestiture rather than acquisition to remain focused in the industries where she could reap huge revenues. Analyzing resource fit One of the advantages that diversification adds to a company is that it strengthens the resources of the company. As such it can be deduced that there is a correlation between these resources and the key success factors under which the industry operates (Barney, 1991). However, even with this advantage, caution should be taken such that the available resources suffice all the facets of the businesses lest it “spreads itself too thin” (Li et al. 1999). Companies with related diversification approach boast resource fit when its satellite businesses boost its resource position and when their resource requirements match “at the value chain level” (Thompson & Gamble, 2011). On the other hand, companies pursuing otherwise (unrelated diversification approach) boast the same when they have the capacity to suffice their unrelated businesses without straining its resources. Initially, Sara Lee Corporation had spread its diversification strategies from related to unrelated businesses. Barnes opted to proceed with her retrenchment initiative strategy so that she can shelve some businesses both related and unrelated that were nonstrategic. As such, on top of her priority list of retrenchment is ‘Direct selling’ which she sold in the year 2005 at a profit margin of $ 97 million. This company dealt in cosmetics, fragrances, toiletries, apparel and other household products to consumers. Between the year 2005 and late September 2006 she manages to divest 8 businesses that sees her discard entirely all her unrelated businesses to render her focused on lucrative ventures-food, beverages and households. Barnes believes that Sara Lee Corporation would be successful when it focused its finances and management resources on a few businesses showing promising market prospects. Consequently as at the fiscal year-end 2010 she realizes a revenue increment of $ 10.8 billion and a profit margin increment of 8.5%. This though falls below the projection and as such she further engages in her retrenchment strategy with ‘International Household and Body Care’ receiving the matching orders. This company-an affiliate and unrelated, dealt with among other products shoe care products (Kiwi). Concurrently, she directs resources to initiate Project Accelerate on the remaining businesses to boost its output by reducing operational costs. Grading the prospects and assigning resources to Sara Lee Corporation affiliate businesses. From the synopsis of the history of Sara Lee Corporation, a venture into a food-related industry would definitely increase its revenues and profit margins. She invests majorly in “five food-related businesses that include: North American Retail, North American Fresh Bakery, North American Foodservice, International Beverage and International Bakery” (Thompson & Gamble, 2011). From the analysis of the financial report during the stint of CEO Barnes, her initiative realized growth in the company’s operating income pending taxation. During her reign, from the years 2008 to 2010 she realized operating income growth from continuing operations of almost 12 folds before income taxes. From the financial report, taking 2008 as the base year, North American Foodservice recorded a massive growth from incurring a loss ($324 million) in the year 2008 to recording an income of $125 million pending income tax. As such more resources should be awarded to this company since it has the potential of amassing huge profit margin. Next in the priority list in resource allocation is North American retail which recorded a 132% growth in operating income prior to tax reduction. This should be followed by International Bakery which even though was still operating at a loss; it showed potential of amassing huge profits in the long run. It recorded a 96% growth. Fourth in the list of preference should be International Beverage which registered insignificant growth of 7.4% over the last three years from the year 2008. Finally, North American Fresh Bakery should come last since it recorded a loss of 20% during the same period. The graph below gives the trends of different businesses during the three year period. Graph 2 Considering the trend of North American Foodservices from the best line of fit, the steepness of the trend is so pronounced than the other trends. This portrays a business with a greater potential to grow. Following the same criteria, it is evident that the rate of steepness increases positively in the following order: International Beverage, International Bakery, North American Retail, and North American Foodservices. However, the North American Fresh Bakery had a negative slope. Consequently, it can be concluded that the potentiality of the businesses increases with the order of steepness. The negative slope as exhibited by North American Fresh Bakery represents a loss hence, this shouldn’t be allocated much resources. Crafting novel strategic approach to improve performance With the status quo the company is bound to increase its income revenues though in the long run this would be negligible, or stagnate. It is therefore, if need be, prudent for the stakeholders to diversify into food-related industry since this is the industry where the company has the prospects of growth. More resources should be channeled to the remaining businesses to ensure that the company has a lion’s share of the market. To achieve this then the top managerial brass should consider developing competitive abilities. As such, they should consider: innovating novel products, brand-building capabilities, and competitive pricing. Also, the company needs to work on acquiring new accounts with already established/new discount store customers and supermarkets. To achieve this then the company ought to improve on category management and influence. With regards to specific businesses particularly the North American Foodservice, Sara Lee Corporation should strive at taking the advantage of its goodwill with respect to meat and baked products coupled with the changing trend of the American eating habit to win the market share for its novel and established products. On the other hand, North American Retail needs to channel more resources on branded products which showed greater preferences with respect to customers in order to reap the benefits of economies of scale. As such there is need for increased production of Hillshire Farm smoked sausage, Ball Park franks, Jimmy Dean smoked sausage, Sara Lee Frozen desserts, State Fair corn dog and, Senseo single-service coffee makers and coffee pods. This should be replicated to the other businesses in their respective strongholds to steer the company to greater heights above other companies. Conclusion In a synopsis, it can be concluded that CEO Barnes retrenchment strategy was a success since the company was able to register positive results in terms of growth later. She was able to concentrate resources in the businesses with greater prospects of growth to realize the positive results. This can be strengthened more by working on the ways to boost its market share further in order to reap the benefits of economies of scale. Venturing into related businesses comes with it benefits that accrue from synergies in that the integrated businesses sum up strongly as one. Furthermore, it enhances a company to grow and exploit the benefits accruing from core competencies. However, with her strategy to invest in related businesses Barnes stands more risks than when she would have invested otherwise. This could be due to fluctuations in preferences and costs of the products in the industry ventured. References Andrews, K. (1987). The Concept of Corporate Strategy, New York City: McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Ansoff, I. (1965), Corporate Strategy , New York City: McGraw-Hill New York Barney, J.B. (1991). Firm resources and sustained competitive advantage. Journal of Management, 17 , (1), 99-120. Li, S. et al. (1999). A framework for a hybrid intelligent system in support of marketing strategy development, Marketing Intelligence & Planning. Journal of marketing strategy, 17, (4), 10-15. Thompson, A., & Gamble, J. (2011). Case 2011: Sara Lee Corporation- Has his Retrenchment Strategy been successful? Birmingham City, UK: University of Alabama. Watts, G., Cope, J., & Hulme, M. (1998). Ansoff’s Matrix, pain and gain: Growth strategies and adaptive learning among small food producers . International Journal of Entrepreneurial Behaviour & Research, 4, (2), 9-18.

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Provide the inputted essay that when summarized resulted in the following summary : In recent years, strategic management literature has been focused on the organization's endowment of strategically competitive resources as critical determinants of the organization's capacity to maintain efficiency, effectiveness and profitability over the long-term. The search industry is one of the largest, highly competitive and highly structured markets in the world. Google's strategy in 2010 was to diversify into other critical areas that serve to sustain its competitive advantage and maintain strong mutual relationships with its Internet users, advertisers and websites.

In recent years, strategic management literature has been focused on the organization's endowment of strategically competitive resources as critical determinants of the organization's capacity to maintain efficiency, effectiveness and profitability over the long-term. The search industry is one of the largest, highly competitive and highly structured markets in the world. Google's strategy in 2010 was to diversify into other critical areas that serve to sustain its competitive advantage and maintain strong mutual relationships with its Internet users, advertisers and websites.

“Google’s Strategy in 2010” Case Study Table of Contents 1. Competition in the Search Industry 2. Forces of Change in the Search Industry 3. Key Success Factors 4. Customer Value Proposition & Profit formula 5. Google’s Business Model & Strategy 6. Google’s Key Resources & Competitive Capabilities 7. Recommendations for Practice 8. References Competition in the Search Industry In recent years, strategic management literature has been focused on the organization’s endowment of strategically competitive resources as critical determinants of the organization’s capacity to maintain efficiency, effectiveness and profitability over the long-term (Foon, 2009). As demonstrated in the Google case scenario, the search industry is one of the largest, highly competitive and highly structured markets in the world. Internet search figures quoted in Thompson et al (2011) for the year 2010 demonstrate that the three top-most players in the search industry according to market shares in both searches performed on computers and mobile devices include Google (63.7%), Yahoo (18.3%), and Microsoft (12.1%). Michael Porter outlined several competitive forces that have the capacity to hurt a firm’s prospective profits, including the threat of a direct competitor, aspiring entrants into the market, buyer power, supplier power, and substitute offerings (Hoffman, 2000). In the search industry, it seems that a rival firm is the strongest competitive force because most of the competing firms in the industry provide somewhat similar search engines. In spite of the fact that aspiring entrants may cause elevated damage in many sectors of the economy, especially by arming themselves with new capacity to dislodge old players (Wheelen & Hunger, 2011), this force is least likely to play out in the search industry due to the already huge market shares that firms such as Google and Yahoo have been able to accumulate over the years. The overall outlook of the search industry can be described as positive and attractive, primarily due to emerging revenue-generating opportunities presented by new and innovative technology (Thompson et al., 2011). Forces of Change in the Search Industry Today, more than ever before, the search industry presents customers with numerous capabilities that are not necessarily limited to the traditional searches business. Google, for instance, has not only perfected its traditional search business using modern innovative technologies, but is now diversifying into other critical areas that serve to sustain its competitive advantage and maintain strong mutual relationships with its Internet users, advertisers and websites (Thompson et al., 2011). There exist forces that will be critical in bringing about major change in the industry in the short- and middle-term. While competition from rival firms may force competitors to invest huge financial resources with the view to develop novel and more meaningful applications, technologically savvy customers and advertisers using the search engines may actually force the prices to plummet by playing competitors against each other, not mentioning that substitute offerings (e.g., Gmail Google Chrome applications offered for free by Google) will most probably lure customers away (Wheelen & Hunger, 2011). Key Success Factors Success in the Internet search industry, it seems, is defined by factors such as the capacity to innovate and create new applications, scalability of operations, reliability and data integrity, capacity to provide Internet safety to customers, diversification into new product offerings (e.g., Google Apps, Cloud computing and Google TV), diversification into new market segments, as well as strategic portfolio management (Wheelen & Hunger, 2011). From the case, it is clear that Google’s core competencies include the quality of search results, amount of searches, innovative data warehousing (e.g., Cloud Computing) and software programming (e.g., Google Apps and Google Calendar) applications, and a strong brand management and public relations orientation (Thompson et al., 2011). Google has demonstrated effective capabilities in the recruitment and retention of talented staff and in the facilitation of content co-creation and value addition on the web. In resources, Google is endowed with huge financial resources, expert and highly motivated members of staff, popular brand name and search engine, high monthly turnover of online traffic, as well as deeply satisfied and loyal customers (Wheelen & Hunger, 2011). Customer Value Proposition & Profit formula Google views itself as an enterprise that is essentially concerned with delivering value to customers through open innovation strategies, research and development (R&D), and acquisition of smaller technologically-oriented firms to achieve flexibility and reduce costs associated with developing new products. Google’s acquisition of YouTube, Postini, On2 and DoubleClick, for instance, not only meant that more knowledge became available for the firm to continuously innovate, but also implied that alternative technologies could be kept open for longer periods of time, and that it was now possible to convey the experience and benefits of their products (e.g., high-level video streaming and compression capabilities) to customers (Wheelen & Hunger, 2011). Google’s cost-per-impression (CPI) and cost-per-tick (CPC) profit formulas, alongside its customer value-based propositions, have enabled the firm to excel in operational efficiency, customer intimacy and product leadership (Thompson et al., 2011). Google’s Business Model & Strategy By far, Google’s business model, which is premised on allowing advertisers to bid on search terms that would describe their CPI or CPC basis (Thompson et al., 2011), speaks volumes about the firm’s success in a highly competitive business environment. Google’s strategy for venturing into new product markets has seen the firm experience remarkable revenue growth in non-traditional search areas as evidenced by its financial statements. Apart from this, it is clear that Google has opportunities for more growth, especially in mobile phone applications, cloud computing, Google Apps, and Google TV. These growth projections imply that investors should be impressed with the firm’s financial performance. The table below demonstrates how Google compares with other competitors (Yahoo and Microsoft) in the search industry. Table 1: Selected Financial Disclosures Firm Year Revenue ($) Operating income ($) Net income ($) Google 2009 8,844, 115 8,312, 186 6,520, 448 Yahoo 2009 6, 460, 315 386, 692 597,992 Microsoft 2009 58,437 20,363 14,569 The figure above shows that Google had a net income of over $6 billion going into 2010, against its major competitors Yahoo ($597 million) and Microsoft (less than $15 million). A strong financial muscle forms a competitive advantage for Google, hence a strong indicator for investors that the firm is indeed headed in the right direction, at least competitively. Google’s Key Resources & Competitive Capabilities It is imperative to conduct a SWOT analysis to identify Google’s key resources, opportunities and competitive capabilities, as well as its competitive liabilities, weaknesses and threats to continued success. The results from the analysis are illustrated in the table below Table 2: SWOT Analysis for Google Strengths Weaknesses * Large cash flow reserves * Minimal product integration * Loyal and satisfied customers and employees * Negative public perception about Google’s practices * Adaptability of products * Slowing down of major economies * Scalability of operations * Issues revolving around top management * Open innovation * Incapacity to scale down operational weaknesses * Significant brand image and strong infrastructural base Opportunities Threats * Increase in the number of people using the Internet * Internet security and privacy issues * New market frontiers for sustained growth * Copyright lawsuit, antitrust and infringement issues * Increased uptake of web-based advertising * Ethical implications related to the unauthorized collection of personal data * TV revenue through advertising and searches * Loss of market share due to increased global competition * Development of tangible technology * Disruptive technologies and foreign exchange risks Recommendations for Practice Although Google boasts a strong competitive position going into the future, it should consider investing more in R&D to stimulate creative and innovative practices. Additionally, the firm should continue searching and engaging in strategic alliances with other like-minded firms not only to promote open source standards, but also to achieve effective product integration and interoperability (Thompson et al., 2011). It is also recommended that Google should continue diversifying its product offerings to open up more revenue streams. Lastly, the firm should consider investing in internet security applications to keep its customers loyal and satisfied. References Foon, L.S. (2009). Capabilities differentials as sources of sustainable competitive advantage. International Journal of Business & Society, 10 (2), 20-38. Hoffman, N.P. (2000). An examination of the “sustainable competitive advantage” concept: Past, present, and future. Academy of Marketing Science Review, 2000 (4), 562-578. Thompson, A., Peteraf, M., Gamble, J., & Strickland, A.J. (2011). Crafting and executing strategy: The quest for competitive advantage: Concept and cases (18th ed.). New York, NY: McGraw-Hill/Irwin. Wheelen, T.L., & Hunger, J.D. (2011). Strategic management and business policy: Toward global sustainability (13th ed.). Upper Saddle River, NJ: Prentice Hall.

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Provide a essay that could have been the input for the following summary: In the contemporary world, internationalization has become popular in all industries. According to Mellahi and Frynas (2011, p. 6), convergence of global markets and technological revolution have necessitated firms to standardize their products, as well as adopt strategies that make them internationally successful.Lincoln Electric was founded in the last decade of the nineteenth century, and over the years, the company grew to be one of the major players in the welding industry. However, it was not until

In the contemporary world, internationalization has become popular in all industries. According to Mellahi and Frynas (2011, p. 6), convergence of global markets and technological revolution have necessitated firms to standardize their products, as well as adopt strategies that make them internationally successful. Lincoln Electric was founded in the last decade of the nineteenth century, and over the years, the company grew to be one of the major players in the welding industry. However, it was not until

Lincoln Electric Essay Identify and Appraise the key Strategic Issues Confronting John Stropki as he leads the expansion of Lincoln Electric International Business in 2006 In the contemporary world, internationalization has become popular in all industries. According to Mellahi and Frynas (2011, p.6), convergence of global markets and technological revolution have necessitated firms to standardize their products, as well as adopt strategies that make them internationally successful. Lincoln Electric was founded in the last decade of the nineteenth century, and over the years, the company grew to be one of the major players in the welding industry. However, it was not until 1980s that the company expanded its business/operations to international markets, thanks to the increasing popularity of globalization of trade. Currently, the company is headed by John Stropki as the chief executive officer, who was appointed to the position in 2004. Upon taking over at the company, John Stropki’s priority was to improve the competitive advantage of the company, with internationalization being the primary strategy to achieve that competitiveness. A brief view from the history of the company shows that, Lincoln Electric starting capital was only $200, with its initial aim being to produce and sell electric motors. In addition, its net income had increased from $15.8 to $48.0 between 1986 and 1994, while between 1995 and 2005, the company’s net income increased from $61.5 to $122.3 millions (Barnett and Beamish, 2011, p.16). It is rather evident that the company had been operating on profits; therefore, John had to sustain the company’s competitive advantage and increase on profits. By 2006, the company operated in 19 countries; the company had succeeded in joint ventures in several countries. Using the Porter’s five forces framework, this paper will appraise and analyze the strategic issues confronting John Stropki in expanding the business to India. According to Hill and Jones (2009, p.43), the risk of entry by potential competitors can be a threat to profitability for an existing company, too many firms in the welding industry will increase rivalry in the industry as they compete for the customers and resources; this is a challenge that faces Stropki in the future. Although the company had a geographically distributed network, it faced the challenge of new and increased competition from other firms seeking to reap profits from the industry. Indeed, Mellahi and Frynas (2011, p. 8) believe that, successful firms have to be proactive in their internationalization strategies, rather than waiting until their local operations become unprofitable, more so in this era of accelerating globalization. Threat of substitutes in the market is another challenge that Stropki had to deal with. Lincoln has managed to maintain its profitability over the years because of its quality products and low costs, which stand as an advantage. According to Hamel, Doz, and Prahalad (1989, p. 137), “the quality and performance of a company’s products determines it competitiveness,” and building sustainable core competencies. In this case, high performance will allow the firm to meet foreign demand effectively, more so when it sets up production facilities in the importing countries. This way, the company will be able to enjoy economies of scale input efficiency in production of products, thus delivering them to consumers at competitive prices. The bargaining power of buyers is another aspect that Stropki had to address. For any business to survive, it must improve its customers’ relationships. Lincoln is involved in serving customers that specialize in building homes, cars, bridges, and power plants. Therefore, customer service is an important aspect at Lincoln, which Stropki has tried to improve since he took over leadership. Finding new and improved ways to serve the customers better is a strategic issue that Lincoln had to emphasize on in order to gain customers’ loyalty. This is also supported by establishment of a call centre phone, email responses, and customer surveys, which provide feedback for improvement (Smart business Cleveland (2011). Nevertheless, employees determine the sales of the company, such that, responsive employees contribute to customer attraction, and as a result, a positive relationship is created, leading to customer loyalty. International business was another strategic issue that confronted Stropki (Barnett and Beamish, 2011, p.15). This is due to the intensity of competitive rivalry existing in the international market. Indeed, over a thousand companies were involved in the production of equipment and consumables whereby, the leading six companies accumulated 45% of the global market (Barnett and Beamish, 2011, p.16). In order to succeed in competitiveness, Hamel, Doz, and Prahalad (1989, p. 134) call for collaboration, which would allow the company to learn from the skills and experiences of the rival/partner, but such an alliance must not lead to competitive compromise. By the end of 2006, Lincoln had acquired Metrode Products Limited firm in the United Kingdom, a move that would contribute to the company’s income through high innovative solutions (NEMA industry news, 2006). By using the hofstede cultural criteria, it can be deduced that the company faces a challenge in cultural conflict emanating from differences in practices, behavior, and communication. Primarily, Indians respect appearance highly, whether in official and casual matters. In this case, the mode of dressing is important, with women not allowed to expose the upper part of their bodies or upper arms, while wearing of leather products is discourages due to the revere Indians have on cows. On behavior, it is important to understand that Indians do not consume beef, prefer business lunches to dinners, do not open gifts in presence of the giver, and use some gestures (hand or head) that may be opposite to other cultures. Finally, the mode of communication is important, considering that Indians respect the use of titles when addressing people, use indirect language when communicating a negative response and they do not accept use of ‘thank you’ after meals. Therefore, hiring and maintaining responsive employees will be important to ensure that employees understand and respect cultural boundaries existing between Indians and other cultures. According to Grant (1991, p.116), Resource-based theory explains that resources are the main capabilities of a firm’s survival, as they provide the direction for a firm’s strategy as well as they are the main source of profit for a firm. A firm’s resources and capabilities define its identity in terms of what the firm is capable of doing to satisfy customers’ needs. Lincoln has over the years improved on its income, therefore increasing on its resources and capabilities, as well as competitive advantage. The resource-based theory also argues that a company’s ability to earn profits depends highly on the attractiveness of the industry location and its competitive advantage capability over its rivals. According to Stonehouse and Campbell (2004, p.175), a firm’s position in the industry determines whether its profitability is above or below average; sustainable competitive advantage results to the basis of above average. John Stropki has the task of ensuring that Lincoln electric adopts a favorable generic strategy that would sustain its competitive advantage. He can turn to cost leadership strategy that involves being the lowest cost producer in the industry of welding. The company can also adopt differentiation strategy, whereby, the firm chooses to be unique in satisfying the needs of customers, for instance, by producing unique products in the industry. The Influence of Shareholder and other Stakeholders upon Lincoln Electric’s Strategic Development Shareholders of Lincoln Electric legally own shares of stock in the company. They have the right to sell their shares, vote on the directors nominated, purchase new shares, and share dividends (Sharma, N.d, p.136). Shareholders sustain their shares in a company depending on its profitability; Lincoln has been a major attraction to many shareholders due to its sustainability in the market. At Lincoln Electric, the annual report informs shareholders on all the activities throughout the year including acquisitions, expansions, new products, and developments among others. This company values its shareholders and seeks to generate the shareholder’s value; for instance, in their annual report of 2010, they generated shareholder value via increased growth from expansions, share buybacks, increased dividends, and acquisitions (2010 annual report, 2010, p.6). In 1999, Lincoln Electric’s shareholders agreed to a reorganization of the capital and corporate structure, and new holding company, Lincoln Electric holding Inc., was created. In 1998, stock option plan was preferred by majority shareholders to replace the incentive plan of 1988; this new plan offered options for 5,000,000 shares of the company to the key employees for a period of 10 years (Lincoln electric holdings Inc, 2001 p19). According to Anon (1999, p.6), shareholders require a fair return for their investment, which is one of the main aims of Lincoln Electric company; as a result, the shareholders contribute positively towards the company’s decisions, leading to strategic development via expansion or acquisition. Employees at Lincoln have selected an advisory board that consists of few employees’ representatives who have the right to question the company’s top management decisions. Stakeholders have an interest in a company; however, they do not own it unless they own shares. Stakeholders may include employees, suppliers, shareholders and customers. Stakeholders influence the strategic development of a company in various ways. When employees receive favorable working conditions and fair pay, they are motivated to maximize on productivity. Suppliers become loyal to a company if they are paid on time and business is conducted regularly, while customers require safe products at fair prices. A community within the business environment of the company should benefit from job opportunities and positive impact to their environment; for instance, minimum disruptions and lack of pollution. In addition, a company should be in a position to foster social responsibility. According to the case study, the CEO aims at globalizing the company; to achieve this strategy, the company has to rely on its employees and customers in order to sustain its operations in a foreign market. Employees are part of Lincoln stakeholders who play a huge role in the development of the company via increasing production and performance. Despite the fact that they receive a salary, employees need to be motivated. At Lincoln Electric, creating a positive working place is among the company’s top priorities. The company ensures that employees practice the values of honesty, respect, and fairness, as well as creating equal employment opportunities for everyone regardless of gender (Lincoln electric code of corporate conduct and ethics, N.d, p.22). Therefore, Lincoln electric has over the years ensured that the employees working conditions are safe and healthy, and in return, employees have been able to contribute to the company’s development through productivity. Even as the company continues to expand, the probability of attracting and retaining competent workforce will be high, since its policy addresses employee’s needs. The main stakeholders of Lincoln are customers; over the years, the company has relied on its customers on crucial steps such as expanding. Indeed, Lincoln has managed to satisfy customers globally, and recently received an award for customer value creation through addressing the pressing challenges in the industry of welding and consumables. Lincoln’s mission statement emphasizes on customer satisfaction and customer expectations by providing solutions not just equipments. By providing quality products to customers at low prices, the company is able to attract many customers globally, hence increasing their capability of developing. According to Barnett and Beamish (2011, p.16), by 2005, Lincoln had made a significant number of sales geographically despite the stiff competition that existed; in china 17%, India 3%, North America.23% Latin America 5%, South East Asia 9%, Europe 21%, Russia 6% and Japan 16%. Lincoln Electric is evidently influenced by its stakeholders and shareholders, especially in development; they are a determining factor, and without them, the company cannot be complete. Lincoln Electric’s Generic Strategy of Social Responsiveness in 2006 According to Husted and Allen (2001, p.3), social responsiveness involves giving back to the community through positive activities, creating support from stakeholders. This is necessary for the survival of a firm, and as a result, it creates a competitive advantage. In addition, Mellahi and Frynas (2011, p. 104) emphasize the importance of corporate social responsibility for companies that seek to thrive in the global market, arguing that all stakeholders should be involved, as they are directly or indirectly affected by the operations of the company. In 2006, little is evident on the company’s social responsiveness; however, according to Cascio (2002, p.75), by 2002, the company had provided employment opportunities for over 3400 in the United States, and was operating in 17 countries with a turnover rate of less than 5%. Boycotts and strikes were unheard-of at Lincolns Electric since it began, and until 2005, the company had a no-layoff policy. Moreover, the company’s profits were shared with its workers via annual bonuses. When losses occurred, workers shared the pain too; and the management started considering implementing an incentive pay–for-performance system in 2005 (Barnett and Beamish, 2011, p.20). The pay for performance system is still used at Lincoln as an incentive performance system, used for bench marking. Today, the company has implemented programs aimed at reducing negative impact on the community. The company also collaborates with the American Welding Society with an aim of attraction young people to the profession of welding. Lincoln Electric’s green initiative awareness program enables the company to promote its initiatives to reduce environmental impact of its manufacturing processes. The improved technological advancement has contributed to the reduction of negative impacts on the environment. Nevertheless, Lincoln should continue exercising social responsiveness in order for the firm to attract more stakeholders and retain the existing ones for the survival of the firm in the future. Ways in Which Lincoln Has Developed Dynamic Capabilities through Learning from Japan, South Korea, and China Experiences According to the case study, by 2005, Lincoln Electric posted high sales, thanks to high demand in the welding industry. The sales were as follows: in China 17%, India 3%, North America. 23% Latin America 5%, South East Asia 9%, Europe 21%, Russia 6% and Japan 16%, (Barnett and Beamish, 2011, p.16). Given that the company’s CEO was still planning to penetrate fully in the Indian market, performances in other countries would be the main determinant of what needed to be improved in order to operate in India. According to Kim and Mauborgne (1993, p.13), for a company to succeed in global strategies, understanding the target market is crucial, while communication between the head office and the management in the foreign country should be frequent in order to foster mutual trust and unity. Lincoln Electric’s operations in China, Japan, and South Korea are our focus, including how the company has developed its dynamic capabilities through its experiences from these countries. Lincoln Electric, commenced its operations in China in 1989, and the company has consolidated its operations in the country by opening representative offices in shanghai, Beijing, and Guangzhou over the years. In 1997, the company opened the first manufacturing facility in China, which was a welding plant that aimed at manufacturing MIG and flux cored wires. Further, in 2006, Lincoln Electric Boashan facility was converted to Shanghai Lincoln Electric Company, which is the main operation in China serving the Asia market and contributing to China’s long-term growth (Lincoln Electric China, 2010). Shanghai Lincoln Electric has over the years provided a basis for Lincoln Electric’s growth in China, with the company managing to expand its machine production and having various acquisitions. Lincoln Electric’s operations in China have been successful, comprising of 2,500 employees in six manufacturing subsidiaries; its contribution to the Chinese economy is an added advantage to the company in its efforts to penetrate to other foreign markets like India (Lincoln Electric China, 2010). In 2002, the company acquired Hyundai Welding Limited for $143million, which was a welding consumables manufacturer in South Korea. This move aimed at strengthening the market in Asia and increasing the shareholder’s value. Lincoln’s high customer value, advanced technology, and quality products evident in their operations were the main determinants of the acquisition, as Hyundai Limited had faith in them. The company aimed at dominating the Asian market, which is marketable and profitable, hence taking risks and embracing uncertainties (Lincoln Hyundai, 2002). Throughout its operations, Lincoln has always been successful, not only in its home country, the United States, but also in the foreign markets. However, the company’s plan to build new plants in Europe, Venezuela, and Japan in 1993 was unsuccessful, leading to declaration of financial loss (Caligiuri, Lepak, and Bonache, 2010). This was due to the barriers that hindered the successful transfer of Lincoln Electric system of incentives. In addition, Lincoln managers were not provided with international business training, a major contribution to the collapse of these operations abroad (Caligiuri, Lepak, and Bonache, 2010). Changes Needed in Lincoln Electric Resource Management Strategy to Succeed in India Lincoln’s intention to expand to India in 2006 could only be successful if the current CEO, John Stropki, learnt from the mistake of the previous chief executive officer. Hofstede’s cultural dimension assists organizations in understanding workplace values globally, thus being in a position of working in different cultures effectively. Therefore, for Lincoln Electric to excel in India, it must understand the cultural dimension of India, which would enable it in building connections in the country. It is therefore important to note that what works in one country may not work in another. Hofstede’s five dimensions of culture eliminate the problem of culture differences. According to India business etiquette & culture (1998), India has a 77 ranking of power distance score, as a high level of inequality of wealth and power is evident. Its long-term orientation dimension is ranked at 61, as its culture is perseverant. Moreover, India’s masculinity is rated as 56, as a great gap of values exists between men and women. Uncertainty avoidance is the lowest ranking in India standing at 40 mainly because the society has fewer rules governing uncertainties (India business etiquette & culture, 1998). Therefore, for Lincoln electric to succeed in India, it must be aware of the existing cultural dimensions of the country. Hofstede’s cultural dimensions India Therefore, for John Stropki to succeed in India, application of hofstede cultural criteria would be important. His managers must be educated on foreign markets, and incorporating some personnel from the foreign market is an added advantage. Hofstede rates India’s individualism at 48% compared to other countries. Therefore, for Lincoln to improve on individualism in India, it must aim at building and sustaining strong relationships, and as a result, low job turnover will be evident. India’s level of power distance index is high, showing that there is a huge gap between managers and employees. Therefore, for Lincoln electric to motivate employees, it can reduce on power distance, hence creating a close relationship between managers and their employees. As a result, the US Lincoln managers will be in a position to learn from Indian based employees. The United States managers learn from the Indian based personnel, therefore understanding the foreign market better. In addition, Lincoln has always operated under 19 th century incentive system, which should be reconsidered due to the changing world of business. For Lincoln Electric to succeed in India it has to align its strategies to those of India; for instance, the company should emphasize on social responsiveness, since India is a developing country and Indians are more conservative in business. In India, cases of child labor are not acceptable, while employees’ wages and benefits should be fair in accordance to the Employment Act. From the research above, it is evident that the Asian countries value customers, quality of products and technology advance; therefore, these factors should also be applied in India, which will boost its economic growth, as it is a developing country. In order for the company to succeed in India, it should focus on attracting and retaining its major stakeholders, for instance, its competent employees, customers, and suppliers among others. Motivating its employees and providing quality products and quality customers services to its customers is a strategy that will boost the company’s operations. In addition, Lincoln should also focus on adding both the shareholders and stakeholders’ value by increasing sales and profitability, hence achieving sustainability and a competitive advantage in India. Reference List Anon. 1996. Lincoln Electric: The Company, Its Operations, and Its Values . Web. Barnett, A., & Beamish, W., 2011. Transnational management. 6 th edition. New York. Mc Graw-Hill. Caligiuri, P., Lepak, D., & Bonache, J., 2010. Managing the Global Workforce Global Dimensions of Business. NJ: John Wiley and Sons publishers. Cascio, W., 2002. Responsible restructuring: creative and profitable alternatives to layoffs . NY: Koehler Publishers. Grant, R., 1991. The resource-based theory of competitive advantage : implications for strategy formulation. Web. Hamel, G., Doz, Y. L., & Prahalad, C. K., 1989. Collaborate with your Competitors and Win. Harvard Business Review. (Attached article). Hill, C., & Jones, G., 2009. Strategic Management Theory: An Integrated Approach . 9 th Edition. OH: Cengage Learning Publisher. Husted, B., & Allen, D., 2001. Toward a model of corporate social strategy formulation. Web. India business etiquette & culture. 1998. Geert Hofstede Analysis for India . Web. Kim, W., & Mauborgne, R., 1993. Making global strategies work. Sloan management review, 34(3). (Attached document). Lincoln Electric China. 2010. The history of Lincoln Electric China . Web. Lincoln Electric Inc. 2011. The welding experts; company history . Web. Lincoln Electric code of corporate conduct and ethics. Ethical commitments: essential in business . Web. Lincoln Electric Holdings Inc. 2001. Increasing shareholders value . Web. Lincoln Hyundai. 2002. Lincoln Electric Signs Agreement to Acquire Hyundai Welding Ltd . Web. Mellahi, K., & Frynas, J. G., 2011. Global Strategic Management . Second Edition. Oxford: Oxford University Press. NEMA industry news. 2006. Lincoln Electric Announces Acquisition of Metrode Products Limited . Web. Sharma, A. Company Law and Secretarial . NY: FK Publications. Smart business Cleveland. 2011. How Lincoln Electric uses innovation to enhance the customer experience . Web. Stonehouse, G., & Campbell, D., 2004. Global and transnational business: strategy and management . Second Edition. John Wiley & Sons publishers. 2010 annual report. 2010. Lincoln electric, the welding experts. Strong and growing stronger. Web.

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Create the inputted essay that provided the following summary: Communication issues in the human resource practice case studyThe text discusses communication issues in the human resource practice case study. It talks about how communication has many functions in an organization, including informing, managing, socializing, integrating and persuading. The text also talks about how communication between clerks and salespersons was not effective, and how this led to reduced performance of the company. The new manager came in to save the situation, but his way of communication with the employees failed him.

Communication issues in the human resource practice case study The text discusses communication issues in the human resource practice case study. It talks about how communication has many functions in an organization, including informing, managing, socializing, integrating and persuading. The text also talks about how communication between clerks and salespersons was not effective, and how this led to reduced performance of the company. The new manager came in to save the situation, but his way of communication with the employees failed him.

Communication Issues in the Human Resource Practice Case Study In this case study, there are communication problems; in an organization, communication has many functions which include informing, managing, socializing, integrating and persuading. Informing as a function of communication ensures that required information is conveyed to personnel in an organization; the information conveyed helps the personnel to do their jobs efficiently and effectively (Richmond and McCroskey 356). This means that without communication, work cannot be done effectively. In this case study, communication between clerks and salespersons was not effective as the salespersons complained of not getting the information they required from the clerk, and this made them not to perform their tasks effectively. The clerks had information, but they were not willing to give it to the salespersons. The few who gave them necessary information were not accurate because it was full of errors. This situation led to reduced performance of the company. Another function of communication is to regulate policies or pass messages of maintenance (Richmond and McCroskey 366). This function is not evident in this case study, and this implies that there is completely no communication aimed at regulating and maintaining the smooth running of the organization; things are going down in this company, and no one is there to make everything possible to go the operation back to normal. The new manager comes in to save the situation, but his way of communication with the employees fails him; he is not able to coordinate tasks, assignments and coordinate the employees to work towards a common goal. The new manager focuses on making employees to do the correct thing; he does this without learning about the employees, knowing them better, and establishing good relationships with them. Interpersonal relationship could help him to know the employees better and, therefore, find out how to manage them. If he felt that knowing the employees could take much time, and change was supposed to be done immediately, then persuasive communication could influence the employees to work the way he wanted. Socializing in this company is an issue which the employees do not know how to relate with each other. In any organization, employees should learn how to address each other with respect and how to treat others (Richmond and McCroskey 397). The salespersons also complained of being treated bad by clerks when they asked for information from them. Good relations among employees promote cooperation and teamwork, and ensure that everyone works towards a common goal. Organizational culture is another issue in this case study because it shows the goals and development of the company and the extent to which the employees are willing to support others. According to research, organizational culture influences employees’ behavior as well as performance (Buchanan and Huczynski 203). A company with a strong culture has high chances of success; it has a social control that is deeply embedded, and, therefore, it influences employee behavior as well as decision making. In the case study, the culture is not strong enough; it allows employees to mistreat others and talk to them in a way that hurts their feelings. Clerks do no treat the salespersons with respect they deserve. The behavior of the clerks toward the salesperson affects their work and this results in the success of the company. Also, the company’s culture is not strong enough to influence employees to make decisions that improve the performance of the company; clerks choose to disrupt the information system with any conscience without thinking of consequences their actions can have on the company’s success. Perhaps, it is because the organizational culture does not make them feel a part of the company; they are not motivated to fulfill their need to become a part of the company. The firm has no practices that motivate its employees; these practices might include promotion for those who work hard, or reward for the employees with outstanding performance. A strong organizational culture should also make employees understand their work and the reasons why their work is important (Sorensen 87). In this case, the clerks do not seem to understand their work and why they are doing it. Perhaps, according to them, they are working to help the salespersons; they do not know that their work benefits them, the company and the customers. They think that if they do not answer the calls, they hurt salespersons and incapacitate their work, but in the reality, they are destroying themselves because if the company fails, they might lose their jobs. If the company fails, the customers will not receive the services and goods sold to them by the company, and this means that there will be no company at all. Also, the issue of equality and dignity is not taken care of in the culture of the company well. A big number of clerks are females, and this shows that workforce is not well balanced in terms of gender. According to research, a workforce with a well mixed gender has higher chances of success compared to those with one domineering gender. A company with equality in gender is rich with employees who can make successful decisions; also, it shows a high level of responsibility at work. Another issue is human resource management. Human resource management is mandated in handling issues concerning employees, ensuring that they have good working conditions, and if they have any work related as well as personal or payment issues, it helps them solve them. It should also make sure that all the employees do their respective jobs effectively and efficiently. In this case study, employees are free to do things their way without any control; this shows that the human resource management is not doing its job effectively or, maybe, the company has no human resource management at all. The clerks behave as if they have a problem, and whatever the problem they have they should address it to the human resource manager. However, if the employees are not coming out clearly about their issues, the manager should be concerned and investigate what it makes them behave in such a way. Also, the human resource management should be concerned with solving problems of employees’ relationships as well as their relationship with the management. If the clerks continue mistreating the salespersons not solving the problem, the working conditions for salespersons would hinder them from giving their best performance. The human resource management is known to steer in strategic management, therefore, its actions always affect the way the employees will behave in the future. This section of management recruits and selects employees, and employees they recruit should not only be able to do the assigned job, but also work together with others to achieve the goal of the company (Buchanan and Huczynski 245). According to the behavior exhibited by clerks, it is evident that they are recruited on the basis that they can do the job and not work together with others for example salespersons to achieve the goals of the company. To improve things in this company, Alberto should first persuade the employees to work hard to solve the immediate economic problem. He has to make a lot of changes in the company to make it running smoothly, and the company will not close down for the changes to take place; therefore, persuading the employees will work for time being. Alberto should then work towards understanding the employees what they like, what they like and hate about their work. By doing this, he will be able to establish a relationship with the employees; he will be able to communicate with the employees without fear or misunderstanding. The employees will be free to discuss with him any problem they experience at work as well as share the good experiences. Throughout his communication with the employees, he should aim at making them understand the importance of working together and the reason of this as well as remind them to achieve the goal and objective of the company. As he motivates the employees to work hard towards the objectives and goals of the company, he will be gathering information on what motivates them to work hard and what kills their morale (Schein 118). After collecting information about employees and establishing a good relationship with them, he should then try to change the issue making employees not work smoothly; however, he will only implement changes that are possible at the moment. There are some things that can be changed only by changing the culture of the company. They include the methods of rewarding employees with outstanding performance. That is why those working hard in different areas, the employee selection and recruitment, process among others (Sorensen 76). Therefore, he will have to talk with the top management and parties affected by the company’s culture trying to change the culture. He should also explain to them the issues that need to be changed and the reason why they should be changed. Remember that he cannot alter the company’s culture without involving those affected and explaining why there is a need for it to be changed. The issues that are so critical in the company’s culture include employee’s motivation because they have no motivation in this company. Therefore, the management has to look for a way to motivate its staff. This could include promotion or monetary rewards, or funding for their training to improve their skills; this will make them work hard for the rewards and by doing so, they will improve the performance of the company (Hallett 131). The issue of equality and diversity should be also included in the company’s culture. The employees should be balanced in terms of gender and ethnicity among the others (Sorensen 84). This need not to end there; the programs that will help employees to appreciate each other should be included in the culture to enhance good relationship among employees. Good relationships and appreciation among the staff reduce tension like in the case of clerks and salespeople and enhance team work and good coordination of information between departments as they work towards the goal of the company (Hallett 136). The employees do not seem to identify themselves with the company because they have no passion to work hard to improve its performance. This is seen through the behavior of clerks. Alberto should, therefore, make employees feel that they belong to the company; this can be done through involving them in decision making process and plans to improve the company. Their involvement in important activities of the company makes them feel as a part of the company, and this motivates the staff to work hard even without supervision. Apart from culture, there is the department of human resource, which has responsibilities of dealing with all the issues concerning employees, such as recruitment and selection, employee training, solving any conflict and improving working conditions of the employees among the others (Schein 113). Alberto should work together with the human resource management and other related department to improve the selection process and criteria so that they select employees who can perform the assigned tasks and coordinate well with the others. This company needs employees who can coordinate well with others in order for the company to continue working smoothly. The case of clerks failing to offer assistance to salespeople when they require is the source of problems leading to the failure of the company, and this should not be tolerated in the future. The human resource management should also arrange for training for its employees if there is a need; this would improve their skills, and later, better their performance as well (Schein 116). All these changes are not final because business needs, goals and objectives might change with time. Therefore, as the company implements the changes, its manager should give room for any correction or improvement any time the need to do it arises. Works Cited Buchanan, David & Huczynski, Andrzej. Organisational Behaviour. London: Prentice Hall, 2010. Print. Hallett, Tim. Symbolic Power and Organizational Culture. Sociological theory , 21.2 (2003), pp.128-149. Print. Richmond, Vinnie & McCroskey, Jess. Nonverbal behavior in interpersonal relations. Needham Heights, MA: Allyn and Bacon, 2004. Print. Schein, Edgar. Organizational Culture. American Psychologist , 43.2 (1990), pp.109- 119. Print. Sorensen, Jesper. “The Strength of Corporate Culture and the Reliability of Firm Performance”. Administrative Science Quarterly , 47.1 (2002), pp.70- 91. Print.

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Write the original essay for the following summary: The text discusses the role of supplier and supply management practices in the context of creating an integrated supply chain. It also highlights the challenges involved in creating collaborations outside and across-company in the process of designing appropriate tools for meeting market demand.Creating collaborations outside and across-company in the process of designing appropriate tools for the purposes of meeting market demand poses many challenges.

The text discusses the role of supplier and supply management practices in the context of creating an integrated supply chain. It also highlights the challenges involved in creating collaborations outside and across-company in the process of designing appropriate tools for meeting market demand. Creating collaborations outside and across-company in the process of designing appropriate tools for the purposes of meeting market demand poses many challenges.

Pepsi Company Case Study Introduction Pepsi Company serves as one of world leader producers of food and non-alcoholic beverages. The company has got branches in North America such as Frito-Lay which deals with snacks and Pepsi Quaker Foods dealing with the sale of beverages. Generally the competition within the industry is intensive with major players being Pepsi, Coca-Cola and Cadbury Schweppes. Pepsi controls around 20% of the total market share with its constituent branches also controlling major segments. Frito-Lay controls approximately 60% of the total snack-food market within the United States (Pepsi Company Overview). The industry is characterized by stiff competition with Coca-Cola and Pepsi being the dominant companies. Other players within the market include; Snapple, Cott, National heritage, Hansen natural, Red bull, Big red, Rock star and others with Coca-Cola being the leading producer and Rock star the least contributor with market coverage of less than 1% (Pepsi Company Overview). Effective and efficient management of customer requirements within the rich beverage market environment calls for shortening of product life cycles through virtual operation of respective supply chains (Cachon and Fisher, 2000). Integrated supply chain should have the ability to seamlessly respond to changing demand and customer requirements with minimal disruptions and costs. Both theory and practice suggest that a truly integrated supply chain has the potential of assisting firms in achieving significant cost savings, while at the same time creating value for supply chain members and their respective stakeholders. Reaching the goal of an integrated supply chain is difficult, due to the fact that there are multiple lines of definitions describing this concept. Much of the previous research has primarily addressed either the supplier domain or the customer domain portion of the supply chain. Research problem Supply Chain Management approach involves integration and coordination across organizations and throughout the supply chain. It means that supply chain management requires internal and external integration. This makes it clear that the role of supplier and supply management practices is relevant in this context. However, the integration of supplier in supply chain is always different depending on the nature of industry in question. Recent development in SCM offers the opportunity to reduce costs and ultimately increase profit margin. The remaining challenge is to link the novel approaches together for the purposes of gaining competitive advantage of continuous flow of Supply Chain. Creating collaborations outside and across-company in the process of designing appropriate tools for the purposes of meeting market demand poses many challenges. Designing supply chain involves four stages which should be the center of focus, namely, supply chain network, internal supply chain, distribution systems, and the end users (Barrat, 2004). The problem here is on how PepsiCo can design an integrated supply chain capable of efficiently performing on a global scale and at the same time essential for the purposes of optimizing business operations and meeting the market demand. Proposition There have been lots of issues affecting the efficient management of the supply chain within PepsiCo. The Company has undergone tremendous changes in the past in an effort to leverage its global presence and also benefit from synergies within its factories. The proposition in this case study presents a defined prospect subject to proof and consideration. In this case the whole issue involves development and initiation of appropriate models capable of delivering results within the supply chain. Some of the changes included initiation and implementation of above market business model in the United States. The model incorporates diverse reporting structures where several operating companies and regions report to the main company headquarters in the United States. This resulted in specialization and greater division of activity within multiple locations which is contrary to the norm where operating companies could concentrate on vast activities as stand alone. The new operating model resulted in end markets i.e. customers relying on supply hubs for product delivery. The whole process of supply chain integration requires widespread research interest in information and communication technologies (ICTs). According to Christopher 2000, ICTs are crucially important for sustainable development in developing countries. Sila and Ballard, 2010, notes that for the past two decades most developed countries have witnessed significant changes that can be traced to ICTs. These multi-dimensional changes have been observed in almost all aspects of life: economics, education, communication, and travel. In a technology driven society, getting information quickly is important for business operations. ICTs have made it possible for quick and efficient dissemination of information. The various technological changes brought by implementation of IT have positively influenced business processes within companies. Challenges experienced made beverage business significantly costly as exceptional costs resulting from airfreights and write-offs of both raw materials and finished product are on the rise. This had a direct impact on companies’ profit margins. Due to this Pepsi management team virtually got involved in tackling supply chain issues directing their efforts in the operational rather than strategic matters. Supply hubs are on the verge of being extinct due to the escalated operation costs experienced across board as a result of above market model means and ways of working. Pressure exerted on the supply hubs is immense since their existence requires some mode of justification. This requires solution at some point since the escalated costs incurred need to be addressed for the purposes of avoiding further losses. Units of analysis Supply chain management (SCM) executives face unique challenges, with respect to integrating supply chain specific strategies with the overall corporate business strategy. In recent years, given changing business realities related to globalization, the supply chain within the Company has moved up on the chief executive officer’ s (CEO’s) list of priorities. But it’s not always for the right reasons. In many cases, CEOs only pay attention to the supply chain when they want to cut costs or when something is wrong. Since the supply chain essentially moves the lifeblood of the organization, process efficiency on a global scale is essential for the purposes of optimizing business operations. The importance of global integration lies in the differential advantage derived from the abilities to exploit differences in capital and product markets, transfer of learning and innovation throughout the firm, and management of uncertainty in the economic or political environment within different countries or regions. However, the general understanding of the business environment in most industries is that competition has increased and the conditions under which business are made seem turbulent. The supply chain logistics problems facing multi-site companies like Pepsi can be complex, involving multiple stakeholders and constraints across the entire enterprise. The complex nature of the supply chain makes it more difficult for companies to answer basic questions involving the nature of goods to be purchased, the means of transport, facilities to be involved in processing and the kind of business components to involve. In many cases, different departments or divisions within company’s trade, supply chain planning, operations and blending have a hand in these decisions, but communication among these entities is not always clear or consistent, and each may optimize to their own objectives without regard for others. Hence the results drastically affect the level of profitability (Cottrill, 1997). Companies gain flexibility to quickly realign the supply/demand mix to satisfy changing global demand. Switching as well as coordination of costs presents potential barriers to flexible operations. Switching costs can be reduced if all supply chain partners standardizes their products and processes globally which presents some degree of challenges. Coordination costs can be significant for global integration of cross-functional supply processes. A well-structured global demand forecasting and planning process is an important mechanism for global coordination across functions. Regional representation to ensure all relevant input is considered is also important. A globally integrated process with regional representation requires costly resources, information infrastructure, and travel. Globally integrated information systems are critical to reduce the cost of communications and to make relevant information readily accessible or to reduce coordination costs (Fisher, 1997). The forces of globalization and commoditization in business within beverage industry are not easy to control. Globalization and commoditization have created a challenge for companies that are as tough as it is clear that price control is a challenge. During the industrial revolution, companies looked for new markets, new sources of raw material and new sources of labor. The revolution was fuelled by globalization and companies thrived by taking advantage of economies of scale. Senior executives now understand that they can’t just focus on supply chain operations to create efficiencies. The challenge is to integrate supply chain execution with the overall corporate business strategy, and to use the supply chain as a catalyst for business transformation or business reinvention. Information integration refers to the sharing of information among members of the supply chain. The ability to seamlessly connect with customers, partners, and co-workers is vital for success; yet most enterprises store and exchange data in dissimilar formats, such as databases, EDI systems, text files, and, increasingly, XML-based applications. The ability to map between these different formats is critical in the pursuit of the company’s mission. This includes any type of data that could influence the actions and performance of other members of the supply chain. The meaning of all data items should be understood and the same data item should have the same definition across multiple applications both within and outside the firm. To make the integration process worth the effort, the data should be of high quality, timely, accurate and relevant (Sila and Ballard, 2010). From inside the organization the decision to outsource business processes and create a supply chain outside of the organization is clearly one which requires an assessment of where the boundary of the organization should reside. As such, an economic assessment is required of the various supply/demand mix to satisfy changing global demand. Thus, decision is based on a transaction costs approach where there is an “examination of the comparative costs of planning, adapting and monitoring task completion under alternative governance structures”. The outsourcing decision focused primarily on the management of recurrent transactions; the key dimensions of this context are the uncertainty and asset specificity germane to the transaction. Since these dimensions will vary, this creates a variety contexts and the result will be diversity within governance structures (Chan and Qi, 2003). If supply chain management is to be considered an essential component of long-term business competitiveness, it is sensible to consider how it relates to strategy concepts. An effective supply chain should be able to cope with uncertainty; it follows that it should also be flexible. Therefore, supply chain management will be one of the organizational processes, or functions, that are a key to strategic success if an organization is to achieve its mission in an adaptive and changing environment. Customers are becoming more demanding and their expectations evolving towards greater levels of service and responses with higher degrees of product and service customization. Value chain partners which include suppliers and service providers should be integrated for the purposes of providing differentiated segment products and at the same time superior customer service levels. Increased profitability is the top driver of customer order management performance. This centered attention on profitability is probably resulting from the economic market conditions of the past few years, but may be a short-term view. Customer responsiveness leads to customer retention and revenue growth. In the longer term view, concentration customer-facing initiatives and improvement will be significant to profitability achievement (Christopher, 2000). The logic linking the data to the propositions The integration of supply chain processes can provide an effective means by which costs can be reduced and customer service levels improved (Cottrill, 1997). In the context of a highly volatile global business environment, dynamic supply chain planning is essential in building agility into supply chain operations and ensuring visibility across the entire supply chain. This can be achieved using standardized technology platforms and integration of systems and data. It has also been demonstrated that the implementation of Enterprise Resource Planning systems and the resultant standardization of business processes and information across the organization enables supply chain integration through automation and streamlining of planning, scheduling and execution at every link in the supply chain. Electronic commerce has not only created new distribution channels for consumers but also revolutionized the industrial marketplace by facilitating inter-firm communication and by creating efficient markets through trading communities. Moreover, combination of enterprise information infrastructure and the internet has paved the way for a variety of supply chain optimization technologies (Cox, 2004). The criteria for interpreting the Findings This section presents the methodology that will be used to carry out the research. It presents the research design, the target population, sampling procedures, data collection procedures and instruments and data analysis. Research Design The research design in this case is a study of management level staff of Pepsi. The employees will be drawn from different departments/divisions. Proportional sampling technique will be used to select the sample size of each department/division. The population of this study will be 37 management level employees, drawn from different departments/divisions in the organization. The sample size will be the 37 staff in management level as follows; Department H.O.D section Level One Management Middle Level Management Total No. of Staff/Department Planning 1 3 2 6 Logistics 1 2 2 5 Procurement 1 0 4 5 Service 1 0 2 3 Manufacturing 2 2 4 8 Finance 1 2 2 5 IT 0 0 1 1 Demand Planning 1 1 2 4 Total 8 10 19 37 Data Collection Primary data will be used in this study; a structured questionnaire will be used to collect data. The questionnaire will contain both closed-ended questions and few open ended. The questionnaire will consist of two sections. Section one is designed to obtain general information on person and organizational profile, while section two consists of consists of questions on the application of information technology in supply chain management. The questionnaire will be administered through “drop and pick later” method (Fisher,1997). Data Analysis Before analysis, the data will be checked for completeness and consistency. Descriptive statistics will be used to analyze the questionnaire. Data will be summarized and presented in form of tables and charts. The mean, standard deviation, frequencies and percentages will be used. Conclusion This study will be important to the manufacturing industry players in beverage industry as it will assist them to asses their supply chain management strategies and realign them with the changing IT trends. The study results will also inform other industries that are adopting information technology in supply chain management on its practicality, success and challenges which arise with its use. Scholars/researchers will find it important as the study will increase to the body of knowledge in this area as the findings will act as basis for further research. This study will also highlight the inter-dependence between integration (technologies, logistics, and partnerships), a strategic view of supply chain systems, and implementation approach. All three need to inform and underpin each other in order for management of supply chains to be able to deliver on the promise of benefits for all trading partners The level of concentration of firms within the beverage industry majorly defines three major firms Pepsi, Coca-cola and Cadbury Schweppes which accounts for over 80% of the entire global market. The largest market share within the industry is under the command of Coca-Cola accounting for almost 50% while Pepsi controls around 21% of the total global market share, Cadbury has below 10% coverage. The level of competition amongst these firms is basically based on product differentiation. Some of the key accounting policies applied in the analysis and valuation of the company’s financial status include revenue recognition, income tax expense and ascertained accruals, quality of brand and valuation of goodwill as well as stock compensation expenses. For the purposes of maintaining high reputation for superior products, Pepsi resorts to recognizing their revenue upon delivery of products (Sila and Ballard, 2010). Reference List Barrat, M. 2004. Understanding the meaning of collaboration in the supply chain. Supply Chain Management. An International Journal , 9 (1),pp 30-42. Cachon, G., & Fisher, M. 2000. Supply chain inventory management and the value of shared information. Management Science , 46 (8), pp1032-1048. Chan, F., & Qi, H. 2003. An innovative performance measurement method for supply chain management. Supply Chain Management: An International Journal , 8 (3), pp 209-223 Christopher, M. 2000. The agile supply chain competing in volatile markets. Industrial Marketing Management , 1(29), pp 37-44 Cottrill, K. 1997. The Supply chain of the future. Distribution , 11 (96), pp. 52-4. Cox, A. 2004. The art of the possible: Relationship management in power regimes and supply chains.Supply Chain Management: An International Journal, 9 (3), pp346-356. Fisher, M. L. 1997. What is the right supply chain for your product? Harvard Business Review , 2, (75), pp.105–116 Pepsi Company Overview. 2006. Pepsi. Available at https://www.pepsi.com/en-us/ Sila, E. & Matt, B. 2010. Pepsi Valuation . Available at https://www.pepsi.com/en-us/

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Write the original essay that provided the following summary when summarized: The fudge cottage business analysis case study examines the company's success using the Porter's five forces analysis. The paper finds that the fudge cottage has a critical shortcoming in its supply power, but it has still been able to achieve a high level of success.

The fudge cottage business analysis case study examines the company's success using the Porter's five forces analysis. The paper finds that the fudge cottage has a critical shortcoming in its supply power, but it has still been able to achieve a high level of success.

Fudge Cottage Business Analysis Case Study Introduction There are several factors determining efficiency and performance within different organizations. These factors also dictate the successes and failures of business entities. A holistic analysis of the fudge cottage presents a clear picture. Ideally, innovation stands out as the fundamental cornerstone for effective business performance. Since its innovative establishment during the early 1980s, the fudge cottage has steadily expanded its operations. Apart from this, the fudge cottage has doubled its capital and liquidity base from the time of its foundation and commission. The management of the company has consistently revised and improved its strategic leadership approaches. Indicatively, there leadership strategy is commendable. This is because it is based on performance and transformative principles. A fiscal examination of the company depicts many facts. There is an evident historical record of effective performance and management. Generally, it is crucial to analyze some of these companies. This initiative helps to provide critical results and learning points for other emergent entrepreneurs. The objective of this paper is to discuss the fudge cottage based on the Porter’s five forces analysis. Consequently, there is a financial analysis of the fudge cottage. Porters’ Five Forces Analysis of the Fudge Cottage Organizations enjoy distinct factors of efficiency. Such factors enhance the level of organizational competitiveness. Moreover, they also act as the fundamental tenets for success and efficiency in their operations. It is crucial to provide a strategic analysis of these forces of success. The Porter’s five forces analysis presents a critical process for examining the successes and achievements of the business organization. This kind of business analysis presents the application of five fundamental forces. These forces are crucial because they help to identify the major competitive factors or elements within a business environment. The fudge cottage company can also be examined based on these five basic elements. The company has a critical demerit on its supply power. Ideally, this is the foremost element in the description of an organization’s major successes. The fudge cottage does not enjoy from a large pool of suppliers of its raw materials. It is critical to indicate that these suppliers form critical components. They are crucial external stakeholders. The fudge company has limited suppliers. Therefore, it lacks the capacity to control its supply expenses. It is important to investigate the buyer power and its consecutive influence on the performance of the fudge cottage. The company has continued to develop and strengthen its brand over the last years. However, there is limited market. Generally, the fudge cottage has a narrow range of buyers. Therefore, it has failed to monopolize its brand and prices. The fudge cottage faces considerable competition from emergent producers. In a typical global market, there must be healthy competition. These competitors have influenced the market dynamics in a remarkable way. Therefore, fudge must be prepared to develop and integrate transformative mechanisms for arresting the situation. There are a significant number of potential competitors. Notably, these competitors also have attractive brands. Precaution must be taken because technological advancement and globalization has stimulated the development of new business strategies. Marketing and effective product promotion strategies have become critical cornerstones. Particularly, these help in improving performance and attaining the highest competitive edge. The fudge product is important to all customers. Therefore, the company is not faced with the threat of substitution. Fudge falls under the category of confectionaries. Consumers use this category of products in different ways. However, there has been a notable shift from confectionaries to the consumption of MacDonald’s products. Observably, the company must take deep precaution and adopt more innovative approaches. These approaches must be aimed at customer attraction and retention. Such undertakings shall assist in evading the threat of substitution. The last factor of analysis is the threat associated with the new entry of businesses. It is forecasted that the advancing century is yet to experience the highest numbers of business initiation. Technological advancement has led to the innovation of proper and more sustainable economic and business models. Ideally, the fudge company faces significant threats of new entrants into the business. This calls for increased level of open-mindedness and novelty amongst all workers. Collective bargain and focus must be drawn from all personalities in the company. The high level of technology makes it hard for organizations to patent their systems. Additionally, they have inadequate capacities to control and manage their market dynamics. It is therefore indicative that there is a high threat of new entry. This might lead to an increased rate of competition. Financial Analysis of the Fudge Cottage The fudge cottage has doubled its capital base from the time of its establishment in 1981. According to its annual financial presentations, the company has had a steady rise in its liquid cash, assets, total expenditures and capital. This is portrayed evidently from 1990. During this period, the net income before tax was rated at $ 3, 855. These figures have persistently increased steadily in the preceding years. The fudge cottage has experienced a remarkable shrink in the total sales. This is evident from 1990 in which the total sales were valued up to $ 209, 910. However, the consequent years have been characterized by a slump in the sum, with the sales marking as low as $ 210, 910 in 1993. The negative trend has also been noted for expenses incurred by the company. Evidently, the company has had a shrinking total expenditure, noted in 1993 to reduce to $ 120, 918. The variation in expenses such as employee wages has also been demonstrated in a lucid manner within the organization’s statement of activities. The variation can be owed to different factors, including the negative impacts of global economic crunch. Observably, the wages have moved on a positive trend from the period of the foundation of the fudge cottage. In 1990, the total wage accounted to $ 25, 885. This has increased to a total of $ 29, 745 in 1993. The impaction of this trend is that despite the shrinking total sales, the company has continually experienced higher costs associated with the hiring of the workers. Analytically, this leads to the realization of a potential loss. Some other potential expenses that have increased over the years within the organization include the fixed expenses. These are related to the telephone costs, advertising and promotion, delivery, stores supplies, office expenses, as well as legal and accounting charges. The fudge cottage also incurs many expenses related to income revenue. These include payroll taxes and others. The financial growth is well documented in the company’s income statement. An increase in current assets from 1990 is a major indicator of the developing wealth. However, the company has also been affected by the global economic crunch.

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Write the full essay for the following summary: The Orange Door Health Center was a non-profit organization that offered health care to under-insured people with low incomes in Minnesota. However, the situation has recently been changed. In particular, Filipovitch (2006) presents the case of the clinic transformation from a voluntary run center to a paid clinic. The shifts to be made should touch upon different levels of the hospital organization, including managerial approaches, staff development and training, and technological advances.

The Orange Door Health Center was a non-profit organization that offered health care to under-insured people with low incomes in Minnesota. However, the situation has recently been changed. In particular, Filipovitch (2006) presents the case of the clinic transformation from a voluntary run center to a paid clinic. The shifts to be made should touch upon different levels of the hospital organization, including managerial approaches, staff development and training, and technological advances.

The Orange Door Health Center Essay Defining Issues in Terms of Competition, Technology, Community Service, Funding, and Workforce So far, the Orange Door Health Center was considered a non-profit organization offering health care to under-insured people with low incomes in Minnesota. However, the situation has recently been changed. In particular, Filipovitch (2006) presents the case of the clinic transformation from a voluntary run center to a paid clinic. The shifts to be made should touch upon different levels of the hospital organization, including managerial approaches, staff development and training, and technological advances. In this respect, the non-profit center should integrate paid staff which is followed by certain changes in the sphere of human resource management. At this point, the managers should define accurately the working hours, shifts, and introduce perspectives for creating a strong retention nurse culture. Introducing a new management information system evolved from a paper recording system is imperative for meeting the challenges of transformation. Approaches to patient treatment should also be altered due to the staff network development. The environmental factors have a great influence on hospital organization because sustaining competition is possible only in case of the hospital readiness to the organizational change. Indicating Specific Examples of the Issue Funding and resources allocation is presented as the major problem at the hospital because it predetermines the success of restructure of the nurse department. Despite the fact that the services are monitored by volunteers, there are financial issues to be managed, including bills for equipment, money spent on medication, etc. In this respect, the transformation should be consistent and multidimensional to ensure a proper re-organization because both external and internal environmental factors should be considered (Kovner et al., 2006). In addition to financial shifts, alteration should also be introduced to the technological basis and culture of nurse retention. Certainly, volunteer system also presupposed effective retention techniques since employees worked at their will. However, to keep abreast of the competition challenges along with other profit hospital, these aspects must be reconsidered as well. Providing a Rational from Peer-Reviewed Literature As it has been previously mentioned, human resource management system should undergo change to be able to confront the competitive environment. However, significant changes should also touch upon information management system because it directly influences the quality of patient therapy, as well as delivery of health care services. In this regard, “the integration of performance improvement models and techniques from industry into health care has been accelerated” because nurse professionals should possess background knowledge about social and cultural peculiarities of both patients and nurses” (Hall et al., 2008, p. 417). Integrating of theoretical approaches to practical domains is paramount because it will enhance the overall discipline at the hospital. The transition at the Orange Door Health Center is closely intertwined with the analysis of cultural and social backgrounds of both nurses and patients. Therefore, an overview of various industrial models, particular social health insurance schemes should come to the forth (Michielsen et al., 2010). Thus, the novel approach has become a significant factor influencing the internal workplace, as well as information management system. In general, introduced changes to the organizational structure should come before a consistent and detailed plan for reconstruction. Specific, a strategic plan should be worked out with regard to existing challenges and problems to define the main strengths and weaknesses of the transformation. References Filipovitch, A.J. (2006). Organizational transformation of a community-based clinic. Nonprofit Management & Leadership, 17 (1), 103-115. Hall, L.W., Moore, S.M., & Barnsteiner, J.H. (2008). Quality and nursing: Moving from concept to a core competency. Urologic Nursing, 28 (6), 417-425. Kovner, A., R., McAlearney, A. S., & Neuhauser, D. (2009). Health Services Management: Cases, Readings, and Commentary . US: Health Administration Press. Michielsen, J. A., Meulemans, H., Soors, W., Ndiaye, P., Devadasan, N., De Herdt, T., &… Criel, B. (2010, June). Social protection in health: the need for a transformative dimension. Tropical Medicine & International Health . pp. 654-658.

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Provide the full text for the following summary: The essay discusses the importance of understanding cultural differences in order to successfully negotiatePersonalityPersonality plays a very important role when it comes to cell phone price negotiations. This is because it helps to determine the type of person you are dealing with. For example, if you are dealing with a person who has a low term orientation, you will need to use arbitration in order to successfully negotiate.On the other hand, if you are dealing with a person who has a high term orientation, you will need to use autocracy in order to successfully negotiate.

The essay discusses the importance of understanding cultural differences in order to successfully negotiate Personality Personality plays a very important role when it comes to cell phone price negotiations. This is because it helps to determine the type of person you are dealing with. For example, if you are dealing with a person who has a low term orientation, you will need to use arbitration in order to successfully negotiate. On the other hand, if you are dealing with a person who has a high term orientation, you will need to use autocracy in order to successfully negotiate.

Chinese-American Cell Phone Price Negotiations Essay Table of Contents 1. Introduction 2. Cultural Difference 3. Personality 4. Gender Difference 5. Perception, Cognition and Emotion 6. References List Introduction Negotiation is a skill of bringing people together who have differences into a common platform where they can solve their disagreements. There are many dynamics especially in business negations which prevent people from coming to an agreement. These dynamics may include cultural differences, difference of gender, culture, perception, cognition and emotional differences. This paper therefore tries to analyze an all male and an all female negotiating teams which have cultural dimensions. On one hand the all male negotiating team seeks to buy a cell phone at $6 per unit while the all female negotiating team seeks to offer the cell phone with a $9 per unit. The main objective of this paper is to emphasize on the potential influence on cell phone price negotiations between Chinese and American negotiation. Cultural Difference When negotiating the two parties it is important to engage a third party intervention. This is due to the cultural difference between the Chinese and the Americans. Some of the benefits of having a third party intervention are to create an enhancing environment and a platform of communication between the two parties. This helps to reestablish communication between people of different cultural beliefs. Secondly, most of the time will be used on substantive means such as negotiating for a minimum price of the cell phone which will be satisfactory to every individual (Lewicki, et al, 2010). Moreover of there is any imminent conflict between the two cultures it can also be solved by a negotiator through engaging of the conflict resolution skills. There are some of the factors that should be considered when engaging a third party intervention in a cultural based negotiation process. To begin with, a Chinese and an American cannot conduct any form of transaction due the difference in their language. This creates a barrier of negotiation and therefore makes the negotiation process difficult to be conducted (Pienaar & Spoelstra, 1999). Evaluation of data is also another problem which requires intervention from a third party. This is due to the reason that all the parties have different figures in which they have to negotiate in order to come up to an agreement. Furthermore a third party may also be used in the case where there is no procedural or protocol for selling and buying of the cell phones between the two parties. In cases when their cultural dimensions consist of low power distance and high power distance a third party mediator may be used. In addition, autocracy may be used between parties with low term orientation and long term orientation. However, arbitration method may be employed between a low contest negotiation and a high contest negotiation (Lewicki et al, 2010). Arbitration helps to encourage distributive bargaining more than any other form of third party involvement. Therefore most of the business people from diverse cultures should engage themselves in arbitration so as to increase the chances of an agreement. Personality Due differences which maybe brought about by negative response to some individuals, it may become difficult for the negotiation to take place without any form of conflict. Some of the conflicts may lead to an impasse, a situation where it is very difficult to reach consent. Some of the factors which lead to an impasse include divisiveness of the parties entering into a contract (Pienaar & Spoelstra, 1999). The intensity of emotions may also increase thus leading to the formation of a conflict which may make it difficult to reach into an agreement. Moreover, the conflict may be so perverse especially to individuals who do not belong to the same culture. The case at hand involves two divergent cultures, the American culture and the Chinese. One party may feel that they have been overpowered by the other party thus leading to conflicts of interest which may arise. Moreover, there is one of the characteristics which increase the probability of an impasse in a negotiation and they include lack of organization and structure which can help in formation of connectivity (Lewicki et al, 2010). This should be resolved through arbitration from trusted individuals. Additionally, the conflict may also escalate due to the difference in fundamental values which may hinder any form of negotiation process. A consensus should be reached to ensure that each of the parties has been in agreement with each other. Gender Difference There are many dynamics which are brought about by differences in gender which can prevent a contract or an agreement from being entered. Gender difference can also lead to an impasse which is caused by lacking of reaching a consensus in regard to bargaining range (Pienaar & Spoelstra, 1999). This can lead to a dispute which is caused by lack of agreeing to a common cost. There is also a possibility for the Chinese women to fail to enter into a negotiation with the men because they may feel that the price in which they are offering is discriminative thus blocking negotiations from taking place. When it comes to gender, the development of social identity within a particular gender may prevent any form of negotiation. Perception, Cognition and Emotion An individual with a negative emotion concerning another individual can also prevent a normal negotiation from taking place. This is because it is considered that one person perceives the other person as an individual who is more powerful thus creating unnecessary biasness. A cognitive resolution is thus imminent to help the two parties to solve their problems. This helps to change the negative emotions into positive attributes which can lead to a negotiation (Lewicki et al, 2010). Another problem with doing business with people of different backgrounds is the belief that one particular gender contains a coercive power which might prevent the other from doing business. This is because of the tendency created by women who feel that they are weak and may be extreme and biased to the men to the point that it might prevent negotiation from taking place. An adjustment from a third party is therefore required to increase the level of willingness to conduct business. In conclusion, in order for the two parties to reach into a negotiation, they should solve factors which might cause conflicts and disagreements thus preventing a good environment for business. Some of the common issues which lead to conflicts such as personality differences, cultural differences, gender and differences in perception should be addressed effectively. Aggressive bargaining techniques should also be employed to ensure that both parties have come to an agreement which would lead to a contract. Nevertheless, any barriers to negotiation should also be addressed using a third party intervention strategy which will help to improve negotiation. To sum up, the major tools of negotiation should be used to resolve any impasse which might block a normal agreement. References List Lewicki, R. J., Barry, B., & Saunders, D. M. (2010). Negotiation (6th Ed.). New York, NY: McGraw-Hill. Pienaar, W. D., & Spoelstra, H. I. J. (1999). Negotiation: Theories, strategies and skills . Kenwyn: Juta.

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Write the original essay that generated the following summary: Censorship defeats its own purpose because it creates, in the end, the kind of society that is incapable of exercising real discretion.

Censorship defeats its own purpose because it creates, in the end, the kind of society that is incapable of exercising real discretion.

Censorship defeats its own purpose Essay “The fact is that censorship defeats its own purpose, for it creates, in the end, the kind of society that is incapable of exercising real discretion”~Henry Steele Commager Right from our childhood we are exposed to censorship though in varying degree and measure. Parents dictate what their children should or should not do stressing that it is for their children’s own good. Interestingly, although our parents would dictate what programs we were allowed to watch, that did not stop most of us from watching or listening to censored materials secretly. Once we grew older, we realized that censorship still persisted especially when the government decided that some music or videos should be censored because their content was considered immoral. However, the big question we should be asking ourselves is who has the right to make the decision that some media stuff is offensive. Is that not a disguised method of promoting an authoritarian regime by allowing an individual or a group of individuals to make that decision for the entire society The proponents of SOPA bill may argue that internet censorship yields positive results, but we should not forget that we have witnessed instances of society oppression in China where internet censorship laws overlook human rights of expression. Proponents of the SOPA bill may propose that ‘the end justifies the means’ because it seeks to protect copyrighted material from being pirated online; however, the fact that this ‘end’ is only achievable through unjustifiable means indicates that censorship laws do not achieve the intended results. It is high time we started searching for other means of protecting copyrighted materials, because it is evident that denying all people their constitutional right is not a solution. Obviously, artists are likely to benefit from internet censorship laws, but are these laws not likely to elevate individual rights over rights of every other individual in the society? SOPA bill portrays the American government as the ‘big brother’ who is always looking after ‘little brother’ just in case they put harmful objects in their mouth. However, the government (big brother) should realize that the society (little brother) has to be set free to make its’ own decisions, because censorship does not guarantee compliance. History has shown that censorship bears negative results because it gives rise to an utopian society by making some individuals more equal than others. Hitler’s regime is a clear evidence of what could go wrong when censorship laws are misused. Apparently, Hitler banned people from reading books, because he feared they would enlighten the society about his oppressive rule. Censorship is a reality with certain individuals trying to compel the government to ban particular books from high school curriculum because they think that the information is not appropriate for our youths. Important to note is that any attempt to restrict free thought deteriorates the situation because human beings are naturally thrilled by an opportunity to break the law. In conclusion, it is apparent that censorship is a severe infringement of individuals’ rights because people have different likes and dislikes. Whatever materials an individual may perceive as obscene maybe appealing to someone else; therefore, what happens if one is allowed to make censorship decisions? Will we not be promoting individual rights over societal rights? The above implies that adults should be granted an absolute freedom to make own choices. Consequently, if we do not desire to witness a 21 st century model of George Orwell’s utopian society, censorship laws should not be allowed to succeed.

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Write the original essay that provided the following summary when summarized: The text discusses the development of mass media in China, focusing on the role of opposition nationalists who pushed for democracy as well as growth of urbanization and urban life. It also talks about how liberalization of civil society which arose in 1977 sensitized media monopoly so as to calm down the situation or rather to strengthen national identity.The development of mass media in China was spurred by increased per capita income and literacy levels, as well as the mass among the Chinese and other communities in the world. Opposition nationalists who pushed for democracy as well as growth of urbanization and urban life played a critical role in the development of mass media. Most importantly, liberalization of civil society which arose in 1977 sensitized media monopoly so as to calm down the situation or rather to strengthen national identity.

The text discusses the development of mass media in China, focusing on the role of opposition nationalists who pushed for democracy as well as growth of urbanization and urban life. It also talks about how liberalization of civil society which arose in 1977 sensitized media monopoly so as to calm down the situation or rather to strengthen national identity. The development of mass media in China was spurred by increased per capita income and literacy levels, as well as the mass among the Chinese and other communities in the world. Opposition nationalists who pushed for democracy as well as growth of urbanization and urban life played a critical role in the development of mass media. Most importantly, liberalization of civil society which arose in 1977 sensitized media monopoly so as to calm down the situation or rather to strengthen national identity.

Central China Television’s (CCTV) Dissertation Following the unprecedented growth of the economy, increased per capita income and literacy levels; the mass among the Chinese and other communities in the world was spurred. Most importantly, opposition nationalists who pushed for democracy as well as growth of urbanization and urban life played a critical role in the development of mass media (Blumler & Nossiter 1991; Kaufman 1966). Furthermore, liberalization of civil society which arose in 1977 sensitized media monopoly so as to calm down the situation or rather to strengthen national identity. The politics of the chief economic powers was the key center of competition that restructured the telecommunication sector (Blumler & Nossiter 1991). Exchange of knowledge, information and communication were essential in the balance of power as well as economic activity in the world (Li & Lee 2000). The scope of international communication has been greatly improved by the advances in communication and information technologies in the late 20 th century. The communication has advanced beyond business to business, government-to -government and people-to-people interactions across the world; which occurs at an unparalleled speed for a long time (Chan 2000). The international communication particularly continued expanding during the 20 th century with the help of broadcasting technology and wireless communication. Most notable was the invention of communication satellites and the optic cables, which were successfully improved into global networks (Gregory & Stuart 1999). These networks were foreseen by organizations such as the International Telecommunication Union and Intelsat Beijing Broadcasting Institute Press (Huang 1994). The phenomenon of the global information flow has been dealt with by Wei (2000) in his book “information and world communication”. The book deals with information flow in the contexts such as cultural, technological, legal, economic and political aspects. He shows how varied communication systems and strategies led to the formation of strong interests and how it has impacted on the global arena. Key developments in the telecommunication industry have most importantly been as a result of inter-jurisdictional competition (Blumler & Nossiter 1991). As the world entered a new millennium, Chinese television industry took a new shape and structure. In a bid to make television the mover of the economy, the Chinese government redirected the perception and control modalities of media industry (Weber 2002). The consequence of these adjustments have had unparalleled impact on the manner in which television industry in run across the world. The Chinese television system which grew from a dictatorial rule has been redesigned after former Soviet Union into a market economy (Wei 2000). The shift from a planned economy to a market based economy has considerably revolutionized the television industry in china and other parts of the world. The Chinese television industry, having experienced many challenges as a result of market pressures and failure to keep pace with technological changes, was later redesigned to specifically revitalize the dying domestic television industry so that it can have more efficient and effective impact on the economic reforms (Weber 2000). Littlejohn (1996) evaluation of the world as a process is a perfect model that can be used to describe the manner in which Chinese China Television system has evolved, as it is characterized by tensions of the opposite. The opposition of the two sides results into a common position, a process that can be described by a dynamic process dialect (Kaufman 1966). The dialect relates to the process of Chinese television struggling to accommodate the market structure (Miller 2003; Atkinson1995). China, through its efforts to negotiate its history and cultural identity, and through its efforts to continue connecting with the information markets redesigned the accent of its TV. It was focused the information programmers on trade and economic issues. In its own interpretation, China referred to this as market socialism, with China China Television (CCTV) taking a China stage in promoting consumerism through programs such as the retailing. As a result, in 1998, CCTC2 launched a direct retail TV program. By 1999, the TV stations in China had substantially increased, with more than 320 million television sets having been owned by the households. By then, CCTV was already making handsome profits from advertisement revenue. CCTV was however faced with a strong competition from the regional broadcasters, though they were restricted to their home provinces (Wei 2000; Xiao 2000; Xu 2000) China China Television (CCTV) in 1999 invested US$6million for the production of several TV movies to promote its film channel-CCTV6 which is one of the most popular national broadcasters (Xu 2000). CCTV-9 which was officially launched on September 25, 2000 is CCTV’S English language channel and specializes in broadcasting of international news and information to audience from across the globe. This television broadcaster boasts of a team of committed and competent journalists. Its contribution in regard to diversity and global perspective information flow is remarkable (Xu 2000). In regard to business relation with Taiwan, one commentator provided that, “it is helpful to the economy and feeling of communication between people across the straits, and it will promote mutual understanding” (Zhao 2000, p. 12). References Atkinson, B 1995, Economics in the news: Based on articles from The Economist, Addison-Wesley Publishing Company, Wokingham. Blumler, J G & Nossiter, T J 1991, Broadcasting finance in transition: a comparative handbook, Oxford University Press, New York. Chan, J M 2000, Television in greater china: structure, exports, and market formation in French, David and Richards, M (ed.), Television in contemporary Asia, Sage Publications, London. Gregory, P R and Stuart, R G 1999, Comparative economic systems (6edn). Houghton Mifflin Company, New York. Huang, Y 1994, “Peaceful evolution: the case of television reforms in post-Mao China,” Media, Culture & Society, 16 (6). Kaufman, W 1966, Hegel: texts and commentary, Anchor Books, New York. Li, J & Lee, C 2000, Power, money, and media: communication patterns and bureaucratic control in cultural china, Northwestern University Press, Chicago. Littlejohn, S 1996, Theories of human communication, Wadsworth Publishing Company, Belmont. Miller, T 2003, Television: critical concepts in media and cultural studies, Routledge, London. Weber, I 2000, “Challenges facing china’s television advertising industry in the age spiritual civilization.” International Journal of Advertising , 19, pp. 259–281. Weber, I 2002, “Reconfiguring Chinese propaganda and control modalities: a case study of Shanghai’s television system.” Journal of Contemporary China , 11(30), pp. 53–75. Wei, R 2000, China’s television in the era of Marketisation, in French, D. and Richards, M. (ed), Television in contemporary Asia , Sage Publications, London. Xiao, G 2000, “Post-all round system and the Chinese political development in 21st century,” Strategy and Management [Zhanlue Yu Guanli] Issue No. 6 [in Chinese] Xu, H 2000, “Morality discourse in the marketplace: narratives in the Chinese television news magazine Oriental Horizon,” Journalism Studies , 1, pp. 637–647. Zhao, Y 2000, “Watchdogs on Party Leashes? Contexts and implications of investigative journalism in post-Deng China,” Journalism Studies , 1(4), pp. 577– 597.

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Convert the following summary back into the original text: The text discusses the history of ceramic art and how it has evolved over time. It also talks about Beatrice Wood's unique luster-glaze technique that she developed during her career.

The text discusses the history of ceramic art and how it has evolved over time. It also talks about Beatrice Wood's unique luster-glaze technique that she developed during her career.

Modern Ceramic Art: Beatrice Wood and Bernard Leach Dissertation Introduction Ceramic art is a form of art with a long history in many parts of the world. It refers to making object such as tableware, tiles and figures from clay and other raw materials through the pottery process. The products that result from this process are categorized as fine art, decorative, industrial or applied art and the archeologists refer to them simply as artifacts. The word ceramic is derived from a Greek word “keramos” or potter’s clay which means the objects are made from clay and burned in a kiln to get the finished product. With technological development, new processes have been adopted to make ceramic objects, and the term are now used to refer to a broad array of objects made of many materials such as glass and cements and, therefore, clay is no longer the key constituent (Byars, 2004). Though other materials have been adopted to replace clay in making ceramics, there is no difference between pottery and ceramics as Peterson (2000) says. They both use the basic process of forming, firing or baking in a kiln. Campbell (2006) says that fine art ceramics or pottery is different from crafts in that fine arts are artistic objects of ceramic or pottery made for their visual or aesthetic appeal while crafts, though they might be visually appealing, are functional and made primarily using a formula or a technique. However, these definitions are not absolute as some works can be both aesthetic and functional. Applied art, on the other hand, refers to artistically designed and produced objects that have functional value for everyday use. These could be machine produced with a design, which makes it easy to use and more attractive; or they could be made individually by a skilled artist or skilled workers for aesthetics and functionality. Pottery was the earliest form of ceramic art where ports were made by the coiling method and modeled into shapes with smooth walls. Decorating of clay work was found in archeological works of many civilizations. Ceramic art is associated with the prestigious, modern sculpture and metalwork. The early Ancient and Chinese and Roman era’s had their ceramics incorporating both ceramic-ware and pottery. These were common in forms of containers such as vessels, tableware, and bowls, also in figurines which were extremely common. The Venus of Dolni Vestonice, which is a statute of a nude female, is considered the earliest known fine art ceramic sculpture found in the Czech Republic. The celadon glaze, which was first made during the Han Dynasty between 206 BCE and 220 CE, made Chinese ceramics highly exceptional. This technique involved creating a high-iron mixture which, during firing would produce various shades of green (Campbell 2006). In modern ceramic art, artists such as Beatrice Wood, American artists experimented and developed a unique form of luster-glaze technique during her career spanning from 1930s to 1998 when she died at the age of 105. Another modern artist is Bernard Leach whose work emerged as the standard for gauging other works (Peterson, 2000). Beatrice Wood Early life She was a prominent modern artist, craftsperson and writer known for her shimmering pots and her long, remarkable life spanning the course of the 20 th century with her work being inspired by the figures that shaped her life. She combined a wide range of influences in her work such as the spirit of Dadaism, modernity, Eastern philosophy, folk art and ornament of ethnic jewelry, which made her work unique. Before she discovered her true vocation at the age of 40 years, she had engaged in painting, drawing, writing and theatre. This led her to many places where she met many people and got many experiences, things that are all reflected in her ceramic works (Naumann, 1997). Beatrice Wood was born in San Francisco to a wealthy and aristocratic family in 1893. At the age of five years, the family moved to New York City and her family especially her mother started preparing her for her ultimate “coming out” into New York society. For this reason, she was sent to the convent in Paris for a year beside an enrollment to a stylish finishing school and summer trips to Europe where she visited art galleries, museums and theatre. She was widely exposed to art and yearned to run away to France which charted the direction of her life as she thwarted her mother plans for “coming out” into the society and leading a structured life of the aristocratic and proper lady as expected of her. In 1912, the year she was supposed to come out at the age of 16, she rejected the coming out party organized for her and announced that she wanted to be a painter. Her mother decided that if that was what she wanted, it would be done properly, so she was sent to France to study painting at the Academy Julian in Paris albeit with a chaperon. She soon got bored with the school and moved to Giverny, the home town of Monet, and started painting on canvasses in an attic. Her mother soon arrived in France and into her attic and dragged her to Paris where her attention shifted to theatre (Naumann, 1997). Beatrice’s mother again wanted things to be done properly. She thus enrolled her for private lessons in acting and dancing with the members of the Comedie-francaise. It was during this time that her famous appearance on stage with leading stars then, such as Sarah Bernhardt happened. Her Paris theatre career was short-lived as political turmoil’s and onset of World War I in Europe appeared, and she had to return to New York. Despite her mother discouragement to continue a stage career in New York, Beatrice went ahead and joined the French National Repertory Theatre mainly due to her fluency in French. She played over sixty roles in the ingénue under an assumed name, Mademoiselle Patricia, to protect her family’s name and reputation. The inspiration for this theatre career was mainly to earn money and become independent from her interfering family (Peterson, 2000). It is during this period of her acting in New York that she met Marcel Duchamp through a friend and hit it off quickly. Marcel Duchamp was a famous painter and his work such Nude Descending a Staircase considered as the modern influence on modernization of painting. Through Duchamp, Beatrice also met Henri-Pierre Roche who was a renowned writer, diplomat and art collector and the three of them became close friends. This friendship also inspired, influenced and encouraged her in her creative pursuits. They also introduced her to the Bohemian lifestyle where bourgeois morality was not a topic for much thought as they were lovers and friends whose in Beatrice’s own words wanted to be as close physically as they were emotional (Naumann, 1997). Beatrice was soon to find herself in the New York Dada group under the patronage of Walter and Louise Arensberg. The Arensberg hosted frequent high class social gatherings in their lavish art adorned home, where the three friends spent lively evenings. This was essentially an intellectual bohemian group comprising of modern artists and art collectors such as Edgard Varese, Mina Loy, Charles Demuth and Joseph Stella among others. In this group, Beatrice was inspired to paint and started her painting career around this period. They worked together with Duchamp in his studio, and he published her work in a magazine. She developed her lifelong unique style of spontaneous sketching and painting that marks her work (Dietz, 2003). She exhibited her work in the independence exhibition that was organized by the newly formed Society of Independent Artists in 1917. Her work created an outrage together with that of his friend Duchamp, but in an essay to the The Blind Man journal, she defended the work which became an icon of modern art. By this time, Beatrice had already tired of her mother’s interference on her acting, and in 1918, she ran away to Montreal, Canada and continued to act. She married a theatre manager named Paul, a marriage that lasted three years. After losing interest in theatre, she went back to New York to find her friends had gone and the Dada group dissolved. It is during this time that she met Dr Annie Besant of the Theosophical Society and Jiddu Krishnamurti and moved to Los Angeles to start a new life close to her friends, the Arsenburgs and Krishnamurti (Naumann, 1997). Becoming a potter Beatrice accompanied her friend Krishnamurti to Holland where he went occasionally to speak with the Theosophical Society regularly. While there she bought a beautiful set of baroque dessert plates with an excellent luster. She wanted a tea pot to match but could not find it; it marked the most extraordinary phase of her life as she took an interest in pottery. She was determined she would be the one to make a matching pot for her plates and enrolled into a ceramic course at Hollywood High School in 1933. She painstakingly learned the glaze chemistry and throwing pots and a short time later opened her first artisan shop on Sunset Boulevard where she made and sold her ceramics. At first it was a way of surviving since she brought no money from home, but she also realized her avenue for artistic interests and energy. Her mastery and inspiration for pottery and the art of glazing came from her teacher Glen Lukens who was a renowned artist and teacher, and from her most influential mentors, Gertrud and Otto Natzler whom she met through Lukens. The Natzlers were famous for their refined skills and technical knowledge in glazing which they patiently shared with Wood. Her career started to take off after some time which created a rift between her and the Natzlers as they thought she was using their forms and glazes, but critics say that her work is remarkably different from the Natzlers. Her work is said to be loose, unconventional, experimental in form and glaze combination and coincidental as compared to the Natzlers’ based on mastery of technique. This relationship was never mended, and as Wood say she was always saddened by this (Peterson, 2000). By 1947, Wood’s work had been exhibited at the Los Angeles County Museum of Art and Metropolitan Museum of Art on New York. She was also selling to leading departmental stores such as Gumps, Marshal Fields and Neiman Marcus and due to this success she decided to settle permanently in Ojai, a neighborhood with many artists and actors including her friend Krishnamurti. Her friendship with Vivika and Otto Heino also contributed to her success in pottery as they taught her mastery of throwing and shared their knowledge and skills in Glazing. While she moved to Ojai she also started teaching ceramics at Happy Valley School (Dietz, 2003). Wood was a exceptionally fun of Krishnamurti, her friend and neighbor, and read many of his books as well as listened many of his speeches in Europe. This influenced her outlook on life as well as other experiences of her life. All these experiences were in evidence in her ceramics that combined the positivity of the East, a strong ethical work, a Dadaist sense of romance and humor in view of life to produce stunning unique creations. This also is the reason she never retired and worked in her studio until at the age of 104 (Campbell, 2006). In 1974 she built a house on the grounds of Happy Valley Foundation in Ojai. On this 450 acre, parcel of land, wood built not only a home but also a studio where a wide collection of her own work, a library and collection of Folk art still is on display and which was left to the Happy Valley Foundation. Her ceramics of bowls, vessels and sculpture, have a significant influence on modern art. Critics also say that these works also drift her work from art and craft fields as much as they influenced them. As much as Wood’s works fall under craft, design and decorative arts, their figurative nature also embraced a deliberate sense of naivety that is unique to her. They bring out her composition that is connected with her wide range of modes of self-expression from folk art to Dadaism that had gained acceptance by other ceramicists over the year. This unconventional quality in her works claiming to be deliberate, was influenced by Marcel Duchamp as she acknowledged. This fact is demonstrated during a 1961 exhibition which was held in Japan where a Japanese commented on the use of color of their works. She told the Japanese that she was not Japanese, and she lived in a pink and blue house in bright sunlight demonstrating her artistic freedom (Naumann, 1997). Another inspiration for her work came from Indian art, which influenced her use of surfaces textures, color, ornamentation and erotic imagery as Peterson (2000) says. Her love for India began in 1961 when she visited the country on a tour organized by the State department. She would return a second time in 1965 to pouch for a manager named Ram Pravesh Singh who was the State Department employee and who served her for twenty five years. In 1972, she went to India on a third time and came home with a wide range of folk art collection and saris. Her love affair with India also influenced her personal style in dressing and jewelry. In her late eighties, Wood become a writer when she published her first book, The Angel in Black Tights followed by her autobiography, I Shock Myself and then Pinching Spaniards and finally the 33 rd Wife of a Maharajah: A Love Affair in India . She also wrote other books using a pseudonym Lola Screwvinsky. Wood was encouraged by her friend, Anais Nin, in her writing who was a ardent admirer of her ceramics (Dietz, 2003). Apart from being inspired by others in her long life art career, she has inspired many artists and writers in different fields such as cinema and writing. Henri-Pierre’s book, Jules and Jim , which was an outstanding success, is said to have been inspired by the friendship he shared with Wood and Marcel Duchamp earlier on in their lives. This was later made into a successful film by Francois Truffaut. On her 100 th birthday, a film directly referring to her by the name of Beatrice Wood: The Mama of Dada premiered. David Cameron of the film Titanic is another film director who used Wood to inspire one of his characters, Rose in the same film. This film was shown towards the end of her life, and since she could not attend the event, Cameron and Gloria Stuart, who played Rose, brought her a video which she refused to watch saying that it was too late to change something in her life (Dietz, 2003). What is most inspiring about Wood is that the most productive years of her life were the last 25 as she worked extremely hard to meet the demand for her ceramics, she wrote several books and attended to many people who came to see her work and learn from her at the Happy Valley Foundation. Wood led a bohemian artist’s lifestyle but still she was a romantic who believed in “true love” as she married twice and fell in love several times. However, she would say that the only thing she could count on were the mountains near her home in Happy Valley. This extra ordinary life of art, inspiration and exploration ended in 1998 when she died at the age of 105 (Peterson 2000). Bernard Howell Leach Early life Leach is modern ceramic who like Wood, discovered his vocation in ceramics and pottery later in his life after trying other forms of art or career. He is considered one of the greatest artists of the 20 th century with a life that is documented in a wide collection of papers, study collections of western and oriental pots and his own work on pots and models exhibited in the Crafts Study center, London. Leach was born on January 5, 1887 in Hong Kong where his father, Andrew Leach, was a lawyer. His mother died soon after delivering him, and his grandparents took him to Kyoto, Japan where they were teaching English at the Doshista University. He went back to Hong Kong later when his father remarried, and soon afterward the family moved to Singapore where his father had been appointed a judge. During this period, there is no record of his schooling, but he only states that he spent most of his time alone in the harbor drawing ships. Leach was then sent to study at the age of ten years in England at the Beaumont, a Jesuit school, in Old Windsor Park which was then known as ‘Catholic Eton’. The school operated on a strict, ordered lines and any boy who step out of the line was given beatings which probably changed Leach’s destiny since he thought the beatings deterred rather than encouraged interest in education. As a result, he was bad in academic subjects excelling only in drawing, elocution and cricket. There are letters he wrote to his father and step mother expressing frustrations in deciding what to do with his life (Campbell, 2006). In 1903, Leache’s father returned to England and allowed his son to join the Slade School of Art which brought him a lot of joy. His training lasted for a year as his father got seriously ill and he had to stay with him. His father’s last wish was him to pursue a stable career in the Hong Kong Shanghai Banking Corporation, that was something Leach felt obligated to do. He joined the bank and started working in its headquarters in London. He was extremely unhappy working in the bank and after a year, he quit and moved to Doset, the North Wales where he hoped to draw and paint. Later, at the age of 21 he received his modest inheritance and used it to pay for his studies at the London School of Art in Kensington. It is during this period in England that he met his love, his cousin Muriel, and later married her. While in the school he met a Japanese student, Kotaro Takamura, who told him a lot about the country and reminded him of his childhood. Thus, it was Takamura’s who inspired Leach to return to Japan, however, during this time he dedicated himself to teaching how to design, paint, curve wood and design magazines faces. His etching lessons did not bring any success, but he became acquainted with a group of progressive scholars and writers known as Shirakaba. This group changed the course of Leache’s life and career and inspired him to start a career in ceramics (Byars, 2004). Leach’s contact with and career in pottery The raku is a technique which involves placing glazed and decorated pots into a glowing hot kiln, then removing them after around 30 minutes when the glaze has melted. The Shirakaba organized raku events where artists and poets took part in the raku and guests would take home the finished products. The raku inspired Leach to learn the craft which took him two years under the instruction of Kenzan the sixth, Urano Shigkich, a Tokyo potter who worked with the old- fashioned Rimpa style. Leach learned how to throw, decorate and fire pots though, at the time, he had not considered it as a future career. At the end of the two years, Leach and his fellow student Tomimoto were presented with a hand painted Densho recognizing them as the Seventh Kenzan. After his graduation from the Kenzan classes, he set up a pottery in his garden. In 1914, he successfully displayed his works which included his first booklet review of 1909-1914 works. He became frustrated with Japan due to the embracement of westernization and moved to China leaving his family in Japan. While, in China, he met Dr Alfred Westharp, a Prussian writer, who influenced him profoundly. After the birth, of his third child, he took his family to China and family conflict erupted due to Westharp’s interference. His son’s medical needs forced him and his family to return to England to seek medical attention in 1920. He returned to England with his wife and three children and a potter, Shoji Hamanda, whom he had brought from Japan. They settled at St Ives and set up their craft by building a climbing and updraught kilns to make earthenware, and though their art was innovatory, it was impossible to sell their products here (Campbell, 2006). In 1932, he started a project with Leornard and Dorothy Elmhirst on rural regeneration to set up a commercial pottery at Dartington. He got involved with another potter named Laurie Cooks, which ended his twenty four year marriage to Muriel. He continued to work in the project while still maintaining his establishment in St Ives. Two years later he accepted an invitation to a fifteen month tour of Japan where he looked at traditional work, made pots and researched for a book. He also took an inspirational tour of Korea with Yanagi which filled him with ideas and enthusiasm. He was also inspired by Japan’s unspoilt, traditional craft and brought home the acclaimed Moon Jar. It is during his tour of Japan that his son David was encouraged by the poor managerial situation at their St Ives pottery that he joined the North Staffordshire Polytechnic to study pottery management. He came back with radical plans, which were funded by the Elmhirsts, for the subsequent three years. The onset of the World War II saw David being enlisted and Leach had no choice but to return to St Ives, and regardless of the war, they continued to produce pots with a small team under his direction. Between the two world war, Leach Pottery had struggled a lot financially, also with acceptance of his work in Europe. He had built a Japanese kiln upon setting up in St Ives and during this time he was constantly rebuilding kilns, experimenting with different materials and travelling (Byars, 2004). After the war, David returned and took over the mantle from his father and the Leach pottery went into full production. Leach had a lot of time to pursue his own ideas. He had earlier published a book, A Potter’s Book in 1940 which had been moderately successful, and now he had time to undertake a series of tours to lecturer and demonstrate. He first took tours to the West in the Scandinavian and America where he was not valued. He returned to the East in 1952 and started with a long visit to Japan. He was professional and gave pieces of advice and opinions diverse fields from ceramics, design, furniture to cooking. He met and married Janet Darnell in 1956 and also returned home to England. After Leach’s return to England from Japan, he made some of the most popular and strongest pieces as he concentrated on individual pots rather than running the Pottery which was left to Janet when David went to establish his own pottery in Devon. Leach mainly concentrated on small pieces but also made big pieces with the help of David and later Bill Marshall though he was the one who always did the finishing and decorations. The pieces he made at that time show a deep perception of the form together with sensitivity. He also displays confidence that is not excessive. His pottery was influenced by the East while at the same time displaying the softness of European awareness that blends the two cultures superbly (Peterson, 2000). Leach as an inspiration Leach was profoundly inspired by a lot of scholars, craftsmen and women whom he was always in contact with. There are lengthy letters in his archives that detail his long term contact with Yanagi on different topics including aesthetics. Also, he maintained such contact with Henry Bergen where they discussed many subjects; one of them being about the book, they are arguing over the content of his book, A Potter’s book where an etiology of the evolution of the book and their thoughts are communicated. It is clear that they trusted each other. He also inspired other artists such as Katherine Pleydell-Bouverie who was his first apprentice, Norah Braden and Dr Ryusaburo Shikiba whose communication with him were filed away in letter books. It is no wonder that he was a spokesman for the craftsmen and women for all kinds of craft where he represented them in committees whether by the government, guilds or societies and in the Crafts Study Center. Apart from being a notable craftsman, he was also a respected, trusted and charming public speaker, and an intelligent writer (Byars, 2004). One of the significant achievements of Leach pottery was training of potters from all the corners of world, who later contributed to spreading of Leach’s techniques and values. He also helped in organizing the only international conference of potters and Weavers in 1952 at Datington hall, which included exhibitions from all the participants. It is here where the modern studio pottery movement began, and which made Leach and his associates, Hamada and Yanagi celebrities. He received many honors including an exhibition in 1961 by The Arts Council of Britain dubbed as the ‘Fifty Years a Potter’. Thus, being the master craftsman, his work was to be used as a gauge upon others works. The following year he received the Commander of the Order of the British Empire (CBE), and before his death, Japan, a country which had interested and impacted him very much, awarded him with the Champion of Honor (CH) title in 1974 which is equivalent of Nobel Prize (Dietz, 2003). Wood and Leach as an inspiration Unlike Wood whose work mainly displayed her personal experiences through life and were unique unconventional pieces, that set her apart, leach’s work from 1912 to the peak of his career in 1950s and 60s show his development journey as a potter and his increasing understanding of materials he worked with. However, the influence of the East to their works is clear. Wood got a lot of inspiration from Indian art, which influenced her use of surfaces textures, color, ornamentation and erotic imagery and even her personal style of dressing and accessorizing, and also her writings as shown by her book 33 rd Wife of a Maharajah: A Love Affair in India . Leach, on the other hand, had a lot inspiration from the Far East countries like China, Japan and Korea. It is in Japan that he came into contact with the ceramics craft in raku events and later trained under Kenzan the sixth, Urano Shigkich. His long association and work in Japan and Japanese artists show his interest and experience he got in the East. Though both Wood and leach are influenced by art from the East, their work also displays their Western influences. Wood’s works display modes of self expression that show Dadaism influence and the unconventional quality in her work that she said was influenced by Marcel Duchamp. Leach’s works, on the other hand, display a soft European awareness (Dietz, 2003). Both Wood and Leach did their most distinguished pieces later in their lives. Wood started learning pottery at the age of 40 after trying other forms of art. She had experimented with painting when she was young in Paris and later in New York, spent a substantial part of her life acting again in Paris and New York and finally in Montreal, Canada where her interest in acting faded. It is the visit to Holland that brought him an interest in pottery at the age of forty. Leach also did his master pots in the 1950s and 60s when he was already advanced in years. He also tried many things such as painting, designing covers for magazines, wood cutting and travelled to many places before he found his true vocation. It is also remarkably clear from their experiences that they are liberals who loved traveling wide and trying many things until they found their true occupations by accident as both had not envisioned a career in pottery (Peterson, 2000). Leach concentrated on making bowls, jars, platters, tableware, vases, pots and urns which are in display, in many Museums and art galleries in the world. After his death in 1979, a large amount of his works both craft, writings and collections were passed on to the Crafts Study center. This work was also digitized so as to improve accessibility as a body of reference including his diaries and correspondences with different people. Wood on the other had done her work in both craft and fine art. She combined wisdom, a positive thinking, a strong work ethic, a Dadaism and romantic view of life which gave her work a unique, unconventional style that she said was unschooled but deliberate. These two artists devoted all their love and time to their work; they continued to work and learn even when things were not good. They both worked until the end of their life (Peterson, 2000). Conclusion Ceramics art has a long history in many parts of the world that can be dated back to early civilizations. The raw material that was used in early ceramics was clay, but in modern ceramics, other materials are used. Ceramics is grouped as fine art, decorative ceramics or pottery and applied art. Though these are not conclusive categories, the main issue is the use into which the art is put to. Some are just for aesthetics while others are purely functional, or they are combined both functions. Ceramics art began with the invention of the potter wheel believed to have started in Mesopotamia in the 4 th century BC and spread to other parts of the world. Ceramic art is believed to have evolved from the wealthy Chinese Dynasties such as the Shang dynasty and also in the Ancient Roman Empire where containers such as vessel, bowls, tableware and figurines were common. In modern ceramic art, pottery studios have gained popularity where artists such as Beatrice Wood and Bernard Leach have emerged. Beatrice Wood was exposed to art in her summer trips to Europe. She longed to go to Paris and become a painter. When she later went to Europe, it was the beginning of a rebellious life as she explored different forms of art from painting to acting. It was not until she was forty that her interest and career in pottery began in Los Angeles. She learned pottery from renowned ceramists such as Gertrud and Otto Natzler, Glen Lukens and Vivika and Otto Heino. She established her own style that was unconventional and reflected her experiences in life combined with inspiration from Indian art. She became very successful and devoted the rest of her life to pottery, writing and teaching other artists at the Happy Valley Foundation. Bernard Leach is similar to Wood in many ways. Born in Hong Kong, but grew up in Japan, Singapore and England, he attended school and trainings in various arts. He also explored many forms of art before he accidentally took up pottery in Japan during a raku party. Leach learned the ceramic art in Japan and became hugely successful there, but he went to China and England where he set up the Leach Pottery. Over the years, he met famous artists from all over the world such as Urano Shigkich, Shoji Hamanda, Leornard and Dorothy Elmhirst as well as SoetsuYanagi who inspired him. Though he still maintained the Leach Pottery with the help of his son David, Leach was an extensive traveler who liked the East. Like Wood, most of his distinguished pieces were done later in his life when he had mastered the materials he worked with. He emphasized design, philosophy and art in his works which was utilitarian unlike Woods who did fine art and craft. He died in 1979 having earned the honor and respect due to his achievements. Reference List Byars, M., 2004. The design encyclopedia. London: Laurence King. Campbell, G., 2006. The grove encyclopedia of decorative arts. UK: Oxford University Press. Dietz, U., 2003. Great pots: contemporary ceramics from functional to fantasy. USA: Guild Publishing. Naumann, F., 1997. Beatrice wood: a centennial tribute. USA: American Craft Museum. Peterson, S., 2000. Contemporary ceramics. USA: Watson-Guptill Publications.

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Convert the following summary back into the original text: The essay discusses a business case study of a company called CFM. The company is facing a decision on whether to expand its store network, outsource directly or indirectly, or vertically integrate. The author forecasts the most efficient decision based on the company's past history.The best alternativeThe author forecasts the most efficient decision based on the company's past history.

The essay discusses a business case study of a company called CFM. The company is facing a decision on whether to expand its store network, outsource directly or indirectly, or vertically integrate. The author forecasts the most efficient decision based on the company's past history. The best alternative The author forecasts the most efficient decision based on the company's past history.

Forecasting the Most Efficient Decision in Business Case Study The best alternative Rajeev Singh faced three different options: store network expansion, indirect and direct global outsourcing or vertical integration. Each of the options had its advantages and disadvantages, but based on the past history, it is possible to forecast the most efficient decision. His choice of vertical integration that involved shifting to the manufacture of domestic furniture for its own retail sale was certainly his immediate best alternative. The other two options may not have worked out right for varied reasons. For instance, had he opted for store network expansion, he would only have been trying to re-do a similar venture while leaving his successful chance to fate. He initially founded four branches in different locations; among which, only the Toronto branch seemed to make sufficient amounts of returns to meet the day-to-day costs. This meant that expansion in an area outside Toronto would prove to be just as futile. Since he did not identify any particular location that would have been fully tested on sales performance, the probability of failure was more than half. Secondly, the expansion space that results from store network expansion may allow greater inventory capacity but cannot guarantee sales. Formation of CFM resulted from a similar initiative, which is buying in the very large quantities, which appeared to be only disappointing. Though expansion opens into a different form of advertising, none of the competing firms tried the method, thus its success is based on sheer lack. In addition, the present market presents problems of securing the best sales personnel. Such a market demands products that are self selling and with little competition. However, the furniture market occupied by CFM has many competitors with similar products, some even cheaper. Therefore, increasing inventory of the same product without unique salesmanship may not serve as the best alternative for Singh. Increasing direct and indirect global sourcing also offers a temporary solution to the product quality and uniqueness issue in the store expansion alternative. This choice will increase the profit margin in the long run while ensuring the customers receive exactly those products which they choose. Moreover, the reduced costs would allow the company to sell the products better than their competitors would do at cheap and affordable prices. This would help beat the competition. However, the alternative also has its negative perspectives. It requires significant financial commitment which is not presently available due to the previous business failures. The estimated cash required is $150,000 will result in the monthly warehousing expenses which will be $10000. Moreover, wrong product-selection may result in a similar case as that with the Chinese customer. This can cause huge losses that the company may not be in a position to recuperate. This coupled with the huge cash demands and a looming sales problem that can also arise makes the alternative rather risky. Finally, there is the Vertical integration option. This entailed manufacturing various domestic purchase commodities for its sale. Unlike the other two alternatives, Singh has not tried this option before. However, since all the other alternatives had been partially tested and failed in a result, the best choice is to try a new one. Vertical integration had numerous advantages. First, he would depend on his father’s wealth of experience in the manufacture of similar products to make the appropriate choices. Secondly, the method would give customers the option of specifying product designs thus differentiating their product from that of the competitors. The alternative would also cut down on costs and delivery time taken. However, the alternative has its disadvantages. The sales are not guaranteed though the company has the option of selling to other retailers. Staffing may also present a challenge in the future. Despite this, the option is still the best alternative, among the three alternatives (Tiffany & Peterson, 2011). Singh’s future Despite the turn in the events’ flow, the manufacturing opportunity is still a viable option. Only the occurrences in the few past months presented a challenge. Presently, Singh’s problems are the inability to satisfy the market with the correct design of products, and the lack of sufficient capital to sustain the inventory as well as the lawsuit over one of his branches. By closing the Pickering location, Singh can secure the inventory required to supply the retail company for a particular period (Jennings, 2010). The funds used in the lawsuit could be transferred to the manufacturing business as salary for a knowledgeable and experienced employee who can aid in the development of the complex designs of the domestic products (Gambles, 2009). In the short run, the company can hire employees based on a basic salary and commission basic on the work production. Though in the initial stages, the company can incur losses, the proceeds form the manufactured products will cover these expenses in the long-run. Hiring an employee with the expertise is a benefit for the company as it ensures that it will succeed in competition since it can supply its retail branch. The remuneration method adopted ensures the company does not lose its best staff in case of low sales. Any additional proceeds should then be used in opening up other retail joints in potential business locations. Moreover, the two earlier alternatives can then be brought on board for profit maximization (Zeff, 2007). References Gambles, I. (2009). Making the Business Case: Proposals That Succeed For Projects That Work : New York,NY: Ashgate. Jennings, M. M. (2010). Business: Its Legal, Ethical, and Global Environment : Chicago: Cengage Learning. Tiffany, P., & Peterson, S. D. (2011). Business Plans For Dummies . New York,NY: John Wiley & Sons. Zeff, J. (2007). Make the Right Choice: Creating a Positive, Innovative and Productive Work Life . New York,NY : John Wiley & Sons.

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Provide a essay that could have been the input for the following summary: The fashion industry is very competitive and very sensitive. The majority of those who visit these shops are from the upper class. This group is always very sensitive on issues of quality.They do not have any problem with the price, but they do not tolerate substandard or outdated products. Chanel has come to realize this and has been keen on providing its customers with products of desirable quality.

The fashion industry is very competitive and very sensitive. The majority of those who visit these shops are from the upper class. This group is always very sensitive on issues of quality. They do not have any problem with the price, but they do not tolerate substandard or outdated products. Chanel has come to realize this and has been keen on providing its customers with products of desirable quality.

Chanel Cosmetics Competition Analysis Essay Table of Contents 1. Introduction 2. Competitor Analysis 3. Basic Segmentation Analysis for Chanel 4. The Role of Change in Technology 5. The Role of the Internet for the Company 6. Conclusion 7. List of References 8. Appendix. Chanel SWOT Analysis Introduction Chanel is one of the leading fashion shops in the United Kingdom. Started out as a simple fashion shop on a brick and moter basis, this shop has grown to become a giant shop that operates an online shop, besides its physical shops. The management of this firm has been keen on adopting new market trends, which has ensured that the firm remains relevant in this industry. The fashion industry is very competitive and very sensitive. The majority of those who visit these shops are from the upper class. This group is always very sensitive on issues of quality. They do not have any problem with the price, but they do not tolerate substandard or outdated products (Ulaga & Chacour 2001, p. 67). Chanel has come to realize this and has been keen on providing its customers with products of desirable quality. This company has been named as one of the leading shops for fashion products. The company stocks such items as bags, designer perfumes, designer wristwatches, jewelry, and shoes, among an array of fashion products. The firm has a market share that spans in the entire United Kingdom. The marketing team of this firm has ensured that the firm’s products find the right value proposition, an act that has seen Chanel products become popular (Andreson, Narus & Rossum 2010, p. 56). The brand Chanel is very strong within the markets of United Kingdom. Although the firm’s effort to assert its presence has bore good fruits, the brand is not very strong within the international market. The management has tried to capture the markets currently dominated by large online market firms such as the Amazon, with very little success. However, the gain made by this firm is an assurance that has made it possible to gain the market share beyond the United Kingdom. Competitor Analysis The fashion industry is one of the most developed industries in the United Kingdom and by extension, the entire world. Those who patronize these shops are individuals who are rich and willing to spend a lot of money on any single item needed from the shop. For this reason, many investors have gained interest in this industry, as it is considered one of the most lucrative industries within this country (Barnes, Blake, & Pinder 2009, p. 89). Competition is very stiff. With a market that has free entry and exit, there has been a huge influx of firms, some of which are international companies with, other branches in several countries. Most of these international firms are well developed, having been in this industry for several years. Competition has been taken a notch higher. Many of these firms have adopted different competitive strategies. With price not being a major competitive tool, many of the firms have considered such other services as home delivery of the products to their customers who purchase their products online. Others have considered to stock custom made products for specific customers. They would get a special order from such customers and then send those specifications to the manufacturers. As such, Chanel has to manage this competition, with focus being on maintaining or even expanding its current market share. This is very tricky because in this industry, maintaining the current market share alone is not easy. Many firms have developed very strong strategies for competition, threatening to eat into Channel’s current market share. As Ahmed and Rafiq (2002, p. 46) say, in industries where competition is very stiff, a firm’s focus should not be increasing but maintaining its current market share. In this industry, competition is rife, and there are signs that it may even get stiffer. Many large American firms that had withdrawn from this industry due to the recent recession are coming back stronger and with better strategies. Other new entrants are also coming with new strategies that are superior to many of the current firm’s strategies. Some of the leading apparel shops in this country include Absolute Vintage, Ace Collection, Ad Hoc Boy, Agnes B, Ahadi Shops, All Saints, American Apparel, Butterfly, and Caroline Charles among others. This list is very long and yet many more firms are coming into existence (Best 2009, p. 78). As can be seen from the above list of apparel shops, American firms are back to this industry and they are competitively strong. A firm like American Apparel has international coverage. It has branches in many other countries other than United Kingdom. As Woodruff (1997, p. 153) states, this firm has been very strong in this fashion industry, a fact that can be contributed to its international experience. Most of the top management of this firm, according to Eggert & Ulaga (2002, p. 153), are people who have held managerial positions in various other countries before and therefore have a wide experience in this industry. They understand the market forces and as such, are in a position to withstand pressures of the market. Another very strong firm in this industry is Absolute Vintage. It also has a market coverage going beyond United Kingdom. Within the country, this firm is one of the market leaders as it has its presence felt in almost all the major cities in the kingdom. Going against this strong competition may need this firm to develop strategies that would make it a superior firm. The firm must design its marketing strategies to give it a competitive edge in the industry. The brand Chanel, although not very strong in the markets beyond the United Kingdom, has managed to penetrate the local markets. It brand has managed to gain fame within its London branches. This would give it a competitive edge because this region has a large number of customers. Despite other firm’s strength in this region, Chanel can start its expansion plans from this region by developing superior marketing strategies. Basic Segmentation Analysis for Chanel Chanel, as a company and a brand, falls under the fashion industry. This firm has several lines of products falling in several market segments within the industry. The products are presented to the market under a similar brand name that is, Chanel. This firm has four major segments for its wide range of products. The segments are the Foundation, Chanel make-up segment, Chanel Fragrance and Chanel fine jewelry. In the Foundation, the firm stocks new products that have just been introduced into the market. These products may fall under different categories, but because they are new in the industry and to the firm, they would be put under this category. Customers would go to this section to know some of the new products that are currently available in this market. The motivation behind this section was to help not only in advertising the firm’s new products, but also enable customers fashion trends. Through this, they would be in a position to know which products are new in the industry and the competitive advantage they have over other existing products. This section also helps the firm inform the market that it is out to ensure that it provides new and better products at a relatively close interval to ensure constant satisfaction. This segments targets customers from across the genders and age group. In Chanel Makeup segment, this firm stocks such items as eyeshades, lipsticks, and other makeup products. This segment targets women of various ages. Men make a very small percentage of the customer base here. In the Chanel Fragrance, the firm stocks perfumes and other such products. Just like the Foundation segments, customers here are of both genders and all the ages. In the Chanel Fine Jewelry section, this firm stocks wristwatches, bangles, golden, and diamond chains among other precious items. Though the market for this segment is female, a considerable number of male customers also frequent its stores (Dubois, Jolibert & Muhlbacher 2007, p. 76). Segmentation is done to make it easy for the customers to locate desired items. When the customers visit the firm’s website, they would have a clear sense of direction of where to go when searching for new products, instead of navigating from one section to another guessing that by chance he or she would bump into the desired product. The Role of Change in Technology Technology has proven to be a major competitive tool for this firm. With a neck-break competition, which has seen many firms exit this industry, emerging technologies have proven to be the only way through which this firm can manage the current market competition. As Flint, Woodruff and Fisher (2002, p. 90) notes, technology is a double-edged sword. It has both negative and positive effects in equal measure, depending on the approach that a firm would give it. Not all technological inventions are appropriate for a firm such as Chanel. Some technologies are irrelevant and some are completely disruptive. However, there are those that are very important if a firm seeks to gain a competitive edge. Lindgreen and Finn (2005, p. 29) say that, although it may not be easy, current firms have no otherwise but to ensure that they shift emerging technologies for relevance and applicability. Shifting in this case refers to analyzing the technologies to determine which of them can be implemented and which can be ignored. The basis of this is to ensure that the firm identifies which of the technologies are worth implementing and which would be avoided so that the firm would avoid scenarios where the wrong technologies are implemented at the expense of the right ones. Piercy (2009, p. 78) explains that there are three categories of technology adapters. The first category is the innovators, then technology enthusiasts, early adapters, late adapters and finally the technology skeptics. Chanel has been so keen with adoption of emerging technologies. It has avoided being the innovators or technology enthusiast. It has been an early adapter of technology. This has a number of advantages (Ward 1999, p. 90). Although early adapters always find other firms already in use of the technology, they are better positioned to determine how relevant a given technology is. They can do this by taking time to analyze the technology or simply monitoring the effect of such technology on other firms Payne & Holt (2001, p. 103). This way, it would be easier to know which way to go. Chanel shops around the United Kingdom show strong signs that the firm is keen on adapting emerging technologies. The entire shop at the Hertford Road branch and other branches within various cities in this country are installed with current technological devices. The CCTVs, the sensors, automated tellers, the lighting systems are all signs of emerging technological innovations (Eggert, & Ulaga 2002, p. 56). The use of internet marketing is also another sign of adoption of emerging technologies. The Role of the Internet for the Company Internet plays a very important role in ensuring that this firm remains relevant within this industry. Competition in this market has gone a notch higher and all firms are trying to outsmart each other using all the available tactics. The internet has been one of the tools that have been put on use. Internet has been used on many fronts. The website is the first front. Chanel has designed a website, which is very interactive. By following the link, www.chanel.com/en_GB, one is led to the rich accessories that this firm stocks. A customer is able to easily navigate this website and have a look at the products stocked at various stores of this firm. The website has richly employed the use of graphics in this website. A customer is able to communicate with the company easily through its website, a fact that has seen it increase its interactivity with customers (Fifield 2007, p. 98). Although the website is yet to allow direct purchase of products on-line, the current capability has made this firm to be known to many customers. Moreover, this website would direct customers to the nearest shops where the products of the firm can be found. Another way through which internet has been of benefit to this firm is through internet marketing. Social media marketing has gained relevance in the near past. Face book has a fan base of over half a billion, most of who are from the upper class citizens, who can afford internet connectivity in their houses (Kotler, Keller, Brady, Goodman & Hansen 2009, p. 39). In the United Kingdom alone, over two thirds of citizens are regular visitors of Face book. The majority of this group is the youths, who make the most attractive market segment for Chanel fashion shop. By advertising on this site, this company has been in a position to ensure that it reaches its targeted market. Another media that has gained relevance very rapidly is the YouTube. Because it supports heavy graphics such as videos, the youths have become addicted to it any moment they visit the internet. Although Chanel has not been able to utilize this media to its full potential, it poses good opportunities for this firm. Many of the youths cannot avoid the allure to be in this site. They are able to watch movies and share videos through this site. Chanel therefore stands a better chance of reaching them out through this site. Chanel has considered advertising its products using this media. Twitter has also gained popularity. As Woodruff (1997, p. 72) notes, many firms are moving away from traditional forms of advertisements, which heavily depended on mass media. It has come to their realization that not many people are currently able to read the entire newspaper or listen to news or soap operas that carry advertisements. However, these individuals cannot ignore the allure of the internet. The best way to reach them therefore would be through the internet that they could not avoid (Holbrook 2003, p. 38). Chanel has realized this and is making the best out of it. Conclusion Chanel is operating in a very competitive environment. It has been able to manage market competition but with a lot of difficulty. This industry is well developed and some of the competitors that Chanel has been facing are international firms with worldwide market coverage. This firm has had to ensure that it protects its current market share are protected as it tries to gain more. This has not been easy as the market is full of competition. However, because of the large capital base that it has been able to amass, the firm has been able to introduce new products at close intervals following market research. It can be concluded that the Chanel faces both threats and opportunities. This can be attributed to among other factors, the strengths and weaknesses it. The main challenge is how to balance the strengths and against the weaknesses. In this regard, the management has a role of identify those technologies that are suitable and apply them in strengthening the firm. Emerging technologies may be the best solution for this firm because the dynamism of this industry. The firm should also conduct market research to establish the opportunities that can strengthen its market share. List of References Ahmed, K & Rafiq, M 2002, Internal Marketing tools and concepts for customer-focused management, Butterworth Heinemann Elsevier, Oxford. Andreson, JC, Narus, AJ & Rossum, W 2010, “Customer Value Propositions in Business Markets”, Harvard Business Review , Vol. 1, no. 3, pp 91-99. Barnes, C, Blake, H & Pinder, D 2009, Creating & Delivering your Value Proposition, Kogan Page, London. Best, RJ 2009, Market-Based Management Strategies for Growing Customer value and Profitability, New Jersey, Pearson. Dubois, P, Jolibert, A & Muhlbacher, H, 2007, Marketing Management A Value-Creation Process, Basingstoke, Palgrave Macmillan. Eggert, A & Ulaga, W 2002, “Customer-perceived value: a substitute for satisfaction in business markets?” Journal of Business & Industrial Marketing , Vol. 17, no. 2, pp 107-125. Fifield, P 2007, Marketing Strategy: The Difference between Marketing and Markets, Elsevier Butterworth Heinemann, Oxford. Flint, DJ, Woodruff, RB & Fisher, GS, 2002, “Exploring the phenomenon of customers’ desired value change in a business-to-business context”, Journal of Marketing , Vol. 66 no. 4, pp 102-117. Holbrook, MB 2003, “Customer value and auto ethnography: subjective personal introspection and the meanings of a photograph collection”, Journal of Business Research , Vol. 58, no. 1, pp 45 – 61. Kotler, P, Keller, KL, Brady, M, Goodman, M & Hansen, T 2009, Marketing Management, Prentice Hall, Harlow. Lindgreen, A & Finn, W 2005, “Value in business markets: What do we know? Where are we going? Industrial Marketing Management, Vol. 34, no. 2, pp 732- 748. Payne, A & Holt, S 2001, “Diagnosing Customer Value: Integrating the Value Process and Relationship Marketing”, British Journal of Management, Vol. 12, no. 2, pp 159 – 182. Piercy, NF 2009, Market-Led Strategic Change, Butterworth Heinemann, Oxford. Ulaga, W & Chacour, S 2001, “Measuring customer-perceived value in business markets: a prerequisite for marketing strategy development and implementation”, Industrial Marketing Management , Vol. 30, no. 6, pp 525 – 540. Ward, K 1999, Cyber-ethnography, and the emergence of the virtually new community, Journal of Information Technology 14: 95-105. Woodruff, RB 1997, “Customer Value: The Next Source for Competitive Advantage”, Journal of the Academy of Marketing Sciences, Vol. 25, no. 2, pp 139-154. Appendix. Chanel SWOT Analysis The best way of understanding a firm from its internal front is to conduct a SWOT analysis on it. Through this, it would be easy to determine if the firm is in a position to manage the current market forces and if it is in a position to experience market growth. Chanel fashion shop can be understood through this analysis. Strength is the abilities of a firm that makes it be in a position to manage the market forces and compete against other firms favorable. They are factors that make the firm stand out among the rest, as the preferred firm. Strength of this firm arises from a number of facts. One such fact is that this firm has been in this industry long enough. Chanel has been operating in various United Kingdom cities for a number of years and has therefore developed a deep understanding of the market. Through this understanding, it has been very easy for this firm to predict the market forces that would play off in different seasons. As such, Chanel has mastered the products to stock in different seasons, making it one of the popular shops in London. Many customers admire it because they feel that this firm knows how to predict what they need and then provide products in the best ways possible. The firm has also amassed a huge financial base following several years of financial prosperity. Because of this, the firm is able to adopt emerging technologies, without straining its finances. The brand Chanel is also popular within the entire country, making it even stronger in this market. Because of this, the firm has been in a position to manage competition in this industry. Weaknesses refer to the inability of the firm to perform certain functions that are expected. These factors make a firm vulnerable to other firms in any given market. Chanel has a number of weaknesses. One great weakness of this firm is the fact that its website does not have a direct access to the shop. Currently, people have been absorbed so much in their profession to an extent that they rarely find time to go shopping. Online shops were created upon this basis. They allow customers to shop from the convenience of their sitting rooms. Chanel therefore risks losing its customers to its competitors that have their shops online. Having a beautiful website as it does is not enough. The website should allow its customers to shop online. Another weakness of this firm has been its pace of adapting emerging technologies. Although this firm has been able to make use of the current technologies, the pace has been rather slow. This can be very dangerous for a firm operating in such a competitive firm. Other firms might easily overtake it since competition is rife. In this industry, firms seem to adapting technology fast. Opportunities refer to the market forces that a firm stands to gain by its presence in a given industry. They are external factors that the firm cannot either control nor have little control over them. Chanel stands to benefit from various opportunities due to its existence in this firm. Currently, the country has recovered from the recession and the upper class can now consider spending on such items as jewelry and other goods of ostentation. This means that business would be booming for such firms as Chanel. The recent recession that took place in the United States saw many American firms withdraw their operations from a number of countries in order to concentrate on the domestic markets while specializing on jewelry and other fashion products. This was a relief to firms in the United Kingdom such as Chanel. Chanel can now capture markets that were previously held by these American firms. Threats refer to those external factors that may hinder a firm from achieving its set objectives. A firm may not have control over them. In this industry, Chanel faces a number of challenges. The biggest threat that Chanel faces in this industry is competition. Chanel faces high possibility of being eliminated from the market. Although some firms quit this industry during recession period, it has not been easy for Chanel to manage the level of competition because there are still numerous other firms in this industry that have taken substantial portion of the market share. This makes it very difficult for this firm to expand. The increasing cost of living is making a section of the market reconsider the need to buy such expensive items as fashion wears. Many people currently consider leading modest lives that allow them to live within their means. Technology, inasmuch as it is a tool of prosperity for this firm, has been a major threat that Chanel has had to deal with. Emerging technologies have been a challenge to this firm, as it has been very difficult to predict appropriate technologies, and the ones that should be disregarded. As such, Chanel has always found itself lagging behind in adoption of many emerging technologies. This has a threat of making it a weaker firm in the face of competition.

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Provide the full text for the following summary: The text discusses the impact of change initiatives in higher education setting and how leaders should approach organizational change.The text discusses the impact of change initiatives in higher education setting and how leaders should approach organizational change.

The text discusses the impact of change initiatives in higher education setting and how leaders should approach organizational change. The text discusses the impact of change initiatives in higher education setting and how leaders should approach organizational change.

Change Initiatives in Higher Education Setting Essay (Article) Table of Contents 1. Introduction 2. Impacts of Change Initiatives 3. How Leaders Should Approach Organizational Change 4. My Insights 5. Conclusion 6. References Introduction Educational institutes are a vital part of the society since they are responsible for equipping people to be productive society members. Due to the importance with which these institutes are regarded, educators and policy makers are constantly seeking ways to make them even more effective and efficient. Innovation and reform efforts have particularly been highlighted as being crucial to the progress of higher education institutes (Billot, 2011). As a result of this, many change initiatives have been developed in the educational system setting. This paper will address the merits and demerits of this many changes and offer insights on how leaders should approach organizational changes. Impacts of Change Initiatives Over the years, many calls for change in higher education have been issued by policy makers and educators alike. While higher education institutes were traditionally highly resistant to change, the past decade has seen them embrace change initiatives on previously unprecedented levels (Norman & Lynn, 2008). While the acceptance of change by higher education institutes has been hailed by many as a good thing, the number of change plans in place has reduced the effectiveness of these efforts. The large number of change plans in place leads to many competing innovations taking place at the same time. Kezar (2009) states that as a result of the number of competing projects that exist in an institution, administrators and staff end up being unaware of many of the initiatives going on in their campuses. This lack of awareness sometimes leads to similar change initiatives being undertaken simultaneously by different individuals which leads to redundancy. When there are a lot of change initiatives within the higher education institute, it is hard for priorities to be set on which initiative is to be given more attention (Billot, 2011). In addition to this, many change initiatives can result in groups being formed within the campus community with each group advocating for the advancement of its specific interests. These interest groups are detrimental of the campus since they result in strife as well as disunity as the campus is engaged in multiple fragmented efforts. How Leaders Should Approach Organizational Change Leaders should ensure that they have the necessary skills to guide the change initiatives they are advocating. Norman and Lynn (2008) assert that change efforts in higher education are predisposed to fail unless they are “carried out in a rigorous, theoretically sound, and professionally reflective manner” (p.113). The leaders who promote specific change initiatives should therefore be committed and skilled and base their efforts on a solid understanding of the process of change. Leaders should keep track of the various change initiatives going on in their institutes to as to avoid duplicative efforts. Duplicative programs result in wastage of resources and inefficiencies in the specific initiatives. Combining programs which aim to achieve the same goals will result in greater efficiency as well as higher degrees of success as it will result in cooperation to meet the goals of the initiative. Kezar (2009) asserts that if related efforts were joined, there would be “greater human and financial resources and reduced infrastructure expenses”. In some cases, the high numbers of change initiatives are unavoidable for the institute. Kezar (2009) suggests that in the case where multiple change initiatives are inevitable, the education institute can benefit from generating a list of the changes in priority order. This will have the advantage of ensuring that all the people see that their interests are given consideration even if they are to be addressed at some future date. My Insights Leaders should avoid coming up with change initiative projects on their own and then imposing them on the rest of the people. Instead, leaders should seek to get the support of as many members of the campus as is possible for the change initiatives. Norman and Lynn (2008) reveal that innovations or revisions in school programs have had only about 20% success rate due to the lack of support from key players in the school. Another important consideration when implementing change is to increase the input of students. Most changes are proposed due to the realization that the current way of doing things is not the most effective. The changes therefore seek to address problems that may face the students so as to achieve positive outcomes. At the present, while there have been intense endeavors to implement change in campuses, the involvement of students in the initiatives has been lacking. Mitra (2004) observes that many schools struggle to come up with effective change initiatives but very few seek the solutions from the students who are central to the success of the change process. Conclusion Changes are important if the improvement of student learning and increased research is to be achieved by our higher education institutes. This paper set out to address the challenges that might arise as a result of numerous change initiatives in our campuses. While changes in educational structures and approaches are advantageous, implementing too many changes might have a deleterious effect. This paper has advocated for the reduction of the number of changes as well as getting the support of the entire campus and including student voice in change initiatives. This will result in greater success for the change efforts hence lead to the achievement of an effective learning environment in the higher education setting. References Billot, J. (2011). The changing research context: implications for leadership. Journal of Higher Education Policy and Management , 33 (1), 37–46. Kezar, A. (2009). Change in Higher Education: Not Enough, or Too Much? Web. Mitra, D. (2004). The significance of students: Can increasing “student voice” in schools lead to gains in youth development? Teachers College Record , 106(4), 651–688. Norman, E. & Lynn, H. (2008). Long-term Strategic Incrementalism: An Approach and a Model for Bringing About Change in Higher Education. Innov High Educ 33(3), 111–124.

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Write the full essay for the following summary: The text discusses the importance of change management, business process reengineering and successful ERP implementation. It highlights the need for tolerance of resistant forces over those acting for the desired change, and the importance of workforce and user training and education.The importance of change management, business process reengineering and successful ERP implementation

The text discusses the importance of change management, business process reengineering and successful ERP implementation. It highlights the need for tolerance of resistant forces over those acting for the desired change, and the importance of workforce and user training and education. The importance of change management, business process reengineering and successful ERP implementation

Change Management, BPR and successful ERP implementation Essay (Critical Writing) It is a challenging endeavor to implement an ERP system since the process involves external and internal entities. Thus, the implementation of an ERP system necessitates change management and business process reengineering. Business process reengineering (BPR) The successful implementation of an ERP requires the involvement of certain level of business process reengineering. This is to ensure that the packaged software is fully compatible with the business process and needs of an organization. In fact, to improve the software functionality according to organizations’ needs, organizations must reengineer their business courses to suit the ERP software rather than trying to change the software to suit the present organizations business procedures. Besides, the likelihood of an error occurring and the costs increasing will be higher if an organization undertakes further ERP software customization (Bingi et al. 1999, p.8). Therefore, the magnitude and complexity of efforts needed might deter an organization from the ERP customization approach. Mabert et al. (2003, p.304) hinted this in their study finding where most respondents just testified slight customization. Empirical studies conducted on the implementation of ERP projects found that, for a successful implementation of an ERP, there must be changes in the undertaken processes. Therefore, there ought to be tolerable degrees of reciprocated fits amid the ERP package and the organization to successfully implement the ERP software (Robey et al. 2002, p.18). Change management programme Change has become a significant component in the current business environment. When employees resist change, an organization’s operations may be crippled. Sumner (1999, p.298) claims that workforces do not really resist change, but only resist loosing comfort, pay or status. Since the implementation of an ERP directly influences the users and organizations business functions, proper change management strategies must be adopted (Somers & Nelson 2004, p.261). During ERP system implementation, change management should entail effective balance of resistant forces over those acting for the desired change (Hong & Kim 2002, p.26). To achieve this, the change management process should be based on educating and training the entire workforce and users of the ERP system. This will allow them to fully comprehend the general ERP system concepts and warrant their willingness as well as acceptance to use the innovative system. The workforce and user training and education are deemed operational only if they incorporate the organization business processes and practices as components of the ERP content (Legare 2002, p.21). Basically, the existing business processes and organizational structures might not be compatible with the new ERP system as the system may introduce certain levels of organizational change. This implies that change management should be effectively carried out at various ERP implementation stages and this necessitates education, training and acceptance of the system by the top personnel. The first two critical change management elements provide users with practical experiences and tools required to integrate the new responsibilities, roles and processes (Nah et al. 2003, p.7). The elements may be in form of online user manuals, direct training or the institution of help desk. If stakeholders and top management acknowledge and support the need for change, there are chances that the implementation of ERP will be successful. Studies showed that early involvement of users in designing and implementing new business processes alongside the cross functional and extensive top down communication might generate ERP enthusiasm (Mabert et al. 2000, p.56). Different phases of the ERP implementation life cycle Similar to any other new project, the implementation of an ERP system undergoes through eleven different stages. However, there are no clear demarcations amid the assumed phases. Often, one phase is expected to instigate prior to the completion of the preceding phase. The logical order must nevertheless be followed. Pre-evaluation screening Provided an organization has opted to adopt an ERP system, it should commence searching for a flawless package. Since there are many vendors offering package solutions of all shapes and sizes, it might not be a viable solution to analyze each package before a decision is reached. The process might be time consuming and the organization should limit the quantity of packages to be evaluated to a maximum of five. This is because a detailed and thorough evaluation can be done to few packages as opposed to superficially analyzing lots of packages (Leon, 2007). The pre-evaluation screening process is done to exclude any package that is not appropriate for an organization business processes. To choose the best package, the vendor product literature might be looked at, help might be sought from external experts or consequently by learning packages that your competitors use. Find out the way diverse packages perform under backgrounds considered to be identical to that of your organization. Despite the fact that ERP packages evolve, it might be as a result of; an opportunity that emerged, the users’ feedbacks, the gained implementation experience, product functionality, pressure from market competitors or even the scope to expand and redefine. While all these can be apparent, it is important to look at the origin of each ERP package. Above all, look for a ERP package that caters for your business and that which is particularly good in an area you would wish to implement it. Package evaluation The selection or evaluation process is regarded to be the most imperative ERP implementation phases. This is because the selected ERP package determines the failure or success of the undertaken project. After a packaged has been purchased, it becomes difficult to shift to an alternative one because the ERP systems entail enormous capital investments. There is absolutely petite room for mistakes. It is worth noting that, when different ERP packages are being analyzed, none of them is usually flawless. Within the ERP decision making teams, everyone must clearly understand that there is no perfect ERP package (Mabert et al., 2003). This selection process does not aim at identifying packages which cover all the requirements (perfect fits) but the objective is to get a flexible package that satisfies the organization needs. That is, a software package which might be modified to get a good fit. After identifying the package that needs to be evaluated, a selection criterion has to be developed by the organization to allow all the accessible packages to be evaluated on similar scales. The organization must identify an ERP package that satisfies all the business requirements, identifies with business processes and matches the organization business profile. This will ensure that the best system is chosen. Getting an ERP system which performs exactly how an organization conducts its business is impossible, but the chosen system needs to have the minimum number of variations. When evaluating ERP software, it is worth noting that: Its user friendliness, scalability and flexibility, quick implementation, operational fit with organizational business process, complexity, existing regular upgrades, accessible reference sites; the level of integration amid various ERP system components, local infrastructural support as well as the total costs incurred. Project planning The phase designs and details how the ERP implementation process should be done. It entails developing project plan, deadlines, resource schedules, selecting team members while identifying and assigning responsibilities. It is at this stage that the project commencement period is decided, when and how the project should be completed (Mabert et al., 2003). Besides, the phase details all the contingency measures, monitors the implementation progress, the corrective actions and control measure to be undertaken when the project goes out of hand. Gap analysis At this phase, an organization creates a complete model showing its current position and the direction it wants to assume in the future. A model is designed to cover and anticipate the operational gaps. An organization may decide to adopt the annoying inexpensive solutions, but custom programs may be designed, ERP source code could be altered or upgrading the system. Reengineering Human factors are accounted for in this phase. The first reengineering connotation relates to the utilization of ERP to help trim efforts (downsize). The implementation stage helps highlight alterations in tasks since processes become more efficient and automated. The two closely linked but separate ERP implementations namely business process implementation and technical implementation are made apparent in this stage. Configuration All business processes of an organization are understood and mapped through synchronizing the current processes with the new ERP package. The prototype of the real business procedures are used as ERP expert configures and tests the prototypes by attempting to resolve the inherent logistical problems. Training of the implementation team The implementation team is trained on how ERP system needs to be implemented and not on how it should be used. This take place as configuration continues. The end users and employees are also trained on how the system should be implemented and later on run. An organization puts in place and trains individuals opting for change to manage and ensure that the system is self-sufficiently run. Testing An organization tries to break the system at this phase. The system is fully configured and the organization comes up with real scenarios to test for instance many users logging in at the similar period, hackers try to access areas of restrictions while other users enter invalid data. Test cases are meant to identify weak links within the system to help fix the bugs prior to going live. Training of the end user The real ERP system users are identified and trained in this phase. Their present skills become noted before being put into groups for training. The overall system overview is presented to the participants and practical sessions are also offered. This is to ensure that end users are well acquainted with newly implemented system. Going live The ERP implementation work is nearly complete since database is up and runs, data conversion is complete, prototypes are completely aligned, confirmed and set to function. It becomes officially proclaimed that the ERP system is operational although the testing and running is still underway. The old system has however been removed and the new ERP system is live to conduct business. Post implementation The implementation process is bound to find significance when proper instruction flows follow regular follow-ups throughout the ERP lifetime. This includes all steps and efforts assumed to apprise and realize better benefits after the implementation of the ERP system. Thus, organizations must correctly and safely perform the ERP implementation. Business modeling Business modeling (BM) incorporates activities that represent enterprise processes in order to allow the existing procedures to be evaluated and upgraded. BM is usually conducted by business managers and analysts who seek to improve the efficiency and quality of the assumed processes (Ryan et al., 2009). Although the recognized process upgrading might or might not need the immersion of IT, IT is considered as the sole driver of BM as it creates master processes. ERP systems vs. normal legacy Since inter organizational integration requires interactions between stakeholders, suppliers and clients, ERP systems have emerged to provide the needed mechanisms requisite when exchanging information or data (Wangler & Paheerathan n.d., p.9). Unlike legacy systems which are directed towards meeting or solving a particular individual goal or objective, ERP system electronically integrates the transmission and exchange of information among people who needs to negotiate and work together. The role of ERP systems in the UK banking sector After increasing the business processes complexities, ERP systems have become famous amongst the UK banking sectors. In fact, ERP has maintained its market reputation as it integrates and organizes the functions of the banking institutions and supports the finance, e-commerce, accounting and human resource by creating graphical user interfaces and relational databases which unify the banking institutions tasks (Madani 2009, p.516). The ERP systems eliminate any human interactions with information or data flow. As a result, they enhance the integrity, security and organizational accuracy by increasing business processes transparency. Before the UK banks such as Bank of Ireland (BI), The Royal Bank of Scotland (RBS) and Tesco Bank adopted ERP systems, most of their business processes were done using other software. This made businessmen and clients to feel a lot of tension as regards to business process coordination. The implementation of this scientific technique in these UK banks has fostered all requisite information to be coordinated under shared databases. ERP is thus deemed important in Tesco Bank, BI and RBS due to its ability to control over the banks billings to receivables and clients. The system automates all the accounting, financial and operational processes of these banks (Veryard 2011, p.150). The implemented ERP systems have enabled UK banks to successfully accomplish tasks as they integrate the information systems and allow seamless flow of pertinent data and information across various banking units. Furthermore, the ERP systems in the UK banks work on the basic IT input-process-output rules and treat each banking institution as a sole business entity by catering for the basic information needs. In fact, in Tesco Bank, BI and RBS, ERP systems offer timeliness, relevant and accurate information to every unit under one codified software system. The ERP systems in these financial institutions further offer real-time updated information besides managing and fulfilling tax, import and export legal requirements. When RBS implemented an ERP system, it was able recruit workforce, keep employees data in the same database and centralize the cash management issues for corporations that wanted to adopt SEPA (RBS 2011, p.1). This enabled this bank to acquire higher levels of productivity and efficiency concerning information exchange. Despite the ensuing benefits of implementing ERP system namely centralized cash management, regular communication with stakeholders and operational efficiencies, RBS, BI and Tesco Bank faced numerous challenges during the ERP implementation phases. The switch to implement an ERP system led to inevitable IT implementation cost, higher cost of training the end users and managing the operational changes. It required standardized XML payment formats to be created and the setting up of an accurate security and connectivity between the clients and the banks. The process was time consuming since it required the payees International bank account numbers and bank identifier codes to be collected and constructed (Veryard 2011, p.151). Therefore, to realize the full benefits of the implemented ERP systems, the RBS, BI and Tesco bank have managed this technology by constantly upgrading it and acquiring updated versions. New and old employees are also constantly being trained and educated on how to use the ERP systems. Finally, these banks have tried to adequately handle issues such as mismanaged expectations, poor change management expectations and insufficient clarity that surround banks business requirements and processes. References Bingi, P, Sharma, M, & Godla, J 1999, “Critical issues affecting an ERP implementation”, Information Systems Management vol.16, pp.7–14. Hong, K, & Kim, Y 2002, “The critical success factors for ERP implementation: an organizational fit perspective”, Information & Management , vol.40, pp. 25– 40. Legare, T 2002, “The role of organizational factors in realizing ERP benefits”, Information Systems Management Fall , pp. 21–42. Leon, A 2007, Enterprise Resource Planning, Tata McGraw-Hill Education, New York, NY. Mabert, V, Soni, A, & Venkataramanan, M 2000, “Enterprise resource planning survey of U.S. manufacturing firms”, Production and Inventory Management Journal , vol.41, pp. 52–58. Mabert, V, Soni, A, & Venkataramanan, M 2003, “Enterprise resource planning: managing the implementation process”, European Journal of Operational Research, vol.146, pp. 302–314. Madani, H 2009, “The role of internal auditors in ERP-Based organizations”, Journal of Accounting & Organizational Change , vol.5 no.4, pp.514-526. Munro, L, & Stewart, J 2010, “External auditors reliance on internal audit: the impact of sourcing arrangements and consulting activities”, Accounting and Finance , vol.50, pp. 371-387. Nah, F, Zuckweiler, K, & Lau, J 2003, “ERP implementation: chief information officers perceptions of critical success factors”, International Journal of Human–Computer Interaction vol.16, pp.5–22. RBS 2011, Tuning up the cash conversion cycle . Web. Robey, D, Ross, J, & Boudreau, M 2002, “Learning to implement enterprise systems: an exploratory study of the dialectics of change”, Journal of Management Information Systems, vol.19 no.1, pp. 17–46. Ryan, Kl, Stephen, SG, and Lee, WL 2009, “Business process management (BPM) standards: A survey”, Business Process Management Journal , vol.15 no.5. Somers, T, & Nelson, K 2004, “A taxonomy of players and activities across the ERP project life cycle”, Information & Management , vol.41, pp.257–278. Sumner, M 1999, “Critical success factors in enterprise wide information management systems projects in proceedings of the 1999 ACMSIGCPR”, Conference on Computer Personnel Research , pp. 297–303. Veryard, R 2011, Component-based business: Plug and play, Springer, Florence, KY. Wangler, B, & Paheerathan, SJ n.d., Horizontal and vertical integration of organizational IT systems . Web.

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Write the original essay that provided the following summary when summarized: Project management as a science involves definition, coordination, and documentation of project work comprising tasks such as resource allocation, time management and budgeting. As an art, project management involves leadership and efficient decision making skills.To achieve project success, every project manager must first understand clearly his/her role in the project which entails ability to coordinate different people with varied backgrounds, evaluate personality traits and level of skills to ensure smooth project execution. When there are change issues in the course of project implementation as was the case with the Integrated Project Delivery at Autodesk Inc, the manger should first understand the change, assess potential impact of the change then come up with a change team comprising of key people from areas affected by the new occurrence including those who will implement it.This team should then design a change strategy from which the manager should lobby for support and buy-in from employees and stakeholders. There should be an effective mechanism for communicating the change and the implementation strategy as well as ways of dealing with current and anticipated challenges, measuring success and undertaking post change review to assess lessons taught.

Project management as a science involves definition, coordination, and documentation of project work comprising tasks such as resource allocation, time management and budgeting. As an art, project management involves leadership and efficient decision making skills. To achieve project success, every project manager must first understand clearly his/her role in the project which entails ability to coordinate different people with varied backgrounds, evaluate personality traits and level of skills to ensure smooth project execution. When there are change issues in the course of project implementation as was the case with the Integrated Project Delivery at Autodesk Inc, the manger should first understand the change, assess potential impact of the change then come up with a change team comprising of key people from areas affected by the new occurrence including those who will implement it. This team should then design a change strategy from which the manager should lobby for support and buy-in from employees and stakeholders. There should be an effective mechanism for communicating the change and the implementation strategy as well as ways of dealing with current and anticipated challenges, measuring success and undertaking post change review to assess lessons taught.

Change Management in Project Execution Essay Table of Contents 1. Introduction 2. Managing Change in Project Implementation 3. Conclusion 4. Reference List Introduction A project has been defined variously but we could simply refer to it as a solution to a problem. The process of project management broadly comprises of assembly of the team, initiation, planning or design, execution, leadership, monitoring and evaluation, presentation and conclusion. Project management as a science involves definition, coordination, and documentation of project work comprising tasks such as resource allocation, time management and budgeting. As an art, project management involves leadership and efficient decision making skills. To achieve project success, every project manager must first understand clearly his/her role in the project which entails ability to coordinate different people with varied backgrounds, evaluate personality traits and level of skills to ensure smooth project execution. The manager therefore needs to develop process management skills, build interpersonal skills, embrace teamwork in which he/she should promote ideas, creativity, recognize good performance, and allow shared decision making to motivate team members and get valuable input from them, thereby making significant success to project implementation (Heerkens, 2007). Managing Change in Project Implementation When there are change issues in the course of project implementation as was the case with the Integrated Project Delivery at Autodesk Inc, the manger should first understand the change, assess potential impact of the change then come up with a change team comprising of key people from areas affected by the new occurrence including those who will implement it. This team should then design a change strategy from which the manager should lobby for support and buy-in from employees and stakeholders. There should be an effective mechanism for communicating the change and the implementation strategy as well as ways of dealing with current and anticipated challenges, measuring success and undertaking post change review to assess lessons taught (Claudia, 2005). Effective change management sometimes calls for the availability of decision-ready information. A strong team is vital to successful project implementation and the manager should be in a position to promote teamwork; even internal or external shocks occur in the course of project execution. Some internal shocks might include the exit of key project people severely affecting project quality and progress. The manager should employ a sequence of actions key to addressing the new changes and to motivate the team. He should form a guiding team comprising of members with the right skills to provide a solution to new occurrence. He should make the team understand the level of urgency required to implement the change and in communicating the change, inform the team at the right time about the change and about the envisaged resolve mechanism to provide a solution, involve the change makers and those it will affect, and involve all stakeholders. This is critical to minimize speculation and uncertainty that compromise objectivity and visibility of project targets thus killing morale and effort among team members. Empowering the change team with tools and resources to implement the change increases motivation because it helps remove bottlenecks and rewards achievement. It is important to continue seeking buy in from the team and stakeholders and promote resilience by encouraging willpower and support during hardships at every stage of change implementation during project execution (Vukotich, 2011). Possession of ability by the manger to influence the team in line with the values and purpose of the organization for which the project is being undertaken is important. To even further motivate the team, some manager qualities as a leader are desirable including having an understanding and an appreciation of other people’s skills, shrewdness, integrity, quick adaption to changes ensuring continuity, honesty, dedication, consistency, and objectivity (Select Knowledge, 2001). In managing staffing needs, the manger should not only know how to effectively address member turnover and wisely deal with poor performers who may drag good performers in the team but must be able to evaluate economies of scale and redundancy that come with addition of new staff as well as address overtime effects as part of change management. This is because these staffing issues may have significant impact on the project in terms of success or failure. The greatest negative impact on project success is felt when turnover occurs late in the project. Line supervisors should inform the manager of the intention for replacement to allow early impact analysis and take necessary replacement measures. If it is possible to organize turnover, do it early in the project, the project owner must prepare for significant impact if the manager is the one moving out. Immediately after an employee leaves, seek for budget and time changes (Knutson & Bitz, 1991). Conclusion From the Integrated Project Delivery at Autodesk Inc. case study, it is evident that the project manager was adequately transformational and in good shape to handle the unexpected during project execution. But if the manager was well prepared to handle change, there would have been minimal or no ‘trial and error’ situations thus increasing confidence and project ownership. Effective change management involves certain important steps right from understanding the change to techniques to ensure team motivation and objectivity towards achieving project targets as envisaged regardless of new events on the way. Reference List Claudia B.A (2005). Project Manager’s Spotlight on change Managemen t. USA: Neil Edde. Heerkens G.R. (2007). Project Management: 24 Steps to Help You Master Any Project . New York: Mc-Graw Hill Professional. Knutson J. & Bitz I (1991). Project Management: How to Plan and Manage Successful Projects . New Yok: Amacom. Select Knowledge (2001). Managing Teams . Web. Vukotich, G. (2011). 10 Steps to Successful Change Management . New York: American Society for Training and Development.

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Write the original essay for the following summary: The text discusses a change management plan for Kudler Fine Foods. The plan includes a list of stakeholders, the current state of the organization, the desired future, and a gap analysis. The plan also discusses barriers to change and references.

The text discusses a change management plan for Kudler Fine Foods. The plan includes a list of stakeholders, the current state of the organization, the desired future, and a gap analysis. The plan also discusses barriers to change and references.

Change Management Plan For Kudler Fine Foods Coursework Table of Contents 1. Change Plan Stakeholders 2. Current State of Kudler Fine foods 3. Desired future 4. Gap analysis 5. Barriers to change 6. References Change Plan Stakeholders In a change process, there are many stakeholders who are involved. Some lose while the others gain. This is because any change process is viewed as a threat of “how things have comfortably been operating” (Levine, 1995). In Kudler Fine Foods, there are various stakeholders. These include the administration team that runs the three Kudler fine foods branches. The administrative team is composed of Kent Vesper who is the La Jolla store manager, Laurie Priest, who is the Del Mar store manager, and Juanita Lopez who is the Encinitas store manager. These managers will be affected in the change process since they will be required to make more decisions on their own without consulting Kent who is the owner of the Kudler Fine Foods. Since the leadership management is autocratic, the owner of the Kudler fine foods is to initiate a change which means empowering most of the employees to make independent management decisions. Other stakeholders to the management change plan include the employees who will be required to adapt to the new leadership style anticipated. Empowering employees enables them to be actively involved in meetings, to diagnose various issues and identify accurately possible and practical solutions to the problems. Current State of Kudler Fine foods The current state of the organization is wanting in many areas. The leadership style is autocratic where the owner heads all the functional areas of the organization. She hires and fires employees by her own, signs all inventories, makes all orders manages the accounts and she only includes the stores managers on a need to know basis. This has led the organization to having a kind of culture where the owner dictates and decides a lot of things. This has killed the innovativeness of the employees as they only act on instructions which are mostly issued during the weekly meetings held with them. The organization, however, has an elaborate structure that has chain of command in executing management decisions. This chain of command is fully effective since the Kent issues majority of the orders and due to the type of leadership style; the orders are passed down from the management. The organization also uses psychological and monetary rewards system. Evaluations are carried out by the various supervisors who give appraisal results to the management for rewards. The rewards system in the organization can be termed as effective since employees who show excellence in performance are rewarded with high pay, bonuses, promotions and top levels in the organization. Desired future Kudler Fine Foods desires to have an organization where the decision making process involves the inputs of the supervisors and managers. This is because they are always at a functional level and thus able to make decisions from a more informed and competent point of view. Enabling supervisors and managers to make decision will ensure that the organizational processed will become more efficient and effective (Kirkpatrick, 2001). It will also lead to more appropriate courses of action because the managers will be assumed to be more knowledgeable in their area of operations. The decisions will be also more reflective on the real issue affecting the organization and address those matters in a more practical manner. The organizations processes are, therefore, expected to be streamlined resulting in more efficiency in service delivery. Gap analysis The current state of affairs at Kudler Fine Foods presents a situation that needs change to be implemented. The culture of the organization is the type of culture that expects the management to dictate the courses of action. This is due to the autocratic leadership style being practiced. The supervisors and managers receive decisions from the owner of the organization. They then pass the information to their subordinates who carry out the executions. The desired state is where the managers and the supervisors are able to diagnose problems and make independent decisions without necessarily consulting the owner. To do this, the owner needs to communicate fully the change strategy to the managers and supervisors as well as initiate delegations where they will be required to make decisions on their own. Barriers to change Naturally, human beings do not like change. They prefer to remain in their comfort zones where things remain as they have always been (Levine, 1995). In Kudler Fine Foods, a sense of insecurity by the owner could be the biggest barrier to change. This is because the owner may feel as if she is relinquishing her powers to other individuals who may make wrong decisions affecting the organization. This is because she may feel that the powers she has held for long are being distributed to the employees who may bring the organization down. Individuals in power are usually reluctant to share their powers with the others so that they may continue enjoy autonomous right to make decisions. Flawed communication strategies may also act as barriers to change in Kudler fine foods. People tend to reject change if it is communicated from the top management (Dew, 1997). In Kudler Fine Foods, if the communication does not come from the direct, supervising may results in employees seeing the change process as the only beneficial to the owner, thus resisting the intended change. Involving the store managers and the supervisors will ensure that the change process is embraced by the employees in a holistic manner. References Dew, J. R. (1997). Empowerment and Democracy in the Workplace. Westport: Quorum Books. Kirkpatrick, D. L. (2001). Developing Supervisors and Team Leaders. Boston: Butterworth-Heinemann. Levine, D. L. (1995). Reiventing the Workplace: How Businesses and Employees Can Both Win. Washington D.C.: Brookings Institution.

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Write the original essay that generated the following summary: The implementation plan for the application and use of a new Code of Conduct (C.o.C) at ECG will involve five broad phases: A Communication Plan, A Sponsorship Roadmap, A Training Plan, Coaching Plan, and A Resistance Management Plan.

The implementation plan for the application and use of a new Code of Conduct (C.o.C) at ECG will involve five broad phases: A Communication Plan, A Sponsorship Roadmap, A Training Plan, Coaching Plan, and A Resistance Management Plan.

Change Management Plan for the Implementation of a Code of Conduct (C.o.C) at ECG Research Paper Table of Contents 1. Introduction 2. Communication Plan 3. Sponsorship Plan 4. Training Plan 5. Coaching plan 6. Resistance Management Plan 7. References Introduction The implementation plan for the application and use of a new Code of Conduct (C.o.C) at ECG will involve five broad phases: A Communication Plan, A Sponsorship Roadmap, A Training Plan, Coaching Plan, and A Resistance Management Plan. Communication Plan The communication plan will involve the Senior Executive team, the Ethics Review Committee, the Board of Directors, the Heads of Department and all employees. My team will first create a generic memo that will be posted on all of ECG’s message boards, and this message will be e-mailed to all the above-mentioned stakeholders at ECG. The general purpose of the messages is to announce the impending introduction of a new C.o.C at the organization, with an aim of psychologically preparing all participants for the looming change (Cicmil, 1999, p.125). One month later, all the above-mentioned ECG members will receive the actual C.o.C written in clear, precise, and unequivocal language. Another memo and similar board messages urging familiarization with the provisions of the new C.o.C will follow. Sponsorship Plan The sponsorship plan specifically targets the board of directors at ECG and other senior executives at ECG, especially the C.E.O. These senior executives at ECG are required to show open support and affirm their direct approval for the new C.o.C at all meetings and in all interactions with the employees. The explicit support for the new C.o.C by the senior leaders will have a direct impact on ease of acceptance by the employees (Werre, 2003, p.248). The senior leaders, especially the C.E.O, will continuously explain the benefits of a C.o.C for the organization and its importance in maintaining ethical standards in the organization. Training Plan The Training Plan specifically involves ECG’s Heads of Departments and line supervisors. My team will engage the two sets of leaders (i.e. heads of department, supervisors) because they directly link to the employees. Once my team trains the above-mentioned managers/instructors on the express provisions of the C.o.C, these leaders will subsequently train the employees under them on the same. Coaching plan The coaching plan involves the senior executive team, the heads of departments, supervisors, and employees. Coaching entails a point-by-point guide on all the singular provisions of the C.o.C, and the change management team under my supervision guides the various coaching seminars. The coaching plan supplements the knowledge acquired in training for the heads of departments and the supervisors, and clarifies ambiguous elements in the C.o.C for employees. During this phase of implementation, employees should become fully aware of all the provisions of the C.o.C and should subsequently be ready to sign the C.o.C as part of their new employment procedural requirements. Resistance Management Plan Naturally, some managers and even employees may disagree with, and resist the implementation of the C.o.C. Besides the general expected resistance to any sort of change, the most resistance to the C.o.C will undoubtedly come from ECG employees and managers who were and are engaged in unethical practices envisaged by the C.o.C. To counter such resistance, the employees who may refuse to sign the C.o.C will be given the option of resigning. In conclusion, the successful implementation of a C.o.C at ECG will provide a much-needed behavioral framework within which all involved parties at ECG can operate (Nijhof, Cludts, Fisscher, & Laan, 2003, p.67). An organization without a C.o.C operates in an unnecessary and dangerous ethical vacuum. References Cicmil, S. (1999). Implementing organizational change projects: impediments and gaps. Strategic Change , 8(2), 119-129. Nijhof, A., Cludts, S., Fisscher, O., & Laan, A. (2003). Measuring the Implementation of Codes of Conduct. An Assessment Method Based on a Process Approach of the Responsible Organization. Journal of Business Ethics , 45(1/2), 65-78. Werre, M. (2003). Implementing Corporate Responsibility — The Chiquita Case. Journal of Business Ethics , 44(2/3), 247-260.

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Provide a essay that could have been the input for the following summary: The text discusses a case study of an oil refinery parent company that was looking to downsize and outsource as a cost management strategy. The company's change management process was spontaneous-planned, and the process was expected to be finalized within six months.

The text discusses a case study of an oil refinery parent company that was looking to downsize and outsource as a cost management strategy. The company's change management process was spontaneous-planned, and the process was expected to be finalized within six months.

Change Management Process: Downsizing and Outsourcing Essay In contemporary business environments, leaders need to make strategic decisions that effectively address prevailing business challenges; change aims at improving business operations within an organization through cost-cutting and sales improvement policies. The net effect of change management programs is improvement of financial and non-financial performance of an entity. When undergoing change, stakeholders need to be involved as their acceptance of the intended change plays a crucial role in its implementation success (Carr, Hard and Trahant, 1996). This paper, in the form of a case study, evaluates change process adopted in an oil refinery parent company; it will focus on two main areas as discussed below. Refinery’s approach to change management The initial approach of the oil refinery parent company was to establish the need for a change in the company; this was done through gauging its rate of performance in the 1990s and making interventions that were to assist it become more profitable in the future. The change that the company decided to undertake was a downsizing and outsourcing as a cost management strategy. The change management strategy adopted by the company can be classified as spontaneous-planned change; under this change model, change is supported from the top management but managed within a certain time framework, mostly less than one year ( please see the appendix for a flow chart detaining the stages involved in a spontaneous-planned change ). In the case of the oil refinery company; the change was expected to be finalized within six months. Preparation stage The parent company identified the problem that the industry was facing and sort to offer a remedy to the challenge; in abstract, the oil refining industry was defined as one with low profitability and higher costs. In the problem analysis, the parent company realized that the industry suffered from having a high number of employees per project than they would have required. The above revolution by the management forms the initial stage of a change management process, this is where leaders of change determine the problem that is facing their company then well–defines it to get the interventions that can be made through a change management process. The move by the management can be classified as a change preparation stage where emphasis has been placed on knowing exactly the cause of the problem that is facing the organization (Diamond, 1986). With full definition of the problem and the need for a change identified, the management came up with a blueprint illustrating the goals that the process would attain as follows: * Improve current working condition and strategies : the aim was to have cost reduced and efficiency improved after the change has occurred * Make new combinations of resources in an organization Have a different human resource management system, and allocation of tasks (Ian and Dunford, 2005). Managing change After defining the problem that needed to be addressed by the change to come, the management decided to appoint a steering committee of three people, including the engineering manager; the choice of the people to design the change was made to specific people who well understood the industry and the areas that need intervention. According to spontaneous theory of change, when an organization or company is planning to change, the change agents should be people who understand the way current business operations operate and one who have the passion of driving their organization a notch higher. In the oil refinery case, the parent company decided to have engineering manager involved in the change design as he would offer some insight information from his experience that could assist shape the change. After the team was appointed, there was a delay between reducing over manning in refineries and designing the most effective method to do it; this is a strength in a change management process as it give the change agents time to think, strategize and come up with the best policy and design (Drucker, 1983). The decision that was made was to reduce the number of personnel’s in a certain refining project and strategically manage the remaining staffs; the steering team came with the recommendation of reducing total headcount at the refinery site, including contractors. Other than defining what the industry needed to do, the steering committee went ahead and developed the program and pathway through which the recommendations should be implemented; under the planned change model, the approach that the management did can be classified under the title, development of sponsorship model. Under this stage the managers should offer the best pathway through which the change they recommend will be attained. In specific, the steering team suggested that there would be move from current process of competitive bidding for work and embraces partnering relationship, de-recognize the unions, cutting supervision layers, and introducing performance-related pay for everyone (Jones, 2003). After understanding the change the organization wanted to make, and the approach to the change, the steering team assumed the task of analyzing core business strategies that needed to be touched and be re-aligned. Sometimes a change may be made but confronts or violates some labor laws a within a country, the decision by the steering committee that every person should apply for their position was an effort to align the change with the legal requirements. The approach can be classified under change management plans; under this process, the parent office ensured that national and international laws had been complied with and employees understood their new terms of employment as was required by the change. One main issue that leads to failure of change is when there are some areas that have been violated creating a situation that cannot allow the enforceability of the change (Ford, Ford and D’amelio, 2008). Reinforcing change When the management was sure that all plans were set and the company was set to adopt and embrace the intended change, the next approach that was made was to align the companies policies with the change then get to the ground and see the change work. The engineering manager described the change as a ‘Big Bang’ change; which meant that the change was involving alignment of a number of actions and factors to the good of the industry. The management understood that the main objective of the change was to reduce the number of human resource working in a certain project, however if the objective was to be attained, then there were some other changes that needed to be looked into. The move was an indirect approach to handle the situation. For an effective change, the change agents should not focus only on the problem at hand but should have a mind that some adjustments can be made and improve situation in the company. In the case of oil refinery, the management decided to have policies and adjustments that were not only focused on reducing the number of personnel’s per project but also those that were likely to introduce much greater profitability( Hansen and Gammel, 2008). The steering committee was given the task of ensuring that the change was accepted by the stakeholders; they sold their ideas to the stakeholders and convinced them to adopt the change as they suggested it was the right path for the industry and the parent company. The management was actively involved in the change and was felt on the ground offering appropriate instructions and communicating the change to the stakeholders. How the refinery has dealt with stakeholders during their change process Stakeholders have an effect on the degree of success of a change process; in the case of oil refining case, the stakeholders that were involved were companies in the industry, employees of the companies, labor unions, contractors, among others. The following are the main was through which the change steering committee dealt with the stakeholders: Change communication and buy off’s When the management realized that there was need to have some change in the organization, they mandated the steering committee with the role of letting stakeholders understand the change that is going to happen in the industry. Change communication assists the management express what triggered the change as well as explain to stakeholders on their role and the effect that the change will have on their business. When using this approach, the engineering manager was actively involved in talking to stakeholders where he expressed his view points and stands as well as how the new change would affect business. The main advantage of using this method is that it ensures that stakeholders understand the new system as well as its intention. When stakeholders have an understanding of the change, they are more likely to embrace and support the change. On the other hand, change communication offers the change agents a chance to get more ideas from people on the ground on how they can make the process better (Hayes, 2010). In the change communication stage, the team of three has the main task of convincing people that the change was needed as well as that their strategy was the best strategy available for the industry or the companies as per that time. When convincing, there were two approaches to the same, ensuring that the people understood the factors that necessitated change, and making them aware of the way the set change should address the problem they have established. This method of buy off, takes some time so the team was using the method realizing that it had limited time to accomplish the task. When using the approach, the team did not limit the process to its own efforts and convincing power but they used some people who supported the change like refinery manager and managing director (Hiatt, and Creasey, 2003). Change communication was an effective way through which ‘corporate arrogance’ was dealt with; those companies who felt they were doing okay with the current systems were targeted and the need to change was advocated. When changing, may people have the tendency of wanting to retain their status quo, they feel that the change has come as a bother to their conventional way of operating thus opt not to change. When such people are addressed independently, then their need to support change can be addressed form a more micro angle and if need be at personal level. For buy-in purposes, there were some interventions that should have been made to make the process more effective, they include taking employees to seminars that cover topics such as customer care, organizing get together between employers and employees, rewarding employees, holding regular meetings, including major stakeholders in business decision, assurance to personal service, among others. This approach does not concentrate in solving past troubles but in laying down a good foundation that guarantees business future success (Kotter and Schlesinger, 2008). Participation and involvement The next approach that the team used was involvement of staffs of different level in the change process; they appreciated through their new changed roles and ideas. The engineering manager did not overlook his subordinates but he used them to communicate the change down the ladder to technicians; this was a policy that created a total acceptance of the intended change. When persuading people to change, the steering team was on the ground polishing some of the issues that might affect the system negatively. The intended change had a cost-benefit analysis where some adjustment would result to pains inflicted in the system; however the benefits that were to follow after the change was the main motivator of the change, thus the change agents, opinion leaders and engineers were given the tool to convince people to support the intended change. The benefits of the change were seen as motivation to the company, thus it was a strong pillar when dealing with stakeholders. Those companies that embraced the change and saw the change as necessary where also used as the change supporters to persuade other companies adopt change (Adrian, 2003). Neutralization and opinion leaders’ method Under the method, the team identified those key people who could support change as well as influence other people to change or to resist the change. Under the method, the team used change supporters opinion leaders and made policies that neutralized non-change supporters. In the case they indentified an opinion leader who supported the change, the team was using such people to formally or informally promote the intended change and fight resistance. Opinion leaders are people who could influence the direction that personnel in an organization take; they are seen as the “spokesmen” of the people formally or informally. When the team was using them, they were made aware of the extent that the change would affect an individual employee as these were some of the main questions that they were to get from those following them. It is also important to note that opinion leaders are the drivers of organizational politics and some extent organizational behavior; using them could mean that the company was aligning its politics to the change. The next batch of opinion leaders that the team had to deal with were negative opinion leaders, these are people who could promote change resistance within the organization. When dealing with those opinion leaders, the team had to use some graduated method which starts with taking time and explaining to them on the need that is there for the organization to take the suggested change, this first approach was in the efforts to change their stand and promote the intended change. When the first step seemed not to yield much benefit, the next method that was available to the team was the use of some “cruel methods” like move to another site, transfer to a non-influential position or tie them down in some other way, when such methods were used, they were meant to reduce their influence and leave those who promote the change at peace (Burke, 2008). Legal policy observance, “divide and rule policy” and strategic involvement Within the change process, there were some adjustments that would have violated legal right of employees if precaution was not taken; this was a potential area that could have created some resistance from union members and legal practitioners. The issue was addressed by the steering team nullifying the exiting employment terms/contracts and enacting others that included the new changes. Other than ensuring the new employment contracts were in accordance to the law, the team went a notch higher and sorts to reduce the role of labor unions; the engineering manager encouraged his subordinate engineers to talk to their technicians on one-on-one basis on the need to change and ensure that they were not negatively influenced by the labor union they subscribed. When negotiating the team emphasized that someone should negotiate as an individual and bring forth his or her issues but not rely on the union (Barbara and Jocelyne, 2006). Recommendations and conclusion Although the change process adopted by the oil refinery can be classified as successful, it followed a process that was not comfortable with all stakeholders making it vulnerable to resistance. In the future, the company should embrace continuous change strategy combined with “painless” change strategy to enact changes. The methods take the form of continually improving current business process and ensure that future business processes are always better than those of the previous period; some of the tools used include total quality management (TQM), continuous process improvement, customer relationship management, and Six-Sigma. When such policies are in place, change would be gradual and more effective than the case of spontaneous change. References Adrian, T. ,2003. Managing Change. London: Pearson Education Barbara, S. and Jocelyne F. ,2006. Organizational change . London: Financial Times Prentice Hall. Burke, W.W. ,2008. Organization Change: Theory and Practice. California: Sage Publications. Carr, D.K., Hard, K.J. and Trahant, W.J.,1996. Managing the Change Process: A Field Book for Change Agents, Consultants, Team Leaders, and Reengineering Managers . New York: McGraw-Hill. Diamond, M. ,1986. Resistance To Change: A Psychoanalytic Critique Of Argyris And Schon’s Contributions To Organization Theory And Intervention. Journal of Management Studies, 23 (5), pp. 543-562. Drucker, P. ,1983. Managing in a Time of Great Change. New York: Butterworth-Heinemann. Ford, J., Ford, L. and D’amelio, A.,2008. Resistance To Change: The Rest Of The Story. Academy of Management Review, 33 (2), pp. 362-377. Hansen, M. and Gammel, G.,2008. Management of Change. Professional Safety, 53 (10), 41. Hayes, J. ,2010. The Theory and practice of Change Management . New York: Palgrave Macmillan. Hiatt, J., and Creasey, T.,2003. Change management: the people side of change. Colorado: Prosci. Ian, P. and Dunford, R. ,2005. Managing Organizational Change . New York: McGraw-Hill. Jones, H. ,2003. Managing Change. Businessdate, 11(1), p.1. Kotter, J.P. and Schlesinger, L., 2008. Choosing strategies for change. Harvard Business Review , 80(30), pp.117-124. Appendix

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Write an essay about: The text discusses the importance of change management in businesses. It highlights that change management is a logical and structured approach to transitioning both in individual or organizational levels from their current state that is desired in future.

The text discusses the importance of change management in businesses. It highlights that change management is a logical and structured approach to transitioning both in individual or organizational levels from their current state that is desired in future.

Effective Process of Change Management Research Paper Change management is a logical and structured approach to transitioning both in individual or organizational levels from their current state that is desired in future. It is a process that is aimed at aiding employees in an organization to embrace and accept transition in the business environment they are in (Hiatt 2010). There are three main aspects when it comes to change management and that include adapting to change, affecting change and controlling change. It is important for an organization to successfully adapt to change. This is because the more effectively an organization deal with change, the more it increases its chance to thrive. Change management also involves establishing a structural methodology for dealing with any form of change in business environment, such as economic fluctuation or threats from competitors. Change management is important since it is needed by managers and leaders in order to be more competent. This approach is needed in all aspects of life and it makes it crucial. Change is something achievable, measurable and realistic. Effective change management always provides supportive and structured path that enables one to handle change. Change management helps individuals build acceptance by minimising resistance and denial during change (Hiatt 2010). It encourages a person to explore and accelerate commitment that helps them accept and become part of the new transition. Change management has a great impact on business. It helps employees of a particular organization to easily deal with transition in the business environment. Change management systematically and progressively removes unfamiliarity by building familiarity before change occurs. This normally helps in removing or reducing perceived threats that are caused by change. Change management helps employees resist change and adapt to the new environment. Examples of change experienced in organizations include operational change, mission change, technological change and strategic change. Change management in an organization should begin with logical and organized diagnosis of current situation. This will help in determining the capacity for change and the need for change (Ulrich1998). Usually, the contents, process and objectives of change are always included as part of the plan in change management. The process of change management involves creative marketing to formulate effective communication between employees. It also formulates deep understanding of group dynamics and leadership styles. Change management in organizations aligns employee’s expectations, manages training and integrates the teams. Lack of change management in business may lead to poor performance or even project failures in case there are any changes in the business. According to business consultants, the modern Human Resource Management is guided by overriding laws and principles. This has made Human Resource to become an important asset in every organization. Human Resource practitioners play a major part in change management. Human resource is always the catalyst needed when an organization wants to introduce and implement change management at its effective stage, mostly at the very beginning of the approach (Reece & Rhonda 1993). This is why it is important that Human Resource department understands the whole process of change management in every organization. They should have effective knowledge on how to utilize their resources to ensure that the business remains intact in times of change. Human resource practitioners take a major role in finding out the impacts of change on employees and provide support to them during change. The practitioners have to prepare adequate information which will help the employees cope with the whole change process. They also develop timeline for change and also take the initial step of announcing to employees about the expected change. The Human Resource practitioners are also responsible for developing programs to offer training to the employees to support them during change (Carlotta, Gary & Roberts 1996). The main aim of any organization is to maintain gains and achieve results. This is why it is important that an appropriate organisational culture is to be developed to enable the company attain its goals. An effective change management approach should be developed to embrace and accept transition in the business environment. All organizations should emphasize more on change management and also develop a clear organizational culture that will enable them to embrace change. Human Resource Management also helps in shaping the corporate culture of an organization. They do this by encouraging cooperation and integration across the entire company by establishing quantitative performance measurements. Human Resource Management can be considered as a strategic approach that is involved in motivating, management, development and acquisition of organization’s resources (Dave, Mike & Tue 2010). Human resource management is mainly devoted to shaping appropriate corporate culture and also helps in introducing programs that reflect and support the key values of the company to ensure that it becomes successful. These are some of the future implications to the Human Resource profession and business. However, Human Resource ideology that everyone has is that they focus more on employee relations and labor more than organizational development and culture. It is crucial that an effective Human Resource ideology should acknowledge employees since they affect every business facet. The employees have a great impact on the success of any business. In conclusion, change management is a process that is aimed at aiding employees in an organization to embrace and accept transition in the business environment they are in. Effective change management always provides supportive and structured path that enables one to handle change. Human Resource Management aids in the whole process of change management, they act as catalyst needed when an organization wants to introduce and implement change management. References Carlotta, Roberts, Gary, Seldon & Roberts, Gary. (1996). Human Resources Management. Washington, D.C: Journal of Business Strategy. Dave Ulrick, Mike, Losey & Tue, Meisinger (2010). The future of Human Resource Management. New York: Free Press. Hiatt, Jeff. (2010). The definition and history of change management . New York: A Handbook of Human Resource Management Reece, Barry & Rhonda, Brandt. (1993). Effective Human Relations in Organizations. Boston: Houghton Mifflin. Ulrich, Dave. (1998). Delivering Results: A New Mandate for HR Professionals. Harvard: Harvard Business School Press.

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Write a essay that could've provided the following summary: The essay discusses how family structures and dynamics were changed during the 20th century, including the rise of nuclear families, the increase in divorce rates, and the emergence of new forms of cohabitation. The traditional emphasis in Western society is based on the image of heterosexual married couple who has biological children, and how non-traditional families, non-married couples, homosexual couples, families with one parent and families with adopted child are affected by the traditional emphasis of biological ties.

The essay discusses how family structures and dynamics were changed during the 20th century, including the rise of nuclear families, the increase in divorce rates, and the emergence of new forms of cohabitation. The traditional emphasis in Western society is based on the image of heterosexual married couple who has biological children, and how non-traditional families, non-married couples, homosexual couples, families with one parent and families with adopted child are affected by the traditional emphasis of biological ties.

Changes in family structures Essay During the 20th century, family structures and dynamics were changed. Families turned from large to nuclear size, the level of divorces increased and new forms of cohabitation arose. The traditional emphasis in Western society is based on the image of heterosexual married couple who has biological children. In such traditional system, non-traditional families, non-married couples, homosexual couples, families with one parent and families with adopted child are affected by the traditional emphasis of biological ties. Today, such issues as emotional anxiety, marital tension, stress and pressures make women less able to have normal family relations and to give birth. According to Baker, “infertility for men often avails itself as a joke of male sexual performance” (Baker, 2005, p.525). In this situation, even adaptation of child is not seen as the solution due to the high possibility of non-acceptance of woman as a real mother (Baker, 2005, p.539; Lynch, 2010, pp. 217-220). Living in traditional community, adopted child may be affected by the coevals from the traditional families. Such fairs can prevent people from adoption, as they would think about possible conflicts related to psychological problems within the family and negative attitude of the society. Although adoption is considered as a positive and respectful step, the biological and social risks “impact on child emotional, cognitive and behavioral development, learning and adaptive functioning, and family relationships and adjustment” (McMahon and Gibson, 2002). Family relations within non-Western cultures, for instance, the relations in the Asian cultures, are based on deepest religious believes that family is a sacral structure that cannot be destroyed. The level of divorces in Asian countries is less than in the Western counties. There can be found such other kinds of “ties” as the high level of respect of the cultural traditions, moral principles and rules of behavior. For instance, women in Asian culture are more dependent on their husbands; in most of the families, women do not work and they cannot leave their husbands. However, one can notice that due to the process of globalization, migration and cultural mixing, the representatives of non-Western culture demonstrate the new attitude to the family relations which is more Western, than Eastern. Besides, the new forms of unions and cohabitation arise. Recent researches of childhood settings in the context of non-traditional families demonstrate that children’s attitude to gender roles had been changed due to the parental influence. On one hand, non-traditional families (same-sex couples) more likely adopt children and secure them a good childhood. On the other hand, children grown in non-traditional families can demonstrate different attitude to gender roles than their coevals from traditional families. Such issue can lead to disbalance and confused perception of relations, gender and family as the social institute. This aspect also includes the relations within the families of migrants who adopt child from local group. Thus, Spark and Cuthbert analyze the problem of migrant peers in the Australian community (2009). Growing in a family from the different ethnical background, child may face with a problem based on the cultural differences. However, it would be wrong to conclude that people prefer to adopt child from the same community. Znang and Lee indicate that the United States is “one of the major baby-receiving countries in the world”, the Americans prefer adopt foreign-born children (2010). Although the cultural and racial aspect is not significant for parents, this issue has serious impact on childhood of the adoptees who can face with the serious physiological problems. Reference List Baker, M. (2005). Medically assisted conception: Revolutionizing family or perpetuating a nuclear gendered model? Journal of Comparative Family Studies , 36 (4), 521-543. Lynch, D. (2010). Being a real mother: adoptive mothers’ experiences. In S. Goodwin & Huppatz, K. (eds.), The Good Mother: Contemporary Motherhood in Australia (pp. 215-231). Sydney: University of Sydney Press. McMahon, C. A. & Gibson, F. L. (2002). A special path to parenthood: Parent-child relationships in families conceiving through in vitro fertilization (IVF). Reproductive Biomedicine Online , 5 (2), 179-186. Spark, C. and Cuthbert, D. (2009). Other people’s children: Adoption in Australia . Melbourne: Australian Scholarly Publishing. Znang, Y., & Lee, G. R. (2010). Intercountry versus transracial adoption: An analysis of adoptive parents’ motivations and preferences in adoption. Journal of Family Issues , Advance online publication. Doi:10.1177/0192513X10375410

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Revert the following summary back into the original essay: The essay examines the characteristics of successful teams and how they apply to rescue and relief organizations.The paper also explores how these teams could have been built using theoretical models and finally, how these teams were developed.

The essay examines the characteristics of successful teams and how they apply to rescue and relief organizations. The paper also explores how these teams could have been built using theoretical models and finally, how these teams were developed.

Characteristics of Successful Teams Case Study Executive summary A team is described as an assemblage of workers for a common purpose. Within the business perspective, a team comprises of a group of employees who perform the assigned tasks together in order to achieve a shared goal or purpose. In most cases, within the business environment, teams are normally assembled to undertake tasks such as developing business plans, improving customer services and preparing marketing plans. In various organizations, teams are assembled to accomplish an important function for the attainment of the organization goals. Good teamwork is not only required in businesses but also for the successful accomplishment of various tasks both in government agencies as well as in non-profit making organizations. Rescue and relief organizations, such as the Red Cross, often apply the principles of successful teamwork in most of the assumed activities to quickly respond to disasters and rescue efforts. In fact, these organizations can only succeed in their duty through the utilization of proper teamwork principles. Besides, teamwork is essential for the success of an organization, not only is it in business, but also in other organizations like those dealing with disaster response. Studies reveal that the characteristics of a successful teamwork is the ability to put personal prejudices aside and show total willingness of working together as a group. This paper examines some of the basic principles of the teamwork under the following categories. The characteristics of teamwork, its application during tsunami, team roles and how they were related to the success of relief and rescue efforts during tsunami. The paper also explores how these teams could have been built using theoretical models. Finally, the paper explains how these teams were developed. The characteristics of successful teams There are numerous characteristics of successful teams, each applicable to the organization and the environment that organization operates. These characteristics transverse various organizations and environments in which these organizations operate. Of great essence are the organizations that deal with rescue efforts and relief work during disasters such as ours. These organizations must apply teamwork for proper co-ordination and success in their effort to offer assistance. The fundamental characteristic of teamwork is the definiteness of purpose. It is deemed as the most success secret that the world various successful organizational teams apply to achieve their goals (Martin 2006, p.271). Essentially, the characteristic is widely applicable where the organization teams know and understand the goals and objectives of the organization. The teams in the relief organization know that their work is to offer assistance to the victims. They have to provide shelter, food and other rescue efforts. These duties and obligations are coined in these organizations goals, mission and values. Basically, the aims and missions are instilled in these organizational groups in such a manner that they are constantly engrossed in the quest for the stipulated goals. Specifically, the teams know and understand their roles and appear to be oriented towards the attainment of the organizational goals. The other important characteristic that teams in businesses, institutions as well as other organizations such as those in relief efforts require is the commitment. More often, commitment remains to be the core trait that teams adopt in order to achieve the organization goals. The most of the successful teams are normally committed and show orientation towards the success of the organization in which they work (Marin-Garcia1 & Zarate-Martinez 2007, p.279). Commitments shown by such team is geared towards the realization of the desired results. Our teams understand that their credibility were to be judged depending on or according to their accomplishment. Therefore, they had work hard to achieve positive results. Positive results always provide motivation not only to the organization but also to the financiers and the beneficiaries. Such motivations were highly required by our teams and their members to accomplish their positive results (Batool et al. 2012, p.112). In most cases, the teams needed a lot of commitment since some of their duties were diverse some of which are not in the areas of their expertise. It was necessary to have people in the teams who could be able to find effective way outs from difficult situations in a company that wants to be successful. This was critical especially for our relief organization that normally works in disastrous zones where problems are rampant. Though members of the groups work as teams, individual critical thinking in solving the intricate problems was highly necessary especially in areas of individual expertise. For example, the logistic officer was always required to solve problems associated with movement of supplies, people, equipment and other logistical works (Martin 2006, p.273). An accountant was always solving the problems of financing and financial accountability. Field managers were always co-ordinate activities in the field. To be successful, the members of the group were to be team players. In other words, they must work with similar conviction of purpose in realizing the common goal. For this to be attained, our teams were to remain bonded to the organization mission. The mission of the organization will always tie the members of the group as a team. In most cases, it is the organization mission that binds the workers who are eager to attain the organization goals as a team. Most importantly, our teams were required to be tactical in their approach. Everyone within the humanitarian teams was termed as a principal schemer within their own expertise arena. Indeed, successful teams always have action plans that are calculated, in-depth and analyzed before the decisions are made and implemented (Marin-Garcia1 & Zarate-Martinez 2007, p.280). After the execution the results are monitored and various feedbacks gathered for proper evaluation. This was also required of all the teams that we had. The significance of team-roles in successful teams It was realized that the teams comprise of individuals of diverse professionalism. However, the determining factor was the efficiency and effectiveness of in attaining goals. The effectiveness and efficiency was highly required so as to reach out to as many people as possible (Senior 1997, p.242). What we really avoided most in the formation of the teams was the long procedures especially in decision making. Each team member was given enough freedom to decide on what was best and workable for their success. We came to realize that long bureaucracy will slow down our efforts (Senior 1997, p.243). In other words we adopted team based problem solving strategy. Each member of the teams we formed understands their responsibilities and all of the team members came to an agreement to enable each individual handle their role. This was an essential step especially in the initial stages in the team project undertaking. Defining each individual responsibility in the team was vital for the overall success of the team. The reason was to increases efficiency and effectiveness in each of the team’s undertakings. Result was greater productivity and greater sense of accomplishments among the team members. To help us understand more about the team roles we depended on the Belbin theory of team roles (Gündüz 2008, p.460). We adopted the Belbin nine team roles form our teams. Each of our teams comprises of nine individuals each having or assuming the Belbin characters or roles. For these teams to be successful we ensured that in each team there must be a member who has the characteristics of being imaginative, creative, and unorthodox. The individual would be helpful for the team because of the capability to provide viable solution to extremely difficult problems. The member is relied on when the team is faced with difficult situations or when problem arises. Also within the teams was the resource investigator. This was a team member who is an extrovert, enthusiastic and communicative. This individual seeks for any prospects and improves on the contacts. Also essential to these teams was the coordinator. The individual should be mature, confident and good chairperson. The individual has the capability of clarifying the goals and ensure that they are accomplished. Humanitarian teams need the shaper, an individual who is challenging, thrives on pressure and dynamic (Fisher et al. 1998, p.285). The shaper should be courageous enough not to fear to face the problems and find solutions to them. The other character in the team that will make it become more successful is the monitor or evaluator. In tsunami rescue teams, such a person must always be sober, discerning and strategic. He is an individual who sees all options and judges accurately. Team worker was also needed for the team to become more successful. Team worker is an individual who is cooperative, diplomatic, mild and perceptive. This individual is one who will listen to others, avert any cropping friction and builds the team. This individual is a team player. Furthermore, for the teams to be successful there must be a team implementer. Team implementer is a person who is disciplined, reliable and conservative (Fisher et al. 1998, p.289). This is also the person who is very efficient and effective within the team. The implementer is capable of turning the ideas into practicable actions. Also required in the team is the completer or the finisher. Completer or finisher is an individual who is thorough, conscientious and anxious within the team. This is a team member who is keen and searches for errors and omissions. He is a person who is anxious about time and delivers its work on time. Finally the team requires a person who is a specialist. A specialist is a single minded and self starting person who is dedicated towards own work. This is the guy who will provide knowledge and skills which is in a rare supply. Efforts in relief work is rewarding however it is demanding and in most cases physically exhausting. Though each member of the teams have the required duty to provide relief and recovery services, sometimes these clearly defined roles steal away when face up with the consequences of the disaster. For the very first instances all of us was amazed by the intensity and the huge impact that tsunami brought a bout. Indeed we realized that our organization a lone was too little. We had to work and collaborate with hundred other organizations in order to achieve any meaningful work. The teams we had comprised of the construction workers, medical personnel and responders. Immediately the construction teams became summoned up to perform the simple first aid to tsunami wounded residents. Medical personnel had to assist in carrying water and unloading supplies. Responders had to prepare victims for hash conditions, deal with poor sanitation and limited supplies. The working of the teams required great coordination and understanding among the members. The value of using theoretical models while building successful teams Before we set out for work in the tsunami hit areas we had to come up with teams that we deemed to be successful. Building successful teams such as those working in rescue scene like tsunami hit areas require theoretical models as a basis for ideas and required knowledge. The expectation was that the theoretical model would be helping us predict the behavior of the teams while on the field (Ashforth & Mael 1989, p.24). We started building these teams by acknowledging the tasks and duties that was ahead of us. Based on the media reports and assessors on the ground we knew that the tasks ahead was enormous hence the need of well defined goals and understanding of these goals by the team members. After defining the goals and objectives we then embarked on developing an appropriate model for the teams. This involved defining the required skills that are necessary for both the team members and the leader. Lastly we set out the right measures that will ensure that all members in the team are in appropriate job levels that are based on needed skills and performance. we came to recognize the fact that the behavior of individuals within the team determines the team’s characteristics and defines the teamwork, that is why it may be concluded that the culture and politics of the organization and the environment under which they work influence the whole team, and the work process as well (Ashforth & Mael 1989, p.22). Therefore, the individual behavior within the team cannot solely be determined by their idiosyncratic characteristics, also the social context in which they operate. We appreciated the social structure and culture while creating teams since they determine the beliefs and norms that are utilized. The theoretical perspective we utilized was helpful and its use encompassed all the requirements of in all the humanitarian organizations. The stages of team development In building our successful teams we applied the Tuckman’s group development model. The model suggests that the successful teams undergo the stages of forming, storming, norming, and performing stages (Tuckman1965 p.385). As per the Tuckman model our teams grew to maturity and ability. As we were rising to maturity phases, the team affiliates created new affiliations and the team directors had to change their governance styles. The team leaders began with directing the style, couching participating and finally delegating. This process is simulated in the forming, storming, and norming and performing. During the forming stages our team’s leaders were highly dependent on for direction and guidance. There were unclear individual responsibilities and roles in the teams. Processes were always unclear and individuals did not properly understand the organization objectives and goals. During the storming stages there were agitations among the members of the teams as they tried to establish themselves (Tuckman1965, p.397). The clarity of purpose increased however there existed persistence of uncertainty. During the Norming stage, there was consensus on most issues. The individuals come clear of their roles and responsibilities and the goals and objectives were clearly understood. Big decisions were made by the team members and commitments as well as unity were increased among the team members. In the performing stage which of course was in the field, the team members were strategically placed to undertake any given task. At this stage the teams had developed a mission and a shared vision that were essential in the task accomplishments (Tuckman1965, p.397). Indeed, almost all our successful teams went through these stages in their development. Even though disaster response and relief organizations have teams that are formed within the shortest time possible, they normally undergo these stages. The faster the development process goes the more successful the team will be since they are finally judged by their accomplishment and performance. References Ashforth, B. & Mael, F. 1989, ‘ Social Identity Theory and the Organization ‘. The Academy of Management Review , vol.14 no.1, pp. 20-39. Web. Batool, S., Qureshi, T., Waheed, H. & Hijazi, T. 2012, ‘ Mediating effect of constructive controversy: Team personality composition and team performance ‘. African Journal of Business Management , vol.6 no.1, pp.111-117. Web. Fisher, S., Hunter, T. & Macrosson, W. 1998, ‘The Structure of Belbin Team Roles’. Journal of occupational and organizational psychology, vol.71, pp. 283-288. Web. Gündüz, H. 2008, ‘An Evaluation on Belbin’s Team Roles Theory’. World Applied Sciences Journal , vol.4 no.3, pp. 460-469. Web. Marin-Garcia1, J. & Zarate-Martinez, E. 2007, ‘Theoretical review of knowledge management and team working in the organizations’. International Journal of Management Science and Engineering Management, vol.2 no.4, pp.278-288. Web. Martin, E. 2006,’ Team effectiveness in academic medical libraries: A multiple case study ‘. Journal of Medical Library Association, vol.94 no.3, pp. 271–278. Web. Senior, B. 1997, ‘Team roles and team performance: Is there ‘really’ a link?’ Journal of Occupational and Organizational Psychology , vol.991 no.70, pp. 241-25. Web. Tuckman, B. 1965, ‘Developmental Sequence in Small Groups’. Psychological Bulletin , vol.63, pp. 384-399. Web.

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Revert the following summary back into the original essay: The purpose of this paper is to describe the relationship between a bureaucratic or an administrative policy and a legal or ethical dilemma, strategy or innovation.Thesis StatementThe purpose of this paper is to describe the relationship between a bureaucratic or an administrative policy and a legal or ethical dilemma, strategy or innovation.

The purpose of this paper is to describe the relationship between a bureaucratic or an administrative policy and a legal or ethical dilemma, strategy or innovation. Thesis Statement The purpose of this paper is to describe the relationship between a bureaucratic or an administrative policy and a legal or ethical dilemma, strategy or innovation.

Chesapeake Bay Environment Protection Case Study Table of Contents 1. Introduction 2. Thesis Statement 3. Discussion 4. Conclusion 5. References Introduction The world is a host to many different types of people with different backgrounds and holding different cultural views. Therefore, it necessitates formulation of rules and regulations, which are intended to help these individuals to conduct them in a way that will maketheir life simpler and sober (Kerwin & Scott, 2010). This is done by establishing administrative policies. As such, administrative policies are those rules created in an organization aimed at guiding the company’s overall performance and as such, the company ensure that the organization archive its targeted milestone. These rules are usually made by the organization officials to help the subordinate or the outside world to perform as required. As usual, these rules always restrict the performance of a person. As such, rules give guidance to a person, that is, to act according to the main goal of an institution or country. The notion of the rules leads to easy operation and quick achievement of the goal (Kerwin & Scott, 2010). Thesis Statement The purpose of this paper is to describe the relationship between a bureaucratic or an administrative policy and a legal or ethical dilemma, strategy or innovation. Discussion The difference in perception of people concerning the rules creates a dilemma whereby, one is unable to choose from the set rules concerning what course of action he should take in order to have the same performance. The confusion created makes the goal unrealizable. Moreover, these dilemmas delay the performance of an organization. In order to achieve any set goal, some strategies have to be established in an effort towards ensuring that, everyone in the organization is informed and that every employee abides to the statute (Trimble, 2011). The generated strategies need to be known by everyone. This in turn will ensure that, focus on the set goals is shifted from in individual point of view to a group point of view. The ethical dilemma brought about by the administrative policies tends to make people to act against their will which may bring contravene of oneself. This is a great challenge, which an organization needs to address in an effort towards bringing everyone on board into a consensus regarding matter pertaining to his or her performance (Trimble, 2011). As to comprehend the relationship between the set rules and the dilemma, which result from their perceptions, it is necessary that one focus on the Chesapeake Bay Environment Protection. Chesapeake Bay is a bay in North America. It is greatly spread in areas around Virginia. Due to the favorable environment around the Bay, the area is highly inhabited (Ferrier, & Jenkins, 2009). The approximated number of people who live on the banks of the Bay is about 4.7 million people, this, therefore pose as a great risk since it is likely that the people living there will destroy the not only the immediate environment but also the water in the ocean. Therefore, the government had to create rules and regulations to control the activities that were to take place in this region (Ferrier & Jenkins, 2009). The prevention of water pollution was made possible through a rule that controlled the amount of pollutants discharged into the ocean by the players in the manufacturing industry. (Thomas & Copeland, 2008) conducted a research and it followed that, according to their findings, the pollutant pose as a great risk to the aquatic plants and animals. As such, the pollutants affected the water such that it could be used neither for domestic purposes nor for leisure. The erosion from the lands, which used nitrogen and phosphorous manures, were directly affecting the appearance of the ocean because it accelerated the growth of the aquatic plants, which eventually died due to excessive growth, that is, they grew in such a way that, they competed for the available nutrients and therefore most of them died (Thomas & Copeland, 2008). The deposition of the dead plant materials on the surface of the water acted as barriers to the penetration of sunlight into the water. Sunlight being a necessity for the survival of plants and the animals, the reduced intensity has a negative impact to the ecosystem in the ocean (Thomas & Copeland, 2008). The government passed a rule such that, for a person to discharge the pollutant into the Bay’s waters, one should obtain a permit. This regulation can be said to cause an ethical dilemma whereby, it leaves the people around this area without an idea on where or how to get rid of the waste products from the factories or even how to deal with the issue of fertilizer. The tremendous development within the area around the bay has caused great change of the landscape. The construction of buildings, as well as leveling off the ground to build roads has resulted to large mass of sediments being carried into the ocean by water (Thomas & Copeland, 2008). Consequently, this lowers the water level or the ocean bed. This therefore has fatal ending as the life of those aquatic animals, which cannot survive in shallow waters, are placed in jeopardy. This indeed proves that there a great risk in the world loosing it indigenous aquatic animal species, particularly, the rare fish. From all this observation, the government had to come up with rules to restrict or control the methods of building and construction. As usual, the dilemma involved here is that, people have to build specific type of houses as directed by the government but not according to his desire. The environmental protection agency decided to set rules and regulation, which were to be followed by people residing within the countries surrounding the Bay. As such, these rules were designed for the governments and from that point, the governments would then impose them on its citizens. In fact, these rules were drafted and gazzeted incorporating the views and the contributions from the inhabitants. To elaborate this, each country’s residents were given chance to say what they thought could be the best rules. They were encouraged to find those views that were beneficial to them and at the same time, help in conserving the environment (Galloway, 2002). It became mandatory that the oil and gas companies or investors within the energy sector had to obtain a permit from this organization. The licensing body had to inspect the proposed sites and as such, they ensured that these energy firms are situated in the right place. Further, it required the firms to install waste disposal pipes so that, the water system was not interfered with. Consequently, this initiative gave rise to the development of the Energy policy act, which helped in ensuring that the rule is strictly followed. The plans, which are made by the environmental protection agency, are very positive and as such, they aim at helping the actions towards conservation of the environment. The organization aims at helping the farmers around the Bay to produce or to plant crops, which are of short seasoned and hence avoid bare land seasons. This will help to reduce soil erosion and assist greatly in mitigating the death of aquatic animals. The EPA also aims at providing a report on an annual basis concerning the ocean toxicities (Galloway, 2002). This will in turn create awareness to the residents in regard to the risk they are posing unconsciously. Moreover, it assists in helping individuals recognize the progress of their intended goal that is, reducing toxicities of the water. Since this is a public issue, they also have to strictly deal with those individuals, who have a tendency of going against the set rules. Consequently, this measure provides a lesson to those who might be holding such motives. The organizations is also aiming at teaching the people on the importance of clean water and inform them on the risk cropping up when people neglect their environment. This will make the residents to join hands in fighting against pollution and instead conserve the Chesapeake Bay. They will achieve this through collaborating with investors and the government in order to reach many people (Galloway, 2002). The regulations established by the environment protection agency may appear unfavorable to everyone and as such, this serve as a dilemma as some people perceive the rules as cornering them and therefore, they tend not to abide to them. Therefore, the organization need to hold training workshops in order to assist such people in understanding what people are doing and the objective of the project concerning the conservation of the environment. The agreement created between; the environment protection agency, the countries around the Chesapeake Bay, and the people leaving around those areas has an influence on the people’s ethics. The reason for this is that, it has helped people understand the benefit of the environment and therefore, making them to development an attitude of responsibility. Concerning their countries of residence, the agreement makes them to develop a concern in regard to their surrounding and hence they come to realize that, reduced economic growth is a consequent of destroyed environment. Still, they come to understand that it takes a great deal of time and resources in an effort towards rejuvenate a destroyed place (Galloway, 2002). Conclusion To conclude this discussion, the environment entails very vital resource Individuals ought to ensure that the environment is maintained in its original state. This is because, when one element of our surrounding is affected, it follows that very many elements are affected too, either directly or indirectly. Water being the main source of life, there is great need to ensure that we do not exhaust or infect the water resource. Having seen some of the causes of water pollution people need to reduce the use of manure in their farms, to always plant crops to prevent sediments being carried to the water catchment areas of which otherwise could pose as a great risks to aquatic animals. Let us preserve the environment since it is a non-renewable resource. References Ferrier, R. C., & Jenkins, A. (2009). Handbook of Catchment Management. Hoboken, NJ: John Wiley and Sons Galloway, J. (2002). Optimizing nitrogen management in food and energy production . London, UK: Taylor & Francis, Kerwin, C.M., & Scott, R. F. (2010). Rule Making: How Government Agencies Write Law and Make Policy . (4th ed.). Washington D.C: Congressional Quarterly Press. Thomas, S.V., & Copeland, C. (2008). Water pollution issues and developments. Hauppauge, NY: Nova Publishers Trimble, D.C. (2011). Environmental Protection Agency (EPA): Congressional Testimony . Collingdale, PA: DIANE Publishing

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Create the inputted essay that provided the following summary: Chesapeake Energy has been criticized for its hydraulic fracturing practices, which led to an explosion in April 2011 that killed three people. The company has since dedicated itself to assessing water sources and the soil, in addition to presenting regular information, to DEP.

Chesapeake Energy has been criticized for its hydraulic fracturing practices, which led to an explosion in April 2011 that killed three people. The company has since dedicated itself to assessing water sources and the soil, in addition to presenting regular information, to DEP.

Chesapeake Energy Corporate Politics and Culture Report Chesapeake Energy Company is a natural gas producer (CSRHUB 1). The corporation incorporates its actions and possesses immense compression, midstream, oilfield and drilling properties. Oklahoma City is where the head office of the company is located. Chesapeake holds principal places in Marcellus, Fayetteville, Barnett, Haynesville, Eagle Ford, Granite Wash and Bossier natural gas shale plays among other oil plays (CSRHUB 2). In April 2011, the corporation experienced an explosion, which caused deaths of three personnel and made poisonous fracking liquids flow into Pennsylvania farmland, Bradford County, and a close by the stream. The corporation was condemned for its fracking actions, which violated the Clean Water Act, the Recovery Act and the Federal Resource Conservation (Chesapeake Energy 5). Since then, the company has had to incorporate the issue of hydraulic fracturing into its overall corporate strategy so as to address the needs of its stakeholders, such as the national Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). The Regulatory Response Mechanism; Structures and Issues Following this happening, Chesapeake willingly suspended conclusion actions in the Eastern Division to carry out an assessment of the reliability of similar wellheads. Each wellhead in the assessment was disintegrated so that the apparatus could be studied and pressure examined. Currently, Chesapeake has dedicated itself to assessing water sources and the soil, in addition to presenting regular information, to DEP. The corporation has decided to make use of local well-control experts, for future reasons. Chesapeake has planned to work intimately with DEP to devise a plan for re-establishment of the site. For upcoming processes, Chesapeake has employed transformations in its omission of the service providers, who gather and assess wellheads. Qualifications of contract workers will be assessed carefully, and broad citations for all stages of pressure assessment and tools calibration will be needed. International Lobbying Chesapeake Energy has lobbied the legislature on hydraulic fracturing (Business week 1). It also used $720,000 in the last quarter to hall the national regime on weather transformation and natural gas concerns (Business week 1). This was a 19% increase from the amount that was used in the third quarter. Hydraulic fracturing entails instilling enormous quantities of sand, water and other compounds in the ground so as to release enormous natural gas stores. By use of this technique, Chesapeake has emerged to be a leading gas producer. It asserts that the practice is secure. In addition, Chesapeake has pressed for larger utilization of natural gas since it emits less hazardous substances than coal and other fuels. The multi Stakeholder Environment of Business Chesapeake makes use of social media and magazines to develop trust in societies opposed to hydraulic fracturing actions, and converting masses support into broad community approval. The corporation also employs social media in guaranteeing sustainability of eccentric gas and oil making, in order to design an efficient society, stakeholder, media and communal plan to surmount distress over hydraulic fracturing. Globalization and the Multinational Firm The main office of the company is located in Oklahoma City. Chesapeake operates many oil plays including Marcellus, Mississippi Lime, Fayetteville, Barnett, Haynesville, Pearsall, Eagle Ford, Cleveland, Granite Wash and Bossier natural gas shale plays among other oil plays. These operating regions are typified by long-lasting oil and natural gas reserves, recognized production potential and plentiful growth openings. The life Cycle of Social Issues A life cycle scrutiny denotes the carbon footprint of an exacting production fuel basis over its total manufacture, incineration and dumping cycle, instead of investigating the GHG emissions formed by igniting the fuel to produce electricity. Examining the GHG emissions created to produce electricity, for instance, natural gas is usually said to be about two times cleaner than coal. Corporate Social Responsibility Chesapeake Energy has a well- built Corporate Responsibility Policy, which summarizes its dedication to executing businesses morally, lawfully and in a financial, communal and environmental conscientious style. It also pledges to go on delivering sustainable productions to its members via excellent economic performance. Social Influences; Non-Governmental Organizations and their Effects on Business Operations The US State of Maryland, RepRisk and local groups, are among the non-governmental organizations that influence the business operations of Chesapeake. The US State of Maryland accused the corporation early this year for infringing several environmental Acts. RepRisk argues against the hydraulic fracturing method used by Chesapeake. Local societies argue that the actions of the corporation endanger the fragile ecological equilibrium. Other non-governmental organizations that raised concerns included Union of Concerned Scientists, the Nature Conservancy and the Wilderness Society. As a result, the corporation came up with a code of conduct, which relates to securities, ecological fortification and justice in conducting business. Social Influences; Socially Responsible Investing Socially responsible investing explains an investment approach which attempts to exploit the fiscal profit and communal well being. Chesapeake Energy employs corporate actions that encourage environmental preservation and user fortification through corporate governance. Anatomy of a Corporate Campaign Chesapeake has instigated a campaign called Rescue America. The objective of this campaign is to support transformation in the energy prospect of America, through hastening the move to compressed natural gas (CNG) as a shipping energy (Chesapeake Energy 3). First, the campaign seeks to institute bipartisan backing for liable federal reasons, in order to hasten the production of CNG-powered automobiles. Second, the campaign seeks to institute bipartisan backing for liable national and state reasons, in order to lay CNG dispensing entities at about 20% of the current service centers. Finally, it seeks to institute bipartisan backing for the expansion of the presented $1,000 national tax credit for the fitting of in-home CNG dispensing entities, which are linked to the current home gas lines. Codes of Conduct Chesapeake Energy Company and its subdivisions are dedicated to high values of moral behavior. Managers and workers of the corporation are required to abide by all pertinent rules, and to operate with sincerity and honor when executing duties at the corporation. The Code of conduct is divided into three key parts including accountability to the community; interaction with business cohorts and rivals; as well as securing assets. The corporation is dependent on the necessities, limitations and agreement principles of diverse regulatory groups, which relate to securities, ecological fortification and justice in conducting business among others. In its endeavors to promote excellent corporate citizenship, the corporation expects all its workers to conform to all policies of the company. Governance in the Sustainable Corporation The Board of Directors is liable for the supervision of the company and its dealings (Chesapeake Energy 2). This responsibility is normally executed by a senior administration team, which is entrusted with managing the daily actions of the company, in addition to implementing the proposed, business objectives and policies. The Board counsels, confers with and supervises the work of the leading management group. The Chief Executive Officer is accountable for instituting efficient infrastructure with stakeholder societies including members, clients, affiliates, the public, creditors, suppliers, states, supervisory bodies and corporate allies. It is the rule of the company that executive communicates for the firm. The corporate has instituted plans to train workers and hearten them to be brand representatives of positive corporation icons. Environmental Issues in the Sustainable Corporation Chesapeake Energy has been condemned for its fracking actions, which violate a number of environmental policies (Chesapeake Energy 5). Early this year, the US State of Maryland litigated the corporation for infringing the Clean Water Act, the Recovery Act and the Federal Resource Conservation (Chesapeake Energy 5). This was in reaction to a massive spill that took place on April 19, 2011 causing many gallons of fracking fluid to run into Towanda Creek (Natural Gas Watch 2). Social Issues in the Sustainable Corporation Chesapeake Energy has also been condemned for assumed infringements on occupational wellbeing and protection. Early this year, an explosion at the Chesapeake hurt three personnel. The event apparently happened while they were transmitting water that was employed in the fracking procedure. Lately, Chesapeake was investigated, in South Africa, for its concern in shale discovery, in the Karoo Reserve (Chesapeake Energy 5). Local societies argued that the actions of the corporation would endanger the fragile ecological equilibrium of the reserve. In conclusion, the April 19 explosion at a natural gas well run by Chesapeake Energy has been a significant issue of concern. Since then, the company has had to incorporate the issue of hydraulic fracturing into its overall corporate strategy so as to address the needs of its stakeholders, such as the national Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). Chesapeake Energy lobbied for the legislature on hydraulic fracturing, in the last quarter of the year. Chesapeake makes use of social media and magazines to develop trust in societies opposed to hydraulic fracturing actions, and converting masses support into broad community approval. The corporation also employs social media in guaranteeing sustainability of eccentric gas and oil making, in order to design an efficient society, stakeholder, media and communal plan to surmount distress over hydraulic fracturing. Chesapeake Energy has a well- built Corporate Responsibility Policy, which summarizes its dedication to executing businesses morally, lawfully and in a financial, communal and environmental conscientious style. Local societies argued that the actions of the corporation endanger the fragile ecological equilibrium. As a result, the corporation came up with a code of conduct, which relates to securities, ecological fortification and justice in conducting business. Chesapeake Energy employs corporate actions that encourage environmental preservation and user fortification through corporate governance. Chesapeake has instigated a campaign called Rescue America, which aims at supporting transformation in the energy prospect of America, through hastening the move to compressed natural gas (CNG) as a shipping energy. The Codes of conduct at Chesapeake Energy are divided into three key parts including accountability to the community; interaction with business cohorts and rivals; as well as securing assets. The corporation is dependent on the necessities, limitations and agreement principles of diverse regulatory groups, which relate to securities, ecological fortification and justice in conducting business among others. Works Cited Business Week. ”Chesapeake Energy spent $720,000 Lobbying in 4Q.” The Associated Press , 26 March 2010. Web. Chesapeake Energy. Chesapeake Energy Corporation Unveils National Campaign to Encourage Switch from Foreign Oil to American Natural Gas in U.S. Transportation Sector. Web.. CSRHUB. Chesapeake Energy Corporation . Web. Natural Gas Watch. What Really Happened at the Chesapeake Blowout ? Web.

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Write the original essay for the following summary: The text discusses the importance of identity development in adolescence. It explains how identity development can be affected by physical, cognitive and social changes, as well as by important life choices. The text also talks about the process of ethnic identity development and how it can be applied to biculturalism.

The text discusses the importance of identity development in adolescence. It explains how identity development can be affected by physical, cognitive and social changes, as well as by important life choices. The text also talks about the process of ethnic identity development and how it can be applied to biculturalism.

Childhood and Development Term Paper Identity development Research has shown that the desire to know self dominates the minds of many adolescents. This is motivated by a combination of factors such as physical, cognitive and social changes, present in the life of any human being. This is also spurred by the important life choices that are to be made, ranging from career choice to life partners (Erikson, 1968). Research findings illustrate that, adolescent behaviors vary depending on where they are and whom they are with. For example, one can be outgoing when with friends but shy at home (Sarnecka & Carey, 2008). A pivotal part of identity development is ethnic identity development. According to Phinney (a researcher), the process of ethnic identity development to a big extent, follows the process of identity development. This means that the unquestioning view of oneself that people hold is altered during a period of crisis. Many parents are known to make deliberate attempts to teach their children about their ethnic identity through telling them about it or even through exposing them to various cultural experiences. For most adolescents, ethnic identity is taken to involve the process of moving from a stage of naiveté about racial issues to a more reflective sense of self awareness (Berry & Broadbent, 1988). From among all possible range of existing options, an adolescent must make a series of ever narrowing decisions relating to personal and occupational issues in a multicultural society (Phinney, 1990). Research has shown that adolescents from minor ethnic groups generally have four possible ways of integrating their ethnicity in the larger sense of self. The first one is assimilation which refers to attempts to adopt the majority of cultural norms and standards at the expense of one’s own culture. The second way is marginalization; which has to do with the adolescent living within the majority culture but feeling left out or out of place. The third one is separation which refers to sticking by all means to one’s culture and associating only with those of one’s own culture, thus rejecting the majority’s culture. The last one is biculturalism, which means a consensus between both cultures. A number of researchers agree that biculturalism is more adaptive and hence many adolescents take it. They however don’t show how to measure biculturalism or how biculturalism moderates the effect of cultural primes (Spelke, 1998). To investigate the impact of biculturalism on cultural primes, a study will be conducted. The participants will consist of 70 immigrant Chinese American students. The participants will be those who were born in China and have lived in China for at least 5 years and later lived at least 5 years in the United States. Participants will be engaged in a somewhat unrelated inferential activity where they will be shown a computer-generated animation showing one fish swimming in front of a group of fish. After watching the display, participants will be required to interpret why the single fish and the group of fish were swimming apart. If the prediction will prove true, then most participants will agree that the single fish is being influenced by the group through activities such as being chased, teased, or pressured by the members of the group. If the theories hold, the findings will show that most participants are simply Chinese, who live in America and at times feel as individuals caught in between the two cultures. This supports that bicultural status is not a product of exogenous variables such as degree of exposure to mainstream and ethnic cultures (Stevens & Hauser, 2004). Implicit and explicit levels in the development of cognitive skills Implicit knowledge can be referred to as knowledge gained directly from experience. On the other hand, explicit knowledge is knowledge such as facts that are typically acquired through science instruction. In most cases, educational settings focus on teaching conceptual knowledge other than setting up an opportunity for gaining substantial experimental or basically the implicit knowledge (Carey, 1998). This is however appropriate for some subject areas. Other subjects areas may call for learning information such as when learning features of a complex system. Generally, while learning, experiments are necessary to promote implicit or what is called procedural learning. Lecturer’s method of instruction and use of textbooks largely promote explicit learning and gaining of conceptual knowledge. Although it is important to acquire explicit knowledge, it is equally important not to downplay the significance of implicit learning and implicit knowledge in the overall learning experience. A good example is when one wants to be a scientist. It is not simply a matter of getting large amount of specific and explicit knowledge, but it is actually more importantly, in matters of developing implicit understanding and procedural skills necessary in exploring scientific issues and scientific experiments (Sun, 1995). Substantial research has shown that there are two different but complementary types of cognitive processes. Implicit and explicit learning differ on some broad characteristics and it is documented that implicit knowledge is acquired directly from the environment. It is also known to require substantially less mental effort during the learning process as opposed to explicit learning. For instance, one can learn geographic information about an area by simply being in the area without any intention to learn. In this case, learning that same information by use of a map would be more effortful, and one would be consciously aware of trying to record such information to memory. Research need to be advanced to investigate the interactions between implicit and explicit learning. A study can be done that involves learning an artificial language. The experiment will involve seeing many exemplars of letter strings which are created by a set of rules common in artificial grammar. This study as it would be when learning a real language; will offer an opportunity to learn the effects of experiencing exemplars in implicit knowledge and teaching of the rules of artificial grammar common in explicit knowledge. Although seen as a relatively effortless way of acquiring knowledge, the major misconception about implicit learning is that it does not require attention to the subject matter (Chi, 2000). It is viewed that most people going through explicit learning attend to their tasks without any deliberate motive from their side to acquire knowledge. In the example of individual learning areas of geography by just attending the area, the individuals unintentionally try to remember the landscape. Another outright characteristic of implicit learning is the fact that it is more error tolerant than explicit learning. This means that implicit learning is a little bit sensitive in its response to stimuli and hence more useful in the real world especially in the ability to check less important features of the environment. Participants in the implicit training groups will be required to copy as many exemplars as they can in their response sheets in 30 minutes. Each letter of every exemplar will be copied into a given circle on the sheet. In this case, the participants will copy many exemplars without a need of time to reflect on the grammar rules. On the other hand, explicit training condition will require that the participants observe a copy of the artificial grammar for 5 minutes then turn the paper over. After another 5 minutes, the participants will be asked to reproduce the artificial grammar diagram from memory by drawing it on a blank sheet. This will be repeated four times for a total of 20 minutes of the training time. Success in this experiment will be measured by achievement. As such, implicit training would result in the best achievement. This establishes that implicit training can be very effective when speed is needed, but fails when high level of accuracy is the goal. On the other hand, explicit training would lead to the highest accuracy and the slowest responding rate. In most cases, instructive surroundings center on coaching theoretical knowledge rather than setting up a chance for acquiring considerable experimental or essentially implicit knowledge. Nature versus nurture- psychopathology The nature-nurture issue can be rated as one of the most heated and exciting debates in the academic discourse. The main idea is that nature versus nurture is a false dichotomy. Despite the fact that almost everybody seems to agree with this fact and the fact that human beings are a product of an interaction between nature and nurture, the debate is not coming to an end soon (Warneken & Tomasello, 2009). The debate is taken further to be issues of not nature-versus-nature, but nature-via-nurture. In this context, human genes are designed to take their characteristics from nurture. If we take up a major aspect on the genome, the gene becomes more vulnerable (Ridley, 1996). It should be noted that, environmental influences are at times less reversible than genetic ones. In an attempt to reconcile the roles of genetics and the environment in risk for major depression, further research ought to be conducted. The researcher will particularly seek an answer on whether there is a relationship between stressful life events and risk for depression. The findings will address the issue that depression is greater among people at high genetic risk compared to people at low genetic risk. The study can target 4 women with depression monozygotic and 4 without. If the theory holds, then it is expected that both stressful life events and genetic links have unique contributions to depression. The risk for depression is bigger among women at high genetic risk than it is for women at low genetic risk. An argument is brought forth that the common view of evolution is a combination of two mistaken ideas, the first being the idea that traits are transmitted in heredity. This idea forms the basis of genetic programming that is ultimate quite pre-formation. Second, is the idea of developmental dualism. This idea holds that there are two kinds of developmental process, one controlled primarily from within and another more open and controlled by external forces. It is however outright that developmental systems theory does not put into consideration the basis of both genetic determinism in the biological sciences and environmental determinism in the social sciences. References Berry, D. C. & Broadbent, D. E. (1988). Interactive tasks and implicit-explicit distinction. British Journal of Psychology , 79, 251-272. Carey, S. (1998). Knowledge of number: Its evolution and ontogenesis . Science , 242, 641-642. Chi, M.T.H. (2000). Self-explaining expository texts: the dual processes of generating inferences and repairing mental models. Advances in Instructional Psychology , 161-237. Erikson, E. (1968). Identity: youth and crisis. New York: Norton. Phinney, J. (1990). Ethnic identity in adolescents and adults. A review of research. Psychological Bulletin, 108, 499-514. Ridley, M. (1996). The origins of virtue: human instincts and the evolution of cooperation. New York: Viking. Sarnecka, B.W. & Carey, S. (2008). How counting represents number: what children must learn and when they learn it. Cognition , 108 (3), 662-674. Spelke, E. S. (1998). Nativism, empiricism, and the origins of knowledge. Infant Behavior and Development , 21 (2), 181-200. Stevens, J. R. & Hauser, M. D. (2004). Why be nice? Psychological constraints on the evolution of cooperation. Trends in Cognitive Sciences , 8 (2), 60-65. Sun, R., Slusarz, P. & Terry, C. (2005). The interaction of the explicit and the implicit in skill learning : A dual-process approach . Psychological Review , 112 (1), 159-192. Warneken, F. & Tomasello, M. (2009). Varieties of altruism in children and Chimpanzees. Trends in Cognitive Sciences, 13 (9), 397-402.

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Provide the inputted essay that when summarized resulted in the following summary : The text discusses the importance of branding for companies, and how China Mobile Ltd. has used it to become a global brand. It outlines Quelch's seven features of a global brand, and how China Mobile Ltd. has used them to achieve success.

The text discusses the importance of branding for companies, and how China Mobile Ltd. has used it to become a global brand. It outlines Quelch's seven features of a global brand, and how China Mobile Ltd. has used them to achieve success.

China Mobile Ltd as a Global Brand Coursework Introduction In the economic hard times, firms are confused on whether to reduce their marketing budget or continue investing more on brand building hoping that they could possibly gain a competitive hedge over other companies. Most companies are aggressively increasing their marketing expenditures so as to increase their sales. The annual ranking that was done by BusinessWeek in 2008 showing the 100 Best Global Brands showed that US firms are keeping their marketing budgets steady and as a result have a steadily increasing income (BusinessWeek 2008). However, no Chinese firm appeared in the top a hundred brands globally. Most Chinese companies have put in place strategic considerations to their brands while engaging little in global brand development as part of international marketing strategy. China Mobile Ltd was ranked first in 2007 Best Chinese Brands (Interbrand China 2007, 7). According to China Mobile Limited (2011) in 2007, China Mobile had a brand value of 313,000 RMB millilion an increase of 11% from its brand value in 2006. Its operating revenue in 2010 was 485,231 RMB million, an increase of 7.3% from its 2009 operating revenue. In 2010, it made a profit of 119,640 RMB million. According to Interbrand China’s Chief Executive Officer, Frank Chen, the brand value shows the discounted cash flow of the firms total earnings that it is expected to fetch to the shareholders in the coming fiscal years. This implies that brands are among the company’s economic assets and therefore need serious management. A positive change in the company’s brand value comprehensively reflects an increase in performance that has been achieved by its management team through the application of various strategies. Branding has become a major focus for Mobile China and it has produced abundant returns. The company estimated its customers to be about 584 million in December last year. In 2011 alone, it has had an increase of customer number by 16.824 million in the months of January to March to reach the 600 million mark (BBC 21 April, 2011). The company has voice business as well as new businesses. Its voice business provides its customers with the opportunity to make as well as to receive calls using their mobile phones within the regions of its network coverage. Its services range from local calls to international roaming. The new businesses include data business as well as value-added services. China Mobile Group provides its GSM international roaming service is in 237 countries while its GPRS roaming services is in 186 countries (China Mobile Limited 2011). China Mobile has put much emphasis on attributes that differentiate its brand from those of other companies as well as strengthening its relationship with its customers with an aim of ensuring present and future earnings. Quelch’s seven features of a Global Brand Brand development requires various marketing strategies. In order to achieve a global brand status, the company must have achieved the benchmarks which are considered universal features for the world’s top brands. Quelch (1999) considered seven features as being the benchmarks of the top global brands. Strong in home market China Mobile Limited has a very strong market base in China which has mostly supported the growth of its brand value. Its strong market base has made it occupy the top position in terms of the best brands in the Chinese market for the past few years. According to Quelch (1999, 5) companies have to be strong in their home markets so as to be successful in the international market. According to China Mobile Limited (2011) the company’s is China’s leading mobile services provider. It has many subsidiaries which it refers to as Group which operate in China. The company has been doing well in the Stock Exchange of Hong Kong Limited since its incorporation in 1997. It also entered the Shanghai Stock Exchange in early 2004 and has since established itself in the Shanghai stock market. In 2010, the company received awards for Best Overall Investor Relations which were awarded by Large Gap, Sector, Asia Pacific and a Hong Kong Company. In 2009, it was awarded for Best Corporate Social Responsibility as well as Most Committed to a Strong Dividend Policy. In 2010 for example, the company’s dividend per share was HK$3.014 (China Mobile Limited 2011). According to China Mobile Limited, achieving large customer base in China and its other countries of operations has involved improving network quality and customer service, expanding its 3G business and promoting cost efficiency as well as effectiveness of its operations. China Mobile also has special services that it offers specifically in the Chinese market. According to Panda Phone (2007)Shenzhen Mass Card was introduced by the company to serve the Chinese population. The system is a pre-paid card that allows customers to recharge money through scratch cards or other means such as electronic recharge tickets and aerial recharge. It is applicable around China particularly in Hong Kong, Macao and Beijing China. In 2010, the Groups overall customer base increased by 11.8% to reach 584 million (China Mobile Limited 2011). It has continued to maintain its leading position in terms of market share with net additional customers of about 61.73 million in 2010 (China Mobile Limited 2011). Its major market segment focus has been the rural as well as the migrant markets in China. It offers information which particularly targets the rural population. Some of these services include Agricultural Information Service through the use of the internet as well as mobile phones. Its corporate customer base in China has also continued to grow. Its corporate customers have included government as well as various industries in China such as manufacturing, energy along with the finance industry. As a result of China Mobile’s huge market share that it has been able accumulate in the Chinese Mobile Communications Market, it has been able to achieve considerable economies of scale that enables it earn significant returns while providing great value as well as service to its customers. Geographical/balance in sales Mobile China is an international company that boasts of having the largest market share among mobile phone services providers in the world. In terms network scale, China Mobile is ranked first. Mobile China has several large brands which include M-Zone and Go Tone which are leading GSM digital mobile service brands; Shenzhen Mass Card among others. China Mobile provides international roaming services in 237 countries and GPRS roaming services in 186 countries (China Mobile Limited 2011). According to China Mobile (2011) the company has the most sophisticated GSM International Roaming Services. According to Quelch (1999, 6) an international company must have a minimum level of global recognition, awareness as well as sales in order to achieve the status of a global brand. The company entered the New York Stock Exchange back in 1997 and has had an average performance since then. Investors in the US who are interested in the company business are therefore able to invest in it by buying shares through the New York Stock Exchange. The total number of China Mobile’s customers in the US is about 1.9 million. The company also operates in Pakistan. China Mobile has launched two major joint-ventures aimed at expanding its market shares in other countries. China Mobile has agreed on a joint-venture with Nokia Corporations and Siemens AG to develop a mobile internet technology which is faster than the present 3G network. They also agreed a partnership with South Korea’s SK Telecom which is the largest telecommunication firm in the country in order to develop modern wireless technologies. These joint-ventures and partnerships helps China Mobile increase its sales by using other brands as well as their marketing network to make sales. China Mobile today uses Nokia and Samsung brands. Address similar consumer needs worldwide According to Quelch (1999, 6) the physical products and services that a company with a global brand offers should be the same throughout the world so as to serve the widely-held human needs. Mobile China provides voice and data services, it has introduced the use of broadband in mobile communications, mobile internet, promotes mobile handsets and also integrates mobile handsets in the daily lives of people. It also promotes mobile TV as well as other businesses. The company standardizes its marketing throughout its various markets. It develops brands that adapt its marketing across cultural as well as socio-economic settings. Mobile China provides standardized services and products to its customers worldwide. For example, the company has developed standardized internet products like Access Card for Machine as well as Remote Video Monitoring Service. In addition, it has developed Access Module for Sensors as well as other industry application templates. The company has also established International Information Hubs which have standardized centralized operations aimed at achieving economies of scale (Duffy & Medina 1998, 241). Its mobile phone services as well as products for internet applications for individuals as well as corporate customers have remained the same throughout its countries of operations. It is only the brand names that may change to reflect the country’s culture and language. Services such as voice calls, wireless connections, SMS delivery have remained the same everywhere. Standardization also occurs in other aspects such as business modelling and processes as well as construction regulation. It is also done in equipment configuration in order to ensure similar consumer service. Consistent Positioning A global brand should maintain similar set of values throughout the world. China Mobile is widely known for its innovations. China Mobile attributes its outstanding economic performance to its network capability, customer service as well as its business innovation capability. The company has been committed to innovations in the mobile communication. It has agreed on partnerships and joint-ventures with international communication companies to develop new technologies in mobile communications. For example, it 2006, it partnered with STAR Group Limited and News Corporation to develop long-term wireless media. It has maintained its wireless efficiency for the last five years. It has also maintained high efficiency levels for its voice service provisions, and according to a comparative study done by Ding and Zhang (2008) to establish the operational efficiency of telecommunication operators in China, Japan, US and South Korea, China Mobile has improved its voice service efficiency within a short time to become DEA efficient in 2007. In 2010, it agreed on partnership with South Korea’s SK Telecom to build new wireless technology. It is committed to developing wireless platform that will enhance the application of internet tools as well as products; facilitate social informatization and help incorporate mobile communication services into the various sectors of the economy. It also agreed on a joint-venture with Nokia Corporations and Siemens AG to build mobile internet technology that is faster than its TD-SCDMA 3G network. The company also maintains high quality network by ensuring constant technological innovations as well as network optimization to resolve the main technical issues that occur in the network. According to China Mobile (2011) the company’s 3G customers rose to 20.7 million becoming the leading market share in the sector. McIntire (2002, 1) believes that continuously delivering quality or service promise helps maintain customers. Quality promotes satisfactory customer experience making them likely to patronize the business always. The company has developed and put into operation innovative services such as alert before debiting as well as centralized inquiry that ensures customers are adequately informed. Consumers value country-of-origin Quelch (1999, 7) believes that the country-of-origin or what he referred to as COO effect which implies country-of-design, country-of-corporate-ownership as well as country-of-assembly has an influence on the customers’ perception and behaviour towards the brand image. China Mobile is majorly owned by China Mobile Limited which is the Chinese government with about 74.21% shares. Its headquarters is in Hong Kong and most of its product developments are done in China making it a Chinese company. Although most products that enter international market with “Made in China” have been perceived to be of low quality and cheap (Li, Murray, & Scott 2000, 126), China is currently regarded as the fastest growing and among the most advanced in telecommunication technology and services. According to World Economic Forum (2011) The Global Information Technology Report 2010-2011 showed that Taiwan China is ranked 6 th globally just behind the US and Hong Kong China 12 th . The country’s high profile as well as high-involvement in information technology has played symbolic functions in helping China Mobile market its global brands. Being the leading telecommunication company in China, most of these advancements are attributed to its continued innovations and developments. At the close of 2010 fiscal year, the company had attained 20.7 million customers for its 3G usage. It became the leading in the 3G market internationally. This means that China Mobile has been able to make customers overcome the “Made in China” perception on its brand image. Currently, China Mobile provides more developed mobile phone communications than telecommunication firms in the US. They have also benefitted from consumer cosmopolitanism as a section of consumers would always want to try products and services from different regions and countries (Bauer, Bronk & Exler 3). Product category focus It is usually very difficult for a company that deals in diverse product categories to become a global leading brand and this has been the challenge that most Chinese firms are facing (Quelch 1999, 8). It is normally difficult to make positioning and also develop a coherent brand message using the same corporate name for diverse product categories. China Mobile deals in mobile phone communications and associated products and services only (New York Times May 7, 2011). Its businesses are voice and new business. Voice business offers long distance calls both in the local and domestic market as well as international long-distance calls. It also provides inter and intra-provincial roaming as well as international roaming. Voice value-added services as well as data business are the services offered by the new business. Voice value-added services include call conferencing, call forwarding as well as caller identity display among other services while the data business include WAP, Java Applications, Multimedia messaging service and many more. The company therefore focuses its efforts on developing and improving technologies, infrastructural networks, transmission facilities as well as support systems that enhances its mobile phone communications provision such as mobile internet, 3G technology, WLAN, TD-LTE as well as wireless technologies. These are meant to boost its brand image across the globe. Corporate name China Mobile acknowledges that a strong corporate name is very important in achieving global brands. The company applied what Kohli and Suri (2000) refers to as creating inherently meaningful name that is able to convey relevant information about the products and or services that the company deals in. The name China Mobile reinforces the products and services offered by the company and also emphasizes on the attributes of the products and services. All its subsidiaries use the name China Mobile… to make them easily identified with the corporate name. The country name makes them identify with the country. This makes it easier for Chinese customers to identify with the brand image and also enable the company conquer the Chinese telecommunications market considering China’s huge domestic market and large population. According to Bauer, Bronk and Exler (2) customers tend to prefer local brands since local brands are designed to meet or operate in the cultural setting of the population. The company is the largest telecommunication network in China and has the highest number of customers in China. The corporate name also helps the company benefit from China’s great reputation in advancements in information technology. This helps improve its brand image across the globe which has enabled the company to have the highest number of customers in the global telecommunications market. Overview China Mobile today provides international GSM as well as GPRS roaming services across the world in 237 and 186 countries respectively as a result of its global brand status. Its total number of customers has continued to grow such that in 2010, it achieved an 11.8% boost in its total number of customers to reach 584 million customers across the globe becoming the most subscription efficient and the largest in terms of customer base in the telecommunications industry. As a result the total voice usage increased by about 18.6% that made the company to achieve 3,461.6 billion minutes in voice usage for the year 2010. Value-added business customers also increased by 12.9%. Its mobile internet usage also increased to 103.1 billion megabytes. The global brand image status helped the company achieve the highest customer growth in the 3G business with its 3G customers making 20.7 million across the globe. It is now the leading in terms of market share in the 3G market. Due to its development standards in the TD-LTE, the Chinese ministry of telecommunication has granted it the license to develop 4G network. The company has also received several awards including the Best Overall Investor Relations awarded by the Asia Pacific Association. Why Chinese firms are looking outward Many Chinese firms today prefer joint-ventures where they are able to acquire majority stake with an aim of expanding overseas (Brennan & Wilson 2003, 76). Some Chinese companies also make overseas acquisitions. Chinese firms look outward in order to get closer to the target markets. Joint-ventures, acquisitions and mergers helps Chinese companies increase their sales and in turn their world market share (Aspelund, Madsen & Moen 2007, 1426). It makes it possible for Chinese companies to use the brands of those companies as well as their marketing network. It also enables these companies own highly efficient manufacturing centres in all their partners’ major markets whether in Europe, Asia or America. Some Chinese companies go outward to acquire the world’s state-of-the-art technologies. They are keen to enter the most technologically powerful economies so as to overcome the problem of country-of-origin perceptions. They therefore buy off the companies in order to possess the technologies. They also buy the brands of these companies especially those in developed countries in order to achieve global brand status quickly. Joint-ventures, mergers and acquisitions as well as greenfield investment help them in dealing with customs duties. Other objectives or aims of the Chinese companies looking outward are to achieve geographic growth and to build a global profile as well as reputation (Wengang & Yuanfei 2007). Achieving global brands and diversification of their products and services have been some of their reasons for looking outward. Some expand to other countries as a response to a government directive (Wengang & Yuanfei 2007). Most companies feel that intellectual property rights and trade secrets are not adequately protected in China thereby discouraging innovations and development of technologies. The Chinese government requires that every company including foreign companies submits its manufacturing techniques and other aspects of its business including the processes involved in the production. Some Chinese companies therefore maintain their name brands from China but register their trademarks in other countries so as to acquire Independent Intellectual Property Rights (Meltzer 2009). Huawei Technologies is one such company that has achieved the status. Chinese firms’ trends of looking outward have also been enhanced by free trade agreements. China is a member of the World Trade Organisations and therefore enjoys free trade benefits among member states. It is also a member of the ASEAN plus 3 and the China-South Korea-Japan trading partners. Chinese firms therefore have the advantage of operating in many countries without much regulatory difficulties. Most Chinese firms have also preferred Asian countries for their outbound investments. The Chinese government also introduced the Going Global Policy to enhance internationalisation of Chinese companies (Wengang & Yuanfei 2007). According to Meltzer (2009) the reality behind the push out from China by companies is the need to continue to grow while acquiring more market share in the Chinese market which has become unrealistic. Most of the successful Chinese companies have achieved the optimum market share for their services as well as products such that obtaining more market share is even unrealistic. The only option they have for market growth is through domestic diversification. Many Chinese companies have been in this situation for over 10 years. However, diversification of various product categories using the same brand name is usually difficult and Chinese companies have therefore not been successful. Chinese firms also face fierce foreign competition locally since the Chinese government’s trade and economic reforms allow and encourage foreign investments. This increases direct competition between the successful domestic companies and foreign companies. Since the economic reforms began in 1978, China has received over $500 billion as direct foreign investment (Meltzer 2009). It has also reviewed the regulations that required foreign companies to enter the Chinese market through joint-ventures and today permits wholly-owned foreign firms to operate in China (Meltzer 2009). The WTO reforms also further pushed China to open its market to foreign companies. Which internationalisation process theory best applies to Chinese firms engaged in internationalisation There are several theories that explain the internationalisation of Chinese firms. However, the best theory that explains the various reasons why Chinese firms expand their businesses abroad is the Electric Paradigm (OLI model) as explained by Dunning (1981, 54; & 1988, 107-108). Electric Paradigm categorizes three key factors of Foreign Direct Investment as the determinants of the pattern, form as well as extent of an organisation’s international production. They are classified into location, ownership as well as internalisation. According to the paradigm, a company’s internationalisation can be stimulated through consolidation of the ownership advantage that it has accumulated in the home country; that is, asset exploitation. This is advantage is the O in the OLI model. The ownership advantage is both tangible and intangible and may include capital, resources, managerial capabilities as well as technological advantage among others. Using the foreign direct investment (I), companies can internalise their specific advantage which may include controlling production as well as distribution through foreign subsidiaries with an aim of lowering transaction costs. According to the theory, the host country provides location-specific advantages (L) which enables the company achieve superior market as well as opportunities for valued inputs at cheaper costs. Electric Paradigm explains the outward investment of Chinese firms as being the result of ownership advantages such as capital, resources, and technology as well management capabilities that they initially obtain in China. They then use the outward foreign direct investment to build their own firm-specific advantages through their foreign subsidiaries which they acquire through joint-ventures, mergers, acquisitions as well as Greenfield investment to lower the transaction costs. Chinese firms are also driven by location advantages in the host countries as per the theory with the prospects of gaining superior market share and cheaper inputs which may be as a result of low transport cost due to the nearness to the resources. Conclusion Chinese firms have many distinct characteristics which makes them weak in the global market. Most Chinese firms take advantage of the huge domestic market that results from the country’s large population. Most of them have not focused on the global market and therefore puts less emphasis on achieving global brand image. Although some of them are leading globally in terms of market share and capital base that they achieve through focusing on the domestic market and foreign direct investment respectively, they are not able to expand their market share by developing global brands. China Mobile is one of the companies that has seen the need to expand its market share by developing its global brands through various strategies particularly by providing consistent improved quality and developing a strong home market base and many more strategies. It has made acquisitions in other countries with an aim of expanding its market share globally. The company’s focus on developing a global brand has made it the largest company in terms of customer base in the global telecommunication market. Reference List Aspelund, A., Madsen, T., K., and Moen, O., 2007, A review of the foundation, international marketing strategies and performance of international new ventures. European Journal of Marketing , 41 (11/12): 1423-1448. Bradford: MCB University Press. Bauer, H., H., Bronk, L., & Exler, S., Brands: The more the global the better? Mannheim: University of Mannheim. Web. BBC, 2011, China Mobile Surpasses 600m subscribers . Web. Brennan, R., & Wilson, J., 2003, Market entry methods for western firms in China. Asia Pacific Journal of Marketing Logistics , 15 (4). Bradford: MCB University Press. p. 76. BusinessWeek, 2008, Best Global Brands. Web. China Mobile Limited, 2011, Business review . Web. Ding, Y., & Zhang, J., 2008, A comparative study on the operation efficiency of wireless operators in the US, China, Japan and South Korea . Web. Duffy, M., F., & Medina, J., F., 1998, Standardization v globalization: A new perspective of brand strategies. Journal of Product and Brand Management , 7 (3): 223-243. New York: The Management of International Advertising. Dunning, J., H., 1988, Explaining international production. London : Allen and Unwin. pp. 107-108. Dunning, J., H., 1981, International production and multinational enterprises . London: Allen and Unwin. p. 54. Interbrand China, 2007, Chinese brands survey . Web. Kohli, C., & Suri, R., 2000, Brand names that work: A study of the effectiveness of different types of brand names. Marketing Management Journal , 10 (2): 112- 120. Ruston, LA: Academy of Marketing Science. Li, Z., Murray, L., & Scott D., 2000, Global sourcing, multiple country of origin facets, and consumer reactions. Journal of Business Research , 47 (2): 121-33. New York: Sage Publishers. McIntire, M., 2002, How to achieve consistent service throughout your company. Las Vegas: Innovative Management Group. Meltzer, C., 2009, The search for new markets: United States and New York City opportunities . Web. New York Times, 2011, China Mobile Ltd . Web. Panda Phone, 2007, Panda Phone connecting the world . Web. Quelch, J., 1999, Global brands: Taking stock. Business Strategy Review , 10 (1): 1- 14. New York: Springer. Wengang, L., & Yuanfei, K., 2007, Internationalisation patterns of Chinese firms: Entry, mode, location and government influence . International Journal of Business Strategy , 7 (3).Makati City: International Academy of Business and Economics. World Economic Forum, 2011, Global information technology . Web.

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Provide a essay that could have been the input for the following summary: The China Sustainable Cities Program is a massive project that is meant to turn around the current structure of the cities of this country. After years of being considered the world's leading country in environmental pollution, China has decided to make a move that would see have a transformed society.

The China Sustainable Cities Program is a massive project that is meant to turn around the current structure of the cities of this country. After years of being considered the world's leading country in environmental pollution, China has decided to make a move that would see have a transformed society.

China Sustainable Cities Program Report Executive Summary China Sustainable Cities Program is a massive project that is meant to turn around the current structure of the cities of this country. After years of being considered the world’s leading country in environmental pollution, China has decided to make a move that would see have a transformed society. This project is meant to ensure that the cities are self sustaining and able to meet the international safety standards. Procurement and contract management is one of the important factors that have to be considered in this project. Contracts should be issued based on merits. It is important that the project management team considers both legal and health concerns as measures of determining the best firm to award contracts. One of the strengths of this project is that China is a country has a huge human resource base and therefore it should consider exploiting it maximally. This move by the government of China was seen as a transformational leadership. It is therefore necessary that quality measures are considered when putting up the project. Various measures of quality should be employed. The human resource involved should also be properly managed to ensure harmony in the projects. Introduction China is one of the fastest growing economies in the world. According to Lieberthal (1995, p. 67), it is also one of the largest manufactures of various products targeted at both developing and developed nations. Because of the large manufacturing companies in this country, it was named the leading country in the world in air pollution. It emits the highest percentage of carbon into the air, causing air pollution (Campanella 2008, p. 85). This would in turn pollute rain water and this cycle of pollution would continue. China has the highest population in the world. Most of its cities currently are over capacitated, a fact that has been attributed to the poor urban planning. As such, the government has seen it wise to design cities that are able to meet the demands of the current population and the expected growth. The cities have been planned to meet the needs of the expected population growth of this country. According to Zhou (2006, p. 78), the cities are planned in such a way that it would satisfy the demands of the future population despite the limited space that is available in these cities. In this effort, there is also the need to ensure that the cities are free from carbon pollution. Zhao (2011, p. 34) explains that the cities are to be sustainable in two main fronts. The first front is that they should be able to absorb China’s expected large population for the next fifteen to thirty years without any problem of limited housing facilities. The other front is that the cities should be free of pollution. China still expects to be the leading manufacturer in the world. However, it is making an effort to produce these products at limited pollution rates (Berlatsky 2010, p. 89). The cities should completely be free from any form of pollution. This paper seeks to critically analyze china sustainable cities program in international project management field, with a view to ascertaining its strengths and weaknesses. Findings Procurement and Contracts Management in China Sustainable Cities Program Procurement Strategies Low (2000, p. 56) explains that procurement is one of the most important factors to consider in coming up with the major projects. In China Sustainable Cities Program, there was a need to develop a procurement strategy that would see to it that this project is made a success (Joseph 2010, p. 41). The concerned individuals in this government investment must properly manage the contracts. Principles and approaches According to Zhang (2010, p. 67), it is very important to ensure that major project are awarded to firms and individuals who have the capacity to perform the required task in the best way possible. The approach taken in selecting the firms to award various tenders would depend on the track record. Lye (2010, p. 54) says that China Sustainable Cities Program is a project that is geared towards achieving the best infrastructure within China’s major cities. Procurement must therefore be done professionally. Legal considerations Legal factors should also be considered in the procurement process. According Benn (2002, p. 29), when awarding contracts to such massive projects like this, it is highly recommended that the legality of the contracted firms is confirmed. The firms should be legally viable to carry out obligations that they are assigned (Martine 2008, p. 39). It should be based on merit and should be done transparently. The entire process of the project should be based upon the laws of the land. Rules and regulations of different arms of the government should be adhered to. Health and safety The program aims at coming with cities that are sustainable. As Meng (2010, p. 27) says, one of the leading factors to consider in coming up with these cities is health and safety procedures. The project management team has the mandate to ensure that the contracted firms have the capacity to ensure health and safety of the cities upon their completion (Chang 2000, p. 37). The whole process of developing the cities should also be characterized by health and safety procedures. Relationships As Wright (2008, p. 19) says, the process of awarding tenders should be done in a free and fair manner if success is to be achieved. The tendering process should not be based on some favoritism standards. The award should be given on merit irrespective of any relationship that could be there between the tendering board and the concerned firms. Transformational change and leadership in china sustainable cities program Change Principles in Projects The Chinese government has seen the need to develop cities that are able to respond to the requirements of the environment. For some time now, the leadership of this country has always been challenged to show leadership and cut down on its pollution rates (Kalman 1998, p. 34). This project is seen as its positive response towards this challenge. Transformational change and leaders The development of these cities is seen as a transformational approach by transformational leaders of this country. Wang (2009, p. 28) says that transformational leadership is the key ingredient towards transformational change. This massive project is a clear pointer that the government has considered the need to transform this country for the better. Quality assurance in projects This project is one of its kinds. Quality assurance is always easily done when there a benchmark upon which it is done. As Visser (2010, p. 90) says, quality would be based on some set standards. However, because of uniqueness of this project, quality assurance would be based on the expectations of the project. It would be judged on how well it satisfies the expectations of the designers, the government and society in general. Managing risks in projects Midler (2009, p. 30) argues that risk management is a factor that should be considered in such a massive project. The project management should clearly spell out risks that are likely to be experienced in coming out with such projects and the best mitigation measures. According to Terrill (1975, p. 34), risks in such projects are unique to a given area as they are always shaped by such factors as environment and social structure of the society among others. The role of People Management in cross cultural teams This project has attracted human resource from various regions. As such, it is a fact that the human resource working on the project vary in cultural practices (Perkins 1999, p. 18). The project management team should make an effort to ensure that this team work cohesively, without letting the cultural differences factor in when implementing the plan. According Chasek (2000, p. 26), the team should be allowed to practice their cultural practices independently without any prejudice. Performance & Earned Value Management in China Sustainable Cities Program Earned Value Management in Projects Earned value management would be one of the key considerations in this project. In this massive project, the main aim is to have a city that is self sustaining, a city that is able to absorb the growing population of China and maintains the environment clean (Knapp 2000, p. 78). The earned value should be based on this expected value of the project. Origin and application Song and Woo (2008, p. 95) say that Earned Value Management is a tool for measuring project progress and performance. It originated in United States in 1960s as a financial analysis tool for large projects. This tool came to existence because of the need to evaluate the performance of large projects. It was a measure to ensure that large government or institutional projects run as per the plans of the concerned individuals. Techniques The main techniques in assessing projects using earned value management tool is by determining the Project Value of the completed project. The perceived value of the project would be determined based on the cost of the project (Knight & Song 1999, p. 88). The value of the completed project should reflect on the cost of the project. Key consideration and issues relating to Earned Value Management Some of the key considerations of issues relating to Earned Value Management include the simplicity or complexity of the implementation of the projects. As Dauvergne (2008, p. 81) says the analysis can be done based on simple implementation where emphasis is only based on technical performance. Alternatively, it can be based on intermediate implementation which involves integration of schedule and technical performance. The last approach would be advanced implementation which integrates the technical performance, cost and schedule of the project (Knox & Marston 2012, p. 68). In each of the three approaches, there is uniqueness that the concerned individuals should be observant of. Performance management-360 degrees appraisals 360-degrees appraisal, also known as 360-degree feedback or multi-rater feedback or multi-source assessment is an appraisal procedure of the human resource by the immediate members of an employee. In this project, the contracted firms have the obligation to meet the expectations of the Chinese government in constructing the new model of the city. Day and Ma (1994, p. 69) argue that such firms would need to ensure that individual employees who are tasked with various duties in the firm perform their duties as per the expectations. There would therefore be a need to conduct appraisal of the employees at regular intervals. The project management team can involve the locals to give a feedback of the entire project, individual sections of the entire project and even the performance of single individuals of the project (Ferroa & Chan 2002, p. 67). The feedback would then be used to determine the path for the project. If the feedback is negative, the project management team may need to go back to the drawing board and define new paths. Risk Earned Value Management should not be used as a single tool for the analysis. This is because of the risk involved. This approach has been lauded as being a very appropriate tool in the analysis of the financial viability of the project, and other financial factors. However, the risk comes in that it does not cover quality of the project. Robbins (2007, p. 39) says this approach would give the right budget for the project but it is not an assurance on the quality. For this reason therefore, the cost of the project would be correctly determined, but the result may be dissatisfying. This main undoing of this approach has been the reason why it has been recommended that this tool should be used in conjunction with others to ensure a complete assessment and quality assurance. Quality and compliance issues China Sustainable Cities Program is a major project that would require a close monitoring to ensure complete compliance to quality issues. The government looks forward to having a project that meets the specifications that were put in place. Because of the amount of investment put in this project, it would demand that the project satisfies all the conditions put in place. Conversely, the people of China who are expected to stay in these ultra-modern cities have their own expectations that should be met upon completion of this project. The project management team must therefore employ the right quality management tools to ensure that the project comes out with the right quality. Human Resources and Conflict Management in China Sustainable Cities Program The HR role and function Human resource has a pivotal role in the development of China Sustainable Cities. This massive project requires skills manpower to ensure its success. These ultra-modern cities require a lot of skills in order for them to become s reality (Fook & Gang 2010, p. 62). The role of human resource would not only be in the construction and quality management, but also the auditing and inspection duties. Negotiation and conflict management Conflict management is one of the most important functions in any set up that have individuals who, in one way or the other are expected to differ in thoughts. According to (Glaeser 1987, p. 39), negotiation is the best way through which such conflicts can be resolved. In this program, there should be a clearly spelt way in which the human resource should relate. Management of conflicts should be done using negotiations or any other appropriate means (Inoguchi, Newman & Paoletto 1999, p. 32). Teamwork Teamwork cannot be avoided in such a massive undertaking. This project would have a number of professionals and individuals performing different duties all geared towards the achievement of a sustainable city. Different departments should work in close coordination with others to ensure uniformity. Overlapping of duties should be avoided at all the stages (Hodges 1970, p. 47). The entire team should work having in mind the objective of the entire process. Knowledge management and the learning organization Human resource is always in a continuous learning process. Knowledge management is therefore a factor that any organization would have to consider in order to ensure effectively of its human resource. The team involved in this project should have a rough idea of how the project would look like upon completion. This may call for some in-service training (Liauw, L 2008, p. 27). Conclusion China sustainable cities project is one of its kind. It is geared towards ensuring that China has cities that would be in a position to absorb the growing population of this country. The project is meant to ensure that this country has cities that are pollution free. Though very costly, this huge project is a move by the government to ensure that this country makes an effort in ensuring that this country adheres to the environmental protocols put forth by international bodies. To ensure that this project is a success, there is need to ensure that several measures are put in place. The success of this project would start from the procurement. It is from this that the project would get quality products that would be used in various stages. For this reason therefore, the project management team should ensure that it employs an appropriate procedure in the procurement procedure. The project management team should ensure professionalism in conducting their duties. Transformational leadership is one of the most important factors that should be considered when implementing this project. People employed to work on the projects may come from different regions. However, it is important to manage them in such a way that they would be in a position to work as a unit, without having their difference in culture as a barrier. Recommendations This project is one of the major undertakings of China as a country. It is one of the moves that are meant to ensure that various cities of this country are not only able to absorb the population of the country, but is also eco-friendly. Success of the project is therefore given a lot of priority. Some of the factors to consider in ensuring success include the following. * The project management team should consider outsourcing local firms to perform these duties. Although some phases of the project may require outsourcing of international firms, most of the duties should be done by the locals. This would not only lower the cost, but will also result in quality performance because they would have a feeling that they are developing their own country. * To ensure quality of the entire project, quality assessment should be done at close intervals. The team should develop stages that assessment would be done. Any issue raised at each stage should be addressed before moving to the next stage. * The project should be conducted with international standards in mind. Because of the financial consequences involved in the project, various arms of the government should be involved. List References Benn, D 2002, Daily life in traditional China: the Tang dynasty , Greenwood Press, Westport. Berlatsky, N 2010, China , Greenhaven Press, Detroit. Campanella, TJ 2008, The concrete dragon: China’s urban revolution and what it means for the world , Princeton Architectural Press, New York. Chang, L 2000, Factory girls: from village to city in a changing China , Spiegel & Grau, New York. Chasek, P 2000, The global environment in the twenty-first century: prospects for international cooperation , United Nations University Press, Tokyo. Dauvergne, P 2008, The shadows of consumption: consequences for the global environment , MIT Press, London. Day, LH & Ma, X 1994, Migration and urbanization in China , Sharpe, Armonk. Ferroa, P G & Chan, E 2002, China , Benchmark Books, New York. Fook, L & Gang, C 2010, Towards a Liveable and Sustainable Urban Environment Eco-Cities in East Asia , World Scientific, Singapore. Glaeser, B 1987, Learning from China?: development and environment in Third World countries , Allen & Unwin, London. Hodges, H 1970, Technology in the ancient world , Knopf, New York. Inoguchi, T Newman, E & Paoletto, G1999, Cities and the environment: new approaches for eco-societies , United Nations University Press, Tokyo. Jacka, T 2005, Rural women in urban China: gender, migration, and social change , Sharpe, Armonk. Joseph, W 2010, Politics in China: an introduction , Oxford University Press, Oxford. Kalman, B 1998, China, Crabtree Pub, Toronto. Knapp, R 2000, China’s walled cities , Oxford University Press, Hong Kong. Knight, J & Song, L 1999, The rural-urban divide economic disparities and interactions in China , Oxford University Press, Oxford. Knox, P & Marston, S 2012, Human geography: places and regions in global context (6th ed.), Pearson Education, Glenview. Liauw, L 2008, New urban China , Wiley, London. Lieberthal, K 1995, Governing China: from revolution through reform , W.W. Norton, New York. Low, N 2000, Consuming cities: the urban environment in the global economy after the Rio Declaration , Routledge, London. Lye, L F 2010, Towards a livable and sustainable urban environment: eco-cities in East Asia, World Scientific, Singapore. Martine, G 2008, The new global frontier urbanization, poverty and environment in the 21st century , Earthscan, London. Meng, X 2010, The great migration: rural-urban migration in China and Indonesia, Edward Elgar, Cheltenham. Midler, P 2009, Poorly made in China: an insider’s account of the tactics behind China’s production game , Wiley, Hoboken. Perkins, D 1999, Encyclopedia of China: the essential reference to China, its history and culture, Facts on File, New York. Qiu, X.2006, A case of two cities , St. Martin’s Minotaur, New York. Robbins, P 2007, Encyclopedia of environment and society , Sage Publications, Thousand Oaks. Song, L & Woo, W 2008, China’s dilemma: economic growth, the environment and climate change, Anu E Press, Canberra. Terrill, R 1975, Flowers on an iron tree: five cities of China , Little, Brown, Boston. Visser, R 2010, Cities surround the countryside: urban aesthetics in post-socialist China . Duke University Press, Durham. Wang, Y.2009, ICCTP 2009 critical issues in transportation system planning, development, and management: proceedings of the Ninth International Conference of Chinese Transportation Professionals: August 5-9, Harbin, China. Reston, VA: American Society of Civil Engineers . Wright, H 2008, Instant cities , Black Dog Publishing, London. Zhang, J 2010, ICLEM 2010 logistics for sustained economic development : infrastructure, information, integration : proceedings of the 2010 International Conference of Logistics Engineering and Management : October 8-10, 2010, Chengdu, China. Reston, Va.: American Society of Civil Engineers. Zhao, J 2011, Towards sustainable cities in China analysis and assessment of some Chinese cities in 2008 , Springer, New York. Zhou, L 2006, China business: environment, momentum, strategies, prospects, Pearson, Singapore.

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Write the full essay for the following summary: Since the early 1980s, after the death of Mao Tse-tung, a prominent politician who played a major role in formulating Chinese foreign policies of 1949-1976, China has managed to pursue a foreign policy that is highly independent. This means that the country formally rejected close relationship with other states. Safeguarding national security was the main objective of Chinese foreign policy when Mao Tse-tung was in power. HeDuring 1949, one of the main Chinese international strategies was to use its national power to promote national interest (Sutter 2009). In the 1950s, Chinese policies were divided between the United States and the Soviet Union to learn one side strategy. In the 1960s, Double Anti policy had been formulated, and later on, the one united front strategy was implemented in the 1970s.After the death of Mao Tse-tung, economic reforms were made under Deng Xiaoping who reversed all his policies, focusing more on transitioning Chinese market economy. Xiaoping's main goal was economic modernization which made China actively participate in several world affairs. A new policy was formulated which allowed China to open up to outside world and take part in world trade and politics.

Since the early 1980s, after the death of Mao Tse-tung, a prominent politician who played a major role in formulating Chinese foreign policies of 1949-1976, China has managed to pursue a foreign policy that is highly independent. This means that the country formally rejected close relationship with other states. Safeguarding national security was the main objective of Chinese foreign policy when Mao Tse-tung was in power. He During 1949, one of the main Chinese international strategies was to use its national power to promote national interest (Sutter 2009). In the 1950s, Chinese policies were divided between the United States and the Soviet Union to learn one side strategy. In the 1960s, Double Anti policy had been formulated, and later on, the one united front strategy was implemented in the 1970s. After the death of Mao Tse-tung, economic reforms were made under Deng Xiaoping who reversed all his policies, focusing more on transitioning Chinese market economy. Xiaoping's main goal was economic modernization which made China actively participate in several world affairs. A new policy was formulated which allowed China to open up to outside world and take part in world trade and politics.

Chinas Foreign Policy Making Essay Since the early 1980s, after the death of Mao Tse-tung, a prominent politician who played a major role in formulating Chinese foreign policies of 1949-1976, China has managed to pursue a foreign policy that is highly independent. This means that the country formally rejected close relationship with other states. Safeguarding national security was the main objective of Chinese foreign policy when Mao Tse-tung was in power. He wanted to guarantee the territorial integrity of China, win state sovereignty and enhance an international status. This means that security and survival orientation were the main objectives of the foreign policy when Mao Tse-tung was still alive. During 1949, one of the main Chinese international strategies was to use its national power to promote national interest (Sutter 2009). In the 1950s, Chinese policies were divided between the United States and the Soviet Union to learn one side strategy. In the 1960s, Double Anti policy had been formulated, and later on, the one united front strategy was implemented in the 1970s. After the death of Mao Tse-tung, economic reforms were made under Deng Xiaoping who reversed all his policies, focusing more on transitioning Chinese market economy. Xiaoping’s main goal was economic modernization which made China actively participate in several world affairs. A new policy was formulated which allowed China to open up to outside world and take part in world trade and politics. This exemplary policy greatly expanded economic relations of China with foreign nations. Being a part of independent foreign policy of peace has enabled Beijing to become a part of numerous international organizations (Robinson 1995 ) . China has also been able to maintain diplomatic relations with many nations as far as 157 nations. This was recorded in 2007 and recognized as a huge number as compared to that of 1949 when the country was under Mao Tse-tung’s rule. Today, China is willing to build relationships with different social system governments on peaceful coexistence basis and mutual respect. China is also relating more with developed countries, such as European states and Japan, which has brought tremendous economic success for the nation. There are limits that are used to identify the most powerful Chinese leaders in the foreign policy. These include that the leader should be focused on achieving Chinese national interests and not his own. Informal channels that are based on institutional allegiance and personal relationships should be also considered. The leader makes decisions based on deep-rooted sense of nationalism, foreign education and inferiority (Sutter 2009). The leader’s motives should also take into account economic modernization since China is actively involved in world affairs. The leader does not seek for additional leverage but acts solely without influencing public opinion, and takes into consideration omnidirectional channels of influence. The leader’s actions should never contradict Chinese diplomacy in any way. There are several foreign policy theories in China that focus on its leaders. One example is an international relation theory which allows the country to open up to outside world and participate in world affairs. The Chinese leaders should purse peaceful rise policy that will create a productive international environment. Having a peaceful policy in China will also enable the country to be a secure nation with good leaders to govern it. In conclusion, today, China is a politically and economically stable nation as a result of several reforms that have been made in Chinese foreign policy which enabled the country to enter the world market. Beijing continues implementing the reforms, thus the country has open-door policy which has enabled it to become successful both economically and politically. References Robinson, T. (1995 ). Chinese foreign policy: Theory and practice (Studies on contemporary China). New York: Clarendon Press. Sutter, R. (2009). Chinese foreign relations – Power and policy since the Cold War . New York: Rowman & Littlefield Publishers.

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Write the full essay for the following summary: In any political system, power, ideology and organizational structure are the most important content.They are significant in the manner that they affect the public in terms of opinion and even voter turn outs. Similarly, any political moves made by the representatives are also dependent on these three patterns of political development. China has achieved a lot of economic growth over the years due to the political development demonstrated over those years.

In any political system, power, ideology and organizational structure are the most important content. They are significant in the manner that they affect the public in terms of opinion and even voter turn outs. Similarly, any political moves made by the representatives are also dependent on these three patterns of political development. China has achieved a lot of economic growth over the years due to the political development demonstrated over those years.

Chinese Political Development Essay Introduction In any political system, power, ideology and organizational structure are the most important content. They are significant in the manner that they affect the public in terms of opinion and even voter turn outs. Similarly, any political moves made by the representatives are also dependent on these three patterns of political development. The identification of each of these concepts by the public in relation to their uniqueness is what leads to a greater or lesser impact of democracy by the people. China has achieved a lot of economic growth over the years due to the political development demonstrated over those years. Political development patterns in China The traditional ideology of China has long regarded China as both a country and a cultural setup. As a result, traditional China was a unified traditional and political society with a great deal of appreciation for culture. The most important role of social and political systems is to generate authority, especially in China. Traditionally, China believed in bureaucracy as the form of rule, while monarchy was seen as the source of power. In the previous years, China had been ruled by emperors who were the sole rulers of the citizens. Despite the existence of the two instruments of power, they were never distinct. Despite the unity that existed between political and cultural grounds, local diversity always existed with a great increase over many years. However, despite all the changes in power, ideologies of political representatives and political organization, acquisition of bureaucracy involved the rise of status by political leaders. These ruling status groups always had power and were the sole ideologists of the local political systems. The traditional China in terms of power, ideology and organization may be better described as the territory of China as an empire. Since the empire was very dominant, its power over the political and cultural domains can be said to have united the local status groups in China leading to the creation of the Chinese society. In this regard, the Chinese society came into being as a result of the union between the local social systems rather than the ideology that the society created the different local systems. Therefore, the traditional China may be regarded to have two structures in regard to power, ideologies and organization. The first structure is the national bureaucracy that was involved in all formal national responsibilities such as centralization and hierarchy of power and authority. The other structure may be referred as heterogeneous as it consists of several local systems emphasizing on moral values, especially the acceptance in the Confucian ideological system as well as the national bureaucracy and economy. On the other hand, contemporary Chinese saw the establishment of the Republic of China, which transformed the political entity of China by changing the Chinese society on large scale terms. Contrary to traditional China where the society was ruled by Confucianism, contemporary China is now ruled by the ideologies of Marxism theory. In Chinese power, the political role of ideology goes hand in hand with organization which is the communist power in China. The contemporary Chinese society has come to appreciate the importance of using ideology to create and use organization in achievement of goals. The contemporary Chinese communist ideology consists of two theories better known by Marxism and Leninism. The most significant characteristic of the modern communist China is the fact that their adherence to the Marxism-Leninism stresses the need to belong into the global environment. This has led to modernization among the Chinese men who have realized that their future lies in the industrial sector which was not recognized in the traditional China. Basically, the different ideologies between Confucianism and communism are the ideal illustrations of the changes that occurred from traditional China to contemporary China. Contrary to communism, Confucianism emphasized on the use of interpersonal relationships in political systems rather than organized power as in the case of organized power demonstrated in contemporary China. Similarly, Confucianism focused on adaptation to immediate situations instead of setting goals and working towards them for purpose of change. Confucianism had no regard for equality as it regarded authority based on personal relationships. The value of Chinese society has been changed based on ideological values as well as political values, especially on organized power. Additionally, modernization on economic growth, social values and equality have contributed great change in the Chinese society. Another very significant tool in the transition from traditional to contemporary China has been practice, which has proved its flexibility through experience by creating several methods of organization through actual action. The most important role of ideology in contemporary China is the psychological transition at an individual level. Conclusion China has grown extensively economically, politically and socially with clear transitions from the traditional aspect of the Chinese society to the contemporary China. From inequality to lack of modernization and other political concerns, contemporary China brought changes in the society with many modernized aspects of political systems, social life as well as economic aspects which have brought many benefits to the Chinese citizens.

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Write the original essay that generated the following summary: Buddhism vs. Christianity is a compare and contrast essay that discusses the similarities and differences between the two religions. The essay notes that both Buddhism and Christianity have the Golden Rule in Simplicity as key tenets, but differs in the number of deities they believe in. Christians believe in one God while Buddhists believe in many gods.

Buddhism vs. Christianity is a compare and contrast essay that discusses the similarities and differences between the two religions. The essay notes that both Buddhism and Christianity have the Golden Rule in Simplicity as key tenets, but differs in the number of deities they believe in. Christians believe in one God while Buddhists believe in many gods.

Christianity vs. Buddhism Essay Background The concept of Buddhism evolved around 563 BCE. It is a philosophy of life based on the teachings of Lord Gautama Buddha. On the other hand, Christianity is based on the life and teachings of Jesus Christ. Christianity stems from Judaism, as it is a form of Abrahamic religion that is monotheistic and believes in Jesus Christ as the Son of God. Buddhism is an offshoot of Hinduism and a form of Dharmic religion. It is polytheistic and does not believe in the existence of a Supreme Creator. The expansion of the two forms of religions saw them gain membership in far of places from their origin. Buddhism expanded moving towards the Far East as Christianity headed towards the West (Tsai, Miao & Seppala, 2007). Similarities The Golden rule Buddhism and Christian faithful believe in the golden rule. Lord Gautama Buddha, the founder of Buddhism based his moral principles on the golden rule. His main apprehension was making sure that the welfare of people was taken care of as he encouraged his followers to practice the same virtues (Lomax, 1996). Similarly, Jesus Christ’s life involved being approachable as He concentrated on attending to the needs of human beings that included healing the sick, feeding the hungry, and forgiving the sinners among many more actions. These ethics were based on the principle of the golden rule. Simplicity Lord Buddha emphasized on people acquiring knowledge to help them attain self-liberation. He rejected extreme asceticism throughout his teachings. These were the same ideologies taught by Jesus Christ. He is said to have advised his followers to share wealth with the poor. On the other hand, Christianity and Buddhism religions have worshipping practices that are similar such as ringing of bells, use of incense, rosary, monasticism, meditation, erection of towers, and prayers. The use of statues is common in Buddhism while the Catholics and Orthodox are the frequent users of statues in Christianity. However, they are not used by Protestants even though whenever they are used in Christianity, they guide prayers and meditation (Nelsen, Guth & Fraser, 2001). Love and Empathy Love is the most emphasized doctrine in Buddhism. Buddhism demands that all those who subscribe to it must love humanity irrespective of whether the followers are friends or enemies with others. Similarly, Christianity upholds love as Jesus Christ instructed his followers to love their neighbors in the same measure that they love themselves. In his definition of a neighbor, He included both friends and foes. Differences The Supreme Creator Christianity teaches that there is only one God and Jesus is His Son. He is also the savior of humanity. They are both loving and approachable. On the contrary, initial Buddhist doctrines do not show any Godly records. It also pursues the concept that people have to work for their personal salvation (Lomax, 1996). This means that salvation is not dependent of any other person. This is the opposite of Christianity as Jesus gives salvation freely to those who genuinely follow him. Though both religions believe in eternal life, Buddhism pegs it on karma of a person’s present life. To Christians, a benefit comes with salvation. The concept of creation of the world is not in Buddhism whereas Christianity holds that God created the world by his word. Finally, Buddhists use canons from Buddha while Christians use the Bible. Religion Religion is an unexplained manifestation of supremacy and the existence of what is experienced as being ancient, transformative, and in the process inspires fear and engrossed awareness. References Lomax, E. (1996). The Railway Man . New York: Vintage publishers Nelsen, B., Guth, J. & Fraser, C. (2001). Does Religion Matter? Christianity and Public Support for the European Union. European Union Politics , 2(2), 191-217. Tsai, J., Miao, F. & Seppala, E. (2007). Good Feelings in Christianity and Buddhism: Religious Differences in Ideal Affect. Perspectives of Social Psychology bulletin , 33(1), 409-421.

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Create the inputted essay that provided the following summary: The perception of American religion is changing with the entry of mega churches in the religious scene. Mega churches receive considerable attention from their leaders and attendees. In addition, political parties and media reporters are often talking about mega churches. The biggest church in the United States is the Lakewood Church in Houston, Texas, and usually has a total attendance of forty three thousand and five hundred followers.

The perception of American religion is changing with the entry of mega churches in the religious scene. Mega churches receive considerable attention from their leaders and attendees. In addition, political parties and media reporters are often talking about mega churches. The biggest church in the United States is the Lakewood Church in Houston, Texas, and usually has a total attendance of forty three thousand and five hundred followers.

Churches Are Going Mega While Small Churches Are Dying Out Research Paper Table of Contents 1. Introduction 2. Mega churches 3. Conclusion 4. Bibliography 5. Footnotes Introduction The perception of American religion is changing with the entry of mega churches in the religious scene. Mega churches receive considerable attention from their leaders and attendees. Interestingly, leaders and members of smaller churches, denominational officials, church consultants, and seminary faculties pay great attention to mega churches. In addition, political parties and media reporters are often talking about mega churches. The biggest church in the United States is the Lakewood Church in Houston, Texas, and usually has a total attendance of forty three thousand and five hundred followers. The United States has the largest number of small churches, which too play a major role in the religious landscape of the US. 1 Due to the huge potential the small churches have in community building, they often grow into large churches once they have good internal leadership and surpass their resource limitations. This paper will focus on the growth of churches into mega churches and the decline in the number of small churches. Mega churches Mega churches are Protestant churches with at least two thousand attendees. Most of the mega churches are located in the suburban areas of the fast growing cities in the United States such as Houston, Atlanta, Orlando, Los Angeles, Phoenix, and Dallas. The majority of attendees in mega churches are the younger adults and most of them have attended a small local church. Research has shown that, most of the young adults that attend the mega churches are around forty-five years of age, and most of them are college graduates. 2 The young adults around this age attend the mega churches because they have young children and the mega churches offer more programs and many opportunities for their children. In addition, the young adults at the age of forty-five have an interest in being connect and the mega churches gives them a good opportunity to know more people. The mega churches have strong believes, a well-stated mission and purpose and have high expectation for scriptural study, prayer, and contribution. With the level of commitment and zeal, which the leaders of mega churches have, these churches ought to be the future churches that every Protestant will want to attend. This had made mega churches to attract persons who are in need of a new experience of worship that entails large scale, high technology, and professional praise and worship 3 . The central activity in mega churches is worship and most of the Protestants view this experience as inspirational. 4 Most of the mega churches have introduced contemporary music using guitar and other instruments and in most cases accompanied by elaborate visual presentation. These innovations have led to the growth of churches membership. The small churches tend to be conservative and stick to their traditional mode of worship; hence, most of their members are the young adults because they long for new styles of worship. In the United States, Joel Osteen draws the largest congregation of around thirty thousand attendees on a weekly basis. During the weekly worship, life praise and worship bands lead the worship song. In addition, the mega churches seek to offer detailed visual presentation all the attendees. This makes the church livelier hence encouraging more membership. The mega church also offers three services to accommodate the large membership. Small churches are not in a position to achieve this due to the high expenses involved. Most of the Protestants are encouraged to join the mega churches because they will be involved in the churches’ educational programs, fellowship groups, and community services. Most of the Protestants, who join these mega churches, come from the small churches, which ultimately force the small churches terminate their services. Seemingly, four types of mega churches motivate the Protestants to move in to them. While many mega churches focus on teaching, some focus on evangelizing to Protestants, who are not in church, others are prosperity of the gospel churches that focus on creating wealth and ensuring good health for their congregation and those that are youth oriented and emphasize on popular culture. The mega churches play a major role in the missionary work. This has enabled their membership to grow because their doctrines are spread easily among Christians. Mega churches support most of the long-term missionaries serving outside the United States. This has been possible due to their financial status. This has encouraged most of the youth to have and interest in joining the mega churches to serve as missionaries. The small churches lack the capacity to sponsor their members to participate in missionary activities. This has contributed to most of the younger adults who want to serve as missionaries to move to mega churches to have that opportunity. Most of the mega churches have full-time ministerial staffs who are devoted to missions. This has greatly contributed to mega churches being proactive in social-organization of missions. 5 Mega churches also grow through the word of mouth, with the congregation reaching out to their neighbors. This makes Protestants in small churches join the mega churches. In future mega churches will dominate because of the financial resources they have and social power. Mega churches are making the effort to attract members of different racial and ethic groups. Mega churches welcome diversity and middle class people around the church. This had made evangelical Christians to leave small and medium sized churches located in the downtown area the mega churches that are non-denominational, large and embrace professional worship. This has made the mega churches convince evangelical Christians to join them to have the new experience of worship. The mega churches have also come up with music from their choirs, have t-shirts written the church doctrines, and their leaders have written books that preach the church doctrines. This has made the congregation of the mega churches to belief the leadership of the church. It also encourages those who attend the churches to become committed to the teaching to the mega churches. 6 Mega churches in the United States are growing at a rapid rate with the recent development being the introduction of satellite campuses of the mother church. This has influenced the way evangelistic Christians view the church and the lead pastor. Research shows that attendance in mega churches is so high as compared to small and medium-sized Protestant churches. This implies that most of the Protestants prefer to attend the large churches than the small church. Despite of the rise in the number of mega churches, the small churches might not die completely. 7 Small churches have a major role to play. Small churches give its members an opportunity for spiritual development, community caring and social engagement. They also give their pastors a better chance to develop spiritual leadership and mentor them to be good pastors, as compared to mega churches. For pastors who want a well-rounded ministry, small churches offer an ideal place for that opportunity. 8 Churchgoers are not comfortable with church symbols such as crosses, stained glass windows of some churches, something that mega churches have not adopted in their churches. This has attracted more Christian into mega churches. Mega churches also pay more attention to the preferences of their congregation. Due to the rapid growth of mega churches, the evangelical Christians have been forced to adapt to capitalism as a mode of spiritual development. The mega churches are consumer friendly and have knowledge about media. Attendee of mega churches are offered several options choices in ministry. Mega churches have high tech entertainment and other activities. This has attracted most of the young adults in mega churches. Most of the recent college graduates are too busy and if the church service is boring, they will not be willing to attend that church again. Small churches have not become accustomed with the entertainment idea and new styles of praise and worship and this had driven away the young adult from such churches. Due to theolographic limitation and some demographic factors, small churches have not being in capacity to draw many evangelical Christian. The demographic drawback, faced by small churches, is that, they only attract Christians with low household income, as compared to mega churches that attract the middle class young adults. This has led to small churches remaining small while large churches grow bigger. People dominating the population of the United States are at the age of twenty- and thirty-something. 9 The mega churches will be the future format of worship, because they have adopted new technology in ministering their work, by using Web-based media to transfer their messages. Use of the internet is cost effective for the mega church. This has enabled mega churches to broadcast their teaching globally. In addition, almost all the mega churches have their services aired through, either radio or TV, though this practice is costly. This has improved Protestants commitment to their teaching and the way of worship. Conclusion In the last ten years, churches tend to grow larger. This implies that in the future, mega churches will dominate. The big-screen and modern worship service, adopted by mega churches, is in close relation with modern lives of Americans, as compared to small churches, which are still using the traditional church service with slow- moving worship and old hymns. With the young adults forming the majority of the population, the small churches have no future in the American religion. The future of the church is with the young adults who are now oriented toward the mega churches. Bibliography Battista, Andrew.” After the Garden is Gone: Megachurches, Pastoral, and Theologies of Consumption.” DisClosure 19 (2010): 83-94. Dart, John. “The Trend Towards Bigger Churches; Going Mega.” Christian Century, 2010: 22-27. Dodgshon, Robert. The Age of the Clans: The Highlands from Somerland to the Clearances. Edinburg: Birlinn, 2002. Ellingson, Stephen. The Megachurch and the Mainline: Remaking Religious Tradition in The Twenty-First Century (Chicago: The University of Chicago Press, 2007), 321. Priest Robert, Douglas Wilson, and Adelle Johnson. “U.S Megachurch and New Patterns of Global Mission.” International Bulletin of Missionary Research 34, no. 2 (2010): 97-104. The Christian Century. “Megachurches a draw fro those under 45.” Christ Century 126, no. 14 (2009):17-18. Thumma, Scott, and Travis Dave. Beyond the Megachurch Myths: What we can learn from America’s Largest Churches. San Francisco, CA: Jossey-Bass, 2007 Tischler, Henry. Introduction to Sociology. Belmont, CA: Cengage Learning, 2010. Tucker, Ruth. Left Behind in a Megachurch World:How God work throuhg ordinary churches. Grand Rapids: Baker, 2006. Footnotes 1 Scott Thumma and Travis Dave, Beyond the Megachurch Myths: What we can learn from America’s Largest Churches (San Francisco, CA: Jossey-Bass, 2007), 8. 2 The Christian Century, “Megachurches a draw for those under 45” Christ Century 126, no. 14 (2009): 17. 3 Robert Dodgshon, The Age of the Clans: The Highlands from Somerland to the Clearances, (Edinburg: Birlinn, 2002), 69. 4 Henry Tischler, Introduction to Sociology, (Belmont: Cengage Learning, 2010), 312. 5 Robert Priest, Douglas Wilson, and Adelle Johnson, “U.S Megachurch and New Patterns of Global Mission,” International Bulletin of Missionary Research 34, no. 2 (2010): 98. 6 Andrew Battista, “After the Garden is Gone: Megachurches, Pastoral, and Theologies of Consumption,” DisClosure 19 (2010): 84. 7 John Dart,”The Trend Towards Bigger Churches; Going Mega,” Christian Century , 2010: 22. 8 Ruth Tucker, Left Behind in a Megachurch World:How God work throuhg ordinary churches (Grand Rapids: Baker, 2006), 99. 9 Stephen Ellingson, The Megachurch and the Mainline: Remaking Religious Tradition in the Twenty-First Century (Chicago: The University of Chicago Press, 2007), 321.

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Revert the following summary back into the original essay: The essay chronicles the development of civil rights initiatives in the United States over the course of the 20th century.During the 20th century, there were numerous federal legislations for purposes of improving the quality of lives of the people. Insufficient civil rights laws had played a pivotal position in the obstruction of the federal government.In order to attain racial impartiality, it would be achieved through armless protests and breaking of the pattern of racial segregation that was in the south.

The essay chronicles the development of civil rights initiatives in the United States over the course of the 20th century. During the 20th century, there were numerous federal legislations for purposes of improving the quality of lives of the people. Insufficient civil rights laws had played a pivotal position in the obstruction of the federal government. In order to attain racial impartiality, it would be achieved through armless protests and breaking of the pattern of racial segregation that was in the south.

Civil Rights Initiatives, Their Chronology and Impacts Research Paper Introduction During the 20 th century, there have been numerous federal legislations for purposes of improving the quality of lives of the people. Insufficient civil rights laws had played a pivotal position in the obstruction of the federal government. The protection of the people’s democratic institutions and the enjoyment of people’s rights and the constitution required development and improvement of the feeble and insufficient laws. The United States had been in war against a world’s racist known as Adolf Hitler. There was also a rumbling racial war on the return of black American veterans perceived to be unshackled (Gardner, 2002). Consequently, in order to attain racial impartiality, it would be achieved through armless protests and breaking of the pattern of racial segregation that was in the south. In addition, there was the equal rights legislation for blacks. For instance, the Supreme Court made a decision that enabled the black Americans and the white followers to stop the deep-rooted segregation practices. Civil Rights initiatives of the 20 th century They included the Truman and the California civil rights initiatives. The Truman’s initiative was a campaign for then civil rights formed by President Henry Truman (Conrad, 2005). Truman formed a committee that produced a report on civil rights The California civil rights initiative ended the affirmative action for women, and the marginalized groups in California. Following the rumbling racial segregation, several civil rights came into place. Chronology of civil rights during the 20 th century First in 1910, there was creation of a national association. The association was in the forefront to ensure that all people received equal treatment thus the enhancement of equality. Consequently, there was a revolution in Mexico thus the influx of immigrants looking for work in US. Secondly, there was the 1920 constitutional amendment, which permitted women to vote. This enhanced the empowerment of women thus gender equal opportunity among the gender. In 1941, an executive order, which banned unfairness against all the marginalized groups, was issued. This order enabled the creation of rights for the minorities (Raiford, 2011). The minorities could now participate in the administrative practices. In 1966, there was formation of an organization aimed at enhancing equality within genders. In 1973, the congress passed an act for job rehabilitation. This act barred inequity against disabled people on the usage of funds. Additionally, the national conference held in Texas, necessitated the reforms. These reforms aimed at empowering women and providing them equivalent opportunity to men. Remarkably, in 1988 the Supreme Court approved the congress’s act, which provided for the restoration of the civil rights. This act overturned the Supreme Court’s declaration of 1984. The declaration had objected the federal government from using the existing remedy to fight against biased regulations to private organizations receiving government subvention. In 1990 president, Bush signed an act that was targeting the disabled Americans. The act banned discrimination in jobs against the disabled. The act also required enhanced access to businesses and transportation. Impacts of the civil rights on the current public policies The above initiatives have had a profound impact on race relations. In the recent past, there has been a positive adjustment regarding the perceptions of both African Americans and the whites. Importantly, the change was evident in the 2008 general elections where an African American won the elections. These civil rights initiatives have resulted to the racial preference policies in schools. The original objective is that having preference for black Americans would help remedy the past chronological injustices. Schools have also included other rationalizations such as omitting the insignificant representation of the marginalized groups. Effects of the civil rights initiatives on future public policies In future, the initiatives of the civil rights will increase the capacity and power of the government by informing the people and organizations on the most appropriate thing to undertake in controlling it. In addition, through this initiative the government shall increase its activities of protecting people’s rights thus enhanced checks on government by beneficiaries from the protections (Raiford, 2011). Secondly, the civil rights initiatives advocate for equality the basic system of democracy. Therefore, equality and individual autonomy would cause conflict in democracy. This would result when the majority wishes to repute judgments that fail to favor them. However the marginalized would also benefit even without their vote. Conclusion The California Civil Rights Initiative has transformed into a law. The government agencies may not demonstrate favoritism, or award privileged treatment based on race, gender, background, and national basis in public service, education, and contracting. As well, the initiative has a striking impact within its scale of operation; however, this capacity covers only a restricted area of government action. The California Civil Rights Initiatives outlaws discrimination and inclinations based on the aspects of inclination, favoritism, and impartiality. Consequently, the current public policies, forms their foundation on the civil rights initiatives. Accordingly, there is equivalent access to the public services and utilities in the administration of public resources. Discrimination based on gender and other aspects has also reduced to insignificant percentages. Concisely, the government should emphasize the efforts of the initiatives for the realization of proper policies. References Conrad, C. (2005). African Americans in the US economy . Oxford, UK: Rowman and Littlefield Publishers, Inc. Gardner, R. (2002 ). Harry Truman and civil rights: moral courage and political risks . Carbondale, IL: Southern Illinois University Press. Raiford, L. (2011). The civil rights movement in American memory . Caledonia, CN: The University of Georgia Press.

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Provide a essay that could have been the input for the following summary: Classical conditioning is a learning process through which a conditioned stimulus is linkable to a different conditioned stimulus that correlate to another unconditioned stimulus to causes the reaction. In this case, the initiating conditioned stimulus should not have produced a previous reaction. The result is a response produced by the unconditioned stimulus but elicited by a conditioned stimulus.

Classical conditioning is a learning process through which a conditioned stimulus is linkable to a different conditioned stimulus that correlate to another unconditioned stimulus to causes the reaction. In this case, the initiating conditioned stimulus should not have produced a previous reaction. The result is a response produced by the unconditioned stimulus but elicited by a conditioned stimulus.

Classical Conditioning: Prediction of Unconditional Stimulus Research Paper Definition Classical conditioning is a stimulus that causes a response or a condition since it is an antecedent to a reaction such as reflex action or response through an involuntary action. According to Hock, the reflex is an innate occurrence happening because of an environmental stimulus (2002). For instance, when dust gets into the eye, the animal or human being reacts by blinking instantly. This reaction has no link to the conscious control or voluntary measures. As an important concept of psychology, classical conditioning is thus a learning process through which a conditioned stimulus is linkable to a different conditioned stimulus that correlate to another unconditioned stimulus to causes the reaction. In this case, the initiating conditioned stimulus should not have produced a previous reaction. “The result is a response produced by the unconditioned stimulus but elicited by a conditioned stimulus” (Hock, 2002). As a learning process, the concept also explains various observable facts. A clear example of a classical conditioning is when one is on a date with someone special and the food or drinks seem very pleasing. The urge to hold a similar date in future with the same person may be catalyzed by various factors. First is the admirable nature of this person, the good food or the fancy restaurant. The liking can also be a partial sign that the consideration is due to classical conditioning. The food is the unconditioned stimulus due to natural pleasurable taste and need for a later date, while the conditioned stimulus is the pleasant feeling from the accompanying person. If the date is repeated a couple of times, it becomes pleasurable regardless of the food and a nice place, since the friend triggers the goodness and thus caters for the stimulus provided by food. The technique of classical conditioning is thus used in training behaviour where one can combine a natural stimulus linked to a response. Previous stimuli can also evoke fresh responses and other natural stimuli, thus the reference to conditioned stimulus or response. Factors Affecting Classical Conditioning Acquisition Acquisition is a stage of learning that involves establishment and gradual strengthening of a response. The acquisition of a response lack gradual reinforcement that makes the behaviour to fade away systematically. Timing A conditioned response can easily decrease and eventually disappear especially when there are no other unconditioned stimuli for appropriate pairing of the conditioned response (Hock, 2002). Classical conditioning however lacks good definition of timing. Well-known conditioned procedures have huge influences in determining the reliability of conditioned stimulus, which in turn generates the conditioned responses. The conditioning would however be more successful if there was good relative timing of conditioned stimulus as well as the unconditioned stimulus. Measuring Various effects on variation of conditional procedures can have an objective measure. The lack of an objective way of measuring strengths of classical conditioning makes the procedure inaccurate and less traditional. Painful stimulations cause instant reflexes of procedural behaviours. The relationship between neutral conditional stimuli and the painful unconditional stimuli therefore requires a measure of a reduced behaviour, when conditional stimulus is present as opposed to when it is absent. A good example of the measure would be determining the reduction of a behaviour (suppression of a conditional reaction), when responding to a reduced conditional stimulus. Predictability The success and strength of classical conditioning depends on ability to determine the extent to which conditional stimulus predicts unconditional stimulus. Predictability requires that the correspondence between occurrences of the two stimuli vary, while ensuring steadiness of the number of times the subject matter becomes exposed to the relationship. Conclusion There is a wide chance of learning about the environment, which highly depends on learning the way animals respond to stimuli. The prediction of unconditional stimulus by conditional stimulus is thus the basis for developing stronger models of learning classical conditioning to deeper levels. Reference Hock, R.R. (2002). Forty studies that changed psychology: Explorations into the history of psychological research. (4th ed.). New Jersey: Pearson Education. Web.

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Provide the full text for the following summary: The essay discusses the importance of understanding classroom behavior in order to effectively manage it. The teacher also highlights the need for exploring factors that cause misconduct as well as techniques that can be used in handling such behaviors.

The essay discusses the importance of understanding classroom behavior in order to effectively manage it. The teacher also highlights the need for exploring factors that cause misconduct as well as techniques that can be used in handling such behaviors.

Classroom Behavior and Culturally Diverse Essay Issues related to classroom behavior encourage a kindergarten teacher to explore factors that cause misconduct as well as techniques that can be utilized in handling such behaviors. Furthermore, the teacher seeks to identify some techniques for solving these problems before they escalate to something complex. Educational scholars note that instructors are not well prepared to handle culturally diverse actions. Research shows that teachers can eliminate class disruptions by solving behavioral issues fully. Moreover, analysts posit that teachers need to create an environment that enables students to learn comfortably. This is achieved through reflecting on instructional practices, interacting with students and most importantly, responding to the behavior of students in an appropriate way. It is established through experience and research that youngsters feel involved in class activities when their opinions and suggestions are accepted. Therefore, children are to be encouraged to voice their opinions and thoughts during lessons. This is made possible by modifying their wrong answers from students into something reasonable. A teacher rejects a student’s answer indirectly that is, by claiming that it was not what was required. Through this technique, each student attempts to answer a question thus minimizing disruption in class. As indicated in the comprehensive classroom management manuscript, whatever a teacher selects as a classroom management skill or technique must side with his/her own personality and preference (Jones, & Jones, 2007). This concept is encouraging although it does not apply uniformly to both American and Japanese teaching system. Although the goals are similar, the overall outcomes are different. American system focuses on cognitive and academic performance while the Japanese system centers on encircling competences that create overall personality of students. This could comprise of student’s physical, moral, social and aesthetic development (Jones, & Jones, 2007). Teachers utilize behavioral approach frequently in managing classroom issues. With the help of positive behavior support provided in the manuscript, the teacher attempts to help students monitor their behavior. The teacher further encourages students to develop new behaviors by giving them relevant instructions and equipping them with problem solving skills (Jones, & Jones, 2007). The teacher should engage students in conversations and remind them that they have to make sound choices both at home and school. The teacher specifically reminds students to complete their homework on time, hand in assignments immediately, follow school rules and interact with others peacefully. The teacher should conduct further research to learn more about student behavior. Scholars postulate that rewarding desired behaviors and punishing inappropriate ones lead to achievement of desired goals. The teacher reveals to students the kinds of punishments and rewards available for them. Students behaving well are rewarded with things such as treasure chest, extra free centers and run errands. This encourages the naughty ones to reform. Although the technique is 90% efficient, much needs to be done to improve student’s social behavior. Individualized support should be provided in order to assist poorly performing students improve on their behavior. To realize individualized assistance, a partnership should be established between the school and the community (Jones, & Jones, 2007). Surprisingly, the technique formulated by the teacher is concomitant to the tenets of behavioral approach. This was confirmed after the teacher had finished marking classroom management self-inventory sheet. It is true that reward system goes hand in hand with the provisions of Comprehensive Classroom management manuscript. The technique is the most effective in dealing with children from diverse cultural backgrounds. The technique was experimented with children from the military settings, low-income backgrounds and single parent family. This shows that the technique does not discriminate children based on either social status or ethnic background. Some students come to class hungry, with low self-esteem. Others have bad moods because their parents exercise militaristic rules. Children in such families have no independence because their parents decide for them what to do. Some students are breadwinners of their families meaning that they take care of themselves and may be their siblings. Therefore, school environment must promote egalitarianism and independent learning. Supporters of behaviorism approach advocate for adoption of reward system in solving classroom issues. Good behaviors are appreciated while bad ones are punished. Even though sanctions vary, they must be helpful to students. For instance, a teacher instills mannerism by offering favors to the most loyal student, such as allowing the student to check the teacher’s mailbox and running an errand. The quiet student is given an opportunity to use the library after lessons. The success of teaching methods depends on the student’s stimulus and response. Each student should therefore be encouraged to make efforts to change his/her behaviors. Benefits of behaving in an orderly manner should be explained to students and if possible, with illustrations. Behavior change is a complex process that should incorporate the whole society. Behaving decently both at home and school strengthens student’s academic performance. In other words, both teachers and parents have a role to play in shaping student’s behavior. However, teachers are in a better position because they have authority. Reference Jones, V., & Jones, L, (2007). Comprehensive classroom management: Creating communities of support and solving problems (8th ed.). Boston, MA: Allyn & Bacon.

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Write the original essay that generated the following summary: Climate change is now widely regarded as the biggest challenge facing the human race. Increased frequent droughts, melting glaciers, rising temperatures, and flooding, is enough evidence that the challenge of climate change to human kind is now a reality.

Climate change is now widely regarded as the biggest challenge facing the human race. Increased frequent droughts, melting glaciers, rising temperatures, and flooding, is enough evidence that the challenge of climate change to human kind is now a reality.

The Economic Cost of Climate Change Effects Essay Table of Contents 1. Introduction 2. Is climate change the most serious threat facing humankind? 3. Conclusion 4. Reference List Introduction Climate change refers to a lasting and significant change in the statistical distribution of weather patterns. This can occur over a long period of time, from decades to millions of years (Parry 2007). Although climate change may affect a specific region, on the other hand, it can also affect the entire globe. Because the general definition of climate change involves changes in the statistical components of a climate system without taking into account the causes of such changes, changes in climate over a short period of time (such as several decades, like in the case of El Nino) does not constitute climate change. The complex interconnection between water resources, climate, socio-economic and biophysical systems means that anytime one of these components encounters a change, it affects the other elements (Pongiglione 2011). There is enough compelling evidence in literature to support the claim that climate change is a real threat to the very survival of human race. Accordingly, the current essay endeavors to answer the question, is climate change the most serious threat facing humankind? In this regard, the essay shall attempt to examine the economic cost associated with the effects of climate change, and the deaths attributed to this phenomenon. Is climate change the most serious threat facing humankind? Climate change is now widely regarded as the biggest challenge facing the human race. Increased frequent droughts, melting glaciers, rising temperatures, and flooding, is enough evidence that the challenge of climate change to human kind is now a reality (Dykstra 2006). Future generations are faced with colossal risks thanks to climate change and for this reason, there is need to ensure that we take urgent action to contain climate change. A lot of resources have been directed towards the running of programs meant to create awareness about the effects of climate change so that people may change their behavior and adapt methods that will result in sustainable management of natural resources. This is aimed at slowing down the impact of climate change (Dykstra 2006). However, besides climate change, we are likely to be faced other major environmental threats in the years ahead. Other than contributing to the global environmental change, climate change is also regarded as a key component of the intertwined and complex ecosystem. As such, a number of key environmental problems and strong inter- linkages between climate changes will be the main issues facing the next generation. We also need to remember that climate change has had a significant influence on biodiversity and consequently, the loss in biodiversity, thereby impacting greatly on climate change. Changes in droughts, rainfall patterns and droughts all combine to cause land degradation such as desertification, soil erosion, and deteriorating soil quality. Once land has been degraded, it tends to release more greenhouse gases and carbon into the atmosphere. This effectively kills the biodiversity. The released gases may sequester carbon and as a result, a feedback loop ensues, thereby intensifying climate change (International Daily Newswire 2006). Climate change may also exacerbate water degradation because it destabilizes ground water tables. Going by the recent scientific evidence, there is more cause for alarm about the impact of climate change on humans than we may suspect. For example, some of the effects of climate change borders on the issues of security agenda: famine, disease, and flooding. This results in unprecedented migrations in areas that are already experiencing high tension. In addition, climate change can result in crop-failure and drought, resulting in enhanced competition for water, energy, and food in regions already grappling with limited resources (Dykstra 2006). Also, such regions are likely to experience economic disruptions on a large-scale. The issue of climate change is not just a threat to national security, but to the global security as well since the world is becoming increasingly interdependent and fragile. What this means is that the effects of climate change on region are felt in another region. In the absence of a stable climate, it would be very hard for a country to fight poverty. The Euro barometer pool that was conducted in June 2011 shows that Europeans are convinced that climate change posses a greater danger to humankind that the current global financial crisis (Pongiglione 2011). According to this poll, climate change was ranked as the second greatest threat to the globe and humankind, after poverty. 89 percent of those participants who responded to the survey viewed climate change as a “serious” problem. The seriousness of climate change cannot be underestimated bearing in mind that nobody can claim immunity to its effects. The effects of climate change and climate variability on natural systems and human beings pose grave danger to our intentions to achieve sustainable development and reduce poverty. For this reason, various participants from different countries are called upon to cooperate in ensuring that they reduce the impact of climate change. In recent years, we have experienced a lot of severe weather conditions and natural disasters, and this has disrupted economic activities in the developing and the developed countries and in the process, touched on the lives of millions of people (Pongiglione 2011). A case in point is the Indian Ocean tsunami that greatly affected the Southeast Asia region. Other examples are the droughts and floods of unimaginable magnitude that have affected different parts of the globe. There is also the issue of the increased intensity of earthquakes in India and Pakistani, as well as the various hurricanes in the Caribbean and North Atlantic regions. What this appears to suggest is that all of us are faced with various risks owing to climate change. As a result of the recent climate change, extreme heat waves have increased by between two and four times the normal ranges. In addition, climate change has increased the intensity and frequency of extreme weather, resulting in an upswing in damages. For example, the natural catastrophes of 2005 are believed to have caused damages to property to the tune of USD 220 billion (Natural Resource Defense Council 2011). Besides property damage, we also need to take into account losses in income of those affected. For example, following the aftermath of Hurricane Katrina in 2005, the Louisiana State in the United States lost the equivalent of 15 % of its income in the months that followed the tragedy. Every country in the world has to bear the price of global warming. According to new research findings on the United States, in case the country continues with the current trends, the cumulative cost of climate change shall be 3 times higher than its Gross Domestic Product (GDP). In this case, real estate losses, energy cost, Hurricane damage and water costs alone will account for 1.8 percent of the country’s GDP by 2100 (Natural Resource Defense Council 2011). What these statistics appear to suggest is that climate change is a real threat to the human race, more than even biological hazards. This is because in the case of biological hazards, they are more likely to affect a specific region, and not the entire globe. However, climate change affects the entire globe. For example, illegal logging of the forest cover in one region will have an effect in another region that depends on this natural resource. Already, the World Health Organisation (WHO) estimates that the effects of climate change results in 150,000 deaths annually. On the other hand, biological hazards are thought to result in 320,000 deaths each year, on a global scale (Safe Work Australia 2011). This is twice the number of annual deaths attributed to climate change. What this appears to suggest is that biological hazards represents a high threat to humankind, although their likelihood of occurrence is quite low. Changes in rainfall and temperature conditions can also influence the patterns of transmission of vector-borne infections and water-borne diseases, including malaria (WHO 2011). Besides causing death, climate change also affect weather patterns. Poor weather patterns cause low food production, resulting in increased cases of malnutrition. Moreover, evidence also shows that if greenhouse gas emissions go unmitigated, they are likely to increase the disease burden in the years to come. In the coming decades, the economic costs of dealing with the effects of climate change will run into billions of dollars and those areas experiencing higher rates of climate change will have a hard time adapting to these conditions (Muller 2008). According to estimates by the United Nations Development Programme, by 2015, we shall require an extra USD 86 billion every year to deal with the effects of climate change (UNDP 2008). Conclusion Climate change has been regarded as the greatest threat facing human kind today. This is because the effects of global climate change threaten the very survival of not just the current human race, but the future generations as well. Besides contributing to an estimated 150,000 deaths annually, climate change is also associated with a loss in biodiversity, land degradation, soil erosion, and deteriorating soil quality. This translates into increased cases of poverty and famine among the global populace. A lot of attention and resources have been set aside to alleviate the effects of climate change because the various governments and the scientific world have recognized that without doing this, our future looks bleak. Reference List Dykstra, J. (2006) Is Climate Change the Greatest Modern Threat Facing Humankind . Web. International Daily Newswire. (2006) Climate heating most serious threat facing Humanity . Web. Natural Resource Defense Council. (2011) The cost of climate change. What we’ll pay if global warming continues unchecked . Web. Parry, E. J. ( 2007) The greatest threat to global security: climate change is not merely an environmental problem . Web. Pongiglione, F. (2011) Climate change and individual decision making: an examination of knowledge, risk perception, self-interest and their interplay . Web. Safe Work Australia. (2011) Biological hazards in Australian Workplaces . Web. UNDP. (2008) Human development report 2007/2008. Fighting climate change: human solidarity in a divided world . Web. WHO. (2011) Climate change . Web.

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Write the full essay for the following summary: Closed Circuit Systems Ltd is committed to empowering its clients with technology to provide security solutions to their organizations and business premises. The company has vast years of experience and operation and has become a household name in regards of provision of closed circuit television remote monitoring (CCTV).

Closed Circuit Systems Ltd is committed to empowering its clients with technology to provide security solutions to their organizations and business premises. The company has vast years of experience and operation and has become a household name in regards of provision of closed circuit television remote monitoring (CCTV).

Closed Circuit Systems Ltd Essay Introduction Closed Circuit Systems Ltd is committed to empowering its clients with technology to provide security solutions to their organizations and business premises. Our organization is among the leading providers of technology based security to organizations in business across different fields of operation. Our company has vast years of experience and operation and has become a household name in regards of provision of closed circuit television remote monitoring (CCTV). Our history and reputation is wholly pegged on the successes the company has enjoyed in its seventy years of existence for delivering to its clients as its mandate states “empowering its clients with technology to provide security solutions to their organizations and business premises”(Collins 2009). The provision of all services offered by Closed Circuit Systems Ltd through its staff requires awareness, sensitivity and understanding of the basic principles of equal opportunities and equality in order to develop an understanding of the effects of prejudice and discrimination and denial of equal opportunities to all persons. With this in mind the company seeks to retain the best of professionals amongst its ranks (Collins 2009). Mission statement Closed Circuit Systems Ltd is committed to empowering its clients with technology to provide security solutions to their organizations and business premises through the use of modern advanced technology. To provide integrated security surveillance today for a better and safer tomorrow. Closed Circuit Systems Ltd’s solutions to client need to be tailor-made to ensure that each and every client’s needs are addressed and solutions unique to their particular needs are formulated. Policy Closed Circuit Systems Ltd has adopted the following policies and codes of practice because it approves of the fact that service provision rests not in good intentions but rather in actual actions (service delivery). The company will ensure that no service user, client, employee, or job applicant and so forth are favored any less than others. This action will ensure that everyone gets equal treatment or services regardless of the basis of “sex, race, age, ethnicity, tribal background, social status, disability, marital status or religious belief or is disadvantaged by circumstances or qualifications that are not substantial or justifiable” (Collins 2009). Closed Circuit Systems Ltd is committed to conduct its business in accordance to all laws that may apply to its position. Each and every employee is expected to be informed of the code of ethics that the company is based on and should meet its requirements in doing their duties. Queries pertaining its interpretation about the members of staff and officers should be brought to that individual’s superior or mayor for interpretation of this regulation, and “subjected to any collective bargaining agreement; any action concerning contravention of this regulation concerning officers and members of staff shall be ruled by the firm’s board of directors” (Schwartz, 2009). Our policies are reviewed at each management review Guiding principles (code of practice) The following are the responsibilities of all our staff: * To ensure the equality of opportunity for all * To report to managers any apparent breach of policy to co-operate in measures introduced by the management * To undertake available training as per company requirements * To work within the law with honesty and integrity * Not to allow discrimination by them or others in matters such as decisions on work, reviews, recruitments section, training and reporting. * Not to subject anybody to behavior, whether thoughtless or malicious, which offends, insults, hurts or puts them at a disadvantage through discriminatory behavior * Will adhere to the company’s confidentiality policy * Will openly provide relevant information to authorized persons when required * Will agree to acceptable strategies for dealing with certain events and ensure continued good practice * Will attend staff meetings regularly * Will protect the welfare of the government and staff alike Confidentiality policy The company will utilize the guidance on consent and confidentiality as outlined above. This states that, any personal information about individuals in the company’s database is subject to legal duty of confidence and will not normally be disclosed without the consent of the subject, your organization and the government other than as directed by law. Closed Circuit Systems Ltd will ensure that the policies regarding sharing of personal information will be available to your organization and the government only. The company will operate a clean desk policy given that, client information or files are not left out when not in use and will be locked away and secured in a filing cabinet by the senior officer on duty. All staff will be required to sign a policy compliance form in accordance with this (Collins 2009). In obtaining consent to seek information from other parties or for the company to disclose information about certain individuals under the data protection Act the explanations required will include: * clarity about the purpose of approaching the company, * what information will be sought or shared * details of individual seeking information * reasons for disclosure of any information * what is hoped to be achieved * consent and approval from the relevant authorities concerning the above In all cases, no information should be shared without express authorization from the government (Schwartz, 2009). Purpose of the code This code of ethics main purpose is to create a crime free environment at the work place by using the most modern technology available. Ensuring of maximum input in the business premises by the workforce through monitoring of employee performance, and performance training are also a major purpose of the code. In addition to this, the code will provide a means of successful execution of services and a success at prosecution through recordings in court (Henn 2009). Training and education Training will include induction; health and safety measures; camera systems; risk assessment; conflict management; safe systems at work; diversity training; customer relation service; radio procedure; use of radio systems; emergency procedures; when to notify the authorities; equal opportunities; fault identification and repair; investigation; evacuation handling; basic fire fighting report writing; data protection Act; court procedures; witnessing in court; information technology; and communication. The training and education will be carried out as per the company’s regulations and requirements and each employee is expected to be present as required (Henn 2009). Employees it covers The staff will each be appraised monthly and supervised in carrying out of their duties. All employees of Closed Circuit Systems Ltd will be required to attend pre and post training brief meetings as required and set out in their employment contracts. The company will take on appraisal review meetings every six months and team meetings will be held monthly so as to increase the employee spirit. Management and stakeholders meetings will be duly arranged by the management of the company or appointees of the management to undertake the task (Henn, 2009). The company will make available practical guidelines and emergency procedures to the staff. This will be in form of a guide book and all members of staff are asked to always keep one at hand so that they are well versed in this requirements and safety measure. The company will ensure that it does all it can in its power to protect its staff from harm and violence. In addition to this, there will be implementation of lone working policies and procedures for staff (Stanwick & Stanwick 2009). How it will be implemented/ communicated Closed Circuit Systems Ltd seeks to communicate and implement this code of conduct/ethics through a creation of ethos in which clients, stakeholders, and employees can confidently make a representation or complaint knowing that it will be handled and dealt with promptly, fairly and utmost discretion (Schwartz, 2009). The company’s procedure of implementation will be formulated in an easy to understand way and made available to all that are in contact with the company both internally and externally. This will be available to all service users and clients in a format that is both accessible and appropriate (Henn, 2009). How it will be enforced and reported In case of any breach of the code, a complainant can use any of these means to voice their concerns to the relevant authorities as laid out either via email, in writing, telephone or face to face. The company will provide each complainant a copy of the company’s procedures and will offer any assistance, guidance or advice necessary. It is the company’s desire to resolve all issues as soon as possible (Schwartz, 2009). On receipt of a complaint a team of independent persons will be appointed to look into the complaint and the complainant should expect a response within twenty eight days of receipt of the complaint. Upon investigation, discussion and all relevant considerations, a response will then be issued to the complainant and all relevant actions will be taken. Should be the complainant be dissatisfied with the result, he/she will be advised of the appeal procedures. Any appeals will be handled by an independent party. This independent party will decide and make recommendations as they deem fit. These conclusions will then be recorded. The outcome will be communicated to the complainant in writing. Summary This code/document is in part an agreement between the employer (Closed Circuit Systems Ltd) and the employees on the conduct expected of the employees at the work premise. It stipulates the company’s requirements of the employees and also outlines the employee’s expectations of the company. The code outlines: the company’s mission statement –which is ‘ a commitment to empowering its clients with technology to provide security solutions to their organizations and business premises’; guiding principles; policy; confidentiality policy; the purpose of the code; how training and education will be conducted; the employees it covers… With the enactment of this document, it is believed that the moral standard of Closed Circuit Systems Ltd will be defined and regarded highly in its dealings with internal and external stakeholders; hence it expected to create rapport and respect among its business partners, and the business industry as a whole. Reference list Collins, D. (2009). Essentials of Business Ethics: Creating an Organization of High Integrity and Superior Performance . New York, NY: John Wiley and Sons. Henn, S.K. (2009). Business Ethics: A Case Study Approach . New York, NY: John Wiley and Sons. Schwartz, M. S. (2009). A Code of Ethics for Corporate Code of Ethics. Journal of Business Ethics, 41(1-2) , 27-43. Stanwick, P.A. & Stanwick, S.D. (2009). Understanding business ethics (1st ed.). Upper Saddle River, NJ: Prentice Hall,

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Write the original essay that provided the following summary when summarized: In this report, the author discusses the importance of network security in cloud computing. The report compares the security in cloud computing systems vs. non-cloud computing systems, and outlines some additional security requirements for cloud computing systems.

In this report, the author discusses the importance of network security in cloud computing. The report compares the security in cloud computing systems vs. non-cloud computing systems, and outlines some additional security requirements for cloud computing systems.

Cloud Computing in Network Security Report Security in Cloud Computing Systems vs. Non-Cloud Computing System Cloud computing is a new technology that has attracted huge attention from all sectors (Shaikh & Haider 2011, p. 214; Shaikh & Sasikumar 2012, p. 4). In non-cloud computing system, data owners have direct control over their data hence they are able to physically administer data security. In contrast, in cloud computing, data owners are unable to trust the cloud since the technology is located away from their trusted sphere. As a result, the likelihood of data loss or leakage is high (Bhayal 2011, p. 1). In non-cloud computing technology, sensitive data stored in a computer is encrypted by the owner to prevent unlawful access. In contrast, in cloud computing, the cloud provider encrypts customer’s data before it is stored in the cloud. Nonetheless, even the most effective encryption method is susceptible to hacking. Therefore, the third party auditors (TPAs) are commonly used to establish trust between auditors and data owners as well as ensure integrity of client’s data stored in the cloud. This implies that TPA can turn out to be the weakest link and result in data loss or leakage (Bhayal 2011, p. 3). Therefore, whereas data integrity in non-cloud computing can be monitored by data owners, this is not the case in cloud computing because data integrity check in executed via TPA, an intermediate link which is susceptible to security risks (Garber 2011, p. 21; Bisong & Rahman 2011, p. 30; Wang et al., 2002, p. 1). Additional security requirements for cloud computing systems Confidentiality The cloud computing system is currently offered on public networks. Consequently, the technology is more susceptible to attacks compared to those offered in private data centres (Zhou et al., 2010, p. 107). Cryptography and physical isolation are the two primary techniques used by cloud providers to ensure data confidentiality. Since cloud technology is provided on a public network platform, network middleboxes (i.e. packet filters, firewalls) and virtual Local Area Networks (LANs) can be installed to realize virtual physical isolation. Data confidentiality in the cloud can also be augmented by encrypting data before storage (Zhou et al., 2010, p. 108; Wang et al., 2011, p. 282). Data integrity There are several techniques that can be adopted to secure data integrity in the cloud. For example, Zetta system is a storage service that ensures data integrity. Zetta system uses Redundant Array of Independent Nodes 6 (RAIN-6) for main data hosting services and lends credence to data integrity. RAIN-6 can restore bit errors and drive failure that may arise from memory corruption, power shortages and network malfunction. This data integrity attribute is realized via data placement by means of node stripping (Zhou et al., 2010, p. 108). Digital signature is also used to test data integrity. For instance, HDFS and GFS typically split data in bulky volumes into smaller blocks. Digital signatures are then appended on each block before the data is physically stored (Zhou et al., 2010, p. 109; Azab 2012, p. 3). Availability In cloud computing systems the aim of availability is to ensure that remote users can access infrastructures and applications from anytime. Redundancy and hardening are used to augment the availability of cloud computing system. Virtual machines are used to augment availability of cloud systems to end-users. For instance, the virtual machine Xen can provide several services such as storage virtualization and separated memory virtualization which are hosted on various commodity PCs. Consequently, cloud vendors can provide their customers with different resources (i.e. memory space, storage capacity) from Amazon. In essence, all these services are hosted by the virtual machine since cloud providers rely on it to link servers and to offer a robust, scalable system. In addition, established cloud suppliers provide geographic redundancy in their cloud systems in order to boost availability of infrastructures and platform in a single cloud Zhou et al., 2010, p. 107; Ramgovind et al., 2010, p. 4). Entity authentication Entity authentication is undoubtedly a major issue in accessing cloud services. AAA can be deployed in cloud computing to manage entity authentication process. When a user attempts to access the cloud system, his/her authentication data is checked by AAA. AAA then selects appropriate IDS with security level that matches the anomaly level of the user. AAA then asks the host OS to assign guest OS image for the user. Once the entity is authenticated, AAA obtains the user’s generated anomaly level by examining the user’s data in the database (Lee et al., 2011, p. 553). Multifactor authentication, virtual private networks (VPNs), intrusion detection systems (IDSs) and intrusion prevention systems (IPSs) can also be used to augment entity authentication in the cloud. TCP and TPM mechanisms can be integrated in cloud services to trace and locate users. This is because the user’s identity is verified by the entity’s private keys entrenched in TPM or BIOS hardware. Consequently, users are unable to fake their identity when they attempt to access cloud services (Shen & Tong 2010, p. 13). Message origination authentication Message origination authentication is the ability to verify the validity of the source of data received via cloud computing system. There are various technologies that can be used to accomplish this goal. For instance, infostructure technology may be used to encrypt message to prevent data tampering during transportation (Peterson 2010, p. 83). Gateway security technology can also be used to provide message security services such as message integrity (using XML), encrypted message via XML encryption and message authentication via XML Signature (Peterson 2010, p. 85). Timeliness Integrity measurement is one of the major issues in developing trust in the cloud system. In order to address this issue, TOCTTOU (Time of Check to Time of Use) can be used to ensure consistency of integrity past the measurement time. Since runtime susceptibility in the user programs can be employed to alter the measured program or bypass the measurement procedure before they perform, HIMA can be used to prevent alterations on the measured user programs (Azab 2012, p. 28). Non-repudiation (origin) Repudiation in the existing cloud storage platform is poorly managed since the one-way integrity is only authenticated by a one-way SSL session. Consequently, cloud users are unable to determine whether the data sent via the cloud is altered (Feng et al., 2010, p. 4). Non-repudiation in data transmission can be realized if the sender appends non-repudiation of origin (NRO) to the message before sending it. The sender must also attach IDs (i.e. the TTP, the recipient and the sender) in the plaintext message. The evidence must also include the hash of the data and the hash result of these IDs (Feng et al., 2010, p. 6). Non-repudiation (destination) During data transmission, the receiver must corroborate the authenticity of data received via a process called non-repudiation of receipt (NRR). To attain non-repudiation, the sender must use his/her personal key to sign the hash value. When data transmission is done, the receiver gets NRR (from the sender) while the sender gets NRO from the receiver. Thus, non-repudiation protocol can be used to verify the integrity of the data transmitted (Feng et al., 2010, p. 6). Authorization The client nodes can be used in the cloud platform to authorize access to data in the clouds. Identity and Access Management (IAM) is another protocol that can be used to manage users accessing data in the cloud. In addition, sign-on capability function can be adopted in the cloud system to enable cloud users access cloud services easily (Reddy & Reddy 2011, p. 7152; Gruschka & Jensen 2010, p. 276). Access control Airavat can be adopted in the cloud systems to control access to data stored in the clouds. Airavat employs decentralized information flow control (DIFC) to prevent unauthorized access to data in the clouds. For instance, Airavat stops Mappers from transmitting data via unprotected network connections. In addition, Airavat can execute privacy-preserving computations within the MapReduce system thereby enabling cloud users to add their personal mappers (Zhou et al., 2010, p.109). Traffic flow confidentiality Traffic flow confidentiality is a critical issue in cloud computing (Vouk 2008, p. 235). Nonetheless, this problem can be resolved by using web applications such as TLS protocols to encrypt data before transmitting it via the cloud platform. In addition, access controls (i.e. authentication, authorization) can provide confidentiality of data transmitted via cloud systems (Reddy & Reddy 2011, p.7152). References Azab, M 2012, New System Security Mechanisms for the Cloud Computing Infrastructure, UMI Dissertation Publishing, North Carolina. Bhayal, S 2011, A Study of Security in Cloud Computing, UMI Dissertation Publishing, Ann Arbor. Bisong, A & Rahman, S 2011, ‘An Overview of the Security Concerns in Enterprise Cloud Computing’, International Journal of Network Security & Its Applications, vol. 3 no. 1, pp. 30-45. Feng, J, Chen, Y, Ku, W & Liu, P 2010, Analysis of Integrity Vulnerability and a Non-repudiation Protocol for Cloud Data Storage Platforms, Systems and Technology Group, IBM Endicott, NY. Garber, L 2011, ‘Serious security Flaws Identified in Cloud Systems’, IEEE Computer Society, pp. 21-23. Gruschka, N & Jensen, M 2010, ‘Attack Surfaces: A Taxonomy for Attacks on Cloud Services’, IEEE Computer Society, pp. 276-279. Lee, J, Park, M, Eom, J & Chung, T 2011, ‘Multi-level Intrusion Detection System and Log Management in Cloud Computing’, ICACT, pp. 552-555. Peterson, G 2010, ‘A security Architecture stack for the Cloud’, IEEE Security & Privacy, pp. 83-86. Ramgovind, S, Eloff, M & Smith, E 2010, ‘The Management of Security in Cloud Computing’, IEEE, pp.1-7. Reddy, V & Reddy, L 2011, ‘Security Architecture of Cloud Computing’, International Journal of Engineering Science and Technology, vol. 3 no. 9, pp. 7149-7155. Shaikh, F & Haider, S 2011, ‘Security in Cloud Computing’, IEEE, pp. 214-219. Shaikh, R & Sasikumar, M 2012, ‘Security Issues in Cloud Computing: A Survey’, International Journal of Computer Applications, vol. 44 no. 19, pp. 4-10. Shen, Z & Tong, Q 2010, ‘The Security of Cloud Computing System enabled by Trusted Computing Technology’, IEEE, vol. 2, pp. 11-15. Vouk, M 2008, ‘Cloud Computing: Issues Research and Implementations’, Journal of Computing & Information Technology, vol. 4 pp. 235-246. Wang, C, Carzaniga, A, Evans, D & Wolf, A 2002, ‘security Issues and requirements for Internet-Scale Publish-Subscribe Systems’, IEEE, pp. 1-8. Wang, C, Wang, Q & Ren, K 2011, ‘Towards Secure and Effective Utilization over Encrypted Cloud Data’, IEEE, pp. 282-286. Zhou, M, Zhang, R, Xie, W, Qian, W & Zhou, A 2010, ‘Security and Privacy in Cloud Computing: A Survey’, IEEE, pp. 105-112.

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Write the full essay for the following summary: The fundamental foundation of a good team rests upon the ability of the coach to lead the team to greater heights. Consequently, a well-developed and tested coaching philosophy as demonstrated by the coach is one of the basic prerequisites of building a strong team. Below, the tenets that describe my coaching philosophy are outlined.

The fundamental foundation of a good team rests upon the ability of the coach to lead the team to greater heights. Consequently, a well-developed and tested coaching philosophy as demonstrated by the coach is one of the basic prerequisites of building a strong team. Below, the tenets that describe my coaching philosophy are outlined.

Coaching Philosophy Essay The fundamental foundation of a good team rests upon the ability of the coach to lead the team to greater heights. Consequently, a well-developed and tested coaching philosophy as demonstrated by the coach is one of the basic prerequisites of building a strong team. Below, the tenets that describe my coaching philosophy are outlined. I am a firm believer of discipline, respect, teamwork, self-reflection and total cooperation as the principal tenets involved in developing a good team and, as such, these guiding principles inform my coaching philosophy. To achieve successful outcomes, each player must exercise a certain level of discipline not only in the field but also in other areas. I always make it to clear to players under my charge that discipline or lack of it is instrumental in shaping or destroying future professional ambitions. Players must show respect not only to their counterparts and competitors, but also to the coaching fraternity and the rules and regulations governing the sport. Players under my charge must always remember that professional teams are always disciplined and respectable. Teamwork is a guiding principle that cannot be ignored if the team is to achieve successful outcomes. A group of players cannot really be called a ‘team’ if they do not exhibit the spirit of teamwork. Individual successes of players under my charge must always be perceived under the lens of group success to prioritize teamwork and gain mileage from its positive outcomes. Indeed, it is my believe that members of the team should be encouraged to undertake joint activities other than playing or exercising to establish strong social bonds and enhance interpersonal relationships. Such activities may include camping, social work, attending to the sick and tree planting. The bottom line is that these activities not only bring out unique talents and abilities in the players, but underline the raw power and strength that derives from a closely knit team. There cannot be any tangible results without self-reflection. The professional development of the team is dependent on the capacity of the coach to make personal reflections of previous mistakes and the core strengths of the team with the view to establish critical areas that require improvement. Players also need to be encouraged to make reflective assessments of their weaknesses and strengths so that they can start making steps towards improving their performance. Self-reflection forms a critical component in developing a strong team that can excel in all its endeavors. It is also important to note that self-reflection is instrumental in assisting members of the team to realize their full potential. The last guiding principle that informs my coaching philosophy is cooperation. Coaches expect total cooperation not only from players but also from other members of the technical bench if they are to develop successful and competitive teams. Players must at all times be encouraged to cooperate with their colleagues and the technical team during training and in actual competitions if they expect the team to post positive results. Indeed, the importance of cooperation in coaching cannot be underestimated since it is the basic principle that ensures members of the team learn from each other. Above all, cooperative players make the coaching tasks much easier, either in training or during actual competitions, because they are more willing to listen and act upon the advice given by the coach.

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Write a essay that could've provided the following summary: The project aims at investigating two very crucial ideologies with regards to application of various schooling system. The first question will concentrate on the effects that single sex or mixed school environments have on Mathematics achievement, while the second idea will be to look at the merits and demerits of these systems in the overall student's achievement in Mathematics as a subject.

The project aims at investigating two very crucial ideologies with regards to application of various schooling system. The first question will concentrate on the effects that single sex or mixed school environments have on Mathematics achievement, while the second idea will be to look at the merits and demerits of these systems in the overall student's achievement in Mathematics as a subject.

Coeducation and Students’ Achievement in Mathematics Research Paper Introduction This project aims at investigating two very crucial ideologies with regards to application of various schooling system. The first question will concentrate on the effects that single sex or mixed school environments have on Mathematics achievement, while the second idea will be to look at the merits and demerits of these systems in the overall student’s achievement in Mathematics as a subject. Technically, the project plan will include a review of its context, project rationale or the thinking behind it, a section on literature review, a description of facts and data collection methodologies, a proposed timeline for the various activities anticipated and a list of reference material used. Context of the Study The study of single sex and mixed sex schools may have a varied number of aspects that one may wish to look into. First, there may be the issue of gender distribution… There may also be the angle of resources distribution in schools where one may want to compare the level of balance, in the two types of schools. A researcher may also want to study coeducation from the perspective of discrimination in terms of race, color and even access to facilities (Francis, 2004). The other angle that one may approach the issue of coeducation from is the performance of these schools either in individual subjects or on an overall basis, in comparison to the single sex schools. One may also narrow down to individual student characteristics on issues like discipline and how it may affect the students performance in the subject, while comparing the same variable to case scenarios in singles sex schools. Main Focus of the Study As noted above, various angles. This study will nonetheless focus on two aspects which are; an analysis of the effects of coeducational environment in students’ performance of the mathematics subject and the positive and negative contributions of mix classes, to the achievement of mathematics as a subject. Coeducation Environment and Students Performance in Mathematics The environment in which education is being provided happens to be an important contributor to the overall outcome expected of the students (Tully & Jacob, 2010). However, there are several other forces that influence students’ performance on particular subjects and on an overall aggregate that it would not be easy to single out one as the most dominant factor (Sullivan, 2009). One of the findings that may explain the performance of mathematics subject in coeducational schools is the revelation that boys and girls mixed schools do not exhibit any conspicuously superior qualities in comparison to their counter parts in single sex schools, either in curricular or co-curricular activities (Sax, 2005). Thus the environment of single sex schools seem to be provide students with better chances of doing well in mathematics It may seem that the perception of mathematics as an otherwise difficult subject pushes boys in single sex schools to go an extra mile, in a bid to display their ability in terms of handling difficult issues in a manly way, and in the process of trying to outshine one another, they end up boosting their individual performances and eventually that of the whole class.(Pomerantaz, Altermatt & Saxon, 2002). The situation is however different in mixed schools where poor performance by one gender may lead to pulling the average aggregate behind (Paton & Moore, 2010). Positive and Negative Effects of Single Sex School Environment to the Achievement of Mathematics Positive Effects The existence of one gender in one school environment is believed to enhance heightens the levels of competition since the participants are seen as equals and therefore each one of them tends to put more effort to become noticeable and remain competitively relevant (Barmao, Bosire & Mandoch, 2008).This competition is most visible where teachers emphasize on the fact that none of them has more superior characteristic than the other but are more or less of equal in natural endowment. Single sex schools also tend to level the rules of competition thus there is a balanced playing field that doesn’t give any one advantage over the other. Further, educating students in single sex schools seems to contribute to the ultimate confidence of individual students. Girls in particular have been found to shy away from contributing to questions and discussion in class in the presence of their male counterparts (Sax, 2005). Further, single sex schools reduce the chances of the attitude of the teacher to have as much impact on the performance of the students. There are more chances that a teacher would more often express a non-accommodating attitude towards a single student rather than a group (Sullivan, 2009). In single sex school the expressions of a teacher may be easier to deal with since they will have no inclination to any gender and therefore the students are able to form a means of coping with a teacher’s attitude more than in a mixed school situation were expression may be limited by the existence of one gender. The single sex environment again allows boys and girls to fully act in a natural way as their actions are not subject to criticism by the opposite gender. It is natural that in the presence of members of the opposite gender humans will act in a different way from their normal self thus limiting the chances of bringing out their real self. A single sex school eliminates such attributes and instead advocates for full expression of self thus enhancing such characteristics as being affirmative and assertive. There are also reduced chances of influence by unhealthy relationships that may occur in mixed schools. This actually is one of the contributors of poor performances in mixed schools and thus the further the separation the higher the chances of better performance (Gurian & Steven, 2004) Negative Effects A single school environment denies students representation of the real world where both gender have to coexist. This may instill tendencies of chauvinism or inability to view the world as a place where creations have to live and complement one another. In essence, the application of the lessons learnt may not be very practical since the environment they were taught in and their environment of application differ in several ways (Tully & Jacobs, 2010). There are also higher chances of both genders coalescing for destructive purposes. Since they are all at the same age level, they are likely to have more understanding and bonding amongst themselves further raising their chances of easily agreeing to a negative plot (Paton & Moore, 2010). It must be understood that students in their formative years have an explorative mind and they may sometimes wan to experiment either well thought objectives or in some case unseen repercussions. This hampers students’ performances since there is the drive of mob psychology. Project Rationale Education affects the general view point of the society on various issues and therefore it is important to know how the various systems of education that exist may impact on the society. This is a study that can as well be of great impact to policy makers in assisting the decision making process that may concern resource distribution. As a student and an aspiring academician, this study would shed light on why one mode of education would be preferable to some people and not others, and why there doesn’t exist a universal agreement on the best practices on this subject. Project Aims This project’s main aim will be to: 1. Compare the performances of students in mixed schools to that of students in single sex schools in mathematics subject. 2. To find out whether there are notable and major challenges found and /or posed by preference of any of these education systems. Research Questions 1. What are the effects of a coeducational environment on student’s achievement on Mathematics subject? 2. What are the positive and negative results of mixed classes on the students’ performance of mathematics? Literature Review There is quite a substantial amount of material on the subject of coeducation, some of which will no doubt serve as a great resource for this project. The internet will be a key resource tool for this study since there is a sizable amount of data that can be useful in informing this study. Previous studies that have been conducted and preserved in books or journals will also be useful for this study, to provide a historical background of the study. Spielhofer, Benton, and Schagen (2004) compilation titiled A study of the effects of school size and single sex education in English Shools will be a good source of infromation. Newspaper reviews and insights on this subject may also prove useful to this study and will be used to shed more light on the subject. Although there will be no first-hand data collection, stakeholder’s views that may be expressed in informal sittings or other media will be incorporated. Methodology This study will heavily rely on information available on the backdrop of previous studies. In this regard the research will mainly be conducted from the libraries where books and other material containing the relevant data can be found, such as educational offices where access can be granted. The research will also be dependent on information available on the internet and therefore a substantial amount of time will be spent searching the web. Essentially, books, journals, articles, case studies and internet materials will be sampled from a wide range of scholarly quarters related to the field of study. Once data collection is completed, the research will progress to the data analysis stage where a blend of qualitative and quantitative data analysis will be used to analytically asses and interpret the collected data. References Barmao, A., Bosire, J., & Mandoch, H. (2008). Effects of streaming by gender on student achievement in mathematics in secondary schools . South Africa Journal of Education, East Africa Publishers . Francis, B. (2004). Classroom interaction and access. London, United Kingdom: Association of Teachers and Lecturers. Gurian, M., & Steven, K. (2004). With boys and girls in mind. Educational Leadership . Henry, J. (2001). Help for the boys helps the girls. Times Educational Supplement . Paton, G., & Moore, M. (2010). Girls do better in single sex schools. The Daily Telegraph . Pomerantaz, E., Altermatt, E., & Saxon, J. (2002). Making the grade but feeling distressed: gender differences in academic performance and internal distress. Journal of Educational Psychology , 396-404. Sax, L. (2005). Why gender matters. New York: Broadway Books. Spielhofer, T., Benton, T., & Schagen, S. (2004). A Study of the effects of school size and Single Sex Education in English Schools. Sullivan, A. (2009). Academic self-concept, gender and single-sex Schooling. British Educational Research- Journal.. Tully, D., & Jacobs, B. (2010). Effects of single-gender mathematics classroom on self-perception of mathematical ability and post secondary engineering paths. Australia.

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Convert the following summary back into the original text: The cognitive theory is a psychological theory that studies the internal state of the mind and explains human behavior by studying the thinking process. It is based on the idea that we are like a computer when processing information and have an input, storage and retrieval functions.

The cognitive theory is a psychological theory that studies the internal state of the mind and explains human behavior by studying the thinking process. It is based on the idea that we are like a computer when processing information and have an input, storage and retrieval functions.

Cognitive and Behavioral Theories Research Paper Table of Contents 1. Introduction 2. Cognitive Theory 3. Behavioral Theory 4. Reference List Introduction Psychology is the science of the nature the function, and phenomena of behavior and mental experience. (Colman, 1999, p.4).The word is derived from the Greek words “psyche” and “logia” to mean “breath or soul or spirit” and the study of something respectively. Cognitive psychology refers to the branch of psychology that examines internal processes of the mind. The theory started in the 1970’s. Behaviorism was popularized in 1913 by John Watson, the father of behaviorism. It is based on the concept that behavior is acquired by training or learning to respond to stimuli. Behavioral theorists and cognitive theorists have always been in conflict. For instance, behavioral theorists understood depression because of a high rate of punishers and a low rate of reinforces in the client’s environment while cognitive theorists understood depression as the influence of negative, illogical, or self-destructive beliefs (Coady &Lehman, 2008, p.25). Recently there has been a move towards a merger of the two theories in what is known as the cognitive-behavioral theory. From the study of both theories, psychologists discovered two types of behavior, Observable actions (overt behavior) and internal mental behavior (Covert behavior).This paper seeks to discuss and intensively analyze both the cognitive and behavioral theories and expound on their application and expansion. Cognitive Theory The cognitive theory is a psychological theory that studies the internal state of the mind and explains human behavior by studying the thinking process. It is based on the idea that we are like a computer when processing information and have an input, storage and retrieval functions (Brown, 2007, p. 6). Its core focus is therefore acquisition, processing, and storage of information. The key figures of the cognitive theory are memory, perception, attention, language, intelligence, and problem solving. It deals with the processes in absence of response to external stimuli and even explores abstract aspects such as dreams and hallucinations. Whereas behaviorism concentrates on external behaviors, the cognitive theory concentrates on the internal working of the mind. There has been a variety of works and experiments concerning the cognitive theory. The theory has been applied to experiment and determine the extent of normal cognition in studies related to neuropsychology to investigate whether cognition is normal or abnormal. In addition, it has been used to indicate the time or location at which a particular brain activity occurred in the study of neuro-images. The cognitive theory has been expanded from time to time. The schema therapy has expanded it to reflect the origin of disoriented thinking in childhood and a combination of emotional and experimental methods to correct flaws in personality. The dialectical mechanism has expanded it to explain emotional irregularities and self-destroying tendencies among people suffering from Borderline Personality Disorder. Various tests have resulted from the cognitive theory. These include personality tests, tests to determine intelligence levels, lie-detecting tests, and tests to determine the nature and extent of risk-taking in entrepreneurial ventures. Behavioral Theory The behavioral theory on the other hand is founded on the concept that acquisition of behavior is through constant training or conditioning which is brought about by interaction with external factors of the environment. According to John Watson, the primary subject matter of behaviorism was the element of behavior, which is the body’s muscular movements and glandular secretions (Schultz. & Schultz, E. 2010, p. 222). The major concepts of the behavioral theory are classical conditioning and operational conditioning. Classical conditioning is attributed to Ivan Pavlov, a Russian psychologist who conducted experiments using dogs. He studied the reflex response to external stimuli in the environment. After becoming conditioned to a certain stimulus, the organism responds automatically to it. Additionally, operant conditioning was developed by B.F. Skinner. It is based on the principle of punishment and reinforcement. According to him, use of punishment discourages prohibited behavior while use of rewards promotes and increases the acceptable behavior. Positive reinforces such as rewards, promote response to a behavior while negative reinforces such as sanctions, prevent occurrence of unwanted behavior. Focus of work related to the behavioral theory is to be found in application of behaviorism in therapy to heal both physical and psychological wounds. It is also applied in psychoanalysis and in the study of phobias. The behavioral theory has undergone rapid expansion. In education, it is used to observe learning trends by observing the behavior of the child, the parent, and the teacher as well as its impact on the child’s performance. In economics, it has been used to study market expansion by studying the behavior of firms and in ecology to study response of organisms to stimuli. They are many tests formulated and developed based on the behavioral theory. It is applied in measuring the anxiety level by studying The Behavioral inhibition system. Together with the cognitive theory, it is used in personality tests and is the thinking behind addiction and drug-abuse tests. There is move towards combining both theories since they work together and none works in isolation of the other. They have also been expanded along the same lines and are used together in therapy to heal depression. Reference List Brown, C. (2007). Cognitive psychology . London: SAGE Publications. Coady, N., & Lehmann, P. (2008). Theoretical perspectives for direct social work practice: A generalist-eclectic approach . New York: Springer. Colman, A. (1999). What is Psychology , 3rd Ed.London: Routledge Schultz, P., & Schultz, S. (2012). A history of modern psychology . Australia: Thomson/Wadsworth.

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Write the full essay for the following summary: Color management is based on profile specifications of the internationally accepted ICC, which is the "governing body" for color management. It has beauty and simplicity because it ensures files are consistent and accurate as they move from one device to the other.

Color management is based on profile specifications of the internationally accepted ICC, which is the "governing body" for color management. It has beauty and simplicity because it ensures files are consistent and accurate as they move from one device to the other.

Color Management and Profile Specifications Essay (Critical Writing) Color management is based on profile specifications of the internationally accepted ICC (International Color Consortium), which is the “governing body” for color management (Sharma vii). It has beauty and simplicity because it ensures files are consistent and accurate as they move from one device to the other. It is possible to single out some major measures to be undertaken to ensure that color is consistent and accurate between all components. These measures are based on analysis of variables that could impact color shifts. First, it is important to understand that the color in digital imaging should be controlled using different systemic procedures, hardware and software (Sharma ix). Every imaging device consists of its own personality hence the accuracy and consistency of color imaging depends on personal characteristics of each device (Sharma 46). For instance, different digital cameras and scanners may capture the same scene somewhat different or different printers may print the same digital file quite differently. Thus, color shifts are depended on scanner variability and printer variability. Therefore, it is important to take into consideration the individual characteristics of every device used in producing images. There are two methods used to control color: closed-loop color and open-loop color (Sharma 47). It is acknowledged that the closed-loop color method is quite easy to implement as it presupposes that the digital color is a preserve of the high-end systems hence it is quite easy to get the desired colors. Here the system includes the monitor, scanner, software and other outputs with images destined for printing in one type of printing process. Colors can be matched by calibrating specific types of hardware and software to one another. However, in this case the open-loop color method is used as it is more accurate and consistent. This method is more effective as it employs the use of a central hub system to communicate the variability of color between devices. Here, images may come from different places; get viewed in varying displays and later printed using different printing technologies. Therefore, it is easy to control color even if different devices are going to be used (which is very common). We guarantee that every device used has a profile which is the image + profile golden rule of color management. It is easier to add a new device into the workflow, provided, each single device has its own profile. We also follow RGB (red, green and blue) and CMYK (cyan, magenta, yellow and black) instructions of every device carefully (Sharma 40). Though, the two are not reliable descriptors of color, we also use CIE (International Commission on Illumination) systems that use instruments that measures color patch to produce numeric results irrespective of the device used to produce it. The ingredients we used in the recipe do not limit accuracy and consistency in reproduction of colors (Sharma 42). We use color management module (CMM) when converting the color of one space to another (such as a RGB color to CMYK color) using the device’s profile. We take into account such important details as the fact that the gamut of RGB scanners is larger compared to that of CMYK printers hence when converting an image from RGB to CMYK, we throw away colors that are set in RGB and not in CMYK (Sharma 156). If colors cannot be reproduced, we replace them using the four-color replacement schemes provided by the ICC including perceptual, saturation, relative and absolute. This is referred to as rendering intents. Thus, we take into account all variables to ensure consistency and accuracy between components. Works Cited Sharma, Abhay. Understanding Color Management: Graphic Design/Interactive Media Series . Ohio: Cengage Learning, 2004. Print.

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Revert the following summary back into the original essay: The essay discusses how Australia has combated commodity price volatility in the past.Australia has a history of combating commodity price volatility. The government has curbed price hikes and protected consumers from price volatility in the past. The essay discusses how Australia has done this in the past and what policies the government has put in place to protect consumers from price volatility.

The essay discusses how Australia has combated commodity price volatility in the past. Australia has a history of combating commodity price volatility. The government has curbed price hikes and protected consumers from price volatility in the past. The essay discusses how Australia has done this in the past and what policies the government has put in place to protect consumers from price volatility.

Combating Commodity Price Volatility In Australia Essay Table of Contents 1. Introduction 2. Price Shocks in Australia 3. The Response of Australian Markets on Price Volatility 4. Policy Reaction to Price Volatility in Australia 5. Conclusion 6. List of References Introduction It has been the wish of the France president to come up with collective solutions that have the ability of reducing excessive commodity price volatility. This is particularly in agricultural as well as energy product prices. This has been placed as being the first priority due to its effects on food security and world growth. The G20 has been the best forum for dealing with price volatility issues. This is because; the major stakeholders of oil and agricultural products markets are all G20 members. The France presidency has concentrated more on energy and agricultural products, whereby they want to improve regulations dealing with product financial markets. This is because such markets have been having no harmonized rules and regulations. Some of them even have no basic rules that govern market abuse as well as price manipulation (Ambafrance-jp.org. 2011,) France also wants to increase transparency in markets for physical commodities. This is based on the fact that ,there isn’t no international data stating the supply and demand trends that can be termed as reliable, “on commodities markets hamper prices formation and increases volatility” (Ambafrance-jp.org. 2011). Another strategy proposed by French presidency is preventing and managing food crisis. The first response is increasing the supply of agricultural commodities in developing countries. However, the current food crisis have been stated to be as a result of lack of an international organization entitled with the responsibility of providing responses from governments, apart from channelling unilateral measures that are counterproductive. The usage of emergency and strategic food stocks in prevention of food crisis will only be successful, if and only if it is coordinated at the international level. Last but not least, “Stronger hedging instruments to protect the poor populations against excessive price volatility,” (Haig, 1966) is another strategy. Being the president, France has been exploring different ways through which poor nations can be advantaged by the current financial insurance tools, which have the ability of protecting such countries from price hiking as well as events that impact harvests. To better recognize these strategies, G20 ought to copy what the Australia has dealt with price volatility. Price Shocks in Australia Although many studies have indicated that Australia experienced huge commodity price shocks just like other developing countries, it has been proved that, the government curbed volatility in a better way. In Australia, price shocks brought lots of impacts on resource allocation, distribution as well as development in the last century. In combating such commodity price volatility, studies have argued the significance of tariffs, which aimed at offsetting industrialisation forces which originated from price volatility, and the significance of revenue booms to attain accumulation, and revenue burst in spending. Though the country has undergone greater commodity price volatility; especially between 1870 to1939, as compared to Latin American, Asian countries, Middle East as well as European periphery. But with such tools at hand, they were able to combat the situation. Since 1939, Australian price volatility has not been greater than other countries like US (Corden & Gruen, 1970). According to available statistics from (Cashin & McDermott, 2002) it has been revealed that, wool was the dominant export product. This is because, of the 70% of Australian export, 50 percent of them were made up of wool. Therefore, price shocks have been as a result of wool prices, even though mining and agricultural commodities had similar trends according to Gregory, (1976). However, wool price effects claimed a dominant position. On the other hand, the current booms have been as a result of mining and residual sector. As a result, wool and agriculture seem to be having no effects on the current commodity price volatility (Gregory, 1976) In addition, the category of residual export has been used in offsetting volatility in agricultural, mining and wool commodities. In the 20 th century, the time Australia got industrialized, the export mix transformed to manufactures. As a result, though commodity price volatility was still an attribute of Australia, but its effects diminished in the 20 th century. This reduction is as a result of industrialization and post industrialization forces; “first, reducing export concentration, and raising the manufacturing export share and second, reducing the relative size of agriculture and mining activity in the economy, both serving to mute the impact of export price volatility in Australian markets” (Gregory, 1976) The Response of Australian Markets on Price Volatility By looking at structural change index and SCHEMP index, we can conclude that in those three price shocks that Australia underwent, there exists no significant difference in structural change during downsizing and upsizing. This has been attributed to secular manufacturing increase; commodity price volatility had very little effects on either deindustrialization or reindustrialization (Koren & Tenreyro 2007). The major reasons that could have resulted to such a scenario are two. One lays on “development of fundamentals and favouring manufacturing, which completely swamped the impact of the commodity price shocks between 1945 and 1955” (Maddock, & McLean, 1987). The second reason is based on market factors which did not play its allocative role as expected. The two reasons do not compete in any way, as similar situation seem to have happened in the recent mining price volatility. However, the “only exception to this rule appears to have been the 1920s where there does seem to be evidence of deindustrialisation on the commodity price upswing and reindustrialisation on the downswing” (Cashin & McDermott, 2002) By looking at the factors that suppressed deindustrialization during price boom and reindustrialisation during price slumps, one might be confused in determining whether it was development basic which swamped the effects of price volatility or it were immobility factors (Koren & Tenreyro, 2007). In 20 th century, Australian immigration boom occurred; however, it occurred five years after the price boom. Though some parts of Australia like Queensland had specialized heavily on agricultural and wool products, high immigration rates were only reported in Western Australia. Moreover, higher immigration rates in this region, occurred during price burst, as compared to boom prices times. As a result, immigration never played any role in price volatility. In general, labour markets have not yet responded sufficiently in the creation of industrialization and reindustrialisation in commodity price volatility (Hatton & Williamson, 1998). By considering unemployment rate behaviours, price booms should have led to low unemployment rates and higher employment rates. This would have been the outcome in case labour would have been immobile. In case labour was mobile, then the rates would have been the same in the entire country. By looking at available statistics, it proves that labour was immobile. Major parts of the country that were mostly affected by price shocks experienced different rates during commodity price volatility. However, such differences can’t be predicted, as they seem to be ambiguous (Hatton & Williamson 1998). In general, the labour market of Australia didn’t respond to commodity price volatility as they were inconsistent with conventional theory predictions. There exist very little prove of industrial response along with structural change during price volatility. This suggests that, “long run economic fundamentals were swamping them. In addition, we find very little evidence that labour markets were responsive to these price shocks; labour migration during commodity price booms and busts was modest and inconsistent” (Maddock. & McLean, 1987) Policy Reaction to Price Volatility in Australia There have been arguments that during commodity price volatility, higher tariffs were used to protect industries. As a result, price booms resulted to higher revenues, which were then used for infrastructural investments in the country, particularly in the industrialised estates (Anderson, 1987). Statistics shows that, tariffs increased sharply in Australia during commodity price booming. It is stated by Lloyd (2008) that, in 1921, “Customs Tariff increased on industries that had grown during World War I; the tariffs met with very little resistance as the proponents of protectionism used defence and national pride in the young manufacturing sector as additional justifications for protection” (Lloyd, 2008). In addition, the move was also supported by export booming states, as they appealed for fairness in the country. However, tariffs continued to increase during depression, and even after price burst. This was following the proposal made by (Brigden, 1925) that protection was raising wages, living standards as well as raising the level of employees working in high wage jobs. This proposal ended up being implemented as a way of redistributive instrument. One brief existed during Korean War, but great increase in duties happened in 1951-1952. However, it has been argued that tariff rate increase was as a result of an increase on dutiable goods import as compare to free import goods, other than a rise in tariff rates. The increase in imports was being paid for by great raise in demand for commodity export of Australia. However, such payment stopped immediately the boom termination occurred (Lloyd, 2008). It should however be understood that protection need went down; by the time Australia was entering post-industrial development stage. As a result, the service sector ended up becoming the most important sector either in employment or GDP shares. The outcome of this was, “the support for protecting manufacturing jobs to maintain high living standards faded. There was across-the-board cut in tariff rates in 1973 and the trend continued till the current boom” (Anderson 1987). In short, the response of the federal government to price shocks or volatility by raising tariffs, with the aim of preventing manufacturing unemployment as well as deindustrialisation was brought up by politicians as they though it will matter. In particular, this was during 1920s, the time when manufacturing sector was closely linked to national pride, defence and fairness. Apart from preventing deindustrialisation, the policies of protectionists served the country well as a toll of reindustrialisation during depression times. However, the need for such policies ended up declining by the time the manufacturing sector was undergoing post war boom effects and in the recent past when the service industry was becoming one of the most significant industry (Brigden, 1925) It is true that the Australian government was enjoying revenue gains during export price booms. However, as stated earlier, revenues didn’t fall after boom, or during price burst. This suggests that the income revenues for the federal government were diversified appropriately to deal with the effects of price volatility of certain commodities. In addition, available evidence proves that, payment shares to both states and subsidies went up at this time. This suggests that, there were some efforts aiming at smoothening regional effects on downside of price volatility. It is stated that “The revenue growth rate during the Korean War almost doubled from 6.9 to 12.3 percent on either side of 1950, showing how unimportant commodity prices were as a determinant of government revenues by mid-century” (Bambrick, 1973) The recent price boom also led to an increase in government revenue and an increase in share transfer. This has been attributed to the goods and service tax (GST) introduction in 2000. This has been much helpful particularly in eliminating not only territorial and states taxes, but also in the elimination of levies and duties. However, with this policy it was aimed that the federal government will have to “return that revenue proportion to its states through the Council of Australian Government mechanism” (Corden & Gruen1970). As a result the current redistributive share is not as an effect of conscious redistribution strategy, which is accelerated by commodity price volatility, though they are consistent. By comparing government investment growth during price booming, and revenue growth, studies have identified a higher government investment. As a result, studies have attributed this to expenditure smoothing policy. However, during price slumps government investments particularly in infrastructure sector collapsed. This fell has been attributed to fell in revenue growth. This can hardly explain the stabilization policy, but can easily explain the contrary. This brings us to the point that, there is no prove that, the Australian government used investment as way of dealing with commodity price volatility that occurred in 1920s (Koren & Tenreyro 2007). During Korean War similar policy response occurred however, this time round government investment grew spectacularly, as compared to 1920s boom’s growth. At this time, the infrastructure sector like roads experienced drastic growth. However, government investment growth in other sectors like education has remained unmatched in the modern history of Australia. By looking at the downside that occurred after 1920s and 1950s commodity price burst, it has been observed that government investment growth went down. “In contrast, the recent commodity price boom coincided with drop in aggregate government investments” (Bodie, Kane & Marcus, 1999). This break can be explained by the government role ideological shifts, other than viewing it in terms of expenditure smoothening over commodity price volatility. However, the best evidence that will prove Australian policy response historical determination is the government’s response on the collapsing metal base prices. Conclusion With the strategies laid down by the Australian federal government, commodity price volatility that affected major product exports in developing countries, never impacted Australia greatly as compared to other countries, be it on aggregates like GDP or unemployment. This is not because the Australian markets were in a position of responding to external forces. But because, revenue was coming from many different sources, though some studies have refuted this point claiming that the Australian government didn’t use countercyclical investment policy to the maximum. Another reason that seems to have prevented greater impact was the fact that, the country was in a position to diversify revenue sources, hence mute the effects of price volatility. This is because, diversification “made the difference – a big and growing industrial sector before about 1970, and a big and growing service sector after about 1970. More efficient factor markets and better institutions didn’t seem to matter much at all” (Kose & Reizman, 2001). List of References Ambafrance-jp.org. 2011, G20-G8 France. Web. Anderson, K. 1987, “Tariffs and the manufacturing sector,” in Maddock, R. & McLean, I (eds.). The Australian Economy in the Long Run. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Bambrick, S. 1973. “Australian Price Levels, 1890-1970,” Australian Economic History Review. 13(1), PP. 57-71. Bodie, Z., Kane A. & Marcus, A. 1999. Investments . Sydney: Irwin McGraw Hill. Brigden, J. 1925, “The Australian tariff and the standard of living,” Economic Record . 1(1), PP. 29-46. Cashin, P. & McDermott, J. 2002, “Riding on the Sheep’s Back: Examining Australia’s Dependence on Wool Exports” Economic Record. 78(242), PP. 249-63. Corden, W. & Gruen, F. 1970, “A Tariff That Worsens the Terms of Trade.” In.MacDougall, A. & Snape, R. (eds.). Studies in International Economics. Amsterdam: North Holland. Gregory, R. 1976, “Some Implications of the Growth of the Mining Sector.” A ustralian 30 Journal of Agricultural Economics. 20(2), PP. 71–91. Haig, B. 1966, “Estimates of Australian real product by industry.” Australian Economic Papers. 5(7), PP. 230-50. Hatton, T. & Williamson, G. 1998. The Age of Mass Migration: Causes and Economic Impact. Oxford: Oxford University Press. Koren, M. & Tenreyro, S. 2007, “Volatility and Development,” Quarterly Journal of Economics .122(1), pp. 243-287. Kose, M. & Reizman, R. 2001, “Trade Shocks and Macroeconomic Fluctuations in Africa,” Journal of Development Economics. 65(1), pp. 55-80. Lloyd, P. 2008, “100 Years of Tariff Protection in Australia”. Australian Economic History Review. 48(2), pp. 99-145. Maddock, R. & McLean, I. 1987, The Australian Economy in the Long Run . Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

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Write the full essay for the following summary: The essay discusses the role of information technology in disaster preparedness, response, and recovery. It also examines the five categories of government disaster preparedness.

The essay discusses the role of information technology in disaster preparedness, response, and recovery. It also examines the five categories of government disaster preparedness.

Communicating Emergency Preparedness Term Paper Table of Contents 1. Response 2. Recovery 3. The Role of IT in Preparedness, Response, and Recovery 4. References Governments have assured people that they are ready to handle disasters when they strike. We may classify government disaster preparedness into five categories as planning, exercise, training, equipment, and statutory authority. The first instant of government response to disaster involves the local government. Planning responses to emergency and disaster like Hurricane Katrina of 2005 is necessary and involves several steps. Local governments have learnt that an onset of a disaster is not ideal time to start planning. It must know well in advance what to do when disaster strikes. For instance, response to Hurricane Katrina involved planning what to do, how to do it, what equipment to use, how can and they will assist. Planning occurs in advance. Therefore, government has developed a comprehensive methodology known as Emergency Operations Plan (EOP) for use and planning for disasters. Government can scale up or down EOP with regard to particular disaster or community needs. EOP can handle several of disaster response and recovery (Coppola, 2007). Regimen always exercises as a part of preparedness in response to emergency situations. Exercise occurs as defined in the EOP allowing people participating in the response process practice their roles and responsibility before an actual disaster strikes. Exercise helps to identify problems in the plan during non-emergency situations. The crew will have enough time to tackle the problems before the actual disaster occurs in order to eliminate unnecessary setbacks. Exercise introduces individuals and agencies participating in response to their services. Pre-disaster introduction enables the officials to call right people in time of needs. Government must train in readiness for emergency. During rescue process, the official put their lives in danger. Therefore, adequate training for the response team is mandatory. Insufficiently trained response personnel can contribute to the possibility of a secondary emergency or disaster, and further strain inadequate resources. The first teams to respond among local government team are mainly police, emergency medical departments and fire services. These groups have basic training in handling all manner of emergency. The US has centralized training facilities where response teams get training at the local levels (McEntire, 2007). Manufacturers have developed special equipment to assist in response, and recovery in emergency situations. These items help to reduce the number of casualties, damages to property, injuries and deaths. These items provide safety to the response teams in order to protect their lives. The only problem is that response items are not always adequate as we witnessed during response to Hurricane Katrina. In major disasters, there is great disparity of what is available and what the response teams need in order to respond adequately. Some of the items the US government mobilized during Hurricane Katrina included vehicles of all sorts, devices such as fire extinguisher, chemicals and access equipment. The final stage in the US government disaster preparedness is the statutory authority. Government emergency responses involve a large number of stakeholders such the local officials, public, private individuals, and businesses. A proper statutory authority exists to ensure that response agencies can carry out their duties effectively. Statutory authority ensures that response teams and items are always ready and constantly funded. Emergency responses require enormous resources, which local governments are not in a position to mobilize. Therefore, there is always confusion where the resources will come from and who will take control. Statutory authority ensures that there is a line of control and succession. The EOP provides guidelines on specific authority in relation to specific disasters and gives them the power to act. There are new and changing disasters such as the 9/11 attacks. This led to the establishment of the US Department of Homeland Security to respond to new threats of terrorist attacks. During first few hours in emergency responses, the resources might not be adequate. Therefore, it is necessary to prepare the public to take care of their responses needs. Public preparedness involves education and raising awareness. The UN (United Nations) notes that public disaster education is fundamental in eliminating countries’ vulnerability to disasters. Preparing public to handle emergency involves giving them skills to enable them carry out specialized functions such as search, rescue, first aid, or suppression of other developing incidences. Response Responses to emergency include actions aiming at eliminating or reducing injuries, deaths, property damages and to the environment that the response team takes prior to, during and instantly after the disaster. A perfect example was a response to Hurricane Katrina. The response process began when the people realized that Hurricane Katrina was imminent and unavoidable. It is crucial to note that response is the most complex and critical stage in disaster management because of the high stress environment the response team conducts it. Unwarranted delays turn into tragedy and destruction of lives and property. Response is an intensive process as it addresses the immediate needs such as search and rescue, first aid, and provision of shelter. Response also includes systems that coordinate and supports all these efforts. Response entails rapid and immediate restoration of key infrastructure such as transportation systems, electricity and communication channels, distribution of food and clean water. Response team must restore the infrastructures in order to facilitate recovery, reduce further injuries and deaths, and restore society to its normalcy. Hurricane Katrina demonstrated that each disaster is unique with its own variables sometimes unknown even to the well-planned response strategies. At the same time, the participants, response needs, victims and timing of the order of events were unique in Hurricane Katrina. Responses to disasters rely on the available information and coordination of efforts. All hazardous events involve emergency responses. In emergency situations, both trained and untrained persons must respond to the situations outside the normal life. Emergency situations persist till the response teams eliminate conditions of danger and threats to life and property. Pre-disaster recognitions in New Orleans enabled the response team to plan in advance as designated in the EOP. A cyclone gives significant leads, and recognition is possible to enable response immediately. Several pre-disaster response processes are available to disaster management. The systems of pre-disaster responses involve warning and evacuation. This may give the public a last minute chance to evacuate the area and seek shelter in safe grounds. The response teams also have opportunities to position their resources and supplies in advance. The response team may position their resources and supplies in safe ground to avoid difficulties of movements after the disaster. Last-minute preparedness and mitigation are only useful when the response team prepares them in advance. Post-disaster recognition responses occur in earnest. Search and rescue is a fundamental part of emergency response that response team must conduct to prevent loss of lives. Hurricane Katrina resulted into trapped victims in collapsed buildings and debris. First aid treatment to the victim of disasters focuses on relocation of the injured persons to safe ground. Search and rescue is a fundamental part of emergency response that response team must conduct to prevent loss of lives. First aid treatment to the victim of disasters focuses on relocation of the injured persons to safe ground. Occasionally, the number of the victim may stretch the available resources beyond limit. Transportation of supplies may also be a problem due to access of the disaster scene. Evacuation occur before, during and after the disaster has struck. Rescue team evacuates victims to safe grounds in order to reduce the number of disaster casualties. The challenge with advance notice to evacuate is that people may refuse to move as we witnessed in Hurricane Katrina. There were advance warnings about the growing disaster, but few people responded to the notices. Officials must predetermine effective evacuation processes including the resources the victims will need. Disaster assessment involves collecting data to help with information the officials need in order to respond to the situation. They should be able to know exactly what is going on at any given time. Assessments include situation assessment, which determines what has occurred due to disaster. At the same time, need assessment involves collecting information regarding the resources, services and assistance the disaster victims need. Other response needs include treating the hazard, for instance, during the hurricane, the storm caused havoc on people and their buildings. There were strong winds, storm surges and violet movements. Provision of basic needs such as water, food and shelter is necessary as victims stills need basic in order to continue surviving. Victims need immediate assistance with regard to basic needs (Pinkowski, 2008). Safety and security of the disaster area is a crucial part of a response process. At this point, security officials and other response team experience strain. During this period, victims may experience security and safety lapses. Looting becomes a common security threat to victims of the disaster. Looting even disrupts some evacuation efforts. Assault on the victim of disaster and response team is another safety and security challenge. In most cases, the officials must call off the rescue process until they restore security. For instance, during Hurricane Katrina, response team suspended all their processes after a sniper fired upon response team on the grounds and in the air. Opportunistic criminals take advantage of lack of security and open nature of shelters to cause havoc to the victims. Some safety issues involve domestic violence whereby victims loss control of themselves due to stress. Recovery Recovery is the process by which victims rebuild, repair, and reconstruct all the adverse effects and losses after the disaster in order to return to normality. Just like response, recovery also occurs under a resource-strained environment. Effective recovery operations require skills, resources, and qualified personnel. The problem with the recovery process is that there is always confusion. People make most decisions in haste, with no analysis and planning resulting into loss of opportunities for improvements. Information gathered during the preparedness stage is useful for planning recovery processes. Managers organize pre-disaster recovery processes because of prior planning organizers are putting in places. They are likely to have long-term effects on recovery processes. The nature and magnitudes of disasters are unpredictable. Therefore, pre-disaster recoveries are hypothetical approaches, which are focusing on broad goals (Gustin, 2002). There are short and long term recovery efforts. Recovery periods depend on specific consequences of the disaster, resources available, and capabilities of the recovery team. These factors determine whether or not the recovery efforts will be either be short or long term processes. Hurricane Katrina was a long-lasting recovery process. Therefore, the resources it needed were tremendous. There were short supplies of other resources, which hampered the progress of recovery (Chandra and Acosta, 2009). Effective recovery process involves planning and coordination of the available resources. Planning and coordination during the recovery processes are sometimes difficult to achieve, but the two processes are necessary in order to reduce the risks and facilitate the restoration process. Success or failures of recovery processes depend on planning and coordination of recovery resources and structures. Recovery process must address the community diverse demographic and socio-cultural orientations and preferences (Damon and Erin, 2009). Recovery planning and coordination should include all stakeholders affected by the disaster. Recovery officials must gather accurate and timely information to assess the extent of the damage. This assists the team to make effective use of the available resources and plan priorities (Oliver, 2011). There are several types of recoveries. The most common ones include public aid, restoring housing facilities, focusing on economic recovery, and individual, family and cultural recovery. Public assistance covers all areas of public interests. These are mainly structures and systems concerning government operations. Housing sector is another crucial part of a recovery process. Houses exhibit different degrees of damages. In New Orleans after the Katrina, government engaged in provisions of shelter thereafter the rebuilding processes began (Oliver, 2011). Economic recovery is difficult after the disaster. Disasters put pressure on the economy of the affected state. There is widespread loss of jobs, resources, businesses, and other damages to economic infrastructures. Hurricane Katrina terribly affected the economy of New Orleans. Economic recovery process should begin at the local level where majority experience difficulties. How well New Orleans victims recovered from the economic turmoil depended on how their economy was before the Hurricane Katrina. Recovery processes must also involve people and their cultures. Mental health of individuals is crucial for social well-being of the community. Physical restoration of housing facilities, infrastructures, and economy should go together with the social needs of the community. Recovery team must note that all persons in the environment of the disaster must be affected in different ways by emotional distress and anxiety. Disasters cause stress as people confront vulnerability in their lives and may tend to avoid all attempts avoid future catastrophes. People experience loss of families, property, and jobs. They may even experience prolonged stress due to these losses. Recovery efforts must aim at addressing emotional pain, losing, and suffering after the disaster. Vulnerable members of the community such as children and women are more susceptible to emotional stress than males. Therefore, before they experience psychological problems and post-traumatic stress disorder, recovery efforts must address their mental health (Miller and Rivera, 2010). Some disasters utterly destroy or devastate cultural heritage of a community. For instance, Hurricane Katrina destroyed historic buildings and other structures with cultural values in New Orleans. People lost their heritages and lived in buildings which did not address their cultural, preferences and customs needs. The Role of IT in Preparedness, Response, and Recovery The fundamental focus of disaster management is to reduce the harmful effects of disasters to society and economy. Disaster management requires managers to reduce doubts, show costs and benefits, and effectively manage resources in wide scale and at fast pace than in ordinary situations (Rao and Eisenberg, 2007). Information technology (IT) is striving to provide capabilities that can enable managers to catch the changing realities of disasters and help them to devise effective decisions in order to manage disaster situations. IT systems will help management to keep better processes and progresses in all stages of disaster management. There are potential opportunities in the use of IT to inform local government, state, federal policy makers, public and emergency management team about disaster management. However, IT is not a silver bullet in managing disaster situations. References Chandra, A. and Acosta, J. (2009). The Role of Nongovernmental Organizations in Long-Term Human Recovery After Disaster: Reflections From Louisiana Four Years After Hurricane Katrina. Louisiana, WA: The RAND Corporation. Coppola, D. P. (2007). Introduction to International Disaster Management. Boston: Elsevier Inc. Damon, C. and Erin, K. (2009). Communicating Emergency Preparedness: Strategies for Creating a Disaster Resilient Public. New York: Auerbach Publications. Gustin, J. F. (2002). Disaster & Recovery Planning: A Guide for Facility Managers, 2nd Edition. New York: CRC Press. McEntire, D. A. (2007). Disaster Response and Recovery. New York: John Wiley. Miller, D. and Rivera, J. (2010). Community Disaster Recovery and Resiliency: Exploring Global Opportunities and Challenges. New York: Taylor and Francis. Oliver, C. E. (2011). Catastrophic Disaster Planning and Response. New York: CRC Press. Pinkowski, J. (2008). Disaster Management Handbook: Public Administration and Public Policy. New York: CRC Press. Rao, R. and Eisenberg, J. (2007). Improving Disaster Management: The Role of IT in Mitigation, Preparedness, Response, and Recovery. Washington, DC: National Academies Press.

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Write the original essay that generated the following summary: The communication in public administration system report discusses the importance of communication in public administration and how it can be improved.The communication in public administration system report discusses the importance of communication in public administration and how it can be improved.

The communication in public administration system report discusses the importance of communication in public administration and how it can be improved. The communication in public administration system report discusses the importance of communication in public administration and how it can be improved.

Communication in Public Administration System Report Whether you are in America or in any other part of the world and working either in local police department or doing business, the way public organization manage information has an effect in every individual. Today, there are new technologies that used to collect data, store information, analyze it and publicize the information. However, the way every organization handles information is vital since it will promote their value, competence and effectiveness. For a long period of time, most public organization has been facing difficulties when it comes to formulation of messages. This is due to pressures from political leaders and also from the public scrutiny. This is what Graber had to say, “ the process of managing communication in public organizations has been more demanding and intimidating (Graber 2003).” In his book, The Power of Communication: Managing Information in Public Organizations Doris A. Graber has helped students see the way in which communication networks should be handled. Graber elaborates ways in which effective channels of communication can be constructed to enable transmission of information to the correct audience and also to relate citizen’s feedback and policy decisions. This paper mainly describes communications theory that can be applied to public administration. In the world today, knowledge has indeed become power making it crucial for every person working in public organizations to possess excellent knowledge regarding organizational information. Communication in public administration is a major problem. Governments have performed several functions that are controversial and that normally affect the lives of the citizens. Sophisticated methods are being used by many citizens to challenge the actions of the government. The government therefore is required to possess excellent skills in information and communication management in order to be able to deal with the complex tasks. Information both from the government and the public needs to be well assessed, framed and selected before it is communicated. This will enable communication process to be effective since the flow of information will be properly guided before it reaches the targeted group. Lack of responsible and effective communication and information management usually flood the flow of information making it to become a threat instead of being an added advantage to good government. The quality and nature of public administration communication system generally determine the performance of units in existence in the government sector. However, all public administration system regardless of size is in need of constant information flow regarding what is taking place both inside and outside of the organization. This is the only way that will guarantee success in the system. Littlejohn’s thoughts were that, “ All the new information that flows in the system should be combined with existing information in the system before decisions are made (Littlejohn 2003).” When information is passed in every unit in the public administration system, it will generate further actions and communications. It is therefore important to make sure that all the messages that are passed through public administration system can be easily comprehended by the recipients. However, much information usually gets lost during the process of preparing and transmitting messages to the intended persons. Distortion of information is also possible during the process especially when intermediaries are involved in reframing of the information. Generating information usually force the Members of the public administration to learn more from the decisions they had made in the past. Feedback should be used to adjust policies regarding material and human resources. There are some theories which postulate that public administration systems are in constant flux instead of equilibrium (Miller 2003). However, the decisions made must anticipate developments and it must take into account the fact that it takes a period of time before information is received by the receipt and a feedback is given out. The receipt had to first read the message, consume it to understand what it states before giving out a response. If the recipient is not given enough time to read and understand the message, the decisions/ feedback may not be appropriate since they were made in a hurry without clear thinking of the repercussions. Decisions made should be ahead of public administration current goals so as to compensate for the time lags which is usually unavoidable in the communication process. Statistics should be monitored to anticipate for changes in demands made by the public. Most government systems including public administration system are not usually very effective when it comes to anticipation of the ways in which problems should be solved. Most of the time, you find that there are gaps that exists between available information to the intelligence-gathering agencies and available information to operating agencies (Littlejohn 2003). Information usually passes through various channels. If in any case one of the channels is missing, then the intended message will not reach its destination. This is because there will be no capacity available to handle information being sent. A good example is when there is an emergency in the society for example floods whereby the people need urgent help but they are not able to reach public administration offices through the telephone channels because of disruption or jam in the network (Graber 2003). Many people may end up losing their lives in such cases but if the lines were not disrupted or jammed then the people could have been able to get help hence lives could have been saved. Public administration system should ensure that their units of operation are properly connected so that messages or information sent do not fail to reach the targeted persons. Miller stated; they should make sure that messages related to security reach government officials in time so that they decide on how to act or respond to the issue before it affects the citizens (Miller 2003). The pattern in which information diffuses in the public administration sector depends greatly on the structure of communication network in the organization. Most leaders within the system usually receive much information at a time. Those leaders who are part of the channel of communication of essential messages do not effectively participate in decision making process. The channels used in communication process in the public administration system vary depending on the total number of population it connects to the information flow character (Littlejohn 2003). The flow of information in public administration sector may either follow one direction in shape of commands or it might be reciprocal which involves information exchange between individuals. The character of information in the public administration may determine how well the system functions. Many times, performance of public administration system is mostly affected by time taken to deliver a message to the targeted group and the time taken for the receiver to respond. When problems occur in public administration sector, the public should focus mainly on resolving the problem instead of bashing the sector since that will not help solve the problem. This has been a major issue and challenge faced by public administration system. Problems facing public administration system can be discovered by making a follow-up on communication flow paths and examining and analyzing the meaning conveyed and how it was used. Chaos theory can also be applied in the public administration system based on the above analysis of communication process and problems faced within the system. Chaos theory entails going astray due to unexpected and unpredictable occurrences (Graber 2003). Most large organizations including public administration are often unpredictable especially when it comes to their actions. Information that flows in the public administration system is usually unexpected moving either backward or forward in an unintended direction. There is actually no stability when it comes to information received or passed hence this is why public administration sector is usually faced with multiple failures. In conclusion, effectiveness and efficiency of public administration performance lie mainly on well-executed and well-designed information management. However, the way the organization handles information is vital since it will promote their value, competence and effectiveness. For a long period of time, public administration system has been facing difficulties when it comes to formulation of messages. This is due to pressures from political leaders and also from the public scrutiny. The process of managing communication in public administration has been more demanding and intimidating. This paper has mainly described the best theory that can be used in the public administration system to ensure that there is efficiency and effectiveness in the department. References Graber, D. (2003). The Power of Communication: Managing information in Public Organizations . New York: CQ Press. Littlejohn, S. (2003). Theories of human communication . Belmont: Wadsworth. Miller, K. (2003). Communication Theories: Perspectives, processes, and contexts . New York: McGraw-Hill.

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Convert the following summary back into the original text: The text compares and contrasts the communicative approach to language learning and teaching with other teaching approaches. It concludes that the communicative approach is more effective in promoting excellence in communication.The text critically asses the communicative approach to language learning and teaching. It concludes that the communicative approach is more effective in promoting excellence in communication.

The text compares and contrasts the communicative approach to language learning and teaching with other teaching approaches. It concludes that the communicative approach is more effective in promoting excellence in communication. The text critically asses the communicative approach to language learning and teaching. It concludes that the communicative approach is more effective in promoting excellence in communication.

Communicative Approach Verses Grammar Translation Essay Teaching is a significant element of any academic process, since it plays a vital role of passing information from one individual to another. However, in order to ensure that the learning process is effective, it is essential for teachers to understand various teaching methodologies and their perfect application. Some of the teaching methodologies that should be embraced by teachers include grammar translation, communicative approach, audio lingual, natural approach (Coleman & Klapper, 2005). A detailed understanding of these methodologies ensures a quality outcome within the educational system. Excellent execution of these various learning methodologies also makes it easier for students to acquire the knowledge needed for productive purposes. In order for teachers to, adequately, understand these various teaching methodologies, they should critically compare and contrast these learning methodologies such as the communicative approach with grammar translation method (McDonough & Shaw, 2003). They should compare various aspects of these learning methodologies in an extensive capacity. This enables them to single out and employ the best learning methodology applicable to varied situations. Therefore, in support of their understanding efforts, this document is going to, critically, asses the communicative approach to language learning and teaching. However, this evaluation process will proceed with an extensive comparison with other teaching approaches. Communicative approach was first noted in the 1900 century (1970) (Arnold, 1999). A renowned psychoanalyst, Robert Langs, was the individual behind this theory. He employed his psychoanalysis thoughts and came up with an incredible learning methodology, the communicative approach (Richards & Rodgers, 2001). However, over the years, there have been various myths about Robert’s ideologies. Many people including scholars have interpreted this learning approach in their own perspective thus encouraging bad press on the subject. Communicative approach begins with the theory of language, regarded as an element of communication. The most significant objective of the communicative approach is to promote excellence in communication (Wilkins, 1974). Halliday’s functionalist account is also among the theories embraced by the communicative approach. An example of communicative approach is whereby the learner repeats the words said by the instructor. Teachers give their pronunciation of terms as learners repeat or imitate. Communicative method of learning emphasizes on the use of communication, while in the learning process. In this method, a language is assessed by one’s ability to communicate in the language (Hawkey, 2005). A student’s competency in a language is measured by his effectiveness in communicating in the second language. Therefore, in teaching English, students’ competencies are measured by their ability to, effectively communicate, in the language. This approach encourages teachers to use communication as the best way to evaluate their students, who wishes to acquire the second language. Therefore, in learning English, communicative approach encourages the use of communication in teaching English students. In other words, students should communicate more in English for effective understanding of the language. It is imperative to make some significant considerations, when developing a communicative approach design. One should consider the various levels of objectives. These levels include the integrative level, learning needs, linguistic, interpersonal relationship and general level of education (McKay, 2006). Communication approach is associated with numerous characteristics. Some of these characteristics are what differentiates this approach from the others. For instance, the communication approach actively engages students in the learning process. It encourages students to interact in the foreign language, in order to be proficient (Douglas, 2000). Students must engage in active communication among themselves in order to gain the needed skills in the language. Another characteristic of this approach is that the learning process encourages the use of authentic English texts. These texts assist in making teaching processes effective. In communicative approach, students do not only concentrate on understanding the second language (English), but also insist on the understanding of various strategies required for using this methodology (McKay, 2006). Understanding learning strategies assist in their perfect execution of learning processes thus ensuring that the methodology is effective while conducting the learning process. This communicative methodology further lays more emphasis on the learner’s encounter with various situations and experiences. These encounters display various circumstances whereby students are expected to communicate in the nonnative language, English (Wilkins, 1974). Experience with various situations plays a vital part in the lesson or learning process. The unique context of situations provides excellent opportunities for the learning process outside the doors of classrooms. There are various disadvantages in using the communicative approach, in conducting learning activities. The communicative approach does not encourage the correction of the committed errors (Richards & Nunan, 1990). This is because students practice with their fellows who are also incompetent in the language. Such students find it hard to correct their mistakes, since the interaction does not engage professional assistance. Moreover, many students find it frustrating to communicate with their other counterparts from other countries, due to the varied nature of their pronunciation abilities. Since their accents differ, they often have difficulties in communicating with their fellow students (Richards & Nunan, 1990). Another disadvantage of this method is that it concentrates on fluency but disregards accuracy. This approach does not aim at reducing the errors committed but rather encourages learners to formulate their own methods or tactics of evading the correct language usage. Teachers also often have problems in evaluating their student using this learning approach (McKay, 2006). This is because most tests are often done in written format, yet this approach proposes for oral evaluation. This thus complicates the evaluation process. Moreover, it is difficult for teachers to correct their students’ errors on grammar, while using communicative approach (Zamel, & Spack, 2002). Teachers cannot correct their students on grammar, since this method only concentrate on communication. In this approach, any correction is done after the communication exercise. Therefore, teachers using this approach must be brilliant to be able to identify the mistakes while the communication activity process and refer to them later at the end of the process. Communicative approach is linked to a number of advantages. For instance, the communicative approach gives the real life reflection of the experiences one would find outside classrooms. It gives students an opportunity to have a taste of real communication that will be experienced outside classrooms (Richards & Farrell, 2005). This enhances the student’s ability to communicate effectively on the various contexts encountered outside classrooms. Another advantage is that communicative approach develops a student’s interest on the non-native language, since it creates various communication scenarios that often seem interesting to students. In communicative theory, every stakeholder has his own role to play in the learning process. Teachers and students have their specified roles to play for the process to be successful. Learners often act as negotiators between object of studying, self and the studying process itself (Henkil, 2011). Students also act as joint negotiators in various activities within the group or in classrooms. On the other hand, teachers also have their specific roles. However, they have two roles, which are regarded as extremely significant, while employing communicative approach. One of the major roles for teachers is to facilitate the learning process (Yule, 2010). Teachers should ensure the communication process proceeds with minimal hitches and with the at most cooperation from every stakeholder in the learning process. In addition to this facilitation role, teachers also act as autonomous participants in the communication process. They also assume other roles such as counselors and analysts while conducting the communication process. Communicative approach involves a number of steps or procedure for the process to be effective. The first step is by conducting a number of mini-dialogs. A number of oral practices on the content to be presented during day follow the mini-dialog. This is closely followed by another step, which involves the use asking and answering of questions (Zamel & Spack, 2002). Questions regarding the dialog topic are always asked first followed by questions about the learner’s personal experiences. This is then followed by the learner’s studying various communicative expressions and the underlying rules. Oral recognition and activities then follows, after which students copy the modules. A session is allocated for sampling assignments, which is closely followed by the final step, the evaluation process. Aside from communicative approach, grammar translation is also a significant methodology of studying nonnative languages. Grammar translation method is among the oldest and most traditional approach used for teaching nonnative languages (Yule, 2010). It traces its origin from Germany, in a place known as Prussia. Grammar translation was discovered late in the 1700’s and found its way to the headlights in the beginning of the 19 th century. It was initially understood as the Prussian method or the classical method before it was named as the Prussian method (Richards & Farrell, 2005). Grammar translation gained significant fame with many schools and teachers adopting the language as a suitable teaching methodology. It is currently used by various schools in assisting student grasp the concepts of new languages or non-native languages. Therefore, grammar translation method is a teaching approach whereby students learn foreign or new languages via translation and studying of grammar in their learning processes (Larsen-freeman, 2000). There are various characteristics associated with grammar translation. Grammar translation approaches the study of a foreign language by conducting an extensive study on grammar rules. This process is then closely followed by its application on translating one language to another. Grammar translation concentrates on mastering rules for converting one language to another. Another characteristic is that grammar translation focuses on writing and reading and not on speaking or listening. This teaching methodology involves the direct translation of words or vocabularies using certain texts, word list or dictionaries (Doughty & Long, 2003). In conducting lessons using grammar translation method, most of the time is devoted to translation of words and sentences. Grammar translation method insists on accuracy. Students are expected to uphold high translation standards while conducting their learning activities. In Grammar translation, the study of grammar takes a logical analysis perspective thus deductive analysis. This and any other learning process of grammar translation method uses the local language while instructing learners. The purpose of using grammar translation method was to help learners recognize and learn some of their nonnative languages and literatures. Learning foreign language using grammar translation method was also a strategy to enhance the grammatical understanding of local languages among learners (Henkil, 2011). Moreover, learning foreign languages was a way of growing the intellectual capacity or abilities of learners. There are various examples that can explicate the use of grammar translation approach of learning the second language. Grammar translation method entails the direct translation of words and sentences from one language to the next. Therefore, a perfect example is the following translation whereby a local language is being translated to English. English local language. Gardi boy. Randos floor Several disadvantages emerge when employing grammar translation method. This language learning methodology gives students a reflection of the meaning of languages. It portrays languages as autonomously grouped words that must be pronounced in a certain manner to pass a message. Grammar translation method insists on using only translation method thus giving language an awful approach or perspective that it can only be well understood by translation method. According to sources, it is noted that students with average intelligent quotient on grammar may fail to comprehend the language effectively (Coleman & Clapper, 2005). Students studying under this learning method often feel frustrated and bored. This is due to the boring and difficult nature of this learning method. Grammar translation method is extremely unnatural since it ignores the oral part. The translation process also consumes a lot of time thus wastage of resources. Sentences that are directly translated from other languages often sound funny and with many grammatical errors. Ultimately, this learning process also does not help students learn how to develop excellent pronunciation of words (Gass & Selinker, 2008). Aside from disadvantages, grammar translation method has a number of advantages, which makes the approach sometimes easier to implement. This method is uncomplicated in implementing thus easy time for teachers to perform their various roles (Wilkins, 1974). It does not require facilitators to be fluent in speaking the non-native language. Moreover, it does not require facilitators to be proficient or perfect in the language; only basic skills are necessary for the lesson to be a success. Additionally, since learning instructions are given in mother tongue, learning process is relatively easier thus minimizing the time consumed in the learning process (Arnold, 1999). Grammar translation is extremely common in the current times especially in lessons that contain large number of students. It is the easiest approach to use in a large classroom in order to ensure that the learning process is effective. Moreover, the method is reliable and effective in proving learners adequate skills for learning and understanding. Students are also able to learn various aspects of their languages as well as mother tongue. Ultimately, it is relatively easier test or evaluates students when using this learning method. In grammar translation method, teachers have certain significant role that plays a vital role in the success of the learning process. Teachers often act as a symbol of authority, while conducting various learning sessions (Larsen-freeman, 2000). They ensure that order maintains in classes and with minimal hitches. Additionally, teachers also have a lot of talking time thus more attention to their instructions and words. Aside from the role of teachers, students also have their various roles (Zamel, & Spack, 2002). One of the basic roles for students is to follow the instructions given by their instructors. They must follow each of the directions given by the teacher in order for the learning process to be a success. Moreover, students are expected to be passive and not necessarily active. In contrasting communicative approach with grammar translation method, communicative approach majorly concentrates on communication between learners, whereas, in grammar translation method, much focus is given on the translation of one language to another (Coleman & Klapper, 2005). Additionally, in the evaluation process of communicative approach, students are evaluated by their abilities to communicate in foreign language. On the other hand, the evaluation process in grammar translation method takes the written format. There exist some significant dissimilarity between the characteristics of communicative approach and grammar translation approach. In communicative approach, students are actively engaged in the learning process, whereas, in grammar translation, learners are not actively engaged in the learning process. Their activity is considered as passive (McDonough & Shaw, 2003). In communicative approach, there is a lot of interaction among students as they conduct their various learning activities. This is in contrary to grammar translation, which does not allow active interaction among students. In communicative approach, students become proficient by his experiences with varied instance that encourages his or her communication in foreign language, whereas, in grammar translation, learners become proficient by his or her ability comprehend the translation tricks (Wilkins, 1974). In grammar translation, students must also grasp the grammar rules in order to be successful in the learning process, whereas, in communicative approach, students only have to understand the strategies for communicating in the foreign language. There also exist considerable differences between the disadvantages and disadvantages of the communicative approach and grammar translation approach. For instance, the communicative approach does not encourage the correction of grammatical mistakes, whereas, in grammar translation, much attention is dedicated to the correction of grammatical errors and mastering of grammatical rules (Doughty & Long, 2003). Another difference is that, in the communicative approach, there is less concentration on the accuracy of the language; much attention is given to fluency instead. This is contrary to grammar translation method, which put much attention on grammar accuracy and correction of errors. In communicative approach, facilitators often find it difficult to assess their students, since the assessment is done orally, whereas, in grammar translation, the assessment is done in written format thus easier for teachers to conduct the evaluation process (Gass & Selinker, 2008). Communicative approach provides students with the opportunity to experience the possible communication instances that they may face outside school (Coleman & Klapper, 2005). On the contrary, grammar translation method does not give students opportunity to experience real life communication instances that they may meet outside classrooms. As noted before, most students often enjoy studying foreign language using communicative method, since it is very interesting. This is different in grammar translation process whereby students often feel bored due to the uninteresting nature of the learning methodology (Zamel, & Spack, 2002). Therefore, most students learning foreign language using the communicative approach often develop interest on the language, which is a contrary to the ones using grammatical translation. In communicative approach, teacher often have difficulties in conducting lesson activities, since they are responsible for various significant roles. In grammatical translation, however, teachers often find it easy to conduct various learning activities. This is because it allows the use of mother tongue thus easier for teachers to give students instructions (Hawkey, 2005). Moreover, in communicative approach, teachers are expected to be fluent or proficient in the foreign language, whereas, in grammatical translation method, facilitators only need to have basic knowledge about the foreign language. It is easier for teachers to evaluate or test their students using grammar translation method, since the test is offered in written form. This is not the same in communicative approach since it uses oral tests, which is extremely difficult for teachers to use as an evaluation process. References Arnold, J. (1999). Affect in language learning . Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press. Coleman, J. & Klapper, J. (2005). Effective learning and teaching in modern languages . London, LDN: Routledge Falmer. Doughty, C. & Long, M. (2003). The Handbook of second language acquisition . Malden, MA: Oxford Blackwell. Douglas, D. (2000). Assessing languages for specific purposes . Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press. Gass, S. & Selinker, L. (2008). Second language acquisition: an introductory course . London, LDN: Routledge. Hawkey, R. (2005). A modular approach to testing English language skills: the development of the Certificates in English Language Skills (CELS) examinations . Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press. Henkil, E. (2011). Handbook of Research in Second Language Teaching and Learning . New York, NY: Taylor & Francis. Larsen-freeman, D. (2000). Techniques and principles in language teaching . New York, NY: Oxford University Press. McDonough, J. & Shaw, C. (2003). Materials and methods in ELT: a teacher’s guide . Malden, MA: Wiley-Blackwell. McKay, P. (2006). Assessing young language learners . Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press. Richards, J. & Farrell, T. (2005). Professional development for language teachers: strategies for teacher learning (Thomas Sylvester Charles). Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press 2005. Richards, J. & Nunan, D. (1990). Second Language teacher education . Oxford, OX: Oxford University Press. Richards, J. & Rodgers, T. (2001). Approaches and methods in language teaching . New York, NY: Cambridge University Press. Richards, J. (1990). The language-teaching matrix . Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press. Wilkins, D. (1974). Second-language learning and teaching . London, LDN: Edward Arnold. Yule, G. (2010). The study of language . Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press. Zamel, V. & Spack, R. (2002). Enriching Esol Pedagogy: Readings and Activities for Engagement, Reflection, and Inquiry . New York, NY: Taylor & Francis.

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Write the original essay that provided the following summary when summarized: Community contracting is a process whereby institutions or the NGOs purchase or undertake projects on behalf of the community. It takes a participative approach in the conducting of projects in the community.Community contracting aims at improving the quality of services provided and empowering the community members. It has been successful so far but it has also failed in certain aspects.

Community contracting is a process whereby institutions or the NGOs purchase or undertake projects on behalf of the community. It takes a participative approach in the conducting of projects in the community. Community contracting aims at improving the quality of services provided and empowering the community members. It has been successful so far but it has also failed in certain aspects.

Community Contracting With NGOs and How It May or May Not Improve Service Delivery by the Government Essay Community contracting is a process whereby institutions or the NGOs purchase or undertake projects on behalf of the community. Community contracting takes a participative approach in the conducting of projects in the community. That is, the community is involved in the idea generation, planning process, implementation stage and the maintenance stage of the project. Community contracting aims at improving the quality of services provided and empowering the community members. Contracting of the community with the NGOs so far has been successful. NGOs focus is on a given location unlike the government, which has to focus on the country as a whole. Therefore, the NGOs efforts move towards developing the infrastructure of a given area. This is beneficial as it makes the performance evaluation of the contractors much easier. It also ensures the creation of accountability among the different stakeholders. That is, the chief is aware of the amount of money disbursed to the NGOs for the project. He can assess how far the project is further along and determine the amount of funds used. This creates transparency within the NGO and reduces the corruption level of the management. The community is in charge of managing the finances (De Silva, 12). NGOs do a lot of survey in the area. The society members provide the labor during the survey and from this survey; they get an opportunity to raise the issues that they would like the NGO to address. The survey gives the community member a say in the development of the community and they feel part of the NGO hence do not provide any resistance to change. The NGOs trains the society on leadership skills and management skills. It is cheaper when the locals provide the labor and the society trusts the contractors more when their members are part of the organization. Community ownership of the projects also creates sustainability of the projects. Involvement of the community members in the decision making process results to extensive solution development. The different members of the public have knowledge in various fields. When all that information is put together a concrete and effective solution will be developed (De Silva, 4). Even though the community contracting has so many successes, it has failed in certain aspects. It is unreasonable to allocate tasks to groups that do not have prior experience on a particular field. This results to poor judgment on what needs to be done and poor implementation of the project. As a result, there is an increase in wastage resource. Secondly, community contracting is community based and cannot be used to implement change on a nationwide basis as a result this pulls back development in that particular community. In reality community, contracting is not sustainable because of the many conflicts that arise between the NGOs and the community. The NGOs and the donors want to do what they think is good for the community but the committee differs with them. This results to conflict and disagreements. Thirdly, the NGOs rather than using the locals in providing labor they outsource. This creates a disharmony with the locals. This is especially true in countries where the services of NGOs are required most. In these countries, unemployment is quite rampant and people jostle for positions. When an opportunity presents itself for unemployment, especially one offered by a nongovernmental organization, many people want to be hired. Donors who use community contracting does very little monitoring. The impact is that there is perceived lack of accountability on the part of the employees who win these contracts. The benefit to the community may be big, but the failures outweigh the benefits. Communities perceive the contractors as interested in money only and without their interest at heart. Mismanagement is quite rampant and embezzling funds may be the biggest reason for failure of community contracting (De Silva, 23). Community contracting has had a positive impact on the community. The contracts have empowered the community as a whole. The members who attend the workshops organized by the NGO learn many skills and they become more assertive and hardworking. The contracts have enabled the community members to think broad and become innovative. They can look at a situation and determine the needs of the society and from then onwards they come up with community-based projects to be undertaken. The contracts have also lead to the creation of a better working environment for environs through the development of infrastructure therefore enabling the community members to engage in income generating ventures, which will support them and enable them to maintain their standard of living. Participation of the community member in the subprojects created a sense of ownership among the members thus creating sustainability of the project even in later years. This is quite a positive move in the right direction. It creates some form of ownership and acceptance. This is especially true when the whole process is open and accountable and recognizes merit. Works Cited De Silva, Samantha. Community-Based Contracting: A Review of Stakeholder Experience. Web. https://www.wsp.org/ January 2000.

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Create the inputted essay that provided the following summary: Backwell IXL Company is a manufacturing company dealing in the manufacture of computer chips. The company's plant and headquarter is based in Geelong. The company has been in operation for the last seven years having been established back in 2005 by its owner Garry Backwell.Backwell IXL is known for producing quality computer chips with its main product being hte processor. In 2010 Blackwell IXL was awarded the best processor manufacturers by the Union of Processor manufacturers.

Backwell IXL Company is a manufacturing company dealing in the manufacture of computer chips. The company's plant and headquarter is based in Geelong. The company has been in operation for the last seven years having been established back in 2005 by its owner Garry Backwell. Backwell IXL is known for producing quality computer chips with its main product being hte processor. In 2010 Blackwell IXL was awarded the best processor manufacturers by the Union of Processor manufacturers.

Backwell IXL Company Strategy and Management Essay Table of Contents 1. Overview 2. Organisational Structure 3. Company Strategy 4. Product Development 5. Quality Management at IXL Overview Backwell IXL Company is a manufacturing company dealing in the manufacture of computer chips. The company’s plant and headquarter is based in Geelong. The company has been in operation for the last seven years having been established back in 2005 by its owner Garry Backwell. Backwell IXL is known for producing quality computer chips with its main product being hte processor. In 2010 Blackwell IXL was awarded the best processor manufacturers by the Union of Processor manufacturers. Blackwell IXL’s years of operation have been characterised by increased profits over the years as well as increased market reach. The company’s market reach widened from just Geelong to the whole world now. It is important to note that Blackwell IXL is Organisational Structure The organisational structure is composed of the CEO at the top who answers to the board of governors. Under the CEO is a group of managers consisting of ICT manager, the Human Resource Manager and the Operations Manager. The ICT manager is responsible for new formats of manufacturing and ensuring the standards is adhered to. The ICT manager works closely with hte operations manager who is responsible of ensuring the clients demands are put into consideration in manufacturing of the chips. Hte Human resource department majorly deals with employment of staff and promotion of the same. They also deal with the remuneration of staff. Under the managers are the technicians comprising of majorly engineers and programmers. They are employed by the Human Resource department and deployed to either the operations department or the ICT department depending on the demand of any of the departments. Company Strategy The major goal of the company is to widen its market reach even further and to dominate the very dynamic industry of computer manufacture chips. Long term developments include being able to assemble a computer of their own. The company has put forward strategies to see to it that this happens. The company is partnering with IBM to assemble their first computer. This is going to put the company in a better position as they would have known what it takes to assemble a complete computer. This is a plan that it to implemented in a period of two years. By 2015 the company is looking to develop its own computer. Product Development The development of the chips is set to produce the highest quality of chips in the world. The production of the chips is divided into three main stages: Blue print- Here the products estimate ability is identified and its design is agreed upon depending on the existing standards and technological development Production- This is the stage where the actual manufacturing takes place. The chips are manufactured according to the design that was agreed upon in the blue print stage. The production is done to the finest of details to ensure standards are adhered to. Testing- This is perhaps the most important stage of the product development process. It ensures that the final product is as was agreed to be at the blue print stage. Quality Management at IXL Quality management is taken as the most important management strategy Blackwell employs the quality management through the ICT department. Quality management is imposed at the testing stage of the product development. We take quality as a product at Blackwell, the products we produce must attain the highest quality set since it is quality that has propelled the company to the levels it is today. As such, quality is not just what we intend to attain, it is who we are.

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Provide the inputted essay that when summarized resulted in the following summary : This essay discusses a comprehensive valuation report on Goodman Fielder Company. The report examines the market and financial environment in which Goodman Fielder operates, and uses a number of helpful tools to estimate the value of Goodman Fielder shares. The period of interest runs from 1st January 2006 to 2nd February 2012.

This essay discusses a comprehensive valuation report on Goodman Fielder Company. The report examines the market and financial environment in which Goodman Fielder operates, and uses a number of helpful tools to estimate the value of Goodman Fielder shares. The period of interest runs from 1st January 2006 to 2nd February 2012.

Goodman Fielder Company Extensive Valuation Report Introduction In this report, we have tried to present a comprehensive evaluation of Goodman Fielder Company. By considering the market and financial environment in which Goodman fielder operates, we have employed the use of several helpful tools to evaluate Goodman Fielder. Here, historical data on share returns, market returns and financial statements will be used to approximate the value of Goodman Fielder shares. The calculated values will then be compared with the actual values of shares at the market. The period of our interest runs from 1 st January 2006 to 2 nd February 2012. The Du Pont approach has been used to compute for equity returns. Later on, we used the CAPM model to estimate for the required rate of return. We then considered the DDM model, the cash flow model, the earnings ratio model and the price book ratio (Tobin 1969). These approaches have been helpful in understanding various facets (including price value and competitiveness) of the share pricing for Goodman Fielder (a major indicator of a company’s performance) (Viney 2009). Often, we found it necessary to identify a number of actions that can be undertaken by the management of Goodman Fielder to better the prospects of their company. Background Information Goodman Fielder is a food processing and retail company with base operations in Australia (Kenneth 1982). Among the products that are produced and marketed by the Goodman Fielder Company include bread, mayonnaise, milk, pizzas, cooking oils and pies (Kenneth 1982). The company ranks top among the main producers and distributors of food within Australia and the rest of the pacific Islands (Keown 2002). In New Zealand, it (Goodman Fielder) is the largest supplier of flour ands commercial fat to manufacturing industries (Oliver 2009). Thus, apart from being a major producer and distributor of grocery commodities, Goodman Fielder is also a supplier of edible fat and flour to commercial food companies (Ross & Sergio 2005). Many Australians love Goodman Fielder products; thus, the company has a good market segment here (Keown 2002). Goodman Fielder company employs more than seven thousand people within Australia and the larger pacific Islands region (New Zealand, Papua Guinea, New Caledonia and Fiji) (Oliver 2009). Market Segment As we have seen, Goodman Fielder has a large and wide market segment. Geographically, Goodman Fielder’s market segment cuts across Australia and the pacific Islands region (Collins & Kothari 1989). Goodman Fielder produces a variety of products that target various segments in the consumer market (Kopcke 1982). Among the most important segments here include baking, dairy market, fats and oils, and flour (Collins & Kothari 1989). All of the mentioned segments fall within two major categories (Cuthbertson & Nitzsche 2008). The first category can be described as one that consists of processed items that are ready for consumption such as packaged milk, bread and pies (Oliver 2009). On the other hand, the second category consists of items that need further processing before they can be supplied to local markets (Kopcke 1982). Such items, which are usually supplied to commercial food companies, include bulk flour and edible oils. Goodman fielder has always been among the two major large scale suppliers of food products in Australia (Cuthbertson & Nitzsche 2008). Likewise, the company is the main supplier of edible oil and flour to commercial companies in New Zealand (Oliver 2009). Financial History Although the financial performance of Goodman Fielder has averagely been good for a long time (Rayburn 1986) (where the company has been giving good returns on its equity), the same cannot be said about its performance in the past five years (where our analysis of the company will focus) (Ali et al. 1995). The past five years have not been good for Goodman Fielder Company (Cuthbertson & Nitzsche 2008). During this period, its (Goodman Fielder) profits have been decreasing steadily (Collins & Kothari 1989). The share prices of Goodman Fielder have likewise been on a downward spiral (Cuthbertson & Nitzsche 2008). Below is a chart showing the performance of Goodman Fielder’s shares over the past six years (Reilly & Brown 2012). As it can be seen above, the shares of Goodman Fielder have decreased by more than a half in within the past six years (Ali et al 1995). Some stock market analysts are even expecting Goodman Fielder shares to even fall further in the coming months. While Goodman Fielder products remain popular within its consumer market, the company has been performing dismally (Ali et al. 1995). An evaluation of Goodman Fielder financial statements over the past six years reveals a steady decline in revenues (Ali et al. 1995). A number of factors have helped to contribute towards the dismal performance of Goodman Fielder (Easton 1989). First, the recent years of the global economic crisis created a difficult environment for Goodman Fielder Company (Jorgenson 1968). The sales of Goodman Fielder products decreased as the market adjusted to the economic crisis to seek for cheaper food products from other producers (Atrill et al. 2006). Besides, many micro-scale competitors have emerged; thus, eating into the market segment of Goodman Fielder (Jorgenson 1968). The exports of Goodman Fielder have also been affected by the relative strengthening of the Australian dollar in relation to export markets (Kenneth 1982). Moreover, new investments in bakery by the company (Goodman Fielder) have failed to improve on returns (Atrill et al. 2006). The ever increasing fuel prices on the global market have coupled with other factors (such as increases in wage bills) to contribute in increasing production and operation costs for Goodman Fielder (Atrill et al. 2006). Such a direction has eaten into Goodman Fielder revenues; thus, contributing to its dismal performance (Easton 1989). More importantly however, the management of Goodman Fielder have been slow in reacting to the ever dynamic business environment of their company; thus, leading to the poor fortunes of their company (Edwards & Bell 1961). While a large number of customers in Australia and the greater pacific Island region love Goodman Fielder products, the company has failed to solidify its market segment here (Atrill et al 2006). The poor performance of Goodman Fielder shares in the stock market is an indication that share investors are losing their confidence in the ability in its managers (Kenneth 1982). Unlike a number of her counterparts that have successfully emerged from the recent economic crisis (After shrinking during the global economic crisis, the Australian economy has been recording some growths from 2008) to expand their profits, Goodman Fielder is even performing worse at the moment than during the economic crisis period (Ross & Sergio 2005). A number of objectives that have often been designed by Goodman fielder management to tackle the economic difficulties facing their company have so far failed to be fruitful (Atrill et al. 2006). The 2011 half year results indicate one of the poorest performing periods for Goodman Fielder in the past six years (The general performance of Goodman Fielder has generally been on a steady decline over the past five years) (Kenneth 1982). In the recent past, Goodman Fielder has at times been unable to pay dividends as a result of its decreasing cash inflows (Miller & Modigliani). Obviously, there is an urgent need for Goodman Fielder to restructure and adapt to the current economic environment in its market (Koller et al. 2005). Such a direction can only be achieved by a creative, innovative, and a new management at Goodman Fielder (Edwards & Bell 1961). As it will become clear in our analysis, the general performance of Goodman fielder has been way below her peer companies (Baker & Powell 1999). Even with the current progressive growth of the Australian economy (after a difficult economic crisis period), the performance of Goodman Fielder has failed to mirror the expanding Australian GDP (Expected to grow by about 0.8 percent this year) (Edwards & Bell 1961). However, the outlook of Goodman and fielder cannot be concluded to be grim (Kopcke 1982). Let us not forget that there are millions of customers that love Goodman Fielder products (Fama & French 2001). Much of Goodman Fielder’s future will however depend on the ability of its senior management to return the company where it was in the past decade (Miller & Modigliani). With the expanding Australian economy, the possibilities of Goodman Fielder to expand its market share here are real (Baker & Powell 1999). Moreover, the economies of pacific Island economies such as New Zealand, where Goodman Fielder has vast interest, have also continued to show a progressive growth; thus, presenting new opportunities for Goodman Fielder to expand its markets in these areas too (Fama & French 2001). However, as we had seen earlier, the onset of positive fortunes for Goodman Fielder is dependent on the ability of its management to deal with current difficulties and exploit existing opportunities in the market (Baker & Powell 1999). Return on Equity Return on Equity is among the most important approaches that are usually utilised by investors to analyze a company’s profitability. Here, we will utilise the most recent returns (Half year returns for the period ending December 2011) data from Goodman Fielder Company to analyse its return on equity. Generally, a company that is able to produce high returns from its equities without accumulating large debts boasts of large cash flows (Baker & Powell 1999). Thus, such companies can grow without new capital expenditures. Such an arrangement is useful for investors since they can withdraw funds from such a company and invest their withdrawals in other interests (Fama & French 2001). So as to understand important components on equity returns, we will employ the use of the Du Pont Model in analysing the equity returns of Goodman Fielder Company (for the period mentioned) (Beneda 2003). So as to give investors information on specific areas of interest, the Du Pont model has divided equity returns into three multiples: Net profit Margin, asset turnover, and Gearing Ratio (Kopcke 1982). Thus: Return on Equity = Net Profit margin*Asset Turnover* Gearing Table 1 below summarizes ROE’s for the past six years. Table 1: ROE YEAR Gearing ROE 2011 2.58 3.6 2010 2.78 2.8 2009 3.01 3.4 2008 2.9 4.3 2007 2.6 4.7 2006 2.2 5.6 An equity return of 3.6% is quite low (Fazzari et al. 1988). Such a rate is way below the acceptable average of about 12%. With such rates, investors will thus shy away from buying Goodman Fielder shares at the stock exchange; thus, a low demand for the company shares at the stock market (Beneda 2003). Such a direction explains why the stock prices of Goodman Fielder have been falling steadily at the stock market (Fazzari et al. 1988). In 2011, Goodman Fielder had a profit margin of 1.67 percent. Again, such a profit margin is quite low (Kopcke 1982). It therefore means that the company is making little profits from its revenues (Miller & Modigliani). Besides, such a low profit margin is also an indication that there is currently a low possibility that the company’s (Goodman Fielder) management will affect profits to down spiral further (Beneda 2003). Since the profit margin is approaching one percentage point, a further decrease in profit margins is unlikely to result from the mismanagement of Goodman Fielder (Fazzari et al. 1988). It is therefore safer to invest in Goodman Fielder shares with a disregard of how the company’s management could lead to future decreases in profits (Lehn & Makhija 1996). However, such a consideration cannot be used in isolation when identifying the potential of Goodman Fielder shares (Beneda 2003). During the half year period ending 31 st December 2011, Goodman Fielder recorded an asset turnover of 83.5%. The asset turnover ratio is helpful in determining the capacity of a company in converting its assets to incomes (Black 1972). An efficiency of 83.5 % in converting assets to profits is quite acceptable (Fazzari et al. 1988). What however is of concern to investors is the low return on equity despite a leverage of 2.58 (Ohslen 1995). Such an arrangement means that Goodman fielder is relying on debts to generate its low return on equity at 3.6% (Fruhan 1981). Without debts, Goodman fielder would generate a return on equity of only 1.4%. Such an arrangement means that there is a low cash flow within Goodman Fielder; hence, explaining why the company has been facing difficulties in performance (Black 1972). Macro-Economic Factors The global economy is expected to expand slightly in the next few years after experiencing the recent economic crisis (Viney 2009). Here, developing economies like China will experience most growth. On the other hand, developed economies like Australia will experience a slight growth (the Australian economy is expected to grow by 2%). There is usually a strong relationship between economic growth and company growth. The growth prospects of Goodman Fielder Company in 2012 are thus positive. With a market in Indonesia and other Asia-Pacific economies (whose economies are expected to expand marginally), Goodman Fielder can expand her market further. At 2 to 3 percent, the expected rate of inflation in 2012 is within acceptable limits (Green et al. 1996). Australian customers will therefore have enough money to spend on Goodman Fielder products. With a leverage of 2.58, the financial performance of Goodman Fielder will heavily rely on interest rates. If interest rates increase, Goodman Fielder will spend more resources in financing her debt. On the other hand, a decrease in interest rates will help to finance the expansion plans of Goodman Fielder. Indications at the moment predict a fall in interest rates to levels below 3%. Here, the prospects of companies with large borrowing, such as Goodman Fielder, will remain bright. Estimation of Goodman Fielder Shares CAPM Model The CAPM (Capital Pricing Model) model has for many years been a useful tool in calculating expected returns from shares (Lehn & Makhija 1996). Although several economists have criticised the effectiveness of the CAPM model in analysing share returns, no alternative model has been developed to date (Black 1972). Generally, the CAPM model can be represented in the equation below: C= A+ β (B-A) Where A is the risk free rate, B is the market return rate, β is the coefficient of the premium rate, and C is the expected rate of return (Ohslen 1995). Our important responsibility lies in calculating beta for the capital pricing model (Black 1972). By observing the above equation, one can be able to see that it is an equation of a straight line; with a constant gradient and an intercept (Ohslen 1995). One can therefore be able to determine beta through the use of an appropriate graph that plots C against (B-A) (Fruhan 1981). Having obtained the historical share return indexes from dates 1 st January 2006 to 2 nd February, 2012, we calculated the monthly share return rates in an excel worksheet (Gozzi et al. 2006). Such rates were obtained by calculating percentage changes in the share returns of adjacent months, and then multiplying the result by 12 to obtain the annual rates of returns (Lehn & Makhija 1996). Likewise, a similar procedure was employed to calculate the expected monthly returns of the share market from a dataset than contained monthly return values of shares (from dates 1 st January 2006 to 2 nd February 2012) (Bond & Meghir 1994). The free market rates were obtained from the 20 year Federal Reserve rates (from the historical data of the United States treasury rates) (Gozzi et al. 2006). As we have been using in other data sets, our period of interest here is from 1 st January 2006 to 2 nd February, 2012. The frequency of the treasury rates that we used is monthly. The premium rate was then obtained by subtracting A from B (Lintner 1965). An appropriate graph was then drawn in excel where the rate of share returns was plotted against the premium rates (Lintner 1965). Our raw Beta is thus the coefficient of the premium rate, which (as shown below) was shown to be 0.9691. As it is usually suggested, our raw beta needs to be adjusted as below: 0.9691 (0.67) + 0.33 =0.979 Thus, we obtain an adjusted value of 0.979 as our new beta (Lintner 1965). In analysing the CAMP model, we used treasury rates from the Australian Reserve bank to proxy free market rates (Gozzi et al. 2006). Such a direction was informed by the stability of the treasury rates, and the very unlikely scenario of a default from the Australian government (Bond & Meghir 1994). Many economists are confident in using the US treasury rates to represent free market rates (Liynat & Zarwin 1990). Such rates are often approximated at 5 %( Liynat & Zarwin 1990). However, it is useful to observe that in exceptional circumstances, treasury rates can decline (Liynat & Zarwin 1990). Such a direction was observed during the recent economic crisis, and also during the early months of 2012. Here, treasury rates went even below 3% during some months. On the other hand, we employed the return value of the stock market to proxy the market return rate (Green et al. 1996). Since such a value is a representation of the average performance in market stocks, it may not represent a true picture of the market return rate (Green et al. 1996). Here, it would be useful to obtain the standard deviation on stock performance so as to understand whether the estimation that we have used is useful in representing market returns (Bond & Meghir 1994). However, since such an approach would involve a cumbersome procedure of evaluating the performance of all listed companies in the share market, we simply used the total value of stock returns to calculate our assumed market return rate (Liynat & Zarwin 1990). Considering the micro-economic factors that we have discussed above, we found it useful to split the financial performance of Goodman Fielder into four categories: Very strong GDP growth, strong GDP growth, flat growth, weak growth. The table below summarize our estimates. Table 2: Market Return for Different Conditions of Growth. GDP Market Return Estimate(%) Probability (%) Market Return (%) Very Strong (> 5%) 25 10 2.5 Strong (2-5%) 15 60 9 Flat (1-2%) 5 20 1 Weak (<1%) -10 10 -1 Average 11.5 With an adjusted Beta, we calculated the current risk premium rate as follows. With a beta of 0.979, taking the current treasury rate (2.75% as obtained from the historical treasury rates), and assuming an average free market return of 5% (since most economist estimate that the premium rate varies from 3.5% to 6%, we take an average of 5%), the risk premium rate can be calculated as: A= 0.05+ 0.979 (0.05) = 9.9% The Dividend valuation Model can be represented as follows: Value= Expected Dividend/ (Return on equity-Growth rate) The table below summarizes returns for different conditions of economic growth. Table 3: Returns for different conditions of economic growth GDP Market Return (%) Risk Premium Required Rate Of Return Very Strong (> 5%) 2.5 -0.025 0.025525 Strong (2-5%) 9 0.04 0.08916 Flat (1-2%) 1 -0.04 0.01084 Weak (<1%) -1 -0.06 -0.00874 Average (11.5) 11.5 0.065 0.113635 The discount rate is thus 9.9% and the last dividend payout was 2.5 cents per share (Liynat & Zarwin 1990). We estimate a growth rate of 2%. As we had seen earlier during equity returns analysis, the ratio of profit margin was approaching 1%. Such a scenario implies that the management of Goodman Fielder will in future have a slight impact on future profit declines (Bond & Meghir 1994). Since share prices have also declined to lowest levels, we can expect the share prices to stabilize and grow at a stabilized rate of 2% (Lone et al. 1996). We do not expect the shares to grow at a higher rate at the moment since the company (Goodman Fielder) will require a longer period of time to recover (Bowen et al. 1986). Table 4: DDM Approximations for Share Prices Year Growth Growth Rate Share 2012-2014 Slow Growth 0.02 0.639240506 2014-2016 High Growth 0.08 2.736842105 2017 0NWARDS Stable Growth 0.03 0.735507246 Thus, as shown in the table above, the current price for Goodman Fielder Shares is about 0.6392. This particular value is comparable with the market value that has been ranging from 80 cents to 40 cents in 2011. We can also calculate the implied growth rate by assuming that the stock prices for Goodman and Fielder are correctly valued (Lone et al. 1996). Here, with the greatly unstable Goodman Fielder stocks, the challenge would be in picking a historical value of the stock (Lone et al. 1996). We can select the sock value on 1 st January, 2012 (Green et al. 1996). On this particular date, the stock was traded at 42.42 cents. Thus: 0.4242 = 0.025 (1+g/2)/ (0.099/2-g/2) Thus, implied growth rate is 0.019. Cash Flow Since Goodman Fielder does not always pay dividends, we can use cash flows per share (instead of dividends) to estimate its share value (Head 2008). The cash flow model is similar to the DDM model except that we use cash flows per share, instead of dividends, to calculate share returns. Based on our macro-economic assumptions, we think that Goodman Fielder will experience a slow growth followed by a stage of high growth, before settling at a steady growth. The table below presents approximations of the share price for the three stages above. Table 5 Price Earning Ratio and Price Book Value model Year Growth Growth Rate Share 2012-2014 Slow Growth 0.02 1.856865823 2014-2016 Slow Growth 0.08 7.949978947 2017 0NWARDS Stable Growth 0.03 2.136501449 Price earnings ratio is useful in indicating the amount of money that investors are willing to spend for each dollar earned in the Goodman Fielder company. Dividing the formulae above by EPS (Earnings per share): Price earning ratio/EPS= Share market Price/EPS/ Earnings pet share According to the DDM: P = A (1+g)/(k-g). Dividing the formulae above by EPS: P/EPS = Payout Ratio (1+g)/(k-g). Thus, price earnings ratio is dependant on the following: the rate of growth, the required rate of return, and payout ratio. However, since the performance of Goodman Fielder has been very unstable, we will use the ratio multiplier to estimate the EPS of Goodman Fielder as shown below. Table 6: Approximated EPS Year 2011 2012 Market Price 0.639 Growth Rate 0.02 EPS 0.128 0.13056 Approx P/E Ratio 4.894301471 It is important to note that with the presence of many dynamics at Goodman fielder, the earning ratio has been changing constantly (Bowen et al. 1986). Price Book Ratio Likewise, Price book ratio = Equity market value/ Equity book value Price book ratio has been computed in the table below. Table 7: Price Book Ratio YEAR 2012-2014 2014-2012 2017 ONWARDS EBV 1754.4 1857.6 1771.6 EBVPS 0.8772 0.9288 0.8858 P/B 1.372253465 0.339369231 1.204338916 Discussion As we had seen, one of the main challenges that one is likely to face while evaluating a company like Goodman Fielder is the presence of many dynamics at play here (Head 2008). For example, data on stock returns for the past six years indicates a gradual dip in stock prices, which change on a continuous basis (Bowen et al. 1986). During our earlier analysis, we were able to observe a pattern of struggle and poor performance at Goodman Fielder (Chitou & Ketz 1991). Generally, the overall trend of stock returns has been on a downward trend (Peasnell 1981). Although a number of catalytic activities have once in a while helped to stimulate the share prices to rise slightly, the general direction of the stock prices has been a dip (Head 2008). For example, on 6 th January 2012, the stock prices for Goodman fielder rose by a third following a 10 percent acquisition of the company’s stake by Wilmer international limited (Ohlsen 1995). However, this particular rise of stocks was short-lived as share prices fell down again after some time (Bowen et al. 1986). Below is a graph showing an analysis of Goodman Fielder stocks in the past 18 months. As it can be seen, the performance has generally been poor. With such a trend, the Goodman Fielder shares have decreased their competitiveness in the stock market: hence, the observed dipping prices (Head 2008). The root mean square that was calculated by Excel’s regression was 0.19. As a result, about 19% of the risks that can be associated with Goodman Fielder are systematic (Peasnell 1981). Such Risks are related to trading activities at the stock market (Hitchner 2006). On the other hand, 81 percent of the risks that can be associated with Goodman Fielder are non systematic (Rappaport 1981). Such risks can be associated with the management of Goodman Fielder. From an analysis of the DDM model, we were able to obtain a stock price of 63.28 Cents (Chitou & Ketz 1991). Such a value is comparable with the present value of the company’s stock at the share market (Hitchner 2006). However, it is still difficult to determine the accuracy of such a calculated value due to the volatile prices of the company’s share prices (leading to great variations in dividend payouts), which change constantly at the share market (Rappaport 1981). Still, the calculated value can hold for the period under which we evaluated the company (January 2006 to March 2012). On the other hand, our calculated value from cash flows was quite higher than the average share prices of Goodman Fielder (Chitou & Ketz 1991). A possible explanation for such an arrangement is the usual handling of large cash flows in companies that deal with perishables such as Goodman Fielder (Hitchner 2006). There is also a possibility of having taken wrong assumptions in our calculations, and, or errors in our computation (Jorgenson 1968). Due to a continual decrease in its share prices, the shares of Goodman Fielder could also be undervalued at the moment (Chitou & Ketz 1991). In the last six years, the share prices of the (Goodman Fielder) company have decreased by over 50%. The management of Goodman fielder needs to develop innovative solutions that would steer their company back to the years of high profitability and high share capitalization (Rayburn 1986). Again, it is important to note that our understanding of the company from the models that have been evaluated above is limited (Scott 1992). Since such an evaluation is dependant on the usually speculative share market, we cannot depend on the company’s volatile share prices to arrive at our conclusions (Sainsbury 2010). Although many investors will use some of the methodologies that we have employed above to evaluate the potential of companies, their overall investments are usually based on speculation (Scott 1992). Still, since the performance of a company’s share price is proxy to the financial performance of a company, it can give us important information in evaluating a company (Sharpe 1964). The problem with shares like those of Goodman is that since they have been changing very gradually, it is difficult to associate specific share prices with the company’s performance (Sharpe 1964). The observed overall trend however has been a general decline in the price of the shares (Siegel 1985). Although the Dividends model approach has been useful in helping us to approximate a seemingly accurate value of Goodman fielder’s share price (based on comparison with other share prices), the cash flow system is a more accurate method of determining a company’s share value (Sainsbury 2010). With a poor performance record that has recently streamed from the company (Goodman Fielder), the seemingly high price of shares that was approximated by the cash flow model indicates that the company is currently undervalued at the stock Market (Stewart 1991). In the direction of increasing its market share value, Goodman Fielder company needs to convince investors of its worth (Stiglz & Weiss 1981). A robust and creative management will especially help in achieving such a goal (Stiglz & Weiss 1981). Comment on Models We have used four different models to evaluate the financial performance of Goodman Fielder Company. These four models include the dividend valuation model, the cash flow model, the price earnings model and the price book value model. The value of Goodman Fielder share price that was approximated by the dividends ratio model is close to the stock performance of the company at the moment (Jorgenson 1968). t. Although the above model could have provided a useful approach in evaluating the share value of Goodman Fielder, a number of factors can compromise the accuracy of the DDM. As we have seen, the general performance of Goodman Fielder has been volatile, poor, and a bit unpredictable. It therefore means that the financial state of Goodman Fielder has been on a constant change (mostly in a negative direction). Dividend payouts from Goodman Fielder have reflected the unstable state of Goodman Fielder by changing constantly. Since we used the last dividend payouts to calculate the share price of Goodman Fielder (through the use of the DDM model), the price value that was calculated may not reflect the current state of Goodman Fielder. As it can be reflected in the 2011 half year a financial result, a lot has changed in Goodman Fielder since the last dividend payout. Moreover, with the current state of dismal performance, Goodman Fielder will likely avoid paying dividends payouts in the near future (as it has been doing lately); thus, presenting a difficulty in obtaining dividend values for feeding the DDM. Still, the main advantage that arises in the use of the DDM to calculate share values is the strong relationship that usually exists between share values and dividend payouts. However, for a company that has been moving in a difficult labyrinth like Goodman Fielder, it is not wise to use the DDM to calculate its share value (Collins & Kothari 1989). For a company that is undergoing a crisis like Goodman fielder, the cash flow system is a more accurate method for determining the company’s share value (Sainsbury 2010). With a poor performance record that has recently streamed from the company (Goodman Fielder), it is wiser to rely on cash flows (rather than dividends) to calculate the share price of the company. Such a direction eliminates two major problems that were presented by the DDM; unsteady dividend payouts and lack of dividend payouts. As it is often the case, companies that are undergoing a crisis will prefer to reinvest resources than pay dividends (Stewart 1991). The cash flow model is therefore the best tool that can yield a more accurate and reliable value of a company’s share price than all the other approaches that we used. The share price of Goodman Fielder as per the cash flow model was much higher than the current share price of Goodman Fielder at the stock market (Ohlsen 1995). It is worth mentioning here that although the cash flow value was marginally higher than the stock value of Goodman fielder at the share market, the stock prices of Goodman Fielder have in recent years been performing better than the cash flow value. Here, the pointer of the cash flow value could be that the current share price of Goodman Fielder is undervalued. The calculated value of the earning ratio for Goodman Fielder is 9.2. This particular value is slightly different, but comparable with the 11 points value that has been approximated at the Bloomberg site. Our calculated price book value for Goodman Fielder Company is 1.33. Again, this particular value is different, but comparable to the 0.98 points value at the Bloomberg site. Although the price earnings ratio and the price book value are great in providing us with values that we can use to calculate share values for Goodman and fielder, they lack one important component in estimating share values-the future performance of Goodman and Fielder. Through the use of a growth rate, the DDM and cash flow models estimate the future performance of a company while estimating the current share value of a company. Conclusion During the past six years, the financial performance of Goodman Fielder has declined steadily. Such a direction has seen the company’s share value drop over the same period. While we obtained a yield from the dividends model that approximated the current value of shares at the stock market, the more accurate cash flows model yielded a value that was at least thrice the current share price. Since most stock investors like earning dividends, the stock market can thus value shares on the basis of dividend payouts (Strong & Walker 1993). Such a direction can explain the seemingly accurate value that was obtained from the dividends evaluation model. However, dividends can at times be misleading on the true value of a company’s share price. After paying a dividend of five cents, Goodman Fielder Company was able to pay only half of that amount in the last financial year. Therefore, as it was implied by the cash flow model, the share prices of Goodman Fielder are thus undervalued at the moment (Strong & Walker 1993). References Ali, A. & Pope, P. E., 1995, ‘The Incremental Information Content of Earnings, Funds Flow and Cash Flow: The UK Evidence,’ Journal of Business Finance and Accounting, vol. 22 no. 1, pp. 121-126. Atrill, M., Harvey, J. 2006, Accounting an Introduction , Pearson Prentice Hall Baker, H. K. & Powell, G. E., 1999, ‘How corporate managers view dividend policy?’ Quarterly Journal of Business and Economics , vol. 38 no. 2, pp. 17-27. Beneda, N. 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D. & Zmijewiski, M., 1989, “Cross Sectional Variation in the Stock Market Response to Accounting Earnings Announcements”, Journal of Accounting and Economics , vol. no. 2, pp. 117-141 Edwards, E. O. and Bell, P. W., 1961, The Theory of Measurement of Business Income, University of California Press Fama, E. F. & French, K. R., 2001, ‘Disappearing Dividends: Changing Company Characteristics or Lower Propensity to Pay’, Journal of Financial Economics , vol. 60, pp. 3-43. Fazzari, S. M., Hubbard R. G. & Perersen, B.C., 1988, “Financial Constraints and Corporate Investments”, Brooking Papers on Economic Activity , vol. 1, pp. 141-195. Fruhan W. E. Jr., 1981, “Is Your Stock Worth its Market Value”, Harvard Business Review , vol. 59 no. 3, pp. 124-132 Gozzi, J, Levine, R, Sergio L., 2006, “Internationalization and the Evolution of Corporate Valuation“, World Bank Policy Research Working Paper 3933 , June Green, J., Stark, A. and Thomas, H., 1996, “UK Evidence on the Market Valuation of Research and Development Expenditures”, Journal of Business Finance and Accounting , vol. 23 no. 2, pp. 191-216 Head, T 2008, ‘CAPM: Theory, Advantages and Disadvantages, Student Accountant Magazine , June/July 2008, p 50 Hitchner, J, 2006, Financial Valuation: Applications and Models , 2nd Edition, Wiley Finance, John Wiley & Sons Inc, New Jersey Jorgenson, D. W. and Siebert, C. D., 1968, “A Comparison of Alternative Theories of Corporate Investment Behaviour”, American Economic Review , vol. 58 no. 4, 681-712 Kenneth, M. E., 1982, “Empirical Evidence on Dividends as Signal of Company Value”, Journal of Financial and Quantitative Analysis , vol. 17 no.4, pp. 2-31 Keown, A. J., Martin, J. D., Petty, J. W. & Scott, D. F. 2002, Financial Management: Principles and applications (9th ed.). New York, NJ: Prentice Hall. Koller, T, G, Wessels, D 2005, Valuation: Measuring and Managing the Value of Companies , John Wiley & Sons Inc, New Jersey Kopcke, R. W., 1982, “Forcasting Investment Spending: The Performance of Statistical Models”, New England Economic Review , vol. 8, pp. 19-35. Lehn , K., &Makhija, A., 1996, “EVA and MVA as Performance Measures and Signals for Strategic Change”, Strategy and Leadership , vol. 5, pp.34-38. Lintner, J, 1965, “The Valuation of Risk Assets and the Selection of Risky Investments in Stock Portfolios and Capital budgets”, Review Economic Statistic , vol. 47 no. 1, pp. 13-37 Livnat, J. and Zarwin, P., 1990, “The Incremental Information Content of Cash Flow Components”, Journal of Accounting and Economics , vol. 12, pp. 25-46. Lone, A.,Power, D. M. & Sinclair C. D., 1996, “The Stock Market Reaction to Dividend Announcement: A UK Study of Complex Market Signals”, Journal of Economic Studies , vol. 23 no. 1, pp. 33-52. Miller, M. and Modigliani, F., 1958, “The Cost of Capital, Corporation Finance, and the Theory of Investment”, American Economic Review , vol. 48 no. 3, pp. 261-297. Ohlsen, J., 1995, “The Theory of Value and Earnings and an Introduction to the Ball and Brown Analysis”, Contemporary Accounting Research , vol. 8 no. 1, pp. 1-19. Oliver, S., 2009, ‘Rising Australian Interest Rates- how far, how fast?’, AMP Capital Investors , Edition #35, 1 December 2009 Peasnell, K. V., 1981, “On Capital Budgeting and Income Measurement”, Abacus , vol. 17, pp. 52-67 Rappaport , A., 1981, “Selecting Strategies that Create Shareholders Value”, Harvard Business Review , vol. 59 no. 359, pp. 139-149. Rayburn, J., (1986), “The Association of Operating Cash Flow and Accruals with Security Returns”, Journal of Accounting Research , vol. 24 (Supp.), pp.112-133. Reilly, F, Brown, K., 2012, Investment Analysis & Portfolio Management , 9th Edition, South-Western Cengage Learning, Mason Ross, L., & Sergio L, 2005, Internationalization and the Evolution of Corporate Valuation, NBER Working Papers 11023 , National Bureau of Economic Research, Inc Sainsbury, M., 2010, ‘China Steel Output hit as costs rise and profits fall’, The Australian , vol. 22, p 27 Scott, M. F., 1992, “The Cost of Equity Capital and the Risk Premium on Equities”, Nuffed College Discussion Papers in Economics , vol. 2, pp. 21-32. 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Create the inputted essay that provided the following summary: The purpose of this paper is to identify the human resource issues faced by multinational corporations (MNCs). The reason is that many international organizations are triggered by economic liberalization to expand their operations in an effort to establish their global reputation (Emadi-Coffin, 2002).The paper starts by reviewing the literature related to international human resource management as the core focus of the study. Then there is a discussion of the findings related to the human resource challenges faced by MNCs as

The purpose of this paper is to identify the human resource issues faced by multinational corporations (MNCs). The reason is that many international organizations are triggered by economic liberalization to expand their operations in an effort to establish their global reputation (Emadi-Coffin, 2002). The paper starts by reviewing the literature related to international human resource management as the core focus of the study. Then there is a discussion of the findings related to the human resource challenges faced by MNCs as

Human Resource Issues in Multinational Corporations Essay Table of Contents 1. Introduction 2. Conceptualizing IHRM and its significance 3. Literature review 4. Findings and discussions 5. Changes in global environment as a challenge to MNCs 6. Reducing cultural shock as a challenge to MNCs 7. Compensation strategy as IHRM challenge 8. Conclusion 9. References Introduction The purpose of this paper is to identify the human resource issues faced by multinational corporations (MNCs). The reason is that many international organizations are triggered by economic liberalization to expand their operations in an effort to establish their global reputation (Emadi-Coffin, 2002). The paper starts by reviewing the literature related to international human resource management as the core focus of the study. Then there is a discussion of the findings related to the human resource challenges faced by MNCs as well as the strategies to overcome the challenges. Some researchers have observed the many challenges facing MNC that are related to human resource management (Gomez-Mejia, Balkin & Cardy, 2004, p. 329). Therefore, this paper attempts to investigate a number of the challenges that face MNC in regard to HRM and the strategic solutions thereof. Conceptualizing IHRM and its significance Shen (2005) explained international human resource management in terms of formation as a set of unique actions, processes and occupations that are adopted to attract, develop and retain the human resources of multinational corporations. At domestic level, human resource management covers all the models, strategies, policies, processes and practices which firms employ to manage and develop human resources (Rudman, 2007). As literature suggests, international HRM and domestic-based HRM differ in that the former relates to multinational organizations while the latter relates to national businesses (Du Plessis, 2010). Therefore, in the last twenty years, there has been a shift from personnel management to human resource management and recently to international human resource management. The causes of these shifts were noted by Lundy (1994) who stated that HRM emerged due to “changes in the functions, substance, boundaries and goals of the original personnel management function (p.693). Just like it is a typical idea in domestic-based HRM that efficient management of people plays a vital role in the success of the enterprise, Scullion and Starky (2000) advice that efficient management of human resources in MNC is a crucial determinant of success in global business. This is the reason why understanding the management of the staff in the global context is so crucial. Hartel et al (2007) explain HRM as the formal part of a firm responsible for all features of the management of people. On the other hand, IHRM is considered as the transaction amid three dimensions: HR activities, different types of employees and countries of operation (De Cieri, Fenwink & Hutchins, 2005). Hence, it can be argued that the difficulty of operating at global level and employing varying countrywide groups of employees is a major factor that makes a distinction between HRM and IHRM, rather than the key discrepancies between actions. Dowling and Welch (2004) identified several factors that contribute to the complexity of IHRM which include: more HR activities, the need to have a wider perspective, more involvement in personal issues of employees, shifts in emphasis due to different workforce mix of expatriate and local employees, risk exposure and broader external influences. Literature review According to Bures and Vloebergs (2001), the challenges of IHRM are not simply because of the variations in national cultures, but also variations in administration options, business strategies, orientations, tactical and strategic elements and choices of administrative inheritance (p.146). Shen (2005) asserts that the major purpose of IHRM have the tendency of assisting MNCs to best employ their human resources in the global context. Since MNCs’ activities are engaged in HRM, it is true that IHRM is more challenging than domestic-based HRM. A number of variables such as cultural disparities, cultural shock, different shared meaning and organizational values that conflict with their national cultures add to the challenges of IHRM. Dowling and Welch (2004) argued that when MNC develops compensation policies, it attempts to satisfy the following goals: aligning the policies with overall strategy and structure, attracting and retaining staff, facilitating cost-effective transfer of foreign worker, and providing equity and ease of administration. Key variations can occur in the package of the employee depending on the link between the base salary and home country or the fourth country which eventually challenge IHRM in standardizing (Dowling and Welch, 2004). While globalization entails a substantial shifting in the direction of standardizing working conditions and of particular components of management structures in MNC, including the components of human resource management, the force of local culture, labor market practices and institutional arrangements continue to increase pressure for deviation (McGraw & Harley, 2003). The approach towards the process of standardizing working conditions is apparently tricky. There are numerous ways of accomplishing this, but to begin with, the IHRM is compelled to reflect on the existing culture and regulations of the concerned nation. Despite having highly developed practices and favorable working conditions at home country, it is incorrect for MNCs to presume that transferring those practices and condition to foreign countries can escape the resource restraints imposed by certain legislations and conditions in the host nation. Du Plessis (2010) maintains that the human resource guidelines and practices of MNCs ought to be a mix of domestic-based HRM arrangement, aspects in the host nations and specific aspects for the business. Obviously, this demonstrates the slight difference of the policies and conditions in each host nation. However, this claim differs from one forwarded by Florkowski and Raghu (1993) that MNCs are usually expected to modify their plans and programmes to attain conformity all through the firm including work conditions and payment schemes. Proper implementation leads to the reduction of contradiction within the organization. However, arranging this to ensure the accommodation of different cultural inclinations would be quite expensive in terms of money and time to the concerned firm. But, Carr (2006) is of the opinion that the human resource managers for MNCs should decipher that business process will require being 80 percent standardized. Findings and discussions The review of the literature suggest that there are many challenges facing multinational corporation related to host country factors, businesses processes factors and diverse cultural factors. This is reinforced by Du Plessis and Beaver (2008) when he admits that the many issues that constrain MNCs include political-legal, different cultures, language barriers, labor market and employment practices. Schmitt and Sadowski (2003) consider pay and working conditions as the enormous challenge and argue that pay must be distributed equally across different countries. This section of the paper discuses the major challenges identified in the literature and their solutions. Changes in global environment as a challenge to MNCs The international business environment is changing rapidly thus demanding new approaches to business. On top of the changes in regulations, consumer behaviors and diversity, the economic environment across the world has experienced notable changes (Gomez-Mejia, Balkin & Cardy, 2004). These changes have demanded managers including HRM to adopt cost-efficient policies to ensure sustained business. For many MNCs, the focus is to develop a corporate culture that might create competitive advantages and eventually sustain the firm in the threatening economic climate. Therefore, multinational corporations are challenged to move away from conventional approaches of aligning corporate cultures with national cultures. In this respect, international human resource managers are tasked with building a learning working environment where employees are flexible enough to move in tandem with global changes (Du Plessis & Beaver, 2008). Employees must be driven to embark on processes of achieving and learning the knowhow, skills and behaviors that can help corporations to establish strongly in the international market. For this challenge, MNCs and particularly HR managers are required to build an organizational culture that can permit human resources to rotate to other countries and learn the problems that lie in foreign environment. However, this is always difficult for HR managers and expensive to the company. Reducing cultural shock as a challenge to MNCs Generally, apart from controlling and monitoring the financial distribution and profitability of an organization, expatriates are expected to widen up their skills and knowledge in technology. They are expected to provide the new knowledge to be adapted by the locals and therefore have high respect at the workplace (Du Plessis & Beaver, 2008). Their role is considered as uniquely significant since their main task is to maintain the philosophy of Multinational Corporations (MNCs) as well as the organization structure. Living or working in a new cultural environment presents a lot of challenges to the expatriates and are supposed to make adjustment in their way of living in order to succeed in their assignments. Literature on expatriation indicates that people from different cultures may face difficulties in understanding each other’s behavior and values towards another (Du Plessis & Beaver, 2008). Therefore, this may result in cultural crash. The adjustment of an expatriate employee depends heavily on the HRM polices on training offered to expatriates In response to cultural shocks, Du Plessis (2010) explains how international human resource managers have realized that employee relation differs significantly from one country to another and that the policies applied to motivate employees in a particular country might be useless in another. Conventional expectations will always surface when employment relationship is concerned due to its bio-centric nature. Indeed, it is debatable whether IHR managers should attempt to change the lingering views or not. The intangible cultural vigor between western organizations and their off-shore outsourcing opportunities in various fields including employment work ethics, the expectations for enduring relationship development as well as job-specific commitment is equally important to organizations for them to bring the practice to long-term success. Compensation strategy as IHRM challenge According to Emadi-Coffin (2002) internationalization of MNCs has brought a host of HRM challenges regarding international benefits and compensation. HR managers in multinational corporations are focusing on the strategic goals and building an extensive compensation plan. This is being done in terms of considering base salaries, short-term and long-term benefits, incentives and growth opportunities. The goal of such kind of plan is to make sure that MNCs’ long-term and short-term goals coexist in the compensation structure without overlapping, which would copy a single compensation plan for the same goal (Dowling & Welch, 2004). The purpose of strategizing is also tailored to make sure that the compensations structure enhances employee attraction and retention, motivating them to work hard and ultimately increase the profitability of the business. The international compensation structures are becoming increasingly challenging for international HR managers as organizations become more and more global. With increased internationalization of businesses, the conditions of employment and compensation of employees vary significantly amid different labor pools of nationality groups of human resource and also differ amongst MNC (Dowling & Welch, 2004). These polices can create strong internal conflicts within an organization at any phase of globalization. There are broad variations both between nations and among MNCs within countries regarding how to compensate employees. Despite international compensation playing a vital role in promoting global opportunities for MNCs, the fundamental challenge is that salary levels as well as pressures from labor unions are different between countries and the organizations cannot standardize the compensation policies (Dowling & Welch, 2004). Therefore, managers should try to design compensation systems that stick to local laws and regulations while sticking into international MNC policies. Conclusion The increasing globalization of MNCs is exposing the firms to new challenges that are related to human resource management. One of the challenges is associated with changes in the global environment that IHRM might deal with by enhancing a learning organization culture. The challenge of expatriation can be solved by training expatriates before sending them on foreign assignment to reduce cultural shock (Beitler, 2005). The challenge of standardizing the international compensation system can be solved by designing systems that stick to local laws and regulations while into international MNC policies. References Beitler, M 2005 Expatriate training and support. Web. Bures, A & Vloeberghs, D 2001, “Cross cultural patterns of internationalization and human resource management issues.” Competitive Review , no.122, p.48. Carr, D 2006, “Gotcha! Deploying a common global system.” Baseline , no.54, p.42. De Cieri, H, Fenwink, M & Hutchings, K 2005, “The challenge of international human resource management: balancing the duality of strategy and practice.” International Journal of Human Resource Management , vol.164 no.6, pp.584-598. Dowling, P & Welch, D 2004, International human resource management: managing people in a multinational context. South Western Thompson, Mason. Du Plessis, A 2010, “International human resource management: an overview of its effect on managers in global organizations.” Interdisciplinary Journal of Contemporary Research in Business , vol.2 no.4, pp.178-192. Du Plessis, A J & Beaver, B 2008, “The changing role of human resource managers for international assignments.” International Review of Business Research Papers , vol.4 no.5, pp.166-181. Emadi-Coffin, B 2002 Rethinking international organization: deregulation and global governance. Routledge, London. Farley, J, Hoenig, S & Young, J 2004, “Key factors influencing HRM practices of overseas subsidiaries in China’s transitional economy.” International Journal of HRM , vol.15 no.4, pp.688-704. Florkowski, G & Rahgu, N 2003, “MNC responses to the legal environment on international HRM.” International Journal of HRM , vol.4 no.2, pp.305-324. Gomez-Mejia, L, Balkin, D. & Cardy, R 2004, Managing Human Resources. Pearson, New Jersey. Hartel, C, Fujimoto, Y, Strybosch, V & Fitzpatrick, K 2007, Human resource management: transforming theory into practice. Pearson Education Australia, Melbourne. McGraw, P & Harley, P 2003, “Industrial relations and HRM practices in Australia and overseas-owned workplaces: global or local.” The Journal of Industrial Relations , vol.45 no.1, pp.1-22. Schmitt, M & Sadowski, D 2003, “A cost minimization approach to the international transfer of HRM/IR practices; Anglo-Saxon multinationals in the Federal Republic of Germany.” International Journal of HRM , vol.11 no.6, pp.1061-1081. Scullion, H & Starkey, K 2000, “In search of the changing role of the corporate human resource function in the international firm.” International Journal of HRM , vol.11 no.6, pp.1061-1081. Shen, J 2005, “Towards a generic international human resource management IHRM model.” Journal of Organizational Transformation and Social Change , vol.2 no.2, pp.83-102.

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Provide the full text for the following summary: The decision to hire the parent country nationals to manage subsidiaries can be based on several factors. For example, if the task requires some technical knowledge that may not be available in the host country, or if the firm wants to maintain its culture and values in the branch, they may choose to take employees from the parent country. However, there are also some disadvantages associated with this approach.First, taking employees from the parent country can be expensive. Second, it can lead difficult to find employees with the skills and experience needed for the job. Third, employees who are taken from the parent country may not be as familiar with the local culture and customs as employees who are native to the host country.

The decision to hire the parent country nationals to manage subsidiaries can be based on several factors. For example, if the task requires some technical knowledge that may not be available in the host country, or if the firm wants to maintain its culture and values in the branch, they may choose to take employees from the parent country. However, there are also some disadvantages associated with this approach. First, taking employees from the parent country can be expensive. Second, it can lead difficult to find employees with the skills and experience needed for the job. Third, employees who are taken from the parent country may not be as familiar with the local culture and customs as employees who are native to the host country.

Comparative Human Resource Management Essay Introduction Human resource management has a strategic role to play in a firm. It has witnessed several changes over the past few decades. Depending on the size and area of coverage, there are a number of ways through which the staff can be managed in a firm. Multi-national firms, with subsidiaries in overseas countries are always faced with the challenge of choosing the right staff to work in their overseas branches. They have three options from which to choose. The first option is taking employees from the parent country. Parent Country Nationals (PCN) always has some advantages that make them appropriate for overseas tasks. This is especially so when the task demands some technical knowledge that may not be available in the host country. It also has its own disadvantages. The other option that the company may have is taking the Host Country Nationals (HCN). Host country nationals may be vital in case knowledge about the local environment is needed. The third option would be Third Country Nationals (PCN). In this case, a firm takes employees who are neither from the parent country or host country. The choice of employees depends on several factors. The management should choose the best approach as regards to its international human resource management. Weather they take export/ethnocentric approach, integral/region-centric approach or adaptive/polycentric approach, the choice should be practical and cost effective. This report gives a detailed analysis of the challenges faced by multi-national corporations when it comes to hiring of employees in their overseas subsidiaries. The paper seeks to analyze the three options (PCN, HCN, and TCN). It seeks to evaluate theories associated with these models and their practicability. Factors Influencing Approaches to Overseas Staffing A number of factors would influence the staffing decisions of a firm in its overseas subsidiaries. Before a firm can choose the best approach to adopt in hiring staff in its overseas branches, there are factors that must be considered. These factors are both internal and external concerns, which have a direct effect on the firm’s operational activities (Carson 2008, p. 45). These factors include general staffing policies of the firm at the headquarters, regulatory procedures put in place by the host country, and the availability of the staff. Depending on these factors, Cunningham (2000, p. 63) notes that a firm may choose to hire parent country nationals, host country nationals, or third country nationals. Parent Country Nationals (PCN) In many occasions, multinational companies would rely on the human resource available in the company’s parent country to run the overseas branches. As Avery and McKay (2006, p. 160) note, many companies in Japan and some European nations prefer hiring parent country nationals, especially in top managerial positions. The decision to hire the parent country nationals to manage subsidiaries always arises from the policies of the company. Some companies prefer keeping a close control of subsidiaries. They prefer having the subsidiaries run in a similar manner as that in the parent country. In such a case, the management would select some of their current employees at the headquarters or other developed branches within the parent country and post them to these overseas subsidiaries. In so doing, the company hopes to transfer its policies in the parent company to its headquarters. According to Backhaus and Tikoo (2004, p. 510), taking an ethnocentric approach in hiring of staff in the subsidiaries means a company is always guided by a number of factors. One such factor is the type of products the company offers to the market. General Electric, a US electrical and electronic company offers a wide range of electronics and electrical gadgets to the world. Due to dynamism in this environment caused by changes in technology, the staff should be able to adjust according to the changing environment. The staff would need to be equipped knowledge pertaining to the product in order to be in a position to explain to other staff members the technical aspects of the firm. Chapman and Webster (2006, p. 1038) note that there are a number of reasons that may force a company to hire the parent country nationals in their subsidiaries. There might be a need to fill a position that only suits a parent country national. Another reason could be the need to educate the host country nationals. In this case, the parent country nationals are sent to study in overseas institutions in order to orient local employees to the company’s policies. Alternatively, this may be caused by the need for organizational development. According to Giddens (2009, p. 54), the parent country nationals can be categorized according to the level of allegiance to either the host country or the parent country. Free agents are expatriates with low allegiance to the host and parent courtiers. Such individuals are always sent to perform specific tasks over a short period. A native expatriate is an individual with high allegiance to the host country. The third group is referred to as ‘the heart at the parent’ expatriate (Blackwell, Miniard & Engel 2006, p. 69). This group has a very strong attachment to the host country. The last category is called dual citizens. These individuals owe allegiance to both the host and parent countries. Advantages of PCN These employees have some coherent advantages over other types of employees. They have rich global experience, which they bring to the subsidiary. Because they are coming from a different country, their ability to understand the local environment and their knowledge of the outside world puts them at a comprehensive global outlook position. They are also familiar with the company values and beliefs, which were practiced at the braches they were taken from. For this reason, they will find it easy to transfer the same to other employees. Lievens (2007, p. 54) also notes that the top management at the headquarters would find it easy to coordinate branches headed by the parent country nationals. Disadvantages of PCN Employing the parent country employees has some demerits. The expatriates would demand higher remunerations, a fact that would hurt the financial status of the firm. This may also trigger other employees to ask for similarly higher pays. These expatriates may also be slow in understanding the local environment, hence be slow in implementing various policies. Their presence in a firm also limits the ability of the locals to rise in the management hierarchy. In addition, the possible political debate concerning the firm would hurt the operations of the firm. They would probably question the benefit they derive from the firm if the company does not absorb their nationals. Host Country Nationals In this case, a company hires its employees from the host country. The decision to hire employees from the host country may be influenced by various factors. This may perhaps include the company policy. Many American firms always prefer hiring natives of the countries in which they operate. This is always motivated by various factors. Anderson (2004, p. 72) asserts that a company that deals with products that are well known and accepted in the market may consider Polycentric Approach as regards to hiring of its staff. This is because the market is penetrable and the need that exists is to expand the coverage of the market. This could also be motivated by the need to cut down the cost of hiring staff, as PCNs are always relatively more expensive. According to Giddens (2009, p. 63), some companies are also motivated to create employment opportunities in the host country as a means of elevating the standards of living, especially in the third world countries. Another factor that may influence this decision is the regulatory procedures put in place by the host country. In some instances, a host country may demand that a given proportion of employees in the branch be local citizens. In this case, a company may have little option but to higher the locals. Coca Cola Company is one such firm that has employed this strategy in its overseas subsidiaries. As Paauwe, (2009, p. 15) observes, a company may resort to hiring home country nationals when the level of expertise needed for the task is available within the particular country. It might be tricky to employ this method if the host country lacks the right workforce. Advantages of HCNs Employing the host country nationals come with a number of advantages. As Schmitt and Oswald (2006, 618) note, host country nationals are less expensive as compared to the parent country nationals. They also have a deep understanding of the culture and general beliefs within the local environment. Therefore, it would be easier for them to work within that environment. They have a good understanding of the geographical distribution. Therefore, they would easily determine which locations need the company’s products most. They also understand the local language and therefore there would be no language barriers. Moreover, employing natives would help the firm take a low profile when it comes to political debates. Disadvantages of HCN Inasmuch as this method is cheaper and more reliable, especially when dealing with well-known products in the market, it comes with some demerits. It may not be easy to link up the subsidiary with the headquarters’ policies. This may be due to language barrier, cultural differences or lack of commitment by the locals to the firm they consider foreign. The host country managers may also lack the global experience that would help propel the firm to higher heights, especially in the current dynamic and competitive market. Third Country Nationals Third country nationals are employees taken from a country that is neither host country nor parent country. They come from the third country. Andrzej and Buchaman (2007, p. 81) observe that this method was popularly used by the colonial British when constructing railway lines in Africa and other countries in Asia. This method is used when the level of knowledge or skills required for a particular job may not be found both in the host and parent country. It may also be used because the workforce available in the parent country is unwilling to go to the host country, and the host country lacks the right workforce. According to Giddens (2009, p. 69) there are a number of factors that should be considered before taking Geocentric Approach in hiring the staff. It is easier for the management to identify the right skill within the parent country. It may not take long, especially when this skill is searched in a host country. However, it may be an uphill task to identify the right skill from the third country. The management may not have time to go to the workforce market in another country to select the right labor. For this reason, it is vital that a company ensures that before settling on this method, there are mechanisms that would help in identifying this workforce in the third country. Advantages of Third Country Nationals Third Country Nationals may have a deeper understanding of the host country as opposed to the parent country nationals. This may make it easier for them to appreciate and work with the cultural values and beliefs of the host country. Just like the parent country nationals, they come with a rich experience gained outside the boundaries of the host country. This means that they have a global outlook to the business world, which is an important ingredient for success to these multinational corporations. As Carson (2008, p. 67) notes, these individuals are likely to ask for a little lesser remuneration package as opposed to the parent country nationals. Disadvantages of Third Country Nationals Employing this strategy in staffing subsidiaries has some demerits. TCNs may be affected by factors such as xenophobia. Such animosities may make the working environment for the TCNs not conducive. Therefore, this would make them less productive. The TCNs may also be affected by the immigration procedures put in place by the host country. The political elites of the host country may also oppose the attempts to hire TCNs. Just like the PCNs, TCNs may take time to adapt to the local environment. Conclusion Human resource is one of the most important asserts for any given firm. Finding the right human resource is always the ultimate goal of every firm. However, there comes a challenge for large corporations with branches all over the world. They have three methods available for them in choosing the right workforce for their overseas subsidiaries. The first option is to employ parent country nationals to work in the subsidiaries, the second option is to employ host country nationals, and the third option is to employ third country nationals. In this case, a firm employs individuals who are nationals of neither host country or parent country. The three options have their merits and demerits. List of References Anderson, P 2004, Research Methods in Human Resource Management, Chattered Institute of Personnel Management, London. Andrzej, A & Buchaman, A 2007, organizational behavior , Prentice Hall international, London. Avery, DR & McKay, PF 2006, “Target practice: An organizational impression management approach to attracting minority and female job applicants”, Personnel Psychology , Vol. 59, no. 3, pp 157–187. Backhaus, K & Tikoo, S 2004, “Conceptualizing and researching employer branding”, Career Development International , Vol. no. 2, pp 501–517. Blackwell, D, Miniard, W & Engel, F 2006, Consumer Behavior, Thompsons, South Western. Carson, A 2008, organizational theory: a libertarian perspective, Book Surge, Washington. Chapman, D & Webster, J 2006, “Integrating applicant reactions into the critical contact framework of recruiting”, International Journal of Human Resource Management , Vol. 17, no. 1, pp 1032–1057. Cunningham, B 2000, The stress management sourcebook, Free Press, Los Angeles Giddens, A 2009, The consequences of modernity, Blackwell Publishers, Malden. Lievens, F 2007, “Employer branding in the Belgian Army: The importance of instrumental and symbolic beliefs for potential applicants, actual applicants, and military employees”, Human Resource Management , Vol. 46, no. 3, pp 51–69. Paauwe, J 2009, “HRM and Performance: Achievement, Methodological Issues and Prospects”, Journal of Management Studies , Vol. 46, no 1, pp 14-42. Schmitt, N & Oswald, F 2006, “The impact of corrections for faking on the validity of non-cognitive measures in selection settings”, Journal of Applied Psychology , Vol. 91, no. 1, pp 613–621.

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Write the full essay for the following summary: Both "A Widow for One Year" and "The Cider House Rules" are stories about unwanted children who are forced to live with stigma because of the consequences that led to their prospective births. In both stories, the characters try to impress their foster parents and be of use to them, but they live with the pain of knowing that their parents could not take the responsibility and that they were different from other children.

Both "A Widow for One Year" and "The Cider House Rules" are stories about unwanted children who are forced to live with stigma because of the consequences that led to their prospective births. In both stories, the characters try to impress their foster parents and be of use to them, but they live with the pain of knowing that their parents could not take the responsibility and that they were different from other children.

Comparative Of A Widow For One Year And The Cider House Rules Essay Table of Contents 1. Introduction 2. They are both abandoned children 3. The circumstances of their birth are similar- unwanted 4. Others misunderstand the two 5. The two are without fault 6. Works Cited Introduction John Irving’s stories “A Widow for One Year” and “The Cider House Rules” are similar in a number of ways. These major similarities are evident through the characters of Homer Wells and Ruth Cole. Despite the stories having differences in terms of setting, the plots and other aspects, the characters of Homer Wells and Ruth Cole are modeled by the author in such a way that they make the stories bear similarities that can never be overlooked. The protagonists, Homer Wells and Ruth Cole from ‘’Cider House Rules’ and ‘A Widow for One Year’ respectively stand out as faultless, unwanted children, misunderstood by others, and having suffered rejection in their childhood based on abandonment by their parents. They are both abandoned children The “Cider House Rules” portrays Homer Wells, the protagonist, as one of the children who find themselves in an orphanage following the abandonment by their parents. As a young man, Homer Wells is compelled to live in the St. Clouds orphanage when he experiences different treatments from different foster families. He actually suffers from depression after undergoing a tough treatment in the third family that has adopted him. Ruth Cole in “A Widow for one Year” also undergoes rejection as a child whereby her mother Marion seems so much occupied with mourning her dead sons to recognize the presence of her young daughter. Marion says, “If I let myself love Ruth…what will I do if something happens to her” (Irving, ‘A Widow for one Year’ 68). She further lacks attention from her parents when they separate at the age of four. Being born because of the urge to replace the lost sons, Ruth does not receive proper attention from her parents and as a result, depression sets in following the treatment she receives. The circumstances of their birth are similar- unwanted The two characters are similar in that they are unwanted children who are forced to live with stigma because of the consequences that led to their prospective births. For instance, Homer Wells is as a result of the exploitation of women in St. Clouds and her would be parents could not take the responsibility of bringing him up. He seems therefore left in the mercies of well-wishers, who adopt him majority of whom mistreat him in the process. He lives a life without knowing what people really expect out of him although he tries his best to impress his foster parents and be of use to them. He lives with the pain of knowing that his parents could not take the responsibility and that he was different from other children. This is evident where at the Drapers an elderly boy wanted to bugger him and instead it was him who was accused of the offence considering that he was only ten years old (Irving, ‘Cinder House Rules’ 50). Ruth Cole on the other hand is born out of the urge to replace the two elder brothers who died in a fatal motor accident. She therefore however living with her real parents fails to get the attention that a child would require to lead a full life. She witnesses things that she cannot stand at her age. When “she’d been sick with the stomach flu, her father had encouraged her to vomit in a towel” (Irving, ‘A Widow for on year’ 45). For instance, she realizes that despite always occupied with grief over her dead sons, her mother was having an affair with the family aide Eddie. She leads an unstable childhood just like Homer wells but eventually makes it in life. Others misunderstand the two The two characters seem focused and try to be of use to the people around them as well as their surroundings. For instance, as a child Homer wells wants to be of use to the families that has adopted him only for it to expose him to mistreatment and misunderstanding. For instance, the first family that adopts him ends up returning him just because he is too quiet and calm. This according to Homer is the thing that most parents would require of their children. “The second family ends up turning him into the worst screamer of the town after they were fed up with his silence and decided to force him into crying” (Irving , ‘Cinder House Rules’ 68). When he turns into crying every time, they end up returning him to St. Clouds. Despite his urge to be of use to the families that adopt him, Homer Wells grows up confused as to what to do in order to be of use to the people around him. Ruth Cole also despite having a clear focus in life meets many huddles that prove difficult to overcome for a child her age. She overcomes the challenges and excels in life. The two are without fault As portrayed by Irving in the two separate stories, the two characters are without fault, which makes the readers and their fans often sympathize with them and adore their characters. Because of constantly being victims of circumstances in their lives, the two characters are not exposed roundly in that they are not viewed to posses any negative traits. Homer is innocent and suffers at the hands of the people who ought to take care of him as a child. He suffers because of misunderstandings that exist between him and his foster parents. Ruth is also portrayed as perfect in that she is described as “beautiful, funny, and athletic and bears no negativity despite the rough childhood that she went through” (Irving, ‘A Widow for one Year’ 230). Therefore, based on the expositions of the paper, the protagonists of the masterworks seem similar based on the various parameters afore-discussed. Works Cited Irving, John. A Widow for One Year . New York: Random House, 1998. Print. Irving, John. The Cider House Rules . New York: Random House, 1985. Print.

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Revert the following summary back into the original essay: The American Association of Colleges of Nursing (AACN) essentials of master's education in nursing outline core principles and curricular elements which should be included into all master's programs in nursing. Chamberlain College of Nursing's mission and philosophy complies with the AACN essentials. Graduates with a master's degree in nursing are prepared for a variety of roles and areas of practice according to the AACN essentials.

The American Association of Colleges of Nursing (AACN) essentials of master's education in nursing outline core principles and curricular elements which should be included into all master's programs in nursing. Chamberlain College of Nursing's mission and philosophy complies with the AACN essentials. Graduates with a master's degree in nursing are prepared for a variety of roles and areas of practice according to the AACN essentials.

Compare and contrast the AACN essentials of master’s education with the CCN mission Essay (Critical Writing) Master’s education has to prepare nurses for critical actions within a complex and transforming environment. Master’s courses need to provide nurses with valuable knowledge and skills of flexible leadership required for facing the global challenges of modern healthcare. Emphasizing the potential value and transforming possibilities of modern healthcare, the present day healthcare education programs focus on expansion of technologies and explosion of knowledge. The Essentials of Master’s Education in Nursing formulated by American Association of Colleges of Nursing (AACN) outline core principles and curricular elements which should be included into all master’s programs in nursing. However The Essentials are not prescriptive directives in their nature, and particular colleges can make certain modifications in the design of their master’s programs for nursing. This paper will compare and contrast the AACN essentials with the mission and philosophy of Chamberlain College of Nursing (CCN) and the outcomes of the Master of Science in nursing (MSN) degree program offered by this college. The core essentials formulated by AACN are put into the basis of CCN mission, philosophy and master’s programs. Therefore, the AACN essentials and CCN mission and philosophy share a number of similarities. To begin with, the basic aims highlighted in The Essentials of Master’s Education in Nursing are to improve the quality outcomes, to increase diversity, to create dynamic nursing environment, to design nursing practices, and to translate evidence into practice. According to the American Association of Colleges of Nursing (2011), The Essentials of Master’s Education in Nursing are background for practice from sciences (thus, a master can improve his/her knowledge on the basis of scientific findings, which are related to public health, genetics, and numerous adjacent disciplines), organizational and systems leadership (thus, a master has an opportunity to improve his/her leadership skills), quality improvement and safety. At the same time, the core objectives mentioned in the CCN mission are to provide nurses with superior education experience focusing on innovation and integrity of healthcare services. Thus, the CCN mission complies with the core values promoted in the AACN essentials. According to the American Association of Colleges of Nursing (2011), “Graduates with a master’s degree in nursing are prepared for a variety of roles and areas of practice” (p. 5). On the other hand, as it is proclaimed in the CCN mission, the main characteristics of the college graduates include profound knowledge, professional ethics and transformational leadership skills (Chamberlain College of Nursing, n.d. b). The AACN essentials cover the areas of background knowledge from different disciplines, organizational and systems leadership, quality improvement, application of nursing theories into practice, the use of informatics and other innovative nursing technologies and the preventative measures aimed at promoting healthy lifestyles. In that regard, the CCN philosophy is consistent with the AACN essentials and expresses its commitment to high-quality health care and excellence in nursing education. The core values of Chamberlain College of Nursing are excellence, integrity, caring, diversity, student-centered learning and professionalism. Thus, excellence is achieved due to evidence-based practices. Integrity is based on ethical and moral values. Caring means advocacy, respect, and cultural awareness. Diversity plays an important role to influence the richness of the academic environment regardless of ethnicity, gender, etc. Student-centered learning is based on educational process students are involved into. Professionalism means the generation and use of knowledge and experience through the research process. The basic aims of CCN are to provide students with special programs to prepare them for practice, to promote productivity, to create a workplace environment, to secure financial support, and to provide students with clinical practice opportunities. It is notable that the CCN programs are designed in a manner to promote lifetime learning of nurses and encourage them to continue the acquisition of knowledge to meet the challenges of their dynamic profession skills (Chamberlain College of Nursing, n.d. a). Among the goals pursued by CCN programs is the promotion of evidence-based practice, professional ethics, continuing self-education and self-development of nurses. Thus, it can be stated that the main principles outlined in the CCN mission and philosophy are consistent with the AACN essentials though depending upon peculiarities of a particular, certain difference can take place as well. Along with a wide range of matches between the AACN essentials and CCN mission and philosophy, particular modifications can be found in the design of MSN programs offered by CCN. These modifications can be explained with the specific needs of students taking up certain narrow fields of knowledge. Whereas the main principles and goals pursued by AACN and CCN may coincide, there are a number of differences in methods and curricular units. Generally speaking, Master of Science in nursing program provides students with an opportunity to become nursing professionals and complies with the high standards outlined in the AACN essentials. However, the differences in the curriculum design and objectives as well as methods used are also rather important. Thus, AACN unique outcomes are the opportunities to use complexity science in health care evaluation, to apply economic principles in nursing, to use systems change strategies, to produce new models of care delivery, to use global determinants of health, to apply knowledge of disease management. The MSN unique outcomes are the opportunities to analyze various theories of education and to synthesize principles of management. The CCN unique outcomes are the opportunities to create a workplace environment, and to secure financial support. The analysis, evaluation, and new application of relevant nursing are the most important points MSN program is based on. The values of MSN program include the innovation in education, modern technologies integration, person and thought diversity, professional and personal life integrity, and scholarly development. The opportunities to apply nursing practice, to develop an understanding on how legal factors impact on health care, to investigate the impact of various policies on health outcomes, to articulate to various audiences, to use quality improvement methods, to implement different strategies to provide clients with care, to provide leadership, to promote communication, to work in collaborative teams, to provide clients with advanced nursing care, to apply a personal philosophy of nursing, to identify ethical issues, and to integrate clinical research are considered to be the common outcomes of the Essentials , which CCN is ready to provide students with. Thus, as it can be seen from the analysis of the main differences and similarities between the ACCN essentials and the CCN mission, philosophy and MSN program outcomes, the main principles of these educational frameworks coincide. On the other hand, there are a number of specific features in the methods and curricular units of the MSN programs offered by CCN. Whereas the ACCN essentials are not prescriptive directives, CCN made certain modifications in them to adapt the educational frameworks to the needs of particular courses. Reference List American Association of Colleges of Nursing . (2011). The essentials of master’s education in Nursing. Web. Chamberlain College of Nursing. (n.d. a). Graduate catalog . Web. Chamberlain College of Nursing. (n.d. b). Master of Science in nursing degree program . Web.

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Write an essay about: The essay compares and contrasts Duccio's and Raphael's 'Adoration of the Magi' paintings, done in different centuries, as a way of exploring the different theories of art that characterized each era. It also looks at the similarities and differences between the two paintings in terms of their content, style, and historical context.

The essay compares and contrasts Duccio's and Raphael's 'Adoration of the Magi' paintings, done in different centuries, as a way of exploring the different theories of art that characterized each era. It also looks at the similarities and differences between the two paintings in terms of their content, style, and historical context.

Comparing and Contrasting Duccio’s and Raphael’s ‘Adoration of the Magi’ Essay Introduction Each of the two painters, Duccio and Raphael, did an individual piece of Adoration of the Magi during two different generations- about two centuries apart. These times were characterized by different theories of art. It is therefore natural that these works, albeit of the same subject matter and content, would be different. Yet, despite of the expected differences, these works exhibit certain similarities. It should be noted that Duccio’s Adoration of the Magi was part of a larger one, Maesta. The Maesta was created between 1308 and 1311. The Adoration of the Magi is therefore a sub-section of the themes and styles expressed in Maesta. Thus in this paper, it is the main work that will be analyzed. The assumption here is that the Adoration of the Magi contains the same characteristics of its mother-work. The paper will also explore the features of Duccio di Buoninsegna’s Maesta, Raphael Sanzio’s Adoration of the Magi , and the similarities and differences between the two paintings. The paper will also implicitly make an account of the historical contexts in which the paintings were created. The Renaissance period in Italy, like the times before, was marked by two popular fascinations: art and religion. The regulations of the guild of artists mainly dedicated their works to the church and the Virgin Mary (Norman 198). Adoration of Magi, also known as Adoration of the Kings, is an example of the paintings that expressed both. It was based on the story of the three wise (Oriental) men, the so-known as ‘Magi’ who- as told in the gospel of Mathew- followed a guiding star to the manger in Bethlehem where Jesus was born. Adoration of Magi is the title of many paintings done by individual painters, including Raphael Sanzio and Duccio di Buoninsegna. Religious wise, the two paintings shared a certain degree of thematic resemblance. However, these paintings were done by different people. Obviously, they had different artistic signatures. Moreover, they did not belong to the same generations. Duccio’s Adoration of the Magi was one of the many sections of his most famous work, Maesta, done between 1308 and 1311. Raphael’s work was done much later, between 1502 and 1503. These historical cases are significant in discussing the two paintings as they account for the contextual influences on both artists and by extension, their works. Raphael, alongside many of his contemporaries like Leornado da Vinci, was a famous High Renaissance artist. His works, characteristics of most paintings of the time, extended the rule-breaking stance of the Early Renaissance. Not only were the works artisan, but also intellectual. They “raised the status of artists from being simply artisan to the intellectual status as were philosophers, writers and scientists” (Cole 21). They revolutionized classical ideals of form and beauty; sought to achieve scientific and anatomical accuracy in their drawings, as well as a psychological response to the use of color and composition; and appreciated the classical notion that content is an artist’s subject matter (Cole 18). Duccio’s work belonged in the Gothic Art period. This period was marked with artistic rigidity. That is, one had to abide by certain formal artistic conventions; artists’ personal creativity was limited within these conventions. The success of art at the time was judged based on the materials used, their richness and the skill with which an artist applied them. As such, the works of this period showed a considerable “sense of naturalism in the posture and shape of the subjects, and an expressive employment of line, color and pattern” (Cole 28). Duccio di Buoninsegna’s Maesta As already mentioned, Duccio did the Maesta between 1308 and 1311 under the commission of the cathedral authorities. It is believed to be Duccio’s greatest work. The front main panel is occupied by the magnificent scene of the Virgin Mary and child Jesus enthroned with angels and saints. Both beneath and above it one finds the scenes taken from Christ’s childhood, and seven scenes taken from the Virgin’s life. On the back, are forty two scenes taken from various sections of the New Testament. These scenes represent Jesus’ passions (Cole 18). By the standards of the Byzantine era, the scenes depicted in this work are quite simple. Notably, contrary to the rigid conventions of the time, Duccio undertook a novel adventure. He attempted to account for the whole Christian story in narrative scenes: “in Maesta, Duccio extended the expressive scope of painted narrative” (Cole 8).). In this effort, Duccio used unique elements of art. For instance, against the popular tendency of Florence painters to use rounder and more realistic forms, Duccio used a linear decorative style, which employed gold and strong color to create rhythm and pattern. This would be the common style for most fourteenth century Sianese painters. At the sight of this painting, what strikes one first is its complexity and magnificence. It is about four meters on all sides; painted on both sides and is bright in its glittering gorgeous golden colors. This piece contains within it elements, different styles. The painting has a realistic quality to it, which is likened to that of Giotto Massachio. The overall result is great beauty. But more than being just a work of art, Maesta was also a revelation of the context in which it was created, including the creator, Duccio. Records on Duccio’s life reveal that he faced legal and social problems. These included fines and suspicions of witchcraft (Cole 26). The art scene of the time was dominated by people of upper classes. Being from a humble background, Duccio did not have much recognition in that circle. The Maesta was, as discussed above, an unimaginable project. It was not just novel in its size, but in style and content as well. This was believed to be a manifestation of Duccio’s affinity for the unusual. The Maesta was an attempt by Duccio to outdo the other workshops around. In a larger scale, it was also a reflection of a prosperous period following the beating of Florence by Siena at Montaperti. The Maesta was a reflection of personal and communal hunger for splendor and pomp. But it was not just a secular symbol. It was equally seen as a clear sign of faith and devotion to religion- specifically the church. As such, the Sianese liked the painting as carrying the power of Virgin Mary, seen as the spiritual protector of Siena (Van Os 12). Raphael Sanzio’s Adoration of the Magi Raphael was seen as the boy-genius of the Italian High Renaissance. He was unique in his work, which also showed signs of influence from the already available works. For instance, although the style of his work showed traces of Perugino, his work also showed unique forms of modeling, composition and color. Away from the traditional conventions of art at the time, his subjects were more informal. In order to focus all attention on his characters, Raphael played with light on flesh and fabric, mostly before neutral backgrounds (Van Os 14). Similarities These two works, as already seen in part, share certain common features. The most notable similarities between these two works have to do with the materials used- albeit with certain differences. They also share the exploration of the same subject matter. This is portrayed through their religious content, but this is not all. Both artists used wood as the basic material for their works. This may partly be because wood is generally available and cheap. Also, there are many varieties of wood from which one may choose. But while Duccio’s painting is done with egg-tempera on wood, Raphael’s is oil on wood. Duccio’s use of wood is perhaps inspired by the need to attempt a new challenge at a time when the material used constituted an important part of one being judged as artistically successful. As seen above, this project was an ambitious move by Duccio to make a record. The choice of material, and the size of it, may generally have been part of that ambition. The most visual similarity is the use of color in both works. Both artists used bright colors to bring out rhythm and pattern. Both works also seem to take on the same theme, under the same subject matter, religion. It is largely evident that the Italian paintings in these two periods focused on religion. The painters in the Gothic period used their works to express their devotions and faith to the Christianity and the church. But the High Renaissance painters, while focused their works on religion, did not necessarily deal with Christian themes, and sometimes when they did, they did not necessarily express their devotions. Some, like Leornado da Vinci, questioned certain beliefs and practices of the church (such as the presentation of the human body), or explored other religions besides Christianity (Van Os 12). Differences Although the two painters use the same basic material, wood, Duccio uses egg-tempera and Raphael uses oil. Egg-tempera has a low binding ability. It needs a well-absorbing surface if there’s need for durability of the painting. This may have been the reason why Duccio picked on wood as his basic material. There are certain woods that have as good absorbing ability. This combination may be the reason Duccio’s work has survived many years. There are other visible differences that expose the styles of the times. Duccio’s work achieves magnificence in size, color, composition, rhythm and pattern among others. But it lacks in detail. In comparison, Raphael’s work achieves success in detail. Renaissance paintings, unlike those done in the Gothic times, emphasized on details and depth (of human body, of the three-dimensionality of figures, shadowing and so on). On theme, Duccio, to a certain degree, makes his devotion to faith in the church obvious. He is set out to make a timeless statement on the place of the church in his own heart and that of the people of Siena. Raphael does not. Raphael seems to have merely done what he was commissioned to do. He does not necessarily make his attachment to the church- if any- obvious. Conclusion Generally, the similarities between the two works have to do with the relatively short time-lapse between the two periods in which they were created. For instance, there was a seemingly little understanding on how to present the human body. This may have been because the church saw any such attempts as sin. The differences in theme for instance, can partly be attributed to a relatively “dwindling power of the church” (Van Os 18). People were growing more and more self-aware. Da Vinci was the first to attempt accurate presentation of the human body, much to the chagrin of the church. Works Cited Cole, Bruce. Sienese Painting in the Age of the Renaissance. Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 1985. Print. Norman, Diana. Art Society and Religion. New York: Harper & Row, 1995. Print. Van Os, Henk. Sienese Altarpieces, 1215-1460. Groningen: Egbert Forsten Publishing, 1990. Print.

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Write an essay about: The French employment system is characterized by limitations of the French economy and its political standing in Europe. French HR managers struggle to adjust French organizations to their environment by relying on strategies and policies parallel to those applied in other countries under the EU.

The French employment system is characterized by limitations of the French economy and its political standing in Europe. French HR managers struggle to adjust French organizations to their environment by relying on strategies and policies parallel to those applied in other countries under the EU.

Comparing French and Japanese Employment Systems Report Table of Contents 1. Introduction and Thesis Statement 2. French Employment System 3. Japanese Employment System 4. Argument 5. Conclusion 6. Reference List Introduction and Thesis Statement There are about 63,000 international organizations that dominate the world trade today (Budwar, 2005). The success of these organizations lies in their Human Resource Management (HRM) strategies, policies and practices. In the light of globalization, HRM is crucial for Multi-National Companies (MNCs) for it can act as an instrument for the harmonization and control of global operations. Through various studies, it has been found out that internal problems may occur in organizations when management tries implementing global strategies that are not compatible with the local offices’ cultural and institutional framework (Transfer of HRM Practices in MNCs, 2011). In employment relations, though the focus is on the regulation of jobs, must also consider economic and social influences of capital and labour and the relationship between employers, workers, organizations and the state to which an MNC is operating on. It is important that comparative employment relations have a background and information of different national contexts and insights from disciplines such as history, sociology, politics, law, economics, accounting and elements of management studies. (eds Bamber, Russel & Wailes, 2010). The international operations of MNCs would differ from country to country thus the HRM team is crucial in the success of tactical implementations of the company. A thorough understanding of a local office’s cultural background is essential in the operation of strategies and policies. This paper aims to present the differences between French and Japanese employment systems in terms of functions, beliefs and culture. The diversity of national offices lies not only on its cultural orientation but may also be attributed by its socio-economic and political backgrounds with the emphasis on educational systems. Government actions, policies and legislations on employment systems are based and influenced by the country’s political ideology and culture. French Employment System The current French employment system is characterized by limitations of the French economy and its political standing in Europe. France’s HRM practices resulted from regulations of the European Union, European demography, globalization of prominent organizations and sociological disturbances. France’s membership in the European Union has become a huge factor in its HRMs’ practices which come together with those of other member states of the EU thus French HR managers struggle to adjust French organizations to their environment by relying on strategies and policies parallel to those applied in other countries under the EU. The French demographic and political environment gives importance to baby boomers and the second by the relationship between the state and the social partners. In terms of population, birth rate in France remains higher than neighbouring countries such as Germany, the United Kingdom, Italy and Spain thus age structure is shaped by its youth. In comparison, 19.4% of the French population in 2006 was under the age of twenty when the European average was at 17.8% (Česynienė, 2008). Analyzing the nation’s population with a prominent number of young people and a low number of baby boomers (those between fifty-four and sixty-five), organizations in France have a high tendency to be infused by young blood. In terms of migration, in 2008, Eurostat claimed that net migration to France was lower compared with that of the UK: minus 1407,000 persons in 1998 and 90879,000 persons in 2004 (Česynienė, 2008). It is also worth considering the influences brought about by the French national state in its employment relations. HR managers in France are affected by government methods and activities. Examples are the July and October French government decision on declining to back the new convention on unemployment benefits and the law on the 35-hour workweek. French labour laws are comprehensive and detailed in nature. These decisions by the government were abhorred by employers’ organizations and labour unions thus employee strikes occurred which disrupt the operations of organizations. In order to resolve issues with regards to the 35-hour workweek, the HRM departments of organizations improved and developed policies of working hours, new methods and processes were negotiated and implemented between employers and employees which took over measurements and financial tools to maximize choices and regulate costs. French human resource managers give importance to four practices which are distinctive to the French context namely career management, recruitment, training and compensation. In France, the human resource department of organizations plays a crucial role in supporting employee development in order to keep employees’ loyalty within the company. The core responsibility of the HR department is with line managers and top management though the general trend of employee responsibility for his or her own career still persist. A new psychological contract exists in the French employment system where organizations no longer offer long-term employment and employees are responsible for developing their own employability but at the same time employees require the help of organizations to achieve their career goals. In career management, HR managers pay great attention to employees who have the status of “cadre”. These are the high potential employees who posses qualitative flexibility, making up the central core of the organization according to the model of flexible firm (Gjerding, 1999). As globalization becomes prominent, the use of technology has played an important role in the recruitment of new employees. In France, the internet has been a widely used tool in organizations’ recruitment processes. When employers look for employees, advertisements are posted on generalist and institutional websites which stream the recruitment market out, though most common screening process still remains the traditional one on one employment interview. The recruitment process in France still adopts the average three interviews before the final hiring decision is made. The manager who decides to recruit an applicant will be responsible for the new employee’s performance. French employers use graphology in analyzing the handwritings of applicants thus as a rule, advertisements require handwritten cover letters with printed resumes from applicants. Problems arise with the low predictive validity of graphology which HR managers have to face. About 75 to 80 percent of employers in France result to graphology in screening and placing applicants in a job. The increasing usage of the internet in recruiting may result to the diminish of graphology as a screening tool unless organizations specifically ask for handw­riting samples. Training practices in France are influenced by French labour laws. According to the French labour law, organizations with ten employees or more must financially contribute 1.5 percent of the wage bill for training and for organizations with less than ten employees, contribution is 0.15 percent of the wage bill but on average, organizations spend 3 percent of the wage bill which is more than the legal minimum required. Organizational trainings are deemed important in France; for an average sized firm, in a span of 1 year 38 percent of the employees participate in training programs while in large organizations over 60 percent of the employees participate. Rates may vary according to the level of qualifications with 10 percent coming from unskilled workers to 60 percent for technicians and executives. Trainings are important in the French HRM context because they allow organizations to organize programs that cater to the direct needs of employees. According to Goetschy, “With the reduction of working hours, employers are striving to deliver training outside working hours” (Goetschy, 2000). Compensation systems in France are characterized by individualization with the recognition of competencies constituting to the determinant of French individualization. The challenge for HR managers is the increasing individualization among French employees that threatens the interest and aims of organizations as a whole. Variable salary affects both collective and individual performance. Collectively, gain sharing is increasing its popularity among firms but among individual employees, bonuses and premiums present as tools for organizations to reward performances of individuals which may win loyalty among employees serving as security margins in cases of financial instabilities in the economy. Security and equity issues arise as the variable part of compensation increases for employees. Equity becomes a significant issue as individualization is emphasized by the working environment. The challenge among HR managers operating in France is the accomplishment of equity which will further expand the flexibility of compensation plans and may also increase satisfaction among employees regarding the benefits offered by organizations. Organizations’ readiness to increase employee compensation flexibility does not conform to the importance of the French government’s mandatory employment benefits. HR managers encounter difficulties in connecting designs and executing compensations with the company’s organizational strategies. In the French setting, HRM is dedicated to the necessity of productivity within both the HR function and the orga­nization as a whole. HR managers, professionals and line managers must not overlook the diverse values of employees in order to make an impact, add value, and create a competi­tive advantage for the organization. The French educational system plays a significant role in the employment of an individual. HR managers pay close attention to employees with specializations compared to those who study generalized courses. Higher education can offer various routes to qualification in France. An example is in terms of hiring engineers. In this field two types of schools are available for students who want to pursue a career in engineering. Either that student goes to engineering school (“Grandes Ecoles”), where a system of entrance examinations is adopted and students are screened by number or study in a university science faculty, where all applicants are accepted but students must apply for a selection process through annual examinations. Both institutions are designed to qualify and train students for their future careers whether they will be working as researchers for the engineering field or engineers and state technocrats. The diversity of status among employees corresponds to the French way of management where training and qualification serve as edge to an individual’s status in the workplace. Among engineers for example, a fine distinction is made between those students who graduated from engineering schools, who have technical specialties in software, robotic and aeronautics to name a few and those who graduated from university with more academic orientations.” The logic behind this distinction is based on the strength of the educational frame of reference and leads to separate professional identities, which in turn serve to legitimise hierarchically ordered functions or “territories” within the firm” (Morandat & Nohara 2000). Japanese Employment System The current Japanese employment system has been shaped by the economic recessions of the 1990s. The Japanese economy showed signs of recovery in 1999 and the stabilization of Japanese HR practices prevailed but these practices are geared towards a higher level of market-oriented flexibility. To further understand the Japanese employment system, a discussion of the Japanese traditional and changing HR practices will be discussed. Traditionally, the Japanese employment system is based on the notion of lifetime employment. The HR department hires employees directly out of college into entry-level positions. In the Japanese set up, firms provide pay rises and promotions to employees almost automatically. Wage system is based on seniority and status. Seniority in this case is associated to an individual’s length of service to the company rather than job duties or merits. Final decisions are made by top level management although subordinates can influence decisions. HR and in line managers are committed to preserve harmony in the workplace through intricate social rituals of Japanese culture such as gift giving, bowing to superiors and using honorific language to show deferen­ce. Workers are often rotated through different department to give them a broad perspective of the company’s production and operation.” Such investments in breadth of skill and overall understanding of the production process are justified by the strong lifetime employment guarantees bonding workers to their companies and allowing the skilled and experienced pro­duction workers to contribute to manage­ment decisions” (Česynienė, 2008). Changes in the Japanese economy have affected HR practices in organization based in Japan. These changes may be attributed to the collapse of inter-firm network system of cross shareholding and preferential trading among member corporations of a business group. The breakdown of such led to the sacrifice of safety nets of supporting long-term growth strategy of firms and their ability to protect employees from downside market risks. Another factor for the change is deregulation of the Japanese markets making markets accessible to competitors both foreign and local. The aging Japanese population also give implications for the changing corporate HR practices. HR managers are burdened with lifelong employment system as well as the seniority system because they cost higher money paid out for less productive workers. Japanese firms are slowly shifting in weighting employees’ abilities and performance over length of stay and age in pay raises and salary decisions. Japan’s transitions to being a service economy and its socio-cultural and socio-economic changes have contributed to the shift in employment strategies of Japanese firms. Manufacturing companies in Japan are still competitive but their contributions to the Japanese domestic employment scene and income is slowly decreasing in favour of the emerging sales and service sectors which are considered the next great engine of jobs and wealth. Employment practices in these new sectors are completely different from those of the traditional manufacturing firms. The workforce for these firms are usually younger, more mobile, less committed to work and to the firm (Debroux 2004). They are characterized by individualization which are less team-based thus individual performances are easily evaluated. In this new set up, HR managers give more attention to occupational skills over firm-specific skills. An employee with a broad job experience is paid more. Pay raise and benefits are given out in terms of performances rather than company loyalty. As globalization persist in the world economy, the Japanese employment system is gradually adopting the liberal mindset of the west, with gender issues shifting from a traditionally Japanese male-dominated corporate world to that where women are seen as equals. In the past Japanese women were limited to low skilled work such as tea serving office ladies or contract workers on the assembly line. In the present Japanese working environment, professional young women are leading high level office positions which once were exclusive to their male counterparts. “Such opportunities have been increasing steadily over the past few years and the Equal Opportunity Law, pas­sed in 1985, which “requested” employers to make efforts not to discriminate, has been recently revised to make discrimina­tion illegal” (Česynienė, 2008). Changes in the employment relations practices of Japanese HRMs can be attributed to national factors such as national institutions (government rules and regulations, educational system, unions and employers’ associations), labour market, national culture and business and economy. The new HRM system has revaluated previous prevailing sacred aspects of Japanese employment relations such as life time employment, seniority bases system and enterprise based unions (Adhikari 2005). The Japanese government has been protecting workers from changing socio-economic situations through the formation and enhancement of labour policies (Araki, 2002). It alerts institutions on probable economic threats to warrant employment opportunities, avoid unemployment and assist reemployment so workers can use their maximum abilities (Labor Situations in Japan and Analysis, 2005). The government’s involvement in the regulation of employment relations is evident in the laws circulated and occasionally revised in accordance to the needs of the Japanese employment scenario. Examples of the government’s role are when the Japanese bubble economy collapsed and during the 19997 financial crisis where the government ratified a series of comprehensive employment policies in response to the crisis (Elbo). The operations of human resource departments of organizations based in Japan rely heavily on the government’s policies and labour laws. Among the many activities of the Japanese government which affected strategies of different companies’ human resource divisions are the amendment of the Worker Dispatching Law in 1999 which deregulated the labour market. The government also revise laws periodically to regulate employment security to protect workers’ labour rights. There are also laws created to protect the aging and handicapped workforce and promote occupational abilities. The Equal Employment Opportunity Law and the Labour Standards Laws were promulgated to eradicate gender and wage discrimination in the workforce. The latter was revised in 1986 to reduce the working hours in Japan from 48 to 40 hours. One of the most significant contributions of the Japanese government to the labour force is the creation of the White Papers which serves as a guide for organizations because the literatures gives out information on the trends of the labour economy, situations in the labour force and other related policies. “As of 2003, the Japanese government has taken measures in order to respond to current labour situations such as the provision of subsidies to companies and corporations that employ people aged 30 or older and below 60 who are forced to leave their work as a result of the disposal of non-performing loans; and establishing corporations to provide services that contribute to the local area and establishing support measures for the creation of places of employment for people aged 30 and above and below 65” (Adhikari, 2005). The Japanese educational system is characterised by higher education as mass education with a comparative homogeneity of academic programs. Japanese universities provide general and broad curriculum rather than specialization of professional and scientific courses thus the labour force is not differentiated but Japanese education is characterized by a hierarchy of establishments which works as a filter for ranking students based on their potentials. “The way that graduates from different universities are distributed in the labour market depends on a matching mechanism between the rank of each university in this hierarchy and the reputation of each firm, rather than on individual signalling (academic speciality, particular expertise etc.)” (Morandat and Nohara 2000). Japanese education systems are characterized by the continuum of further studies from one university level to another. According to survey about three quarters of Japanese students in the scientific or engineering field spend four years in higher education thus their qualification levels represent as reference points for the whole engineer category (Morandat and Nohara 2000). In Japan, an individual’s time spent in higher education weighs equally with seniority in an organization. The management of all university qualifications when the individual first enters a firm is homogeneous and compatible with competitive career advancement. Hierarchy in the Japanese employment system reveals itself gradually in a graduate’s career as compared to the immediate effect of the French hierarchy. Argument Challenges of MNCs arise when they first open a branch office in another country. The need to understand the national socio-economic and cultural environment of the country as well as government employment policies and educational systems is essential in the success of the HRM department’s implementation of practices and strategies (Labour Situation in Japan and Analysis, 2005). In light of globalization, the differences between the east and west are evident in this study where the French and Japanese employment systems were discussed in previous pages. Comparing and contrasting the two systems, diversity between the two shows in how employees and government policies are addressed. In France, the employment system is characterized by the limitations the European Union has brought about to the country in compliance to France’s agreement as a member state of the EU while for the Japanese employment system; it is characterized by the abundance of government interventions following the collapse and breakdown of the bubble economy (Arkai, 2002). The French population is composed of a majority of people in their 20s with a scarce amount of baby boomers aged fifty-four to sixty-five, in contrast Japanese workforce has more aged population compared to younger ones thus traditional practices such as lifetime employment and seniority based incentives occur. French employees are characterized by their strong individualization where individuals are understood to be responsible for their own career growths. Their employability relies on their work experience in a given company and they are perceived to stay in a company for a limited amount of time thus French employees often change jobs from one company to another in order to further enhance their experiences and skills which make them desirable for hiring by other companies. Employment evaluation for pay raises and bonuses, in this context is based on individual performance and operational activities. French HRM strategies include the provision of trainings for employees’ personal and organizational skills development. For the Japanese employees on the other hand, lifetime employment is practiced with fresh university graduates being hired by a company. Once a graduate accepts the job offer, his career will be based on his loyalty to the company. Compensation adjustments such as salary bumps and incentives are usually based on the length of an employee’s service in the company. HRM strategy on this context is the rotation of one employee to other departments to fully understand the organization’s operational and production activities. Through this strategy employees develop a sense of belongingness to the company through the knowledge and information he has acquired. Current studies show that the Japanese employment system is slowly shifting towards individualization where employees are evaluated through their performances and abilities rather than the previous system of seniority based. The new generation of Japanese professionals tend to be similar to their French counterparts who tend to transfer form one company to another to gain experience and further hone their skills in their chosen fields. Government involvement in the implementation of labour policies play a crucial role in HR managers’ strategic planning in running organizations at the national level. Both French and Japanese offices rely on government reforms in the direction of how they will run the company. For instance, the 35-hour work week of the French would mean that trainings would be adjusted to be conducted after office hours while for the Japanese women professionals rose with the gender equality policies implemented by the Japanese government as well as the adjustment of the 48-hour work week reduced to a 40-hour work week. Lastly educational systems of both France and Japan differ in their orientation. French institutions give more emphasis in an individual’s specialization thus hierarchy exists in an individual’s thorough specialization in a given field where he is given a high status once he enters a firm. In the Japanese context, education provided is broad and generalized but hierarchy exists in educational institutions. Also education in Japan is seen as a continuum where specialized trainings after graduating in higher education may constitute an equivalent in the length of stay in a company. For example if an engineering student graduates from a university with broad knowledge of engineering and he continues to pursue further studies for a certain amount of time when he enters a firm he will have a higher position compared to those who specialized in engineering during their university days. Conclusion Human resource management is crucial in the successful operations of firms whether they are functioning in a national or international level. Multi-national Companies, in their venture towards expansion in new countries need to have properly planned strategies and policies in accordance to the subsidiaries’ local culture, political ideology and socio-economic status. In this paper, French and Japanese employment systems were discussed with regards to the conditions of employment systems. Aside from cultural backgrounds, government systems, socio-economic climates, labour unions and educational orientation play significant roles in employees’ attitude towards work, company loyalty and career goals. Through globalization trends in employment systems national employment systems are slowly becoming alike an example is the Japanese system adapting to western practices. This can be associated with the gradual individualization of new employees and the shift of employers and HR managers in evaluating employees in terms of performance and operational abilities rather than loyalty to the company. Reference List Arkai, T., 2002. Labour and Employment Law in Japan . Tokyo, The Japan Institute of Labour. Adhikari, D., 2005. National Factors and Employment Relations in Japan . Nepal, Central Department of Management Tribhuvan University. Bamber, G., Lansbury, R., & Wailes, N. (eds)., 2010. International and Comparative Employment Relations. London, Sage Publication. Budwar, P., 2005. Rethinking comparative and cross national human resource. The International Journal of Human Resource Management , 12 (5), pp.497-498. Česynienė, R., 2008. Globalization and Human Resource Management. Ekonomika , 82, pp.41-56. Debroux, P., 2004. Adjustment of Human Resources and Policies in Japanese Companies. Journal of General Management , 23 (23), pp. 23-38. Elbo, R., Labour Tribunal System: Prospects of Japan’s New Approach Towards the Efficient Settlement of Individual Labour Disputes Web. Gjerding, A., 1999. The Evolution of Flexible Firm: New Concepts and a Nordic Comparison. Proceedings of National Innovation Systems, Industrial Dynamics and Innovation Policy . Denmark, Danish Research Unit for Industrial Dynamics. Goetschy, J., 2000. France: The Limits of Reform, Changing Industrial Relations in Europe. London, Blackwell Business. Labour Situation in Japan and Analysis ., 2005. Japan Institute for Labour Policy and Training Web. Morandat, C., & Nohara, H., 2000. A Comparattive Study of R&D Stagg in France and Japan: Skill Formation, Career Patterns and Organizational Creation of Knowledge . France, Laboratoire d’Economie et de Sociologie du Travail. Transfer of HRM Practices in MNCs. , 2011. Harzing. Web.

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Convert the following summary back into the original text: The Middle East Turbulence is a research paper that discusses the recent political turn down in the Middle East and North Africa (MENA) region. The paper places the protests in the two countries under a theoretical setting and concludes that liberalism and Marxist theories can be utilized in analyzing the protests in the two states.

The Middle East Turbulence is a research paper that discusses the recent political turn down in the Middle East and North Africa (MENA) region. The paper places the protests in the two countries under a theoretical setting and concludes that liberalism and Marxist theories can be utilized in analyzing the protests in the two states.

Comparing the protests in Egypt and Syria Research Paper Table of Contents 1. The Middle East Turbulence 2. Effects of the Syrian Uprisings 3. Conclusion 4. Works Cited For several years, Syria and Egypt had positioned themselves as a sanctuary of tranquillity in a frequently tumultuous Middle East. Compared to several of their neighbours, even the habitual style had not been substituted by the uprisings and, until some few weeks, it had appeared as if Syrians had acknowledged life under the Baath regime. The population appreciated some developments in livelihood values that had appeared initially under President Hafez alAsad and afterward his youngster Bashar, who seized power 11 years ago. The son of the former head of state soldiered on with the customs of despotism in Syria while coming up with indistinguishable pledges of change. This paper aims at comparing the protests in Egypt and Syria. The paper places the protests in the two countries under a theoretical setting. It is established that liberalism and Marxist theories can be utilized in analyzing the protests in the two states. The Middle East Turbulence Each minute, the media gives information on the unfolding story in the Middle East and North Africa (MENA) region. In several instances, the political proceedings are comparatively nonviolent, for example in Tunisia and Egypt. For Libya, we witness inclined clashes being battled out between the followers of the government and its adversaries. Currently, the global society is also implicated. We are engrossed by advances and often do not hold back to reflect on the causes at the back of the confusion, and of the penalties that may perhaps follow. In spite of the developments in machinery and communication, the data available pertaining to the Middle East is abhorrently insufficient. The media has been severely proscribed through suppression or “legislative counsel”, with infrequent ridiculous circumstances. On January 26 for instance, following sadistic fight between the law enforcement and demonstrators in Tahrir Square, Al-Ahram’s lead front-page narrative was concerning flora being handed to the police force on their state day. In the majority of the MENA states, the governments have not respected the insinuations of the progress in communication and expertise. They have not recognized that cross-border information streams through the medium and through express means, which expertise now presents. It has been an extremely vital font of constructing consciousness. No longer will citizens be contented merely with the data they access from inside their state. This increases doubts for the management of public affairs. One of the major causes of the political turn down in the Middle East pertains to leadership. Normally, when a person in charge acquires governmental power in a MENA state, it is with extensive well-liked shore up. In the nonexistence of standard or tolerable means of relocating authority, the privileged go on for decades at the wheel. Several scholars have depicted such individuals as autocrats who shortly lose contacts with the ordinary citizens and associate with rich individuals. When they desire to surrender power, they select their youngsters or preferred persons. In the precedent years, there have been some victories. Jordan’s King Abdullah II received governmental power from his father Hussein in 1999 (Hoffman 11). Morocco’s King Mohammed VI captured governmental authority from the former head of state Hassan in the same year. Syria was not any exceptional since Hafez al-Assad was clever enough to relocate power to Bashar, his son in 2000. Since then, not even one despot has been victorious in handing over power to his favorite (Gholz 456). Accusations of fraud related to such long-serving presidents are not rare, and leads to anger among the disadvantaged in the country. This was one of the reasons why the Syrian and Egyptian underprivileged stormed the streets to demand for change and social restructuring. Furthermore, economic reforms undertaken by the Syrian government is partly to blame for the uprisings unlike the uprisings in Egypt, which were triggered by the societal tribulations. To facilitate rapidity with the development of globalization, the Syrian and Egyptian governments had to accept the financial restructuring (Milner 834). This upset the established societal and financial organization. Concurrently, it generated a middle-to-rich superior category, rising revenue and capital disparity, which positioned the basis for turbulence. It is fascinating to examine that conflict regularly does not happen until the state realizes middle-income category. In Iran for instance, the revolt took place in 1979, as the state was attaining the middle-income position. The monarch was not liberal enough to guarantee equity and justice. The youth unemployment largely contributed to the materialization of the uprisings in Syria. In the majority of emerging economies, the citizens who are 25 years and above are always the major stakeholders in the political arena. Youthful males and females emerging from the higher groups, whether financially or politically privileged, are frequently the excellent, learned and are gifted to race for, or if not get the top posts present. The youth from the inferior parts of the society do not have entrance to the excellent training and are incapable of vying for top positions in the society. This is according to the Marxist scholars. Consequently, the joblessness among the youths from inferior parts is very high, a developed pool from which to provoke an upheaval. Those who are 25 to 35 years are usually perturbed by awful domination, such as fraud, and perceive no opportunity of an improved life for themselves if the existing governments continue clinging on power. Unlike in Egypt, clannish, cultural or pious dissection interfered with local politics in Syria before the uprisings. In Iraq for instance, Shias consisted of above 60% of the populace. Saddam was in fact ferociously material, and did not permit dissections to emerge. Following his death on the other hand, dissections were supported, and have currently turned out to be a hydra-headed ogre. Furthermore, in Bahrain, the Shias comprise approximately 70% of the populace. However, the ruling regime is Sunni. The Bahraini Shias have always wished openly to cut links with the Iranian Shias. Saudi Arabia, as regards to media intelligence, is sanctuary to a restless Shia marginal. Information furthermore point out that, in Yemen, the populace is 52% Sunni and about 46% Shia. Nevertheless, it is not apparent how this dissection may perhaps have chipped in to the current mayhem against Saleh. In Syria, the head of state Bashar is from a marginal Shia ethnic group, and the preponderance Sunnis seems to be demoralized. It can therefore be concluded from the analysis that the instability in Syria is partly influenced by the socio-cultural currents. Conversely, in Jordan, the clannish devotion is still very sturdy, whereas Palestinians constitute around two-thirds of the populace. In Libya, factions that believed to have been exploited by Gaddafi’s marginal clan guide the present instability. This shows that formerly, political elites could have used the differences to rule but presently, they face the repercussion. The influence of spiritual factions was most famous during the Iranian revolt of 1979, which was the same case in the Egyptian uprising (Barston 56). The Syrian government did not permit political hostility but did not agitate spiritual factions either. This promotes antagonism factions or even material ones to amalgamate under the similar umbrella and utilize the mosques and madras for articulating their political outlooks. The Muslim Brotherhood is an exemplar of such faction. With limitations on political lexis being detached in Syria, the Muslim Brotherhood restructured its functions, which later on became significant in the adjustment of the Syrian politics. Increasing foodstuff costs have occasionally been the most important contributor to the uprisings in both states. States that rely on importation of energy and foodstuff are mainly susceptible when escalating world products cost injures to the low-income citizens. Such states such as Syria, which relies on other countries for foodstuffs, have financial statement shortages, which do not permit an additional funding at times of economic crisis. The oil/gas rich states, alternatively, can prevent such prospective bullying by subsidizing groceries costs or by transfer funding, such as Egypt. The Syrian citizens expected the government to behave in the same way but unfortunately, it did not, prompting to street riots. Civil disobedience in the Syrian state is attributable to the role of expertise. Machinery, the internet, the satellite TV and handsets have permitted citizens to witness what is occurring past their boundaries. Liberalism and globalization can be utilized to explain this situation. This has produced gesticulate of intensifying hope, equally for political liberty, as well as financial prospects. Handsets, SMS, electronic mail, Face book, blogs and even micro-blogs have been utilized successfully for domestic harmonization among the activists. Prior to such knowledge being accessible, radicals employed their own techniques of data distribution as we could glimpse in the 1986 Philippines uprising. Even though the governments of Syria enforced controls on the use of emails, the demonstrators would certainly congregate in familiar gathering places, for instance in open areas and participate in mass protests. In the majority of oil-exporting MENA states Syria and Egypt included, the political class manages the country’s oil riches. In other states, the political class has cartels or oligopolistic influence to the economy. In oil-rich states such as Egypt, the expertise and ventures are usually wealth-concentrated, and neither spreads the financial base nor offers appropriate services to the domestic population. Overall, the lease-seeking actions of the privileged class estrange the citizens, as they do not have the chance to carve up in the remuneration. Oil-rich states have from time to time responded to such positions by currency relocation to the inferior sections. For example, The Economist postulated that, upon coming back from Saudi Arabia during the Egyptian predicament, the Saudi King declared a $36 billion allotment for youthful citizens to get married, own houses and to establish companies. It is intricate to anticipate a young man with such funding going to the road in support of a rebellion! The Syrian government failed to capitalize on this premise since it had insufficient funds. The correlation of the MENA states with the Western authorities offers a charming lesson. Partly on the right side in the continuum are states for example Saudi Arabia and Egypt, which were viewed to be stern associates of the West, whilst on the left are states such as Iran and Syria. When it was appropriate to them, the West even backed tyrannical regimes who steadily misplaced contacts with their own citizens (Kissinger 78). The West later on emerged to be the greatest supporter of the uprisings by recognizing the activities of the radicals and appreciating their efforts. The Western states went to a higher level of funding activists and giving them technical knowledge. Liberalist theory explains this since states cooperate to restore democracy and egalitarianism. Effects of the Syrian Uprisings The political turbulence that has flounced through the Middle East has had a depressing outcome to regional currency since the financial systems of the states that have gone through the disorders have begged off stridently. Syria and Egypt are some of the states that have witnessed a turn down in financial activities and consecutively a spiky decline in the worth of its foreign exchange. ‘The unending mayhem may perhaps diminish the coffers of the state’, Reuters accounted. For instance, the Syrian treasury has been declining at a speed of $69 million to $79 million after every five days as the states central reservoir has been introducing overseas exchange into the financial structure to end the turn down of the Syrian pound, according to the intelligence reports. Political mayhem in the Middle East region have influenced the financial and monetary policies of the world, mainly as it enhances the possibility of stagflation, a deadly combination of sluggish development and sharply increasing prices of commodities worldwide. Certainly, if stagflation emerges, there is a deadly threat of a double-dip downturn for an international financial system that has just surfaced from its nastiest calamity in decades. Brutal instability in Syria and Egypt has traditionally been a basis of oil-price increases, which consecutively have generated three of the preceding five worldwide downturns. Oil value also played a bigger part in the current finance-driven worldwide downturn. By 2008, prior to the decline of Lehman Brothers, oil prices had two folded over the 12 months, getting to the climax of $148 a barrel and conveying the takeover de grace to a previously fragile and besieged global market battered by economic distress (Calvocoressi 90). The mayhem may yet be controlled and withdrawn hence reducing the worth of oil. However, there is a severe possibility that the unrests will broaden, weakening Bahrain, Algeria, Oman, Jordan, Yemen, and ultimately even Saudi Arabia. Prior to the Syrian and Egyptian political distresses, oil values had increased over $79-$89 a barrel, an amplification motivated not only by fuel-dehydration in the emerging economies, but also by non-basic aspects, including a variety of liquidity follow up of resources and merchandise in emerging economies. The current rise in oil prices and the interrelated rise in other product prices, particularly foodstuff, signify numerous adverse penalties even leading to the possibility of relentless social turbulence. Inflationary anxiety will grow up in the overheating third world states where fuel and foodstuff costs offer up to two-thirds of the expenditure basket. Given the feeble supply in slow-growing sophisticated markets, increasing product prices could lead just to a minute first-round consequence on caption rise, with modest second-round effect on major price rises (Wolf 12). Nevertheless, developed states will not walk away unhurt. Conclusion In the two states, it is true that people were inspired by the Marxist ideas to storm the streets to demand for their political and economic rights. The governments of the two states had established administrations that were indifferent and unresponsive to the demands and wishes of the majority. Furthermore, the citizens were inspired by what was taking place in other places. In other words, globalization played a major role. Finally, the west influenced citizens to demand for their rights. The conflicts had stern effects as regards to the world economy. The conflicts were expected to increase the prices of commodities globally. Works Cited Barston, Ronald. Modern diplomacy . New York, NY: Pearson Education, 2006. Print Calvocoressi, Ambrose. World Politics since 1945 . 9th ed. New York: Longman, 2008. Print. Gholz, Eugene. Protecting the ‘Prize’: Oil and the U.S. National Interest. Security Studies, 19.3, 2010, 453-485. Hoffman, Bruce. Inside Terrorism . Columbia: Columbia University Press, 1999. Print. Kissinger, Henry. Diplomacy . New York: Simon & Schuster, 1995. Print. Milner, Helen. Globalization, development, and international institutions: Normative and Positive Perspectives. Review Essay , 3.4, 2005, 833-854. Wolf, Martin. Why Globalization Works . 1st ed. Sydney: Yale University Press, 2004. Print.

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Write an essay about: The article compares and contrasts direct instruction approach with constructivist learning approach. It explains that in direct instruction approach, information is passed directly to learners while in constructivist approach, learners engage in solving problem in different situations and environments contributing to knowledge construction.

The article compares and contrasts direct instruction approach with constructivist learning approach. It explains that in direct instruction approach, information is passed directly to learners while in constructivist approach, learners engage in solving problem in different situations and environments contributing to knowledge construction.

Comparison and contrast of direct instruction with constructivist learning approaches Research Paper Various theories have emerged as researchers continue to focus on different kinds of learning approaches. Some have focused on acquisition of skills such as learning to type, write and read. Others have focused on learning without understanding and its effects on schema formation and transfer. Still others studies have led to emergence of new ideas due to interaction between people. Education theorist have also explored different settings on learning including, preschools, schools, experimental laboratories, informal gathering spots, homes and workplaces. In addition they have used the variety of learning measurement in developing these learning approaches. This article compares and contrasts direct instruction approach with constructivist learning approach. Direct instruction approach is used to describe a phenomenon in which a teacher or an expert passes information directly to learners. The information passed to learners is well structured with clearly defined objectives set to be achieved. In constructivist approach, learners engage in solving problem in different situations and environments contributing to knowledge construction. In this approach every learner is left by himself to acquire meaning and knowledge through engaging in group work. Pertaining methods of learning and teaching applied in both approaches, learners in direct instruction approach are required to learn independently as compared to constructivists approach where group work is encouraged. In direct instruction approach all learners follow the same rules and share comparable objectives while in constructivist approach learners are not guided by parallel rules and objectives. In direct instruction approach the learning process is predetermined and the criterion used is geared towards helping learners understand concepts, be able to remember them in the future and practically apply them in their endeavor. Constructivist approach is not guided by structured procedure of events; learning is motivated by arising situations, problems and difficult learning environment. In direct instruction approach old procedural tactics of teaching are used. For instance it makes use of work sheets and lecturers to assist in learning. In constructivist approach learners are motivated by exploration and urge to come up with solution to problems (Baker, McGraw & Peterson, 2007). In assessment, direct instruction approach learners are graded using rubric. Assessment comprises specific questions and teachers expect learners to answer them in a specific way which comply with the set standards. Constructivist approach does not follow any traditional assessment tactics. Students learn through group work. In addition, self reports are used to grade the learners. In direct instruction approach, community brand learners are educated after achieving certain set of standards while in constructivist approach one is termed due to his or her creativity and when he or she is in a position to critically solve problems (Duffy, 2003). Direct instruction approach aims at helping learners of various levels to achieve their objectives and goals while constructivist approach focuses on helping learners accomplish goals and solve problems as a group. It also nurtures the spirit of team work. Regarding instruction requirement and problem solving, direct instruction approach instructions follow certain sequence and are of high quality while in constructivist approach learners focus more on their experiences and what is of relevance to their lives. In direct instruction approach learners end up attaining same skills and convergent thinking while in constructivist approach divergent thinking is attained. In this approach learners think separately and solve their problem independently. Direct instruction approach is predictable and boring due to repetitive teaching tactics which lead to poor student motivation causing them to drop out. Constructivist approach wastes time by letting learners create their own ideas. In addition, learners may lack the basic ideas to solve particular problem effectively. Also, some of topics may not require both of these approaches. In direct instruction approach learners eventually are not able to work efficiently as a group like in constructivist approach where learners face challenges when dealing with real life situation (Bentley, Ebert & Ebert, 2007). Direct instruction approach advocates for organization of principles, ideas and concepts in order to achieve amicable learning. Direct instruction approach is capable of producing a significant level of correct performance with respect to the control of variables strategy immediately following instruction. In constructivist approach, knowledge is interconnected with the experience learners acquire. Learners create ideas in their mind; one continues to solve more problems and meet new environmental situation. For example, in clinical settings a doctor act may provide hands on learning experience for learners but this does not adequately provide an individual with the full practicing mind. This learning approach requires material and other necessary support from a teacher. It also requires planning and setting up of specific objective to be attained. In constructivism approach learners get experience through learning process and gain new knowledge in attempt of solving particular problems. Learning is an interlinked system where learning process is a step toward exploring more knowledge (Alexander, 2003). For instance, a learner who learns the chronology of dates related to certain past events, gets to know the meaning of chronology. When learners come up with new meanings, they are able to associate them with the related situations. According to constructivist approach, learning is assumed to be a social activity. Learners in constructivist learning approach are able to connect with their friends and teachers during their interaction in learning activities. Constructivists approach involves attention to the individual and respect for students’ background, developing understanding and belief about element of domain which in other words could be defined as student centered. It facilitates group dialogue which explores an element of domain with the purpose of leading to the creation and sharing of topic understanding. In direct instruction, teachers activate students’ relevant prior knowledge, experience and help them to connect it to the new knowledge they gain from a lesson. They also familiarize learners with the focus of a lesson. In a student friendly language, they explain the lesson’s purpose telling students what they are expected to do. Also, teachers identify a specific strategy for students, then model exactly where, how, and why to apply the strategy to get meaning. When teachers use the direct explicit instructional approach of the program, they clarify concepts and demystify strategies, modeling and thinking loud about how to make inferences or determine the importance of ideas in a text. By doing so, they reveal the secrets of what proficient learners consider as mystery. Once students are on the strategies of good readers, teachers can gradually hand over to students the responsibility of using these strategies as they read independently (Graves, 2004). To provide support to my faculty, I would advise and educate them on the right learning approach to adapt. I would inform my faculty on critical policies and considerations required before deciding on what learning approach to adopt. Additionally, it is important to inform the faculty on benefits and shortcomings of each approach for them to make decisive choice. I would support them in identifying the problem and coming up with objectives required in learning approach. For them to adapt effective learning approach they have to prioritize their intention and set out the duration required. They have to come up with phases in which they should evaluate the progress of embracing the new approach. I should help them come up with policies to guide through the approach process, flexibility and in risk management. Also, I should help the faculty in approach assessment which requires considering the short coming, accountability issues and policies’ implementation. To conclude, direct instruction approach describes phenomena in which a teacher or expert passes information directly to learners. In constructivist approach, learners engage in problem solving in different situations and environment contributing to knowledge construction. One must reiterate that the direct instruction approach though not perfect does have certain merits and advantages. However, it is also important to mention that this approach should be used with care and caution especially in E-learning. Direct instruction approach is capable of producing a significant level of correct performance with respect to the control of variables strategy immediately following instructions. Constructivist approach continues to be the dominant research program in science education and it continues to generate new research and insights. Constructivists approach involves attention to individual and respect for learners’ background and development of understanding and beliefs about elements of domain which in other words is defined as student centered. References Alexander, P. (2003). The development of expertise: The journey from acclimation to proficiency. Educational Researcher , 32, 10-14. Baker, E., McGraw, B., & Peterson, P. (2007). Constructivist and learning (3 rd ed). Oxford: Elsevier. Bentley, M., Ebert, S. E., & Ebert, C. (2007). Teaching constructivist science. Washington, DC: SAGE Publications Duffy, G. (2003). Explaining reading: A resource for teaching concepts, skills, and strategies. New York: The Guilford Press. Graves, M. (2004). Theories and constructs that have made a significant difference in adolescent literacy have the potential to produce still more positive benefits. New York: The Guilford Press.

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Write the original essay that generated the following summary: The essay discusses the two poems "Corrina's Going A-May" and "To His Coy Mistress" by William Herrick. The first poem is about a man who tries to convince his beloved to go out and enjoy the day, while the second poem is about a man who wants to have sex with a woman he has just met. Both poems express the theme of carpe diem , which means to seize the day or moment for the future is unseen.

The essay discusses the two poems "Corrina's Going A-May" and "To His Coy Mistress" by William Herrick. The first poem is about a man who tries to convince his beloved to go out and enjoy the day, while the second poem is about a man who wants to have sex with a woman he has just met. Both poems express the theme of carpe diem , which means to seize the day or moment for the future is unseen.

Comparison between the two poems: “Corrina’s Going A-May” and “To His Coy Mistress” Essay Table of Contents 1. Introduction 2. Thematic Comparison 3. Comparison of Tone 4. Comparison of Rhyme Pattern 5. Conclusion Introduction The main style of narration exhibited in the two poems is persuasion. In the poem “Corrina’s Going A-May” the persona coaxes his beloved, Corrina, to go forth and enjoy the delights of the chilly morning as other young people usually do. He is wooing his lover to accept his call. We do not get to hear the response of the persona’s lover in the poem. This indicates the use of dramatic monologue. The persona also tries to make his lover feel guilty of not waking up early. He stresses that she is the only one who is still sleeping while others have already gone ahead to seek happiness. The speaker proves his point by informing his lover about other young men that have already tied the knot and are already celebrating. His intention is to make Corrina quicken her steps so that they can be together. The persona uses alliteration to stress on the urgency of the matter (Herrick line 29). The second poem also has a form of persuasiveness. The persona is attracted to the lady in a physical manner. He is trying to convince the lady to love him so that he can make love to her. He has foreseen a form of eternity in their relationship. This is only shown in the first few lines, but the rest of the persona’s persuasions are even more intense in the latter lines. He feels that the world will end before they achieve their goal of making love. He feels that death could rob him of the pleasure of the world and he would not have the chance to merry with his lover (Marvel lines 25-31). In this poem too, we do not get the response of the lady. Thematic Comparison Both poems express the theme of carpe diem . This means to seize the day or moment for the future is unseen. In the poem “Corrina’s Going A-May”, the persona tries to woo the lady to take full pleasure of the moment. He insists that the clock is ticking and old age would catch up with them (Herrick lines 57-70). The poem also illustrates that old age and death are all inevitable. This means their desires would be lost before they practice the freedom they have. In the other poem “To His Coy Mistress”, the speaker is requesting the mistress to yield to his passion before time elapses. He argues on the reality of time, space and mortality. His idea is that the lady should seize the chance and give him her body quickly for the force of death could snatch her at any moment (Marvel lines 33-40). Comparison of Tone The tone in the poem “Corrina’s Going A- May” is joyful, exuberant and full of anticipation. The speaker is happy that a new morning has sprung up and that he will have the chance to be with Corrina. He will also tie the knot with her and they would live enjoyably with each other (Herrick lines 29-42). Though old age will come, the moments will not be distressing because they had seized the opportunity and enjoyed themselves. On the other hand, the tone in Marvel’s poem is intimate. The speaker cannot wait to make love to his lady. He is full of passion and he describes how their intimacy will be carried out. His desire shows strength, sweetness and strife (Marvel lines 41-46). Comparison of Rhyme Pattern The rhyming pattern in Robert’s poem is the end rhyming scheme with a couplet. All the couplets end with a masculine rhyme except the final couplet. In Marvel’s poem the type of rhyme scheme is an end rhyme. It also depicts a couplet. Conclusion Both poems are love related, with the two speakers demonstrating their urge for love and to be with their lovers. Robert’s poem is romantic and coupled with joy whereas Marvel’s poem is more of a physical attraction. Both depict a “seize the moment” theme type.

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Write a essay that could've provided the following summary: The purpose of this essay was to compare and contrast two popular operating systems, Linux and Microsoft Windows. The essay discusses the key concepts of both operating systems and how they are applied in practice.The essay concludes that while both operating systems have their strengths and weaknesses, Linux is generally seen as the more secure option.

The purpose of this essay was to compare and contrast two popular operating systems, Linux and Microsoft Windows. The essay discusses the key concepts of both operating systems and how they are applied in practice. The essay concludes that while both operating systems have their strengths and weaknesses, Linux is generally seen as the more secure option.

Comparison Between two Operating Systems Report Introduction An operating system (OS) refers to a set of programs which make the computer usable. The programs present in the operating system make it easy to operate a computer. The common types of operating systems include Linux, Microsoft Windows, and Mac OS. These types of operating systems are used in Desktop Computers and Laptops. However, there are other types of operating systems which are used in mobile phones and they include Android, iOS, and Symbian (Smith, 2005). A computer becomes useful when it has an operating system running in it. In order for a person to distinguish between the different types of operating systems, he should take time to understand the most important concepts that are used in operating systems. The main concepts applied in operating systems include kernel services and application level services. These services play a very vital role in determining how the operating systems perform when it is installed in a computer. An operating system should be capable of managing all the resources of a computer efficiently. There are many tasks that an operating system helps a computer to accomplish. An operating system enables users to share the same computer and it applies the user interface on the desktop. It refrains users from interfering with data which that belongs to other users and also allows people to share data stored in a computer. It is also the responsibility of the operating system to schedules resources among the users. The Operating system also allows computers to communicate to other computers through networks. Moreover, it enables the computer to recover from errors, and it also organizes files so that they can be accessed easily and in a more secure manner (Parsons & Oja, 2008). Operating systems in the world today play three main roles. They ensure that processes run in low privilege. They also invoke the kernel to perform in a high privilege state. People working in offices or in their homes therefore adopt different operating systems based on their usability and their ability to handle processes and services. It is also the role of the operating system to create abstraction. Abstraction enables the operating system to hide the details of the hardware. In this perspective, the operating system hides the lower level details of the hardware thereby enabling the operating system to perform high level tasks by providing it with higher-level functions (Siever, Figgins, & Love, 2009). Through abstraction, the operating system is able to convert the world of physical devices into a virtual world. There are various reasons for abstraction. To begin with, it is said that the code which is needed to regulate the operations of the peripheral devices is not usually in a standard form. As a result, the operating system creates room for the incorporation of hardware drivers. The drivers then perform certain operations on behalf of programs such as facilitating the input/output operations. In addition, the operating system is able to introduce other essential functions when it interacts with the hardware. For example, the operating system makes file abstraction mechanism possible because the programs do not rely on the disks while performing their operations. Moreover, the operating system is able to enhance the security of a computer through abstraction. Every operating system has a unique user interface. This uniqueness makes people to have different tastes for different operating systems while performing their daily operations. The main operating systems that people use are Linux and Windows. The manner in which these operating systems manage processes is different. For example, Linux is known to execute tasks at a faster rate than Windows. However, Windows is supported by many complex applications thereby influencing many people to adopt Windows while performing their daily operations. These operating systems also interpret commands differently because they are run on partitions which have different file systems. The manner in which these operating systems support application integration is also different. As a result, the operating systems are different with respect to security enhancement, memory management, and process scheduling. These differences influence the performance of the two operating systems thereby making people to have differing opinions on the type of operating system to put into their computers. There are people who rely on Linux while there are other people who rely on Windows to carry out their daily computing tasks (Siever, Figgins, & Love, 2009). In order to come up with the best operating system therefore, many developers are concentrating on developing an integrated user interface which will encompass the different activities that are undertaken by multiple processes when different computers are connected to a network. Therefore, when considering the type of operating system to use, people need to look at operating systems from various points of view. They should look at operating systems as resource managers and as extended machines (Smith, 2005). This paper will therefore provide a comparison between Windows XP and Linux since they are the major operating systems which people use to meet their daily computing needs. Memory Management Windows XP Memory Management Windows XP is said to be good at managing the memory in a computer. There are people who believe that using third party memory optimizers is a good idea. However, most of these programs do not work at all. Windows XP is one of the most successful products that Microsoft has ever made. The overall performance of the operating system is good. This is because Windows XP boots and resumes from hibernation faster. It also has applications which are highly responsive to commands. These conditions make a user to be very satisfied while using a computer that runs Windows XP. In case a person is using a computer that meets Microsoft’s minimum requirements, Windows XP performs optimally (Microsoft, 2005). The recommended random access memory that a computer running Windows XP should have is 128 megabytes. With this memory size, Windows XP has been able to stand ahead of other previous versions of Windows operating systems. The performance of the operating system becomes better when a person adds more resources such as memory-intensive media applications. Many people are normally tempted to increase the memory of their computers in order to improve their performance. The easiest way to improve the performance of a computer is by adding memory to it. It is said that although the recommended memory to run Windows XP efficiently is 128 megabytes, the operating system has been observed to perform better than previous versions of Windows. For example, Windows XP has been observed to run more efficiently on 64 MB of RAM than Windows Millennium Edition (Windows ME). Windows XP is therefore regarded as a satisfactory upgrade for people using Windows ME on their lower end computers (Sechrest & Fortin, 2001). The virtual memory created in Windows XP plays a very important role in determining how a computer system should perform. For example, when a program is given commands on an Intel CPU, it can use up to 4 GB of the available memory in a computer. The memory used by the running program is usually greater than the RAM of the computer. Therefore, the hardware allows programs to run continuously until they use up all the 4GB of virtual memory that is created by the operating system. The parts of a program that are loaded into the physical RAM are the ones which facilitate the creation of virtual memory which then enables programs to run efficiently in a computer. In this perspective, the processor translates the instructions that are created from the virtual addresses so that it can manage to match them up with the physical memory. The processor is known to manage the mapping process of the virtual memory in terms of pages which are estimated to be 4 kilobytes in size (Sechrest & Fortin, 2001). These pages therefore make it easy for the system to map the virtual memory efficiently. In Windows XP, it is the RAM which loads ‘The Non-Paged area’ and ‘The Page Tool’. The ‘Non-Paged area’ refers to the parts of a system which are never paged out because they normally contain the core codes of the system. For example, whenever a person comes across a blue screen which refers to a ‘Page Fault’ in the ‘Non-Paged Area’, this usually reflects that the hardware has a serious problem. The problem might result from the RAM modules or from damaged codes in a hard disk. There other instances whereby external utility software such as Norton may put modules in the RAM thereby making the computer to stop functioning properly. In this case, a person is recommended to uninstall such a program in order to get rid of the errors. On the other hand ‘The Page Pool’ is used to handle program codes and data pages which may have had data written on them. The remaining memory in the RAM is normally used to increase the size of the cache (Smith, 2005). Windows XP ensures that any free memory in the RAM is allocated to a certain process so as to help in improving the performance of the operating system. For example, when a person closes a program, Windows XP retains the code which belongs to the closed program. This is in order to enable the program to run faster when a person needs to use the program again. This happens in case Windows does not find any other use for the free RAM. However, these tasks are normally dropped whenever a different use for the RAM is found. This is the reason as to why the entire RAM in a computer appears to be used up. There have been cases whereby some programs are said to ‘free’ the RAM for fresh use. However, this is not normally true because such programs only make the computer to reduce its performance. It is therefore true that memory management in Windows XP is efficient and it makes the computer to run as efficiently as possible by ensuring that all the resources of the computer are fully utilized (Sechrest & Fortin, 2001). As a result, many people still hold on to Windows XP despite the recent Windows upgrades which have been released after Windows XP such as Windows Vista and Windows 7. Linux Memory Management Linux operating system is usually designed for different architectures. Its designed in a manner that enables it to separate the physical memory into three different zones depending of the hardware where the operating system is installed. The three zones found in the operating system include Zone_DMA, zone_NORMAL and zone_HIGHMEM. Zone_DMA consists of Direct Access Memory (DMA) which enables the operating system to be compatible with the Industry Standard Architecture (ISA) devices which can only manage to gain access to the 16 MB of physical memory. Zone_NORMAL is designed for those devices which can manage to gain access to the 896 MB of physical memory. Zone_HIGHMEM is capable of allocating more than 896 MB of physical memory to devices (Awesome Inc, 2011). The page allocator is the physical memory manager in Linux-based operating systems such as Ubuntu 11.04. Each zone normally has its own allocator. Therefore, it is the duty of these allocators to free the physical memory in each of the three zones. There are instances whereby the allocation of pages may require pages from other zones. This scenario is observed when there is a need to save the DMA space or when the needed memory gets too low to be used. In this case therefore, the Kernel uses of any zone that is available. It should however be noted that all Kernel operations take place at zone_NORMAL. Therefore, zone_NORMAL is the critical zone which is responsible for optimizing the performance of the operating system in a machine (Awesome Inc, 2011). For example, Ubuntu 11.04 uses page sizes of 4096-bytes. These page sizes are known to be efficient in terms of reducing the percentage of internal fragmentation. Ubuntu is also said to use the 2.6.38 kernel. This kernel is said to use the Transparent Huge Page (THP) feature which allows contemporary processors to handle page files simultaneously. Memory in Ubuntu 11.04 operating system is allocated in two major ways. It is allocated statically when the computer is booting in order to allocate memory to the drivers. It is also allocated dynamically through the page allocator. The buddy service and the slab allocator are the two memory managers which are used to allocate memory to the kernel. The buddy service makes use of the kmalloc service to allocate the pages when they are needed by the kernel (Awesome Inc, 2011). However, before the pages can be allocated, they are first split into small pieces. On the other hand, the slab allocation mechanism involves the allocation of kernel data into the memory of the computer. Apart from the main memory managers in Ubuntu 11.04, there are other subsystems which are responsible for managing the physical memory. These subsystems include the virtual memory system and the page cache. The page cache provides a mechanism which makes it possible to store the networked data. In addition, it serves as the main cache for memory-mapped libraries. Ubuntu is therefore noted to use the virtual memory extensively. In this context, the ‘mmap’ service is used in order to help in mapping devices and files to the memory (Awesome Inc, 2011). Ubuntu is also designed in such a manner that it can manage to use constant virtual memory for every process that runs in the operating system. Ubuntu 11.04 is capable of extending its physical memory by making use of a partition in the hard disk that is referred to as “swap”. The Architecture employed in the manufacture of the Ubuntu operating system incorporates the Physical Address Extension Kernel technology which allows 32 bit operating systems to use up to 64 GB as RAM. It is said that even though the additional RAM is a bit slower, it is normally faster than a hard disk (Henderson & Allen, 2011). Though the Physical Extension Kernel can enable the operating system to run faster in 64 bit operating systems, there is less support for 64 bit drivers to facilitate this process. It has been noted that when a person leaves his computer idle for a long time, the memory usage goes up. This is because Ubuntu tends to make use of the available memory so as to improve the performance of a computer. For example, if a machine has 1 GB of memory and the running programs use up to 200 MB of the available memory, then the remaining 800 MB acts as the cache for the CPU. The idea behind caching is that the computer takes a lot of time to access data that is stored on the hard drive. However, the computer takes a relatively shorter time to retrieve data that is stored in the main memory. Caching therefore makes use of the main memory to enable the computer to perform tasks faster. This type of optimization is not available for Windows computers. As a result, the free memory in a Windows computer ends up being wasted since no process uses it. Ubuntu can therefore be observed to make better use of the physical memory than windows XP (Henderson & Allen, 2011). A computer running Ubuntu is therefore more efficient than a computer running Windows. Process scheduling Scheduling refers to the manner in which processes and threads are allowed to gain access to the resources of a system. The goal of scheduling is to enable a system to operate efficiently by making the resources of a computer to operate in a balanced state. The main aim of scheduling is to enable computer systems to multitask without lowering their efficiency. The scheduler mostly lays emphasis on the latency and throughput. Throughput refers to the number of processes that are executed at any given time. On the other hand, latency refers to the time taken for a request to be made and the time taken before the first response is noted (Parsons & Oja, 2008). However, conflict between the throughput and latency often emerges. Depending on a user’s needs therefore, a person can give preference to throughput or latency. Windows XP Process Scheduling The early versions of Windows operating systems and MS-DOS were not capable of multitasking. A scheduler was therefore not relevant at the time. However, Windows 3.1x had a non-proactive scheduler which did not interfere with the running programs in any way. This scheduler needed a running program to end so that it could execute another program. However, operating systems which are based on Windows NT operating system make use of the multi-level feedback queue to enable them run multiple programs easily. These operating systems define priority levels which range from 0 to 31. Priorities 0 to 15 are regarded as normal priorities. However, priorities 16-31 are regarded as soft real-time priorities. These forms of priorities normally require administrative privileges for them to be assigned a certain level. Level 0 is however reserved for the operating system. The kernel may change the priority of a running application depending on the level of CPU usage (Sechrest & Fortin, 2001). In order to increase the responsiveness of a system, the kernel lowers the priority levels of the processes that use the CPU heavily. However, with the advent of Windows Vista, the scheduler has been modified in such a manner that it can manage to take advantage of the cycle counter register scheduling process which comes with many modern processors. Ubuntu Process Scheduling Ubuntu makes use of the pre-emptive kernel which is responsible for allowing Symmetric Multiprocessing (SMP). There are two spaces which are created when processes start running. These spaces include the kernel space and the user space. However, process scheduling in Ubuntu is observed to operate in the kernel space. Process scheduling takes place in the user interface. The Ubuntu operating System comprises of the kernel, System Libraries, and System Utilities (Henderson & Allen, 2011). The kernel is said to be at the heart of the operating system because it is the one that is responsible for facilitating all forms of abstractions. The abstractions are the ones that are responsible for creating the virtual memory as well as for enhancing processes to run smoothly within the operating system. The system libraries perform various functions which allow applications to communicate with the kernel without requiring any privileges. The system utilities on the other hand comprise of a set of programs which manage individual tasks of the operating system such as initializing the operating system (Siever, Figgins, & Love, 2009). The system utilities also provide a mechanism whereby the operating system is able to handle tasks such as connecting to networks and allowing the requests to log into a computer. The processes in Ubuntu have different properties. These include process identity, process environment and process context. The process identity comprises of process ID, credentials, and personality. The process ID is used to identify a particular process that is running in the operating system. The process ID does not change until it is ended. The credentials are also known as ‘user IDs’ and they are the ones which determine the rights that a person has to a computer. The process environment comprises of variables which determine the type of language that should be displayed in the system (Parsons & Oja, 2008). The process context reflects the state of the processes that are running in the operating system. The scheduling of processes in Ubuntu is done in two ways. Scheduling involves time-sharing concept and pre-emptive scheduling. Time-sharing concept targets multiple processes whereas pre-emptive scheduling targets the performance of real time tasks. These two scheduling mechanisms are important in that they facilitate the implementation of runnable processes. The Round-Robin scheduling method is a method which is used to determine the manner in which time-sharing algorithms schedule for the occurrence of processes that take place within the operating system. It does this by creating a loop ending in all the processes that take place in a system. In this context, the processes are given priorities ranging from 0-99 (Smith, 2005). Therefore, the processes which have small numerical values are the ones which are given high priority. File Systems There are different file systems that are used depending on the operating systems that a computer is running. Traditionally, Windows was using the FAT file system before migrating to NTFS file system which is regarded as a more stable and secure file system. On the other hand, there are other types of file systems which are adopted depending on the tasks that a person subjects his computer to. The most popular file systems for the Linux operating system include ext3 or ext4. Other types of file systems such as ext2, ReiserFS, JFS and XFS are rarely used (Parsons & Oja, 2008). File Systems in Windows XP Files in Windows XP can be organized based on the FAT file system or the more stable NTFS file system. Windows XP can run on both FAT and NTFS file systems. There are certain considerations that a person should make before deciding on which type of file system to use. For example, if a person wishes to use additional capabilities which can only be supported by the NTFS file system, a user is recommended to format the partition based on the NTFS file system (Nichol, 2002). The NTFS file system is capable of providing control to the files that users store in a computer. The NTFS file system supports security and privacy for the files belonging to a particular user (Microsoft, 2005). The NTFS file system also provides more support for the recovery of data than the FAT file system. In the NTFS file system, any changes that are made to the files in a computer are normally journalized thereby making it possible for the files to be recovered in case the program that was using the file crashes. In addition, the NTFS file system is not likely to suffer severe damage in case of a crash (Nichol, 2002). However, in case both file systems crash, it is possible to boot Windows when using the FAT file system. This makes it possible to repair the file system using the DOS start-up mode. However, in case the NTFS file system gets damaged, it is not possible to boot into Windows thereby making it difficult to repair the computer. When a user is considering performance and economy in a computer, an NTFS file partition is better. This is because virtual memory is limited to 8 GB in an FAT file system while in an NTFS file system the virtual memory can take up any space thereby helping to improve the performance of the computer. In addition, when searching for directories in the NTFS file system, the process of searching is faster (Nichol, 2002). However, the process of searching for directories in an FAT file system is very slow. File Systems in Ubuntu Ubuntu is said to be based on UNIX’s file system. In this perspective, everything in the computer is seen to appear in the form of files. It is the responsibility of the kernel to handle all the types of files that are present in the system. The kernel hides the execution details of the files which are associated with particular software. The virtual file system (VFS) is the one which harbours the details of the files which are associated with particular software (Smith, 2005). Ubuntu enables a person to increase the size of a partition online when the computer is running. The operating system also allows users to use different devices which are then supposed to act as crucial directories. The different file systems that are supported in Ubuntu include ext2, ext3, ext4, and xfs. In ext2, there are less boot operations since the file system is not journalised. This makes it possible for an operating system to boot at a faster rate. Ext3 is the successor of ext2. It is a journalised system and has been used as the default file system in Ubuntu for many years. It is also possible for a person to convert the ext3 file system to ext4 file system using Ubuntu. Ext4 is an advancement of the ext3 file system (Smith, 2005). This type of file system facilitates the creation of an unlimited number of subdirectories. The file system also facilitates the separation of huge files into small extents thereby improving the performance of large files. Extents are known to reduce the degree of fragmentation thereby helping to improve the performance of a system. Network and Security Windows XP Windows XP is said to have been built on the Windows 2000 kernel. However, there is a significant difference between the two operating systems when security is concerned. Not all the security features of Windows XP Professional can be found in Windows XP Home Edition (Labmice, 2006). There are additional security features which are contained in Windows XP professional. Windows XP uses the NTFS file system on all partitions. This is because these partitions run faster. The NTFS file system also allows users to encrypt their files and folders. Password protection is important because it enables a person to protect his files from intruders (Microsoft, 2005). Windows XP therefore provides the users with an option to incorporate passwords in their user accounts. The operating system also enables the administrator to regulate the activities of the other user accounts thereby ensuring that sensitive data in the computer is not interfered with. Windows XP also has a firewall which should be kept on at all times when a person is connected to the internet in order to prevent hackers from compromising the data in the computer. Windows XP is also capable of providing users with the possibility of sharing their internet connecting and files by using the Internet sharing feature that is incorporated in the operating system (Labmice, 2006). This feature is capable of providing its users with optimum security that when they are connected to a particular network. Linux Security Ubuntu 11.04 is said to have high support for the standard internet protocols which are common in Unix to Unix communications as well as in other non-Unix operating systems. The internet protocols that are supported by Ubuntu include Xerox network systems and other ISO-OSI protocols. The most important set of network protocols that are used in Ubuntu include the TCP/IP modes of networking. Networking in Ubuntu is executed by various layers of software. The various layers which are used to implement networking in Ubuntu include the socket interface layer, protocol drivers’ layer, and network-device drivers’ layer (Siever, Figgins, & Love, 2009). All user applications connect to a network through the socket interface layer. The network devices and user applications are responsible for enabling data to reach the protocol drivers. The protocol drivers’ layer detects the device or the application that should be used to transfer of data. The protocol drivers’ layer is also capable of rewriting, creating, and splitting data packets. The network-device drivers’ layer is the one that is responsible for routing data. The network-device drivers link a system with the most appropriate protocols to facilitate in the routing of data packets. This layer makes use of the Forwarding Information Base (FIB) concept which specifies the destination of the data packets (Siever, Figgins, & Love, 2009). The layer also holds a cache of the recent routing decisions so as to make the routing process faster the next time the layer is used. The different networking tools for the Ubuntu operating system include the graphical tools, Bluetooth settings, personal file sharing, and remote desktop (Smith, 2005). Ubuntu operating system is very secure. The security mechanisms adopted by the operating system include authentication and access control. Authentication ensures that only authorized people are allowed to gain access to the system. Access control on the other hand checks whether a user has the right to access certain files. The operating system prevents access when necessary. Encryption is also an important tool that helps to protect the files of a particular user from intruders (Siever, Figgins, & Love, 2009). In this perspective, Ubuntu gives a person the option of encrypting the home folder so that only the current user and the root user can gain access to the personal files. Input/ Output (I/O) Windows XP I/O The I/O is located in the Hardware Resources. It acts as a communication channel whereby the hardware devices in a computer communicate with each other. The I/O rate is very important in terms of influencing the time that a computer takes to boot. For example, old operating systems such as Windows 2000 often require the hard disk to rotate in a certain direction in order for the system to boot. In case of Desktops, the disks can manage to complete 80 to 100 I/Os in one second. However, this rate is much slower in laptops (Parsons & Oja, 2008). The slow rate makes a computer to take more time to boot. However, with the development of Windows XP, the poorly organized I/O process was improved thereby making it easy for the operating system to be fetched when the operating system is starting. In this context therefore, the I/O process can be overlapped when the machine is initializing. This provides a mechanism whereby the data which must be read when a computer is booting is scattered all over the disk thereby making the computer to take less time to boot. Many people look at I/O as a traditional way of analysing operating systems. They argue that the I/O is not important in cases where the computer controls the hardware directly. Operating systems such as DOS, Windows 95, and Windows 98 did not block access to the I/O in any way. As a result, access to I/O was very easy and therefore posed very serious security threats to the computer. In this context therefore, it is possible for a program that is misbehaving to enter into the I/O address. This state of affairs ends up creating hitches in a network or the hard disk. Operating systems such as Windows 2000, NT, ME, and XP block access to the I/O. However, there are still certain programs which can manage to gain access to the I/O (Smith, 2005). This is an indication that Windows is weak because of its inability to block access to the I/O completely. Linux I/O However, Linux has been able to adopt a mechanism which has proved to be effective in restricting unauthorised applications from gaining access to the I/O. Since Ubuntu does not run applications under root privileges, it is not vulnerable to security threats like Windows. Ubuntu has been able to manipulate the permissions and the ownership of running software processes whereby a user is granted limited access to the I/O. Since Ubuntu has been able to create a bullet-proof method of limiting access to the I/O, it is very possible for Linux to program a hardware I/O which does not have security weaknesses. Ubuntu has been successful at limiting access to the I/O by designing a trusted I/O enabling program whose ownership is set to the root user. This means that if a root user initializes the root enabling program, the program can only run in root privileges. Therefore, when the I/O enabling program is run, it only allows access to the ports that are desired (Radcliffe, 2005). These ports include the serial ports and the parallel printer ports. Linux operating systems are therefore more efficient than Windows. Reference List Awesome Inc 2011, Ubuntu 11.04 – General Overview. Web. Henderson T. & Allen B. 2011, Ubuntu 11.04 . Web. Labmice 2006, Windows XP Security Checklist . Web. Microsoft 2005, Working with File Systems . Web. Nichol, A. 2002, FAT & NTFS File Systems . Web. Parsons, J. J. & Oja, D. 2008, Computer Concepts Illustrated Introductory, Cengage Learning, New York. Radcliffe, P. J. 2005, Linux: A Clear Winner for Hardware I/O . Web. Sechrest, S. & Fortin, M. 2001, Windows XP Performance . Web. Siever, E., Figgins, S. & Love, R. 2009, Linux in a Nutshell, O’Reilly Media Inc, Cambridge. Smith, R. W. 2005, Linux In A Windows World, O’Reilly Media Inc, Cambridge.

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Write the original essay that generated the following summary: The essay compares and contrasts the English Baptist-separatist confessions with the American Baptist confessions. It concludes that they are both inspired by the Bible and have similarities and differences in their translation of the Bible.The two confessions consider that Christ has the power to forgive sins. It is through his death that sin could be forgiven. Jesus was therefore conceived in the power of the Holy Spirit, was born of a virgin and existed in the human body.

The essay compares and contrasts the English Baptist-separatist confessions with the American Baptist confessions. It concludes that they are both inspired by the Bible and have similarities and differences in their translation of the Bible. The two confessions consider that Christ has the power to forgive sins. It is through his death that sin could be forgiven. Jesus was therefore conceived in the power of the Holy Spirit, was born of a virgin and existed in the human body.

Comparison of Baptist confessions Essay Introduction Baptist confessions are documents that proclaim the faith of the Christian believers of the Baptist faith. They use the Bible and have similarities and differences in their translation of the Bible. They live according to their confessions as revealed by the Reformed Reader (1999b). The different Baptist confessions include: Anabaptist confessions, English Baptist-Separatist confessions, English Baptist Associative confessions, and American Baptist confessions. They were written by different believers at different times. They are in the form of teachings and instructions for righteous living. Thus, they are not inspired writings but are obtained from the Holy Scripture of the Bible. This paper will compare and contrast the English Baptist-separatist confessions with the American Baptist confessions. Comparing and contrasting Brief history In accordance with the Reformed Reader (1999a), the English Baptist-Separatist in the 16 th and 17 th century stayed out of sight from Elizabeth since they would receive capital punishment if they confessed the faith. This is because, there were fundamental differences between the English Baptist-Separatist and the state concerning separation of church and state, conscience, baptism and doctrines of the church. Its followers and leaders were imprisoned and others fled. Those who fled managed to write the confessions, united and survived the faith. On the other hand, the American Baptist confession originated around the 17 th century and became established with the Philadelphia Baptist. They managed to spread the teaching in colleges despite the challenges of the changing world. In line with the Reformed Reader (1999b), the heritage declined as result of revolution and failure in the theological institutions among other reasons. God There is one and only true God in both confessions in the two confessions as indicated in the Baptist & Heritage Society (2010). God the father, The Son and The Holy Ghost are three in one. Jesus Christ is God’s true son. God is the ultimate creator of the entire world. God knows the past, the present and the future. He has allowed man to have free will and make choices. Among other things God is righteous and loving. Sin of mankind, Death and Resurrection of Christ The two confessions consider that Christ has the power to forgive sins. It is through his death that sin could be forgiven. Jesus was therefore conceived in the power of the Holy Spirit, was born of a virgin and existed in the human body. They also suppose that his death was for the forgiveness of mankind sins and brings eternity. They also see man to be struggling between good and evil as he has the free will to choose from the other (Baptist & Heritage Society, 2010). Christ was sent by God to save mankind from sin. He died and resurrected on the third day. The American Baptist says that it is the blood of Christ that brought deliverance from sin. Moreover, the blood pardons all kind of sin. Christ was without sin but took the sins of mankind upon him-self in order to cleanse them. The two confessions also hold that just like Christ resurrected, the dead shall resurrected both the sinful and the righteous. The American Baptist believes that when judgment will come, sinners will be punished while the righteous will join Christ in his kingdom. The English Baptist- separatist say that the sinners will burn as the righteous meet the bridegroom. According to The Ministers Council (2005), the American Baptist holds that God created man in his likeness. He was given a free will to choose good and evil. His good relationship with God was permanently changed when he fell into sin. Therefore, his generation carries on the sin and that even newborn children are with sin. Mankind can only be delivered from the sin through Christ whom they believe was another Adam. Those who do not get delivered from the sins from or through Christ will face condemnation. William (1981) indicates that the English Baptist-Separatist confessions, like the American Baptist, believe that man is created in the creator’s image. They contradict with the American Baptist in that man was lured by Satan to commit sin hence God restored him and gave him eternal life. Thus children are born without sin and there is not condemnation for sins committed by the first man. Scripture Both confessions proclaim that the scriptures of the New Testament and the Old Testament contain the word of God. They are instructions given by God to the believers so that they can practice faith and have guidance. Judgment will be based on the scriptures (Baptist & Heritage Society 2010). Salvation of mankind Christ is the savior of mankind according to the two confessions. Both confessions also agree that salvation is free and can be accessed by all. The American Baptist does believe that God had already masterminded a plan before the world began to save a certain number of human beings. Therefore Jesus, Gods son, was sent to save them and thus would become the children of God through Christ. The English Baptist-Separatist confesses that one can work for the state. They confess good deeds as opposed to evil. One must therefore uphold honor and obedience in accordance with the Gods word in every area. Believers thank God for them and pray for them. The faithful observe the law of the land; pay their dues including tax (Chris 2001). Just like the American Baptist, English Baptist-Separatist call for separation of the church from the state. Thus the ministers in the church shall not be a state official. Therefore believers confess that there should be no participating in the states offices. The American Baptist also confesses that war shall not be advocated for and that they will enhance peace instead. They declare that instead, the gospel will be taught to all states and to human beings. The American Baptist further confesses that the state is supposed to give the church protection and the freedom to practice their faith without favors. By being independent, no penalties will be imposed in the church or there be any form of support to the church inform of taxation. Ordinance Ordinance covers the topic of baptism, the Lord’s Supper and servant hood. Both confessions argue that baptism is a symbol of faith. Those who become bishops, clergy or elders among other church leaders must have been baptized. They lead the believers in the reading of scriptures and are of service to all, including the orphaned, widows, and those in need. Just like Christ washed the disciple’s feet, they are servants. They baptize the believers and lead them in remembrance of Christ when taking the Lord’s Supper. The English Baptist-Separatist believes that the ministers, word of God, Lord’s Supper, service to the needy is ordained by God. Lords supper and Baptism The two confessions claim that baptism is a symbolically death in transgressions and the resurrection which is being alive with Christ. The Lord’s Supper is the symbolism of Christ’s death. The baptism is done in the name of God, the Father, the Son and the Holy Spirit. Those with sin should not partake of the Lord’s Supper.. The last supper and the baptism are supposed to be held and continued as both confessions declare. The American Baptist confesses that baptism must be undertaken by those who confess. Thereafter, they can be eligible for partaking the lords supper, be ordained and participate in the church. In baptism there must be immersion of water. Believers can also participate in singing and psalms as well as reading of the scripture. Other doctrinal differences As the reformed readers (1999a) mentions, the English Baptist- Separatist views the church as a body with different parts. The different parts make a whole when every part plays its role. This confession justifies the ordination of the ministers which is done systematically. After being appointed, then they do work that they are assigned as per their office. It may be necessary to engage in fasting for divine direction. The church must also uphold righteousness. Believers who revert back to sinful living can be excommunicated. They remain excommunicated as long as they remain in their sin and cannot take the lords supper. The American Baptist together with the English Baptist- Separatist has confessed marriage as ordained by God. They advocate for one man for one wife. Marriage is a reflection of Christ and his church. The American Baptist has confessed that the family is the foundation of society. The husband is therefore to love the wife and the wife submits to the husband. The children must obey their parents. Before God all are equal. The American Baptist has lost their heritage and has called for reformation to restore the confessions as revealed by the Ministers Council (2005). The England separation succeeded in their efforts to encourage separation of the church from the state. They also managed to stay united (The Reformed Reader 1999b). Conclusion The English Baptist-Separatist and the American Baptist confessions have similarities. They agree that there is one God, who is three in one (the Father, the Son and the Holy Spirit). They believe in the scripture as their guide. Salvation is obtained only through Christ’s death and it is free. Baptism and the Lord’s Supper are also found in the confessions. The church ministers are ordained and must be baptized. God has given man a free will to choose good or evil. There are also areas of contradiction. The English Baptist-Separatist believes God created man in his image and was lured to sin by Satan. The death of Christ pardoned the sin hence children are not born with sin and there is no condemnation. They confess that the church be separate from state and that the believers must obey, honor and pay taxes. They advocate for excommunication of those who go astray in faith. On the contrary the American Baptist confessions say that God created man without sin and became sinful. The sin committed by the first man is therefore extended to the offspring who are born with sin and will be condemned if they do not believe in Christ whose blood cleanses the sin. Ask for church to be independent and to discourage war as they encourage peace. Reference List Baptist & Heritage Society. 2010. An affirmation of common Baptist themes . On-line. Web. Chris, Traffanstedt. 2001. A primer on Baptist history . On-line. Available from Internet. Web. The Ministers Council. 2011. American Baptist: A unifying vision study document . On- line. Web. The Reformed Reader. 1999a. English Baptist confessions . On-line. Web. The Reformed Reader. 1999b. The Historic Baptist Documents . On-line. Web. William, Lumpkin. 1981. Baptist confessions of faith . Judson press. On-line. Web.

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Write the original essay for the following summary: The paper compares the political regimes in China and Japan and the characteristics of their political institutions. It notes that while both countries have different frameworks, the Chinese system is a single-party socialist republic, while the Japanese system is a democratic monarchy. It also highlights that while the Chinese government has only one legislative organ, the National People's Congress, the Japanese government has three arms, the legislature, the executive and the judiciary.

The paper compares the political regimes in China and Japan and the characteristics of their political institutions. It notes that while both countries have different frameworks, the Chinese system is a single-party socialist republic, while the Japanese system is a democratic monarchy. It also highlights that while the Chinese government has only one legislative organ, the National People's Congress, the Japanese government has three arms, the legislature, the executive and the judiciary.

Comparison of China and Japan in political regimes Essay Governance is a practice that has been diverse ever since time immemorial not only among different governments but also even within the same constitutional provisions. The dynamics in governance are extensive from government to government and from regime to regime with every leader having their own governance ideologies and styles. This translates to the fact that no single regime resembles the other in terms of governance. Owing to this, every regime must be viewed as a single unit for better and thorough understanding. This paper compares the political regimes in china and Japan and the characteristics of their political institutions. Political framework One of the most distinguishing factors of the two countries is the political framework. In china, politics are played in a single-party socialist republic i.e. the communist party. The powers of the state in the country are exercised through this party and the Central People’s Government, which has provincial and local components through which the unit exercises its powers. As opposed to this system in china, the Japanese political framework is a democratic monarchy with parliamentary representation. Furthermore, unlike the Chinese framework, which is a single party system, the Japanese political system encompasses a multiparty system. In this case, the prime minister heads the government, which exercises executive power. Government The highest and most powerful body in the Chinese government is the Central People’s Government. This body stands as the only legislative organ in the republic of china. The determination of its membership falls under the Communist Party of China and its role as a policy maker is of great importance. The president’s office in china is a ceremonial office and the occupant of this office serves the role of the nominal head of state. The election of a candidate for this office is a ‘single candidate’ elections, which is the responsibility of the National People’s Congress. In another level of the government is the state council, which is appointed by the National People’s Congress and the Premier sits as its chair. The members of this council are the heads of the governmental departments and agencies, approximately fifty in total. Chief among the roles of this council is overseeing the provincial governments. At this level of governance are other bodies like the Central Military Commission, which exercise command over the people’s liberation army. The others include the Supreme People’s Court and Supreme People’s Procuratorate- the highest court in the county’s judicial system. On the other hand, the Japanese government is quite different. The system of governance has two levels, the national government and the local government. Under the national government, there are three arms namely the legislature, the executive and the judiciary. The legislature, called the National Diet of Japan, sits in two houses: the House of Representatives and the House of Councilors. In this government, the executive reports to the Diet. The Emperor under the instruction of the diet appoints the head of the executive. The judiciary, whose responsibility is to enforce law, has several levels of courts. These levels fall under the jury system, with the Supreme Court being the highest court in the system. The local government of the Japanese regime heavily depends on the national government for funding. The Ministry of Internal Affairs and Communications in the national government is the main government structure set for these interventions. The setup grants the regions some autonomy in policy implementation, which helps them preserve their uniqueness.

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Write the original essay for the following summary: The essay discusses differences and similarities between the Brest city and Melbourne as experienced in a tour to France and the challenges that the two cities cultural differences pose on students studying abroad.Differences and similarities between the Brest city and Melbourne as experienced in a tour to France and the challenges that the two cities cultural differences pose on students studying abroad.

The essay discusses differences and similarities between the Brest city and Melbourne as experienced in a tour to France and the challenges that the two cities cultural differences pose on students studying abroad. Differences and similarities between the Brest city and Melbourne as experienced in a tour to France and the challenges that the two cities cultural differences pose on students studying abroad.

Comparison of the city of Brest, France and Melbourne, Australia Essay Introduction The city of Brest is located at Brittany in northwestern France; its history can be traced back in 334 AC, when a navigator called Joan of Arc discovered a deep harbor connecting the France with the United States. The city lies between a pair of hills called deCoup Tatas; the main economic activities in the city are farming, shipping and tourism; it is the country’s second largest harbor. The residents give visitors warm welcome and when allowed they are willing to spend time with the visitors (IndigoGuide-France, 2011). Melbourne is located in Victoria, Australia at the center of the county of Melbourne; it is a metropolitan city, which operates 24hours, seven days a week (City Of Melbourne home site, 2011). In January 2011, I and my colleagues has an educational tour to Brest for two weeks, during the visit we experienced some differences between the city’s way of life and that of Melbourne; as well we noted some similarities in the way of life of Brest residents and Melbourne residents. This paper discusses differences and similarities between the Brest city and Melbourne as experienced in a tour to France and the challenges that the two cities cultural differences pose on students studying abroad. History Brest emerged because of the deep harbor where it stands; Cardinal Richelieu , in 1631 was the first person to recognize the benefits that the harbor could have on French people; it offers a close linkage between the country and the United States. He demarcated the place and its first trading using water as the means of transport was experienced. During the Second World War, the harbor was actively used by the American to ferry their soldiers and in 1917, the French government recognized the main port of French Navy; since then the city has grown to be a military campsite, business area, and tourism city. During the Second World War, the city was an active base for German troupes; in 1944 the city development was fully destroyed by the so called the Battle for Brest. The Germans took the responsibility of the destruction and compensated the people. It is a busy onshore city with well-developed transport and communication networks. On the other hand, Melbourne was discovered in 1945 when schooner Enterprise arrived in the city; it was at the time of King William IV. The city emerged as a result of barely legal and speculative settlement of people who freed from New South Wales, it was later in 1847 recognized as a city by Letters Patent of Queen Victoria dated 25 June; the main advantage that the city has is its central position which makes it more accessible from different parts of the country. The cities good infrastructures make it an accessible offshore city were people form different countries visit for various reasons. The emergence of the two cities is different with that of Brest being a business-oriented mind and that of Melbourne as an informal settlement. This kind of emergence has shaped the cultures as administered in the two cities. In Brest, people are more opportunistic and have a business mind; the growth of the tourism industry in the area is a reflection of how the people are warm, friendly and willing to mingle a factor that is common to business-oriented population. Brest is an administrative city favored by its central location, and can be accessed from different parts of Melbourne. The role it plays in the economy has resulted to a number of people living in the city who have diverse culture and beliefs. This has resulted to a city with a mixture of cultures that can blend easily. Economic activities The city of Brest being an onshore city has a deep harbor that offers an advantage to its economic activities; the harbor is the first link that the country has to the United States of America and thus forms the major source of economic activities. Shipping business is the main economic activity in the area; it has the capacity of receiving large and small ships as well as aircraft carriers. The economic activity offers the country an advantage of multiculturalism, since a number of people are likely to visit the country. On the other hand, the tourism industry has forced the locals to preserve their culture, as it is one of the main attracters of the tourism. The city has high value of its culture; the government shows its support through an administration of a culture, and sports office at ministerial level. Toubon law has been enacted in the constitution with an aim of preserving the country’s culture. Through the city has a military base which seem to take control, the service sector of the economy is the main dominant ; they include the hospitality and banking industry (Twitchell and Mildred, 1990). Culture Brest portrays the country’s high culture and artistic nature, it is decorated with ancient drawing and art works that dates from 19 th century; the art work has animals, historical people, ancient building shapes and some portraits showing past activities like war and players. The artistic work in the city portray the strong links that the country has with economic, political and military importance; most of the drawing along cities, buildings, social places, fashions and in cuisines have a historical meaning connected to economic, political and military importance (Dowrick and Riaz, 2003) Other than the material artifacts, the residents of Brest have characteristics of modern European life they have interacted, and have been blended to adopt some style of living. In both Brest and Melbourne the rule of law is adhered to however the countries constitution recognizes that some ethnic groups have some unique way of doing things; the uniqueness and cultural diversity is encouraged, as along it does not affect other people rights (Official Web Site of the City of Melbourne, 2011). Language Despite the city having the dominant people living in the region with their local language as Breton, the language is not the official language; the city adopts French as the official language. In the effort to preserve the local language, the administrators of the city have launched programs that aim at teaching the language to young people in schools and university. To maintain language in the city, the government has various programs in the effect, they include the governments sponsored schools of the language to the locals and the support of Breton language aired cinema and artifacts. Melbourne is considered as a monolingual city but English is used as “de facto” national language and thus used in schools and offices; there are no deliberate efforts to maintain any language thus the communication in the city is controlled by the people concerned (Kelly, 2001). Fashion and clothing The clothing and fashion styles in Brest and Melbourne are different; the Brest has official dress code and in their efforts to maintain their culture that attracts tourism, they have maintained traditional dress codes. Uniqueness matters; they are willing to learn new versions from foreigners and shortly adopt it as a dress code. The most common dress code that is worn in Melbournians are iconic local styles include bush-wear and surf-wear; they are also concerned on fashion and decency in their dressing (Official Web Site of the City of Melbourne, 2011). Cultural and social adjustment involved in living and studying in another culture Though culture is invisible, it has an effect and controls the way of life that people in a certain jurisdiction have. When visiting a foreign country for business, recreational or educational purposes foreigner experiences cultural differences and to the extremes cultural shock (Dauncey, 2003). To fit and adjust in a new environment, a person needs to learn and understand the life that people living in the area have. Language difference is one of the most challenging factors that a foreigner has to face in a foreign country. Communication is important thus there is need to have a medium of exchange and understanding. For example, a student seeking college education in Brest can only fit better in the locality if he has good mastery of French and Breton. The learning institutions there teach in the languages thus before one adjusts it may take a while. When someone cannot mingle with others effectively, he is likely to be seen as an outcast thus his life in the country will not be enjoyable. Beliefs, values and attitude that a person hold are elements of culture, when one gets into an environment where they do not share beliefs, he is likely to have issues adjusting and changing his ways. Onshore and offshore cultures have different beliefs, values and attitudes; for example when a Melbournian goes for studies in Brest, he is likely to be shocked by the dress code and the way the young people address the old. The young can expose their body parts and wear tight skin clothes and still mingle with their parents, this is different with the case of Melbournians. Potential barriers in cross-cultural communication One of the main barriers to cross cultural communication is lack of cultural intelligent people: a culturally intelligent people do not jump into conclusion about the beliefs, attributes and behavior that a member in a certain community will have. The fact that certain community culture seems to be looking at a certain direction should not be the only parameter to determine the culture of an individual. The time that he gives to learn the tribe’s behavior and mode of doing things assists in integrating the communities and having a common sense of belonging. Another barrier to cross-cultural communication is the most dominant characteristic of culture that one’s culture is unique, and should be followed by others. When this is the case, then people are not willing to strike a middle ground in their culture diffusion but aims at making the other party see the sense in his culture and join him. Both are aiming at a similar desitiny but the solutions expected are different. When foreign students get into France, they are not given a chance to exercise their culture they are expected to keep the culture of the French people. The existence of conservatisms both at national and kinship level also hinders culture diffusion and integration: some people are so concerned about keeping their culture and passing the same to future generation, they are static to changes that are brought about by other cultures. For example, Brest Administration has embarked on local tradition and culture promotion through the ministry of culture: the move make the Breton people repel and keep held to their culture, they tend to repel any other diffusion and integration with others (Triandis, 2006). Though communication and language is an element of culture, it also is a hindrance to cross-cultural communication, people see their language as superior and thus they are not willing to adopt an international language that is likely to give pathway to understanding of other people’s culture. Communication is important in cross-cultural diffusion and development of a global culture, without a generally accepted culture that all parties can understand will lead to world with different views and perception about each other since they hardly understand what other peoples feel. Communication becomes effective when the language that the two parties are using is well understood by them; this is the use of language. Language goes further than the oral talks but involve written information, body language and electronic transfer of information. It is the language used that makes the world have “sense” everything that is in the world gets a meaning when language is used to express its use. Problems only get a solution when the solvers can use the correct language. The innovations that is a good resultant aspect of education has its root in language; this span from the general understanding of things as they are to specific analysis of a particular case. Taking a traditional case, in each society there is culture that holds its people together, one of the major components of culture is language; this is because the language that is adopted by a particular society is unique in its own ways From certain angle media has been seen to create a cut line between cultures, it is seen to emphasis on differences that exists among different culture thus limiting the rate of cross-cultural communication. For example in France the media follows an European setting and advocates for the style as the dominant and superior way of living, in its programs it is seen to disregard other cultures. When it has brought other peoples culture, it is in a comparison manner with the European one, at the end then the two cultures differences are reinforced (Hampden–Turner and Trompenaars, 2006). Conclusion In the process of socialization, human beings adopt a certain culture; culture is defined as commonly experienced attributes and traits that can be seen in a homogenous group of people mostly living within the same locality. The Melbournians culture has some similarities as well as differences with the Breton’s culture. Breton, an onshore city, has different values, attitude, perception and beliefs than those held by Melbourne, an offshore city. Australian students in Brest have to adjust to the Breton way of life, they need to learn their culture and respect it; by so doing they will be able to overcome challenges brought about by cultural differences. References City Of Melbourne home site.2011. Melbourne city Baths . Web. Dauncey, H.,2003. French Popular Culture: An Introduction . New York: Oxford University Press. Dowrick, S. and Riaz, H.,2003. The Cambridge Handbook of the Social Sciences in Australia. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Hampden–Turner, C. and Trompenaars, F.,2006.Cultural Intelligence: Is Such a Capacity Credible? Group & Organization Management, 31, PP. 56-63. IndigoGuide-France. 2011. Brest France – Tourist Travel Guide – French Holidays . Web. Kelly, M.,2001. French Culture and Society: The Essentials . New York: Oxford University Press. Kidd, W. and Siân R.,2000. Contemporary French Cultural Studies . London: Arnold Publishers. Official Web Site of the City of Melbourne.2011. About Melbourne Development . Web. Triandis, H.C.,2006. Cultural Intelligence in Organizations. Group and Organization Management, 31, PP. 20-26. Twitchell, H. and Mildred, R.1990. Understanding Cultural Differences: Germans, French and Americans . Paris: Intercultural Press.

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Convert the following summary back into the original text: The essay discusses the terms facts, information, data, knowledge, and understanding. It explains how these terms are often used and misused in debates and conversations. The discussion highlights some of the major misconceptions of about these notions and shows how they need to be applied in conversation or written speech.

The essay discusses the terms facts, information, data, knowledge, and understanding. It explains how these terms are often used and misused in debates and conversations. The discussion highlights some of the major misconceptions of about these notions and shows how they need to be applied in conversation or written speech.

Comparison of the Terms in Debates Essay There are many concepts that are frequently used and misused by people in debates or conversations. Among them one can single out such terms as facts, information, data, knowledge, and understanding. Some of them such as facts and information are often viewed as interchangeable notions, even though they can have significant differences. This essay will compare their meaning of these notions and explain how they differ from one another and what kind of similarities they have. This discussion can highlight some of the major misconceptions of about these notions and show how they need to be applied in conversation or written speech. First of all, such term as fact can be understood as a verifiable truth that has been proven in a logical or empirical way. Overall, it is an observation that has been tested and substantiated by objective methods. For instance, the statement that World War I began in 1914 can be called a fact. This notion should not be confused with such word as data. This concept means a series of measurements and observations that can be either true or untrue. This is the main distinction between facts and data. However, these terms do have some similarity. They are not very meaningful if they are not systematized or ordered in a certain way. The thing is that they are not always put in any specific context. Thus, one can come to the third important notion, namely information. It can be defined as the sequence of facts or data that have some meaning because they have been ordered or organized. In other words, they can be understood as a message by a person. In turn, such concepts as knowledge and understanding are also very similar but not interchangeable. The term knowledge means the state of awareness about something. For instance, a person can know certain information or separate facts. More importantly, he or she can even apply this knowledge. For instance, people can know and apply mathematical formulas or algorithms, however, they cannot always tell why these formulas work. This is why such notion as understanding is more complex. It means that a person does not only know certain information, but is able to evaluate it and determine whether it is true or untrue. For example, some people not only know mathematical formulas but they can also tell why they are valid. The term understanding also implies the ability to see causal relationship between facts or events. Thus, this notion has a wider meaning and people should be able to distinguish between knowing and understanding, especially when they debate about something. This discussion of these concepts is important because it shows that they cannot always be used interchangeable even despite their similarities. For instance, when people speak about data, they should not assume that these data are always true. Similarly, separate facts cannot be viewed as information because they are often meaningless. Furthermore, people should remember that knowledge is not synonymous to understanding because understanding means that an individual can interpret specific facts and explain why they are true. The problem is that these terms are often used in political, economic, or social debates. Moreover, some people can manipulate these terms in order to affect the audience. A person, who can see the distinction between them, can better resist such manipulation and identify flawed arguments.

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Provide the full text for the following summary: The professional field means a career that accommodates changes in the employment. The improvement of skills helps create foundation for success. People have goals as well as skills that differ in relation to the skills acquired through education. In addition, there are skills that help achieve the set objectives and do not depend on the career.To attain some aim, there is a need to perfect the areas that are not competent. Analysis is important to define the weak points to be improved. The weakness of a person can be determined through listening to the criticism of his or her boss, consulting fellow colleagues in areas where the weak point is observed and then working to improve the skills.The individual can also use online questions to gauge his/her skills and the type of career that is desirable. Networking, therefore, can help in the development of required experience and knowledge through interaction.When improving the skills, there should be consistency in performing the particular task. Presentation skills are necessary, and every employee should work on since they are applied in all the sections of the working environment. Presentation can be in form of the mode of dressing as well as the presentation of assignments. These skills can, therefore, be improved throughout the entire life of an individual.

The professional field means a career that accommodates changes in the employment. The improvement of skills helps create foundation for success. People have goals as well as skills that differ in relation to the skills acquired through education. In addition, there are skills that help achieve the set objectives and do not depend on the career. To attain some aim, there is a need to perfect the areas that are not competent. Analysis is important to define the weak points to be improved. The weakness of a person can be determined through listening to the criticism of his or her boss, consulting fellow colleagues in areas where the weak point is observed and then working to improve the skills. The individual can also use online questions to gauge his/her skills and the type of career that is desirable. Networking, therefore, can help in the development of required experience and knowledge through interaction. When improving the skills, there should be consistency in performing the particular task. Presentation skills are necessary, and every employee should work on since they are applied in all the sections of the working environment. Presentation can be in form of the mode of dressing as well as the presentation of assignments. These skills can, therefore, be improved throughout the entire life of an individual.

Competency Development Plan Essay The professional field means a career that accommodates changes in the employment. The improvement of skills helps create foundation for success. People have goals as well as skills that differ in relation to the skills acquired through education. In addition, there are skills that help achieve the set objectives and do not depend on the career (Sangster, 2000). To attain some aim, there is a need to perfect the areas that are not competent. Analysis is important to define the weak points to be improved. The weakness of a person can be determined through listening to the criticism of his or her boss, consulting fellow colleagues in areas where the weak point is observed and then working to improve the skills. The individual can also use online questions to gauge his/her skills and the type of career that is desirable. Networking, therefore, can help in the development of required experience and knowledge through interaction (Powell, 2004). To occupy a high position in the workplace, the relevant information and ideas how to perform one’s task more effectively are very important. This will, therefore, require further education to attain the desired skills. To get the required knowledge, a detailed research is important in relation to the job by either attending conferences, learning from the competitive companies or through consultations. Consulting those holding the senior posts can help acquire the necessary skills though in most cases, it is difficult to get the information using such a method. This is because it is not easy to share the experience during board meetings, but through socialization, one can gather a lot of information (Honey, 2007). When improving the skills, there should be consistency in performing the particular task. Presentation skills are necessary, and every employee should work on since they are applied in all the sections of the working environment. Presentation can be in form of the mode of dressing as well as the presentation of assignments. These skills can, therefore, be improved throughout the entire life of an individual (Sangster, 2000). Another fact that one has to consider after joining the job as a professional is to be always aware of what the organization is about as well as its practices. It is important to know the competitors of the company and those that work together with the organization. Performing your work, try as much as possible to share ideas with other people of the same profession to get the necessary information for your career growth. This helps one to know whether to move to another job or employer of a similar business. Sharing of information can be, therefore, done through discussions after meetings or via the internet (Valerie, 2009). To be a manager on your own requires knowledge of the finance related issues in that particular profession. This is a dream for many people who desire to manage their own businesses. People can access such kind of information through interaction with those in the finance departments. The knowledge gained may help be aware of how much is required to run such kind of business. The skill will prevent from starting an enterprise that will collapse due to inadequate funds because of unpreparedness and lack of experience (Stanleigh, 2006). Knowing the worthiness of one’s services is necessary as it also contributes to the career growth. After employment, there is the development of skill and one should therefore keep in mind the time he or she has done that particular job to evaluate the extent of improvement in order to request for a promotion. An employee is justified to ask for a promotion if his/her performance is good and consistent. Taking chances in the job helps in developing the skills to achieve the career goals. This involves engaging oneself in performing the duties that are not included in one’s job description (Valerie, 2009). When managing their projects, some managers fail to achieve their goals due to the existing gaps between the available skills and the skills required in order to be successful. Due to the managerial skills gap, managers struggle with responsibilities in their jobs, hence failing to create management culture in their projects because they do not understand the scope of their roles. Competency assessments can help identify the gaps through the evaluation of the current skills and knowledge among the employees and comparing them with the project requirements. For instance, in managing the products and services, the HR manager needs to analyze and identify the training needs of the employees for them to acquire the necessary skills. These are short-term tasks to be performed for the smooth running of the organization (Sangster, 2000). Defining the job profiles helps in recognizing the roles of every employee in the organization. Identification of right qualifications, such as knowledge, skills and character in relation to the project roles, ensures to have the competency required in every work. This will, therefore, reduce the gap that may result from leading people as a team. This is a long-term activity since it controls the whole process in an organization (Powell, 2004). Once competency has been developed in various duties, the management allocates tasks to the employees according to their competencies and project role requirement, hence successful management of technology. The employees become innovative because they are comfortable in the duties they are assigned to. This leads to developing new products and services in the market due to creativity and innovation, hence coming up with more ideas that help the organization be productive. These gaps are short term and have to be achieved for the realization of the long-term objectives (Stanleigh, 2006). Developing job profiles is another way of reducing the gaps in management skills. The management has the task of developing profiles for all the positions in an organization based on the common set of the practices for achieving the goals. This helps in planning since the management is in a position to know the strategies to be applied and the kind of competency required from the employees and predicts the payment rates for each job. In addition, this can help the management in developing sustainable solutions for the strategies in order to ensure the products and services satisfy the consumers, attract as well as retain them. Planning is a long-term activity that requires all the processes to be followed to achieve the goals (Honey, 2007). SWOT analysis help reduce the gap in management skills. When there is an objective analysis of the strengths, weaknesses, opportunities and threats, it allows to determine the current position in the market. This will empower to assess the competitive environment in the business and, therefore, improve the technical skills necessary to promote productivity of the company. This can be a medium or short-term task depending on the size of the company (Simpson, 2011). References Honey, P. (2007). Continuing personal development . New York: Peter Honey Publications. Powell, G. (2004). Managing a diverse workforce , (2nd ed). Chicago: Sage Sangster, C. (2000). Planning and organizing personal and professional development . London: Gower Publishing. Simpson, S. (2011). Competency-based human resources management. Planning For Success , 10, 27. Stanleigh, M. (2006). Use competence assessments to close project management skill gaps. Using Competency Assessment , 9, 45-78. Valerie, N. (2009). How to shorten the odds for job search success . New York: Emereo Pty Ltd.

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Write a essay that could've provided the following summary: The text discusses how businesses can stay competitive in the Asian market by following certain steps. These include financial perspective, market profile and focus on reinventing oneself.

The text discusses how businesses can stay competitive in the Asian market by following certain steps. These include financial perspective, market profile and focus on reinventing oneself.

Competition Strategy: Tool for International and Strategic Marketing Report Introduction Throughout their existence, organizations and businesses are considerably pressured to raise their levels of performance and productivity. This is especially so in the modern day business environment which is characterized by aggressive and excessive competition. Businesses are therefore constantly forced to exhibit innovation and enhanced performance so as to remain relevant and profitable in the ever increasingly competitive arena. To achieve the organizational goals of increased productivity and profitability, many businesses have shifted towards expanding their operations to other regions. While this is a noble move as well as a strategic one, careful considerations should be made regarding the new market. Without such considerations, businesses are bound to fail in the new markets mainly due to lack of know-how and competition. This paper shall set out to recommend strategies that ‘Teejays’ can implement to ensure that it remain competitive in the Asian market. Steps to follow in devising a successful competition strategy According to Kotler (2011) the success of any new or existing company is based on answering the following questions: what does my company have that others in the same industry lack? What extra value do I give to my clients? And; how do I increase this value in years to come? By answering these questions, a company is bound to stay ahead of the game regardless the competition. However, answering these questions is never enough. You must develop a strategy that ensures that your company places its focus on reinventing itself so as to wade off competition. The following steps may help ‘Teejays’ develop an all-inclusive competition strategy. Financial perspective Arguably, this may not be mush of a strategy, but it comes in handy when you need to determine the rate of success to be expected from a new venture. This is especially so since a business that cannot deliver a significant return is never a worthwhile risk. In this scenario, ‘Teejays’ is getting in a market flooded with companies that offer customer care training and consultancy services. As such, it is important to determine the costs that will be incurred while investing in this market and evaluate those against the expected returns. If the numbers do not add up, then ‘Teejays’ should consider investing in another market. Market profile A good competitive strategy should always consider the market environment in which a business is to operate from (Armstrong et al, 2009). In this case, ‘Teejays’ should have a profile detailing the size of the market, the competitors that operate within that market and the stage of growth the market is currently experiencing. By documenting the size of the market and how competitors are positioned, ‘Teejay’s will be better placed to decide whether to take a profit or a sales maximization strategy. In addition, understanding the stage of growth (introductory, growth, mature or declining stage) being experienced at the target market enables an organization to determine which marketing strategy it can use in order to gain a competitive advantage. For example, the Asian market is at its mature stage. This means that competition is stiff and the cost of running business is considerably low to the existing competitors. As such, ‘Teejays’ should invest more on advertising (as a marketing strategy) than pricing and sales. This is because, at this stage of growth, the competitors do not advertise as much and focus more on product/service development and sales. Therefore, advertising is a good way of informing the customers that a new player is in town, all the while detailing the services that a new organization is bringing into the market. In other words, advertising is always a good way to entice consumers into buying your products or services in a new market. Market segmentation Arguably, for any competition strategy to be successful, the company must understand how the market works. This concept is quite different from market profiling in the sense that market segmentations explores deeper market dynamics, as well as the forces that influence the success or failure of the market. Market segmentation aims at analyzing the potential and existing problems in the target market. This can be achieved by talking to different stakeholders (consumers, suppliers and competitors whenever possible) within the market. Alternatively, an organization should conduct thorough research with an aim to uncover different characteristics of the market (Kotler & Armstrong, 2010). By following these strategies, ‘Teejays’ will be able to uncover such problems and devise viable solutions for the same, consequently allowing the company to beat the competition. In addition, ‘Teejays’ should group its potential clients into manageable segments which share common problems and use its services in the same way. This will enable it to market to each segment more efficiently, thereby increasing its chance of attracting more clients. This strategy is supported by Kotler and Caslione (2009) who state that total customer satisfaction guarantees success regardless of the existing competition. Competition analysis It is always very easy to think that your organization offers the best products and services in the market. This is a slippery slope that most companies (big and small) have failed to recover from. As such, it is always important to consider the existing competition and devise measures to counter their influence in the target market. As a result, ‘Teejays’ should list all the existing competitors in the market especially those that may have solutions to problems that the company foresees or has. Even if their solutions seems different to what ‘Teejays’ have, they are still a threat and should be watched more carefully. After listing all competitors, ‘Teejays’ should rate itself and its competitors in regard to pricing policies (operational efficiency), product or service leadership, and commitment to customer satisfaction (customer intimacy). This will enable the company to identify opportunities in the market as well as vulnerabilities. Make a stand (positioning strategy) According to Kotler (2011), competitive positioning is all about coming up with a different way of doing business, such that you create value for your targeted market. In this regard, ‘Teejays’ should conduct a SWOT (strength, weakness, opportunity and threat) analysis of its competitors so as to identify and expose their vulnerabilities. After the SWOT analysis, the company should determine how best they can exploit those vulnerabilities since they present ‘Teejays’ with opportunities to beat the competition. Other than that, ‘Teejays’ should develop a list of products and services that it can bring to the market, in order to meet the specific needs of its prospects and clients in a new and better way. Value scheme At the end of it all, you must decide on the type of value you wish to bring to the market. When it becomes evident that you are bringing something different from your competitors into the market, the chances of you getting new clients becomes higher. Without product/service differentiation it takes more money and time to convince potential as well as existing customers to prefer you over your competitors (Walker, 2003). In most cases, businesses that undermine differentiation often end up competing on price. This is a risky and tough strategy especially if you are in it for the long haul. There are three types of value that an organization may decide to choose from. The first one is customer intimacy, which focuses on availing to the customer goods and services that are uniquely customized to meet their needs. The second one is product leadership which aims at providing the best products through innovation and product improvement. Companies that adopt this technique always ensure that they stay ahead of their competition in regard to product/service development. The final type is operational efficiency. This type of value is focused on cost reduction and competes through pricing. Companies following this technique strive hard to ensure that they have the most competitive price in the market. With this in mind, the best value that ‘Teejays’ can bring to this market is customer intimacy. This is mainly due to the fact that product leadership and operational efficiency are too expensive and risky for a new company in this market. However, customer intimacy will ensure that ‘Teejays’ provide services that meet the clients’ needs thereby increasing its competitive advantage over its competitors. Discussion Customer satisfaction often refers to the ability of a product or service to fully satisfy the needs of the intended consumer. This should be the primary concern of any organization willing to survive the aggressive nature of today’s business environment. This is mainly because satisfied clients mean more sales, increased market share and unwavering consumer loyalty. These elements ensure that an organization makes profits which can be used to research for cheaper and better ways of production, expanding an organization’s market base and expand the business. In addition, Gilmore (1998) states that customer intimacy is an effective strategy that can be used to minimize negative variations in the production or service delivery processes thereby increasing an organization’s chance of producing quality products and services, which meet (if not exceed) the needs and expectations of the consumers. The author further states that, in every organization there should be various departments and offices that cater for different needs of the consumers. These factions make up quality chains which depend on each other to produce the final product or service. Conclusion Managing the quality levels exhibited by an organization in terms of products, services and processes is seldom an easy undertaking and in many situations, businesses have failed in this regard due to lack of know-how by the business owners. As such, it is always important to ensure that competition strategies are implemented before an organization initiates a project, process or operation. This paper set out to explore various steps that should be followed to ensure that a new company has the ability to compete effectively in a hostile market. To that end, the concepts of space matrix and competitive strategies have been used to come up with viable measures that can be implemented to guarantee success in the Asian market. References Armstrong, G, et al 2009, Marketing: An Introduction , New York, Financial Times Prentice Hall. Gilmore, H 1998, ‘Product and Service Quality-The South Pacific Way, Fiji Islands: A Case Study’, Quality Engineering, vol. 11, no. 2, pp. 207 – 212. Kotler, P 2011, Marketing Insights from A to Z: 80 Concepts Every Manager Needs to Know, California, John Wiley and Sons. Kotler, P & Armstrong, G 2010, Principles of marketing , New York, Pearson. Kotler, P & Caslione, J 2009, Chaotics: the business of managing and marketing in the age of turbulence, USA, AMACOM Div American Mgmt Assn. Walker, G 2003, Modern Competitive Strategy , New York, McGraw-Hill International.

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Revert the following summary back into the original essay: The text discusses the importance of maintaining competitive advantage in the service industry. It highlights the key attributes, capabilities and competences that firms need to possess in order to maintain competitive advantage. The text also talks about the competition strategies that can be used by managers to increase their market share and gain the competitive advantage.

The text discusses the importance of maintaining competitive advantage in the service industry. It highlights the key attributes, capabilities and competences that firms need to possess in order to maintain competitive advantage. The text also talks about the competition strategies that can be used by managers to increase their market share and gain the competitive advantage.

Maintaining Competitive Advantage Coursework Introduction Competitive advantage is the superiority gained by organizations and industries due to their provision of services and products that are unique as compared to their competitors in the same market. For firms to maintain competitive advantage, they have to poses key attributes, capabilities and competences. The firm must be perceived in a different manner by the customers for it to gain competitive advantage. For the service industry to attain competitive advantage, the managers must strategically plan and overcome all challenges and issues in the current market. Competition strategies There are various strategies that have been adapted by managers in their quest to increase their market share, that is, to gain the competitive advantage. These strategies revolve around three major concepts; these are; Cost leadership strategy This concept entails all the strategies developed by managers to reduce the cost of products and services. When service costs are reduced, the customers tend to demand more based on the law of demand. Differentiation strategy In this strategy, the managers try to develop products that are unique and cater for a given group. Focus strategy The firms that apply either cost or differentiation strategies tend to target a specific market. Peculiarity of the service industry The service industry is more peculiar as compared to other industries in terms of building and sustaining competitive advantage. Firstly, Products are concrete while services are abstract and very hard to define. Secondly, products are homogenous and can be standardized while services are heterogonous and differ from one company to another. Lastly, services are consumed at their production stage and cannot be stocked to be used later. All these factors make service managers face a more challenging environment when creating competitive advantage (Hatice 4). In addition to the aforementioned issues regarding the peculiarity of the service industry, managers faced space and time limitations. Most service industries have fixed space and time in regard to the services they offer. For example, a trainer can only handle a specific number of students while a hotel can only serve a fixed number of customers at a given time. Other issues that affect the service industry include; technology issues, resource constrains and lack of well trained labor force. All these issues need to be addressed for sustained growth of a firm (Sundar, Rajan and John 85). Sustaining competitive advantage For the long term success of a company, it is necessary that the company build and sustain competitive advantage. Even for firms with large customer base and a competitive advantage over other firms, it is necessary that sustained competitive advantage to be maintained as erosion mechanisms such as innovations, imitations, resource mobilization and resource paralysis reduce their advantage in the long run. It is therefore imperative that service industries adapt new methods in their quest to gain competitive advantage. Some of these methods include; Productisation Capacity and time constrain are some of the major issues that affect the service industry. Most firms in this sector have fixed number of service facilities. The managers need to manage these resources and still gain competitive advantage. For services that are fixed and time based, it is difficult to generate more profits. However, managers can ensure that the facilities are fully utilized and the firm can generate maximum earning from them. This results into the concept of productisation . Productisation results into conversion of a service to a product. The service is marketed as if it was a product. The term is corollary to servitisation where a product value is increased by adding services to a product. The process eliminates the time constrain in the service industry. For example, consider a trainer who simply trains people in a given area. His services are limited in terms of time and capacity of the people he/she can train. However, through productisation , the same trainer can record the information, package it, promote the product and sell it. Currently, most booking offices and bank tellers are being converted into products that are delivered online. This effectively turns the service to a product and a source of income. The delivery of productized services is a suitable methodology for increasing the service industry’s competitive advantage and results into improved revenues and solid pipelines where firms can generate more income. In conclusion, the use of productisation results in self services, reduction of the service workers which increases the company’s profits, reduction in heterogeneity and also leads to mass customization (Hofferberth 4). The major aspects and characteristics of productized services include; * Their costs can be quantified * They require specific skills to deliver them and depend on people with consistent knowledge * They require a consistent methodology * They need tools and templates for them to be implemented Customer focus One major aspect and necessity for any business is the ability of a product or service to satisfy the customer’s wants and needs. A service must satisfy a given utility. In essence, service provision must focus on the customer’s wants and needs. For customers to recognize any firm’s services, the services must be offered in a way that they are distinguishable from the ones of the competitors. For customer focus to be archived, the following steps must be followed (Van, Gemmel and Dierdonck 21). * The services must be transformed with regard to the customer’s wants and needs and this must be done in a specific and systematic manner * All the workers of a given firm must collaborate in the identification and development of services that result into customer satisfaction * The company must develop a deep customer focus. This ensures that the developed products cannot be easily imitated by competitors Use of information technology tools and techniques The use of information technology in delivering services to the customer is one key area in developing competitive advantage. IT has transformed most industries and enhanced the process of service delivery. The use of productisation coupled with effective use of IT tools can increase the competitive advantage of a given firm. The use of computers in the service industry reduces the time and space constrains inherent in the service industry. It terms of space, people don’t have to travel to service areas for them to access a given services. For example, students don’t have to go to class physically for them to receive training. This means that, an online tutor can train hundreds of students located anywhere in the world through services such as video conferencing. The aspect of time is also solved as servicemen don’t have to travel to their client location for them to offer services. This reduces time wastage for both the client and the service provider. The reduction in physical constrains bought by the use of IT tools also reduce traveling expenses and hence cost effective services can be offered. In culmination, the use of computers and IT tools overcome space, time, cultural and physical barriers that would have otherwise constrained the service industry in its quest to gain competitive advantage. Works Cited Hatice, Camgoz. The Fundamental Competitive Strategy in the Service Industry : Quality . 2005. Web. Hofferberth, David. Service productisation and how organizations can achieve more predictable and consistent services. 2011. Web. Sundar, Bharadwaj., Rajan, P., and John, P. “Sustainable Competitive Advantage in Service industries: A conceptual model and research propositions”. Journal of marketing 57.3 (1993) 83-99. Print. Van Looy., B. Gemmel and V. Dierdonck. Services Management .2 nd ed. Essex, England: Pearson Education Limited, (2003). Print.

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Write the full essay for the following summary: Agrana is an example of an organization with global operations that started as a local supplier of products in Australia, before becoming a multinational company with many subsidiaries in most parts of the world.Agrana expanded very fast beyond the expectations of many players in the market. As a result, the company managed to command a sizable market share in the local as well as the international market.

Agrana is an example of an organization with global operations that started as a local supplier of products in Australia, before becoming a multinational company with many subsidiaries in most parts of the world. Agrana expanded very fast beyond the expectations of many players in the market. As a result, the company managed to command a sizable market share in the local as well as the international market.

Competitive Environment in a Global Industry: Agrana Report (Assessment) Case Study Strategic Analysis Global-based companies are the companies that have extended their business interests to most parts of the world. These types of companies are directly affected by major global decisions. In most cases, businesses with global operations start small and eventually become big companies that serve many customers, mostly from all parts of the world. Agrana is an example of an organization with global operations that started as a local supplier of products in Australia, before becoming a multinational company with many subsidiaries in most parts of the world (Peng 2009). Agrana expanded very fast beyond the expectations of many players in the market. As a result, the company managed to command a sizable market share in the local as well as the international market. To begin with, Agrana specialized in the supply markets and later advanced to the sugar and starch industry. In a bid to diversify its investments, the company decided to venture in the fruits market industry (Peng, 2009). From the beginning, Agrana was faced with many challenges in the marketplace where it had to curve its niche in a mature market in which the already existing market players had gained stability. In this market, competition was perfect because any willing and able stakeholder was at liberty to either join the industry, or not (Irwin 1996). At the same time there were many players in the market who were giving similar services to the existing customers in that economy. Everybody was at liberty to access the right information and the skills involved in running a company that supplies services in the economy. Although Agrana was treated as an underdog, nonetheless, the company managed to penetrate the industry and started to offer services to its customers with the intention of growing and achieving its dream vision. Managers at Agrana had to position the company strategically to gain a unique selling point in a bid to appeal to the customers (Howes & Singh 2006). From this humble beginning, Agrana managed to identify itself as a leading market player that offered quality and affordable prices in the industry hence attracting the interest of many international companies which needed Agrana services locally. Agrana become the main suppler of Nestle, Coca-cola, Danone, and PepsiCo, among other international companies. This helped Agrana to attain a competitive edge in the market, in comparison with other players, thereby increasing the company’s revenue. From a resource based view, Agrana’s capital was not sufficient to help it grow and attain the standard associated with a global company. Although the company had started from humble beginnings, the company had a dream to serve the local market promptly. However, this was not the case as revealed by the reported growth of the firm. Agrana’s growth can be credited to its profitability and flexibility, and this has made the company to survive the various conditions in the market. Agrana enjoyed a prudent management team that was able to take up all the opportunities that came their way. The availability of enough resource mainly drawn from the profits helped this company to diversify to other businesses like sugar and starch plants. Due to this diversification, Agrana easily spread the risk to other ventures and the company managed to remain in business in spite of the challenges facing it. If one of its business ventures failed to generate profits to the company due to certain reasons, other business ventures were not affected, and hence a steady flow of profits for the company. Agrana continued to open different plants from different regions and within two decades, the company was already operating fifty two plants globally. This diversification helped the company to remain active and relevant to the needs of its customers. Visionary leadership in Agrana’s management team has also played a major role in this growth, whereby they acted with utmost good faith to lead this company to the attainment of its corporate vision. After the integration of European nations to form the European Union, Agrana had one great opportunity on its disposal, in the form of an expanded market (Hitt, 2008). The European Union member nations had signed a business agreement which helped the member firms to operate freely with minimum interruption within the region. Agrana had an opportunity to exploit large-scale production due to the increased number of customers brought forth by the increase in population. The economies of scale was achieved because of the assumption that the bigger the scale of production in a company the more economical the production is (Hitt, 2008). This helped Agrana to produce more while lowering its production costs, hence making more profits in return (Peng 2009). Expansion was easy due to little or not legal requirements that were needed to set up a plant in a member state. Holding all factors constant, Agrana had a competitive edge as it had diversified its operations, and this helped the company to relate well with its many market stakeholders. The integration also came with a number of challenges. All the European nations agreed to have a common market and as a result, local companies like Agrana were threatened by the risk of competing with big companies who were entering the local markets, bearing in mind that these companies were financially stable and their goods and services had an international appeal (Kaplan 1995). The relatively small companies were supposed to upgrade themselves to meet the international standard for fair competition, and this came at a cost to the companies involved. At the same time, a resolution within this market zone that could not favor the company operation could have easily pushed the company out of business (Staut 2006). For instance, the sugar policy resolution that shifted Agrana’s interests from sugar- related products to fruits products. It also had to cope with various dynamics in the ever changing market. It was also hard to regulate unhealthy competition from other market players due to difficulties in decision making hence subjecting the less advantaged companies to exploitation by the big companies. As Agrana continues to expand to all parts of the global economy, it has the chance to diversify its operations even among the Asian nations. At the same time however, it will have to face many challenges to break the ground in this region. It is understood that most of the Asians are very loyal to Asian own and managed companies and as such, this poses a big risk to Agrana’s interest in Asia. Agrana has to work extra hard and be smart to own the Asians’ faith by proving that they are equally good service providers, just like the local companies, if not better. A good market study is required to understand the customer’s preferences and the weaknesses of the existing companies, not to mention the need to explore the unexploited areas and markets in the region. Culture and religious beliefs are big obstacles for the smooth running of business in this area (Dunung, 1998). Agrana will find it challenging to fit in this environment of totally different believers. An economical time will have to be wasted to accomplish this primary goal before the company starts penetrating in the region (Weiss 2002). After becoming conversant with the region’s believers and other necessary areas of need, legal requirements might be another challenge for the company to set up a plant or even an office in this region. Agrana will have to go through the long, uneconomical process to get the chance to set up their businesses along other harsh business terms (Peng 2008). After all, the main challenge lies in competition (Dunung, 1998). The already existing companies will make it hard for Agrana to have a meaningful market share unless it applies smart approaches to the market. This is the only way that Agrana will have an impact on the Asian market. Agrana has come a long way to become a leading company in the global market. However, the company still has a long way to go if they want to remain flexible and innovative in the face of mounting market challenges (Guenter 2006). As a global market player, Agrana has the potential to penetrate all parts of the world as long as its management is willing to abide by the company’s vision while executing authority. Reference List Dunung, S.,1998, Doing business in Asia: The complete guide . (2 nd Ed). San Francisco: Jossey-Bas Guenter, S., 2006, Entering emerging markets . (2nd ed). New York: Heidelberg. Howes, C., & Singh, J., 2000, Competitiveness matter: Industry and economic performance in the U.S . Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press. Hitt, M., 2008, Strategic management: Competiveness and globalization concepts . (8 th ed). Duane, Ireland: Duane Inc. Irwin, D., 1996 , Against the tide: An intellectual history of free trade . Princeton: Princeton University Press. Kaplan, E., 1995, American trade policy . London: Greenwood Press. Peng, M., 2008, Global strategy . (2 nd ed). Stamford, Mass: Cengage Learning Inc. Peng, M., 2009, The Global business . (3 rd Ed). Stamford, Mass: Cengage Learning Inc. Staut, B., 2006, Emerging markets economies and European economic integration . New Yolk: Syracuse. Weiss, K., 2002, Building an important export business . (3 rd Ed). New York: John Willy Press.

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Write the original essay that provided the following summary when summarized: The essay discusses the concepts of classification, measuremen and program evaluation in terms of a Christian worldview. It also looks at the manifestation of the hypothesis in practice.In the essay, the author discusses the concepts of classification, measuremen and program evaluation in terms of a Christian worldview. It also looks at the manifestation of the hypothesis in practice.

The essay discusses the concepts of classification, measuremen and program evaluation in terms of a Christian worldview. It also looks at the manifestation of the hypothesis in practice. In the essay, the author discusses the concepts of classification, measuremen and program evaluation in terms of a Christian worldview. It also looks at the manifestation of the hypothesis in practice.

Concepts of Christian Worldview Research Paper Table of Contents 1. Introduction 2. Concept of classification 3. Concept of Measurement 4. Concept of Program Evaluation 5. Manifestation the Hypothesis 6. References Introduction Classification refers to the method or process of grouping things according to observed similarities or shared features (Sherri, 2009, p. 83). According to the book of Genesis in the bible, the Lord used dust from the land to create the first human beings (Adam and Eve), after creating all animal on land, sea and in the air. The He made Adam to be in control of them all. Concept of classification Adam demonstrated the concept of classification by categorizing all the animals according to similar characteristics they exhibited. For instance, he grouped all mammals, reptiles and others together, after which he proceeded to categorize all the birds in the air (Nelsonword, 1993, p. 1). Adam also clearly portrayed the concept of classification by sorting out wild animals and giving them their names.However, the book of genesis chapter two verses twenty shows that, although Adam saw all the living things he could not find a suitable companion for himself. The issue of not finding a suitable companion also demonstrates the concept of classification. This is because the act showed Adam did not find a similar characteristic or trait among the created animals that matched his behavior or interests. As a result, God thought it could be best to make Adam a companion. He made him to sleep and took a rib from him and replaced the place with flesh. This miracle led to the creation of Eve, which made Adam to be contented, because he had found a partner who shared similar qualities with him (Nelsonword, 1993, p. 2). Concept of Measurement Measurement refers to the process of perceiving and recording observations collected as part of the enquiries effort. It involves different levels and concepts like interval, nominal, ratio and ordinal. When God was on the subject of wiping out the Earth and all the living things using floodwaters, He commanded Noah to build an ark and called it the Ark of Covenant. Noah used the concepts of measurement as commanded by God. The ark was to be made of cypress wood and the rooms in it were to be partitioned. In addition, the ark was to be seventy five feet wide, four hundred, forty five feet high and fifty feet long. The roof of the ark was to be completed about eighteen inches on the top and the doors on the side and upper middle and lower decks were to be made too. After the Ark of Covenant was completed, Noah was asked by God to bring all living creatures into the ark. They were to remain alive with him and his family. To do this, he was to take two of all living creatures, evaluate them, and make sure they are in pairs of male and female before taking them into the ark. For their sustenance, he had to make sure that there was enough food in the ark, as this is what the creatures and Noah’s family were to eat during the time of the destruction. Therefore, Noah was involved in a lot of collection, observation, evaluation and all aspects and concepts of measurement in completing the task given by God. Concept of Program Evaluation Program evaluation refers to an organized procedure of gathering, analyzing and using facts to answer questions about plans and policies, so as to specify their usefulness and efficiency (Sherri, 2009, p. 113). It also involves scrutinizing the aims and objectives of a particular program or policy and also ascertaining whether they are feasible. According to the book of exodus chapter eighteen versus thirteen to twenty seven, many Israelites used to go to Moses to seek guidance and directions pertaining to the problems they faced. Moses acted as a judge or an evaluator by ruling on the arguments presented to him by people who had misunderstandings. The concept of program evaluation is also clearly demonstrated by Jethro, the father in-law of Moses. The book says that Jethro saw Moses judging people and he sought to know why he did so and most importantly, why he was the only one doing it. This aspect of seeking clarification as portrayed by Jethro showed that he wanted to know the usefulness of the policy employed by Moses. Moreover, he wanted to know whether Moses’ actions could have any positive impact on the lives of the people. According to verse seventeen of the same chapter, Jethro illustrated the concept of program evaluation.This is clearly revealed when he advised Moses on how well he could succeed in his actions of guiding the people. Jethro recommended to Moses the methods he could employ to effectively and efficiently administer the people who came to him on daily basis. For instance, he advised Moses to continue assisting and teaching the people about God’s laws and warning them on the consequences of breaking them. Moreover, according to verse twenty one, Jethro recommended Moses to subdivide the people who came to him into groups of one thousands, one hundreds, fifties and tens. Every grooup had a leader who was trusted and was chosen by Moses; hence, this clearly illustrates the concept of program evaluation. Manifestation the Hypothesis Hypothesis is the explanation of the existence of specified collection of sensations to guide investigation. It involves using different procedures and methodologies of research (Creswell, 2003, p. 61). According to the book of Daniel chapter one, Daniel and Melzar used many characters in their explanation. It is evident that they included different instruments and methods to explain the whole phenomena. Nebuchadnezzar the king of Babylon, ordered Ashpenaz to bring him good handsome young men. These young men were brought from important Judean families, the royal clan of Judah and among the Israelites and they were to be trained for three years to become efficient enough to serve the king of Babylon. King Nebuchadnezzar thought that by giving some of his food and wine to the boys, they could grow healthier. However, Daniel, one of the boys thought that he was unclean to share food with the king; hence, he asked to be given another type of food. Contrary to his request, because Ashpenaz was loyal and could not object the orders from the king, he explained to Daniel that it was impossible for him to be given a different type of food (Nelsonword, 1993, p. 864). After this, he asked the warden to give them vegetables and water for ten days and that the guard was to be allowed to evaluate their progress. Daniel together with his friends, Hannaniah, Mishael and Azariah were healthier than the other young men after the ten days. The guard continued serving the four with the vegetables and water and because of this, God blessed Daniel and his friends with wisdom and a lot of abilities. By the end of the three year training duration, Ashpenaz took all young men to Nebuchadnezzar. The king found that the four boys were healthier than all the others, as they could even demonstrate high degree of understanding and wisdom. Therefore, the king made the four to be his servants. This case involves a lot of participants, different research arguments and hypothesis. It was evident that using the kings’ food, which was believed to make the boys healthy was in contrast with what actually happened. Daniel employed qualitative research design in his study. Basically, qualitative research methods place more significance on the need of working with the subjects, which are under study in their natural environment as it attempts to gather an in-depth understanding of the behavior of people. This type of research is evident in the book of Daniel, because he uses natural qualities such as handsomeness, height, and wisdom to explain why some decisions are made. According to the book of Daniel, king Nebuchadnezzar ordered Ashpenaz to bring healthy boys who could learn things first, as he considered these qualities vital if one was to be allowed to serve in the Babylonian Kingdom. In addition, king Nebuchadnezzar ordered Ashapenaz to provide the trainees with his food so that they could become his servants. However, Daniel pleaded with the guard who was guarding them to give him and his friends vegetables instead of the king’s food. The use of qualities to describe facts is revealed in many parts of the study. For instance, after the training, the king learned that Daniel, Hananiah, Mishael, and Azariah had better qualities compared to others. More specifically, Daniel was the best among them, because he could understand visions and dreams clearly. References Creswell, J. W. (2003). Research Design: Qualitative, Quantitative, and Mixed Method Approaches. London: SAGE. Nelsonword. (1993). Good News Bible: Today’s English Version. Nashville: Thomas Nelson Publishers. Sherri, J. L. (2009). Statistics: Plain and Simple. Boston: Cengage Learning.

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Provide the full text for the following summary: This proposal is an attempt to dig dip into the interesting topic of risk management. It seeks to clearly elucidate and dissect the concept of risk management so as to bring up its relevance not only to business operations but to other interested parties as well.No business can competitively survive in the present business world order without a proper risk management strategy in place.

This proposal is an attempt to dig dip into the interesting topic of risk management. It seeks to clearly elucidate and dissect the concept of risk management so as to bring up its relevance not only to business operations but to other interested parties as well. No business can competitively survive in the present business world order without a proper risk management strategy in place.

Concepts of Risk management Essay Introduction Risk management is an issue that is seen to cause a lot of concern all over the world. It governs all dimensions of life and this is partly the reason why everybody seems to be interested in it. In business however, it requires more than mere mentioning. It is an issue that needs to be clearly understood and its importance recognized by all. Background To The Study This proposal is an attempt to dig dip into the interesting topic of risk management. It seeks to clearly elucidate and dissect the concept of risk management so as to bring up its relevance not only to business operations but to other interested parties as well. No business can competitively survive in the present business world order without a proper risk management strategy in place. In any case, research has proven that most businesses that lead the market are those that have instituted concrete measures of dealing with potential risks. The study is therefore part of the combined effort to elucidate the aspect of risk in a clear and lucid manner so that its importance is well understood and appreciated. Risk management is a topic that has spurred a lot of discussions and debates in recent times (Ridley, 2007). This is partly because in an increasingly dynamic and competitive world such as ours, the concept of risk becomes indispensable. Risk management has grown to be an important subject of consideration in any business undertaking in contemporary times. This has therefore created the need for a thorough study and understanding of the concepts of risk and risk management. Studies have therefore been conducted and many opinions and suggestions have been put forward as contributions to the topic. Today many businesses will normally have a whole department dealing with risk management. In common business parlance risk refers to the likelihood of a loss occurring. Such a loss or losses might be detrimental to the performance of any business establishment (Arthur, 2006). This has therefore created the need to study such risks, classify them into categories, assess them and formulate possible avenues of addressing them. That is what risk management entails. Risk management is therefore the process of recognizing, classifying, assessing and finding ways to mitigate or totally eliminate risks (World Bank, 2009). Business operations all over the world are faced with myriad risks and challenges that from time to time hamper their operations. Such risks range from natural catastrophes such as earthquakes to human causes such as infernos and conflagrations. As a business manager, one is expected to be quite awash with relevant knowledge regarding the risks that are inherent in the environment within which the business operates. Research questions This study will therefore be an attempt to answer the following questions: * What risk management strategies do businesses employ? * Do the businesses develop a risk management plan to deal with risks? * Which risks affect the operations of the businesses? * How many businesses have functional risk management departments? Objectives of the study Considering the above research questions, this study will be conducted in light of achieving the following objectives: * To find out whether business people are aware of the risk management strategies. This is quite important as it will give the researcher a deeper understanding into the concept of risk management and how it is understood by the market players. * To suggest the various methods of risk management that can be employed by business people to manage the risks. This is only achieved after a thorough analysis and finding out the various measures that are in place for dealing with the risks that are inherent in the operations of businesses. * To clearly show the relevance of instituting risk management departments in the businesses. This will be presented in the form of suggestions and recommendations that may be adopted by any manager seeking to effectively control the risks in their organization. Literature Review Many studies have been conducted to the effect of risk and risk management and this has seen volumes and volumes of literature churned out day by day. This large volume of literature has basically tried to explain and present all the issues governing risk management. While it may be agreed that risk management is a relatively new issue compared to other facets of business, it must be taken in mind that it has gained much dominance in the last few years. The concept of risk management majorly arose in the 1970s when many issues arose as regard the insurance industry and the need to protect businesses against the losses and the disasters that were evident hitherto (Wilson, 2007). Insurance is perhaps the oldest method of risk management that is still in much use today (Lee, 2008). The history of insurance dates back to the early Chinese merchant traders who would pull together parts of their goods into a pull with the hope assuaging any malady that may crop up (Gollier, 2006). Insurance is the contractual agreement whereby one party, the insurer agrees to indemnify another party referred to as the insured upon the occurrence of a particular risk (Hopkin, 2005). The insured is normally expected to periodically pay a consideration called the premium that is calculated by the insurer as a function of various issues such as the likelihood of the risk occurring and the frequency of the occurrence of that particular risk (Hubbard, 2008). Many businesses may not survive without a proper risk management strategy in place. For instance banks loan out a lot of money to the public for investment and other activities. It has been seen that many people default paying such loans. This becomes very tricky for the banks since the money they loan out mostly comprises of savings that are kept by the same public. As a result banks insure the money they loan out so that in cases of default, they can recover compensation from the insurers (Branwell, 2001). A risk management plan is a strategy that outlines a business’s response to the concept of risk management (Richer, 2005). It usually spells out the strategies that the business uses to agree the risks that face it. Studies have indicated that it is now a common practice for many businesses all over the world to draw up a complete risk management plan (Edwards & Wish, 1999). It has also been shown that such plans are drawn by risk managers who are usually well versed in issues of insurance, investment, finance, and other relevant disciplines that revolve around business management (Casseley, 1995). Several models have been put forward as possible ways to develop a viable risk management framework. A risk management process model is a cyclic framework that develops a continuous strategy for addressing risks in a business. The process starts by defining the function and the risk in question (Mayo, 1991). All the possible mechanisms are then developed to address the risk(s) that have been identified. Thereafter the vulnerabilities and the challenges expected are identified so that possible measures can be taken to counter them. The final stage involves putting the system in motion so that its functionality can be seen. The United States department of defense uses an elaborate risk management plan that focuses on the wide array of risks that are usually realized by the department (Welsh, 2001). It is a process that begins by identification of all the risks before a thorough analysis is undertaken to seek ways of addressing them. This then creates the need for mitigation measures to be developed so that the risks are managed. Developing a risk management strategy is therefore a process that needs to be undertaken by competent people who must be well aware of all the issues that pertains thereof (Danes, 1997). As globalization gains roots across the world and trade liberalization thrives, new challenges and risks emerge (Hopkins, 2004). Today, it is common to see multinationals operating in different locations around the world several miles from their home countries. Such businesses operate in totally different cultures and jurisdictions that pose so many challenges and risks previously unknown. This has created the need for such businesses to adopt efficient strategies to combat such risks (Branson & Loudon, 1998). Any operational business is faced with three types of risks i.e. business, process and strategic risks (Warren, 2005). It is further seen that risks can only be addressed if they have been identified. Contrary to popular belief, insurance is not the only avenue of addressing risks. The risks that a business face can be managed thorough a number of ways. Risk avoidance involves shunning the cause of the risk altogether (Paddy, 2008). For instance if you realize that a particular business venture is inundated with many risks, you avoid that venture and find other less risky ones. This clearly demonstrates that avoidance is not a good risk management strategy at all. Risk-averse people tend to avoid risks thereby limiting their chances of success since business success is normally a matter of taking chances and risks. Risk reduction is another method of managing the risks that face a business. Reduction entails taking measures that are intended to reduce the chances of a particular loss occurring (Hotlings, 2008). For instance, the use of safety belts in motor vehicles is a reduction strategy that is intended to reduce the amount of injuries in case of an accident. Businesses all over the world institute safety measures that usually help to reduce their risk exposures. Another common type of risk management strategy is risk transfer. Risk transfer is where one party pays a consideration known as a premium so that it transfers particular risks to another party (Berry, 2000). Insurance is the common method of risk transfer. Insurance operates under the law of many numbers where little contributions are gathered into a common pool so that incase a loss befalls one party, compensation is easily paid to the party from the common pool (Denell, 2008). Few businesses also employ a strategy called risk retention to address their risks. This is only common where few or low damage losses are anticipated from the occurrence of the risks. In this process, businesses will create its own pool of funds from which it will manage any loss that arises in the course of operations (Gollard, 1997). Research has shown that the number of risks that business people face continue to grow day by day (Brown, 2007). What may not be a source of risk today may end up being risky tomorrow. As such, the strategies and the methods that are used to address these risks need to be reviewed on a constant basis. Certain risks that were not insurable in the past are own finding their way into the insurable bracket (Cordata, 2009). It is not uncommon to find many insurers today selling policies that promise to insure against earthquakes which previously was not insured (Cramer, 1994). Farmers can now insure against loss that arises out of changes in weather patterns that affect their produce. This shows that risk management is a very dynamic aspect in management that requires constant reviews not only on the actions on the ground but also on the literature that provides this information (Larry, 2006). A lot of information on risk management exists. This is the information that is usually depended upon in making the decisions relating to risk management. It is therefore of dire importance that this information be updated as fast as the changes in the field of risk management are realized. However, considering the nature of risk management and the challenges and opportunities that crop in daily in the world of business, much of this literature becomes irrelevant for any meaningful decision making on risk management (Blundell, 2008). This study is therefore an attempt to fill part of the gap that exists. While one might argue that a lot of information is always at the disposal of decision makers, such arguments cease when one is confronted with the realities that face businesses today. The study will therefore methodically dissect the whole subject of risk management and bring the reader up to date with the latest developments in the murky waters of risk and risk management. In light of analyzing the above issues, the study will base its findings and theories on the latest occurrences that have been realized and the manner in which risk is considered and managed across the world. The study will offer its recommendations in a clear manner so that they can effectively be adopted by any interested decision makers and anyone seeking the latest findings in this field. A business that hopes to survive in the dynamics of modern day competition must have a well staffed and functioning risk management department. This department is responsible for identification of all the risks that the particular business faces. The department further develops a risk management plan for the business. This is the strategy that outlines the measures that are employed by the business to address all the risks that the business faces. The plan also spells out the recommendations that should be undertaken by the management in addressing the risks that come up daily. As such, it is therefore important that businesses regard their approach to risk management with a lot of concern and commitment. Research Methodology This explains the manner in which the research will b conducted and present. It therefore comprises of the research design, the population involved in the study, the sampling techniques, methods of collecting data and the manner in which the data will be analyzed. Research design The study is about the emerging field of risk management and how businesses respond to and manage the risks that face then in their operations. As a result, the study will be designed to achieve the objectives spelled out by the researcher. Population Since the study is mostly limited to business people and their approach to the concept of risk and risk management, these people will form bulk of the population that is targeted in the research study. However, since risk management does not only exist in the business parlance, other stakeholders in business like consumers will also be encompassed by the study. Sampling and sampling technique From the targeted population given above, it is clear that not all the population can be relied upon as a source of data in the research study. The research will therefore adopt a survey kind of approach where sample will be drawn from the population from whom the required data will be obtained. The researcher will use the stratified method of sampling to obtain a sample of 120 people of whom 80 will be business people while the rest will comprise of other stakeholders in business. It is believed that this will provide a far ground in obtaining the relevant information from all the parties. Data collection Since the study seeks to find ways in which business people approach the concept of risk management, primary data will highly be relied upon as source of data. Much information will therefore be obtained from the ground through collecting it from the relevant people. However, secondary data as a source of data cannot be overlooked. In spite of the limiting factor that much of the existing information is out-dated, the researchers have clearly tries to find very important information that exists from secondary sources. Much information will therefore be obtained from books, journals and other written and audio-visual sources. Data collection methods The researcher will administer questionnaires to the respondents. These questionnaires will be structured in nature and will comprise of three sections. The first section of the will contain the questions that will be geared towards answering the first two questions enumerated in the research questions while the last two sections will contain responses to answer the last questions in the research questions above. Some of the structured questions will be close-ended in nature such that the respondents will be required to tick the appropriate responses from the options availed. The remaining questions will be open-ended in nature in which case the respondents will be required to give their opinions as regards the issues addressed. The researcher will also interview the sample population to obtain their perception of the whole issue and to reach those busy business people who may not have time to fill the questionnaires. Data analysis The data obtained will be analyzed using statistical methods. The researchers will use both the univariate methods and correlation methods in the analyses. Much of the responses obtained will be analyzed into percentages and fractions from which comparisons can easily be made. The researchers will also use the computer software SPSS in the analysis of the data obtained. It is hoped that such an analysis will help synthesize the findings so that they can be well understood even by the layman in risk management. Limitations To obtain accurate information, it is important that the study be conducted in a wide area and for a long period of time. However, since that may involve a lot of expenses and money, the research will be limited to only three regions where the researcher could manage. It therefore means that the findings will not be reflective as such. It is also sad to admit the secondary data that will be relied upon in the study in the very information that has been found to be out of date with the latest developments in the field of risk management. References Arthur, W. (2006). Risk Management and Insurance. Boston: McGraw Hill. Bank, W. (2009). Banking and Financial Risk Management. Washington DC: World Bank. Berry, J. (2000). Risk Management. London : Hienemann Books. Blundell, T. (2008). Risk Management. Ottawa: Prentice Hall. Branson, J., & Loudon, S. (1998). Challanges and Risks in Business. Princeton : Princeton University Press. Branwell, M. (2001). Risk Management in a Global Perspective. New York: Paragon Books. Brown, T. (2007). Insurance Principles. London: Kogan Books. Casseley, D. (1995). Facing Up The Risks. New York : Roberts Books. Cordata, D. (2009). Introduction To Insurance and Risk Management. Washington DC: Petersons. Cramer, P. (1994). Business in A Changing Environment. Stockholm: Pinnacle Books. Danes, M. (1997). Risk Management:A Global Need. Toronto: Oxford University Press. Denell, W. (2008). Risk Management and Insurance. London : O Mara Books. Edwards, B., & Peter, W. (1999). Managing Risk In a Competitive World. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Gollard, C. (1997). Fundamentals of Risk Management. Seattle: Wanton Books. Gollier, C. (2006). To insure or not to Insure. Geneva : Geneva Papers. Hopkin, P. (2005). Fundamentals of Risk Mangement. New York: Prentice Hall. Hopkins, T. (2004). Globalisation and Trade Liberilisation:Issues and Perspectives. Philadelphia: Madison Publications. Hotlings, J. (2008). Implementint a Risk Management Strategy. New York : Wesley Books. Hubbard, D. (2008). The Failure of Risk Management. London: John Weley. Larry, J. (2006). Insurance. Oxford: Oxford University Press. Lee, L. (2008). Insurance law on the Peoples Republic of China. Gouanzouh: Tejan Books. Mayo, D. (1991). Risk Management. New York: Oxford University Press. Paddy, R. (2008). Risk Management. London: Cambridge University Press. Richer, J. (2005). Insurance and Risk Management. London : Oxford University Press. Ridley, J. (2007). Risk Management. Oxford: Hienemann. Warren, M. (2005). Risk Management and Corporate Strategy. New York: Prentice Hall. Welsh, S. (2001). The US and Risk Precautions. Global Americana , 23-25. Wilson, D. (2007). Corporate Financial Risk Management. New York: John Wiley. World Bank. (2009). Banking and Financial Risk Management. Washington DC: World Bank.

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Convert the following summary back into the original text: Organizational politics is viewed as a common approach to acquire power through dubious means other than virtue or merit. Organizational politics is a natural phenomenon resulting from the fact that people perceive things differently and act differently. This multifariousness creates a tension that must be resolved through political means. In some other sense, it could be argued that politics is used primarily to achieve power.Power on the other hand refers to the possession of controlling influence usually used as a means to get things done.

Organizational politics is viewed as a common approach to acquire power through dubious means other than virtue or merit. Organizational politics is a natural phenomenon resulting from the fact that people perceive things differently and act differently. This multifariousness creates a tension that must be resolved through political means. In some other sense, it could be argued that politics is used primarily to achieve power. Power on the other hand refers to the possession of controlling influence usually used as a means to get things done.

Conditions That Can Give Rise to the Use of Power or Political Behavior in Organization Essay Organizational politics is viewed as a common approach to acquire power through dubious means other than virtue or merit. Organizational politics is a natural phenomenon resulting from the fact that people perceive things differently and act differently. This multifariousness creates a tension that must be resolved through political means. In some other sense, it could be argued that politics is used primarily to achieve power. Power on the other hand refers to the possession of controlling influence usually used as a means to get things done. It is the basic energy to initiate and sustain action translating intention into reality; the quality with which leaders cannot lead…power is at once the most necessary and most distrusted element exigent to human progress. Ideally, it is the ability to implement sustainable plans. In many occasions authorities use power when either there are conflicting points of view or when the decision to be undertaken is mutually dependent (Pfeffer, 1993). Interdependency entails a symbiosis relationship where both parties gain benefits from each other. Power and influence are applied when the individuals with whom there exists an interdependent relationship have a different point of view. This happens especially in forums or groupings where a decision has to be made, and each party’s contribution is equally important, but at the end of the day a consensus has to be arrived at. Interdependence could results from the way in which tasks are organized in a firm. For instance, in a matrix structure, employees have to report to more than one manager. If a motor vehicle manufacturing company such as General motors company decides to come up with a new hybrid vehicle model, it may result to deploy some of its engineers to the project , this decision is vital as it would affect the number of engineering personnel available to be dispatched to other fields. The managers would therefore need to discuss and agree on the issue. Eventually this would necessitate those engineers assigned to the project , report to both the projects manager and also to their engineering departmental manager thus resulting to some level of interdependency between the two departments due to the sharing of resources. Likewise, the greater the degree of task specialization in the organization, the higher is the chance that disagreements will occur. This is simply because, when work is divided into different specialties and units, it is more likely that the organization will have people whose differences in background and training will cause them to take different views of the situation. For a company dealing with production of consumer goods, the decision has to be made after consulting with all relevant authorities. The research department has to carry out feasibility studies on the viability of the decision, the finance department will ascertain if the company is in a position to handle the expenditure; the marketing department has to come up with marketing strategies and so on. With such a large number of people involved it is scarcely surprising that differences of opinion will emerge. The more important the decision, the more the people involved and for decisions of moderate significance, less people will be involved, thus the correlation between interdependency and the number of people involved is brought out clearly. Techniques and Procedures That Can Be Used To Assess and Determine the Political or Powerful Units or People in an Organization With regard to organizations, to evaluate power distribution in a firm, crucial sub divisions or subunits need to be identified. A unit usually refers to a department. These sub units should then be ranked based on their influence across the organization. Some subunits have a deeper relationship with resource flows thus better placed to minimize uncertainty levels in other subunits. Such subunits are more powerful in an entity (Pfeffer, 1993). Changes in contingencies facing the organization often change with subunits having this power. Subdivisions can be drawn by function, geographical location showing where various offices and sub locations were located. Persons can thus be termed as powerful by virtue of educational background and training, the positions that they hold, their ability to influence others either through formal or informal organizations among others. They may also be termed as powerful in reference to their political connections and social stature of their kindred. In this regards a company like Cadbury that is the leading producer of chocolate products, it would consider its production department in Cote de Ivoire as the most crucial to all its departments since its it largest provider of its vital raw material that is the cocoa beans, thus without the beans no business would be carried out even with all its heavy capital and equipments. Sources that an Organization Unit or Person can use to Gain or Maintain Power in an Organization From an organization’s point of view, power is a major motivational factor to individuals and many will go the extra mile to achieve it, and among the sources of power to be demystified hereunder is from formal authority or the formal organization’s position. In this context, power will be mainly vested in the position of ‘departmental heads,’ where many will strive to reach. The power of a manager includes but not limited to making the organization’s major decisions based or guided by the firm’s mission, visions and strategies to be implemented (Pfeffer, 1993). Therefore, when one is in such a position to handle such tasks he/she feels superior. A manager will also have several subordinates under him and more often he will exercise delegation of authority to them, and they will have to report to their superiors on a periodical basis, so that the manager can be at par with the current events that are taking place in the company. The formal authority as depicted by an organizational structure entails that decisions, especially for a centralized organization are to be made by the management instead of the subordinates. The power of some people will thus be curtailed while that of others will prevail in managing how decisions are made, for example by requiring consensus or senior – manager signoff, where in a project, the stakeholders will have some input through contributions but it is the management that will later meet to review them, evaluate the pros and cons and amend where necessary before administering the final decisions, a true manifestation of power as the figure – heads of the particular organization. Since the manager is at the helm of the organization, it is thus general knowledge that he will be the head of the organization structure of the formal organization. This is set up by the purpose, mission, strategy and other objectives of the organization. The manager therefore is the flag bearer and it is his obligation to lead the subordinates into the effective realization of such. A company’s success is credited to the top management while its poor performance is attributed to the same, therefore the management’s position is very important in the organization structure, and the manager will often use it to maintain his power (Pfeffer, 1993). An example would be in regards to Virgin Atlantic airlines where by Steve Ridgway the current Chief executive officer would be highly regarded by the members of the public and also by his team of employees due to the position that he holds, access to crucial information and also his close relationship with Richard Branson the owner of the airline company. The second source of power that one may tap into is the use of informal organizations. We have already seen how significant the formal organization is, however, some individuals will prefer a more indirect approach. The use of informal organizations involve interpersonal alliances or networks, and for one to have influence on such he/she will have to be charming, willing and stubborn an example would be the executives of the shell corporation oil giant taking a day out to interact with its employees and customer at the gas stations and try to boost the morale of the staff at the same time take note of the problems that they may be facing first hand, that information of which may never reach their desk (Pfeffer, 1993). These groups often induce a sense of certainty arising from what is commonly referred to as ‘group action’ in that individuals will feel protected and shielded by being in a group. An organization cannot exist without informal groupings, and in some sense they are like a stream flowing within the organization and controlling it is a major source of power and of maintaining the same. Bibliography Pfeffer, Jeffrey. Managing With Power; Politics and Influence in Organizations , MA; Boston, Harvard Business School Press, 1993. Print

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Provide the full text for the following summary: The text discusses how team building exercises can help to resolve conflict in an organization.In a team building, exercises that are done, help boost understanding, confidence and respect among the participants. Therefore, it leads to a proper way of dealing with conflict in an organizational set up.

The text discusses how team building exercises can help to resolve conflict in an organization. In a team building, exercises that are done, help boost understanding, confidence and respect among the participants. Therefore, it leads to a proper way of dealing with conflict in an organizational set up.

Conflict Resolution in a Team Building Coursework Table of Contents 1. Introduction 2. Hidden communication agenda exercise 3. Human knot exercise 4. Disclosure activity 5. Tag team game 6. Road map game 7. Writing on boards 8. Conclusion 9. References Introduction When an organization continues to manage and organize its work force, there are chances that conflict will arise either between the work teams and the management or among employees. In most cases, conflict arises as a result of differences especially when people come together in teams to work for a common goal, but then differences in values, power or religion may cause conflict. In order to make sure that conflict does not have a devastating effect on the organization, it is important to devise some ways to resolve conflict. In that regard, it is beneficial to deal with any disputes that may arise in an open manner and as fast as possible. If conflict is handled in a proper way in a team, it may result in positive outcomes because it promotes emergence of creative ideas. In a team building, exercises that are done, help boost understanding, confidence and respect among the participants. Therefore, it leads to a proper way of dealing with conflict in an organizational set up. I am going to suggest some activities to be involved in a team building which can help promote understanding and respect among members of a team (Fisher, 1995). Hidden communication agenda exercise An activity that would be involved in this exercise would enhance communication skills among members of the team. Each member of the team would be given a small indexed card with a label written on it such as organizer, worker, victim, mason, and invader. Team members would then read their roles silently and throw away the cards. This would then be followed by drawing a scene in the office and each member of the team participating in the role that they had read in the card. This exercise would be summed by a discussion of the roles they play in real life. Human knot exercise This activity enables people to acquire problem solving skills which enables them work for a common goal. All the members of the team will stand in a circle. According to Fisher (1995), “Individuals would hold each others’ right hand, and then followed by using their left hand to grasp the left hand of the person on the other side.” The task before them is to untangle and resume the full circle. This exercise enables the members of the groups to look for a common solution thereby, enabling collaboration. Disclosure activity This type of activity would motivate members in a team building activity to tell their personal information which enhances bonding and promotes trust. Bowditch (1997) described that, “members would be given pieces of paper and told to write five things about themselves.” They would then give other members of the group to view their traits. Tag team game This type of activity would enable the individual members of the team to share their strengths and traits which would lead to the success of the group. Persons are randomly divided into small groups of four to six people. Allow the team to select a leader, and on a large piece of paper, let them draw that person and label different attributes that they can imagine. The team is then to write a short story about their leader with all those traits they had labeled. At the end of this activity, the team should discuss the following questions: Would a person be better if he/she had the traits labeled? What are the contributions each individuals in a team? What is possible with a team that cannot be done individually? What other traits are important that were not discussed? Road map game This activity would enable members of a group to share their ideas in planning for an event. People are randomly divided into groups of two to six people and given a uniform map of a specific state. The teams are to plan for a vocation using uniform standards, what is available for the trip, the amount of money, the car they have, fuel price and the beginning and he end of the of the town. Each team is given a paper to draw a travel plan and how they would use their resources. A team that exhausts their cash or fuel before the end of the vocation is disqualified while a team that draws the best plan is rewarded. Writing on boards In this activity, members of the team would have a chance to appreciate one another. Each member of the team would be given a small board to write on, with markers of different colors. Fisher (1995), proposed that, “Every individual is to write their name on the board and draw a boarder along the edges of the board.” Each member will then go round to write a message encouraging one another. Gentle and relaxing music would accompany this exercise together with light snacks. Conclusion For people to work effectively in groups, they must have clear communication of opinions, ability to listen and understand each other, and being ready for disagreements. Even though it is difficult for individuals to accept disagreements, a team should show the ability to resolve conflict (Bowditch, 1997). References Bowditch, J. (1997). A primer on organizational behavior (4th ed.). New York, NY: JohnWiley & Sons. Fisher, K. (1995). Tips for teams: A ready reference for solving common team problems . New York: McGraw-Hill, Inc.

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Provide the inputted essay that when summarized resulted in the following summary : The production process has improved nowadays becoming complex day by day, thus requiring people to change the method of production as the technology changes. On the same note, due to division of labor that has become the order of the day; many people have chosen to specialize in certain areas only in order to advance their productivity. This has led to the need of people to work together so that each can perform the task he or she is well qualified in, thus enhancing productivity and quality.

The production process has improved nowadays becoming complex day by day, thus requiring people to change the method of production as the technology changes. On the same note, due to division of labor that has become the order of the day; many people have chosen to specialize in certain areas only in order to advance their productivity. This has led to the need of people to work together so that each can perform the task he or she is well qualified in, thus enhancing productivity and quality.

Conflicts and Their Effects on Group Performance Research Paper Table of Contents 1. Introduction 2. Conflicts 3. Factors through Which Conflict Affects a Group 4. Group Characters that influence effects of conflict 5. Conflict Effectiveness 6. Conclusion 7. References Introduction The production process has improved nowadays becoming complex day by day hence requiring people to change the method of production as the technology changes. On the same note, due to division of labor that has become the order of the day; many people have chosen to specialize in certain areas only in order to advance their productivity. This has led to the need of people to work together so that each can perform the task he or she is well qualified in hence enhancing productivity and quality. As group working becomes more important so are the issues that affect the groups. Difference in opinions and the fact that people are socialized differently, gives rise to disagreements in any group thus affecting its performance either positively or negatively. Conflicts are evident in every group and their effects to the performance and continuity of the group varies due to different factors. Conflicts These are disagreements over various issues affecting the group which can vary from personal behavior and interaction to professional and process accomplishment. Conflicts can be divided into three broad groups that are seemingly distinct from each other and each of which can be addressed separately (Thompson 2008). These are task conflict, process conflict and relationship conflict. Task conflict can be defined as the disagreement among the group members on how to accomplish a given task given the different ways that are available (Draft 2011). Task conflict is majorly unavoidable since people have different views on how to perform any given duty and many people have the tendency of trusting their view more than that of others. Disagreements on how the current promotion criterion is implemented or on the data base security system are examples of task conflicts (West 2012). On the other hand, relationship conflict is disagreements on personal factors which are not related to the tasks being performed such as; personal clothing, family issues and social political opinions among others. It is quite difficult to understand the complexity of human diversity which brings about difference in views and opinions, hence a group can perform well if it develops a common culture that relies on shared norms and values thus eliminating the possibility of opinion conflict (Draft 2011). Relationship conflicts tend to touch on the self esteem of a person and adversely affect how the members of the group will relate with each other. It also to some extent touches on the willingness of a member being ready to interact with others in the group. Process conflict has been defined as the disagreement among the group members as regards to the execution of a given task, and the most qualified person to perform a certain duty. It highly touches on matters of logistics and division of labor among the participants (Passos 2005). In most cases it has been discovered that process conflict has quite different effects on group performance as compared to task and relationship conflict. Factors through Which Conflict Affects a Group It has been noted that conflict affect certain issues that directly influence the outcomes of the group and that it does not in itself directly affect the group. Such issues as the amount of trust that group members have both on the group as a whole and on individual group members highly determine the productivity of the group (West 2012). In conjunction with that, the bond that puts together individual members in the group is of importance, as it determines the likelihood that the members can enjoy working together hence, influencing group outcomes. The cohesiveness of the group if threatened by the conflicts will therefore negatively affect the outcomes of the group besides hindering the processing of any input. On the same note, loss of trust, in either a member of the group or the group in general, due to given conflicts will also impact negatively on the group productivity (Sosik & Jung 2002). When there is argument as to why one should be given a certain duty and not any other, trust among the group members is affected thus, reducing the morale of working together therefore reducing the output of the whole group. Additionally, group members need to feel that their contribution is valued in the group’s proceedings for them to confidently give their opinions. When one’s contributions are openly challenged each time, the person feels that either him or her as a person or the contributions are not respected and therefore becomes unwilling to work with others. This has negative impacts on the group as it reduces productivity while at the same time it jeopardizes the group’s continuity (Child 2006). Besides, all forms of conflicts have varied effects on the cohesiveness of the group which in turn affects performance given that the productivity directly depends on the ability of people to work as a group. Therefore, conflict through affecting the confidence that people have with their surrounding, the feeling that group members have as regards to the respect they have from other group members and strengthening or weakening the group bond, is able to influence both group viability and performance (Shaw, Zhu, Duffy, Shih & Susanto 2011). Group Characters that influence effects of conflict Certain characters among the group members influence the way conflict affects the group. The way the group perceives and receives a conflict coupled with how the group members think the conflict will affect them individually plays a greater role in determining the effects conflict will have to the group (Brody 2005). Anger and frustration are common emotional reactions that accompany any form of conflict and these emotions tend to impact negatively on the group performance. Strong and negative emotional attachment to conflicts will reduce trust, respect and weaken the bonds that hold the group together thus reducing the group’s productivity. On the other hand, members who have had a heated debate, especially over personal issues, where emotions were high and negative would not be able to give any task the concentration it requires for its optimum execution thus they produce below their ability and expectations (Shaw et al. 2011). It is important to note that, negative emotions tend to mostly affect the outcomes of the group, if the conflict in question is relationship conflict. On the contrary, as far as task and process conflicts are concerned, negative emotions does not in any way influence the performance of the group. The way various conflict issues are addressed also influences the effects of conflicts on group performance (Thompson 2008). If members felt that they would openly discuss their opinions with others, then the effects of task conflict on cohesion, trust and respect among the group members is positive hence the performance of the group is enhanced. But as relationship conflict is concerned, the norms of discussing openly the issue of the conflict have adverse negative effects on self esteem and thus, reduces the viability and productivity of the members. On the other hand, encouragement of open discussions as regards to process conflict will encourage people to feel free to seek for guidance where they are not sure of which action to take and therefore, increase the productivity of the group (Passos 2005). It is therefore advantageous if the group encourages open discussion on matters that are directly related to the task to be completed and the logistics of completion, while discouraging the same on personal issues which are not task related (Brody 2005). The probability that the group members perceives in the opportunity to resolve the conflict will also to larger extent influence how the conflict will impact on the group’s output. If a certain member who has a relationship conflict with another in the group has no hopes that the conflict can be resolved, there is no possibility that the two can ever be at ease when working together and this will negatively impact on the group’s continuity. Process conflict and task conflict are also highly affected by the possibility of conflict resolution among the individual group members. When group members have the belief that it is possible to solve any issues that may arise from a conflict, they stop thinking that conflicts are only detrimental to the group and thus, their personality is boosted which triggers positive effects on trust as well as group bonding therefore, improving group output. On the same note, high possibility of conflict resolution enhances cooperation among the group and reduces competition which would lead to every person wanting to outdo the other in their actions thus, disregarding some contributions which would be helpful (John, Greer, Levine & Szulanski 2008). Though some researchers have argued that the importance attached to a certain conflict by group members influences the effects of the conflict to the group, this has been refuted by many recent researchers who have noted that it is not necessarily the case. In recent researches, it has been depicted that the interpretation of the level of importance is what matters (Child 2006). Conflict Effectiveness Relationship conflict tends to have negative effects on the group performance though mostly, people try to avoid directly working together with those they share different views with or they avoid bringing personal issue to work place hence, effects of relationship conflict are not very pronounced. On the other hand, task conflict is moderated by open discussions which tend to restore trust and respect of the group members. Furthermore, task conflict and process conflict can be avoided by developing, as part of the group culture, the opinion that it is actually possible to solve any conflict that may arise (John et al. 2008). It should however be noted that to some extent some level of task conflict is advantageous as it has led to innovation. Additionally, all these types of conflicts are correlated to a larger extent and therefore, the possibility of one conflict leading to another one is very high. It is important to note that, open discussions are partly advantageous and partly detrimental as far as process conflict is concerned and should therefore be handled with care. Conclusion Group working is inevitable and therefore group conflicts will always be an issue that should be addressed diligently for the sake of performance. Though research on the effects of conflicts to group performance and how the negative effects can be mitigated, more still needs to be done as these researches present several limitations. The interrelationship of the conflicts together with the effects of different group characteristics, still need to be explored more. Furthermore, given that sometimes the conflicts present both positive and negative effects, it is paramount that it is known what type of conflict to encourage to what extent and the method of achieving this. References Brody, R. (2005). Effectively Managing Human Service in Organizations . Thousand Oaks: Sage Publishers. Child, D. (2006). The Essentials of Factor Analysis . New York: Continuum International Publishing. Draft, L. R. (2011). Management . Stanford: Cengage Learning. Passos, A. M. (2005). Exploring the Effects of Intragroup Conflict and Past Performance Feedback on Team Effectiveness. Journal of Managerial Psychology , 20, 231-244. Shaw, D. J., Zhu, J., Duffy, K. M., Shih, H. & Susanto, E. (2011). A Contingency Model of Conflict and Team Effectiveness. Journal of Applied Psychology , 96 (2), 391-400. Sosik, J. J. & Jung, D. I. (2002). Work-Group Characteristics and Performance in Collectivistic And Individualistic Cultures. The Journal of Social Psychology 142 (1), 5-23. Thompson, L. L. (2008). Making The Team Work: A Guide for Managers . Upper Saddle River: Prentice hall. West, A. M. (2012). Effective Teamwork: Practical Lessons from Organizational Research . Hoboken: John Willey & sons. John, A. K., Greer, L., Levine, S., & Szulanski, G. (2008). The Effects of Conflict Types, Dimensions and Emergent States on Group Outcomes. Springer Science Business Media B.V 2008, 465-495.

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Provide a essay that could have been the input for the following summary: Many of the public policies rest on the platforms of ideological terms specifically liberal and or conservative. Each of these ideologies has its own fundamental elements to which their proponents subscribe. These elements set out various basic premises or paradigms of liberalism and conservatism.Many of the public policies rest on the platforms of ideological terms specifically liberal and or conservative. Each of these ideologies has its own fundamental elements to which their proponents subscribe. These elements set out various basic premises or paradigms of liberalism and conservatism.

Many of the public policies rest on the platforms of ideological terms specifically liberal and or conservative. Each of these ideologies has its own fundamental elements to which their proponents subscribe. These elements set out various basic premises or paradigms of liberalism and conservatism. Many of the public policies rest on the platforms of ideological terms specifically liberal and or conservative. Each of these ideologies has its own fundamental elements to which their proponents subscribe. These elements set out various basic premises or paradigms of liberalism and conservatism.

Conservatism and Liberalism Approaches in Analysis Public Policies Essay (Critical Writing) Many of the public policies rest on the platforms of ideological terms namely liberal and or conservative. An ideology here means “a set of beliefs about the values and role of government” (Birkland 143). Each of these ideologies has its own fundamental elements to which their proponents subscribe. These elements set out various basic premises or paradigms of liberalism and conservatism. Liberalism is inclined on the ideas of existence of a compact between government and its people to which people are accorded the rights of revolution in case the compact is breached. The government has limited powers bound by natural laws of human rights with such rights applying to all people. Ideally, liberalism supports the existence of an organized society in which majority rules with temperations of the rights of the minority. Indeed, liberalization subscribes to ideas of change through a change of administration regime in case governments fail to fulfill and honor their roles of protection of both private rights and the common good of their entire population. Conservatism is inclined to the idea that human affairs seek the guidance of faith and subscription to ideologies of some supernatural force. It also subscribes to concepts of tradition and customs’ capacity to produce and affect the values of existing institutions. Additionally’ conservatism “remained distrustful of government interventions in the economy and worried that too much would reduce the disciplines of the market place” (Cochran and Malone 143). Conservatisms subscribe to beliefs of people’s crucial base coupled with irrational nature. Liberalists argue that governments have essential roles in overseeing and regulating the economy by ensuring that people act in a responsible way financially by ensuring that companies exercise the right things, for instance, paying minimum wages. Conservatisms claim that the government needs to oversee and regulate morality to enhance accountability and transparency. Essentially, from conservatisms’ dimension, the government needs to punish immoral acts by enacting appropriate laws. Conservatism and liberalism policy topology in analyzing public policy is essentially useless. This is because policy analysis depicts biasness towards conservatism and liberalism. As Birkland reckons, “a nation approaches the democratic ideal to the extent that people have control over the government in what federalists call a dependence in the people” (142). This perhaps well explains the quest of liberal policies to enhance social equality. However, despite the fact that people endeavor to acquire social equality, as the liberalism and conservatism policy analysis topographies may contend, people do not strike a consensus on the appropriate polices or the policies implementation process to acquire the desired changes. More often, while conducting an analysis of a problem, people look at the problem from its districts of origin. In many situations, the problem originates from what the government did and failed. This means that during the policy analysis process, people approach the process with biasness (Cochran and Malone 10). The argument is that policy analysts who believe that government has proactive roles to play to curtail a problem end up blaming the problem on the government. On the other hand, those who believe that the government needed not to take part in the resolution of the problem at hand think that the escalation of the problem relied on the government’s interventions to solve the problem. This gives rise to conflict of interests between the supporters of either liberal or conservative paradigms of policy analysis. Since it is the interest of the government to consider the opinion of all the stakeholders, the policy cycle- problem identification, policy development and evaluation is impaired by the fact that challenges in problem identification are truncated to other elements of policy cycle (Birkland 138). Labeling people, ideas, and or organizations as liberal or conservative has both benefits and shortcomings. Both liberalism and conservatism advocate for radicalism rejection coupled with its violent uprooting of various established institutions and practices. They also accept the need for restraint retraining the government power, advocates for existence of a society that is balanced in respect to societal powers and individual powers. Labeling an individual, idea or even an organization as liberal or conservative means that the ideas to which the individual or even the organization subscribes attributes, both liberalism and conservatism, are healthy for maintaining social order. However, on the other hand, tagging an individual, an organization, or an idea as conservative implies that it is individualistic in nature. This means the idea the person or the organization promotes serves only to benefit the least minority in the society. A good example of this is the idea of healthcare policies. From the liberalistic approach, healthcare policies need to promote good healthcare for all people within the society-poor and rich (universal public plan). On the other hand, conservatisms promote healthcare insurance. This means that quality healthcare needs to be accessed by those who can ideally afford it. Additionally, liberalists subscribe to the ideas of allocating minimum wage to all people irrespective of the state of economy. On the other hand, conservatisms believe that market forces need to determine the wages that the employers need to pay their employees. Categorizing an idea, association or a person as a liberalist mean those ideas, persons or even the organization advocates are inconsistent with the actual nature of economy dynamics. Hence, it promotes ideologies, which are against the advantages of capitalism. This is why perhaps liberalists are stereotyped as “lazy” in America (Birkland 132). However, this is widely a misconception since liberalism is ideally not all about equal distribution of wealth at the disadvantage of the population that works hard. Other topologies of analyzing public policies opposed to liberalisms and conservatisms that can be productive should focus on helping people (Birkland 113). Such an approach is essentially liberal conservatism. Ideally, this means that the topography needs to integrate the concerns of liberalism and conservatism. Liberalists approaches public policies from one extreme with perceptions of the needs of government to serve and foster policies that confer common good to all people. On the other hand, conservatism approaches public policies from the extents of individualistic gain. These two topographies provide policy makers, thoughtful citizens, and even the government with differing perspectives while arriving at subtle conclusions on mechanisms of driving economic, social and political issues. Subscribing to a single topography infers that one suffers wholly from its demerits. Integrating the two then means that more benefit can be conferred to the nation as a whole while mitigating the disadvantages of each of the topographies. Unfortunately, the productivity of liberal conservatism approach is contentious based on the difficulties in selection of the elements of the unit topography to incorporate in the integrated topography following the biasness existing among the topographies’ advocates. Conclusively, this paper appreciates that approaching public policies from either liberalistic mind or conservatism mind has the effects of introducing both benefits and disadvantages associated with each approach. It proposes an alternative topography embracing integration of elements of both liberalism and conservatism public polices topographies. The paper holds that, by doing this, more benefit is rendered to the people based on the integrated roles of the government while the shortcomings of the unit topography are reduced. The challenge is, however, on choosing the elements of the unit topography to drop and the ones to include in the integrated approach since, in both topographies, people approach policies with biasness. Works Cited Birkland, Thomas. An Introduction to the Policy Process: Theories, Concepts, and Models . New York London, England: Armonk, 2005. Print. Cochran, Charles, and Eloise Malone. Public policy perspective and choices . London, UK: Lynne Rienner Publishers, 2005.Print.

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Write the original essay for the following summary: The text discusses how Tesco should apply constructive conflict strategies to handle both internal and external conflicts. It also talks about recommendations to assist the company apply these strategies.

The text discusses how Tesco should apply constructive conflict strategies to handle both internal and external conflicts. It also talks about recommendations to assist the company apply these strategies.

Tesco PLC Constructive Conflict Management Essay Recommendations to assist Tesco apply constructive conflict strategies Tesco is a leading supermarket chain company in the United Kingdom. The supermarket should apply constructive conflict strategies in handling both internal and external conflicts. The supermarket has to begin by assessing both the internal and external conflict situation. This will help them to understand the main causes of each conflict. The management can not get a solution unless they understand the causes. The leadership should engage in a collective bargain and negotiation with employee representatives. The representation should be from all departments within the organization. This will help it to come to a common ground that is beneficial to both parties. The Company has to come up with a positive conflict management culture that relies on mutual relationships. This will allow for an open discussion between the organization and its employees in case of any potential conflict (Ongori, 2009, p. 16-24). The company should engage arbitration and mediation when dealing with local retailers and suppliers. Tesco supermarket should appoint an arbitrator to help it mend the relationship with local retailers and suppliers. The arbitration has to be an independent, private judicial determination. The arbitration process should lead to a binding decision to govern the conflicting parties. The organization should also carry out customer surveys to determine complains from the public. They should come up with the best ways of addressing these conflicts (Ongori, 2009, p. 16-24). Ways in which fusion leadership can help Tesco manage conflicts constructively Fusion leadership is a modern way of leading that involves bringing people together to accomplish organizational goals on the basis of shared values and vision. This approach will help the organizational leaders manage the existing conflict constructively. Fusion leadership encourages communication between the leaders and the employees. This will entail engaging not only the minds and bodies of the parties in the conflict, but also their souls and hearts. Employees will be free to air their concerns, and management will be willing to attend to each of them. There will be less room for murmuring and in the process conflicts will reduce (Daft and Lengel, 1998, p. 194-250). Fusion leadership will allow the organization to grow together with its employees. Being mindful entails an open mind, personal creativity and independent reasoning. Vision refers to the objective which employees strive to achieve. The heart refers to compassion and caring, which is the positive feeling evident in workplace relations. Communication affects emotions, values and visions; it also entails discerning and listening. Courage is a motivating factor that enables individuals to be risk takers. Integrity comprises of service, trust and honesty. This goes beyond personal interests to positive organizational contribution. With a combination of all these leadership factors, employees feel part of the organization. Fusion leadership reduces internal conflicts within the organization (Daft and Lengel, 1998, p. 67-194). How the organization will benefit by considering these strategies If the organization implements these considerations, it will reduce the escalated tension and the perception of the company by consumers and employees. The organization will also mend its relationship with the government authorities, human rights groups and small businesses. This will lead to fruitful corporation within the organization and the external environment. Tesco will achieve its goals effectively due to improved work relations. If Tesco develops a positive conflict management culture, it will reduce these conflicts in the future. The organization will in turn pay more attention to achieving the set goals, and not solving conflicts. This will mean higher profitability for the supermarket hence recording growth and expansion. This will result to the success of both the organization and employees. References Daft, R.L., & Lengel, R. H. (1998). Fusion leadership: unlocking the subtle forces that change people and organizations. San Francisco: Berrett –koehler Publisher, Inc Ongori, H. (2009). Organizational conflict and its effects on organizational performance. Research Journal of Business Management, 3, 16-24.

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Provide a essay that could have been the input for the following summary: Constructivism in Learning and Teaching is a system of learning where the students do not just passively absorb information. Educational experts were concerned with what was going on in the mind of the student. There is active participation from the students. They are taught to relate the knowledge they are being given by the teachers and relating it to their experiences in life.

Constructivism in Learning and Teaching is a system of learning where the students do not just passively absorb information. Educational experts were concerned with what was going on in the mind of the student. There is active participation from the students. They are taught to relate the knowledge they are being given by the teachers and relating it to their experiences in life.

Constructivism in Learning and Teaching Essay (Article) Constructivism is a system of learning where the students do not just passively absorb information. Educational experts were concerned with what was going on in the mind of the student. There is active participation from the students. They are taught to relate the knowledge they are being given by the teachers and relating it to their experiences in life. This approach in education is important as it teaches the students to be critical thinkers. They become active and motivated in the classroom. Students learn to construct their own understanding of the learning material or literature. The students become autonomous and independent thinkers. With this approach in learning the students learn to engage more in problem solving and stop being passive. The skill of problem-solving is important and even assists the student in his adult life. It is a skill for life and that is what education should be. The student develops in his mental processes. It is a process of discovery for the student as he experiments with ideas at problem solving and getting solutions for the issues in his environment. The theory of constructivism learning is based on several concepts. Learning for the student will depend on what he or she already knows or has experienced. In the area of literature, students are motivated to relate the story or characters to what they already know or what they have experienced. Secondly, learning should be about the students inventing ideas concerning the learning materials. It may involve students analysing their old ideas in light of the learning materials and changing their old news to conform to what they are learning. When a student encounters information that is contrary to their way of thinking, then he finds himself at a state of disequilibrium. The student therefore has to change or alter his way of thinking in order to attain equilibrium. The whole process therefore is about inventing ideas instead of the student just accumulating facts and information. It is therefore a student centred class where the teachers facilitate the process of students hypothesize, predict, pose questions, research and invent (Collins, 2008). Students look at the world under the influence of their experiences and social interactions. Whenever a new experience is encountered the student tends to analyse the old experiences and the new experience. The student therefore tends to really consider prior experiences. If this is the way that people behave, then the educational approach in the classroom should take advantage and use an approach that helps the student enjoy learning. The teacher therefore is a facilitator who has to know the interactions between the students and their external environments. The student is shown which interactions with his environment will provide an opportunity for growth and is actually healthy (Huang, 2002) The teacher in the constructivist classroom has to possess certain qualities. He should be highly flexible and creative as he interacts with the students. The teacher is trained on how different students use their own experiences, prior knowledge and experience to construct meaning. When it comes to literature, there can be no single interpretation of a piece of reading. There are several and different interpretations and all of them may be correct. The teacher’s interpretation is not always the only correct way of perception. At the end of the day, it is a highly democratic environment where the students and teachers are able to interact and participate in the learning process. References Collins, R. (2008). Enhanced Student Learning Through Applied Constructivist Theory. Transformative Dialogues: Teaching & Learning Journal, 2(2). Web. Huang, H. (2002) Toward constructivism for adult learners in Online learning environments. British Journal of Educational Technology .,33 (1)27-37. Web.

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Write the original essay for the following summary: The paper discusses aspects of consumer behavior with respect to child targeted advertisements. It looks into the trend in child targeted advertisements, regulations governing child targeted advertisements as well as the need for such regulations with the aim of determining whether regulations should be enacted or entities should regulate themselves regarding child targeted advertisements.

The paper discusses aspects of consumer behavior with respect to child targeted advertisements. It looks into the trend in child targeted advertisements, regulations governing child targeted advertisements as well as the need for such regulations with the aim of determining whether regulations should be enacted or entities should regulate themselves regarding child targeted advertisements.

Consumer Behavior and Child Targeted Advertisements Report (Assessment) Table of Contents 1. Introduction 2. Child targeted advertisements 3. Trends in child targeted advertisements 4. Regulations on child targeted advertisements 5. Conclusion 6. References Introduction Consumer behavior refers to the response that is exhibited by consumers with respect to the availability of a commodity in the market. The reaction of a consumer can be studied with respect to the time the consumer takes to purchase the commodity after the sales promotion has been carried out. This paper seeks to discuss aspects of consumer behavior with respect to child targeted advertisements. The paper will look into the trend in child targeted advertisements, regulations governing child targeted advertisements as well as the need for such regulations with the aim of determining whether regulations should be enacted or entities should regulate themselves regarding child targeted advertisements. Child targeted advertisements The intense level of competition among producers and distributers has led to increased measures of market capitalization whereby different strategies are employed. One of these strategies has been the discovery of the new market that is found in children. Advertisements that are targeted at children have been noted to be a booming business since advertisers are putting enormous resources to reach this age group for markets of their products. It is also reported that producers have made significant level of success in their target as statistics indicate that a large number of children spend a lot of time in advertisement media and receiving the advertisements. It is, for example, reported that in America, a child is estimated to be watch an average of thirty thousand advertisements per annum. The efforts put forward by producers is also overwhelming considering the reported amount of money that companies are spending on advertisements that are targeted at children. Similarly, the advertisements are seemingly effective in influencing this group taking into consideration the amount of expenditure that is reported being incurred by children. It is reported that companies spends an average of almost seventeen billion dollars a year on child advertisements while children in response spends about two hundred billion dollars a year (Shah, 2010, p. 1). Trends in child targeted advertisements Though a varied specific trend in the level of advertisements targeted to children have been reported in a five year time duration that started in the year 2003, there has been a general increasing trend in the rate at which children are being targeted and exposed to advertisements. The research, in the time period of 2003, for example reported that targeted advertisements of teenagers have been constantly on the increase with slight decrease on younger children (Powell, 2010, p. 1). Regulations on child targeted advertisements There have not been established strong rules and regulations that govern these children targeted advertisements. Though a number of countries have been reported to establish concrete regulations, they are rendered ineffective by the proliferation of globalized media that enable access to advertisements from other countries that target children. In the United States, children targeted advertisements are regulated by both the government as well as by self regulation under a review act. The government regulatory agencies is, however, seen to be more effective following their powers to take actions against violators of provisions that protects children from unfair advertisements (Andersen and Cheng, 153, p. 156). Conclusion Following the difference in enforcement authority of established regulations as compared to self regulations and the possibility of regulating imported advertisements, more regulations should be established to help in protecting children hungry producers and advertisers as compared to the self regulation measures that lacks extensive authority. References Andersen, P and Cheng, F. (2009) Case Studies in Food Policy for Developing Countries: Policies for health, nutrition, food consumption, and poverty . New York, NY: Cornell University Press. Powell, L. (2010) Trend in exposure to television food advertisements among children and adolescents in the United States . Web. Available from: https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jamapediatrics/fullarticle/383707 . Shah, A. (2010) Children as consumers . Web. Available from: http://www.globalissues.org/article/237/children-as-consumers .

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Provide the inputted essay that when summarized resulted in the following summary : The text discusses how consumer behavior and decision models can be used by marketers to assess their target audience and make a critical decision on the appropriate marketing strategy. It also highlights some examples of companies that have used these models successfully.

The text discusses how consumer behavior and decision models can be used by marketers to assess their target audience and make a critical decision on the appropriate marketing strategy. It also highlights some examples of companies that have used these models successfully.

Consumer behaviour and decision models Report (Assessment) Introduction In order to remain afloat in the competitive market, marketers have to study the behaviour of their existing and potential customers keenly in order to make a critical decision on the appropriate marketing strategy. Consumers are found to remain loyal to a product over some period of time if the quality of the product is maintained or keeps improving, thus creating a positive attitude towards the product. Consumers need to get their desired results when they consume a product, if they fail to do this, they get an alternative way to satisfy their needs. In marketing therefore, the marketers need to understand their consumers and know what appeals them as well as what their needs are (Lehmann, 2009, p 1). Customer behaviour determines the success of a marketing strategy greatly. In this respect, consumer behaviour is modelled as loyal, psychological, social or linear ODE model. Loyalty Some consumers tend to use a product over a very long period of time due to perceived superiority of the product over other products. Marketers of such products use this perception to generate positive attitude towards the brand. An example is the shoe polish Kiwi brand. This is usually advertised to have been around for the longest time since 1906. Some of its adverts have remained alive since the early 1990’s. This product has never been rebranded and continues to penetrate the market while retaining the already existing brand. Another brand which has exploited the loyalty model to create positive attitude is the BIC ball pen. It has continued to give superior writing pens which are up to speed with the changing market demands. It has continued to widen the variety of its products while retaining its brand name. This has enabled it to retain and expand its customer base. The retail shop chain, Nakumatt, in Kenya is another example of a company which uses this model as a marketing strategy. They have the first retail supermarket chain to introduce a loyalty program where loyal customers are issued with smart cards which they use to earn smart points every time they shop at any branch of the supermarket chain. These points are redeemed from various cash prizes, shopping vouchers or even school fees vouchers. This has really created a positive attitude towards the supermarket and has worked well as a marketing strategy. Psychology This model suggests that the customer behaviour is influenced by the products in the shelves. The display would make the customer buy a particular product amongst many available options. How a product is displayed on the shelves actually determines the customers’ attitude towards the product. Therefore, marketers employ attractive displays to crate a positive attitude of customers towards their products. A good example is the electronic company Sony. This company employs attractive packaging and display of its T.V. sets and music systems to create a positive attitude of customers towards their products (Donovan, 2007, p 1). This has in turn influenced more customers to buy Sony products in the market full of competing brands. Another example is exercise book producer Kasuku. This book company uses attractive book covers to create positive attitude of customers towards their products. The majority of their customers are school children who prefer the attractively decorated book to rather dull ones and this is what creates their positive preferences of those books. The bus company in Kenya called Crown Bus is an example of a bus company which uses its looks to influence their customer’s attitude. They have beautifully and attractively painted vehicles which stand out amongst the others. This creates a positive attitude needed to persuade customers to use these vehicles. This is a salient way of marketing though very effective since naturally people will associate clean and nicely painted vehicles with comfort and safety. Any normal human being would want these while travelling. Linear Ode Model In this model, customers compare products based on perceived qualities of these products, and thus shape their attitudes. Marketers use this model in advertising where they depict their products as being superior in quality in comparison to others. They depict other products as not giving the desired results while they are giving the desired results. This is prominently used in the competitive market of the detergent products (Richarme, 2005, p 1). A classic example is the detergent JIK’ which in its adverts shows what a superior wash it gives to dishes compared with other detergents. This creates an imaginary of a perceived quality, thus making the customers shape a positive attitude towards it. In return, customers, while shopping, will certainly choose JIK over other detergents available because of the positive attitude created. Another example is the wet cell battery, Chloride Excide. It is seen to have a long lasting effect from its advertising strategy with better performance, unlike other brands which have a shorter life span with/without good performance. This, in turns, makes customers have a positive attitude to the product. Customers will definitely decide on buying this battery, preferring it to others since they expect it to last longer and give better performance. The shoe company, Bata also exploits this model as a marketing strategy. Their products have perceived higher quality thus in shops where there are other competing brands, customers tend to choose Bata products over the others. This brand, on top of their perceived better quality has been proven to have better quality. Sociology This model is based on the fact that customers tend to buy products because of the influence of others. This is where a customer buys a product because others have the products and are potentially talking positively about it. A product with good reputation from the existing clientele will certainly attract more users. Some products attract new customers when they are used by the already existing customers. The marketers will therefore employ their customers’ experience to create a positive attitude towards their products, thus their slogan is ‘If you like our products, tell others. If you do not like our products, tell us”. An example is the detergent company, Harpic which in its adverts uses existing customers who share their experience of using the detergent to create a positive attitude. With such experienced customers, it is easy for the company to create the positive attitude needed to lure new customers (Gronroos, 2006, p 1). In their adverts of the product, they shoot the adverts at their existing clients’ houses and share their experiences. These marketers also share their experience of the product just to create the positive attitude. Another example is the mobile phone service provider, Safaricom, and its innovative idea of M-pesa, a way of transferring money through a mobile phone for its subscribers. This company provided its customers with great experience, and thus created a positive attitude. This great idea has been easy for the marketers to sell since the existing customers talked positively about it, thus there is high uptake of the service by the potential customers while the existing are retained. The marketers thus have had just to establish a unique identity that was used to sell the product. Another example is the pharmaceutical company, GNLD. This company deals with various health products which are marketed by their clients. These clients who later turn to marketers use their personal experiences to create the positive attitude amongst the potential new customers. This marketing strategy has been largely successful for the company. Other models rarely included are stochastic model, information processing model, experimental model, and large system model. These are also referred to as the formal models. Stochastic Models This model consists of two major components, a model of individual behaviour and a rule for aggregating these individual models. The individual model describes some aspects like interpurchase time and brand choices of individual consumers’ purchase behaviour. This is where an individual’s choice of purchase will depend on the brand purchased last time, external time effects or the past history of purchase (Dean, 2010, p 1). This model is used by the marketers of loans offered by savings and credit cooperation, Afya Sacco, for example. This organisation uses the past experiences of its clients with commercial banks Visa and the Sacco in terms of repayment period and interest rate to create the attitude that the Sacco are better amongst the customers. The Sacco also uses the changes in bank rates over time to convince their customers to borrow from them. Another example is to be found in companies offering air travel services. A typical example is Kenya Airways which endeavours to give greater experiences to their customers thus creating a positive attitude which will ensure that customers use their services every time they travel. They also try to cushion their customers against adverse changes in costs despite the ever rising prices of fuel worldwide. Information Processing Model In this model, one major assumption made is that man receives continual information input from the surrounding and processes the information as an integral part choice making. By using this model, marketers give their customers the information. It is on the basis of this information given that the customers develop a positive attitude towards a product (Lancaster, n.d, p 1). An example are the marketers of the condom brand Trust. In their adverts, they give information on the benefits of using condoms. It is on the basis of this information given to customers that they develop the positive attitude and embrace the use of condoms. Another example is the marketers of the pain relief tablets Panadol-Optizorb. These markets advertise their products by showing how fast the pain relief tablets work and how they work in the body. It is with this kind of information that convinces the customers to take up the tablets since they already have the positive attitude developed in them towards the products. Experimental Model This model explores the adventurous nature of human beings. It has been established that human beings love trying new things, so do the customers. Customers are more likely to try new products in the market in order to have a change from their traditional products. This is a linear model which also falls under the category of other models which are dissimilar with regard to content but has a common formal mathematical structure. Because of a strong tradition of linear relationships imbedded in the statistical theories of multivariate analysis, several of these models imply a linear model of behaviour. Marketers have found this model to be useful in creating positive attitude towards their products by suggesting that their new products would guarantee a whole new positive experience. An example is the mobile phone service provider YU in Kenya. This has been the latest entrant into the competitive market of mobile phones, as a marketing strategy, it has come up with services like free mobile face-booking which were not in the market before. This has helped them to turn a significant portion of the market into their customers. Apparently, the new experience they have brought into the market was the gap that the market wanted to be filled (Perner, 2010, p 1). Another example is the pay television service provider, Go TV. This is a new entrant into the market and it is promising their customers a greater experience at a relatively cheaper price than the already existing service providers. The fact that it is a new sensation in the market and the promise of a greater experience has created the positive attitude needed to attract the customers and indeed, it is working for the marketers. Kiss TV in Kenya is another example of a company which is employing this model to market itself. Being new in the market, it promises a greater programming, thus creating a positive attitude for its survival and prosperity in the cut throat competitive market. Viewers are more likely to want to sample the new programs which are bound to come with the new station. Therefore, their programs will also determine how successful they will be in retaining the views they will capture in the initial sampling by the viewers. Large System Model This is the model that contains sub-models of consumer choice characterized by a broad general structure of postulated interrelationships, which are usually verbal, with somewhat simplified formal model fit within this framework. Included in this model are, Amstutz; Farley and Ring’s linear realization of the Howard Sheth model; and Nicosia. There is more formal mathematical diversity in this model amongst the sub models than within the other model types. However, the major coherence for this model is in the comprehensiveness of the underlying conceptual system to which the model is a first approximation. These conceptual systems are all based on the results of linear experimental models used as data point for induction. In Amstutz’s consumer behaviour model, there is a detailed specification of individual decision processes which are aggregated. These processes include marketing factors, attitudes, media communication and word of mouth among others. This model is probabilistic. The Howard Sheth verbal theory of buyer behaviour represents a theoretical system which is also very complicated while Farley and Ring have developed eleven simultaneous regression equations as a first empirical test of the theory (Chetty, 2010, p 1). Therefore, the Farley and Ring’s model is a simple model developed within the Howard Sheth framework. Nicosia model is developed by first having a verbal and flow chart model based on four fields. There follows the development of a system of differential equations which variables represent the inputs and outputs of the four fields. Thus, the equations comprise a reduced formal model of the comprehensive scheme. The variables involved are buying behaviour, motivation, attitude and advertising. This model is determinative rather than probabilistic. This model is rather a hybrid of the other models and it is always used by the marketers to create the positive attitude among customers. An example of a company using this model is the Coca-Cola Company. This soft drink company observes the buying trends of the customers and provides what the customers consume most thus ensuring constant supply and creating a positive attitude. They have their sales agents meeting their customers, talking to them face to face to sample the customers’ experiences and expectations. Another example is the Samsung electronics company which has clinic days for its customers. They give free or subsidized services for all the electronics of Samsung brand thus creating positive attitude amongst the customers (Liu, 2000, p 1). Conclusion Various companies have excellently employed the study of customer behaviour to understand their customers and give them their required products. It has been shown that human beings tend to have positive attitude towards things which satisfy their needs. With the positive attitude, customers develop a sense of trust and loyalty towards the brands which satisfy their needs. This is important in determining the success of the brand in the market. These models are developed in consideration of four basic areas which are; the general world view espoused by the model builders, the type of data used and the method of collection, how the problem of heterogeneity (individual differences) and aggregation of individuals are handled and how the models are intended to be used. Reference List Chetty, P. 2010, ‘ Consumer behaviour models ’ Project guru: knowledge tank . Web. Dean, G. 2010, ‘ Understanding consumer attitudes ’, Marketography . Web. Donovan, R. 2007, ‘Consumer behaviour and decision models’, Social marketing: principles and practice’. Web. Gronroos, C. 2006, ‘Marketing theory’, SAGE journal: adopting a service logic for marketing . Web. Lancaster, G., ‘Buyer behaviour’, Marketing lectures . Web. Lehmann, D. 2009, ‘Buyer behaviour models and attributes models’, Association for consumer research . Web. Liu, Y. 2000, ‘ Acculturation and consumer behaviour: a theoretical model ’, Department of marketing, Rutgers University. Web. Perner, L 2010, ‘Consumer behaviour: the psychology of marketing’, USC Marshall, University of southern California . Web. Richarme, M. 2005, ‘Consumer decision making models, strategies and theories, oh my!’, Decision analyst: strategic research, analytics, modelling, optimization . Web.

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Write the original essay that provided the following summary when summarized: Consumer behavior refers to buying trends exhibited by consumers in all markets. Consumer behaviors are not static as they change with the market dynamics. The behavior of consumers may be influenced by several factors. For example, consumer behavior may be influenced by peer pressure where consumers tend to buy certain brands because their friends buy them. body Consumer behavior is the shifting of consumers buying trends from one brand to another. This means that market dynamics may change consumer perception towards given products. For example, consumers

Consumer behavior refers to buying trends exhibited by consumers in all markets. Consumer behaviors are not static as they change with the market dynamics. The behavior of consumers may be influenced by several factors. For example, consumer behavior may be influenced by peer pressure where consumers tend to buy certain brands because their friends buy them. body Consumer behavior is the shifting of consumers buying trends from one brand to another. This means that market dynamics may change consumer perception towards given products. For example, consumers

Consumer Behaviour Change Report Table of Contents 1. Introduction 2. Body 3. Conclusion 4. Works Cited Introduction Consumer behavior refers to buying trends exhibited by consumers in all markets. Consumer behaviors are not static as they change with the market dynamics. The behavior of consumers may be influenced by several factors. For example, consumer behavior may be influenced by peer pressure where consumers tend to buy certain brands because their friends buy them (Hatch and Taylor 57). Body Consumer behavior is the shifting of consumers buying trends from one brand to another. This means that market dynamics may change consumer perception towards given products. For example, consumers in Australia started shopping on Mondays as opposed to shopping all week round. This is affects stores since they have no one to purchase their products in the week. Consumers prefer shopping once in a week since its good for their planning Consumer behavior change can be caused by several factors in the market. For instance, consumers may be dissatisfied with the quality of products of one company. In search for brands with the best quality, they change their buying behavior from buying products of other companies, as opposed to the ones they are used to buying (Folsom and Boulware 87 ). Consumers are constantly taught how to plan their spending by depending on their budgeting whereby they purchase once in a week. Another change in consumer behavior is where men change their drinking habits to drinking beer during occasions only. This has great impacts on the manufacturers since revenue is affected by this trend. For example, in cases where companies used to make high sales throughout the year, then the change in behavior leads to reduced sales and revenue. Consumer behavior change impacts manufacturers of products in a great way. This means that consumers may shift their buying trends against the expectations of a manufacturer leading to loss (Stern and Ander 105). This leads to some products expiring while in the warehouses as demand decreases due to changes in consumer behavior. Secondly, manufacturers are forced to incur a lot of expenses in advertising their products in various stages of their life cycle. This may convince consumers to change their behaviors back hence returning the company’s profitability. Consumers in places affected by winter see customers changing habits from purchasing high quantities of food to store in their houses. This is as a result of changing quality of foods bought; the foods cannot stay for long time without going bad even when refrigerated (Lake 46). This divides consumers’ attention since they get a reminder of their loyal brand hence reducing the rate at which they change their buying behavior. They should be ready to observe all activities by their competitors that may be threatening their market share. Consumers in Africa changed from buying products in large quantities since they do not have storage facilities. This has much effect on the market since no one can predict what has to be bought by consumers. Companies should carry out research to find out how consumers behave and how they change their buying behaviors. They should be able to convince customers to change their behaviors in their favor. (Earls 94). Therefore, consumers need to be careful whenever making decisions on what to purchase to ensure that they use quality and standard products. Conclusion Marketers should make sure they understand consumer behaviors in order to sell their products to all people. Companies should have strategies to ensure that their products sell properly in the flexible market. This is to ensure they adjust to changing market dynamics. Works Cited Earls, Mark. Herd: How to Change Mass Behaviour by Harnessing Our True Nature , New York: John Wiley and Sons, 2009. Print. Folsom, Davis W, and Boulware Rick. Encyclopedia of American Business , London: Infobase Publishing, 2004. Print. Hatch, Steve, and Taylor Jim. Rigorous Magic: Communication Ideas and Their Application, New York: John Wiley & Sons, 2008. Print. Lake, Laura. Consumer Behavior for Dummies , New York: John Wiley & Sons, 2009. Print. Stern, Neil Z, and Ander Willard N. Greentailing and other revolutions in retail: hot ideas that are grabbing customer’s attention and raising profits, New York: John Wiley & Sons, 2008. Print.

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Write the original essay for the following summary: Social entrepreneurship is gaining popularity as new opportunities emerge in the changing societal trends. Social entrepreneurs are being awarded for their efforts to solve various pressing problems among the people.Social entrepreneurship is gaining popularity as new opportunities emerge in the changing societal trends. Social entrepreneurs are being awarded for their efforts to solve various pressing problems among the people.

Social entrepreneurship is gaining popularity as new opportunities emerge in the changing societal trends. Social entrepreneurs are being awarded for their efforts to solve various pressing problems among the people. Social entrepreneurship is gaining popularity as new opportunities emerge in the changing societal trends. Social entrepreneurs are being awarded for their efforts to solve various pressing problems among the people.

Contemporary Issues Facing Social Entrepreneurship Term Paper Over the recent years, social entrepreneurship has gained popularity, as new opportunities emerge in the changing societal trends. According to Bornstein (21), many organizations and individuals’ perceptions on socially-oriented ventures are changing significantly, as the need for social facilities increase with regard to the increasing globalization. Organizations are currently organizing for awards and other attractive awards for successful entrepreneurs who venture into the social sector to resolve eminent problems facing the society or a section of the society. For instance, Manhattan Institute Award (MIA) is one of the recently established organizations which awards social entrepreneurs who establish new ventures to solve various pressing problems among the people. As revealed by Trevis and Toyah (2), social entrepreneurship is currently taking a new form, where unique ventures are being established with regard to the changing needs of the contemporary global society. This paper will discuss the major key issues emerging in the social entrepreneurship with respect to the changing societal needs and preferences. As revealed by Trevis and Toyah (2), social entrepreneurship is expanding vastly both in the academic and business sectors. With the increasing globalization across nations, the need for increased literacy among the people has been increasing significantly. Particularly, many social organizations are being established to offer educational opportunities to the poor and orphaned children with an aim of developing literate future generations. For instance, in the year 2008, Fast Company was acknowledged Better World Books and Organization due to its efforts to address global illiteracies by giving book donations among schools in less developed countries. As reported by Bornstein (25), the framework of contemporary social entrepreneurship is largely embedded on the emerging global problems and calamities, with respect to the increasing globalization among nations. With the changing climatic conditions, there has been rising need for social entrepreneurship to integrate some elements of business. Since natural resources are declining significantly, most of the innovations in the business sector are seeking sustainability and efficiency in resources usage. On this basis, environmental management has become a very important area of consideration among businesses to facilitate sustainability in their production processes. As it revealed by Trevis and Toyah (4), dematerialization and value chain management are becoming the core areas of consideration among contemporary organizations in the social sector. For instance, World Vision is one of the contemporary social organizations creating awareness among organizations to facilitate sustainability and efficiency in resources management. As a result, many organizations in the industrial sector have been made aware of the basic ways to facilitate efficiency and sustainability in resources use to enhance better performance both in the short-run and the long-run. As noted by Bornstein (31), many social entrepreneurs are getting closely engaged to sustainability practices as a result of the many organizations creating awareness on the importance of proper resources utilization. For example, dematerialization has lately been revealed as one of the most effective strategies to facilitate sustainability in the process of environmental management. This practice dematerialization has been largely advocated by World Economic Forum among contemporary firms and corporations to facilitate efficient resources use. Since social entrepreneurial opportunities are geared towards the development of social welfare in all aspects, the currently threatening climatic change has facilitated the development of many social entrepreneurial organizations. As a result, many social problems brought by the prevalent social calamities are finding their solutions easier, since many organizations are being established to deal with such problems. According to Bornstein (39), innovative and creativity have been largely facilitated by the massive development of the social entrepreneurship. It is important to note that, contemporary social entrepreneurship is playing a very significant role in applying the new technology to create social welfare. As reported by Trevis and Toyah (3), social entrepreneurs are becoming significant innovators since their role as societal change agents have remained quite significant. With the world becoming more dynamic and closer through sophisticated information system, it has been easier for new inventions and innovations to reach the global society. For instance, new techniques of conserving the environment are being easily conveyed through the media by global environmental organizations. Particularly, effective environmental strategies through innovations and creative ways have easily been relayed to the global society to enhance sustainability. On this basis, social entrepreneurship has become more significant and effective with the advancement of the information systems, which enhances easy transmission of the information being relayed. Since most of social entrepreneurial opportunities require highly skilled human resources for effective performance. According to Trevis and Toyah (5), since many social entrepreneurs are volunteers; creation of effective social employees capable of creating social value has been an eminent issue. Particularly, to find employees with innate motives and capable of withstanding low income status for long has remained an eminent issue, as the cost of life gears up as a result of the global financial crisis. With the rise of social needs across the society, many social entrepreneurs have been faced with various challenges of managing complexity in the social needs. With the consideration of the increasing natural calamities, social entrepreneurs are faced with a challenge of coping with large number of rising needs from the society. This crisis has largely been attributed to poor internal governance among many organizations in the social entrepreneurship. Though social entrepreneurship has gained popularity in various fields due to it innovative and social venture there has been raising need and concern over its performance. According to Bornstein (47), many organizations in the social entrepreneurship are facing management problems of the funds they get from donors to facilitate their operations. Most organizations have been found to be having the problem of low financial sustainability due to various anomalies done by the executives. This has weakened the financial system of these non-profit organizations, making them more susceptible to employee lay-offs. Most of the financial resources are inadequately managed with less regard on self sustainability. As a result, most of the anticipated projects end being supplemented with external resources. The inability of the management in many of the non-governmental organizations has resulted into unnecessary procurement of funds allocated to other future projects. The governing bodies in most of the contemporary organizations in social entrepreneurship sector have been found to be ineffective, especially in achieving their set goals. Since most of the activities done by these organizations are poorly done, many of the anticipated objectives and goals are not achieved. As it has been revealed, the top executives conduct themselves poorly, since no action can be taken on them. In most cases, meeting schedules are prepared, but none of them take place in actual sense. As a result, most of the activities are poorly governed, resulting into a high degree of inefficiency in the entire organization. This forms a basis for the lack of coordination of the various departments among many these organizations, resulting into incoherence in the ultimate performance of most of these organizations (Bornstein 45). In many non-profit-oriented organizations, most of the activities and time are poorly managed; since they often drift out of the laid rules. Job security among the employees is weak, which renders them inefficient in their operations. It is important to note that, job security acts as motivating agent to the employees Ankara (1). On this basis, therefore, the poor institutional management in many of these has been found to impact a lot in their overall efficiency. More so, the high levels of employee inefficiency have been attributed to the high tendency of employee attrition as a result of poor institutional management. This has been one of the main problems which have led to constraints in the funding of the non-profit organizations. Conclusion With the current world becoming highly dynamic, social entrepreneurship has largely been established with an aim of finding solution to the diverse problems facing humanity today. As the society becoming more globalized, social entrepreneurship has been taking new shapes, in which integration of elements of business and volunteership has been advocated among the contemporary organizations. This has been observed in many corporations that have been engaging in corporate social responsibility to facilitate coherence with the society. However, high degree of poor governance and lack of accountability has been observed in most of the contemporary organizations in the social entrepreneurship sector. Through innovation on social welfare, the currently experienced high level of information technology can be attributed to the increasing social networking, which is helping largely in communicating sustainability information on management and resources use. Works Cited Ankara, Jackson. Organizational Problems of Non-Governmental Organizations. March 23, 2010. Web. Bornstein, David. How to Change the World: Social Entrepreneurs and the Power of New Ideas. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2004. Trevis, Certo, and Toyah, Miller. Social Entrepreneurship: Key Issues and Concepts. 2008. Web.

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Convert the following summary back into the original text: Contrast-Enhanced Ultrasound in Focal Liver Lesions is a critical writing that discusses the use of contrast-enhanced ultrasonography in the diagnosis of focal liver lesions. The paper reviews the current literature on the topic and discusses the advantages and disadvantages of the technique. It concludes by highlighting some of the potential future applications of the technique.Contrast-Enhanced Ultrasound in Focal Liver Lesions is a critical writing that discusses the use of contrast-enhanced ultrasonography in the diagnosis of focal liver lesions. The paper reviews the current literature on the topic and discusses the advantages and disadvantages of the technique. It concludes by highlighting some of the potential future applications of the technique.

Contrast-Enhanced Ultrasound in Focal Liver Lesions is a critical writing that discusses the use of contrast-enhanced ultrasonography in the diagnosis of focal liver lesions. The paper reviews the current literature on the topic and discusses the advantages and disadvantages of the technique. It concludes by highlighting some of the potential future applications of the technique. Contrast-Enhanced Ultrasound in Focal Liver Lesions is a critical writing that discusses the use of contrast-enhanced ultrasonography in the diagnosis of focal liver lesions. The paper reviews the current literature on the topic and discusses the advantages and disadvantages of the technique. It concludes by highlighting some of the potential future applications of the technique.

Contrast-Enhanced Ultrasound in Focal Liver Lesions Essay (Critical Writing) Table of Contents 1. Introduction 2. Contrast‐Enhanced Ultrasound of Benign Focal Lesions 3. Contrast‐Enhanced Ultrasound of Malignant Lesions 4. Contrast‐Enhanced Ultrasound of Traumatic Lesions 5. Contrast Enhanced Ultrasound Guided Percutaneous Biopsy 6. Merits of Contrast Enhanced Ultrasound 7. Demerits of Contrast Enhanced Ultrasound And Their Solutions 8. Conclusion 9. List of References Introduction Contrast-enhanced ultrasound (CEUS) is now gaining popularity as a key a tool for demonstration and detection of focal liver lesions. It has replaced the normal medical ultrasound as an imaging technique. A normal medical ultrasound as an imaging technique has generally been the gold standard diagnostic imaging technique for the liver across the world. Its pros lie in its affordability and availability. However, one of its major pitfalls is its reliability in demonstrating focal lesions despite the advent of Doppler. This has often been a major challenge because of the grey scale appearances of the sonograms causing blurring patterns. Small lesions with diameters >1cm and iso-echoic lesions too pose great difficulty in this diagnostic modality. The sensitivity is poor with a false-negative rate of > 50 % (Wernecke et al 1991, p. 731). In addition, inaccessibility to the eighth of the liver is a major setback in detecting lesions in the segment. With the advent of Doppler ultrasound, more insight in the diagnosis of liver lesions has been added by the use of the arterial patterns whose abnormality may be characteristic of certain pathology e.g. the spoke wheel pattern observed in focal nodular hyperplasia. Contrast enhanced ultrasound involves intravenous injection of contrast media (microbubbles) prior to the ultrasound procedure. The microbubbles remain in the systemic circulation for a given duration of time during which ultrasonic waves are directed to the anatomic site of organ pathology. An echo is then reflected by the microbubbles which are then converted into contrast-enhanced image by the ultrasound system. The operator needs to familiarize himself with the ultrasound equipment and its ‘contrast’ settings, which is dependant on the type of machine. The contrast agent is prepared according to instructions provided. 20 ml of normal saline should be given following the administration of the contrast. An intravenous cannula is placed away from the side of ultrasound examination. A stop-watch in the machine is used for accurate interpretation of the phase of imaging (Arterial, venous and late phases). Scanning is then done for a period of at least 5 minutes. The examination may be video recorded for later review. Still images are also taken at points to help highlight the pathology. Some focal lesions in the liver not demonstrable on ultrasound may not be suitable for demonstration with contrast agents. Small lesions <1 cm, may be difficult to characterize especially when deep within parenchyma, generally.However, liver metastases, even those < 0.5 cm, are normally demonstrated using slow infusions through the liver in the later portal-venous phase or the late phase. The characterization of focal liver lesions forms a key element in the majority of radiological practices. Although the normal medical ultrasound imaging is useful for the identification of focal liver lesions, accurate demonstration and characterization of a lesion is often difficult even with the use of colour Doppler (Nino-Murcia et al., 1992, p. 1195). Microbubble contrast enhanced ultrasound (CEUS) has proven diagnostic accuracy in focal liver lesions (Bleuzen et al., 2006, p. 40). It can also be used to augment other imaging modalities like plain abdominal X-ray, contrast enhanced ultrasound guided percutaneous biopsy and B-mode ultrasound. It does not use ionizing radiation and is non-invasive unlike angiography or biopsy. It is well tolerated, affordable and relatively time efficient. LIVER LESION Sensitivity Specificity Haemangioma 88.9% 100% Focal nodular hyperplasia 83% 98% Liver abscess 66.7% 95% Liver metastasis 77.3–90% 100% Hepatocellular carcinoma 94.1% 93.2% Cholangiocarcinoma 57.1% 100% Table 1: The quoted sensitivity and specificity for the detection and demonstration of some common liver lesions using microbubble contrast (Source: Berry & Sidhu 2004, p. 96). The contrast agents used consist of gas-containing microbubbles in a shell. The shell is made of a carbohydrate or protein (albumin) and measures around 10 m m in diameter. Once injected, the microbubbles greatly increase the back scatter because of their resonant frequency which falls within the range of the medical ultrasound (Harvey et al., 2001, p. 675). This literature review looks at the applications of contrast-enhanced ultrasound in the demonstration and characterization of focal liver lesions. Benign, malignant and traumatic focal lesions of the liver have been cited with specific characteristics that define their pathology in the contrast enhanced ultrasound. It also describes the use of contrast enhanced ultrasound guided percutaneous biopsy that has improved the precision and accuracy in the histological diagnosis of focal liver lesions. In addition, the review points out the major gains made by the advent of CEUS, its demerits and their possible solutions. Contrast‐Enhanced Ultrasound of Benign Focal Lesions Focal liver benign lesions that can be detected by Contrast Enhanced Ultrasound include Hepatic cysts which occur in up to 18% of patients in a study by Bleuzen and Tranquart (2004). They are frequently due to a developmental anomaly of the bile ducts. They pose little clinical significance and appear as well defined hypo-reflective regions on ultrasound. Differential diagnosis of such a lesion would be a small haemangioma. The use of contrast reveals hypo-enhancing throughout all phases in a simple cyst unlike what is seen in a haemangioma. All the Arterial, Venous and Late phases show iso-enhancing on CEUS. Focal fatty infiltrations may occur primarily or may be secondary to Budd–Chiari syndrome, portal vein thrombosis or Porto-arterial shunts. They are demonstrated as focal areas of reduced reflectivity or discrete areas of hyper-reflectivity on ultrasound. This could appear like malignant liver lesion. They however have a geometric pattern of appearance, normal vascularity and proximity to the portal vein. CEUS shows such lesions to be iso-enhancing with the surrounding parenchyma. All the phases (Arterial, Venous and Late phases) show iso-enhancing. Haemangiomas are second to benign cysts as the most common benign liver neoplasm. They occur in up to 20% in an autopsy series described by Karhunen (1986). It appears on histology as vascular spaces and endothelial lines. On Contrast Enhanced Ultrasound, the Arterial phase shows peripheral hyper-enhancement and central non-enhancement. The Venous phase has complete or increased peripheral hyper-enhancement depending on the size of lesion. The Late phase is iso-enhancing. Haemangiomas appear as homogeneous hyper-reflective lesions with well-defined borders on B-mode imaging. It may occasionally show central heterogeneity. The early Arterial phase imaging shows a progressive peripheral nodular hyper enhancement pattern similar to that seen with contrast CT or MRI imaging. This is however in real time unlike in CT and MRI imaging. Regenerative nodules occur equally in men and women. Histology shows normal appearing hepatocytes and Kupffer cells within the nodules. The nodules range in size with some too small to be detected with radiological techniques and others with diameters >10 cm. Contrast enhanced ultrasound reveals regenerative nodules as hypo- or isoreflective lesions. They may have occasional hypo-reflective centres due to haemorrhage. Differential diagnoses for such lesions are hepatocellular carcinoma and metastasis from other sites (Dietrich et al., 2006, p. 1699). The arterial phase is hyper-enhancing whereas the venous phase and late phase are iso-enhancing. Liver Abscesses are also among the frequent focal lesions on the liver. Individual liver abscesses differ in their appearances on B-mode ultrasound appearance. In contrast enhanced ultrasound, the arterial phase shows a hyper-enhancing rim with a low reflecting area centrally. The venous phase demonstrates hyper- or iso-enhancing rim that is also low reflective centrally. The late phase shows an iso-reflective rim to surrounding parenchyma with a low reflective central area. Their appearance also changes with time as the contents mature. Solid contents have increased reflectivity and may be confused with a wide range of focal liver lesions. Contrast enhanced ultrasound demonstrates peripheral rim enhancement and vascularity within septae whenever present. In the vicinity of the abscess, parenchymal hypo-perfusion is demonstrated in the venous phase (Catalano et al., 2004 p. 447). Hepatocellular adenoma is much less common in men than women (ratio 9: 1). The risk factors to its occurrence include anabolic steroid and oral contraceptive use. Histology shows normal hepatocytes, bile duct elements and connective tissue. It is however devoid of portal vessels. Contrast Enhanced Ultrasound imaging reveals well-defined iso- or hyper-reflective single or multiple lesions with a capsule. The arterial phase is hyper-enhancing whereas the venous and late phases are iso-enhancing. The main differential diagnosis is focal nodular hyperplasia (FNH). Differentiating between the two has been shown with the use of Contrast enhanced ultrasound (Dietrich et al., 2005, p. 705). Arterial phase imaging shows hyper enhancement of the capsule and central component. Areas of necrosis or haemorrhage may show hypo-enhancement centrally. The same pattern persists in the venous phase. These differ from focal nodular hyperplasia, which appears hyper-enhanced through to the early venous phase with a central feeding artery, and lack a capsule. Focal nodular hyperplasia (FNH ) has a less aggressive course than hepatocellular adenoma, which may complicate with haemorrhage. Histology shows nodules of hepatocytes and Kupffer cells separated by fibrous tissue with vessels and bile ducts radiating from a central scar. In CEUS, the arterial and venous phases have rapid hyper-enhancement whereas the late phase could be hyper or iso-enhancing. FNH lacks a capsule, commonly isolated and difficult to distinguish from the normal surrounding liver parenchyma on B-mode imaging. Highly vascular FNH is demonstrable on colour Doppler imaging. Quantitative analysis of contrast-enhanced images has shown a feeding artery that is a useful indicator when differentiating focal nodular hyperplasia from other hypervascular lesions (Huang-Wei et al., 2006, p. 363). Contrast‐Enhanced Ultrasound of Malignant Lesions In a prospective study to investigate the ability of contrast-enhanced sonography (CEUS) to differentiate between benign and malignant focal liver lesions, 317 patients (204 males, 113 females, aged 12- 59 years) with focal liver lesions detected by B-mode grey-scale sonography were identified. After intravenous injection of contrast, the liver was examined by CEUS. The final diagnosis was then established by histopathology, CT, MRI, or HIDA-scintigraphy. Results showed that the CEUS diagnosis had a sensitivity of 90%, a specificity of 99%, and an accuracy of 89% in the diagnosis of malignant liver lesions. It was therefore concluded that CEUS is helpful in the differentiation between benign and malignant focal liver lesions (VonHerbay, et al., 2010, p. 1). Liver metastases are the most common liver malignancies. According to Wernecke (1991) up to 25-50% of patients with a non-haematological malignancy have liver metastases. The sensitivity of normal ultrasound for liver metastases is relatively low (53%–77%)) which is inferior to other imaging techniques like computer tomography (CT) and magnetic resonance (MR) imaging ( Dietrich et al., 2006, p. 1699). Early detection of liver metastases is paramount for establishing management plan that determines the prognosis. This is made possible by the use of CUES. Hypo-vascular metastases are from primary tumours the Gastrointestinal tract, pancreas and lung. The lesions are hypo-reflective on CEUS with internal heterogeneity whenever they have foci of calcification. CEUS has been shown to improve the demonstration of these lesions (Albrecht et al., 2004 p. 25). As a result, some suggest that CEUS should be a routine assessment in patients with suspected hepatic metastases. CEUS demonstrates arterial phase peripheral rim hyper-enhancement with central hypo-enhancement. The arterial phase shows rim enhancement or iso-enhancement with possible non-enhancing in areas of necrosis. The venous and late phases demonstrate hypo-enhancement. Hyper-vascular metastases include metastasis from melanoma, neuro-endocrine, tumours, breast carcinoma and renal cell carcinoma. On CEUS, the arterial phase shows hyper-enhancing. The venous phase has hypo-enhancing whereas the late phase may be hypo enhancing or non-enhancing. Vascularity is best appreciated in the arterial phase where it shows hyper-enhancement of the lesion with focal areas of necrosis that appear as areas of hypo-enhancement (Albrecht et al., 2004, p. 25). Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is associated with hepatitis C with its incidence rising across the world. Early detection is the key to its management that include resection or liver transplantation. According to Patel (2005) an attempt to use of CEUS as part of HCC screening programmes has been problematic. The arterial phase shows hyper-enhancing with focal areas of non-enhancement in necrotic areas. The venous phase has iso-enhancing or slight-enhancement whereas the late phase is hypo-enhancing. Small lesions appear as well-defined hypo-reflective lesions while larger lesions may be either hypo- or hyper-reflective. There has been difficulty in differentiating HCC from the surrounding liver parenchyma and regenerative nodules within an attenuating cirrhotic liver (Berry et al., 2004, p.96). CEUS assists by showing intense arterial enhancement in up to 90% of the cases (Nicolau et al., 2004, p. 63). Subsequent phases of imaging demonstrate iso- or hypo-enhancing with the surrounding parenchyma. According to Nicolau (2004) the degree of cellular differentiation of the tumour is related to the variability in the later phases of imaging with the iso-enhancing lesions being more highly differentiated. Cholangiocarcinoma may either be intra- or extra-hepatic. Majority arise at the bifurcation of the hepatic ducts. In CEUS, the arterial phase shows rim enhancement or non-enhancement. The venous and late phases are non-enhancing. The tumour secondary effects which include intra-hepatic bile duct dilatation and enlarged regional lymph nodes are appreciated. Identification is often challenging. This is a factor in its low survival rate which is 5% at 5 years. Available data suggests that up to 44.4% of peripheral cholangiocarcinomas show rim hyper-enhancement in the arterial phase and demonstrate hypo-enhancement in subsequent phases (Xu et al., 2006, p. 23). Hepatic lymphoma is of two causes: primary and secondary. Secondary lymphomas are more common occurring in up to 50% of patients with systemic lymphoma. They can also be diffuse infiltrating masses, single or multiple masses. The imaging findings are often non-contributory in the diffuse infiltrating type. The arterial phase shows both iso-enhancement and hypo-enhancement whereas the venous phase and the late phase demonstrate hypo-enhancement. Multiple and focal lymphoma nodules are hypo-reflective on B-mode imaging. There is a great improvement in the appearance of these lesions in CEUS in the venous and late phases. Contrast‐Enhanced Ultrasound of Traumatic Lesions The usefulness of CEUS in trauma management has been proven recently in several studies. CEUS has proved useful in detecting and demonstration of different kinds of solid organ injuries including the liver. Several studies show that it is superior to the normal ultrasound in liver trauma cases because parenchymal lacerations, hematomas and infractions have no enhancement because of lack blood supply. On CEUS, they appear as dark areas with no echogenicity. Active hemorrhage can be also be visualized by CEUS. This is vital to ensure hemodynamic stability is achieved by identifying and arresting the site in unstable patients. The accuracy of CEUS in trauma has sensitivities ranging from 69%‐100% and specificities ranging from 84%‐100% (Miele, et al., 2004). According to trauma guidelines, the ideal patients in the trauma are patients with isolated parenchymal trauma, those not able to undergo CT for injury evaluation for several reasons and those in follow‐up after trauma. Contrast Enhanced Ultrasound Guided Percutaneous Biopsy In this case, CEUS is being used as an augmentative investigation to achieve more accuracy and precision in percutaneous biopsy of focal liver lesions. Tumour histology may at times be necessary in patients suffering from advanced focal liver lesions. This is also a necessary procedure before initiating proper treatment like chemotherapy. In such scenario, histological data is the basis of the diagnosis and is obtained through percutaneous needle biopsy. With contrast enhanced ultrasound guidance, the accuracy of diagnosis of these lesions has been increased. In a study published in 2006 it was shown that when using CEUS the diagnostic accuracy of percutaneous biopsy in the diagnosis of benign and malignant liver tumours, the diagnostic accuracy increased from 87% to 95.3%. The accuracy was even greater in lesions < 2 cm 97.1% compared to 78.8% (Wu et al., 2006, p. 752). The potential added value of CEUS as an aid in percutaneous liver biopsy may also be related to: 1. Directing the needle in the tumour-affected areas with precision in cases of patchy involvement. 2. The target lesions could be hardly visible for example, small nodules of Hepatocellular carcinoma on cirrhosis. 3. Avoiding iatrogenic injury to surrounding organs and structures e.g. the hepatic artery and inferior vena cava that may lead to massive haemorrhage. Merits of Contrast Enhanced Ultrasound The advent of Contrast-enhanced ultrasound (CEUS) has led to a revolution in the detection of malignant lesions against the enhanced normal liver. It has also enabled the visualization of the circulation in larger vessels, capillary and sinusoids as they are imaged in real-time. This has helped overcome the limitations that earlier disadvantaged the ultrasonography thereby improving the ability to demonstrate focal liver lesions. The sensitivity and specificity of Contrast-enhanced ultrasound (CEUS) now almost equals that of contrast computed tomography (CT) and magnetic resonance imaging (Catala et al., 2007, p. 1066). According to a report by David Cosgrove of the Imperial College School of Medicine and Hammersmith Hospital, London in 2007, “CEUS has similar sensitivity to contrast-enhanced CT for liver metastases and for HCC, and the same applies in the differential diagnosis of benign focal lesions.” The total body water makes the body acoustically homogeneous with respect to the conventional ultrasound waves. The body too has similar echogenicity between blood and surrounding tissues making it difficult to clearly demonstrate and determine the rate and degree of blood flow using the normal medical ultrasound. CEUS imaging allows real-time evaluation of blood flow thus helping to differentiate between blood and the surrounding tissues. Ultrasonic molecular imaging does not involve the use of radiation exposure making it safer than modalities like radionuclide imaging and X-rays. It is also not nephrotoxic which has been described in other contrast media. Other molecular imaging modalities like Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), Positron emission tomography (PET), and Single photon emission computed tomography (SPECT) are costly. This is relatively cheaper in the case in CEUS when compared to MRI, PET and SPECT. The conventional ultrasound, on the other hand, is very cost-efficient and widely available CEUS uses a lower intravenous contrast dosage. This is because microbubbles generate strong signals. Only micrograms are needed as compared to milligrams that are needed for other molecular imaging modalities e.g. contrast MRI. This minimizes toxicity as the exposure dose is low. Demerits of Contrast Enhanced Ultrasound And Their Solutions Contrast-enhanced ultrasound is considered to be costly and time consuming when compared to the conventional ultrasound. It is however more costly and time consuming in the case of contrast-enhanced MRI. The costs for attached to the contrast used can be reduced by using a continuous infusion or by using one half of a vial. The software and examination costs associated with ultrasound are 30% to 50% lower than those of MRI. More costs are also incurred in the training of personnel required for their use. Microbubbles have a short half-life. This is because they are taken up by immune system cells and the liver or spleen even when coated with Polyethylglycol. Contrast enhanced ultrasound generates more heat as the frequency increases and therefore needs careful monitoring. Microbubbles also burst at high mechanical indices and low ultrasound frequencies. Microvasculature rupture and haemolysis could result from microbubble destruction (Klibanov, 2005). In view of this manufacturers are now developing low mechanical index ultrasound imaging techniques. CEUS has some limitations that are similar to standard ultrasound. Obese and uncooperative patients present a poor acoustic window that affects the clarity with which organs are discerned. The method is also operator dependent which influences the accuracy of diagnosis. Conclusion In the management of suspected focal hepatic lesions, Contrast enhanced ultrasound should be employed as part of the necessary investigations to enhance the accuracy in detection and characterization of focal hepatic lesions. It is more sensitive and specific than the conventional ultrasound in the detection of focal liver lesions (Bleuzen et al., 2006, p. 40). Despite CEUS examination having almost similar accuracy to contrast CT and MRI, it is a non-radiant method, non-nephrotoxic and less costly. The operator however needs to appreciate standard CEUS appearances and utilise them the best advantage to increase its accuracy. In cases where histology is mandatory, contrast enhanced ultrasound guide percutaneous biopsy can be used to increase the precision and accuracy in sampling the focal lesions in the liver. List of References Albrecht, T, Hohmann, J, Oldenburg, A, Skork, J & Wolf, J 2004, Detection and characterisation of liver metastases, European Radiology Supplements , vol. 14, no. 1, pp. 25-33. Berry, D & Sidhu, S 2004, Microbubble contrast-enhanced ultrasound in liver transplantation, European Radiology Supplements , vol. 14, no. 1, pp.96-103. Bleuzen, A, Huang, C, Olar, M, Tchuenbou, J & Tranquart, F 2006, Diagnostic accuracy of contrast-enhanced ultrasound in focal lesions of the liver using cadence contrast pulse sequencing, Ultraschall Med , vol.27 no. 1, pp. 40-48. Bleuzen, A & Tranquart, F 2004, Incidental liver lesions: Diagnostic value of cadence contrast pulse sequencing (CPS) and SonoVue, European Radiology Supplements , vol. 14, no.3, pp.53-62. Catala, V, Nicolau, C & Vilana, R 2007, Characterization of focal liver lesions: Comparative study of contrast-enhanced ultrasound versus spiral computed tomography, European Journal of Radiology , vol.17, pp.1066-1073. Catalano, O, Sandomenico, F, Raso, M & Siani, A 2004, Low Mechanical Index contrast-enhanced sonographic findings of pyogenic hepatic abscesses, American Journal of Roentgenology , Vol. 182, no. 1, pp.447-450. Cosgrove, D 2007, Contrast-enhanced Ultrasound in Focal Liver Lesions– Guidelines for Clinicians, European Gastroenterology Review, pp. 34-36 Dietrich, F, Kratzer, W & Strobe, D 2006, Assessment of metastatic liver disease in patients with primary extrahepatic tumours by contrast-enhanced sonography versus CT and MRI, World Journal of Gastroenterology , vol.12, no.1, pp.1699-1705. Dietrich, F, Schuessler, G, Trojan, J, Fellbaum, C & Ignee, A 2005, Differentiation of focal nodular hyperplasia and hepatocellular adenoma by contrast-enhanced ultrasound, British Journal of Radiology , vol. 78, no.1, pp.704-707. Hagspiel, D, Neidl, F & Eichenberger, C 1995, Detection of liver metastases: Comparison of super paramagnetic iron oxide enhanced and unenhanced MR imaging at 1.5 T with dynamic CT, intraoperative US, and percutaneous US, American Journal of Roentgenology, vol. 196, no. 16, pp.47-48. Huang-Wei, C, Bleuzen, A & Bourlier, P 2006, Differential diagnosis of focal nodular hyperplasia with quantitative parametric analysis in contrast-enhanced sonography, Investigative Radiology Journal vol. 41, no. 1, pp. 363-368. Karhunen, J 1986, Benign hepatic tumours and tumour like conditions in men, Journal of Clinical Pathology , vol.39, no. 1, pp.183-188. Klibanov, L. 2005, Ligand-carrying gas-filled microbubbles: Ultrasound contrast agents for targeted molecular imaging, Journal of Bioconjugate Chemistry, vol. 16 no. 1, pp.9-17. Miele, V, Buffa, V, Stasolla, A, Regine, G, Atzori, M, Lalongo, P & Adami, L 2004, Contrast enhanced ultrasound with second generation contrast agent in traumatic liver lesions, Journal of Radiology, vol. 108 no. 2 pp. 82-91. Nicolau, C, Vilana, R & Bru, C 2004, The use of contrast-enhanced ultrasound in the management of the cirrhotic patient and for the detection of HCC , European Radiology Supplements , vol. 14, no. 1, pp.63-71. Nino-Murcia, M, Ralls, W, Jeffrey, B & Johnson M 1992, Colour flow Doppler characterization of focal hepatic lesions, American Journal of Roentgenology , vol. 159, no.1, pp.1195-1197. Patel, N, Lim, P, Blomley, K, Sidhu, S & Taylor-Robinson, D 2005, Screening for hepatocellular carcinoma: The role of alpha fetoprotein and ultrasound with and without ultrasound contrast agents, Ultrasound Research Medical Journal , vol. 13, no. 4, pp.219-225. Von Herbay, A, Westendorff, J & Gregor, M, 2010, Contrast-enhanced ultrasound with SonoVue: Differentiation between benign and malignant focal liver lesions in 317 patients, Journal of clinical ultrasound , vol. 38, no.1, pp.1-9. Wernecke, K, Rummeny, E & Bongartz G 1991, Detection of hepatic masses in patients with carcinoma: Comparative sensitivities of sonography, CT, and MR imaging, American Journal of Roentgenology, vol. 157, no.7, pp. 731-739. Wu, W, Chen, H & Yin, S 2006, The role of contrast-enhanced sonography of focal liver lesions before percutaneous biopsy, American Journal of Roentgenology , vol. 187 no.1 pp. 752-776. Xu, H, Lu, D & Li, J 2006, Imaging of peripheral cholangiocarcinoma with low-mechanical index contrast-enhanced sonography and SonoVue: Initial experience, Journal of clinical ultrasound , vol. 25, no.1, pp. 23-33.

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Write a essay that could've provided the following summary: Ancient Great Thinkers to the Growth and Development of Psychology EssayIn this essay, the author explores the personalistic and naturalistic contributions of different theorists who represent various phases of psychological history. The author ultimately evaluates personalistic and naturalistic views of psychological history.

Ancient Great Thinkers to the Growth and Development of Psychology Essay In this essay, the author explores the personalistic and naturalistic contributions of different theorists who represent various phases of psychological history. The author ultimately evaluates personalistic and naturalistic views of psychological history.

Contribution Ancient Great Thinkers to the Growth and Development of Psychology Essay Table of Contents 1. Introduction 2. Philosophical Antecedents to Psychology 3. Early Physiological and Experimental psychology 4. Applied psychology and Behaviorism 5. Psychoanalytic Movement 6. Contemporary Movement 7. Summary 8. Conclusion 9. References Introduction Psychology evolved from ancient civilization of Greeks, Chinese, Egyptians, Indians, and Arabs, among other ancient great thinkers who made significant contribution to the development of psychology over the centuries. Psychology developed from various fields of knowledge such as philosophy, sociology, biology, physiology, anthropology, and other related disciplines because it interfaces widely with diverse disciplines. Until 1879, psychology was a dependent discipline, which formed part of ancient philosophy and it evolved to due to emergence of empirical scientific skills that enhanced research and validation of psychological theories. Since psychology is the study of mental processes and human behaviors, it was challenging and complex for the ancient psychologists to design experiments that would empirically demonstrate psychology of human beings. Hunt admits that “studying the behaviors of humans is more complicated because of the influence of extraneous variables that are difficult to control. Oftentimes it requires researchers to make inferences or interpretation because the data is comparatively less clear-cut” (2006, p.12). The emergence of scientific skills and their application in various fields of knowledge led to the development of psychology as an independent field from philosophy. To explore history of psychology, this essay examines personalistic and naturalistic contributions of different theorists who represent various phases of psychological history such as philosophical antecedent, early physiological experiment, applied behaviorism, psychoanalytic movement, and contemporary movement, and ultimately evaluate personalistic and naturalistic views of psychological history. Philosophical Antecedents to Psychology Before the development of empirical scientific skills in the late 19 th century, psychology was an integral part of philosophy since great philosophers used rational introspective of human behaviors to understand the nature of human beings. Since philosophical ideologies questioned human mind and behavior, it provided a basis for the psychologists and physiologists to elucidate human mind and behavior according to their respective perceptions. Ancient great thinkers employed philosophy and physiology in the study of human mind and behaviors. According to Griffiths, philosophy entails introspection of mental processes because “through a process of self-questioning and asking others questions; philosophers have attempted to unravel how we think, how we learn, how we gain knowledge and how we use our experiences” (2007, p.5). On the other hand, physiology involved the study of human body to unravel complex processes of the body relative to health. Then, the relationship between the mind and the body perplexed ancient philosophers and this led to the development of psychology as an independent field of knowledge that considers both philosophy of the mind and physiology of the body. Hippocrates (460-377 B.C.), an ancient philosopher, examined human life and argued that the mind and the body have intricate connection because the mind has the ability to control the body. Plato (427-347B.C.) argued that the mind and the body are two distinct components of a person that interact effectively in bringing about human behavior. Plato believed that human beings gain knowledge through introspection rather than through observation; hence, he formed the foundation for rationalism. Aristotle (348-322 B.C.), a student of Plato contested that the mind and the body are not different entities of a human being, as he believed that physiological study of the body through observation is critical in understanding how the mind functions, thus his argument formed foundation for empiricism. Based on philosophical work of Plato and Aristotle, rationalism and empiricism are respective two approaches of psychology that emerged. Nadel (2008) argues that “a rationalist believes that the route to knowledge is through logical analysis while an empiricist believes that we acquire knowledge via empirical evidence, that is, we obtain evidence through experience and observation” (p.54). Thus, rationalism and empiricism are significant approaches of modern psychology that originated from philosophical ideologies of human nature. During 16 th and 17 th , rationalism and empiricism became prominent when more philosophers formulated psychological theories that explain human mind and behavior. Rene Descartes (1596-1550), a great thinker of this period supported rationalism arguing that the mind and the body are distinct components of a human being that mutually interact and determine the behavior of a person. He believed that human beings have cognitive abilities that differentiate them from animals. On the other hand, John Locke believed that the mind and the body are one and that they interact equally. He perceived that mutual coexistence of the body and mind is imperative for the development of human behavior because the body can sense various stimuli from the environment and the mind too process sensed information for the body to respond appropriately to diverse environmental conditions. Immanuel Kant (1724-1804), agreed with both rationalism and empiricism views arguing that they are essential in psychological study of mind and human behaviors. The philosophical issue of the mind and the body complicated philosophical studies of the nature of human beings that resulted in formulation of diverse theories. Hunt argues that “the issues confronted by philosophers, physicians, and psychologists are so intertwined that when psychology was starting out as a field of study in the late 1800s, it was viewed by some as a branch of philosophy” (2006, p.18). Ultimately, psychology emerged and became independent from philosophy as the science of mind and human behavior. During the earliest period of psychological evolution, philosophers differed in defining the relationship between the mind and the body. Rationalists believed that the mind and the body are separate and distinct components of a human being and thus, psychological study should have its basis through introspection of the mind by rational analysis. However, Rene Desecrates resolved the philosophical problem of the mind and body by arguing that they are distinct components of a person, hence rationalism formed the basis of ancient psychology and is equally central to modern psychology (Watson, 2008, p.9). Descartes’ beliefs did set the stage for the development of empirical psychology. Since the problem of mind and body dominated the minds of many great philosophers, naturalistic approach best explains contribution of Rene Desecrates in the ancient period. Philosophers like Hippocrates, Aristotle, Plato, John Locke, and Immanuel Kant contributed to the emergence and evolution of psychology during the ancient times. The philosophers discovered that the mind and the body are entities that interact in the body, which resulted into rationalism and empiricism study of psychology. Early Physiological and Experimental psychology Wilhelm Wundt (1832-1920), a German philosopher and psychologist, came up with early physiological and experimental psychology that has become the basis of modern empirical study of psychology. He dedicated his studies to carrying out physiological experiments for he intended to unravel the mystery behind structure of the mind. Wundt believed in the structural perception of human mind. Hence his studies focused on structuralism theory in contrast with functionalism theory that elucidates human mind from functional point of view. According to Marr, “Structuralism seeks to understand the structure and configuration of elements of the mind and its perceptions by analyzing those perceptions into their constituent components” (2008, p.56). Wundt assumed that physiological and psychological processes of a person interact in the body resulting into development of behavior. He became the father of experimental psychology since he established scientific laboratory where he conducted psychological experiments. He further designed various models of experiments so that he would detect how human senses coordinate with mental structures bringing out certain responses. Wilhelm Wundt revolutionized psychology because he was the first to apply empirical scientific skills in the study of psychology. Due to his experiments, psychology gained enough footing and became independent field of knowledge with significant empirical evidences to support its theories that were earlier incredible. Wilhelm Wundt believed that behavior of a person depends on the interaction of physiological and psychological elements. “Physiological psychology was concerned with the process of excitations from stimulation of the sense organs, through sensory neurons to the lower and higher brain centers, and from these centers to the muscles” (Nadel, 2008, p.58). The physiological psychology provided an empirical perspective of studying psychology since earlier studies viewed psychology from philosophical point of view and applied philosophical ideologies and theories in the understanding of human mind and behaviors. According to the physiological and experimental psychology, Wilhelm Wundt assumed that physiological processes of senses could give significant information concerning the functioning of the brain. He designed novel experiments in the laboratory, which focused in establishing the relationship between the mind and the body through physiological actions of nerves. The experiment gave robust findings that led to the development of structural theory of psychology that posits that mental and physiological structures interact effectively in the body and are responsible for the development of human behavior. Wilhelm Wundt employed introspection as one of the method of analyzing the relationship between the mind and the body through physiological mechanism of the body. “Although Wundt’s method of introspection did not remain a fundamental tool of psychological experimentation past the early 1920s, his greatest contribution was to show that psychology could be a valid experimental science,” (Wilson & Keil, 2007, p.60). Thus, Wilhelm Wundt did not only prove that psychology is an experimental science but also did contribute to the independence of psychology in the 20 th century. Based on the empirical ideology of philosophy, Wilhelm Wundt formulated the first scientific experiment in a laboratory for he assumed that the relationship between the mind and the body lies in their interaction through physiological mechanism. He conducted experiments where he determined effects of varied stimuli on the mind and responses (Marr, 2008, p.72). His work led to the independence of psychology as science of the mind and behavior for empirical studies enhanced validation of many psychological theories that relied on philosophical ideologies. Personalistic approach concerning the history of psychology best accounts for his contribution to the evolution of psychology. He was the first psychologist to conduct laboratory experiment to test the relationship between the body and the mind by using varied environmental stimuli. His experimental efforts and findings revolutionized the study of psychology from rational perspective to empirical perspective. Physiological and experimental psychology of Wilhelm Wundt did prove that psychology is an experiential science that needs scientific skills to validate its theories. Due to great work of Wilhelm Wundt, psychology has become the science of mind and behavior in the modern society. Applied psychology and Behaviorism John Broadus Watson (1878-1958) was a great proponent of behavioral theory of psychology that explains human mind and behavior. Watson did study physiological and experimental psychology of Wilhelm Wundt and found that physiology alone could not explain the nature of human mind. He extended experimental physiology to include animal models in his experiments because he could easily manipulate their behavior as compared to human beings. Watson assumed that behavior of a person reflects psychological status in that studying human behaviors could tell a lot about their minds. Behavioral theory assumes that human behaviors are a reflection of the mental conditions and thus should form central basis of studying psychology. In his experiments, Watson used animal models because he assumed that he could effectively extrapolate the results and apply them to human behaviors. “Using the conclusions drawn from animal research, Watson did much to enlighten educators about the complexities of learning, motivation, response generation, and problem-solving,” (Hart & Kritsonis, 2006, p.8). Although his view of psychology differed with the introspection ideology of Wilhelm Wundt, he employed physiological experiment in determining stimuli-based behaviors of animals. The behavioral theory of psychology made significant contribution to the empirical study of psychology and led to the evolution of other fields of psychology such as behavioral psychology and social psychology, which are essential in explaining human behavior in the society. Watson disputed psychological views of structuralism and functionalism for he perceived that they lacked sufficient empirical applications and extrapolation to diverse human behaviors in the society. Many psychologists “credits Watson for having brought credence to some of the psychoanalytic concepts such as the role of early childhood experiences, trauma and relationships with significant social agents, primarily maternal figures, in the formation a child’s personality, capabilities and propensities” (Hart & Kritsonis, 2006, p.9). Therefore, behaviorism has become an essential aspect of modern psychology for it has expanded empirical application and study of human mind and behaviors. After analyzing the work of physiological and experimental psychology of Wilhelm Wundt, John Watson formulated behavioral theory of psychology. He assumed that there is correlation between the mind and behaviors of individuals and thus, studying human behaviors could unravel the mystery behind the functioning of the mind. Since John Watson based his behavioral studies on earlier work of experimental psychology, naturalistic approach appropriately accounts for his contribution to the history of psychology. Behavioral theory has become very important in modern psychology, as it is applicable in the diagnosis of varied mental disorders. Psychoanalytic Movement Sigmund Freud was a great psychologist of the 20 th century who came up with psychoanalytic theory to elucidate how human mind functions and how it influences human behavior. He was a neurologist and thus his knowledge concerning the functioning of the brain-inspired him to formulate psychoanalytic theory. Examining mental disorders of the children, Sigmund Freud discovered that some disorders such as necrosis and hysteria affect mental functions while organic matter in the mind remains intact. Through neurological examination, he singled the cause of hysterical disorders as repressed memories of traumatic experiences since organic matter remained intact. Sigmund Freud formulated psychotherapy procedure that helped the patients to recall traumatic experiences so that he could guide them in resolving psychological crises arising from repressed memories. Sigmund Freud explains that “we guided the patient’s attention directly to the traumatic scene during which the symptom had arisen, tried to find therein the psychic conflict and to free the repressed affect … discovered the procedure characteristic of the psychic processes of the neuroses” (Strachey, 2007, p.7). From the experience as a neurologist, Sigmund Freud discovered that mental disorders do not require physiotherapy but psychotherapy and thus, he applied regression analysis of life experiences to awaken and resolve repressed memories of patients. Realizing that necroses relate with the sexual drives of children, Sigmund Freud formulated psychosexual theory after exploring sexual development from a psychological point of view. He argued that sexual development intricately links with the mind and determines the behavior of an individual. Freud changed the perception of sex when he proposed that sexuality forms an integral part of childhood development because sexual drives mediate between the body and the mind. He noted that sexual instincts are major driving forces in personality development. Sigmund Freud redefined the ordinary physical perspective of sexual development by incorporating the psychological aspects of psyche. In his psychoanalysis theory, Freud proposed that the psyche has three components, namely, the ego, the super-ego, and the I.D. (Strachey, 2007, p.84). Super-ego is the conscious component of the psyche that imposes and regulates cultural sexual constraints while the I.D. is the unconscious component that determines the sexual instincts of pleasure and is important in socialization. The ego is the component of the psyche that interfaces and coordinates the super-ego and the I.D. in the harmonization of the conflicting sexual instincts and cultural sexual constraints in the process of psychosexual development. Thus, Sigmund Freud modeled psychosexual development into five stages: “oral phase, anal phase, phallic phase, latency phase and genital phase” (Strachey, 2007, p.83) depending on the source of the sexual instinct. Contrary to the behavioral theory, Sigmund Freud came up with psychoanalytic theory, which postulates that mental disorders such as necroses and hysteria are due to repressed memories of past traumatic experiences. In addition, he formulated psychosexual theory where he explained how the three elements of psyche viz. superego, ego, and I.D. interact effectively in resolution of psychosexual crises (Wilson & Keil, 2007, p.44). Since Sigmund Freud came up with the psychoanalytic theory together with his friends, personalistic and naturalistic approaches best account for his contribution to the history of psychology His psychoanalytic principles are central to modern psychotherapy Contemporary Movement Social constructivism is a contemporary school of thought in psychology whose proponents argue that scientific and psychological ideologies are all constructs of humanity and that they did not exist in their own. The social construction theory shifted from self-psychology and incorporated the influence of social environment to the mind and subsequent development of behaviors. Kenneth Gergen is a modern proponent of construction theory who argues that science and philosophy are human constructs that cannot fully explain psychological and behavioral development in the society with many social factors that confound inquiry in psychology. “What we take to be experience of the world does not in itself dictate the terms by which the world is understood. What we take to be knowledge of the world is not a product of induction, or of the building and testing of general hypotheses” (Gergen, 2009, p.266). He criticizes empiricists for over-reliance on observation as basis of scientific knowledge for he holds that observers have bias when making their empirical observations. Since some aspects of psychology such as emotions are very abstract for empirical analyses, empirical studies of human thoughts and behavioral are not sufficient in validation and elucidation of psychological theories. According to the social construction theory, interaction of human beings in the universe has played significant role in shaping their thoughts and behaviors. Human beings have made diverse social constructs in the society that have shaped human behaviors, emotions, and thoughts. Constructionists believe that understanding of the world, human behavior and thoughts lies in mutual interaction of people, and their systems in the society. Boghossian argues that the study of culture, personality, emotions and memories “direct our attention to the social, moral, political and economic institutions that sustain and are supported by current assumptions about human activity” (2010, p.32). In modern society, social psychology is applicable in political spheres, in management levels, and in various interactions of people where mobilization is necessary. Kenneth Gergen is a contemporary proponent of social construction theory that critics empirical psychology as insufficient in elucidating human behavior and mental functions. He added social aspect as a determinant of human behavior and mental functions for he believed that social forces are integral part of the psychology because they influence interaction of human beings in the society. Given that many of his contemporaries contributed to the formulation of the social construction theory, naturalistic approach appropriately explains his contribution to the history of psychology Summary Naturalistic and personalistic perspectives are two approaches that help in understanding the history and evolution of psychology. While naturalistic perspective of psychological history emphasizes collective intellectual contribution by the great thinkers, personalistic perspective of psychological history emphasizes on individual contribution to the growth and evolution of psychology. According to naturalistic perception, history of psychology is collection of great ideologies from many thinkers who contributed to the development and evolution of psychology during various intellectual and historical periods into the modern psychology. Personalistic approach to the study of psychological history emphasizes individual contributions and regards them as heroic intellectuals. Watson argues that “the history of what man has accomplished in this world is at bottom the history of the great men who have worked here” (2009, p.12). Personalistic theory assumes that the history of psychology is just but a history of great persons who made significant contributions, which changed the course of psychology throughout the history. Conclusion Ancient great thinkers made significant contribution to the growth and development of psychology. During the ancient times, psychology was part of philosophy because it lacked empirical validation of its theories. Psychology was dependent on philosophical ideologies of rationalism in the study of human thoughts and behaviors. In the late 19 th century, Wilhelm Wundt came up with empirical view of psychology for he conducted first laboratory experiment to find out the relationship between the mind and the body via physiological actions of nerves. His experiments revolutionized psychology to become an independent field of knowledge, which could validate its theories using scientific principles of research. Thus, empirical psychology formed the foundation for the emergence of behavioral theory, psychoanalytic theory and contemporary social construction theory, which are integral part of modern psychology. References Boghossian, P. (2010). Contemporary Construction Theory. The Institute of Psychological studies, 1-45. Gergen, K. (2009). The Social Constructionist Movement in Modern Psychology. American Psychologist , 40(3), 266-281. Griffiths, P. (2007). Evolutionary Psychology: History, and Current Status. The Philosophy of Science, 1-14. Hart, K., & Kritsonis, W. (2006). A Critical Analysis of John B. Watson’s Original Writing: Behaviorisms as a Behaviorist Views It. National Forum of Applied Educational Research Journal , 20(3), 1-21. Hunt, M. (2006). The History of Psychology . London: Prentice Hall. Marr, D. (2008). Origin and History of Psychology . New York: Cambridge Press. Nadel, L. (2008). Introduction to Cognitive Psychology . London: Nature Publishing Group. Strachey, J. (2007). The History of Psychoanalytic Movement: Sigmund Freud. Psychological Works of Sigmund Freud , 24(7), 1-134. Watson, R. (2008). Introduction to Psychology’s History. The American Psychological Association, 1-44. Wilson, R., & Keil, F. (2007). Evolution of Psychology: Ancient and Modern Perception. The Journal of Psychology , 45(9), 23-67.

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Write a essay that could've provided the following summary: The essay examines the impact of morality on cosmopolitan communication and how it affects the society. It also looks at the role of politicians in developing cultural policies that can help to protect national diversity.

The essay examines the impact of morality on cosmopolitan communication and how it affects the society. It also looks at the role of politicians in developing cultural policies that can help to protect national diversity.

Pippa Norris and Ronald Ingehart’s “Cosmopolitan Comunication” Report (Assessment) How morality function affects cosmopolitan communications The firewall model as postulated by Norris and Inglehart holds that news media impacts on societal values and as such, they can actually initiate value change. Norris and Ingehart have noted that although such a scenario may not occur frequently, nonetheless, there is the risk that it can be mediated by societal factors, in which case individual countries can be affected by the flow of cosmopolitan communication. For example, in Chapter 3 of their book, Norris and Ingehart show how the flow of information moves from the global north (especially Germany, the US, the UK, Canada, and France) to the other global countries (Norris and Inglehart 8). Many of these other global countries lack the necessary media freedom and do not easily access foreign news. In addition, they cannot also easily access foreign communication infrastructures. According to Norris and Inglehart, such a setting acts as a firewall that shields media influences from the society. What the authors intend to demonstrate is that cultural products, communication and information do not just flow freely, and that their flow could be hindered by ‘firewalls’ or social barriers (specifically isolation, poverty, traditional local socialization processes, and press restrictions). Many behavioural practices and social values are learned from the ideas and images conveyed by glossy magazines, television entertainment, music videos, internet websites, feature films, consumer advertising, and news reports. As such, the media is regarded as one of the most important tools for socialization. Therefore, the media can influence the attitudes and moral standards of the society. Although Norris and Ingehart do not object to the claim that the media does exist, nonetheless, its activities are limited by firewalls (15). Due to the existence of various firewalls, the mass media is not in a position to penetrate parochial societies and as a result, it is cannot influence them. What should be done by politicians about cosmopolitan, what cultural policies should be developed, according to Norris and Inglehart? Owing to the rapid expansion of global communication, indigenous cultures are at a greater risk of being exposed to a sudden flow of advertising, corporate capitalism, communication, and explicit sexuality and graphical violence on television. This implies that globalization is a threat to cultural diversity and unless something is done very fast, we are likely to witness the loss of cultural diversity in certain sections of the society. Towards this end, our politicians have an important role to play given that they are the ones charged with the responsibility of implementing policies. Norris and Inglehart contend that national diversity is faced with the threat of the globalized news media. As such, our politician should be in a position to propose policies for adoption by member countries in order to ensure that they retain their cultural diversity. In addition, there is need to also develop certain cultural policies that can restrict access to phonographic sites for purposes of retaining cultural identity. We need to encourage the idea of cultural fusion so as to enhance a balanced power dynamic (Norris and Inglehart 19). This way, it becomes easier and faster for members of a society to communicate with each other and in the process, they can help one another in the generation of a global mix that blends programs, connections, and genres derived from various places and times. Works Cited Norris, Pippa and Ingehart, Ronald. Cosmopolitan Communications: Cultural Diversity in a Globalized World. New York: Cambridge University Press, 2009. Print.

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